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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-15 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
The phenomenon of light has always been pondered and mythologized about, but only until recently have there been systematic efforts to determine its basic properties and nature. A whole host of cultures have their own take on the origin of light or the day/night cycle. Some stories see the light and dark duality as a great cosmic struggle. In the Norse mythology of Scandinavia, wolves chase both the moon and sun as they arch across the sky. Scientific inquiry into light is yet another expression of our natural curiosity about the world. In the West, there have been postulations about light since the time of Ancient Greece. This line of questioning sometimes has lead to practical applications as well, allowing us to harness the properties of different kinds of light for the benefit of all.
The Greek hills and islands produced many naturalists and mathematicians in ancient times. Several inquired about the nature of light. Euclid, famous for his work in geometry, theorized that light traveled in straight lines and studied the laws of reflection. Another different theorist prefigured the wave/particle debate over the nature of light by stating that it was made up of atoms that moved at infinite speed. The biggest advance in the nature of light during this time, though, was from an Islamic scientist named Al-Haitham. He theorized that our vision was a result of light entering our eyes. Al-Haitham believed this light to be very, very fast but ultimately finite in speed. He also guessed correctly that the refraction effect was a result of light traveling at different speeds through different mediums. The camera obscura, or pinhole camera, that he invented would later help others understand human sight. Further advances into the biology of light would not be made for about 600 years, or until the beginning of the 17th century.
Johannes Kepler was a great astronomer whose work was part of the revolution, in the Western world, from ancient ways of looking at nature to a more systematic and scientific way. Kepler’s work led to a greater understanding of the orbits of planets and laid the foundations for modern astronomy. He also studied the phenomena of light and made important formulations of it. The inverse square law was formulated by Kepler, which states that the intensity of light goes down proportionately by the square of the distance away from the source. For example, if the distance from an object to a light source is doubled, the intensity of the light reaching the object is reduced to one-fourth of the previous intensity. If the distance is tripled, the intensity is reduced to one-ninth of the previous intensity, or three squared, and so forth. Kepler also theorized that the image of the world we receive onto our eyes is actually upside-down due to the light entering the eye, much like in the camera obscura invented by Al-Haitham. Oddly, Kepler did not expound upon the laws of refraction, and he also incorrectly assumed the speed of light to be infinite.
Over the next centuries, various other scientific greats added to our understanding of light. Isaac Newton’s Opticks was a seminal work in color and refraction. During his time, there was a debate over whether or not light was actually a particle or a wave. The true nature of light turned out to be more complicated, actually having properties of both, but at that time it was thought Newton made a mistake by pushing a particle theory of light.
The work of two more scientists, Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell, created the modern understanding of light. Faraday’s experiments, data, and incipient theory on light allowed Maxwell to formulate a complete mathematical understanding of light in relation to electricity and magnetism. By realizing and explaining how these forces were unified, modern physicists could delve into the more counterintuitive and interesting properties of light. However, even Maxwell’s theories needed improvement since he assumed that all electromagnetic waves, including light, propagated through a substance that permeated all space. Since sound had to travel in a medium such as air or water, it was thought light needed such one as well. Later experiments disproved the notion of a ‘luminous aether’ as well as refining the measurements for the speed of light.
The leap from a classical view of light to a quantum view of light took place in the 20th century. Albert Einstein was responsible for two discoveries, which fundamentally altered the way the light was perceived. The first discovery, and the one for which he received a Nobel Prize in Physics, was his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein noticed that if a certain type of light were shined onto a piece of reactive metal, it would emit electrons. If another type of light with a lower frequency, and therefore less energy, were used instead, the metal would not emit any electrons, regardless of the amount of that lower frequency light. Einstein used the earlier work of Max Planck to show how this particle-like behavior of light showed that its energy wasn’t continuous, but rather, came in ‘quanta’. Light could only exist at certain energy levels and nowhere in between. Einstein also used Maxwell’s equations to develop his Special Theory of Relativity. Among many things, this theory states that light is a sort of universal speed limit and that nothing can travel faster than it.
Scientists today are continuing to try and understand properties of light. Useful technologies, such as fiber optics and laser communications, have already been developed. Future work may even give us computers that make calculations using photons instead of electrons. The long search for the deeper meaning of something around us all the time has been most useful and beneficial.
In the Western world, there have been investigations into the (1)______ of light since the time of the Ancient (2)______ . They laid some of the foundations for (3)______ inquiry into light. People either (4)______ on what light was, or tried to describe very broad mathematical properties of it.
After the (5)______ revolution in Europe, some (6)______ delved deeper and deeper into the intrinsic nature of light, including what it was made of, how it acted, and how fast it went. Recent (7) _______ about light include some (8)______ and unintuitive findings.
Look at the following notes that have been made about the scientists described in Reading Passage 1. Decide which name (A-H) corresponds with each description and write your answers for questions 9-15.
NB There are more names than descriptions, so you will not use them all.
You may use any letter more than once.
9. was the first to theorize that vision was light entering our eyes.
10. formulated how nothing in the universe could exceed the speed of light.
11. used a previous person’s work to determine light’s relationship with electromagnetism.
12. invented a special device that helped to understand our vision.
13. discovered properties about the strength of light as it leaves a source.
14. His work was used to determine how the energy in light is discrete.
15. early theorist who studied the reflection of light.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 16-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
The interconnectedness of the global economy has brought many benefits to Australia. Transportation connections to the rest of the world allow for the export of natural resources. These links to the outside world also bring in other goods as well as people, both immigrants needed for the labor force and tourists. If not for these developments, Australia would not be the prosperous society as it is. However, other plant and animal species can also accompany these movements. Most of them do not pose a threat to the indigenous wildlife, but sometimes they proliferate, harming the existing ecosystem of Australia. Since the Australian economy is dependent on trade with the rest of the world, government, corporations, and individuals must minimize the introduction of species that threaten the environment and effectively manage those invasive ones already present.
The indigenous flora and fauna of Australia exhibit some unique characteristics among life on Earth. Animals such as the kangaroo, koala, and platypus are known throughout the world. Most of the world’s marsupial species are found there. The most notable features of larger marsupials are special pouches in the mother animals where the young suckle. They are born only after a few weeks and the embryo-like baby must crawl unaided into the pouch and attach itself to the teat for sustenance. This method of birth offers an advantage over placental mammals, like humans, in that the mother is not at great risk from giving birth. The exit of the embryo from the mother is not traumatic and if there is any scarcity while the embryo is still attached to the teat, the young animal dies and the mother produces another one. Australia is also where nearly all monotremes exist. Monotremes, like the platypus and echidna, are similar to other mammals in that they have hair and produce milk for their young, but they lay eggs instead of giving birth to live babies.
According to the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, nearly 80 percent of the continent’s indigenous animals and flowering plants are unique to it, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. The geologic history of plate tectonics explains how this came to be. About 250 million years ago, there existed a supercontinent called Pangaea whose southeastern portion was composed of what is now Australia. This southern part of Pangaea started to break apart and by about 35 million years ago, Australia separated from what is now Antarctica. Unlike the other parts of the old supercontinent, Australia remains separate from other major landmasses and also has a climate where its unique animal and plant species can survive.
Unfortunately, with the arrival of non-native visitors from Europe, many invasive species were introduced. The first of these vectors were sailing ships with animals stowed away in their holds, as well as settlers and colonists who brought their own animals and plants with them. The environment of Australia makes it the driest inhabited continent on Earth, so the arrival of non-indigenous species makes it hard for other animals and plants to survive. In modern times, container ships, airplanes, and people desiring exotic plants or pets have been other vectors for the introduction of new species. Sometimes, in order to control a weed or pest animal, authorities have deliberately propagated a non-indigenous species with disastrous results. The current cane toad infestation in Australia is a result of poor planning in trying to control a type of beetle. The cane toad shunned eating that particular insect pest and, instead, has wreaked enormous havoc on other indigenous species.
The government has implemented a variety of controls to combat invasive animals. Any method, though, has its limits given the scale of the problem and the variety of limiting factors involved. The red fox is controlled through government bounties, poisoning, and fencing. Shooting animals from helicopters is another method that is more practical for larger animals that congregate in herds, like feral goats and camels. An early attempt at invasive species control in the 1950’s used a virus that affected only wild rabbits. It was a mostly successful effort, killing over 90% of them, according to the Australian Department of Environment and Water Resources. Unfortunately, they are still present throughout most of the country, albeit in greatly reduced numbers, since some rabbits developed a resistance to the virus. Another method with potential is the use of sterile animals released into the wild to disrupt a species’ reproductive cycle.
Some of these methods are controversial because of their possible impact on indigenous species and questions about their humaneness. There is no question about the economic impact of invasive species, though; weed plant management alone costs Australia about AUD$4 billion a year. The proliferation of destructive species affects industries like agriculture, forestry, and tourism. Through careful regulation and environmental stewardship, Australians can mitigate the impact of these unwelcome plants and animals.
16. Globalization is one factor that causes invasive species to be introduced into Australia.
17. The majority of marsupial species is found outside of Australia.
18. New Zealand shares some plants and animals with Australia.
19. The introduction of invasive species into Australia is always accidental.
20. The Department of Environment and Water Resources reports that wild rabbits were effectively eradicated in Australia.
21. Releasing sterile members of an invasive species into the wild has been shown to be an effective way to control them.
22. Australia can reduce the effect of invasive species through careful policy.
Choose the appropriate letters, A-D, and write them in boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet.
23. What reason do people have to settle in Australia and, thus, potentially bring invasive species?
24. Why do marsupial females give birth to undeveloped young?
25. What phrase best describes the author’s opinions on invasive species?
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.
Choose the correct headings for sections B-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct numbers, i-viii, in boxes 26-30 on your answer sheet.
Few other legacies from the past in the Western world are as tangible and cogent as the column. This architectural feature’s ubiquitous presence speaks to its symbolism of strength and stability. The use of columns, even if merely decorative, is a tribute to its ancient origins, which are not always readily apparent. The most basic column is a post or pillar used to support the structure’s roof. This could consist of the trunk of a tree or stones piled on top of one another. The origin of forms used in Western architecture in regards to columns can be traced to the ancient Mediterranean world. The civilizations there created structures and spaces that prefigured those created for several millennia thereafter.
The Egyptians made use of the column as early as the third millennium before the Common Era. Through trade and contact with other populations, the use of the column spread throughout the region. Some of the most impressive artistic expressions of this form were columns made in Persia where the capital (the topmost part) consisted of two ornate bulls’ heads facing outwards. The most well-known and recognizable types of column in Western world today, though, were developed in Greece. The architecture there represented the humanistic culture of that civilization and was the yardstick of form and fuction against which all other architectural forms were compared to. The construction of buildings was one of manu areas where the Romans borrowed ideas from; they also applied their own innovations. These ideas were transmitted to the rest of Europe and then to the rest of the world. The modern Greek column, and their original three orders, does not readily tell the story of how they came to be almost universally used and known.
The most basic form of column invented by that ancient civilization was the Doric order. It consists of a fluted shaft with twenty channels, or grooves, set around a cylindrical shape. Doric columns have no base and stand directly upon the flat surface while the capital consists merely of a round, undecorated stone on which the rest of the structure sits upon. One of the most famous examples of a structure incorporating the Doric order is the Parthenon in Athens, Greece. Dedicated as a temple to the ancient Greek goddess of war and wisdom, Athena, it is one of the most important buildings in the Western world to have survived from the classical era. Studies of the facade reveal how closely it hews to the Golden Ratio. The height to diameter ratio of the columns gives the Parthenon a ‘masculine’ feel, as opposed to the other orders, which have more slender and graceful proportions.
The second order of columns in classical architecture is called the Ionic order. Its construction is more complicated than simple Doric columns. The most distinguishing feature is the inclusion of four volutes, (scroll-like designs which bear resemblance to eyes) on four corners above the column shaft, and below the abacus, the area where the rest of the structure sits on top of the column. The volutes facing a viewer may either be in the same geometric plane, or they may be angled with respect to each other, so as to look the same from all four sides. In Ionic columns, the volutes and the abacus together are what compose the capital. Unlike in the Doric order, there is a base that consists of a torus, a flat donut-shaped protrusion coming out from the column, and a plinth block on which the whole column sits. Columns of this order have a greater height to diameter ratio and 24 channels worth of fluting and, therefore, feel lighter than their Doric counterparts.
The final mode in classical architecture is the Corinthian order. The most decorative of the three orders, it is also considered the most ‘feminine’. While Corinthian capitals have similar proportions to ionic columns and also have a base, their volutes are less distinguished. Their most prominent features are the two ranks of carved leaves that curl up and out of the column. Though invented by the Greeks, the order was not as established there as in the wider world. Thus, it is possible to see a wide variation in the themes with changes made to the fluting or the representation of the leaves.
The three different types of columns are only one part of the architecture that so defined the ancient Mediterranean world. The word ‘order’ refers not only to the columns themselves, but also the rules of proportionality for the whole structure in which they were embedded. The meticulous attention to detail and spatial relationships of different parts created a memorable harmony in classic Greek buildings. They have served as an architectural inspiration ever since.
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Complete the labels for the columns below, using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage.
Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
4 Comments on "Reading Practice Test 1"
Спасибо за внимательность! Да, не дописали “i”. Исправили.
Здравствуйте, в третьем вопросе: They laid some of the foundations for (3)______ inquiry into light.
Я по тексту нашла такой ответ: Scientific inquiry into light is yet another expression of our natural curiosity about the world.
Скажите пожалуйста в каком абзаце можно найти правильный ответ на данный вопрос?
Смотрите в абзаце В фразу о том, что “Another different theorist prefigured the wave/particle debate”. Т.е. предвосхитил/предугадал/стал прообразом споров о волнах и частицах, поэтому делаем вывод о том, что речь о будущих научных изысканиях (future inquiry).
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Bad customer service can lead to a bad ending for your business.
4 What Does Excellent Customer Service Mean?
Good customer service keeps customers coming back. Bad customer service keeps customers away. It is important that a business have effective and pro-active customer service personnel and a good policy. Keeping customers happy, and getting them to tell others about the great service they received, will propel a business forward, whereas a company's lackluster customer service policy will damage the reputation of the company in several ways. Ultimately, bad customer service can cause the closure of a business.
Customer service is listening to the needs and wants of the customer and striving to meets his requests in a polite and professional manner. Whether the service is offered in person, via email or over the telephone, a customer service representative must also help a customer identify needs that they might not have considered and anticipate possible future needs for the customer.
If a customer does not feel that his needs are being addressed or that the business representative is more concerned with what he feels the customers needs than what the customer is requesting, the customer is less likely to buy from the company. This will have a immediate impact on the bottom line.
When customers are unsatisfied with either the product or service a company offered, they will not recommend the company to others. The customer might also go as far as to recommend others not patronize the business based on their negative experience. This will affect sales and could lead to financial problems for the business.
It costs less to retain current customers than it does to attract new ones. Good customer service keeps customers happy. If needs go unmet, or the acknowledgment of a less-than-stellar product is lacking along with an attempt to satisfy customers, customers might buy from the business once, but will not return. If a company has to spend a constant portion of their operating budget attracting new customers, it can lead to a cash flow problem, which can be the death knell for a business.
When offering customer service, the offer must be genuine. Business representatives must remember that without customers, the business would not exist, nor would their jobs. Customer service staff must remain polite and conciliatory, even when faced with an angry or rude customer. The representative must acknowledge the customer's concerns and find a way to rectify the situation. When a business is looking for customer service representatives, it is in the company's best interest to hire people who have compassion and the ability to listen along with adequate sales skills. The salesman with a great pitch but who lacks customer service skills will not produce over the long haul.
Francis, K.A.. "How Lack of Customer Service Can Impact a Business." Small Business - Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/lack-customer-service-can-impact-business-2088.html. Accessed 23 April 2019.
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Vodou, called Sevis Gineh or "African Service" is the main culture and religion of nearly 7 million people in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora. It is primarily rooted in the Fon-Ewe peoples of West Africa, the country now known as Benin, formerly the Kingdom of Dahomey. It also has strong elements from the Ibo and Kongo peoples of Central Africa and the Yoruba of Nigeria, though many different peoples or "nations" of Africa have representation in the operation of Sevis Gineh, as The Taino Indians, the original peoples of the island now known as Hispaniola. Haitian Vodou exists in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, parts of Cuba, the United States, France, Montreal and other places that Haitian immigrants are scattered in all these years.
Other New World traditions are closely linked to or bears resemblance to include Jeje Vaud in Brazil, La Regla Arara in Cuba, and the Black spiritualistic Christian churches in New Orleans. Haitian Vodou also bears superficial similarities in many ways the Yoruba tradition of Nigeria, from Orisha service, represented by La Regla de OCHA or Lukumi, aka Santeria, in Cuba, the United States and Puerto Rico, and Candomble in Brazil. Although widely regarded as related to Haitian Vodou, what is commonly referred to as "voodoo" in New Orleans and the southern U.S. is a variant of the word Hoodoo, also called rootwork or "doctoring root". This is a folk magical tradition from Central Africa, the Congo region in which the roots, leaves, minerals, and the spirits of the dead used to improve the lot of life, often including the recitation of psalms and other Biblical prayers. Rootwork also incorporates Native American knowledge of herbs and European and Jewish magical traditions. A folk magic tradition, New Orleans Voodoo and southern Hoodoo rootwork are distinct from the religion of Haitian Vodou and its siblings and cousins.
Vodou as we know it in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora today is the result of pressures from many different cultures and nationalities of people uprooted from Africa and imported to Hispaniola during the transatlantic African slave trade. (1) Under slavery, African culture and religion was suppressed, lineages were fragmented, and people gathered religious knowledge and out of this fragmentation became culturally unified. Apart from combining the spirits of many different African and Indian nations, are pieces of functioning Catholic incorporated to replace lost prayers or elements; Furthermore, it is images of Catholic saints used to represent various spirits or "misteh" ["mysteries"], and many saints themselves are honored in Haitian Vodou themselves. This syncretism allows Haitian Vodou to encompass the African, Indian and European ancestors in a whole and integrated manner. It is truly a Kreyol or Creole religion.
The most historically important Vodou ceremony in Haitian history was the Bwa Kayiman (Bois Caiman) ceremony in August 1791 near the city of Cap Haitien that began the Haitian Revolution, led by Vodou priest named Boukman. During this ceremony the spirit Ezili Dantor came and took a black pig as an offering, and all attendees are committed to the struggle for freedom. This ceremony ultimately resulted in the liberation of the Haitian people from French masters in 1804 and the founding of the first and only black Democratic Republic of the western hemisphere, the first democracy in world history. (2)Haitian Vodou came to the United States significantly since the late 1960's and early 1970's with the waves of Haitian immigrants under the oppressive Duvalier regime, taking root in Miami, New York, Chicago and other cities, especially on both coasts.
The belief system of voodoo revolves around family spirits (often called loua or mistè) who are inherited through maternal and paternal lines. Loa protect their "children" from misfortune. In return, families must "feed" the loua through periodic rituals in which food, drink, and other gifts are offered to the spirits. There are two kinds of services for the loua. The first is held once a year; the second is conducted much less frequently, usually only once a generation. Many poor families, however, wait until they feel a need to restore their relationship with their spirits before they conduct a service. Services are usually held at a sanctuary on family land.
In voodoo, there are many loa. Although there is considerable variation among families and regions, there are generally two groups of loa, the rada and the petro. The rada spirits are mostly seen as "sweet" loa, while the petro are seen as "bitter" because they are more demanding of their "children." Rada spirits appear to be of African origin while petro spirits appear to be of Haitian origin.
Loa are usually anthropomorphic and have distinct identities. They can be good, evil, capricious, or demanding. Loua most commonly show their displeasure by making people sick, and so voodoo is used to diagnose and treat illnesses. Loua are not nature spirits, and they do not make crops grow or bring rain. The loua of one family have no claim over members of other families, and they cannot protect or harm them. Voodooists are therefore not interested in the loua of other families.
Loa appear to family members in dreams and, more dramatically, through trances. Many Haitians believe that loua are capable of temporarily taking over the bodies of their "children." Men and women enter trances during which they assume the traits of particular loa. People in a trance feel giddy and usually remember nothing after they return to a normal state of consciousness. Voodooists say that the spirit temporarily replaces the human personality. Possession trances occur usually during rituals such as services for loua or a vodoun dance in honor of the loa. When loa appear to entranced people, they may bring warnings or explanations for the causes of illnesses or misfortune. Loua often engage the crowd around them through flirtation, jokes, or accusations.
Ancestors (le mò) rank with the family loa as the most important spiritual entities in voodoo. Elaborate funeral and mourning rites reflect the important role of the dead. Ornate tombs throughout the countryside reveal how much attention Haiti gives to its dead. Voodooists believe the dead are capable of forcing their survivors to construct tombs and sell land. In these cases, the dead act like family loua, which "hold" family members to make them ill or bring other misfortune. The dead also appear in dreams to provide their survivors with advice or warnings.
Voodooists also believe there are loa that can be paid to bring good fortune or protection from evil. And, they believe that souls can be paid to attack enemies by making them ill.
Voodoo specialists, male houngan and female mambo, mediate between humans and spirits through divination and trance. They diagnose illnesses and reveal the origins of other misfortune. They can also perform rituals to appease spirits or ancestors or to repel magic. Many voodoo specialists are accomplished herbalists who treat a variety of illnesses.
This page was last modified on 19 January 2015, at 05:50.
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For only five dollars, visitors to the International UFO Museum and Research Center in Roswell, NM can sift through the soil collected from an alleged flying saucer crash site, ogle at the patterns in a large Mayan sarcophagus lid, and find a prop alien corpse on a hospital gurney.
Since a certain incident in 1947, Roswell has become a mecca for people who, in the words of the X-Files, “want to believe.” According to an interview given by the museum’s then-director Julie Schuster with Roadside America, 83% of the UFO Museum’s visitors traveled to Roswell specifically to visit the museum. The museum’s motto is, “The truth is here.” Visitors are just coming to see saucer-shaped proof.
The CW show Roswell, which ran from 1999 to 2002, brought Roswell’s extraterrestrial urban legends into people’s living rooms — no pilgrimage to New Mexico required. On January 15, a new version of Roswell — now rebranded Roswell, New Mexico — is landing on the CW. Though the new version has key updates (it now centers on the Mexican daughter of undocumented immigrants), it shares the original's fixation with aliens. But how did Roswell become synonymous with aliens, government cover-ups, and little green men in the first place?
On June 14, 1947, a rancher named W.W. “Mac” Brazel and his son, Vernon, were driving to their land outside Roswell and encountered something unusual. Very unusual. A metallic, lightweight fabric was scattered around the desert, clinging to shrubs and sagebrush.
Here’s what we definitely know: Something crashed on Brazel’s sheep ranch 75 miles north of Roswell, NM. But was it of earthly or extraterrestrial origin? Brazel didn’t know, so he brought a container of the substance to Colonel “Butch” Blanchard, commander of the Roswell Army Airfield’s 509th Composite Group. From there, Brazel climbed up the army’s chain of command, seeking answers.
The alien theory solidified once Major Jesse Marcel, an intelligence officer, visited the site. Marcel was immediately convinced this was the crash site of a UFO. His suspicions were part of a national obsession with alien sightings: Over 300 UFOs were sighted. Still, Marcel was so convinced that he went on the record with a statement to the Roswell Daily Record saying that the army had come into the possession of a flying saucer. On the front page, posed posing with space debris. The article’s all-caps title, “RAAF CAPTURES FLYING SAUCER ON RANCH IN ROSWELL REGION,” naturally drew national attention.
Though weather balloons are admittedly less thrilling than UFO crashes, this particular balloon has an equally astonishing (and conspiracy-laden) history. According to the government, the crashed balloon was part of a classified government initiative called Project Mogul, designed to monitor Soviet nuclear activity via 650-foot balloons capable of detecting sound waves. The massive balloons, which were equipped with sensing and listening devices on their tail, were launched from various sites around the U.S. and Pacific — including a site in New Mexico. Project Mogul was the government’s only means of detecting the Soviet Union’s activity (though the USSR didn't start conducting nuclear tests until 1949, two years after the Roswell incident).
Case closed, right? More like, “Case just getting started.” In 1978, Stanton Friedman, a former nuclear physicist and UFOlogist, decided to look into the Roswell incident. Friedman happened to live near Major Jesse Marcel, the then-retired intelligence officer who saw the wreckage. Shockingly, Marcel revealed that he never believed the weather balloon story, reigniting new interest in the Roswell incident.
In 1980, Marcel’s story reached a wider audience when it became the basis for Charles Berlitz and William Moore’s book The Roswell Incident. Together, Berlitz, Moore, Friedman, and Marcel hoped to uncover this grand cover-up. So began a flurry of other Roswell-centric books. To hear from Friedman himself, invest in the DVD Flying Saucers Are Real.
Meanwhile, the government tried to quell the conspiracy. In 1995, the air force admitted that the material found in Roswell was indeed from a spy balloon in an in-depth report called “The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert.” The report stressed that no aliens were involved in the crash. A second government report, released in 1997, devoted much of its 231 pages to dismissing claims of alien sightings.
Obviously, these government reports didn’t do much to stall conspiracy theories. Enthusiasts are still analyzing the tug of war between eyewitnesses and government authorities. Roswell later got looped into the Area 51 conspiracy — some thought that the government transported the alien debris to the secret military base in Nevada.
In December 2017, the Pentagon confirmed that Area 51 was, indeed, used as part of the government’s $22 million plan on UFO research. So if conspiracy theorists were right about Area 51, then who’s to say the Roswell dreamers are wrong? For now, we can watch Roswell, New Mexico — and wait patiently for revelations about the real Roswell.
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be culturally sensitive, engender respect between visitors and the host community, and builds local pride and confidence (Goodwin 1).
In other words responsible tourism is about fostering sustainable growth through tourism, and improving the social and economic conditions of a specific place both for visitors and the host community. Many countries are adopting this concept into their national policy, South Africa being the first to do so in 1996. The mid-nineties campaign has been growing rapidly, leading to the Cape Town Declaration, as well as the World Travel Market’s official adoption of this definition.
What are the positive and negative impacts of tourism?
Economic impact has been at the forefront of the discussion of tourism for many years, given that it is the easiest to quantify and measure, and has shed an optimistic light on tourism. However, the economic benefits of tourism, inherently attracted to “unique and fragile environments and societies”, may be offset by the adverse environmental and social costs (Archer, 2005: 79).
“International tourism is an invisible export in that it creates a flow of foreign currency into the economy of a destination country, thereby contributing directly to the current account of the balance of payments” (82). The flow doesn’t stop here but instead the money received directly by the business establishments, individuals, and government agencies is respent. Oftentimes this second indirect impact can be considerably more important than the initial direct effects of spending.
Tourism is a very effective means by which to generate employment and income in less developed, often peripheral destinations, especially where alternatives for development are limited (82). In many of these places local people are subsistence farmers or fisherman whose income can be substantially supplemented when they become involved in tourism. Tourism can also monetarily encourage the growth of local crafts and local food products. Development of these markets, as well as infrastructure to support tourism influxes, is beneficial for visitors and the local population.
Given these aspects, the economic impacts of tourism have an optimistic spin, but this is where “carrying capacity” comes in. As tourism grows, so does demand. When resources become scarce (land in particular), prices rise, and local business owners, farmers, etc. are forced to sell. Market forces do not ensure that development keeps pace with demand, and there is a need for realistic planning and preemptive protection. When local businesses can no longer keep up with the competition, larger international companies buy in. Tourism leakage is the phenomenon that occurs when money spent by tourists bypasses the local economy and ends up in another country's economy. While countries that are more highly developed such as Italy tend to experience this phenomenon to a lesser extent, it is important everywhere we visit that we stay small and stay local, to prevent leakage period.
The increasing popularity of tourism between developed and developing countries is bringing together in direct contact people from widely different backgrounds, lifestyle, and income (85). While this can have a very positive impact on international relationships and cultural understanding, it can also lead to political stresses, misunderstandings, and even distrust. In extreme cases, international tourism has encouraged a form of “neo-colonial” development on developing nations (85). What is neo-colonialism? It is when power is taken from local and regional levels and assumed by multinational companies who negotiate at a national level. At this upper-level, positions are often occupied by non-local people, creating an obvious division that fosters resentment in international relationships, sometimes caused by explicit or implicit discrimination.
“When the cultural distinctions between the residents and tourists from more prosperous countries and regions are strongly marked, local culture and customs may be exploited to satisfy the visitor, sometimes at the expense of local pride and dignity” (88).
It’s important to note that many tourists easily recognize this exploitation and thus look for more “authentic” experiences, putting the preservation of cultures at risk and potentially intensifying hostility between host and guest when cultural norms are disregarded or misunderstood. Again, carrying capacity plays a large role in how tourism is received - there is a strong correlation between tourism density and the growth of local resentment toward tourism, most obviously seen in overcrowding (90). Overcrowding reduces the value of an experience for the visitor, creating additional strain on the resident population. For example, nearly half of the Mediterranean coastline has been acquired by resorts with restricted use to their visitors, thus denying local public access.
What is carrying capacity? Carrying capacity plays an inextricable role in the relationship between visitor and resource. It is “the point beyond which further levels of visitation or development would lead to an unacceptable deterioration in the physical environment and of the visitor’s experience” (81).
The carrying capacity of a destination defines how many people can enjoy that place (resident and guest) without destruction and depletion of natural resources, spatially and temporally. But environmental and ecological impacts of tourism also include development, environmental planning, and management practices adopted after development has occurred. Natural landscapes have been changed to meet the needs perceived by the visitors, such as diverting water for golf courses, depleting forests for ski slopes, and draining marshlands to create tourist marinas, to name a few (92).
How many visitors does the resident population wish to attract?
What is the physical, social, and environmental carrying capacity of the destination?
Please do not hesitate to contact us with any questions, concerns, or comments. We welcome conversations that make us more responsible visitors to host communities everywhere! You can find our contact information here.
Archer, B. "The Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism." Global Tourism(2005): 79-102. Web.
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0.999855 |
Why is there not a secondary definition for “bolt hole” that includes holes for bolts?
When I look up the definition for "bolt hole" on Google or in most dictionaries, I am surprised to find that the definition does not include something similar to "a hole for bolts".
The current given definition is fine (it makes sense that the hole which an animal hides in when it "bolts" from danger would be called a "bolthole"), but I don't understand why there is no mention of mechanical bolts in the definition at all. Clearly, there are at least two definitions for the word "bolt". When I Google the definition for that, the first one is "a threaded pin that screws into a nut and is used to fasten things together." The secondary definition is "move or run away suddenly." The definition of "bolthole" seems to use the secondary definition of "bolt" and eliminate all other uses as options.
Am I missing something here? How would one go about referring to holes for bolts if not by saying "bolt holes"?
I should note that as a mechanical engineer, I use "bolt" to refer to the mechanical part far more often than the action of running away suddenly. Therefore, the use of the "bolthole" described above was quite surprising to me.
but ... with separate listings, for why I do not know. Indeed many listing just give the figurative definition only.
The other definition is simply too trivial to be in the dictionary. It would be two words, like "screw hole" or "pilot hole". You'll find the latter listed as it's not obvious, but probably not the former which can be understood as the sum of its parts.
I would suggest that mechanical bolts generally go through either "holes" (or perhaps "punched holes"?), or "threaded holes" for holes with a matching thread cut into them. Depending on your target audience however you may need additional disambiguation to ensure they understand that the context.
Why is “decimate” still linked to its number-specific definition when other similar words are not?
Is there a (possible archaic) definition of “permitted” that does not imply “permission”?
Is there a term for words or phrases that we associate correctly, but not by definition or origin?
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The May Day tradition dates back hundreds of years to pagan celebrations of spring and the renewal of life it promises. Celts, Teutons and Romans marked the day with dancing, tree-decorating, processions and rituals involving fairies, goddesses, wreaths and flowers.
Since the late 19th century, some of the wreaths and adornments have given way to banners and flags, as 1 May has become International Workers' Day. Workers throughout the world hold marches and parties to celebrate solidarity and the common goal of achieving better working conditions and better lives.
But American workers, for the most part, have been left out of the festivities. At the height of the cold war, May Day was considered too radical, too "Soviet" perhaps, and the American Federation of Labor itself wanted distance from it. In 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower went so far as to declare 1 May "National Loyalty Day". Loyalty to one concept of America, that is – not worker solidarity.
That decision to rob Americans of a day of recognition of workers' struggles worldwide was a mistake. Now, it's time to take it back.
For one, International Workers' Day is fundamentally an American holiday. It commemorates what is known as the Haymarket Massacre in Chicago in 1886, in which several demonstrators at a mass rally for an eight-hour workday were killed.
Second, US labor is in desperate need of the renewal and rebirth that inspired the original May Day festivities.
Everywhere in this country, workers are under attack. For three decades, the vast majority has faced stagnating wages, as compensation has lagged behind gains in productivity. Millions earn a minimum wage that is in no way a living wage. Others are denied the wages and overtime pay to which they are legally entitled. Most are struggling to keep up with skyrocketing costs of healthcare and higher education, and increasingly, people cannot afford to retire.
In other words, work simply does not pay for millions of Americans. The ranks of the working poor are at their highest level in more than two decades, and the US has the highest proportion of low-wage workers of any advanced industrialized country.
Fully 40% of the American work force and 80% of the low-wage workforce have no paid sick days, and the US ranks last among OECD countries for work-life balance.
A grotesque imbalance between labor and capital has developed in this country. Labor's share of the national income in the US has dropped to the lowest point in recorded history. It's not that companies can't afford to do better. Since the onset of the financial crisis, non-financial companies in the US have amassed a staggering $1.9tn in cash and liquid assets. Instead of using their spoils to invest in their workforces, many are cutting US positions as they hire overseas.
Meanwhile, more than 14% of the US workforce is unemployed, underemployed or discouraged from looking for work (pdf). Of course, corporations aren't hoarding all their money; many are happily handing out super-sized compensation packages to executives. The average CEO of a company on the S&P 500 Index took home 380 times the average American worker's wage in 2011.
Thanks to the emergence of the Occupy Wall Street movement, other astonishing statistics are becoming familiar. Average pre-tax income per taxpayer in the bottom 90% of the distribution fell from 1970 to 2010, while it rose more than seven-fold for those in the top 0.01%. A new study shows that in 2010 – the first year of the so-called recovery – the top 1% captured 93% of the growth in income (pdf).
One big reason American workers are suffering is that over the last few decades, they've lost the ability to bargain collectively and have a real voice on the job. In the early 1950s, about one-third of US workers were members of unions. The proportion has shrunk to 11.8% today overall – and stands at just 6.9% of private-sector workforce.
Radical rightwing governors including Wisconsin's Scott Walker are doing everything they can to ensure this disempowering trend continues. Last year, Walker rammed through a bill curtailing the rights of public-sector workers to bargain collectively, and governors in Ohio, Indiana and Arizona have aped such efforts.
But just as the ancient societies saw the month of May as a time for rebirth, so can American workers. As the demonstrators at Haymarket Square understood in 1886, the situation is not going to change unless people organize and push back. Workers need to show that an economy that cheats them cannot continue uninterrupted. The whole concept of how work is rewarded must be re-imagined, and the real moral hazards of the capitalism we've developed must be laid bare.
There are signs of progress. Occupy Wall Street has overshadowed the Tea Party and injected new life into the national debate on wealth, fairness and inequality. Voters in Ohio last year chose to repeal their governor's version of Wisconsin's union-busting bill. Immigrant rights groups, unions, grassroots activists and non-profits continue to organize on multiple fronts of the war on workers.
Now it's time to take back – ahem, re-Occupy – May Day. With plans for strikes, protests and demonstrations across the US under way for 1 May, perhaps American workers are starting to regain their fighting spirit.
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0.999738 |
Did Henry VIII, or any of his courtiers, have slaves?
Some of the scholarship on Catherine of Aragon indicates that the queen brought at least a few slaves in her train to England - Thomas More noted some in her train who were "pigmy Ethiopians ... like devils out of hell." Originally he was thought to be describing the Christian Spaniards from a xenophobic point of view, but more current is the belief is that these individuals may have been captive enslaved Moors (Spanish Muslims of North African origin).
"The interrogatories, which are sent separately, must be put to a woman called Catalina, who was slave to the queen of England, and served her in her chamber. She was married at Valdazcaray to a man who made crossbows, named Oviedo, and afterwards lived at Malaga, where her husband died. She then went to live with her two daughters at Motril, her native town..."
Perhaps Catalina was freed, or perhaps was sent to Spain, still a slave, after Catherine married Henry (the document notes "she was present at the second marriage"). She's the only actual slave I can find mentioned inL&P but there may have been others. Perhaps the absence of other mentions suggests that the slaves all were sent back to Spain after Catherine's marriage to Henry.
Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Anthony St. Leger, Geoffrey Pole, Sir Clement West and Princess Mary have letters extant in L&P where they describe themselves or sign their letters as Henry's "slave," but of course this is rhetorical grovelling rather than an actual legal status.
While Britain profited greatly from the slave trade in later years, and slavery was permitted in English colonies and territories, slavery was not legal in mainland England. As Foose notes, Catherine brought a few slaves in her train, and certainly visiting diplomats and other foreigners were allowed to retain ownership of slaves brought to England, but there was no slave trade in Tudor England and no way for Englishmen to have slaves. So, in answer to your question, no, HVIII and his courtiers did not own slaves.
There is another category of the "unfree" that existed in England under Henry VIII - the bondmen, also called serfs or villeins.
"I can say that on the day that King Richard III was alive and dead" (Bosworth, I assume) "there was a minimum of four hundred manors in thirty English counties and in Wales which retained serfs. In the first decade of Elizabeth's reign, there were still one hundred manors in twenty-one English counties and in Wales ..."
So perhaps Henry VIII did own slaves, in a sense, although the bondmen's legal status was likely to be superior in rights and social mobility (MacCulloch includes examples of villeins earning knighthoods and other honors) to that of the traditional "slave" we typically think of as a foreigner kidnapped from their native country.
I agree, Foose, and certainly debtor's prisons and poorhouses were another sort of slavery. I'm not sure if they were as common during HVIII's reign as they were a century or so later. When you think of whole families incarcerated because they couldn't pay debts, it's disgusting. But if we are talking about slavery in terms of the buying and selling of people, of HVIII and his courtiers did not own slaves.
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0.999739 |
Next to the world famous Koktebel there is a Kara-Dag reserve. Translate the name of the reserve can be like "Black Mountain". When immigrants from Turkey came to those lands, they most likely wanted to have familiar names around them. Therefore, not large mountains (the highest mountain has a height of five hundred and seventy seven meters), they called the name of the bark, which is in the Turkish district of Karaman.
Almost one hundred and twenty - two sixty million years ago, an amazing landscape began to form on the site of the reserve. The mountains are next to the forests, and the cliffs hang over the delightful bays. This territory became a reserve in the year one thousand nine hundred and seventy-nine. The reserve area is about three thousand hectares. And the reserve includes the water area and the mountain range.
Conditionally the whole reserve is divided into two zones. In the first regular excursions are organized, which are headed by experienced foresters. During the tour, they talk about plants and animals that live in the reserve. You can also hear legends about stone statues.
Only scientists and researchers are allowed into the second zone. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Vyazemsky Terenty Ivanovich formed a bio-station near the village of Kurortnoye. Workers of the biostation counted a large number of butterflies, plants and animals inhabiting the reserve. Today, a dolphinarium, an aquarium and a nature museum of the Kara-Dag Reserve operate at the biostation station.
You can reach it by land or by sea. From the sea side Kara-Dag produces a surprising impression. And the gloomy majesty of the reserve opens completely from the other side. It should be said that during the sea voyage you can see the Golden Gate. The Golden Gate is a rock with a hole that rises from the sea.
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0.950873 |
Are peas the exception to the no legume rule? If not why not?
A previous post about legumes has prompted this question. I know legumes are bad - all those nasty toxins designed to stop them being eaten but what about peas? They are a legume but they are also very tasty raw, fresh from the pod. They don't have to be soaked or cooked, so does that mean they are an exception to the legume rule or should I still avoid them?
peanuts contain a carcinogen call aflatoxin that has been shown to cause liver cancer... Pretty bad if you ask me.
That is what I'm trying to imply - legumes should probably not be avoided categorically (regardless of if most legumes should be avoided!) And no, as far as I know, only the jicama root is edible.
The plant may be a legume but what is commonly eaten is the tuber. IDK, are the legumes even edible?
Because of the advice or the terrible grammar?
Peas are ammunition best shot from a straw.
My point is that we use certain mental heuristics like 'does not want to be eaten' and 'can be eaten raw' but they are not the whole story. In some cases they are even confusing. The problem is for the best accuracy, each food has to be looked at with the totality of knowledge about that food. And that makes it complicated at times. Being basically paleo need not be super complicated, but evaluation of each food one by one certainly can be.
Aren't peanuts really bad for you?
I tend to think of paleo more as a guide for the overall diet and the types of food that make up the majority of it. When you try to make an absolute list of allowed and banned foods it can get rather silly concerning grey area foods like peas.
Peas are a product of agriculture and result from selective breeding to reduce the levels of toxins they contain so they can be eaten raw safely. They do still have some lectin content, perhaps this is a problem.
However is there any evidence at all that eating peas is bad for your health? If not it is all just theory.
Theorising is what got eggs demonised for containing cholesterol.
Yes, visualize whirled peas! I love peas, especially in a pea salad with uncured bacon and homemade mayo.
My typical response to this is that they shouldn't be part of your regular daily diet since they ARE a legume and they are also pretty high glycemic. That said, I don't think they contain the same lectin properties as other legumes. Green beans are also a bit of an exception to that legume rule... as are sugar snaps and snap peas I think. I asked Robb Wolf about green beans at his seminar and he pretty much said they're good to go (green beans that is).
Peas contain biogenic amines (e.g., histamines) that can be problematic if you have food sensitivities as a result of leaky gut. The same can be said for salicylates that are contained in many different Paleo-friendly foods. The overarching goal of Paleo is to restore balance by reducing irritation, which is caused, in part, due to leaky gut. Thus, the goal should be to avoid foods that cause irritation via leaky gut, no matter your nutritional philosophy (e.g., GAPS, Paleo). If peas cause problems, leave them out. If you handle them well, keep them in. Given the human body's complexity, dogmatic views have no place in health.
I have to agree with Stan Rodgers... Paleo or not!!!
With that said we are all individuals and living Paleo is not a club or secret society where if you dont adhere to a rule you will be abolished by that group. It is a guide to living a healthy, stress free life.
So to answer your question about peas, NO, they are not Paleo. But if you want to eat them go ahead, I really dont think they are going to kill you. If there is one thing that I have learned since going Paleo is that it is more of a set of guidelines than anything else for many, ie. I read how people are 70, 80 , 90 % Paleo or they are Primal, etc. I consider myself 100% Paleo, but that doesn't make me better than you or anyone else, it's just how I choose to be... right now. In almost 3 months I have not cheated or strayed from Paleo foods but that could easily change. I miss Pizza and Ice Cream and may indulge in the future.
So, in short, do what you feel is right for you, if you are hoping to achieve a specific goal from Paleo then you should adhere to a strict Paleo Diet, but if you are just looking for a healthier way of eating then you dont have to be as strict and you should just avoid the obvious Paleo dont's.
I see how they come up with the idea for peas being on the "Not cool list". However when you are talking about snow peas the flat ones commonly used in asian cooking, the actual pea in the pod is nearly non existant, as opposed to the traditional "sweet pea" that most of you are referring to. Snow peas I think should get a pass the same way green beans get a pass. There are so many "Paleo Nazi's" out there ready to take one person's word and live and die by it. I think we all need to step back, and re-evaluate vegetables on an individual level. Saying that ALL of one type of vegetable are bad wihout CONCRETE evidence that they ALL contain the lectins or sugar or whatever is is patently ignorant and incorrect. Just my 2 cents worth.
Did you know that nuts also have chemical deterrents to protect them from predators? This is why almonds are blanched, to remove the skin which contains deterrent acid. Nuts are still very healthy of course, but you must know how to prepare the specific nut, and not eat so many that they constipate you for instance, which would be unhealthy. There are things to know about legumes as well that will make them more healthy, such as removing the scum that foams to the top as they cook, and useful spices such as asafoetida that decrease gas forming effects of beans.
Jicama is a legume and is beloved by many a paleo-er.
I would say the no-to-very-low lectin "green" varieties (green beans, snow peas, snap peas) as well as the non-seed portion of legume plants (e.g jicama) are "safe legumes."
Plain old green peas would fall into this category, I suppose. Frankly, I don't find them terribly interesting or tasty compared to the alternatives (if I'm going to "go there" anyway).
Anyone who says "peas are bad for you" should be labeled a quack and ignored.
According to Loren Cordain, Ph.D., author of The Paleo Diet, peas are on the list of foods to avoid. Legumes include peas and snowpeas, chickpeas, sugar snap peas. Sorry. So many other vegetables to chose from.
For adhearance to the paleo diet all those other comments, such as; "can be eaten raw" "taste good" "probably is not" "should be" on and on, should be taken out of the equation. The fact is they are legumes and not to be part of the Paleo diet. 100 grams of peas = 15 grams of carbohydrates, cliflower 3, brocolli 5. That puts peas up there with banannas and grapes which are at the top of the list for fruits. A good source of carbohydrates for balancing your diet to your activity level is yams or potatoes. No grains, no legumes. Paleo or not, you choose.
ye im allergic to peas...and peanuts/tree nuts.
I have a friend who is 100% paleo except for that he eats a lot of peas. He is a little on the thin side, but lean and not skinny fat at all. He uses them as his "safe starch."
Peanuts are also tasty raw right out of the shell.
How does kefir get past stomach acid?
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Japanese tutor for beginners. Also available to help with writing and basic math.
What's the difference between 私は and 私の?
To understand, we must realize that the particles は and の are different and how they're used. Particle は is used in beginning Japanese as a topic marker. For example: I am Jim. 私はジムです. I like ramen. 私はラーメンが好きです. While particle の in this instance is used in the possessive form to mark something as yours or someone else's. For example: It is my pen. 私のペンです. Sam's mother is a teacher. サムさんの母は先生です. In "Sam's mother is a teacher." you can see how は and の are used together in the sentence. Sam's mother is the topic while の indicates whose mother it is. If you're still struggling you can look at it this way. Which would you say in English? Option 1: It is my pen. 私のペンです Option 2: I am a pen. 私はペンです. Option 1 is the best use.
How do I structure an essay?
The structure can change depending on the type of essay or the teacher's requirements. Generally, every essay will have an introductory paragraph where you introduce your subject and the main point of your essay. It will have at least one body paragraph where you show evidence that supports your main point and a summary (conclusion) paragraph that summarizes arguments and the main point.
How do we round to the nearest hundred?
Rounding to the nearest hundred is a bit different than rounding to the nearest whole number. For example, instead of taking 152 and rounding based on the 2 to 150, you would take 152 and base it on the 5. Anything 5 or larger is rounded up. Therefore, 152 rounded to the nearest hundred becomes 200.
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0.877809 |
Write a paragraph, 100-150 words, in sentences of seven words or fewer words. No sentence fragments! Each must have a subject and a verb.
They march him ever downward. The cuffs bite and the men holler. Lights hum and flicker overhead. There’s a fried chicken smell. He’s inside himself but outside, too. He checks each part, head to toe. There are his ears, ringing. There are his feet, plodding. And there’s him: clear, cold, and empty. His body moves forward. But his mind whispers East.
They stop. The cell is dark, smells of urine. Cheers erupt from the surrounding cells. Cages rattle. “Welcome to Little Sing-Sing.” They push him inside.
His eyes take a moment to adjust. Then he sees him. The other man shuffles and slides. His bare feet scrape across the floor. A reek looms: sweat and mildewed sheets. He stumbles into the pale violet light. There’s a pumpkin head, a goblin mouth. Stringy hair hangs moss-like over giant ears. He beams; rubbery lips expose yellow teeth.
First, I cheated with “moss-like.” Other than that, I like to think I did well. I would have preferred different arrangement of sentences, though. It’s hard for me to make my sentences anything other than declaratives, both in exercises like this and in other prose writing.
Second, I didn’t count dialogue under the “complete sentence” rule. That’s another kind of cheating.
Another thing I like about this exercise is that it teaches something that I think poets have an instinctive grasp of, which is the development of an internal word- and syllable-counter. At several points I had to go back and re-count my words, because I had inserted a word with “too many” syllables. I felt a bit like a blind person counting the steps from the kitchen to the front door. It’s that kind of educated hypersensitivity that I really enjoy about this particular challenge.
You say "apocalypse" like it's a bad thing.
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0.998514 |
22/03/2009 · You'll get the HM Waterfall in Sunnyshore City after you beat the 8th gym. Head up towards Route 223 and meet Jasmine (from Olivine City in Johto).... The Distortion World is an entirely new concept within the Pokémon games. Following the legend of Giratina living in another dimension, the game has you enter the Distortion World in order to further complete the game.
I was just wondering because I couldn't find it and I want it really badly.... If you mean the Psyducks blocking your way in Pokemon Diamond/Pearl/Platinum, they're on Route 210. ..However, you need to specify the game to get a precise answer. However, you need to specify the game to get a precise answer.
The Distortion World is an entirely new concept within the Pokémon games. Following the legend of Giratina living in another dimension, the game has you enter the Distortion World in order to further complete the game.... There's a cave opening to the east, but you need to use Waterfall inside the cave to proceed. The second Rock Climb face will lead you to a ledge where you can find a hidden Star Piece. The remaining option is to head west where there's another cave opening. Head inside and follow the path around the water to the cave exit.
In this Article: Catching a Trophy Garden Pikachu Trading for Pikachu Community Q&A 8 References. Catching the famous electric mouse mascot of the Pokémon series, Pikachu, in Pokémon Platinum, Diamond, and Pearl is no difficult task; all it requires is the knowledge of where to look!... Sujet: How and Where do you get the storage key for inside the Galatic warehouse in Pokemon Platinum? Mer 30 Mar - 14:50 I need to get inside the warehouse so I can beat all of the people in there and get my Master ball and also get to Sunnyshore city.
Where do you get HM whirlpool in Pokemon Platinum?
The Waterfall technique, also known as HM 07, is found in the Cave of Origin near Sootopolis. You need a Pokémon with the Flash technique to get to it.
22/03/2009 · Once you have obtained your 8th badge in Sunyshore, go north of the pokemon center (still in Sunyshore). Your rival will come and talk to you, and the girl, Jasmine, will give you HM07 (Waterfall).
29/03/2009 · Best Answer: You don't need waterfall to get to Giratina. Walk around in the snowy area and try to find a cave besides that one, and look around it completely to try and find an exit.
20/01/2017 · The story in Pokemon Platinum takes you into the distortion world. If you need help navigating, YouTube has a lot of videos you can watch. If you need help navigating, YouTube has a lot of videos you can watch.
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0.99976 |
Topics: Data sonification, mapValue() and mapScale(), Kepler, Python strings, music from text, Guido d’Arezzo, nested loops, file input/output, Python while loop, big data, biosignal sonification, defining functions, image sonification, Python images, visual soundscapes.
Sonification allows us to capture and better experience phenomena that are outside our sensory range by mapping values into sound structures that we can perceive by listening to them. Data for sonification may come from any measurable vibration or fluctuation, such as planetary orbits, magnitudes of earthquakes, positions of branches on a tree, lengths of words in this chapter, and so on. More information is provided in the reference textbook.
In 1619 Johannes Kepler wrote his “Harmonices Mundi (Harmonies of the World)” book (Kepler, 1619).
This code sample (Ch. 7, p. 196) sonifies one aspects of the celestial organization of planets. In particular, it converts the orbital velocities of the planets to musical notes.
# Sonify mean planetary velocities in the solar system.
This code sample (Ch. 7, p. 202) demonstrates how to generate music from text. This program converts the values of ASCII characters to MIDI pitches. For variety, note durations are randomized; other note properties (volume, etc.) are the same for all notes.
# It demonstrates how to generate music from text.
# It converts the values of ASCII characters to MIDI pitch.
# Note duration is picked randomly from a weighted-probability list.
# Define text to sonify.
text = """The drama's done. Why then here does any one step forth? - Because one did survive the wreck. """
One of the oldest known algorithmic music processes is a rule-based algorithm that selects each note based on the letters in a text, credited to Guido d’Arezzo (991 – 1033).
This code sample (Ch. 7, p. 207) is an approximation to d’Arezzo’s algorithm, adapted to text written in ASCII.
# 'i' is E4, 'o' is G4, and 'u' is A4.
# 2) Consonants extend the duration of the previous note (if any).
text = """One of the oldest known algorithmic music processes is a rule-based algorithm that selects each note based on the letters in a text, credited to Guido d'Arezzo."""
# i.e., first vowel goes with first pitch, and so on.
# is this character a vowel?
Here we explore pre-processing and sonification of data from biological processes. The figure below displays heart data, captured by measuring blood pressure over time.
The figure below displays skin conductance, captured by measuring electrical conductivity between two fingers over time.
This code sample (Ch. 7, p. 217) explores one possible sonification of these data. Before running this program, download the complete data file in your JythonMusic folder.
# Sonify skin conductance and heart data to pitch and dynamic.
# * Skin conductance is mapped to pitch (C3 - C6).
# * Heart value is mapped to a pitch variation (0 to 24).
# * Heart value is mapped to dynamic (0 - 127).
# NOTE: We quantize pitches to the C Major scale.
Before running this program, download this image in your JythonMusic folder.
# Returns a note from sonifying the RGB values of 'pixel'.
Here is one more example of image sonification from a student exhibit, entitled “Visual Soundscapes“. “Daintree Drones” is a circular piece by Kenneth Hanson.
Other examples are available here.
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0.998423 |
Tourism & Sustainability: The Future We Want.
Context: Final Document of the Rio+20 Conference renewed the world’s commitment to sustainable development and ensuring the promotion of an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable future for our planet and for present and future generations.
The 2016 FITE Topic challenged students to develop their own answers to the question of what future do we want for tourism and sustainability and how do we best achieve it. Over 130 students participated to the competition, giving their arguments and examples of good practices in order to harness tourism as a force for sustainable development.
The 15 top ranked students received full funding to attend the 2016 FITE International Student Conference.
The aim of this conference was to share Indonesian, French, and international expertise on the growing economics of tourism and to discuss the conditions of sustainable tourism development, and create a forum for exchange on the best management practices for the destinations of Indonesia and France.
On this occasion, the 15 top ranked students participated to the final rounds of the competition, defending their video before a panel of judges. At the end of the selection process, 3 Indonesian students were chosen as the 2016 FITE winners and awarded trips to France to continue their exploration of sustainable tourism.
The 3 winners joined the summer school organized by the French University of Tourism from 25 June to 23 July 2016, in four main cities: Nice, Toulouse, Angers and Paris. As a result, they obtained a diploma in tourism destination management.
Andreas Bryan Wagey, from Bali Tourism Institute, talks about Mangrove conservation. Click here to watch his speech.
Achmad Rifqi, from Bandung Tourism Institute, highlights how tourism can help to protect the elephants in Sumatra.
Rismala Sari, from Bandung Tourism Institute, underlines the example of smart cities and its importance for tourism development.
Click here to watch her speech.
The three winners of the Indonesian Senior Category were awarded study tours to France during the Summer. They participated to the Summer school untitled “Tourism Destination Management. Learning from France" (25 June - 23 July 2016), thanks to a strong partnership with ESTHUA-Université d’Angers.
Oktifani Winarti studies at Institut Français Indonesia Surabaya. In her video, she talks about Urban-Ecotourism.
I Made Cahya Narayana, from the Tourism Faculty Of Udayana University, Bali, highlights Subak traditional system of irrigation and its role for creating sustainable tourism. Click here to watch his speech.
Dia Sasmita P, from Makassar Tourism Polytechnic, underlines the environmental impact of tourism. Click here to watch her speech.
Helga Christina, from Bali Tourism Institute, highlights the impacts of tourism on nature and culture in Bali Click here to watch her speech.
Michelle Yohanna Deviesthe, from Bandung Tourism Institute, represents tourism villages as the most suitable solution for sustainable tourism. Click here to watch her speech.
Muhammad Ilham Azlan Syah, is an Indonsian Student at Uludag Universitesi. His video focuses on Energy and Tourism.
Pande Putu Wulandari, from Bali Tourism Institute, talks about community based tourism. Click here to watch her speech.
Heyam Ahmed, from the University of Angers (ESTHUA-Tourism and Culture) explores the specific case of Mayotte Island. Click here to watch her speech.
Anais Thely, from the University of Angers (ESTHUA-Tourism and Culture) has chosen the Martinique Island as a case study. Click here to watch her speech.
Syahra Adzimi Affandi, from SMA Negeri 1, Bekasi, presents on how environment-friendly batik production can encourage sustainable tourism. Click here to watch her speech.
Stela Sebastian, from Trisakti University in Jakarta, presents the case of Pari Island (Java) as an example of sustainable tourism. Click here to watch her speech.
Lieony Mega Sari, from Politeknik Negeri Bali, highlights the importance of cultural tourism development in Bali.
Let’s discover the diversity of topics and arguments!
Barnev Theodore Roosevelt Soukotta, Pattimura University, click here.
Dinda Dwiyandari, Angers University-ESTHUA, click here.
Elvarica Noviyanti, Trisakti Institute of Tourism, click here.
Gek Putu Kartika Anjaswari Pande, Bali Tourism Institute, click here.
Komang Rizky Fajar Satria, Bali Tourism Institute, click here.
Lavenia Clarabelle, Trisakti Institute of Tourism, click here.
Lia Lisnawati, Politeknik Negeri Bali, click here.
Lucile Le Marre, Angers university-ESTHUA, click here.
Luh Putu Ikha Sulaksmini Aiyina, Bali Tourism Institute, click here.
Rifka Arifah, Makassar Tourism Polytechnic, click here.
Stella Lorenza, Trisakti Institute of Tourism, click here.
Youssef Fadel, Angers university-ESTHUA, click here.
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0.999786 |
1.Preheat oven to 350°F. Gently coat two 12-cup mini muffin pans with cooking spray.
2.In big container, mix entire wheat flour, brown sugar blend, cinnamon, baking powder, and baking soda.
3.In separate bowl, mixture the bananas and vanilla extract.
4.Combine banana mixture into flour mixture until soft.
5.Fold in blueberries and spoon the batter into prepared muffin pan.
6.Bake 10 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean.
Can I use regular brown sugar instead of Splenda in this recipe.
Morning meal muffins made of the wonderful banana, blueberries, cinnamon, and brown sugar.
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0.966648 |
Most efficient way to put good GPS cycling route on a Garmin 810?
As a tracker my Garmin 810 (bought used of Facebook) is very good, but the route finding seems seriously whack at times, particularly in towns. So instead I've taken to using google maps, but the process for putting a google route on the 810 is a bit lengthy. Even longer if it's on a smartphone. There were particularly bad failures in the Netherlands, where Garmin apparently haven't mapped many of the segregated cycle routes onto its map.
1. Use the google maps app to make a route.
2. "Share this route" on the top right, and copy the URL into chrome.
3. View google maps in desktop mode.
4. Select the preferred route (google usually offers you a choice of 1-3).
For me this process takes around 2-3 minutes with a slow phone.
Any bright ideas on how to do this more efficiently?
Re: Most efficient way to put good GPS cycling route on a Garmin 810?
Use an app other than Google Maps to make the route. Save as GPX. Transfer to Garmin.
So what apps can make routes?
I've used Viewranger to make off-road routes. I think OSMAnd can do something similar (though I've only used it for waypoints). Anyone got any better suggestions?
What leads me to google is that in my experience they tend to produce very good routes in many circumstances - particularly in the netherlands where it directs you to the cycle paths. By contrast Garmin kept putting me on main roads!
I presume partly why google does such a good job is they use google maps users' location data to inform which routes are the most efficient for cyclists.
Which maps do you have on the Garmin? If it's Garmin City Navigator, it doesn't have any data for cycle paths, so can only route on roads.
If you load something based on OpenStreetMap, it would probably give better routing for cycle paths.
I know Strava does that (consequently the Strava route planner is excellent at plotting routes that suit the sort of cyclists who tend to log rides on Strava), but I don't know about google. I know Google have borrowed data from OSM, and that OSM can generally be relied on to have the cyclepaths, but it isn't consistent about path quality (which is why planning a cycling route on something OSM-based in the UK will generally result in a game of Sustrans Cyclocross - but it might work better in .nl).
I think you'd need to experiment with different apps, as it's evidently Google Maps that's making the smartphone workflow longwinded. I don't have a Garmin that speaks bluetooth, but I can't imagine that loading a GPX in Garmin Connect and transferring by bluetooth is going to be slower than connecting by USB-OTG and copying the file.
https://mapstogpx.com is interesting though, I'll have to remember that one.
Yes that's exactly it - perhaps that's my error. As to be fair to Garmin it has been OK for doing UK roads.
Kim I will give using Strava route planning a go. Yes mapstogpx.com was a bit of a life saver when in the netherlands, in the olden days I'd have to have done it the old fashioned way and bought a map because Garmin was leading me on all kinds of bonkers routes.
Update: one promising solution is the komoot app and website.
Basically it's google maps that renders a GPX automatically, and integrates with Garmin Connect. Theoretically this would make route mapping the work of a moment.
However you need to pay a one off £30 fee to be able to export to GPX anywhere in the world - otherwise you have to buy "regions" which are £7 each. Thankfully this is a one-off as in "for ever and ever amen" (or until the company folds), which makes me reluctant. I'd pay up to £12, maybe 18 I think, but £30 isn't cheap especially since this isn't much more functionality than my mapstogpx.com solution.
On the other hand the app does seem to work very well. I think I'll wait until payday because to be fair it also lets you use the app offline by downloading maps onto your device.
Best thing I did was create my own maps for my Etrex using the OSM data downloads at Geofabrik. I have removed all off road and comedy sustrans paths out of the maps and optimised it to,route down the nice roads and lanes, staying off motorways, trunk roads, bridleways, paths and minimising anything A road. Google is notorious for sending you down farm tracks, bridleways, or A roads and its mapping often shows the former as minor roads.
Update on komoot - they just sent me an 'exclusive offer' to unlock the whole world with full functionality for £20.
I went for that a while back, I generally prefer to use RideWithGPS (which I have a paid subscription for) for routing, which I then dync to my Wahoo Elemnt Bolt, but you can't create new routes on their mobile app (or offline), so I use Komoot for creating new routes when out and about (especially where no 3G/4G signal), to send to my Elemnt Bolt. I don't use the app itself for navigation, just for creating routes. The auto-routing I feel is a bit better with RideWithGPS, though, and it's easier to modify routes to your taste.
I use the routeCourse app. This is coupled with the Dynamic Watch site, which can get routes from a number of other GPS route sites, including ridebygps (if pinned) as well as more directly by uploading.
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0.997535 |
A mobile terminal and method for securely storing private information are provided. The mobile terminal includes a cellular band transceiver for transmitting and receiving radio signals in a cellular band, a controller for controlling operations of the mobile terminal, and a memory for storing programs used by controller for the controlling of the operations of the mobile terminal and data including the private information, the memory including a secure storage area for storing the private information, and a non-secure storage area for storing the non-private information.
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for secure storage of information on a mobile terminal More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for securely storing private information on the mobile terminal and private transmission of the stored private information over a phone call.
Mobile terminals were developed to provide wireless communication between users. As technology has advanced, mobile terminals now provide many additional features beyond simple telephone conversation. For example, mobile terminals are now able to provide additional functions such as an alarm, a Short Messaging Service (SMS), a Multimedia Message Service (MMS), E-mail, games, remote control of short range communication, an image capturing function using a mounted digital camera, a multimedia function for providing audio and video content, a scheduling function, and many other voice and data functions. Due to mobile terminals providing a plurality of features, mobile terminals have become commonly used in daily life to execute transactions involving private user information.
Such transactions or features executing transactions involving private user information or other secure information can be conducted from a variety of locations where a mobile terminal is connected to a cellular network or other wireless networks. However, certain transactions or functions, such as ordering a pizza from a restaurant, conducting a financial transaction with a store, online merchant, or a bank, purchasing media content, such as music or video data files, or mobile terminal applications, or purchasing cellular network services, such as pay-as-you-go minutes, may utilize a user's private information in order to conduct the transaction or execute the function. In order to conduct the transactions or functions, the user may disclose the user's private information, such as the user's social security number, a driver's license number, or credit card number. This information is often conveyed using Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signaling by the user inputting the number's numerical value in the digits on the phone keypad.
Previous methods and apparatuses used to conduct transactions or execute functions involving the user's private information have utilized external devices that are acoustically coupled to the mobile terminal in order to transmit the user's private information. However, such methods and apparatuses are unwieldy, cause the user to perform extra operations to attach and detach the acoustically coupled external device, and are also susceptible to eavesdropping.
Mobile terminals, or mobile phones, may include applications to automate sending of Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signaling. For example, the user's credit card information and social security number may be entered and stored on a mobile terminal The user may execute an application on the mobile terminal to automatically send the credit card information and the social security number to an online merchant or vendor to purchase a good or service by utilizing the credit card number transmitted via the application automating sending of the credit card number using the DTMF signaling. However, the mobile terminals using automated sending of DTMF signaling for the user's private information may not provide security mechanisms, and thus, are also susceptible to eavesdropping or other breaches of security that may result in reading or stealing the user's private information from the mobile terminal. Accordingly, there is a need for an apparatus and method for securely storing private information on the mobile terminal and secure transmission of the private information over a phone call.
An aspect of the present invention is to address at least the above-mentioned problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described below. Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for securely storing private information on the mobile apparatus and private transmission of the private information over a phone call.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a mobile terminal for securely storing private information is provided. The mobile terminal includes a cellular band transceiver for transmitting and receiving radio signals in a cellular band, a controller for controlling operations of the mobile terminal, and a memory for storing programs used by controller for the controlling of the operations of the mobile terminal and data including the private information, the memory including a secure storage area for storing the private information, and a non-secure storage area for storing the non-private information.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a method for securely storing and transmitting private information on a mobile terminal is provided. The method includes initiating a phone call on the mobile terminal, determining whether the phone call includes transmission of the private information, locating the private information in a secured memory location, and authenticating a user initiating the phone call including the transmission of the private information.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention a mobile terminal including a memory for securely storing private information is provided. The memory includes a secure storage area for storing the private information, and a non-secure storage area for storing programs used by a controller for controlling of operations of the mobile terminal and data other than the private information.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method of transmitting a user's private information according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates a mobile terminal providing a secure storage and transmission of a user's private information in a wireless communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5A is a block diagram illustrating a mobile terminal in a wireless communication system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5B is a block diagram illustrating a memory of the mobile terminal of FIG. 4 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
The following description with reference to the accompanying drawings is provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of exemplary embodiments of the invention as defined by the claims and their equivalents. It includes various specific details to assist in that understanding but these are to be regarded as merely exemplary. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the embodiments described herein can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. In addition, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions are omitted for clarity and conciseness.
The terms and words used in the following description and claims are not limited to the bibliographical meanings, but, are merely used by the inventor to enable a clear and consistent understanding of the invention. Accordingly, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the following description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention are provided for illustration purpose only and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
By the term “substantially” it is meant that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide.
The following exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described as applied to a “mobile terminal ” However, it is to be understood that this is merely a generic term and that the invention is equally applicable to any of a mobile phone, a palm sized Personal Computer (PC), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a Hand-held PC (HPC), a smart phone, an International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000) terminal, a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) terminal, and the like. Accordingly, use of the term “mobile terminal” should not be used to limit application of the present inventive concepts to any certain type of apparatus or device.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include an apparatus and method for securely storing private information on the mobile apparatus and private transmission of the private information over a phone call. In the exemplary embodiments below, a receiving party of the private transmission of the private information over the phone call may be a human or a computer or machine capable of understanding and processing human language communication. Thus, in the exemplary embodiments below, the phone call may refer to a communication between more than one party via an analog or a digital phone call, a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) call, or other similar methods of transmitting audio that may include live audio, Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) tones, synthesized speech or audio, recorded speech or audio, or other suitable methods of transmitting audible content.
FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless network including a mobile terminal according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
In order to conduct the operation or execute the function involving the user's private information, the mobile terminal 112 transmits the user's private information via the wireless network 102. The user's private information may be transmitted over the voice or data channel. The user's private information may include a user's social security number, a credit card number, a bank account number, a Personal Identification Number (PIN), a cell phone service account number, a home address, or other similar information. For example, if a user of the mobile terminal 112 is purchasing an item through a phone call to a retail vendor, the mobile terminal 112 may securely transmit the user's private information over the call, including the user's credit card number, to the retail vendor in order to purchase a service or a good from the retail vendor.
In further detail, if the retail vendor is a bank providing financial and banking services, the user may retrieve bank account information through a phone call to the bank, wherein the user provides the user's private information, such as a home address, social security number, and bank account number, or other similar private information to the bank. According to the present exemplary embodiment, the user may be conducting the phone call in a public environment where the phone conversation is prone to eavesdropping. Furthermore, in a noisy public environment, in which a background noise level may interfere with voice communication over the mobile network 112, the user may speak at an elevated volume level in order to clearly and precisely communicate a lengthy string of numbers, such as a Social Security Number (SSN) or a credit card number. In such a case, the user may be reluctant to provide the user's private information to the bank in an audible manner over the phone call because audible recitation of the user's private information in a public environment allows for eavesdropping by third parties.
In order to complete the operation, such as getting bank account information or executing a retail transaction, in a secure manner, the user provides the bank or other party on the voice call with the user's home address and credit card number through the mobile terminal 112 that transmits the information using DTMF tones. The DTMF tones may be used for transmitting numerical values, audible language, and any other type of information that is suitable for being transmitted using DTMF tones via the wireless network 102. Due to the user's home address and credit card number being private information which the user may not want to be publicly accessible, the mobile terminal 112 retrieves the user's private information stored on the mobile terminal 112 in a secure process and transmits the private information DTMF tones that are understandable to automated phone system agents. Furthermore, the mobile terminal 112 retrieves the user's private information after authenticating a current user of the mobile terminal 112 that is executing the retail transaction in order to provide a secure storage of the user's private information.
In order to authenticate the current user of the mobile terminal 112, the mobile terminal 112 may execute one of a variety of authentication procedures. For example, the mobile terminal 112 may display a dialog box on a display apparatus (not shown) of the mobile terminal prompting the current user to select whether to transmit the user's private information. If the current user elects to transmit the user's private information, the mobile terminal may display an authentication dialog box on the display apparatus in order to authenticate the current user before transmitting the user's private information stored on the mobile terminal 112.
The authentication dialog box may prompt the current user to provide a password to the mobile terminal 112. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the authentication procedure may involve a variety of sufficiently secure or strong procedures, such as a biometric procedure. Upon the current user being successfully authenticated, the mobile terminal 112 transmits the user's private information to the other party of the phone call, which may be a person or a computer such as the server 120 providing a bank's automated call system in order to complete the operation or the transaction.
The user's private information is transmitted from the mobile terminal 112 to a receiving end user of the phone call in a private manner using the DTMF tones. During the transmission of the user's private information, the information is not audible to a party transmitting the information from the mobile terminal 112, and thus in only audible to the party receiving the user's private information transmitted from the mobile terminal 112. In other words, when a user's private information is transmitted from the mobile terminal 112, it is not audibly played by the mobile terminal 112 such that is it not locally audible. Although the present exemplary embodiment uses DTMF tones transmitted to a party on the receiving end of the phone call, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the user's private information may be sent to a computer, such as the server 120, an automated call system, or to other suitable network destinations as recorded or synthesized audio, as the DTMF tones, or through another encoding method over the phone call.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method of executing a secure operation using a user's private information according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 2, in step 201 a user initiates an operation of an application or a phone call on a mobile terminal In step 202, the mobile terminal determines if a user's private information stored on the mobile terminal is to be transmitted to another terminal in order to execute the operation or a receiving party of the phone call. For example, the mobile terminal may prompt the user via a dialog box displayed on a display apparatus of the mobile terminal The dialog box may prompt the user to verify that the private information is to be transmitted during the phone call before executing the present phone call. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the determination to use the user's private information may done by other suitable methods, such as the user of the mobile terminal electing to transmit the private information to a selected network destination or the user providing the mobile terminal with a predetermined list of third party phone numbers that will receive the user's private information during a phone call. Furthermore, step 202 may be bypassed and the method of executing a secure operation using a user's private information according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be initiated at step 204 discussed below.
If it is determined that the operation does not use the use the private information in step 202, then the mobile terminal continues the phone call until terminated in step 203. When it is determined in step 202 that the phone call will involve transmission of private information stored on the mobile terminal, the method proceeds to step 204. The mobile terminal prompts the user to verify that the user's private information is to be transmitted at that time via the operation of the application or over the phone call in step 204. In order to prompt the user, the mobile terminal may display a dialog box on a display apparatus of the mobile terminal However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and other suitable means of prompting the user or verifying that the user's private information is to be transmitted may be used. The mobile terminal terminates the operation or does not send the user's private information at that time in step 205 if the user of the mobile terminal elects to not transmit the user's private information in step 204.
In step 206, the mobile terminal locates the private information in a secured location of a memory of the mobile terminal if the user of the mobile terminal elects to transmit the user's private information in step 204. Then, in step 207, the user executing the transmission of the private information on the mobile terminal is authenticated. In order to authenticate the user, the mobile terminal may display a dialog box on the display screen of the mobile terminal in order to prompt the user to enter in a password allowing for access to the secured location of the memory of the mobile terminal However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the user may be authenticated using a variety of other suitable methods, such as a biometric method, voice recognition or other similar methods of authenticating a user.
If the user is not authenticated in step 207, then the mobile terminal proceeds to step 208 in order to terminate the operation or to terminate the phone call. On the other hand, if the user is authenticated in step 207, then the mobile terminal transmits the private information via the application or via the phone call in step 209. The user's private information is transmitted from the mobile terminal via a wireless network to a network destination or the receiving party of the phone call, such as a person, a server hosting a retail website, an online application store, a bank website, other similar websites that utilize the user's private information, or any other suitable party or entity that may receive a phone call.
In the case of the private information being transmitted to the receiving party of the phone call, the user's private information is transmitted in a manner so as to be understood by the receiving party but not easily understood by other parties that may be eavesdropping on, observing, or imposing upon the privacy of the user conducting the phone call. In further detail, according to the present exemplary embodiment, the mobile terminal transmits the user's private information using DTMF tones that are received and decoded by a terminal of the receiving party of the phone call. The DTMF tones are automatically generated without the user of the mobile terminal entering in the corresponding numbers on a keypad or input device of the mobile terminal at the time of the phone call.
In other words, in order for the user to transmit a user's credit card number over the phone call, rather than individually entering each number of the user's credit card number into the mobile terminal keypad or input device, the mobile terminal converts the stored user's private information into DTMF tones to be transmitted to the receiving party during the phone call. Thus, a third party is prevented from observing the user enter the user's private information into the keypad or input device of the mobile terminal However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and other suitable methods other than DTMF tones using encoded or modulated audible tones may be used to transmit the user's private information.
Referring to FIG. 3, a method of the user of a mobile terminal transmitting the user's private information to another party of a phone call between the user of the mobile terminal and the other party is shown. In step 301 it is determined whether a user is authenticated. As noted above, with reference to FIG. 1, a user may be authenticated by a variety of suitable means, such as providing a password, a biometric method, voice recognition or other similar methods of authenticating a user.
If the user is not authenticated in step 301, then in step 308, an authentication attempt counter is incremented and it is determined if the authentication attempt counter exceeds a limit. If it is determined, in step 308, that the authentication attempt counter exceeds the limit, then an error is generated in step 310. If the authentication attempt counter is not exceeded in step 308, then, an attempt to authenticate the user is attempted in step 309 and it is determined whether the user is authenticated in step 301.
If the user is authenticated in step 301, then, in step 302, it is determined whether the user's personal information is allowed to be transmitted to the other party of the phone call. In order to determine whether the user's private information is allowed to be transmitted, the user may be prompted to select certain information from the user's private information to be transmitted to the other party. For example, the user may select a SSN and a credit card number to be transmitted to the other party.
The dialog box may prompt the user to verify that the private information is to be transmitted during the phone call before the private information is to be transmitted to the other party. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the determination to use the user's private information may be done by other suitable methods. For example, the user of the mobile terminal electing to transmit the private information to a selected phone number or the other party may provide the mobile terminal with a predetermined list of third party phone numbers or other parties that will receive the user's private information during a phone call.
In other words, the user of the mobile terminal may generate a database correlating specific items of information of the user's private information to third party number's or other parties that may receive the specific items of information of the user's private information. Accordingly, by restricting transmission of the user's private information to only predetermined parties, the user's private information may be restricted from being sent to unintended recipients.
If it is determined, in step 302, that the user's private information is not allowed to be transmitted to the other party, then an error is generated in step 310 and the user's private information is not transmitted to the other party. If it is determined, in step 302, that the user's private information is allowed to be transmitted to the other party, then, in step 303, it is determined if the user's private information is to be transmitted as recorded audio. In order to determine if the user's information is to be transmitted as recorded audio, the user may be prompted via a dialog box to choose whether the information is to be transmitted as recorded audio. If it is determined that the user's private information is to be transmitted as recorded audio in step 303, then, in step 304, the user's private information is transmitted to the other part.
Concurrently, in step 304, the transmission of the user's private information to the other party is described to the user without disclosing the content of the user's private information that is transmitted. In other words, rather than audibly conveying the digits of the user's SSN that is transmitted to the other party, the mobile terminal that is transmitting the user's private information may verbally or graphically convey the type of information transmitted without revealing the actual private information. For example, during the transmission of the user's private information to the mobile terminal transmitting the user's private information may display a notification or audibly convey a message stating that the user's SSN is being transmitted while not displaying or audibly reciting the digits of the user's SSN.
In step 303, if it is determined that the user's information is to be not transmitted as recorded audio, then in step 305 it is determined if the user's private information is to be transmitted using DTMF tones. If it is determined that that the user's private information is to be transmitted using the DTMF tones in step 305, then in step 306, the user's private information is converted into DTMF tones and transmitted to the other party. Concurrently, in step 306, the transmission of the user's private information to the other party is described to the user without disclosing the content of the user's private information that is transmitted.
In step 305, if it is determined that the user's private information is not transmitted using the DTMF tones, then, in step 307, the user's private information is converted to speech and transmitted to the other party. Concurrently, in step 307, the transmission of the user's private information to the other party is described to the user without disclosing the content of the user's private information that is transmitted.
Referring to FIG. 4, a mobile terminal 400 includes a display apparatus 401 providing a user interface to a user of the mobile terminal 400. According to the present exemplary embodiment, the user may provide the mobile terminal with a predetermined third party phone number list 402 that will receive the user's private information during a phone call. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the user may provide any suitable phone number or identifying information for the person or entity that will receive the user's private information during a phone call. The user may then select specific items or fields of a user's private information 403 that are allowed to be transmitted from the mobile terminal 400 to a receiving party of a phone call.
For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the user may select checkboxes 404 allowing the user's home address, phone number and credit card number to be transmitted to a pizza delivery merchant, and may select the checkboxes allowing a user's bank account number, birthday and social security number to be transmitted to a bank. Accordingly, the user's bank account number and social security number are prevented from being transmitted to the pizza delivery merchant, and the user's home address and phone number are prevented from being transmitted to the bank.
The third party phone number list 402 and the respective allowed fields or items of private information allowed to be transmitted to the receiving party of a phone call may be edited by a user through the display screen or an input device of the mobile terminal 400. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the mobile terminal may store a database correlating the predetermined list of the third party phone numbers, or any other phone number or identifying information, with certain ones of the user's private information. For example, the database may be created and edited on a separate device, such as a home computer, a portable computer or another similar electronic device, in order to be stored in an encrypted and/or in a manner so as to not be editable via the mobile terminal 400.
Referring to FIG. 5A, a mobile terminal 500 includes a cellular band transceiver 501, a controller 504, and a memory 503. The mobile terminal 500 may include any number of additional structural elements, including short range communication transceiver 502. However, a description of additional structural elements of the mobile terminal 500 is omitted for conciseness. The mobile terminal 400 may be used as the wireless terminal as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
The cellular band transceiver 501 includes an antenna system, a receiver, and a transmitter that operate in a cellular band. The antenna system is used to transmit signals to and receive signals from the air. The receiver converts a signal in the cellular band received through the antenna system into a baseband signal and demodulates the baseband signal. For example, the receiver may include a Radio Frequency (RF) processing block, a demodulation block, a channel decoding block and the like. The RF processing block converts a signal in the cellular band received through the antenna system into a baseband signal. The demodulation block may be comprised of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operator for extracting data placed on one or more subcarriers of the signal received from the RF processing block and the like. The channel decoding block may comprise a demodulator, a deinterleaver, a channel decoder and the like.
The transmitter converts a baseband signal into a signal in the cellular band and transmits the signal in the cellular band through an antenna system. For example, the transmitter may include a channel encoding block, a modulation block and an RF processing block. The channel encoding block may include a channel encoder, an interleaver, a modulator and the like. The modulation block may comprise an Inverse FFT (IFFT) operator for placing transmitted data on a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers and the like.
In an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, the modulation block may comprise the IFFT operator. In a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, the IFFT operator may be replaced with a code spreading modulator and the like. The RF processing block converts a baseband signal received from the modulation block into a signal in the cellular band and outputs the signal in the cellular band through the antenna system.
The short range communication transceiver 502 includes an antenna system, a receiver, and a transmitter that operate in the millimeter wave band. The antenna system is used to transmit signals to and receive signals from the air. Herein, the antenna system may form one or more directional beams for communication in the millimeter wave band as described further above. The receiver converts a signal in the millimeter wave band received through the antenna system into a baseband signal and demodulates the baseband signal. For example, the receiver may include an RF processing block, a demodulation block, a channel decoding block and the like. The short range communication transceiver 502 may communicate via a variety of short range communication protocols or systems, including Bluetooth, Near Field Communications (NFC), Infra-Red (IR) communications, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) communication, Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) communications, or other suitable short range communication systems. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and communication systems or devices having larger than short range communication abilities may be used.
The RF processing block converts a signal in the millimeter wave band received through the antenna system into a baseband signal. The demodulation block may be comprised of an FFT operator for extracting data placed on one or more subcarriers of the signal received from the RF processing block and the like. The channel decoding block may comprise a demodulator, a deinterleaver, a channel decoder and the like. The transmitter converts a baseband signal into a signal in the millimeter wave band and transmits the signal in the millimeter wave band through an antenna system. For example, the transmitter may include a channel encoding block, a modulation block and an RF processing block.
The channel encoding block may include a channel encoder, an interleaver, a modulator and the like. The modulation block may comprise an IFFT operator for placing transmitted data on a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers and the like. In an OFDM system, the modulation block may comprise the IFFT operator. In a CDMA system, the IFFT operator may be replaced with a code spreading modulator and the like. The RF processing block converts a baseband signal received from the modulation block into a signal in the millimeter wave band and outputs the signal in the millimeter wave band through the antenna system.
The controller 504 controls overall operations of the mobile terminal 500. The operations of the mobile terminal 500 include any of the operations explicitly or implicitly described above as being performed by a mobile terminal In addition, the controller 504 generates data to be transmitted and process data to be received. The controller 504 controls the generation of the DTMF tones used to transmit the user's private information stored in the memory 503.
The memory 503 stores programs used by controller 504 for the operations of the mobile terminal 500 and various data including any of the information and/or algorithms discussed herein as being received, transmitted, stored, retained or used by a mobile terminal, such as the user's private information.
Referring to FIG. 5B, the memory 503 includes a secure storage area 505 to store a user's private information, such as credit card numbers, a social security number, a home address, a date of birth, a bank account number or other similar private information. Access to the secure storage area 505 may be restricted by encryption, a password, biometric security, or other suitable and strong security measures. As shown in FIG. 5B, the secure storage area 505 is included as a part of the memory 503. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the secure storage area 505 may be a separate element from the memory 503 and may be physically separate from the memory 503. Additionally, the secure storage area 505 may be an external or a detachable memory such as a memory connected via a Universal Serial Bus (USB) or a Near-Field Communications (NFC) connection, a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, a Secure Digital (SD) card or other suitable storage devices.
In order to access the secure storage area 505 a user of the mobile terminal 500 is authenticated by the password, the biometric security, or the other suitable and strong security measures discussed above. The user of the mobile terminal 500 may access, edit, add, delete or perform other similar data manipulation operations on the private information stored in the mobile terminal after being authenticated. Additionally, data stored in the secure storage area 505 may be pre-populated by the user typing in or recording via a microphone of the mobile terminal 500 the data that is the private information. Additionally, the secure storage area 505 may be extemporaneously populated with the private information by capturing the user's inputs or voice during a voice or data call on the mobile terminal 500.
Furthermore, read and write operations to the secure storage area 505 may be controlled in a manner to restrict a source of a write operation and a destination of a read operation. In other words, one or more fields of data in the secure storage area may be controlled so as to be transmitted to predetermined network locations or to be used by predetermined applications. For example, the user may restrict credit card information to be sent to only a specified pizza vendor's online store, a group of predetermined retail vendors, or to be only used by a mobile terminal application through with the user purchases mobile terminal applications. Accordingly, while the user is performing a voice or data call including transmission of corresponding private information from among all of the private information stored in the secure storage area 505, only the corresponding private information may be transmitted due to a remaining amount of the private information being restricted from being transmitted. Thus, transmission of all of the private information is prevented.
During an execution of a phone call using the mobile terminal according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the user, at a transmitting end of the phone call, may elect to transmit the user's private information to another user or terminal at a receiving end of the phone call. In such a case, the user at the transmitting end unlocks the secure storage area 505 by being authenticated. The user at the transmitting end may choose to transmit the user's private information to the other user at the receiving end. The user's private information is only transmitted to the receiving end in order to prevent eavesdropping of the user's private information. In other words, the user at the transmitting end may hear a description of the user's private information that is being transmitted to the other user at the receiving end, but does not hear or see the user's private information in order to protect the user's private information from being eavesdropped at the transmitting end of the phone call.
Certain aspects of the present invention can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable recording medium. A computer readable recording medium is any data storage device that can store data which can be thereafter read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable recording medium include Read-Only Memory (ROM), Random-Access Memory (RAM), CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical data storage devices, internal or external magnetic or solid state storage devices or other suitable storage devices. The computer readable recording medium can also be distributed over network coupled computer systems or over network coupled mobile terminals or other network coupled wireless devices so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion. Also, functional programs, code, and code segments for accomplishing the present invention can be easily construed by programmers skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
a non-secure storage area for storing the non-private information.
2. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the secure storage area comprises encrypted data.
3. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the secure storage area is physically separated from the non-secure storage area.
4. The mobile terminal of claim 3, wherein the secure storage area is removeably attached to the mobile terminal.
5. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the secure storage area is accessible to an authenticated user.
6. The mobile terminal of claim 5, wherein the authenticated user is a user who has provided a correct password or correct biometric information to the mobile terminal.
7. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller transmits the private information using Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) tones transmitted over the voice channel of the mobile terminal.
8. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller transmits predetermined fields of the private information to predetermined network destinations.
9. The mobile terminal of claim 8, wherein the predetermined fields comprise different types of the private information.
10. The mobile terminal of claim 8, wherein the predetermined network destinations are provided to the mobile terminal in a database.
11. The mobile terminal of claim 10, wherein the database correlates the predetermined network destinations to predetermined fields of the private information.
12. The mobile terminal of claim 11, wherein the database is generated by a user corresponding to the private information stored on the mobile terminal.
13. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller controls a transmission of the private information to be transmitted to a receiving end of a voice or a data call executed by the mobile terminal.
14. The mobile terminal of claim 1, wherein the mobile terminal further comprises a short range communication transceiver.
authenticating a user initiating the voice call including the transmission of the private information.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising transmitting the private information if the user initiating the voice call is authenticated.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the transmitting of the private information comprises transmitting the private information as Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) tones.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the transmitting of the private information comprises transmitting the private information as encrypted data.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the transmitting of the private data comprises transmitting a predetermined field of the private information to a predetermined recipient.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the predetermined field and the predetermined recipient are provided by the user corresponding to the private information.
21. The method of claim 16, wherein the private information comprises at least one of a social security number, a home address, a credit card number, a bank account number, and a home address.
22. The method of claim 15 further comprising, determining whether the user elects to transmit the private information in the operation.
23. The method of claim 15, wherein the authenticating of the user comprises prompting the user to provide a password or biometric information.
25. The mobile terminal of claim 20, wherein the secure storage area comprises encrypted data.
26. The mobile terminal of claim 19, wherein the secure storage area is physically separated from the non-secure storage area.
27. The mobile terminal of claim 21, wherein the secure storage area is removeably attached to the mobile terminal.
28. The mobile terminal of claim 19, wherein the secure storage area is accessible to an authenticated user.
29. The mobile terminal of claim 23, wherein the authenticated user is a user who has provided a correct password or correct biometric information to the mobile terminal.
30. The mobile terminal of claim 19, further comprising the controller for controlling a transmission of the private information to be transmitted to a receiving end of a voice or a data call executed by the mobile terminal.
31. The mobile terminal of claim 25, wherein the controller transmits predetermined fields of the private information to predetermined network destinations.
32. The mobile terminal of claim 25, wherein the predetermined fields comprise different types of the private information.
transmitting the user's private information to the other party.
reattempting the authentication of the user if the authentication attempt counter is less than a predetermined authentication attempt threshold.
determining whether the at least one item of the user's private information is allowed to be transmitted to the other party.
describing the transmission of the user's private information to the user.
37. The method of claim 33, wherein the content of the user's private information is not audibly or visually conveyed to the user during the describing of the transmission of the user's private information.
38. The method of claim 33, wherein the user's private information comprises at least one of a social security number, a home address, a credit card number, a bank account number, and a home address.
39. The method of claim 33, wherein the authenticating of the user comprises prompting the user to provide a password or biometric information.
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0.960762 |
My garage door reverses all the time. Is there a way to correct this?
Yes and it is usually not difficult to adjust. Most likely one of two problems is occurring; the door is either traveling too far causing a binding situation or the down force is set too light. Both of these conditions can usually be corrected by making small adjustments on the opener. Ideally you want the down force to reverse with light pressure but not too light. Doors are designed to reverse if they are binding. If the pressure is set too heavy or too light the results may not be good. When setting the travel you want the bottom seal to squish slightly. I recommend putting the safety sensors within 6-9″off the floor for optimal safety of pets and children.
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0.999895 |
This character is a part-time worker. A part-time job is a form of employment that carries fewer hours per week than a full-time job. Workers are considered to be part-time if they commonly work fewer than 30 or 35 hours per week. There are many reasons for working part-time, including the desire to do so, having one's hours cut back by an employer and being unable to find a full-time job.
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0.957399 |
Team versus Team Game Mode which require teamwork and strategy.
A 5 versus 5 battle between East team and West team that involves sector control and points system.
The two teams will go to war to take control of the 3 sectors which add points to the team that took it.
The location, gives no advantage to any of the team. Only teamwork, strategy and skill will ensure their victory.
The first team to get the required points wins the game.
- At the start of the game, players can choose from the loadout which soldier they wanted to use. the loadout is also available when you die.
- Capturing Sector A or B will give 20 points to the team that took it and 1 point per second. While capturing Sector C will give the team 30 points and 1 point per second.
- Every death will give 20 points to the opposing side.
- The current location/map is just a concept to show the gameplay or how the game mode works.
Known problem: player respawn at the start of the game is being considered as death and adding score to the opposing side.
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0.999518 |
You are finally living in the place of your dreams, and now it is time to protect it. But, how do you know you are getting the insurance coverage you need without paying too much? Here are 3 questions to help you and your insurance agent in New Mexico find the right policy for your home.
1. How Much Liability Coverage Do You Need?
Your insurance agent in New Mexico can help you determine the level of liability coverage needed for your home.
2. Should You Purchase Flood or Earthquake Coverage?
Depending on where you live, flood and/or earthquake insurance can further protect your home when damaged by natural phenomena. Your agent should be able to answer questions you have about such coverage, including whether it is available or necessary in your location.
3. How Can You Get the Best Deal?
Many insurance agencies offer discounts or package deals depending on the types of coverage purchased. Your insurance agent in New Mexico should be able to help you navigate their options to get the best coverage at the best price.
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0.980181 |
This project aims at studying security in wireless communications from an information theoretical point of view. Information theoretical security contrasts with computational security, which relies on computational assumptions on the adversary, typically that the adversary does not have enough computational power to break a problem thought hard. Information theoretical security is unconditional and relies on the uncertainty that the adversary faces. In the context of communication systems, it is often obtained by exploiting the noise inherently present over communication channels, and eventually amplifying it by a careful coding strategy that further injects random bits. This idea stems from the seminal work of Wyner and the introduction of the wiretap channel, a broadcast channel where a legitimate player Alice communicates to two users, a legimitate user Bob, and an eavesdropper Eve. By exploiting the difference in channels between the two users, Wyner showed that it is possible to communicate confidentially to Bob over discrete memoryless channels, that is, there exist codes, namely wiretap codes, that allow both reliable and confidential communications. One of the goals of this project is to look for wiretap codes for different classes of channels, and in particular wireless channels such as fading or MIMO channels. A dual class of problems consists of using wiretap codes, or other techniques from coding theory, to help in achieving cryptographic protocols over noisy channels.
We have built a USRP testbed to experiment the theory that we have developed around wiretap codes, more details of experiments are available on the testbed webpage .
We consider a Gaussian wiretap channel, where Alice communicates with Bob over a Gaussian channel, and similarly Eve can eavesdrop communication over a Gaussian channel. We analyze the probability of Eve being able to correctly decode the message intended to Bob when Alice transmits information using as strategy coset lattice encoding ([C2]), namely two lattices are used: a fine lattice to communicate with Bob (a regular lattice code for Gaussian channels), and a coarse lattice encoding random bits to confuse the eavesdropper. It is shown that confusion at the eavesdropper can be increased by a careful coding, which is characterized by the notion of secrecy gain. Secrecy gain is a new lattice invariant related to the theta series of the coarse lattice intended for Eve.
In [J4], we study the secrecy gain for even unimodular lattices: in particular, the secrecy gain of extremal even unimodular lattices is computed, and asymptotic bounds on the secrecy gain are given. Finally, examples of code constructions are worked out. The case of odd unimodular lattices is studied in [C6], and in fact, all the unimodular lattices in dimension less than 23 are classified with respect to their secrecy gain in [J5]. Unimodular lattices in higher dimensions are investigated in [C8], using the duality between self-dual codes and unimodular lattices. Motivated by the need to encode and decode unimodular lattices, their connection with codes via Constructions A, A' and D are revisited in [C10] and [J8].
Examples of even 2- and 3-modular lattices are considered in [C7], and a more general study of 2- and 3- modular lattices, including odd 2-modular lattices is available in [J7], which shows that in small dimensions (less than 24), there exist 2- and 3- modular lattices with higher secrecy gain than the best unimodular lattices in the same dimension. In an attempt to understand how the lattice level influences the secrecy gain, [C19] looks at the construction and secrecy gain of 5- modular lattices, but no general behavior can be seen from the proposed lattice codes.
We consider a wireless wiretap channel, where all the players (Alice, Bob and the eavesdropper Eve) are equipped with one antenna, corresponding to fast fading and block fading channels. In [C3], we propose a code design criterion to design wiretap lattice codes for fading channels, this design is made available for finite signal constellations in [J9]. In [C11] and [J9], we consider wiretap lattices built over number fields for fast fading channels, and study some of the trade-offs involved in terms of choosing the right number field to help getting both reliability and confidentiality: more precisely, the role of elements of small norms is looked at in [J9], while that of the lattice volume and underlying regulator is analyzed in [C15]. In [C12] and [J10], motivated by the need to perform coset encoding with algebraic lattices, we study generalizations of Construction A over number fields.
MIMO wiretap codes are used when all players are equipped with multiple antennas (transmit antennas for Alice, and receive antennas for Bob and Eve). We analyze the probability of Eve being able to correctly decode the message intended to Bob when Alice transmits information using as strategy coset lattice encoding ([J6]). The particular case of the Alamouti code is detailed carefully. Howerer here again wiretap coding relies on coset coding and thus we look at ways of implementing Construction A in an algebra setting in [C14] and [C17].
It is known from the work of Silva et al. that rank metric codes can be used as wiretap tap codes for network coding. It is also known that generalized Hamming weights characterize the performance of wiretap codes of type II. In [C9], we introduce a definition of generalized rank weights, motivated by the security provided by rank metric codes for network coding. In [C13], generalized rank weights of the dual codes are considered, where they are shown to interlace the rank weights of the code, similarly as for the case of the Hamming weights. The rank hierarchy of cyclic codes is studied in [C18].
It is standard for communication systems that use both error-correction coding for reliability and encryption for security to first perform the encryption, and only then the encoding. In this project, we focus on those systems which adopted the reverse approach, namely they first encode the data and then encrypt it, which is referred to as the encoding-encryption paradigm . A motivating example is the standard for Global Telephony GSM. In this project, we study how the security of systems such as GSM could be enhanced by using wiretap coding. More precisely, since systems using the encoding-encryption paradigm rely their security on a stream cipher, we are interested in protecting the stream cipher key against both passive and active attacks. To do so, we introduce a wiretap encoder which injects extra randomness in the system, and study the security it provides.
We first consider an information theoretical analysis, which focuses on the equivocation of the key, and show that under chosen plaintext attacks ([C1]), even when the adversary can add some controled noise and learn the resulting effect on the legitimate user's decoding ([J2]), the addition of the wiretap encoder provides an unconditional security as long as the adversary does not collect too many samples, after which, the unconditional security is lost. The fact that the adversary can recover the key with a very high probability however does not mean that it is easy to do so, it only tells that a computational security analysis is needed.
We show in ([J3]) that the computational security of systems using the encoding-encryption paradigm enhanced with a wiretap encoder is related to the difficutly of sovling the LPN (Learning Parity in Noise) problem. Furthermore, the complexity of the LPN problem can be increased by a careful design of the wiretap encoder. We thus propose code design criteria for designing wiretap codes that maximize the security of the system, both from an unconditional and computational point of view, and give a corresponding generic code construction.
[T2]. S.S. Ong, Lattice Codes for Wiretap Fading Channels , 2014.
[T1]. F. Lin, Lattice Coding for the Gaussian Wiretap Channel-a Study on the Secrecy Gain , 2014.
[P1] A Full Diversity Wiretap Lattice Encoder, PAT/262/13/13/US PRV.
[BC1] F. Lin, F. Oggier, Coding for wiretap channels, in ``Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communications", CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. November 2013.
[J11] J. Ducoat, F. Oggier, On Skew Polynomial Codes and Lattices from Quotients of Cyclic Division Algebras, Submitted, November 2014.
[J10] W. Kositwattanarerk, S.S. Ong, F. Oggier, Construction A of Lattices over Number Fields and Block Fading Wiretap Coding , Submitted, December 2013.
[J9] S.S. Ong, F. Oggier, Wiretap Lattice Codes from Number Fields with no Small Norm Elements, Designs, Codes and Cryptography, vol. 73, no 2, 2014.
[J8] W. Kositwattanarerk, F. Oggier, Connections Between Construction D and Related Constructions of Lattices, Designs, Codes and Cryptography, vol. 73, no 2, 2014.
[J7] F. Lin, F. Oggier, P. Solé, 2- and 3- Modular Lattice Wiretap Codes in Small Dimensions, Submitted, April 2013.
[J6] J.-C. Belfiore, F. Oggier, An Error Probability Approach to MIMO Wiretap Channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications , vol. 61, no. 8, August 2013.
[J5] F. Lin, F. Oggier, A Classification of Unimodular Lattice Wiretap Codes in Small Dimensions . IEEE Transactions on Information Theory vol. 59, no. 6, June 2013.
[J4] F. Oggier, P. Solé, J.-C. Belfiore. Lattice Codes for the Wiretap Gaussian Channel: Construction and Analysis. Submitted, March 2011.
[J3] M. Mihaljevic, F. Oggier, H. Imai. Homophonic Coding Design for Communication Systems Employing the Encoding-Encryption Paradigm . Submitted , December 2010.
[J2] F. Oggier, M. Mihaljevic. An Information-Theoretic Security Evaluation of a Class of Randomized Encryption Schemes (the original title before revision was ``An Information-Theoretic Analysis of the Security of Communication Systems Employing the Encoding-Encryption Paradigm"), IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , vol. 9, no 2, Feb 2014.
[J1] F. Oggier, H. Fathi. An Authentication Code against Pollution Attacks in Network Coding. ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking , March 2011.
[C19] X. Hou, F. Lin, F. Oggier, Construction and Secrecy Gain of a Family of 5-modular Lattices, ITW 2014.
[C18] J. Ducoat, F. Oggier, Rank weight hierarchy of some classes of cyclic codes, ITW 2014.
[C17] J. Ducoat, F. Oggier, Lattice Encoding of Cyclic Codes from Skew-polynomial Rings, 4ICMCTA.
[C16] F. Lin, C. Ling, J.-C. Belfiore, Secrecy gain, flatness factor, and secrecy-goodness of even unimodular lattices , ISIT 2014.
[C15] J. Ducoat, F. Oggier, An Analysis of Small Dimensional Fading Wiretap Lattice Codes , ISIT 2014.
[C14] R. Vehkalahti, W. Kositwattanarerk, F. Oggier, Constructions A of Lattices from Number Fields and Division Algebras , ISIT 2014 .
[C13] J. Ducoat, Generalized rank weights: a duality statement, Finite Fields and Applications (Fq11).
[C12] W. Kositwattanarerk, S.S. Ong, F. Oggier, Wiretap Encoding of Lattices from Number Fields Using Codes over Fp, ISIT 2013.
[C11] S.S. Ong, F. Oggier, Lattices from Totally Real Number Fields with Large Regulator, WCC 2013.
[C10] W. Kositwattanarerk, F. Oggier, On Construction D and Related Constructions of Lattices from Linear Codes, WCC 2013.
[C9] F. Oggier, A. Sboui, On the Existence of Generalized Rank Weights, ISITA 2012 .
[C8] F. Lin, F. Oggier, Gaussian Wiretap Lattice Codes from Binary Self-dual Codes , ITW 2012 .
[C7] F. Lin, F. Oggier, Secrecy Gain of Gaussian Wiretap Codes from 2- and 3-Modular Lattices , ISIT 2012 .
[C6] F. Lin, F. Oggier, Secrecy Gain of Gaussian Wiretap Codes from Unimodular Lattices , ITW 2011.
[C5]F. Oggier, A. Datta. Byzantine Fault Tolerance of Regenerating Codes . P2P 2011.
[C4] J.-C. Belfiore, F. Oggier, P. Solé. Lattice Codes for the Gaussian Wiretap Channel . Invited paper, IWCC 2011 .
[C3] J.-C. Belfiore, F. Oggier. Lattice Code Design for the Rayleigh Fading Wiretap Channel. Invited Paper, ICC 2011.
[C2] J.-C. Belfiore, F. Oggier. Secrecy Gain: a Wiretap Lattice Code Design. ISITA 2010.
[C1] M. Mihaljevic, F. Oggier. A Wire-tap Approach to Enhance Security in Communication Systems using the Encoding-Encryption Paradigm. Information and Coding Theory workshop, ICT 2010 .
[T16] On Generalized Rank Weights, by. F. Oggier, IITB, Mumbai, July 2014.
[T15] On Pollution Attacks in Network Coding based Systems, by. F. Oggier, KTH, Stockholm, June 2014.
[T14] Wiretap network coding and generalized rank weights, by J. Ducoat, NTU-SNU joint Workshop on Mathematics and Applications, Singapore, October 2013.
[T13] On the Design of Wiretap Codes, by J. Ducoat, 2013 SIAM Conference on Applied Algebraic Geometry, MS17 Cryptography and Number Theory, August 2013.
[T12] On the Design of Wiretap Codes, by J. Ducoat, Computer Science Department, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, July 2013.
[T11] Generalized Rank Weights: Duality and Griesmer Bound, by J. Ducoat, Fq11, the 11th international conference on finite fields and their applications, July 2013.
[T10] Wiretap Network Codes and Generalized Rank Weights, by F. Oggier, Zurich COST Meeting - Random Network Coding and Designs over GF(q), June 21 2013.
[T9] An Error Probability Approach to the Design of Wiretap Codes, by F. Oggier, University of Calgary, Canada, June 10 2013.
[T8] Recent Results on Constructions of Lattices from Codes, by W. Kositwattanarerk, Turku University, Finland, April 23 2013.
[T7] An Error Probability Approach to the Design of Wiretap Codes, by F. Oggier, IIT Madras, India, March 26 2013.
[T6] Construction of Secure Algebraic Lattice Codes, by F. Oggier, Joint EMS/EWM Survey Lectures, Krakow, June 1 2012.
[T5] On Wiretap Lattice Codes, by F. Oggier, Mathematics Department, EPFL, Lausanne, March 5 2012.
[T4] An Error Probability Approach to Wiretap Code Design, by F. Oggier, Workshop on Algebraic Structure in Network Information Theory, Banff, Canada, August 2011.
[T3] What can (and can't) physical layer do for secure communication?, Panel Participation, F. Oggier, Communication Theory Workshop (CTW) 2011.
[T2] Systems of Homogeneous Polynomials in Fq[X_0, X_1, ..., X_n]dh and spectrum weight of codes over Pn(Fq), by Adnen Sboui, Third Irsee Conference on Finite Geometries, Munich, June 2011.
[T1] On Gaussian Wiretap Lattice Codes, by F. Oggier, Department of Mathematics, IIT Mumbai, April 27 2011.
Went back to the University of Sousse.
Postdoctoral Researcher, Imperial College London.
Went for a PhD at UIUC.
Went for a PhD at NTU (NPGS).
Went for a PhD at Chalmers University.
Acknowledgments: This research is supported by the Singapore National Research Foundation under Research Grant NRF-RF2009-07.
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0.999924 |
Text below is an excerpt from UMaine News Update.
The browntail moth is an invasive species that was introduced into northeastern North America in the late 1800s. In the past several years, the population and range of the browntail moth has grown significantly, with more than 24,000 acres in Maine defoliated by their caterpillars in 2005. In addition to tree damage, the small toxic, barbed hairs on the caterpillar’s body present a serious concern for public health. The tiny hairs can induce painful poison ivy-like rashes and serious respiratory distress in those who come into contact with them. The irritating urticating hairs detach from the growing caterpillars and become airborne as they molt, settling on line-drying clothing, backyard picnic tables and patio furniture, and the ground surrounding the infested trees. Once in the environment, the hairs can retain their toxicity for three years.
Dr. Eleanor Groden, a professor of entomology in the School of Biology and Ecology at the University of Maine, focuses her research on understanding the natural enemies of the browntail moth — the various parasitoids, fungi and viruses that target the caterpillars, and may be used to help curb the rapidly expanding moth populations affecting Maine’s communities. UMaine’s research is part of a larger initiative, one in collaboration with Charlene Donahue, an entomologist with the Maine Forest Service, as well as a growing network of concerned citizen groups who seek to monitor and identify new infestations and develop pest management strategies in areas experiencing an outbreak.
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0.958219 |
What hook-in system is best for you?
Hook-in system is in my opinion the most important choice you make when buying a paramotor.
The hook-in system gives you the feel of the glider and makes handling better or bad. You may replace the motor later if you like but its hook-in point is defined by the frame and harness. So make a proper decision now.
– faster and tighter: A turn initiated with weight-shift and brake is two times faster than only with brake.
– safer: For the same turn dynamics half the brake amount is sufficient if weight-shift is added. Pulling less brake means lower risk of stalling the glider. Accidents happen mostly when pilots need to turn immediately after launch into the opposite direction of torque. Torque at full power is very strong and acts like weight-shift into undesired direction. The glider is slow and in such case pulling a lot of brake may cause a spin or stall at low altitude. Leaning your body would help a lot.
– more efficient: As you are pulling less brake and the profile gets less distorted. Brake increases drag and the glide is worse.
– dives less: This means that the turn is more flat and you lose less altitude. Pulling hard on brake causes not only bank but also yaw, that means the glider points down and flies towards gorund. Weigh-shift only makes the glider bank and the turn is nice and clean.
Unfortunately, many paramotors on the market do not allow any weightshift -yes, I am referring to the high hook-in paramotors, where you have the carabiners placed somewhere around your ears an you have no place to lean to.
I have written a complete guide to hook-in systems here>.
Yes, its long but worth to read.
I have tried hard to convince you that weight-shift ability is good. Some may argue that for beginner the high hook-in system is the easiest to learn but this is just bull-sh*t (#salespitch). There is absolutely no reason for that.
Conclusion? If you don’t know, go for the goose-neck bars. You won’t go wrong.
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0.978807 |
What happens when a highly regulated educational system - one featuring academic freedom, a national outlook and an input-oriented state-run bureaucracy - attempts to internationalize and introduce management structures that are outcome-oriented, deregulated, and more efficient? The question is relevant in many countries where universities are trying to get out from under the state, and it is critically important in the formerly Communist systems as well as in countries where Prussian traditions have influenced the university model. In the case of Germany, examined in this article, it has long been admitted that change is needed. There is no shortage of exhortation to achieve it, both within and outside government. Yet the German model is an immensely influential one, both in Europe and the United States. Accordingly, a change in German higher education would represent a significant reconfiguration in the academic world. My purpose in this article is to explore the measures currently being taken to modernize and create a market within German universities, and to evaluate the success of these measures. The following questions are addressed:• How are marketizing trends being manifested in governance and law, management, finance, quality assurance, and human resource management? • What are the obstacles to marketizing trends? • How are these trends influencing the model of the German state in its post-war incarnation?
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0.997198 |
How to construct an aslope wall or floor?
It is possible to use different room elements, also a ramp. This is very useful to create an aslope floor.
An aslope wall can only created with help of the standard objects for example using a wedge or an extrusion volume.
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0.999985 |
A hamburger seems to be a uniquely North American phenomenon. While having its roots in Europe, the dish really peaked in popularity in the United States and in Canada. There are a ton of varieties of hamburgers served, but can be generally divided in to those that are served in fast food restaurants and those that are given a bit more attention, generally served at home or in a restaurant. Restaurant burgers generally come with a certain level of preparedness (generally called "dressed" or "with everything", though more creative nomenclature is used throughout both countries) that includes basics like lettuce and tomato, with other items like cheese (American for less expensive burgers, with Cheddar and other varieties available for those that cost a bit more), onion, or pickles completing the usual arrangement.
Most burgers are also topped with some sort of condiment (mayonnaise and mustard are the most common, with ketchup coming quite close) - though these toppings are often left off in favor of everything from Thousand Island Dressing to Barbecue sauce.
In addition to the standards, burgers commonly feature a host of other toppings. The most common addition is likely bacon, though items like guacamole and avocado are popular on the West coast and mushrooms seem to be popular in more upscale eateries. Of course, there are many specialty burgers that feature "wilder" ingredients, which may include anything from chili peppers to pineapple, various other meats to onion rings, and even odder items like scrambled eggs.
What a burger is topped with largely seems to vary by region, especially when one is dealing with smaller eateries. Burgers of the "Texas" variety, for example, might feature the standard toppings along with mustard and jalapenos. A burger served in a "Midwestern" style will often include butter in some capacity (generally in the form of a buttered bun), while certain eateries in the Carolinas might eschew the traditional toppings entirely and use chili and coleslaw as toppings. Hawaiian burgers generally stick with a tropical theme by using teriyaki sauce and pineapple, while California might add on regional toppings like guacamole. The Southwest is home to a popular concoction called the "Slopper", which features judicious use of red and green chilis. Every region of the United States has a different "standard" hamburger, and a different regional specialty. What is common in one area might be unheard of in another, and vice versa.
One of the most universal variations is the amount of meat used. In fast food restaurants, the "double" or "triple" is quite common, generally using multiple patties to increase the amount of meat on a burger. Patty melts are another common variation, eschewing a bun for buttered bread and using onions and cheese as the primary topping.
Another common variant is the slider - a very small hamburger that is served on a small bun, generally topped with onions, pickles, and mustard. These burgers started as a military meal, but gained a great deal of popularity in American fast food restaurants like White Castle and Krystals.
Of course, even with these standards, there are even more "out there" burger varieties. The Canadian "kubie" uses kubasa instead of ground beef, for example, and there are many other non-beef burgers available in many markets. Turkey and chicken burgers are popular for those that do not eat meat, and soy and vegetable based burgers are available for those vegetarians that want to partake in this traditional meal.
Minnesota is home to the "Juicy Lucy", a burger with cheese inside the meat instead of the usual set up. These sandwiches feature a hot interior of cheese, a unique culinary experience that can often lead to burns for the inexperienced. However, the hot cheese within is a great taste, and sworn by from those that have had it a time or two.
For those that are looking for something a bit more healthy, low carbohydrate burgers have become something of a phenomenon. These burgers replace with the bread with lettuce, and generally include lower fat and calorie sauces like mustard in place of mayonnaise. While an odd choice (and only vaguely healthy in and of itself), this burger does represent the fact that the hamburger is an always evolving dish, and that new varieties will keep being created as time goes on.
Click here to go back to Best Burger Recipes from Varieties Of Hamburgers.
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What are some of the considerations you should have before choosing a career path?
What skills do you have or are you willing to learn?
Write down what you are looking for in a job. Do you want to work alone or with a group? Would you like for everyday to be similar or should everyday be something new? Once you have a list, split it into wants and needs.
There are several resources available on the internet to help you learn more about potential career paths. Several job listing websites, such as Monster, also offer resources to make your search easier. You can also take quizzes to find out what fields are most compatible with your personality.
If you’re still in school, take advantage of the internships available to you. This will give you the opportunity to gain on the job experience. Maybe after a few months in a particular role, you'll realize it’s not for you. It's also a great way to make connections that may be helpful down the line as you start out in your career.
There are people out there whose sole job is to help you find one. Many people don’t look into a career counseling until they are in the process of searching for a job. However, it’s never too early to ask for assistance. Check out your college’s career center with some of your research. They’ll walk through it with you and provide some advice.
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0.962092 |
When your reason tells you something is right but your gutt instincts tells you your wrong, is it better to trust in your instincts?
When I consider that I have been wrong before (many many times before :P ) even while using a great deal of reason then I think there comes a time when it is important to ignore valid reason and to trust your instincts.
The problem here is the conflict between the two points of view so I think it important to trust the one that seems to be most correct.
But when the conflict between reason and instinct is based on something that may change the way you act drastically then perhaps it is important to ignore reason and go with something like taboo and gutt instinct?
I think that most people here would prefer reason above all else, so I'd like to hear your thoughts and opinions.
It is often socially attributed to be more ‘reasonable’ to trust your gut instincts when it comes to judging people I would presume. However, a good reasonable person will realise that most people are commonly alike, but this is nowhere near the case (certain cases of people spring to mind). There have been other threads on ‘intuition’, and to that effect, for intuition to hold valid and bear fruit it is important to trust your gut instinct. A impulse decision pertaining to a facet may be an array of amalgamated lore accrued within the inner self and in this case can really help you when time is a limiting factor for instance.
Ashlin Rekaf (someone that wrote hundreds of self help topics) attributes that your subconscious mind gathers and evaluates information and most of them you do not catch in subconscious mind. Sometimes you pick up something like body language and make opinion about the person. This cannot be explained but it is certainly valid and possible. No one acts or takes decision without intuition. Even the world's greatest discoveries are results of intuition. If you want to check out, make a guess of one thing every day and write it down. You can look at it after sometime and check how many of them were right.
Sometimes I would think that in order to make the best ‘intuitive’ decision is to first clear your mind and try to project a momentary clause of reason in your gut hunch. Why not?
there are many things that people call "gut instinct", it's like the term "common sense", implying what is "natural" is "good". the way i see it all these sensations are advisors, just as logic is, none are me, i choose which advice i take from my many advisors, although some are more noisy than others.
I think that what most people call their "gut instinct" or their "intuition" is their subconscious brain saying "waitaminute! I've seen this pattern before!"
Your brain is a huge pattern-finding machine. Your subconscious mind is constantly collating your experiences, trying to detect patterns in them. That way, if you recognize a pattern again, you can have a prepared, fast response to it. If your subconscious recognizes a pattern that had negative consequences in the past, you will find yourself feeling uneasy or nervous, perhaps your palms will begin to sweat. That's your subconscious telling you this is a bad pattern.
But a pattern is like a statistical trend; if it's only based on one or two samples, chances are good that any pattern or trend you might be seeing is spurious and not real. But if it's based on lots and lots of samples, lots of past experience, then the patterns you see are much more likely to be accurate representations of reality.
I read a story once about a fireman who thought he had ESP; he and his men were in a burning room and "something" told him to get the hell outta there! He did, and mere seconds later the room collapsed. If he and his men had still been in there, they would have probably died. But that's probably not ESP. That's probably his years and years of experience as a fireman, shaping his subconscious into recognizing a pattern - a really bad pattern.
I think an experienced fireman will do well to trust his gut instincts when he's inside a burning building. On the other hand, if you're not a fireman and you've never been anywhere near a housefire before, but you decided to dive into a burning building to help someone trapped inside, then your reasoning and logic are probably going to be your best guides.
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0.937962 |
A map of German front of the Second World War circa 1941-1942. Maximum expansion of the German occupation.
World War II, or the Second World War (often abbreviated as WWII or WW2), was a global war that occurred between September 1939 and May 1945. It involved several nations and their colonies, divided basically between two sides: the Allies and the Axis. More than 100 million people served in military units on both sides.
Major Axis nations were Germany, Italy and Japan. Other nations allied to the axis at some point in the war were Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and Finland. Some nations also had fighters fighting for the axis on a voluntary basis as was the case of the Spanish legion, the Cossacks and other troops who came to enlist in the Waffen-SS. Other states were created as client or puppet states, like Manchukuo (northern China), the Italian Social Republic (after the surrender of Italy 1943–45), Croatia (1941–45) and Slovakia.
The major allied nations were the British Empire, France, Soviet Union (from 1941) and the United States (from December 1941). Many other nations joined the allies as was the case of Poland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Yugoslavia (from 1941), Greece (from 1940), Norway (from 1940), the Netherlands (from 1940), Belgium (from 1940), Czechoslovakia and Brazil (from 1942). China sided with the allies when World War II started, as the country had been at war with Japan since 1937.
In March 1935, Hitler announced conscription in violation of the Versailles Treaty, and a year later, in March 1936, German forces occupied the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Locarno.
In November 1936, Benito Mussolini proclaimed the Rome-Berlin Axis.
In the spring of 1936 it became evident that a conflict between the forces of right and the government forming a left coalition called the Popular Front. On July 17-19, Francisco Franco proclaimed revolution in Morocco. It was the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, which lasted nearly three years. In late July, German and Italian planes began the airlift Franco's army who was in Morocco to southern Spain. The British and French decided by non-intervention. The Soviets supported the Popular Front as the Germans and Italians supported the nationalist forces, including bombings in Madrid. In 1936, the primary objective of the Nationalists was Madrid, the Spanish capital. On 28 September, the Nationalists obtained a resounding propaganda victory by lifting the siege of Toledo. The battle for Madrid lasted 5 months and would see the first serious defeat for the Franco forces.
In October 1938, Jews of Polish origin were expelled from German soil. In November 1938 the Germans staged the Kristallnacht purge, the "night of glass" attacking Jewish homes, shops, offices and synagogues in both Germany and Austria. This organized and systematic pogrom was ostensibly an act of retaliation for the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris by a young Jew. About 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed.
On October 1, 1938, due to the Munich agreement, made by the four nations of Germany, Britain, France and Italy, Hitler´s army occupied the Sudetenland, the border region of Czechoslovakia whose population was German-speaking.
On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union sign a treaty of non-aggression also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. This was a non-aggression pact between the parties. By signing this pact, Hitler intended to avoid a fight on two fronts as had happened in the First World War.
On September 1, 1939 the German army invaded Poland. Two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany. The Germans simulated a false attack from Polish partisans as an excuse to attack. At 4:45 a.m. in the morning, five corps of Hitler's army, backed by the Luftwaffe, invaded Poland soon after Schleswig-Holstein school-battleship opened fire on the fort in Westerplatte in Danzig.
Between 1939 and 1940 the Soviet Union, after occupying Poland in 1939, invaded Finland. Stalin demanded the annexation of thousands of square miles of original Finnish territory and basing rights to the port of Hango in southern Finland. The Soviets had several setbacks despite overwhelming superiority in troops. In the battle of Suomussalmi two Soviet divisions were massacred. Several factors contributed to the poor campaign of the Red Army. The action of the Soviet armored was not significant and the Finns attacked them quickly with magnetic charges, grenades and Molotov cocktails. The purge of Soviet officers by Stalin was another contributing factor. With the arrival of Timoshenko, the Soviet units imposed their superiority. The peace treaty was signed in March 1940 with territorial losses imposed on the Finns, but not for long. After the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Finns fought a war in order to further restore the borders which existed before the Soviet invasion.
By the first days of February 1945 the Soviets reached the Oder river. In the south, in early March 1945, the Germans attempted a final offensive to recapture Budapest, but without success. The Soviets had already captured Silesia and Pomerania in late March 1945.
↑ Minerbi, Alessandra (2009) (in Portuguese). História Ilustrada do Nazismo [Illustrated History of Nazism]. São Paulo: Larousse do Brasil. p. 122-123. ISBN 978-85-7635-457-4.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gilbert, Martin, ed. (1990). The Ilustrated Atlas of the Jewish Civilization. New York: MacMillan. p. 166-169. ISBN 0-02-543415-2.
↑ Azaola, Ramon, ed. (2000). Man at War 1914-1945 - The Spanish Civil War: Corporal, Nationalist Infantry. Madrid: DelPrado Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 84-8372-516-9.
↑ 4.0 4.1 Lannon, Frances (2002). Essential Histories - The Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing Limited. p. 11. ISBN 1-84176-369-1.
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Romero, Javier (November/December 2003). Miranda, Joseph; Cummins, Christopher. ed. "The Spanish Civil War". Strategy & Tactics (Bakersfield: Decision Games) (219): 6-20. ISSN 1040-866X.
↑ 6.0 6.1 Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People. New York: Schocken Books. p. 226. ISBN 0-8052-4127-2.
↑ Tucker, Spencer C, ed. (2005). World War II:A Student Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-857-7.
↑ Cardona, Gabriel; Vásquez, Juan (2009) (in portuguese). Coleção 70º aniversário da 2ª Guerra Mundial [Collection 70th Anniversary of World War 2 (volume 2:1939: Germany Dominates Poland)]. 2 - 1939: A Alemanha Domina a Polônia. São Paulo: Abril Coleções. p. 12. ISBN 978-85-62605-02-4.
↑ 9.0 9.1 Losada, Juan Carlos; Vásquez, Juan (2009) (in Portuguese). Coleção 70º aniversário da 2ª Guerra Mundial [Collection 70th Anniversary of World War 2 (volume 3:1939: Finland against USSR: War in the Snow)]. 3 - 1939: Finlândia contra URSS: Guerra na Neve. São Paulo: Abril Coleções. p. 63-83. ISBN 978-85-62605-03-1.
↑ 10.0 10.1 Ziemke, Earl F (1968). Battle for Berlin:End of the Third Reich. New York: Ballantine Books Inc..
This page was last modified on 6 February 2016, at 00:00.
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0.999309 |
Beginner needs help from the electric guitar?
Well, here's the situation: I had a guitar, I provided a set Pink Strings Ernie Ball Super Slinky, I've never played an instrument, and I do not know how or what the note that I have to adapt. I little money for the tuner guitar or piano or any person I know who can give me, how I can try to learn to play guitar I do not know how to use or adapt to the seal. I really want to learn to play songs by The Stone Roses, but I do not know what I do, I found a book of chords in the house, I think I could use. If anyone can suggest some help I really appreciate it. Thank you in advance.
Regarding the line, if you have a microphone any kind for your computer, you can use this program. I love it. Http: / / Www.aptuner.com / cgi-bin / aptuner / apmain.html is simple. Simply connect the microphone, putting the program and start playing chords. You want your chains E2 A3 D3 G3 B4 E4, at least initially. Another trick is just brought into harmony "with his guitar." Again, the chords (in standard tuning), lower tone EADGBE to high (remember those Eddie Ate Dynamite Good Bye Eddie can not remember where … I have, but it's catchy, no?) Soooo … How it works is to adjust the chain E. (Or not … the notes still be listening on the other) Then press the lower E string at the 5th fret and play an A, you can tune to your channel. Then press the string down on the fifth fret, and play a Repeat D. of G, but for B, go to the bathroom ret. Then for e past, back to the 5th fret. And one thing about the creation: with the chains of age who have not been adjusted from time to time, you must pay 2 or 3 times in the first 5 minutes. I do not know if it's the same with new ropes. Second, Google is your friend. In short words in his song, artist and the word "tab" or "agreement" (rope is easier for an absolute beginner, I do can not play here again …). In general, there are agreements or tab to a popular song. My favorite site is the ultimate guitar (http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/) is really great for beginners, because for most of the agreements of the song to reveal a chord diagram when the little mouse on it. As on the one card reading … Here is what a map of a G chord appears only as an example. – 3 —— ———- ———- ———- – 2 —— – 3 – —- The above string in this example is the E string up, down, guitar, and the background is the low E string. In other words, he is looking his guitar as he is wanted for his guitar when you play, not like his public to see. The numbers represent the frets being pressed. Anyway in itself. Not down on yourself if you can not play something in the beginning, and have fun with it! I only played five months, so be sure not what being an absolute beginner.
Filed under Learn Guitar Songs by Nestor on Jul 1st, 2004 .
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0.996755 |
Good PSU for this Build?
What do you recommend? 2 fans in the front intake? I might just take the panel off, worked for my last PC.
Okay, wow! I've decided to use a 2060 instead, and this PSU. https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B073GY89G5/ref=ox_sc_act_title_2?smid=ATVPDKIKX0DER&psc=1 What do you think?
PCPartPicker part list / Price breakdown by merchant Type Item Price CPU AMD - Ryzen 5 2600X 3.6 GHz 6-Core Processor Purchased For $0.00 CPU Cooler Noctua - NH-U12S SE-AM4 CPU Cooler Motherboard MSI - B450M GAMING PLUS Micro ATX AM4 Motherboard Purchased For $0.00 Memory Corsair - Vengeance LPX 16 GB (2 x 8 GB) DDR4-3000 Memory $109.99 @ Amazon Storage Crucial - MX500 500 GB 2.5" Solid State Drive $69.95 @ Amazon Storage Crucial - MX500 1 TB 2.5" Solid State Drive $134.99 @ Adorama Video Card Gigabyte - GeForce RTX 2070 8 GB WINDFORCE Video Card $498.99 @ SuperBiiz Case NZXT - H500 (Black/Red) ATX Mid Tower Case Purchased For $0.00 Power Supply Corsair - CXM 550 W 80+ Bronze Certified Semi-Modular ATX Power Supply $42.98 @ Newegg Monitor Asus - VG248QE 24.0" 1920x1080 144 Hz Monitor $258.95 @ Amazon Prices include shipping, taxes, rebates, and discounts Total (before mail-in rebates) $1135.85 Mail-in rebates -$20.00 Total $1115.85 Generated by PCPartPicker 2019-03-26 22:27 EDT-0400 This is my current build, I have already bought the CPU, MOBO, and case. I'm about to buy the RAM, SSDs, CPU Cooler and PSU. My question is: Is this PSU enough for the RTX 2070 and my R2600X? Thanks.
What's the difference between C15 and C16 RAM?
So pretty much any C15 ram clocked 3000mhz is fine for a Ryzen system. I know I have to enable XMP settings in the BIOS for the RAM.
Hi, what is the difference between c15 and c16 ram? And which is best for a Ryzen system? Gracias.
Decent monitor for this build?
Yeah, that's what I thought. Thanks.
The U.S. and I'll be powering a 1070 ti and Ryzen 2600X. I hope to overclock both.
Okay, I'll look into it!
Programs opening on nonexistent second monitor???
Ha, yeah I do! Never thought of that, will try it out!
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0.947881 |
Shane Salerno (born November 27, 1972) is an American screenwriter, producer, and director. His writing credits include the movies Armageddon, Savages, Shaft, and the TV series Hawaii Five-0. He was chosen by director James Cameron to work on the four sequels to Avatar, set to release in 2020, 2021, 2024 and 2025. He spent ten years writing, producing, financing, and directing the documentary Salinger, and co-writing with David Shields the companion book which became a New York Times bestseller. Salerno is also the founder and president of The Story Factory, which produces film and TV series based on literary properties.
As a writer, Salerno has collaborated with James Cameron, Steven Spielberg, Michael Mann, Ridley Scott, William Friedkin, Oliver Stone, and Ron Howard. He has sold pitches, spec screenplays, fiction and non-fiction books, feature film documentaries, television pilots, television documentaries, and foreign book deals of between $2 and $6 million.
Shane Salerno was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1972. He attended 10 schools in 12 years, including St. John's College High School, a military academy in Washington, D.C. where he was co-captain of the football team and the only write-in class president since the school was founded in 1851. At San Dieguito High School in Encinitas, California, he was editor of the school newspaper, played varsity football, and was voted most likely to succeed.
Salerno cited the influence of filmmaker Michael Mann and the TV show Miami Vice, which Mann created and produced. His first formative cinematic memory from childhood was watching Mann's movie Thief when he was eight years old. He wrote two films for Mann in 2000 and 2012 and dedicated his documentary film Salinger to him in 2013. He also said The Empire Strikes Back had a significant impact on him as a child. He compared his time on NYPD Blue to film school, having apprenticed with producer and director Gregory Hoblit. His time with Steven Spielberg he called his writing school.
While Salerno was a high school senior, he wrote, produced, and directed the documentary Sundown: The Future of Children and Drugs. The documentary premiered on Larry King Live. For his documentary, he was honored in ceremonies in both houses of the United States Congress.
With crime novelist Don Winslow, he created the TV series UC: Undercover, for which he was executive producer, head writer, and music supervisor. From 2010-2011 he wrote three episodes of Hawaii Five-0.
When he was 23, he worked with director Steven Spielberg to adapt the World War II submarine thriller Thunder Below, based on the book by Eugene B. Fluckey. In 1997, director Michael Bay asked him to rewrite the screenplay for Armageddon. The movie became the highest-grossing film of 1998, earning more than half a billion dollars worldwide. With director John Singleton and writer Richard Price he wrote the screenplay for the 2000 movie Shaft. With director Paul W. S. Anderson he adapted the screenplay for Alien vs. Predator. Salerno wrote the screenplay for the sequel Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem.
Salerno co-wrote and produced Oliver Stone's movie Savages, based on the novel by Don Winslow. He also wrote screenplays for Ron Howard (The Bay of Pigs), William Friedkin (Night Train/Sonny Liston Story), Michael Mann (The Border), and for producers Michael Douglas and Irwin Winkler. Director James Cameron chose Salerno to work on the four sequels to Avatar, one of the highest-grossing movies of all time.
Salerno spent ten years on his documentary Salinger, a project that he researched, wrote, produced, directed, and financed. The film examined the life of author J. D. Salinger, a writer noted for protecting his privacy. The movie includes interviews with Joyce Maynard, Edward Norton, and Tom Wolfe. A director's cut appeared on the PBS series American Masters in January 2014. With author David Shields, Salerno wrote the book Salinger to accompany the film. It reached number six on The New York Times bestseller list and number one on the Los Angeles Times bestseller list.
Shane Salerno is the founder of The Story Factory, an entertainment company that currently represents authors Don Winslow, Steve Hamilton, Lou Berney, Meg Gardiner, Michael Lombardi, Marcus Sakey, John Katzenbach, Adrian McKinty, Reed Farrel Coleman, Bill Beverly, and Blake Bailey, as well as four-time Oscar-nominated filmmaker Michael Mann. The Story Factory has produced five consecutive New York Times bestsellers, and its authors have either won or been nominated for every major writing award in the world, including the Pulitzer Prize, the National Books Critics Circle Award, the Edgar Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, and the New York Times Notable Books of the Year.
The Story Factory has also negotiated a number of seven-figure book-to-film sales, including Don Winslow’s Savages (to Universal, with Oliver Stone directing), Shane Salerno’s Salinger (to PBS for the 200th episode of American Masters, as well as to The Weinstein Company for theatrical release), Steve Hamilton’s The Second Life of Nick Mason (to Lionsgate, with Nina Jacobson and Shane Salerno producing), Winslow’s The Cartel (to Twentieth Century Fox, with Ridley Scott directing and producing), Winslow’s The Force (again to Fox, with James Mangold directing), and Marcus Sakey’s Afterlife (to Brian Grazer and Ron Howard at Imagine Entertainment).
^ Stefansky, Emma (23 April 2017). "At Long Last, Those Four Avatar Sequels Have Release Dates - VANITY FAIR". Vanity Fair.
^ Toro, Gabe (18 June 2014). "Avatar 2, 3, And 4 Finally Reveal Their Writers - CINEMABLEND". Cinema Blend.
^ a b Fleming Jr., Mike (13 September 2013). "'Salinger' Hits Bestseller List And 'Catcher In The Rye' Gets Second Wind". Deadline.
^ a b c Fleming Jr., Mike (16 March 2017). "Imagine Lands Marcus Sakey Novel 'Afterlife'". Deadline Hollywood.
^ McNary, Dave (19 September 2016). "Fox, Ridley Scott Developing Don Winslow's NYPD Crime Thriller". Variety.
^ a b c d Fleming Jr., Mike (23 July 2015). "Leonardo DiCaprio Courted For Don Winslow's 'The Cartel' After Fox Blows Competition Out Of Water With $6M Commitment". Deadline. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ a b Kit, Borys; Lewis, Andy (23 July 2015). "Ridley Scott to Tackle Don Winslow's El Chapo Novel for Fox (Exclusive)". Hollywood Reporter.
^ Schou, Nick (12 July 2012). "The King of Cool, Don Winslow". OC Weekly.
^ a b c Fleming Jr., Mike (1 August 2013). "Avatar Sequels Upped To Three; Fox, James Cameron Set Trio Of Writers To Spearhead". Deadline. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ a b c Fleming, Michael (29 April 1999). "Snipes in talks with HBO; scripter Salerno hot". Variety. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ a b c d Brass, Kevin (7 April 2002). "Up Against His Own Deadline". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ Fleming Jr., Mike (6 June 2011). "Don Winslow To Write Prequel To 'Savages' As Oliver Stone Ramps Up Production". Deadline. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ a b Fleming Jr., Mike (27 February 2013). "J.D. Salinger Documentary Acquired By Harvey Weinstein". Deadline. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ Fleming Jr., Mike (11 December 2013). "Skydance Productions Acquires Shane Salerno Sci-Fi Project In Big Year-End Deal". Deadline. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ Schneider, Michael (9 September 2004). "NBC pays for 'Criminal' pilot". Variety. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ a b McClintock, Pamela (28 June 2009). "Paramount nabs 'Steal'". Variety. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ Kit, Borys; Associated Press (9 November 2008). "Fox picks up 'Doomsday Protocol'". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ Fleming Jr., Mike (16 March 2016). "Michael Mann Launches Book Imprint; 'Heat' Prequel Novel A Priority". Deadline. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ Fleming Jr., Mike (9 June 2014). "Don Winslow's First Book For Knopf's Sonny Mehta Is Power Of The Dog' Sequel". Deadline. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
^ Creative Screenwriting, Volume 11, Number 4, Page 32-33, David Konow, July/August, 2004.
^ Ottone, Robert (20 January 2014). "Interview: Writer/Director Shane Salerno (Salinger)". Chud.
^ Reel West, October/November, 2001, pages 18, 19 and 37.
^ "Shane Salerno". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
^ a b Fleming Jr., Mike (4 March 2010). "Oliver Stone Plots Drug Cartel Drama". Dealine.
^ Fleming, Michael (10 October 2000). "Salerno tries on Jersey deal". Variety.
^ a b "JD Salinger | Salinger | American Masters | PBS". PBS.org. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
^ "Hardcover Fiction Books - Best Sellers - July 8, 2012 - The New York Times" – via www.nytimes.com.
^ "Paperback Trade Fiction Books - Best Sellers - July 8, 2012 - The New York Times" – via www.nytimes.com.
^ "Hardcover Fiction Books - Best Sellers - August 9, 2015 - The New York Times" – via www.nytimes.com.
^ "Hardcover Fiction Books - Best Sellers - June 5, 2016 - The New York Times" – via www.nytimes.com.
^ Fleming Jr., Mike (25 August 2015). "Lionsgate Makes Preemptive Deal For Steve Hamilton Novel 'The Second Life Of Nick Mason'". Deadline.
^ Fleming Jr., Mike (16 March 2017). "'Logan' Helmer James Mangold To Direct Fox Adaptation Of Don Winslow Novel 'The Force'". Deadline.
^ Jagernauth, Kevin (2 April 2012). "Author Don Winslow Says 'Frankie Machine' Film Still Moving Forward". IndieWire.
^ Wright, Benjamin (8 May 2012). "'Savages' & 'The Town' Writers Don Winslow & Chuck Hogan Team Up For Crime Script". IndieWire.
^ Fleming Jr., Mike (3 October 2011). "Warner Bros Acquires Post-WWII Don Winslow Novel 'Satori' For Leonardo DiCaprio". Deadline.
^ Fleming Jr., Mike (1 February 2013). "Oscar-Nommed 'A Royal Affair' Team Boards Epic Don Winslow Novel 'Power Of The Dog'". Deadline.
This page was last edited on 27 March 2019, at 22:41 (UTC).
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The UN expects that "urban areas will absorb all the population growth over the next four decades" (UN 2007b). A turning point was reached in 2008: more than half of the planet now lives in cities. Correspondingly, Earth's surface is becoming increasingly urban. The conversion of Earth's land surface to urban uses will be one of the biggest environmental challenges of the 21st century. Although cities have existed for centuries, urbanization processes today are different from urban transitions of the past in terms of the scale of global urban land area, the rapidity at which landscapes are being converted to urban uses, and the location of new cities, which will primarily be in Asia and Africa. As urban areas expand, transform, and envelop the surrounding landscape, they impact the environment at multiple spatial and temporal scales through climate change, loss of wildlife habitat and biodiversity, and greater demand for natural resources. The size and spatial configuration of an urban extent directly impacts energy and material flows, such as carbon emissions and infrastructure demands, and thus has consequences on Earth system functioning. Intensification and diversification of land use and advances in technology have led to rapid changes in biogeochemical cycles, hydrologic processes, and landscape dynamics (Melillo et al. 2003).
Between 2007 and 2050, the urban population is expected to increase by 3.1 billion: from 3.3 billion to 6.4 billion. This scenario assumes fertility reductions in developing countries. If fertility remains at current levels, then the urban population in 2050 will increase by 4.8 billion to reach 8.1 billion. In short, urban populations may increase by 3-5 billion over the next 42 years. Most of this growth will occur in Asia (58%) and Africa (29%), with China and India combined housing nearly one-third of the world's urban population by 2030.
If we assume urban population densities of middle and low income countries (7500/km2), and an additional 3 billion urbanities, by 2050 the world will add an additional 400,000 km2 of urban land, roughly the size of Germany (357,000 km2). Under the constant fertility scenario, global urban areas will increase by 666,000 km2 by 2050, roughly the size of Texas (678,000 km2). However, if current trends continue and urban densities move toward the global average of 3500/km2, the demand for new urban land will range from 857,000 km2 to 1,429,000 km2, or roughly twice Texas.
New urban expansion is likely to take place in prime agricultural land, as human settlements have historically developed in the most fertile areas (Seto et al. 2000; del Mar Lopez et al. 2001). In turn, the conversion of existing agricultural land to urban uses will place additional pressures on natural ecosystems. There is evidence that urban growth is indeed taking a toll on agricultural lands and that loss of fertile plains and deltas are being accompanied by the conversion of other natural vegetation to farmland (Doos 2002).
Building cities on previously vegetated surfaces modifies the exchange of heat, water, trace gases, aerosols, and momentum between the land surface and overlying atmosphere (Crutzen 2004). In addition, the composition of the atmosphere over urban areas differs from undeveloped areas (Pataki et al. 2003). These changes imply that urbanization can affect local, regional, and possibly global climate at diurnal, seasonal, and long-term scales (Zhou et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 2005). The urban heat island effect is well documented around the world and is generated by the interaction between building geometry, land use, and urban materials (Oke 1976; Arnfield 2003). Recent studies show that there is also an "urban rainfall effect" (Shepherd et al. 2009), with urbanization increasing rainfall in some areas (Hand and Shepherd 2009; Shepherd 2006) while decreasing rainfall in others (Trusilova et al. 2008; Kaufmann et al. 2007).
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Madge Dorita Sinclair (née Walters; April 28, 1938 – December 20, 1995) was a Jamaican actress, best known for her roles in Cornbread, Earl and Me (1975), Coming to America (1988), Trapper John, M.D. (1980–1986), and the ABC TV miniseries Roots (1977). Sinclair also voiced the character of Sarabi, Mufasa's wife and Simba's mother, in the animated feature film The Lion King. Sinclair won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Drama Series for her role as Empress Josephine in Gabriel's Fire in 1991.
Born Madge Dorita Walters in Kingston, Jamaica to Jamaican parents Herbert and Jemima Walters, Sinclair studied at Shortwood College for Women. After completing her studies, Sinclair worked as a teacher in Jamaica until 1966 when she left for New York to pursue her career in acting. Sinclair began acting with the New York Shakespearean Festival and at Joseph Papp's Public Theatre.
Following Roots, she starred in the 1978 film Convoy as the Widow Woman, and she played Leona Hamiltons in Cornbread, Earl and Me. Sinclair received an Emmy Award nomination for her role as Belle in the miniseries Roots. Also in 1978, she co-starred in the short-lived sitcom Grandpa Goes to Washington. Sinclair went on to a long-running stint in the 1980s as nurse Ernestine Shoop on the series Trapper John, M.D. opposite Pernell Roberts. She received three Emmy nominations for her work on the show, and critic Donald Bogle praised her for "maintaining her composure and assurance no matter what the script imposed on her". In 1988, Sinclair played Queen Aoleon alongside James Earl Jones' King Jaffe Joffer in the Eddie Murphy comedy Coming to America, which reunited her on screen with her Roots husband and co-star John Amos. Later, both Sinclair and Jones would reunite as Queen and King for the roles of Sarabi, Simba’s mother, and Mufasa, Simba’s father, in the blockbuster Disney animated film The Lion King (1994), respectively. The film became one of the best-selling titles ever on home video. It would also be her last film role. The two also collaborated on the series Gabriel's Fire, which earned Sinclair an Emmy in 1991 for Best Supporting Actress in a Dramatic Series, famously beating out the expected winner, L.A. Law's Diana Muldaur.
Sinclair played the role of Lally in the 1991 Channel 4 television miniseries The Orchid House (based on Phyllis Shand Allfrey's novel of the same name), directed by Horace Ové, and also received critical praise for her supporting role in the 1992 television movie Jonathan: The Boy Nobody Wanted with JoBeth Williams. In 1993, Sinclair came to London to appear on stage at the Cochrane Theatre in The Lion, by Michael Abbensetts, directed by Horace Ové for the Talawa Theatre Company. In 1994, she played a supporting role in the short-lived ABC-TV sitcom Me and the Boys, which starred Steve Harvey. Sinclair, in her brief role as the captain of the USS Saratoga in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, is commonly cited as the first female Starfleet starship captain to appear in Star Trek. (Joanne Linville had appeared as a Romulan commander 18 years earlier.) Years later, Sinclair played Geordi La Forge's mother, captain of the USS Hera, in Star Trek: The Next Generation's "Interface". Her final acting role was on the sitcom Dream On just one month later before her death.
Sinclair was married to Royston Sinclair, a Jamaican police officer from 1956 until 1969, and had two sons with him, Garry and Wayne Sinclair. In 1982, Sinclair married actor Dean Compton, whom she was still married to at the time of her death. Sinclair died on December 20, 1995 after a 13-year battle with leukemia. Her remains were cremated and her ashes were scattered in her hometown in Jamaica.
1972 Madigan Boots Episode: "The Midtown Beat"
1974 Medical Center Arbiter Episode: "Tainted Lady"
1974 The Waltons Minnie Doze Episode: "The Visitor"
1975 Joe Forrester Sheila Gates Episode: "Stake Out"
1975 Doctors' Hospital N/A Episode: "Come at Last to Love"
1976 Executive Suite Judge Gillespie Episode: "Who Shall Hall Bring Mercy"
1977 Serpico Michelle Episode: "One Long Tomorrow"
1978 ABC Afterschool Specials Mrs. Bradsbury Episode: "The Rag Tag Champs"
1979 The White Shadow Louelia Judd Episode: "Sudden Death"
1984 ABC Afterschool Specials Miss Thomas Episode: "Backwards: The Riddle of Dyslexia"
1987 Mathnet Amelia Airliver Episode: "Problem of the Trojan Hamburger"
1987 Starman Lorraine Michaels Episode: "The Test"
1989 Gideon Oliver Angela Holmes Episode: "By the Waters of Babylon"
1989 Roseanne Muriel Johnston Episode: "Guilt by Disassociation"
1989 Midnight Caller Ida May Episode: "Take Back the Streets"
1992 L.A. Law Jessica Rollins Episode: "Diet, Diet My Darling"
1992 Tales from the Crypt Lucille Episode: "Curiosity Killed"
1993 Star Trek: The Next Generation Captain Silva La Forge Episode: "Interface"
1995 Dream On Mrs. Charles Episode: "Little Orphan Eddie"
^ Bourne, Stephen (3 January 1996). "Obituary: Madge Sinclair". The Independent. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
Bogle, Donald (2001). Primetime Blues: African Americans on Network Television (First ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-23720-4.
This page was last edited on 16 March 2019, at 21:30 (UTC).
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The newborn infant's crying, as its eating, is reflexive, elicited by loud sounds, trauma, extremes of temperature, or food deprivation. Later, however, crying comes under the control of operant as well as respondent reinforcement, because it changes the child's environment through the mediation of an adult. The distinction between crying as an operant or a reflex response is made by noticing whether the crying is a change in the child's behavior caused by (in response to) the external environment or whether it is maintained because it, in itself, produces an effect on the external environment which, in turn, increases its frequency. Very early in the child's life crying ceases to become solely reflexive in nature and occurs because of the specific consequences which follow it. The child who has not eaten in several hours cries both because in the past such crying has led to food and because of the elicitation of the direct effects of food deprivation. As with sucking, there is the possibility of differential reinforcement of a more intense and finely differentiated crying pattern. It is no accident that the cry of the infant is especially aversive to the child's own parent. Those variations in the quality and intensity of the child's crying which are most aversive to the parent are most likely to be followed by the parent's attention and such consequences as food or a dry diaper. Conversely, minimal forms are likely to go unreinforced and will tend to disappear. The resulting crying is idiosyncratic, differentially reinforced by the parent who reacts to those forms of crying which are especially aversive.
A given response such as crying may be simultaneously elicited as in a reflex and reinforced as in an operant response, but in many cases it may not be clear as to the source from which the behavior derives its major strength. The infant who is crying because it has not eaten in several hours is emitting a response which could be elicited solely by the state of its gastrointestinal system. At the same time, however, food deprivation increases the frequency of all those operant responses which in the past have led to eating. We do not know what the exact relationship is between the response topographies in elicited crying, as compared with those in operant crying, or the extent to which they interact. Whether or not differences occur, however, the two topographies must be very similar, because operant crying will inevitably mimic the emotional, "natural" form of crying since the latter has the largest effect on the parent.
To determine whether or not a response is operant or reflex depends ultimately on finding out how to change its frequency and magnitude. To prove that a response is maintained by operant reinforcement rather than as a reflex, one must identify some immediate consequence of the response of the environment, interrupt it, and record a declining frequency of occurrence of the response as a result of its subsequent nonreinforcement. A second method would be to show a progressive shift in topography as the environmental change is made contingent on corresponding progressive changes in response topography. In the reflex, the form of the behavior will be relatively fixed, but its magnitude will increase with increases in the eliciting condition. In actual practice, testing the nature of a response by extinction is very difficult because many schedules of operant reinforcement generate very large dispositions to engage in the behavior which persists for many thousands of responses after reinforcement is no longer continued. If extinction were not carried out long enough, it would not be clear whether the response was being elicited or was being strengthened because extinction had not had its ultimate effect.
ment. Operant behavior actually operates on and changes the environment, while reflex behavior represents an effect of the environment on the organism. Moreover, the operant and respondent repertoires represent very different behavioral processes in respect to the specific ways the behaviors are related to the environment.
The form of the reflex is determined by the eliciting stimulus and has its basis in the phylogenetic history of the organism. The reflex is elicited by its stimulus in the sense that there is a one-to-one correspondence between a stimulus and a response. In general, given the stimulus, we know what response will be elicited. Given the response, we know that only a limited number of stimuli will elicit it. The conditioned reflex represents a pairing of stimuli, so that a new stimulus comes to elicit the reflex in a manner similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus. Operant behavior, on the contrary, is maintained by its effect on the environment, rather than through its being elicited by a stimulus. A stimulus following a response increases the subsequent frequency.
The major indication of effect of conditioning in the case of reflex or respondent behavior is the order of magnitude of the unconditioned response of the reflex or the latency of the reflex. In operant behavior, the major effect of reinforcement or conditioning is on the subsequent frequency of occurrence of the behavior. Very strong behavior may have either a small or a large order of magnitude, for example, the neurophysiologist who devotes his life to work with microelectrodes or the surgeon who spends years on technics for suturing small arteries. We evaluate a man's disposition to play golf or bridge by observing how frequently he plays.
The relation to prior stimuli is markedly different for the two kinds of behavior. The magnitude of the reflex is a function of the magnitude of the stimulus. The deflection of the leg increases with the force of the tap on the patellar tendon. In operant behavior, however, very slight stimuli may have major effects, and the relation between magnitude of stimulus and order of magnitude of effect is an arbitrary one, depending on the conditions of reinforcement.
Some performances are dually controlled by both operant and respondent processes, as, for example, the eye blink. Little is known about the interaction of the two processes in these cases.
While we can analyze the properties of operant and respondent behavior separately, the two are generally operating simultaneously in the complex case and it is only by experimental analysis that their separate properties may be discovered. Consider, for example, the experiment of Pavlov demonstrating the conditioning of the reflex action of the parotid gland when food is placed in the dog's mouth. Salivation is elicited and any stimuli accompanying the presentation of food in the mouth soon comes to acquire control over the salivatory response. At the same time, however, any operant activity of the organism (striated muscle) at the time the food is placed in the mouth will be conditioned via operant reinforcement. If the dog happens to turn its head at the instant food is placed in its mouth, the subsequent frequency of head turning is likely to increase. In the converse case, the pigeon whose neck-stretching delivered food would also be subject to the conditions of the development of a conditioned salivatory reflex. Any consistent relation between stimuli present when the neck-stretching occurred and the occurrence of food in the mouth would also produce salivation.
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Crown dependencies are possessions of the British Crown, as opposed to overseas territories or colonies. They include the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea. None form part of the United Kingdom, being separate jurisdictions, nor do they form part of the European Union, instead having associate member status.
The Channel Islands were once part of the Duchy of Normandy in France, at the time when England came under Norman conquest in 1066, but were ceded to the English Crown when the rest of Normandy was lost in 1295.
In the Isle of Man the British monarch is Lord of Mann, a title variously held by Norse, Scots and English kings until it passed to the British monarch in 1765.
In each Crown Dependency, the British monarch is represented by a Lieutenant Governor, but this post is largely ceremonial.
The British Government is solely responsible for defence and international affairs, although each island has responsibility for its own customs and immigration. Until 2001, the Home Office had responsibility for the Crown Dependencies, but this was transferred to the Lord Chancellor's Department, now called the Department of Constitutional Affairs.
All 'insular' legislation has to receive the approval of the 'Queen in Council', in effect, the Privy Council in London, with a UK minister being the Privy Councillor with responsibility for the Crown Dependencies.
Acts of the British Parliament do not apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, unless explicitly stated, and even this is increasingly rare. Usually, Acts of Parliament are extended to the Islands by means of an 'Order in Council', and only then with the agreement of their administrations. An example of this was the Television Act of 1954, which was extended to the Channel Islands, so as to create a local Independent Television ITV franchise, known as Channel Television. Westminster retains the right to legislate for the Islands as a last resort, but this is also rarely, if ever, exercised.
In the Channel Islands, the system of government dates from Norman times, which accounts for the name of the legislature, the States, derived from the Norman French Etats or 'estates'. There are no political parties in the sense that they exist in the UK or elsewhere, as candidates stand for election as independents. There is no system of cabinet or ministerial government, as government responsibilities are exercised by Committees of the States. The presiding officer of the States is the Bailiff, who is also head of the judiciary. This accounts for the official references to either Island, as the Bailiwick.
The Isle of Man's Tynwald' is the world's oldest parliament in continuous existence, dating back to 979. It consists of a popularly elected House of Keys and an indirectly elected Legislative Council, which may sit separately or jointly to consider pieces of legislation, which, when passed into law, are known as 'Acts of Tynwald'. Candidates stand for election as independents, rather than being selected by political parties. There is a Council of Ministers headed by a Chief Minister.
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There's a simple but powerful correlation between burning fat and gaining muscles (or keeping the ones you already have). Memorize this simple rule: Your body burns 50 calories of fat for every 500 gms of lean muscle you gain.
What does this mean for bodybuilding? It means that the very "process" of gaining muscle burns calories.
This is good news because with over 600 muscles in the human body, you are more than equipped to get the dual benefits of losing unwanted weight and gaining muscular bulk.
Now, let's take it a step further and bring proteins into the picture.
When you eat more proteins your body gets the vital nutrients required to repair muscles and damaged tissues. When you support your weight training exercises with the right amount of protein (1 gm per lb of body weight), your body gains more muscle. In turn, this improves your body's fat burning capability, resulting in weight loss because muscle is an active tissue.
The key here is to eat foods that are high in protein but low in fat. The recommended foods that help include chicken, turkey, salmon and lean beef. Avoid nuts (or eat them in lesser quantities) since they contain more fat.
Hormone regulation takes the benefits of dietary protein one step further and helps burn fat, improve vitality by supplementing on testosterone-boosting amino acids. This is one of the most important physiological advantages of bodybuilding enhancement, and is of value to amateurs and pros alike.
Targeted training is simply about centering your workouts around exercising a certain body part. For example, if you want to train your chest more than other parts, then your daily workout schedule will be different compared to when you're training your biceps, back, shoulder, abs, or other body parts (singly or in combination).
The reason for this kind of schedule is to make clear your "muscle emphasis". That is, which area, muscle or body part do you want to exercise more than others? You want bigger arms? You want triceps? Pecs? Quads? Hollywood celebrity V-Taper?
That emphasis will be the core of your workout habits and will decide on which days you train what part.
Given the nature of anatomical muscles and connected tissues, we can club together chest & biceps exercises in one group, and turn it into a weekly schedule different from back muscle workouts.
With that in mind, here's what you must do.
Remember that, even though your emphasis remains on exercising your chosen body part, this weekly schedule is laid out in such a way that you train the rest of your body as well. That's the crux of a good bodybuilding workout schedule and the key to proportional muscle gains.
Amino acids are the basic building blocks that eventually convert to protein for muscle gain and strength. A post-workout shake -- like whey protein isolate -- is essential for muscle recovery. It is specially useful when had along with a carbohydrate drink or food, to replenish energy stores lost during workout.
However, it's been noted that when you add extra leucine to your post-workout drink, it improves protein synthesis and boosts anabolism. This is the reason why leucine is often quoted by bodybuilders and coaches as being an "anabolic trigger".
Even if your whey protein supplement container reads as having leucine among its ingredients, there are serious benefits in adding some more of it to your usual blend or shake.
With that in mind, here’s the recommended dosage: For every 23 gms of whey protein powder, add extra 5 gms of leucine. Drink this shake after you're done training.
Toning and conditioning your calf muscles is an essential part of lower body workouts. Without calf strength, the rest of your leg training wouldn't hold much weight, nor would the results be very impressive.
This is where plyometrics or "plyos" come in. They are a core part of army and olympic fitness training, and have a varied history for their usefulness in strength-n-speed training.
In simple terms, plyometrics are defined by explosive jumping movements from the floor onto a box (or a squat table-like platform), and from the box onto another object or the floor. What this does is develop your legs, hamstring and calves for greater athletic power, speed and increased muscular strength.
Plyometrics are also a great (fun) way to work out your lower body without the need for any additional gym equipment.
Safety Tip: While doing a leg press, make sure that your knee bends no farther than 90 degrees. This is important to prevent lower back injury.
It is common to want to lift heavy when starting off at the gym or at home. However, that's not the only way to train. Nor are heavy weights absolutely necessary to build muscle as a beginner.
Let us explain the reasons and context here.
You see, when you're just getting started, your body and muscles are slowly getting warmed up to the whole idea of weight training. They are getting themselves ready and poised for the work ahead.
But when you start lifting heavy right off the bat, not only do you risk stress & injury, you also don't stand much of a chance in the bodybuilding department. This ties in with our earlier assertion that muscles aren't built in the gym, but outside.
The purpose of exercise and weight training is to gradually build tension within your muscles so that they are pushed to grow... during rest.
This is the elementary physiology of muscle gain that so many people get wrong.
This also means that, starting out, you are better off lifting lighter weights and building muscular tension through gradual loading spread over a period of 8-10 weeks. This is also the best way to test your own body's response to increased weights, and estimating whether you’re ready to make the leap to lifting heavy.
Piling on those barbell & dumbbell plates in the hope of miraculously gaining pounds of muscle mass will only lead to fatigue and overtraining.
Just as the human body grows in spurts, muscle gain too happens in spurts. Remember this simple fact next time you're told to lift heavy as a beginner.
ZMA stands for Zinc Magnesium Aspartate (in short), or known by the longer name, Zinc monomethionine and aspartate and Magnesium Aspartate.
It’s a multimineral dietary supplement meant to promote relaxation and effectively begin the post-workout muscle recovery process.
For this reason, ZMA is taken at night, and is one of the most well-known night-time supplements for those who lift heavy weights. Additionally, these characteristics also help in protein synthesis overnight.
It is common to take supplements like Vitamin C and E while on an endurance training program. However, a Norwegian study has shown that doing so may actual have a negative effect on muscle gains. Here, ZMA makes for a better alternative since it actively creates the optimum environment required for nutrition-assisted muscle gain.
Most ZMA supplements have Valerian and Hops in them, which are natural herbs to reduce anxiety and provide restful sleep support. If you have trouble sleeping after a hard day’s workout then consider taking 1-2 pills of ZMA (it’s safe to consume and available OTC).
The Zinc content in ZMA boosts testosterone while Magnesium helps with rest, sleep and eases muscle soreness.
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"He searches for the table."
if this is "He searches for the table". What would "He searches the table" be?
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Fixed-rate loans This is a home loan with an ensured interest rate that will remain at a specific rate for the term of the loan. About 75 percent of all home mortgages have fixed rates. One reason fo rthis is that most home sold are to buyers who plan on living in their property for many years. When you choose the length of your repayment (usually 15, 20 or 30 years), keep in mind that while shorter term loans may have higher monthly payments, they also let you pay less interest and build equity faster.
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Conference paper original title: Evaluating sustainability of using ICT solutions in smart cities - methodology requirements.
There is a need for verification of the sustainability potential of an increasing number of smart city initiatives. This paper discuss a set of requirements necessary to consider when developing a methodology intended to evaluate the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions at a city level. A smart city definition is chosen and a model of the city is proposed, dividing the city into service sectors where ICT solutions are expected to be implemented. Requirements on a quantitative methodology for assessing the sustainability potential of ICT solutions in cities are listed, including transparency in selection of city boundary and results, and the importance of setting realistic scenarios and using publicly available data. The methodology activities presented include defining system boundaries, building scenarios and assessing the solution at a city level, and scaling the solution between cities.
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There are many beverages around the world today, with beer, tea, coffee, and plain water ranking as among the most popular, while others such as fruit juices also have widespread popularity and appeal. Where fruit juice is concerned, nearly anyone would appreciate adding some more nutrients and flavor to their diet with the help of home products such as an automatic juicer or an automatic citrus juicer, and for commercial drinks, opening a juice bar is a great way to allow patrons anywhere to have a nutritious, sweet drink. After all, fruits have a lot of vitamins and nutrients that the human body needs, and opening a juice bar can be a quick way to help gym or fitness club patrons get the bodily fuel that they need. Other locales may consider opening a juice bar as well, such as a hospital or even a hotel, and commercial fruit juicers, an industrial juicer, and more may be featured a juice bar so that every glass of fruit juice is poured fresh. What might opening a juice bar entail?
Fruit is a vital part of a person’s healthy, balanced diet, and what’s even better, fruit often tastes great. Some popular flavors for other foods, candy, or medicine often involve fruit, such as cherries, blueberries, pineapples, apples, and more, and fruit juices, smoothies, and the actual fruit can be a natural treat, not to mention very healthy. The bad news is that Americans are often falling short; the Dietary Guidelines for Americans says that people should be eating several cups of fruits and vegetables per day, but nearly 70% of Americans are not even meeting that goal. But it is never too late for someone to put some nutrition back into their diets, and companies can try opening a juice bar to attract more customers and boost the appeal of an establishment, not to mention help everyone get a nutritious drink.
Fruits have all kinds of health benefits for human beings. Pineapple juice, for example, may contain 33 mg of calcium and 30 mg of magnesium in an eight-ounce serving of unsweetened juice, and it also contains bromelain. This is a proteolytic enzyme that has anti-inflammatory properties, which can make it helpful for those treating sports injuries by reducing bruising and swelling. Orange juice is another strong option. A 100 ml serving of 100% orange juice has a lot to offer, such as vitamins C and A, not to mention potassium, fiber, folate, protein, and minerals. Other fruits such as apples, grapefruits, bananas, can often be made into juices or smoothies.
Regular alcoholic bars are popular already, and can be either standalone buildings or worked into public spaces such as a hotel, and juice bars can follow this model. Not everyone is looking for a beer; fruit juices are popular because of their natural and sweet fruit flavors, and their health benefits are well known. Those who are very invested in health and fitness will often love to find juice bars nearby, and other patrons who cannot have alcohol, or do not want to, can have a flavorful drink at a juice bar instead, and juices can be more flavorful and fun than simple apple or orange juice found in cartons at the grocery store. A juice bar involves the freshest possible juice, often squeezed right then and there, and different juices can be mixed into non-alcoholic cocktails and other combination drinks, and for fun, they might even include an orange or pineapple wedge on the glass.
Opening a juice bar can be done in any trendy downtown area where patrons may take an interest, and younger patrons may look for the best drinks possible. A recent survey found that 40% of young adults, such as Millennials, are simply bored with standard fruit juices and flavors, instead looking for unique and custom blends that may be found at a dedicated juice bar. And juice bars at a gym or a hospital are not just offering a flavorful drink, but also helping boost the nutrition and health of their patrons, and fruit juice can aid recovery, such as for hospital patients or those recovering after a hard workout.
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If you want to make the text on your screen easier to read in Windows 8, refer to the instructions below.
In Windows 8, you can make text on your computer screen easier to read. To accomplish that, you make sure that ClearType is Turned ON.
ClearType is a software technology by Microsoft that improves readability of text on existing LCDs of various types of computers. With ClearType enabled the words on your screen will look sharp and will have enhanced clarity.
1. Step Open Control Panel-> Go to Appearance and Personalization.
2. Step Go to Display-> Click Adjust Clear Type Text.
3. Step The ClearType Text Tuner Window will open. Check the option Turn On ClearType-> Click Next.
4. Step Now a message will appear Windows is Making Sure Your Monitor is Set to its Native Resolution. Click Next.
6. Step When you have finally selected a sample, you will get the message You have Finished Tuning the Text on your Monitor. Click Finish.
Get Energy Usage Report in Windows 7!
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Hi , Back to coding 🙂 If you are Amateur Sys-Admin like me you cannot just rely on running scripts and playing with network. You would love to write your own peice of code for solving the problem in an efficient way and the way you want it to be.
Same happening to me now , while running PDC Cloud based on OpenNebula I have to write an OVF wrapper for clients.
With the rapid adoption of virtualization, there is a great need for a standard way to package and distribute virtual machines. VMware and other leaders in the virtualization field have created the Open Virtualization Format (OVF), a platform independent, efficient, extensible, and open packaging and distribution format for virtual machines.
The OVF format, provides a complete specification of the virtual machine. This includes the full list of required virtual disks plus the required virtual hardware configuration, including CPU, memory, networking, and storage. An administrator can quickly provision this virtual machine into virtual infrastructure with little or no manual intervention. In addition, the OVF is a standards-based, portable format that allows the user to deploy this virtual machine in any hypervisor that supports OVF.
<strong>fdisk /dev/sdb</strong> Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 4865. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): <strong>n</strong> Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) <strong>p</strong> Partition number (1-4): <strong>1</strong> First cylinder (1-4865, default 1): <strong>1</strong> Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-4865, default 4865): <strong>4865</strong> Command (m for help): <strong>t</strong> Partition number (1-4): <strong>1</strong> Hex code (type L to list codes): <strong>83</strong> Command (m for help): <strong>w</strong> The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
gcc is not installed on Xubuntu by default and you cannot build packages from source.. do this to install and other build packages.
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0.997291 |
Write a post entirely in the present tense.
Eek! How embarrassing. You just showed up at 8:10 in the morning. I’m still in my pajamas and housecoat.
I’m off work again today. This is alright: one day on, two days off, one day on, three days off. This brutal Arctic weather (I’m so sick of hearing Polar Vortex) means a lot less business in the store. Grand Bend is a summer beach town anyway so the population is sparse in the winter. Our freezer at work is full of cakes; we’re getting ahead. It sickens everyone how much we have to throw out but the display has to be there. The products all have to out because the one that isn’t there is the one the next customer wants.
I like doing my computer stuff with my morning coffee. The furnace is on in the morning so my computer/sewing nook is nice and warm. I’ve got the woodstove started; I have to go check on it….. Facebook and WordPress cause me to go through a lot of kindling forgetting about the fire.
Yep, it’s burning nicely. The pan of water with balsam needles from my Christmas tree is starting to warm up. It’s getting so dry with the heat constantly going; the static charge is getting crazy! When I touch my fridge or thermostat huge sparks pop at my finger. I’ve even seen the sparks! I’m using that stupid Cling Free which I hate but my fuzzy throws are charged with an electromagnetic field.
Pardon me for how I’m (not) dressed. I’m still on my second coffee. I don’t like to be seen without my eyebrows on, it makes such a difference. Even going to Zumba last night, I didn’t bother with other makeup but I did my eyebrows. My face looks kind of greasy right now; first thing in the morning I splash it with water and blob on some Nivea.
Well, boys and girls, I didn’t want to write a long time today because it really cuts into my morning and I have lots I want to get done. The sun is coming in more and more in the afternoon lighting up dusty corners and cobwebs. The carpet and floors really need doing.
And I have to make that date nut loaf. I started it yesterday, chopping the dates, pouring a cup of boiling water over them and put aside. When I was making a quick dinner before Zumba I came across the bowl of soggy dates. They are in the fridge so I’ll make it today….. if I remember.
Beautiful sunrise; hot pink clouds on bright blue sky.
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0.954145 |
Is it right to brush aside civil liberties concerns in fight against terrorism?
(CNN) -- The explosive TATP was found in connection with the investigation of the London bombings, three knowledgeable sources have told CNN.
One of the sources said that investigators found the TATP in the Leeds apartment rented by Magdy el-Nashar, an Egyptian biochemist detained for questioning Thursday in connection with the London attacks.
At least 54 people died in the bombings of three subways and a double-decker bus last week. Seven-hundred people were wounded.
TATP, which stands for triacetone triperoxide, has been used in the past by terrorists, including Richard Reid, who packed his shoes with it in an unsuccessful attempt to blow up a U.S.-bound American Airlines flight in December 2001.
It was not immediately clear whether the same explosive found in el-Nashar's apartment was used in the London terrorist attacks.
Experts have said TATP requires someone knowledgeable about the chemical to make an explosive device.
El-Nashar earned a doctorate in biochemistry from Leeds University this year; the school says he has not been seen on campus since the beginning of July.
Two of the four suspected bombers in the London attacks -- Hasib Hussain and Shahzad Tanweer -- were also from Leeds, 200 miles (320 km) north of London.
The Guardian newspaper reported Friday that several kilos of "potentially dangerous" chemicals were found at el-Nashar's apartment Wednesday night after army explosives experts blew open the front door.
The report also said the apartment was located near a suspected bomb factory in Leeds, where authorities have been focusing much of their efforts.
In recent months 18-year-old Hussain and 22-year-old Tanweer often met 30-year-old Mohammad Sadique Khan, of Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, at the Hamara Islamic community center in Leeds, said a nearby shop owner.
The merchant, who did not want to be identified, said the three bombing suspects used to wait for each other before going into the center, which has a gym. Once inside, he said, they would post a sign on the door that read, "Gone for lunch."
Khan also used to go to a gym just a few blocks away, where he served as a youth worker, said Leeds City Councilman Mohammad Iqbal.
Police are trying to determine what brought together the three men -- along with a fourth suspect, Germain Morris Lindsay. Investigators are looking into who, if anybody, may have financed the operation.
Police have seized computers from the center.
FBI agents are following leads and possible links in the United States to last week's attacks.
Khan telephoned New York City not long before the explosions, knowledgeable sources told CNN. Police are investigating the significance of that communication.
Also, Lindsay's mother once lived in Cleveland, Ohio, and he visited her in 1994 and 2000 or 2001, said sources familiar with the investigation. The sources said his last visit was for only three or four days. Sources said Lindsay's mother hasn't lived in the Midwestern city for at least a year, and officials are trying to locate her.
El-Nashar was arrested at Cairo International Airport at the request of London authorities, said Egyptian security sources, who spoke only on condition of anonymity.
Scotland Yard issued a statement acknowledging his arrest but saying it was "not prepared to discuss who we may or may not wish to interview in connection with this investigation."
Metropolitan Police Commissioner Ian Blair told reporters: "We will be monitoring the development in Egypt very carefully, and if it's necessary we will send officers there, or we will seek extradition or whatever other processes are necessary."
El-Nashar's name surfaced during a search of a property near London, one official said. Another official said a number found in a cell phone recovered in a search led investigators to pursue el-Nashar.
It was not clear whose number was found in the phone.
El-Nashar's home is one of several searched in Leeds. At one point investigators sent in a bomb squad.
The 33-year-old has "denied any relationship to what happened recently in London," the Egyptian Interior Ministry said in a written statement.
The ministry's statement said he has lived in Britain since 2000 and that his family lives in the Cairo neighborhood of Basatin.
The statement identified him as Magdy Mahmoud Mustapha el-Nashar, born on May 27, 1972.
The statement went on to say he left Britain on a study break, planned to return to continue his studies, and quoted el-Nashar as saying all his possessions were still in his apartment in Britain.
Meanwhile, the FBI has begun an investigation into his background while studying chemical engineering at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, U.S. law enforcement officials told CNN.
Earlier Friday, Ian Blair said he expected the investigation to uncover a "clear al Qaeda link" and warned again of the "very strong possibility" of further terrorist attacks.
He acknowledged that a man on a watch list had entered the country shortly before the attacks but was not put under surveillance because he was not considered a high enough priority.
The man reportedly flew out of the country just before the bombers struck, the UK's Press Association said.
"With this particular man there is nothing at the moment that links him directly, but what we expect to find at some stage is that there is a clear al Qaeda link," Blair told the BBC.
He said police were concentrating on finding the handlers and bomb makers who organized the attacks.
"We have got to find ... who encouraged them, who trained them, who is the chemist. Those are the things in which we are now so interested."
Hussain's family said Friday they had "no knowledge of his activities," and that if they had, "we would have done everything in our power to stop him."
"We, the family of Hasib Mir Hussain, are devastated over the events of the past few days," read their statement, which was issued by the West Yorkshire police.
"Our thoughts are with all the bereaved families, and we have to live ourselves with the loss of our son in these difficult circumstances."
The family urged people with knowledge about the attacks to fully cooperate with authorities.
Deputy Assistant Commissioner Peter Clarke, head of Scotland Yard's antiterror branch, has confirmed that Hussain has been identified as the person responsible for the bus attack. Clarke has also confirmed that Tanweer was believed to be behind the attack on the subway train between the Liverpool Street and Aldgate stations.
Police sources said documents belonging to the men were found at the respective sites.
Officials familiar with the investigation have identified Khan and Lindsay as the third and fourth man suspected in the bombings.
Khan visited Britain's Houses of Parliament in July of last year as a guest of a minister of parliament, the Labor Party told the British Press Association Friday.
The report said he was serving at the time as a mentor at the Hillside Primary School in Leeds.
Parliament member Jon Trickett's wife Sarah also teaches there, and the two men met during the visit.
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0.999998 |
How do I change the IP address of the Camera?
There are 2 ways of changing the IP address of the camera.
1. Access the home page of the camera you wish to modify.
3. Enter the user name “admin” and the password for this camera.
4. You should now see a new window that enables you to change the setting of your camera.
5. Click on “Use the following IP address” and change the IP address. You may also wish to verify the Subnet Mask, default Gateway and Primary and Secondary DNS server address. These setting can be found by accessing your router homepage.
6. Click “Apply” to save your settings. You may need to re-login to your camera using the new IP address in order to view the camera or make further changes.
4. You should now see a new window that enables you to change the IP address.
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0.999999 |
If you had taken advantage of earlier promotions and had bought all 48K points, your out of pocket cost would have been ~$1350 compared to $2k if you had bought the rooms with cash. Now that Starwood award stays count towards elite status, there is no reason to pay them out of your pocket.
Details of the analysis Travel (10 cents per $) Airfare (10 cents per $) Highest payout : Travelocity American Express Best Cash-back Rewards Credit card : Chase Freedom (5% for three months in a year), Discover More (5% for 3 months in a year ), American Express True Earnings Card From Costco , Chase BP Visa (2% throughout the year) Best Airline Credit Card : The best payout is by the co-branded card of the airline you are traveling on, Fidelity Aeroplan American Express (2 miles per $) Best Hotel Affinity Card : Starwood American Express (1 point per $=2.1 cents per $) Best Other Rewards Card : American Express Premier Rewards Gold Card ( 3 points per $=6 cents $) , Travelocity American Express (5 points per $=10 cents per $) Hotel (10 cents per $) Highest payout : Travelocity American Express Best Cash-back Rewards Credit card : Chase Freedom (5% for three months in a year), Discover More (5% for 3 months in a year ), American Express True Earnings Card From Costco , Chase BP Visa (2% throughout the year) Best Airline Credit Card : Fidelity Aeroplan American Express (2 miles per $) Best Hotel Affinity Card : Best Rewards is by the hotel co-branded card for the hotel you are staying in. Best Other Rewards Card : Travelocity American Express (5 points per $=10 cents per $), Blue Sky Preferred (2 points per $=2.66 cents per $) Car Rental (10 cents per $) Highest payout : Travelocity American Express Best Cash-back Rewards Credit card : Chase Freedom (5% for three months in a year), Discover More (5% for 3 months in a year ), American Express True Earnings Card From Costco , Chase BP Visa (2% throughout the year) Best Airline Credit Card : Fidelity Aeroplan American Express (2 miles per $) Best Hotel Affinity Card : Starwood American Express (1 point per $=2.1 cents per $) Best Other Rewards Card : Travelocity American Express (5 points per $=10 cents per $), Blue Sky Preferred (2 points per $=2.66 cents per $) Everyday Purchases Grocery and Drugstore (5 cents per $) Highest payout : American Express Blue Cash Best Cash-back Rewards Credit card : American Express Blue Cash (5% after your total yearly spending exceeds 6500$), Chase Freedom (5% for three months in a year), Discover More (5% for 3 months in a year) Best Airline Credit Card : Asiana American Express (3 miles per $ at select stores ); United Mileage Plus Select visa (2 miles per $), Fidelity Aeroplan American Express (2 miles per $) Best Hotel Affinity Card : Hilton HHonors American Express (3 cents per $) Best Other Rewards Card : American Express Premier Rewards Gold Card ( 2 points per $=4 cents $) , Travelocity American Express (2 points per $=4 cents per $) Gas (5 cents per $) Highest payout : American Express Blue Cash Best Cash-back Rewards Credit card: American Express Blue Cash (5% after your total yearly spending exceeds 6500$), Chase Freedom (5% for three months in a year), Discover More (5% for 3 months in a year), Chase BP Visa if buying from BP (5%).
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0.999998 |
After splicing, the mRNA moves through the pores in the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm. Although the nuclear pores allow the diffusion of small molecules and ions between the nucleus and cytoplasm, they have specific energy-dependent mechanisms for the selective transport of large molecules such as proteins and RNA.
In the cytoplasm, mRNA binds to a ribosome, the cell organelle that contains the enzymes and other components required for the translation of mRNA's coded message into protein. Before describing this assembly process, we will examine the structure of a ri-bosome and the characteristics of two additional classes of RNA involved in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes and rRNA As described in Chapter 3, ri-bosomes are small granules in the cytoplasm, either suspended in the cytosol (free ribosomes) or attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosomes). A typical cell may contain 10 million ribosomes.
A ribosome is a complex particle composed of about 80 different proteins in association with a class of RNA molecules known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The genes for rRNA are transcribed from DNA in a process similar to that for mRNA except that a different RNA polymerase is used. Ribosomal RNA transcription occurs in the region of the nucleus known as the nucleolus. Ribosomal proteins, like other proteins, are synthesized in the cytoplasm from the mRNAs specific for them. These proteins then move back through nuclear pores to the nucleolus where they combine with newly synthesized rRNA to form two ribosomal subunits, one large and one small. These subunits are then individually transported to the cytoplasm where they combine to form a functional ribosome during protein translation.
Transfer RNA How do individual amino acids identify the appropriate codons in mRNA during the process of translation? By themselves, free amino acids do not have the ability to bind to the bases in mRNA codons. This process of identification involves the third major class of RNA, known as transfer RNA (tRNA). Transfer RNA molecules are the smallest (about 80 nucleotides long) of the major classes of RNA. The single chain of tRNA loops back upon itself, forming a structure resembling a cloverleaf with three loops (Figure 5-5).
Like mRNA and rRNA, tRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleus by base-pairing with DNA nu-cleotides at specific tRNA genes and then move to the cytoplasm. The key to tRNA's role in protein synthesis is its ability to combine with both a specific amino acid and a codon in ribosome-bound mRNA specific for that amino acid. This permits tRNA to act as the link between an amino acid and the mRNA codon for that amino acid.
Base-pairing between the anticodon region of a tRNA molecule and the corresponding codon region of an mRNA molecule.
A tRNA molecule is covalently linked to a specific amino acid by an enzyme known as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. There are 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, each of which catalyzes the linkage of a specific amino acid to a specific type of tRNA. The next step is to link the tRNA, bearing its attached amino acid, to the mRNA codon for that amino acid. As one might predict, this is achieved by base-pairing between tRNA and mRNA. A three-nucleotide sequence at the end of one of the loops of tRNA can base-pair with a complementary codon in mRNA. This tRNA three-letter code sequence is appropriately termed an anti-codon. Figure 5-5 illustrates the binding between mRNA and a tRNA specific for the amino acid tryp-tophan. Note that tryptophan is covalently linked to one end of tRNA and does not bind to either the anti-codon region of tRNA or the codon region of mRNA.
Protein Assembly The process of assembling a polypeptide chain based on an mRNA message involves three stages—initiation, elongation, and termination. Synthesis is initiated by the binding of a tRNA containing the amino acid methionine to the small ri-bosomal subunit. A number of proteins known as initiation factors are required to establish an initiation complex, which positions the methionine-containing tRNA opposite the mRNA codon that signals the start site at which assembly is to begin. The large ribosomal subunit then binds, enclosing the mRNA between the two subunits. This initiation phase is the slowest step in protein assembly, and the rate of protein synthesis can be regulated by factors that influence the activity of initiation factors.
PART ONE Basic Cell Functions the ribosome reaches a termination sequence in mRNA specifying the end of the protein, the link between the polypeptide chain and the last tRNA is broken, and the completed protein is released from the ribosome.
Messenger-RNA molecules are not destroyed during protein synthesis, so they may be used to synthesize many protein molecules. Moreover, while one ri-bosome is moving along a particular strand of mRNA, a second ribosome may become attached to the start site on that same mRNA and begin the synthesis of a second identical protein molecule. Thus, a number of ribosomes, as many as 70, may be moving along a single strand of mRNA, each at a different stage of the translation process (Figure 5-7).
Molecules of mRNA do not, however, remain in the cytoplasm indefinitely. Eventually they are broken down into nucleotides by cytoplasmic enzymes. Therefore, if a gene corresponding to a particular protein ceases to be transcribed into mRNA, the protein will no longer be formed after its cytoplasmic mRNA molecules are broken down.
Several ribosomes can simultaneously move along a strand of mRNA, producing the same protein in different states of assembly.
What is an anti codon?
What is the difference between codon and an anticodon?
Which rna is the smallest between mrna trna and rrna?
Which end of a polypeptide links to the tRNA?
What is the function of ribosome in polypeptide synthesis?
What is the function of translation in the body?
What is the function of growing polypeptide chain?
Where is protein assembled from the message on the rna?
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0.980325 |
Demonstrates how to write custom layers for Keras.
We build a custom activation layer called ‘Antirectifier’, which modifies the shape of the tensor that passes through it. We need to specify two methods: compute_output_shape and call.
Note that the same result can also be achieved via a Lambda layer.
This is the combination of a sample-wise L2 normalization with the concatenation of the positive part of the input with the negative part of the input. The result is a tensor of samples that are twice as large as the input samples.
When applying ReLU, assuming that the distribution of the previous output is approximately centered around 0., you are discarding half of your input. This is inefficient.
Antirectifier allows to return all-positive outputs like ReLU, without discarding any data.
Tests on MNIST show that Antirectifier allows to train networks with half the parameters yet with comparable classification accuracy as an equivalent ReLU-based network.
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0.939193 |
For other uses, see Roman legion (disambiguation).
A Roman legion (romanum legio) (from Latin legio "military levy, conscription", from legere "to choose") was a large unit of the Roman army.
In the early Roman Kingdom "legion" may have meant the entire Roman army but sources on this period are few and unreliable. The subsequent organization of legions varied greatly over time but legions were typically composed of around five thousand soldiers. During much of the republican era, a legion was divided into three lines of ten maniples. In the late republic and much of the imperial period (from about 100 BC), a legion was divided into ten cohorts, each of six (or five) centuries. Legions also included a small ala, or cavalry, unit. By the third century AD, the legion was a much smaller unit of about 1,000 to 1,500 men, and there were more of them. In the fourth century AD, East Roman border guard legions (limitanei) may have become even smaller. In terms of organisation and function, the republican era legion may have been influenced by the ancient Greek and Macedonian phalanx.
For most of the Roman Imperial period, the legions formed the Roman army's elite heavy infantry, recruited exclusively from Roman citizens, while the remainder of the army consisted of auxiliaries, who provided additional infantry and the vast majority of the Roman army's cavalry. (Provincials who aspired to citizenship gained it when honourably discharged from the auxiliaries.) The Roman army, for most of the Imperial period, consisted mostly of auxiliaries rather than legions.
Because legions were not permanent units until the Marian reforms (c. 107 BC), and were instead created, used, and disbanded again, several hundred legions were named and numbered throughout Roman history. To date, about 50 have been identified. The republican legions were composed of levied men that paid for their own equipment and thus the structure of the Roman army at this time reflected the society, and at any time there would be four consular legions (with command divided between the two ruling consuls) and in time of war extra legions could be levied. Toward the end of the 2nd century BC, Rome started to experience manpower shortages brought about by property and financial qualifications to join the army. This prompted consul Gaius Marius to remove property qualifications and decree that all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for service in the Roman army with equipment and rewards for fulfilling years of service provided by the state. The Roman army became a volunteer, professional and standing army which extended service beyond Roman citizens but also to non-citizens that could sign on as auxillia (auxiliaries) and were rewarded Roman citizenship upon completion of service and all the rights and privileges that entailed. In the time of Augustus, there were nearly 50 upon his succession but this was reduced to about 25–35 permanent standing legions and this remained the figure for most of the empire's history.
The legion evolved from 3,000 men in the Roman Republic to over 5,200 men in the Roman Empire, consisting of centuries as the basic units. Until the middle of the first century, ten cohorts (about 500 men) made up a Roman legion. This was later changed to nine cohorts of standard size (with six centuries at 80 men each) with the first cohort being of double strength (five double-strength centuries with 160 men each). By the fourth century AD, the legion was a much smaller unit of about 1,000 to 1,500 men, and there were more of them. This had come about as the large formation legion and auxiliary unit, 10,000 men, was broken down into smaller units - originally temporary detachments - to cover more territory. In the fourth century AD, East Roman border guard legions (limitanei) may have become even smaller. In terms of organisation and function, the Republican era legion may have been influenced by the ancient Greek and Macedonian phalanx.
A legion consisted of several cohorts of heavy infantry known as legionaries. It was almost always accompanied by one or more attached units of auxiliaries, who were not Roman citizens and provided cavalry, ranged troops and skirmishers to complement the legion's heavy infantry. The recruitment of non-citizens was rare but appears to have occurred in times of great need; For example, Caesar appears to have recruited the Legio V Alaudae mostly from non-citizen Gauls.
In the period before the raising of the legio and the early years of the Roman Kingdom and the Republic, forces are described as being organized into centuries of roughly one hundred men. These centuries were grouped together as required and answered to the leader who had hired or raised them. Such independent organization persisted until the 2nd century BC amongst light infantry and cavalry, but was discarded completely in later periods with the supporting role taken instead by allied troops. The roles of century leader (later formalized as a centurion), second in command and standard bearer are referenced in this early period.
Rome's early period is undocumented and shrouded in myths, but those myths tell that during the rule of Servius Tullius, the census (from Latin: censeō – accounting of the people) was introduced. With this all Roman able-bodied, property-owning male citizens were divided into five classes for military service based on their wealth and then organized into centuries as sub-units of the greater Roman army or legio (multitude). Joining the army was both a duty and a distinguishing mark of Roman citizenship; during the entire pre-Marian period the wealthiest land owners performed the most years of military service. These individuals would have had the most to lose should the state have fallen.
At some point, possibly in the beginning of the Roman Republic after the kings were overthrown, the legio was subdivided into two separate legions, each one ascribed to one of the two consuls. In the first years of the Republic, when warfare was mostly concentrated on raiding, it is uncertain if the full manpower of the legions was summoned at any one time. In 494 BC, when three foreign threats emerged, the dictator Manius Valerius Maximus raised ten legions which Livy says was a greater number than had been raised previously at any one time.
Velites (light infantry): The velites were mainly poorer citizens who could not afford to equip themselves properly. Their primary function was to act as skirmishers – javelin-throwers, who would engage the enemy early in order either to harass them or to cover the movement of troops behind them. After throwing their javelins, they would retreat through the gaps between the maniples, screened from the attack of the enemy by the heavy infantry lines. With the shortage of cavalry in the army of the early to mid Republican army, the velites were also used as scouts. They did not have a precise formal organization or formation.
The triarii (sing. triarius) were the veteran soldiers, to be used in battle only in extreme situations; they rested one knee down when not engaged in combat. The triarii served primarily as reserves or barrier troops designed to backstop the hastati and principes, and were equipped with long hastae (spears) rather than the pilum and gladius (the hastati and principes stopped using spears in 387 BC). Thus armed, they fought in a phalanx formation. The sight of an advancing armored formation of triarii legionaries frequently discouraged exultant enemies in pursuit of retreating hastati and principes troops. Ad triarios redisse – To fall back upon the triarii was a Roman idiom – meaning to use one's last resort.
The Marian reforms (of Gaius Marius) enlarged the centuries to 80 men, and grouped them into six-century "cohorts" (rather than two-century maniples). Each century had its own standard and was made up of ten units (contubernia) of eight men who shared a tent, a millstone, a mule and cooking pot.
At the end of the 2nd century BC, Gaius Marius reformed the previously ephemeral legions as a professional force drawing from the poorest classes, enabling Rome to field larger armies and providing employment for jobless citizens of the city of Rome. However, this put the loyalty of the soldiers in the hands of their general rather than the State of Rome itself. This development ultimately enabled Julius Caesar to cross the Rubicon with an army loyal to him personally and effectively end the Republic.
The legions of the late Republic and early Empire are often called Marian legions. Following the Battle of Vercellae in 101 BC, Marius granted all Italian soldiers Roman citizenship. He justified this action to the Senate by saying that in the din of battle he could not distinguish Roman from ally. This effectively eliminated the notion of allied legions; henceforth all Italian legions would be regarded as Roman legions, and full Roman citizenship was open to all the regions of Italy. At the same time, the three different types of heavy infantry were replaced by a single, standard type based on the Principes: armed with two heavy javelins called pila (singular pilum), the short sword called gladius, chain mail (lorica hamata), helmet and rectangular shield (scutum).
The role of allied legions would eventually be taken up by contingents of allied auxiliary troops, called Auxilia. Auxilia contained specialist units, engineers and pioneers, artillerymen and craftsmen, service and support personnel and irregular units made up of non-citizens, mercenaries and local militia. These were usually formed into complete units such as light cavalry, light infantry or velites, and labourers. There was also a reconnaissance squad of 10 or more light mounted infantry called speculatores who could also serve as messengers or even as an early form of military intelligence service.
As part of the Marian reforms, the legions' internal organization was standardized. Each legion was divided into cohorts. Prior to this, cohorts had been temporary administrative units or tactical task forces of several maniples, even more transitory than the legions themselves. Now the cohorts were ten permanent units, composed of 6 centuries and in the case of the first cohort 5 double strength centuries each led by a centurion assisted by an optio. The cohorts came to form the basic tactical unit of the legions. Ranking within the legion was based on length of service, with the senior Centurion commanding the first century of the first cohort; he was called the primus pilus (First Spear), and reported directly to the superior officers (legates and tribuni). All career soldiers could be promoted to the higher ranks in recognition of exceptional acts of bravery or valour. A newly promoted junior Centurion would be assigned to the sixth century of the tenth cohort and slowly progressed through the ranks from there.
A typical legion of this period had 5,120 legionaries as well as a large number of camp followers, servants and slaves. Legions could contain as many as 11,000 fighting men when including the auxiliaries. During the Later Roman Empire, the legion was reduced in size to 1,000 to allow for easier provisioning and to expand the regions under surveillance. Numbers would also vary depending on casualties suffered during a campaign; Julius Caesar's legions during his campaign in Gaul often only had around 3,500 men.
After the Marian reforms and throughout the history of Rome's Late Republic, the legions played an important political role. By the 1st century BC, the threat of the legions under a demagogue was recognized. Governors were not allowed to leave their provinces with their legions. When Julius Caesar broke this rule, leaving his province of Gaul and crossing the Rubicon into Italy, he precipitated a constitutional crisis. This crisis and the civil wars which followed brought an end to the Republic and led to the foundation of the Empire under Augustus in 27 BC.
Generals, during the recent Republican civil wars, had formed their own legions and numbered them as they wished. During this time, there was a high incidence of Gemina (twin) legions, where two legions were consolidated into a single organization (and was later made official and put under a legatus and six duces). At the end of the civil war against Mark Antony, Augustus was left with around fifty legions, with several double counts (multiple Legio Xs for instance). For political and economic reasons, Augustus reduced the number of legions to 28 (which diminished to 25 after the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, in which 3 legions were completely destroyed by the Germanics).
Beside streamlining the army, Augustus also regulated the soldiers' pay. At the same time, he greatly increased the number of auxiliaries to the point where they were equal in number to the legionaries. He also created the Praetorian Guard along with a permanent navy where served the liberti, or freed slaves. The legions also became permanent at this time, and not recruited for particular campaigns. They were also allocated to static bases with permanent castra legionaria (legionary fortresses).
Augustus' military policies proved sound and cost effective, and were generally followed by his successors. These emperors would carefully add new legions, as circumstances required or permitted, until the strength of the standing army stood at around 30 legions (hence the wry remark of the philosopher Favorinus that It is ill arguing with the master of 30 legions). With each legion having 5,120 legionaries usually supported by an equal number of auxiliary troops (according to Tacitus), the total force available to a legion commander during the Pax Romana probably ranged from 11,000 downwards, with the more prestigious legions and those stationed on hostile borders or in restive provinces tending to have more auxiliaries. By the time of the emperor Severus, 293-211, the auxiliaries may have composed 55 to 60% of the army, 250,000 of 447,000. Some legions may have even been reinforced at times with units making the associated force near 15,000–16,000 or about the size of a modern division.
Throughout the imperial era, the legions played an important political role. Their actions could secure the empire for a usurper or take it away. For example, the defeat of Vitellius in the Year of the Four Emperors was decided when the Danubian legions chose to support Vespasian.
In the Later Roman Empire, the number of legions was increased and the Roman Army expanded. There is no evidence to suggest that legions changed in form before the Tetrarchy, although there is evidence that they were smaller than the paper strengths usually quoted. The final form of the legion originated with the elite legiones palatinae created by Diocletian and the Tetrarchs. These were infantry units of around 1,000 men rather than the 5,000, including cavalry, of the old Legions. The earliest legiones palatinae were the Lanciarii, Joviani, Herculiani and Divitenses.
The 4th century saw a very large number of new, small legions created, a process which began under Constantine II. In addition to the elite palatini, other legions called comitatenses and pseudocomitatenses, along with the auxilia palatina, provided the infantry of late Roman armies. The Notitia Dignitatum lists 25 legiones palatinae, 70 legiones comitatenses, 47 legiones pseudocomitatenses and 111 auxilia palatina in the field armies, and a further 47 legiones in the frontier armies. Legion names such as Honoriani and Gratianenses found in the Notitia suggest that the process of creating new legions continued through the 4th century rather than being a single event. The names also suggest that many new legions were formed from vexillationes or from old legions. In addition, there were 24 vexillationes palatini, 73 vexillationes comitatenses; 305 other units in the Eastern limitanei and 181 in the Western limitanei.
According to the late Roman writer Vegetius' De Re Militari, each century had a ballista and each cohort had an onager, giving the legion a formidable siege train of 59 Ballistae and 10 Onagers, each manned by 10 libritors (artillerymen) and mounted on wagons drawn by oxen or mules. In addition to attacking cities and fortifications, these would be used to help defend Roman forts and fortified camps (castra) as well. They would even be employed on occasion, especially in the later Empire, as field artillery during battles or in support of river crossings.
Despite a number of reforms, the Legion system survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and was continued in the Eastern Roman Empire until around 7th century, when reforms begun by Emperor Heraclius to counter the increasing need for soldiers around the Empire resulted in the Theme system. Despite this, the Eastern Roman/Byzantine armies continued to be influenced by the earlier Roman legions, and were maintained with similar level of discipline, strategic prowess, and organization.
Legatus Augusti pro praetore, Imperial Legate: The commander of two or more legions. The Imperial Legate also served as the governor of the province in which the legions he commanded were stationed. Of Senatorial rank, the Imperial Legate was appointed by the Emperor and usually held command for 3 or 4 years. In the present time, an Imperial Legate would be called a General.
Legatus legionis, Legion Legate: The overall legion commander. The post was usually filled by a senator, appointed by the emperor, who held command for 3 or 4 years, although he could serve for a much longer period. In a Roman province with only one legion, the legatus was also the provincial governor. In such circumstances, the Legatus was dual-hatted as both Legion Legate and Imperial Legate. The Legion Legate also served as commander of the auxiliary units attached to the legion though they were not formally a part of the legion's command structure.
Tribunus laticlavius, Broad Band Tribune: Named for the broad striped tunic worn by men of senatorial rank, this tribune was appointed by the emperor or the Senate. Though generally young, he was more experienced than the tribuni angusticlavii, he served as second in command of the legion, behind the legate. Because of his age and inexperience he was not the actual second in command in battle, but if the legate died he would take command of the legion.
Praefectus castrorum, Camp Prefect: The Camp Prefect was third in command of the legion. Generally he was a long serving veteran from a lower social status than the tribunii whom he outranked, and who previously had served as primus pilus and finished his 25 years with the legions. He was used as a senior officer in charge of training a legion, though he could also command a cohort of auxiliaires.
Tribuni angusticlavii, Narrow Band Tribunes: Each legion had five lower ranking tribunes, who were normally from the equestrian class and had at least some years of prior military experience. They often served the role of administrative officers. This tribunate was often a first, but optional, step in a young man's political career (see cursus honorum).
The rank of centurion was an officer grade that included many ranks, meaning centurions had very good prospects for promotion. The most senior centurion in a legion was known as the primus pilus (first file or spear), who directly commanded the first century of the first cohort and commanded the whole first cohort when in battle. Within the second to tenth cohorts, the commander of each cohort's first century was known as a pilus prior and was in command of his entire cohort when in battle. The seniority of the pilus prior centurions was followed by the five other century commanders of the first cohort, who were known as primi ordines.
Primus pilus, literally First File: The Primus Pilus was the commanding centurion of the first century, first cohort and the senior-most centurion of the entire legion. (Unlike other cohorts, the first cohort had only one javelin century, instead of a "front spear" and a "back spear" century.) The primus pilus had a chance of later becoming a Praefectus Castrorum. When the primus pilus retired, he would most likely gain entry into the equestrian class. He was paid 60 times the base wage.
Optio: One for each centurion (59–60), they were appointed by the centurion from within the ranks to act as his second in command and were paid twice the basic wage. Equivalent to a modern First Sergeant or Lieutenant.
Tesserarius: (Guard commander) One for each century. They acted as seconds to the Optios and were paid one and a half times the basic wage. Keeper of the watchword, administrative assistant to HQ Staff, third in command of a century. Equivalent to a modern Staff Sergeant.
Immunes: Immunes were legionary soldiers who possessed specialized skills, qualifying them for better pay and excusing them from labour and guard work. Engineers, artillerymen, musicians, clerks, quartermasters, drill and weapons instructors, carpenters, hunters, medical staff and military police were all immune soldiers. These men were still fully trained legionaries, however, and were called upon to serve in the battle lines when needed.
Evocatus: A veteran of the Roman army who had earned his military diploma for military service, but had chosen to re-enlist. They received double pay and were excluded from regular duties, such as manual labour.
From the time of Gaius Marius onwards, legionaries received 225 denarii a year (equal to 900 Sestertii); this basic rate remained unchanged until Domitian, who increased it to 300 denarii. In spite of the steady inflation during the 2nd century, there was no further rise until the time of Septimius Severus, who increased it to 500 denarii a year. However, the soldiers did not receive all the money in cash, as the state deducted a clothing and food tax from their pay. To this wage, a legionary on active campaign would hope to add the booty of war, from the bodies of their enemies and as plunder from enemy settlements. Slaves could also be claimed from the prisoners of war and divided amongst the legion for later sale, which would bring in a sizeable supplement to their regular pay.
All legionary soldiers would also receive a praemia on the completion of their term of service (to receive this the minimum was 25 years in service): a sizeable sum of money (3,000 denarii from the time of Augustus) and/or a plot of good farmland (good land was in much demand); farmland given to veterans often helped in establishing control of the frontier regions and over rebellious provinces. Later, under Caracalla, the praemia increased to 5,000 denarii.
Reenacters portraying Roman legionaries of Legio XV Apollinaris.
In Gallic War (Bk IV, Para. 25), Julius Caesar describes an incident at the start of his first invasion of Britain in 55 BC that illustrated how fear for the safety of the eagle could drive Roman soldiers. When Caesar's troops hesitated to leave their ships for fear of the Britons, the aquilifer of the tenth legion threw himself overboard and, carrying the eagle, advanced alone against the enemy. His comrades, fearing disgrace, 'with one accord, leapt down from the ship' and were followed by troops from the other ships.
With the birth of the Roman Empire, the legions created a bond with their leader, the emperor himself. Each legion had another officer, called imaginifer, whose role was to carry a pike with the imago (image, sculpture) of the emperor as pontifex maximus.
Decimation – According to 17th century belief (possibly folk etymology), the Romans practiced this punishment in which a sentence was carried out against an entire unit that had mutinied, deserted, or shown dereliction of duty. One out of every ten men, chosen by lots, would be beaten to death, usually by the other nine with their bare hands, who would be forced to live outside the camp and in some instances obliged to renew the military oath, the sacramentum.
Examples of ideas that were copied and adapted include weapons like the gladius (Iberians) and warship design (cf. Carthaginians' quinquereme), as well as military units, such as heavy mounted cavalry and mounted archers (Parthians and Numidians).
Roman discipline (cf. decimation (Roman army)), organization and systematization sustained combat effectiveness over a longer period. These elements appear throughout the legion in training, logistics, field fortification etc.
The Romans were more persistent and more willing to absorb and replace losses over time than their opponents. Wars with Carthage and the Parthians and most notably, the campaigns against Pyrrhus of Epirus, illustrate this.
The influence of Roman military and civic culture, as embodied particularly in the heavy infantry legion, gave the Roman military consistent motivation and cohesion.
Roman military equipment (cf. Roman military personal equipment), particularly armor, was more withstanding and far more ubiquitous, especially in the late Republican and Early Imperial era, than that of most of their opponents. Soldiers equipped with shields, helmets and highly effective body armor had a major advantage over warriors protected, in many cases, with nothing other than their shields, particularly in a prolonged engagement.
For a more detailed analysis, as well as the Romans in battle, see the articles Roman infantry tactics and Roman military personal equipment.
^ a b Manousos Kambouris, Spyros Bakas (2016). "Greco-Macedonian influences in the manipular Legion system". Archaeology and Science. 11 2015: 145–154.
^ Several Authors (17 December 2015). History of The Roman Legions: History of Rome. Self-Publish. pp. 1069–. GGKEY:DXPWT430TXP.
^ "It's totally fine to use 'decimate' as a synonym for 'devastate'. This is why". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
This page was last edited on 17 April 2019, at 12:31 (UTC).
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I am currently seven months pregnant and in the last few weeks I have gained about 30 pounds. This has caused me much distress, because I do not want to be fat. Even though I try to eat healthy, I am hungry all the time, and indulge in sweet treats, and even soda. How can I cut back on my calories and lose some weight, so I don't balloon much further? It's very hard to tame my cravings. My baby is healthy and active, if a bit on the larger side, so all the food I'm eating is just going to my hips and thighs. Can you give me a diet guideline please! I am 5ft, and I'm currently weighing 168 pounds, up from 120 when I first got pregnant.
Congratulations on your pregnancy! Bringing a child into this world is one of life's greatest blessings! Most pregnant women will experience a drastic increase in appetite around the second trimester of pregnancy. This is usually the time when morning sickness ends. This increase in appetite is due to your baby needing more calories and nutrients for growth and development. However, there is no need to increase calorie intake by more than 350 calories in the second trimester and 500 calories in the third trimester.
Giving in to your cravings and consuming too many calories can lead to excessive weight gain; which can affect your health as well as that of your unborn child's. In addition, you may even make the delivery of your child more difficult with this consumption. You mentioned that you have gained 30 pounds in the last few weeks, and overall you have put on 48 pounds so far in your pregnancy. Since you basically have two more months to go, you will have to make every effort to control your weight gain in your now third trimester. In this period, your baby can grow from two and a half pounds and 16 inches in length at seven months and between six and nine pounds and 19 to 22 inches in length at nine months. However, the good thing is that in the third trimester you might notice a decrease in appetite due to the fact that your growing baby leaves less room for your stomach.
I am going to make some suggestions that hopefully will help to reduce your rapid weight gain. Going forward, it is important to eat smaller and more frequent meals instead of a few large meals daily. It is better to eat five or six small meals instead of two to three large meals, for example. By eating every three to four hours, you will be more likely to keep your appetite under control.
In addition, it is important for you to choose fresh, whole foods, for example, fruits and vegetables, instead of refined or processed foods. A salad can make you feel full as well as provide important nutrients for you and your baby.
It is also important to keep yourself hydrated since your body will need more liquid in pregnancy. If possible, try to aim for eight to 12 glasses of water daily. In some cases it may be hard to differentiate between being hungry and thirsty. In your case, it is necessary to cut out sodas and sweets from your diet. Sodas will increase calories as well as increase your appetite without providing nutritional value (empty calories). Foods that you do not intend to eat should not be bought.
If possible, you should also have on hand healthy snacks, example, fruits and coconut water, in case you get hungry between meals.
Watch your calorie intake, avoid processed, refined, sugary, and greasy foods. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, yoghurt, salads, and soups will be good for you at this time. If possible, with your doctor's permission, you may also do some exercises. But no vigorous exercises should be done — example jumping, bouncing, hopping or skipping. Water exercises are usually good. Studies have shown that pregnant women who exercise during pregnancy enjoy many health benefits. These include improved cardiovascular health, blood pressure, mood and weight control. However, you should consult with your health care provider before starting any exercise programme.
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Not sure what to gift dad for Father's Day? Here are a few ideas: - Make your fave picture with dad into a poster. Take it one step further and frame or mount your print. - Can't choose which picture is your favorite? Turn it into a collage with our InstaCollage feature. - If you prefer to print at home, or you love supporting your local printer, we also offer poster quality downloads starting at just $7.99!!!
If you're hosting a Father's Day event, like a luncheon, you may be interested double-sided flyers. You can upload images on one side, and on the other, you can list the location information, rsvp dates/emails, etc. We offer two different sizes, and they come in packs of 25, 100, or 1000 high quality postcard like paper!
Select from our Father's Day templates gallery, pick and choose from our backgrounds or templates, or create your poster from scratch. Upload your own images, browse through our gallery of stock images, add fancy text - the possibilities to customize a fun and easy-to-make gift are endless!
Go to PosterMyWall and start your poster today!!!
Jun 1 Red, White & Blue - Flyers for Summer Specials, Too!
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0.9993 |
As I watched the Republican debates this week, I could not help but notice the total lack of any discussion about the state of HIV/AIDS in the nation or the world at large. It is very important for all of us to remember that although there have been great strides made and many battles fought and won, that the epidemic is not over.
HIV/AIDS affects the lives of every American whether directly or indirectly and we must remain vigilant and steadfast in our advocacy and support for those living with and dying from the virus.
As educators, activists, family members, researchers and patients, we need observe presidential politics and hold the politician’s feet to the fire to ensure that support from our government to eradicate the epidemic does not diminish or waiver.
With that being said, I came across an article which discusses how the candidates stack-up regarding HIV/AIDS.
The 2016 presidential campaign is already heating up with Election Day still more than 500 days away. While the race is still in the early stretch of primary season, HIV advocates should start looking for the best candidates on HIV/AIDS issues. Several candidates have already joined the race: Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders seek the Democratic nomination, and the Republican field is already crowded with official announcements from with Ben Carson, Carly Fiorina, Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz, Rand Paul, and Mike Huckabee.
Key legislation such as the Ryan White Act or the Affordable Care Act (ACA) can be fundamentally altered depending on who is in the Oval Office, impacting the ability for people living with HIV to obtain optimal medical care. There is also evidence that structural issues such as poverty, lack of housing, and HIV stigma can contribute to HIV testing rates or HIV risk behavior, all factors that can be influenced by the Executive Branch. At this point in the election cycle, it is unclear how each candidate will approach issues related to health care reform, HIV prevention and treatment, or reducing income or housing disparities in the United States. However, we can look at previous statements and actions to get a sense of candidates’ positions on important issues to our community.
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Washington (CNN)A man who set himself on fire in front of the White House on Friday afternoon was determined not to be a threat to President Donald Trump, the Secret Service said.
A cloud of smoke was visible near the White House around 3 p.m. ET, the Secret Service said, forcing the closure of part of Pennsylvania Avenue and 17th Street. “A male subject operating an electronic wheelchair-type scooter lit his outer jacket on fire while sitting along Pennsylvania Ave. outside the North Fence Line,” the Secret Service tweeted. “Uniformed Division Officers immediately responded, extinguished the fire and rendered first aid.”Reporters saw the man being transported into an ambulance. The agency added, “The male subject has been transported to a local hospital with what appears to be non-life threatening injuries.” A Secret Service spokesperson told CNN that the man is believed to have mental health problems and was treated for first-degree burns, and that the agency does not believe there was any threat to the President.Read MoreHeightened security measures were nonetheless seen on the White House grounds Friday afternoon, with the White House press taken off the North Lawn into the briefing room.
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0.99258 |
Is it possible that anybody hasn’t heard the lyric: I knew a man Bojangles/And he danced for you/In worn out shoes… ?
It’s a terrific song (Mr. Bojangles) that has been recorded by everyone from Bob Dylan to Nina Simone. It was written by Jerry Jeff Walker and, contrary to a widespread misconception, it has nothing at all to do with Bill Robinson, the great tap dancer also known as "Bojangles," who is the subject of a new bio-pic from Showtime.
Robinson was born in Virginia in 1878, when the Civil War was still a living memory. Segregation in public facilities was the rule, rather than the exception, and all sorts of strange and arbitrary regulations were aimed at keeping people of color in a separate and inferior position. On the vaudeville circuits there was what was known as the "two coloreds rule"—no solo performances for black entertainers; at least two had to be on the stage. Robinson was the greatest dancer of his generation and became a big enough draw to challenge that rule as well as other kinds of discrimination. He was also a compulsive gambler and a womanizer. In short, a great subject for a movie biography.
Starting with Robinson’s funeral (1949), including what looks like archival footage of the event, the film then plays out the biography in a straightforward manner as a flashback. The design of the film is stylized in the manner of Hollywood show business stories, never for a minute looking real or gritty. It doesn’t flinch, though, at depicting Robinson’s weaknesses or using strong language. The screenplay by Richard Wesley (Fast Forward, Native Son) is determined to chronologically cover the main events of Robinson’s life; in stretching for comprehensiveness, the film flattens out the characters and their crises. The facts are there, but emotional impact, for the most part, escapes this script.
An excellent supporting cast helps to keep the energy levels from flagging. Kimberly Elise (Beloved) is charming as Robinson’s wife of 27 years. Peter Riegert (Local Hero, Traffic) adds dimension to Marty Forkins, Robinson’s loyal agent who gave up other clients—the Marx Brothers, Will Rogers—to focus on building Robinson’s career. In a small role as Marty’s wife, Rae, Maria Ricossa injects a spark and finds just the right sarcastic tone. All of these characters speak directly to the camera/audience at one point or another, a device that also helps vary the mostly straight-line storyline.
In two effective scenes, the sad ironies of a long life are depicted. Robinson goes to a club and sees a young performer dance—it’s a new and highly energetic style, unlike his own. Savion Glover, who may be the best dancer of his generation sizzles in the number. Later, in a park, Robinson is challenged by a young political speaker, ridiculed for his "Uncle Tom" roles, the speaker unaware of the battles Robinson fought to get beyond the stereotypes. Progress eclipses and history forgets even a star’s accomplishments.
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Imagine this scenario: a terror attack has just been committed in your country. The police carried out raids on suspected perpetrators. There might be another attack coming, but you have in custody those allegedly responsible for the previous one. What do you do? Do you use torture to elicit information, and possible save lives?
The reason why torture is so controversial is because its use by nation-states is technically illegal under international law. The 3rd Geneva Convention, to which most states are ratified signatories, has clear standards on the interrogation of detainees captured in war. The United States has used torture, in the aftermath of the September 11th , 2001 attacks, despite being a signatory to the Geneva Conventions, and having military interrogation laws prohibiting torture. So, how did the US get around such standards?
In two ways: One, the Bush administration claimed that those capture who were al-Qaeda or Taliban fighters were not “lawful combatants”, meaning they weren’t entitled to protections under the Geneva Conventions; and two, the government also claimed that the methods they were using didn’t amount to torture. Now, when Obama took office in 2009, he outlawed the use of torture by US forces, effectively ending a dark chapter in American history. But, US allies in the War on Terror are still known to use torture. Specifically, Jordan.
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a reliable and vital US ally for counter-terrorism. The country has also been accused by numerous human rights organizations of using torture in its jails.
“Detainees were denied access to a lawyer during interrogations, and faced torture and other ill-treatment.” (Amnesty Int’l).
Unlike the US, Jordan is situated in the Middle East. Therefore, the country faces a higher threat of terrorism, especially from groups like Daesh (ISIS). Given this threat, how should Jordan respond?
How should Jordan respond to terrorism?
We now essentially have two players: Jordan, and groups like Daesh. How do you think Daesh would respond to Jordan’s actions?
How do you think Daesh would respond?
To each player, Jordan and Daesh, all of the available strategies are ranked in order to preference, and then assigned a value based on that preference. Here are the strategies for each player again, but with an explanation for their preference.
This is another preferred strategy for Jordan, as the raid will deal with both the accused terrorists and will elicit intelligence on other terrorists. However, since these terrorist cells in Jordan are decentralized, ISIS won’t suffer as many losses in terms of fighters.
This is Jordan’s least preferred strategy, as it loses the moral high ground and invites future UN investigations into Jordan’s counter-terrorism activities. Furthermore, it gives ISIS material it could use in propaganda.
This is Jordan’s second preferred strategy, as it sends a message to ISIS and is cost effective. However, the execution also gives ISIS material it could use for propaganda as well.
This is not a preferred strategy for Jordan, as it takes up a lot of resources, and violates the right to privacy of its citizens, giving ISIS material for propaganda.
Dabiq Magazine was the primary source of Daesh propaganda.
This is Daesh’s second preferred strategy, as it doesn’t take a lot of resources to inflict massive damage. Jordan loses here due to the inevitable civilian deaths.
Both players lose in this strategy, with ISIS losing more by giving up any semblance of having morals, therefore not attracting people to their cause. Jordan also loses due to the civilian/military deaths.
This is Daesh’s preferred strategy, as it allows for more recruitment, while simultaneously making Jordan look bad.
This is the game matrix once we combine Jordan’s strategies and Daesh’s response to them. This game actually has a solution or a pure Nash equilibrium: Jordan should conduct police raids, and ISIS should disseminate more propaganda, with the payoff being 12,15. But we want ISIS to suffer the most losses, with Jordan essentially winning. With that in mind, the ideal strategy for defeating ISIS would be for Jordan to conduct police raids and/or airstrikes.
In the context of the game, the solution that should be used in reality means Jordan is always the winner with the larger payoffs, which is a good thing. Airstrikes aren’t perfect, but they do tend to fall in the realm of appropriate action under international law. This means that Jordan isn’t violating human rights with this action, as doing that would give ISIS more material to use in their propaganda.
I propose a policy initiative to defeat terrorist groups like ISIS while still adhering to international standards. 1) Jordan should halt the use of torture in jails run by the Kingdom’s intelligence service, the GID. 2) Jordan should also create new rules of engagement for their air force to minimize civilian casualties. 3) Jordan should overhaul its system for authorizing surveillance on citizens, making sure that the government only spies when it is absolutely necessary and will most likely lead to actionable intelligence. 4) Jordan should create a parliamentary oversight committee to ensure the previous proposals are carried out.
I think that this was a very interesting approach to the issue at hand. I do think that Jordan desperately requires external, international aid, as in any scenario, simplified game or not, the conflict will result in many deaths on both sides that may be avoided. I hope that as the issue progresses, we avoid another Yemen or Somalia and try to earn peace without destabilizing regions or killing hundreds of people. Thoughts?
Yes I definitely agree! Syria becoming another Yemen or Somalia would only fuel more extremism.
I loved the solutions you gave: they do not violate international law and adheres to it. They are also effective and can be easily adopted here in Jordan. However, do you think it is ethical to compare Jordan to a terrorist organization?
I don’t think I necessarily compared Jordan to a terrorist organization. I did, however, put the two on similar footing in terms of a game. But, no, I do not think it is ethical to compare Jordan to a terrorist organization, as they are not on equal moral footing at all.
I hadn’t realized that this project was based on the game theory until reaching the strategies, but this is a super interesting approach to the conflicts in the Middle East. Besides potentially a more specific title, I don’t have any suggestions. I really enjoyed how interactive your project was and how concise you made the necessary information. Well done!
Wow! Very powerful messsage, and it is a new cool way to discuss how to solve the problems in the Middle East!
What a great exploration! I really like how your project was based on real-life actions; it connects public policy with game theory. It was super interesting to see how game theory can be applied to so many events!
What a great exploration! I really like how your project was based on real-life actions; it connects public policy with game theory. It was super interesting to see how game theory can be applied to so many events! Great job!
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Is it bad to crack your back or neck a lot?
Most people had this habit of cracking their back and neck a lot, especially when stretching. Normally, it is just fine particularly when a person with no joint pains do this. Nevertheless, making frequent or repeated cracking in your back or neck has indecisive long-term effects.
When you are in pain and you’re having an urge trying to crack your back and neck to ease the pain, I suggest you visit a Chiropractor first. It is much safer to have a skilled and certified Chiropractor to make a diagnosis and treat you properly.
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On December 2, 2001, the Enron Corporation, a highly-respected and rapidly growing energy-trading company filed for bankruptcy. It had inflated its earnings by nearly $600 million in the 1994—2001 period. This had become known less than a month before. Enron, with assets of $62.8 billion, became the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history. Its stock closed at 72 cents on December 2. It had been over $75 a share one year earlier. Investors lost billions and employees lost their life savings. Exactly 241 days later, on July 30, 2002, the President signed into law the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002. The act's two chief sponsors were Senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) and Representative Michael G. Oxley (R-OH). The legislation thus carried the short title of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, subsequently abbreviated as SOX or SarbOx. In the opinion of most observers of securities legislation, SOX is viewed as the most important new law enacted since the passage of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.
The Enron debacle would have been prevented if audits of the company had detected accounting irregularities or if the company would have been required to disclose transactions not directly reflected on its balance sheet. Incentives and rewards used within the company and dealings with entities imprecisely associated with Enron contributed to the massive failure. Furthermore, insider trading took place toward the end while employees holding company stock as part of their pensions were prevented from trading them during a so-called "blackout" period.
Sarbanes-Oxley was principally a reaction to this failure. However, during this same period, the equally dramatic actual or pending bankruptcies of WorldCom, a long-distance telecommunications company, and Tyco, a diversified equipment manufacturer, influenced the content of the legislation. SOX thus deals with 1) reform of auditing and accounting procedures, including internal controls, 2) the oversight responsibilities of corporate directors and officers and regulation of conflicts of interest, insider dealings, and the disclosure of special compensation and bonuses, 3) conflicts of interest by stock analysts, 4) earlier and more complete disclosure of information on anything that directly and indirectly influences or might influence financial results, 5) criminalization of fraudulent handling of documents, interference with investigations, and violation of disclosure rules, and 6) requiring chief executives to certify financial results personally and to sign federal income tax documents.
Sarbanes-Oxley governs the activities of publicly traded companies. It aims at protecting investors who, unlike investors in privately held corporations, are presumed to be at a greater distance from management and therefore more vulnerable. Any and all companies, of any size, the stock of which is publicly traded (whether on a stock exchange or over the counter) are subject to SOX; thus it touches a certain range of small business as well.
The act has 11 titles, i.e., major subdivisions. These in turn are divided into sections. The sections of Title IV, for instance, begin with Section 401 and end with Section 409. It is common practice in referencing pieces of legislation to refer to section numbers. Some sections are more controversial or difficult than others and will be more frequently mentioned in articles. An example is Section 404 in SOX which deals with internal accounting controls—which has imposed significant data processing costs. In the following explanations sectional references are omitted. A title-by-title summary follows.
Title I creates an independent Public Accounting Oversight Board under the general oversight of the Securities and Exchange Commission. PAOB is charged with newly registering, regulating, inspecting, and generally overseeing companies that audit publicly traded companies. PAOB owes its origin to auditing failures that surfaced during the Enron bankruptcy. The Board is self-funded by the fees that it is authorized to charge.
Next is Title II which legislates the behavior of auditing firms in particular. Its most important provisions severely restrict auditing firms from carrying out compensated activities for their auditing clients that fall outside the boundaries of auditing narrowly viewed. Such "outside" activities include the provision of services like bookkeeping, accounting, financial information systems design, appraisals, and many other jobs. This prohibition is based on the notion that audit firms may be influenced in their audit practices in favor of a client from whom they are getting other profitable business. Other provisions of Title II require that audit partners are rotated after five years of service auditing a client (lest relations become too cozy) and also prohibit financial officers of the audited firm from having been employed by the audit company.
Title III specifies the responsibilities of public companies in relation to financial and accounting behavior. It requires that companies establish audit committees made up of independent board members who have no financial ties to the company; they may, of course, be paid for their board duties. The chief executive and the chief financial officer both must certify the material correctness of financial statements underlying audit reports. It forbids officers and board members from attempt improperly to influence audits. If financial statements must be revised because of misconduct, the CEO and CFO forfeit bonuses or incentives or profits from securities sales. Directors and officers may be barred from service for violating certain SEC requirements. While the trading of a pension fund is suspended (a "blackout" period), insider trading is prohibited as well—a provision that also harks back to Enron where insiders traded while pension funds were frozen.
The intention of Title IV is to cause corporations to make public transactions not heretofore normally required to be discussed, such as off-balance sheet transactions (of the sort that, in part, caused Enron's failure) and relationships with "unconsolidated entities" that could influence the company's finances. The SEC is charged with studying the matter in greater detail as well. Directors, officers, and stockholders with 10 percent or more holdings are required to make certain transactions public—such as special bonuses and stock grants or large dispositions of stock. Companies are prohibited from making loans to any director or executive (echoing a problem discovered at WorldCom). The Title also mandates that companies with codes of ethics make these codes public. Changes in financial conditions must be disclosed in real time. Another important requirement of the Title is that every annual report must contain a special report on internal controls. Such controls must be established and maintained and then assessed every year. (This is the "costly" Section 404.) Such controls consist of special methods of testing financial reports and data to determine their truth and coherence.
Securities analysts who recommend the purchase of securities to the public are addressed by Title V. It requires that National Securities Exchanges and associations of registered securities formulate and adopt rules governing conflicts of interest for analysts. The aim of the Title is to prevent situations in which favorable recommendations are in effect "bought" by indirect favors of one sort or another.
These titles address the SEC's role and specify studies to be undertaken.
Title VIII makes it a felony to destroy documents and to create fraudulent documents in order to thwart federal investigations. It mandates auditors to keep all paper work related to an audit for five years. It changes the statute of limitations on securities fraud claims and extends whistleblower protections to those who disclose closely held company information to parties in a lawsuit. Title VIII also establishes a new crime for securities frauds punishable by up to10 years in prison and fines.
The best-known provision of Title IX is that financial reports made to the SEC must be certified by the CEO and CFO who must state that such reports are in compliance with the securities act and include all material aspects of the company's finances. Violations of this provision carry a fine of $500,000 and up to five years in prison. Other provisions in this Title address mail and wire fraud, making it a crime to interfere with official proceedings and tampering with records; give the SEC the right to seek a court-ordered freeze of payments to company directors, agents, and employees; and enable the SEC to prevent any person convicted of securities fraud from holding office as a director or officer of a publicly traded company.
This Title requires that the CEO sign corporate income tax returns.
This Title, which Congress entitles as the "Corporate Fraud Accountability Act of 2002," specifically amends the U.S. Code to make tampering with records and interfering with official proceedings a crime and sets the penalty for this crime (a fine or imprisonment for no more than 20 years). It gives the SEC authority to temporarily freeze extraordinary payments to directors, officers, agents and employees of a company during investigations of security law violations, and codifies the SEC's right to prohibit persons convicted of securities fraud from serving as a director or officer of a public company.
Audit firms shall be registered. They must do audits only. If they do other work for a company, they must not do audits for that company.
The company's audit committee members shall be independent board members.
Stock analysts shall be subject to conflict of interest rules.
Companies must disclose all pertinent information that may in any way affect company finances, whether on or off the balance sheet.
Companies shall not lend money to executive officers or directors.
CEO and CFO compensation, bonuses, and profit sharing shall be reported to the public.
Insider trades must be made public immediately.
Insiders shall not trade company stock during periods of pension fund blackouts.
Financial reports must be certified by the CEO and CFO.
Financial reports must be accompanied by a special report on internal controls and an assessment on how well they work.
Federal income tax filings must be signed by the CEO.
Violators shall pay higher fines and spend longer times in prison than heretofore.
In early 2006, implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley was well underway. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board was in operation and had issued interim standards as of April 16, 2003. Costs of implementation have shown up most dramatically as information technology expenditures in support of Section 404 compliance (accounting controls). Wikipedia, in its article on SOX, citing Financial Executives International (FEI) data, based on 217 companies with revenues over $5 billion, indicated average compliance to have been $4.36 million per company. Compliance costs for companies with lower revenues have averaged $1.9 million. Opinion on the overall benefits of Sarbanes-Oxley is divided. Some claim that the financial activities of publicly traded companies are still severely under-regulated while others hold that SOX was necessary but that some of its requirements are not cost-effective.
"A Bird's Eye View of the Enron Debacle." American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Available from http://www.aicpa.org/info/birdseye02.htm. Retrieved on 20 April 2006.
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). PCAOB Web Page. Available from http://www.pcaobus.org/index.aspx. Retrieved on 20 April 2006.
"Sarbanes-Oxley Act." Wikipedia. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbanes-Oxley_Act. Retrieved on 21 April 2006.
"Summary of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002." American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Available from http://www.aicpa.org/info/sarbanes_oxley_summary.htm. Retrieved on 20 April 2006.
U.S. Congress. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Available from http://www.law.uc.edu/CCL/SOact/soact.pdf. Retrieved on 20 April 2006.
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When should I use a Personal Loan Installment?
You can use a personal instalment loan for needs that other loan types cannot cover. Examples include paying for weddings, renovations, and medical costs not covered by insurance.
Some people prefer taking out a personal instalment loan instead of using a credit card because the fixed monthly repayments are easier to plan for.
For other purposes such as paying for cars, education fees, housing, it is usually cheaper to use a loan specific for that purpose. Ask your bank about car loans, education loans, home loans, et cetera. It is advised to only use personal loans when you cannot find a loan that matches your needs.
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Who is the best English poet? This list includes the greats, poets such as Rudyard Kipling, John Keats, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare. From the Renaissance, to the Jacobean era, to the Restoration, to the modern day, great English poets have been making readers think across the ages.
Written works have the ability to make us feel. They make us want to believe, be inspired, and live vicariously through the stories we read on the page. It all begins with the words written on the page. Whether short or long form, poetry is often illusory, and full of rich imagery or hidden meaning. It is these elements which provoke readers to dig deeper and make poetry so engaging and moving.
The best of poems and poets are read throughout the ages. They are read from generation to generation and taught throughout school to young students. Poets and their poetry have the ability to take us places and into the lives of those we’ve never imagined. Poets are often tortured souls or great thinkers who show readers a new view of the world they never would have imagined.
These greatest English poets provide the kind of emotional connection to the written word that few can. Vote up the absolute best English poets on the list below, or add a famous poet from England who is truly great, but isn't already on the list.
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Sean Taylor, first-round draft pick in 2004, played safety for the Redskins until his death in November 2007.
In American football, the Washington Redskins joined the National Football League in 1932 as the Boston Braves. In 1933, the name was changed to the Boston Redskins, and finally, in 1937 the Redskins moved to Washington, D.C. The Redskins' first selection as an NFL team was Riley Smith, a blocking back from Alabama. The team's most-recent first-round selection was Josh Doctson, a wide receiver from Texas Christian.
Every year during April, each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as the "NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting", which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft. Teams are ranked in inverse order based on the previous season's record, with the worst record picking first, and the second worst picking second and so on. The two exceptions to this order are made for teams that appeared in the previous Super Bowl; the Super Bowl champion always picks 32nd, and the Super Bowl loser always picks 31st. Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks, players, cash, or a combination thereof. Thus, it is not uncommon for a team's actual draft pick to differ from their assigned draft pick, or for a team to have extra or no draft picks in any round due to these trades.
The Redskins have selected number one overall twice: Harry Gilmer and Ernie Davis. The team has also selected number two overall three times and number three overall five times. The Redskins have selected players from the University of Alabama four times, the University of Miami three times, and Penn State University three times. Four eventual Hall of Famers were selected by the Redskins in the first round: Sammy Baugh, Darrell Green, Art Monk, and Charley Taylor.
Two Washington Redskins first-round draft picks have died during their football careers. The first was Ernie Davis, who was chosen as the first overall pick in 1962. After being traded to the Cleveland Browns for Bobby Mitchell and Leroy Jackson, Davis was diagnosed with leukemia and died before playing a game with the Browns. The other was Sean Taylor, the Redskins' first round pick in 2004, who was fatally shot in November 2007 during his fourth season with the Redskins.
Darrell Green, first-round draft pick in 1983, played cornerback for the Redskins between 1983 and 2002, and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2008.
The first player ever selected in the draft, Heisman Trophy winner Jay Berwanger, chose not to play pro football. Riley Smith, taken second overall by the Boston Redskins, holds the distinction of being the first drafted player to play in the NFL.
Ernie Davis, the Redskins' first pick in 1962, became the first African-American selected number one overall in an NFL Draft.
↑ "History: History by Decades". Washington Redskins. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
↑ "Washington Redskins (1937–present)". Sportsecyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
↑ "NFL Draft History: First Round by Team". NFL.com. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
↑ Alder, James. "NFL Draft Basics:Determining Order of Selection". football.about.com. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
↑ "Draft History for Teams by Colleges". DraftHistory.com. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Hall of Famers by Franchise". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "The Ernie I knew". Star-Gazette. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
↑ "American football: Redskins' Taylor dies after shooting". Associated Press. November 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Darrell Green's Career Statistics". NFL.com. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
1 2 The Redskins chose Cal Rossi with the 9th overall pick. However, Rossi was a junior and not eligible to be drafted. They chose him again in the 1947 NFL Draft, but he never had intention to play football professionally.
Velin, Bob (April 17, 2002). "'Heisman jinx' started early: Draft's first pick". USA Today. p. SPORTS; Pg. 7C.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1948 was a lottery bonus pick.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1958 was traded to the Los Angeles Rams for Rudy Bukich.
↑ The Redskins acquired their first pick in 1961 from the Dallas Cowboys, along with a sixth round pick, for Eddie LeBaron.
↑ The Redskins traded the rights to Davis to the Cleveland Browns for the Browns' rights to Leroy Jackson. Davis was later diagnosed with leukemia and died before playing a game with the Browns.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1965 was traded to the Chicago Bears for Angelo Coia and Fred Williams.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1969 was traded to the Los Angeles Rams for the rights to Gary Beban.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1970 was traded to the San Francisco 49ers in 1968 for Walt Rock.
↑ The Redskins' traded their first and third round picks in 1971, their fourth, fifth, and sixth round picks in 1972, and Marlin McKeever to the Los Angeles Rams for Maxie Baughan, Jack Pardee, Myron Pottios, Jeff Jordan, John Wilbur, and Diron Talbert, along with a fifth round pick in 1971.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1972 was traded to the New York Jets for Verlon Biggs.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1973 was traded to the Baltimore Colts, along with Cotton Speyrer, for Roy Jefferson and a ninth round pick in 1973 and 1974. The pick was then traded to the San Diego Chargers.
↑ The Los Angeles Rams traded Richie Petitbon to the Redskins for a 1973 sixth round pick, and their 1974 first round pick (revised from 1973 second round pick after Redskins learned they had previously traded 1973 second round pick). The Rams then traded the first round pick to the Chicago Bears.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1975, along with a second round pick in 1976, was traded to the San Diego Chargers for Duane Thomas.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1976 was traded to the Miami Dolphins for Joe Theismann.
1 2 The Redskins' first picks in 1977 and 1978 were traded to the St. Louis Cardinals, along with a second-round pick in 1979, for Dave Butz.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1979 was traded to the Cincinnati Bengals for Lemar Parrish and Coy Bacon.
↑ The Redskins traded their 9th pick in the 1981 draft to the Los Angeles Rams for the 20th pick and other conditional picks.
↑ The Los Angeles Rams traded their 1981 third round pick (#69-Russ Grimm), two 1981 fifth round picks (#117-Byron Braggs and #132-Gary Sayre), and a 1982 second round pick (#49-Vernon Dean) to the Redskins for their first pick in 1982.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1984 was traded to the New York Giants for a second-round pick and third-round pick.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1985 was traded to the New Orleans Saints for George Rogers, and fifth, tenth, and eleventh round picks in 1985.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1986 was traded to the Atlanta Falcons before the 1985 Draft, along with a second round pick in 1985, for a second round pick in 1985 and 1986.
↑ The San Francisco 49ers traded their 1986 second round pick (#45-Walter Murray) to the Redskins for a 1986 tenth round pick (#270-Harold Hallman) and their 1987 first round pick.
1 2 The Redskins' first round picks in 1988 and 1989 were traded to the Chicago Bears, as compensation for Wilber Marshall.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1990 was traded to the Atlanta Falcons before the 1989 Draft, along with a second round pick in 1989, for Gerald Riggs.
↑ The Redskins acquired their first pick in 1991 from the Houston Oilers via the New England Patriots and the Dallas Cowboys.
↑ The Redskins traded their two first-round picks in 1992 to the Cincinnati Bengals, along with a third round pick in 1992, for the Bengals' first and third round picks in 1992.
↑ The Redskins traded a first-round pick in 1996 to the St. Louis Rams for Sean Gilbert.
↑ The Redskins' acquired the Dallas Cowboys' first-round pick (pick 30) in 1996 for a second and third-round pick in 1996.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 1998 was traded to the Cincinnati Bengals, along with a third-round pick in 1998, as compensation for Dan Wilkinson.
↑ The Redskins' other first round pick, pick 11, in 1999 was traded to the Minnesota Vikings, along with the 73rd pick (third-round) and the 56th overall (fifth-round) pick in the 2000 draft, for quarterback Brad Johnson.
↑ The Redskins' traded their first pick in the 1999 Draft to the New Orleans Saints for their 1999 first round pick, 1999 third round pick, 1999 fourth round pick, 1999 fifth round pick, 1999 sixth round pick, 1999 seventh round pick, 2000 first round pick, and third round pick in 2000. The Saints used that first pick in 1999 to select Ricky Williams. It was the first time that a team traded all but one pick in a draft.
↑ The Redskins' second first-round pick in 2000 was acquired from the San Francisco 49ers for the Redskins' Number 12 and 24 selections, along with two mid-round picks.
↑ The New England Patriots acquired the Redskins first round pick (21st overall–Daniel Graham) of the 2002 draft in exchange for their 2002 first round pick (32nd overall), third round (96th overall) and seventh round (234th overall).
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 2003 was traded to the New York Jets for Laveranues Coles. The pick was eventually traded to the New England Patriots.
↑ Taylor played for the Redskins for 3½ seasons before being fatally shot during the 2007 NFL season.
↑ The Redskins' second first-round pick in 2005 was acquired from the Denver Broncos for Washington's third-round pick in 2005, as well as their first pick in 2006 and a fourth round pick in 2006.
↑ The Redskins' first pick in 2006 was traded to the San Francisco 49ers via the Denver Broncos. It was part of the 2005 Draft transaction between Washington and Denver. See citation above.
↑ The Atlanta Falcons traded two 2008 second round picks (#34-Devin Thomas and #48-Fred Davis), and a 2008 fourth round pick (which was then traded to the Tennessee Titans who drafted William Hayes) to the Redskins for their 2008 first round pick (21st overall–Sam Baker), a 2008 third round pick (#84-Harry Douglas), and a 2008 fifth round pick (#154-Kroy Biermann).
1 2 3 The Redskins acquired the second overall pick in the 2012 NFL Draft from the St. Louis Rams for their No. 6 overall pick in 2012, their second-round pick in 2012, and their first-round picks in 2013 and 2014.
↑ "Pro Football Draft History: The 1930s". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
↑ "Pro Football Draft History: The 1960s". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
Alder, James. "NFL Draft Basics:Determining Order of Selection". football.about.com. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
"DatabaseFootball.com–Washington Redskins". DatabaseFootball.com. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
"Draft History–Washington Redskins". NFL.com. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
"Pro Football Draft History". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
"Washington Redskins History". Sports E-cyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
"Washington Redskins Draft History". Washington Redskins. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
"Professional Football Transactions Archive". Pro Sports Transactions. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
"Draft by Year". DraftHistory.com. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
"Hall of Famers by Franchise". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
"Draft History: 1936–59". TheHogs.net. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
"Draft History: 1960–89". TheHogs.net. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
"Draft History: 1990–present". TheHogs.net. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
"Draft History". The Football Database. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
Gay, Nancy (2000-04-14). "NFL's Draft-Day Quagmire: To Fill a Need or Catch a Star?". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
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Why is it a good idea to make a statement after the game that the quarterback position is now ‘completly open’ – are Miller and Bauserman completley lack talent that we should now, in October, look for who should be there? This is another coaching mistake for me – the team should be focused on 1, possibly 2 leaders for QB – since Miller is a freshman, I assume he has a lot of learning to go through – comments like this only seem appropriate if the coaching staff is actually planning on benching Miller and Bauserman going forward – who knows what the team is practicing on this week – but if they spend a couple of days running plays with the 3rd / 4th QB, we loose more time getting Miller comfortable.
Finally – it will get worse before it gets better – you won’t like my analogy here UC – but the press is having a field day that the collapse of OSU football is here – even some saying it is about time – kinda like the press the Yankees get when they don’t win the World Series (I had to get that one in there) – with our overpayment of washing cars / moving scrap metal (gee – that sounds like a great job) – unless there is an uprising of the Children of the Corn, Nebraska will most likely hand us another defeat – next Sunday’s articles will focus on the end of football at The Shoe. That type of media will also have an effect on the young players.
« you get what you ask for.
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Streamline your business while saving time and money with the right small business software.
Small business software can help make your business more efficient and productive. You’ll save time and money when you streamline things like invoicing, accounting, bookkeeping, payroll and even point of sale receipts.
Having the right business software can make your company more competitive. When making decisions about whether to invest in a new software application for your business, look at the cost, the time you’ll save (if any) and the added benefit to your customers. Don’t underestimate the value of the impression you’ll create for your customers by being organized and efficient. When you purchase software to help run your business, there are several questions to consider. Will this software be easy to learn for all of the people who will have to use it? Will it actually save time, after taking into account training, maintenance and support? Will having this software help me serve my customers more effectively or efficiently?
Software decisions should not be emotional decisions. Select and purchase software that you are absolutely convinced is necessary to help you succeed. Avoid software that is likely to become a distraction to growing your business. Having said that, keep in mind that being efficient is a competitive edge and most software is intended to improve your productivity and efficiency.
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The Czech Republic has made significant progress toward creating a stable and attractive climate for investment following its transition to a private market economy. Its unemployment rate is significantly lower than the EU average and while the recent economic crisis has increased joblessness, its impact has been less than in many other EU countries. However, long-term unemployment has been persistently higher than the EU27 average and women are also much less likely than men to participate in the labour market. While youth unemployment remains lower than the EU average, it is a growing concern as young people find it increasingly difficult to integrate into the labour market. Since 2008, the Czech Republic has introduced significant reforms within the employment and training system, which has altered the institutional landscape and the way in which policies and programmes are managed at the local level.
The Czech Republic has a population of 10.5 million inhabitants. It is a parliamentary republic which came into being in 1993 as a result of a peaceful split between the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic. The Czech Republic has a strong industrial tradition dating back to the 19th century, when Bohemia and Moravia were the industrial heartland of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the time of the 1948 communist takeover, Czechoslovakia had one of the higher levels of industrialisation in Europe. The “Velvet Revolution” in 1989 led to major economic reform and since then, the Czech economy has been characterised by privatisation, large inflows of foreign investment, and increasing domestic consumption.
The Czech Republic has made significant progress towards creating a stable and attractive climate for investment. As a small, open economy in the heart of Europe, economic growth is strongly influenced by demand for exports and flows of foreign direct investment. The Czech Republic became a European Union member on 1 May, 2004, a process which has had a positive impact on reform but has meant tougher competition for Czech producers.
As in other countries, the Czech Republic has been affected by the recent economic recession. In 2009, after a decade of continuous growth, GDP showed a year-on-year decrease of 4.1%, representing the deepest slump in Czech modern history (Bakule, 2011). Slight growth was restored by the end of 2009, however the recovery is less dynamic than in other economies and further risks are being created from the international slowdown and sovereign debt crises. Between 2000 and 2012, the Czech Republic has maintained a similar labour market participation rate to the EU27 average (70.3%). This has remained relatively stable over this period with little withdrawal from the labour market even during the crisis. The Czech Republic has a significantly lower unemployment rate than the EU27 average (7.0% compared to 10.5 in 2012 % - See Figure 1.1).
While the recession resulted in increased joblessness across all regions in the Czech Republic, Prague had the lowest unemployment rate in 2012 at 3.1%, followed by Central Bohemia (4.6%). The highest unemployment rate was found in Osti nad Labem (10.8%). The large regional differences in the unemployment rate suggest that there might be barriers to the geographical mobility of labour (Kuczera, 2010). Between 2007 and 2012, some of the largest increases in unemployment occurred in regions that had relatively lower levels prior to the recession (e.g. South Bohemia and Hradec Kralove), while lower increases took place in regions which were suffering high levels of unemployment before the crisis, such as Moravia-Silesia and Osti nad Labem.
Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/employment_unemployment_lfs/ data/database.
Source: Czech statistical office, Labour Force Survey, http://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo/en/maklist.jsp?kapitola_id=13&expand=1&.
market - 56% of women have jobs compared to 74% of men, a gender difference which is higher than the OECD average (13%) (OECD, 2013d). This has remained relatively stable over the last 20 years, and women also earn around 18% less than men on average.
In some regions, unemployment reacts poorly to new vacancies, indicating that jobseekers’ profiles do not apply to the jobs on offer and suggesting a potential skills mismatch rather than insufficient demand. It is interesting to note that where the number of vacancies was highest prior to the crisis, the decline in the vacancy rate has been most pronounced (e.g. Pilsen, Pardubice and Prague regions). The share of hard-to-fill vacancies also decreased from 2007 to 2010.
Note: The job vacancy rate is calculated as the number of job vacancies in relation to job vacancies plus the number of employed people.
The quality of human resources is recognised as a limiting factor for economic growth. Despite the modernisation of technology in the workplace, Czech workers spend 20% more time at work than the EU15 average. One hour of Czech labour costs slightly less than 20% of the EU15 average. Lower wage costs are accompanied by low labour productivity (62% of the EU15 average) which tends to outweigh the comparative advantage (Potueek, 2005). The downturn has led to a decline in labour productivity rather than in employment - over 70% of the drop in GDP between Q2 2008 and Q2 2009 translated into a fall in labour productivity. The average person earns less than the OECD average (USD 16 614 a year, compared to USD 22 387).
Youth unemployment is a growing concern in the Czech Republic. A booming economy, shrinking cohort sizes of young people, and a rapid expansion in school and post-secondary education enrolment have largely kept Czech youth unemployment levels low. However, the financial crisis has led to less favourable economic conditions and a rapid increase in youth unemployment. While youth unemployment increased more than it did in most European countries it still remains below the EU average (19.5% compared to 22.8% - see Figure 1.4). There is a smaller number of NEET (not in education, employment or training) youth at 8.9% compared to 13.2% in the European Union (2012).
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The time you’re sleeping is never wasted if you use it to enhance your beauty. Apply one of the best anti-aging night creams and you’ll diminish wrinkles, soften your skin, and turn back time.
You’re looking at this article for a reason. What kind of problems do you want to solve with a night cream? Do you want to make wrinkles and fine lines disappear? Are you hoping to get rid of blemishes, scars, or uneven pigmentation? Would you like to hydrate your face so it feels and looks younger? A top night cream can do all that while you rest in bed.
As you’re shopping for skin care products, here are tips about some ingredients that can help you to achieve the effects you desire.
Vitamin A, or Retinol: One of the top ingredients found in many night creams that fight signs of aging is Vitamin A. It appears under various names like retinoid, retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinyl linoleate. Retinol accelerates cellular repair and speeds up blood circulation. This gets rid of dead cells and increases the amount of collagen and elastin. The result is that your skin looks younger as sun spots, wrinkles, fine lines, and saggy skin disappear.
A note of warning about Vitamin A and its derivatives: it will make your skin more sensitive to sunlight, which will then undo all its hard work. It’s best to use this product at night, then follow up with a sunscreen in the daytime. Combine retinol products with a good moisturizer so your skin is less likely to get irritated.
Hyaluronic acid: The next ingredient in night creams is hyaluronic acid, something your body makes on its own, but its quantity lessens with age. Hyaluronic acid attracts water into the skin to plump it up and make it soft and smooth. If you want the deepest penetration into your skin, choose a micro hyaluronic formula.
Antioxidants: Vitamin C, green tea, and caffeine are antioxidants that can ward off wrinkles, spots, and possibly cancer because they protect cells from environmental damage. Harmful molecules called free radicals start forming in your body when you’re exposed to UV rays and certain pollutants. The antioxidants stop the free radicals from hurting elastin, collagen, and even your DNA. Some antioxidants fade skin discoloration while they repair cells.
Humectants: When you want your skin to soak up moisture, you need humectants like glycerin, niacinamide, and urea.
Emollients: Persons with very sensitive or acne-prone skin need to go easy and be choosy with emollients, but everyone else can enjoy any number of them. Some of the most common ones in night creams are shea butter, argan oil, jojoba oil, and coconut oil. Emollients like these seal in moisture so skin feels plump and soft.
Now let’s take a look at the wide range of the best night creams that fight signs of aging.
Era Organic’s Natural Face Cream is popular due to its natural and organic ingredients and the fact that it actually seems to work very well. Just a little dab goes a long way so the jar lasts for a while.
Users say it healed their dry skin without feeling greasy. One commented that her makeup goes on smoother the next morning. It doesn’t have parabens, sulfates, alcohols, petroleum products, or artificial dyes or fragrances so it’s not irritating to skin. Instead, it’s packed with healing ingredients like aloe, coconut oil, honey, shea butter, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, algae, hemp seed oil, and glycerin, to name just a few.
Era Organics says the hydration from their formula lasts 8 to 12 hours. It’s balanced to keep skin at a natural pH of 5.5. You can use it to treat bug bites, chapped skin, and sunburn, too. If you’re not completely happy, they offer a 60-day money-back guarantee.
Body Merry’s Retinol Surge Cream contains 2.5% retinol, a strong concentration. That key ingredient against wrinkles and age spots is combined with green tea, organic jojoba oil, Vitamins E and B5, and shea butter. It’s like a serum and cream mixed together because it treats fine lines, discoloration, and even acne breakouts all at once.
Speaking of breakouts, one user commented that the third ingredient on the label is palm oil which is somewhat comedogenic. If you have acne-prone skin, try this cream on a small area and wait a day to see how you react.
L’Oreal Paris created the RevitaLift Night Cream with Pro-Retinol A and their proprietary Stimuplex formula to firm up skin, erase fine lines, and moisturize dry skin.
A quick read through the ingredients on the label reveals that it’s water-based. It contains glycerin, fatty alcohol, shea butter, beeswax, soy protein, sunflower oil, and Vitamin A. But if you have sensitive skin, be aware that it also has petrolatum, fragrance, and parabens.
LilyAna Naturals strives to counterbalance the drying effects of Retin-A by loading their Cream Moisturizer with shea butter, jojoba oil, hyaluronic acid, Vitamin E, and green tea. They recommend their product for both men and women with any skin type.
Their non-greasy cream does not contain artificial fragrances, gluten, or parabens. It is also cruelty-free because it was never tested on animals. The soft scent is derived from aloe vera and green tea.
A user commented that this product even reduces the appearance of old acne scars. That’s a normal effect of using a strong retinol cream.
Mario Badescu’s Seaweed Night Cream is a rich moisturizer for your face if you want to avoid products with retinol. It uses the power of elastin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid to hydrate dry skin. Then the vitamins and minerals derived from bladderwrack extract feed skin the nutrients it needs to heal during the night.
Users say it’s thick but not greasy. It tingles a little bit when applied. They see a marked difference in the softness of their skin the next morning.
Glytone harnesses the power of glycolic acid to fade skin discolorations while you sleep. They say you’ll has a brighter complexion with regular use of their product. It also includes red tea extract and peptides to protect and soften skin.
The Vichy LiftActiv Night Supreme Firming Cream won Good Housekeeping’s Anti-Aging Award in 2013 for its effectiveness against wrinkles and dry skin. The thick, velvety formula isn’t sticky or greasy, and it’s ideal for sensitive skin.
Vichy says the main ingredients are rhamnose, a plant sugar that rejuvenates skin, and a gentle exfoliating agent that leaves your face soft and dewy-fresh. Although the label lists petrolatum and a fragrance, there are no parabens. Users say the scent is very light. They like the cream because it makes fine lines disappear.
Strivectin contains Retinol and Retinyl Palmitate to kick your skin’s rejuvenative forces into high gear. Besides those two key ingredients, when you read the label, you’ll see this formula is literally packed with nutrients and moisturizers. Strivectin surveyed their customers after they had used this product for 4 weeks. They found that 94% reported having smoother skin, 88% felt like their skin was hydrated and nourished, and 83% saw a noticeable difference with firmer skin. Some customers swear by it and have used it for years.
Strivectin recommends applying their AR Advanced Retinol Concentrated Serum, then applying the Night Moisturizer for maximum effect.
Apply the AR Serum both morning and night to clean, dry skin. Massage until it’s completely absorbed. Then apply the moisturizer over the top.
Baebody Retinol Moisturizer Cream for Face and Eye Area - With 2.5% Active Retinol, Hyaluronic Acid, Vitamin E.
Baebody’s Retinol Moisturizer Cream contains 2.5% active retinol, a good concentration for an over-the-counter product. The rest of the formula is 71% organic, with components like aloe vera, sunflower oil, glycerin, hyaluronic acid, green tea, jojoba oil, Vitamins B5 and E, and shea butter. It doesn’t have parabens, artificial fragrances, or dyes, but the very last ingredient is alcohol.
Here is the full list for comparison purposes: organic herbal infusion, organic aloe barbadensis (aloe vera), organic helianthus annuus (sunflower oil), isopropyl palmitate (palm oil), glyceryl stearate, cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, cassia angustifolia seed polysaccharide (botanical hyaluronic acid), kosher vegetable glycerin, retinol, organic simmondsia chinensis (jojoba oil), camellia sinensis (green tea), resina propoli (propolis), butyrospermum parkii (shea butter), panthenol (vitamin b5), tocopherol (vitamin e), phenoxyethanol, xanthan gum, phospholipids (lecithin), pentylene glycol, polysorbate 20, potassium sorbate, ethylhexyl glycerin, alcohol.
Kleem Organics’ Retinol Moisturizer also contains a 2.5% solution of Retinol plus hyaluronic acid, jojoba oil, green tea, and Vitamin E. It doesn’t have parabens and is alcohol-free. Compare their ingredients with the Baebody Moisturizer above and the Radha Beauty one below.
This is the full ingredient list for comparison purposes: organic aloe barbadensis (aloe vera), organic helianthus annuus (sunflower oil), isopropyl palmitate (palm oil), pentylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, phospholipids, retinol, polysorbate 20, potassium phosphate, tocopheryl (vitamin e), cassia angustifolia seed polysaccharide, glyceryl stearate, cetanol, stearic acid, kosher vegetable glycerin, organic simmondsia chinensis (jojoba oil), wildcrafted camellia sinensis (green tea), wildcrafted resina propoli (propolis), butyrospermum parkii (shea butter), panthenol (vitamin b5), rose ether, ethylhexyl glycerin, xanthan gum, and citric acid.
Radha Beauty’s Retinol Moisturizer Cream also contains Retinol plus 71% organic ingredients including aloe, green tea, jojoba oil, and shea butter. The full list reads like this: organic aloe vera, organic sunflower oil, palm oil, Pentylene glycol, Phospholipids, retinol, polysorbate 20, potassium phosphate, vitamin E, Cassia angustifolia seed (hyaluronic acid), glyceryl stearate, stearic acid, kosher vegetable glycerin, organic jojoba oil, wildcrafted green tea, Shea butter, panthenol-vitamin B5, phenoxyethanol, ethylhexyl glycerin, xanthan gum, citric acid.
As you can see, all three formulas are similar, and users seem to like all three products. Just one note if you have sensitive skin: the palm oil in each one could cause breakouts because it’s potentially comedogenic unlike jojoba or sunflower oils.
BeeFriendly’s Best Night Cream is handmade by holistic beekeepers in Hawaii. That alone makes it sound appealing! The formula is water-based and contains organic extra virgin olive oil, beeswax with pollen & propolis, raw Hawaiian honey, geranium essential oil, lemon essential oil, and Vitamin E.
Users say just a small amount of this thick, rich cream goes a long way. It initially seems greasy but sinks in quickly, and leaves skin very soft and smooth. BeeFriendly recommends applying it to your face, neck, and decollette.
Mee Beauty’s Best Anti-Aging Night Cream is also based on pure honey because it’s naturally antibacterial and attracts moisture into skin. They say they are a family-owned business of beekeepers and they donate a percentage of their revenue to Save the Bees.
This cream’s users report that they love the thick cream that has a lovely soft scent and leaves their skin very soft. Some say they feared they would have a break-out, but have been able to use the moisturizer without any problems.
Eva Naturals’s Vanilla Bean Night Cream smells delicious and leaves skin soft and hydrated in the morning. It contains vanilla bean plus shiitake mushroom (kojic acid) to brighten skin tone and CoQ10 to speed up collagen production.
The green tea shrinks puffy areas under eyes while Vitamins B5 and E neutralize free radicals. Coconut oil is a natural antibiotic that softens skin while Rooibos (red tea) adds moisture to it.
Users say they appreciate the tasty scent and the fact that it doesn’t irritate their eyes. Their skin is noticeably softer when they use it.
It’s a good thing Israeli company AHAVA sells their products abroad because they are very popular. Their Time to Hydrate Night Replenisher combines sweet almond extract, avocado and jojoba oil so you wake up with hydrated soft, and younger-looking skin.
Investing in a good night cream is a must for 30s and up. When we sleep is when our skin does most of its healing and recovery work. Having a good night cream helps in this recovery process. We hope we helped you discover the perfect anti-aging night cream to replenish and rejuvenate your skin. And if you're looking for a day cream that combats anti-aging, check out our article to learn our recommendations.
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Can you save the egg? You will need to work as a team to complete this almost ‘impossible task’. The overall team challenge is to build a structure to save an egg from breaking when dropped from a height. Working on skills such as communication, listening, leadership and delegation, you will be given mini team challenges along the way to gain all the items needed to build the structure. Your imagination and cooperation will be needed to ensure the safety of the egg.
Activities such as archery and orienteering are a great way to engage children and young people with maths and to see how it can be used in different ways other than just in the classroom. It gives them practical experience of its uses to draw upon when back in the classroom.
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0.999978 |
Ask a question to Demian S.
On this 2 and 1/2 hour, English-speaking tour, see Paris’ finest street art, learn about the culture, visit a street art gallery, and meet the artists.
Underground Paris promotes the Paris street art scene and provides a year round documentary via the Alternative Paris project. We are tied to the artists and organisations that are at the heart of France’s urban art culture.
Our guided tours are based in the stories behind specific works of art, the culture and history of Paris street art and graffiti, how Paris fits into the global street art scene, and, of course, the artists that produce this artwork of the people.
The routes are constantly being updated, but typically any tour will visit the main street art and graffiti zones in the north-east of Paris: Oberkampf, Ménilmontant and Belleville, visiting a street art graffiti gallery, where you will be able to meet the artists in person and buy artworks at affordable prices, and ending where we will often see graffiti artists painting.
Our tours are constantly being updated to include the newest artworks, and with fresh artwork constantly being put up – and removed – we can claim that every tour is unique to the other.
We are known for being relaxed and informal, but also as experts in street art and we are friends of the artists, so our knowledge of the scene comes from the streets.
Our walks do not require special preparation, but be sure to wear comfortable footwear, suitable for two to three hours of walking, and dress for the season. Also, as well as a camera, some people like to keep a notepad with them to help remember the names of particular artists, street names, and the places we'll visit.
See more activities with Demian S.
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Let me tell you the right riding postures.
The saddle generally needs to be installed horizontally, or the front end adjusted slightly lower, but try not to make the front tilt.
Some often complain about the hip pain after riding the bicycle, which may be caused by the excessive pressure from the front of the saddle on the hip or the inside of the thigh. Under this circumstance, you need to check whether your saddle is horizontal or even adjust a little the nose of the saddle downward, which can alleviate the hip joints abrasion.
There is another effective way to reduce abrasion: to wear riding pants with a cushion.
If the saddle height is inappropriate, knee pains will occur after a long-distance riding. Most of the time, the body knee damage cannot be restored, the doctor can only help you to keep the situation from deteriorating. So it’s necessary to attach importance to the height of the saddle and maintain the correct posture to protect the knee joints from injuries.
From my personal experience, the best saddle height is that: when the foot pedal reaches the lowest point, your leg can extend straight without much effort and the knees don’t need to bend. But when the leg is stretched straight with a little effort, knees can bend slightly so that the blood goes through the knees when you are riding.
Of course, if you do not adapt to the new bike and are not accustomed to a saddle too high, you can lower it at the beginning and gradually increase its height with safety as the priority.
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People tend to perceive faces they are familiar with as looking happier than unfamiliar faces, even when the faces actually express the same emotion to the same degree, says a study.
"We show that familiarity with someone else's face affects the happiness you perceive in subsequent facial expressions from that person," said Evan Carr of Columbia Business School, Columbia University in New York City.
"Our findings suggest that familiarity - just having 'expertise' with someone else's face through repeated exposure - not only influences traditional ratings of liking, attractiveness, etc. but also impacts 'deeper' perceptions of the actual emotion you can extract from that person," Carr said.
The fact that people tend to prefer things they are familiar with - whether people, objects, or other stimuli - has been demonstrated many times in research studies, in many different ways.
But a fundamental question remains: Why do we prefer familiar things? Is it knowing that something is familiar that engenders positive feelings? Or could it be that familiarity actually leads us to perceive stimuli more positively?
The researchers hypothesised that familiarity might guide our fundamental perceptual processes in a bottom-up fashion, selectively enhancing the positive features of a stimulus.
To test this hypothesis, they designed two experiments that examined how people responded to familiar and unfamiliar faces.
In the first experiment, the researchers morphed images of male and female faces to create faces that varied in the type and degree of emotion expressed.
This process resulted in a continuum of morphed faces that ranged from 50 per cent angry to neutral to 50 per cent happy. The researchers then divided the images into two sets.
The researchers then familiarised the participants with some faces.
Participants were more likely to identify the familiar face as the happier one in the pair, despite the fact that the faces showed the same emotion to the same degree, the findings, published in the journal Psychological Science, showed.
And they were increasingly more likely to choose the familiar face as the positive features in the faces increased.
In a second experiment, Carr and colleagues asked 40 undergraduate participants to look at a series of faces and decide whether each face was either "happy or angry."
The results replicated those of the first experiment. Participants were more likely to identify familiar faces as happy compared with unfamiliar ones, but only when the faces were emotionally neutral or positive.
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A man who was allegedly in the same police van as Freddie Gray, whose death in custody sparked riots in Baltimore, has rejected claims the 25-year-old caused his own fatal injuries.
In television interviews, Donta Allen claimed he was the man police said was picked up about 20 minutes after Gray was arrested, and was put in the same van as the 25-year-old, who was arrested on 12 April on Presbury Street, west Baltimore.
On 30 April, the Washington Post published leaked police documents containing allegations from the second man in the van that Gray "was intentionally trying to injure himself" by "banging against the walls".
In an interview with CBS, Allen said the police account was inaccurate and he had heard "a little banging like [Gray] was banging his head".
"And they're trying to make it seem like I told them that, I made it like Freddie Gray did that to himself," Allen said. "Why the f**k would he do that to himself?"
In an interview with WBAL TV, Allen said the journey to the police station passed without incident and all he heard was "a little banging for about four seconds".
When asked if he told police he heard Gray banging his own head against the police van, Allen said: "I told homicide that. I don't work for the police. I did not tell the police nothing."
Local media were briefed on the police investigation into Gray's death, which concluded that he died after slamming his head against a bolt in the van.
There has been speculation Gray was subjected to a "rough ride" in the van, an alleged police punishment technique in which a prisoner is thrown to side by the motion of the vehicle. Police have confirmed Gray was not wearing a seat belt in the back of the van.
Allen told WJZ- TV that when they arrived at the station, he heard officers saying: "We got him, we gave him a run for his money."
On 30 April, police handed their findings to the state attorney for Baltimore, who will decide whether to press charges against any of the six officers involved in Gray's detention. Allen's statement is included in the report.
Allen was arrested because he allegedly stole a cigarette from a store and was not charged after being brought to the station.
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Nathreza is the homeworld of the demonic nathrezim, more commonly known as dreadlords, one of the first species to join the Burning Legion. It is described as being a collection of rocks suffused with powerful magics, adrift in the Twisting Nether, the astral plane between worlds. It possesses at least one small sun as well as numerous small moons, all orbiting the planet. Bits of rock float through the air, held aloft by magic, and green light blazes from the landscape's rock, as well as from the planet's sun. There is known to exist at least one city on Nathreza, made of basalt towers and illuminated by the flare of green fel lanterns, with black discs running up the sides of its buildings. In the center of the city sits a massive windowless tower with green runes lighting up its sides. The planetoid itself is carved from pure magical energy congealed into pulsing chromatic stone.
Within the city's tower sits the most prized possession of the nathrezim: a room of archives containing knowledge on every triumph, every conquest, every campaign, and every plot that was ever orchestrated in the name of the Burning Legion. Composed of towers of obsidian discs arranged chronologically, the archive contains information on all the races and planets the Legion has encountered, and constitutes a monument of pride for the dreadlords. The primary language of Nathreza is the dreadlords' own tongue, although it is rarely used outside their homeworld. Ultimately, many details of Nathreza remain unknown, it being highly uncommon for any outside the Legion to lay eyes upon it.
Since the place was located in the Twisting Nether and saturated with demonic energies of the Burning Legion, every single demon that was slain on Nathreza died permanently, thus making them unable to return back to life. When Illidan Stormrage finished his attack on Nathreza he collapsed the portal behind him as he left, which he believed would cause cataclysmic damage to the planet akin to that which shattered Draenor into Outland.
A nathrezim, native inhabitants of Nathreza.
This section concerns content related to the World of Warcraft: Illidan novel.
Just before the outbreak of the Invasion of Outland, Illidan Stormrage, the new Lord of Outland, put his plans in motion to launch an assault on the dreadlords' homeworld. Having spiritually visited Nathreza through a complex ritual he conducted, Illidan was able to discern the planet's location in the vastness of the Twisting Nether. Soon afterwards, having sprung a trap on the warden Maiev Shadowsong and her forces at the Hand of Gul'dan in Shadowmoon Valley, Illidan used the souls of the slain—including his own soldiers'—to fuel a portal of seismic proportions.
Illidan ordered his massed demon hunters through the portal and, upon reaching the other side, the force found itself on Nathreza. Engaging an army of demonic defenders containing many nathrezim, Illidan's forces quickly routed and slaughtered them, despite possessing much smaller numbers. The Illidari pressed on to the nearby nathrezim city, fighting more demons to reach the entrance to the archives. Illidan breached the tower and, with several of his most trusted in tow, descended to the room of records. After fighting back Legion reinforcements, the Betrayer hastened to seize his objective, the Seal of Argus, realising that time was of the essence. After this, his force retreated to the portal back to Outland and retreated through it, fighting off more demons. Once all were through, Illidan collapsed the portal; by his calculations, this should have caused such damage to Nathreza as to shatter the planet in the same fashion as Draenor. Indeed, shortly after the portal closed, Nathreza blew apart. Every demon on its surface perished.
Before leaving Nathreza's vast archives, Illidan made a point of damaging the majority of its discs, ruining the dreadlords' most cherished monument. The disc which he had recovered, the Seal of Argus, was revealed to be the record of the Legion's actions on the planet Argus, containing its location, which Illidan intended to use in his future plans.
The Kirin Tor learned that the Mal'Ganis of the past left behind an artifact from Nathreza in the Culling of Stratholme, and sent agents to retrieve it.
Years later when the forces of Azeroth attacked Argus, Portal Keeper Hasabel opened portals to various Legion-dominated worlds, including Nathreza, implying that part of it survived, probably in a manner akin to Outland. Hasabel describes Nathreza as "once a world of magic and knowledge, now a twisted landscape from which none escape".
Mephistroth or Tichondrius would logically have been the leaders of Nathreza, given their positions in nathrezim leadership.
The citadel Illidan broke into on Nathreza is likely where the dreadlords met in The Dreadlords Convene, an interlude from the undead campaign in Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos.
It is unknown if any notable dreadlords perished during Illidan's attack, as most of the well-known nathrezim appeared during World of Warcraft: Legion.
Nathreza may be depicted in this image under the word "Fel", as it appears to have small moons orbiting it like Nathreza does.
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Where do you start a narrative about music and migration? My thoughts are, it really depends on what you’re trying to say. In this instance, in the spirit of celebration, I’m suggesting songs for a playlist I’ve titled the ‘Windrush 70/50. The aim is to recognise the 70 years since the arrival of Windrush, through 50 years of reggae music as experienced in the UK. My start point is the music most probably on board the SS Windrush in 1948, as it docked in Tilbury, Essex. Significant to my playlist is the musician, that in a chance encounter with a journalist, summed up the feelings of many on board – with a rendition of his newly compose song “London is the place for me”. He was calypso Artist Lord Kitchener, and like many musicians to follow, he gave voice to the aspirations of the community, whilst introducing new perspectives to Britain’s cultural life. Back then food, calypso, cricket and Soundsystem culture, were key conduits that connected Caribbean’s in England’s green and often, not so pleasant land. Sometimes music was the only escape and connection with back home, some 4271 nautical miles away. In the late 50s early 60s turntable favourites in UK homes could include but was not limited to artists like: Luis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillesby, Elvis, Nat King Cole and Sam Cooke, to Russ Conway, Fats” Domino, Aretha franklin, Val Doonican, Tom Jones, Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder, Nat King Cole. Favourites reflected hits from the island’s, the UK and the US. Suggestions for my playlist might include: “I did it my Way” Frank Sinatra, “Moon River” Andy Williams, “Boogie in My Bones” Laurel Atkins, “What a Wonderful World”- Luis Armstrong, “Oh Caroline” The Folks Brothers, “Chain Gang” Sam Cooke, “Green Green Grass of home” Tom Jones, “A Night in Tunisia” Dizzy Gillesby, “Madness”/ “One Step Beyond” and “Al Capone” Prince Buster. We should also consider early top 20 UK hits like, ‘Alone or I am a mole and I live in a hole’ by The Southlanders, a Jamaican / British vocal group in late 1950s, Emile Fords self-produced cover of “What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?”, that made number 1 in the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for six week. These are just some of the songs, that provided the occasional beacons of success, in an otherwise hazardous aspirational landscape. By the mid 60s Britain’s love affair with Jamaican music was visible to all. The hit Ska song ‘My Boy Lollipop’ by 14-year-old singer Millie Small, made the top 5 position in the national charts, and stayed there for four weeks. Technically this was the first hit for Chris Blackwell’s island Records. But more importantly, this was evidence that in spite of the often negative, social and political backdrop, the music of Jamaican independence was now breaking down barriers and building bridges. An import label was Trojan records and songs on the playlist from this period might include: Desmond Dekker’s “Israelites”, “Rudy, A Message to You” by Dandy Livingstone, “Monkey Man” by The Maytals and “One Step Beyond” by Prince Buster. The mid 1970s saw first generation Black British born individuals, both recoiled from, and embraced their Britishness. Lost between conflicting ideas of home, identity and community – and let down by an educational system, that failed to inspire confidence or meet aspirations, music would again offer an escape. In 1972, the now iconic film ‘The Harder They Come’, provided not just a big screen visual representation of up town and down town Kingston Jamaica, but a banging soundtrack with Rocksteady hits that still sound great today. So, a must on the playlist is: “You Can Get It If You Really Want”, Jimmy Cliff, “Rivers of Babylon” by The Melodians and “0.0.7/ Shanty Town”, Desmond Dekker. The music resonated with biblical and ghetto references in equal measures providing inspiration and salvation. By the mid 70s, Roots reggae and dub became the dominant genres in Britain. Signposting the love affair was not just still on, but set to explode. The UK was soon to become the international capital of Jamaican music – and now perfectly equipped to introduce its own genre Lover’s Rock. Britain’s first indigenous black music genre. Sir Lloyd Coxson says the genre was underpinned by an established network of Soundsystems, that numbered almost 500 as we hit the 1980s. The seeds of multiculturalism might have already been sown, but the impact of Jamaican culture and music was now a key catalyst in moving black British Culture into the mainstream. Not to mention Rock Against Racism that that widened access and increased profile. Possible additions to the playlist: “I shot the sheriff”-Erick Clapton – Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry – Burning Spear” Caught You in a Lie”-Louisa Mark, “Warrior Charge”- Aswad, “Silly Games”- Janet Kay, “Klu Klux Klan”- Steel Pulse, “Police and Thieves”-Clash, “Ghost Town”-The Specials, With the 1980s came the death of Bob Marley, the rise of Dancehall, the birth of Ragga and a new generation of Jamaican DJs and MCs. This was a time of transition. The Windrush generation was now more inclined to look back at a glorious musical past, whilst their British born children, now adults asserted themselves in the reimagining of Jamaican music, from British perspective. Ska was now The Specials “Rudy Don’t Fear”, Reggae was now UB40 “Kingston Town” by Lord Creator. There was also Pop and rock responses to what was now almost four decades of Jamaican music in Britain. The Police’s “Beds to Big”, and Police and Thieves” by the Clash and Blondies “The Tide is High” by the Paragons. 1983 would also see Alphonsus “Arrow” Cassell, release Hot Hot Hot, become one of the most recognized soca songs. This year marks fifty years of Trojan records. So, as we look back at UK reggae labels like Jet Star, VP, Green Sleeves records were the tip of a challenging but flourishing music industry – the 1880s also marks the tail of what was a golden period for reggae in Britain. I’ve barely scratched the surface of songs that should be listed so please feel free to add your tracks. Mykaell S. Riley began his career in the late seventies as a performer with pioneering Reggae outfit ‘Steel Pulse’ who went on to achieve a Grammy. In the nineties he founded the Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra, who represent the most visibly black/multicultural collection of classically trained musicians in the UK. He has been a professional writer/producer and performer for over 25 years. Over this period he has achieved Silver, Gold and Platinum awards and contributed to four number 1 singles and seven number 1 albums via his production and writing work. He works as a music industry consultant and a content developer for music related educational programmes. He is a subject specialist (music/production) for the Open University validation panel. He is a member Arts & Business foundation, a board member of Camden Arts & Business Consortium, on the steering group for South Themes College, and a fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts.
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In what ways will the material learned in these chapters help me manage my stress more effectively?
Assignment 7: Mindful Awareness Reflection Journal Entry (Chapters 9 and 10)In writing your journal entries, there are many opportunities to include personal experiences about your daily living. The purpose of this assignment is for you to reflect on any mindful experience you have after reading the chapters for the week, listening to the CD or the meditation video, or any experience you have during the week where you felt you were mindful. For example: 1. Acknowledge (describe the experience just as it is without internal or external filters).2. Intentional Attention (describe what each of your senses were experiencing during that moment).3. Accept Without Judgment (write about how you were or were not able to be present in that experience without judging or having expectations)4. Willing Choose (write about how you responded to your experience; what you learned as a result of this experience and how this experience made you more aware for the future).5. Mindful Meditation Experience (Mindful Practice) write about your thoughts, feelings, and experiences you had during or after your meditation experience.Please use the above template to write about any experience you want to. Each of us is different so we will all have unique experiences and interpret the readings/materials in various ways. There is no right or wrong answer with this assignment. It is meant for you to practice learning mindfulness as part of your daily routine. As long as I can tell you are reading the course materials and are somehow relating it to what is happening in your daily life, what you decide to reflect on is up to you. It is your journal for personal growth and reflection! It is also kept private between student and instructor.Please put forth effort with this assignment. I will be closely reading each and every one of them. One sentence answers really are not going to cut it! Since this is your own personal experience, it should not be difficult to write a short paragraph or at least several sentences for each section of the journal. You actually might find it fun, helpful, and even stress relieving for you to jot down your thoughts and experiences as they come up in your journals. Do not over think it!Remember to write one journal entry for each chapter.Note. See the Assignment/Discussion Rubric section (left navigation menu) for the full grading criteria.
In this activity, you will reflect on the assigned readings and your thoughts, ideas, experiences, as well as what you have learned following the completion of the chapters/activities.After reading through the assigned chapters in the text, use the Critical Thinking Workbook Template below to reflect upon your thoughts, ideas, experiences, as well as what you have learned following the completion of the chapters/activites.Your initial post must contain 350 to 500 words. The most important information/key concepts we need to understand from these chapters are:How can I use the information in the chapters to help me with my daily mindfulness practice?What are your thoughts and feedback regarding the information and activities for each chapter?Note. See the Assignment/Discussion Rubric section (left navigation menu) for the full grading criteria.
Previous Previous post: In detail describe the scene or scenes from this film that disturbed you the most what were you thinking as you were watching this film how did it make you feel?
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0.941908 |
How to keep this closed? The previous models had a loose flip and was impossible to keep closed without a rubber band around it - has this been fixed?
Yup. There seem to be magnets all over this thing: it's held in the closed position magnetically, and likewise in the fully open position (keys folded around to the back), and likewise in either of the two angled positions where the keyboard is active. The angled positions in particular have really strong magnetization, it takes noticeable effort to pull it apart.
Not sure I'd want to keep credit cards or magnetic media next to this thing ;-), but it definitely doesn't need rubber bands in normal usage.
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I want to invest in cryptocurrencies but considering the recent trend on bitcoin I am little nervous, Please help me to understand what should i do for a reliable investment.
I was in the same dilemma when I thought of investing and I did a lot of research and came across mayfair-trading.com. They helped me to understand all about it and I just went ahead putting my faith in them and they did not let me down, their useful tips made me more confident and I kept going.
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Last time we looked at the process by which preliminary designs are selected. But what factors go into a preliminary design, and how do the designers balance them?
The first and most important job of a battleship is to float. This means that, per Archimedes' principle, the hull of the battleship will displace an amount of water equal to the ship's weight, and the ship will sink into the water until the volume displaced weighs that much. For the battleship designer, this is not a trivial problem. Most of the components of a battleship, armor, heavy guns, and steam plants, are quite heavy, and the design is limited primarily by its ability to carry weight. Modern warships, on the other hand, are limited by volume available for relatively light computers, radar, and missile systems. Of course, volume isn't completely irrelevant to battleships. In particular, the area to be armored is often set by the need to protect magazines and machinery, and increases in the volume of these systems can drive up the weight of armor required, assuming thickness is held constant.1 This in turn might mean that a bigger ship is required. If speed is to be kept constant, this will require more power. This means more machinery weight and volume, and more armor weight. This cycle can repeat indefinitely, and it is the job of the designer to keep it from happening.
Battleship design took place in the pre-digital age, which meant that all calculations were laborious and designers had to use various heuristics. These varied between nations, but allow those of us playing at home to get an idea of the trade space the designers had to work in.
Obviously, the designer is burdened by more than just the 60% rule. Armament weight was usually between 10% and 15% of displacement, but the obvious insanity of trying to cram even six 16" triple turrets onto an Iowa suggests that there are other constraints. While a few ships were built with an excessive number of turrets, most notably HMS Agincourt, concerns about blast interference, magazine volume, and the need for deck space for boats and aircraft formed an indirect check on armament weight.
Another important aspect of battleship designs was balance. The era of the dreadnought ended before the analytical methodologies we take for granted today were developed, and as such, much cruder heuristics had to be used. A battleship was considered balanced if it was adequately armored against its own guns, although exactly what constituted adequate armor was a matter of national design standards. For instance, the protection scheme of the Nelson class was based around concentrating the guns forward, which shortened the citadel. The US, on the other hand, required an armored belt that was 60% of total waterline length, which meant that this arrangement would save no weight. But a typical arrangement would be an immune zone about 10,000 yards wide against whatever gun and shell were planned to arm the ship. The exact location of this immune zone would be set to wherever it would cost the least tonnage.
The apparent logic behind balance was that it minimized the chances of a ship being grossly unsuited for the threats it would face. A ship that was underarmored ran the risk of being disabled early in battle,4 while a ship that had inadequate speed would be unable to catch enemies. An underarmed ship might find itself outranged, or unable to put enough shells on the target to disable it quickly. Another reason for this was the inherent conservatism of warship designers. When dealing with the largest individual items in the defense budget, everyone involved tends to be cautious. A good choice would provide a slight increase in effectiveness, while a bad one could essentially render a massive investment, a minimum of several hundred million dollars in 2018 money, useless.
A few other scaling laws bear mentioning. Armor weight for a given thickness scales with the 2/3rds power of displacement. As the ship gets bigger, volume (and thus buoyancy) rises with the cube of length, while surface area rises with the square of length. For those who don't think in math, this means that a bigger ship can inherently carry more armor than a smaller ship. Bigger ships also gain an advantage in propulsion efficiency. While the finer points of hydrodynamics are outside the scope of this post, the essential fact is that at high speed, a longer ship has lower resistance. In practice, the ratio Power/(Speed*Displacement) was fairly linear across most dreadnoughts, although in some cases it was possible to reduce required power by making a ship longer. A bigger ship also has economies of scale in armament and crew facilities.
So if technical factors push for bigger ships, what counteracted this? The restrictions were a combination of operational and financial. The world's greatest battleship is useless if it's in dockyard hands or on the other side of the world. Not only did a greater number of smaller ships hedge against this threat, but it also meant that the force as a whole was more resistant to damage. While bigger ships were somewhat less vulnerable than small ones to gun and torpedo damage, a single well-placed hit could disable a battleship of any size, so it made sense to spread the guns out across as many ships as possible.
The financial end was primarily a matter of port facilities. To be useful, a battleship had to be able to enter ports without running aground, fit into drydocks, and so on. All of these facilities were expensive, and there was a strong drive to fit ships into them. The most obvious example of this was the US, which needed to make sure that its battleships could fit within the limits of the Panama Canal, so they could easily be transferred between the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. This limit was respected until the Montana class, which were planned in tandem with a widening of the Panama Canal. Both were cancelled on the outbreak of war, although the second project was finally completed in 2016. The Germans likewise had to widen the Kiel Canal to allow dreadnoughts to pass through, only completing the project by the outbreak of war in 1914.
Going forward, I plan to start looking at the process of constructing a battleship, as well as looking in more detail at the process by which the design was finalized.
I did always guess that the concept of a balanced battleship was some sort of rule of thumb, but it is good to see it explicitly.
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Это оригинальное предложение, не являющееся изначально переводом другого переложения.
Тебе бы только на диване валяться да музыку слушать!
Вы не можете переводить предложения, так как не указали в вашем профиле ни одного языка.
Would this be translated as "You would just lie around on the couch listening to music!"?
Or "You'd prefer to just lie around on the couch listening to music!"?
The meaning is "All you do is lie around on the couch listening to music and all you want is to go on like this" :) How would you express it in English?
In what situation would you use the Russian sentence?
When somebody is reluctant to do what is required of him and prefers to lie on the couch and listen to music. It sounds like a reproach.
A mother would say this to his son when he doesn't want anything to do except lie on the couch and listen to music.
The Russian sentence is neither a question nor a demand, but a statement of fact :) Maybe "All you ever do is..." is a good translation, indeed.
Если вам нравятся материалы проекта, пожалуйста, рассмотрите возможность сделать пожертвование.
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0.999972 |
Question: Can you please outline how I should think through the money I would need to start a small business?
Start-up costs: These costs include such one-time expenses as legal fees, licenses and permits, utility and lease deposits, furniture and fixtures, inventory, leasehold improvements (remodels or additions to the store or office space you rent or lease), signage and everything you need to initially open for business. Consult another business' profit and loss statement (P&L), or a pro forma P&L sample on a business-plan template, for a listing of the typical day-to-day ongoing expenses you're going to incur.
Reserve: The reserve is an amount consisting of enough capital to overcome forecasting mistakes and/or make up for variances from your budget. Just about every small business startup has forecasting mistakes and budget variances, so please plan accordingly.
Bootstrapping: The internal generation of initial financing, using primarily your own personal resources, and sometimes complemented by various forms of equity investments or loans from family, friends and relatives.
Outsourcing: The external generation of financing for both startup expenses and ongoing business needs, using outside resources such as banks, angels and venture capitalists.
Bootstrapping is a much more likely source of funds than outsourcing for most startups. Besides, providers of outsourced funds also aren't likely to give you the money you need unless they see that you've done your bootstrapping first.
Whether you bootstrap the financing of your business or whether you finance it using money from outsiders, you must first estimate your cash needs. If you plan to go the bootstrapping route, estimate your cash needs to minimize the chances of running out of money, a situation that can lead to the failure of your business and the loss of all the invested capital. If you plan to outsource your capital infusion, estimate your cash needs to ensure potential lenders that you have solid projections for your future cash needs.
If you do end up obtaining outside capital, nothing shouts "inexperience" like having to go back to your source at a later date and ask for more money. Looking for a surefire way to raise a red flag in front of your banker or investor? Tell him or her you made a mistake in forecasting, and you need more capital than you originally asked for. Whether you'll get your capital the second time around is up for grabs, but one thing is certain: You'll get increased scrutiny. Bankers and investors don't like oversights and mistakes, especially when it comes to issues dealing with their money.
So, what's the obvious solution? Just as remodeling work on a home often takes longer and costs more than expected, many entrepreneurs find that their startup requires more cash than they expected. That's why you should allow yourself sufficient time to investigate, reflect upon and estimate the costs associated with starting your business.
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Hayek was born in Vienna to a Catholic family of prominent intellectuals. He was a distant cousin of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. At the University of Vienna he received doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively, and he also studied psychology and economics with keen interest. Initially sympathetic to socialism, Hayek's economic thinking was transformed during his student years in Vienna through attending Ludwig von Mises' private seminars along with Fritz Machlup and other young students. He was a student of Friedrich von Wieser.
Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University from 1923 to 1924. He then served as director of the newly formed Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics at the behest of Lionel Robbins in 1931. Unwilling to return to Austria after its annexation to Nazi Germany, Hayek became a British citizen in 1938, a status he held for the remainder of his life.
In the 1930s Hayek enjoyed a considerable reputation as a leading economic theorist but his models were challenged by followers of John Maynard Keynes who argued for more active government intervention in economic affairs. The debate between the two schools of thought remains unresolved today, with Hayek's position gaining currency since the late 1970s. In 1950 Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, becoming a professor in the Committee on Social Thought (he was not a member of the Economics department). He found himself at Chicago amongst other prominent economists, such as Milton Friedman, but by this time Hayek had turned his interests towards political philosophy and psychology. From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize for Economics, causing a revival of interest in the Austrian school of economics. In 1984 he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his 'services to the study of economics'. Later he was a visiting professor at the University of Salzburg. Hayek died in 1992 in Freiburg, Germany.
Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek believed that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary cooperation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In his popular book, The Road to Serfdom (1944) and in subsequent works, Hayek claimed that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn had a risk of leading towards totalitarianism, because the central authority would have to be endowed with powers that would impact social life as well.
Building on the earlier work of Mises and others, Hayek also argued that in centrally-planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, but that these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. The efficient exchange and use of resources, Hayek claimed, can be maintained only through the price mechanism in free markets (see economic calculation problem). In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronize local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He coined the term catallaxy to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation."
In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law, with as little arbitrary intervention as possible.
Hayek viewed the free price system, not as a conscious invention (that which is intentionally designed by man), but as spontaneous order, or what is referred to as "that which is the result of human action but not of human design". Thus, Hayek put the price mechanism on the same level as, for example, language. Such thinking led him to speculate on how the human brain could accommodate this evolved behavior. In The Sensory Order (1952), he proposed, independently of Donald Hebb, the connectionist hypothesis that forms the basis of the technology of neural networks and of much of modern neurophysiology.
Hayek attributed the birth of civilization to private property in his book The Fatal Conceit (1988). According to him, price signals are the only possible way to let each economic decision maker communicate tacit knowledge or dispersed knowledge to each other, in order to solve the economic calculation problem.
Hayek's writings on capital, money, and the business cycle are widely regarded as his most important contributions to economics. Mises had earlier explained monetary and banking theory in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), applying the marginal utility principle to the value of money and then proposing a new theory of industrial fluctuations based on the concepts of the British Currency School and the ideas of the Swedish economist Knut Wicksell. Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, which defended what later become known as the "Austrian business cycle theory". In his Prices and Production (1931) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941) he explained the origin of the business cycle in terms of central bank credit expansion and its transmission over time in terms of capital misallocation caused by artificially low interest rates.
The "Austrian business cycle theory" has been criticized by advocates of rational expectations and other components of neoclassical economics, who point to the neutrality of money and to the real business cycle theory as providing a sounder understanding of the phenomenon. Hayek, in his 1939 book Profits, Interest and Investment, distanced himself from other theorists of the Austrian School, such as Mises and Rothbard, in beginning to shun the wholly monetary theory of the business cycle in favor of a more eccentric understanding based more on profits than on interest rates. Hayek explicitly notes that most of the more accurate explanations of the business cycle place more emphasis on real instead of nominal variables. He also notes that this more eccentric explanation model of the business cycle which he proposes cannot be wholly reconciled with any specific Austrian theory.
While known more as an economist than a philosopher, in the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social philosophy and political philosophy, derived largely from his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the role played by his spontaneous order in social institutions. His arguments in favor of a society organized around a market order (in which the apparatus of state is employed solely to secure the peace necessary for a market of free individuals to function) were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. In his philosophy of science, Hayek was highly critical of what he termed scientism—abuses of the methods of science in the attempt to justify inherently unknowable propositions, particularly in the fields of economics and economic history (see The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies in the Abuse of Reason, 1952). In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), he develops his social theory of spontaneous order into a bold philosophy of mind which has recently become the focus of a renewed level of interest within the fields of cognitive science and evolutionary psychology.
Hayek attracted new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States and the United Kingdom. Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative British prime minister from 1979 to 1990, was an outspoken devotée of Hayek's writings. Shortly after Thatcher became Leader of the party, she "reached into her briefcase and took out a book. It was Friedrich von Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Interrupting [the speaker], she held the book up for all of us to see. 'This', she said sternly, 'is what we believe', and banged Hayek down on the table." After winning the 1979 election, Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament’s economic strategies. Likewise, some of Ronald Reagan’s economic advisors were friends of Hayek. .
Hayek wrote an essay entitled Why I Am Not a Conservative , (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty) in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program. His criticism was aimed primarily at European-style conservatism, which has often opposed capitalism as a threat to social stability and traditional values. Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in the older sense that he gave to the term. In the U.S., Hayek is usually described as a "libertarian", but the denomination that he preferred was "Old Whig" (a phrase borrowed from Edmund Burke).
</span> By 1947, Hayek was an organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society, a group of classical liberals who sought to oppose what they saw as "socialism" in various areas. In his speech at the 1974 Nobel Prize banquet, Hayek, whose work emphasized the fallibility of individual knowledge about economic and social arrangements, expressed his misgivings about promoting the perception of economics as a strict science on par with physics, chemistry, or medicine (the academic disciplines recognized by the original Nobel Prizes).
While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Hayek had a long standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology." (See Weimer and Palermo, 1982). Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas (See Birner, 2001).
Having heavily influenced Margaret Thatcher's economic approach, and some of Ronald Reagan's economic advisors, in the 1990's Hayek became one of the most-respected economists in Eastern Europe. There is a general consensus that his analyses of socialist as well as non-socialist societies were proven prescient by the breakup of communist Eastern Europe.
Hayek's intellectual foundation was based on the ideas of David Hume, Adam Smith and other Scottish thinkers of the 1700s. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. Even after his death, Hayek's intellectual presence was noticeable, especially in the universities where he had taught: the London School of Economics, the University of Chicago, and the University of Freiburg.
A number of tributes resulted, many posthumous. A student-run group at the LSE Hayek Society, was established in his honor. At Oxford University, there is also a Hayek Society. The Cato Institute, one of Washington, D.C.'s leading think tanks, named its lower level auditorium after Hayek, who had been a Distinguished Senior Fellow at Cato during his later years.
The Road to Serfdom, 1945.
↑ Muller, Jerry Z. The Mind and the Market. Anchor Books, New York. 2003.
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A bird flew north for 20 minutes, north-west for 50 minutes, then south for 20 minutes.
The bird has to fly toward south-east for 50 minutes to get to the starting point.
The bird may have to go South-east for 30 minutes. Then go North for 40 minutes to get to his starting point so it will take the bird about 90 minutes to get to it's starting point.
I think it will the bird fly for 25 minutes and fly in the south-east.
I think that you have to add 50 plus 20 plus 20 and fly north.
The bird should fly North for 20 minutes to get back to the NW position then fly SE for 50 minutes then fly South for 20 minutes.
I think it might have to be 50 + 20 + 20 which = 90 and also it will then take the bird 50 minutes to get back to it's starting point.
Lots of interesting ideas but no one has got it yet!
Maybe have a go at drawing a map of where the bird has gone and then try to work out how it needs to go back.
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0.782416 |
The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Russian: Космодро́м Байкону́р, translit. Kosmodrom Baykonur; Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, translit. Baıqońyr ǵarysh aılaǵy) is a spaceport located in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia.
The Cosmodrome is the world's first and largest operational space launch facility. The spaceport is located in the desert steppe of Baikonur, about 200 kilometres (124 mi) east of the Aral Sea and north of the river Syr Darya. It is near the Tyuratam railway station and is about 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level. Baikonur cosmodrome and the city of Baikonur celebrated the 63rd anniversary of the foundation on June 2, 2018.
The spaceport is currently leased by the Kazakh Government to Russia until 2050, and is managed jointly by the Roscosmos State Corporation and the Russian Aerospace Forces.
The shape of the area leased is an ellipse, measuring 90 kilometres (56 mi) east–west by 85 kilometres (53 mi) north–south, with the cosmodrome at the centre. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program. Under the current Russian space program, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
Both Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, and Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, were launched from Baikonur. The launch pad used for both missions was renamed Gagarin's Start in honor of Russian Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, pilot of Vostok 1 and first human in space.
The Soviet government issued the decree for Scientific Research Test Range No. 5 (NIIP-5; Russian: Nauchno-Issledovatel’skii Ispytatel’nyi Poligon N.5) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the R-7 Semyorka. NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General Vasily Voznyuk, influenced by Sergey Korolyov, the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away. Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the Kazakh Steppe. The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the Soviets. A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named Leninsk.
The American U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.
There are conflicting sources about origins of the name Baikonur. Some sources say that it was not until 1961 (i.e. until Gagarin's flight), when the name was deliberately chosen to misdirect the Western Bloc to a place about 320 kilometres (199 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town of Baikonur near Jezkazgan.
Other sources state that Baikonur was name of the Tyuratam region even before the cosmodrome existed. The main cosmodrome-supporting town Leninsk was renamed to Baikonur on 20 December 1995 by Boris Yeltsin.
Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the Sakha Republic were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near Nyurbinsky District, Russia.
Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population. UDMH, a fuel used in Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes: "Scientists have established the extreme character of destructive influence of "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds." Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.
Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational ICBM; the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, Luna 1, on 2 January 1959; the first manned and orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, such as Czechoslovakia, East Germany, India and France, started their journeys from here as well under the Interkosmos program. In 1960, a prototype R-16 ICBM exploded before launch, killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site where Venera 9 and Mars 3 were launched from.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia wanted to sign a 99-year lease for Baikonur, but agreed to a $115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension. On 8 June 2005, the Russian Federation Council ratified an agreement between Russia and Kazakhstan extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price—which remained fixed at US$115,000,000 per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries. In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia is constructing the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Amur Oblast.
Following the conclusion of the Space Shuttle program, Russian spacecraft are now the only means by which astronauts can travel to the International Space Station, making Baikonur the sole launch site used for manned missions to the International Space Station.
Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both manned and unmanned spacecraft. It supports several generations of Russian spacecraft: Soyuz, Proton, Tsyklon, Dnepr, Zenit and Buran. During the temporary lapse of the United States' Space Shuttle program after the Columbia Disaster in 2003 it played an essential role in operating and resupplying of the International Space Station (ISS) with Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. Its high latitude of 46° N required the high orbital inclination of the ISS.
Downrange from the launchpad, spent launch equipment is dropped directly on the ground where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.
Site 110 – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the Soviet lunar landing program and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.
Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their Energia launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the VAB at KSC). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the N1 moon rocket. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that Orbiter K1 was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.
Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the SLF at KSC). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is 4,500 metres (4,900 yd) long and 84 metres (92 yd) wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway was a special mating–demating device, designed to lift an orbiter off its Antonov An-225 Mriya carrier aircraft and load it on a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254. A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.
Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the OPF at KSC). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft.
All Baikonur's logistics are based on its own intra-site 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 27⁄32 in) gauge railway network, which is the largest industrial railway on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special Schnabel cars. Once part of the Soviet Railroad Troops, the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to the public railway of Kazakhstan and the rest of the world.
The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose airports, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from Moscow to the smaller Krayniy Airport (IATA: BXY, ICAO: UAOL), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger Yubileyniy Airport (Юбилейный аэропорт) (ICAO: UAON) was where the Buran orbiter was transported to Baikonur on the back of the Antonov An-225 Mriya cargo aircraft.
Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled ballistic missiles. The official (and secret) name of the center was State Test Range No. 5 or 5 GIK. It remained under control of the Soviet and Russian Ministry of Defense until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.
In 2006, the head of Roskosmos, Anatoly Perminov, said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008 an SS-19 Stiletto missile was test fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.
On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50-percent stake. The goal of the project is the construction of the Bayterek ("poplar tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian Angara rocket launcher. This will allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to low Earth orbit, compared to 20 tons using the Proton system. An additional benefit will be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side will be $223 million over 19 years. As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding. It was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it will allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the Vostochny Cosmodrome is commissioned. The first scheduled launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for 2025.
Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of Sergey Korolev and Yuri Gagarin. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artifacts. A restored test artifact from the Soviet Buran programme sits next to the museum entrance. The vehicle that flew a single orbital test mission in 1988 was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002; For a complete list of Buran artifacts, see Buran (spacecraft).
The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass.
Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.
In Star Trek: The Next Generation the Baikonur Cosmodrome was a Federation shipyard where the SS Tsiolkovsky was launched.
In Command & Conquer: Generals, US and Chinese forces guard the facility against GLA attack. However, their failure allows the GLA to attack the world using MIRVs launched from this facility.
In its expansion pack, Command & Conquer: Generals Zero Hour, US forces destroy the facility after the GLA attack in Northern Europe.
In Call of Duty: Black Ops, this facility is featured as the main location of the mission "Executive Order", involving sabotage of the Soviet space program, and is the location of the multiplayer map "Launch" as well as the zombies map "Ascension".
In Jormungand, in the final episode "Century of Shame", Koko and Valmet are at the cosmodrome with Kasper, Jonah, and Chiquita as Koko launches the final rocket.
Much of The Big Bang Theory episode "The Countdown Reflection" takes place atop a rocket at the facility.
In Destiny, the fictional Russian Federal Bureau of Aeronautics (РФБА) in "Old Russia" is based on the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Also, Old Russia, the first location in-game is based on the Cosmodrome.
In Blue Gender, the Baikonur Cosmodrome is an important plot element, providing transportation back to Second Earth. Over a span of several episodes, the protagonists travel across Asia to Baikonur and attempt to board a space shuttle at the Cosmodrome.
In the book Plague Ship by Clive Cussler, Juan Cabrillo relates how he had infiltrated the facility to sabotage a fictional Orbital Ballistic Projectile Weapon which was being launched on an Energia rocket.
In the book Locked On by Tom Clancy, the Cosmodrome is seized by Dagestani terrorists under orders from rogue elements in the Pakistani ISI, threatening to destroy Moscow with stolen nuclear weapons in order to force the Russian government into granting Dagestan and Chechnya independence.
In the game Rust, the monument "Launch Site" is heavily inspired by the Cosmodrome.
The band Public Service Broadcasting mentions Baikonur in the song "Korolev" from the 2015 album Sputnik/Korolev.
^ "Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E". FAS.org. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Retrieved 19 July 2014.
^ "Baikonur cosmodrome celebrated 63rd anniversary". Dispatch News Desk. 3 June 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^ "Baikonur Cosmodrome". International Launch Services.
^ a b "Baikonur Cosmodrome". NASA. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ Wade, Mark. "R-7". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
^ a b Suvorov, Vladimir (1997). The first manned spaceflight: Russia's quest for space. Nova Publishers. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-56072-402-5.
^ a b "The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project". NASA.
^ "Group – Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011.
^ Abdrazak, P. Kh; Musa, K. Sh (21 June 2015). "The impact of the cosmodrome "Baikonur" on the environment and human health". 8 (1): 26–29. Retrieved 2 August 2016 – via ijbch.kaznu.kz.
^ "GREEN WOMEN". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ Cooper, Paul (7 June 2018). "In Russia's Space Graveyard, Locals Scavenge Fallen Spacecraft for Profit". Discover. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
^ "Expedition 19". NASA. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
^ "Kazakhstan Finally Ratifies Baikonur Rental Deal With Russia". spacedaily.com. 12 April 2010.
^ "Kazcosmos chief Talgat Musabaev: Baikonur is Still the Core of Kazakh-Russian Cooperation in Space". interfax.kz. February 2008.
^ "Russian Craft Docks at International Space Station". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ Curry, John (8 October 2002). "Mission Control Answers Your Questions: Why is the space station in a 51.6-degree inclined orbit instead of something less or something more?". spaceflight.nasa.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ "Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A". Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ "Buran The end". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ "Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur". Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ "UAON pilot info @ OurAirports". Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ "Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur". Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ "Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan". Reuters. 22 October 2008.
^ ""Baiterek" Space Launch Complex". Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. Archived from the original on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
^ "Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center". www.spacedaily.com. 24 October 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Vorontsov, Dmitri; Igor Afanasyev (10 November 2009). "Angara getting ready for launch". Russia CIS Observer. 3 (26). Archived from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
^ "Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025". The Astana Times.
^ Whitehouse, David (13 May 2002). "Russia's space dreams abandoned". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baikonur Cosmodrome.
Baikonur Cosmodrome historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002) on buran.ru – NPO Molniya, maker of Russian space shuttle Buran.
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Who has won 48th Dada Saheb Phalke Award for the year 2016 ?
87-year old renowned director Kasinadhuni Viswanath was on 24 April 2017 named for the prestigious Dada Saheb Phalke award for outstanding contribution to the film industry. He is a celebrated filmmaker in Telugu film industry but has also been active in Tamil and Hindi cinema.
– He is known for making films on content-driven stories that have revolved around social themes like disability, untouchability and the evils of dowry.
– He becomes the 48th recipient of the award, the highest recognition in Indian cinema, which consists of a golden lotus, a cash prize of Rs. 10 lakhs and a shawl.
– The recipient of five National Film Awards, Viswanath is known for his movies — “Sankarabharanam”, “Sagara Sangamam” (starring Kamal Haasan and Jayaprada), “Swati Mutyam”, “Saptapadi”, “Kaamchor”, “Sanjog” and “Jaag Utha Insaan” among others.
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Write this name down: Yusuf Azak. I’d bet good money that you’ll be hearing a lot more about him in the years to come. Yusuf Azak makes some creepy good music. Why “creepy good”? Listen to it, then you’ll understand. It’s like he’s whispering/gasping on every lyric.
You’ve got to admire a guy who records his music with a tape recorder. That’s an artist who’s more concerned about the art of music than anything else. And from day one we here at MarsBands have been trying to re-instill in everyone that despite what today’s mega-pop-stars showcase, music is, was, and always will be the most sincere form of art. Yusuf Azak demonstrates this with every song, every breath, in every note.
Yusuf Azak is on the Song, By Toad record label (which, by the way, if you are in the mood for more awesome music, is a great place to find some). Additional background info on Yusuf seems to be a little difficult to come by. According to his page from his label’s site, he is of Turkish descent, in case you were wondering.
Back to the music – Yusuf Azak’s music isn’t just music, as we touched on earlier. It is art. The combination and layering of his voice creates harmonies that are simply other-worldly. The first song of his that I heard and immediately fell in love with (and proceeded to play over and over) was Lay Me Down. It is beautiful, elegant, and intensely mysterious in that I cannot understand a single word he says. Of course, that has never stopped me from liking a band before.
There are songs from bands like Superbus and InCulto that I have no clue what’s being said, but the way the words are sung in combination with the music, I don’t hear them as words, I hear them as instruments. And that’s precisely how it is with Lay Me Down. The lyrics, which I’m sure are lovely, are lost on me. Their sounds, however, take a great song and elevate it to something words simply cannot define or do justice to. Not to be overlooked in all the brilliance that is Yusuf, not mentioning his brilliant guitar playing would be downright criminal. This isn’t your average guy playing a guitar, mind you. He uses a guitar much the same way a painter would use a brush to create something extraordinary. It’s not just about strumming, it’s about the intricate ways he plucks strings. Plucking a string doesn’t seem like it would be all that intricate of a process, perhaps. But the way Yusuf does it, it just feels right.
I don’t normally gush over musicians like this unless I really find them incredibly talented and fascinating. That by itself should tell you how good Yusuf Azak is. So, I will let you explore his music now. All of his songs are magical, but I recommend starting with Lay Me Down. Then move on to Eastern Sun. And then Sanctuary. Then do as you please, but those were my favorites. Enjoy!
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And this man was the only man to sign all four of the documents The Continental. It turns out that while we were warned of millions of insects buzzing around, they emerge from the ground only where they have colonies, in particular locations And there are fewer colonies in Connecticut trying to map colonies by. The new tourism slogan "Connecticut Still Revolutionary" could boost historyrelated Connecticuts place as one of the original 13 colonies and its leading role in the countrys industrial revolution are known to most people with. September 4, 2013 In softcover, Found creator Davy Rothbart discusses his frequent failings at love, Robert Sullivan follows the footnotes of the American Revolution take a look at a map of America Find those first thirteen. when the colonies became states, the problems with their westward claims were gradually resolved In most cases, these lands were ceded to the federal government, often to help the states meet their war debts Seven of the 13 states had. William Phelps was one of the founders of Dorchester, Massachusetts, and Windsor, Connecticut, and was one of eight individuals selected to lead the first democratic town government in the American colonies in November 13, 2014,. WTNH When you think of Connecticut history, you may think of abolitionists and the fight to end american slavery But all 13 colonies, including Connecticut, participated in the slave trade In fact, it wasnt until 1848, when slavery. Connecticut may be the third smallest state in area in the country, but its rich history traces back to the original 13 colonies Here are six historic events that were critical in shaping this New England state 1 Connecticuts history. Thirteen organized by the Connecticut State Museum of Natural History on the Storrs campus and features handson exhibits for children, honeybee demonstrations, lectures, crafts and movies Live dragonflies, ant and termite colonies,.
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The power of eminent domain, also referred to as condemnation, refers to the power of the government or other quasi-governmental entity, such as a utility company, to take private property for a public purpose.
The law requires "just compensation" to be paid when a taking occurs. What happens, however, when the property taken is common area owned by a community association, property owners' association ("POA"), or homeowners' association ("HOA") (collectively, "Association")?
In a subdivision or planned community managed by an Association, the common area and elements are typically owned by the Association. However, the individual property owners have easement rights granting them the right to use the common area (for example, parks, playgrounds, swimming pools, tennis courts, streets and walkways, and other commonly shared property). An easement is a property right that, if taken, requires the payment of just compensation to the holder of the easement; in this case, the various lot owners in the planned community or subdivision. In the case of a condominium, the condominium unit owners actually own the common area in fee simple as tenants in common. This fee simple ownership, if taken, would normally require the payment of "just compensation" to the unit owners for the value of the property interest lost as a result of the taking.
The taking of common area and common elements can significantly impair the value of the lots, homes and units in a community. Picture, for example, a DOT taking where an elevated highway is built where the community's swimming pool once stood. Are the lot and unit owners entitled to just compensation for the value of the common area taken and the damage done to their property values in a condemnation proceeding? The answer is "yes, no, and maybe."
In states such as North Carolina that have enacted legislation that substantially follows the Uniform Planned Community Act ("UPCA") and the Uniform Condominium Act ("UCA"), the Association is granted the power and authority to act for all of the lot owners or unit owners in a condemnation or eminent domain case where common area is taken. The Acts provide that the portion of the just compensation award "attributable to the common elements taken" shall be paid to the Association. The Acts and the governing documents of the planned community or condominium dictate how the just compensation paid to the Association can be used or disbursed.
It would seem that, despite this law, a lot owner or unit owner whose property value has been substantially affected by the taking of common area should also be entitled to compensation for the reduced value of the lot or unit. In a case decided by the Supreme Court of Kansas, for example, the Kansas DOT took lots in a subdivision that were subject to Restrictive Covenants preventing the construction of anything but single-family homes on the subdivision lots. The Court held that the single-family home restriction was a "property right" of the remaining lot owners in the subdivision that was taken when a highway bridge was constructed on the taken lots. The Court sent the case back to the trial court with instructions to determine the damage that each lot owner had sustained as a result of the taking.
The officers and directors of an Association have a fiduciary duty to properly respond to and deal with a taking. The Association should take advantage of any opportunities that arise before the taking actually occurs for input into the nature and extent of the taking, including, in the case of roads or highways, their location and design. Typically, the condemning entity will have an appraisal done estimating the value of the property to be taken and the just compensation that should be paid to the property owner or, with common elements, the Association. Often times it will be incumbent upon the Association to retain its own appraiser to ensure that a fair price is paid. The condemning entity will certainly have legal counsel, and the Association would be wise to retain its own legal counsel to provide guidance through this process and to ensure that the Association is fulfilling its fiduciary duty.
The taking of a common area or common elements by a condemning entity can be a devastating and traumatic occurrence for an Association and its members. The Association needs to understand the process and deal with it appropriately. Having an attorney who is experienced in both the areas of community association law and eminent domain law will be essential.
Allen focuses his practice on assisting those who own, manage, and invest in real estate and common interest communities. He regularly works with real estate developers and the residential and commercial community associations that they create to handle all manner of issues, including the preparation, amendment, interpretation, and enforcement of restrictive covenants and governing corporate documents, declarant control transition and disputes, community management, insurance claims and disputes, and collections. He also frequently represents Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and other commercial landlords in the management of commercial investment properties, including lease negotiation and enforcement, summary ejectment, and collections.
Allen has been a member of the firm's Litigation Practice Section since he joined the firm. He has experience in all aspects of civil litigation, including depositions, hearings, mediations, arbitrations, trials, and appeals. His litigation experience allows him to offer unique insight into risk and liability assessment, insurance coverage, and cost-benefit analyses, and he enjoys working with clients to proactively address these issues to reduce risk and cost. Allen also is a member of the firm's Land Use and Zoning Practice Group, where he helps clients pursue and challenge special use permits, ordinance changes, and condemnation actions.
As an eastern North Carolina native with family farming roots, Allen has a passion for representing those who work the land. He is the leader of the firm's Agribusiness Practice Group, where he coordinates the firm's resources to address the specialized issues facing clients in the agribusiness community, such as industrial hemp operations, farmland leases, corporate organization, restructuring, dissolution, and succession planning, equipment financing and leasing, workouts and debt restructuring, environmental regulatory compliance and permitting, and negotiations and interactions with local, state, and federal government.
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The 'Sikkim State Portal' is aimed as a single point of access to all the Department Services offered by Government of Sikkim through its constituent departments. The online State Portal provides online access to the current, complete and accurate information related to the functions and services provided by Government of Sikkim and its constituent departments to the Citizens, Businesses and other interested users (e.g. Tourists and Investors). The portal aims at providing the citizens and businesses with access to information such as expected service fulfillment times for the Government services, business processes, applicable rules and legislations, key point of contacts within the Government etc. It also educates the citizens, businesses in the state about their rights, benefits and schemes offered by the Government, eligibility requirements for availing these benefits & schemes etc. In a nutshell, the Sikkim State portal is a transparent & accountable source of information in a hassle-free environment which aims to reduce administrative burden and service fulfillment costs for the Government, citizens & businesses.
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Dietary fiber is the part of food that cannot be digested by humans. Fiber helps you feel more full and satisfied for the amount of calories you eat, which helps you control your weight. Fiber also helps control cholesterol level, and it appears to play a role in preventing various cancers. Fiber even helps sweep extra calories and fat from the body, helping you achieve an ideal weight.
Generally, the higher in fiber a food is, especially if the food is naturally high in fiber, the more healthy it is overall (i.e., lower in fat and containing more vitamins/minerals). There are a slew of ‘fiber added’ junk foods out there which are not an ideal way to achieve a high fiber intake. For example, consuming high-fiber pop tarts made by Fiber One is not ideal, but it’s still better than not getting your fiber at all.
Here is a list of some foods that contain fiber. You should strive to consume 25-30g/day. Here is a list of naturally high-fiber foods.
1. Legumes & Lentils: Dried beans, peas and other legumes including baked beans, kidney beans, split peas, dried limas, garbanzos/chick peas, lentils, pinto beans and black beans.
2. 5-10 grams of fiber/serving.
3. Dried fruit such as figs, apricots and dates. 5-10 grams/serving.
4. Fruits like raspberries, blackberries and strawberries, cherries, plums, pears, apples, kiwi fruit, guava, banana. Pears contain more fiber than prunes. 1-5 grams of fiber/serving.
5. Vegetables like Fresh or frozen green peas, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Sweet corn, beet root, baked potato with the skin and carrots. 1-5 grams of fiber/serving.
6. Greens vegetables including spinach, beet greens, kale, collards, Swiss chard, green beans and turnip greens. 1-3 grams of fiber/serving.
7. Nuts such as almonds, walnuts, and pistachios. 2-4 grams of fiber/serving.
8. Whole wheat and barley products. 2-4 grams of fiber/serving.
9. Rye, oats, buckwheat and cornmeal. 2-4 grams of fiber/serving.
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Deadline is reporting that Javier Bardem has been offered the lead in Universal's planned adaptation of Steven King's The Dark Tower. The seven-novel series, thought to be unfilmable (I just made that up, but considering it's seven books long--not counting the prequel comics and planned eighth book--I bet some people have said it's unfilmable), tells of an Eastwood-esque gunslinger, Roland Deschain, and his epic journey to find the titular spire. Ron Howard is committed to direct, and plans to stretch the story across three films and likely a limited NBC series, drawing some comparisons to Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy in terms of scope. Also in terms of nerd things with towers.
And while we're on the subject of Peter Jackson, The Hobbit is delayed yet again because that guy's got a perforated ulcer. I'm betting on bees swarming Ian McKellen next.
\n\nDeadline is reporting that Javier Bardem has been offered the lead in Universal's planned adaptation of Steven King's The Dark Tower. The seven-novel series, thought to be unfilmable (I just made that up, but considering it's seven books long--not counting the prequel comics and planned eighth book--I bet some people have said it's unfilmable), tells of an Eastwood-esque gunslinger, Roland Deschain, and his epic journey to find the titular spire. Ron Howard is committed to direct, and plans to stretch the story across three films and likely a limited NBC series, drawing some comparisons to Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy in terms of scope. Also in terms of nerd things with towers.\n\nAnd while we're on the subject of Peter Jackson, The Hobbit is delayed yet again because that guy's got a perforated ulcer. I'm betting on bees swarming Ian McKellen next.
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Disadvantages of living in a small town include limited industry and business opportunities, a limited social circle, a perceived lack of culture, and less access to resources. Traditionally, young people migrate away from small towns to cities to find better job opportunities.
The limitation in employment opportunities is the main disadvantage of small towns. Businesses typically avoid areas with a low population because the potential customer base is so small. Employees may demand significantly lower wages in small towns, but this often contributes to a stagnant company. Because of the lack of new businesses, there are simply fewer available jobs.
In addition, individuals who were born and raised in a small town often cite the social limitations of their environment. The stereotypical view of a small town where "everyone knows everyone" usually has merit, and it is more difficult to make new friends or meet a future spouse. Large cities have greater and more diverse populations, including tourist industries, which appeal to those looking to increase their social circle.
Residents of small towns may also miss out on the culture and resources offered by big cities, unless they live in a suburban town with easy access to an urban environment. Cities offer museums, theaters, historical sites, nightlife and dining. More importantly, access to medical facilities and specialists can be a problem for residents of rural towns. Emergency workers may have a longer response time. Even access to phone signals and wireless Internet can be affected by rural isolation.
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How can you tell if your loved one is hurting when they can't communicate with words? Paying attention to the detail of your loved one's behavior can provide important clues.
Remaining hopeful is sometimes challenging in these uncertain times. It is important to be kind and open-minded and to always treat others with compassion.
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How should we understand Parfit's example of the hedonist with future Tuesday indifference? Sharon Street ('In Defense of Future Tuesday Indifference') distinguishes two possible interpretations, but I want to urge a third.
Suppose first that the agent is only indifferent to future Tuesdays, and on the stroke of midnight his preferences change so that he regrets his earlier decision to schedule an agonizing operation for this day. Such fundamental preference changes complicate the case. As Street points out, the different temporal stages of the agent would effectively be at war with each other -- the earlier ones plotting to ensure that the Tuesday-stage suffers agony (supposing this is necessary to spare their later stages, which they care more about, from some lesser pain), and then the Tuesday-stage trying to undo this plot against himself. That is, the Tuesday-agent has a diverging deliberative standpoint, from which he won't endorse or carry out the intentions of his earlier stages. In this sense, it's almost like a new agent temporarily takes over the body each Tuesday, which raises complications regarding whether the prior, Tuesday-indifferent stages are doing something morally objectionable in imposing suffering on the Tuesday stage against "his" will.
However, this scenario too strikes me as containing some potentially confounding complications. In particular, it's no longer clear that the Tuesday experiences we've described are really as painful (hedonically bad) as the experiences felt on other days, and so rather than an agent whose preferences make arbitrary references to Tuesday as such, it seems we've instead described an agent with the more ordinary preference to experiences "pains" on days when they won't cause him suffering (and given his odd constitution, this happens to be Tuesdays).
To clarify this, we need to distinguish two further versions of (tenseless) Tuesday-indifference. Street offers a non-conceptual interpretation, whereby the agent ('Indy') is simply constituted (perhaps due to some bizarre evolutionary story) such that he undergoes regular cycles of psychological transformation. In particular, Indy feels a Buddhist-like 'detachment' from any pain inflicted during special periods (that happen to coincide with Tuesdays), and this indifference naturally carries over to his prospective and retrospective evaluations of "pain" experienced during the special period.
Note that Indy's pain-indifference is prior to his beliefs about what day it is. Locked in a dungeon and deprived of any other temporal cues, he might one day notice a psychological change in himself ("I no longer care about present pain experiences"), and thereby infer that it's Tuesday. This clearly isn't the kind of agent we normally have in mind when talking about Future Tuesday Indifference. Most importantly, Indy's changing psychology corrupts the thought experiment. His phenomenal experience of pain-on-Tuesday is qualitatively different from how he experiences pain on other days, so it could be this qualitative difference, rather than the purely temporal difference, that his preferences are tracking.
So I think it is more worthwhile to consider a psychologically uniform agent with explicitly conceptualized Tuesday-indifference. That is, we should imagine an agent whose psychology is consistent across time, and whose preferences make special reference to "Tuesday" as such (under that description). This means that his beliefs about what day it is will affect his behaviour: in particular, if he falsely believes that today isn't Tuesday, his subjective experiences of pain will feel as agonizing as they do on other days.
(2) We wait until Wednesday, and merely inflict moderate suffering with the experience machine.
The genuinely Future-Tuesday Indifferent agent will choose option (1), by definition. Will Indy?
This poses a dilemma for Street. Indy previously seemed less irrational precisely because we could interpret his Future-Tuesday Indifference as largely compatible with a kind of impartial hedonism: he wasn't really suffering on Tuesdays, after all. But this new choice prises the two motivations apart. He can sanely choose to minimize his suffering, by opting for (2), but then we see that he's not really indifferent to Tuesday suffering after all. (It was just never an issue before, due to his quirky ability to ignore pain on Tuesdays.) Or he can choose option (1), but then we see that his apparent reasonableness was an illusion.
In any case, genuine Future-Tuesday Indifference seems (intuitively) as irrational as ever.
That's a good clarification. I has assumed the Buddhist Detachment version, which brings Parfit's claims into serious doubt. In your version the assertion of irrationality seems to me to hold, though there are still undefined variables that I'm mentally filling in that the story doesn't constrain and which very careful consideration might not even allow.
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I am always surprised to see how often nonprofit branding conversations include a seat at the table for various senior staff, but rarely one for the chief financial officer (CFO). This is unfortunate, as the CFO is well-positioned to ensure the conversation moves from what branding costs to the value of the branding investment to the organization over time.
Here are four important reasons why CFOs should be a part of the branding process.
CFOs are members of senior management and brand stewards.
Because branding is integral to any nonprofit organization, all members of senior management should be, to some extent, included in and aware of the process. This only makes sense, as each is an important brand ambassador for the organization. Defining the brand strategy, making sure it is aligned with the mission and supporting both short- and long-term goals is a management responsibility.
The CFO brings a unique perspective to the branding process that complements that of the others at the table. He or she also has a vested interest in ensuring that resources allocated to drive future success are well-spent.
CFOs assist management in asking the tough and practical questions about cost, and more importantly, cost of implementation.
Branding is an investment; one that involves budgeting implementation resources in order to successfully launch the brand. Initially, the branding effort requires organizations to go through a strategic and creative process that typically means hiring external resources, such as consultants or an agency. However, once the brand is defined, there could be substantial additional costs involved in implementing the brand when applying it to priority communications. For many organizations, that can include a new website and promotional pieces, as well as new development and fundraising materials. If the branding includes a name change, everything from business cards to signage and uniforms will be affected as well.
It’s critical to the success of the effort to discuss what it will cost not only to define the new brand, but also to implement it. Chief financial officers, chief executive officers and chief marketing officers should work together to ask the tough questions and understand the overall expenses associated with a rebrand. After all, a brand that never sees the light of day because it costs too much to implement is as impactful as the proverbial tree falling in an empty forest.
CFOs can help put the branding costs in perspective of an investment tied to ROI.
Incorporating the CFO’s perspective into a rebrand is an excellent way to consider how (and if) it can be funded. It is essential that nonprofits carefully examine both the branding process and the anticipated deliverables before the project begins. This enables the organization to determine which costs can be capitalized and amortized over time and which will have to be expensed as incurred. For instance, if you are undertaking a website redesign as part of your rebrand, some of the costs can be amortized but others will have to be expensed as incurred. This can have a significant impact on the overall cost of your project.
» How the organization will monitor and measure the success of the effort.
Having the CFO involved from the start could help the process be more efficient.
CFOs have a vested interest in accounting for how fundraising dollars are spent to advance the mission of the organization.
Competing for dollars is tough. For nonprofits, protecting and building a brand that represents the mission of the organization and attracts donors is critical. Most nonprofits are actively seeking financial support and are therefore required to explain what percentage of their funds go directly to services, as opposed to operational expenses. Today’s donors expect to see evidence that the organization is investing its funds in ways that furthers the organization’s mission. Few are interested in supporting organizations that are not cautious and careful about how and where they invest their dollars. In fact, there is no surer way for a nonprofit to tarnish its brand than to gain a reputation for spending dollars unwisely. CFOs have a strong understanding of how a branding effort fits alongside other investments and the collective impact non-service related funds have on the organization’s brand.
CFOs bring a much-needed perspective to branding efforts. Aside from the reasons above, when brought in early they can be among the most outspoken advocates for branding. Working in concert with their marketing team and senior management, CFOs can play an important role in helping the rest of senior management feel confident about the investment and its long-term value for the organization.
For more information on rebranding, refer to the contact information below.
Guest contributor Jennifer Harrington is the president of HATCH, a branding agency in Boston, MA. She can be reached at 617.477.2430 or [email protected].
Copyright © 2016 CBIZ Tofias & Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C. - Tofias New England Division. All rights reserved. CBIZ Tofias and Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C. - Tofias New England Division are separate and independent legal entities that work together to serve clients. CBIZ Tofias is a leading provider of tax and consulting services. Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C. - Tofias New England Division is an independent CPA firm providing audit and other attest services. This article is protected by U.S. and international copyright laws and treaties. Use of the material contained herein without the express written consent of the firms is prohibited by law. Material contained in this alert is informational and promotional in nature and not intended to be specific financial, tax or consulting advice. Readers are advised to seek professional consultation regarding circumstances affecting their business.
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Each year April 22 is celebrated as Earth Day. On Earth Day events around the world are used to help teach people how they can help our planet. It has been reported that over 1 billion people do something on or around Earth Day each year in an effort to help the environment.
Earth Day was first celebrated on April 22, in 1970. It began when the Senator from Wisconsin, Gaylord Nelson, suggested that April 22 be used for an environment education day. It's estimated that around 20 million people in the United States participated that first day. Many people consider this day to mark the beginning of the modern environmental movement.
Twenty years after the first Earth Day, on April 22, 1990, the entire world joined in on the environmental activity. Around 200 million people from 141 different countries participated in some way.
What can you do on Earth Day?
The best thing you can do on Earth Day is to get out there and do some actual work on helping to improve our environment. Here are a few ideas you can use for your family, class, or school. If you are a kid, be sure to check with your teacher and parents before you do anything and hopefully get them involved too!
Pick up trash - This doesn't sound fun, but it can have an immediate impact on the environment around you. Get some trash bags and gloves and go clean up your school playground or park.
Plant trees - A great way to help our earth is to plant trees. Trees help turn carbon dioxide into oxygen in a process called photosynthesis.
Plant a vegetable garden - This one probably works best at home. Get your parents and ask them to help you plant a vegetable garden. By eating food you grow at home, you help the environment in many ways. It doesn't take any gasoline to transport your vegetables from your backyard into your kitchen!
Reusable bags - Get your parents to use reusable shopping bags when they go to the store. This way they won't get paper or plastic bags that they then just throw away.
Save energy - There are lots of ways to save energy around your house. You can lower the thermostat in the winter or raise it in the summer. You can make sure to turn off the TV, computer, and lights when you leave a room. You could even watch less TV and play less video games and go play outside instead.
Educate and tell your friends - Learn all you can about what you can do to help the environment and then go do it. You can also tell your friends, parents, and teachers. If we all work together we can help to make the Earth a cleaner and better place for everyone.
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0.961835 |
Should I buy a DSLR instead of a digital compact camera?
It depends entirely on your needs and budget.
Many of the digital compact cameras come at attractive price tags theses days and have travel/family-friendly functions that are sufficient for most people.
DSLR cameras tend to have higher quality sensors than thus they produce better pictures with better image quality than the former. They also allow for more control with their manual settings and changeable lenses. Still, such control comes at a higher price tag as such cameras usually go from S$900 upwards.
Good in-between options are digital compact cameras that have manual override functions. Consult your photography retailer and find out more about these cameras that allow you to change exposure settings.
How do I take black and white pictures?
Any tips for beginners who want to take better photographs?
How do I improve on my photography?
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0.999911 |
Begin your adventure in one of the West Coast's most popular city. Travel to San Francisco with Copa Airlines and enjoy a unique flight experience.
Golden Gate Bridge: This 2.7km long bridge is without a doubt the city's most emblematic monument. You can cross it by foot or on a bike as you enjoy the views. Then you can visit the exhibit at the Golden Gate Bridge Pavillion.
Alcatraz: A visit you can't miss. It includes a boat trip in the San Francisco Bay to the island that houses the famous prison. You should reserve tickets beforehand so as not to miss this interesting visit.
Pier 39: an excellent trip for the whole family. You will find a great variety of stores and entertainment for children and adults such as museums, aquariums, and restaurants.
Sausalito: Hop onto a ferry and enjoy the bohemian environment. You can see views of floating houses, and have a great view of the city. This area near the Golden Gate National Recreation Area is worth visiting.
San Francisco's public transportation is the most comfortable way to get around the city. There are buses, trains, and classic cable cars which are one of the city's most traditional elements. For a comfortable flight and great food and entertainment on board, book your flight to San Francisco with Copa Airlines, Panama's leading airline.
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0.999951 |
For topping, microwave chocolate chips and oil until melted; stir until smooth. Cool slightly; spread over filling. If desired, sprinkle with chopped candy bars. Refrigerate.
1 bar (calculated without chopped candies): 229 calories, 13g fat (8g saturated fat), 15mg cholesterol, 124mg sodium, 28g carbohydrate (23g sugars, 1g fiber), 1g protein.
These bars tasted good, but need some adjustments for preparing them. It was extremely difficult to get them out of the pan. The bottoms stuck to the pan, and the chocolate topping cracked and crumbled when cutting. I would recommend lining the pan with parchment first, or using a low-sided sheet pan. I would also be sure to spread a thin layer of chocolate topping on the top before cutting.
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0.985566 |
The text of the bill below is as of Jan 8, 2019 (Introduced).
To provide for the compensation of Federal contractor employees that may be placed on unpaid leave as a result of the Federal Government shutdown, and for other purposes.
This Act may be cited as the Low-Wage Federal Contractor Employee Back Pay Act of 2019 .
If a Federal contractor that provides retail, food, custodial, or security services to the Federal Government places the employees of such contractor on unpaid leave as a result of any lapse in appropriations which begins in fiscal year 2019, the Government shall provide compensation to such employees at their standard rate of compensation for the period of such lapse.
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0.940453 |
What Do I need to Know about the Radisson?
The Radisson Blu Edwardian is a medium-sized hotel with 186 rooms. Rooms are comfortable and will have everything you need. All rooms include free Wi-Fi, an in-room safe, a desk, and in-room tea and coffee. Business rooms offer daily turndown service, in room laptop safe, and two bottles of water.
The Radisson Blu Edwardian is the perfect place for those wanting to see London's main attractions or catch some theatre in the West end. Rooms are comfortable and will have everything you need. You can enjoy fine dining at the Scoff & Banter Bloomsbury restaurant, located in the hotel, where you can have traditional British meals or just stop by for afternoon tea before heading out to explore London.
Rates at the Radisson start at £139.00 a night for a single room. Standard rooms include two twin beds and start at £245.00 a night. If you'll be in London on business, you may want to take advantage of the business room, whose rates start at £293.00 a night.
Staying at the Radisson Blu means you'll be minutes away from the British Museum and the West End Theatres. The Radisson is perfect for shoppers wanting to shop on Oxford Street, and those who want to experience the SoHo night life. Other nearby attractions include the Historic Royal Palaces, Madame Tussaud's, and St Paul's Cathedral. You're also just minutes away from the Tottenham Court and Holborn Tube Stations, making all of London accessible.
Whether you you're in London on business or visiting as a tourist, the Radisson Blu is an affordable hotel with all the comforts of home. It's a great location for someone wanting to explore the many attractions of London, or someone visiting for business.
"Excellent position in London" "Location was fantastic"
"Superb staff" "Customer service exceptional"
"Fantastic buffet style breakfast" "Excellent buffet breakfast"
"Excellent mirror" "Bath room extremely tiny"
"For my birthday free of charge" "Complementary bottle of wine"
"Bath room extremely tiny" "En-suite bathroom was tiny"
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