text
stringlengths 187
640k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 11
values | url
stringlengths 14
1.94k
| file_path
stringlengths 125
138
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 49
156k
| score
float64 2.52
5.06
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
"equal", "evaluate", "iterate"
= assigns values as in common parlance
= after many infix operators creates a mutant assignment form of that operator
= inside a Signature marks parameters as optional and supplies default values
= after a property supplies it with an initial value
= at the beginning of a line may be introducing a POD element
Operators containing this character
:= aliases an identifier via runtime binding
::= aliases an identifier via compile time binding
=:= container identity comparitor
!= is short for !==
== compares for value equivalence
=== compares containers or values with dwimmery
>= <= and <=> are also comparisons. Note this means there is no assignment mutation.
=> "fat arrow" pair constructor
p5=> the perl5 compatibility fat arrow
= => = =>> <<= = <= = are feed operators
When used inside regexes
= is used to declare aliases and behaves a bit more like := in this usage.
As an adverb
Old, deprecated, or other language uses
=~ in Perl5 used to be for matching. That is ~~ in Perl6. =~ is always a syntax error in Perl6.
= as a prefix operator used to be used to do what is now Iterator.get (and IO.get, IO.lines)
=$*IN as prefix to filehandle is a case of the above which was common in early Perl6 documentation | <urn:uuid:66a55147-d9f3-4564-b5f4-51b786f71c89> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.perlfoundation.org/perl6/index.cgi/index.cgi?witch_equal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021866360/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121746-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.83011 | 303 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Stonehenge draws 20,000 for solstice
- From: AAP
- June 21, 2013
POLICE say more than 20,000 celebrants have gathered at England's famed Stonehenge monument to mark the summer solstice.
The cloud cover on Friday morning prevented bright sunshine at dawn of the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere but a joyous spirit prevailed.
Police say there were fewer arrests than usual with 22 people taken into custody, most for drug-related offences.
The solstice has typically drawn a wide and varied crowd to the mysterious set of standing stones whose purpose remains unclear.
The ancient stone circle on the Salisbury Plain about 130km southwest of London, was built in three phases between 3000BC and 1600BC. | <urn:uuid:981ce593-69e2-4cc4-904f-465688f0c612> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/stonehenge-draws-20000-for-solstice/story-fn5fsgyc-1226667832510 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999664754/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060744-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947659 | 155 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|“||In the beginning was perfect order, and this perfection was with God, and this perfection was God.||”|
This is a tantalizing translation of John 1:1, and it suggests that insight into the universe may be best understood by examining order, and its converse of disorder (entropy). Interestingly, the etymological meaning of the word "Devil" is synonymous with disorder.
Viewing science in terms of ordering and disordering provides unifying insights into otherwise disparate phenomenon. Aging, for example, ostensibly seems unrelated to the Second Law of Thermodynamics as biology and physics are currently taught. Yet both can be understood clearly and simply as an action of disorder.
Focusing on order and disorder as the defining principles for nature has additional benefits. It provides a way for looking at the world that is helpful rather than hurtful. Daily, or even hourly, disorder causes frustration and anger, which can then be turned against others or even God. But recognizing disorder as being caused by the Devil and easily overcome with faith is helpful. Moreover, some activities by their very nature enhance order, such as marriage.
New Testament miracles that ostensibly appear to be an unrelated collection of violations of physical laws, can be more easily understood as natural signs when viewed as a triumph of order over disorder.
Biblical "miracles" -- the better translation is "signs" because they reflect an underlying reality rather than a departure from it -- present enigmas from a scientific perspective. They may well reflect a misunderstanding of science.
Miracles in the Bible that entail action at a distance, such as Jesus curing the centurion's son, are no problem when viewed from a physical perspective of order rather than, for example, field theories or assumptions against the possibility of traveling faster than the speed of light.
The miracle of walking on water is more fully understood under a physical theory based on order/disorder than a traditional view of gravity. If order is established based on human consciousness or faith, as in quantum mechanics (see below), and if what is common described as gravity is simply disorder, then consciousness or faith can physically trump the disorder or chaos of falling. Note that in the biblical description of Peter's walking on water it is disorder of the wind and waves that cause him to fall, not the tugging of a gravitation pull.
The miracle of the multiplication of the loaves, which is the only miracle to appear in every Gospel (and twice in Mark), can be understood as a triumph of order over the disorder of a food shortage. Likewise, the changing of water into wine, the first miracle in the Gospel of John, is almost identical from this perspective: order triumphing over the disorder of an unexpected shortage.
The transfiguration of Christ (Mt 17:2, Mk 9:2) can be understood simply as a manifestation as light of Christ's perfect order. Similarly, bodily death and decay is disorder, which the Resurrection is the triumph of order over such disorder.
The curing medical ailments is also more easily understood under an order/disorder theory. Cancer cells are notoriously disordered and chaotic in their growth, for example. Curing them is a restoration of order. Similarly, restoring sight to the blind is a tremendous preservation of a highly ordered process. Those deeds might be understood simply as restoring greater order.
Most of the objections to Noah's Ark are based on modern notions of disorder; perfect order would facilitate that monumental task and overcome most, if not all, objections.
Benefits of teaching about order/disorder
Teaching students about the fundamental roles of order and disorder has benefits. It would cause increased awareness about the need to affirmatively avoid accidents. It would illustrate the importance of mental "order" or clarity, and the need to recognize and defend against mental disorders.
No one has ever quantified order, and it is a difficult challenge. It helps to make some initial observations:
- precise locations are more ordered than imprecise ones; spatial proximity to other objects is more ordered than distant proximity
- fast, predictable motion is more ordered than slow or unpredictable motion
- sharp delineation is more ordered than diffusion
- transmission of information is more ordered if there is less error
- the human eye is more ordered than other human organs
- in thinking, faith is more ordered than mental instability or disease
Query: is it a mistake to quantify order based on position or motion? Are spatial considerations even relevant to relative amounts of ordering?
The challenge is to devise a metric for quantifying order, which can apply across all forms of ordering.
There are several examples of highly ordered systems from diverse corners of physics:
- a wave function collapsed by observation
- a high concentration of mass
- a tightly wound orbit, such as Mercury's
- the transmission of light
- the transmission of electromagnetic waves
- transmission of highly complex information without error or loss
Tightly Wound Orbit
The orbit of Mercury provides nature's closest example, both conceptually and spatially, of a highly ordered, nearly perpetual motion machine. The orbit will not last forever, and it is enlightening to observe and understand signs of degradation in the orbit.
The advance (or precession) of the perihelion of Mercury is observed but not predicted by an elementary application of Newtonian mechanics to Mercury and the sun alone. This provided one of the great mysteries of physics around the turn of the century. A planet's "perihelion" is the point in its path of orbit that comes closest to the sun. For Mercury, that point of closest proximity is shifting with each revolution.
The theory of relativity developed a contributing factor of 42.98 (±0.04) arc-seconds per century to explain the then-observed shift in Mercury's perihelion of 5600.0. Subsequently, however, more accurate measurements with more sophisticated technology have determined a precise value of this precession (5599.7 arc-seconds per century), and the number provided by relativity no longer fits the data within the margin of error. Professor Clifford Will, a leading advocate for General Relativity, omits this test entirely from his paper summarizing experimental evidence for relativity.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle describes an inherent disorder in subatomic particles such as electrons. Their position is uncertain until observed, for example. The act of observing brings a type of order to the system which does not otherwise exist.
This disorder may be what underlies an interpretation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, or the impossibility perpetual motion machines. The disorder is not well-quantified.
Proximity of Objects
A close proximity of objects is more ordered than distant scattering.
Specifically, order could be quantified as being roughly proportional to the inverse of the surface area of the smallest sphere that encloses the objects. This fits well with the estimate of entropy -- the inverse of order -- as being proportional to surface area or radius squared.
A precise correlation between a quantified order and the inverse-square of distance would not be expected, particularly as distances vastly increase. Stated another way, order may not diminish as quickly as the surface area expands for large distances, because spatial ordering can still occur at great distances between the objects.
The theories of General Relativity and Newtonian gravity are contradicted by the "Pioneer anomaly." That anomaly or effect consists of the Pioneer slowing down more than expected as it left the solar system. "Dubbed the Pioneer Anomaly, the unexplained force appears to be acting against NASA’s identical Pioneer 10 and 11 probes, holding them back as they head away from the Sun." Of course, it begs the question to describe the cause as an "unknown force," as the relativity and Newtonian models may be fundamentally incorrect views of nature.
Relativity and Newtonian gravity have also failed to explain anomalies in spacecraft that have flown by Earth ("flybys").
Entropy or disorder has been modeled as proportion to the distance squared, which is consisted with a modeling of order as roughly proportional to the inverse of distance squared.
The disorder (entropy) of a hypothetical high-density black hole is controversial. Consistent with the above, one view is that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to its surface area rather than to its volume.
Transmission of Light
Action at Distance
An order-based physical description has no problem with action at a distance. Field theories typically deny action at a distance (and predict never-found particles like gravitons).
Entropy and Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics holds that entropy never decreases. If it remains constant during a process, then the process can be reversed without a loss in energy. More typically, such as the popping of a balloon, entropy increases and the process is not reversible.
Physicists provide a rudimentary equation for infinitesimal entropy as follows:
where S is entropy, Q is heat or energy, and T is temperature.
- ↑ See the Conservative Bible Project for an ongoing effort to bring forth the best rendition in English of the original intent of the Bible.
- ↑ A "precession" is a slow gyration of an axis of rotation such that it traces a cone.
- ↑ The confrontation between general relativity and experiment
- ↑ See, e.g., http://www.haverford.edu/cmsc/slindell/Presentations/A%20physical%20analysis%20of%20mechanical%20computability.pdf
- ↑ http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070327_scitues_pioneeranom.html
- ↑ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23410705/
- ↑ http://nrumiano.free.fr/Estars/bh_thermo.html
- ↑ Light can travel in vacuum; sound cannot.
- ↑ 1930 Physics Nobel Prize presentation discussing diffusion of light | <urn:uuid:da88adea-d8f3-42cc-a19d-ff90cb95c7ed> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Essay:Quantifying_Order | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010342638/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090542-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934441 | 2,060 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Janenschia (after paleontologist Werner Janensch); pronounced ja-NEN-she-ah
Woodlands of Africa
Late Jurassic (155 million years ago)
Size and Weight:
About 50 feet long and 10 tons
Long neck and tail; armor plating along back
The titanosaurs--the lightly armored descendants of the sauropods--came into their own during the middle to late Cretaceous period, but some "basal" species lived tens of millions of years earlier. To date, the late Jurassic Janenschia is the earliest titanosaur in the fossil record; this 50-foot-long, 10-ton behemoth roamed the woodlands of southern Africa about 155 million years ago, while its sauropod cousins were ascendant elsewhere. Otherwise, though, Janenschia remains a poorly understood dinosaur, represented only by its front and back legs and a few vertebrae. | <urn:uuid:a378c70a-a0a3-4bc6-97b2-b1dba29ef916> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://dinosaurs.about.com/od/herbivorousdinosaurs/p/Janenschia.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010980041/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091620-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875104 | 194 | 3.359375 | 3 |
As feng shui is becoming more and more popular in countries far away from China or Chinese influence, it is worth looking at its history and understand how feng shui started and why feng shui is bringing such powerful results when properly applied.
Feng shui has a history of many thousands of years, some say 2,000 years, some go as far as 5,000 years.
As an organized body of knowledge feng shui was practiced since Tang Dynasty, where we can find early recordings about employing feng shui masters in selecting auspicious sites, as well as about feng shui texts being required reading for imperial exams (court of Emperor Hi Tsang, 888 A.D.)
One of the famous feng shui names recorded in the history of feng shui is Master Yang Yun Sang, who left a legacy of many classical feng shui texts and is considered the founder of the landscape school of feng shui.
Throughout his writing, Master Yang emphasized the importance of selecting an auspicious site that has dragon's energy, or dragon's breath, thus the careful examination of the shape of land formations - mountains, hills, valleys, as well as water formations and specifics.
The vital energy, or Chi, contained in specific earth locations was described as finding the dragon and its lair, and natural formation where symbolic of animal shapes and energies, such as green dragon, white tiger, etc.
Three texts form the Master Yang's contribution to the foundations of feng shui, particularly the Form, or Landscape School of Feng Shui:
- Han Lung Ching (The Art of Rousing the Dragon)
- Ching Hang Ao Chih ( Methods of Locating the Dragon's Lair)
- I Lung Ching (Canons Approximating Dragons)
=>Continue to Feng Shui History Part II
Do you have a feng shui-related question? Ask your question at the feng shui forum!
Follow Feng Shui on: Twitter | Facebook | Newsletter | Forum | Feng Shui Blog | <urn:uuid:d4c72827-210a-4be9-b445-6e415ec14d9f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://fengshui.about.com/od/theoryhistory/qt/fengshuihistory.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011240122/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092040-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952442 | 426 | 2.609375 | 3 |
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. -- Fifty years ago, the march on Washington was the largest civil rights rally of its time.
Young African-Americans mobilized, in peace, to affect change.
[Special coverage: 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington
Now, decades later, there's a new effort to bridge a generation gap within the black community.
Leaders are once again trying to mobilize young men and women to a common cause: equality for all.
"All we wanted was equality," said Isaiah Rumlin, head of Jacksonville's chapter of the NAACP.
He said that 50 years ago, it was easy rallying young people because the fight was fresh.
Rumlin says a kind of complacency has taken over in the black community, young people are out of touch with the struggles of their grandparents, and many overlook the disparities of today. He says, "One may be doing OK, but until all of us are doing OK, none of us are doing OK."
Mishaa Cason mentors young black men as a part of Jacksonville Youth Works. He says fear is what feeds racism today.
"Me, being young and black, I'm dangerous. That's the perception, I'm young and black, I'm dangerous," said Cason.
Cason says many young black teens don't get the education they're entitled to, and the fight to find work is harder than ever.
But he's the first to admit, if more of his contemporaries joined in, the U.S. would have more hope of realizing the dream of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. | <urn:uuid:0ee9c0a1-4f62-4c43-9968-8f85d60c0308> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.actionnewsjax.com/content/blackhistory/story/The-generation-gap-50-years-later/bfd_YDztDEa0I-X2qdsw9w.cspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394023065135/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305123745-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977307 | 330 | 2.625 | 3 |
Here's a trick. There is one main verb per simplex sentence:
Ex: John and Jim went to the mall. <simplex>
Ex: John is poor but (he is) happy. <not simplex>
A relative clause can be an adjectival clause. What examples are you dealing with?Originally Posted by Uregistered
All the best.
- For Teachers | <urn:uuid:ca874458-bdf8-4612-9583-54cec827430f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/41071-Simple-Compound-sentence-Relative-clause | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999651907/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060731-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900848 | 80 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Nursery Lesson 5: Jesus Christ Showed Us How to Love Others
Use for: Primary Lesson, Family Home Evening, Sharing Time
Click the following to find Nursery Lesson 5 - Jesus Christ Showed Us How to Love Others.
OBJECTIVE: The lesson helps children learn that Jesus Christ set a perfect example of kindness and love. Throughout His earthly ministry, Jesus showed His love for others by blessing and serving the poor, the sick, and the distressed. He told His disciples, “This is my commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved you” (John 15:12; see also John 13:34–35; Moroni 7:46–48).
CRAFT ACTIVITY – I Love Babies – Baby in a Blanket with Baby-care Items
1. Print or copy the activity. Fold blanket on fold lines and glue sides 1/4″ to create a pocket for baby and baby-care items. Place baby and baby items in the blanket to show and talk about baby care. Role play taking care of baby to show love for others.
2. Tell children that Jesus set the perfect example of love and kindness. Jesus showed His love by serving and blessing the poor, sick, and distressed. He told His disciples to “love one another, as I have loved you” (John 15:12).
TO OBTAIN ACTIVITY:
DOWNLOADS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR THIS ACTIVITY:
You will need to purchase the book or CD-ROM to copy or print this activity.
CLICK HERE to purchase the Sunday Savers Nursery book or CD-ROM.
THOUGHT TREAT: Baby-Rattle cookie or candy Pacifier. Bake a cookie in the shape of a baby rattle or give children candy pacifiers.
SINGING for Jesus Christ Showed Us How to Love Others Lesson 5: Sing with children. Sing “A Happy Family” and “Jesus Said Love Everyone” (Children’s Songbook, 198, 61). For fun visuals, go to the same songs in the Super Little Singers book (1, 62) or CD-ROM. You can also sing “Popcorn Popping” (Children’s Songbook, 242). For fun action ideas, go to the same song in the Super Little Singers book (160) or CD-ROM.
MORE NURSERY LESSON ACTIVITIES:
GO TO ANOTHER LESSON 5 ACTIVITY
Click HERE to find 5b POSTER activity for this same lesson – Nursery Lesson 5: Jesus Christ Showed Us How to Love Others.
Click HERE to find 6a CRAFT activity for the next Nursery 6: The Holy Ghost Helps Me.
Click HERE to find 6b POSTER activity for the Nursery 6: The Holy Ghost Helps Me.
Click HERE to find 4a CRAFT activity for the previous Nursery lesson 4: Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ Love Me.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Click HERE for Nursery lessons 1-30. | <urn:uuid:292d3057-f13d-40b5-a631-16aef042f0ca> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.gospelgrabbag.com/tag/behold-your-little-ones-nursery-lesson-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999669324/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060749-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.852254 | 653 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Definition of Oogenesis
Oogenesis: The process of egg formation.
The second "o" in oogenesis is pronounced separately from the first: o·o·gen·e·sis. The word was created from the prefix "oo-" (Greek oon, egg) + "genesis" (the coming into being of something) = the coming into being of the egg (the ovum).
Oogenesis is in contrast to spermatogenesis, the process of sperm formation.
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications? | <urn:uuid:09233bc5-f190-4b0b-adba-3a4dbf61bc29> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20231 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999669324/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060749-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898988 | 132 | 3.1875 | 3 |
If some percentage of an amplifier's output signal is connected to the input, so that the amplifier amplifies part of its own output signal, we have what is known as feedback. Feedback comes in two varieties: positive (also called regenerative), and negative (also called degenerative). Positive feedback reinforces the direction of an amplifier's output voltage change, while negative feedback does just the opposite.
A familiar example of feedback happens in public-address (“PA”) systems where someone holds the microphone too close to a speaker: a high-pitched “whine” or “howl” ensues, because the audio amplifier system is detecting and amplifying its own noise. Specifically, this is an example of positive or regenerative feedback, as any sound detected by the microphone is amplified and turned into a louder sound by the speaker, which is then detected by the microphone again, and so on . . . the result being a noise of steadily increasing volume until the system becomes “saturated” and cannot produce any more volume.
One might wonder what possible benefit feedback is to an amplifier circuit, given such an annoying example as PA system “howl.” If we introduce positive, or regenerative, feedback into an amplifier circuit, it has the tendency of creating and sustaining oscillations, the frequency of which determined by the values of components handling the feedback signal from output to input. This is one way to make an oscillator circuit to produce AC from a DC power supply. Oscillators are very useful circuits, and so feedback has a definite, practical application for us. See “Phase shift oscillator” , Ch 9 for a practical application of positive feedback.
Negative feedback, on the other hand, has a “dampening” effect on an amplifier: if the output signal happens to increase in magnitude, the feedback signal introduces a decreasing influence into the input of the amplifier, thus opposing the change in output signal. While positive feedback drives an amplifier circuit toward a point of instability (oscillations), negative feedback drives it the opposite direction: toward a point of stability.
An amplifier circuit equipped with some amount of negative feedback is not only more stable, but it distorts the input waveform less and is generally capable of amplifying a wider range of frequencies. The tradeoff for these advantages (there just has to be a disadvantage to negative feedback, right?) is decreased gain. If a portion of an amplifier's output signal is “fed back” to the input to oppose any changes in the output, it will require a greater input signal amplitude to drive the amplifier's output to the same amplitude as before. This constitutes a decreased gain. However, the advantages of stability, lower distortion, and greater bandwidth are worth the tradeoff in reduced gain for many applications.
Let's examine a simple amplifier circuit and see how we might introduce negative feedback into it, starting with Figure below.
Common-emitter amplifier without feedback.
The amplifier configuration shown here is a common-emitter, with a resistor bias network formed by R1 and R2. The capacitor couples Vinput to the amplifier so that the signal source doesn't have a DC voltage imposed on it by the R1/R2 divider network. Resistor R3 serves the purpose of controlling voltage gain. We could omit it for maximum voltage gain, but since base resistors like this are common in common-emitter amplifier circuits, we'll keep it in this schematic.
Like all common-emitter amplifiers, this one inverts the input signal as it is amplified. In other words, a positive-going input voltage causes the output voltage to decrease, or move toward negative, and vice versa. The oscilloscope waveforms are shown in Figure below.
Common-emitter amplifier, no feedback, with reference waveforms for comparison.
Because the output is an inverted, or mirror-image, reproduction of the input signal, any connection between the output (collector) wire and the input (base) wire of the transistor in Figure below will result in negative feedback.
Negative feedback, collector feedback, decreases the output signal.
The resistances of R1, R2, R3, and Rfeedback function together as a signal-mixing network so that the voltage seen at the base of the transistor (with respect to ground) is a weighted average of the input voltage and the feedback voltage, resulting in signal of reduced amplitude going into the transistor. So, the amplifier circuit in Figure above will have reduced voltage gain, but improved linearity (reduced distortion) and increased bandwidth.
A resistor connecting collector to base is not the only way to introduce negative feedback into this amplifier circuit, though. Another method, although more difficult to understand at first, involves the placement of a resistor between the transistor's emitter terminal and circuit ground in Figure below.
Emitter feedback: A different method of introducing negative feedback into a circuit.
This new feedback resistor drops voltage proportional to the emitter current through the transistor, and it does so in such a way as to oppose the input signal's influence on the base-emitter junction of the transistor. Let's take a closer look at the emitter-base junction and see what difference this new resistor makes in Figure below.
With no feedback resistor connecting the emitter to ground in Figure below (a) , whatever level of input signal (Vinput) makes it through the coupling capacitor and R1/R2/R3 resistor network will be impressed directly across the base-emitter junction as the transistor's input voltage (VB-E). In other words, with no feedback resistor, VB-E equals Vinput. Therefore, if Vinput increases by 100 mV, then VB-E increases by 100 mV: a change in one is the same as a change in the other, since the two voltages are equal to each other.
Now let's consider the effects of inserting a resistor (Rfeedback) between the transistor's emitter lead and ground in Figure below (b).
(a) No feedback vs (b) emitter feedback. A waveform at the collector is inverted with respect to the base. At (b) the emitter waveform is in-phase (emitter follower) with base, out of phase with collector. Therefore, the emitter signal subtracts from the collector output signal.
Note how the voltage dropped across Rfeedback adds with VB-E to equal Vinput. With Rfeedback in the Vinput -- VB-E loop, VB-E will no longer be equal to Vinput. We know that Rfeedback will drop a voltage proportional to emitter current, which is in turn controlled by the base current, which is in turn controlled by the voltage dropped across the base-emitter junction of the transistor (VB-E). Thus, if Vinput were to increase in a positive direction, it would increase VB-E, causing more base current, causing more collector (load) current, causing more emitter current, and causing more feedback voltage to be dropped across Rfeedback. This increase of voltage drop across the feedback resistor, though, subtracts from Vinput to reduce the VB-E, so that the actual voltage increase for VB-E will be less than the voltage increase of Vinput. No longer will a 100 mV increase in Vinput result in a full 100 mV increase for VB-E, because the two voltages are not equal to each other.
Consequently, the input voltage has less control over the transistor than before, and the voltage gain for the amplifier is reduced: just what we expected from negative feedback.
In practical common-emitter circuits, negative feedback isn't just a luxury; its a necessity for stable operation. In a perfect world, we could build and operate a common-emitter transistor amplifier with no negative feedback, and have the full amplitude of Vinput impressed across the transistor's base-emitter junction. This would give us a large voltage gain. Unfortunately, though, the relationship between base-emitter voltage and base-emitter current changes with temperature, as predicted by the “diode equation.” As the transistor heats up, there will be less of a forward voltage drop across the base-emitter junction for any given current. This causes a problem for us, as the R1/R2 voltage divider network is designed to provide the correct quiescent current through the base of the transistor so that it will operate in whatever class of operation we desire (in this example, I've shown the amplifier working in class-A mode). If the transistor's voltage/current relationship changes with temperature, the amount of DC bias voltage necessary for the desired class of operation will change. A hot transistor will draw more bias current for the same amount of bias voltage, making it heat up even more, drawing even more bias current. The result, if unchecked, is called thermal runaway.
Common-collector amplifiers, (Figure below) however, do not suffer from thermal runaway. Why is this? The answer has everything to do with negative feedback.
Common collector (emitter follower) amplifier.
Note that the common-collector amplifier (Figure above) has its load resistor placed in exactly the same spot as we had the Rfeedback resistor in the last circuit in Figure above (b): between emitter and ground. This means that the only voltage impressed across the transistor's base-emitter junction is the difference between Vinput and Voutput, resulting in a very low voltage gain (usually close to 1 for a common-collector amplifier). Thermal runaway is impossible for this amplifier: if base current happens to increase due to transistor heating, emitter current will likewise increase, dropping more voltage across the load, which in turn subtracts from Vinput to reduce the amount of voltage dropped between base and emitter. In other words, the negative feedback afforded by placement of the load resistor makes the problem of thermal runaway self-correcting. In exchange for a greatly reduced voltage gain, we get superb stability and immunity from thermal runaway.
By adding a “feedback” resistor between emitter and ground in a common-emitter amplifier, we make the amplifier behave a little less like an “ideal” common-emitter and a little more like a common-collector. The feedback resistor value is typically quite a bit less than the load, minimizing the amount of negative feedback and keeping the voltage gain fairly high.
Another benefit of negative feedback, seen clearly in the common-collector circuit, is that it tends to make the voltage gain of the amplifier less dependent on the characteristics of the transistor. Note that in a common-collector amplifier, voltage gain is nearly equal to unity (1), regardless of the transistor's β. This means, among other things, that we could replace the transistor in a common-collector amplifier with one having a different β and not see any significant changes in voltage gain. In a common-emitter circuit, the voltage gain is highly dependent on β. If we were to replace the transistor in a common-emitter circuit with another of differing β, the voltage gain for the amplifier would change significantly. In a common-emitter amplifier equipped with negative feedback, the voltage gain will still be dependent upon transistor β to some degree, but not as much as before, making the circuit more predictable despite variations in transistor β.
The fact that we have to introduce negative feedback into a common-emitter amplifier to avoid thermal runaway is an unsatisfying solution. Is it possibe to avoid thermal runaway without having to suppress the amplifier's inherently high voltage gain? A best-of-both-worlds solution to this dilemma is available to us if we closely examine the problem: the voltage gain that we have to minimize in order to avoid thermal runaway is the DC voltage gain, not the AC voltage gain. After all, it isn't the AC input signal that fuels thermal runaway: its the DC bias voltage required for a certain class of operation: that quiescent DC signal that we use to “trick” the transistor (fundamentally a DC device) into amplifying an AC signal. We can suppress DC voltage gain in a common-emitter amplifier circuit without suppressing AC voltage gain if we figure out a way to make the negative feedback only function with DC. That is, if we only feed back an inverted DC signal from output to input, but not an inverted AC signal.
The Rfeedback emitter resistor provides negative feedback by dropping a voltage proportional to load current. In other words, negative feedback is accomplished by inserting an impedance into the emitter current path. If we want to feed back DC but not AC, we need an impedance that is high for DC but low for AC. What kind of circuit presents a high impedance to DC but a low impedance to AC? A high-pass filter, of course!
By connecting a capacitor in parallel with the feedback resistor in Figure below, we create the very situation we need: a path from emitter to ground that is easier for AC than it is for DC.
High AC voltage gain reestablished by adding Cbypass in parallel with Rfeedback
The new capacitor “bypasses” AC from the transistor's emitter to ground, so that no appreciable AC voltage will be dropped from emitter to ground to “feed back” to the input and suppress voltage gain. Direct current, on the other hand, cannot go through the bypass capacitor, and so must travel through the feedback resistor, dropping a DC voltage between emitter and ground which lowers the DC voltage gain and stabilizes the amplifier's DC response, preventing thermal runaway. Because we want the reactance of this capacitor (XC) to be as low as possible, Cbypass should be sized relatively large. Because the polarity across this capacitor will never change, it is safe to use a polarized (electrolytic) capacitor for the task.
Another approach to the problem of negative feedback reducing voltage gain is to use multi-stage amplifiers rather than single-transistor amplifiers. If the attenuated gain of a single transistor is insufficient for the task at hand, we can use more than one transistor to make up for the reduction caused by feedback. An example circuit showing negative feedback in a three-stage common-emitter amplifier is Figure below.
Feedback around an “odd” number of direct coupled stages produce negative feedback.
The feedback path from the final output to the input is through a single resistor, Rfeedback. Since each stage is a common-emitter amplifier (thus inverting), the odd number of stages from input to output will invert the output signal; the feedback will be negative (degenerative). Relatively large amounts of feedback may be used without sacrificing voltage gain, because the three amplifier stages provide much gain to begin with.
At first, this design philosophy may seem inelegant and perhaps even counter-productive. Isn't this a rather crude way to overcome the loss in gain incurred through the use of negative feedback, to simply recover gain by adding stage after stage? What is the point of creating a huge voltage gain using three transistor stages if we're just going to attenuate all that gain anyway with negative feedback? The point, though perhaps not apparent at first, is increased predictability and stability from the circuit as a whole. If the three transistor stages are designed to provide an arbitrarily high voltage gain (in the tens of thousands, or greater) with no feedback, it will be found that the addition of negative feedback causes the overall voltage gain to become less dependent of the individual stage gains, and approximately equal to the simple ratio Rfeedback/Rin. The more voltage gain the circuit has (without feedback), the more closely the voltage gain will approximate Rfeedback/Rin once feedback is established. In other words, voltage gain in this circuit is fixed by the values of two resistors, and nothing more.
This is an advantage for mass-production of electronic circuitry: if amplifiers of predictable gain may be constructed using transistors of widely varied β values, it eases the selection and replacement of components. It also means the amplifier's gain varies little with changes in temperature. This principle of stable gain control through a high-gain amplifier “tamed” by negative feedback is elevated almost to an art form in electronic circuits called operational amplifiers, or op-amps. You may read much more about these circuits in a later chapter of this book!
- Feedback is the coupling of an amplifier's output to its input.
- Positive, or regenerative feedback has the tendency of making an amplifier circuit unstable, so that it produces oscillations (AC). The frequency of these oscillations is largely determined by the components in the feedback network.
- Negative, or degenerative feedback has the tendency of making an amplifier circuit more stable, so that its output changes less for a given input signal than without feedback. This reduces the gain of the amplifier, but has the advantage of decreasing distortion and increasing bandwidth (the range of frequencies the amplifier can handle).
- Negative feedback may be introduced into a common-emitter circuit by coupling collector to base, or by inserting a resistor between emitter and ground.
- An emitter-to-ground “feedback” resistor is usually found in common-emitter circuits as a preventative measure against thermal runaway.
- Negative feedback also has the advantage of making amplifier voltage gain more dependent on resistor values and less dependent on the transistor's characteristics.
- Common-collector amplifiers have much negative feedback, due to the placement of the load resistor between emitter and ground. This feedback accounts for the extremely stable voltage gain of the amplifier, as well as its immunity against thermal runaway.
- Voltage gain for a common-emitter circuit may be re-established without sacrificing immunity to thermal runaway, by connecting a bypass capacitor in parallel with the emitter “feedback resistor.”
- If the voltage gain of an amplifier is arbitrarily high (tens of thousands, or greater), and negative feedback is used to reduce the gain to reasonable levels, it will be found that the gain will approximately equal Rfeedback/Rin. Changes in transistor β or other internal component values will have little effect on voltage gain with feedback in operation, resulting in an amplifier that is stable and easy to design. | <urn:uuid:2b70a8c9-8a5b-40d6-ac14-d208fc0df343> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_4/12.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010491371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090811-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913923 | 3,806 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Obtaining the right fragrance for cosmetics, perfumes and personal care products is often a major factor to determine a new products success. But now European scientists believe that tiny bioelectrics sensors may take some of the guess work out of this process.
Researchers say that ultimately electronic noses based on natural olfactory receptors could be used to hone the exact smell, according to product and consumer requirements. Furthermore it could also help manufacturers determine what are the most attractive odours.
The new interdisciplinary technology approach has been developed and tested by researchers in Spain, France and Italy with funding from the European Commission's Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) initiative of the IST programme, and could also serve a variety of industries, including the health service.
"The potential uses of smell technology are endless," said Josep Samitier, the coordinator of the SPOT-NOSED project that developed nanobiosensors to mimic the way human and animal noses respond to different odours.
The researchers claim that the nose biosensor is capable of detecting odours at concentration that would be imperceptible to the human nose.
This has been achieved by placing a layer of proteins that constitute the olfactory receptors in animal noses on a microelectrode. Data is then measured by determining the reaction when the proteins come into contact with different odorants.
"Our tests showed that the nanobiosensors will react to a few molecules of odorant with a very high degree of accuracy. Some of the results of the trials surpassed even our expectations," Samitier said.
He adds that the tiny bioelectronic sensors represent a 'major leap forward' in smell technology and a clear example of a biomimetic devices obtained by converging Nano-Bio-Info technologies.
The SPOT-NOSED researchers genetically copied several hundred different proteins from rats, which they claim is enough to determine almost any type of smell due to the resultant number of reactions the proteins produce.
In turn, nanotechnology makes this electronic nose feasible, the Samiter added, even though the human nose uses 1,000 different proteins to allow the brain to recognize 10,000 different smells.
While the project has to date focused on replicating the physical reaction that takes place in animal noses to determine odours, the researchers say that their next step will be to develop an electronic nose that recognizes smells using high accuracy electronic instrumentation on a nanoscale level. | <urn:uuid:2cef6e22-9e1a-429a-9282-f9a9e43f12fb> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.cosmeticsdesign-europe.com/Formulation-Science/Nanobiosensors-could-be-next-step-for-cosmetics-testing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010491371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090811-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93735 | 495 | 3.546875 | 4 |
JUSTICE: WHAT'S THE RIGHT THING TO DO? invites viewers to think critically about the fundamental questions of justice, equality, democracy and citizenship. Each week, more than 1,000 students attend the lectures of Harvard University professor and author Michael Sandel, eager to expand their understanding of political and moral philosophy, as well as test long-held beliefs. Students learn about the great philosophers of the past - Aristotle, Kant, Mill, Locke -then apply the lessons to complex and sometimes volatile modern-day issues, including affirmative action, same-sex marriage, patriotism, loyalty and human rights. Sandel's teaching approach involves presenting students with an ethical dilemma - some hypothetical, others actual cases - then asking them to decide "what's the right thing to do?" He encourages students to stand up and defend their decisions, which leads to a lively and often humorous classroom debate. Sandel then twists the ethical question around, to further test the assumptions behind their different moral choices. The process reveals the often contradictory nature of moral reasoning.
- bookmark this page; it will update when there are new airdates
- follow KCET's Facebook Fan page; it contains daily programming updates
- follow KCET's Twitter account; ditto on the updates!
- subscribe to KCET's programming newsletter | <urn:uuid:1b5359ef-4ebb-4911-8493-8e364378a275> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.kcet.org/shows/justice_whats_the_right_thing_to_do/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011030107/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091710-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913769 | 263 | 3.109375 | 3 |
CHAPTER 3: SLAVERY
. . . there is a day a coming when the servant and master shall both meet at the throne of God--to hear them finding and proving. Won't it be awful indeed that I was prevented from going to Meeting from hearing the Gospel preached . . . but the poor slave has no chance neither in Law nor Gospel. How a Lord shall we groan and weep under the yoke of oppression . . . I often thought being raised in ignorance that the slave holder would have to atone for the sins of the slave--being a child under tutor that its parents have to be accountable for his transgressions. But thank God that I have seen that except we repent we shall all likewise perish . . . We are truly thankful that our old Master John Coles and his wife Rebecca ever had a son born by the name of Edward. We believe that God has made him the means of doing us this great good. We recollect at your father's death that several of the poor oppressed that were choosing their masters--but God chose for us--that we walk around our farm and look at the blessings of God--that we are ready to speak in the language of the psalmist and say that [the] Lord [did] great things for us wherewith we are glad. (Robert Crawford, a former slave of Coles', writing to Coles over twenty years after his emancipation)
|What was slavery like on the Enniscorthy plantation? There is no way of knowing. We have tiny bits of evidence from master and slave, but unlike paleontologists, we cannot reconstruct whole skeletons from bits of bone.
Edward's brother Isaac writes to a Northern friend that slavery is not as bad as Northerners might think, using the common argument that under good masters slaves are better off than laborers in Europe, and when well taken care of are happier and more free of care than free laborers generally are. To be conscious that you have made them happy and that your example may have encouraged other masters to do likewise, he says, is not likely to bring any disagreeable feelings to your heart, and from his experience of managing slaves, one need not be feared to be obeyed.
It seems, however, that at least one of Isaac's slaves decided that he would be happier and more void of care on his own. In 1805, while Isaac was in Washington, a slave named Nim escaped from the Enniscorthy plantation and made his way to Winchester, Virginia, where he convinced a horse dealer named Bailey that he was on his way to Washington to serve his young master there. To Edward's father's chagrin, Bailey did not ask Nim for proof that he had permission to be wandering around and took him to Washington, paying his expenses and receiving his services as a horse handler in return. Bailey kept Nim with him for the annual Washington races, intending, he claimed, to return him after the races were over. But just before the intended restoration, Nim stole the clothes and money of Bailey's black servant and disappeared.
It is of course possible that Bailey and Nim struck a bargain: Nim's temporary services in return for freedom. But whether he made a fool of Bailey, or he and Bailey made a fool of Edward's father, the fact is that Nim "voted with his feet," as the saying goes, choosing the considerable risks of escape and penniless, lonely freedom over the pleasures of being cared for by Isaac.
Isaac advertised for Nim in the Baltimore and Philadelphia newspapers, but whether he was ever retaken is unknown.
And despite Isaac's assertion about the ease of managing "these people," in 1818 he writes to a friend about the difficulty of getting rid of a "vicious slave,"--one whom, presumably, even whipping would not hold in line. We know that slaves were whipped at least occasionally under the management of Coles' father since Coles says that one of the ameliorating alterations in their treatment that he instituted when he took over his share of the estate was to forbid any grown person being whipped, except with my sanction, which was never given but in one case when I thought and still think he deserved and ought to have been thus punished.
The contrast between Isaac's and Robert Crawford's views of slavery measures the abyss that lay between the two races in early-nineteenth-century Virginia. Not that every black felt Crawford's intense joy in freedom, nor every white Isaac's complacency about slavery. But most whites, including Edward Coles, shared at least some of Isaac's complacency, and we can guess that most blacks, like Crawford , yearned for freedom. They exhibited a spirit, John Randolph writes of blacks captured after Gabriel's unsuccessful slave revolt, which, if it becomes general, must deluge the Southern country in blood. They manifested a sense of their rights, and contempt of danger, and a thirst for revenge which portend the most unhappy consequences.
The witnesses of slavery recorded in the Coles family papers are, with the exception of Crawford, white. Yet even from the white point of view we can see the strain between complacency and fear which suggests that the whites knew more than they liked to admit about black aspirations.
In 1789 Edward's mother writes to her mother that a slave named Cloey, upon hearing that her master lay sick, said she wished he would die so that she could belong to his brother Travis, whom she was sure would free her. If a good and reliable slave such as Cloey would be moved to say such a thing out loud, what, Edward's mother wonders, would a bad one do?
Don't leave your slaves to your widow to be freed at her death, Edward Coles writes to Madison, who seems to have been a model master. Washington's decision to leave his slaves thus to Martha was "injudicious," and to do the same for Dolly "would endanger her life."
We have had considerable alarm in this place , one of Coles' fellow students writes home from Williamsburg in 1806, owing to some suspicions that were excited of an insurrection of the negroes. The students were very active on the occasion. They turned out several nights successively until the apprehension of danger subsided. I begin to have doubts whether there was the smallest cause for alarm.
There was real cause for alarm one frightening night at Enniscorthy, Helen Skipwith Coles writes. For several weeks a slave insurrection was threatened, and all the white men had been out on patrol. On November 19, 1820, the night that it was understood the slaves would rise up, the neighborhood below Dyer's store was on high alert. Four slaves were eventually imprisoned and two whipped and sentenced to transportation.
This fear was not continuously evident in the family record. It seems rather to have lurked just beneath the surface of a rich and pleasant life, breaking out into the open at the slightest sign of danger. The spectre of Santo Domingo, in which the blacks, led by Toussaint L'Overture, massacred the whites and took control of the State, haunted the discussions of the more enlightened aristocrats on the necessity of ending slavery. But how to go about it? Ending slavery would not end fear. What would sharing Virginia with an equal number of blacks mean? As it is, Jefferson writes, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him nor safely let him go.
The fear arose not only from the institution of slavery. For most white Virginians, getting rid of the problem of slavery meant getting rid of the blacks. To retain the blacks in Virginia as free people was unthinkable. Slavery was not just an economic and social system; it was the expression of a relationship between two races competing, however unequally, on the same soil. The fear was a racial, not merely a class phenomenon. And therefore the fear would not end with the abolition of slavery.
The idea of emancipating the whole at once , Jefferson writes in his famous letter to Coles, the old as well as the young, and retaining them here, is of those only who have not the guide of either knowledge or experience of the subject; for men probably of any color, but of this color we know, brought up from infancy without necessity for thought or forecast, are by their habits rendered as incapable as children of taking care of themselves, and are extinguished promptly wherever industry is necessary for raising the young. In the meantime they are pests in society by their idleness, and the depredations to which this leads them. Their amalgamation with the other color produces a degradation to which no lover of his country, no lover of excellence in the human character, can innocently consent.
But what to do? Jefferson's plan, prototype for many such, was for gradual emancipation of those born after a given day with education and expatriation after a given age. Which meant that every black family would be forcibly sundered, every grown child ripped from father and mother to be shipped to a strange country which had not been asked whether it wanted these black millions, the parents left to die alone, the last of their race in their native land. Hardly a humanitarian scheme, and hardly a practical one. For the motive for shipping a million blacks back across the ocean was not nearly as compelling as the motive that had brought them in their masses to these shores.
And what to do until the majority of whites could be persuaded of this impractical scheme? My belief has ever been, Jefferson advises Coles, that until more can be done for [the slaves], we should endeavor, with those whom fortune has thrown on our hands, to feed and clothe them well, protect them from ill-usage, require such reasonable labor as is performed by free men and be led by no repugnancies to abdicate them, and our duties to them. The laws do not permit us to turn them loose, if that were for their good; and to commute them to other property is to commit them to those whose usage we cannot control.
Jefferson saw blood at the end of the slavery road, but for him emancipation was always more terrifying than slavery. The only way to get rid of fear was to get rid of blacks, a step which Jefferson urged but despite his considerable political power did nothing to implement. Jefferson's racism was really not that different from Isaac's. For Isaac slavery was justified by the myth of the happy slave; for Jefferson, by the myth of the black bogeyman. The end result--the perpetuation of slavery--was the same.
Fear was the price the aristocracy paid for enjoying the fruits of oppression. Fear of murder and insurrection. Fear of emancipated blacks. Fear of the perpetuation of fear and guilt and violence from generation to generation. Fear of an eventual cataclysm. Fear of seeing the plain humanity of black slaves. Fear of even suspecting the depth of character revealed in the letter of Robert Crawford to Edward Coles.
But the alternative to continuing to own slaves was not simple either. Some masters did free their slaves--perhaps more than we suppose. In two generations of the Coles family, for example, there were at least four emancipators, and there is no reason to believe that the Coles family was atypical. But the family's experience with private emancipation was not encouraging.
Manumssion, as private emancipation was called, was not common in Virginia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, but neither was it rare. From 1782, when manumission became legal in Virginia, until 1806, when freed slaves were prohibited from remaining in the state, the free black population increased by about 25,000 , or 10% of the total number of slaves in Virginia in 1780. Another estimate of an average 1,000 manumissions a year matches these figures roughly if one balances the rate of natural increase against the assumption that at least some manumitted slaves chose not to remain in Virginia.
In the Coles family, manumission did not always bring happy results. For the most famous emancipator in the family, in fact, it brought ruin and early death.
I have already noted that after John Coles I and his brother Williams emigrated from Ireland to Virginia they married the Winston sisters , Mary and Lucy. A third Winston sister, Sarah, was the mother of Patrick Henry.
Isaac Winston, the girls' father, was a Quaker. While Mary and Sarah dropped away from the faith after their marriages to non-Quakers, Lucy converted Williams Coles, and that branch of the family continued its strict adherence to the principles of Quakerism, which included an abhorrence of slavery.
Mary Coles, the daughter of Lucy and Williams, after having been courted by Jefferson, married John Payne--a Quaker--continuing the family tradition. Their oldest daughter Dolley, later Dolley Madison, was born on a pioneer Quaker settlement in North Carolina in 1768. Two years later the family moved back to Virginia, eventually settling at "Scotchtown," a plantation bought from Patrick Henry when he became governor of Virginia.
John Payne suffered the inconsistency of being both a Quaker and a master of slaves until 1782, when the Virginia legislature passed a law permitting the manumission of slaves within the state. Immediately he fulfilled the pledge that he and other members of his Quaker "Meeting" had made years earlier by freeing all of his slaves, retaining only "Mother Amy," an elderly household slave, as a servant for wages.
In 1783, much reduced in fortune, John Payne moved his family to Philadelphia, where the Virginian gentleman tried to become a starch maker. But starch for laundering was considered a luxury, and in the depressed economic conditions of the time business was poor. Payne was new to the trade and ill-suited to business, and by 1789 he was bankrupt. Despite his sacrifices for principle and his lifelong devotion to the Quakers, the members of his Meeting publicly disowned him as a debtor. Broken in spirit, he died three years later, in 1792.
Whether he was a martyr to principle or a fool--or both--is an interesting question, especially since Coles undoubtedly had his tragic precedent in mind as he struggled with his own decision to free his slaves. Dolley Madison clearly disapproved of Edward's plans, and we can speculate that she did not approve of her father's sacrifice, either. Certainly after Madison's death she did not follow her father's example, putting ruthlessly on the block to the highest bidder the slaves that Madison had once intended to free.
Another person who disapproved of Payne's sacrifice seems to have been Mother Amy. Whether John Payne's other slaves appreciated their freedom is not known, but Mother Amy did not. When she died shortly after her former master's death, she left Mary Coles Payne five hundred dollars--every cent of the "wages" she had been paid since she had been given her freedom. What thoughts and emotions had surged within her all those years can only be guessed. But it was ironically the freedom that she seemed to protest from the grave that proved to be the family's salvation. The five hundred dollars that she had been paid was the only money untouched by John Payne's bankruptcy.
The three other emancipators in the Coles family were Edward and Edward's maternal uncles, Travis and John Tucker. Both Travis and John were bachelors who lived in Norfolk, Virginia. Both corresponded with Edward's family regularly and visited Enniscorthy, or received visits from Enniscorthians, at least once a year.
A deeply religious man, Travis freed his slaves sometime in the 1780's, inspiring the slave Cloey--as we have seen--to wish her master John (Travis' brother) dead so that she could become the property of Travis and be freed as well. Doubtless, one reason for the family's disapproval of manumission was that it generated just such murderous sentiments in those forced to remain in bondage. But it is possible, too, that dumping slaves into freedom unprepared and unprovided for may have left some worse off than they had been in slavery.
Edward's father describes some of the slaves that Travis had freed as living almost in a state of starvation. And by 1820, the year after Edward had finally freed his slaves, Helen Skipwith Coles concluded that her slaves no longer thought of emancipation as a blessing after having seen the results in Edward's and Travis' slaves. Thus, she says, the acts of Uncles John and Travis and brother Edward have not had the bad influence they had all feared, and what seems like an evil often proves in the end to be a blessing.
Helen's observations, like those of Edward's father, are of course suspect. We would not expect people who decided to keep their slaves to look at the bright side of manumission. It may not, however, have been a favor to many slaves simply to dump them into freedom. That, at least, seems to have been the conclusion drawn by Edward's Uncle John.
John Tucker did not free the bulk of his slaves during his lifetime, but he did not seem to have had much use for them, either. He packed a number of them off to Enniscorthy at least as early as 1805, hiring them out for whatever Edward's father thought they were worth. When Edward's brother John talked of sending them home after his father's death, Uncle John came up with the excuse that they would be endangered by the British, who were then (1808-9) cruising up and down the coast near Norfolk. But although war with England threatened, it was not declared, and as time went on Uncle John's excuse began to wear thin.
Some attempt was made to hire out Uncle John's slaves to other planters, but the conditions he set made it difficult to find takers. Uncle John insisted that his Negroes be treated well, even if it meant a moderate return on their labor, and that they be hired out in families. The upshot seems to have been that the slaves remained as surplus and unwanted laborers on one or another of the Coles plantations on the Green Mountain.
Since Uncle John's slaves did not seem to be either helpful or profitable to anyone, it is possible that he kept them mainly because he believed that they were better off enslaved. This suspicion is strengthened by the terms of his will , drawn up in April 1811. Travis, who had freed his own slaves years earlier, is given eight slaves with their children. No provision is made for the freedom of adult slaves, most of whom seem to be at or past middle age. The children are to be freed at the age of twenty-one. The same procedure is followed with two families given to Edward's brother Tucker: the adult slaves are given to Tucker and his heirs forever; the children are to be liberated when they come of age.
It is not likely that Travis, having freed his own slaves, had any desire for the slaves John bequeathed him. The reason that John did not free the adult slaves, therefore, must have been that he believed they required care and supervision, while the younger slaves, raised in expectation of eventual manumission, would be more likely to adapt successfully to freedom.
Another group of individuals mentioned in Uncle John's will were probably slaves whom he had freed earlier, for interesting reasons. John gives the first pick of his land to brother Travis, but the half that Travis leaves over is to go to someone named Samuel Tucker, who is identified as the son of his servant Hannah Lewis. Samuel also gets a mare, a colt, and half of John's stock of cattle. Sally, the daughter of his servant Hannah, gets three shares of Virginia bank stock, and Eliza Lewis, another daughter, gets seven shares, presumably because she has children. Hannah Lewis herself, along with someone named Nancy Hindley, gets fifty dollars.
Why Sally's last name--and therefore paternity--is not indicated, and why Nancy Hindley gets the same provision as the mother of John's child or children remain a mystery. What seems clear , however, is that Edward's bachelor uncle lived for some years with at least one of his slaves or former slaves in the "sins" of adultery and miscegenation, raised his mulatto son with his name to take over half his estate, and raised his--or Hannah's--black or mulatto daughters to lives of freedom and property.
What attitudes towards slavery and blacks these actions suggest is difficult to say. Certainly not conventional ones. It is a pity that we don't know more about Uncle John, or about how he and the family's reactions to him influenced Edward. There is no mention of his indiscretion in any of the Coles family letters. We can be sure that those who knew of it would have chosen to speak of it as little as possible.
Perhaps the most striking example of manumission known to Edward Coles was the attempt by George Wythe to provide his former slave, Michael Brown, with a classical education and to settle upon him half his estate. Wythe had been head of the Virginia delegation to the Continental Congress and had signed the Declaration of Independence. As the first professor of law in America, he had taught both Jefferson and John Marshall, and retained a strong influence on both men for the rest of his life.
In May 1806, he was a childless widower, 80 years old, living in semi-retirement in Richmond, Virginia. With him were his emancipated slaves, Michael Brown and Lydia Broadnax, and his grand-nephew, George Sweeney. Michael Brown was a mulatto boy of fifteen. Who his parents were and how he adapted to his new station in life are unknown, but he was said to be a quiet, well-mannered boy. George Sweeney, the beneficiary of the other half of Wythe's estate, was a young man of vicious character who stole Wythe's property and forged Wythe's name in order to get money to pay his gambling debts.
On May 25, 1806, for reasons undetermined, Sweeney put arsenic into some coffee that was subsequently drunk by George Wythe, Lydia Broadnax, and Michael Brown. Lydia Broadnax recovered; George Wythe and Michael Brown, after days of suffering, died. Whether Sweeney knew the terms of Wythe's will is unknown, but in any event the murders of his benefactor and rival brought him nothing. Wythe lived long enough to change his will, distributing his estate among Sweeney's brothers and sisters.
Sweeney's trial took place in Richmond in September 1806. Although there was little doubt in anyone's mind that Sweeney was guilty, the jury found him innocent. The most damaging evidence against him, the testimony of Lydia Broadnax, was inadmissible because Virginia law forbade the use of testimony by a Negro in a case brought against a white man. Ironically, Wythe himself had been responsible for the retention of that law when the colonial legal codes had been overhauled in 1779. Thus it was Wythe's own act of injustice that 27 years later allowed his murderer to go free .
Coles was, of course, familiar with the case, as was nearly every literate white Virginian alive at the time. For many Southerners it raised issues that were at the heart of the question of manumission. Of the two beneficiaries of Wythe's charity, Michael Brown, the black, was clearly the moral superior and perhaps the mental superior as well. His superiority suggested that the excuse for slavery--black inferiority--was a lie, and that the only morally defensible route for liberal, enlightened masters was to educate their slaves for eventual freedom.
But what then? What if blacks were educated to be the equals of whites? The paradigm of the aged Wythe and his two "sons"--one white and one black--touched deep and sinister levels of experience.
In the years before the Civil War the myth developed that Sweeney had not intended to kill Wythe at all. The arsenic had been meant only for Michael Brown, whose elevation had consumed Sweeney with jealousy and hatred. Wythe had drunk the poisoned coffee accidentally--a piece of poetic justice meted out by fate to one who had attempted to erase the sacred line between white and black.
Although Sweeney's real motives are unknown, the evidence seems to indicate that Wythe, or Wythe equally with Brown, was the target of his malice. But the myth was more gratifying to Southerners than the reality. In the myth, Sweeney became the expression of white feelings about black emancipation.
Sweeney's reality was Southern nightmare: an inheritance split right down the middle between white and black. Losing the labor of their slaves was only the beginning of white objections to black emancipation. Losing power to their former slaves was much more unsettling. Losing their sexual advantage. Losing the battle for physical control of their own destinies. Losing their wealth and property. Losing their lives.
Sweeney's method of settling the Negro question, horrifying as it was, struck a chord. His jealousy and rage were understandable. White survival depended on black inferiority. Black equality would eventually mean death to one race or the other.
It was the spectre of such an apocalypse that made Sweeney's crime psycho-drama. Sick, guilty fear was as much a part of Virginian aristocratic life as graciousness, luxury, and warmth, which is why for all his love of Virginia, Coles could not continue to live there. In Virginia, two races shared the same soil. Had the slaves been of the same race as the masters, emancipation might not have stirred the same fears for survival. But a slave's race would not change with freedom.
Most masters in the circle to which the Coles family belonged were anti-slavery. They considered slavery a curse inherited from the days of British rule and commiserated on the difficulty of getting rid of it. But under no circumstances would they voluntarily let go of the power they held over a rival race. What ruled their lives was racist fear. | <urn:uuid:0398e1ee-7c25-4ccb-b84c-8e1c97bf594c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.poemsforfree.com/cc3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011030107/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091710-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986027 | 5,392 | 2.546875 | 3 |
GC51A-1157: Could sulfate aerosol emissions be used for regional heat wave mitigation?
Authors: Diana Bernstein1, 2, J David Neelin1, Qinbin Li1, Dan CHEN1
Author Institutions: 1. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2. Soil and Water Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
Geoengineering applications by injection of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere are under consideration as a measure of last resort to counter global warming. Here adaptation to a potential regional-scale application to offset the impacts of heat waves is critically examined. The effect of regional-scale sulfate aerosol emission over California in each of two days of the July 2006 heat wave using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with fully coupled chemistry (WRF-Chem) is used to quantify potential reductions in surface temperature as a function of emission rates in the lower stratosphere. Over the range considered, afternoon temperature reductions scale almost linearly with emissions. Local meteorological factors yield geographical differences in surface air temperature sensitivity. For emission rates of approximately 30 $μ$g m$-2$ s-1 of sulfate aerosols (with standard WRF-Chem size distribution) over the region, temperature decreases of around 7°C result during the middle part of the day over the Central Valley, one of the hardest hit by the heat wave. Regions more ventilated with oceanic air such as Los Angeles have slightly smaller reductions. The length of the hottest part of the day is also reduced. Advection effects on the aerosol cloud must be more carefully forecast for smaller emission regions. Verification of the impacts could be done via measurements of differences in reflected and surface downward shortwave. Such regional geoengineering applications with specific near-term target effects but smaller cost and side effects could potentially provide a means of testing larger scale applications. However, design trade-offs differ from global applications and the size of the required emissions and the necessity of emission close to the target region raise substantial concerns. The evaluation of this regional scale application is thus consistent with global model evaluations emphasizing that mitigation via reduction of fossil fuels remains preferable to considering geoengineering with sulfate aerosols. | <urn:uuid:5fd7672e-8bc0-4910-a0bf-955c6335f785> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2012/eposters/eposter/gc51a-1157/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394023865238/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305125105-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896294 | 475 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How do medical professionals diagnose mesothelioma?
If you believe that you may have mesothelioma, a qualified medical professional will use a variety of diagnostic tests and methods to confirm the presence of the disease.
The first step that mesothelioma doctors will take in evaluating an asbestos related disease is to obtain a full medical history to determine the level and severity of mesothelioma risk factors and presenting mesothelioma symptoms. This interview will consider among other things, where asbestos exposure occurred, the length of exposure and the amount of asbestos that you were exposed to.
In addition, he/she will perform a medical exam to look for signs and symptoms of various types of mesothelioma. For example, if pleural mesothelioma is suspected the doctor will look for fluid in the chest, peritoneal mesothelioma often shows fluid in the abdomen and pericardial mesothelioma presents with fluid in the area of the heart.
Diagnostic image tests like x-rays, CT scans and MRI's are useful in obtaining more information about the cancer including how far it is progressed. Each method provides another piece of information for your doctor to assist him/her in making an accurate diagnosis. Chest x-rays are used to identify abnormalities in the lungs including unusual thickening, mineral deposits and fluid in the chest area. CT scans are capable of providing images of the same location from many different angles. MRI technology uses magnetic fields rather than x-ray to provide additional views.
- PET Scan - Positron Emission Tomography, more commonly referred to as a PET scan, is a nuclear medicine diagnostic technique. Nuclear medicine involves introducing a small amount of radioactive material into the body (in this case, intravenously) to help doctors determine if the body is functioning properly. PET scans in mesothelioma patients are often used in conjunction with CT scans. PET scans can be particularly helpful in determining if the cancer has metastasized beyond its point of origin.
- CT Scan - A Computer Tomography scan or CT scan, as it is more often referred to, is a commonly utilized method for locating the tumor in the body and determining the extent of the disease. Doctors will often prescribe a CT scan if mesothelioma is suspected because it offers more detail than a traditional X-ray. The CT scan provides cross-sectional imaging of the internal body structures that can be reconstructed on a computer monitor.
- MRI - A magnetic resonance image, more commonly referred to as an MRI, is a noninvasive method used for diagnosing mesothelioma within the body. The MRI uses a magnetic field and radio frequency pulses, transmitting them to a computer. Traditional MRI equipment consists of a cylinder within which the patient lies. The MRI poses no risk for patients, though some find the enclosed spaces uncomfortable. These patients may request a mild sedative to allow them to remain still and calm during the procedure.
- X-Ray - An x-ray is a commonly utilized mechanism not only for cancer diagnosis but for many different respiratory abnormalities, including bronchitis and pneumonia. Nevertheless, given that the symptoms of these respiratory disorders closely mimic those of malignant mesothelioma, often a chest x-ray is the first imaging technique used in a mesothelioma diagnosis. X-rays are particularly adept at identifying the proliferation of fluid within the pleural cavity, a symptom of mesothelioma known as a pleural effusion. If effusion is detected in the pleural cavity, doctors will often prescribe a surgical biopsy to test the fluid for malignant mesothelioma cells.
A biopsy is an important diagnostic procedure recommended by doctors for patients presenting with signs and symptoms of mesothelioma that have a history of asbestos exposure. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is the less invasive type of biopsy that can be performed. FNA biopsy may be done on a pleural-based solid lesion, or cancer-associated fluid may be extracted through a syringe and then tested for the presence of malignant cells. Upon determining the presence of malignant cells, cancer specialists will determine the cellular classification of the malignancy and if mesothelioma is, in fact, present. However, it is not uncommon for there to be no cancer cells in the fluid or an insufficient number to make a definitive diagnosis even when cancer is present.
- Needle Biopsy- The needle biopsy is considered the less invasive biopsy procedure. Commonly, a more substantial biopsy of cancer tissue is generally recommended for patients in whom mesothelioma is suspected, such as a core biopsy. This may be done as a CT-guided biopsy from outside of the chest, or sometimes a small lung surgery such as a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), in which a surgeon uses small surgical tools with cameras and biopsy equipment to look inside the chest along the pleural surface (pleuroscopy) with a minimally invasive approach. It is often helpful and sometimes necessary for a surgeon to do a VATS and directly biopsy suspicious nodules in order to establish the diagnosis
- Surgical Biopsy - A surgical biopsy is a far more extensive procedure than needle biopsy. Nevertheless, these procedures are sometimes necessary to make a conclusive diagnosis of mesothelioma. Surgical biopsy can be particularly useful once a diagnosis has already been established. Once cancer is effectively staged, treatment recommendations can be made based on the best possible scenario for each individual patient’s circumstances.
National Cancer Institute - Mesothelioma: Questions and Answers | <urn:uuid:0ffc4258-6ee0-4496-be2f-12dc2d399e4c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.mesothelioma.com/mesothelioma/diagnosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394023865238/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305125105-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921717 | 1,166 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Politics is the greatest guarantor of freedom known to history, but in American national government today, it may also be the least popular method for assuring it. This is because politics almost always means compromise, and compromise means that no side gets exactly what it wants. Thus, during the present crisis over the debt ceiling, the best chance for resolution is through politics.
The problem is that ideology is standing in the way of the compromises needed for a solution. John Stuart Mill, speaking about the reorganization of the Reform Party in England, put it perfectly: "It is not those who ask for all, but those who reject less than all, that render union impossible." Mill wrote these words in 1839, but they are still pertinent today, as radicals on the left and ultra-conservatives on the right would rather see our economy destroyed than to compromise.
Almost 80 years ago, Franklin D. Roosevelt said the following in his first campaign to become president: "Say that civilization is a tree which, as it grows, continually produces rot and dead wood. The radical says: 'Cut it down.' The conservative says: 'Don't touch it.' The liberal compromises: 'Let's prune, so that we lose neither the old trunk nor the new branches.' " FDR was surely the epitome of American liberalism in the sense used here. In fact every president since FDR has been forced toward the liberal center by the need to compromise in order to achieve the necessary pruning.
Increasingly, however, and as exemplified in the present economic meltdown, it isn't the classic philosophic liberalism of Mill nor the pragmatic liberalism of Roosevelt that prevails; instead it is the radical unwillingness to compromise by extremists on the left and right of the political spectrum that have come to dominate our national political system.
Among the reasons for this deterioration of the moderate liberal center in American politics are the weakening of the two-party system and the ascendancy of the primary system of choosing candidates.
According to the Pew Research Center, the percentage of independents is about the same as the percentage of Democrats among voters. The Republicans have boosted themselves up to a percentage not far behind.
Although they represent about a third of voters, independents cannot vote in states with a closed-primary system that the two parties use to choose their candidates. And in those states with open primaries, fewer voters come out than in closed systems. Because the more moderate independents cannot vote in closed primaries, more extremists get on the ballot than centrists, with predictable results: more politicians who ask for all and more politicians who reject anything less than all. These politicians can be found in both major parties, but the most visible among them today represent the so-called tea party.
This weakening of the political method of governing from the center is our own fault. A smaller percentage of Americans vote in national elections than do voters in most other democracies. Inevitably, those who do vote are increasingly drawn from the ranks of those who are most committed to one ideology or another, thus sharpening the differences in values between the major parties.
The coarsening of politics in America was anticipated by British statesman James Bryce a little more than a century ago in the two most famous chapters in "The American Commonwealth," his invaluable guide to American society — "Why the best men don't go into politics" and "Why great men don't become president."
In both cases, according to Bryce, one main reason for lack of talented, civic-serving individuals in politics is that the most talented Americans follow a gospel of self-interested individualism that favors private over public life.
The coming election of 2012 has already brought forth a group of some of the most mediocre and, at the same time, the most ideologically hidebound potential candidates and incumbents ever to run for high office in America. Is the debt crisis merely an early indicator of even worse things to come?
Howard Schneiderman is professor of sociology at Lafayette College. | <urn:uuid:4da8194a-a025-40f7-ac7e-edde7617c95b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://articles.mcall.com/2011-07-28/opinion/mc-debt-crisis-politics-schneiderman-20110728_1_center-in-american-politics-primary-system-reform-party | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652921/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958976 | 804 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Nutrition education can be completed online by WIC parents for the education/food appointment.
- Make Meals & Snacks Simple
- Secrets For Feeding Picky Eaters
- Create Good Eating Habits in Your Child
- Help Your Child Make Good Eating Choices
- Trust Your Child to Eat Enough
- Support for Breastfeeding Moms
- Happy, Healthy, Active Children
- Be Healthy As Your Baby Grows
- Starting to Feed Your Infant Solids
- Baby’s First Cup
Follow these 4 easy steps:
- Log onto this website: http://www.wichealth.org/
- Choose a topic. Answer the questions. Click on the helpful information.
- Print out the certificate at the end of the lesson and bring it to the WIC office. | <urn:uuid:e86998d1-2558-4878-8364-8f47c9d43c11> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://hockingcountyhealthdepartment.com/hchd/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=67 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652921/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.832815 | 168 | 2.703125 | 3 |
It’s not even secret. But those propagandists who run advertising claiming that carbon dioxide is natural and, therefore, harmless, hope against hope that you don’t know the true history, that you’ve never heard of Cameroon, that you don’t know about volcanic emissions, and that you forgot the story of the killer CO2 cloud of 1986.
Read it here, “Cameroon: The Lake of Death.”
- “Dead town monument to disaster,” New York Times 1987
- Environmental Geology 406/506, at ISU (volcanoes and carbon dioxide, among other topics)
- BBC’s “This Day in History,” August 21, 1986
- CO2 killing trees around Horseshoe Lake in the Long Valley Caldera (California), USGS Long Valley Observatory | <urn:uuid:ab26e189-da37-4310-a9bf-532904776bc5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://timpanogos.wordpress.com/2009/10/14/killer-co2-cloud-the-story-climate-change-skeptics-hope-you-wont-read/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652921/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887069 | 181 | 2.5625 | 3 |
- Residence in Gottingen till the end of 1815. -- University life. -- his own studies. -- Bencke, Eichhorn, Blumenbach, Schultze, Michaelis, Kastner. -- Wolf. -- excursion to Hanover.
On arriving at Gottingen, which was to be Mr. Ticknor's home for twenty months, he felt like the pilgrim who had reached the shrine of his faith; here he found the means and instruments of knowledge in an abundance and excellence such as he had never before even imagined. Gottingen was at that time the seat of the leading university in Germany, occupying much the same comparative position as that of Berlin does now. Founded by George II., it owed its rank and eminence, in a great measure, to the fostering care of the king's enlightened Hanoverian minister, Baron Munchausen, who watched over its interests with a vigilance and constancy which had something of the warmth of personal affection. Another of its benefactors, in a different way, was the illustrious Heyne, who had died in 1812, after having been connected with it, in various capacities, for half a century. He was not only a scholar of eminence and varied attainments, and an unrivalled teacher in the department of philology, but also a man of sound practical wisdom and tact in the conduct of life, and had, for many years before his death, been the leading spirit in the government and administration of the University. His high and wide reputation had brought to it a great number of pupils. At the time of Mr. Ticknor's residence in Gottingen, there were many distinguished teachers and scholars connected with its University, such as Dissen, Benecke, Schultze, Eichhorn, and others, and especially two men of world-wide fame,—Gauss in mathematics, and Blumenbach in natural history. The latter was attracting pupils from all over Europe, not merely by his immense and accurate knowledge, but by his peculiar felicity in communicating it. His learned and instructive lectures were brightened by a rich vein of native humor, which was always under the control of tact and good sense, and never degenerated into buffoonery. He retained to the last the high spirits of a boy, and was not entirely free from a boy's love of mischief. Though not much interested in natural history, Mr. Ticknor attended the lectures of Blumenbach, who seemed to have formed a strong attachment for his studious and animated pupil from the far-distant West. Easy and cordial relations grew up between them, and when Mr. Ticknor took leave of the great naturalist, he felt almost as if he were parting from a European father. The way of life into which he fell at Gottingen, continuing with little interruption for twenty months, was not only in marked contrast with his brilliant experience in London, but was unlike that which he had been accustomed to lead at home. Though he had always been a diligent student, yet his warm domestic affections and strong social tastes had claimed some portion of his time; but now all his hours, from early morning till night, were given to hard work, unrelieved by either amusement or society. A daily walk with his friend Mr. Everett was all that varied the monotony of continuous study. Having never been dependent for happiness upon amusements, it cost him little to renounce these; but it was a loss and a sacrifice to give up society,—that full and free exchange of feelings and opinions with those whom we love and trust, which is one of the highest pleasures of life. His only relaxation was found in a change of employment. But his life in Gottingen was a happy one. For all his privations and sacrifices there was this great compensation, that here, for the first time, a deep and ever-flowing fountain was opened to him in which his passionate love of knowledge could be slaked. Here, for the first time, he was made to understand and feel what is meant by instruction. At home he had had teachers, that is, he had had men who knew somewhat more than he did, to whom he recited his lessons, who corrected his mistakes and allowed him to learn. But at Gottingen he was made to understand the difference between reciting to a man and being taught by him. Here he took lessons in Greek, for instance, of a scholar who had not only learned Greek thoroughly, but had also learned the art of teaching it. The delight he took in his new charters and privileges was in proportion to his ardent love of knowledge and his previous imperfect opportunities for gratifying it. Another source of happiness, as well as of intellectual growth, was opened to him at Gottingen in its magnificent library of over two hundred thousand volumes, especially rich in modern literature, and adminstered so liberally that any number of books might be taken from it and kept as long as the student had any need of them. This immense treasury of knowledge was all the more impressive and the more welcome from its contrast with the meagre collections he had left at home.1 Every student knows what a pleasure it is to be able to lay his hands on every book he wants when he is studying a subject, as well as the exaggerated value he will put upon the particular book he cannot find. Here our ardent young scholar could be sure of lighting upon every book of which he had even ever heard; and the delight with which his eye ran along the endless shelves of the University library was only tempered by the sigh called forth by the thought of the disproportion between these boundless stores of knowledge and the length of any human life, or the measure of any human powers. Mr. Ticknor's enjoyment of the new and copious sources of knowledge which were now opened to him, and his sense of the intellectual growth derived from them, were alloyed both by the painful comparison he was forced to make between what he found in Gottingen and what he had left at home, and the sad thought of how much more he might have done and known if, in childhood and youth,2 he had had the advantages he was now enjoying. He saw men around him, his contemporaries, not superior to him in capacity or industry, but far beyond him in extent and accuracy of knowledge, and he could not but recall with a bitter pang the precious hours he had lost for want of books and teachers. The tone of his correspondence, however, is never desponding, but always cheerful. The following extract from a letter to his father, written in November, 1815,—certainly not a season of exhilarating influences in Northern Germany,—is but a fair specimen of the spirit which animates all his communications.
The shortest days are soon coming, and I am glad of it. . . . . At home I used to delight in the silence and darkness of the morning, and a long, uninterrupted winter's evening had pleasures that were all its own; but here, where the sun hardly rises above the damp and sickly mists of the horizon through the whole day, where candles must be burnt till nine in the morning and lighted again at three,— here the darkness becomes a burden of which I shall rejoice to be rid. It no longer seems to me like that “grateful vicissitude of day and night” that Milton says “ flows from the very throne of God,” but like the Cimmerian darkness in which Homer has involved the gloomy regions of death and despair. I would not write thus to you, my dear father, if I did not know that, when you receive this letter, you will be able to console yourself with the recollection that I have already emerged to the light of day. The climate and weather are much like our own in fickleness, though more damp and rainy. .... But I care nothing for this. My health is perfect and constant; and, as for “the seasons and their changes, all please alike.” Mr. Ticknor always was an easy and ready writer, and the exercise of writing was never distasteful to him. His letters and journals, during his residence in Europe, were so copious that they alone, had he done nothing else, would have saved him from the reproach of idleness. They contain so full and continuous a record of his life and thoughts, that little is left for his biographer to relate. They should be read, however, not merely as fresh and animated sketches of what he witnessed and felt, but as unconscious revelations of character, addressed, as they were, to his father and mother, with that frank and affectionate confidence which had always existed between them. They reveal to us a rare degree of self-denial and force of character in a young man of four-and-twenty, suddenly exchanging the loving and watchful supervision of a New England home for the absolute freedom of Europe, but yielding to none of the temptations of his new position; devoting himself to an unbroken life of hard study, making his plans deliberately and adhering to them resolutely, and renouncing not merely all debasing but all frivolous pleasures. And from these letters and journals we also learn that his love of study was not the effect of a solitary temper or an ascetic spirit, but that he was fond of society as well as of books, that he was a social favorite, everywhere well received, and treated with marked kindness by many of the most distinguished men in Europe.
Being rather weary after six weeks of constant study, Mr. Ticknor and Mr. Everett made a visit of five days to Hanover, leaving Gottingen September 19th, and returning the 24th, and found much interest in making the acquaintance of Feder,— for twenty-nine years professor in Gottingen,—Count Munster, Minister of State, Professor Martens, author of a work on the Law of Nations, ‘much read in America,’ and Mad. Kestner, the original of Goethe's ‘Charlotte.’ The following are passages from his journal in Hanover:—
A memorandum made in 1868, by Mr. Ticknor, on the flyleaf of the first volume of his early journal, contains some facts about his Gottingen studies, and though it refers also to later experiences, it seems appropriate here.
It is only that part of my time which I gave to travelling, society, and amusements, of which I have spoken at any length in this journal, written out wherever I stopped long enough to do it, from slight memoranda made on the spot, in small note-books which I carried with me. I, however, prepared myself as well as I could, by collecting beforehand, in other manuscript note-books, statistical, historical, and geographical facts concerning the countries I intended to visit. This was no very easy task. Murray's Hand-Book, or anything of the sort worth naming, was not known in 1815. There was not even a good Gazetteer to help the traveller, for I think the first was Constable's, published at Edinburgh, a little later; and as for such works as Reichard's for Germany, and Mrs. Starke's for Italy,—which were the best to be had,—I found them of little value. . . . . I read what I could best find upon Italy, and took private lectures on the Modern Fine Arts, delivered in Italian by Professor Fiorello, author of the ‘History of Painting’; on the Ancient Fine Arts, by Professor Welcker, in German, afterwards the first archaeologist of his time; on Statistics, in French, by Professor Saalfeld, and in German, on the Spirit of the Times; of all of which I still have at least six volumes of notes, besides two miscellaneous volumes on Rome, and other separate cities and towns of Italy. . . . . But in Spain and Portugal I was reduced very low, travelling much on horseback, though with a postilion, who took a good deal of luggage; but I like to remember that even in those countries I carried a few books, and that I never separated myself from Shakespeare, Milton, Dante, and the Greek Testament, which I have still in the same copies I then used. | <urn:uuid:04cfc297-77fc-4efc-8f61-cf90d773c722> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2001.05.0230%3Achapter%3D4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652921/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990474 | 2,538 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Your Child’s Teacher Is Your Education Partner
Parenting doesn’t end when kids head off to school. Instead, it’s essential to approach your child’s teacher as a partner in the effort of raising healthy, well-rounded, productive kids. These simple tips can help you establish strong and effective relationships with your child’s teacher that last the entire school year and beyond.
Classrooms run on a tight schedule throughout a typical school day. Teachers feel stressed from trying to fit in everything they’re required to teach as budgets disappear and days are cut from the school year. Practice respect for the teacher’s time by being punctual when dropping off or picking up your child. If you decide to volunteer in the classroom, make sure to commit carefully to days and times so that you can follow through. And when you need to talk with the teacher about your child, set an appointment in order to give and receive uninterrupted attention. These simple tips show respect for the time and effort your child’s teacher gives each day.
Believe in Half
As a teacher, one of my favorite phrases to say to parents was, “I ask you to believe half of what your kids say about me, and I’ll believe half of what they say about you.” Why? Because I have found – as a teacher and as a mom – that kids rarely include all of the pertinent details when they are telling a story. If something doesn’t sound right when you’re talking with your child, reserve judgment until you can contact your child’s teacher. This conversation may fill in some important details that your child may have left out!
Keep Track of the Backpacks
It’s difficult for kids to remember the variety of details they’re hit with during the school day. To help keep parents informed, teachers send home papers with important information at least once or twice a week. Stay informed by helping your kids clean out their backpacks each day. At our home, the routine consists of taking everything out of backpacks and putting each item where it belongs, from lunchboxes and homework to important notices for parents. This ensures a clean backpack and an updated calendar throughout the school year.
Bring Something to the Table
If you have concerns about your child – and let’s be honest, many of us do – remember that the teacher isn’t responsible for “fixing” your child’s behavior. When an issue or concern arises that needs to be addressed, make an appointment to meet about what needs to happen both in the classroom and at home to help. This may require adjustment on your part regarding routines at home, but your willingness to partner with your children’s teachers will provide consistency and support for everyone involved.
Kelly Wilson is an elementary school teacher with ten years experience and a freelance writer. For more tips on how to raise healthy, productive kids, visit Dr. Nathan Doyel, a Sherwood dentist.
If You Like This Article Share It On FaceBook!
More Education Articles
How To Improve My Life | <urn:uuid:9d5429de-c293-41a8-8739-d1ea06b4f5b0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.olylife.com/2011/09/your-child%E2%80%99s-teacher-partner-effectively.html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999671474/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060751-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952441 | 643 | 2.671875 | 3 |
| Towns | Cache |
By Larry D. Christiansen
The development of Logan from a pioneer settlement to the foremost city and county seat of Cache County had some interesting and noteworthy phases. One of these came after the city had experienced a series of serious fires in the late 1880s and then made an attempt to improve their capacity to fight and control such conflagrations. In the first two decades of the city's existence in regard to fires, it had relied totally on the actions of neighbors and other volunteers who went to fire scenes to fight any fire. Frequently these efforts became bucket brigades using water to douse the flames. While the efforts of concerned volunteer citizens were important, there were obvious shortcomings and inefficient for a growing city. The city began with some tiny steps, usually reacting to recent fires by creating the Logan Fire Department in 1880, which consisted of a paid chief engineer and volunteer firemen. It remained cost effective with the single paid employee receiving two dollars per month, while offering inducements to volunteer firemen such as being excused from the poll tax and receiving uniforms, which was paid for by contributions from businessmen. The firemen were expected to attend monthly drills but received no pay except praise and guaranteed space in most city parades. With the initiation of the city water works in the late 1870s, the city ordinances called for fire hydrants at a few locations with a promise for more as the city water lines were expanded. Still, fires remained a problem for the city, and from time to time citizens and the press offered suggestions for making things better. In this process in the early 1890s, a controversy of some magnitude came to the forefront and persisted for a few years. It was a multi-faceted affair that was stirred, churned and drawn out by the parties involved such as the city officials, politics and the press. The latter was perhaps the crucial factor as Logan had two opposing newspapers that hatred each other with virulent display. While all directly involved realized the city must do more to safeguard the community from the ravages of fires, there was no unanimity in how to do this.
Among the better suggestions came in a letter to the editor of the longest established newspaper in the city on April 23, 1887, a few days after the last serious fire in the city. The writer signed his article only as a “Taxpayer” as he summarized Logan’s history with fires, stating: “Some years ago Logan experienced her first mighty blaze, when the U. & N. round house burned [April 1881]; then the U.O.M. & B. Co. indulged in a series of small fires, and ended by losing a large and costly saw and shingle mill [1882-84]; meantime the railroad was again attacked, with the loss of the workshops [March 1885]; next Blanchard's large barn fell a prey to the flames [June 1885 and called at the time “The greatest blaze.”] ; then the Foundry was badly crippled by a similar process [May 1886], and Monday our citizens warmed their hands by a fire that cost the owners of the Board of Trade many thousands of dollars [April 1887].” The last fire received the designation as “Cache Valley's Greatest Fire” to that point in time. The writer claimed the entire loss in these mentioned fires was well over one hundred thousand dollars. Then he turned specific giving his opinion that much of this loss could have been saved if the city had a company of trained firemen who could be relied on to quickly fight the fires in a systematic way. The writer avowed he was “one of the first on the ground” at the Zion’s Board of Trade fire that destroyed four buildings, and he was convinced that at least two of the structures could have been saved if water had been available as it had taken “a long time” to bring water within a hundred feet of the buildings. The correspondent zeroed in on the fire issue in the form of a question: “Why could not a number of able-bodied and trusty residents of Logan be formed into a fire brigade, with the promise of remuneration for all actual service at a fire.” He didn’t think this would put a serious drain the city treasury, and it would provide the needed incentive for the men in such a brigade to drill and be instructed in fire fighting measures. In addition, he stated the city needed to place a “fire bell” somewhere in the center of town.1 Although he didn’t mention it in his letter, previous fire alarms were most often vocal and on a few occasions were supplemented by railroad locomotives nearby using their steam whistles and/or the Presbyterian Church ringing its bell. The suggested central fire bell and some payment for the firemen would become realities before long.2
Over the first decade of the Logan fire department, there was some progress, sometimes hesitantly taken with steps forward and sometimes backward. The city ordinance authorizing the department called for the formation of two companies with allowance to comprise a total of eighty men with the “chief engineer” seemingly authorized to organize other companies when deemed necessary under the direction of the city council. Apparently a considerable number of men signed up as volunteer firemen and their names and residences were kept on a list at the new fire station on Third Street, in the remodeled old city recorder’s office near Z.C.M.I., and a list posted at the police station. However, many on the list were not active in attending drills or fighting fires, and it was assumed their motive was only to escape the poll tax. So periodically the firemen’s list had to be revamped, eliminating those not serious about their role. The ordinance assigned the leaders of the department the duties to keep “the fire apparatus and implements” in good working order. The first noted piece of fire equipment was obtained within three months when they obtained “an Excellent hose cart” that had been made locally by the U. O. Foundry in Logan. This hose cart had some 200 yards of hose on it by mid-January of 1881. In March of 1881, the chief engineer was instructed to prepare a list of articles needed to equip the fire department. At the August 3, 1881 meeting of the city leaders the fire engineer presented a petition asking for an appropriation of $200.00 to supply sundry items for the use of the fire department. The list contained the most elementary or basic tools such as “Fire Axes, Monkey Wrenches, Rubber Buckets, Hose, Lanterns, Speaking Trumpets,” etc. The city approved the request with a sharp reminder to not exceed the amount appropriated. Shortly it was decided that each fireman needed a helmet, red flannel over-shirt and belt. It was supposed that this outfit would make the Logan Fire Department “a nicely uniformed and well equipped fire brigade.” The city did not pay for the uniforms and the business community was solicited for donations. In September of 1882, a local newspaper pointed out a need of assistance from the businessmen to put the fire department on a “serviceable footing,” decrying that the firemen should be compelled to pay for fixtures and apparatus, or clothing, and they needed a tower to dry their hoses. For the next seven years Logan relied on her volunteer firemen and concerned citizens with minimal equipment to safeguard the growing community. The city’s water works was extremely limited to a small area of the community, and more often the network of water ditches, or even wells, cisterns, had to be relied upon for the water to fight fires with bucket brigades.3
Periodically from the beginning of the city fire department petitions, and the like were made to city leader to improve the capacity of the volunteer group to extinguish fires. While much of the effort to improve the fire fighting efficiency was along the lines of organizing the manpower and their commitment to respond to fires, while in 1888 this extended to facilities and equipment with significant gains. On July 2 of that year a petition was received from “Z.C.M.I. and others” calling for immediate steps to be taken to prevent and extinguish fires in the city. After reading the petition, it was laid on the table without further discussion for the city leaders had earlier assigned their standing committee on the fire department to investigate and recommend steps to this same end. The committee came back with their recommendations and them to the city council on July 2, 1888, as follows:
GENTLEMEN.--Your committee with the Chief Engineer associated, would respectfully Submit for your consideration in reference to Fire Department.
1st. The premises known as the 4th Ward school house now owned by the city be put in suitable repair to be use as a Fireman's quarter.
2nd. That there be erected a bell and hose tower, which in the opinion of your committee can be so arranged as to serve two purposes and that a suitable bell be purchased to be used as an alarm in the event of a fire.
3rd. That a suitable number of men be enrolled to act as Firemen, as provided in ordinance as may be deemed necessary by the Chief Engineer and that each of said Firemen be compensated as follows: For every attendance to practice drill, or parade that may be ordered by the Chief Engineer, $1.00, provided that payment be made for only one drill per month, and for prompt attendance in answer to an alarm and for attendance at fire $2.00 (two dollars).
4th. That the Chief Engineer with your committee associated be empowered to take immediate steps to carry out the recommendations herein set forth.
[Signed by]H. C. PETERSON, THOMAS IRVINE, B. F. RITTER, and N. W. CROOKSTON, Chief Engineer.4
The Logan City Council adopted the recommendations of its Committee on the Fire Department. Soon work commenced on the old 4th Ward schoolhouse, making it a more suitable firemen’s quarters with adequate space for all department equipment and room for additional equipment. Close by this new
location a bell and hose tower was erected. The remodeled firemen’s structure was completed by August of 1888, and the bell and hose tower a few weeks later. When the fire bell arrived it was positioned in the new tower and tested on September 11th and “found to give a strong and penetrating sound.” Much of the work was performed by members of the fire department, who with the limited compensation for their efforts, seemed to become more devoted to their status as volunteer firemen. A city ordinance in 1888 set the number of firemen at twenty-five. The change brought praise from the Journal thinking they were met by approval of the citizens as—“There has long been a want here for better protection of property from fires. A well organized and disciplined Fire Company is something that every city should have and it is pleasing to note that steps are being taken to have such a company in Logan. With a good fire alarm and properly organized company citizens may rest without so much fear of the fire element.” 5
There was still one more key element of the 1888 improvement of the fire department, which likely came as another step forward but possibly spurred on by a fire in Logan on July 21, 1888. The first and best report of the fire came from a daily paper in Ogden by their correspondent living in Logan. The fire broke out in stack of straw or rye on the premises of Judge J. Z. Stewart just in back of his barn. The fire spread in the stack yard and would have resulted in a very serious fire “had it not been for the timely aid of neighbors, both ladies and gentlemen. The ladies did excellent service in carrying water, etc.” The flames charred the side of the barn and the wooden fence adjacent to the barn until the bucket brigade put out the fire. The cause of the fire was ascribed to children playing with matches. The Ogden newspaper ended the article with a biting commentary that focused on Logan fire fighting capabilities: “It seem that our city has arrived to such dimensions as to warrant it in owning more extensive fire extinguishing apparatus. Outside of the water works there is no protection against fire. There ought to be revenue enough to spare at least to purchase a hand engine.” The “hand engine” mentioned was a hand operated pump that could deliver by hose a pressurized continuous flow of water on a fire. A day later the twice-weekly Journal had its coverage of the fire near Stewart’s barn where “timely assistance” put out the fire before serious damage was done. The day was windy and if the barn had caught fire much damage would have resulted in the whole neighborhood. The fire originated from children having matches with not a word on the activities of women at the fire. Having heaped praise on the capabilities of the fire department some eighteen days earlier, there was no comment of insufficiencies of the department. Instead, in the same issue of its paper in an editorial it expounded that the Stewart fire should serve as a warning to parents regarding children using matches. It covered boys and girls, little children and even included cigarette smoking as a way little children obtained matches.6
A week later at a Logan City Council meeting on August 1, 1888, the same Committee on Fire Department that gave recommendation in early July of 1888 had another significant report for the city leaders that stated:
Your Committee with the Mayor and Chief Engineer associated would respectfully recommend that the Mayor be authorized to purchase a hand fire engine, a hose cart and five hundred feet of hose as per attached proposition of Messrs C. G. Carlton and Co. of Chicago. The engine and cart as shown in photographs herewith. The proposition is to furnish the above mentioned items for $1200.00. The freight on the same would be approximately $135.00. In the opinion of your Committee and those associated this apparatus is the most suitable for the time and will give such protection as the circumstances justify.7
1885 – hand engine or pumper.
The city leaders approved this recommendation which their committee had been working on and evaluating for some time—a fire fighting apparatus that would improve the capability of the Logan firemen. In their investigation they had considered a steam engine pump but found the cost more than what they thought the city could afford and settled on a “hand fire engine” at one-third the cost of the steam engine yet suitable to the needs of Logan at the time. For $1,350.00 (freight included) they could upgrade their fire department considerably, thus a contract was made and a hand fire engine ordered. It would be a hand drawn manual fire engine or pump with an intake suction hose and pressurized outtake fire hoses mounted on a four wheel cart. No picture, sketch or diagram has been found for this particular engine bought, but another engine from 1885 (pictured to the left) measured thirteen and a half feet long, four feet wide and five feet high. All transport of the hand engine was by manpower and double quick time as much as humanly possible to the scene of a blaze. The equipment had to be positioned within a short distance of a water source of (pond, stream, ditch, etc.) and the intake suction hose immerged in this source with the outtake hoses extended to the fire. Then the two parallel lever bars were lowered to working height on each side of the engine cart, and actuated up and down by a crew of men (pumpers), typically eight on each side. The pumping action in conjunction with a pressure chamber created the suction of water into the engine and the pressure to force it through the hoses to the fire. This device was commonly known as a hand pumper, however at Logan it was referred to as the pump, engine, hand-pump or hand-engine. The Logan firemen claimed it took twenty men to operate it satisfactorily in fighting fires with the allowance of citizen volunteers helping with the fatiguing work of the pumping.8
In early January of 1889, N. W. Crookston, the fire department’s chief, reported to the city leaders the present status of the fire company. They had twenty-five men enrolled and they met once a month in regular drills with special meetings with an average attendance of twenty-two. They elected their leaders and followed the Standard American Fireman's regulations. In the last six months they had two barn fires, and the first was seven blocks from the fire hall when “some time was lost in getting there,” but upon arrival with the “hand engine” they had good success in putting the fire out. The chief gave a listing of fire department equipment and its value as follows: “Head engine hose cart and 500 feet of hose”(valued at $1,329.80); “One large hose cart” ($75.00); 550 feet of 3 1/2 inch cotton hose ($450.00); 100 feet of 3 1/2 inch rubber hose ($6.00); and four axes, two spades, wrenches and hooks ($13.00). Plus they had paid $297.60 for the alarm bell and expended $951.65 to repair the new firemen's hall and built the tower. The new hand engine could be stored in this firemen’s hall. The first three months of compensation for firemen's services had cost $137.00. Perhaps as important, the firemen had formed a good rapport with each other and became an efficient team, almost like a social club becoming an auxiliary organization doing a host of non-fire related things such as planning parades and celebrations, hosting benefits, dances and fireworks at celebrations. There were at this time some complaints in Logan over a poor celebration for Pioneer Day and the need for a town band, and the city found it easy to call upon the firemen to help out in these non-fire situations. In this latter category the fire department was assigned to strengthen the newly formed Logan Brass Band. They tied it with the fire company and requested an additional ten men (musicians in the brass band) and even had the city pay for a music teacher for a few weeks to improve the music and obtain sheet music. As this evolved, two regular drill meetings a month became normal with the musicians now numbering fourteen, using this time to practice music while only the actual firemen participated in fire practices. The firemen built a band platform on the Tabernacle Square for band concerts. All appeared to be going well for the city and the firemen; the chief’s report for February had thirty-five firemen enrolled but fourteen were members of the fireman’s band, and described them as in a “lively condition” with high morale and cohesiveness. In 1890, the firemen began the process of replacing their nine-year-old uniforms with new ones.9
The only sour notes in the fire chief’s periodic reports to the city council dealt with getting from the fire hall to the fire; if long distance or hills were involved, some delay occurred. Then on June 7, 1889, a fire alarm rang at 2 a.m. reporting a barn fire in the 5th Ward when only eight of the firemen responded. Due to the lack of manpower, they only took out the hand engine which was drawn by hand, and “owing to the great distance and up hill travel,” they only arrived in time to “saturate the burning embers.” Thus, the Farrell barn, a shed, a team, a cow, sheep, swine and a wagon were destroyed. A month later an afternoon fire alarm on July 5, 1889, “called out the boys in red in a lively manner.” Twenty-six firemen responded to the alarm with both the hand engine and hose cart, and, according to their chief’s report, “saved considerable fencing and other materials and the residence property.” The loss to the fire included all of Johnson’s out buildings and hay stacks. The Journal didn’t see fit to cover the fire with an article but only briefly mentioned it with a few lines in its “Local Points” column of miscellaneous minor happenings. Logan had been in a quiescent period regarding fires, very few and minor.10 However, a storm of some magnitude was brewing and thrust forth at a City Council meeting in early January of 1891. The committee on the fire department declared the city could not afford the expense of the present fire force and recommended its size be reduced to ten members. The fire chief responded that the fire company needed at least thirty men to push or pull the equipment to the fire and manipulate the hand engine and hose carts. A discussion followed about obtaining a team of horses that might resolve the issue of transport to the fire where the curious citizens, who always gathered at fires, could provide the needed manpower to man the hand pump and other duties. Thereby the city’s expense would only be paying for the reduced fire company’s payment for fire fighting. While the minutes of the meeting don’t detail if the acquisition of a team of horses was so ordered, at the end of the discussion the city leaders ordered that Logan’s fire department be “reduced from thirty-four to ten.”11
The reaction was swift and negative. The firemen made it known that they would resign if this wholesale reduction was carried out. Almost simultaneously came two public outcries in the Journal of January 14, 1892. On the editorial page the newspaper stated its sentiments that the firemen’s complaint be shared by the city’s residents, and that their intimation of resignation was serious if not grave. The paper claimed “The fire department is not an expensive one,” and the drastic reduction might bring inefficiency along with “dangerous parsimony.” Its conclusion simply read that if the reduction and savings retained effectiveness of the firemen, okay, but if it came at the expense of efficiency, it was all wrong. Then on the front page of the newspaper came the firemen’s statement in the form of a letter to the editor. They acknowledged that for a time their manpower was from ten to dozen more than really needed, but that came about due to the brass band for the benefit of the people. However, the band had recently folded and at present their numbers were at twenty-eight, and this number was required to operate the hand pump and hose cart (“The pump that we have required twenty men to work successfully” and ten men to look after the hose cart.) Therefore, they contended that their numbers could not be safely reduced. They gave a scenario wherein with a ten member department if the fire bell should ring in the early morning hours of two or three o’clock and about six men arrived in response to the alarm, what could they do? They responded to their own query with, nothing more than get the pump and hose cart out of the firemen’s house and in readiness to be moved. They posed a similar situation on a fire on the far out-skirts of town, asking how many citizens would show up and render assistance until the last spark of fire was put out. In addition they reminded the city of all the extra things they had been involved in, giving their presence, labor and some personal means, asking why now they should be imposed upon? They claimed that every person in the city “more or less benefits” by having a good fire department with lower insurance rates and better fire protection. Then for extra measure, they asked for a comparison between this city and Provo with slightly more people, inquiring how could Provo support a steam engine and paid firemen costing more than twice as much as Logan. Pertinent, the firemen thought, since the city had recently been bragging about how well they were doing in modernizing compared to other cities their size. Their ultimatum was if the city leaders did not leave their numbers as they stood, they would resign. They closed by saying they would be “pleased” to meet appropriate city representatives at their next meeting a week later.12
In the evening of the same day the above newspaper articles appeared in the newspaper, the city leaders met in their regular session, and among several items discussed the matter on the firemen briefly and referred it back to the committee on the fire department for more deliberation. The stated committee met with the firemen and affected a compromise which was formally ordered by the city council. It set the manpower level of the fire brigade at twenty men, to be paid one dollar for every practice drill they attended but such drills were limited to one per month with pay for fires remaining unchanged. In addition the city directed “that each police officer in the employ of the city be required to serve as a fireman free except when attending a fire during the time he is not on duty. In such case we advise that he be paid the usual price for fires.” This settled the immediate issue and apparently the service of the policemen worked better than the one with the brass band.13
Even with the changed noted above the Logan City Council continued to receive petitions from important citizens and businessmen as well as businesses to upgrade and improve the city’s status in regard to fire. Some were general in nature while others were specific to what should be obtained. Occasionally a councilman or citizen would attempt to press the issue by claiming that insurance rates would rise if Logan didn’t take action to improve its fire department. Often it turned into a political issue seeking an advantage as the old political divisions (Peoples’ Party vs. Liberal) gave away to the formation of Democrat and Republican parties in Logan. Perhaps a fire on Saturday, July 4, 1891, was the spark for a controversy that followed. In the forenoon the fire alarm rang while a large congregation had assembled in the Tabernacle for a literary exercise, causing a “great deal of commotion” some inside the structure and a great deal out. The fire brigade responded to the fire at a residence in the Seventh Ward and saved part of the two story frame building with the loss around $600 and where it was learned there was $800 worth of insurance on it. Thereafter, the petitions and requests for improved fire service seemed to gather momentum. At a council meeting in late April of 1891 a representative of the Michigan Chemical Fire Engine Work gave a presentation of their chemical engine showing photographs and a detailed explanation of how it work and its effectiveness. The issue of its purchase was referred to the committee on the fire department. By early July the committee had their report back saying they had investigated the matter and concluded that a chemical fire engine did not meet the demands of Logan. Instead, they favored the purchase of a more expensive steam engine pump, if the City Council thought they could afford it. The Journal published the committee's report on July 4th and added the paper's opinion that it should be easy for the council to decide they had more important things that were needed than a steam fire engine, which was a luxury when money was so scarce.14
In one of the council’s meetings in July, Councilman William H. Thain repeated some of the common talk about town concerning the city’s high insurance rates and that a certain business in the city had to pay $2,000 annually for its fire insurance. Then he declared that the purchase of a steam engine by Logan would reduce their fire insurance rate by twelve per cent. Logan’s largest newspaper, the Journal, fumed at this declaration: “If Mr. Thane does not want to be considered an ass, he will retract the statement that the purchase of a steam engine by Logan City will reduce the insurance 12 per cent. The statement is simply ridiculous. We want a water system, not a squirt gun.” A wordy explosion resulted with Logan’s two newspaper take opposing stands and turned up the heat. The Nation charged that a “vulgar insult” and vile language had been used against a respected citizen, and then tried to turn the issue around by saying they had all kinds of witnesses that the Councilman had not said what the Journal had him saying regarding the amount of insurance reduction. The two newspapers battled over this in several issues of their papers, each seeking to have the other retract its initial stand or apologize but to no avail. A resort was even taken to a dictionary definition of the three lettered “vile” word. The Journal stated boldly: “Not only do we not retract what was said, but we reiterate it.” From subsequent events it becomes clear that the Journal’s heated opposition was motivated by its strong view that an upgraded fire apparatus was not needed and by political considerations as its opposing newspaper (the Nation) used this fire related issue to advance the Republican cause (considered upstarts who under a mixed Liberal banner never had power in Logan).15 Perhaps some comment should be made on the assertion—“We want a water system, not a squirt gun.” The water system mentioned was the Logan City water works which was in its infancy and according to city officials was in “unsatisfactory condition” whereby the system could go down and be useless at any time. The “squirt gun” would come from purchasing a steam powered fire engine or pump. Depending upon the size engine acquired (there were at the time six classes), steamers could pump from 300 to several thousands gallons of water per minutes in a continuous stream with the ability to focus the water were it was needed.
If the Journal failed to do sufficient homework on fire engines compared to squirt guns, it believed that an expensive upgrade of the fire department was not needed, and as the organ for the Democratic Party focused on trying to ensure those rascal Republicans didn’t get political control in the city. The Logan City Council continued to receive petitions to upgrade and improve its fire department. Each was discussed, investigated to some extent with no decisive action as the city’s finances were not good and forced to get new loans to pay off old debts and loans. The firemen repeated their active roles in celebrations, dances, July 4th fireworks or whatever was asked of them. In mid-December of 1891, they wanted something for themselves as they formally petitioned the mayor and city council to remit their poll taxes, which was granted. However, with municipal elections for Logan scheduled in early March of 1892, most of the attention was spent on the two new political parties in the city affirming platforms, recruiting members and waging battle with each other in the first serious contest for power in Logan. For the Democratic Journal the new unthinkable disaster of political defeat likely haunted its thoughts and actions as the election neared. The bitterness and charges by both parties rivaled the rancor of the old Mormon versus anti-Mormon campaigns in Salt Lake City.16
The March election in Logan produced a Republican victory with James Quayle as mayor and a Republican majority on the city council. The losing side, according to their newspaper, saw it as a gain by the old hated Liberal Party only won by every Liberal voting to a man for the Republican ticket along with every apostate and by many others by the “church ticket” trickery by unholy influences. This was a changeover of power unknown in Logan and handled in an unusual manner, whether because those who had the power previously didn’t quite know what to do, or, as the Journal speculated, the greedy Republican members elected couldn’t wait for a ceremonious turnover, they called a council meeting and “turned the city government over to themselves.” Whatever, the groundwork had been laid for an unprecedented stormy period in Logan’s history. It came early when the new council had trouble appointing a new fire chief; they appointed one which caused a stir in the department and then appointed another only to have the firemen revolt with all but two of the twenty-five firemen resigning. The disgruntled went a step further and publicly stated their intention of organizing a new fire company, which would be second to none in Utah. They declared the old hand pump as almost useless at fires in the winter or anytime when away from large water ditches. Therefore, after the new organization was completed they would ask the businessmen of the community to assist in procuring better equipment. Their hope for new fire company never materialized, but the Logan fire department did recruit new members to fill the numerous vacancies by the mass resignation. Two weeks later the new fire brigade had a rehearsal on Main Street and a follow-up one a couple of days later using the hand engine in pumping water. The equipment was set up and the hand pumping began at 5 p.m. and an hour later when the Journal reporter left the exercise scene, all they had been able to pump was “blowing dust” and the only moisture was just the sweat from the perspiring firemen pumping with all their might. There were a few smart remarks on the fiasco demonstration as seen by some spectators and read in the newspaper reports suggesting more than perseverance at the old hand pump engine was needed.17
At this low point in the Logan fire department a regular meeting of the city leaders was held on June 15, 1892. A representative of the Holloway Chemical Fire Engine Company attended and presented a proposition to the city to purchase one of their fire engines. Again the matter was referred to the committee on the fire department. Then the regular order of business resumed and a petition from Robert Murdock and forty-four others was read asking the city to purchase a chemical engine with several members speaking on the subject. After which, this matter was referred to the committee on fire department, like a repeat of a year earlier. At the next council meeting held June 29, 1892, the committee reported back to the council that they “did not consider the city in a position to purchase one at present,” and by special assignment also reported on the amount the city could be bonded for at $93,579.00 per the latest assessment rolls. And if that wasn’t bad enough, the mass resignation of firemen created a need for new uniforms for the new recruits and so there was a petition from the twenty-six Logan firemen asking the city to pay for the new firemen’s uniforms at $8 each, referred to committee. For over a year the issue of physical upgrade and improvement of the Logan fire equipment had been stuck on high center without much movement, but shortly and with amazing speed that changed at the next council meeting in mid-July. A representative of the Holloway Chemical Engine Company was present again and stated his company would furnish a chemical engine of sufficient capacity for Logan for $1,600 (a stream engine pump would have been two to three times that cost). The advisability of such a purchase was discussed at “great length,” with the mayor and others arguing that the insurance companies were threatening to raise their rates in Logan if the city did not secure more adequate fire protection. The City of Provo was cited as an example wherein they saved $2,000 per annum by the purchase of a chemical engine, and this together with the loss of taxes when buildings burned, “decided the council in favor of purchasing one.” They authorized the mayor and others to conclude the negotiation for a Holloway Chemical Engine. By early August word was received in Logan that their chemical engine had been shipped from Baltimore.18
The new chemical fire engine arrived on the train and was unloaded and pulled by two horses to the firemen’s hall on Friday, September 2, 1892, and described by the local newspaper as “a beauty in appearance” with the observation: “If it is taken to the scene of a fire at as great a rate of speed as it was hauled from the depot at, it will always be on time.”19 To activate the chemical engine a carbolic acid-soda compound was dumped into the water tanks causing a simple chemical reaction with attended pressure energy making a true chemical engine. Using the chemical hose the pressurize soda-water gas mixture could be put on flames immediately upon arrival at the scene of a fire faster than other fire apparatus that had to he connected or hookup to a source of water. The most important aspect of the chemical engine was the speed in which it could be placed in service on fires. However, to many the new engine and its process in fighting fires was primarily a mystery which only heighten the interest in a scheduled test of the new chemical fire engine on the first Monday evening after its arrival in Logan. The September 5th test gave the new inexperienced fire company the shortest time to become acquainted with the new piece of fire equipment.
To the left is the 1893 horse-drawn Holloway Chemical Fire Engine.
To the right is a sketch drawing of the same. Its main components were two horizontal tanks each holding between 26 and 35 gallons of water and the chemical hose dispensed from the hose reel behind the driver’s seat.
One of the local newspapers gave the following account of the test under the title of “The Chemical Engine:”
Hundreds of people witnessed the test of the Chemical Engine on Monday evening, And the general verdict was that it was a failure. A shanty 12x14 feet, and about 12 feet in height had been built, and was filled with shavings, straw, dry goods boxes, etc., the whole of which were saturated with kerosene oil. When the torch was applied, the fire bell rang and the chemical engine came rushing up from a point about two blocks distant, at racing speed. So sudden was the stop that the tongue of the engine was broken. Chief Stanton of the Salt Lake department was present to superintend the test made, as he thoroughly understands the Holloway chemical, as it has been in use in Salt Lake for a long time. By the time the engine commenced to play on the fire, the flames were leaping high in the air from the sides and roof of the building. The effect was scarcely perceptible and the firemen had a roaring fire in a short time. It seemed as if the fire should be completely extinguished within a few minutes, but for a reason that has since been offered. They seemed to make no further headway than merely to subdue the flames, and the old hand pump was sent for, which extinguished the fire in a few minutes. After the fire had been somewhat subdued, Mr. Stanton, finding that the engine was not doing the work properly, went to it and claimed someone had opened the overflow cock, allowing the pressure to run down from 160 pounds, the proper pressure, to 60 pounds. The general opinion though, is that while the chemical may be effective where the fire is confined within the walls of a building, it is no good on an outside fire. The principle upon which it works, is the formation of carbolic acid gas by the mixture of pure soda, carbolic acid and oil of vitriol. This gas, by destroying the oxygen in the air surrounding the enclosed in a chamber from which all the air had been exhausted. Judging from this, a person would naturally suppose that in the case of a fire exposed to all the winds of heaven, a chemical is N.G.20
The capitalized initials were for “NO GOOD,” with emphasis, and in an editorial in the same issue the paper continued to whack away at the chemical engine as nothing but a “Republican toy” that miserably failed to put out a small fire set purposely to show it off, but instead it only spouted as much gas as a Republican stump-speaker while the fire grew bigger and hotter. The Democratic paper concluded its volatile remarks saying: “The new chemical engine which his excellence? Mayor Quayle and the council purchased for $1,600, was pronounced a failure by all who saw the pyrotecnic [sic-pyrotechnic] exhibit.” The Journal had been upset by the Republicans gaining political control in Logan, and they now had an issue, a cause célèbre, and would endlessly recycle the story of the failure, the costs (discovering a freight charge of $227.40 to bring the engine in) and chastise their opponents directly and indirectly. Maintaining it was a pity that Logan must suffer another year and half the foolishness of those now in charge, but maybe it was “Logan’s chastisement for harkening to smooth bore protectionists” Republicans. The digs and partisan politics went on and on with the chemical engine called a “toy,” “fizzle,” “failure,” etc., wasting the citizens’ money and wasn’t needed. Into this mix came another Logan newspaper, the Nation that favored the Republican Party and praised the chemical engine making a war of words and repetitions as they argued and re-argued almost every issue from the purchase of the engine to its performance. In short the fight over the chemical engine became a three-ringed circus and in the center ring were the two newspapers—The Nation and the Journal—slugging away wildly at each other with little concern for the truth, at least the whole truth, producing much heat but little light.21
The Nation, which started as a Democratic organ but switched to the Republicans, charged the Journal with making the fire engine a partisan issue. The Journal countered that the other paper had the previous spring thought it was proper for the Republican council to refuse the fire department’s choice for a fire chief and chose a Republican outsider as the new chief. Furthermore, the Republican mayor and council had “wantonly waste the people’s money on an impracticable scheme”—the fizzled toy chemical engine—and now the opposition paper thinks the politics shouldn’t be mentioned. But the Journal claimed it would champion the people and exposure the political mistakes of the Republicans, which included a freight bill of “over two hundred dollars” to bring in a machine that “don’t seem to work.” Besides this, according to the Journal, a week after the failed test, the city authorities “persist in blockading Main street with the old building on which they practice with their chemical toy,” urging its removal before if frightened horses and caused a runaway.22
Three days later the Journal came forth with a long and involved editorial with the title—“TAKE IT BACK.” It began by calling attention to a willful perversion of the facts in the last issue of the Nation wherein that paper wrote: “We will take this occasion to remind our Democratic friends who have been trying to poke fun for political effect and who have very industriously been using their newspaper to that end, that it has not been many moons since a petition was filed with the City council by the Hon. Moses Thatcher and signed by 60 business men of Logan many of whom were Democrats, asking the City Council to purchase a Chemical Engine.” This time the Nation’s “Democratic friends” (The Journal) did more than poke fun, it poked holes in the Nation’s story, declaring it didn’t know what it was talking about. Then at great length it rehearsed the details of the petitions and actions related at the beginning of this article. It cited page numbers in the City Council Minutes and reprinted some of the contents showing the process in detail and delineated which council (Democrat or Republican) received what and the actions taken. In summary, the Journal’s investigation of the records revealed that the Thatcher petition did not asked the council to purchase a “Chemical Engine” but to consider purchasing a “fire engine.” The two recommendations by council investigators (one to a Democratic and one to a Republican) were ignored.23 The “Take It Back” may have been designed to have the Nation take back its untrue statements, which it never did; nevertheless, this was also the opening salvo in the larger contest on the engine itself.
In another article from the editorial page of the same issue as above, the Journal focused on “THE CHEMICAL FIZZLE.” The cause for this article came from an article in the Nation where W. A. Stanton, Chief of the Salt Lake Fire Department, had written a letter to that paper which was printed.
The Chief’s letter deplored the fact of putting fire and politics together in the discussion of the Logan situation stating: “It seems very strange that a small city in the mountains with a population between 5,000 and 6,000 inhabitants and a portion of that number and their paper claim that a Chemical engine is ‘N.G.’ when cities with a population of 80,000 to 100,000 inhabitants and knowing onus in these cities have dozens of them in use and have never yet found that a Chemical engine is ‘N.G.’” The Journal couldn’t let this stand without further comment, but did acknowledge the Salt Lake fire chief and his presence at the Logan test of the chemical engine by request of the Logan City Council and fire department, where, in their opinion, he had been shabbily treated by the city officials. Then the paper launched its account by asking the writer of the letter to read again its “N.G.” article for it didn’t mean or say that chemicals could not be effective in large cities where principally the building are made of stone or brick. But in smaller towns where the houses are most often frame, the paper maintained they didn’t believe anything was better to quench a fire than a stream of water. They quoted from their earlier article: “The general opinion though, is that while the chemical may be effective where the fire is confined within the walls of a building, it is no good on an outside fire. Judging from this, a person would naturally suppose that in the case of a fire exposed to all the winds of heaven, a chemical is N.G.” The Journal concluded its editorial saying: “We were not trying to make political capital out of the ‘chemical.’ But we regarded its exhibition as a miserable failure, and so did every one who witnessed it. Mr. Stanton took part in that performance and is well acquainted with such machines. He says in his letter to the Nation: ‘I claim that the engine gave a thorough test in extinguishing the fire.’ If that was a thorough test, it has conclusively proven that we don't need a ‘chemical’ here. That one sentence disproves all others assertions in his letter as well as all excuses made in the Nation.”24 In summation the newspaper declared its contention “we don't need a ‘chemical’ here.”
In the next issue of the Journal this hint or suggestion was furthered when the paper stated that its criticism of the chemical engine that doesn’t work should not be misconstrued to reflect negatively on the “fine set of boys” at the fire department. “Indeed one of them remarked in our hearing that he would give ten dollars if no chemical was bought.” Probably there was building of public opinion by the carefully designed to manipulate press releases that the chemical was indeed “N.G.,” a toy that fizzled and didn’t really work and had been an expensive failure that only the die-hard Republicans and the Nation could stand by. Whatever, in the third week of the firestorm circus at Logan, the Journal editorialize on “THE CHEMICAL QUESTION,” again prefacing its article as follows: “We ask the pardon of our readers for mentioning this matter again. But our Republican friend [editor] don't seen to know when he has enough of anything. With the records against him and the Protest of three leaders of his own party he still persists in his folly.” The Nation had not backed away from its earlier charges as to whom and how the request to buy a chemical engine was made, insisting that a request had been made for that specific engine. The Journal countered, repeating the whole sequences of events, petitions, investigations, and negative reports, emphasizing those aspects like “A CHEMICAL WOULD NOT BEST SUIT THE DEMANDS OF LOGAN CITY.” Closing with “Now our contemporary claims that the petition to which he made reference used the words ‘Chemical Engine.’ If he will show us such a petition we will gladly publish it in full,” ending with a subtle jab to the opposition paper, the Journal reminded the readers of the somewhat torturous course of the Nation that once claimed to be a Democratic paper, “don’t ye know.” Amid all the words, the Journal posed the question “So what difference would it make” if every citizen of Cache County had once asked for an investigation of fire engines, even of the chemical type, and an investigation made to prove the inefficiency of them, what justification could be found for the purchase of the chemical engine when the records opposed it? “But don't pretend that this council purchased the chemical because any Democrat recommended it--that is entirely too thin.” Still, in the following issues of the Journal much of this was rehashed with neither paper ready to quit the never-ending argument.25
In the September 24th issue of the Journal there came some self-proclaimed evidence of public opinion as the Democratic paper claimed it gained some new subscriptions from Republicans who couldn’t take the Nation any longer, and the Republican Party within Logan seemed “out of tune” with the paper that claimed to be their organ. Far more important to this paper was the news that the Logan City Council had decided “that the Journal is right,” and that theme, like much else on this issue, would be repeated more than once. The City of Logan sent a telegram to the Holloway Chemical Engine Company after being assured by their attorney that they could reject the engine if they wished to. The telegram stated simply: “Chemical engine does not perform efficient fire duty. Engine is at your disposal. Logan City does not accept it.” The telegram signed by, JAS. QUAYLE, Mayor, appeared in print by September 25, 1892, but had been sent on September 9th. In the meantime a representative of a Chicago firm, Champion Chemical Engine Company, appeared before the city council claiming to have a much superior and cheaper engine and asked the council to purchase one. The city officials decided to wait until the disposal of the Holloway engine had been made. However, that did not come about soon and a waiting period continued through the months of October and November, without reference or explanation in the Logan and Utah newspapers.26
What happened has to be gleaned from the Logan City Council meeting held Wednesday, December 1, 1892, and augmented by information from the newspapers. Apparently Mr. Charles Holloway, owner of the company, was away from Baltimore, Maryland when the telegram from Logan arrived. When Holloway did respond he explained the delay saying: “I would have answered your telegram of September 9th sooner but have been away from the city.” He was in no mood to take the chemical engine back claiming that too much time had lapsed over the ten day period in the contract and challenged the reasons given in not accepting it as failure to perform efficient fire duty. He stated he would enforce payment, if necessary, in the court for the engine. At the December 1st Logan City Council meeting Holloway’s letter that had been read at a previous meeting in November was given much consideration, including the company owner’s contention that “there was a conspiracy on the part of some of the citizens to prevent its acceptance.” At the November meeting of the council the matter was referred to a special committee to thoroughly investigate the difficulty. Their report found that the fire test and shanty were built under the direction of Holloway’s agent, and there was no conspiring by city officials or citizens to make that test unfair as claimed by Holloway. If the original trial of the chemical engine had been unfair, it was not due to intentional actions of city officials or citizens. Therefore, “The city recommended that Mr. Holloway be requested to prove by a satisfactory test that his engine is what he claims it to be.” The city recorder was directed to inform Mr. Holloway of the council’s decision with the proviso that the company bears the expense of its agents.27
After a two month respite the Journal had its second wind and jumped back into the fray with a biting editorial under the title of “INVOLVED IN A LAWSUIT.” Which it explained was threatened in spite of the ten day clause in the Holloway contract that gave the city ten days after receipt of the engine for inspection to accept or reject. However, “After inspecting the engine for several weeks and experimenting on bonfires, etc. the Mayor concluded that THE JOURNAL was right--that the chJmical [sic-chemical] did not do the work required of it.” The paper loosely chronicled the advent of the chemical engine at Logan—“This engine was received for inspection on or about September 1892. It failed to work at a public test made Sep. 5th. It was still here on the 17th when THE JOURNAL requested on behalf of the taxpayers of Logan that it be sent away.” According to this newspaper, there were some in the city determined to keep “the thing” whether it worked or not; “But the rights of our citizens were not to be overridden in order to favor an agent or a corporation; so THE JOURNAL insisted that it was sheer robbery to take the people's taxes and expend them on a mere ornament. . . . Finally, after much quibbling, the Council rejected the machine at its session of Sept. 21. Mayor Quayle telegraphed the Holoway [sic-Holloway] company” that the city would not accept it. The Journal continued its account: “But the delay had been too great. Twice the time for inspection allowed by the contract had elapsed. The company paid no attention to the Mayor's telegram. . . . Negligence on the part of the Municipal officers to act when the time was ripe would have saved the taxpayers of Logan a lawsuit and maybe the enforced expenditure of sixteen hundred dollars for a worthless toy besides.” For good measure, the paper stated the same failure to look out for the public good had been shown by these same city officials in their handling of city bonds at a distant city rather than patronize an area bank for less expense. The editorial ended with a strong partisan declaration: “Hereafter let the people look after their own interests and only put in office men who will ignore petty spites and personal anamosities [sic animosities] when they conflict with public welfare.”28
In time for publication in the next issue of the Journal came a letter to the editor from the lawyer who had advised the city they could reject acceptance of the chemical engine taking issue with the paper’s previous statements. However, before the letter’s contents were printed, the paper placed in brackets its reason for mistaken information, if any, shifting the blame to others. Verbatim with its brackets it went--
[In the following communication, one of the city officers undertakes to shift the responsibility of keeping the chemical after its woeful failure at the test. It may be that Mayor Quayle telegraphed on the 9th,--but the Republican paper did not announce that fact till the 23rd. And all the while he allowed that misguided organ to go on fighting for the chemical and insisting that it was just the thing for Logan. It now transpires that the Holloway Company refuses to take the engine back. It is said the Holoway [sic] will enforce payment of the $1,600. The city has already spent $200, on the thing. Who is to blame for it all if some of the municipal rulers are not. As to those petitioners, as they are good business men it is not to be supposed that they want their taxes spent for something that the city can’t use.]29
Adolph Anderson, the writer of the letter to the editor, charged the Journal in its editorial column in the previous issue with “several misstatements of facts,” and then supplied the correct data so the information could be placed “before the public in a true and proper light, if so desired.” Like a school master instructing a pupil it went step by step—the engine arrived in Logan September 2nd, tested on the following Monday the 5th and a telegram to the company on the 9th of September, seven day after the engine’s arrival, thus the Mayor’s telegraph was timely. Not mentioned in this letter, the mayor’s telegram rejecting the chemical engine came at least eight days before the paper’s claimed date when it asked the city to send it back. Equally distasteful to this newspaper and at the end of this letter came the bad news that contrary to the Journal’s expressed view that the city council had purchased the engine of its own accord without any petition, now it was revealed that such a petition had been presented to the city council on June 15th and gave the names of several of the forty-four signers.30 It was cruel fate to be accused of spotty reporting, misstatements of fact and the possibility that the newspaper, who frequently claimed it was right all the time, sometimes came up short and on occasion tried to shift the blame to others.
This small setback didn’t dampen the celebration that in the early December school elections the Democrats were returning to power in Logan, carrying the city by a majority of 55 compared to the Republican majority of 77 last March, and soon the Republican shackles would be gone. Therefore, the Democratic rooster (party emblem before the mule) did much crowing at the dawn of freedom having returned with a brighter future. The celebration had some limits—“The roosters do not crow because the city is involved in a law-suit--that is indeed something to mourn over. . . . The roosters do not crow because the chemical is about to be forced on the city; nor because two hundred dollars were spent in bringing the thing here.” In communications from Mr. Holloway he promised to investigate the “chemical engine affair” and report to the city council and in the latter part of December the parties agreed to another test of the engine. In preparation for this Chief Stanton, of the Salt Lake Fire Department, arrived in Logan on Wednesday, December 28th and “a shanty was built as in the former trial,” and the following evening a test fire was set and the chemical engine came to the scene and extinguished the flames satisfactorily for the City Council. Whether the city leaders were impressed or just satisfied that acceptance of the engine was better than a law suit, the Journal was not intimidated and its disgruntled coverage of the test were very brief saying: “This time however, the fire was not allowed to make an interesting display. This test only confirms our opinion that in nine out of ten fires that occur in this city the Chemical would do no good. Where there is a regular fire department and an electric system of fire alarms, the chemical may be all right."31 It was evident this newspaper had not changed its views on the Holloway Chemical Engine.
Logan City’s acceptance of the chemical engine did not end the controversy over it. On Wednesday, January 18th after the firemen’s regular monthly meeting at the Fireman Hall, a planned demonstration or fire practice with the chemical engine was scheduled. At a specified time the partially burned test shanty used on the earlier test was to be set ablaze with fixed fire exercise to follow. However, a mischievous fellow, either for fun or with a hope of subverting the well-laid plans, set fire to the shanty ahead of the scheduled time. Still, without skipping a beat after the fire alarm was given, the firemen “ran the engine out in a hurry, and extinguished the flames in a short time. This test was the most satisfactory one made yet.” The following week at the city council meeting the chief of the Logan Fire Department recommended the purchase of the Chemical engine “as recent tests had proved satisfactory.” In addition they requested at least 500 feet of hose be purchased for the fire department, apparently for fighting fires using the city’s water works. On February 11, 1893, the Journal had more to say: “The Chemical Engine has been accepted and paid for. Strange as it may seem this chemical is the same chemical that was tried some time ago and found wanting. It is the same that the Mayor telegraphed Holloway would not be accepted because it failed to do the work. It is the same that cost the taxpayers of this city about eighteen hundred dollars. The very same.” Yet that needed a little explanation in another article in the same issue, as the city executed a corporation note for $1,500 to C. T. Holloway with Logan’s note payable two years after date.32
This somewhat mellowed outlook lasted about three weeks when the Logan newspaper learned from a Salt Lake City paper that Salt Lake’s Chief of the Fire Department was being investigated on several charges of bilking money using his chief’s position. Among a long list of charges was that he traveled to towns and cities for the Holloway Company, recommending their engines and ran the testing for them. Chief Stanton was paid by Salt Lake City and the Holloway Company. Logan was not the only place in Utah where Stanton used this double relationship. Six months earlier at the first Logan test of the chemical engine, the Journal praised him as a great man going the extra mile as a disinterested party to help Logan decide the usefulness of the chemical engine. When he wrote his letter to the Nation decrying the partisan politics in the evaluation of the engine, he was still a good disinterested party with different views. Now, according to the Journal, this exposé revealed his true colors, being the opposite of a disinterested party, and then hatched up an excuse for the failure of the first test and later told Holloway there was a conspiracy in Logan to prevent acceptance of the engine. “His sins have found him out, and he will undoubtedly get the G. B., [sic God's Blessing?], and feel lucky if he escapes a criminal prosecution. All of his misdeeds would not concern us much if Logan had not been added to his list of victims.”33 This depiction on Chief Stanton revived the old spirit of the Journal, and it would become more rabid in its grand crusade, sparing neither time nor ink.
Early Saturday morning on March 4, 1893, a fire was discovered in the office of Toombs’ Brothers Stable; the night watchman saw the fire which hadn’t made much headway but was more than he could extinguish by himself. He ran for the Fireman’s Hall and rang the bell. In the meantime a livery team pulling a sleigh of young men retuning from a dance at Hyrum saw the flames. They turned the sleigh around and started for the Fireman’s Hall intent to get the fire equipment, where many others had gathered due to the fire alarm. With several firemen they brought the chemical engine and the hose cart to the stable fire. As usual the Journal found the words to express the results as follows: “They might as well brought a syringe, as the chemical was frozen up and would not work. The hose was attached to the hydrant at the Bank corner and the fire soon extinguished.” The paper followed in another column saying: “That the strictures on the chemical engine that have appeared in the columns of the JOURNAL at different times have been well founded, was amply proven by the abortive attempt made with it last Saturday morning at the Tombs’ fire, when it proved to be not only useless, but positively dangerous. The chemicals reached the water inside the tanks, but no one could tell the amount of pressure, as the ice would interfere with the working of the gauge.” Six weeks later a fire broke out in two barns at the extreme northern part of the city beyond where the fire hydrant of the city water works. The fire department responded by sending the chemical engine and its hand pump. The newspaper report on this fire sarcastically related: “The Chemical was on hand but the work was done by the old discarded hand-pump.” Three months later in late August of 1892 in the evening the fire bell gave the alarm of a fire in the Fifth Ward, and the quickly gathered firemen reported to their hall, harnessed the team and hitched them to the chemical engine and “sped off at full speed in the direction of Bishop Hyde’s place” only to find that the nearby neighbors had succeeded in subduing the flames before the firemen arrived.34
The Journal’s reporting on anything concerning the Republican city council and the chemical engine was highly negative and often bias beyond normal partisanship. The newspaper sharpened its attack in the summer and fall of 1892 with its most biting editorial entitled “MISTAKES OF THE CITY COUNCIL” published September 20, 1893. It contented that the city, after almost two year in the hands of “republican officials,” was “at the end of her financial rope” with her funds depleted and credit exhausted. With a laundry list of bad moves that were harmful to the city, the paper focused on the purchase of the chemical engine as an “expensive folly” and rehearsed the investigations in the feasibility of such engine, unfavorable reports on it, and after obtaining it how the Mayor had tried to rescind the contract because it didn’t work, all “evidence of the inefficiency of the toy they bought.” For good measure the paper repeated much of it as “The Mayor even telegraphed the Holloway people that their engine was not what the people of this city wanted--that it did not fill the bill. Yet the city council purchased that identical engine and we have it on hand today. The notes in payment for it will fall due during the next city administration too.” After citing more mistakes the article closed as follows: “It may be that this eighty thousand dollars received by the present city officials has been spent in a perfectly legitimate way, but we doubt if it has been made to do the most good possible for the public in general. The mistakes above referred to would indicate that it has not.” The Journal must have believed this editorial was a masterpiece for it was reprinted in the issues for September 27, 30, October 4, 7, 11, 14 and 18, 1893.35 By now the Republican council and the chemical engine had become an obsession with the Journal and colored its coverage to a great degree, ensuring its mind-set carried the day. It didn’t help when the opposition paper, The Nation, wrote: “It’s now high time the JOURNAL was ‘pulling in its horns’ on the chemical engine. At the fire the other night it did good work and saved much more than its cost, so now it’s about time the Democratic organ shut up on that score.” The Journal didn’t pull in its horns but flared them out and charged harder. It made fun that the opposition paper had “fallen in love with chemical engine” hoping to convert people who saw its “innumerable failures.” It wanted to know what fires the opposition paper was referring to as there had only been two recent fires in the fall of 1893. It quickly answered its own posed query relating that at the fire at the Saunder’s place the chemical did not arrive until “the fire was out and the people were leaving for their homes.” While at the Co-op fire the “chemical ‘didn’t squirt a chemic.’” Inquiring again, “So where did the chemical do such good works? There have been no other fires.” The Journal had another article on this fire in the same issue with some details. The Saunder’s building was a large brick building of two stories and owned by three men who also resided in the upstairs. None of the residents were at home when the fire was noticed shortly after dark on Tuesday the 3rd of October, and while some went to ring the alarm bell, others either tried to fight the flames on the inside upper floor or chose to remove furniture from the upstairs apartments. Considerable household furniture was removed from one of the apartments, but the fire became too hot to get most of the furniture and effects from the second apartment. In addition buckets of water were passed along and in “incredibly short time the fire was under control.” The firemen turned out and were active in the efforts, but the “chemical engine arrived too late to participate in the exercise as the last flame had flickered out before it was ready to work,” and could only discharge its gas upon the smoldering ruins. Such offhanded cavalier treatment was challenged not only by the Nation but by others including the fire chief who was directly involved in the fires. The fire chief stated it was standard policy to send both the chemical engine and hose cart to all fires and always the chemical arrived first, and the fire he experienced that day was vastly different from the Journal’s highly biased version (more on this later).36
Two days later on October 5th smoke was seen on top of the Z.C.M.I. three-storied building one-half block from the Firemen’s Hall (or the Journal’s “‘chemical’ stronghold”) and quickly the fire bell was rung and the firemen assembled, prepared and moved to the scene “with the chemical and hose cart attached,” where only smoke could be seen coming from a third-story window and the roof of the structure. Here, under the directions of their leader, the firemen unrolled hoses and attached nozzles readying for fighting the fire. With a fire hose they began climbing the stairs trying to find the source of the smoke and fire when all of a sudden some one shouted—“fire’s out!”—followed soon thereafter by the first stream of water from the hose of the firemen sprayed on the roof. Of course the Journal couldn’t end it there without some cracks about the thing that stirred its ire, so closed the fire scene with—“but the poor old chemical hung fire. She didn’t shoot a shot.” And “at the Co-op fire the chemical ‘didn't squirt a chemic.’” In between its bold headlines such as “OUR GLORIOUS ‘CHEMICAL’ TOY” and it catch phrases the newspaper briefly squeezed in some on the actual fire or better near fire from a participant. The manager of the institution gave the story of the fire trouble that arose while a man was engaged in tarring the building’s roof when a combination of gas escaping from the heated tar, wind and whatever, caused some of the tar to be forced back into the pot where a fire was kept to heat the tar, which in turn caught fire and the seething mass boiled over and began running down the sloping roof against a wooden hatchway which caught fire and partially burned which was “the extent of the fire.” The manager and some of his employees extinguished the flames with blankets, quickly extinguishing minor flames that could have in time resulted in a serious situation. As a result the chemical and other assistance was not necessary. However, the Journal wasn’t to end it there, not when it believed in going the extra mile or two in degrading the chemical with two tidbits as follows: “A confident republican shouted as the chemical dashed into sight, ‘Now, then, I’ve been waiting for a fire in this vicinity, so we could show you fellows what our chemical can do.’” Soon after the announcement that the fire was out, another well-informed supporter of high tariff for chemical exultantly declared: “Hurrah for the chemical! What’s the matter with the chemical! The chemical did that!” The Journal closed with its capstone, “Well, the chemical may be a good thing, but not to put out fires. ‘It never touched it.’”37
The anti-chemical engine newspaper received a letter to the editor which it printed on October 11, 1893, that had a suggestion for the city leaders to rend the chemical “of more utility to the general public.” Following a theme that the chemical was just an “expensive toy” without any merit in fighting fires and eliminating the expense of feeding and caring for a team used to pull it. Why not covert it into a “soda water manufactory giving employment to some who were out of work, and if a bottling apparatus was added possibly it could be used to pay at least the interest on the investment needed to pay for it initially. The letter closed with a somewhat Journalistic flair –“Hoop-la! the thing must be a ‘go.’ All orders promptly attended to. Correspondence solicited,” with the author listed as “MANUFACTURER.” The Journal frequently accused the Nation of developing articles using a variety of nom-de-plumes to provide needed support on issues. It cannot be ascertained at this late date if this deception worked both ways but the suspicion remains. With deceptive articles and biting fillers almost every issue of the Journal in this period had some disparaging remarks on the chemical engine. It told and retold innumerable times the terrible high cost of the chemical engine, or jested such as on the Saunder’s fire that the tidbit of fire left for the chemical could have been “put out with a wet sponge.” At an October 16th fire at Prof. Apperley’s barn near the depot, a young boy on a swift horse gave the alarm, and the firemen gathered to their hall, prepared and took the chemical and the hose cart to the fire. For at least the fourth time in print the paper reiterated it was a lucky and a good thing the hose cart was there due to the “woful [sic woeful] inefficiency” of the chemical plus recalling Mayor Quayle’s remarks some eleven months earlier that the chemical did not work. It observed that if the old standby hose cart hadn’t come, the fire, in all probability, would be burning yet. Squeezing in a line or two on the actual fire, the barn was too much ablaze to attempt saving, so all work was put in preventing the fire from spreading to adjoining property. The paper’s report on this fire only stated two streams (or hoses) from the chemical played on the fire the whole time, and when there was a shift in position, the blaze flared up again where those streams were plying. Then quick as a flash the minimal coverage of the actual fire to purposeful propaganda such as–“And ludicrous as it may seem two excited firemen were shouting ‘what do you think of the chemical now?’” While another fireman picked up a burning board and sprayed it with the chemical gas and cried out, “Bring on your wet sponge.” According to the Journal these were the “absolute facts. . . . No amount of published statements from the firemen or any one else will convince the people who were there that the chemical was any good at all, because they know better.”38 There will be more on the published statements from the firemen a little later.
The writer of the Journal’s article was on a roll and before ending his piece he gave a soliloquy wherein the monologue told when, where and how fires should be extinguished and the chemical used. Certainly not on a fire spreading over a roof, on the outside of building, not on the Saunder’s fire where it was unwise to use the pressure gas to quench sparks and embers. After these instructions, the writer interjected: “Now, Chief Knowles ought to know that. And he ought to know that it costs the city something every time that chemical is charged. And he ought to know that every time he allows his men to discharge it on an outside fire he is throwing that much money in the blaze.” While disclaiming a desire to criticize the fire chief, the paper wanted to call his attention to facts he should know.39 Whatever the paper expected, they did rouse the chief to respond in a letter to the editor with things he wanted them to know. However, he should have known, being a subscriber of the Journal, that while his letter would be printed but he might not get the first word and definitely not the last word as by some devise, foreword or brackets, the newspaper called the shots on their pet peeve. The paper framed his letter under the title “The Chief Explains,” with a highlighted subheading of “But Let Him Read the Article ‘Thrice Rejected.’” The latter on the front page was a lengthy invective rant about the chemical engine that had been in the possession of the fire department for over a year, rehashing old arguments and actions whereby it had been rejected three times by their count. It was meant for the chief to read it as well as those readers of the paper. Chief Knowles’ letter on page five went in part:
Editor Journal: -- My attention has been called to an article that appeared in the last issue THE JOURNAL in regards to the fire at Wm. Apperley's barn in reply I would state that I was there and also ordered the machinery out that went to that fire, it is a standing rule in the department that the chemical goes to all fires and that it is the first piece of machinery out every time. I can also state that we are not the only department that has ordered the rule but Ogden and Salt Lake City have the same rules governing them. I can say also truthful that if the chemical had not been there the buggy shed on the south side of the barn would have been consumed before the water could have been gotten there. Some biased person might say that it was not worth much. I care nothing about that, suffice it to say that it was not burned down on account of the chemical holding the fire in check until the water got there.
I was one of the purchasing committee and can say truthful that we investigated the merits of the different fire fighting apparatuses and the chemical was recommended to be one of the best pieces of machinery that we could get for our department.
We visited Ogden and Salt Lake fire departments and got the opinion of some of the Most efficient firemen in Utah . . . . Captain Donnell the head insurance adjuster of the Pacific Slope and he told me that if Logan did not get a better supply of fire fighting apparatus that there would certainly be a raise in the insurance rates. He stated positively that a chemical was one of the best auxiliaries that the fire department could get.
Now in regard to the cost of charging the chemical it cost in sound [sic round] figures $2.40. That must be an immense amount of money wasted sure if it did no good, but such is not the case and I think that there could be no serious objections on that score.
You may put me on record as saying that I have endeavored to be as careful of the public funds as I am of my own personal property. And in regard to the Saunders fire I was there when the chemical got there. I know that the fire was neither out nor under control but on the contrary the fire gas coming out the south east window and the cornice was on fire. I was with C. B. Robbins and J. S. Balllif when they entered the building and I can verify their statements that it was impossible to go into the room until after the chemical was turned in. . . .
It does seem ridiculous that the chemical had to come to Logan to be tested on its merits. BUT THE JOURNAL seems to know more than all the rest.
I am respectfuly, / J. C. KNOWES, Chief.40
The Journal still had the last word, and by use of brackets injected its counter-explanation critique starting in a somewhat humorous vein. It began—“Now we have no desire to get into a personal wrangle with Mr. Knowles. He is about two hundred pounds heavier than we are. Besides he is a policeman and carries a club. But we trust he will not stop his JOURNAL if we mildly suggest” a different version than what the chief stated. The chief had thrown his personal support to the account by the first two firemen to ascend the stairs taking the fire hose to the upper level in the Saunder’s building. They had said they couldn’t have reached the upstairs room until after the chemical engine was put into use, and now the fire chief , directing the fire fighting and personally viewed the situation taking place inside the burning structure confirmed their claims. The Journal quickly reviewed opinions of citizens on another fire (Apperley’s barn) wherein they believed the chemical engine had no effect on the fire and they knew “that water alone put out the fire,” before turning to the fire chief’s letter and responded: “So far as your statement regarding the Sanders fire is concerned, we have no desire to quarrel with you. And yet we know that men were in that room when the chemical arrived; and we know that men had been in that room long before the chemical arrived; we know that M. J. Steinyard, Will Sanders, John M. Wilson, and others were in the room fighting the fire with buckets of water before the chemical arrived; and we believe that the fire was under control before any hose was taken up the stairs.” Then the newspaper concluded its critique by stating: “But other men have different opinions and it may be that we all were more or less excited. One thing should be borne in mind; that THE JOURNAL has none but the warmest praises for the firemen, one and all. But the chemical, once rejected by the Mayor and council, is still rejected so far as we are concerned.”41
Perhaps the last few words by the two sides in and around the fire chief’s letter sized up the chemical engine controversy as well as any. Fire Chief Knowles hit the nail on the head with his “It does seem ridiculous that the chemical had to come to Logan to be tested on its merits. BUT THE JOURNAL seems to know more than all the rest.” Together with the newspaper’s last sentence: “But the chemical, once rejected by the Mayor and council, is still rejected so far as we are concerned.” Probably in such a climate it wouldn’t have done any good, and apparently at the time no attempt was made, to truly evaluate the various situation and different opinions. In the fire at Saunder’s, men were indeed in the upper rooms where most decided to remove the furniture and personal effects until the progression of the fire prevented this in the second apartment, and the upper level was evacuated until the firemen took a fire hose up the stairs and used the water from the city water works to bring the fire under control and put out the fire. Those contending otherwise that the bucket brigade had done the real work and had the fire under control may well have had the time sequences mixed up along with political reasons for their expressed viewpoints and/or brainwashed by the Journal’s long crusade. Even back to the first test of the chemical engine there were a few kinks in the trial. The shanty’s fire was accelerated by the use of much kerosene to the point it was raging when the engine arrived, those volunteer firemen had the team pulling the engine go at breakneck speed and someway the engine’s tongue was broken and the overflow cock improperly set allowing the pressure that pushed out the chemical mixture gas to be only 60 pounds instead of 160. Three days prior to the publication of the fire chief’s letter the Logan paper had incorporated a short filler from the Park City newspaper. It mentioned that Logan was having considerable debate over the chemical fire engine. “The cause of the kick is that the machine is never in shape for work when needed. In this respect it is a good deal like the Park City machine.”42 With two Amen’s! and the testimony of a dozen fires, it would have been better if Logan’s fire controversy could have been oriented more along this line and ways to correct it.
In the fall of 1893 at Logan the controversy continued with the two newspapers dishing out their “truths” in their ways with little to no regard to correct facts. A short time before the November election the Journal used a devise they called “The Double Barrelled Column” in which it placed the two political parties’ views side by side covering their platforms, partisan views on the fire department, political mud slinging, etc., and the chemical engine was not forgotten. There was nothing new, just a seemingly endless repetition of republican follies which included the chemical engine by the Democratic paper. On Saturday, November 4, 1893, the Journal on the fifth page in another of its “The Double Barrelled Column” had the following: “REPUBLICAN PLATFORM - Experience has already proved the value of our chemical engine. And such engines are now recognized as a necessity in every well equipped fire department. Adopted Oct. 21, 1893.
A CANDIDATE'S MESSAGE. - "Chemical engine does not perform efficient fire duty. Engine is at your disposal. Logan City does not accept it.
[Signed] JAMES QUAYLE, Mayor. [From the Mayor’s telegram some fourteen months earlier.]
Three pages earlier it had given the Democrats’ platform for Logan City with position No. 8—“ We are in favor of an improved fire department fully able to protect the property of the taxpayers of the city and pledge ourselves to the support of such an organization.” The following Tuesday, November 7th was the election, when, according to the leading Logan newspaper’s headlines--“Logan Redeemed,” in an election that was “more than a political victory . . . a triumph of Truth over libel, Of Right over wrong.” The Republicans who, according to the Journal, had foisted on Logan City so many bad things went down in defeat. Just how much the Journal contributed to the victory can be debated.43
At times the newspaper’s repeated thundering against the republican council and its chemical engine long after the city had the fire fighting apparatus seems quixotic, much like beating a dead horse over and over again (jousting with windmills of chemicals, mayors, Republicans, etc.), wherein a fantasy took precedent and became the sorry excuse for the repetitive journalistic onslaught. However, in the end the tireless knight-errant (The Journal) was on the winning side. But, the short term victory may have been to Logan’s disadvantage in the long term. The long controversy seemed to have been a factor in the city’s failure to again attempt a significant improvement of their fire department until a severe fire in 1912 so shocked the city into doing something.
As a postscript on the controversy, a little more on the chemical fire engine that fell out of the news suddenly with only two slight mentioning found for 1894. As told by the manufacturer and fire experience the primary advantage of the chemical was its speed in being put to use on any fire. In January of 1894 the fire department was interested in securing a better team to pull the engine and began checking them out. On the volunteers’ monthly day of service, they inspected some teams being considered and the various teams were hitched to the chemical engine and then ran along Main Street “back and forth as fast as they could go.” The tidbit was not followed by any word on the chosen team. Two months later in late April a fire alarm sounded, according to the paper, and “in just one minute from the tap of the bell” the volunteer firemen were speeding along Main Street with the chemical engine and hose cart headed for the Logan Livery Stable. Upon arrival they learned there was no fire, just an experimental practice run to see if they could “get out in less than three minutes.” The stated time periods were reported by the fire chief and his assistant, being the only persons aware of the experiment, while the public and volunteer firemen were caught by surprise and had to first “run from their various places of business.”44 Possibly more remarkable than the speed attributed to the firemen in getting ready, was the change in the newspaper coverage to being a news item rather than a propaganda tool.
In late January of 1895 the city council had to discuss how to pay the promissory notes used to purchase the chemical engine two years earlier. The Journal took up its account in an editorial under “THAT CHEMICAL AGAIN.” It reverted to its old form and argument of how the previous administration had gutted the Logan treasury and then plunged it deeper in debt to buy the “worthless” engine, rehearsing for the nth time how the former mayor and council had refused it at one time because it didn’t work, making a mess that had to be dealt with by the new leaders. Still, after possessing it for over two years, the paper counseled: “Of course, now that we have a Holloway engine, there is nothing to do but make the best of it.” In the next issue of the paper under a news items echoing that the chemical engine had been a foolish, extravagant thing costing $2,000 on the “so called ‘Toy,’” it advised it still should be taken care of—for “There is only one thing to do with a bad bargain and this to ‘make the best of it.’ If it is bad to purchase what is not needed, it is worse to take no care of the article purchased.”45
The Holloway chemical engine was used at almost every fire in Logan, but unless something noteworthy or different occurred, it wasn’t specifically mentioned in the newspaper except when it had to do with paying off the note used to buy it (Feb. 13 and Oct. 31, 1896). Otherwise the newspaper coverage specifically mentioning the chemical was very seldom. The chemical was used at a fire on Monday, September 16th and a day or two later one of a volunteer firemen was engaged in re-charging one of its tanks when, in some unexplained way, an accident happened in the placement to the sulphuric acid triggering device causing it to splash onto his arm leaving some bad scarring. In mid-November of 1896 at the Agricultural College’s barn some workmen spilled a boiling bucket of tar onto some flammable hay, straw, etc., which took fire and was noticed by some cadets drilling nearby. The flames were reported as several yards high around the barn’s door and a fire alarm given. The firemen quickly assembled at the new fire hall and the team hitched to the chemical engine and hose cart and sped off in the direction of the college “in pretty good time.” But someway the tongue on the fire engine broke during the run and it didn’t arrive until the fire had been put out. Fortunately, the cadets attached a garden hose to a nearby hydrant and extinguished the fire. In mid-February of 1897 the paper credited the fire department with the chemical engine making “a good run on Second street” to a fire the previous day but no details.46
On April 17, 1897, the Journal reported on the recent fire at Bowen’s and offered some commentary upon the fire situation in Logan. Apparently fire hydrants connected to the city’s water works were not involved, and fortunately the wind was not blowing so the fire didn’t spread, but the performance by the fire apparatus (the chemical and the old hand pump) was inadequate and the hand pump wouldn’t work.
The newspaper finally decided to call a spade a spade possibly some five years late saying:
The city council makes a mistake when it forgets everything but the fact that it was elected on a platform pledging an economical administration. Economy is one thing, parsimony is another. The citizens of Logan are certainly willing to pay for a fair measure of protection from fire, one adequate to the needs of a modern city of six thousand inhabitants, and they should have it. Logan can easily afford to pay for the service of at least one good man to keep the fire apparatus in good working order and have everything in readiness for instant use, and should give its volunteer firemen some encouragement by holding occasional paid practices meetings. Better to spend a few dollars in this way than to have an expensive chemical engine that looks as if it had come out of a junk shop, a pump that will not work, and, possibly, a fire in which thousands of dollars worth of property may be needlessly destroyed."47
The discontent was not eased in late July at the night fire at Gabrielsen’s when “the inefficiency” of the Logan fire fighting equipment became again apparent. The paper observed that if the fire had been on Main Street it would have spread beyond control before the fire equipment arrived. Duly noting that the firemen were as prompt as could be expected since under the existing circumstances they had to be awaken by the fire bell, arise, dress and hurry to the fire station. Then they had to harness the team and hitch it to the fire apparatus and then drive to the location of the fire, all while valuable time was lost. Therefore, the paper stated: “It is a false and foolish economy that condemns Logan to such a penny wise, pound foolish, utterly inadequate service. . . . The city council should give this matter immediate attention. Surely Logan can afford to pay at least one man for his entire time, and pay him well, too.” The city counsel took up the issue at its next meeting and assigned a committee to investigate and report. They reported back a recommendation which was adopted. They hired a fire department chief at $30 per month to take care of all needs and to be “on hand at fire headquarters all the time.” Furthermore, the fire department committee was directed to have the chemical fire engine repaired along with other repairs needed. The Journal was starting, as was the city, in taking tiny steps, to improve and upgrade the community’s fire protection. Its vision was not very clear for as late as October of 1897, it referred to the “chemical engine toy” without suggesting such a toy be replaced.48 Possibly the firestorm over the purchase of the chemical fire engine in 1892 and 1893 was still a crucial factor in taking on a significant improvement of Logan’s Fire Department.
1 The Utah Journal (Logan, Utah) April 23, 1887.
2 The Logan Leader (Logan, Utah) April 8, 1881. The Utah Journal, Aug. 11, 1883, June 27, 1885, May 15, 1886, June 9, 1889.
3 Ibid., The Utah Journal, Jan. 5, 1889. The Logan Journal, Sept. 27, 1890. Logan City Council Minutes of Aug. 3, 1881 (pages 308-309) photocopies of the handwritten furnished through the courtesy of the Logan City Library by Jason Cornelius.
4 The Utah Journal, July 4, 1888.
5 The Utah Journal, July 7, 1888.The Salt Lake Herald (Salt Lake City, Ut.), Aug. 1, 1888. The Standard, Sept. 13, 1888.
6 The Standard , July 24, 1888. The Utah Journal, July 25, 1888 (two articles pages 2 and 3.)
7 Logan City Council Minutes of Aug. 1, 1888, photocopies of the handwritten minutes furnished through the courtesy of the Logan City Library by Jason Cornelius.
8 Ibid. The Logan Journal, Jan. 14, 1891.
9 The Utah Journal, Jan. 5, Feb. 9, March 16, Aug. 10, 1889, The Logan Journal, Feb. 8, March 12, June 21, 1890.
10 The Utah Journal, July 6, Aug. 10, 1889. The Logan Journal, Feb. 8, 1890.
11 The Logan Journal, Jan. 10, 1891.
12 Ibid., Jan. 14, 1891.
13 Ibid., Jan. 17, 31, 1891.
14 Ibid., April 4, July 4, 8, 1891.
15 Ibid., July 22, 1891.
16 Ibid., April 11, May 23, June 20, Dec. 19, 1891.
17 Ibid., March 9, 16, 23, 1892, April 27, 1892, May 14, 1892.
18 Ibid., June 18, 1892, July 2, 16, 1892, Aug. 8, 1892.
19 Ibid., Sept. 3, 1892
20 Ibid., Sept. 7, 1892.
21 Ibid., Sept. 7, 10, 1892.
22 Ibid., Sept. 14, 1892.
23 Ibid., Sept. 17, 1892.
25 Ibid., Sept. 21, 1892
26 Ibid., Sept. 24, 1892, Oct. 1, 1892. The Standard (Ogden, Utah), Sept. 25, 1892.
27 The Logan Journal, Dec. 3, 7, 10, 1892.
28 Ibid., Dec. 4, 7, 1892.
29 Ibid., Dec. 10, 1892.
31 Ibid., Dec. 14, 31, 1892.
32 The Journal (Logan, Utah), Jan. 21, 28, Feb. 11, 1893.
33 Ibid., March 4, 1893. The Deseret News (Salt Lake City, Utah), March 11, 1893.
34 The Journal, Mar. 8, May 24, Aug. 26, 1893.
35 Ibid., Sept. 20, 1893. (Repeated in Sept. 27, 30, Oct. 4, 7, 11, 14 and 18, 1893).
36 The Journal, Oct. 7, 1893 The quote from the Nation reprinted in this issue.
37 Ibid., Oct. 7, 1893.
38 Ibid., Oct. 7,11,14, 18, 1893.
39 Ibid., Oct. 18,1893.
40 Ibid., Oct. 21,1893.
42 Ibid., Oct. 18, 1893 used the Park City Record article.
43 Ibid., Oct. 25, 28, Nov. 4, 10, 1893.
44 Ibid., Jan. 27, 1894, April 28, 1894.
45 Ibid., Jan. 30, 1895, Feb. 2, 1895.
46 Ibid., Sept. 21, 1895, Nov. 19, 1896, Feb. 18, 1897.
47 Ibid., April 17, 1897.
48 Ibid., July 31, 1897, Aug. 21, 1897, Oct. 28, 1897.
| Top | Towns | Cache |
Copyright © 2011 Cache Co. UTGenWeb | <urn:uuid:fb7da7ec-84c7-4cf1-8c02-5f18dd03a9df> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~utcache/logan/Logan's_Firestorm_Over_New_Chemical_Fire_Engine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999671474/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060751-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980442 | 20,906 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Definitions for forced rhyme
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word forced rhyme
A rhyme that is produced by changing the normal spelling of a word, or by changing the normal structure of a phrase
Find a translation for the forced rhyme definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these forced rhyme definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"forced rhyme." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 9 Mar. 2014. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/forced rhyme>. | <urn:uuid:b6a23062-5505-4eaa-82fb-08dac933ab6d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/forced%20rhyme | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010554119/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090914-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.790337 | 131 | 2.859375 | 3 |
DNA vs. RNA
What's the difference between DNA and RNA?
Both DNA and RNA are composed of repeating units of nucleotides. Each
nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate and a nucleic acid base.
The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. The sugar in RNA is ribose, the same
as deoxyribose but with one more OH (oxygen-hydrogen atom combination
called a hydroxyl). This is the biggest difference between DNA and RNA.
Another difference is that RNA molecules can have a much greater variety
of nucleic acid bases. DNA has mostly just 4 different bases with a few
extra occasionally. The difference in these bases (between DNA and RNA)
allows RNA molecules to assume a wide variety of shapes and also many
different functions. DNA, on the other hand, serves as a set of directions
and that's about all (but that's absolutely necessary!).
Click here to return to the Biology Archives
Update: June 2012 | <urn:uuid:2046988c-dfde-43cf-8e65-d02f503968a5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99410.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011076681/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091756-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948587 | 208 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Archive for March 4th, 2013
I stumbled upon these videos thanks to CGP Grey who hosts wonderful and interesting videos about society in general. I highly suggest watching them.
The following two videos tackle the question of how trees “drink” water. We all know from grade school that trees drink water through their roots. What you might not know is that, thanks to physics, there is a limit to how far water can be sucked upwards through a tube, thanks to gravity and pressure, which is about 10 meters, or around 32 feet. If you’re curious about the science of this limitation, there is a video here by the same guy. The math is explained at the end.
However that is all just background. Over the following two videos, Veritasium is going to take you through the scientific process of discovering how trees drink water, and how trees over thirty two feet manage to get water all the way to their top most leaves. It is well worth watching: | <urn:uuid:53e309df-fce2-4ed5-bf90-b9c19496ae7c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://asingularity.net/archives/date/2013/03/04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678664178/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024424-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969944 | 204 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Visitors watch a documentary on the Holocaust in Russia's new museum… (Sergei L. Loiko / Los Angeles…)
MOSCOW — Unique not only in its high-tech content but also in its political importance, a museum of Jewish history and culture opened to the public Sunday in Moscow, the capital of a nation beset by anti-Semitism for more than two centuries.
Several hundred visitors filed into the more than 90,000-square-foot former bus garage and found themselves immersed in a lesson in tolerance.
"The opening of such a museum in Moscow is a qualitatively new stage of Jewish life in Russia," said Alexander Boroda, president of the Federation of Jewish Communities in Russia.
PHOTOS: Jewish museum in Moscow
The $50-milllion museum, which took four years to construct, would have been unthinkable even three decades ago, before the period of perestroika under Mikhail Gorbachev and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
But not all is settled. Turmoil over the increasingly autocratic rule of Vladimir Putin has given rise to worries about a possible new strain of racism-fueled Russian nationalism. A week ago, thousands of nationalists, many in black hoods and high boots, marched in the streets of Moscow, denouncing Jews, Masons and other ethnic, religious and social groups.
Putin congratulated visiting Israeli President Shimon Peres on the official inauguration of the Jewish Museum and Center of Tolerance last week, saying, "It is yet another of our joint contributions to the struggle against xenophobia, to the struggle against nationalism."
The museum, founded by the Jewish federation and funded in part by private donors, looks back at a history of struggle and achievements despite horrendous episodes of religious violence.
A visit begins with a 15-minute 4-D film about the early history of Judaism. Seats shake under the audience as the narrator describes the biblical plagues of Egypt, such as the rain of frogs.
Russia's Jewish population sprang from the division of Poland at the end of the 18th century among Russia, Prussia and Austria, the exhibit rooms show. At that time, Russia inherited about 1 million Jews, many of whom lived in shtetls under the burden of dozens of czarist decrees.
Things worsened during the bloody pogroms of the early 20th century and the violence of the Bolshevik Revolution, which at the same time officially granted equal rights to all groups, including Jews.
The museum outlines the contributions of Jewish politicians, engineers, artists, writers and poets in the development of the Soviet state, industry and culture.
World War II brought the horrors of the Holocaust, in which more than 2.5 million Russian Jews perished, and afterward, the continuing anti-Semitism that prompted a mass exodus of Jews during the Leonid Brezhnev era.
The museum's final rooms express hope for a revival of Jewish life in Russia and the return of many emigrants.
"We tried to make our museum not about how bad or how good it was to be a Jew in Russia, but simply about how it was," said Borukh Gorin, a spokesman for the Jewish federation, as he rubbed the surface of a market barrel standing in the middle of the shtetl section. The move set off a slide show of period photographs.
Nearby, two visitors donned earphones to listen to the story of Leon Trotsky, the Jewish Bolshevik leader who was eventually assassinated in exile in Mexico.
An elderly man couldn't hold back his tears as he watched a Holocaust documentary. Nearby, a group walked past a copy of a T-34 tank, the main Russian army tank of World War II, produced in the Urals town of Nizhny Tagil in a plant run by a Jewish man. There was also a reproduction of a plane flown during the war by the only Jewish female pilot, who received the Hero of the Soviet Union award.
Elsewhere, a group of young people stood laughing at a Jewish family scene from Soviet times, featuring two young characters telling jokes depicting the Russian Jewish sense of humor.
"Today we are happy to see how this utopia, this fantasy and dream, comes to life like a miracle in front of our very eyes," Berel Lazar, chief rabbi of Russia, said in an interview. "Jews in Russia today feel more comfortable than ever before, and as this museum demonstrates, they can even add to the understanding in the country of how we could bring all different nationalities together to live in harmony."
Many visitors left the museum Sunday saying they felt shaken and awed.
"I didn't expect to see such a phenomenally grandiose thing as I saw here today," said Anna Goldman, a 27-year-old art manager. "There are many Jewish centers and synagogues in Russia, but there was not a place to bring people of other nationalities to tell them what it really is to be a Russian Jew." | <urn:uuid:0aecefb1-9971-4ad7-a104-645455fc7ad6> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://articles.latimes.com/2012/nov/11/world/la-fg-russia-jewish-museum-20121112 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653645/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957275 | 1,020 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Inhabits large lowland rivers and lakes, preferably with clear water and high oxygen concentrations. Larvae feed on zooplankton, then on ostracods and aquatic insects. At about 120 mm SL, juveniles start to prey on small snails and clams while larger juveniles and adults feed almost entirely on molluscs. Undertakes upriver migration and spawns in open waters. Deposits pelagic or semipelagic eggs which hatch while drifting downstream. Larvae settle into floodplain lakes and channels with little or no current (Ref. 59043). Maximum age probably exceeds 15 years; the figure of 20 years is not supported by data (Ref. 55930).
- Nico, L.G., J.D. Williams and H.L. Jelks 2005 Black carp: biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. 337 p. (Ref. 55930) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=55930&speccode=4602 | <urn:uuid:8ce849bf-93d1-4811-82f4-5e486982bc62> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://eol.org/data_objects/9135832 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653645/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859893 | 225 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A flood of start-up companies is rushing to attack the degenerative brain disease called Alzheimer's, betting that gathering leading scientists in well-financed enterprises can produce breakthroughs. But skeptics say a cure for the illness is far too distant a goal for such companies and that the efforts could provide a difficult lesson about the limits of venture capital.
Alzheimer's disease remains one of the most mysterious afflictions, with no known cause or diagnostic test, let alone a means of prevention or cure. At such an early stage, diseases are commonly researched in an academic setting or in the well-financed laboratories of giant pharmaceutical manufacturers.
But the magnitude of Alzheimer's, coupled with rapid advances in biotechnology, has inspired 18 start-up companies to pursue the disease, which causes memory loss and confusion.
Several first-generation biotechnology concerns and many established pharmaceutical companies are also investigating Alzheimer's. The goal of the companies large and small is a definitive diagnostic test and a therapy that can halt or reverse progression of the disease. Potential Market Is Huge
The potential market for Alzheimer's tests or drugs is immense. An estimated two million Americans suffer from the progressive dementia that typifies the disease, and the number is expected to swell as the population ages and as more people live long enough to develop the illness, which is most prevalent after the age of 80. The cost of caring for Alzheimer's patients is already estimated at more than $40 billion annually in the United States, or considerably more than the $25 billion to $30 billion spent annually on all pharmaceuticals.
The major pharmaceutical companies already have at least a dozen drugs in various stages of clinical trial. Nearly all are aimed at increasing levels of an enzyme called acetylcholine, which is found to be deficient in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Researchers think that raising the level of this chemical will help preserve memory functions in early-stage patients. Even a drug producing only transient relief would be a significant advance.
But interim results in a major study of the Warner-Lambert Company's drug, THA, which is in a late stage of clinical trials, have found substantial risk of liver damage, and no statistical evidence of the drug's effectiveness. Furthermore, a California researcher who found significant improvement in the memories of some patients treated with the drug has acknowledged deficiencies in his study.
Warner-Lambert has said it thinks another year of research will produce positive results. Venture Funds Spur Research
The 18 neuroscience companies, as they call themselves, have mostly been founded in the last two years and almost all of them have yet to go public. The proliferation owes much to venture funds looking for a place to deposit their capital. Many of the companies were founded by venture capitalists flush from the successful public offerings of earlier biotech companies.
Critics say much of the work at the neuroscience companies amounts to basic research more appropriately pursued in academia or at established companies. They say the potential payoffs in Alzheimer's research are so far down the road that nearly all these companies will exhaust their venture capital long before they can offer the prospects of products that would give them the credibility to go public.
But supporters, including some academics, say that the quality of the science at the best of these companies is quite high, and that many have strong ties both to universities and to large pharmaceutical concerns, which could shorten the time between initial research and product development.
''Our sense is that neuroscience has entered a phase where one could ask questions and answer them at a molecular level not possible before,'' said Lawrence C. Fritz, vice president and director of research at Athena Neurosciences in South San Francisco. Athena has Alzheimer programs in diagnostics, drug delivery and therapeutics. 'It Won't Take Decades'
''Alzheimer's fit the bill of an area ready to move quickly,'' Mr. Fritz said, both because of increasing awareness that it is a disease, and because molecular biologists had just begun working in the field. Noting that medicine has provided effective therapies for other diseases, like hypertension, without understanding their cause, he said that advances in biotechnology could speed the discovery and production of drugs for Alzheimer's disease. ''It won't take decades and decades,'' he said.
Nevertheless, Athena's near-term efforts are directed toward a diagnostic test, with a therapy to follow much later. Alzheimer's, which was discovered by Alois Alzheimer 83 years ago, can currently be detected only by an autopsy.
Athena belongs to one of two camps in the neuroscience world in that its work is based on the presence of plaque-like deposits of a protein called beta amyloid in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. This group also includes California Biotechology Inc., the Upjohn Company and Molecular Therapeutics, a unit of Bayer A.G. | <urn:uuid:799b7d4b-dfd8-42e9-aa3d-7b9ccc547f12> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/23/business/start-ups-join-alzheimer-race.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653645/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960873 | 975 | 3.125 | 3 |
This article will help you to disable network devices or network adapters in a Windows 8 PC.
What is Network Adapter or device drivers?
A network adapter helps to connect a computer to a network. The Adapter was first used by Ethernet add-in cards for Desktops. Windows and other operating systems support both wired and wireless network adapters through a piece of software called a “device driver”. Device driver is nothing but a computer program that allows high level computer programs to interact with the hardware. We know that a computer communicates to various drivers and hardware via data buses or address buses.
A typical function of the driver is that a software program calls for a routine to the driver. The driver then in turn sends a command to the device via the bus. Then again a successful execution of required function, the driver sends back the data and the driver sends the routine back to the calling program. So we can say that a device driver is nothing but a translator between hardware and the application or software running in the Operating System. There are various types of networks adapters like purely software packages that are responsible for simulating the functions of a network card. These so-called virtual adapters are especially common in virtual private networking (VPN), NIC, LAN Card.
What are the possible ways to disable network adapter?
There are many methods to accomplish this task,like
- This one is the most useful and easy method.
Steps to disable network devices in windows 8 :
1. Press Windows Key + C to open Windows 8 Charms Bar-> Go to Search-> Type Control panel in Apps Search bar and -> Press Enter to open Control Panel.
2. Now select Small Icon View and go to Device manager.
3. Click on ” Network Adapters” and click on the arrow to its left to expand it-> It will display all network adapters.
4. Select the network device you want to disable. Right click on the network adapter and select disable. An alternative way is to click on the Disable Icon. Refer to picture. A confirmation dialog box will pop up-> Click yes to confirm. | <urn:uuid:91758317-c7c5-4f6b-bc69-94d906f70218> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://mywindows8.org/disable-network-devices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900445 | 429 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Peter Carl Fabergé is celebrated in today’s Google Doodle, so we decided to delve into five interesting facts about the world-famous jeweler:
1 Peter Carl Fabergé — the legendary Russian jeweler — was born 166 years ago today, which places his life at the very end of the Czarist era of Russian history. Fabergé was most famous for his ornately jeweled and priceless Easter eggs that were produced through his company, The House of Fabergé, which he took over from his father.
2 The eggs gained fame after request from the Czar. After being commissioned to create an Easter egg for the royal family of Russia in 1885, the Imperials liked the result so much that further eggs were commissioned each year. Fabergé produced one egg per year for Czar Alexander and then two per year after Nicholas II was crowned. The eggs became increasingly opulent and no expense was spared in their creation. For example, the egg made in 1900, The Trans-Siberian Railway, was made of gold, silver, onyx and quartz and its inside was lined with velvet. This continued until 1917, when the Romanovs were executed by the Bolsheviks.
3 While Fabergé’s most famous eggs were produced for the Romanov family — he made 50 for Alexander and Nicholas II before the revolution — a many were also commissioned by wealthy collectors. In 2007, a previously unknown egg surfaced that Fabergé created for the Rothschild family. The egg, translucent pink with a clock built into its surface, sold at auction for approximately $14-million.
4 Fabergé was forced to flee Russia in 1917 as the October revolution spread through the country and the Bolsheviks took over the government. The new Communist regime seized his company and dissolved it. Living the rest of his life in Switzerland, Fabergé died in 1920 at the age of 74.
5. The eggs have continued in popular culture as a sign of wealth and opulence. For example, on The Simpsons, Bleeding Gums Murphy, Lisa Simpson’s often down-and-out saxophone mentor, was “addicted to Fabergé Eggs,” as an example of an absurd, hyper-expensive addiction. What the jazz musician actually did to “use up” the priceless eggs was always unclear. | <urn:uuid:0917c9dc-e8c5-41d8-96dc-8f3c74ff8fb3> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/30/five-facts-about-peter-carl-faberge-and-his-famous-eggs-on-his-166th-birthday/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990611 | 482 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Someone once described history as a series of dates relating to wars and battles, so I decided to call this contribution "The Dennistoun Story" rather than "The History of Dennistoun", as although there will be a few dates quoted, they are not the most important feature and there will certainly be very little mention of either wars or battles.
Dennistoun in my opinion must be one of the most unique districts in the City of Glasgow.
Let us consider our two neighbouring districts of Riddrie and Carntyne. A number of the streets in Riddrie are named after Scottish Rivers, while those in Carntyne take their names from districts of Edinburgh, like Abbeyhill, Inverleith, Myreside, but this tells us nothing about how these districts came into being. The Dennistoun Story, on the other hand, is mostly written in its street names. Find the origin of these names and you have the key to the Dennistoun Story.
Going back about three centuries, we find that the earliest name given to the area stretching East to West from Cumbernauld Road to the far end of the Necropolis just behind Glasgow Cathedral and North to South from Townmill Road to Duke Street is "the Craigs", taken from a rocky ridge of that name, which crossed from East to West over part of that area.
If we accept the street called Craigpark, (originally Craigpark Street) as roughly the centre of the area then from Craigpark eastwards to Cumbernauld Road was known as Eastern or Eastercraigs and from Craigpark to the far end of the Necropolis, Western or Westercraigs.
Eastercraigs and Westercraigs were made up of private estates and Parklands. The street named Eastercraigs is beside the main entrance to Alexandra Park, while Westercraigs is off Duke Street facing Bellgrove Street.
The old divisions of Eastercraigs and Westercraigs were made up of private estates at one time or another, the names of nine estates and parklands can be found.
The three estates of Eastercraigs were named Craigpark, Whitehill and Meadowpark.
Craigpark, named after the Craigs was situated on the north side of Eastercraigs, stretching halfway to Duke Street. Whitehill, at the south side of the area, ran from Duke Street upwards to the boundary of Craigpark. It took its name from the fact that in the vicinity of this estate stood a large number of whitish coloured rocks. Meadowpark was the estate furthest east, beside Cumbernauld Road. It was also known as the middle Park and had once formed part of the estate of Whitehill before being sold off and becoming a separate estate. Meadowpark would appear to have stood on the site later occupied by Golfhill Cricket Club, whose ground was also named Meadowpark.
The three estates of Eastercraigs have given their names to several streets in the eastern half of Dennistoun, such as Craigpark, Craigpark Drive, Craigpark Terrace, Whitehill Street, Whitehill Gardens, and Meadowpark Street.
Three of the divisions of Westercraigs can be quickly dealt with. They were named East Park, Wellacre Park and Cack o' the Brae Park. They were probably parklands surrounded by dry stone dykes and their names have not survived.
Of the other six Westercraigs estates, the furthest west was Craig's Park, which is occupied by the Necropolis or burial ground. In 1717, after a number of fir trees were planted in the Craig's Park, the name was changed again to Merchants Park, but this name proved unpopular and the locals continued to use the name Firpark. This can be judged by the fact that in Dennistoun today there is no commemoration of Merchants Park, while along the eastern boundary of the Necropolis is Firpark Street, with Firpark Terrace at the lower end of this street.
At the north side of Westercraigs was the estate of Golfhill, remembered in Golfhill Drive. Apparently before Golfhill became a private estate, the game of golf was played there and when the new estate was enclosed, the locals were unhappy at the loss of their golf course.
The estate of Broompark has given us Broompark Street, Broompark Drive and Broompark Circus.
Hillpark estate is not commemorated by that name, but the lower part of this estate was known as the Hill Foot, which gives us Hillfoot Street.
Parkhouse estate used to be commemorated by Parkhouse Lane, which was just to the left of Tennent's Brewery and ran at an angle from Duke Street to Ladywell Street. When the Tennent-Caledonian combine took over the brewery, they put up a new building on the site of Parkhouse Lane, but the name has been preserved as they have called this building "Park House" and the name can be seen above the doorway beside the main entrance.
The original Brewery was opened by the brothers J & R Tennent in Arklane in 1780 and the name of Wellpark Brewery was taken from the neighbouring estate of Wellpark. There is a Wellpark Street, but it seems rather out of place as it is on the opposite side of Duke Street from the brewery and runs between Sydney Street and Melbourne Street.
The first person to get the idea of creating a new residential suburb in the east side of Glasgow was John Reid, a successful Glasgow businessman. In 1838 he bought the estate of Annfield, which was not one of the Craigs estates but one of the estates of the Gallowgate area. Annfield stretched from Gallowgate to Duke Street along the east side of what is now Bellgrove Street, but was originally known as the Witch Lane.
In 1841 Reid bought the property known as Scarlet Hall on the opposite side of Witch Lane. At this time Witch Lane was merely a cattle track, but Reid improved it and widened it to a serviceable street.
In 1843 Reid bought Bellfield, the next estate to Annfield, thus extending his property to the border of Whitehill Street.
Later that same year he bought Whitehill and moved from the mansion house of Annfield to that of Whitehill, which was situated slightly to the east of where the old Whitehill School used to stand.
In 1844 he bought Meadowpark, having also taken over some property in Westercraigs section.
Building was eventually started on the Annfield/Bellfield site and if John Reid's plan had succeeded, it is unlikely that there would have been a district named Dennistoun, as his intention was to call the new suburb by his own name probably Reidstown, with streets having names like Reidpark and Reidhill.
However, John Reid dies suddenly at Whitehill House in 1852. His ambition to put his name on the proposed new suburb was not realised but the first street in process being built at the time of his death was dedicated to his memory - Reidvale Street.
Now into our story comes the family who eventually did succeed in putting their name on the district - the Dennistoun family. Originally of Norman descent, the Dennistoun name appears in the records of the court of King Malcolm iV of Scotland and as he died in 1165, the family has a long association with this country.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the brothers James and Alexander Dennistoun were partners in a very successful shipping company with headquarters in Glasgow, a branch in Liverpool and overseas branches in America and Australia.
In 1814, James Dennistoun (1752-1835) took up residence in this area when he bought the vacant estate of Golfhill from the trustees of the previous owner, Jonathan Anderson. James Dennistoun's first move was to build a new mansion, Golfhill House, which was situated slightly east of where the present Golfhill School stands.
James Dennistoun was a keen supporter of the Liberal Party and had worked hard for the success of the Parliamentary Reform Bill, which was passed in 1832. In return for his hard work, he was offered a knighthood by the Prime Minister, Earl Grey. He refused this honour, as he felt that people might believe that all his hard work was done for personal gain. People today still refer to him as "Lord Dennistoun", but this was probably an unofficial title bestowed on him by the people when they learned that he had turned down a knighthood.
James Dennistoun died in 1835 and was succeeded at Golfhill by his eldest son, Alexander (1790-1874) who, earlier that same year had been elected Liberal Member of Parliament for North Dumbarton. He soon found that parliamentary life was not to his liking and resigned his seat.
For the next fourteen or fifteen years little is heard of Alexander Dennistoun except that he was now Managing Director of the family shipping business and a senior partner with his youngest brother, John.
Then in 1850 he made his first move. The estate of Craigpark was vacant due to the death of the previous owner, James MacKenzie. In 1806 MacKenzie had been elected Lord Provost of Glasgow and in 1820 had opened on his estate, Craigpark Whinstone Quarry, which had supplied most of the material for the making of Glasgow's macadamised roads. Alexander Dennistoun purchased Craigpark from MacKenzie's trustees and this was an interesting arrangement as it gave him as a near neighbour, John Reid, who at that time was resident at Whitehill House.
It would seem certain that these two men got to know each other and that Alexander Dennistoun was suitably impressed by John Reid's plans for a new residential suburb, because after the death of John Reid in 1852, within the next year Mr. Dennistoun had acquired the estates of Whitehill and Meadowpark, thus giving him control over the whole of Eastercraigs. He also bought up the properties adjacent to Golfhill and in 1856, he engaged the services of a local architect, James Salmon, who drew up plans of all his properties. Alexander Dennistoun not only had plans of his properties drawn up but he also indicated where he wished the streets, drives and terraces of the proposed new suburb to be placed and as he also named them, it is to him that we are indebted for being able to tell the Dennistoun Story from its street names.
The architect's plans showed that Alexander Dennistoun's territory extended from Cumbernauld Road to the eastern boundary of the Fir Park and from Townmill Road to Duke Street, all the property of the old Craigs estates with the exception of the Fir Park, which was to become the Necropolis.
In 1857 the ground was prepared for building, beginning near the foot of Westercraigs and Craigpark. While digging at Craigpark, stones and fossils were discovered of a rather unusual type. Experts decreed that these were similar to those usually to be found only in the Arctic regions and they claimed this as proof that this area had at one time been under ice, thus connecting it to the period of civilisation which we know of as the Ice Age.
The new suburb was to be named Dennistoun and Alexander Dennistoun's plan was to create a model suburb made up of self-contained or villa type houses. With this end in view the first house was built in Westercraigs in 1861 and Westercraigs, Craigpark and all the streets connecting them were built up. The locals named this part of Dennistoun - Villadom.
Alexander Dennistoun next turned his attention to what is now Onslow Drive and commenced building eastwards from the Craigpark end. It will be noted that Onslow Drive only has self-contained houses as far as its junction with Whitehill Street, the reason being that Alexander Dennistoun died in 1874. Building ceased for some years and eventually the people began to demand cheaper and more compact types of houses. Accordingly when building recommenced in 1890, the remainder of Onslow Drive and the rest of Dennistoun's streets were built as sandstone tenements. This was a blow to the architect, James Salmon, who was entirely in favour of Alexander Dennistoun's original plan.
If many of the streets in Dennistoun were named after the old Craigs estates, many of the others read like a litany of the Dennistoun family.
FINLAY DRIVE - James Dennistoun's wife was May Finlay of Moss, Stirlingshire.
There used to be a Moss Street off Circus Drive. It is now Circus Place, but the old name can still be seen on the left hand corner house.
GARTHLAND DRIVE - After the death of his wife, Mary, James Dennistoun remarried. The second of three daughters of this marriage, Isabella married William McDowall of Garthland, Wigtonshire.
INGLEBY DRIVE - The McDowalls daughter Eleanor married William Ingleby, brother of Sir Henry Ingleby.
ONSLOW DRIVE - John, youngest son of James Dennistoun, married Frances Onslow, daughter of Sir Henry Onslow.
ROSLEA DRIVE - The Dennistoun family had a country estate named Roslea at Lagarie in the Gareloch.
ARMADALE STREET - When John Dennistoun retired from business, he took over a country estate at Armadale on the Gareloch, near the old family estate at Roslea.
SETON TERRACE - Elizabeth, daughter of Alexander Dennistoun was the wife of Seton Thomson.
OAKLEY TERRACE - Alexander Dennistoun's son, Alexander married Georgina, daughter of Sir Charles Oakly.
In the 1890's the house at the corner of Craigpark and Oakley Terrace was owned by Sir William Arrol, the great engineering genius, who was chiefly responsible for the building of the Forth Rail Bridge, which had its centenary in 1990.
CLAYTON TERRACE - Another daughter of Sir Charles Oakley was married to a Mr. Clayton, whose first name I have been unable to trace.
The Dennistoun Story by Edward Farren (1915-2005)
Mr Farren lived in Dennistoun most of his adult life. I gratefully thank his family for kindly giving permission to publish his article. | <urn:uuid:f496489c-d513-422c-b320-ac8e08d389be> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.dennistoun.co.uk/Page.asp?Title=Digest&Section=22&Page=13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983237 | 3,035 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Test your testers for R&R
| View as PDF |
Automated test systems need to operate within designed parameters so that they produce reliable and repeatable results. False failures mean good products don't ship, and false passes can result in field problems. To keep a test system operating properly, you need to know how well it worked when it was put into operation or last calibrated, and you need to monitor the station for deviations.
The methods for testing a tester can vary depending on the tester's use and specifications, but there are many common techniques. One involves the use of check standards, which could be components such as resistors, voltage sources, current sources, or frequency sources that may be built into a test system or attached when needed. You can also use known-good devices-often called "golden" devices-to verify a tester's integrity, or you may want to rely on instrument self-test and loopback tests at regular intervals to keep testers running properly.
Set a baseline
Before putting a test system into service, you need to characterize it. Here's where a calibrated check standard or golden UUT (unit under test) can help. Such components let you establish a set of baseline measurements for each instrument and for the entire system. The best check standards are calibrated using methods traceable to NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) or another national laboratory. A golden UUT lets you check all of the connections in your system using the same cables, connectors, and fixtures that the system will use every day.
When you characterize a tester, always record and plot your results. You'll need them to compare against future measurements. Plots can reveal trends before the tester exceeds its limits. Over time, you'll make thousands of measurements that let you develop a performance history of R&R (reliability and repeatability).
Larry Raymond, president of Intrinsic Quality, a test-system developer, explains how to establish a baseline set of measurements for an in-circuit tester. "Use a reference board or, better yet, a set of boards with component values you trust," he says. Raymond recommends that you make enough measurements to establish a good statistical sample, typically hundreds to start. Then, you should plot a histogram so you can verify the tester's repeatability.
Raymond explains that one of his customers sometimes provides just one board for verifying a tester. When that scenario happens, he requires hundreds of measurements to prove that the tester is repeatable.
If possible, you should measure the components on several boards. That will give you a better statistical sample. It will also give you a clue about how the components' values vary, which lets you establish the tester's R&R.
If you have more than one sample UUT, you should look for inconsistencies in measurements. For example, you may find that a large set of capacitance measurements range from 120 to 132 μF. In such a case, Raymond suggests that you set the tester's acceptable limits for the component limits to perhaps 110 and 140 μF. If measurements fall outside those limits, you should check the tester against a reference board. Center your test window around the mean of the distribution of the baseline measurements. If the tester is operating within specifications, you may need to change tester parameters, such as test current, to compensate for the errors.
Letting the tester test itself is a common technique that many engineers use. Marius Gheorghe, engineering manager at test-system integrator
Gheorghe suggests letting your loopback TUA make the connections between the signal sources and the measuring instruments and switching subsystems. "Don't route signals used for system self-test entirely through the system," he says. "Use an adapter. You'll get more flexibility."
Test systems that consist mostly of card-based instruments may have just one stand-alone measuring instrument: an oscilloscope. Engineers often use the oscilloscope not only as part of the system, but also as a diagnostic tool. The oscilloscope can check signals as they pass through switches, cable, connectors, and mass-termination panels.
The calibration bus connects test equipment to resistors with 0.01% tolerance and to an ADC. The resistors provide a precision load for the power supplies, and the ADC measures power-supply voltages. Carlson explains that the ADC makes two voltage measurements on each power supply at the low and high ends of its range. A PC then calculates slope and offset to calibrate the power supply's output. The results go into a look-up table. Whenever the system needs an output voltage, it refers to the look-up table before sending a command to the power supply. The TUA also holds a NIST-traceable voltage reference for the ADC, making its measurements credible and verifiable.
Loopback tests and instrument calibration let you verify that a signal path is working properly, but what if the measurements seem wrong? You must troubleshoot the system. Here, reference devices can help you isolate errors.
For example, if your system has a DMM that measures power-supply voltage and the DMM has a self-test, then run the test. Try checking the meter with a known voltage that you've checked on another meter. Check the power supply's output. Is it what you expected? If it is, you likely have a problem with a cable, connector, or switch.
Test adapters that use golden UUTs may be far more complex than those that simply route signals between instruments. The board in Figure 3 contains relays, an FPGA, and other devices that test engineer Todd Grey of Maxim Integrated Products uses to test digital ICs.
The FPGA works in combination with the relays under software control to connect a DUT to a power supply and to the appropriate pullup components for the DUT's communications bus. The pullups can be either resistors or FETs, depending on pullup requirements for the DUT.
How often to check?
Once you've established a baseline for a tester's performance, you should periodically check it. You can use a loopback setup, a reference component, or a golden UUT to conduct periodic checks. As a start, you can take advantage of self-test features built into your test equipment. You can run self-tests before every shift, every day, or every week, or you can run them at longer intervals, depending on how much you can trust the test equipment's stability.
Frequently checking your instruments can help you catch errors due to signal-path degradation or by an instrument's drifting out of calibration, especially if you use that instrument to test an important product specification. "The last thing you want is to have a calibration lab report that one or more specifications for an item of test equipment was received out of tolerance," says David Buxton, senior test engineer at Tektronix. "When that [situation] happens, an investigation should follow, which can lead to a recall notice for a free recalibration of the instrument."
Buxton notes that you can apply SPC (statistical-process-control) analysis to the test data to look for trends. If the system has a built-in reference component, then you can program it to automatically run a check and log the results.
In Figure 4, the data from Station 5 indicates a measurement problem with the station. For example, if you notice that a power supply's voltage is dropping, it could indicate an increased resistance in a switch, connector, pin, or relay. Test pins get soft, and they may not make good contact over time. In addition, poor test-clamp alignment may also cause measurement errors.
Figure 5's plot highlights a drop in a measured value, and the measurements are erratic. This drop could indicate an intermittent instrument problem or a signal-channel problem that will require troubleshooting.
If you encounter situations such as those in figures 4 and 5, you can start by checking the test equipment against a known reference. You can also run the same measurement on a different instrument or tester. If you see significant differences in a measurement from one tester to another, you should suspect the tester.
You should try to minimize the number of obstacles in the suspected measurement path. Running a signal from a signal generator through an amplifier, an attenuator, and a test head to a spectrum analyzer means that any of them could cause a measurement error. You will likely have to check each component.
Signal paths that carry RF signals such as radar or serial data streams of 10-GbE (gigabit/sec Ethernet) have more possibilities for signal errors than low-frequency signals because of losses and reflections. Chris Scholz, field applications engineer at LeCroy, recommends that you use a TDR (time-domain reflectometer) to characterize signal paths and that you periodically rerun TDR measurements, looking for changes in results that could indicate a change in impedance.
TDRs are usually options on high-bandwidth sampling oscilloscopes. Their wideband analog front ends let them measure reflections on repetitive pulses with rise times of tens of picoseconds (Reference 1). You can use TDR measurements to calculate S parameters that characterize a signal path in the frequency domain. You can also use a VNA (vector network analyzer).
Knowing the characteristics of your signal path, you can "de-embed" or compensate for channel losses in your measurements. If you shut down your tester for maintenance every six months, for example, then that's the time to run a TDR measurement. You need to make measurements with a TDR or VNA for every test fixture that carries high-frequency signals.
A version of this article appeared in the April 2010 issue of EDN's sister publication Test & Measurement World. | <urn:uuid:920a0267-8936-4478-95da-53f7cb20defd> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.edn.com/design/test-and-measurement/4363406/Test-your-testers-for-R-amp-R | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932455 | 2,037 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The United States, Canada, and Mexico agreed this week to work together to protect wilderness areas across North America.
The cooperation agreement establishes an intergovernmental committee to exchange research and approaches that address challenges such as climate change, fire control, and invasive species in land, marine, and coastal protected areas throughout the continent.
"This agreement will allow for the exchange of successful experiences, monitoring, and training of human resources, as well as the financing of projects that will protect and recover wild areas," said Mexican President Felipe Calderón at the
opening ceremony of the Ninth World Wilderness Congress in Mérida, Mexico.
The three nations have long cooperated on wilderness management - programs have straddle the U.S.-Canadian border since 1910 and the U.S.-Mexican border since the 1930s. Yet the memorandum of understanding is the first multinational agreement on wilderness protection, according to Vance Martin, president of the Wild Foundation.
"It's not very easy to do anything internationally, even when the countries are neighbors," Martin said.
With the agreement, wildlife officials said, ecological monitoring efforts such as migratory species tracking, air and water quality tests, and staff training will be better managed across the seven agencies responsible for such tasks in North America.
"There is already work in progress; the MOU will help speed it up," said Ernesto Enkerlin Hoeflich, president of Mexico's National Commission of Protected Natural Areas.
Among the new intergovernmental committee's priorities, wilderness protection will require greater international collaboration as climate change alters regional temperatures and wildlife species adapt by shifting their habitat ranges, officials said.
"As climate changes, the distribution and abundance of animal and plant species will be affected...and wildlife will know no boundaries - whether state or international," said Sam Hamilton, director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "This is an
opportunity to look across borders as we design future landscapes."
International agencies will likely need to form corridors that connect protected areas as part of their climate change adaptation plans. The United States has already initiated conversations with Canadian and Mexican officials to map corridors between the nations' parks, according to Jon Jarvis, director of the U.S. National Park Service.
"Protected areas have to be larger than they were previously. Also, they have to have connectivity, eventually across country boundaries," Jarvis said. "Species' historical range of variability is no longer a reliable paradigm."
The U.S. Department of Interior is also expanding the focus of its eight regional science centers to provide additional climate change guidance for wildlife management officials. As part of the $10 million included in the department's 2010 budget, the centers plan to share climate models and downscale the data among international land management and wildlife agencies, Hamilton said.
The United States already coordinates wildlife resources with Canada to manage adjacent Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta and Glacier National Park in Montana, as well as Quetico Provincial Park in Ontario and Superior National Forest in Minnesota.
The United States and Mexico work together to protect the wilderness areas covered by Big Bend National Park in Texas, Maderas del Carmen Protected Area in Coahuila, and Santa Elena Canyon Protected Area in Chihuahua. In addition, the ongoing construction of nearly 670 miles (1,080 kilometers) of immigration control fences and other security equipment across the countries' shared border has required that wildlife officials collaborate to address expected ecosystem damages.
The U.S. Supreme Court denied a request from several environmental groups to block the fence construction. The groups said that habitats for dozens of species, including jaguars, ocelots, deer, and owls, have been damaged or fragmented due to the construction.
"For some species [the border fence] will no doubt create barriers, big species particularly, such as the jaguar," Hamilton said. "But birds and many species will continue to migrate."
Larry Merculieff, a consultant for indigenous peoples and co-founder of the Alaska Indigenous Council on Marine Mammals, said the cooperation agreement is welcome progress. Indigenous peoples, however, continue to be marginalized from government-led wildlife decisions, he said.
"It is one tiny, fetal step to where we really need to go," Merculieff said.
The agreement ensures that wilderness partnerships transcend a single government administration or official committed to the cause, and it commits the governments to discuss wildlife issues at high levels.
"We sometimes put too little stock in opening dialogues - it gets people talking," said Carl Rountree, director of national landscape conservation system with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. "Just getting people together is difficult for the U.S. to do amongst its
This piece originally appeared on Eye on Earth, a news service of The Worldwatch
North American Governments Agree to Protect Wilderness
This is patently untrue, and a classic example of hyping the good news unjustifyably.
Not only have the govt.s involved made no change whatsoever in their increase of the primary threat to the ecologies in question, namely Climate Destabilization,
the US hasn't even agreed to stop its vast fence-building program.
These ecologies are not being protected.
Govt.s have merely reduced some of the minor factors diminishing them.
The governments do have a new environmental policy but that policy is triage, rather than timely responsible management.
The status quo has its place, but that place is not policy concerning an ocean rising up to destroy civilization.
I agree with the previous comments. Another analogy that came to mind? Nero may have been playing rather nice violin music as Rome burned -- but it still burned. Also known as rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.
You need to keep in mind that a large percentage of Americans will view this type of development as one more step towards global governance and the imminent birth of the Antichrist followed quickly by the rapture. The U.S. is right up there with Turkey in the low % of people who "believe in" evolution. So, it is a fetal step, anything more bold would result in pitchforks and torches. | <urn:uuid:0995b4c1-28dd-4b01-bb51-8fb22b796aa6> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/010758.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949203 | 1,264 | 3.328125 | 3 |
When you’ve got a five-thousand-year-old edifice in the middle of your country, with no real clue as to its original purpose, it’s understandable that a few whackadoo theories might emerge now and again, and believe you me, the Brits have heard them all. Everything from a sacrificial altar to the landing pad of an alien race to, well, a pandorica.
But this one is rather good, and it comes from Steven Waller, a scientific researcher, working from California. He has a theory that the stones correspond to the rippling arrangement of absences and fortifications that come when two instruments continuously play the same note.
The sound is broken into regularly spaced blocks, where it alternates between cancelling itself out, and reinforcing itself, depending on where you stand in relation to it. This, Waller proposes, will have appeared to be quite magical to neolithic minds, as if there were regularly-spaced physical objects blocking the sound out. And maybe Stonehenge is a physical depiction of those non-existent objects.
So how do you test a theory like this? In Waller’s case you set up an air pump and have it blow across two flutes, both playing the same drone note. Then you walk around them and see what happens. He told the American Association for the Advancement of Science (as quoted in the Guardian): “What I found unexpected was how I experienced those regions of quiet. It felt like I was being sheltered from the sound. As if something was protecting me. It gave me a feeling of peace and quiet. ”
The next step was to see if other people experienced the same things he did. So he brought in some volunteers, blindfolded them and led them around the same circle, before asking that they draw any obstacles they believed they had experienced. The results were, to Waller, strikingly similar to a view of Stonehenge. One volunteer even drew in the horizontal capstones.
This lead to some theorizing on Waller’s part: “If these people in the past were dancing in a circle around two pipers and were experiencing the loud and soft and loud and soft regions that happen when an interference pattern is set up, they would have felt there were these massive objects arranged in a ring. It would have been this completely baffling experience, and anything that was mysterious like that in the past was considered to be magic and supernatural.
“I think that was what motivated them to build the actual structure that matched this virtual impression. It was like a vision that they received from the other world. The design of Stonehenge matches this interference pattern auditory illusion.
“It’s not a complete structure now but there is a portion of the ring that still has the big megaliths arranged in the circle. If you have a sound source in the middle of Stonehenge, and you walk around the outside of the big stones, what you experience is alternating loud and soft, loud and soft, loud and soft as you alternately pass by the gaps and the stone, the gaps and the stone.
“So the stones of Stonehenge cast acoustic shadows that mimic an interference pattern.”
He also offers as evidence the fact that some of the legends around the stones references walls of air, and two magical pipers, who entice young girls to dance in a circle, before being turned to stone.
Although, to be honest, ‘evidence’ is almost exactly the wrong word for that last bit. | <urn:uuid:ea362249-3f8a-4755-87fd-3ba42b34973f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2012/02/is-stonehenge-a-musical-infographic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010650250/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091050-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975287 | 740 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Noel Ignatiev on the Civil War and emancipation
|Resource Bank Contents|
Q: What kinds of changes came about during the Civil War and Reconstruction?
A: Now, that period from 1863 through the period of Reconstruction was a period in which traditional race lines were broken down in America. That before the war, the difference between black and white had roughly corresponded to the difference between slavery and freedom. Now, the abolition of slavery transformed that eliminated that distinction. And the country faced, for the first time in its history, the possibility of moving beyond being a white republic to being a universal republic, and what that might mean for the possibility of progress for all its citizens. That was a very frightening prospect to a number of people. Black people, of course, faced the problem of how to adjust to the requirements of being independent actors in an economy. And there's a tremendous literature on how they adjusted to that. And white folks faced the possibility of how they would live without the special protections of the white skin, what a colorless American democracy might mean.
Now, that's not what happened. The overthrow of Reconstruction meant the restoration of the white republic on a new basis. No longer corresponding to the difference between freedom and slavery, it now corresponded to the difference between those who essentially had the rights of citizenship and the rights to work in a general economy, and those who were condemned to peonage, debt slavery, and disenfranchisement in the South. The result of that was that railroads and banks and large corporations replaced the slaveholders as the dominant group in American society after 1877.
The aftermath of the Civil War... brought black folk into political power in a number of places in the South. The first South Carolina state convention, 60 [out of] 125 delegates to the convention were former slaves. Another 30 owned no property and paid no taxes. In other words, there was never a purer working class parliament in the history of the planet than this constitutional convention of the state of South Carolina in 1868. And the government that was set up out of that was a government that had important black representation. Black people did not dominate the government, but they certainly exercised an important influence within it. And as a result, South Carolina passed the most progressive legislative measures that it had ever passed before or since: measures for public school system, for roads, for asylums for the aged, the infirm, the insane, women's rights to own property, to participate publicly. A number of measures were passed during that period that indicated in a small way what the possibilities of a genuinely free republic might have been. There was talk about seizing the plantations and dividing them among the laborers, black and white. Now, that was not carried out. They were not strong enough to do that. But that indicated some of the possibilities of what an American republic might have meant.
Writer and Historian
Du Bois Institute, Harvard University
Visiting Associate Professor
Part 4: Narrative | Resource Bank Contents | Teacher's Guide
Africans in America: Home | Resource Bank Index | Search | Shop
WGBH | PBS Online | © | <urn:uuid:e9d920a6-61e7-4ce6-a636-c656a0b9652c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4i3096.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010650250/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091050-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971228 | 644 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists:
Rensch, Bernhard (Carl Emmanuel) (Germany
evolutionary biology, systematics
||One of the main architects of the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis, Bernhard Rensch
held a position in twentieth century German biology not unlike that his
contemporary Ernst Mayr did in the United States: both men were primarily
ornithologists by training, both were centrally interested in evolutionary
theory, and both took the philosophy of systematics--and science in general--quite
seriously. Rensch's early studies concentrated on the zoogeographical
characteristics of speciation, finding in the geographic range patterns
of polytypic and incipient species clues that shed light on how climate
and other factors influenced evolution. He became a pioneer in the use
of allometric methods, analyzing Bergmann's rule and working out and naming
Allen's and Gloger's rules. Rensch then looked into whether such forces
could explain the origin of the more general taxonomic levels, the results
of which study are related in his book Neuere Probleme der Abstammungslehre:
Die Transspezifische Evolution, one of the primary documents of the
Neo-Darwinian synthesis. Rensch's studies touched on many additional subjects;
he became especially interested, however, in the relation of animal behavior
to physiology and morphology and published work on learning and memory,
the brain, sensory physiology, and ethology (which he referred to as "animal
--born in Thale, Germany, on 21 January 1900.
--1917-1920: serves in the German army
--1922: Ph.D., University of Halle
--1923-1925: research assistant, Institute for Plant Breeding, University
--1925-1937: research assistant/head of department at the zoological museum,
University of Berlin
--1927: takes part in expedition to the Lesser Sunda Islands
--1929: publishes his Das Prinzip Geographischer Rassenkreise und
das Problem der Artbildung
--1936: publishes his Die Geschichte des Sundabogens; Eine Tiergeographische
--1937-1944: head of the Westphalian Regional Natural History Museum
--1938-1943: lecturer in zoology at the University of Münster
--1938: receives the Leibniz medal of the Prussian Academy of Science
--1940-1942: serves in the German army
--1947: publishes his Neuere Probleme der Abstammungslehre: Die Transspezifische
Evolution (translated into English and published in 1959 as Evolution
Above the Species Level)
--1947-1968: chairman of the zoology department and director of the zoological
institute, University of Münster
--1953: takes part in expedition to India
--1957: honorary Ph.D., University of Uppsala
--1958: receives the Darwin-Wallace medal of the Linnean Society
--1968: made professor emeritus at the University of Münster
--1975: made an honorary fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union
--1977: elected a foreign member of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences
--1979: publishes his autobiography: Lebensweg eines Biologen in einem
--dies on 4 April 1990.
--McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Vol. 3 (1980).
--Contemporary Authors, Vol. 102 (1981).
Auk, Vol. 109(1) (1992): 188.
--Biologisches Zentralblatt, Vol. 111(3) (1992): 145-149.
--History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Vol. 30(2) (2008): 207-226.
--American Anthropologist, Vol. 63(4) (1961): 880-881.
--Biological Theory, Vol. 1(4) (2006): 410-413.
--100 Jahre Bernhard Rensch: Biologe--Philosoph--Künstler (2000).
Copyright 2005 by Charles H. Smith. All rights
Return to Home/Alphabetical Listing by Name
Return to Listing by Country
Return to Listing by Discipline | <urn:uuid:109e865f-f68b-4963-82e8-6d86fd20f363> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/chronob/RENS1900.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021227262/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120707-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.799434 | 943 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Make a Weather Chart With Your PreSchoolerAugust 22, 2008 7:59 pm Games and Activities
Taking temperature readings of the weather outside may be a little too much for preschoolers who can’t really “see” temperature. But your child can see the clouds, feel the rain on his face, and the chill in his fingers when when snow falls. He can see when it’s foggy, and he knows when it’s windy outside.
To establish the concepts of weather, make a weather chart for your child. Make separate rows for each day of the month, and let her decorate with weather symbols – rain, clouds, sun etc. Then, let her use colored stickers to denote the weather outside – blue for a rainy day, black for cloudy weather, yellow for a sunny day, white for snow, and so on. She can even use combinations of stickers to denote a day that started out sunny, but ended up dark and gloomy – a half yellow sticker and a half black sticker. Let he do this every morning.
For an older child, you can take temperature readings, and record these too.
Make sure you hang the weather chart at her eye level – kids like to see what they are taking part in!
If you liked this post and would like to be notified whenever I update this blog
Subscribe through E-Mail
Subscribe through RSS | <urn:uuid:29b4f757-f9a8-4f0d-b561-85691936067d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://preschoolmama.com/index.php/2008/08/22/weather-activities-for-preschoolers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021227262/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120707-00017-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931621 | 287 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Emma Southworth, née Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte, also called Mrs. E.D.E.N. Southworth (born December 26, 1819, Washington, D.C., U.S.—died June 30, 1899, Washington), one of the most popular of the 19th-century American sentimental novelists. For more than 50 years, her sentimental domestic novels reached a wide audience in the United States and Europe.
After teaching school for five years, Emma Nevitte married Frederick Southworth, an itinerant inventor. When the couple separated in 1844, she turned to writing to support her family. Her first novel, Retribution (1849), sold 200,000 copies. Southworth went on to write 66 more novels, many of them first published serially in such magazines as The Saturday Evening Post and the New York Ledger. Her stories contributed two new character types to American fiction: the self-made man and the independent woman; her works also relied on sentimental plots of the Gothic genre that reflected prevailing values of piety and domesticity.
Emma Southworth’s Ishmael (1876) and its sequel, Self-Raised (1876), were both huge successes. Among her other successful novels were The Curse of Clifton (1852), The Hidden Hand (1859), and The Fatal Marriage (1863). | <urn:uuid:289d1c70-3653-4163-ad1f-cf1fd3f6bac7> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/557026 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999636779/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060716-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966888 | 283 | 2.84375 | 3 |
December 21, 2010
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
MEDIA CONTACT: Lisa De Nike
A new species of dinosaur discovered near Green River, Utah, has been named for a Johns Hopkins University postdoctoral student and her twin sister whose geology work while they were graduate students at Temple University helped define the new species.
Named Geminiraptor suarezarum for Marina Suarez, the Blaustein Postdoctoral Scholar in Johns Hopkins’ Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and her twin, Celina Suarez, now a postdoctoral student at Boise State University, the six- to seven-foot-long raptor-like dinosaur with large eyes and dexterous claws is thought to have lived about 125 million years ago, according to Utah’s Bureau of Land Management.
The dinosaur’s Latin name means “Twin Predatory Thief of the Suarezes” in honor of the 29-year-old twins, who received their master’s degrees from Temple and doctorates from the University of Kansas. They discovered the site where the dinosaur’s remains–primarily an upper jaw bone small enough to cradle in your palm–were found seven years ago in the Crystal Geyser Dinosaur Quarry area. Now known as the “Suarez Sisters’ Quarry,” the pit is located within an area of Utah that paleontologists say contains the state’s second-largest collection of dinosaur remains. Geminiraptor suarezarum is the eighth new species of dinosaur identified in Utah this year, according to experts at Utah’s Bureau of Land Management.
“We found the site in 2004, when I was working on my master’s at Temple,” said Marina Suarez, a native of San Antonio. “I was studying the depositional environment of a different dinosaur locality. Part of that research was describing sequences of rocks. I found the site because it was in a steep-sided gully that had good rock exposure. After scrabbling down the gully, I saw bone in the side of the hill, and the more we looked, the more we found.”
Suarez eventually concluded that the deposits of bones indicated that dinosaurs had congregated at that site near a water source, probably a spring. The bones and remnants that the sisters found are now being curated by the College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum.
The recently discovered genus is one that is entirely new to science, according to James Kirkland, a paleontologist with the Utah Geological Survey with whom the Suarez twins worked to excavate another quarry, about a mile from the discovery site. Based on the size of Geminiraptor suarezarum’s cranial capacity relative to its body size, paleontologists contend that this meat-eating dinosaur was probably smarter than most: perhaps about as intelligent as a modern day opossum or roadrunner, Kirkland said. Geminiraptor suarezarum also had an unusual hollow upper jaw bone that experts posit may have been used to help the creature vocalize. It may have looked something like the Velociraptor, featured in the popular 1993 film “Jurassic Park,” though much smaller.
Having roamed and hunted for prey in Utah 125 million years ago, the newly discovered genus is among the oldest ever identified. Most North American troodontid (birdlike) dinosaurs date from about 72 million to 75 million years ago.
“It’s an honor to have a dinosaur named for the site,” Suarez said. “When I was in the second grade, we had a dinosaur unit and since then, I’ve never looked back! Finding a dinosaur is something every kid dreams of, so it was really exciting to be the first people to see the remains of animals that have been gone for millions of years.”
Johns Hopkins University news releases can be found on the World Wide Web at http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/ Information on automatic E-mail delivery of science and medical news releases is available at the same address. | <urn:uuid:1a2384e2-ea17-47ef-9ea9-3aca82588afc> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://releases.jhu.edu/2010/12/21/new-dinosaur-species-named-for-johns-hopkins-postdoc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654285/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956087 | 867 | 3.234375 | 3 |
for National Geographic News
It may be possible to extract DNA from the bones of human ancestors and other hominids who died up to one million years ago, researchers believe. Hominids are primates that walk upright, including humans and extinct human ancestors and related forms.
Experts speaking at a chemistry conference held in Chicago earlier this month argued that ancient genetic material could be used to better understand the relationships among hominids and answer questions about the evolution of speech and other defining traits of humans.
"DNA is a relatively weak molecule, comparatively speaking, yet under certain conditions it persists in the fossil record despite what chemistry [in the lab] predicts," said Hendrik Poinar, a molecular anthropologist at McMaster University in Ontario Canada. Fragments of genetic material may survive much longer in fossils than laboratory experiments have so far predicted, he said.
Revolution in Evolution Studies
The study of ancient human evolution is one of science's most contentious disciplines. Anthropologists are frequently locked in debate on issues ranging from migration to classification of hominid species. However, new molecular techniques may now revolutionize the field, as well as the study of ancient plants and other animals.
DNA extracted from specimens of extinct animals has already been used to show that the Mauritian dodo is a close cousin to the common pigeon. It has also proven that widely varying bones left behind by New Zealand's giant moa birds belong to the massive females and much-smaller males of a single species. Previous analysis of bones alone had led researchers to mistakenly classify the un-sexed remains into a large number of different species.
The key to finding ancient DNA lies in the conditions of preservation, Poinar said. Researchers already know that DNA is relatively easy to extract from tens-of-thousands-of-years-old mammoths buried in Siberian permafrost. But desert caves with constant temperatures and very low levels of humidity can also be surprisingly good at preservation, he said.
In contrast, horse bones left in the open in a moist temperate country such as Germany might be completely stripped of genetic material in less than 50 years.
Laboratory experiments that estimate the rate of degradation of DNA in bone have predicted that large fragments of the molecule are unable to survive longer than 10,000 years in temperate regions, Poinar said. But researchers have already managed to find DNA sequences that have survived much longer.
Poinar led the team that last year extracted DNA from 30,000-year-old fossilized ground sloth dung. That DNA had persisted against all odds in a warm Nevada desert cave and was four times as old as the theoretical age limit predicted for DNA survival at that temperature.
Protein attached to bone can also hold genetic data (protein sequences mirror those of the DNA they are modeled on), and these more robust molecules may persist even longer in the fossil record.
British researchers revealed in 2002 that they had extracted the world's first intact protein sequence from 60,000-year-old frozen bison bones. As yet unpublished findings may soon reveal protein sequences from horses many times older, Poinar said.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:6599f0bf-354a-4478-8661-fb148da999fb> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0325_040325_hominiddna.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010701848/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091141-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952273 | 643 | 4.125 | 4 |
A world-renowned scholar of plainchant, Kenneth Levy has spent a portion of his career investigating the nature and ramifications of this repertory's shift from an oral tradition to the written versions dating to the tenth century. In Gregorian Chant and the Carolingians, which represents the culmination of his research, Levy seeks to change long-held perceptions about certain crucial stages of the evolution and dissemination of the old corpus of plainchant--most notably the assumption that such a large and complex repertory could have become and remained fixed for over a century while still an oral tradition. Levy portrays the promulgation of an authoritative body of plainchant during the reign of Charlemagne by clearly differentiating between actual evidence, hypotheses, and received ideas.
How many traditions of oral chant existed before the tenth century? Among the variations noted in written chant, can one point to a single version as being older or more authentic than the others? What precursors might there have been to the notational system used in all the surviving manuscripts, where the notational system seems fully formed and mature? In answering questions that have long vexed many scholars of Gregorian chant's early history, Levy offers fresh explanations of such topics as the origin of Latin neumes, the shifting relationships between memory and early notations, and the puzzling differences among the first surviving neume-species from the tenth century, which have until now impeded a critical restoration of the Carolingian musical forms.
Table of Contents
For customers in the U.S., Canada, Latin America, Asia, and Australia
For customers in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and India
Prices subject to change without notice
File created: 1/14/2014 | <urn:uuid:8e4f94a3-6c33-46bf-b831-d380ec506ad0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6303.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010701848/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091141-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944228 | 350 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Nietzsche does not agree with the prevalent idea of the origin of morality. He thinks it is too linear and constrained by the beliefs of its times. Analyzing our concept of good today reveals that we tend to see good and useful to be synonymous in many respects. However, Nietzsche does not think it is logical or historically consistent to infer from this that everyone, everywhere, at every time held the same concept of good as we do now. Nietzsche prefers a more genealogical view of the origin of morality, a view that accounts for the difference of cultures, and hence difference in lifestyles and philosophies, within human civilization.
Nietzsche turns to philology to try and find the very first concept of morality. Communal living necessarily entails some form of communication. It then seems reasonable to assume the development of language and human civilization are closely intertwined. So looking at the first definition of “good” should give us an insight into the first concept of good among human beings. Luckily, this is not as difficult as it might sound. Modern language is the like human genetic code – despite being the culmination of eras of evolution, they both retain remnants of their ancient origins.
The obvious next step is to pick a particular language. Not surprisingly, Nietzsche picks German! He concludes that in the beginning the noble, the powerful and the strong were considered good since the German words for “good” have roots synonymous with “noble”, “powerful” and “god like”. This is the obvious conclusion to draw given that human language reflects human perception. It is also the only conclusion that can be drawn unless other assumptions are made.
Nietzsche, however, comes to the additional conclusion that this original concept of good was developed by the noble and the powerful themselves. This is not necessarily true. We know the earth revolves around the sun, we know the trajectory of earth’s revolution is determined mostly by the sun’s gravity, but this does not mean we know who or what created the earth, the sun or gravity. Similarly, knowledge of the original concept of good does not imply knowledge of its creator. It is not logically impossible for the noble and the powerful to have had a completely different concept of “good”, which failed to find its way into mainstream language. It even seems probably, since according to Nietzsche himself, the weak were many and the strong were few. So, it would not be unreasonable to conclude mainstream language was shaped by the majority, the weak, rather than the strong. However, this possibility is easily dismissed in light of other assumptions he makes.
According to Nietzsche, the will to power, or the desire to impose one’s will, is an inherent part of human nature. If this is true then just having a personal idea of good would not be enough for anyone – the concept would also have to be imposed on others. Different definitions of good by the strong and the weak would then necessarily entail a battle of wills, each group trying to establish its definition as the “right” definition. The strong would obviously win such a battle. Thus, given the existence of an inherent will to power, the concept of good reflected in language has to be a concept the strong believed in.
However, so far we have no reason to believe the strong and the weak had differing concepts of good at all. They could all have been in agreement and no battle of wills would have taken place. So far we also have no reason to disregard the possibility that the strong had not created the concept of good they believed in. The weak could have created it and the strong could have thought it was neat and adopted it. It is important to note that the strong adopting an idea from the weak is a willing process and, thus, inherently different from the weak successfully imposing their will on the strong (which we have already established to be impossible).
Both these possibilities can be dismissed by introducing further assumptions Nietzsche makes. He thinks the strong spontaneously say “yes” to themselves. It is not the result of any sort of contemplation or introspection. In fact, Nietzsche does not think these ancient nobles indulged in any form of introspection at all. They were just creatures of passion that saw their selves as naturally happy and naturally good. They created their idea of good instinctively and did not indulge in the contemplation necessary for adopting ideas from others. They treated themselves as the ultimate moral standard and judged everyone else in comparison to themselves. When they saw others like themselves, that is, people who were also noble and happy, they thought they were good as well; and when they saw people unlike themselves, that is, people who were weak and unhappy, they thought they were bad. Nietzsche calls this system of moral evaluation “master morality”.
If the weak also thought being strong and powerful was good then they would have to see themselves as bad. However, this possibility is moot in Nietzsche’s universe since he does not think people are capable of self-depreciation without external influence. Even the followers of the ascetic ideal whom Nietzsche describes in the third essay do not come to self resentment by themselves – they are carefully guided there by the ascetic priest. Saying “yes” to oneself then seems to be a universal human trait. It would follow that the weak would spontaneously see themselves and others like themselves as good and people unlike themselves as bad in comparison. However, Nietzsche does not think is what happens.
The will to power leads the strong to subjugate the weak. This means the weak are no longer free to exercise their will to power, causing them to resent the strong. Nietzsche thinks the weak focus on their resentment rather than their instinct for self affirmation, but he does not explicitly explain why he thinks so. It seems fairly safe to assume the suppression of the will to power makes it harder to say “yes” to oneself. The weak dwell on their resentment and as a result demonize the strong as much as possible. They see everything the strong do as bad.
Since the weak cannot spontaneously satisfy all their impulses under the restrictions of the nobles, they turn their attention inwards. They learn to introspect; they become contemplative, “clever” and “interesting” according to Nietzsche. They devise ways of demonizing the strong in ways that the strong cannot refute since they are not as “clever”. They blame the strong for exercising their strength by developing the concept of free will. They separate subject from action and say the strong could choose to be weak if they so willed. Through this process of active, malicious demonization the concept of “evil” is born.
For the nobles “bad” is an afterthought, it is defined only in relation to “good”. For the weak on the other hand, bad is the focus; it is consciously developed and refined with hatred. As a result, their concept of bad is more intense than the nobles’ concept of “bad”. In fact, the idea of bad held by the weak is so much more intense that the word “bad” does not do justice to it. A new word, “evil” has to be introduced to adequately describe how bad their idea of bad really is.
After establishing the idea of “evil” the weak create their idea of “good” in relation to it. Everything that is not evil is labeled as good, namely themselves. Nietzsche calls this system of moral evaluation practiced by the weak “slave morality”. The idea of free will plays an important role in slave morality. Not only is it used to demonize the nobles, it is also used to glorify the weak. The weak highlight their own goodness by claiming that they choose to be “good”. Nietzsche finds this claim ludicrous. It implies the weak could be “evil” or strong if they wanted when in fact they came up with the idea of free will in the first place because they were not and could not be strong.
Nietzsche provides further evidence to support why he thinks being “good” is not a choice made by the weak. Besides the concept of free will, another major invention of slave morality is the concept of universal love. The weak claim that universal love is one of the reasons for which they choose to be weak. Since they love everyone they do not wish harm upon anyone, even those who have hurt them, namely the strong. However, Nietzsche thinks if this were true then their religion, Christianity, would not promise eternal damnation for those who are “evil”. If the weak truly disliked harming others then they would not take so much joy and comfort in the prospect of the “evil” burning in hell forever. Nietzsche takes this to be proof of how hypocritical the weak are. They lack the strength to exact revenge on the masters themselves so they fantasize about some other being taking revenge on their behalf, all the while pretending like they do want revenge at all.
It is not clear how historically accurate Nietzsche’s theories are or even if he meant them to be. However, he did claim master morality can be seen in the ancient Greek, Roman, Japanese and Arab nobilities, and that the Jewish slaves developed the most intricate version of slave morality. It is also not clear whether Nietzsche prefers master or slave morality. He seems to approve of both the introspection that the latter introduces and the self affirming nature of the former. However, I am skeptical about how much credit the nobles should be given for being self-affirming; everyone is self-affirming till someone or something takes away their ability to freely exercise their will to power. Perhaps the nobles would be just as resentful as the weak if someone conquered them. | <urn:uuid:d5f35857-d4b7-41a1-b5b3-3d1a6736eac8> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://bdtamanna.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/nietzsche-the-good-the-bad-and-the-evil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011149514/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091909-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97947 | 2,011 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Agenda-setting in the German Bundestag: origins and consequences of party dominance
Author: Loewenberg, Gerhard
Source: Journal of Legislative Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, October 2003 , pp. 17-31(15)
Abstract:The procedure for setting the agenda in the German Parliament originated in the middle of the nineteenth century in the Prussian Chamber of Deputies in which an informal committee arranged the agenda by an inter-party consensus. This party-dominated procedure, continued in the Reichstag of the Empire and the Weimar Republic, was institutionalised in the German Bundestag in the second half of the twentieth century. It takes account of the central role of the Fraktionen in the Bundestag and of the specialisation and division of labour that developed within them. The procedure is designed to achieve consensus among all parties and to distribute agenda-setting power between parliament and cabinet. Though remarkably decentralised, it has predictable outcomes that contribute to the impression that the Bundestag is a stage-managed parliament.
Document Type: Research Article
Affiliations: Department of Political Science, University of Iowa
Publication date: October 1, 2003 | <urn:uuid:a7667606-a016-488f-a607-684d119cddd1> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/jls/2003/00000009/00000003/art00002 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678692158/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024452-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909043 | 242 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Published on October 4th, 2010 | by Zachary Shahan1
Giant Penguin Unearthed in Peru [VIDEO]
We don’t write on odd animal stories a ton here on Planetsave, but from time to time I see some that are too cool to pass up, like zedonk births, “extinct” foxes being spotted in the wild, and yellow lobsters being found by fishermen. This one about the skeleton of a nearly 5-foot (1.5-meter) tall penguin found in Peru falls under that too-cool-not-to-cover category.
Apparently, a 36-million-year-old fossil of a penguin that probably had mostly grey and reddish-brown feathers was found in Peru recently. It has been named Inkayacu paracasensis (water king) and is about twice as tall as the largest penguins living today, Emperor penguins. It was also given the friendly name of Pedro.
While we still have penguins living on Earth, researchers have not found a lot of old penguin feather fossils. “Penguin feathers are highly modified in form and function, but there have been no fossils to inform their evolution,” the authors write.
“Before this fossil, we had no evidence about the feathers, colors and flipper shapes of ancient penguins. We had questions and this was our first chance to start answering them,” says Julia Clarke, paleontologist at The University of Texas at Austin and lead author of the report on this new finding published in the journal Science.
This finding enlightened scientists to the fact that penguins have had flippers and feathers allowing for fast swimming for tens of millions of years, but that their distinctive black and white feathers are a newer thing.
Curious about how they determined the color of the feathers?
The researchers analyzed “fossilized color-imparting melanosomes,” comparing the new fossils to those in their library of fossils from living birds.
“Insights into the color of extinct organisms can reveal clues to their ecology and behavior,” said coauthor Jakob Vinther at Yale University.
“But most of all, I think it is simply just cool to get a look at the color of a remarkable extinct organism, such as a giant fossil penguin.”
Yes, that sounds like it would be very cool.
via Raw Story
Photo Credit: Artist reconstruction of Inkayacu paracasensis by Katie Browne via University of Texas. | <urn:uuid:7961b431-0784-4640-959b-cd433c20b413> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://planetsave.com/2010/10/04/giant-penguin-unearthed-in-peru-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642168/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961122 | 530 | 3.140625 | 3 |
African Hebrew Israelites
American black community finds spiritual home in the Negev.
African Hebrew Israelites, often referred to as Black Hebrews, are the largest organized group of African-American expatriates living anywhere in the world. The African Hebrew Israelites are the followers of Ben Ammi Ben Israel, who they believe received a vision in 1966 in which he was directed to return African-American descendants of the ancient Israelites to the Promised Land, and to establish the long-awaited Kingdom of God on earth.
By 1967, Ben Ammi convinced approximately 400 African-Americans (largely from Chicago) to leave, America (known as the "Lands of the Great Captivity"), and travel to Israel. The first group of "returnees" arrived in Israel in 1969, after a brief sojourn in the wilderness of Liberia.
The movement can be understood in the context of the "great awakening" to historical roots and cultural identity that African-Americans underwent in the 1960s. The Hebrew Israelites maintain their return was not just to their ancestral homeland of Israel (which they consider northeastern Africa), but to a way of life that would testify to the power of God.
While only approximately 3,000 saints (as they call themselves) reside in Israel, thousands live across the US, Caribbean, Europe and Africa and identify with the community, living according to their doctrinal tenets.
Organizing in Israel
On arrival in Israel in 1969, the African Hebrew Israelites were given temporary visas and assigned to Dimona, an economically-depressed development town in Israel's Negev region. The initial welcoming proved short-lived, as a change in Israel's Law of Return less than a year later cast the community into a legal limbo. At first the members did not have work visas, but were not deported by the government. Beginning in the early 1990s, African Hebrew Israelites were given temporary resident status, and the community members received permanent residency in 2003. The Israeli government now allows African Hebrew Israelites to pursue citizenship of Israel. The first African Hebrew Israelite received Israeli citizenship in 2009, and more Hebrews have become citizens since then.
Meanwhile, faced with overcrowded conditions, no access to schools or health care, and the constant threat of deportation, the Hebrew Israelites were challenged to develop institutions that addressed their basic needs. They developed a biblically-based system of communal living and sharing, called All in Common, which drove the economy. They also founded, Bayt Safer Akvah (Brotherhood School), a community-run school under the auspices of Israel's Ministry of Education.
In 1980 an abandoned absorption center for 1970s-era immigrants was given to the community by Jacques Amir, a sympathetic mayor. Renovated by the members, the site provided a brief respite from massive overcrowding. Later proclaimed the Village of Peace, it is now a destination for hundreds of tourists each week.
Community services include a general store, guest house, health spa, dance studio, communal dining area and sewing center, all staffed and maintained by community members. They produce a line of soy and vegan food products that are marketed throughout Israel and operate a global chain of vegan restaurants in cities such as Atlanta, Chicago, Washington DC, St. Louis, and Los Angeles, as well as Acre and Cape Coast (Ghana).
Spiritual and Social Life
Some have mistakenly reported that the African Hebrew Israelites claim to be descendents of the 10 lost tribes. The community actually considers itself the descendants of the tribe of Judah, as they spiritually identify with Judah's role as the "gatherer" of the other tribes. (King David was from the tribe of Judah.) The community's vision invokes Israel's prophetic mandate to be a "light unto the nations." The Hebrews take this charge seriously, incorporating a respect for what they see as the "sacred Truth" into every aspect of their culture.
The Hebrews maintain a firm distinction between religion on the one hand, and spirituality on the other. The former is frowned upon, and seen as the root of many evils in the world today. "The true worship of God is an entire way of life, a continuous action, from the meal you eat in the morning, to the job you work on," wrote Ben Ammi in God the Black Man and Truth. "It encompasses your every deed and thought pattern."
The Holy Council--12 men known as princes, chaired by Ben Ammi--constitutes the group's spiritual leadership. Twelve ministers oversee the daily affairs and operations of the community. A third tier of governance, Crowned Brothers and Sisters, oversees the daily affairs of the adult community. The community's vibrant cultural dress--all bordered with fringes and "cords of blue", like a tallit--is unmistakable.
Polygyny, the practice of having more than one wife at a time, was practiced among Hebrew Israelites until 1990. The community defended this practice because it accorded with biblical tradition and also because of the community's unique demographic conditions. Significantly more women traveled to Israel in the first wave of aliyah, and the community valued marriage and companionship, even if it meant one man having multiple wives.
In addition to keeping the Holy Days prescribed in the Bible, the Hebrews have incorporated a New World Passover into their calendar, which commemorates their exodus from the United States in 1967. Each May, hundreds of international guests join in two full days of feasting, music and family-oriented fun. Shavuot (Feast of Weeks) observances feature the annual "Dance for the Land" featuring an elaborate display of sound and motion celebrating their joy at being back in their ancestral land.
The Prophetic Priesthood, the body of men responsible for administering spiritual needs of the community also read psalms to women during pregnancy and labor, counsel couples considering marriage, officiate weddings, conduct Sabbath services, and perform circumcisions on the male children. Fasting, for all older than 13 years old, is part of the community's mandatory Sabbath observance, and considered part of their holistic approach to health.
Health and Wellness
It is here, in the arena of preventive health, that the African Hebrew Israelites have scored, perhaps, their most impressive success. They have virtually eradicated high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and obesity from their community. Indeed there have been no deaths in the community attributable to these diseases, which in the US disproportionally impact African-Americans.
Members of the community are vegans. Tobacco, drugs, and alcoholic beverages aside from naturally fermented wines are avoided. Regular exercise (three times weekly) is mandatory for all adults, as is a monthly massage. No-salt days, sugarless weeks, and live food weeks dot their calendar. According to the community's belief system, the choice of relationships, clothing, and music all matter where health is concerned, and every effort is made to create an environment conducive to healing. This consciousness is woven into the lifestyle, resulting in an admired comprehensive health literacy. In 2006, Ghana's Ministry of Health summoned a team from Dimona to assist in the development of a health and nutrition program crucial to that West African country.
Working for Peace on Many Fronts
The Hebrews also participate in civic activities of the State of Israel. Since 2004, more than 125 of their youth have served in the Israel Defense Forces. Defending their homeland is viewed as a moral obligation, and other members of the community reach out to the neighboring Arab population. By virtue of their experience in overcoming prejudice, the group considers itself uniquely positioned to mediate disputes where ethnicity and other differences are at the root of social strife. A conflict resolution center, the Dr. Martin Luther King/SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)-Ben Ammi Center for a New Humanity, opened in 2005.
Israel's Foreign Ministry considers the community a corps of goodwill ambassadors. They are particularly active throughout Africa. Today, the frictions that once characterized the community's relationship with the Israeli government and with Ashkenazi ultra-Orthodox parties, who denied the community members were Jewish, are a distant memory.
Times may not have always been rosy for the community, but along the way, public praises have poured forth: the U.S. Congressional Human Rights Caucus recognized them as a "miracle in the desert," and the Foreign Ministry's website calls them "a phenomenon in a land of phenomena."
Their struggle for acceptance behind them, the African Hebrews continue to look at the challenges ahead. "Ever onward and upward," says Prince Rockameem, 74, one of the founding pioneers. "If you're coasting, you're going downhill!"
Did you like this article? MyJewishLearning is a not-for-profit organization. | <urn:uuid:d1eaecb9-87fa-4999-9438-4b55d98f86f7> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/African_Hebrew_Israelites.shtml?p=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642168/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959655 | 1,810 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Home > Archives
Tuesday May 23, 2006
By growing tree seedlings for reforestation, youths in Kinabatangan, Sabah, are assisting in orang utan conservation. MICHAEL CHEANG reports.
WITH only about 55,000 orang utans surviving in Borneo today, and with their population dropping by 30% to 50% over the past 30 years, things are not looking good for one of Malaysia’s most iconic species.
The biggest threat to the survival of these great apes, apart from poaching and illegal pet trade, is the loss of habitat to logging and plantations.
Gazetted under the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 only last October, parts of lower Kinabatangan (which includes the Kinabatangan floodplain where many of Sabah’s orang utans live) are degraded and fragmented by development, logging and oil palm plantations.
Thus, patches of protected greens are surrounded by degraded forest and plantations, which in turn affects the abundance of food, distribution, behaviour and ecology of orang utans and other wildlife.
Under a project to green degraded Kinabatangan forests, conservation group World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in 2003 started the Habitat Restoration Project (Habitat) by setting up a tree nursery in Kampung Bilit to grow seedlings for replanting.
It is part of its Corridor of Life effort, which aims to reforest both sides of the Kinabatangan river and create a ‘forest corridor’ for wildlife to move freely between isolated forest reserves, private plantations and the Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, as well as from coastal mangrove swamps to upland forests.
Currently funded by tea producer BOH Plantations (which contributes RM50,000 a year to Habitat and another RM50,000 to generate awareness on orang utans), the project employs 10 local youths at RM26 a day as field assistants.
Their tasks are collecting and germinating seeds at the 0.4ha nursery. Field activities include planting seedlings, clearing climbers and weeds, monitoring growths of planted trees and evaluating orang utans’ use of the area.
Programme assistant Joannie Jonitol said youths learn how to identify food tree species, collect seeds and plant trees when they join. They have planted over 15 tree species so far, all of which form the diet of orang utans and are non-commercial trees. They include sengkuang, tangkal, bongkol, durian, rambutan and mango trees.
“The orang utan is not the only animal that will benefit as other animals also eat these fruits,” said Jonitol. “The reforestation also allows animals to move from one patch of forest to another more easily.”
The replanting effort currently concentrates on Lot 5 of the Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary. There are 10 lots that need to be regenerated. As of December, over 10,200 seedlings have been cultivated at the nursery and some 3,000 food trees planted in Lot 5, chosen because it is close to Bilit.
Jonitol said the seedlings have a 50% mortality rate and are monitored every three months. The biggest obstacle the project faces is one beyond their control – floods. Kinabatangan is flood-prone and Lot 5 is especially susceptible, being located between two rivers.
“It floods very easily especially during the months of February and March,” said Jonitol. “The floods can last a few weeks, and we can only begin replanting again when the water subsides.”
Taking the floods into account, the project is trying to focus on water-resistant plants that will survive floods better. Seedlings are also at the mercy of wildlife that they are supposed to be helping.
“We cannot fence up the area because that would defeat the purpose of the project. It will create a bottleneck that will hinder animals’ movement,” said Jonitol.
The owner of the land where the nursery is sited, Johari, said villagers supported the project because it benefitted them, especially youths who would otherwise have to seek jobs in the city.
“I was happy to let them use my family land because it is for a good cause,” said the assistant supervisor of Bilit’s homestay programme.
WWF also started a Home Cultivation Programme where villagers are encouraged to start small-scale tree nurseries. Just like in the project for local youths, they learn how to collect and germinate seedlings, and later sell these for reforestation projects by oil palm plantations.
“Besides generating additional income for villagers, the plantation companies will have a ready supply of seedlings when they start their reforestation programmes,” said Jonitol.
Saving the orang utan’s friends
Copyright © 1995-2014 Star Publications (M) Bhd (Co No 10894-D) | <urn:uuid:41421ed0-327b-439a-9f7c-56a8c97bfd68> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2f2006%2f5%2f23%2flifefocus%2f13970916&sec=lifefocus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642168/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935687 | 1,040 | 2.8125 | 3 |
ORDERS AND DECORATIONS OF POLAND|
Republic of Poland since 1990
(Click here to see updates)
(Order Orla Bialego)
This order is believed to have been created by king Ladislas the Short in 1325, on the occassion of the wedding of his son, later king Casimir the Great. However it was officially instituted in 1705 by Augustus II (the Strong), King of Poland and Kurfürst of Saxony. It had initially the form of the oval red enameled medal, replaced by the cross in 1709 and worn from the neck, and from 1713 on the sash and with a star. Abolished 1793 after the third partition of Poland and renewed many times. The highest decoration of Poland before partitions, of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1815) and Kingdom of Poland (1815-1831). After the defeat of the uprising of 1830 it was altered and included in the Russian award system, where it remained until the communist revolution of 1917. Revived in independent Poland by act of Parliament of February 4, 1921 as the highest award. Not conferred by the communist government after WWII (although never officially discontinued) was continued to be awarded by the President in Exile. Reestablished by Act of Parliament of October 16, 1992 as the uppermost Polish award. Conferred in a single class (GC) on both Polish citizens and foreigners, for exceptional merit to the Polish Country and Nation. President of Poland is always the Grand Master of the order.
Badge (since 1921): red enameled and white outlined gold Maltese cross with ball finials and gold rays between the arms. A white enameled crowned eagle with spread wings, heading left is superimposed on the cross. Reverse: white framed, granular, without enamel and bearing the motto: ZA : OJCZY : ZNE : I / NARÓD (for Country and Nation) on the arms. Central medallion: white, with entwined cipher RP (Rzeczpospolita Polska - Republic of Poland), surrounded by a green laurel wreath.
Star: eight sets of plain sliver rays. Superimposed is the cross, like the reverse of the badge, but without ball finials, the arms are red enameled and with gilt, shell-like flames between.
Sash: light blue, worn over the left shoulder In the Second Republic if a ribbon bar alone was worn,
it had a small rosette in the center.
(Order Virtuti Militari)
Instituted on June 22, 1792 by King Stanislas Augustus (Poniatowski) after the victorious battle of Zielence, during the Polish-Russian War. The original order had the form of the gold or silver oval medal, soon replaced by a black enameled cross. Suppressed 1793 after the partition of Poland, revived 1807 in five classes. Conferred also during the uprising of 1830 and suppressed again by the Russians after its defeat. The first decoration in independent Poland, renewed on August 1, 1919 (its official name Military Order Virtuti Militari was altered to War Order Virtuti Militari in 1933). It is the best known and most coveted of all Polish decorations, equivalent to British Victoria Cross or American Medal of Honor. It is conferred on soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces, irrespective of their rank, solely for deeds of exceptional bravery and valor at the risk of their lives before an armed enemy, above and beyond the call of duty. It can also be conferred on allied soldiers, civilians, military units, cities and other communities. The order has the following classes: GC, Commander, Knight, Gold Cross and Silver Cross. The four upper classes of the order are sparingly awarded. The GC could be awarded to a Commander-in-Chief for victory in war or decisive battle; Commander class - to an army commander for victoriously conducted war operations; Knight class - to a unit commander for distinguished commanding or war achievement; Gold Cross - any soldier awarded earlier with the Silver Cross. The Order Virtuti Militari, bestowed during World War II by the Polish Armed Forces (including resistance movement) was recognized and continued to award also by communist authorities. With the Act of October 16, 1992 on Polish Orders and Decorations it is the most senior decoration for war bravery.
Badge of the three upper classes: black enameled gold Leopold cross with ball finials and the motto on the arms: VIR (left), TUTI (right), MILI (upper), TARI (lower) (for military virtue). Medallion: gilt with a white crowned eagle with regalia, surrounded by a green laurel wreath. Cross reverse: gilt without enamel; the medallion bears the other motto - HONOR / I / OJCZYZNA (honor and country), and the year of institution, 1792. The two upper classes are surmounted by a gilt royal crown. Gold cross: slightly smaller than the knight cross, with gilt, black outlined arms and the motto in black; medallion as above. Silver cross: identical, with the arms silver instead of gilt.
Star GC: eight sets of plain sliver rays. Superimposed is the black cross without ball finials; between the medallion and wreath there is a black circle with the motto HONOR I OJCZYZNA in its upper part.
Badges in the People's Republic: as above, but the eagle had no crown; the crown surmounting the badge was substituted by an oval gold shield with the cipher RP (PRL - Polish People's Republic since 1952) surrounded by a gilt laurel wreath. The arms of the three upper classes are black enameled on reverse.
Ribbon: Garter blue with broad black side stripes (Grand Cross - 110 mm, Commander - 49 mm, other - 35 mm). In People's Poland - light blue with broad black stripes (Grand Cross - 115 mm, Commander - 50 mm, other - 40 mm).
Note: more on the Order Vitrtuti Militari (and
other military decorations) can be found at Polish
Militaria - the site of Col. Dr. Zdzislaw P. Wesolowski, dedicated
to Polish military awards and badges.
(Order Odrodzenia Polski)
Instituted by act of Parliament of February 4, 1921. Conferred on Polish and foreign citizens for merit to the Polish Country and Nation in the field of art and science, industry, agriculture, politics, philantrophy, as well as for the acts of civilian bravery and self-sacrifice. Until 1974, when the Order of Merit was established, it was also a "diplomatic" order awarded to foreign authorities on ceremonial occasions. The order was conferred in five classes: GC, Grand Commander, Commander, Officer (est. 1922) and Member.
Badge: white enameled gilt Maltese cross with ball finials. Medallion: white crowned eagle with regalia on red background; the blue circle bears the Latin motto: POLONIA RESTITVTA (Poland Restored). Reverse: gilt arms, without enamel; medallion bears the year 1918 on red background. The badges of Officer and Member are of a different size.
Star: eight sets of plain sliver rays. Medallion: entwined cipher RP (Rzeczpospolita Polska - Republic of Poland) and the order's motto in a blue circle around. The star of Grand Commander was worn on the right breast.
Badges in the People's Republic: as above; the eagle had no crown and regalia; the year 1918 on reverse replaced by 1944 (proclaiming Poland People's Republic). The star of Grand Commander was worn on the left breast.
Ribbon: red with narrow white side stripes
(Grand Cross - 100 mm, Commanders - 42-45 mm, other - 35-36 mm).
The class of Officer has a rosette on the ribbon.
(Order Krzyza Wojskowego)
Instituted on October 18, 2006. Awarded for outstanding military leadership or acts of valor during non-wartime operations and missions of the Polish Armed Forces outside the borders of the Polish Republic or counteracting terrorist attacks. The name refers to the Order Virtuti Militari, as it was called in the era of the Duchy of Warsaw (1807-15). The order is conferred in three classes: GC (neck decoration w. star), Commander and Knight. GC can be awarded to a unit commander for outstanding leadership or initiative combined with efficient commanding a military operation or action. Commander Cross - to a unit commander or another commissioned officer for meritorious leadership or deed, resulting in a successfully performed military operation or action, or to any officer, NCO or private who has been previously awarded the Knight Cross for an act of combat valor at a risk of life; in exceptional circumstances this class can be conferred to a staff officer for collaboration with the commander if the collaboration resulted in a success of the operation or action. Knight Cross - to any officer, NCO or private for an act of combat valor at a risk of life; this class can be conferred to a civilian or to a military unit. Soldiers of the unit awarded with the Knight Cross are authorized to wear a fourragere in the colors of the order's ribbon.
Badge: blue enameled massive Leopold cross without ball finials, with a silver Polish eagle superimposed on the center of the cross. The reverse is non-enameled, and bears the Latin motto of the order: "MILITO / PRO / PATRIA" (I fight for homeland), with the year of institution "MMVI" in Roman numerals and the number of award below. Placed along the vertical arms is also the coronation sword of Polish kings. The cross in all classes is surmounted by a crown, similar to the one surmounting the Polish eagle. Metal parts are gilt in the class of GC and silver in the remaining two classes.
GC Star: eight sets of plain sliver rays with the GC and crown superimposed on the center.
Fourragere: the cord of dark blue and crimson, with the ferret (pencil) finished in silver and adorned with an eagle. It is worn on the right shoulder while wearing the parade uniform and on the left shoulder on other types of uniform.
Note: it is the first fourragere in the Polish medallic history ever!
Ribbon: dark blue with wide crimson side stripes (Grand Cross and Commander - 45 mm, Knight - 40 mm).
(Order Krzyza Niepodleglosci)
Instituted on August 5, 2010 by an act of Parliament, together with the Cross of Freedom and Solidarity . Awarded in two classes to individuals who between 1939 and 1956 contributed to the cause of Poland's independence and sovereignty through fight or work above and beyond their duty at a risk of life or freedom. Those who participated in or commanded an armed struggle are eligible for the 1st class of the order. The order refers in its form to the Independence Cross, established in 1930.
Badge 1st Class: blue enameled Greek cross 52 x 52 mm, with narrow arms and a gilt pin-stripe along the center. On the horizontal pin-stripes runs the motto: BOJOWNIKOM : NIEPODLEGLOSCI (to the fighters of Independence). On a square gilt shield in the center there is a stylized crowned eagle. The reverse is plain. The Cross is surmounted by a pair of crossed gilt swords on an ornamental rectangular frame. It is worn as a neck decoration
Badge 2nd Class: a similar cross, 40 x 40 mm, surmounted by an ornamental frame as in the 1st Class, albeit without the swords. It is worn on a ribbon on the left side of chest together with other decorations.
Note: the cross is almost identical to the Independence Cross of 1930, with the black enamel replaced by blue.
Ribbon: 45 mm wide in the 1st and 40 mm in the 2nd class, blue with gold-red-gold side stripes. If ribbon bars alone are worn, that of the first class has a rosette and gold lace in the center.
Order of Merit of the People's Republic of Poland (Order Zaslugi Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej) was instituted by act of Parliament of April 10, 1974. Conferred to foreigners and Polish residents abroad for merit rendered to the Polish country. It was meant primarily as a diplomatic order and was conferred in five classes: GC, Grand Commander, Commander, Gold Decoration and Silver Decoration. In 1990 the name was altered to the Order of Merit of Republic of Poland (Order Zaslugi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), and the two lowest classes were renamed to Officer and Member respectively. The class of GC is awarded to heads of state and chefs of government.
Badge until 1990: red enameled cross of five arms with concave arm bases; arm edges are enameled white and form the letter V. Between the arms there are stylized rays, also in the form of the letter V. In the middle of the badge there is a silver eagle. The reverse is granular and has no enamel; the center bears the year 1974. The badge is surmounted by an oval device with letters "PRL" (the central R being bigger than the other two); two rays, like those between the arms extend from both sides. The three upper classes are attached to the ribbon through a trapezoid gilt device. All metal parts of the fifth class badge are silver; those of the other classes - gilt (except the eagle which is always silver).
Star: five sets of plain silver rays; between each pair there is a gilt ray like those between the arms of the badge but longer. The medallion bears an eagle on red background.
Badge and Star since 1990: the same as above; the eagle has a crown; the letters PRL are substituted by RP; since 1992 the year of institution has been removed from reverse of the badge. The star of Grand Commander is worn on the right breast.
Ribbon: originally light blue; since 1992 dark blue (Grand Cross - 100 mm, Commanders - 45 mm, other - 36 mm). Gold Decoration/Officer class has a rosette on the ribbon. | <urn:uuid:2367d4af-c48d-4a57-8a12-30dd090a176c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.medals.pl/pl/pl4a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654450/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940229 | 3,070 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Public Health News Roundup: January 16
HHS: Guides, Tools to Improve Safe Use of EHRs
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has released a new set of guides and interactive tools to assist health care providers in more safely using and managing electronic health information technology products, such as electronic health records (EHRs). The resources—which include checklists, practice worksheets and recommended practices to assess and optimize the safe use of EHRs—are available at HealthIT.gov. Each guide is available as an interactive online tool or a downloadable PDF. The new tools are part of HHS’s plan to implement its Health IT Patient Safety Action and Surveillance Plan, released last July. Read more on technology.
Traumatic Brain Injury Linked to Higher Risk of Early Death
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to a higher risk of premature death, according to a new study in the journal JAMA Psychiatry. Researchers from the University of Oxford, United Kingdom, analyzed the records of all patients born in 1954 or later in Sweden who were diagnosed with TBI from 1969 to 2009, finding an increased risk of dying among patients who survived six months after TBI compared to those without TBI, with the risk remaining for years afterward. In particular, the study found an increased risk of death from external causes such as suicide, injury and assault, also was higher. “Current clinical guidelines may need revision to reduce mortality risks beyond the first few months after injury and address high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and substance abuse,” wrote the study authors. Read more on mental health.
Heavy Drinking During Middle Age Can Cause Earlier Memory Loss in Men
Heavy drinking during middle age can bring on earlier deterioration of memory, attention and reasoning skills in men, according to a new study in the journal Neurology. Researchers studied data on 5,000 men and 2,000 women whose alcohol consumption was assessed three times over a 10-year period before also taking three tests of memory, attention and reasoning, with the first test happening at the average age of 56. They found that men who drank at least 2.5 servings of alcohol a day experienced mental declines between 1.5 and 6 years earlier than the other participants. "Heavy alcohol consumption is known to be detrimental for health, so the results were not surprising...they just add that [it's] also detrimental for the brain and the effects can be observed as [early] as 55 years old," said study author Severine Sabia, a research associate in the department of epidemiology and public health at University College London. Read more on alcohol. | <urn:uuid:4b5edd9f-0f5e-4447-8c50-d307485a1edf> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.rwjf.org/en/blogs/new-public-health/2014/01/public_health_newsr9.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654450/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957825 | 540 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Featured Condtion/Disease: RWI
We are featuring a childhood/infant disease or condition informational post every other Friday. Today's topic is Recreational Water Illness (RWI).
Recreational water illnesses (RWIs) are illnesses that are spread by swallowing, breathing, or having contact with contaminated water from swimming pools, spas, lakes, rivers, or oceans. Recreational water illnesses can cause a wide variety of symptoms, including gastrointestinal, skin, ear, respiratory, eye, neurologic, and wound infections. The most commonly reported RWI is diarrhea.
Most Common Areas
RWIs can be spread through use of swimming pools, hot tubs, decorative water fountains, oceans, lakes, and rivers.
To get more information about RWI, click here.
*Most of the information provided here is from the CDC site, click here to visit their site. | <urn:uuid:a33b0a1b-9f20-49c5-bf9e-e29f24ffeb3b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://pclshealthcare.blogspot.com/2010_06_18_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999677941/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060757-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922812 | 186 | 3.125 | 3 |
“A special right triangle is a right triangle with some regular feature that makes calculations...Special right triangles
“A triangle or trigon is a two dimensional geometric object that has the specific qualities of...Triangle
“ In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal. In...Equilateral triangle
“A triangular number is the number of dots in an equilateral triangle evenly filled with dots...Triangular number
“A right triangle is a triangle in which one angle is a right angle. The side opposite the right...Right triangle
“In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle which passes...Circumscribed circle
“In trigonometry, Mollweide's formula, sometimes referred to in older texts as Molweide's...Mollweide's formula
This category has only the following subcategory.
- [×] Right triangles (2 P)
Pages in category "Triangles"
The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. | <urn:uuid:78f349bb-b61f-4776-9e9d-62888107df1c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://math.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Triangles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010749774/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091229-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866227 | 224 | 3.3125 | 3 |
TERMESSOS was a River-God of Boiotia in central Greece.
The Termessos (or Permessos) stream had its headwaters on Mount Helikon in Boiotia. It flowed north past the town of Askra, and emptied into Lake Kopais. The most important neighbouring rivers were the Kephisos to the north-west, Lamos in the south, Ismenos to the south-east, and Pleistos in the west.
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 29. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"Aganippe was a daughter of the Termessos, which flows around Helikon."
- Pausanias, Description of Greece - Greek Travelogue C2nd A.D. | <urn:uuid:7b5544e2-8994-44fd-ac72-f05d25535bcd> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.theoi.com/Potamos/PotamosTermessos.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010749774/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091229-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874713 | 174 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In Anglo-American law, a legacy of an identified object, such as a particular piece of real estate, or a described object of personal property, is called a specific legacy. A general legacy, on the other hand, would involve such things as a sum of money or a number of objects identified generically, such as any 100 shares of common stock. If the total value of the estate is insufficient to satisfy all legacies, the specific legacies are satisfied first.
A legacy is termed residuary if the beneficiary is to receive only what is left of the estate after the satisfaction of all specific and general legacies.
In civil-law countries (e.g., Germany, Japan) legacy and legatee have somewhat different meanings than in Anglo-American law. In Roman law, upon the death of a person, the totality of his legal rights and duties passed to a universal successor, the heir. If there was no valid testament, the heir was determined by the rules of intestate succession. An heir, however, could also be instituted by testament, and in his testament the testator could charge his heir with legacies—that is, duties to a third party, called a legatee, to whom the heir had to pay certain sums of money or give certain assets of the estate. This terminology is still used in the law of Germany and those countries with similar systems, such as Switzerland and Japan. In the French civil code and those countries that follow its pattern, however, the term heir is limited to the universal intestate successor. A person to whom a testator leaves his entire estate is called a légataire universel; when the estate is divided, the beneficiaries are called légataires à titre universel. A person who is to receive a fixed sum of money or a particular asset of the estate—i.e., a legacy—is called a légataire particulier. | <urn:uuid:86544205-fef4-42d4-9082-44b8cac7b949> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/334834 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678694630/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024454-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965645 | 398 | 3 | 3 |
The two bison are considered genetically pure and part of a plan involving the DNR to manage a herd at state parks.
The Minnesota Zoo is announcing the arrival of two newborn bison, and they carry the important distinction of being genetically pure.
They’re the first bison born at the zoo in Apple Valley in 20 years.
Bison, the largest land animals in North America, have been on exhibit at the zoo since 1980. The zoo has been working this past year with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources to manage a herd at state parks and at the zoo.
A herd of nearly 100 bison roam at Blue Mounds State Park in southwestern Minnesota, a project that started in 1961 with three animals from Nebraska. Testing has confirmed that the herd at Blue Mounds is nearly genetically identical to bison that existed before European settlement. Blue Mounds welcomed its first calf in late April.
The zoo now has 10 bison on its Northern Trail. The two new calves, both female, are destined to be released into state parks in the fall of 2014.
The two newborns have different mothers and the same father. They are all from the Blue Mounds park.
The mothers were brought to the zoo in time to give birth, one on April 27 and the other on May 8.
“The birth of two calves in our newly assembled bison herd is a great first step toward achieving the goal we share with our partners at the DNR,” said Minnesota Zoo Director Lee Ehmke, “the restoration of wild bison to parts of their historic range on the state’s prairie landscape.”
During recovery of bison from near extinction in the early 1900s, cattle interbred with bison in many locations. Recent scientific advances estimate that less than 1 percent of the world’s remaining American bison are free of cattle hybridization, posing a serious threat to the long-term conservation of pure wild bison across the nation.
This new effort helps protect the genetic diversity of this native Minnesota species and educate Minnesotans about the bison’s conservation story and the important roles bison play in the prairie ecosystem.
Before Europeans settled across North America, the bison population was estimated to be from 30 million to 60 million. Hunting brought the species to near extinction in the early 1900s.
Currently, there are about 19,000 plains bison in 54 herds managed by governments and environmental organizations. Bison are also raised as livestock and are considered a healthy alternative to other red meats. | <urn:uuid:0beb03a2-03e8-4099-b47b-4b917db02d01> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.startribune.com/local/south/207694901.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678694630/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024454-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950169 | 526 | 3.453125 | 3 |
In 1971, the KH-9 Hexagon (pdf) was the United States’ most advanced spy device — as large as a school bus that carried more than 60 miles of high-resolution photographic film, reports C/Net and Wired. The 6-inch wide Hexagon film frame captured a field of view of around 370 miles, with a resolution of about 2 to 3 feet, according to the National Reconnaissance Office.
The film images were sent back to Earth in recoverable return capsules. Entering the Earth’s atmosphere, the canisters deployed a parachute and were then snagged by a plane in mid-air and returned to base for processing and analysis.
But in July 1971, the third reentry vehicle from the first Hexagon photo-satellite mission was lost, when the parachute broke, sending the canister into the open sea near Hawaii. The bucket sank on impact to a depth of more than 16,400 feet. This was sensitive info — photographs of the Soviet Union’s submarine bases and missile silos — and the decision was made to attempt to recover the valuable intelligence data.
This week, the CIA released documents relating to the spy satellite incident and the recovery mission. They used America’s most advanced deep-sea exploration vehicle at the time, the Trieste II.
Although the film canister sunk to 16,000 feet, the manned Trieste II had never gone below 10,000 feet. The whole affair was apparently the inspiration for Ice Station Zebra, reportedly the favorite film of Howard Hughes.
The MV Carolyn Chouest (location) is a chartered submarine support ship for the U.S. Navy assigned to the Special Missions Program. Only a spy sub like the USS Jimmy Carter, Deep Submergence Vessels like the Alvin, or remotely operated vehicles could operate at such depth and retrieve the test war head. Space-based AIS may soon let virtually everyone watch who is “on-station” in virtual real-time. Except for the sub, of course.
The Defense Department is attempting to develop a conventional global strike weapon to augment the military’s nuclear deterrent. The Hypersonic bomb would be able to hit a target anywhere in the world in less than an hour after launching from the United States or a U.S. military base. Blowing up stuff is what Lockheed and Boeing’s corporate generals do. The DOD has to clean up the mess.
The R/V Knorr, like other large research ships, carries an impressive array of equipment including winches, cranes, an A-frame for deploying and retrieving buoys and other heavy objects, and satellite and radio antennas.
Knorr, however, is the only ship in the world outfitted to handle the Long Core, which collects seafloor sediment cores. R/V Atlantis is the only vessel designed to support both Alvin and general oceanographic research. AGOR 27 and AGOR 28 are the newest high-tech, ocean research ships.
The USA’s University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System conducts research throughout the world’s oceans, and their fleet has shifted to 4 basic research vessel types: Global, Ocean/Intermediate, Regional and Coastal/Local.
From 2014 onward, new Ocean Class ships will replace aging Intermediate Class ships in current use, and serve alongside the new SWATH-hulled RV Kilo Moana [T-AGOR 26]. The USNS Impeccable (T-AGOS-23) is assigned to the Military Sealift Command (MSC) Special Missions Program.
In other news, France Telecom-Orange announced today that it has suffered a major incident on its cable-ship, the Chamarel (location). A fire broke out on the ship late afternoon on 8 August while returning from a repair operation on the Sat3-Safe cable off the coast of Namibia in the Atlantic Ocean.
Despite the crew’s efforts to control the fire, the decision was made to abandon the ship at around 8pm local time. All 56 crew members were safely recovered by a Namibian fishing vessel without injury or incident. The crew is currently located at the Namibian port, Walvis Bay and will be repatriated in the coming days.
France Telecom says this incident has no immediate impact on submarine cables in the area, which will continue to function normally. The vessel was returning from a mission to repair the Sat3/WASC/Safe submarine cable which connects Portugal and Spain to nine West African countries, India, and other Asian countries. | <urn:uuid:9dd8202e-982e-40e0-afdf-c721e73dd18e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.dailywireless.org/2012/08/10/nro-the-real-ice-station-zebra/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999643993/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060723-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944336 | 935 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Eucommia bark Benefits, What is Eucommia bark
Eucommia bark benefits, evidence-based information on herbs and botanicals, What is Eucommia bark , Eucommia bark health benefits, home remedies and natural cures.
Eucommmia bark is the gray, grooved bark of the tree Eucommia ulmoides, commonly called the hardy rubber tree or the gutta-percha tree. The Chinese name for eucommia bark is Du Zhong. This name refers to a Taoist monk who was said to be immortal, suggesting that the herb provides long life, good health, and vitality. The tree is a member of the rubber family and is native to the mountainous regions of China. It normally grows to about 50 ft (15 m) in height. Small patches of bark are harvested from trees over 10 years old in late summer and early autumn. The outer bark is peeled away and the smooth inner bark is dried. This inner bark contains a pure white, elastic latex that is thought to contain the compounds that account for eucommia bark's healing properties. Older, thicker inner bark with more latex is considered more desirable for the herbalist to use than younger, thinner bark.
Although traditionally only the bark of E. ulmoides was used for healing, research in the later half of the 1990s in Japan indicates that the leaves also have healing properties. The green leaves are shiny, narrow, and pointed. The tree's flowers are very small and are not used in healing.
Eucommia bark Links:Eucommia bark Benefits, What is Eucommia bark
Eucommia bark Effects, Eucommia bark Use, Health Benefits
Eucommia bark Extract, Eucommia bark Dosage, Buy Supplements, Capsules, Tincture
Eucommia bark Toxicity
Eucommia bark Side Effects
Eucommia bark Interactions
Eucommia bark References
More herbs and remedies starting with letter E: | <urn:uuid:429dc47e-69c7-48dc-b7a1-2cf9ec9e2adc> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://naturalspedia.com/herbsremedies/eucommia-bark/benefitswhatis.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999655040/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060735-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927897 | 426 | 2.90625 | 3 |
BA From United States of America, joined May 2000, 11150 posts, RR: 60
Reply 5, posted (11 years 3 months 3 weeks 3 days 3 hours ago) and read 3744 times:
VirginFlyer and Aztec01 got it.
On September 20, 1945, the 18th Gloster Meteor FM. k 1 was retrofitted with Turboprop engines to be used as a test aircraft. There was much speculation about how well a jet-engine could drive a propeller and this aircraft proved that it would be an immediate success and would lead to the turboprop era and the significant reduction of piston engined aircraft.
This aircraft was a significant contribution in aviation history.
"Generosity is giving more than you can, and pride is taking less than you need." - Khalil Gibran
Broke From United States of America, joined Apr 2002, 1322 posts, RR: 3
Reply 8, posted (11 years 3 months 3 weeks 1 day 9 hours ago) and read 3599 times:
The first American turbo-prop was the mixed power Convair XF-81.
There were 2 airframes built; the first originally had a J-33 jet engine in the rear and a Packard built Merlin V-1650 in the front. Both eventually received GE XT-31 turbo-props. The idea of the mixed power was to use the turbo-prop for cruise and fire up the jet for combat in order to increase the range of the airplane.
The 2 fuselages are in storage at the U.S. Air Force Museum; I saw them during a "Behind the Scenes" tour last year. As great as the museum is, the "Behind the Scenes" tour left me salivating as what could possibly be restored to show condition and placed on display. Wow!! | <urn:uuid:3e5cf670-29a0-42a1-8ee2-9c592843bae5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.airliners.net/aviation-forums/general_aviation/read.main/967202/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999655040/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060735-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965909 | 377 | 2.59375 | 3 |
This site, from Physical Review Focus, provides a summary of research being conducted to increase the frequency of sunlight. The article contains an explanation of how a focused beam of green light from the sun can be transformed into blue light, a process referred to as up-conversion. A description of the procedure and applications to solar energy technology are also provided.
%0 Electronic Source %D 2006 %T Tuning the Sun's Rays %I American Physical Society %V 2014 %N 8 March 2014 %9 text/html %U http://physics.aps.org/story/v18/st11
Disclaimer: ComPADRE offers citation styles as a guide only. We cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. Please refer to the style manuals in the Citation Source Information area for clarifications. | <urn:uuid:72d32130-0216-4e22-98eb-dc14fc3e079d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.compadre.org/informal/items/detail.cfm?ID=4961 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999655040/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060735-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903275 | 166 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- Word History, Word Builder, Word Explorer
|part of speech:
||any solid mineral element that exhibits certain characteristics such as the ability to conduct heat or electricity. Most metals may be shaped under heat or pressure. Iron, silver, copper, and gold are metals.
Most of the chemical elements are metals.
is from an ancient Greek word that means "mine." | <urn:uuid:deb011d1-c5ac-48d4-b2b9-fe1932870aa0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.wordsmyth.net/?level=2&rid=25886 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999679238/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060759-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.78968 | 77 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Hemorrhoids During Pregnancy
Pregnancy puts a woman at a higher risk for developing hemorrhoids. During pregnancy, extra pressure is put on the internal and external hemorrhoidal veins, which can result in symptoms ranging from a feeling of vague anal discomfort to bright-red blood covering the stool. In some cases, hemorrhoids can be prevented by getting regular exercise and consuming more fiber. Treatment options include stool softeners, pain relievers, and warm baths.
Pregnancy and Hemorrhoids: An OverviewAmong the many changes that happen to a woman's body during pregnancy, hemorrhoids is one that most pregnant women could do without. However, hemorrhoids are a common occurrence -- and even more so during the third trimester.
Understanding what hemorrhoids are and how to prevent them during pregnancy may help many women avoid this complication. For women who do develop hemorrhoids, understanding how to treat them may minimize the chances for continued problems.
The good news: For most women, hemorrhoids during pregnancy are just that. Once your baby is delivered, hemorrhoids usually improve.
What Are Hemorrhoids?The term hemorrhoids refers to a condition in which the veins around the anus or lower rectum become swollen and inflamed. Several groups of veins surround the rectum and anus -- one group is known as internal hemorrhoidal veins, and the others are known as external hemorrhoidal veins.
There are two types of hemorrhoids: internal and external. As the name suggests, internal hemorrhoids affect the internal hemorrhoidal veins; external hemorrhoids affect the internal hemorrhoidal veins.
What Causes Hemorrhoids During Pregnancy?During pregnancy, hemorrhoids are caused by an increase in pressure within either the internal or external hemorrhoidal veins. There are several reasons why pressure may increase during pregnancy. Some of these reasons include:
- The fetus and uterus are growing, which puts more pressure on veins in the lower pelvic area.
- Hormonal changes cause the hemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge.
- Severe pressure to the hemorrhoidal veins occurs during childbirth.
- Frequent constipation during pregnancy. Constipation increases straining and pressure during bowel movements. | <urn:uuid:2bbdcdcf-7c48-49ee-b521-d545fcf7c130> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://hemorrhoids.emedtv.com/hemorrhoids/hemorrhoids-during-pregnancy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010824553/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091344-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930258 | 441 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Nature in Strandja
We first visited Strandja Nature Park in Bulgaria almost 10 years ago, and were smitten. So much wildlife everywhere, the variation and numbers of birds, butterflies, reptiles and wildflowers you can see here is truly amazing.
Strandja is Bulgaria's largest and most varied protected area in terms of species and habitats; tucked away in Europe's most south-easterly corner, Strandja is among the top wildlife sites in Eastern Europe.
Strandja's unique nature is a result of the area's geolological past, climate, geographical location and political history.
Living museum in Eastern Europe
The Strandja Mountains in Bulgaria have a unique flora and fauna. The nature park lies in the far south-east of Europe, where Europe and Asia meet. The plant communities in Strandja developed before Europe was separated from Asia. Land-ice never reached Strandja during the last ice ages, and this lack of glaciations has created a unique window to the past.
Almost the whole territory of Strandja is a refuge for relict species and communities from past geological times. Only in Strandja can you see plants that were once widespread in Europe, but vanished after the Tertiary period. These include spectacular species such as the Strandja Rhododendron. Strandja nature Park is a living nature museum in Eastern Europe.
Intact natural river systems
In Strandja you'll find naturally meandering rivers travelling through seas of green, hilly woods. The rivers in Strandja Park are among the last remaining intact natural river systems in Europe.
The longest of Strandja's rivers, the Veleka, flows into the Black Sea through a natural estuary. Both north and south of the Veleka Estuary you'll find quiet beaches and beautiful coastal landscapes.
Lack of human influence
Although Strandja Nature Park is the size of London in area, no more than 7000 people live in these low Bulgarian mountains.
The lack of human influence in Strandja results from its location in a former border zone. For almost 50 years, the whole nature park was a limited access zone. The few people continued their traditional way of life. This is why you can still find such undisturbed natural landscapes and unique wildlife here.
Picturesque villages are dotted throughout the area. Meadows and pastures full of wild flowers and butterflies surround them. Part of Strandja consists of extensive karst terrain, where you can find steep limestone cliffs, many mineral springs and complex cave systems.
Haven for wildlife
Strandja Nature Park is a haven for wildlife. Steep and stony hillsides, and deep gorges and ravines are home to all sorts of birds and mammals that are under threat elsewhere. During your holiday to Strandja you can see and hear species such as Wildcat, Golden Jackal, Otter, Black Stork, Golden Eagle, Eagle Owl and Corn Crake.
Strandja's woodlands are a biodiversity fortress that preserve Europe's largest oak massif. Thirty percent of these forests consist of old growth forests with many ancient trees.
Threatened reptile species such as turtles and tortoises are still relatively widespread in Bulgaria in general and Strandja in particular. You can even see Gecko's here!
In spring and early summer the grasslands are a stunning mosaic of colour, with many species of orchids (more than 35!). The variety of butterfly species and their sheer numbers will surprise you.
Via Pontica bird migration
Over 130 bird species breed in the Strandja Mountains, but you can see many more.
The Via Pontica bird migration route brings lots of species in large numbers to this special area. The total recorded number of bird species in Strandja is 270.
During the migration, enormous groups of storks, pelicans and eagles fly over Strandja's low mountains and along the Black Sea coast.
Largest nature park in Bulgaria
Strandja Nature Park is Bulgaria's largest protected area. More than 120 different types of habitat occur here, which makes Strandja the most varied park in Bulgaria in terms of habitats and species diversity.
Strandja is one of the five top priority sites for protection in Central and Eastern Europe, and the whole park has been included in the Natura 2000 ecological network.
Currently, the Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundation is working on the designation of Strandja as a Biosphere reserve.
Biodiversity hotspots nearby
If you are keen to see more of Bulgaria's wildlife, you can visit other stunning habitats nearby Strandja.
One of them is Ropotamo, a beautiful river estuary with an extensive dune system that supports more than a hundred endangered plant species. White-tailed eagles breed on Ropotamo's rock formations. And the beautiful wide bay and quiet beach invite you for a swim when you have finished exploring.
Another biodiversity hot spot is the Burgas lakes. These Ramsar wetlands make up Bulgaria's biggest and most valuable wetland complex. Here you can see over 300 bird species breeding, resting, migrating or wintering, including several globally threatened species, such as Dalmatian Pelicans, White-headed Ducks, and Pygmy Cormorants.
By adding a few days to your holiday, you can extend your trip to also visit Madzharovo, a famous vulture conservation centre in the Rhodopi mountains.
Nature and wildlife holiday to Strandja
More about Strandja
- Map of Strandja
- Nature in Strandja
- Culture in Strandja
- Strandja's History
- When to Visit
- Bulgarian kitchen | <urn:uuid:4aabe968-f785-4771-ba6f-09e4394e7a70> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.visitstrandja.com/nature-Strandja-mountains-Bulgaria.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010824553/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091344-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922047 | 1,185 | 2.734375 | 3 |
GIS Shapefile Store - for Beginners & Experienced GIS Users Alike. Geographic Names Information System, Nuclear Facilities, Zip Code Boundaries, School Districts, Indian & Federal Lands, Climate Change, Tornadoes, Dams - Create digital GIS maps in minutes.
Refuge Information: Located
in northeastern Alaska, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the most northern and one of the
largest Refuges within America's National Wildlife Refuge System. The Arctic Refuge is
managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
Nature remains essentially undisturbed in this scenic, pristine land. The Arctic Refuge's
primary mandate: to protect the wildlife and habitats of this area for
the benefit of people now and in the future.
(This section contains General as well as Oil Development information.)
Wildlife: The Arctic Refuge contains an
impressive variety of arctic wildlife. Dominated by the rugged and majestic Brooks Range, the
Refuge is vast and remote - domain of the wandering Porcupine Caribou herd, packs of wolves,
hardy muskoxen, lone wolverines, flocks of snow geese, and other wilderness-dependent species.
The rich pageant of wildlife found within the Refuge includes more than 160 bird species, 36
kinds of land mammals, nine marine mammal species, and 36 types of fish.
Habitat: The Arctic Refuge is among the most
complete, pristine, and undisturbed ecosystems on earth. Here coastal lagoons, barrier islands,
arctic tundra, foothills, mountains, and boreal forests provide a combination of habitats, climate,
and geography unmatched by any other northern conservation area - conditions that support the
Refuge's diverse community of life.
People: The Arctic Refuge is a landscape like
those that shaped America's unique heritage and culture - a place of reflection, beauty, and
adventure. It's big and wild enough to make you feel like one of the old-time explorers - self-
reliant, independent, and free.
The Refuge is an inspiration to nature enthusiasts, and a home to local Inupiat Eskimo and
Gwich'in Indian communities. It is also a symbol, even for those who will never visit, of the link
between wilderness and wildlife, and the need for both, now and in the future.
Note: This is the MapCruzin.com archive of the FWS Arctic National Wildlife Refuge website. In December, 2001 FWS took this website offline, making it unavailable to the public. It includes 90 plus pages of information and many maps. As of 2006 the important information contained in this, the original "unsanitized" version of the FWS website, has yet to return to the internet, so we will continue to maintain it here as a permanent archive to help inform activists and concerned citizens. If you find any broken links, please report them to me at [email protected] and I will attempt to make the repairs. January, 2008 update - A small part of the original information that was present in 2001 has made it back into the current ANWR website. There is also an archive that contains a small amount of the original information, but it is not readily available from the main website.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. Potential impacts of proposed oil and gas
development on the Arctic Refuge’s
coastal plain: Historical overview and
issues of concern. Web page of the Arctic National
17 January 2001. http://arctic.fws.gov/issues1.html
MapCruzin.com is an independent firm
specializing in the publication of
educational and research resources.
We created the first U.S. based
interactive toxic chemical facility
maps on the internet in 1996 and we
have been online ever since. Learn more about us and view some of our projects and services. | <urn:uuid:2dd9a631-5a7b-4dfc-886f-46c33b3225ec> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.mapcruzin.com/arctic_refuge/arctic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011192582/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091952-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895336 | 823 | 3.203125 | 3 |
It seems county, government and local private landowners are slowly finding common ground in understanding greater sage-grouse habitat.
All stakeholders are united under a common goal — keeping the land-dwelling bird off the federal Endangered Species Act list.
To better understand the bird’s patterns and develop a habitat management plan, the Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest Service partnered with Colorado Parks and Wildlife to map habitat throughout Colorado as part of an Environmental Impact Statement. Greater sage-grouse habitat has come under threat throughout the West in recent years, and extends into Grand County.
After Colorado Parks and Wildlife used vegetation data to map greater sage-grouse priority habitat, Grand County spent $40,000 on its own independent study. Although findings yielded similar results, commissioners are calling it money well spent.
“Everyone was pretty impressed with the work our consultant did,” Commissioner Merrit Linke said in a phone interview. “He was thorough, knowledgeable, and had the answers to questions people had.”
In the Environmental Impact Statement, Colorado Parks and Wildlife identified a large area of habitat in west Grand County, whose economy depends heavily on agriculture. If the greater sage-grouse does become listed as an endangered species, commissioners and local property owners worry it could impact local livelihoods.
The bird’s priority habitat area, distinguished on the Environmental Impact Statement maps by the color red, have been called the “red blobs” by county officials.
After speaking to other western Colorado counties about their concerns, Grand County commissioners retained Eric Petterson, senior biologist with URS Consultants, to delineate greater sage-grouse habitat on a finer scale. He presented findings at a commissioners’ meeting on Oct. 1.
“Our study is more accurate at a local level versus Colorado Parks and Widlife,” Petterson said. “Their mapping was done at a scale when they’re mapping multiple counties at one time.”
Parks and Wildlife worked on a large northwest Colorado regional scale to create its map. Because they had so much ground to cover, Parks and Wildlife used a larger mapping scale, with minimum mapping units of 1 kilometer, Petersen said.
Working at a smaller county level, Petterson used the same data but reduced his units to 20 meters, or 2 percent of Parks and Wildlife’s scale. Just as smaller pixels produce a more detailed digital image, Petterson’s smaller scale produced a map with finer detail of the greater sage-grouse habitat.
Petterson also took into account variables beyond vegetation, like slope and elevation. While his findings produced a more detailed picture, Petterson said overall results are similar to the Colorado Parks and Wildlife study.
“It’s still very much a red blob,” Petterson told commissioners at the meeting.
But Petterson would like to push state Parks and Wildlife officials to change their definition of what those “red blobs” mean.
“By their own recognition … there are areas of non-habitat captured,” he said. “Let’s call these ‘consultation areas,’ because in reality that’s what they are, they’re meant to trigger a level of consultation with CPW or BLM.”
A shift in terminology won’t necessarily change federal decisions on greater sage-grouse management. But that shift could help assuage the fears of private landowners, who worry a plotted “priority habitat” on their property represents a red mark of restriction.
By calling them “consultation areas,” property owners might feel like they have an opportunity to discuss management.
“That’s where a lot of consternation has come with the red blob maps,” said Zach Perdue, a consultant who helped Petterson with mapping. “We want to be at the table to make sure real, good habitat are being protected.”
With the Environmental Impact Statement already issued, a change in terminology is unlikely. But the process does invite private stakeholders to take a “seat at the table” and discuss their concerns during the 90-day public comment period, which is open until mid-November.
Michelle Cowardin, a biologist with the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Hot Sulphur Springs office, acknowledges the Environmental Impact Statement’s maps and modeling have caused some frustration at the county level. She also said Petterson has misrepresented some of her division’s modeling strategies in creating the maps, including the time-frame in which models were produced.
“It would be good to clear that up with commissioners so they better understand our data,” Cowardin said.
At over 1,000 pages, the Environmental Impact is tedious to review and daunting to understand. Cowardin and other Parks and Wildlife officials have tried to clear up confusion with the public by issuing fact sheets and holding public informational sessions. A local session held in Kremmling on Oct. 2 attracted only about 10 attendees. It didn’t yield many questions or comments.
“I’m not too surprised there wasn’t a lot of interaction. People haven’t really looked at (the Environmental Impact Statement), because it’s such a large document BLM put out,” Cowardin said. “So the meeting’s purpose was to get people engaged to look at it.”
The document is available through the Bureau of Land Management website. Cowardin and other Colorado Parks and Wildlife officials are available to answer questions and take comment on the study both during and after the federal shutdown, which has furloughed employees at the Bureau of Land Management. The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Hot Sulphur Springs office can be reached at 346 Grand County Road 362 or 970-725-6200.
“We want folks to know BLM has the document out there,” Cowardin said. “The more people who comment, the better the final product will be.”
Leia Larsen can be reached at 970-887-3334 ext. 19603. | <urn:uuid:a647d3c9-edfd-45c1-9443-756bc356e8fb> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.skyhidailynews.com/news/8441367-113/parks-habitat-wildlife-colorado | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011192582/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091952-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946671 | 1,285 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Original name: Divine are the Ba-souls of Neferefre
Original height: incomplete
Base length: 65 m / 217 ft.
Angle of inclination unknown
Date of construction: 5th dynasty
An examination of the Pyramid of Neferefre, long known as the Unfinished Pyramid in the pyramid field at Abusir, gives us considerable insight to how Egyptologists gather evidence in order to sort out Egyptian history.
This pyramid was examined by a number of early explorers, including Perring, Lepsius, de Morgan, Borchardt and others. While some of these thought it might be Neferefre's pyramid, others attributed it to Shepseskare. None of them thought that the intended owner's mummy occupied the unfinished pyramid. Actually, the pyramid looked much like a mastaba tomb, but it was square and not rectangular nor north-south oriented like mastabas. Indeed, because of its truncated shape, what had been planned as a pyramid became a bench-like structure which later priests called 'the primaeval hill', a place of eternal birth, of life and resurrection.
Finally, in the 1970s, the University of Prague did a systematic investigation, and by piecing together various clues, arrived at the conclusion that it was indeed Neferefre's pyramid, and that his mummy had in fact been buried in the pyramid.
Clue One: Neferefre's mortuary temple is specifically mentioned in a papyrus fragment found in the mortuary temple of Neferirkare. This document suggests at least that the mortuary temple of Neferefre was located in the Abusir area.
Clue two: On a limestone block found in the village of Abusir, which probably came from Neferirkare's mortuary temple, we find that king along with his consort Khentkaues II and his eldest son, Neferre. We believe that Neferre, which means "Re is beautiful", probably later changed his name to Neferefre which means, "Re is his beauty". As the southeast corners of the Giza pyramids line up with each other and point to the ancient center of Heliopolis, so too do the northwest corners of the main most the pyramids at Abusir. The first two pyramids on a line with Heliopolis at Abusir are those of Sahure and Neferirkare, with this third unfinished pyramid being next. Therefore, it would seem that it belonged to the next king, who we believe to have been Neferefre.
Other archaeological evidence has since strengthened the assumption that the pyramid is that of Neferefre. We believe the pyramid was called, "Divine is Neferefre's power".
The unfinished nature of this pyramid has also aided Egyptologists in their study of the construction of pyramids. For this particular pyramid, first the underground pit was dug for the burial chamber and the descending corridor.Next, huge limestone blocks were laid as a foundation and finally the core of the pyramid was built atop the foundation.
The core was built of horizontal layers about a meter high, with the outer mantle consisting of large, rough blocks up to five meters long. These were stacked to make the first core step about seven meters high.A clay mortar was used for binding. Internal blocks, particularly around the cavities, were smaller. In between the inner and outer layers of the core was fill, consisting of sand, rubble, clay and some stone fragments. We believe Neferefre probably died prior to completion of the first core level, so the remainder of the pyramid that was finished, as well as the mortuary temple were probably by his successors.
While the great pyramid at Giza may be much more spectacular then this seeming pile of rubble, Egyptologists can dissect this one, and therefore find insights that Khufu's cannot reveal.
Unfortunately, this pyramid had a roof terrace that made it easy for the fine stone within to be stolen for reuse.The thieves simply dug down from above, and even set up a workshop on the terrace for breaking up the fine white limestone lining the inner rooms. The structure was probably first plundered during the First Intermediate Period, so it became an easy target for stone quarrying in later years. We know, for example, that stones from this pyramid were used in some nearby shaft tombs by the Persians late in Egypt's history, and stones continued to disappear down into the 19th century.
The entrance to this pyramid is in the middle of its north side, close to ground level.It curves slightly to the southeast before reaching the antechamber, and in the lower regions is lined with pink granite and sealed with the same material.The huge barrier block made of pink granite has interlocking jaws and is unique in this pyramid.
Past the barrier, the antechamber and burial chamber in this pyramid are aligned very precisely east-west. Both of these rooms are lined with fine white limestone, and while extensively damaged in antiquity by stone thieves, they also both had gabled ceilings.
Obviously only scant remains of the original content of the pyramid was found. But of considerable importance, along with fragments of a pink sarcophagus, four alabaster canopic jars and alabaster containers, parts of a mummy were found. Anatomical investigation seems to indicate that the mummy belongs to a 20 to 23 year old man, and other evidence suggests that these remains are probably those of Neferefre. These was also a foundation deposit discovered that included a bull's head, miniature clay vessels along with gray clay to seal the vessels.
On the east side of the same foundation on which the pyramid is built a very small mortuary temple, aligned north-south, was also built of smaller blocks of fine white limestone. The entrance was by a stairway and ramp on the southeast. Just behind the entrance is a small basin that was used by the priests to perform ritual purification. Because of the ruined state of this temple, we can only guess at much of its design. As usual, there was an offering hall in the center of the temple. There is a depression its floor that was probably left by an alter but, for example, if there was a false door on the west wall as in other temples, no evidence of it can be found. We are also unsure exactly who built this oldest part of the temple.
Later, during the reign of Niuserre, additions were made adding a whole, new, mudbrick section to the temple along the east side of the pyramid.Its entrance was through a portico with two four-stemmed lotus limestone columns and was located right in the middle of the east facade.In the center of this addition were what we believe to have been five storage annexes, and there was a group of ten two-story storage magazines in the north section. A large number of papyri were found in the northern magazines.
The southern part of the addition consists of a unique, east-west oriented hall with 20 six stemmed wooden lotus columns. This was the first hypostyle hall that we know of during the age of the pyramid builders. The hall probably served a religious function of which we are unaware, because fragments from the ceiling show that it was astronomical, painted with yellow stars on a dark blue background. About this hall were found fragments of statues of Neferefre and wooden figures of captive enemies, along with other cult objects. One such statue, to be found today in the Egyptian Antiquities Museum, has the distinctive royal accessories including the false beard (broken-off), the mace in his right hand, and a round wig with regular concentric circles enclosing the skull. The falcon god Horus surrounds the cape of the neck by his wings, while his claws hold two " shen " signs that are symbol of duration, both providing eternal protection for the king and kingship.
The whole of the temple was enclosed within a huge brick wall reinforced with limestone monoliths at the corners.The most unique, and oldest "Santuary of the Knife" in Egypt was located in front of the southeast enclosure wall.This was a slaughter yard that served the needs of the temple personnel. The slaughter yard had mudbrick walls that were rounded at the corners. By the 6th Dynasty, the slaughter yard only functioned for storage, and soon was closed.
Niuserre also built a further addition to the temple complex on the east side.This included a new, monumental entrance with two limestone, six-stemmed papyrus columns, an entrance hall and an open, 22 columned courtyard. As a result of all the additions, a huge and architecturally unique temple emerged, which has no parallel among other pyramid complexes
We know that brick housing for priests were set up in the pillared courtyard.They kept the cult of the king alive through about the 6th Dynasty, when the temple was abandoned. A revival during the 20th Dynasty was short lived.
The papyri found in the north magazines of the temple addition built by Niuserre, consisting of some 2,000 fragments, has been very useful. They not only deal with the structural and functional aspects of this temple, but also the Abusir necropolis as a whole.They reveal many mysteries of the pyramid complex as well as the deification of Neferefre.
ANCIENT EGYPT INDEX
SACRED PLACES AND TEACHINGS INDEX
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS INDEX
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ALL FILES
CRYSTALINKS HOME PAGE
PSYCHIC READING WITH ELLIE
2012 THE ALCHEMY OF TIME | <urn:uuid:58d349ab-aa90-4e24-b256-4279f0986201> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.crystalinks.com/neferefre.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021727061/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121527-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979001 | 2,007 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Delaware • New Jersey • Pennsylvania
New York • United States of America
For Immediate Release
October 23, 2003
WHEN: Friday, October 24, 2003, 10:30 a.m. to 2 p.m.
(This event was originally scheduled for Oct. 17, but postponed last week due to the weather.)
WHERE: Along the banks of the Delaware River at Washington Crossing State Park, near the intersection of Routes 29 and 546, in Titusville, N.J.
Local students and teachers will interact with staff from the Delaware River Basin Commission, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, and the U.S. Geological Survey as these agencies demonstrate different water quality monitoring techniques.
Students also will have the opportunity to conduct their own water quality tests.
Representatives from the three government agencies will offer brief welcoming remarks at 10:30 a.m. before the students and teachers spend about 20 minutes at each of the six demonstration stations that will be set up in an area between the Delaware River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal in the historic park.
Capture local children pitching in to protect the world's waters.
Contact: Clarke Rupert, DRBC 609-883-9500 ext. 260 | <urn:uuid:f0d0b188-7aaa-4382-9491-7b5c4c425712> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.nj.gov/drbc/home/newsroom/news/approved/20031023_newsrel_wwmd03.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021727061/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121527-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922681 | 255 | 2.546875 | 3 |
B.U. Bridge is published by the Boston University Office of University Relations.
By Brian Fitzgerald
America's native wildflowers are growing scarcer in every state, except for a few new species that are flourishing at the expense of the rest, says Richard Primack, who has been studying disappearing plant species in forests across the world.
In fact, Primack, a CAS biology professor, has been leading plant restoration efforts from Belize to Borneo. But he is especially interested in preserving plant diversity in the Boston area. During a recent hike in Jamaica Plain's Allandale Woods -- a reservation where he planted native species more than a decade ago -- Primack bemoans the fact that local wildflower populations have been depleted in Massachusetts cities and suburbs over the years.
"The numbers lost are alarming," he says. He notes that a survey in 1894 listed 422 plant species in the Middlesex Fells Reservation in Medford, Mass. A count by Primack from 1990 to 1993, however, listed only 272 species. So for years Primack, fellow BU researchers, and volunteers reestablished seeds and seedlings of missing plants -- such as columbine and cardinal flower -- in the Fells and Allandale Woods, as well as in nature reservations in Newton, another city whose woodlands have been reduced by urban sprawl.
How fruitful have their efforts been? Primack, a Newton resident, says that it's too early to call the experiment a success or a failure: under field conditions, many seeds have to undergo a long period of dormancy before they germinate. He reports "decent results" with bluets and marsh marigold seedlings that were planted in Newton's Hammond Woods in 1994. In 1998, with the help of the Newton Pride Committee volunteer beautification team, he planted native flowers, including blue flag irises, in the city's Cold Spring Park. In addition, Primack and BU students planted native shrubs on the banks of the Charles River near the Newton Marriott in 1999.
It will probably take a few years to verify whether or not the plants reproduce in numbers adequate to establish a permanent population, but Primack is heartened by the publicity the plantings have generated. "Children from Newton's elementary schools have been involved in the project, and the Newton Pride Committee is also selling wildflower bulbs and seedlings to help fund more plantings," he says. Indeed, the effort was featured in the June edition of the national children's newspaper My Weekly Reader. "It helps provide an awareness of the importance of biodiversity in a community that is having much of its remaining undeveloped real estate built on."
Primack explains that researchers typically monitor the plant survival rate in such experiments for several years, but not in the long run. "Generally, scientists operate under three-year funding cycles, but then the project ends," he says. "But in a lot of areas of science, there is increasing thought given to following plant populations over a longer period of time." That is the purpose of his visit to Allandale Woods, where Primack planted wildflowers, including partridgeberry, Indian cucumber root, and foam flower, in 1989. The transplants were checked in 1990 and 1991, and with the exception of the Indian cucumber root, all had survived and flowered. Primack hadn't been back to this conservation area in 10 years, however, and he wanted to see which of his plants had survived. "As a middle-aged man, lately I've been interested in visiting sites of experiments I conducted as a young man," he laughs.
Allandale Woods, across from the Arnold Arboretum on Centre Street in Jamaica Plain, is a 31-acre forest owned by the city of Boston that abuts woodland belonging to nearby Faulkner Hospital. "This area was once an estate and a farm, and the plant life here is typical of the secondary growth that invades old fields," says Primack. A cursory check reveals none of his original plantings, but the woods have changed a great deal in 10 years. We find a six-sided springhouse, built in the 1870s, sitting on a meandering stream. The structure, with a conical roof, was a famous source of water in the neighborhood in the late 19th century. It was falling into ruin in 1989, but it has since been renovated. And while Allandale Woods is protected by conservation restrictions, the neighboring woods that were the site of the historic Souther Estate are now dominated by a giant Faulkner Hospital elder care facility, built in 1992. In addition, woodland owned by the nearby Church of the Annunciation is being cleared to construct a school. Encroaching development is a sign of the times: many of Boston's privately owned open spaces, like Newton's, are being built on, and native plant species are dying out.
The development trend bothers Primack, but he is hoping that his wildflower restoration projects will increase public awareness of the need to resist development pressures when building projects threaten sensitive wilderness areas.
"In 1989, we were doing experiments in Allandale Woods to see how effectively we could reintroduce wildflower species using different techniques," he says as he avoids stepping on poison ivy -- a plant that is definitely not endangered here. "Building on our work in these woods, Brian Drayton [GRS'03], one of my graduate students, started doing the much more detailed studies of wildflower reintroductions in the Middlesex Fells and in U.S. Forest Service land in South Carolina."
Using an outcrop of Roxbury pudding stone capped with a glacial erratic -- known locally as Table Rock -- as a landmark, we walk down a steep hill into a wooded dell where Primack is positive he planted some wildflowers. Sure enough, we come upon one of the plantings, a solitary three-inch-tall jack-in-the pulpit. "It looks like a seedling, but it's a 12-year-old plant," he says. "It should be two feet tall." Will it survive for another season? Primack says that's difficult to tell. "I remember that in the Hammond Woods we planted Canadian lousewort plants, and every year their numbers were down," he says. "Last year there were none. Because it was dry, they might have gone underground. Orchids can remain dormant for years."
Such is the work of a conservation biologist reintroducing wildflowers near urban areas. Every planting is a gamble. But the battle is worth it, because every year the natural environment is becoming less diverse and more homogeneous. Primack likens the trend to locally owned businesses being replaced by chain stores.
The jack-in-the-pulpit that Primack planted is rare in cities, and while hardly thriving in Allandale Woods, it is still there after 12 years. "It's hanging on," he muses, "but for how long?" | <urn:uuid:19739613-a5ba-4563-8200-aee075a137a4> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2001/08-31/botanist.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678696864/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024456-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975134 | 1,440 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Now a new trial -- much larger than these two earlier studies -- is about to start at Saint Louis University. Two hundred volunteers are needed, and SLU is the only site in the United States conducting this study.
"Sixteen years ago, the hepatitis C virus had not even been identified and now there are an estimated 170 million people around the world infected." said Sharon Frey, M.D., professor of internal medicine in the division of infectious disease at Saint Louis University School of Medicine. "It is critical that we develop a vaccine to combat this growing health problem."
The purpose of this research is to study the safety and effectiveness of the Chiron Corp.'s investigational hepatitis vaccine. Although the Chiron vaccine has been given to people in previous studies, this is the first time the vaccine will be tested in humans with a different "adjuvant." (A vaccine adjuvant is a chemical designed to help the body make a better response to vaccines.) Volunteers will be randomly assigned to receive one of the nine different combinations of hepatitis C virus vaccine and adjuvant.
"Officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention believe that approximately 40,000 new cases of hepatitis C infections occur every year," Frey said, "therefore a vaccine to prevent the infection would be an important breakthrough in controlling the spread of the hepatitis C virus."
The study is being conducted by Saint Louis University's Center for Vaccine Development (led by the division of infectious diseases and immunology) in collaboration with Saint Louis University Liver Center (led by the school's division of gastroenterology and hepatology). This research is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and Chiron Corp.
Hepatitis C virus is a blood-borne infection that causes approximately 10,000 deaths annually and is responsible for almost half of the 4,000 liver transplants each year. The CDC estimates medical and work-loss costs for hepatitis C at more than $600 million annually, excluding the costs of transplantation. It is believed that 2.7 million Americans have chronic infection with this virus.
Potential volunteers in this study should call the Saint Louis University Center for Vaccine Development at 314-977-6333 or email [email protected].
Established in 1836, Saint Louis University School of Medicine has the distinction of awarding the first M.D. west of the Mississippi River. Saint Louis University School of Medicine is a pioneer in geriatric medicine, organ transplantation, chronic disease prevention, cardiovascular disease, neurosciences and vaccine research, among others. The School of Medicine trains physicians and biomedical scientists, conducts medical research and provides health services on a local, national and international level.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:d2c1f43d-9ac7-4f36-b34a-0b3aeb73d5f0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2006-05/slu-thf050306.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999657340/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060737-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93731 | 576 | 3.359375 | 3 |
A three pound (1.38 Kg) male Sumatran Tiger cub was born at 2:55 am, Sunday, March 3rd at Sacramento Zoo. At this early point in the cub's life, the mother Bahagia and baby appear healthy.
Tiger cubs are usually about two pounds (1 Kg) at birth, born with eyes closed and relying entirely on their mother for the first three months. Mother and cub will live inside the den, away from public view, while the cub gains strength and coordination during the first few months. Both should be on exhibit by late May or early June.
“The birth of any Sumatran Tiger is a great contribution to this critically endangered species,” says Mary Healy, Director of Sacremento Zoo. “We are especially excited for this birth because it is the first time we have had a camera in the den, allowing zookeepers and veterinarians to keep a close eye on Bahagia and her cub.”
Peek inside the mother tiger's den:
Read more after the fold!
Castro, the father was diagnosed with lymphoma, a form of cancer, in early February. He and Bahagia now have five living offspring, one of which just fathered a cub at the San Francisco Zoo.
Sumatran Tigers are critically endangered and found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra off the Malaysian Peninsula. Fewer than 500 Sumatran Tigers are believed to exist in the wild and approximately 200 live in zoos around the world. Sacramento Zoo participates in the Sumatran Tiger Species Survival Plan (SSP), coordinated by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. SSPs are cooperative breeding and conservation programs designed to maintain genetically viable populations of animals in captivity, and to organize zoo and aquarium-based efforts to preserve the species in nature. | <urn:uuid:e3d059c0-b862-4b64-bb04-7015c9bb4b67> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.zooborns.com/zooborns/2013/03/sumtran-tiger-sacramento-zoo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999657340/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060737-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961997 | 385 | 3.203125 | 3 |
By Arun Mahey & Jessica Brand
BBC London traces the history and evolution of the lost sport of bicycle polo, and questions whether it could, one day, return to its former Olympic glory.
Hardcourt players clamour for the ball during this casual match.
Bicycle polo in both of its forms is something of a hidden sport, despite once having made it to the Olympics.
The traditional game was invented as an alternative to the more expensive traditional polo, played on horses, and the modern hardcourt game is largely underground, driven by the players instead of a governing body.
Unknown to most, though, is the fact that it made an appearance in the 1908 Olympic Games in London.
BBC London traces the history of the sport and questions whether it could, one day, return.
The traditional game
As a sport, bicycle polo has humble origins. Created in 1891 by Irishman, Richard J. Mecredy, the original game was designed for grass fields.
It spread across Britain throughout the 1890s, with one club in Catford, south London, and found its way to France and the US.
The first international match was at Crystal Palace in 1901, where Ireland thrashed England 10-5.
Bicycle polo gained enough popularity to appear as a demonstrative sport at the London 1908 Olympics where Ireland beat Germany 3-1 in the final at the Shepherd's Bush Stadium.
Two players clash during a match in London on July 3rd, 1948.
However, the sport did not reappear at the 1912 Stockholm Olympics, and a couple of years later was abandoned during the First World War.
The 1930s saw the rebirth of the Bicycle Polo Association of Great Britain (BPAGB) along with a new set of rules.
The first game played under the new rules was in Surrey, May 1930. A few months later a British regional league was created.
The Herne Hill Velodrome hosted the first game organised by the BPAGB and from then on, teams were created all over Britain.
By 1938, there were over 170 official teams in 100 clubs, with more than 1000 players. This was the peak of bicycle polo's popularity.
Peter Wall, established cycle polo veteran, with some of his trophies.
The sport was disrupted again by the Second World War. According to veteran cycle poloist Peter Wall: "After the war there weren't that many players returning from the war, we were a bit short of youngsters to take up the sport."
But traditional bicycle polo continues to this day however, with little of its past popularity.
The modern game
Hardcourt bike polo developed in Seattle, USA at the turn of the century. Ever since, it has spread across Europe and the United Kingdom and the sport has adapted well to urban environments.
It boasts international leagues as well as British and London leagues, but hardcourt bike polo is still something of an underground sport with a culture of its own.
Rules of the new bike polo
Two teams of three players
First to five goals wins
Players must not touch the ground
Players must tap out after touching the ground
No throwing of mallets
Only player-to-player contact is allowed
Goals can only be scored with the end of the mallet
The matches themselves are fast-paced, intense and accidents are common. Players often double as their own mechanics and will customise their own bikes and helmets, and London matches often take place in the evening after work or university as a way for young people to de-stress and socialise.
It lacks a governing body and is instead run by the cycling community.
An Olympic sport?
Given its growing popularity worldwide - with leagues in Europe, Britain, the US and India - could modern bike polo one day make an appearance at the Olympics?
Member of the UK Champion team and a leading figure in the London bike polo scene, Matt Horwood, voices his hopes for the future.
Player in the UK Champion team, Mat Horwood
"We need more structure around the bigger tournaments and more awareness so that there can be a training scheme long term, so younger kids can get involved and carry it on in the future to the point where it could be taken as an Olympic sport maybe 10, 15 years from now."
Mr Horwood said that a more short term aspiration for the London scene is to generate sponsorship, not by huge commercial names but by "companies willing to support the sport, actually developing cycle polo and not just sponsoring to get their label out there... just helping the riders to progress."
Cycle polo is not the only sport to have been dropped from the Olympics: other long lost sports include polo, skating, tug-of-war, rugby union and the use of live deer in shooting. | <urn:uuid:0f2f6017-cf75-4886-90ce-3818e56300ec> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/2012/newsid_8845000/8845620.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010901252/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091501-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967978 | 997 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Posterior tibial tendonitis is often characterized by ankle pain, which is most commonly found along the posteromedial aspect of the ankle, behind the bony prominence known as the medial malleolus. The functions of the posterior tibial tendon are to plantarflex the ankle and invert the foot.
This tendon also helps maintain the arch of the foot. The posterior tibial tendon allows one to initiate a single leg toe rise from a position of a single leg stance.
What are the symptoms?
Usually posterior tibial tendonitis is characterized by pain during activity near the medial side of the ankle that radiates to the arch of the foot. Over time the tendon can tear referring the pain to the lateral side (outside) due to the loss of the ability of the foot to maintain the arch causing the fibula (bone on the outer side of the ankle) to abut the calcaneus (heel bone).
What initially causes posterior tibial tendonitis?
The initial cause is not exactly known, however obesity, overuse, different forms of arthritis and trauma can lead to posterior tibial tendonitis.
How is posterior tibial tendonitis diagnosed?
Posterior tibial tendonitis is diagnosed by physical exam by a trained physician. Usually pain along the course of the tendon and resistance testing against contraction of the posterior tibial muscle is enough to diagnose this entity. As the problem progresses, X-ray and MRI can be beneficial in assessing the severity of the tendonitis. Routine labs are not beneficial to diagnose posterior tibial tendonitis, but can help to identify other potential causes of ankle pain.
What is the treatment?
Usually the treatment is conservative including rest from strenuous or precipitating activities.
The following link contains great information on treating tendonitis.
Physical therapy (PT) can also be ordered to strengthen and stretch the muscles and soft tissues around the ankle. Also, certain additional treatments may be administered by PT including orthotics to help alleviate the pain experienced by the patient. In addition, oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications can help alleviate the symptoms.
More Information: Read about sports injury treatment using the P.R.I.C.E. principle - Protection, Rest, Icing, Compression, Elevation.
Failure to respond to months of non-surgical conservative management leaves surgical treatment as an option. The operative procedure depends on the severity of the stage of the disease. Both soft tissue and bony procedures can be performed by an orthopaedic surgeon to treat the problem.
What should a patient do if he/she suspects a diagnosis of posterior tibial tendonitis?
As with any medical condition, one should consult a physician if he/she is having any of the aforementioned symptoms.
If you suspect that you have posterior tibial tendonitis, it is critical to seek the urgent consultation of a local sports injuries doctor for appropriate care. To locate a top doctor or physical therapist in your area, please visit our Find a Sports Medicine Doctor or Physical Therapist Near You section.
Jones, DC. Tendon Disorders of the Foot and Ankle. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1993; 1: 87-94.
Beals TC, Pomeroy GC and Manoli, A. Posterior Tibial Tendon Insufficency: Diagnosis and Treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1999; 7:112-118. | <urn:uuid:60bba8d7-091a-4ff2-bec1-7345b2c683ae> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.sportsmd.com/SportsMD_Articles/id/319.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010901252/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091501-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880995 | 714 | 2.921875 | 3 |
|Four Step Theory|
Four Step Theory
- B.K. Kumar
In Four Step Theory, 1st Step is about Planet and its signification. 2nd step is about Star Lord of planet and its signification. 3rd step is about Sub Lord of planet and its result signifying capability and 4th step is about Star Lord of planet’s sub lord, which is taken as end result indicator. In short this theory advocates that a Planet gives result on the strength of itself, its star lord, sub lord and star lord of sub lord. This theory differs from Krishnamurti Paddhati (System) at one point. In KP sub lord is taken as end result indicator while in this theory Star Lord of sub lord is taken as end result indicator.
(a) A planet becomes strong significator of that house where it is placed in house, if there are no other planets in the star of that planet. That planet will remain strong planet even if there are other planets in that house.
(b) In above case, that planet becomes strong significator of its owned house/s, provided there are no other planets in that house. Otherwise, it will be weak or secondary significator of that house.
(c) If there are other planets in the stars of a planet, it becomes weak or secondary significator of both the house it resides in and of the houses it owns.
(d) A planet becomes strong significator of that house where it is placed in house, if that planet is in its own star. That planet will remain strong planet even if there are other planets in that house.
(e) In above case, that planet becomes strong significator of its owned house/s, provided there are no other planets in that house. Otherwise, it will be weak or secondary significator of that house.
A planet gives the results indicated by its star lord. So the house occupied by this star lord is strongly signified, even if there are other planets in that house. That planet will become strong significator of house owned if the houses are vacant. Otherwise, it will be weak or secondary significator of that house.
Planet’s Sub Lord has capacity to give results. This Sub Lord becomes strong significator or secondary significator of house as per the rule-1.
Star Lord of Sub acts as indicator and decider of end result of particular event.
Krishnamurthy has given importance to cusp of the house. So planet near to cusp (within orb of 030‐20') affect the strong signification of that cusp even if planet is having star in it, it will offer the cusp result strongly.
While considering conjunction or aspect, consider this with an orb of 030‐20'. Aspect of planet is considered only on cusp with 030‐20' orb and not on house.
A planet signifies other planet if it is in conjunction with it. If a planet is strong, the conjuncted planet also becomes strong otherwise it is week. If a planet is on the cusp then it becomes a strong significator of that cusp.
When Rahu / Ketu is the star lord of a planet / sub, then it gives results of conjunction / aspect / star lord / sign lord in ascending order.
Rahu or Ketu are strong as star Lords. As planet, Rahu or Ketu are strong in a house if no one is tenanting in their star. Else, they are weak. Rahu and Ketu represent Rashi Lord, star lord and Planets in Conjunction, and Planets aspecting them. If Rahu or Ketu are strong then the represented planets are also strong.
The event will materialize only when Dasha, Bhukti and Antara jointly strongly signify main and supporting houses.
If planet is totally negating the relative event's houses on step 3 – 4 then the Dasha will not fructify the matter. If planet is the Cuspal sub lord then the event will never happen.
For transit, only two steps are considered. Sub Lord or Sub’s Star Lord is not considered.
For timing the event, check the transit of the Star Lord, Bhukti Lord, Antara Lord and also Sun, Moon and Ascendant
For chart analysis, single out the planets who are in their own star. Also find out planets in whose star there is no other planet. Find out the significator of all planets through four step theory including conjunction, special signification through Rahu and Ketu and also planets which are on the cusp.
Use strong significator, Leave weak significator. Weak Significators are not used even if they are linked to the houses under consideration.
If the sub Lord of primary house is in the star that is not retrograde and signifies either primary house or supporting houses then than the answer is positive.
(4-Step Theory has been propounded by Sunil Gondhalekar) | <urn:uuid:2d0fb918-9d59-468e-85a8-b531961be77d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://microastrology.com/kp-system/four-step-theory-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021866360/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121746-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927786 | 1,032 | 2.75 | 3 |
Overview of genera (2)
- Manual Nat. Hist.:70.
- Hoser, R. 2012: A review of the taxonomy of the living crocodiles including the description of three new tribes, a new genus, and two new species. Australasian journal of herpetology, (14): 9-16. PDF of whole issue reference page [the author places the two extant genera, Gavialis and Tomistoma, in a "new tribe" Gavialini of family Crocodylidae, and he erroneously claims authorship of the "new tribe" (see ZooBank)]
|For more multimedia, look at Gavialidae on Wikimedia Commons.| | <urn:uuid:9103a30c-7c0a-4984-bc80-abcfd4808530> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gavialidae | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021866360/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121746-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.724281 | 147 | 2.78125 | 3 |
|—n , pl -ties|
|1.||the transmission from one generation to another of genetic factors that determine individual characteristics: responsible for the resemblances between parents and offspring|
|2.||the sum total of the inherited factors or their characteristics in an organism|
|[C16: from Old French heredite, from Latin hērēditās inheritance; see |
heredity he·red·i·ty (hə-rěd'ĭ-tē)
The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.
One's genetic constitution.
|heredity (hə-rěd'ĭ-tē) Pronunciation Key
The passage of biological traits or characteristics from parents to offspring through the inheritance of genes.
The passing of characteristics from parents to children. (See genetics.) | <urn:uuid:0e3d6e88-01db-41f8-b7d4-8c105acca62b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/heredity?qsrc=2446 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678699721/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024459-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.802825 | 183 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Cutting shrubs with dense growth such as boxwood into ornamental shapes is an art known as topiary. Topiary shapes range from simple spheres, cones and squares to fanciful designs such as peacocks, bears and even faces. Incorporating a topiary shrub into a landscape gives it a structural element that helps to balance strong architectural elements such as a heavy fence or wall. Though pruning topiary may seem intimidating, it can actually be quite simple.
Set out your tools in advance so that they will be handy when you need them. Tools for trimming topiary include long-handled shears for cutting rough shapes and hand shears for cutting fine detailed shapes.
Mix a solution of one part bleach and nine parts water in a bucket. Soak a sponge in this solution and wipe the blades of your tools with it. This will sterilize the tools. Use this solution in between trimming each shrub to avoid the spread of diseases.
Schedule your first topiary training session for spring after all danger of frost has passed. Topiary should be maintained with regular trimming every three months from spring until fall. Never remove more than 1/3 of your topiary plant's total size during initial training. For complex topiary, gradually shape the plant over time by removing a little bit of the shrub during each training session.
Choose a shrub to make into your topiary that already has a similar shape. For example, if you are making your topiary into a cone, choose a boxwood that already has a pyramid shape.
Create a rough-cut shape with long-handled shears. Select a reference point on the plant to work from. For example, if you are making a cone, work outward from a central stem. If you are cutting a spiral, wrap a string in a spiral around the bush to form a guide line.
Step back from your topiary plant after making each cut to assess whether you are trimming the plant properly.
Create a wire template to help you with fine trimming for your shrub. If you are trimming a shrub into a cone, create a straight guide that you can hold against the slope of the shrub to determine that the surface of the cone is uniform. Trim any branches that grow beyond the level of the template with your hand shears. If you are creating a round ball, bend the wire into a sphere. Hold the sphere against your shrub and trim any branches that grow outside of the circle. | <urn:uuid:bf1df3bb-4450-42e8-ae8c-c9f234bdcd75> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.gardenguides.com/121841-prune-shrubs-shapes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999664754/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060744-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941894 | 512 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Yamuna River: India’s Dying Goddess
Though the study of religion and ecology is now popular enough to sustain two scholarly journals, it began to emerge as a separate academic discipline only about 20 years ago. Steven Rockefeller, then a professor of religion at Middlebury College, sponsored an influential conference, leading to a book, Spirit and Nature: Why the Environment Is a Religious Issue—An Interfaith Dialogue, and a PBS documentary with Bill Moyers, Spirit and Nature. From there, the discipline took shape around a series of conferences Tucker and Grim organized through Harvard’s Center for the Study of World Religions, from which they edited the 10-volume Religions of the World and Ecology series.
Tucker and Grim were strongly influenced by Thomas Berry, a Catholic priest and scholar of world religions, who was then reaching new audiences with books like The Dream of the Earth and The Universe Story, co-authored with Brian Swimme, which made a cosmological case for the value of the natural world, both for its own sake and as the essential fabric of human well-being. “What humans do to the outer world they do to their own interior world,” they wrote, and with the loss of diversity and abundance, our species “finds itself impoverished in its economic resources, in its imaginative powers, in its human sensibilities and in significant aspects of its intellectual intuitions.”
Berry’s vision was not as pessimistic as it sounds, according to Tucker and Grim, who met and married while studying with him at Fordham University. He believed in the power of religions and cultures to help people place themselves in the world. “With a story, people can endure catastrophe,” Berry used to tell them. “And with a story, they can change their lot.” What was needed, he thought, was for the story provided by religion and culture to adapt to the changing world. Rather than leave his audiences in despair over the dire state of “the Anthropocene,” as our present epoch of human domination over nature has become known, he foresaw the rise of “the Ecozoic,” what Tucker and Grim describe as “that emerging period in which humans would recover their crea-tive orientation to the Earth community.”
Religion as a Pragmatic Tool
And yet there are few places on Earth with as rich a cultural and religious story about the natural world as India. It’s also a story that might seem particularly suited to getting the environmental answers right: In place of Judeo-Christian ideas about man’s “dominion over nature,” Hinduism and Buddhism both regard humans as more integrated into nature through karma. And while some tradi-tional religious groups in the West tremble at any hint of pantheism, Hindus see God in the world around them and freely worship trees, animals and especially rivers. (Hinduism actually ranks a monkey, Hanuman, in its pantheon of deities and has no problem with Darwinian evolution being taught in schools.) So why didn’t this religious tradition prevent environmental catastrophe in the first place on the Yamuna? And why should anyone expect the combination of science and religious faith to work there now?
What happened to the Yamuna “was essentially the result of isolated actions, which were not connected,” says Rajendra Pachauri, who is director-general and chancellor of TERI University and director of Yale’s Climate and Energy Institute. The river seemed relatively healthy when he first moved to New Delhi almost 30 years ago. “People were swimming in the river. You could drink the water.” But the condition of the Yamuna deteriorated rapidly from that point as India began to modernize. “There was clearly a lack of coordination, a lack of information and perhaps an ignorance of the aggregate impacts. But now there is no such excuse. Now we see the collective impact of what happened.”
The condition of the river is so dire that it has become impossible for anyone to ignore. The problems fall into five broad categories:
- Lack of flow due to dams and heavy withdrawals for agricultural irrigation and other purposes (at Delhi, where pollution authorities say the flow should be at least 285 cubic meters per second, it drops down in summer months to as little as 5 cubic meters per second)
- Contamination of the river with agricultural pesticides and herbicides
- Toxic industrial wastes
- Human wastes, with more than half the sewage in Delhi entering the river untreated and fecal coliform counts in places reaching over 100,000 per 100 milliliters (200 times the standard for water to be swimmable)
- And in the face of global warming the uncertain future of the dwindling Himalayan glaciers that are the source of the river
Pachauri, who advised the organizers of the January Yale-TERI conference, is primarily a scientist, trained in industrial engineering. In his view religion is less important than the combination of science and popular protest that he feels it will take to fix the Yamuna. He notes that many rivers in the United States were also dead 40 years ago. But lobbying by early environmentalists led to massive federal and state clean-water initiatives and a rapid recovery of many waterways.
In India, two costly attempts to clean up the river, the Yamuna Action Plan (or YAP) in 1993 and YAP II in 2004, have failed to produce improvements. Both suffered, according to Pachauri, from a lack of enforcement of existing regulations and overall “inept management.” But as politicians begin to recognize “the seething anger and level of disgust on the part of the people,” he believes they will have no choice but to respond more seriously—if only to avoid the turmoil of recent political uprisings in the Middle East.
Religion could serve as a pragmatic tool for bringing that anger to bear on policymakers, according to Nandini Kumar, a chemist at TERI, who also attended the January conference. Too many people have become politicians, she says, “because they want the status, the money, rather than because they have a vision of India. If we want to change the politicians, we have to tie what we do to a ‘vote bank’,” a term coined in India for a bloc of voters from a unified community. “If we use the religious angle to tell people they should be angry about the river, and these people rally and go out and say, ‘Look, if you don’t fix this we’re not going to vote for you,’ then politicians will respond.” | <urn:uuid:175c40c6-bb9c-4d8c-a5bf-016c601a803d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://environment.yale.edu/magazine/spring2011/the-yamuna-river-indias-dying-goddess/P2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010980041/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091620-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965825 | 1,382 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Mere exposure and flavour-flavour learning increase 2 to 3 year-old children's acceptance of a novel vegetable.
03 avril 2012
Vegetable consumption is low among many children. The study compares the efficiency of different learning strategies on consumption of a novel vegetable among children 2 to 3 years.
A group of 32 children had to taste an unmodified artichoke puree (10 times), a second group of 33 children tested a sweetened puree and a third of 39 children tested a puree with added fat and therefore more calories (580 kj/100g against 200 kj/100g in the other 2 groups). Puree nature was reproposed at post-testing, 3 and 6 months later.
The first 2 groups of children consumed more unmodified puree in the post tests while consumption of the third group remained unchanged.
The first group was the one that has most increased its consumption of unmodified puree. Although almost 30 to 40% of children have been resistant to acceptance changes, the results of this study show that the best learning strategy for a novel vegetable passes through the unmodified or slightly sweetened exposure.
Hausner H, Olsen A, Møller P.
Appetite. 2012 Mar 15. | <urn:uuid:cd37df0b-7a25-4f26-a16b-1a08790c967f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/fr/professionnels-de-sante/resumes-d-articles-scientifiques/la-simple-exposition-et-l-apprentissage-saveur-par-saveur-augmentent-lacceptation-dun-nouveau-legume-chez-les-enfants-de-2-a-3-ans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010980041/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091620-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948925 | 259 | 2.609375 | 3 |
This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.
Principal Investigator(s): ABC News
ABC News conducted surveys of voters as they exited the polling places on November 6, 1984. Repondents were asked about their presidential choice and reasons why they voted the way they did. Voters were also asked why they chose not to vote for the other candidate. The surveys included items concerning party identification, ethnic background, liberal/ conservative leaning and demographic information.
These data are available only to users at ICPSR member institutions. Because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download the data.
ABC News. ABC NEWS GENERAL ELECTION EXIT SURVEYS, 1984. Conducted by Chilton Research Services. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 198?. doi:10.3886/ICPSR08416.v1
Persistent URL: http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08416.v1
Scope of Study
Subject Terms: candidates, election forecasting, exit polls, national elections, presidential candidates, presidential elections, voter attitudes, voter preferences, voters, voting behavior, voting precincts
Geographic Coverage: United States
Date of Collection:
Universe: All U.S. voters.
Data Types: survey data
Sample: Respondents were selected at polling places in 46 states and the District of Columbia. The interviews were selected by a national probability sample.
Original ICPSR Release: 1985-10-09
Related Publications (?)
- Citations exports are provided above.
Export Study-level metadata (does not include variable-level metadata)
If you're looking for collection-level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our Metadata Records page. | <urn:uuid:881449f2-2386-48e2-8d95-944339d147d4> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/1/studies/8416?permit%5B0%5D=AVAILABLE&paging.startRow=51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678702159/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024502-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890598 | 408 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Each spring, BVSD's Planning and Assessment Department surveys students to find out what they think about their schools. The questions are intended to measure positive and negative features of the overall climate of the schools, as seen through the eyes of the students.
According to the 2013 Student Climate surveys at Aspen Creek K-8:
- 95 percent of students in grades 3-5 say they have friends at school.
- 83 percent of students in grades 3-5 say they feel safe at school.
- 81 percent of students in grades 3-5 say that if they are teased at school, they have an adult they can talk to.
- 70 percent of students in grades 6-8 say they feel welcomed at school.
- 70 percent of students in grades 6-8 say they feel safe at school.
- 72 percent of students in grades 6-8 say they have an adult at school they can trust.
School climate is also addressed in the 2013 Parent Snapshot survey:
- 94 percent of parents say teachers treat their student with respect.
- 95 percent of parents say students of different cultural, racial and ethnic backgrounds are treated with respect at this school.
(Read more about what parents say in the "Parent Engagement" section of this site.)
To read the full results of this school's most recent Student School Climate survey for grades 3-5, click here. For grades 6-8 click here. | <urn:uuid:ecd0b0d6-9644-4977-937e-82574129d36f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.bvsd.org/middle/aspenCreek/Pages/schoolClimate.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999669324/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060749-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970238 | 294 | 2.75 | 3 |
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Theory Is a Good Thing
Chapter 2: Psychoanalysis
Chapter 3: Neoanalytic Approaches
Chapter 4: Individual Psychology
Chapter 5: Person-Centered Therapy
Chapter 6: Existential Psychotherapy
Chapter 7: Gestalt Therapy
Chapter 8: Behavior Therapy
Chapter 9: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Chapter 10: Cognitive Therapy
Chapter 11: Reality Therapy
Chapter 12: Feminist Therapy
Chapter 13: Family Systems Theory
Chapter 14: Solution-Focused Therapy
Chapter 15: Narrative Therapy
Chapter 16: Mindfulness Approaches
Chapter 17: Conclusion
Purchase Info ?
With CourseSmart eTextbooks and eResources, you save up to 60% off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs.
Once you have purchased your eTextbooks and added them to your CourseSmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere.
$62.99 | ISBN-13: 978-0-13-268530-6 | <urn:uuid:1413463a-9135-49d9-acc6-d83497e297fc> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.mypearsonstore.com/bookstore/theories-of-counseling-and-psychotherapy-a-case-approach-0132685302 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010491371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090811-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.687616 | 218 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Russian space engineers seal the Mars Phobos-Grunt spacecraft inside its Zenit 3SL rocket nosecone for a Nov. 2011 launch toward the Red Planet to explore Mars and its moon Phobos.
Credit: Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos)
Russian engineers are scrambling to salvage a robotic Mars moon probe that is stuck in orbit around Earth, but are facing an uphill battle to get the spacecraft back on a path to the Red Planet before it becomes just another piece of space junk.
The Russian Phobos-Grunt spacecraft launched Tuesday (Nov. 8) and separated from its Zenit rocket as planned. But the probe's own thrusters failed to fire in a maneuver that would have sent Phobos-Grunt on a trajectory toward Mars, Russian space officials said.
Now the spacecraft, which is also carrying China's first Mars orbiter, is trapped in orbit as engineers race to solve the problem and save the mission. There have been some indications that Russian flight controllers are not able to communicate with Phobos-Grunt, which could mean that the problem is beyond repair, according to ABC News.
"I think we have lost the Phobos-Grunt," Vladimir Uvarov, a former space official at the Russian Defense Ministry, told the Russian daily Rossiyskaya Gazeta today (Nov. 10), according to ABC News. "It looks like a serious flaw. The past experience shows that efforts to make the engines work will likely fail."
There have been conflicting news reports as to how long the Russians have before the spacecraft's batteries run out, ranging from two days to two weeks. Yesterday, Russian Space Agency (Roscosmos) officials said they have two weeks to figure out how to ignite Phobos-Grunt's thrusters before the spacecraft is lost. [Photos: Russia's Mars Moon Mission]
Stranded in space
The $163 million Phobos-Grunt mission aimed to grab bits of the Mars moon Phobos' surface and send it back to Earth by 2014. The ambitious flight marks Russia's first attempt at an interplanetary mission since 1996.
For now, Phobos-Grunt is in a safe, so-called parking orbit, and there is little danger of it colliding with other spacecraft or satellites, said Brian Weeden, a technical adviser at the Secure World Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to the sustainable use of space.
"There aren't many satellites that low," Weeden told SPACE.com. "The space station is above that orbit, and the space station is one of the lowest spacecraft in orbit. The parking orbit for Phobos-Grunt is quite a bit underneath the space station. There's no real risk of it hitting anything in terms of an active satellite."
Weeden said Phobos-Grunt is likely orbiting somewhere between 129 miles (207 kilometers) and 216 miles (347 km) above Earth. The International Space Station is currently orbiting approximately 245 miles (394 km) above the planet.
If the Russians are unable to resolve the issue, however, the Phobos-Grunt spacecraft could be lost forever.
"It would become another piece of orbital debris, and it may actually be right now," Weeden said. "The question is: how much command and control do the Russians have?"
As Russian engineers scramble to save Phobos-Grunt, NASA and the U.S. military are closely monitoring the situation.
"The U.S. Space Surveillance Network is tracking without difficulty both the Phobos-Grunt spacecraft and its associated Zenit 2 second stage," Nicholas Johnson, chief scientist at NASA's Orbital Debris Program Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, told SPACE.com in an email. "This information is also available to Russian experts. NASA hopes that control of the spacecraft can still be achieved and that it can be sent on its proper path to Mars." [Video: Sampling Mars Moon Phobos]
Another falling spacecraft?
If Phobos-Grunt cannot be saved, it will eventually fall back to Earth, Weeden said, but likely not within the two-week window that Russian officials appear to be working with.
"I think two weeks is too quick," Weeden said. "It all depends on its altitude, but also the size and shape of the object, because of the drag. I'm not too certain of that, but I would say that as a rough estimate, the lifetime is measured at several weeks to a few months at that altitude, but probably not much more than that."
Still, Weeden said there is no reason for the public to panic, even though the spacecraft is still full of fuel. If the probe cannot be saved, Russian flight controllers have the option of venting out the onboard fuel into space.
"They can vent it in orbit, and it's done all the time," Weeden said. "So, the only real risk there is, of course, if you vent the fuel on orbit, you're never going to get to Mars. So, it's really a mission impact decision."
Even if Phobos-Grunt were to fall back to Earth, the risk of the spacecraft landing in a populated area is very low, Weeden said. This is because majority of the planet is covered in water, and many land areas are desolate or unpopulated.
"Objects re-enter all the time," Weeden explained. "Odds are, if this thing — even if it's full of fuel and it re-enters — it will break up in atmospheric re-entry, which does not really pose a hazard. There's an extraordinarily small possibility, perhaps even impossible — and that would depend upon Roscosmos doing analysis — that it would survive re-entry intact. So, worst case scenario, it's just another piece of space debris." | <urn:uuid:fa2ba42f-739a-430c-bbf4-4168cb9584a1> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.space.com/13581-stranded-russian-mars-moon-probe-space-junk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010491371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090811-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9581 | 1,194 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Boethius Anicius Boethius (480 - c. 524 A.D.) was a 6th century Christian philosopher, often called "the last of the Romans." He was born in Rome to an important family many of his ancestors had been consuls, including his father Flavius Manlius Boethius in 487 but he served as an official for the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. In 522 he also saw his two sons become consuls, but he was later executed by King Theodoric the Great on suspicion of having conspired with the Byzantine Empire and is thus considered a martyr in church history.
"During his imprisonment he wrote his famous De Consolatione Philosophiae, in which the author holds a conversation with Philosophy, who shows him the mutability of all earthly fortune, and the insecurity of everything save virtue. The work, which in style imitates the best Augustan models, is theistic in its language, but affords no indication that that its writer was in fact a Christian. Boethius was the last great Roman writer who understood Greek and his translations of Aristotle were long the only means of studying Greek philosophy. His manuals on arithmetic, astronomy, geometry and music were generally used in medieval schools."
- John Marenbon, Boethius. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2003). ISBN 0195134079 | <urn:uuid:e2e74ccb-495e-4d72-b886-c1ba25469b2b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.theopedia.com/Boethius | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010491371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090811-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983924 | 281 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The first session in the Rossin College Distinguished Lecture Series is set for Monday, December 6, 2005, with Dr. Carlos Bustamante discussing how a tug-of-war match with a virus has improved the biomedical community’s understanding of the mechanics of viral infections.
Dr. Bustamante is a professor in the departments of Physics, Molecular & Cell Biology, and Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, and is an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute of Chevy Chase, Maryland. In his research, he uses optical tweezers to play tug-of-war with viruses in order to measure the forces needed to pack DNA into a viral capsid. In this experiment, the DNA of a single virus acted as the rope between the optical tweezers wielded by Dr. Bustamante and the virus itself. The DNA, packed by a powerful molecular motor, generated forces smaller than a billionth of a Newton. This finding is important because it has also determined the magnitude of the force necessary for a virus to inject its DNA into infected biological cells.
The session is set for 4pm in the Lewis Laboratory, 16 Memorial Drive East. For more information on this event and others around campus, check out www.lehigh.edu/eventscalendar.
Posted on Saturday, October 01, 2005 | <urn:uuid:4a703eec-569b-44e0-939c-7bb660520301> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www4.lehigh.edu/news/newsarticle.aspx?Channel=%2FChannels%2FNews+2005&WorkflowItemID=89d84230-0a05-4339-9179-8ab3cf00635c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010491371/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090811-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92846 | 270 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Stripping of the altar (removing all ornaments, linens, and paraments) is an ancient custom of the Church done on Maundy Thursday. It is symbolic of the humiliation of Jesus at the hands of the soldiers.
After the Last Supper, less that 24 hours remained in the earthly life of our Lord. Events moved rapidly: prayer in Gethsemane, betrayal by Judas, arrest, mock trial, painful beating, the trudge to Golgotha and execution.
As His life was stripped from Him, so we strip our altar of the signs of life to symbolize His purposeful, redemptive suffering and death for us. Plants are new life springing forth. In the passion and suffering of Christ, human life ebbs from Him. In recognition of this we remove the palms from our altar.
PALMS ARE REMOVED.
Jesus said, “I am the Light of the world. Whoever follows me will have the light of life and will never walk in darkness.” The events of Golgotha snuffed out the human life of Jesus, the Light of the world. As even creation was dark when He suffered, so we extinguish our candles and remove them.
CANDLES ARE EXTINGUISHED AND REMOVED.
Our offerings represent one way of serving God and others. They reflect Gods greatest offering to the world and to us in sending His Son, Jesus, in human form. As the offered body of Jesus was removed from sight in burial, so we remove our offerings.
OFFERINGS ARE REMOVED.
The missal stand holds our worship books that guide our worship life together as we sing praises to God. As Jesus suffers, joyous songs are not heard. As these sounds of joy are removed from our lips, we remove the missal stand.
MISSAL STAND AND SERVICE BOOK ARE REMOVED.
Jesus’ offered Body and His shed Blood have been give to us in, with, and under the form of bread and wine in this Holy Mystery. As He was removed from us in the grave, so we remove the elements and vessels of this Sacrament.
COMMUNION VESSELS ARE REMOVED.
Our altar is in the form of a table. It is here where our Lord Jesus serves us as both host and meal at His banquet feast. The coverings and paraments are made of fine linen; material appropriate for feasting with our King. As our King’s body was stripped in crucifixion, so our altar is stripped of its coverings.
ALTAR PARAMENTS ARE REMOVED.
The Paschal Candle is carried from the baptismal font to the rear of the sanctuary where it is extinguished. There is no benediction or postlude at the end of this service, which indicates that the service has not concluded. [Our worship continues on Good Friday.]
Inspired by a little-known picture book from the pen of Bethany Tudor, this is a diary, of sorts, where I document some of my thoughts, activities, and ideas as I explore the challenges met by the characters in the story: hard work, the care and nurture of others, housekeeping skills, life changes, charity, community, and cooperation, among others. Like Samuel and Samantha, the ducks in the tale, I struggle and succeed, cope and celebrate, work and play, handling the tasks that come my way. I invite you to join me on my journey.
NEW POSTS. DON'T MISS THEM!
Friday, April 06, 2007
Why Strip the Altar?
Last night, my daughter and I attended our first Maundy Thursday service at our new church. That seems rather odd as we have been worshiping there for almost a year but, for some reason, Maundy Thursday 2006 was spent elsewhere. Anyway, what I found interesting was this explanation of “stripping the altar” that was included in the service bulletin and read aloud by the pastor at the end of worship. I have been a Lutheran all my life and, frankly, cannot recall ever hearing an explanation of why this activity is included in the Maundy Thursday service. I very much appreciated this information and have decided to share it with you here. | <urn:uuid:d077fd2a-cfcf-4321-afff-e8cd8efc57bd> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://gooseberrylane.blogspot.com/2007/04/why-strip-altar.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011030107/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091710-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959071 | 888 | 2.625 | 3 |
A new program developed by a Duke University grad student promises to double the battery life of cell phones and other mobile devices by tweaking how they tap into Wi-Fi networks.
As described by its creator Justin Manweiler in a Duke Today story, downloading videos and other hefty content via Wi-Fi can cause a huge drain on the battery of a mobile device. This drain can be especially severe in crowded cities and other locations where multiple devices have to battle for available bandwidth.
So in an example cited by the story, downloading a movie in midtown Manhattan chews up more battery power than downloading the same one in a Midwest farmhouse.
The SleepWell software works by putting the Wi-Fi card in a mobile device to sleep while it waits its turn as other nearby devices download their slice of data. Comparing the flurry of mobile devices all grabbing data at the same time to employees who all leave work at the same time, Manweiler said that his software can relieve the congestion, thus preserving battery life. The software itself would run on Wi-Fi routers and wireless access points.
Manweiler explained to CNET that the sleep mode occurs at very fine timescales, meaning multiple times per second.
"Your Wi-Fi card already does this when it uses something called 'Power Save Mode' (which is common)," Manweiler said. "What SleepWell does is to improve the timing of entering and leaving these sleep states. During the 'awake' periods, SleepWell enables the Wi-Fi to download data more efficiently. The device does all the same work as before (nothing is changed to any negative user perception), but it does it all at a lower energy cost."
The software was designed by Manweiler under the guidance of Romit Roy Choudhury, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke's Pratt School of Engineering. SleepWell was recently presented at the ninth Association for Computing Machinery's International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services in Washington, D.C., where Manweiler and Choudhury received the runner-up award for Best Demo.
A research paper (PDF) co-authored by Manweiler and Choudhury describes SleepWell in greater detail.
Choudhury's research team is supported by the National Science Foundation, as well as Microsoft Research, Cisco, Nokia and Verizon, according to Duke Today.
What are the next steps for SleepWell? Manweiler told CNET that the team wants to turn this idea into something that can benefit real users.
"The design is very much something than can be quickly deployed, given the appropriate interest," he said. "Off the record, I can't speak about actual commercial interest at this point. But on the record, I can say that we are very optimistic to see SleepWell adopted in projects soon. The energy savings are substantial, and the barriers to deployment are (by design) minimal."
Updated 11 a.m. PT with comments from Manweiler. | <urn:uuid:ce1a4ce2-2b8b-4e8d-9812-d98e05696e6a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20077521-94/new-software-can-boost-battery-life-for-wi-fi-devices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011030107/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091710-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955149 | 615 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The coinage of the Roman Empire for the three and a half centuries following the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC is conventionally classified by scholars as either ‘Roman imperial coinage’ or as ‘Roman provincial coinage’. The imperial coinage was produced under imperial authority, mostly at Rome in the Antonine period, and circulated widely.
Types of provincial coinageThe provincial coinage is defined pragmatically as including all those coins which are not ‘imperial’ (i.e. those not listed in the publication Roman Imperial Coinage). In the past the term “Greek Imperial Coins” was also applied to this material. The coinage may be divided into four groups:
1. City coinages
Coins struck in the name of cities represent the most common type of provincial coinage. Except for a small number of silver issues, cities produced bronze coins, which circulated locally and provided the majority of small change in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire. During the Julio-Claudian period civic bronze coins were also made in the West, in Spain, Gaul, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Africa Proconsularis, and Mauretania, but by the Antonine period civic coinage was an exclusively eastern phenomenon. Cities sometimes struck issues to celebrate ‘alliances’ with another city (or sometimes more than one).
Cities sometimes struck issues to celebrate ‘alliances’ with another city (or sometimes more than one). The Greek word for such alliances is homonoia (OMONOIA). The phenomenon of ‘alliance’ coinage was confined geographically to Thrace and Asia Minor. There were relatively few such issues during the Julio-Claudian and Flavian periods, the bulk of the material dating from the second and especially the third centuries AD. In total 87 cities issued ‘alliance’ coins, nearly 2,400 specimens of which are known today. The background for this widespread phenomenon was the intense rivalry between the cities of the East. ‘Alliances’ could be a means of settling disputes, but were also used to build coalitions in order to enhance a city’s status by aligning itself either with many cities or with particularly important ones. Thus ‘alliances’ formed part of civic ‘foreign policy’ and might have involved the exchange of delegates and joint celebrations and sacrifices.
In the Antonine period 25 cities produced nearly 140 ‘alliance’ coin types. It is possible to search the database for them by using the “Advanced search” and changing, under the section “Design & inscriptions”, the setting for “Alliance coin?:” from “Any” to “Yes”.
2. Coinages of provincial leagues (koina)
Coinages were issued in the name of a number of the koina (provincial or regional federations of cities) in the East. In the Roman period worship of the emperor lay at the heart of the function of koina, and their coins often depict a temple of the imperial cult. In other respects coins of provincial leagues resemble civic coins. In the Antonine period seven koina issued coins:
- Koinon of Crete
- Koinon of Thessaly
- Koinon of Macedonia
- Koinon of Lesbos
- Koinon of Ionia
- Koinon of Galatia
- Koinon of Pontus
3. ‘Provincial issues’
These coinages were struck for use in a single province, probably under Roman provincial or imperial control. The most important mints for this type of coinage were at Caesarea in Cappadocia, Antioch-on-the-Orontes in Syria, and Alexandria in Egypt. In some cases such ‘provincial’ coinages were actually struck at Rome, and sent to the province concerned. Provincial issues comprised silver coins, mostly drachms, didrachms, or tetradrachms, and accompanying bronze issues. A common feature of provincial issues is that they lack an ‘ethnic’ (an explicit reference to the people or place which produced them).
4. Coinage of client kings
In the Antonine period the only client kings to strike coinages were the Kings of Bosporus, which was centred on the straits between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and the Kings of Edessa in Mesopotamia. The Bosporan kingdom struck (increasingly debased) gold and bronze coins, Edessa silver and bronze.
Civic coinage was one aspect of the self-administration of Greek-style cities in the Roman East. These cities were run by magistrates from local aristocracies which operated in a general framework set by Rome and overseen by provincial governors and ultimately the emperor. The absence of central ‘micromanagement’ must have left a considerable degree of freedom for cities and their elite ‘magistrates’ to choose when to strike coins and what to put on them.
Further Reading: P. Weiss in Howgego, Heuchert, and Burnett 2005
Production: the workshop system
In the majority of cases coins appear to have been struck at mints located in the cities named on the coinage, but from the later second century AD some degree of centralization or co-operation is apparent. The ‘workshop system’ was first described in detail by Kraft in relation to Asia Minor. He discovered many instances from the second and especially the third century AD where coins in the name of different cities were struck from the same obverse dies. He identified a number of ‘workshops’ which supplied groups of neighbouring cities for certain periods of time. The nature of these ‘workshops’ is not yet fully understood, especially whether they supplied dies or coins, how many individuals constituted a ‘workshop’ (just an individual die-cutter or an entire ‘mint’?), and to what degree the ‘workshops’ were stationary or itinerant. Research since Kraft’s pioneering study has produced evidence of die-links and stylistic similarities between the coinages of neighbouring cities in other parts of the Roman Empire, showing that the phenomenon was not confined to Asia Minor. The impact of the ‘workshops’ on civic coin design is not clear. The enormous variety in coin images and the existence of designs exclusive to particular cities show that the existence of workshops did not undermine the local relevance of coin designs, but it cannot be ruled out that the ‘workshops’ might have been responsible for some choices.
Further Reading: Kraft 1972 | <urn:uuid:b8af7c56-d141-4d33-af0c-fadf564c3c41> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/intro/whatisrpc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011278480/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092118-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957104 | 1,391 | 3.703125 | 4 |
April 15th was the official last day of science aboard the Nathaniel B. Palmer, with the successful retrieval of a jumbo piston core from the Perseverance Drift as our final operation. Once the piston core was secure on board, we continued north through the Antarctic Sound and into the Bransfield Strait. To the surprise of many on board, the Bransfield was covered with thick ice, slowing progress dramatically. This time after science operations and before the rough open waters of the Drake Passage was utilized for lab cleanup and sample organization. The last days in the ice were filled with securing objects both inside the ship and out on deck in preparation for the potentially bumpy ride through the Drake Passage. We continued to collect underway data until we reached the 200-mile limit off the coast of South America. As we near the Straits of Lemaire, and Tierra del Fuego is in sight just to the north, the Drake is rougher than our trip down, but by no means intolerable. Seasickness has not been as prominent as expected, but the rocking makes moving around the ship a bit of an exertion. As we near port in Punta Arenas, samples are continually being organized and prepared for offloading. Once in Punta Arenas, many of the students will stay for an extra day to help with the final cleanup and sample export. | <urn:uuid:d9b48d4b-fa45-4e0b-95a0-5c4998e925f3> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.hamilton.edu/expeditions/antarctica-2012/week-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011278480/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092118-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970465 | 277 | 2.625 | 3 |
"American Flag" redirects here. For other uses, see American Flag (disambiguation).
United States of America
The American flag, The Stars and Stripes; Red, White and Blue; Old Glory; The Star-Spangled Banner
National flag and ensign
June 14, 1777 (original 13-star version), July 4, 1960 (current 50-star version)
Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white; in the canton, 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per row on a blue field
The national flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the "union") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the flag include the "Stars and Stripes", "Old Glory", and "The Star-Spangled Banner".
2.4 The 49- and 50-star unions,
3 Display and use
3.1 Flag etiquette,
3.2 Display on vehicles,
3.3 Display on uniforms,
3.4 Postage stamps,
3.5 Display in museums,
3.6 Places of continuous display,
3.7 Particular days for display,
3.8 Display at half-staff,
4 Folding for storage,
5 Use in funerals,
6.1 First flag,
6.2 The Flag Resolution of 1777
6.2.1 Later flag acts,
6.3 The "Flower Flag" arrives in Asia,
6.4 Historical progression of designs,
7 Similar national flags,
8 See also
8.1 Article sections,
8.2 Associated people,
11 External links,
The modern meaning of the flag was forged in December 1860, when Major Robert Anderson moved the U.S. garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Adam Goodheart argues this was the opening move of the Civil War, and the flag was used throughout the North to symbolize American nationalism and rejection of secessionism.
Before that day, the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory, flown from forts, embassies, and ships, and displayed on special occasions like American Independence day. But in the weeks after Major Anderson's surprising stand, it became something different. Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew--as it does today, and especially as it did after the September 11 attacks in 2001--from houses, from storefronts, from churches; above the village greens and college quads. For the first time American flags were mass-produced rather than individually stitched and even so, manufacturers could not keep up with demand. As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring, that old flag meant something new. The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing: strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for, and many thousands die for.
--Adam Goodheart, Prologue of 1861: The Civil War Awakening (2011).
The flag of the United States is one of the nation's most widely recognized symbols. Within the United States, flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences. The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States.
The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism, and is proudly flown on many occasions, with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers. Desecration of the flag is considered a public outrage, but remains protected as freedom of speech. In worldwide comparison, Testi (2010) notes that the United States is not unique in adoring its banner, for in Scandinavian countries their flags are also "beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects".
The man credited with designing the current 50 star American flag is Robert G. Heft. He earned his place in history in 1958 while living with his grandparents in Ohio.
The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states. The specification gives the following values:
Hoist (width) of the flag: A = 1.0,
Fly (length) of the flag: B = 1.9,
Hoist (width) of the canton ("union"): C = 0.5385 (A × 7/13, spanning seven stripes),
Fly (length) of the canton: D = 0.76 (B × 2/5, two-fifths of the flag length),
E = F = 0.0538 (C/10, One-tenth of the width of the canton),
G = H = 0.0633 (D/12, One twelfth of the length of the canton),
Diameter of star: K = 0.0616 (L × 4/5, four-fifths of the stripe width, the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077),
Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 (A/13, One thirteenth of the flag width),
These specifications are contained in an executive order which, strictly speaking, governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government. In practice, most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different length-to-width ratio; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. (flag ratio 1.5), 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. (1.6), or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. (1.667). Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes. Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as "G-spec" (for "government specification") flags.
The exact red, white, and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America, 10th edition. Specifically, the colors are "White", "Old Glory Red", and "Old Glory Blue". The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946. These colors form the standard for cloth, and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing. The "relative" coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag's "white".
Old Glory Red
Old Glory Blue
As with the design, the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government, and other colors are often used for mass-market flags, printed reproductions, and other products intended to evoke flag colors. The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new. As Taylor, Knoche, and Granville wrote in 1950: "The color of the official wool bunting of the blue field is a very dark blue, but printed reproductions of the flag, as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag, present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool."
Sometimes, Pantone Matching System (PMS) approximations to the flag colors are used. One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone, and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set. A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002. In 2001, the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be "(1) the same colors used in the United States flag; and (2) defined as numbers 193 (red) and 281 (dark blue) of the Pantone Matching System."
CA Mil. Dept.
The 49- and 50-star unions:
When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were spontaneously submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although some of them were 49-star versions, the vast majority were 50-star proposals. At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50-star flag. At the time, credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design.
Of these proposals, one created by 17-year-old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity. His mother was a seamstress, but refused to do any of the work for him. He originally received a B- for the project. After discussing the grade with his teacher, it was agreed (somewhat jokingly) that if the flag was accepted by Congress, the grade would be reconsidered. Heft's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959. According to Heft, his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project. Both the 49- and 50-star flags were each flown for the first time ever at Fort McHenry on the Fourth of July one year apart, 1959 and 1960 respectively.
Traditionally, the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper. Ceremonial displays of the flag, such as those in parades or on indoor posts, often use fringe to enhance the beauty of the flag.
The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835, and the Army used it officially in 1895. No specific law governs the legality of fringe, but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe (and the number of stars) "... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ..." as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian. However, according to the Army Institute of Heraldry, which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered, there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe. Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion. Traditionally, the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade, color guard and indoor display, while the Sea Services (Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard) use a fringeless National Color for all uses.
Display and use:
The flag is customarily flown all year-round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full-size (3' x 5') flags. Some private use is year-round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Presidents' Day, Flag Day, and on Independence Day. On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans. Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff, until noon, in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars.
Main article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Flag_Code
The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use, display, and disposal of the flag. For example, the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing, unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII: the American flag bearer did not. Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying "this flag dips to no earthly king", though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear.
The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and, if flown at night, must be illuminated. If the edges become tattered through wear, the flag should be repaired or replaced. When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies, often on Flag Day, June 14. (The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned, due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned.)
Significantly, the Flag Code prohibits using the flag "for any advertising purpose" and also states that the flag "should not be embroidered, printed, or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins, boxes, or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use". Both of these codes are generally ignored, almost always without comment.
One of the most commonly ignored and misunderstood aspects of the Flag Code is section 8. "The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery." Section 3 of the Flag Code defines a flag for the purposes of the code. Contrary to popular belief, the U.S. Flag Code does permit the use of flag design in fashion et cetera, provided that such a design was not formed using the actual design of the flag. The wearing of any article of clothing representing the flag is allowed; however, wearing the flag itself is not.
Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law, it is only binding on government institutions displaying the flag: there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced--indeed, punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established.
Display on vehicles:
When the flag is affixed to the side of a vehicle of any kind (e.g.: cars, boats, planes, anything that moves), it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle, as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward. Therefore, U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be "reversed", with the union to the observer's right instead of left as more commonly seen.
The flag has been displayed on every US spacecraft designed for manned flight, including Mercury, Gemini, Apollo Command/Service Module, Apollo Lunar Module, and the Space Shuttle. The flag also appeared on the S-IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo. But since Mercury, Gemini and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight like an airplane, the "streaming" convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally, perpendicular to the direction of flight.
Display on uniforms:
On some U.S. military uniforms, flag patches are worn on the right shoulder, following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front. This rule dates back to the Army's early history, when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer, who carried the Colors into battle. As he charged, his forward motion caused the flag to stream back. Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole, that section stayed to the right, while the stripes flew to the left. Several US military uniforms, such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Navy, have the flag patch on the left shoulder.
Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction. The uniform of the Boy Scouts of America, for example, has the stripes facing front, the reverse of the military style. Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch, either on a shoulder, or above a shirt pocket.
Every US astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit, with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1, whose flags were worn on the right shoulder. In this case, the canton was on the left.
The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926, depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars. The 48-star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931, though in a small monochrome depiction. The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, pictured (top).
Display in museums:
In 1907 Eben Appleton, New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead (the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment) lent the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution, and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift. Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public. In 1994, the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display. In 1998 teams of museum conservators, curators, and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory. Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a special exhibition, "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem," where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes.
Places of continuous display:
By presidential proclamation, acts of Congress, and custom, U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations.
Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag (15 stars, 15 stripes) are flown at two sites in Baltimore, Maryland: Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square.,
Marine Corps War Memorial (Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima), Arlington, Virginia,
The Battle Green in Lexington, Massachusetts, site of the first shots fired in the Revolution,
The White House, Washington, D.C.,
Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument, Washington, D.C.,
At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open.,
A Civil War era flag (for the year 1863) flies above Pennsylvania Hall (Old Dorm) at Gettysburg College. This building, occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg, served as a lookout and battlefield hospital.,
Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania,
By custom, at the Maryland home, birthplace, and grave of Francis Scott Key; at the Worcester, Massachusetts, war memorial; at the plaza in Taos, New Mexico (since 1861); at the United States Capitol (since 1918); and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood, South Dakota.,
Slover Mountain (Colton Liberty Flag), in Colton, California. July 4, 1917 to circa. 1952 & 1997 to present.,
At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty.,
On the Moon: six manned missions successfully landed at various location and each had a flag raised at the site. Only the flag placed by the Apollo 11 mission was blown over by exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to their Command Module for return to Earth.,
Particular days for display:
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010)
The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days:
January: 1 (New Year's Day) 3rd. Monday of the month (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday) and 20 (Inauguration Day, once every four years),
February: 12 (Lincoln's birthday) and the third Monday (Presidents' Day, originally Washington's birthday which is the 22nd),
May: Third Saturday (Armed Forces Day) and last Monday (Memorial Day; half-staff until noon),
June: 14 (Flag Day),
July: 4 (Independence Day) and 27 (National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day),
September: First Monday (Labor Day), 17th (Constitution Day),
October: Second Monday (Columbus Day) and 27 (Navy Day),
November: 11 (Veterans Day) and fourth Thursday (Thanksgiving Day),
and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States; the birthdays of states (date of admission); and on state holidays.,
Display at half-staff:
The flag is displayed at half-staff (half-mast in naval usage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president; state-wide or territory-wide, the proclamation is made by the governor. In addition, there is no prohibition against municipal governments, private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half-staff as a local sign of respect and mourning. However, many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1, 1954, standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half-staff from all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued. However, they are only guidelines to all other entities: typically followed at state and local government facilities, and encouraged of private businesses and citizens.
To properly fly the flag at half-staff, one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff, then lower it to the half-staff position, halfway between the top and bottom of the staff. Similarly, when the flag is to be lowered from half-staff, it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff.
Only state governors can decide to lower the flag to half staff, according to US Code.
Federal guidelines state the flag should be flown at half-staff at the following dates/times:
May 15: Peace Officers Memorial Day, unless it is the third Saturday in May, Armed Forces Day, full-staff all day,
Last Monday in May: Memorial Day (until noon),
July 27: National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day (expired 2003; in 2009 became a day of full-staff observance),
September 11: Patriot Day,
First Sunday in October: Start of Fire Prevention Week.,
December 7: National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day,
For 30 days: Death of a president or former president,
For 10 days: Death of a vice president, Supreme Court chief justice/retired chief justice, or speaker of the House of Representatives.,
From death until the day of interment: Supreme Court associate justice, member of the Cabinet, former vice president, president pro-tempore of the Senate, or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives. Also for federal facilities within a state or territory, for the governor.,
On the day after the death: Senators, members of Congress, territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico,
Further, the flag is always flown at half-staff at four locations in the United States. These locations are The Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery; Arlington House at Arlington National Cemetery; the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, and Mackinac Island, Michigan (Fort Mackinac Post Cemetery).
Folding for storage:
Though not part of the official Flag Code, according to military custom, flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use. To properly fold the flag:
Begin by holding it waist-high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground.,
Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars, holding the bottom and top edges securely.,
Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside.,
Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag, starting the fold from the left side over to the right.,
Turn the outer end point inward, parallel to the open edge, to form a second triangle.,
The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner (usually thirteen triangular folds, as shown at right). On the final fold, any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle (or in the case of exactly even folds, the last triangle) is tucked into the previous fold.,
When the flag is completely folded, only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible.,
There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag. However, there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony. These scripts range from either a historical timeline about the flag or have religious themes.
Use in funerals:
Traditionally, the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals, and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants (such as law enforcement officers, fire fighters, and U.S. presidents). A burial flag is draped over the deceased's casket as a pall during services. Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground, the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased's next of kin as a token of respect.
See also: Timeline of the flag of the United States
The design of the flag has been modified 26 times officially, since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959. The 50-star flag was ordered by President Eisenhower on August 21, 1959.
The Continental Colors,
(aka Grand Union Flag)
Flag of the British East India Company, 1707-1801
At the time of the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field" for another year. The flag contemporaneously known as "the Continental Colors" has historically been referred to as the first national flag.
The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence--likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes--and would use this flag until 1777, when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs.
The name "Grand Union" was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag.
The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the Company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign, the maritime flag used throughout the British Empire. However, an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes, and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean.
In any case, both the stripes (barry) and the stars (mullets) have precedents in classical heraldry. Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry, but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the US flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618, where seven mullets stood for seven districts.
The Flag Resolution of 1777:
On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation."Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment.
The first official US flag flown during battle was on August 3, 1777 at Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix. Massachusets reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes; scarlett material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers' wives, while material for the blue union was secured from Capt. Abraham Swartwout's blue cloth coat. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag.
The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of national flag did not yet exist, or was only nascent. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee. On May 10, 1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern "it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States."
The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement and appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state's star with its initial. One famous arrangement features 13 outwardly-oriented five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag. Although the Betsy Ross legend is controversial, the design is among the earliest 13-star flags. Popular designs at the time were varied and most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. Examples of 13-star arrangements can be found on other flags attributed to Francis Hopkinson, the Cowpens flag, and the Brandywine flag.
Despite the 1777 resolution, a number of flags only loosely based on the prescribed design were used in the early years of American independence. One example may have been the Guilford Court House Flag, traditionally believed to have been carried by the American troops at the Battle of Guilford Court House in 1781. Other evidence suggests it dates only to the nineteenth century. The original flag is at the North Carolina Historical Museum.
The origin of the stars and stripes design is inadequately documented. The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No evidence for this exists; indeed, nearly a century had passed before Ross' grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested it. Another woman, Rebecca Young, has also been credited as having made the first flag by later generations of her family. Young's daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag. According to rumor, the Washington family coat of arms, shown in a 15th-century window of Selby Abbey, was the origin of the stars and stripes.
It is clear that Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. This contradicts the Betsy Ross legend, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a bill to Congress for his work. He asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine" as payment initially. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress, and he was not the only person to have contributed to the design.
Later flag acts:
See also: Flag Acts (U.S.)
In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write "Defense of Fort McHenry," later known as "The Star-Spangled Banner", which is now the American national anthem. The flag is currently on display in the exhibition, "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem" at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two-story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view.
On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies. The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (Independence Day) following admission of one or more new states. The most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag.
Prior to the adoption of the 48-star flag in 1912, there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton, although the Army and Navy used standardized designs. Throughout the 19th century there were a plethora of star patterns, rectangular and circular.
On July 4, 2007, the 50-star flag became the version of the flag in longest use.
The "Flower Flag" arrives in Asia:
The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton (Guǎngzhōu) in China in 1785 by the merchant ship Empress of China, which carried a cargo of ginseng. There it gained the designation "Flower Flag" (Chinese: 花旗; pinyin: huāqí; Cantonese Yale: fākeì). According to author and U.S. Naval officer George H. Preble:
When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton much curiosity was excited among the people. News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the farther end of the world, bearing a flag as beautiful as a flower. Everybody went to see the Kaw-kee-cheun 花旗船, or flower-flag ship. This name at once established itself in the language, and America is now called Kaw-kee-koh Chinese: 花旗國; pinyin: Huāqíguó; Cantonese Yale: Fākeìgwok, the flower-flag country, and an American, Kah-kee-koh-yin 花旗國人, flower flag country man,--a more complimentary designation than that of red-headed barbarian ang-moh-lang, the name first bestowed on the Dutch.
In the above quote, the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese. The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Other Asian nations have equivalent terms for America, for example Vietnamese: Hoa Kỳ ("Flower Flag"). Chinese nowadays refer to the United States as simplified Chinese: 美国; traditional Chinese: 美國; pinyin: Měiguó. Měi is short for Měilìjiān (a Chinese pronunciation of "America") and "guó" means "country", so this name is unrelated to the flag. However, the "flower flag" terminology persists in some places today; for example, American Ginseng is called simplified Chinese: 花旗参; traditional Chinese: 花旗參; literally "flower flag ginseng" in Chinese.
The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787-90 on board the Columbia.William Driver, who coined the phrase "Old Glory", took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831-32. The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round-the-world journey in 1871.
Historical progression of designs:
See also: List of U.S. states by date of statehood
In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48-star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934.
by new stars
Dates in use
01775-12-03December 3, 1775 - June 14, 1777
018 !1 ⁄2 years
Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia
01777-06-14June 14, 1777 - May 1, 1795
215 !18 years
01795-05-01May 1, 1795 - July 3, 1818
278 !23 years
Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee
01818-07-04July 4, 1818 - July 3, 1819
012 !1 year
01819-07-04July 4, 1819 - July 3, 1820
012 !1 year
01820-07-04July 4, 1820 - July 3, 1822
024 !2 years
01822-07-04July 4, 1822 - July 3, 1836,
1831 term "Old Glory" coined
168 !14 years
01836-07-04July 4, 1836 - July 3, 1837
012 !1 year
01837-07-04July 4, 1837 - July 3, 1845
096 !8 years
01845-07-04July 4, 1845 - July 3, 1846
012 !1 year
01846-07-04July 4, 1846 - July 3, 1847
012 !1 year
01847-07-04July 4, 1847 - July 3, 1848
012 !1 year
01848-07-04July 4, 1848 - July 3, 1851
036 !3 years
01851-07-04July 4, 1851 - July 3, 1858
084 !7 years
01858-07-04July 4, 1858 - July 3, 1859
012 !1 year
, , ,
01859-07-04July 4, 1859 - July 3, 1861
024 !2 years
01861-07-04July 4, 1861 - July 3, 1863
024 !2 years
01863-07-04July 4, 1863 - July 3, 1865
024 !2 years
01865-07-04July 4, 1865 - July 3, 1867
024 !2 years
01867-07-04July 4, 1867 - July 3, 1877
120 !10 years
01877-07-04July 4, 1877 - July 3, 1890
156 !13 years
Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington
01890-07-04July 4, 1890 - July 3, 1891
012 !1 year
01891-07-04July 4, 1891 - July 3, 1896
060 !5 years
01896-07-04July 4, 1896 - July 3, 1908
144 !12 years
01908-07-04July 4, 1908 - July 3, 1912
048 !4 years
Arizona, New Mexico
01912-07-04July 4, 1912 - July 3, 1959
564 !47 years
01959-07-04July 4, 1959 - July 3, 1960
012 !1 year
01960-07-04July 4, 1960 - present
590 !53 years
Similar national flags:
The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test.,
The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance, showing the ex-American-slave origin of the country. The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes, which stand for the 11 signers of the Declaration of Independence, as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton.,
The Flag of the Republic of Texas is very similar as well and flew for seven years from 1839-1846 as the Country flag and for over 150 years from 1846-present day as the State flag.,
The flag of Togo resembles a Liberian flag with five stripes, though the colors are Pan-African colors.,
The very short lived First Flag of the Republic of the United States of Brazil, (November 15-19, 1889) resembles the U.S. flag, but uses Brazil's traditional colors of green, yellow, and blue instead of the U.S. flag's red, white, and blue. It was designed to honor the American people and the American Revolution.,
The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912. A different flag was in use, based on the flag of the United States, with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars.,
Despite Malaysia having no historical connections with the USA, the flag of Malaysia greatly resembles the US flag. It is possible that the flag of the British East India Company influenced both the Malaysian and USA flag.,
Flag of Bikini Atoll
Flag of Liberia
Flag of the Republic of Texas 1839-1846, 1846-Present Day
Flag of Malaysia
Provisional Flag of Republic of the United States of Brazil (November 15-19, 1889)
Flag of El Salvador 1839-1875
Flag of El Salvador 1875-1912
Flag of Puerto Rico (currently a U.S. Commonwealth)
Flag of Cuba (was a U.S. possession)
1st National Flag of the Confederate States of America
Flag of Chile
Flag of Togo | <urn:uuid:57de826e-3f8b-41db-8c11-887f850d454a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.mtv.com/artists/the-american-flag/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678703748/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024503-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939869 | 9,009 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Once the icon of Philadelphia's technological prowess, aesthetic sensibility, and civic goodwill, the Fairmount Water Works has sunk below the surface of popular and academic memory. The acclaim this water supply system evoked in the first half of the nineteenth-century may now seem curious to those who view this string of neoclassical buildings hugging the shore of the Schuylkill river. However, the Water Works provide an important key to understanding Philadelphia in the first half of the nineteenth-century. Reading the site also helps in viewing several inter-related trends that centered on (re) conceptions of the American metropolis.
Thus, the introduction to this project, "Once and Future City," examines the Water Works as an attempt to physically and ideologically reform the city, and informs the discussions that follow. The second two sections, "Diseased City" and "Writing the Fever" are historical and literary investigations of Philadelphia's 1793 yellow fever outbreak, an epidemic that created a chaotic atmosphere of moral and physical 'impurity'. This plague damaged the city's reputation and necessitated a restoration of moral and physical order. The Water Works presented an engineering/architectural/ landscaping solution to these needs.
And so, the third section, "Nature, Technology, Architecture" explores how the mechanics of the Water Works, the buildings that housed it, and the land that surrounded it, worked in concert to create a site that offered both respite from, and redemption for, Philadelphia The design and reception of all three components were shaped by prevailing notions of 'sublime' and 'picturesque' landscape, Greek revival architecture, and notions of technology that sought to harmonize its place vis a vis the former concepts. The 'technologically sublime' Works proved a success both in supplying fresh water to Philadelphia, and so became a model engineering project copied around the world. It also was a magnet for the non- specialist; the machinery fascinated an increasing number of local and international tourists, and the surrounding landscaped park provided respite from the cramped city.
This idyllic, pastoral setting became the most reproduced scene of Philadelphia; and so in the fourth section, "Tourism, Travel Writing, and New Institutions," I discuss the iconography and (re) reception of the city, the early 19th century "Athens of America." The Works, along with other new institutions such as the prison and cemetery-park, and natural wonders like the 'sublime' Niagara Falls, were popular attractions for tourists. The increasingly common genres of travel literature, and 'scenery' albums will be examined to see how the Water Works played into Philadelphia's reputation in the 1820s- 1850s. They did indeed restore order, cleanliness, and increase the fame of the city. As well, the Fairmount site provides a touchstone for viewing later city parks (Central), engineering expos (the Columbian exposition), and much later city planning attempts (The City beautiful movement).
I would like to thank Sara Macro Forrest for introducing me to the history of the Fairmount Water Works and for her helpful suggestions throughout the course of this project. Ed Grusheski, Interpretive Center Director of the Water Works, kindly provided some preliminary information on the Fairmount site. And lastly, Alan Howard and Peter Onuf helped with their insightful criticisms.
| The Diseased City
||Nature, Technology, Architecture||Tourism: Travel Writing and New Institutions| | <urn:uuid:dd49914d-155f-445b-9b37-25776a6e2b6a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA96/forrest/WW/preface.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652921/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94748 | 700 | 3.140625 | 3 |
|Environmental Justice in Memory of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.|
|Sunday, 20 January 2013 00:00 | Written by Erica Mukherjee | Article|
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is remembered as a man of principle. His dedication to equality and nonviolence has shaped the landscape of modern America. That is why he is honored with a federal holiday on the third Monday of January. Many communities and schools devote this day to the service of others through activities such as food drives, cleaning projects and youth programs. To get involved locally is easy. All you need to do is go to the MLK Day of Service website and enter your zip code to find service projects near you.
We all know Dr. King’s legacy of civil rights and equality. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed; racial discrimination and segregation were outlawed. Some would say that Dr. King had won his fight. In actuality, he was only beginning. After the legal battle was won, Dr. King strove to raise awareness about structural barriers facing the poor, urban and primarily black community. For instance, access to healthcare, quality education and a clean environment were all issues Dr. King fought for until his assassination in 1968.
Dr. King’s concern for the urban environment has informed and inspired the Environmental Justice movement, which doesn’t recognize the difference between the physical and cultural environment. It is a holistic movement that focuses on all aspects of the surroundings in which people live, work and play. This ecology is not confined to the wilderness, but can also be found at the heart of cities.
The Environmental Justice movement seeks not only to end racism in public policy but also to ensure that these policies are environmentally friendly. As it says on their website, environmental equity means people are being poisoned equally whereas environmental justice means no one is being poisoned, period. This movement focuses on the needs of poor and disadvantaged people who don’t have the resources available to large environmental groups, such as the Sierra Club. The movement drafted seventeen principles in 1991 at its first national leadership summit. The principles, such as “the right of all workers to a safe and healthy work environment without being forced to choose between an unsafe livelihood and unemployment,” directly address the needs of the urban poor.
Although the Environmental Justice movement was not directly conceived by Dr. King, it embodies his spirit. The fight for justice is contested in many arenas, including ecology. This Martin Luther King, Jr. Day think about what service you can perform for the environment of your community. As Dr. King's namesake, the founder of Protestantism, Martin Luther said, “Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces, I would still plant my apple tree.”
[If you know someone who is deserving of an Eco Hero profile on EcoHearth.com, please contact us. – Ed.]
Help the Earth, Spread the Word: Share this article with family and friends by clicking on the "Email This" or "Share This" links below right. Then see TODAY'S TOP STORIES.
Copyright EcoHearth. All rights reserved. Reprint Policy | <urn:uuid:66d5c816-b3ac-4104-be6f-da4078d8593a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://ecohearth.com/eco-zine/eco-heroes/1570-mlk-environmental-justice.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999671474/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060751-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972237 | 649 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine have discovered that a protein called Jagged-1 stimulates human stem cells to differentiate into bone-producing cells. This protein could help both human and animal patients heal from bone fractures faster and may form the basis of treatments for a rare metabolic condition called Alagille syndrome.
The study, published in the journal Stem Cells, was authored by three members of Penn Vet's departments of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center and Animal Biology: postdoctoral researchers Fengchang Zhu and Mariya T. Sweetwyne and associate professor Kurt Hankenson, who also holds the Dean W. Richardson Chair in Equine Disease Research.
Last November, on the promise of these and other findings, Hankenson and his former doctoral student Mike Dishowitz launched a company, Skelegen, through Penn's Center for Technology Transfer UPstart program. Skelegen's focus is to continue to develop and improve a system for delivering Jagged-1 to sites that require new bone growth, in the hope of eventually treating bone fractures and other skeletal problems. Penn, through the CTT, has submitted a provisional patent application to protect the inventions of Hankenson and his colleagues.
Although human bones seem static and permanent, bone tissue actually forms and reforms throughout our lives. Cells called osteoblasts form bone and are derived from precursor cells known as mesenchymal stem cells, which are stored in bone marrow. These stem cells must receive specific signals from the body in order to become osteoblasts.
Prior research had identified a molecule called bone morphogenic protein, or BMP, as one of these proteins that drives stem cells to become bone-forming cells. As a result, BMP has been used clinically to help patients healing from broken bones or to perform spinal fusions without relying on patients' own bone tissue.
"But it has become clear that BMPs have some issues with safety and efficacy," Hankenson said. "In the field we're always searching for new ways for progenitor cells to become osteoblasts so we became interested in the Notch signaling pathway."
This molecular signaling pathway is found in most animal species and is known to play a role in stem cell differentiation. The researchers chose to investigate one of the proteins that acts in this pathway by binding to the Notch receptor, Jagged-1. The Penn Vet team has previously shown that Jagged-1 is highly expressed in bone-forming cells during fracture healing and that introducing Jagged-1 to mouse stem cells blocked the progression of stem cells to osteoblasts.
"That had been our operating dogma for a year or two," Hankenson said.
Next the researchers decided to see what happened when Jagged-1 was introduced to human stem cells. There they came upon a very different result. | <urn:uuid:e18d1c58-69a8-4810-b186-1e42fefe7d0b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.news-medical.net/news/20130214/Link-between-Jagged-1-protein-and-bone-formation.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999671474/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060751-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959102 | 570 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Blondes may have more fun, but researchers say redheads may soak up more sun. Experts from the ScotlandsDNA project speculate that people with ginger colored hair have a genetic advantage in gloomier climates because they can create more vitamin D in low-light conditions than peers with darker skin or hair.
While about 2% of the population has red hair, about 13% of people in Scotland are gingers.
“I think it’s to do with sunshine. We all need vitamin D from sunshine, but Scotland is cloudy,” Alastair Moffat, the project’s managing director told the British newspaper, The Daily Mail. “We have an Atlantic climate and we need light skin to get as much vitamin D from the sun as possible.”
Vitamin D is often dubbed the sunshine vitamin because the body produces it in response to sun exposure. It’s also found in fortified dairy and cereals, fatty fish, and egg yolks.
Pale skinned people are the most efficient at making vitamin D from their time in the sun whereas dark-skinned people take longer to make the same amount. Studies show African Americans who avoid sunshine and eat a vitamin D deficient diet tend to have much lower levels of the vitamin in their blood than people with paler skin, something registered dietitian Katherine Farrell Harris warns could be a health hazard.
Farrell Harris says a fair skinned person might benefit from 10-15 minutes of daily sun exposure, but someone with a lot of skin pigmentation might need several hours to absorb adequate amounts of the vitamin. Considering wrinkling and skin cancer risks, it’s not responsible to make such recommendations, she says.
Unfortunately, most people aren’t getting enough D from the diet either. Farrell Harris says she sees people of all ages and colors in her practice that are vitamin D-deficient. Supplements can make up the difference, but she cautions against popping pills without a trip to the doctor to get your blood levels checked first. Recent research suggests many people take vitamin D supplements when they don’t need them.
“If you’re low in vitamin D, your doctor can recommend the appropriate amount of supplementation you need,” she says. “In some cases that may require mega-dosing but you definitely don’t want to self-prescribe.”
Regardless of skin color, everyone needs the same amount of vitamin D for good health. The National Institutes of Health suggests 600 IU of the vitamin for men and women up to age 70 and 800 IU for those aged 71 and up. | <urn:uuid:34cc1eb9-ebf7-407c-8253-ab5a8ef04af5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://news.health.com/2012/11/09/redheads-gene-cloudy-climates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011372778/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092252-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943692 | 542 | 3.03125 | 3 |
According to Bossuet's treatise, "On the Nature and Properties of Royal Authority," the greatest crime is to attack the person of the king, since the king is not a mere man, but the representative of God on Earth, whose life individuals must guard above their own so as to obtain the grace of God.
Bossuet quotes biblical figures as stating that obedience to rulers is necessary so that those rulers may have the ability to exercise God's moral judgment on Earth. Though Bossuet claims that kings are responsible to God for using their power to advance the public good, he twists this argument to justify absolute authority for kings, since no man should be able to intervene with the king's ability to pass judgment on matters of good and evil and thus be accountable to God for this judgment.
Because the king is directly accountable to God, according to Bossuet, he cannot be held liable to any man for his judgment. Bossuet also compares a king to a father for his subjects, and thus grounds the belief in absolute authority in the Ten Commandments, which include obedience to one's parents. He justifies a king's immense material power as a gift from God so that the king's attention would not need (in theory) to be occupied with the pursuit of further material gains, thus able to be directed for the public purpose that he was intended to fulfill by God.
Bossuet claims, moreover, that, though the king is vulnerable to God, he is vulnerable to God alone, and that it is not moral for mortal individuals to violate any royal command, no matter how unjust, or to resist a king's rule with anything but peaceful criticisms and prayers. The king's divine purpose additionally justifies State intervention in religious matters, since enforcing God's purpose necessarily involves crushing "heathen" religions or ideologies, such as atheism, which doubt or reject God.
Though the king, in Bossuet's view, was supposed to adhere to God's laws and be bound by Christian ethical considerations, there was, in practice, no way to ensure that this would happen, since the king's earthly rule was absolute and no mortal power could serve as a check against his ambitions. Thus, Bossuet's theological defense of absolute monarchy essentially amounts to giving the monarch absolute free rein to do as he pleases.
Published by G. Stolyarov II
G. Stolyarov II is a science fiction novelist, independent essayist, poet, amateur mathematician, composer, author, and actuary. View profile | <urn:uuid:9313a61c-151c-4aad-8fcb-0d7668ba5a36> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://voices.yahoo.com/jacques-benigne-bossuets-defense-absolute-monarchy-378546.html?cat=37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011372778/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092252-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968849 | 511 | 2.78125 | 3 |
III. MEANS OF COMMUNICATING IDEAS
1. Natural Means
[means of recognition] lineament, feature, trait, characteristic, diagnostic; divining rod; cloven hoof; footfall.
sign, symbol; index, indice, indicator; point, pointer; exponent, note, token, symptom; dollar mark.
type, figure, emblem, cipher, device; representation [more]; epigraph, motto, posy.
gesture, gesticulation; pantomime; wink, glance, leer; nod, shrug, beck; touch, nudge; dactylology, dactylonomy; freemasonry, telegraphy, chirology, byplay, dumb show; cue; hint [more]; clue, clew, key, scent.
signal, signal post; rocket, blue light; watch fire, watch tower; telegraph, semaphore, flagstaff; cresset, fiery cross; calumet; heliograph; guidon; headlight.
mark, scratch, line, stroke, dash, score, stripe, streak, tick, dot, point, notch, nick; asterisk, red letter, italics, sublineation, underlining, jotting; print; imprint, impress, impression; note, annotation; blaze, cedilla, guillemets, hachure; quotation marks, tilde.
[For identification] badge, criterion; countercheck, countermark, countersign, counterfoil; duplicate, tally; label, ticket, billet, letter, counter, check, chip, chop; dib; totem; tessera, card, bill; witness, voucher; stamp; cachet; trademark, hallmark; signature, autograph, autography; attestation; hand, handwriting, sign manual; cipher; seal, sigil, signet; paraph, brand; superscription; indorsement, endorsement; title, heading, docket; mot de passe, mot du guet; pass-parole; shibboleth; password, watchword, catchword; address card, visiting card; carte de visite; credentials (evidence) [more]; open sesame; timbrology.
insignia; banner, banneret, bannerol; bandrol; flag, colors, streamer, standard, eagle, labarum, oriflamb, oriflamme; figurehead; ensign; pennon, pennant, pendant; burgee, blue Peter, jack, ancient, gonfalon, union jack; banderole, "old glory" [U.S.], quarantine flag; vexillum; yellow-flag, yellow jack; tricolor, stars and stripes; bunting.
heraldry, crest; coat of arms, arms; armorial bearings, hatchment; escutcheon, scutcheon; shield, supporters; livery, uniform; cockade, epaulet, chevron; garland, love knot, favor.
[Of locality] beacon, cairn, post, staff, flagstaff, hand, pointer, vane, cock, weathercock; guidepost, handpost, fingerpost, directing post, signpost; pillars of Hercules, pharos; bale-fire, beacon-fire; l'etoile du Nord; landmark, seamark; lighthouse, balize; polestar, loadstar, lodestar; cynosure, guide; address, direction, name; sign, signboard.
[Of quantity] gauge [more].
[Of distance] milestone, milepost.
[Of disgrace] brand, fool's cap.
[For detection] check, telltale; test (experiment) [more]; mileage ticket; milliary.
word of command, call; bugle call, trumpet call; bell, alarum, cry; battle cry, rallying cry; angelus; reveille; sacring bell, sanctus bell.
[Verbs] indicate; be the sign of; denote, betoken; argue, testify (evidence) [more]; bear the impress of; connote, connotate.
represent, stand for; typify (prefigure) [more]; symbolize.
put an indication, put a mark; note, mark, stamp, earmark; blaze; label, ticket, docket; dot, spot, score, dash, trace, chalk; print; imprint, impress; engrave, stereotype.
make a sign signalize; underscore; give a signal, hang out a signal; beckon; nod; wink, glance, leer, nudge, shrug, tip the wink; gesticulate; raise the finger, hold up the finger, raise the hand, hold up the hand; saw the air, "suit the action to the word" [Hamlet].
wave a banner, unfurl a banner, hoist a banner, hang out a banner; wave the hand, wave a kerchief; give the cue (inform) [more]; show one's colors; give an alarm, sound an alarm; beat the drum, sound the trumpets, raise a cry.
[Adjectives] indicating, indicative, indicatory; denotative, connotative; diacritical, representative, typical, symbolic, pantomimic, pathognomonic, symptomatic, characteristic, demonstrative, diagnostic, exponential, emblematic, armorial; individual (special) [more].
known by, recognizable by; indicated; pointed, marked.
[Capable of being denoted] denotable; indelible. | <urn:uuid:3ca46a56-c9dd-4708-9a23-b32102723a6d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://thesaurus.com/roget/IV/550.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653645/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.668694 | 1,183 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Center’s education work serves audiences ranging from pre-K and elementary school students on field trips to Life Lab's Garden Classroom to retirees attending gardening and fruit tree workshops co-sponsored by the Friends of the UCSC Farm & Garden. Through classes, conferences, public events, tours, and publications, the Center reaches academics, researchers, policy makers, students, and the general public with information about sustainable agriculture and food systems.
The Center has also taken a lead role in developing resources for those teaching about sustainable agriculture at the college and university level, and helped organize the first national-level conference on post-secondary sustainable agriculture education. Center staff members have produced internationally recognized instructional resources for those teaching organic farming, gardening, and marketing skills.
Opportunities for UCSC Students
As part of UC Santa Cruz's Division of Social Sciences, the Center serves as a resource for UCSC graduate and undergraduate students interested in a variety of topics, including:
- urban agriculture
- domestic and international food systems
- sustainable agriculture
- agricultural policy
- landscape ecology
- food security
The Center's facilities and programs are available to all UC Santa Cruz undergraduate and graduate students. In addition to class work based at the Center's facilities, students can take part in ongoing Center research and education efforts, design their own projects in collaboration with the Center's associated faculty and staff members, and apply Measure 43 funding to support their projects. Students also work with the Center through internships or independent studies developed in collaboration with faculty in a variety of campus departments. | <urn:uuid:acbe3894-e606-411b-903f-7bb64db2ef5a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://casfs.ucsc.edu/education/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945908 | 314 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Activity: Straight line pictures
Learning experiences |
By investigating how to create pictures with straight lines on a graphics calculator or a computer graphing programme such as Geogebra, students develop an understanding of the relationship between graphical, tabular and algebraic representations of linear functions.
Can be used either as an introduction to straight line graphs or as an interesting task to consolidate their understanding of the multiple representations of linear relationships.
- NA6-7 Relate graphs, tables, and equations to linear, quadratic, and simple exponential relationships found in number and spatial patterns.
- GM6-8 Compare and apply single and multiple transformations.
- GM6-9 Analyse symmetrical patterns by the transformations used to create them.
- Demonstrates understanding of relationships, including linear, quadratic (y=ax2+bx+c, where a is not zero) and simple exponential relationships (y=ax,where a is a positive integer).
- Makes connections between representations such as number patterns, spatial patterns, tables, equations and graphs.
- Identifies and uses key features including gradient, intercepts, vertex, and symmetry.
- Reflects, rotates, enlarges and translates figures.
- Describes transformations used to create patterns using key features.
Specific learning outcomes
Students will be learning how to link multiple representations of linear relationships using technology.
Planned learning experiences
The teacher introduces students to the graphing technology and shows them how to input a simple linear function (for example, y=x) and then view the graph created.
Working in groups, they are given a series of pictures made with straight line graphs. Pictures could include:
- those included here (see
- rain from the east
- rain from the west
- window blinds
- a tent
- Patiki patterns
- a starburst
- a firework
- create their own picture and challenge other students to recreate it.
What do you notice about the equations/gradients/y-intercepts for each of these line graphs?
Students investigate which functions are used to create the pictures, and write the equations of the functions. The intention is not that these are pre-taught – but that the students discover how to get a horizontal line/negative gradient etc in their groups.
The teacher works with different groups and questions what they have discovered, gives hints where necessary (such as working through tables to see the pattern and then write the equation), or facilitates the sharing of the thinking of another group to get them past stalemates, for example, 'Sarah could you tell the class how your group got the window blinds picture?'
This may take two or more lessons, followed by time to generalise their learning, either through sharing ideas or by completing individual notes.
Teacher introduces the formula y = mx + c and students describe the effect on a line of changing m and changing c.
Teacher relates features to vocabulary such as gradient and intercept.
Possible adaptations to the activity
Students extend to draw vertical lines (draw rain with no wind).
Similar activity with parabolas
Cross curricular links
- Graphics and design
- Linear relationships in science
This teaching and learning activity could lead towards assessment in the following achievement standard:
- 1.3 Investigate relationships between tables, equations or graphs.
- Facilitating shared learning:
- Students working in groups.
- Shaping mathematical language.
- Using technology to explore concepts.
- Students use mathematics to model real life and hypothetical situations and they create models.
- Using language, symbols, and texts:
- Students use the language of algebra to communicate and reason.
- Students interpret visual representations such as graphs and diagrams.
- Participating and contributing:
- Students work in groups with everyone contributing.
- Students will be encouraged to value innovation, inquiry, and curiosity, by thinking critically, creatively, and reflectively.
Planning for content and language learning
- Identify the learning outcomes including the language demands of the teaching and learning:
- What language do the students need to complete the task?
- Do the students know what the content and language learning outcomes are?
- Provide multiple opportunities for authentic language use with a focus on students using academic language:
- Is the language focus on key language?
- Do I make sure the students have many opportunities to notice and use new language?
- Ensure a balance between receptive and productive language:
- Are the students using both productive (speaking, writing) and receptive (listening, reading) language in this lesson?
- Reinforce vocabulary of linear relationships via student discussion.
Nazca Lines – Peru
- Lovitt, C., & Clarke, D. (1992). Algebra walk. MCTP professional development package: Activity bank volume 1 (p. 213). Carlton, Victoria: Curriculum Corporation.
- Lovitt, C., & Clarke, D. (1992). Tell me a story. MCTP professional development package: Activity bank volume 1 (p. 253). Carlton, Victoria: Curriculum Corporation.
- Lovitt, C., & Clarke, D. (1992). Speed graphs. MCTP professional development package: Activity bank volume 2 (p.567). Carlton, Victoria: Curriculum Corporation.
- Lowe, I. (1991). Distance-time graphs. Mathematics at work - modelling your world: Volume 1 (p. 355). Canberra, ACT: Australian Academy of Science.
Download a Word version of this activity:
Last updated June 12, 2013 | <urn:uuid:64027ea8-0210-4102-bbaf-a8d1d06aa82f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://seniorsecondary.tki.org.nz/Mathematics-and-statistics/Learning-programme-design/Year-11-programme-design/Level-5-6/Activity-Straight-line-pictures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.864567 | 1,155 | 4.375 | 4 |
Athey Surname History
The family history of the Athey last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Athey:
- Athey family history
- Athey country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity
- Athey last name meaning & etymology
- Athey spelling & pronunciation
Latest photos on AncientFaces
No one from the Athey community has shared photos. Here are new photos on AncientFaces:
Athey Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity
No one has submitted information on Athey country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about the Athey country of origin. The following is speculative information about Athey. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Athey may be very difficult to determine in cases which regional boundaries change over time, leaving the nation of origin indeterminate. The original ethnicity of Athey may be in dispute based on whether the family name came in to being organically and independently in various locales; for example, in the case of family names that are based on a craft, which can crop up in multiple countries independently (such as the surname "Carpenter" which was given to woodworkers).
Athey Meaning & Etymology
No one has submitted information on Athey meaning and etymology. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about the meaning of Athey. The following is speculative information about Athey. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Athey come may come from a craft, such as the name "Fisher" which was given to fishermen. Some of these trade-based last names can be a profession in another language. This is why it is good to research the country of origin of a name, and the languages used by its progenitors. Many western names like Athey originate from religious texts such as the Quran, the Bible, the Bhagavadgītā, and other related texts. Commonly these surnames relate to a religious sentiment such as "Grace of God".
Athey Pronunciation & Spelling Variations
No one has added information on Athey spellings or pronunciations. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Athey. The following is speculative information about Athey. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Researching misspellings and spelling variations of the Athey surname are important to understanding the etymology of the name. Names like Athey vary in their spelling as they travel across tribes, family branches, and countries over generations. In the past, when few people knew how to write, names such as Athey were transcribed based on how they sounded when people's names were recorded in court, church, and government records. This could have given rise misspellings of Athey.
Last names similar to AtheyAtheyapaul, Atheybobby, Atheyhoward, Atheyjames, Atheyne, Atheyoney, Atheyrobert, Athfield, Athfnasiou, Athi, A Thi, Athia, Athia ben taamallah, Athial, Athian, Athiard, Athias, Athias ou attias, Athiaud, Athiaw
Athey Family Tree
Here are a few of the Athey biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more Atheys
- Helen Curtis Athey McIntire 1902 - ?
- Elizabeth Athey
- Thomas Athey
- Susan Athey
- Henry Athey
- Elizabeth Atha Athey
- Nancy Atha Athey
- William Athey
- Skipwith W Athey 1917 - 2001
- Kenneth S Athey 1957 - 1996 | <urn:uuid:547b5968-cfc9-43f5-8c72-f986cc5893f8> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.ancientfaces.com/surname/athey-family-history/3960 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999674642/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060754-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944724 | 799 | 2.890625 | 3 |
History of the Arab League
|Part of a series on|
|Historical Arab states and dynasties|
In its early years, the Arab League concentrated mainly on economic, cultural and social programs. In 1959, it held the first petroleum congress and, in 1964, established the Arab League Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization. In 1974, despite objections by Jordan, the league recognized the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of all Palestinians.
The League was weakened over the years by internal dissensions on political issues, especially those concerning Israel and the Palestinians and later on by the three Gulf wars. After Egypt signed a separate peace treaty with Israel on March 26, 1979, other Arab League members met in Baghdad and voted to suspend Egypt's membership and transfer the League's headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. In May 1989, nine years later, Egypt was readmitted and resumed membership. The headquarters was returned to Cairo in 1990. This step was sharply disputed as members of the League were deeply divided over the Kuwait crisis and the invitation extended by Saudi Arabia to the United States, which allowed foreign military build-up in its Eastern province. The League was effectively paralyzed by the eruption of the Gulf crisis, and its future as a regional organization became highly uncertain.
Until the Israeli-Lebanese summer war in 2006, the League had started making positive moves and is starting to regain respect with the Arab public and media.
Arab Citizens in general perceive themselves as one people divided among a number of states with history, geography, language, culture, and socio-economic interests propelling them to forge one great Arab Nation (Arabism). The British Empire realized this in the early part of the twentieth century, which helped them secure the cooperation of the Arabs, leading them to revolt (Arab Revolt) against the Turkish Ottoman Empire during World War I. The British promised to help the Arabs establish a united Arab kingdom under Sherif Hussein of Mecca, which would encompass the Asian part of the Arab World (including the modern day Arabian peninsula, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel and Jordan). After winning the war, however, the British betrayed Sharif Hussein and instead helped divide the region into mini states, implementing their policy of "Divide and Rule".(Sykes-Picot Agreement).
The British needed Arab cooperation once more during World War II, and again returned to play the Pan Arabism card by encouraging the formation of the League. Many Arab intellectuals believe that the British did not want the League to act as a step towards Arab unity, but actually used the League to prevent it.
Several suggestions were made for the name of the organization: Iraq suggested Arab Union; Syria suggested Arab Alliance; and Egypt proposed the Arab League. Egypt's proposal was adopted, and later amended to the League of Arab States.
- 1942: The United Kingdom promotes the idea of an Arab League in an attempt to win over Arabs as allies in war against Germany.
- 1944: Official representatives from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, North Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Transjordan meet in Alexandria, Egypt, and agree to form the League of Arab States.
- 1945: Arab states sign the Arab League Pact, formally inaugurating the League.
- 1945: Arab league member states declare a boycott of Jewish businesses in Palestine (continued after the establishment of Israel as the Arab League boycott).
- 1946: Arab League members sign the Cultural Treaty.
- 1948: 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
- 1950: League members sign the Joint Defense and Economic Cooperation Treaty.
- 1953: Members establish the Economic and Social Council; Libya joins the Arab League.
- 1956: Sudan joins the Arab League.
- 1958: Morocco and Tunisia join the Arab League; The United Nations recognizes the League and designates it as the United Nations' organization for education, science and culture in the Arab region.
- 1961: Kuwait joins the Arab League.
- 1962: Algeria joins the Arab League.
- 1964: The first summit convenes in Cairo; the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) forms; a second league summit that autumn welcomes the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
- 1967: South Yemen joins the Arab League.
- 1971: Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates join the Arab League.
- 1973: Mauritania joins the Arab League.
- 1974: Somalia and Palestine (represented by the PLO) join the Arab League.
- 1976: Arab League summit in Cairo authorizes the formation and deployment of an Arab peacekeeping force, mainly Syrian, in Lebanon.
- 1977: Djibouti joins the Arab League.
- 1979: The League suspends Egypt's membership in the wake of President Anwar Sadat's visit to Jerusalem and of Egypt's peace agreement with Israel; the Arab League moves its headquarters to Tunis.
- 1987: The Arab League unanimously endorses a statement on Iraq's defense of its legitimate rights in its dispute with Iran.
- 1989: The League re-admits Egypt as a member; the League's headquarters returns to Cairo.
- 1990 (May): A summit meeting in Baghdad criticizes Western efforts to prevent Iraq from developing advanced weapons technology.
- 1990 (August): At an emergency summit, 12 out of the 20 states present condemn the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait; unified Yemen joins the Arab League.
- 1993: Comoros joins the Arab League.
- 1994: The Arab League condemns the Gulf Cooperation Council's decision to end the secondary and tertiary trade embargo against Israel, insisting that only the Council of the Arab League can make such a policy change, and member states can not act independently on such matters.
- 1996: The Arab League Council determines that Iraq, Syria and Turkey should share the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers equitably between them. (This followed complaints by Syria and Iraq that extensive construction work in southern Turkey had started to restrict their water-supply.)
- 1998: The Arab League Secretary-General condemns the use or threat of force against Iraq; Arab League interior and justice ministers sign an agreement to strengthen cooperation against terrorism; the Arab League denounces bomb attacks against U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania and U.S. missile strikes against Afghanistan and Sudan.
- 2002: Arab Peace Initiative. During an annual summit in Beirut in March, the Arab League proposes full normalization of relations with Israel in exchange for Israeli withdrawal to the 1967 internationally recognized borders, implying Israeli evacuation of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, east Jerusalem, the Golan Heights and a fair, negotiated solution for the return of the Palestinian refugees and their descendants to their homeland.
- 2002: Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi threatens to withdraw from the League, because of "Arab incapacity" in resolving the crises between the United States and Iraq and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
- 2003: The League votes 21-1 in favor of a resolution demanding the immediate and unconditional removal of U.S. and British soldiers from Iraq. (Kuwait casts the lone dissenting vote.)
- 2006: Arab League Members decide to break the sanctions against the Palestinian Government of Hamas, by letting its banks function inside the Gaza Strip, in response to a widely condemned incident in Beit Hanun, by Israeli Forces.
- 2007: The Arab Peace Initiative is reaffirmed in a summit in Riyadh.
- 25 July 2007: First Arab League delegation in history visits State of Israel, with the mission of discussing a sweeping peace initiative as well as the threat posed by Hamas and other Islamic extremists.
- 2011: Majority-black South Sudan votes to secede from Arabist-led Sudan. Revolutions topple the governments of Tunisia and Egypt. The Arab League suspends Libya after the Gaddafi regime responds to countrywide demonstrations by ordering the military to attack protesters. The suspension is lifted following Gaddafi's ouster. The Arab League suspends Syria in November 2011 for its own crackdown on protestors.
- Arab Unity - "Peace after the Yom Kippur War?" - Al Jazeera - Retrieved 31 January 2011. | <urn:uuid:5a492913-81a8-4027-897e-34839db53511> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011118294/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091838-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922932 | 1,660 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Short Essay Questions
1. How does Ginny describe the dimensions of her flat world as an 8-year-old in 1951?
2. What does Ginny currently do for three households each and every day when she is 36?
3. What happened to Ginny's grandmother's grandparents find when they arrived in the United States from England?
4. What did Harold buy for himself without consulting Larry, which made Larry a bit upset?
This section contains 2,212 words
(approx. 8 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:52bc2566-03c8-483c-a887-4b4e67b3ba81> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/a-thousand-acres/shortessay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011118294/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091838-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965125 | 110 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A dehydrator is a great way to preserve meat for long term storage. Until the power goes out. Maybe you've built a solar dehydrator. Great! But what if you live in a climate where humidity and rainfall make dehydration a real challenge? Stored food will run out eventually; at least for most of us.
No matter how stocked up and well prepared you may be, the time will come when it becomes essential to preserve meat. In a survival situation, a recently killed hog or buck must not be wasted, and cannot be easily preserved. Thousands of years ago, man figured out that salting and smoking meat could retard spoilage and improve flavor. One old-fashioned and time-tested method is the salt barrel. Packed in a barrel of salt, meat will last almost indefinitely. However, salt is a commodity like anything else: unless you have access to an unlimited supply of it, the salt barrel is a very resource intensive method of food preservation. Meat is often salt cured and smoked, but by itself, that is more for flavor than actual preservation. Ironically, the relatively low temperatures at which meat is smoked actually encourages the growth of one very serious pathogen: Botulism.
Unless your post-apocalypse plans include the manufacture of Botox for the beauty-obsessed survivalist, you don't want botulism anywhere near your dinner. Even for modern medicine, Botulism is a dangerous illness. Without expert medical care, it would almost certainly be fatal. Botulism is the body's reaction to a bacterial toxin. Unfortunately, only two things kill the bacterium that produces botulinum toxin: heat and nitrites. Potassium nitrates and nitrites have been used at least since the Romans to safely cure meats. As an Italian butcher in Siena told me: “We've made meat this way since before the Romans got here. I won't say it makes you any smarter, but it keeps you strong.” Potassium Nitrate, or saltpeter, is naturally occurring. Modern curing salts contain Sodium Nitrate, which yields a more consistent result.
Nitrites are the actual curative agents. Nitrates degrade into nitrites over time, which makes Nitrates work better for long-term curing as their breakdown offers continual protection against botulism. If you are concerned about the supposed carcinogenic affect of Nitrites: there are more Nitrites in a serving of spinach than in a whole cured salami. Botulism is a much greater danger.
To effectively preserve meat in a survival situation, you need only have two things: Salt and Sodium Nitrate. With these two ingredients, you can produce an unbelievable variety of cured and preserved meats that are ready for long term storage or immediate consumption, and eaten “raw” or cooked.
In this day of internet access, curing salts are a few clicks away; but curing salts are very susceptible to moisture degradation. This makes them unsuitable for long term storage. Ironic, considering that their only purpose is to preserve meat for storage. Fortunately, curing salt can be easily made with common ingredients. By the end of this article, you will know how to make curing salt, use it in a basic meat cure, and understand the meat-curing process.
You will need:
-Instant Cold packs containing Ammonium nitrate.
-A Large Pot
-Cheesecloth or other light cloth
-Meat: Pork, Beef, Game. Anything but poultry.
-Optional: Sugar, any spices.
To Make Curing Salt:
WORK ON THIS ONLY OUTSIDE. This process will release large quantities of ammonia gas. You will need several instant ice packs, a means of boiling water, baking soda, and table salt. First, you need Sodium Nitrate. Begin by carefully cutting open the cold packs. The pellets inside are Ammonium Nitrate. Do not do this in advance, because ammonium nitrate will draw water from the air. It may be illegal to obtain large quantities of Ammonium Nitrate because of its association with domestic terror plots. That you want it for a purely benign purpose is not necessarily important to the Feds. But there is no law against stocking up on cold packs. Dissolve 80 grams of ammonium nitrate pellets into 150 mL of water (about 1/5 of a gallon). Filter this through a coffee filter or fine sieve into a pot containing 84 grams of baking soda (Sodium Bicarbonate).
Boil this down until its volume is reduced to 100 mL. This removes the ammonia. You really do want to be outside for this. After it is reduced, remove from heat and leave it to dehydrate. You will be left with something resembling salt crystals. You may want to dye it with food coloring or natural dye, so that you don't confuse it with regular salt. Sodium nitrite is harmless in small amounts: it is dangerous in the quantity that would be ingested by someone mistaking it for table salt.
Now a calculator may come in handy. To make curing salt, you simply mix table salt with the Sodium Nitrate you have just distilled. You want the mixture to be about 6% Sodium Nitrate and 94% Salt. Nice round number? No. But this is the proper ratio.
To Make a Basic Meat Cure:
Mix ½ pound of table salt with ¼ pound sugar and 5 teaspoons of the curing salt. The sugar is more for flavor than preservation; it is not necessary but highly recommended. Brown Sugar may also be used. Also, feel free to use any spices that are available. Obviously, this is not a high priority in a survival situation, but if you happen to have some spices, this is a good place for them. Black Pepper is always good.
The Basic Curing Process
This will work with virtually any meat. Pork is ideal. Fatty cuts of beef will also work well. Just remember: the leaner the meat, the dryer it will be. Duck actually is fantastic cured, but I do not recommend you try to cure poultry. Ever.
Once you have your cure prepared, pour it in a non-metallic container. To minimize waste, it is helpful to put the cure in the pan a little at a time. Prepare the meat by cutting it into a size that is easily handled. Dredge the meat on all sides in the cure. Just enough to coat it. Gently shake off any excess cure. Seal the container and place in a cool, dark place, turning every day or two. When the meat is firm to the touch, not squishy, it is ready for the next step: Dry Curing or Smoking.
First: Thoroughly Rinse the meat. Get all the cure off of it. It has already absorbed the flavor and the salt of the meat. After rinsing, dry it off.
You really have two options here. The first is to smoke the meat. Just hot- or cold smoke the meat until done. This adds flavor and helps to preserve it, but is not as effective for long term storage as dry-curing.
To dry-cure the meat:
Wrap it in cheesecloth. This is to discourage insects. Hang it in a humid, cool environment. 70% humidity and 55 degrees Fahrenheit are ideal. Humidity may be increased by placing a container of salted water near the meat. Somewhat paradoxically, higher humidity actually yields better results. It may slow the curing process a bit, but in the absence of sufficient humidity, the outer surface of the meat will dry and lock moisture in, causing spoilage. A cellar or even an uninhabited cave is an ideal curing chamber. An unused refrigerator will work as well.
Depending on climate conditions, size, and type of meat, this can take anywhere from a week to several months. A ham should be cured for six months; a pork belly or duck breast only needs a week. It is ready when it has reduced its weight by a third, or just feels “cooked.” You may cook the meat after it is cured, or eat it as is. You can store it by leaving it to hang in the curing environment. It should last almost indefinitely, and add flavor and variety to your diet.
Even leaf fat or back fat from a hog may be cured in this way. Especially in cold climates or a situation where high levels of activity must be sustained, cured fat (or lardo, as the Italians call it) can be an excellent source of energy and fat soluble vitamins. There is some evidence to suggest that the chemical structure of the fat is changed by curing: the chains are shortened, rendering a healthier fat.
A little bit of white mold may grow on the outside of your meat. This is not a problem, as it actually prevents harmful molds. If you see green molds, discard the meat. For this reason, it is helpful to practice and produce small batches of cured meat so that if one goes bad, there is always another right behind it. Like any other skill, if you master the process of dry-curing meats now, then you will be prepared and confident if a crisis situation arises. And you can stock up on cured meats just as you would any other food item.
Obviously, no one food solution will work for every situation. I hope that this has provided one more tool in your preparedness arsenal. With a little practice and a little luck, you will be able to cure and store meat in all kinds of survival situations. | <urn:uuid:e35d384c-02aa-4c8c-9cac-3de38d7c346a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.survivalblog.com/2011/02/the_process_of_preserving_meat.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011118294/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091838-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945249 | 1,961 | 2.578125 | 3 |
For example, when my son was about four years old, he became very concerned about Polaris, the North Star. He was an early reader and loved to read about space. One day he read that the position of Polaris relative to Earth would change and in 2,000 years, it would no longer be the North Star. He was so upset that he was unable to sleep and no amount of explaining how far in the future 2,000 years actually was relieved his anxiety over this event.
If the event involves people, it can cause even more anxiety. Even if your family does not have a personal connection to the events on September 11, they will be exposed to reminders about the day, particularly when milestone anniversaries come up, like the ten year anniversary. Your children will no doubt have questions and if you don't answer them, they may become anxious about the future. So what kinds of questions can you expect from your children and how should you answer them? What is the best way to talk to your children about September 11, 2001?
What You Should NOT DoSome children are more emotionally sensitive than others, but no matter how sensitive a child is, his questions should not be ignored for fear of upsetting him. Chances are quite good that the imagination of a child who doesn't get his questions answered will run wild. This is particularly true of children with imaginational supersensitivities. While avoiding the topic or telling our child not to worry is well-intentioned, it can have the opposite effect and create more anxiety than it relieves.
What You SHOULD Do
- Listen Carefully
The questions children ask aren't always an indication of what they really want to know. For instance, your child might ask why bad people crashed planes into some buildings. You may want to begin explaining why, trying to figure out how to explain such motivation. However, what your child might really want to know is simply if bad people will do something to his house or his school or the building you work in. He wants to know if he and his family will be safe. Before launching into a theoretical discussion of the terrorists' motivations, try first to understand what the real question is that your child is asking. This is true for any questions your child might ask.
- Be Honest but Comforting
Your child might want to know if bad people will ever do such bad things again. If she asks this kind of question, you should be as honest as you can. Answering "no" is probably not the best answer since bad people do bad things all the time. If you tell your child that bad people will not do anything bad again and they learn about buildings being bombed, your child will not find comfort in your answers to questions she asks later. In fact, she might not even ask you the questions to begin with. Answering "yes" to that question, however, is unlikely to provide any comfort. It is likely to just cause anxiety.
The best answer is the most honest and comforting one: "I don't know." Of course, you don't want to leave it at that. You also want to let your child know that everything is being done to keep the country safe and you will do your best to keep her safe. If your child wants to know more, tell her what you can.
- Work Out a Family Disaster Plan
It is unlikely that you will need a plan to deal with a disaster on the scale of what we saw on 9/11, but that really isn't the point of creating a plan. It's a good idea to have a family disaster plan for any emergency, so if your family doesn't have one, this would be a good time to create one. Your child wants to know if he will be safe and needs something positive to think about. Knowing what to do in an emergency will give your child a sense of control, which can help to relieve anxiety created by a feeling of helplessness. The Missouri Department of Mental Health has 30 Tips for Emergency Preparedness that can help.
- Provide Appropriate Details
What are appropriate details? The best way to answer that question is to consider the question "Where do babies come from?" When a three-year-old asks that question, she most likely isn't interested in a detailed lecture on reproductive biology. Start answering a question with a simple and direct reply. If your child wants more information, she will most likely ask for it, especially if you indicate that you are willing to provide it. Gifted kids have a deep desire for information, so don't be surprised if they ask for more. They may want to know why the buildings collapsed, for example. If you don't know the answers, help your child find them. Knowing facts is often more of a comfort to gifted children than the unknown. Just don't offer more details than they are asking for. And try not to be upset or judgmental if they begin to ask questions that appear to you to be morbid. | <urn:uuid:bea0babb-0d49-4821-9556-2e2e63f94ad7> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://giftedkids.about.com/od/socialemotionalissues/a/Talking-To-Your-Children-About-September-11.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021227262/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120707-00018-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97863 | 1,015 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Tarakan, North Kalimantan
Location in Kalimantan
|• Mayor||Udin Hianggio|
|Elevation||0 m (0 ft)|
|Time zone||Central Indonesian Time (UTC+8)|
|Area code(s)||+62 551|
Tarakan, located on Tarakan Island is one of the major cities in northern Borneo, just across the border from Sabah, Malaysia. Once a major oil producing region during the colonial period, Tarakan had great strategic importance during the Pacific War and was among the first Japanese targets early in the war. It is the sole city within the newly established (in 2012) Indonesian province of North Kalimantan.
The name Tarakan comes from the Tidung language: Tarak (meeting place) and ngakan (to eat); thus Tarakan was originally a meeting place for sailors and traders in the Tidung area to eat, rest and trade their catch.
According to legends, native Tidungs established their kingdom in Tarakan around 1076 CE. After moving their capital for several times during centuries, in 1571 CE they settled their kingdom on the eastern coast of Tarakan, apparently already under influence of Islam.
Dutch colonial interests first explored the island in 1863 when oil seepages were discovered. In 1905 an oil concession was granted to Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij, a predecessor to Royal Dutch Shell. One year later oil production began with a result of over 57,928 barrels of oil. Production continued to increase and in the 1920s Tarakan yielded over 5 million barrels a year, a third of the total oil production in the whole Dutch East Indies.
During the beginning of the Second World War in the Pacific, Tarakan was an obvious target for the Japanese. They wanted Tarakan for two reasons: the presence of a rich oil field and to use it as a strategic air base from which further attacks could be launched. In the first battle of Tarakan on January 11–12, 1942, the Japanese invasion fleet defeated the Dutch and took control of Tarakan.
Following the Dutch surrender, Tarakan's inhabitants suffered under Japan's occupation. The large number of Japanese troops stationed on the island caused food shortages and many civilians suffered from malnutrition as a result. During the occupation, the Japanese transported some 600 labourers to Tarakan from Java. The Japanese also forced an estimated 300 Javanese women to work as "comfort women".
Tarakan's value to the Japanese evaporated with the rapid advance of Allied forces. The last Japanese oil tanker left Tarakan in July 1944, and heavy Allied air raids later in the year destroyed the island's oil production and storage facilities.
Allies finally captured Tarakan following the second battle of Tarakan from May 1 – June 21, 1945. The Allied force responsible for capturing Tarakan was centred around the veteran Australian 26th Brigade Group.
Following the Indonesian revolution, Tarakan became part of the new republic. In 1981, Tarakan was granted a city charter, at that time one of four cities in East Kalimantan, along with Samarinda, Balikpapan and Bontang. After North Kalimantan was established as a province in 2012, Tarakan became the sole city within the new province.
Tarakan had a population of 193,069 at the 2010 Census. Native residents are the Tidung, a subgroup of the Dayak people. In addition, the city also has a multi-ethnic population from other parts of Indonesia, such as Bugis, Javanese and Chinese Indonesians. The majority of the population is Muslim, with a minority of Christian and other religions.
Relations between ethnic groups are generally peaceful, although Tarakan witnessed deadly clashes in the 2010 Tarakan riot.
Tarakan is served with several ferries, linking it to other cities on eastern Borneo: Nunukan in North Kalimantan, Berau and Balikpapan in East Kalimantan, and Tawau in Sabah. The port also provides links to cities on other Indonesian islands: Sulawesi and Java.
Tarakan has an airport called Juwata Airport, located 3.5 km from the city. The airport has domestic flight routes to Balikpapan, Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar and Makassar, as well as an international route to Tawau, Malaysia.
- "Hari Jadi & Sejarah". Tarakan Municipal website.
- Prasetyo, Deni (2009). Mengenal Kerajaan-Kerajaan Nusantara. Pustaka Widyatama (Yogyakarta).
- European foreign investments as seen by the U.S. Department of Commerce. United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1977.
- Mindell, Earl P.; John T. Mason (1986). "The Pacific War Remembered: An Oral History Collection". Naval Institute Press.
- Dull, Paul S. A battle history of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945.
- Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta.
- "Sekilas Tarakan". Tarakan Municipal website.
- Atiyah, Jeremy. Rough guide to Southeast Asia. Rough Guides.
- Roberts, Brian; Trevor Kanaley (2006). Urbanization and sustainability in Asia: case studies of good practice. Asian Development Bank. | <urn:uuid:cc529c64-346e-4bc4-ad3b-6fe9a8a02205> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999636779/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060716-00019-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906067 | 1,173 | 2.703125 | 3 |
NASA Captures Image Of Midwest ‘Whiteout’
Don't Miss This
Get Breaking News First
CHICAGO (CBS) — When one looks at a photo like this, it makes one feel really, really small.
It also makes one feel like they aren’t alone.
What you are seeing is a NASA satellite image taken on the afternoon of Jan. 6.
Blowing snow and viciously cold temperatures created a literal “whiteout” over the Great Lakes. That’s hundreds of miles of snow, ice, and cold.
The average temperature across the region, according to NASA was 20 below zero, with wind chills near 50 below.
Closer to home, major highways in Indiana were shut down for about two days. Interstates in central and southern Illinois were nearly impassable, and hundreds of drivers had to be rescued.
Even Amtrak trains, with 8,000 horsepower engines, couldn’t get though the drifts. | <urn:uuid:7e0cfaaa-9777-4a74-a3f4-6d8601e3c07f> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2014/01/08/nasa-captures-image-of-midwest-whiteout/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654285/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00019-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952675 | 206 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits