text
stringlengths 481
13.8k
| embedding
sequencelengths 1.02k
1.02k
|
|---|---|
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a robust machine learning algorithm with
broad applications in classification, regression, and outlier detection. SVM
requires tuning the regularization parameter (RP) which controls the model
capacity and the generalization performance. Conventionally, the optimum RP is
found by comparison of a range of values through the Cross-Validation (CV)
procedure. In addition, for non-linearly separable data, the SVM uses kernels
where a set of kernels, each with a set of parameters, denoted as a grid of
kernels, are considered. The optimal choice of RP and the grid of kernels is
through the grid-search of CV. By stochastically analyzing the behavior of the
regularization parameter, this work shows that the SVM performance can be
modeled as a function of separability and scatteredness (S&S) of the data.
Separability is a measure of the distance between classes, and scatteredness is
the ratio of the spread of data points. In particular, for the hinge loss cost
function, an S&S ratio-based table provides the optimum RP. The S&S ratio is a
powerful value that can automatically detect linear or non-linear separability
before using the SVM algorithm. The provided S&S ratio-based table can also
provide the optimum kernel and its parameters before using the SVM algorithm.
Consequently, the computational complexity of the CV grid-search is reduced to
only one time use of the SVM. The simulation results on the real dataset
confirm the superiority and efficiency of the proposed approach in the sense of
computational complexity over the grid-search CV method. | [
-0.013839217834174633,
-0.008973939344286919,
-0.011307989247143269,
-0.014728816226124763,
0.043507788330316544,
-0.0037624514661729336,
-0.03650105372071266,
0.003494196105748415,
-0.02021314576268196,
0.02122196927666664,
-0.05495334416627884,
-0.03415324538946152,
-0.002289340365678072,
-0.023624802008271217,
0.06331740319728851,
-0.013967613689601421,
0.010390877723693848,
-0.030374744907021523,
-0.0035377589520066977,
0.000003013751438629697,
-0.03204388916492462,
-0.0114822406321764,
-0.024175068363547325,
0.009721385315060616,
-0.0182963814586401,
0.003418534528464079,
0.01287625078111887,
0.00576863344758749,
-0.06203344464302063,
0.04336104914546013,
0.05715440958738327,
0.021992342546582222,
0.007951360195875168,
-0.00591995706781745,
-0.04684607312083244,
-0.04537869617342949,
0.003959630616009235,
0.04251730442047119,
-0.04930393397808075,
0.03727142512798309,
0.022671004757285118,
0.020268172025680542,
0.017544349655508995,
0.010372535325586796,
0.02360645867884159,
-0.018305553123354912,
-0.02551405131816864,
-0.0006150381523184478,
0.017434297129511833,
-0.020176460966467857,
-0.018580686300992966,
-0.02177223563194275,
0.006364756263792515,
-0.016187025234103203,
-0.02980613522231579,
0.0174801517277956,
0.011289646849036217,
0.07476295530796051,
0.04292083531618118,
0.009767240844666958,
-0.011583122424781322,
0.016086142510175705,
-0.024009987711906433,
0.013389833271503448,
-0.004892791621387005,
-0.06210681423544884,
0.04336104914546013,
0.039289072155952454,
0.021552128717303276,
-0.00713513046503067,
-0.07036082446575165,
0.018030419945716858,
0.03598747029900551,
-0.0008116440149024129,
-0.020304856821894646,
0.049450673162937164,
0.013719993643462658,
0.018103787675499916,
-0.05513676628470421,
0.009831438772380352,
0.03068656288087368,
0.012032507918775082,
0.01502229180186987,
0.061226386576890945,
0.006575691979378462,
-0.011317159980535507,
0.053009066730737686,
-0.06192339211702347,
0.04853355884552002,
-0.022377530112862587,
-0.08584167063236237,
0.00921697448939085,
0.011390529572963715,
0.028100308030843735,
0.07168146222829819,
0.018745766952633858,
0.006694916635751724,
-0.0048561072908341885,
-0.039289072155952454,
0.03855538368225098,
0.0011922453995794058,
-0.0037624514661729336,
0.023386351764202118,
-0.004681855905801058,
0.046772703528404236,
-0.039399124681949615,
-0.055466923862695694,
0.012500234879553318,
0.02848549373447895,
0.09515952318906784,
-0.01850731670856476,
0.02384490892291069,
0.07549665123224258,
-0.03057650849223137,
-0.06797633320093155,
-0.001966058509424329,
-0.06570189446210861,
-0.1063116043806076,
0.0016611188184469938,
-0.04372789338231087,
0.018424777314066887,
0.07623033970594406,
0.02556907944381237,
-0.01920432224869728,
-0.09493941813707352,
0.03429998457431793,
0.009313271380960941,
0.03180544078350067,
0.01623287983238697,
0.0023191466461867094,
0.021992342546582222,
-0.038151852786540985,
0.05440307408571243,
0.0014857212081551552,
0.021332021802663803,
0.05025773122906685,
0.0694437101483345,
0.0024509814102202654,
-0.03712468966841698,
0.037143029272556305,
-0.03774832561612129,
-0.048863720148801804,
-0.023294640704989433,
0.06243697553873062,
-0.009693872183561325,
0.019901327788829803,
-0.007873405702412128,
0.020378226414322853,
-0.047543078660964966,
0.04501185193657875,
-0.008373231627047062,
0.0008810005965642631,
0.029696082696318626,
0.029824478551745415,
0.05799815431237221,
-0.012050849385559559,
-0.02146041765809059,
-0.012325983494520187,
0.018874162808060646,
-0.04372789338231087,
0.04482842609286308,
0.0013607647269964218,
0.003867919323965907,
0.06449130922555923,
0.05044115334749222,
0.04185698553919792,
-0.04948735609650612,
-0.015233227983117104,
-0.026908062398433685,
0.03914233297109604,
-0.055576980113983154,
-0.02147875912487507,
0.03204388916492462,
0.0003513684787321836,
-0.019882984459400177,
0.018369751051068306,
0.022579293698072433,
0.024468544870615005,
0.0076120286248624325,
-0.020653359591960907,
-0.058731842786073685,
-0.03206222876906395,
0.015636757016181946,
-0.007639541756361723,
0.00243722484447062,
-0.0072130849584937096,
0.06764616817235947,
0.0057090213522315025,
0.053559333086013794,
-0.01361911091953516,
0.029879504814743996,
-0.009386640042066574,
0.04633248969912529,
0.0363909974694252,
-0.018452290445566177,
-0.025055496022105217,
-0.05667751282453537,
0.014261089265346527,
0.016966570168733597,
-0.04372789338231087,
-0.05631066858768463,
-0.03936244174838066,
0.03213559836149216,
0.015820179134607315,
0.0015877499245107174,
-0.01957116648554802,
0.059685640037059784,
-0.05880521237850189,
-0.009331612847745419,
-0.027018114924430847,
-0.033272817730903625,
-0.03640934079885483,
-0.019406087696552277,
0.005681507755070925,
-0.003540051868185401,
-0.014921410009264946,
0.041893668472766876,
0.040169499814510345,
0.00523212319239974,
0.019185980781912804,
0.027916885912418365,
-0.006694916635751724,
0.06416114419698715,
-0.032795920968055725,
-0.0064885662868618965,
-0.00469561293721199,
-0.0014708181843161583,
-0.003709717420861125,
0.026211056858301163,
0.036849554628133774,
0.003897725371643901,
-0.0011314867297187448,
0.0005244733183644712,
-0.04134340211749077,
-0.02665127068758011,
-0.04097655788064003,
0.014077667146921158,
-0.006915023550391197,
-0.06456467509269714,
0.009703043848276138,
-0.01462793443351984,
-0.004198079463094473,
-0.021442076191306114,
-0.03211725875735283,
0.02932923659682274,
0.025202233344316483,
-0.023037848994135857,
0.01801207661628723,
0.06654563546180725,
0.001449036761187017,
-0.06871002167463303,
-0.016168681904673576,
-0.019662877544760704,
-0.007965116761624813,
-0.00409031892195344,
-0.044094737619161606,
0.032025545835494995,
-0.05620061606168747,
-0.009648016653954983,
-0.0032190626952797174,
0.039582546800374985,
0.060786172747612,
-0.018544001504778862,
0.04904714226722717,
-0.05484328791499138,
0.032850947231054306,
0.07274531573057175,
0.003095252439379692,
0.018342237919569016,
-0.0004791909595951438,
0.01633376255631447,
-0.014031811617314816,
-0.0003611127904150635,
-0.010629326105117798,
-0.02456025592982769,
-0.044865112751722336,
0.02604597620666027,
-0.03140190988779068,
0.01150975376367569,
-0.053009066730737686,
-0.08151290565729141,
0.0118399141356349,
0.0008305594092234969,
0.033034369349479675,
-0.001889250474050641,
-0.05572371557354927,
-0.05810820683836937,
-0.030998380854725838,
0.005690678954124451,
0.008331960998475552,
0.0032947242725640535,
-0.04904714226722717,
-0.01046424638479948,
0.006933365482836962,
0.012674486264586449,
0.023881593719124794,
-0.0365927629172802,
0.009340784512460232,
0.001228929846547544,
-0.03483190760016441,
-0.03655607998371124,
0.01234432589262724,
0.031126776710152626,
0.06511494517326355,
-0.032795920968055725,
-0.008038485422730446,
0.02146041765809059,
0.05649409070611,
-0.07307547330856323,
-0.05799815431237221,
-0.02378988079726696,
0.00741943484172225,
-0.008891399018466473,
-0.016581382602453232,
0.0361158661544323,
0.06254702806472778,
0.03701463341712952,
0.018048761412501335,
0.02463362365961075,
-0.03222731128334999,
0.017865339294075966,
0.0070021492429077625,
-0.04167356342077255,
0.008070584386587143,
-0.02766009420156479,
-0.007616613991558552,
-0.02808196470141411,
0.04174693301320076,
-0.014701303094625473,
0.0036409341264516115,
-0.038335274904966354,
0.013178897090256214,
-0.049634095281362534,
0.023936619982123375,
-0.004088026005774736,
-0.015563388355076313,
-0.015581730753183365,
0.022799400612711906,
-0.013371490873396397,
0.03615254908800125,
0.043214309960603714,
-0.05333922430872917,
-0.01697573997080326,
-0.012078363448381424,
-0.034758538007736206,
-0.01951614022254944,
0.0017608547350391746,
0.002274437341839075,
-0.029420947656035423,
-0.02461528219282627,
0.0009727117721922696,
-0.03275923430919647,
0.013151383958756924,
-0.008799687959253788,
-0.005653994623571634,
-0.03103506565093994,
-0.007336894981563091,
0.003771622432395816,
0.00004832749618799426,
-0.031420253217220306,
0.04435152933001518,
-0.03242907673120499,
-0.07186488807201385,
0.010161599144339561,
-0.0325758121907711,
0.026798008009791374,
-0.021790577098727226,
0.028962392359972,
0.02789854258298874,
-0.0004516775952652097,
-0.05876852944493294,
-0.0306315366178751,
0.06694916635751724,
0.02169886603951454,
-0.06742606312036514,
-0.0083824023604393,
0.00823566410690546,
-0.03457511588931084,
-0.004681855905801058,
0.03723474219441414,
0.004133881535381079,
0.06911355257034302,
-0.07179151475429535,
-0.0073093813844025135,
-0.02034154161810875,
0.03437335416674614,
-0.006502323318272829,
-0.011142909526824951,
-0.048313453793525696,
0.03378640115261078,
-0.03431832417845726,
-0.04846018925309181,
0.02426677942276001,
-0.06471141427755356,
0.023386351764202118,
-0.031181802973151207,
-0.02593592368066311,
0.015269912779331207,
0.022047368809580803,
0.029420947656035423,
0.02342303656041622,
-0.03338287025690079,
-0.04607569798827171,
-0.014279431663453579,
0.0022709982004016638,
-0.014747158624231815,
-0.011794058606028557,
-0.026816351339221,
-0.03530880808830261,
0.034886933863162994,
0.017443466931581497,
0.025385655462741852,
0.0043837944976985455,
0.014380314387381077,
-0.019699562340974808,
0.08114605396986008,
-0.0032190626952797174,
0.0034643900580704212,
-0.014178548939526081,
-0.04383794590830803,
-0.017149992287158966,
-0.032025545835494995,
0.06331740319728851,
0.013655795715749264,
0.0027788488660007715,
0.03596912696957588,
0.004175151698291302,
-0.006227189674973488,
0.019241007044911385,
-0.02360645867884159,
-0.0061813341453671455,
0.049340616911649704,
-0.00014917398220859468,
-0.0545864962041378,
0.029237525537610054,
-0.038335274904966354,
-0.028980735689401627,
0.018048761412501335,
0.04585559293627739,
-0.05018436163663864,
0.033456239849328995,
0.03275923430919647,
0.016636408865451813,
-0.005163339897990227,
-0.040059447288513184,
-0.052422113716602325,
0.017360927537083626,
0.0017149992054328322,
-0.030943354591727257,
-0.02545902505517006,
-0.05590713769197464,
0.02389993518590927,
-0.06595868617296219,
-0.015930233523249626,
0.03694126754999161,
0.005979569163173437,
0.019222663715481758,
-0.015214885585010052,
0.0731855258345604,
-0.04882703721523285,
0.04031623899936676,
0.03622591868042946,
0.03697795048356056,
-0.056053876876831055,
0.002742164535447955,
0.0674627497792244,
-0.018571514636278152,
-0.033034369349479675,
0.02289111167192459,
0.003955044783651829,
-0.013747506774961948,
-0.051358263939619064,
0.039582546800374985,
0.042370568960905075,
0.005264222156256437,
0.059355478733778,
0.022395871579647064,
0.011317159980535507,
0.02758672460913658,
-0.004115539602935314,
0.04204040765762329,
0.00497991731390357,
-0.04251730442047119,
0.01737009920179844,
0.0191492959856987,
-0.010519272647798061,
0.02503715455532074,
0.016462158411741257,
0.06959044933319092,
-0.014563736505806446,
-0.004470920190215111,
0.05961227044463158,
-0.05121152475476265,
-0.05370607227087021,
-0.02622939832508564,
-0.014426169916987419,
-0.039399124681949615,
-0.000614464923273772,
0.11174090951681137,
0.006039181724190712,
0.031438592821359634,
-0.027788490056991577,
-0.09178455173969269,
0.02949431724846363,
-0.03002624213695526,
0.021845605224370956,
0.0617399699985981,
-0.017305901274085045,
0.013243095017969608,
-0.012527748011052608,
0.04060971364378929,
0.01713164895772934,
-0.003015005262568593,
-0.021258652210235596,
-0.017388440668582916,
0.07542327791452408,
0.009712214581668377,
-0.0017688794760033488,
-0.006401440594345331,
0.014416998252272606,
-0.001706974464468658,
-0.004149931017309427,
-0.04405805468559265,
0.04746970906853676,
0.01710413582623005,
0.02169886603951454,
0.027568383142352104,
-0.03334618732333183,
0.0027169438544660807,
0.00027828614111058414,
-0.010244139470160007,
0.055870454758405685,
-0.0215337872505188,
-0.00848786998540163,
-0.02193731628358364,
-0.02116694115102291,
0.00619967607781291,
0.01031750813126564,
-0.04750639572739601,
-0.03474019840359688,
-0.03573067858815193,
0.04574554041028023,
-0.0011418042704463005,
-0.06313397735357285,
0.008533725515007973,
0.005420131143182516,
0.00018256258044857532,
-0.02283608540892601,
0.015407479368150234,
0.031145118176937103,
0.029292553663253784,
0.02069004438817501,
-0.00034878909355029464,
0.0009056479902938008,
-0.006690330803394318,
-0.0111245671287179,
-0.020653359591960907,
0.020910151302814484,
-0.021368706598877907,
0.013490715064108372,
-0.034941960126161575,
0.03461180254817009,
0.007373579312115908,
-0.02580752782523632,
0.04768981784582138,
-0.004704783670604229,
-0.016884028911590576,
0.027696778997778893,
-0.038922227919101715,
0.00907023623585701,
-0.011500583030283451,
-0.021497102454304695,
0.0012323691044002771,
-0.009638845920562744,
-0.019772931933403015,
-0.004787323996424675,
-0.040059447288513184,
-0.04079313576221466,
-0.01659972406923771,
0.015389136970043182,
0.03983933851122856,
-0.022432556375861168,
0.01694822683930397,
-0.0017562692519277334,
0.01609531231224537,
0.027990253642201424,
0.03264918178319931,
-0.03668447583913803,
-0.023624802008271217,
-0.014105180278420448,
-0.012848736718297005,
0.028944050893187523,
-0.00777710834518075,
-0.038151852786540985,
-0.04288415238261223,
0.0012060020817443728,
0.06309729814529419,
-0.013903415761888027,
0.04193035513162613,
-0.015636757016181946,
0.028283730149269104,
0.009840610437095165,
0.024780362844467163,
0.02789854258298874,
0.016636408865451813,
0.022322501987218857,
0.027696778997778893,
0.027274906635284424,
0.024248437955975533,
0.03033806011080742,
-0.048863720148801804,
0.015407479368150234,
0.027935227379202843,
-0.01132633164525032,
0.010445903986692429,
0.018287209793925285,
0.03068656288087368,
0.012087534181773663,
-0.03760158643126488,
-0.021368706598877907,
0.06019922345876694,
-0.0032442831434309483,
0.025587420910596848,
-0.025605762377381325,
0.02516554854810238,
0.026247741654515266,
-0.008698806166648865,
-0.02938426472246647,
0.01084943301975727,
-0.005617310293018818,
-0.021185284480452538,
0.01026248186826706,
-0.032557472586631775,
-0.025367313995957375,
0.03980265557765961,
0.001110851764678955,
-0.03395147994160652,
0.02461528219282627,
-0.04413142427802086,
-0.012270956300199032,
0.023533090949058533,
-0.00914819072932005,
0.0006700648809783161,
0.03609752282500267,
-0.0017906608991324902,
-0.0021414561197161674,
-0.03336453065276146,
-0.007712910883128643,
0.0531558021903038,
0.02604597620666027,
0.03705132007598877,
0.03840864449739456,
0.023698169738054276,
0.025715816766023636,
0.0035698579158633947,
0.0036661545746028423,
0.03525377810001373,
0.033933140337467194,
0.03294265642762184,
-0.015114003792405128,
-0.023239614441990852,
0.04853355884552002,
0.01320641115307808,
0.03222731128334999,
-0.01531576830893755,
0.03567565232515335,
0.003170914249494672,
-0.0004319023573771119,
-0.01710413582623005,
0.016874859109520912,
-0.0674627497792244,
-0.016242051497101784,
-0.00940039660781622,
-0.0024509814102202654,
0.01564592868089676,
-0.032374050468206406,
0.0032419904600828886,
0.045708853751420975,
0.0356389656662941,
-0.02580752782523632,
0.012215930037200451,
0.012509405612945557,
0.04182030260562897,
0.03694126754999161,
0.02432180568575859,
-0.013683308847248554,
-0.014793014153838158,
-0.0026023047976195812,
-0.032374050468206406,
0.015664270147681236,
-0.0646013617515564,
0.029824478551745415,
0.011812401004135609,
0.018122131004929543,
0.037546560168266296,
0.00009034985123435035,
-0.030429771170020103,
-0.013151383958756924,
0.007281868252903223,
0.00827693473547697,
-0.02593592368066311,
0.010757721960544586,
-0.03778500854969025,
0.004993673879653215,
-0.004427357576787472,
-0.0009308685548603535,
0.001908739097416401,
0.004599316045641899,
0.006034595891833305,
-0.02789854258298874,
-0.01582935079932213,
0.002992077497765422,
-0.02206571213901043,
0.008932669647037983,
0.03710634633898735,
0.024431860074400902,
0.01721419021487236,
0.031200146302580833,
-0.03264918178319931,
0.05205526947975159,
-0.007722082082182169,
0.016966570168733597,
0.027531698346138,
-0.043214309960603714,
0.004071976523846388,
0.006002496927976608,
0.061593230813741684,
0.009849781170487404,
-0.02146041765809059,
-0.023643143475055695,
0.05044115334749222,
0.0011561341816559434,
-0.036079179495573044,
-0.006772871129214764,
0.03683121129870415,
-0.026192715391516685,
0.05535687133669853,
0.0037120103370398283,
-0.04658928140997887,
0.04251730442047119,
-0.02063501626253128,
0.009528792463243008,
0.016104483976960182,
0.03501532971858978,
-0.0035561013501137495,
0.010308337397873402,
0.025422340258955956,
-0.0014925996074452996,
-0.03943581134080887,
0.011583122424781322,
0.009638845920562744,
-0.014609592035412788,
0.0478365533053875,
-0.033327843993902206,
-0.04728628695011139,
0.023771539330482483,
-0.005080799572169781,
-0.01607697084546089,
-0.005906200502067804,
0.0012713463511317968,
0.014903067611157894,
0.06434457004070282,
0.05667751282453537,
0.012325983494520187,
0.03384142741560936,
0.03389645367860794,
-0.05084468051791191,
0.02866891585290432,
0.023037848994135857,
-0.008519968949258327,
0.013674138113856316,
0.03246575966477394,
0.05898863449692726,
-0.061813339591026306,
0.022230790928006172,
0.07689065486192703,
0.048093345016241074,
0.011078711599111557,
0.006612376309931278,
0.019882984459400177,
-0.006406026426702738,
0.020139776170253754,
-0.01705828122794628,
0.029182499274611473,
-0.02100186236202717,
-0.0044136010110378265,
-0.04185698553919792,
0.011445555835962296,
0.01731507107615471,
-0.027274906635284424,
-0.005631066858768463,
0.0075707584619522095,
-0.01780114136636257,
0.0004141333338338882,
0.027495013549923897,
0.012280127964913845,
-0.06291387230157852,
0.025550736114382744,
-0.03721639886498451,
-0.006901266518980265,
-0.022450897842645645,
-0.010565128177404404,
-0.027256565168499947,
0.007029662374407053,
0.029934531077742577,
0.016452986747026443,
-0.029751108959317207,
0.0167648047208786,
-0.005135826300829649,
-0.010922802612185478,
-0.0058465879410505295,
-0.05161505565047264,
-0.004984503146260977,
-0.0036753257736563683,
0.032612498849630356,
-0.023276299238204956,
0.005933713633567095,
-0.005149582866579294,
-0.01777362823486328,
0.02437683381140232,
0.026779666543006897,
0.005080799572169781,
-0.03914233297109604,
0.011858256533741951,
-0.016251221299171448,
-0.04358115419745445,
0.010711866430938244,
0.014701303094625473,
0.06808638572692871,
-0.020176460966467857,
0.04978083074092865,
0.002485373057425022,
-0.034648485481739044,
0.04614906758069992,
0.02808196470141411,
0.03391479700803757,
0.0005196011625230312,
-0.00548432907089591,
0.0075707584619522095,
0.042077090591192245,
0.021625498309731483,
-0.042077090591192245,
-0.03312607854604721,
-0.016939055174589157,
0.027495013549923897,
-0.03774832561612129,
-0.014050154015421867,
0.04394800215959549,
0.0320989154279232,
-0.00042731681605800986,
0.008969354443252087,
0.01343568880110979,
0.00426915567368269,
-0.017736943438649178,
-0.08730904757976532,
0.03756490349769592,
0.008914327248930931,
0.02069004438817501,
0.03222731128334999,
-0.01700325310230255,
0.003732645185664296,
0.0167648047208786,
0.040169499814510345,
0.02848549373447895,
0.013343977741897106,
-0.0002686851075850427,
0.02562410570681095,
-0.03026469051837921,
-0.003817478194832802,
-0.04721291735768318,
0.0037303525023162365,
-0.002950807334855199,
-0.019552825018763542,
0.029604371637105942,
0.032392390072345734,
0.000025632560209487565,
-0.03121848776936531,
0.010693524032831192,
-0.008419087156653404,
-0.021662181243300438,
0.0017184383468702435,
-0.026834692806005478,
-0.0016450694529339671,
-0.024248437955975533,
0.04519527405500412,
-0.03198886290192604,
-0.03881217539310455,
-0.03281426057219505,
-0.032208967953920364,
-0.03800511732697487,
-0.02074507065117359,
-0.007336894981563091,
0.040352921932935715,
-0.0045098974369466305,
-0.0001215889715240337,
0.00940039660781622,
0.027128169313073158,
-0.017278388142585754,
-0.012747854925692081,
-0.0019236421212553978,
-0.007534074131399393,
-0.024890415370464325,
-0.046772703528404236,
-0.02158881351351738,
0.006103379651904106,
-0.054036229848861694,
0.016242051497101784,
0.025605762377381325,
0.0069700502790510654,
-0.026687955483794212,
0.012142561376094818,
0.0028751457575708628,
-0.02665127068758011,
-0.03771163895726204,
0.05249548330903053,
0.03296099975705147,
-0.002467030892148614,
-0.01007905974984169,
0.02789854258298874,
-0.008437429554760456,
0.014554564841091633,
0.0008334253798238933,
-0.0007153472397476435,
0.03167704492807388,
-0.008799687959253788,
0.03389645367860794,
-0.006438125390559435,
0.00017855020996648818,
0.021093573421239853,
-0.015893548727035522,
0.0015464798780158162,
0.009207802824676037,
0.035070355981588364,
-0.019057584926486015,
0.03683121129870415,
-0.012857908383011818,
0.007772522978484631,
-0.0351620689034462,
-0.03365800529718399,
-0.019002558663487434,
0.006176748313009739,
0.017434297129511833,
-0.02076341211795807,
-0.023404695093631744,
0.0181954987347126,
-0.01790202409029007,
0.028797311708331108,
0.00942790973931551,
-0.013839217834174633,
0.029531002044677734,
-0.02516554854810238,
0.005727363750338554,
0.025110522285103798,
-0.03281426057219505,
-0.0016863393830135465,
-0.024486886337399483,
-0.011335502378642559,
0.004461748991161585,
-0.003471268340945244,
0.02663292922079563,
-0.0032465760596096516,
-0.008877642452716827,
-0.03914233297109604,
0.023753197863698006,
-0.027513355016708374,
-0.01737009920179844,
0.010189113207161427,
-0.017883680760860443,
-0.044461581856012344,
-0.009831438772380352,
0.024046672508120537,
0.01575598120689392,
0.0022503631189465523,
0.014747158624231815,
0.001523552113212645,
0.023056192323565483,
0.009969006292521954,
-0.007506560534238815,
0.018122131004929543,
0.004441114142537117,
-0.013775019906461239,
0.00594747019931674,
-0.06148317828774452,
0.03044811449944973,
-0.015866035595536232,
-0.03771163895726204,
0.02633945271372795,
0.009620503522455692,
-0.08077920973300934,
0.03567565232515335,
0.026559559628367424,
0.039289072155952454,
0.022432556375861168,
-0.02909078821539879,
0.006800384260714054,
0.009822268038988113,
0.02492710016667843,
0.014692132361233234,
0.009102335199713707,
-0.023111218586564064,
-0.02635779418051243,
-0.016462158411741257,
0.005851173773407936,
0.022854426875710487,
0.03193383663892746,
-0.026431163772940636,
0.06225355342030525,
-0.021185284480452538,
-0.027531698346138,
0.034410037100315094,
-0.020323198288679123,
0.015269912779331207,
-0.045635487884283066,
0.008492455817759037,
0.012867079116404057,
0.03881217539310455,
-0.05678756535053253,
-0.015655100345611572,
0.07186488807201385,
0.0022388992365449667,
0.03950917720794678,
0.0007835574215278029,
-0.06617879122495651,
0.04071976616978645
] |
Biological signals, such as electroencephalograms (EEG), play a crucial role
in numerous clinical applications, exhibiting diverse data formats and quality
profiles. Current deep learning models for biosignals are typically specialized
for specific datasets and clinical settings, limiting their broader
applicability. Motivated by the success of large language models in text
processing, we explore the development of foundational models that are trained
from multiple data sources and can be fine-tuned on different downstream
biosignal tasks.
To overcome the unique challenges associated with biosignals of various
formats, such as mismatched channels, variable sample lengths, and prevalent
missing values, we propose a Biosignal Transformer (\method). The proposed
\method model can enable cross-data learning with mismatched channels, variable
lengths, and missing values by tokenizing diverse biosignals into unified
"biosignal sentences". Specifically, we tokenize each channel into fixed-length
segments containing local signal features, flattening them to form consistent
"sentences". Channel embeddings and {\em relative} position embeddings are
added to preserve spatio-temporal features.
The \method model is versatile and applicable to various biosignal learning
settings across different datasets, including joint pre-training for larger
models. Comprehensive evaluations on EEG, electrocardiogram (ECG), and human
activity sensory signals demonstrate that \method outperforms robust baselines
in common settings and facilitates learning across multiple datasets with
different formats. Use CHB-MIT seizure detection task as an example, our
vanilla \method model shows 3\% improvement over baselines in balanced
accuracy, and the pre-trained \method models (optimized from other data
sources) can further bring up to 4\% improvements. | [
0.0300477035343647,
0.02462073788046837,
-0.015639370307326317,
-0.027897723019123077,
0.04084961861371994,
0.03490249812602997,
0.01469441968947649,
0.012769840657711029,
-0.015049859881401062,
0.02491549402475357,
-0.002049199538305402,
-0.03769400343298912,
0.00017325002409052104,
-0.01674036867916584,
0.02370179444551468,
-0.00011087188613601029,
-0.00856957770884037,
-0.016532305628061295,
0.004963159095495939,
0.0016124849207699299,
-0.027481598779559135,
-0.007680976763367653,
-0.015327276661992073,
-0.058188166469335556,
0.018222814425826073,
0.03190292790532112,
0.041681867092847824,
0.00982228759676218,
-0.05707849934697151,
0.00809710193425417,
0.04310363158583641,
0.006827053148299456,
-0.030758583918213844,
-0.045773766934871674,
-0.04067623242735863,
-0.043797172605991364,
0.04653666168451309,
0.07538800686597824,
-0.03980930522084236,
0.006501955445855856,
0.006792376283556223,
0.035509344190359116,
-0.023927196860313416,
-0.049345508217811584,
-0.03072390705347061,
-0.03110535442829132,
-0.04501086845993996,
-0.04088429734110832,
0.04483748599886894,
-0.006155184470117092,
-0.017442578449845314,
-0.019557882100343704,
0.020875612273812294,
0.009336807765066624,
-0.04046817123889923,
0.05638495832681656,
0.04757697507739067,
0.012830525636672974,
0.10347644984722137,
0.013558744452893734,
-0.030221089720726013,
0.0006128093227744102,
0.001174686593003571,
0.0015908117638900876,
0.0574946254491806,
0.018864339217543602,
0.003010405460372567,
-0.02092762663960457,
0.0057173860259354115,
0.036549657583236694,
-0.06460342556238174,
-0.02082359604537487,
-0.02567838877439499,
0.03174687922000885,
-0.009770271368324757,
0.008149117231369019,
0.044352006167173386,
0.06404859572649002,
0.0026592998765408993,
0.024135258048772812,
0.03783271089196205,
0.07185094058513641,
-0.02280019037425518,
0.056835759431123734,
0.0672735646367073,
-0.0026397937908768654,
-0.015405300073325634,
-0.03731255605816841,
-0.02647596225142479,
0.007334205787628889,
-0.017035122960805893,
0.012379723601043224,
-0.04806245490908623,
0.02519291080534458,
-0.044733453541994095,
-0.02937150001525879,
0.04938018321990967,
-0.0035869120620191097,
-0.06377118080854416,
-0.009172092191874981,
0.01349805947393179,
-0.009163422510027885,
-0.02793239988386631,
-0.03481580317020416,
-0.01870829239487648,
-0.042514119297266006,
-0.006762033794075251,
0.0511140376329422,
-0.012631132267415524,
0.08156052976846695,
-0.03542265295982361,
-0.02541831135749817,
0.0047507621347904205,
0.012284360826015472,
-0.07192029803991318,
-0.02531427890062332,
-0.03807545080780983,
-0.046189893037080765,
0.00802774727344513,
-0.04719552770256996,
0.024430014193058014,
0.02647596225142479,
-0.028764650225639343,
0.04573908820748329,
-0.03731255605816841,
0.07559607177972794,
-0.0025704398285597563,
-0.005418295972049236,
-0.002886868314817548,
0.07864765077829361,
0.00890334416180849,
0.05135677754878998,
-0.019540542736649513,
0.009683579206466675,
0.07434768974781036,
0.007854362018406391,
0.0028370199725031853,
0.08128311485052109,
-0.007915046997368336,
-0.04677940160036087,
-0.028140462934970856,
0.01608150266110897,
0.010377121157944202,
0.028955375775694847,
0.019800622016191483,
0.010949293151497841,
-0.013420036062598228,
0.0888427197933197,
0.002715650014579296,
0.004026877693831921,
-0.03505854308605194,
0.052258383482694626,
0.0066276597790420055,
-0.012917217798531055,
0.015292598865926266,
-0.00563502823933959,
0.022314710542559624,
-0.006614656187593937,
-0.012943225912749767,
-0.005062855780124664,
0.05406159162521362,
-0.020182069391012192,
0.041161712259054184,
-0.0058517600409686565,
0.018118781968951225,
0.06307763606309891,
0.056731726974248886,
-0.018604261800646782,
-0.03897705674171448,
0.0585002601146698,
-0.02793239988386631,
0.04504554718732834,
-0.027221519500017166,
0.022626804187893867,
-0.01697443798184395,
0.03292590379714966,
0.05947121977806091,
0.0020351121202111244,
-0.06661470234394073,
0.016176864504814148,
-0.02241874299943447,
0.013680114410817623,
0.03686175122857094,
-0.0050065056420862675,
0.03256179392337799,
0.06782840192317963,
0.05999137461185455,
0.01777201145887375,
-0.0062852236442267895,
-0.006241877097636461,
0.029562223702669144,
0.0028305179439485073,
0.052258383482694626,
-0.07809282094240189,
0.0007293026428669691,
-0.03509322181344032,
-0.01309927273541689,
-0.004503687843680382,
0.027377566322684288,
-0.011391425505280495,
-0.04390120133757591,
-0.019575219601392746,
-0.0047507621347904205,
0.03859560564160347,
-0.023008253425359726,
0.026406608521938324,
0.0300477035343647,
0.00017650099471211433,
0.016263557597994804,
-0.061690554022789,
-0.0001607879385119304,
-0.024013888090848923,
-0.029579563066363335,
-0.036549657583236694,
-0.011625496670603752,
-0.04667536914348602,
0.012882540933787823,
-0.024742107838392258,
0.017589956521987915,
0.021794553846120834,
0.043693140149116516,
0.01067187637090683,
0.03949721157550812,
-0.03223235905170441,
0.005357611458748579,
-0.012570447288453579,
-0.015899447724223137,
-0.004919813014566898,
0.034607741981744766,
0.06495019793510437,
0.007217170670628548,
0.03016907349228859,
0.02241874299943447,
-0.01711314730346203,
-0.020858272910118103,
-0.012639801017940044,
0.09987003356218338,
-0.012587785720825195,
-0.017295202240347862,
-0.022609466686844826,
0.003977029584348202,
0.018344184383749962,
-0.013836161233484745,
-0.0411270372569561,
0.039601244032382965,
0.020736902952194214,
-0.030741244554519653,
0.08162987977266312,
0.010767238214612007,
0.01950586587190628,
-0.025626374408602715,
0.021638507023453712,
0.03372347727417946,
0.0339488759636879,
-0.03334202617406845,
-0.006150849629193544,
0.0073862215504050255,
-0.0318509116768837,
0.010169058106839657,
-0.021187705919146538,
0.08031215518712997,
0.022973576560616493,
-0.041161712259054184,
-0.007035115733742714,
0.006133511196821928,
0.00994365755468607,
0.051079362630844116,
0.023875180631875992,
0.03297791630029678,
-0.03620288893580437,
-0.015405300073325634,
-0.046710047870874405,
-0.03637627512216568,
-0.016246220096945763,
0.05586479976773262,
-0.022990914061665535,
0.018604261800646782,
-0.015465985052287579,
0.008292160928249359,
0.018881678581237793,
0.016367590054869652,
0.022436080500483513,
0.01726919412612915,
0.031573496758937836,
-0.029961010441184044,
-0.010611191391944885,
0.014364986680448055,
-0.011235378682613373,
-0.03188559040427208,
-0.045912474393844604,
0.00889467541128397,
-0.040260106325149536,
-0.055795446038246155,
0.022436080500483513,
0.04702214151620865,
-0.012379723601043224,
-0.021447783336043358,
-0.021811893209815025,
0.02597314491868019,
-0.024013888090848923,
-0.050663236528635025,
-0.0075639416463673115,
0.03797141835093498,
0.03627224266529083,
-0.049206797033548355,
-0.020234085619449615,
0.06533164530992508,
0.056731726974248886,
-0.022748174145817757,
0.004035546910017729,
0.027325551956892014,
-0.004163418896496296,
-0.03131341561675072,
-0.002542264526709914,
-0.01430430170148611,
0.052778538316488266,
0.008136113174259663,
-0.0014325975207611918,
0.009596886113286018,
-0.025487665086984634,
-0.060788948088884354,
0.02092762663960457,
-0.08315567672252655,
0.0569051131606102,
-0.000007953889507916756,
-0.01674036867916584,
0.06505423039197922,
0.07070659846067429,
0.03030778095126152,
-0.034070245921611786,
0.0051842257380485535,
-0.02068488672375679,
-0.04358910769224167,
-0.005452973302453756,
0.051599517464637756,
0.012544439174234867,
-0.03651498258113861,
0.005934117827564478,
-0.05981798842549324,
-0.04074558615684509,
-0.012215007096529007,
-0.025071540847420692,
-0.08260083943605423,
-0.050108402967453,
0.0044083259999752045,
-0.015240583568811417,
-0.04400523379445076,
0.03994801267981529,
-0.06786307692527771,
-0.049068089574575424,
0.0009053972898982465,
-0.01846555434167385,
0.0027481599245220423,
-0.012215007096529007,
-0.0034005227498710155,
-0.01014305092394352,
-0.007009108085185289,
-0.029978349804878235,
0.017737334594130516,
-0.012683147564530373,
-0.026527978479862213,
-0.025071540847420692,
-0.049726955592632294,
0.003058086382225156,
-0.06918080896139145,
-0.045912474393844604,
-0.013472051359713078,
-0.0369311086833477,
0.008114440366625786,
0.010853931307792664,
-0.044456034898757935,
0.015613362193107605,
0.00837451871484518,
0.007342875003814697,
0.0020502833649516106,
-0.0006355661316774786,
0.02621588483452797,
0.00889467541128397,
-0.020996982231736183,
0.08752498775720596,
-0.062418773770332336,
-0.0014911150792613626,
-0.03211098909378052,
-0.01583009399473667,
0.018500231206417084,
0.029440853744745255,
0.024568721652030945,
-0.039219796657562256,
-0.07524929940700531,
0.048270516097545624,
0.015752071514725685,
-0.027689659968018532,
0.000995882786810398,
-0.07656702399253845,
0.05465110391378403,
0.04057220369577408,
0.025071540847420692,
0.01125271711498499,
0.04965760186314583,
0.027117488905787468,
-0.004286956042051315,
0.003697445383295417,
-0.0316428504884243,
-0.0272561963647604,
-0.0234590545296669,
-0.018777647987008095,
-0.025400971993803978,
0.011642835102975368,
0.05586479976773262,
-0.025713065639138222,
-0.005830086767673492,
-0.044594746083021164,
-0.010827923193573952,
-0.04105767980217934,
0.016150856390595436,
0.0042956252582371235,
-0.04698746278882027,
0.02912876009941101,
0.03429564833641052,
0.0035739082377403975,
-0.042756859213113785,
0.022089309990406036,
0.03280453383922577,
-0.005487650167196989,
0.0005862596444785595,
-0.0010213488712906837,
0.036168210208415985,
0.003909842576831579,
-0.03198961913585663,
0.0032379738986492157,
0.015387961640954018,
0.02659733220934868,
0.010888608172535896,
-0.032336391508579254,
-0.020598195493221283,
-0.016809722408652306,
0.04265282675623894,
-0.004414827562868595,
-0.0369311086833477,
-0.03582144156098366,
-0.005370615050196648,
-0.005587346851825714,
-0.0280537698417902,
-0.03824883699417114,
-0.02581709809601307,
-0.026146529242396355,
0.002624622778967023,
0.02739490568637848,
0.00289987213909626,
0.0051192063838243484,
-0.027706999331712723,
0.02056351862847805,
-0.05534464493393898,
0.010585183277726173,
-0.022436080500483513,
0.0007347209611907601,
0.037104491144418716,
-0.0326484851539135,
0.035231929272413254,
-0.02347639389336109,
0.001172519288957119,
0.03252711519598961,
0.04150848463177681,
0.003157783066853881,
0.01259645540267229,
0.020996982231736183,
-0.024932831525802612,
-0.04820116236805916,
0.004215434659272432,
0.03436500206589699,
-0.00017460458911955357,
-0.02264414355158806,
0.009735594503581524,
0.009302130900323391,
-0.005903775338083506,
0.012076298706233501,
-0.04820116236805916,
-0.03479846566915512,
0.02741224318742752,
0.012683147564530373,
-0.0037711341865360737,
-0.024065904319286346,
0.05572609230875969,
-0.018621601164340973,
-0.017754672095179558,
0.006038149353116751,
-0.05544867739081383,
0.027637645602226257,
0.004668403882533312,
-0.02977028675377369,
-0.006033814512193203,
-0.04560038074851036,
0.01697443798184395,
0.011963598430156708,
0.034590404480695724,
-0.04088429734110832,
-0.027863046154379845,
0.02673604153096676,
0.07698315382003784,
0.008322502486407757,
-0.014338979497551918,
0.04376249387860298,
0.06723888963460922,
0.013316004537045956,
0.015483323484659195,
0.009172092191874981,
-0.0016710025956854224,
0.01607283391058445,
-0.0332379974424839,
0.007763334549963474,
0.00217382051050663,
-0.03755529597401619,
0.031434785574674606,
-0.03375815227627754,
-0.033515412360429764,
0.019956668838858604,
-0.01622888073325157,
-0.012067629024386406,
0.00704811979085207,
0.030758583918213844,
0.026788055896759033,
0.026978779584169388,
0.03481580317020416,
0.040780264884233475,
-0.056593019515275955,
-0.012353715486824512,
0.008439538069069386,
0.008348510600626469,
0.01329866610467434,
-0.008530565537512302,
-0.04969227686524391,
-0.025591695681214333,
-0.027828369289636612,
0.009276122786104679,
0.03162551298737526,
0.016246220096945763,
-0.022245356813073158,
0.012977902777493,
-0.006605986505746841,
-0.03745126351714134,
-0.027325551956892014,
0.04345040023326874,
0.013957531191408634,
-0.0034742115531116724,
-0.002271349774673581,
-0.011035985313355923,
0.04584312066435814,
-0.026111852377653122,
-0.003534896532073617,
0.03689642995595932,
0.016809722408652306,
0.014893812127411366,
-0.02358042448759079,
0.012570447288453579,
-0.02912876009941101,
-0.07413963228464127,
-0.013090603984892368,
-0.03308194875717163,
-0.01495449710637331,
-0.009050722233951092,
-0.016168195754289627,
0.00810143630951643,
-0.027620306238532066,
-0.002889035502448678,
0.029544886201620102,
-0.02014739252626896,
0.00032265952904708683,
0.04705682024359703,
0.027308212593197823,
0.029995687305927277,
-0.03939317911863327,
0.012605124153196812,
-0.03790206462144852,
0.03790206462144852,
-0.017295202240347862,
0.03192026540637016,
0.06234941631555557,
-0.03072390705347061,
0.008409195579588413,
0.002962724305689335,
0.022990914061665535,
-0.013636767864227295,
0.008955360390245914,
0.035786762833595276,
-0.019471189007163048,
-0.02449936792254448,
-0.032076314091682434,
-0.0626961886882782,
-0.008738627657294273,
0.005834421142935753,
0.018292168155312538,
0.0040182084776461124,
0.02687474898993969,
-0.017477255314588547,
-0.005322934128344059,
-0.031556155532598495,
-0.011781543493270874,
0.036688368767499924,
0.05454707145690918,
-0.028088446706533432,
0.016419604420661926,
0.03824883699417114,
0.03476378694176674,
0.033931538462638855,
0.012431738898158073,
-0.02807110920548439,
0.022990914061665535,
-0.02226269617676735,
-0.01594279520213604,
0.0353359617292881,
0.020788919180631638,
-0.027117488905787468,
0.02699611894786358,
-0.011989605613052845,
0.016827059909701347,
0.033775489777326584,
0.028539249673485756,
-0.022696159780025482,
-0.017052462324500084,
-0.009128745645284653,
0.03765932470560074,
0.027481598779559135,
0.0644994005560875,
-0.011660173535346985,
0.01803208887577057,
0.025244925171136856,
0.0012158657191321254,
-0.048964060842990875,
0.019471189007163048,
-0.03318598121404648,
-0.02661467157304287,
-0.028123125433921814,
0.012110975570976734,
-0.0395318903028965,
0.047923747450113297,
-0.02212398685514927,
-0.011660173535346985,
-0.01938449591398239,
0.04140445217490196,
0.027100149542093277,
-0.04161251336336136,
0.017607295885682106,
0.005019509699195623,
0.032752517610788345,
-0.0022258360404521227,
-0.021534476429224014,
0.006046818569302559,
0.019332481548190117,
0.04428265243768692,
0.014798450283706188,
0.01125271711498499,
0.03398355469107628,
0.03582144156098366,
0.05326401814818382,
-0.02977028675377369,
-0.0421326719224453,
-0.003877332666888833,
-0.007507591042667627,
-0.01165150385349989,
-0.02028610184788704,
0.03308194875717163,
0.02292156033217907,
0.0350412055850029,
-0.02451670728623867,
0.04747294262051582,
-0.0756654217839241,
-0.011781543493270874,
0.010775907896459103,
0.01244907733052969,
0.0061638536863029,
0.04521893337368965,
-0.05048985034227371,
-0.018742969259619713,
-0.014156924560666084,
0.025869112461805344,
-0.04428265243768692,
0.030619874596595764,
-0.0031079347245395184,
0.0017815358005464077,
-0.03745126351714134,
-0.003168619703501463,
-0.024690091609954834,
-0.031798895448446274,
-0.013307335786521435,
0.05596883222460747,
-0.02290422096848488,
0.043172985315322876,
-0.02110101282596588,
-0.017286531627178192,
0.013428705744445324,
-0.012683147564530373,
-0.02607717551290989,
-0.014833128079771996,
-0.011790212243795395,
0.018742969259619713,
0.05576077103614807,
-0.0379367433488369,
0.031053338199853897,
0.05243176966905594,
-0.005500654224306345,
-0.026285238564014435,
0.0137754762545228,
-0.002685307525098324,
-0.004889470525085926,
0.021811893209815025,
0.027204181998968124,
0.031278740614652634,
-0.06300828605890274,
-0.013203304260969162,
-0.03370613604784012,
-0.012431738898158073,
0.007134812418371439,
-0.0006046818452887237,
0.023424377664923668,
0.030637213960289955,
0.0070177773013710976,
-0.021031659096479416,
0.04469877481460571,
-0.04015607759356499,
0.048547934740781784,
-0.003983531147241592,
0.05728656053543091,
0.03420895338058472,
-0.03543999046087265,
0.04140445217490196,
0.04861728847026825,
-0.0036410950124263763,
0.0056523666717112064,
0.0301517341285944,
-0.010463813319802284,
0.04483748599886894,
0.001638492802157998,
-0.04456006735563278,
0.029822302982211113,
0.0371391698718071,
-0.007204166613519192,
-0.047230202704668045,
0.046848755329847336,
-0.034347664564847946,
0.02517557144165039,
0.01752927154302597,
-0.020719565451145172,
-0.037104491144418716,
-0.0037256204523146152,
0.020078038796782494,
0.05413094535470009,
-0.02278285101056099,
0.051703549921512604,
-0.027585629373788834,
-0.03257913142442703,
0.06418730318546295,
-0.023060267791152,
0.019003048539161682,
-0.010559175163507462,
-0.0010982886888086796,
0.023909857496619225,
0.012683147564530373,
-0.01872563175857067,
0.01022107433527708,
-0.029596900567412376,
0.024412674829363823,
0.01858692243695259,
-0.013116611167788506,
0.05392288416624069,
0.010663206689059734,
0.023164300248026848,
-0.052639830857515335,
0.003276985604315996,
0.007295194081962109,
-0.03337670490145683,
0.02293889783322811,
0.017312539741396904,
0.06602519005537033,
-0.042618151754140854,
0.019991345703601837,
0.030411813408136368,
0.008231475949287415,
-0.022176003083586693,
0.012136983685195446,
0.003140444401651621,
-0.04279153421521187,
-0.0023016922641545534,
0.012223675847053528,
0.03984398394823074,
-0.026684025302529335,
-0.02659733220934868,
-0.012058960273861885,
-0.0624881274998188,
0.0062072002328932285,
0.012691817246377468,
-0.013333342969417572,
-0.029995687305927277,
0.03401822969317436,
0.038144804537296295,
0.023944534361362457,
0.0042241038754582405,
-0.021309075877070427,
0.014685750007629395,
-0.0640832707285881,
-0.023823164403438568,
0.01495449710637331,
-0.024013888090848923,
0.03330735117197037,
0.01895103231072426,
0.011660173535346985,
-0.03488515689969063,
-0.02462073788046837,
-0.03890770301222801,
0.029943672940135002,
0.00007389201346086338,
-0.02070222608745098,
-0.0014781112549826503,
0.03176422044634819,
0.01910707913339138,
0.04178589954972267,
-0.02439533732831478,
-0.05236241593956947,
0.049068089574575424,
-0.0021228883415460587,
-0.03148680180311203,
0.008491553366184235,
-0.040502846240997314,
0.006697013974189758,
0.034607741981744766,
-0.0297529473900795,
-0.02134375274181366,
0.012440407648682594,
0.01701778545975685,
0.007585614454001188,
0.04390120133757591,
-0.005886436905711889,
-0.0361335352063179,
-0.026840072125196457,
0.020632872357964516,
-0.051322102546691895,
0.08135246485471725,
-0.01884700171649456,
-0.017433909699320793,
-0.009042052552103996,
0.017095807939767838,
-0.005804078653454781,
0.011304733343422413,
-0.038803670555353165,
-0.0006854144739918411,
-0.03197228163480759,
-0.03320331871509552,
-0.008010408841073513,
-0.026562655344605446,
0.0071608200669288635,
0.008578246459364891,
0.025765081867575645,
0.0019321644213050604,
0.04403991252183914,
-0.004906808957457542,
-0.027724338695406914,
-0.016384927555918694,
0.03122672438621521,
0.04265282675623894,
-0.015561346895992756,
0.012821855954825878,
0.023805826902389526,
-0.018794985488057137,
-0.006679675541818142,
-0.015231913886964321,
0.03337670490145683,
0.0005274711293168366,
0.008344176225364208,
-0.009302130900323391,
-0.023563086986541748,
-0.03991333767771721,
-0.04074558615684509,
0.012925887480378151,
-0.009770271368324757,
0.02330300770699978,
0.00804508663713932,
0.012006944045424461,
-0.03863028436899185,
-0.000724968034774065,
-0.05114871636033058,
-0.027967076748609543,
0.037485938519239426,
0.0027416578959673643,
0.048166487365961075,
0.005882102530449629,
0.03623756393790245,
0.01895103231072426,
0.0033073280937969685,
-0.02174253948032856,
-0.021794553846120834,
-0.03358476608991623,
0.020788919180631638,
0.0263545922935009,
0.009406162425875664,
-0.020095376297831535,
0.059748634696006775,
-0.01015171967446804,
0.0007298444979824126,
0.0077936770394444466,
0.00026292281108908355,
-0.010429136455059052,
0.014477687887847424,
-0.04202863946557045,
-0.04365846514701843,
-0.032353729009628296,
0.0125791160389781,
-0.019575219601392746,
0.004490683786571026,
-0.009978334419429302,
0.01495449710637331,
-0.04282621294260025,
-0.06675340980291367,
-0.021846570074558258,
0.027759015560150146,
0.03197228163480759,
0.02607717551290989,
0.011660173535346985,
0.04258347302675247,
-0.011061993427574635,
0.030775923281908035,
-0.00837018433958292,
0.00038984642014838755,
0.0656784176826477,
0.016662344336509705,
0.08336373418569565,
-0.009371484629809856,
-0.017052462324500084,
-0.03462507948279381,
0.055275291204452515,
0.005452973302453756,
0.005648031830787659,
-0.03420895338058472,
0.008326837792992592,
0.013272657990455627,
0.0032813202124089003,
0.04188993200659752,
-0.05166887119412422,
0.0026874749455600977,
-0.0005678374436683953,
-0.026805395260453224,
0.016436943784356117,
-0.016246220096945763,
0.02070222608745098,
-0.052917249500751495,
0.008690946735441685,
-0.03003036417067051,
-0.06810581684112549,
0.01700911484658718,
0.0035002194344997406,
0.019817959517240524,
0.005491985008120537,
-0.032873887568712234,
0.014997843652963638,
-0.0040117064490914345,
0.019436512142419815,
-0.02462073788046837,
0.016410935670137405,
0.00022187923605088145,
-0.018638938665390015,
-0.013342012651264668,
-0.044733453541994095,
-0.009267454035580158,
0.016142187640070915,
-0.010975300334393978,
-0.01212831400334835,
-0.021048996597528458,
-0.034573063254356384,
0.025210248306393623,
-0.025071540847420692,
-0.012960564345121384,
0.0013350681401789188,
-0.017589956521987915,
-0.021135689690709114,
-0.024325981736183167,
-0.03942785784602165,
-0.014338979497551918,
-0.022089309990406036,
0.01172085851430893,
-0.003881667274981737,
0.0010549422586336732,
0.010013011284172535,
0.010957961902022362,
-0.022834867238998413,
0.055136583745479584,
-0.040398817509412766,
0.0010099704377353191,
-0.011061993427574635,
0.02238406613469124,
-0.00235587521456182,
-0.07670573890209198,
0.002808844670653343,
0.020788919180631638,
0.007165154907852411,
0.02753361314535141,
-0.043277014046907425,
-0.03925447165966034,
-0.0003429781354498118,
-0.009926318190991879,
-0.014902481809258461,
0.013255319558084011,
0.018899017944931984,
0.003773301374167204,
-0.017217177897691727,
-0.00947551615536213,
0.017754672095179558,
-0.013836161233484745,
0.02938883937895298,
0.013073264621198177,
-0.012570447288453579,
-0.0038339863531291485,
0.007399225141853094,
0.056454312056303024,
-0.06262683123350143,
-0.02860860340297222,
-0.0016601659590378404,
-0.03278719261288643,
0.025505004450678825,
-0.00915475282818079,
0.0005672955885529518,
0.030637213960289955,
-0.008565242402255535,
-0.005335938185453415,
-0.03230171278119087,
-0.030342457816004753,
-0.04938018321990967
] |
This document serves as a position paper that outlines the authors' vision
for a potential pathway towards generalist robots. The purpose of this document
is to share the excitement of the authors with the community and highlight a
promising research direction in robotics and AI. The authors believe the
proposed paradigm is a feasible path towards accomplishing the long-standing
goal of robotics research: deploying robots, or embodied AI agents more
broadly, in various non-factory real-world settings to perform diverse tasks.
This document presents a specific idea for mining knowledge in the latest
large-scale foundation models for robotics research. Instead of directly using
or adapting these models to produce low-level policies and actions, it
advocates for a fully automated generative pipeline (termed as generative
simulation), which uses these models to generate diversified tasks, scenes and
training supervisions at scale, thereby scaling up low-level skill learning and
ultimately leading to a foundation model for robotics that empowers generalist
robots. The authors are actively pursuing this direction, but in the meantime,
they recognize that the ambitious goal of building generalist robots with
large-scale policy training demands significant resources such as computing
power and hardware, and research groups in academia alone may face severe
resource constraints in implementing the entire vision. Therefore, the authors
believe sharing their thoughts at this early stage could foster discussions,
attract interest towards the proposed pathway and related topics from industry
groups, and potentially spur significant technical advancements in the field. | [
0.003850586712360382,
-0.047207191586494446,
-0.04080621898174286,
-0.06672321259975433,
0.034840092062950134,
0.036179427057504654,
-0.0008561087306588888,
0.009192705154418945,
-0.023116566240787506,
0.019811714068055153,
-0.018194077536463737,
0.029047904536128044,
0.07597679644823074,
-0.0023525324650108814,
-0.04505034163594246,
0.06140065938234329,
0.0015795885119587183,
-0.0052442774176597595,
0.026021355763077736,
-0.03318766504526138,
-0.005913944449275732,
0.007157612591981888,
-0.08049922436475754,
0.037849247455596924,
0.03816233575344086,
-0.006005262956023216,
0.015306680463254452,
0.013410739600658417,
-0.0922575369477272,
0.047659434378147125,
0.007283718790858984,
0.016219863668084145,
-0.010210251435637474,
-0.006335747893899679,
-0.023777537047863007,
-0.0047485497780144215,
0.01974213868379593,
0.024577658623456955,
-0.05138174071907997,
0.033152878284454346,
0.030943846330046654,
0.02431674860417843,
-0.0021351079922169447,
-0.050338104367256165,
-0.015254498459398746,
-0.004713761620223522,
0.0038027532864362,
0.013810800388455391,
-0.019568199291825294,
-0.0012904140166938305,
0.00820124987512827,
-0.01859413832426071,
0.0837692841887474,
-0.014976195059716702,
-0.03927554935216904,
-0.002883048029616475,
0.035170577466487885,
-0.0258474163711071,
0.03736221417784691,
0.006335747893899679,
-0.027447661384940147,
-0.010462463833391666,
-0.06832345575094223,
0.020229170098900795,
0.0007392430561594665,
-0.05152089521288872,
0.032926756888628006,
0.01916813850402832,
-0.023881899192929268,
-0.030717724934220314,
-0.03263105824589729,
-0.043519675731658936,
-0.04758986085653305,
-0.009149219840765,
0.023220930248498917,
-0.012941102497279644,
0.08509122580289841,
0.018228864297270775,
0.0046876706182956696,
-0.0014034747146070004,
-0.000512034515850246,
0.015871983021497726,
0.003428783267736435,
-0.03659687936306,
0.05284283310174942,
-0.007927294820547104,
0.03746657818555832,
-0.06491424143314362,
0.05882635340094566,
-0.020455291494727135,
-0.0710369125008583,
0.07215012609958649,
0.011410434730350971,
-0.003963647410273552,
0.012741072103381157,
0.011775707826018333,
-0.005740005057305098,
-0.018750682473182678,
-0.010462463833391666,
-0.02308177761733532,
-0.019707350060343742,
-0.01003631204366684,
0.015602377243340015,
0.0035809804685413837,
-0.014002133160829544,
-0.022316444665193558,
0.0025286462623625994,
0.02294262684881687,
0.0043419660069048405,
0.10679887980222702,
0.035048820078372955,
-0.00674015749245882,
-0.03802318498492241,
0.03134390711784363,
-0.04595482721924782,
0.05280804634094238,
-0.03442263603210449,
-0.09072686731815338,
0.07354164123535156,
-0.01906377449631691,
0.004783337470144033,
-0.0057965354062616825,
0.05882635340094566,
-0.08056879788637161,
-0.07061945647001266,
0.013515102677047253,
-0.0399017333984375,
-0.013028072193264961,
0.018576743081212044,
0.0782032236456871,
0.0011947472812607884,
0.0351879708468914,
-0.032509300857782364,
0.04616355523467064,
0.035048820078372955,
-0.033170271664857864,
0.011253888718783855,
0.03464875742793083,
-0.030404632911086082,
0.010619009844958782,
-0.003967995755374432,
-0.023220930248498917,
-0.017463531345129013,
-0.021916383877396584,
0.024264566600322723,
-0.0005299720796756446,
0.005687823053449392,
0.07201097160577774,
-0.022559959441423416,
-0.001798100071027875,
-0.05346901714801788,
0.054234351962804794,
-0.03212663531303406,
0.008183855563402176,
-0.0021383692510426044,
-0.020907534286379814,
-0.005805232562124729,
0.002996108727529645,
0.010245039127767086,
0.048111677169799805,
0.04605919122695923,
-0.024212384596467018,
-0.006274869199842215,
0.0755593404173851,
0.02842172235250473,
0.025012506172060966,
0.054443079978227615,
0.004035397432744503,
-0.02629965916275978,
0.031187361106276512,
-0.04289349168539047,
-0.049711924046278,
0.008253431878983974,
0.019220320507884026,
-0.002356880810111761,
-0.000221772919758223,
0.018437592312693596,
0.054547443985939026,
-0.003983215428888798,
-0.032144028693437576,
-0.042858704924583435,
-0.004178897477686405,
0.024021051824092865,
0.04000609740614891,
0.03882330656051636,
0.09455353766679764,
0.07535061240196228,
0.01694171130657196,
-0.01817668229341507,
0.003061335999518633,
-0.002389494562521577,
-0.04011046141386032,
-0.012375799007713795,
0.01359337568283081,
0.0005636728601530194,
-0.06714066863059998,
-0.030508996918797493,
-0.0259865690022707,
-0.025012506172060966,
0.03854500502347946,
-0.05430392548441887,
-0.05360816791653633,
0.027899904176592827,
0.04567652568221092,
0.028230387717485428,
0.036283791065216064,
-0.021881595253944397,
0.02029874548316002,
0.031483057886362076,
-0.05026853084564209,
0.02663014456629753,
-0.022038141265511513,
-0.03743179142475128,
-0.07966431230306625,
-0.04205858334898949,
0.012793254107236862,
-0.02130759507417679,
0.02118583768606186,
0.00381797319278121,
-0.010166766121983528,
0.021377170458436012,
-0.033587727695703506,
0.016524257138371468,
-0.00935794785618782,
0.07479400932788849,
0.0020318313036113977,
0.04421543329954147,
-0.00959276594221592,
0.01715913601219654,
0.029047904536128044,
-0.017306985333561897,
0.05273846909403801,
0.04205858334898949,
0.0012501905439421535,
0.03899724781513214,
0.018646320328116417,
-0.01405431516468525,
0.023464445024728775,
-0.011019070632755756,
0.004552867729216814,
0.04658101126551628,
-0.015132741071283817,
0.011323465034365654,
-0.013558587990701199,
0.08036006987094879,
0.022786080837249756,
-0.0637662410736084,
0.04045834019780159,
0.01075816061347723,
0.007175006438046694,
-0.013349859975278378,
0.041188884526491165,
0.0009947167709469795,
-0.008670886047184467,
0.017420046031475067,
0.012514950707554817,
0.03690997138619423,
-0.0017709219828248024,
-0.018994199112057686,
0.011506101116538048,
0.017863592132925987,
0.029500147327780724,
0.01543713454157114,
0.0282999649643898,
-0.03374427184462547,
0.0009789535542950034,
0.04383276775479317,
0.01815928891301155,
0.0007876200252212584,
0.01740265265107155,
-0.0385797917842865,
-0.040875792503356934,
-0.008227340877056122,
0.037397004663944244,
-0.004061488434672356,
-0.026577962562441826,
0.027830326929688454,
0.04630270600318909,
0.03503142669796944,
0.032283179461956024,
0.06901921331882477,
-0.07173267006874084,
0.056217260658741,
-0.005613898858428001,
-0.05040768161416054,
-0.03555324301123619,
-0.019916078075766563,
0.001341508817858994,
-0.05680865794420242,
0.05305156111717224,
-0.04045834019780159,
0.027691176161170006,
-0.04435458406805992,
0.013306375592947006,
0.05148610472679138,
-0.035170577466487885,
0.018315834924578667,
0.011584374122321606,
0.013523800298571587,
-0.01673298515379429,
-0.02520384080708027,
-0.036840397864580154,
0.04818125441670418,
-0.006614051293581724,
0.009097038768231869,
0.03280499950051308,
-0.08307352662086487,
0.026056144386529922,
0.028369540348649025,
-0.014428285881876945,
0.016367711126804352,
0.008505644276738167,
-0.007601158227771521,
0.006066141650080681,
-0.013515102677047253,
0.04237167537212372,
0.04233688488602638,
-0.03089166432619095,
-0.054234351962804794,
-0.013958648778498173,
0.0028982677031308413,
-0.0039353822357952595,
-0.09789317846298218,
0.025256022810935974,
0.02351662702858448,
-0.005257322918623686,
0.025812629610300064,
0.04014524817466736,
-0.07152394205331802,
-0.012271435000002384,
-0.03624900057911873,
-0.04111931100487709,
0.019863896071910858,
0.024716809391975403,
0.010662494227290154,
-0.06588830053806305,
-0.017185227945446968,
0.03746657818555832,
-0.016367711126804352,
-0.04400670528411865,
0.007370688486844301,
-0.030300268903374672,
0.0069010513834655285,
-0.035622820258140564,
-0.01740265265107155,
-0.037397004663944244,
-0.03209184482693672,
0.050894711166620255,
-0.028734812512993813,
0.00947100855410099,
0.0010735332034528255,
0.019255107268691063,
-0.027812933549284935,
-0.017098257318139076,
0.012375799007713795,
0.010445069521665573,
0.01859413832426071,
-0.03701433539390564,
-0.014480466954410076,
0.014663103967905045,
0.00501815602183342,
-0.03530972823500633,
-0.03487487882375717,
0.039623428136110306,
-0.07089775800704956,
0.029047904536128044,
-0.015176225453615189,
-0.06435763090848923,
-0.003650556318461895,
0.014176073484122753,
-0.0037592684384435415,
0.018228864297270775,
0.01904638111591339,
-0.06261824071407318,
0.014141284860670567,
0.019863896071910858,
0.0369795486330986,
0.02040310949087143,
-0.04946840927004814,
0.034596577286720276,
0.025690870359539986,
0.033048514276742935,
0.02229904942214489,
-0.01593286171555519,
-0.004561564419418573,
0.06345314532518387,
0.0040854052640497684,
-0.0055573685094714165,
-0.0025199491064995527,
0.04383276775479317,
0.033605121076107025,
-0.040980156511068344,
-0.03868415579199791,
-0.036736033856868744,
0.008144719526171684,
0.0017078688833862543,
0.054338715970516205,
-0.0882917121052742,
0.00040794259984977543,
-0.018924623727798462,
-0.028352146968245506,
0.003998435568064451,
-0.00047507238923572004,
0.06818430125713348,
0.0034940107725560665,
-0.04226731136441231,
-0.001438262639567256,
-0.02809123694896698,
-0.011836586520075798,
-0.012662799097597599,
-0.00610527815297246,
-0.036388155072927475,
-0.008214294910430908,
-0.014697891660034657,
0.010297221131622791,
0.019255107268691063,
-0.016759075224399567,
0.014010830782353878,
0.013984739780426025,
-0.05082513764500618,
0.025342991575598717,
-0.02151632122695446,
0.03230057284235954,
0.05666950345039368,
-0.050338104367256165,
0.006166156847029924,
0.04661579802632332,
-0.01471528597176075,
-0.031256936490535736,
-0.058478474617004395,
0.05162525922060013,
-0.015567589551210403,
0.04793773964047432,
-0.028769601136446,
0.012671495787799358,
-0.010558130219578743,
-0.0008881788235157728,
0.05419956147670746,
-0.015602377243340015,
0.011888768523931503,
-0.013132436200976372,
0.015228407457470894,
-0.03969300538301468,
-0.027569418773055077,
-0.0007647904567420483,
-0.03624900057911873,
-0.023133959621191025,
-0.011688737198710442,
-0.00003482188185444102,
-0.0519731380045414,
-0.07228927314281464,
0.015306680463254452,
-0.11013852059841156,
-0.00901876576244831,
0.008366492576897144,
-0.043310947716236115,
-0.00509642856195569,
-0.025499537587165833,
0.020420502871274948,
-0.046198345720767975,
0.05583459511399269,
0.0008425196865573525,
-0.0022655625361949205,
-0.04365882650017738,
0.022646930068731308,
0.06345314532518387,
-0.036388155072927475,
-0.03610984981060028,
0.0044311098754405975,
0.06011350825428963,
0.02551693096756935,
-0.028247782960534096,
-0.010810342617332935,
0.03711869940161705,
0.028960933908820152,
0.002804775256663561,
-0.029830632731318474,
-0.009557978250086308,
0.06533169746398926,
0.009288371540606022,
-0.023916687816381454,
0.01303676888346672,
0.03899724781513214,
-0.020716199651360512,
-0.04672016203403473,
0.02196856401860714,
0.022003352642059326,
-0.021690262481570244,
0.03445742279291153,
-0.017767924815416336,
0.00017760858463589102,
-0.015889378264546394,
-0.004350663162767887,
0.00936664454638958,
0.01672428846359253,
-0.04292828217148781,
-0.023551415652036667,
-0.01793316751718521,
0.0552779883146286,
0.002870002528652549,
-0.0372578501701355,
-0.051660045981407166,
-0.0010936448816210032,
0.04292828217148781,
-0.011114737018942833,
0.02205553464591503,
0.03510100021958351,
0.028613055124878883,
-0.010131978429853916,
-0.010723372921347618,
0.002428630832582712,
0.0032939801458269358,
-0.011488706804811954,
-0.041293248534202576,
0.030056754127144814,
0.041954219341278076,
-0.0076055065728724,
0.00009084264456760138,
0.0615050233900547,
0.0019383388571441174,
-0.000057447610743111,
0.010114585049450397,
-0.03511839359998703,
0.041293248534202576,
-0.049781497567892075,
0.047659434378147125,
0.014915316365659237,
-0.014297830872237682,
0.018646320328116417,
-0.010105887427926064,
-0.0019394259434193373,
0.04303264245390892,
-0.06950624287128448,
-0.030961239710450172,
-0.011166919022798538,
-0.011732222512364388,
0.052981987595558167,
0.006474899593740702,
0.024455901235342026,
-0.01426304318010807,
-0.012062707915902138,
0.03532712161540985,
0.010175463743507862,
0.0018339750822633505,
0.018089713528752327,
-0.010218948125839233,
0.009314462542533875,
-0.00802296120673418,
0.02450808323919773,
0.010410281829535961,
0.03120475448668003,
-0.03781445696949959,
0.0002883591514546424,
0.015489316545426846,
-0.031065603718161583,
-0.006948885042220354,
-0.005613898858428001,
-0.010714676231145859,
-0.015315377153456211,
-0.07180224359035492,
0.006583611946552992,
-0.008975280448794365,
-0.028769601136446,
0.005566065665334463,
0.0007604419370181859,
-0.01803753152489662,
0.03920597583055496,
0.026264872401952744,
0.011001676321029663,
-0.0076750824227929115,
-0.00043158751213923097,
-0.004935534670948982,
-0.004337617661803961,
0.014236952178180218,
0.01472398266196251,
0.01918553188443184,
0.007488097529858351,
-0.022246867418289185,
-0.037397004663944244,
-0.024351537227630615,
-0.0016872136620804667,
-0.008714371360838413,
-0.007983825169503689,
0.06387060135602951,
0.017472228035330772,
0.013993436470627785,
-0.03579675778746605,
-0.010653797537088394,
0.03530972823500633,
-0.03624900057911873,
-0.021933777257800102,
0.03167439252138138,
0.004848564974963665,
-0.0053008077666163445,
-0.008631750009953976,
-0.03576197102665901,
0.025029901415109634,
0.0019698652904480696,
0.02996978349983692,
-0.022472988814115524,
-0.006888005882501602,
0.005413868464529514,
0.019707350060343742,
-0.014845740050077438,
-0.05673908069729805,
0.006953233387321234,
0.026612751185894012,
-0.01059291884303093,
0.006248778197914362,
-0.0029656693805009127,
-0.001503489911556244,
-0.01187137421220541,
0.0069054001942276955,
-0.060704901814460754,
0.05844368785619736,
-0.007101082243025303,
0.0351879708468914,
0.003657079068943858,
-0.016524257138371468,
0.040527913719415665,
-0.02297741360962391,
-0.009331856854259968,
0.017454832792282104,
0.0320744514465332,
0.007853370159864426,
0.05026853084564209,
0.02496032603085041,
-0.001525232451967895,
0.00610527815297246,
0.020977109670639038,
0.010462463833391666,
0.03798839822411537,
-0.024212384596467018,
-0.01053203921765089,
-0.02708238735795021,
-0.04658101126551628,
0.0005696520092897117,
0.04602440446615219,
0.0015176224987953901,
-0.025482144206762314,
-0.06522732973098755,
0.0016654711216688156,
0.01243667770177126,
0.06133108586072922,
-0.0206118356436491,
0.018889835104346275,
0.05040768161416054,
-0.03064814768731594,
0.01937686651945114,
0.030943846330046654,
-0.002565608359873295,
0.024473294615745544,
-0.005074686370790005,
0.04181506857275963,
-0.016080711036920547,
0.0052616712637245655,
-0.022351231426000595,
0.016341621056199074,
-0.0464070700109005,
0.010497251525521278,
0.012367102317512035,
-0.004424587357789278,
-0.012775859795510769,
0.013810800388455391,
0.016428589820861816,
-0.02362099103629589,
0.040736641734838486,
0.014332618564367294,
0.009218796156346798,
0.033831242471933365,
-0.005161656066775322,
-0.012975890189409256,
-0.007762052118778229,
-0.01941165328025818,
-0.009184008464217186,
0.00039761493098922074,
0.02784772217273712,
0.03132651373744011,
-0.010097190737724304,
-0.020107410848140717,
0.011958343908190727,
-0.01175831351429224,
-0.021881595253944397,
-0.02496032603085041,
0.0063096568919718266,
-0.001294762478210032,
0.006157460156828165,
0.010801645927131176,
-0.0206118356436491,
0.015576286241412163,
-0.04605919122695923,
0.004291958175599575,
-0.040423549711704254,
0.02487335540354252,
0.021377170458436012,
0.07653339952230453,
-0.022820869460701942,
-0.05673908069729805,
0.042858704924583435,
-0.03934512659907341,
-0.022246867418289185,
0.004874655976891518,
-0.02520384080708027,
0.009984130039811134,
0.044876404106616974,
-0.005487792659550905,
0.01571543887257576,
0.007427218835800886,
-0.02986541949212551,
0.0037418745923787355,
0.011932252906262875,
0.03965821862220764,
-0.035501062870025635,
0.04157155379652977,
0.05016416683793068,
0.016976499930024147,
0.010332008823752403,
-0.011888768523931503,
-0.011810495518147945,
0.03666645660996437,
-0.015671953558921814,
0.01360207237303257,
-0.0040462687611579895,
-0.04873786121606827,
-0.03287457302212715,
0.00004892049764748663,
-0.010340706445276737,
-0.034961849451065063,
0.019237713888287544,
-0.01852456107735634,
0.060913629829883575,
-0.048389982432127,
-0.016237257048487663,
0.015976347029209137,
0.014454376883804798,
0.009288371540606022,
0.014480466954410076,
-0.0011273457203060389,
0.02228165604174137,
-0.02729111537337303,
0.012714981101453304,
-0.0098101906478405,
0.03687518462538719,
-0.015524104237556458,
-0.018785471096634865,
-0.024716809391975403,
0.018420198932290077,
0.018315834924578667,
-0.028960933908820152,
-0.010384190827608109,
0.08975280821323395,
-0.0009468834032304585,
0.02720414474606514,
0.00037424181937240064,
-0.02565608359873295,
-0.001053964952006936,
0.02398626320064068,
0.021985959261655807,
0.0032809346448630095,
-0.020994503051042557,
0.018768077716231346,
0.036388155072927475,
0.012254041619598866,
0.042963068932294846,
0.02889135852456093,
0.03165699914097786,
-0.008044703863561153,
-0.01426304318010807,
0.005031201522797346,
0.023377474397420883,
0.050790347158908844,
-0.029117479920387268,
0.054999686777591705,
-0.003833192866295576,
0.021098867058753967,
0.00015953517868183553,
-0.0020807518158107996,
-0.013836891390383244,
-0.04021482169628143,
0.01873328909277916,
-0.009453614242374897,
-0.025830022990703583,
-0.015393650159239769,
0.04411106929183006,
-0.03243972733616829,
-0.0015361036639660597,
-0.00926228053867817,
-0.02294262684881687,
0.024229779839515686,
0.0169330146163702,
0.0012458419660106301,
-0.028943540528416634,
-0.02384711243212223,
0.033378999680280685,
0.08982238173484802,
-0.016880832612514496,
-0.010810342617332935,
-0.007775097619742155,
-0.022003352642059326,
-0.01927250251173973,
0.01828104630112648,
0.0014600050635635853,
-0.017437439411878586,
0.007614203728735447,
-0.010184160433709621,
0.0008985064923763275,
-0.06317484378814697,
-0.02374274842441082,
-0.002706934232264757,
0.0206118356436491,
0.011166919022798538,
0.007957734167575836,
-0.02831735834479332,
0.034840092062950134,
-0.0141499824821949,
-0.018559349700808525,
-0.00802296120673418,
0.06686235964298248,
-0.033396393060684204,
-0.060252659022808075,
-0.043206583708524704,
-0.03569239377975464,
0.03937991335988045,
0.03353554382920265,
-0.006705369800329208,
0.020455291494727135,
0.02788250893354416,
-0.016350317746400833,
0.04605919122695923,
0.008301264606416225,
0.03374427184462547,
0.04571131244301796,
-0.042197734117507935,
-0.006983672734349966,
-0.008631750009953976,
0.021794624626636505,
0.002739547984674573,
-0.005644338205456734,
0.022125110030174255,
0.030300268903374672,
-0.029813239350914955,
-0.032265786081552505,
0.002891744952648878,
-0.0224034134298563,
-0.022038141265511513,
-0.045989617705345154,
0.030161118134856224,
0.01815928891301155,
0.007240233477205038,
0.004813776817172766,
0.019898684695363045,
-0.006935839541256428,
-0.013984739780426025,
0.026612751185894012,
-0.04630270600318909,
0.04247603937983513,
0.007353294175118208,
0.000054661861213389784,
-0.03231796622276306,
-0.020785776898264885,
0.014584830962121487,
0.03323984891176224,
-0.02130759507417679,
0.017967956140637398,
0.005857414100319147,
0.024281959980726242,
-0.023012202233076096,
-0.033292029052972794,
-0.03464875742793083,
-0.06359229981899261,
-0.019255107268691063,
0.03245712071657181,
-0.04557216167449951,
0.03343117982149124,
-0.018228864297270775,
0.0009550368413329124,
0.02553432621061802,
-0.06578394025564194,
-0.025447355583310127,
-0.022455595433712006,
0.01097558531910181,
0.03287457302212715,
0.010340706445276737,
-0.017333075404167175,
0.014463073574006557,
-0.03355293720960617,
-0.022820869460701942,
0.005366035271435976,
-0.002446024911478162,
0.002963494975119829,
-0.016028529033064842,
-0.010671190917491913,
-0.009879766032099724,
0.0010985370026901364,
0.03652730584144592,
0.02229904942214489,
0.012480163015425205,
0.0047442009672522545,
0.00337007874622941,
-0.0014404369285330176,
0.00786206778138876,
-0.01894201710820198,
-0.016628621146082878,
-0.017480924725532532,
-0.005670429207384586,
-0.017341772094368935,
-0.002950449474155903,
0.0026417069602757692,
0.03064814768731594,
0.003826670115813613,
-0.027465054765343666,
-0.024682022631168365,
0.03812754899263382,
0.03289197012782097,
0.04703325405716896,
0.015428437851369381,
0.006170505657792091,
-0.0060922326520085335,
0.017880985513329506,
-0.026699719950556755,
0.014689194969832897,
0.015376255847513676,
-0.01002761535346508,
-0.012132283300161362,
-0.047207191586494446,
0.008514340966939926,
-0.01360207237303257,
0.006574914790689945,
0.013549890369176865,
0.03543148562312126,
-0.016237257048487663,
0.02586481161415577,
-0.02640402317047119,
0.030039360746741295,
0.06936708837747574,
-0.031187361106276512,
-0.003978867083787918,
0.009349251165986061,
0.006031353957951069,
0.03558802977204323,
-0.0314134806394577,
-0.0024568960070610046,
0.044319797307252884,
0.03457918390631676,
0.03099602833390236,
-0.019307289272546768,
0.04049312695860863,
0.058130595833063126,
0.0008332791621796787,
0.027238933369517326,
0.008901356719434261,
0.013610769994556904,
0.0033418135717511177,
0.020977109670639038,
-0.01604592241346836,
0.023046990856528282,
0.006509687751531601,
-0.025777840986847878,
-0.014741376973688602,
0.043310947716236115,
-0.0021840285044163465,
0.04393712803721428,
-0.04724198207259178,
-0.03487487882375717,
-0.018994199112057686,
0.01427173987030983,
-0.016028529033064842,
-0.007462006527930498,
-0.03019590489566326,
0.026908447965979576,
-0.025725658982992172,
-0.00543126231059432,
-0.03656209260225296,
0.016211165115237236,
0.019115956500172615,
-0.024055838584899902,
-0.03351815044879913,
0.0053182016126811504,
-0.04233688488602638,
-0.024716809391975403,
0.08230819553136826,
-0.046198345720767975,
0.009279674850404263,
0.01532407384365797,
-0.04101494699716568,
-0.027378084138035774,
-0.015532801859080791,
-0.01108864601701498,
-0.04157155379652977,
-0.007683779578655958,
-0.010619009844958782,
0.0124279810115695,
0.03569239377975464,
-0.04205858334898949,
-0.020472684875130653,
-0.037397004663944244,
0.024212384596467018,
0.02553432621061802,
0.02431674860417843,
0.0012414935044944286,
-0.04091058298945427,
-0.032700635492801666,
0.0005653035477735102,
0.02250777743756771,
0.010584221221506596,
0.022142505273222923,
0.05809580907225609,
0.012375799007713795,
-0.03670124337077141,
0.009792796336114407,
-0.0005473660421557724,
0.006253126543015242,
-0.021464141085743904,
0.01628943905234337,
0.02017698809504509,
-0.0003620116913225502,
-0.0323527567088604,
-0.026021355763077736,
-0.044180646538734436,
-0.09872809052467346,
0.02541256882250309,
-0.030856875702738762,
-0.011253888718783855,
-0.04713761806488037
] |
Abstaining classifiers have the option to abstain from making predictions on
inputs that they are unsure about. These classifiers are becoming increasingly
popular in high-stakes decision-making problems, as they can withhold uncertain
predictions to improve their reliability and safety. When evaluating black-box
abstaining classifier(s), however, we lack a principled approach that accounts
for what the classifier would have predicted on its abstentions. These missing
predictions matter when they can eventually be utilized, either directly or as
a backup option in a failure mode. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach
and perspective to the problem of evaluating and comparing abstaining
classifiers by treating abstentions as missing data. Our evaluation approach is
centered around defining the counterfactual score of an abstaining classifier,
defined as the expected performance of the classifier had it not been allowed
to abstain. We specify the conditions under which the counterfactual score is
identifiable: if the abstentions are stochastic, and if the evaluation data is
independent of the training data (ensuring that the predictions are missing at
random), then the score is identifiable. Note that, if abstentions are
deterministic, then the score is unidentifiable because the classifier can
perform arbitrarily poorly on its abstentions. Leveraging tools from
observational causal inference, we then develop nonparametric and doubly robust
methods to efficiently estimate this quantity under identification. Our
approach is examined in both simulated and real data experiments. | [
0.01046852394938469,
-0.0018695468315854669,
-0.026983441784977913,
-0.0022474464494735003,
0.08164509385824203,
-0.021275045350193977,
-0.04581739380955696,
0.016120588406920433,
-0.05242711678147316,
-0.014937597326934338,
-0.004051271826028824,
-0.00967047456651926,
0.0303634125739336,
-0.01116329524666071,
-0.03973344713449478,
-0.004166284576058388,
0.04086010158061981,
0.03154640272259712,
0.04814581945538521,
-0.07477248460054398,
-0.05227689817547798,
-0.05445510149002075,
-0.015022097155451775,
0.019979389384388924,
0.03242895007133484,
0.046906497329473495,
-0.015040874481201172,
-0.00028225110145285726,
-0.06504567712545395,
0.020035721361637115,
0.036090586334466934,
0.03539581596851349,
-0.020880714058876038,
-0.009905194863677025,
-0.07608692348003387,
-0.01734113320708275,
0.00237184832803905,
0.00783496256917715,
0.028034988790750504,
0.023227917030453682,
-0.02872975915670395,
0.03342416509985924,
-0.006295197177678347,
-0.03883212059736252,
-0.026251114904880524,
-0.03376216068863869,
-0.04416496306657791,
0.010815910063683987,
-0.025725340470671654,
0.00406770221889019,
0.011858067475259304,
-0.04191165044903755,
0.01960383541882038,
-0.02251436747610569,
0.060839492827653885,
0.0313398502767086,
-0.0036757192574441433,
-0.04852137342095375,
0.06286747753620148,
-0.027358993887901306,
0.006501751020550728,
0.061365265399217606,
0.006234169937670231,
-0.007529825903475285,
-0.024917902424931526,
-0.05633286386728287,
0.03254161775112152,
0.010966130532324314,
0.0008672913536429405,
-0.001423578360117972,
-0.07004052400588989,
-0.02694588527083397,
-0.004980763886123896,
0.034419380128383636,
-0.034025050699710846,
0.06474523991346359,
0.03856923431158066,
0.051938898861408234,
-0.016439806669950485,
0.03678536042571068,
-0.006121504586189985,
0.02403535507619381,
-0.009440449066460133,
0.02983764000236988,
0.04179898276925087,
-0.015942201018333435,
0.0019071020651608706,
-0.05982549861073494,
0.006548695266246796,
0.00640316866338253,
0.05329088866710663,
-0.0022521410137414932,
0.004457337781786919,
-0.0007804448832757771,
-0.01489065308123827,
0.05392932891845703,
-0.0027603101916611195,
0.0027767405845224857,
-0.07071652263402939,
-0.02104971371591091,
0.00835604127496481,
0.0019927751272916794,
-0.008295013569295406,
0.05366643890738487,
0.022927474230527878,
-0.023265471681952477,
-0.0343254916369915,
-0.00022283755242824554,
0.039245229214429855,
0.20384985208511353,
-0.026119669899344444,
0.043338749557733536,
-0.03671024739742279,
-0.04273786395788193,
-0.026025783270597458,
-0.021087268367409706,
-0.05111268535256386,
-0.028166431933641434,
0.02878609299659729,
-0.015341316349804401,
-0.007177745457738638,
0.07353316247463226,
0.03312372416257858,
0.04596761614084244,
-0.01676841452717781,
0.058736398816108704,
0.014393046498298645,
0.02435457520186901,
-0.016777804121375084,
0.018927842378616333,
0.02576289512217045,
-0.044540517032146454,
-0.019791612401604652,
-0.04146098718047142,
-0.018636789172887802,
-0.023490803316235542,
0.007229384034872055,
-0.01178295724093914,
-0.04382696747779846,
0.021894706413149834,
-0.036334697157144547,
0.023002585396170616,
-0.04566717520356178,
0.01537887193262577,
-0.045141398906707764,
-0.03954567015171051,
0.050136249512434006,
0.04510384425520897,
-0.027884766459465027,
0.018411457538604736,
-0.015960978344082832,
0.01102246344089508,
0.031790513545274734,
0.029142867773771286,
0.02904897928237915,
0.043601635843515396,
0.03425038233399391,
-0.004354060627520084,
-0.015407037921249866,
-0.04976069554686546,
0.025312233716249466,
-0.03815612569451332,
0.021106045693159103,
0.030194414779543877,
0.04938514158129692,
0.03492637351155281,
-0.019228283315896988,
-0.026983441784977913,
-0.05287778005003929,
0.034100160002708435,
-0.016702692955732346,
-0.021688152104616165,
-0.0891561433672905,
0.016618194058537483,
0.031133295968174934,
0.09764362871646881,
0.08690282702445984,
0.0020866631530225277,
-0.027903543785214424,
-0.03376216068863869,
-0.041498541831970215,
-0.030213192105293274,
-0.017153356224298477,
-0.021293822675943375,
0.03077652119100094,
-0.011717235669493675,
0.02673933282494545,
-0.04247497767210007,
0.04198675975203514,
0.02191348373889923,
0.003290778025984764,
0.005877395160496235,
0.025105679407715797,
0.029893971979618073,
0.03708580136299133,
-0.005886784289032221,
-0.07552359253168106,
-0.04502873495221138,
0.004647461231797934,
-0.001354335923679173,
-0.04484095796942711,
-0.07773935049772263,
0.013848495669662952,
0.06147792935371399,
-0.024392129853367805,
0.0482209287583828,
0.058060403913259506,
-0.0062529477290809155,
0.009642308577895164,
-0.05344110727310181,
-0.043864522129297256,
-0.024917902424931526,
-0.05009869113564491,
-0.04562962055206299,
-0.0183175690472126,
-0.018308179453015327,
-0.002668769331648946,
0.0030701409559696913,
-0.029743751510977745,
-0.019378505647182465,
0.025424899533391,
0.021481597796082497,
0.005769424140453339,
-0.0211248230189085,
0.003255570074543357,
0.023753689602017403,
0.005647369660437107,
-0.0021828983444720507,
0.02230781316757202,
-0.0000856728947837837,
-0.002165294485166669,
-0.03539581596851349,
0.018909065052866936,
-0.01597975566983223,
0.037743017077445984,
-0.037724241614341736,
0.018430234864354134,
0.02655155584216118,
0.018101627007126808,
0.00016063668590504676,
-0.022345369681715965,
-0.0018836300587281585,
-0.0178199615329504,
-0.01973528042435646,
0.07465982437133789,
0.028955090790987015,
-0.02595067210495472,
0.0442400760948658,
0.02133137732744217,
0.010750187560915947,
-0.04134831950068474,
-0.013557442463934422,
-0.021312600001692772,
0.011379238218069077,
-0.004281297791749239,
0.019096840173006058,
-0.030645078048110008,
-0.06763698905706406,
0.033236388117074966,
-0.008464012295007706,
0.0917850136756897,
0.025387343019247055,
-0.01280633732676506,
0.0495353639125824,
-0.0151910949498415,
0.006421946454793215,
0.0785655677318573,
-0.04101032391190529,
-0.008088460192084312,
0.05024891346693039,
-0.019434837624430656,
-0.012693671509623528,
0.0022404049523174763,
-0.010215025395154953,
-0.014120770618319511,
-0.01858045533299446,
-0.008464012295007706,
-0.043864522129297256,
0.0034855958074331284,
0.012111565098166466,
-0.03834390267729759,
0.036015477031469345,
-0.006346835754811764,
0.0016148753929883242,
0.01297533605247736,
-0.04544184356927872,
-0.017970183864235878,
0.02734021656215191,
-0.06624744832515717,
-0.0494978092610836,
-0.009341866709291935,
-0.027283882722258568,
0.014843709766864777,
0.025500008836388588,
0.019143784418702126,
-0.0211248230189085,
-0.023659802973270416,
0.02350958064198494,
0.040972769260406494,
-0.05077468603849411,
-0.01679658144712448,
-0.026063337922096252,
0.07379604876041412,
0.04191165044903755,
-0.004349366296082735,
0.0002621531893964857,
0.04593006148934364,
0.03299228101968765,
-0.0024504794273525476,
-0.0028002127073705196,
-0.010477912612259388,
0.013688885606825352,
0.017622796818614006,
0.02258947864174843,
0.014580822549760342,
0.04300075024366379,
0.005750646349042654,
-0.045516952872276306,
-0.02099337987601757,
-0.0025631452444940805,
0.011792345903813839,
0.014993930235505104,
-0.08472462743520737,
-0.02608211524784565,
-0.03316127881407738,
-0.01934094913303852,
-0.04904714599251747,
0.04363919049501419,
-0.017848128452897072,
0.025500008836388588,
-0.0521642304956913,
-0.007004052400588989,
-0.0330110564827919,
-0.03890722990036011,
-0.0482209287583828,
0.005497148726135492,
-0.012627949938178062,
0.013285166583955288,
0.0036639831960201263,
0.030720187351107597,
-0.006994663737714291,
-0.027903543785214424,
-0.06121504306793213,
0.0093277832493186,
0.00911653507500887,
-0.006558083929121494,
-0.026232335716485977,
-0.03616569936275482,
-0.026964664459228516,
0.008938147686421871,
0.001160691725090146,
0.006844442803412676,
-0.04277541860938072,
-0.01073141023516655,
0.038268789649009705,
0.0015151193365454674,
-0.03849412128329277,
-0.05468043312430382,
0.02846687287092209,
-0.046906497329473495,
0.022796031087636948,
-0.04183654114603996,
-0.04251253232359886,
0.06594700366258621,
-0.08787926286458969,
-0.004638072568923235,
-0.014749821275472641,
0.023340582847595215,
0.014731043949723244,
-0.003802468301728368,
-0.037799350917339325,
-0.007224689703434706,
0.05355377495288849,
0.0000947683074628003,
-0.01491882000118494,
0.00018205490778200328,
-0.046192947775125504,
-0.011980121955275536,
-0.01192378904670477,
0.04209942743182182,
-0.06895142048597336,
-0.03167784586548805,
0.027152439579367638,
0.05223933979868889,
-0.07623714208602905,
-0.030795298516750336,
-0.0021136559080332518,
0.021444043144583702,
-0.06489545851945877,
0.04435274004936218,
-0.007065079640597105,
-0.031133295968174934,
-0.039846111088991165,
-0.053516220301389694,
0.027546769008040428,
0.008388902060687542,
0.02091827057301998,
0.021030934527516365,
0.012271175161004066,
-0.02456112764775753,
0.016205087304115295,
0.014374269172549248,
0.0045840865932404995,
0.06038882955908775,
-0.015331927686929703,
0.01165151409804821,
-0.024129243567585945,
-0.0009335998329333961,
0.0016324793687090278,
0.026063337922096252,
0.026176003739237785,
-0.019143784418702126,
0.003717968938872218,
0.039245229214429855,
-0.012318119406700134,
0.04401474446058273,
-0.007515742909163237,
-0.027584325522184372,
-0.00011611318041104823,
-0.027114884927868843,
-0.011416793800890446,
-0.011369849555194378,
0.03158395737409592,
-0.020768048241734505,
0.039583224803209305,
0.001229934161528945,
-0.060576606541872025,
0.02020471915602684,
-0.003678066423162818,
-0.04209942743182182,
0.05310311168432236,
0.07169295847415924,
0.00729510560631752,
-0.031659070402383804,
0.025593897327780724,
0.00822459813207388,
-0.06981519609689713,
-0.010205636732280254,
-0.03088918700814247,
-0.04589250683784485,
0.027152439579367638,
-0.0008021565154194832,
-0.018927842378616333,
0.011905011720955372,
0.03849412128329277,
-0.047169383615255356,
-0.010750187560915947,
-0.024917902424931526,
0.009431060403585434,
0.031527627259492874,
-0.05723418667912483,
0.007736379746347666,
-0.02104971371591091,
-0.0023929730523377657,
0.06294258683919907,
0.025011790916323662,
-0.004943208768963814,
-0.04931003227829933,
0.018326958641409874,
-0.03513292968273163,
-0.029668640345335007,
0.0039033980574458838,
-0.008820787072181702,
-0.030457301065325737,
0.005281205754727125,
0.0640692412853241,
-0.10613111406564713,
-0.02356591448187828,
-0.0005659692105837166,
0.02865464985370636,
-0.02277725376188755,
-0.008360736072063446,
-0.04476584866642952,
-0.02640133537352085,
0.03524559363722801,
0.061365265399217606,
-0.056483082473278046,
-0.0534786656498909,
0.0023448553401976824,
-0.028091320767998695,
0.03586525470018387,
-0.02014838717877865,
0.004490198567509651,
-0.04326364025473595,
0.035677481442689896,
0.026851998642086983,
0.00043217866914346814,
-0.0007986357086338103,
0.004100563004612923,
-0.06324302405118942,
-0.04852137342095375,
-0.037743017077445984,
0.008661177940666676,
-0.05869884416460991,
0.014796765521168709,
0.04086010158061981,
-0.02681444212794304,
-0.05453021079301834,
0.05975038930773735,
0.011275961063802242,
0.05389177054166794,
-0.03995877876877785,
0.0021242182701826096,
-0.004201492760330439,
0.035808924585580826,
-0.004487851168960333,
-0.022758476436138153,
-0.020824382081627846,
-0.008914675563573837,
-0.005478370934724808,
0.007351438514888287,
-0.02198859490454197,
-0.008609538897871971,
-0.005797590594738722,
-0.007628408260643482,
0.01871189847588539,
0.019641391932964325,
-0.02833542972803116,
0.08645216375589371,
0.036146920174360275,
-0.00286358711309731,
-0.002964516868814826,
-0.05501842871308327,
0.04795804247260094,
-0.022758476436138153,
0.037067022174596786,
0.011801734566688538,
-0.024805236607789993,
0.03890722990036011,
-0.058398399502038956,
0.0179983489215374,
0.02818520925939083,
-0.009651697240769863,
0.0026922414544969797,
0.012609172612428665,
-0.010252580977976322,
-0.01739746518433094,
0.06542123109102249,
-0.02290869690477848,
-0.009144701063632965,
-0.012590394355356693,
0.04799560084939003,
0.06350591033697128,
0.007022830191999674,
-0.002429354703053832,
0.008445234969258308,
0.03764912858605385,
0.009168173186480999,
0.0056145088747143745,
-0.003969119396060705,
0.02093704789876938,
-0.02080560475587845,
-0.005816367920488119,
-0.001610180945135653,
0.006224781274795532,
-0.015153540298342705,
-0.057083968073129654,
0.025650229305028915,
0.037724241614341736,
0.01373582985252142,
-0.007332661189138889,
-0.0006108594825491309,
0.022082481533288956,
-0.0029903361573815346,
0.04086010158061981,
-0.00567553611472249,
-0.012721838429570198,
0.07308249920606613,
-0.021575486287474632,
0.018430234864354134,
-0.011839290149509907,
-0.005497148726135492,
-0.04375185817480087,
-0.036222029477357864,
0.0091587845236063,
-0.0015761465765535831,
0.006262336391955614,
-0.040897659957408905,
0.0016195698408409953,
-0.009182256646454334,
-0.001443529617972672,
0.0034057910088449717,
-0.03075774386525154,
0.041235655546188354,
0.0033306805416941643,
-0.019012341275811195,
0.01640225201845169,
-0.03543337062001228,
-0.021481597796082497,
0.003612344851717353,
0.00078396569006145,
0.05468043312430382,
0.00387992593459785,
0.019171951338648796,
-0.04296319559216499,
0.00983947329223156,
-0.009830084629356861,
0.0004219096736051142,
-0.021556708961725235,
-0.014073827303946018,
0.05096246302127838,
-0.030551189556717873,
0.01461837813258171,
0.02020471915602684,
-0.003558359108865261,
0.024091687053442,
0.023284249007701874,
0.015604202635586262,
-0.008534428663551807,
-0.013754607178270817,
-0.023359360173344612,
-0.030344635248184204,
0.027772100642323494,
-0.04086010158061981,
0.0006249427096918225,
-0.0026452974416315556,
0.014270992018282413,
-0.022364147007465363,
0.011604569852352142,
-0.0065721673890948296,
0.05400443822145462,
-0.028973868116736412,
0.06380635499954224,
0.022796031087636948,
-0.025894340127706528,
0.01419588178396225,
-0.025725340470671654,
-0.04634317010641098,
-0.008036822080612183,
-0.006670749746263027,
-0.05719663202762604,
0.02747165970504284,
0.002856545615941286,
-0.021669374778866768,
-0.05539398267865181,
-0.03579014539718628,
0.005290594883263111,
0.037987127900123596,
-0.016411639750003815,
-0.005774118471890688,
0.00233194581232965,
0.0122148422524333,
0.014336713589727879,
0.03554603457450867,
-0.015782590955495834,
0.017172133550047874,
-0.017932627350091934,
0.02251436747610569,
0.028617093339562416,
0.021162379533052444,
-0.018505346029996872,
0.02356591448187828,
0.01491882000118494,
0.0396207794547081,
0.0010556543711572886,
0.003236792515963316,
0.015566647984087467,
0.04247497767210007,
-0.0012674893951043487,
-0.0051826233975589275,
0.021143600344657898,
-0.032259952276945114,
0.020035721361637115,
0.016026699915528297,
0.012318119406700134,
0.0021195239387452602,
-0.011285349726676941,
-0.007764546200633049,
-0.028485650196671486,
0.03130229562520981,
-0.012984724715352058,
-0.03734868764877319,
-0.0336870513856411,
-0.017209690064191818,
0.011660902760922909,
-0.022927474230527878,
-0.00669891620054841,
0.04337630420923233,
-0.0010327690979465842,
-0.05032402276992798,
-0.01889028586447239,
-0.01597975566983223,
0.030344635248184204,
0.037799350917339325,
-0.01994183287024498,
-0.010797131806612015,
0.024861570447683334,
0.05043669044971466,
-0.01855229027569294,
-0.027509214356541634,
-0.017838740721344948,
-0.03524559363722801,
0.02198859490454197,
0.015885867178440094,
0.004330588970333338,
-0.0062529477290809155,
-0.050474245101213455,
0.006018227431923151,
-0.022608255967497826,
0.0015585424844175577,
-0.030081748962402344,
0.0158483125269413,
-0.027171216905117035,
0.0008332569268532097,
0.010477912612259388,
-0.00521548418328166,
0.017538297921419144,
-0.01429915800690651,
-0.0012991765979677439,
0.010252580977976322,
-0.0008649441879242659,
0.0336870513856411,
-0.022533144801855087,
0.01734113320708275,
0.03349927440285683,
0.008060294203460217,
0.052126675844192505,
-0.009679863229393959,
-0.002441090764477849,
0.02489912509918213,
-0.009121228940784931,
0.013050446286797523,
0.011106962338089943,
-0.011820511892437935,
-0.034175269305706024,
0.027434103190898895,
-0.0016594722401350737,
0.0303634125739336,
-0.008421762846410275,
-0.0033964021131396294,
0.02865464985370636,
-0.0041381181217730045,
0.0013203014386817813,
-0.0024270075373351574,
0.0026053949259221554,
0.004647461231797934,
0.023997800424695015,
-0.0058069792576134205,
0.012186676263809204,
-0.04762004688382149,
0.010844076052308083,
0.003924522548913956,
0.00004338657163316384,
-0.02859831601381302,
0.006717693991959095,
0.024861570447683334,
0.026927107945084572,
0.0250869020819664,
-0.05460532009601593,
0.020298607647418976,
0.019303394481539726,
-0.02290869690477848,
0.026776887476444244,
-0.00039022244163788855,
-0.07619958370923996,
-0.021293822675943375,
-0.039508115500211716,
0.008060294203460217,
0.05208912119269371,
-0.030588744208216667,
0.0036217335145920515,
0.046455834060907364,
0.015613592229783535,
-0.053253334015607834,
0.048483818769454956,
0.015698090195655823,
-0.024655016139149666,
0.056145086884498596,
0.021425265818834305,
-0.032316286116838455,
0.0037156217731535435,
0.0221200380474329,
0.04626805707812309,
-0.04814581945538521,
-0.0013296903343871236,
0.02277725376188755,
0.012768781743943691,
-0.016186309978365898,
0.013792162761092186,
0.023622246459126472,
0.0127124497666955,
0.023453248664736748,
-0.007562686689198017,
0.0011383933015167713,
-0.02185714989900589,
0.006281114183366299,
-0.027753323316574097,
-0.03776179626584053,
-0.009745584800839424,
-0.00339170778170228,
-0.010928574949502945,
-0.039508115500211716,
0.030194414779543877,
-0.0015350704779848456,
0.042249646037817,
-0.03517048433423042,
-0.03096429631114006,
0.019068673253059387,
-0.043226081877946854,
-0.025856783613562584,
0.06572167575359344,
0.005389177240431309,
-0.028297875076532364,
0.006154365371912718,
0.027884766459465027,
-0.027415325865149498,
-0.011989510618150234,
0.004300075117498636,
-0.01103185210376978,
-0.015857700258493423,
0.011980121955275536,
0.0217820405960083,
0.005417343694716692,
-0.018533511087298393,
0.014599599875509739,
-0.03650369495153427,
-0.017209690064191818,
0.024861570447683334,
-0.006802193354815245,
-0.005994755309075117,
-0.0359966978430748,
-0.0574595183134079,
-0.009088368155062199,
-0.048033155500888824,
-0.03160273656249046,
-0.0012792254565283656,
0.010111749172210693,
0.012590394355356693,
0.045329175889492035,
-0.0587739534676075,
0.005844534374773502,
0.015097207389771938,
-0.013031668961048126,
0.021575486287474632,
-0.02390391193330288,
0.011416793800890446,
-0.06286747753620148,
-0.011970733292400837,
-0.0017639227444306016,
0.0389823392033577,
-0.013078613206744194,
0.016026699915528297,
0.007177745457738638,
-0.06410679966211319,
0.03180928900837898,
0.019641391932964325,
0.005609814077615738,
0.03122718445956707,
-0.015557259321212769,
0.012750004418194294,
0.003872884204611182,
0.003006766550242901,
0.020185941830277443,
0.025856783613562584,
-0.02198859490454197,
0.017444409430027008,
0.06628499925136566,
0.03526437282562256,
0.0046732802875339985,
0.011792345903813839,
0.012130343355238438,
0.046643611043691635,
0.004194451030343771,
-0.043226081877946854,
0.008614233694970608,
-0.0013367318315431476,
0.022364147007465363,
-0.06215392425656319,
-0.00967047456651926,
-0.06639766693115234,
0.014186492189764977,
0.023659802973270416,
0.0039573838002979755,
0.006811582017689943,
-0.003980855457484722,
0.016026699915528297,
-0.011238406412303448,
0.003736746497452259,
0.04067232832312584,
-0.02270214445888996,
0.024279464036226273,
0.027039773762226105,
0.019378505647182465,
-0.01821429282426834,
0.03834390267729759,
-0.021537931635975838,
-0.03477615490555763,
-0.03543337062001228,
-0.018674343824386597,
-0.014421212486922741,
0.006492362357676029,
0.006694221869111061,
-0.01531314942985773,
-0.008989785797894001,
0.0247489046305418,
-0.038325123488903046,
0.022927474230527878,
0.006835054140537977,
-0.0002831313177011907,
0.00013188344018999487,
0.01795140467584133,
-0.0036733720917254686,
0.012552839703857899,
0.023716134950518608,
-0.012355674989521503,
0.048371151089668274,
0.03216606378555298,
-0.018308179453015327,
0.04465318098664284,
0.001354335923679173,
0.011829901486635208,
-0.042249646037817,
-0.02576289512217045,
-0.0323350615799427,
-0.006910164374858141,
0.009022646583616734,
-0.002525589894503355,
0.015594813972711563,
0.03306739032268524,
-0.0620788149535656,
0.034701041877269745,
0.00534692732617259,
0.007412465754896402,
0.025180788710713387,
-0.0019164909608662128,
0.0004940861253999174,
0.022946253418922424,
0.06861342489719391,
0.029724974185228348,
0.04792048782110214,
-0.018796399235725403,
0.01149190403521061,
0.030457301065325737,
0.060050830245018005,
0.02886120416224003,
0.04765760153532028,
0.017566464841365814,
0.0044174352660775185,
-0.028222763910889626,
-0.00324383401311934,
0.03372460603713989,
0.04405229911208153,
-0.012900225818157196,
0.012158509343862534,
-0.00834665261209011,
-0.03890722990036011,
-0.0009195166057907045,
0.002844809554517269,
-0.016946803778409958,
-0.0011014248011633754,
-0.003915133886039257,
-0.03286083787679672,
0.012562228366732597,
0.013379055075347424,
-0.023415694013237953,
0.036334697157144547,
-0.022289035841822624,
-0.007980489172041416,
-0.016064254567027092,
0.015397649258375168,
-0.03267306089401245,
-0.013961161486804485,
0.00014119890693109483,
-0.003473859978839755,
0.0244296845048666,
-0.04799560084939003,
-0.014374269172549248,
-0.04191165044903755,
-0.039846111088991165,
-0.003884620266035199,
0.009083674289286137,
-0.006215392611920834,
0.00035120020038448274,
0.052389562129974365,
-0.01719091273844242,
-0.021425265818834305,
0.008590761572122574,
-0.027058551087975502,
-0.06617233902215958,
0.005459593143314123,
0.03355560824275017,
0.006276419851928949,
0.03188440203666687,
0.020824382081627846,
-0.028973868116736412,
0.011219628155231476,
0.009219812229275703,
-0.008257458917796612,
-0.02660788968205452,
0.012693671509623528,
0.03995877876877785,
-0.0036264280788600445,
-0.00046093191485852003,
-0.01692802459001541,
-0.060651715844869614,
0.01640225201845169,
-0.036804135888814926,
-0.008492179214954376,
-0.019453614950180054,
0.0120552321895957,
0.00142005761153996,
0.012721838429570198,
-0.025781674310564995,
0.00551123172044754,
0.009069590829312801,
-0.03248528391122818,
0.06350591033697128,
-0.008210514672100544,
-0.028748538345098495,
0.00686791492626071,
-0.0031264738645404577,
-0.025255899876356125,
0.0038940091617405415,
-0.012036454863846302,
-0.03612814098596573,
-0.0018413804937154055,
-0.003314250148832798,
-0.026495223864912987,
-0.004863403737545013,
-0.009952139109373093,
0.04431518539786339,
-0.025180788710713387,
-0.012280563823878765,
-0.015200484544038773
] |
Systems for serving inference requests on graph neural networks (GNN) must
combine low latency with high throughout, but they face irregular computation
due to skew in the number of sampled graph nodes and aggregated GNN features.
This makes it challenging to exploit GPUs effectively: using GPUs to sample
only a few graph nodes yields lower performance than CPU-based sampling; and
aggregating many features exhibits high data movement costs between GPUs and
CPUs. Therefore, current GNN serving systems use CPUs for graph sampling and
feature aggregation, limiting throughput.
We describe Quiver, a distributed GPU-based GNN serving system with
low-latency and high-throughput. Quiver's key idea is to exploit workload
metrics for predicting the irregular computation of GNN requests, and governing
the use of GPUs for graph sampling and feature aggregation: (1) for graph
sampling, Quiver calculates the probabilistic sampled graph size, a metric that
predicts the degree of parallelism in graph sampling. Quiver uses this metric
to assign sampling tasks to GPUs only when the performance gains surpass
CPU-based sampling; and (2) for feature aggregation, Quiver relies on the
feature access probability to decide which features to partition and replicate
across a distributed GPU NUMA topology. We show that Quiver achieves up to 35
times lower latency with an 8 times higher throughput compared to
state-of-the-art GNN approaches (DGL and PyG). | [
-0.02040867879986763,
0.035813719034194946,
-0.03389451652765274,
0.007663964759558439,
0.02081993781030178,
0.005633378401398659,
0.01874651201069355,
0.050002120435237885,
-0.05970095843076706,
0.02846248261630535,
0.006344511639326811,
0.028102632611989975,
0.01701580174267292,
-0.01854088343679905,
-0.06350509077310562,
0.0736151859164238,
-0.006091759540140629,
-0.004995071329176426,
0.009073380380868912,
-0.030672995373606682,
0.03288350626826286,
0.025515133515000343,
0.006755769718438387,
-0.003628495382145047,
0.04208540543913841,
0.005003639496862888,
0.016990097239613533,
0.008105210028588772,
-0.05164715275168419,
0.04383325204253197,
0.000018491215087124147,
0.022773412987589836,
0.05531420558691025,
-0.004133999813348055,
-0.01525081880390644,
0.01681017130613327,
0.02493251860141754,
0.0026196278631687164,
-0.013777144253253937,
-0.023715879768133163,
-0.061414532363414764,
0.042256761342287064,
-0.005560551304370165,
0.01640748232603073,
0.03192390501499176,
-0.014256944879889488,
0.0360536202788353,
-0.014608227647840977,
0.014522548764944077,
-0.019740385934710503,
0.05956387147307396,
0.0005633378168568015,
0.04784301668405533,
0.018043946474790573,
0.007526878733187914,
-0.007286977954208851,
0.05572546273469925,
0.024709753692150116,
0.038898155093193054,
-0.020939888432621956,
-0.005834723357111216,
-0.01482242438942194,
-0.03283210098743439,
-0.014308352023363113,
0.0006843590526841581,
-0.022636327892541885,
0.01999742165207863,
0.050790365785360336,
-0.004708047490566969,
-0.024538395926356316,
-0.035231105983257294,
-0.0090476768091321,
0.017178591340780258,
-0.046986229717731476,
0.0009596020681783557,
0.014685338363051414,
0.030415957793593407,
0.003204385517165065,
0.039035242050886154,
0.046814873814582825,
0.03428863734006882,
0.02926786243915558,
-0.016424616798758507,
0.010161500424146652,
0.10905192047357559,
-0.0022769130300730467,
-0.03315768018364906,
-0.04825427383184433,
0.009193330071866512,
-0.013999909162521362,
-0.04516984149813652,
-0.017058640718460083,
-0.02964484877884388,
-0.06275112181901932,
0.023167535662651062,
-0.007072781212627888,
-0.019140634685754776,
-0.043421994894742966,
-0.021111246198415756,
0.04863126203417778,
-0.061517346650362015,
-0.027023078873753548,
0.021402552723884583,
-0.01516513992100954,
-0.0019170622108504176,
-0.008036667481064796,
-0.05198986828327179,
0.016141878440976143,
0.039103783667087555,
0.09102510660886765,
0.05908406898379326,
0.009099083952605724,
-0.0036927543114870787,
-0.019791793078184128,
-0.03882961347699165,
-0.042736563831567764,
-0.02757142297923565,
-0.0049308123998343945,
-0.02016877941787243,
-0.04081735759973526,
0.014950943179428577,
0.0003783252614084631,
-0.0012626906391233206,
0.004866553470492363,
-0.029627714306116104,
-0.005834723357111216,
0.035813719034194946,
-0.04839136078953743,
-0.02387010119855404,
0.01149808894842863,
0.025326639413833618,
0.007801050785928965,
-0.04205113276839256,
-0.03684186562895775,
-0.03684186562895775,
-0.016998665407299995,
0.00043508742237463593,
0.05157861113548279,
0.011378138326108456,
0.012389147654175758,
0.02040867879986763,
-0.04859698936343193,
-0.018797919154167175,
-0.05274384096264839,
0.03773292526602745,
0.009484638459980488,
-0.0002597137354314327,
0.0754658505320549,
-0.014582524076104164,
0.0031658299267292023,
-0.04445013776421547,
0.06676089018583298,
0.04516984149813652,
0.04883689060807228,
0.0008069867617450655,
0.008704961277544498,
-0.0019984568934887648,
-0.05288092792034149,
0.01345156505703926,
-0.03175254538655281,
0.032489385455846786,
-0.02740006521344185,
-0.019894607365131378,
0.050687551498413086,
-0.01734994724392891,
0.04506702721118927,
0.09493206441402435,
-0.025378046557307243,
-0.05558837577700615,
0.028650976717472076,
0.08876319229602814,
0.0371503084897995,
-0.016784468665719032,
0.017923995852470398,
0.03247224912047386,
0.04832281917333603,
0.05250393971800804,
-0.030244600027799606,
-0.02961057797074318,
-0.0003328084130771458,
-0.04068027436733246,
0.010641301050782204,
-0.0016589548904448748,
0.04167414829134941,
0.013425861485302448,
0.04215394705533981,
0.050858911126852036,
0.04222249239683151,
0.02241356298327446,
0.05274384096264839,
0.002703164704144001,
0.057610396295785904,
0.05925542861223221,
-0.042599476873874664,
-0.00843935739248991,
-0.04928242042660713,
0.009021973237395287,
-0.030998574569821358,
0.005294946953654289,
-0.02183094620704651,
-0.04520411044359207,
0.001878506736829877,
-0.007029941771179438,
-0.015876272693276405,
0.012851813808083534,
0.019963150843977928,
0.019963150843977928,
-0.02075139433145523,
0.019740385934710503,
-0.022876227274537086,
0.02954203449189663,
0.03019319288432598,
-0.07053074985742569,
-0.030278872698545456,
-0.004883688874542713,
-0.014968078583478928,
0.003988346084952354,
0.033568937331438065,
-0.046335071325302124,
-0.050242021679878235,
-0.04907679185271263,
0.022567784413695335,
0.004866553470492363,
0.017461329698562622,
-0.046951957046985626,
-0.02438417449593544,
-0.025926390662789345,
0.0183009821921587,
-0.0372188501060009,
0.0019084942759945989,
-0.006318808067589998,
0.057644665241241455,
0.02272200584411621,
-0.012860381044447422,
0.02369874343276024,
-0.01644175313413143,
-0.00546630471944809,
-0.01575632393360138,
-0.039652127772569656,
0.017469897866249084,
-0.029250727966427803,
0.01380284782499075,
-0.0018881455762311816,
0.019706113263964653,
0.024778295308351517,
0.007985260337591171,
0.005761896260082722,
0.04530692473053932,
0.008113778196275234,
-0.03267787769436836,
-0.056033905595541,
-0.06556138396263123,
0.042496662586927414,
-0.06007794290781021,
-0.03372315689921379,
0.02455553226172924,
-0.021008430048823357,
-0.0572676807641983,
0.027520015835762024,
-0.050927452743053436,
0.029833342880010605,
0.008216592483222485,
-0.06610972434282303,
0.07834465801715851,
-0.054148972034454346,
0.004024759400635958,
0.027965545654296875,
0.003069441532716155,
-0.008002395741641521,
0.04174268990755081,
-0.020905615761876106,
-0.04177696257829666,
-0.047363217920064926,
-0.04095444455742836,
-0.02383583039045334,
-0.039000969380140305,
0.039172329008579254,
0.004729467444121838,
0.03475130349397659,
-0.01732424460351467,
-0.023218942806124687,
0.006400202866643667,
0.011523792520165443,
-0.02577216923236847,
-0.010821226984262466,
-0.033123407512903214,
-0.002334746066480875,
-0.05959814414381981,
-0.05973522737622261,
0.022739142179489136,
-0.030415957793593407,
0.02272200584411621,
-0.021471096202731133,
0.010984016582369804,
0.049933578819036484,
0.009493205696344376,
-0.02608061395585537,
-0.010521351359784603,
0.038898155093193054,
0.0012991041876375675,
-0.033945921808481216,
0.038761068135499954,
0.014556820504367352,
0.04893970489501953,
-0.08855756372213364,
-0.05151006951928139,
-0.04492994025349617,
0.08451352268457413,
0.0034142984077334404,
-0.008850615471601486,
0.0565137080848217,
0.002388295251876116,
-0.03262646868824959,
-0.04780874401330948,
-0.013228800147771835,
0.03317481279373169,
0.008469345048069954,
0.039412226527929306,
-0.019551891833543777,
-0.03033027984201908,
0.0766996219754219,
-0.02213939093053341,
-0.10212907940149307,
0.04582099989056587,
0.02794840931892395,
0.02296190708875656,
0.009398959577083588,
0.01093260943889618,
-0.04229103401303291,
-0.027108758687973022,
-0.0006018932326696813,
-0.06820029020309448,
-0.028102632611989975,
-0.00798097625374794,
0.028616704046726227,
-0.00854217167943716,
-0.06706932932138443,
0.016527431085705757,
-0.02217366173863411,
0.012029297649860382,
-0.033466123044490814,
-0.028616704046726227,
-0.014848127961158752,
0.04232530668377876,
-0.001826028455980122,
-0.029319269582629204,
-0.08561021089553833,
0.033191949129104614,
0.01819816790521145,
0.019671842455863953,
0.0009189046686515212,
0.04767166078090668,
-0.004952231887727976,
-0.007256990764290094,
0.03512829169631004,
-0.03230088949203491,
-0.018112488090991974,
0.04825427383184433,
-0.015919113531708717,
0.050824638456106186,
0.013151689432561398,
-0.03975494205951691,
-0.03663623705506325,
0.08780358731746674,
-0.08663836121559143,
-0.013331614434719086,
-0.035573817789554596,
-0.038932427763938904,
0.005444884765893221,
0.006104611326009035,
-0.030347416177392006,
0.022773412987589836,
-0.008876319043338299,
-0.006061771884560585,
-0.06504730880260468,
-0.046335071325302124,
-0.006541572976857424,
-0.050139207392930984,
-0.04729467257857323,
0.023441707715392113,
0.0092190345749259,
0.03281496465206146,
0.003988346084952354,
-0.03989202901721001,
0.0763569101691246,
0.028068359941244125,
0.011335299350321293,
-0.05497149005532265,
0.004262518137693405,
0.007342669181525707,
0.011772261001169682,
-0.05994085595011711,
0.005093601997941732,
-0.016476023942232132,
-0.007531162817031145,
0.026097748428583145,
0.033260494470596313,
-0.04410742223262787,
0.016613110899925232,
-0.003159404033794999,
-0.030347416177392006,
0.06350509077310562,
0.0017499886453151703,
-0.003579230047762394,
-0.008833480067551136,
-0.0066101159900426865,
0.010881202295422554,
-0.02753715217113495,
0.008662122301757336,
-0.06223704665899277,
-0.010187203995883465,
-0.06124317646026611,
-0.030587315559387207,
0.009030540473759174,
0.01728997379541397,
0.010555623099207878,
-0.046780601143836975,
0.017538441345095634,
-0.0185066107660532,
-0.04486139491200447,
-0.06278539448976517,
0.06518439948558807,
0.04523838311433792,
0.004553826060146093,
-0.02352738566696644,
-0.01470247469842434,
0.08238869160413742,
0.023030448704957962,
0.02275627665221691,
-0.07107909768819809,
-0.004969367757439613,
-0.05277811363339424,
0.06957115232944489,
-0.03704749420285225,
-0.03178681805729866,
0.003778433194383979,
0.05627380684018135,
0.01022147573530674,
-0.04499848186969757,
-0.023218942806124687,
-0.026577550917863846,
-0.03814418241381645,
-0.02787986770272255,
-0.017058640718460083,
-0.025035332888364792,
-0.012928924523293972,
-0.010075821541249752,
-0.07752213627099991,
0.0036327792331576347,
-0.043421994894742966,
-0.04983076453208923,
0.011386706493794918,
-0.03615643456578255,
-0.04002911597490311,
0.027897002175450325,
-0.028171174228191376,
-0.023613065481185913,
-0.02397291548550129,
0.016750195994973183,
-0.03793855383992195,
-0.003866253886371851,
0.030861487612128258,
-0.006083191838115454,
-0.0764939934015274,
-0.03745875135064125,
0.036944679915905,
-0.014025612734258175,
-0.08046948909759521,
0.008859183639287949,
-0.029319269582629204,
-0.016056198626756668,
0.03005610778927803,
0.008387950249016285,
-0.012629048898816109,
0.017701230943202972,
-0.02366447262465954,
0.015036622062325478,
-0.07039366662502289,
-0.029833342880010605,
0.008220876567065716,
0.024572666734457016,
0.06494449824094772,
0.043182093650102615,
0.011789396405220032,
-0.0033393295016139746,
0.002238357439637184,
0.016184717416763306,
-0.0186436977237463,
0.0018003248842433095,
-0.042668022215366364,
0.009801649488508701,
-0.02590925619006157,
-0.019140634685754776,
-0.031598325818777084,
0.0013237367384135723,
0.0008733877912163734,
-0.04564964026212692,
-0.019431941211223602,
0.042668022215366364,
0.0018281704979017377,
-0.02289336360991001,
-0.025103876367211342,
-0.012911788187921047,
0.025240961462259293,
0.026029206812381744,
0.01231203693896532,
0.00825086422264576,
0.08040094375610352,
-0.043421994894742966,
-0.021111246198415756,
0.0007887800456956029,
0.014608227647840977,
-0.035573817789554596,
-0.033431850373744965,
0.01585913822054863,
-0.05113308131694794,
-0.004009765572845936,
-0.04866553470492363,
0.017229998484253883,
0.04564964026212692,
-0.0018463771557435393,
-0.021145517006516457,
-0.03404873609542847,
0.046780601143836975,
-0.05829582363367081,
0.04777447506785393,
-0.02366447262465954,
-0.03231802582740784,
0.022053711116313934,
0.014599660411477089,
-0.009450366720557213,
0.01246625930070877,
-0.03247224912047386,
0.01312598492950201,
-0.004084734711796045,
0.02279054932296276,
-0.028685247525572777,
-0.018695104867219925,
-0.021076973527669907,
-0.022190798074007034,
-0.005192132666707039,
0.035196833312511444,
-0.0041597033850848675,
0.042565204203128815,
0.013965637423098087,
0.030141785740852356,
-0.013571514748036861,
-0.039343684911727905,
-0.027262980118393898,
-0.022225068882107735,
0.0278455950319767,
-0.019654706120491028,
0.013434428721666336,
-0.0374930240213871,
-0.0057104891166090965,
-0.05154433846473694,
-0.004506702534854412,
-0.0010559906950220466,
0.020151643082499504,
-0.017889725044369698,
0.025857849046587944,
0.06083191558718681,
0.031084252521395683,
-0.03351752832531929,
-0.053634900599718094,
-0.047089044004678726,
-0.0028145471587777138,
0.04938523471355438,
-0.0371503084897995,
-0.004549541976302862,
0.011275324039161205,
-0.039789214730262756,
-0.011069695465266705,
0.006130314897745848,
-0.004382468294352293,
-0.0188493262976408,
-0.005911834072321653,
-0.021471096202731133,
0.01802681013941765,
0.0376301109790802,
0.022979041561484337,
-0.005723340902477503,
0.04040610045194626,
0.04777447506785393,
-0.0012273482279852033,
-0.0035171129275113344,
-0.02237929031252861,
-0.01836952567100525,
0.013057442381978035,
-0.020014557987451553,
0.004622369073331356,
0.029165048152208328,
-0.016621679067611694,
-0.013571514748036861,
-0.02231074869632721,
-0.014368327334523201,
0.0008150191861204803,
0.0016375351697206497,
0.019586164504289627,
-0.0378357395529747,
0.029165048152208328,
-0.000371631613234058,
0.00565479788929224,
0.035025473684072495,
0.012731863185763359,
0.012363444082438946,
-0.0020659288857132196,
0.009039108641445637,
-0.002210511825978756,
0.0037227419670671225,
-0.012183519080281258,
-0.005033626686781645,
0.07080492377281189,
-0.03766437992453575,
0.04095444455742836,
0.032009582966566086,
-0.013785711489617825,
-0.022636327892541885,
-0.0003660089278127998,
-0.042599476873874664,
0.02666322886943817,
-0.03223234787583351,
0.025223825126886368,
-0.009578884579241276,
-0.012671887874603271,
0.02064858004450798,
-0.026337649673223495,
-0.025052467361092567,
-0.0062502650544047356,
-0.02265346236526966,
-0.018318118527531624,
-0.002420424949377775,
-0.04037183150649071,
-0.010684140957891941,
-0.01898641139268875,
-0.02445271611213684,
-0.012886084616184235,
0.01130959577858448,
-0.01912349835038185,
0.0021173362620174885,
-0.05301801487803459,
-0.0192263126373291,
-0.0010977591155096889,
0.020562902092933655,
-0.005419181194156408,
-0.006957115139812231,
-0.019311992451548576,
0.0551428459584713,
-0.011301027610898018,
0.017838316038250923,
0.026097748428583145,
0.014334055595099926,
0.0093389842659235,
0.04222249239683151,
-0.02213939093053341,
-0.024504123255610466,
0.04866553470492363,
-0.03691040724515915,
0.005410613492131233,
0.028239717707037926,
0.019569028168916702,
0.024744024500250816,
0.034083008766174316,
-0.011283892206847668,
0.036533422768116,
0.007338385563343763,
0.008555023930966854,
0.027228709310293198,
0.02210511825978756,
0.061311718076467514,
-0.02584071271121502,
-0.01663881354033947,
-0.01585913822054863,
-0.004391036462038755,
0.007119904737919569,
0.00026506863650865853,
0.035813719034194946,
-0.01929485611617565,
0.011626606807112694,
0.025549404323101044,
-0.0035899397917091846,
-0.01568778045475483,
0.05329218506813049,
-0.05504003167152405,
-0.033671751618385315,
-0.009296145290136337,
0.020357271656394005,
0.02272200584411621,
0.0007154176128096879,
-0.027177302166819572,
0.0031058548483997583,
-0.057507582008838654,
0.026029206812381744,
-0.015379336662590504,
0.01435119193047285,
0.021351145580410957,
-0.018283845856785774,
0.033740293234586716,
0.004596665035933256,
-0.0361907072365284,
-0.04726039990782738,
-0.01823243871331215,
-0.0011652311077341437,
-0.014059883542358875,
-0.008075222373008728,
0.015627805143594742,
-0.005346354562789202,
0.021111246198415756,
-0.05291520059108734,
0.005127873737365007,
0.020357271656394005,
-0.010615597479045391,
-0.004909392911940813,
0.04421023651957512,
-0.013742872513830662,
-0.009947303682565689,
0.011609471403062344,
-0.002386153442785144,
-0.005646230187267065,
0.00046079105231910944,
0.04465576633810997,
0.0370817668735981,
0.0016771616647019982,
-0.03307199850678444,
-0.014950943179428577,
-0.017701230943202972,
0.02366447262465954,
0.008490764535963535,
-0.017838316038250923,
-0.005384909920394421,
-0.013520107604563236,
-0.030964301899075508,
-0.01103542372584343,
-0.0020873486064374447,
-0.016733061522245407,
0.015225115232169628,
0.04996785148978233,
0.02995329350233078,
0.02978193573653698,
-0.03218093886971474,
-0.01596195250749588,
-0.039515040814876556,
-0.0032900641672313213,
0.009484638459980488,
-0.010084389708936214,
-0.01184937171638012,
-0.005222120322287083,
0.03487125411629677,
-0.008139481768012047,
-0.01626182720065117,
0.009210466407239437,
0.009578884579241276,
-0.007231287192553282,
-0.0362592488527298,
-0.0774535983800888,
-0.023167535662651062,
0.015345064923167229,
-0.025515133515000343,
-0.042942192405462265,
-0.010469944216310978,
0.05113308131694794,
0.04359335079789162,
-0.035882264375686646,
0.024778295308351517,
0.06491022557020187,
-0.034083008766174316,
-0.05997512862086296,
0.006177438423037529,
-0.03629352152347565,
-0.002437560586258769,
0.017632687464356422,
0.0023604496382176876,
0.027057351544499397,
0.017666960135102272,
-0.01239771582186222,
0.03434004634618759,
0.024744024500250816,
0.00010127496352652088,
-0.017110047861933708,
0.00915049109607935,
-0.07841319590806961,
-0.016150444746017456,
0.011163941584527493,
0.017032936215400696,
-0.061688702553510666,
-0.02200230397284031,
0.024195680394768715,
-0.028770925477147102,
-0.006151734851300716,
0.01660454273223877,
0.010110093280673027,
-0.004451011307537556,
0.01629609987139702,
0.00601036474108696,
0.06035211682319641,
-0.014659634791314602,
-0.0019973861053586006,
-0.03272928297519684,
-0.018969276919960976,
-0.04184550419449806,
0.06254549324512482,
-0.06237413361668587,
0.04568391293287277,
0.05545129254460335,
-0.0276399664580822,
-0.006567276548594236,
-0.03404873609542847,
-0.0024632641579955816,
0.028890876099467278,
-0.012089272029697895,
0.03144410252571106,
-0.014942375011742115,
-0.0032750703394412994,
0.03800709545612335,
0.01561923697590828,
-0.05510857701301575,
-0.03457994759082794,
0.005534847732633352,
-0.01615901291370392,
-0.030176058411598206,
-0.021471096202731133,
-0.010898337699472904,
0.010812658816576004,
-0.027382930740714073,
-0.054491687566041946,
-0.029833342880010605,
0.033363308757543564,
-0.008135197684168816,
0.06062628701329231,
0.01509659644216299,
0.029182184487581253,
0.02105983905494213,
-0.004875121172517538,
0.028548160567879677,
-0.04016619920730591,
0.03338044509291649,
0.006790041457861662,
0.021813811734318733,
0.010769819840788841,
0.0368075929582119,
0.0180953536182642,
0.04900824651122093,
-0.01915776915848255,
-0.010375697165727615,
-0.0006613329169340432,
-0.0056676496751606464,
-0.028908012434840202,
-0.02251637727022171,
0.009793082252144814,
0.0379042811691761,
0.011343867518007755,
0.014753881841897964,
0.004003339912742376,
-0.02224220521748066,
0.033637478947639465,
-0.008602146990597248,
0.011523792520165443,
0.02400718815624714,
-0.02628624252974987,
0.001745704677887261,
0.0007641473785042763,
-0.010384265333414078,
-0.02421281673014164,
0.006383067462593317,
0.021265467628836632,
0.028770925477147102,
-0.0017424917314201593,
-0.019911743700504303,
0.02088848128914833,
-0.046472158282995224,
-0.005080750212073326,
0.014839560724794865,
0.014325488358736038,
0.035162560641765594,
-0.022225068882107735,
0.008902022615075111,
0.00351925496943295,
0.017632687464356422,
0.004823714029043913,
-0.016801603138446808,
0.006545857060700655,
-0.012346308678388596,
0.006704362574964762,
-0.0193633995950222,
0.042256761342287064,
-0.05538274720311165,
0.001943836803548038,
-0.03392878547310829,
-0.012526233680546284,
-0.0054705883376300335,
-0.031701140105724335,
-0.0037527293898165226,
-0.027897002175450325,
-0.005427749361842871,
0.011378138326108456,
-0.008944862522184849,
-0.027382930740714073,
0.0015668502310290933,
0.02366447262465954,
-0.038555439561605453,
0.012449122965335846,
-0.024332767352461815,
-0.002482541836798191,
-0.04403888061642647,
0.025189554318785667,
-0.015216547064483166,
-0.010110093280673027,
0.005162145011126995,
0.0360536202788353,
0.019500484690070152,
-0.022807685658335686,
0.035710904747247696,
-0.0009928025538101792,
-0.0067814732901751995,
0.03413441777229309,
0.015550694428384304,
0.01371716894209385,
-0.021659590303897858,
0.03283210098743439,
0.0004623975255526602,
0.035231105983257294,
0.030947167426347733,
-0.005012207198888063,
0.02369874343276024,
-0.02261919155716896,
-0.027931274846196175,
-0.03416868671774864,
-0.010958313010632992,
0.005616242531687021,
0.0283939391374588,
-0.04359335079789162,
0.018935004249215126,
0.04383325204253197,
0.0006018932326696813,
0.03144410252571106,
-0.04753457382321358,
-0.04876834899187088,
-0.013057442381978035,
0.00588184641674161,
0.0020080958493053913,
-0.01745276339352131,
-0.024898245930671692,
-0.010247179307043552,
0.020528629422187805,
0.024504123255610466,
-0.04921387881040573,
0.02189948968589306,
0.0070213740691542625,
-0.014231241308152676,
0.039926301687955856,
0.004810862243175507,
0.02926786243915558,
-0.001590411877259612,
-0.016253260895609856,
-0.013340182602405548,
0.0036713345907628536,
-0.01195218600332737,
-0.021385418251156807,
0.003808420617133379,
0.03240370377898216,
-0.023013314232230186,
-0.002966627012938261,
-0.015036622062325478,
-0.003866253886371851,
-0.017804045230150223,
-0.004348197020590305,
-0.050207752734422684,
-0.007094201166182756,
-0.0018013957887887955,
-0.023098992183804512,
-0.0001249035558430478,
-0.03278069198131561,
0.061208903789520264,
0.01806108094751835,
0.012671887874603271,
0.0032579347025603056,
0.008092358708381653,
-0.03704749420285225,
-0.018266711384058,
0.023441707715392113,
0.05270957201719284,
0.004956515971571207,
0.03039882332086563,
0.046814873814582825,
0.021985169500112534,
-0.0029259296134114265,
0.009484638459980488,
0.0035106870345771313,
-0.04760311543941498,
0.0368761382997036,
-0.012577641755342484,
0.02044295147061348,
0.030775809660553932,
-0.05246967077255249,
0.01714431867003441,
0.06350509077310562,
0.014968078583478928,
-0.024161409586668015,
-0.013879958540201187,
0.0047680228017270565,
0.005089317914098501,
-0.022567784413695335,
-0.010358561761677265,
0.047226130962371826,
0.0053335027769207954,
-0.004138283897191286,
0.01501091755926609,
0.030004700645804405,
-0.015070892870426178,
0.04869980365037918,
-0.01290322095155716,
-0.06864582002162933,
0.01816389709711075,
0.0038705377373844385,
-0.05572546273469925,
0.018489476293325424,
-0.02234501950442791,
0.011986457742750645,
0.019106362015008926,
0.008657838217914104,
-0.025275232270359993,
-0.02261919155716896,
-0.005037910770624876,
-0.012569073587656021
] |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing a vital role in all aspects of
technology including cyber security. Application of Conversational AI like the
chatbots are also becoming very popular in the medical field to provide timely
and immediate medical assistance to patients in need. As medical chatbots deal
with a lot of sensitive information, the security of these chatbots is crucial.
To secure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of cloud-hosted
assets like these, medical chatbots can be monitored using AISecOps (Artificial
Intelligence for Secure IT Operations). AISecOPs is an emerging field that
integrates three different but interrelated domains like the IT operation, AI,
and security as one domain, where the expertise from all these three domains
are used cohesively to secure the cyber assets. It considers cloud operations
and security in a holistic framework to collect the metrics required to assess
the security threats and train the AI models to take immediate actions. This
work is focused on applying the STRIDE threat modeling framework to model the
possible threats involved in each component of the chatbot to enable the
automatic threat detection using the AISecOps techniques. This threat modeling
framework is tailored to the medical chatbots that involves sensitive data
sharing but could also be applied for chatbots used in other sectors like the
financial services, public sector, and government sectors that are concerned
with security and compliance. | [
-0.030028361827135086,
-0.01793360523879528,
-0.020383834838867188,
-0.04830951616168022,
0.0620725154876709,
0.007016175426542759,
-0.015075001865625381,
-0.023546544834971428,
-0.021131068468093872,
0.018385419622063637,
0.04365234076976776,
-0.03579770028591156,
-0.004270526580512524,
-0.014710074290633202,
-0.021565508097410202,
0.023181617259979248,
0.037709228694438934,
-0.019706111401319504,
-0.03230481594800949,
-0.041462771594524384,
0.014266947284340858,
0.044660236686468124,
-0.05783240124583244,
0.015457307919859886,
0.00468324264511466,
0.031853001564741135,
0.026865651831030846,
0.0019451965345069766,
-0.05734582990407944,
0.05699827894568443,
0.034980956465005875,
0.007724309340119362,
0.003862154670059681,
-0.06134266033768654,
-0.013128719292581081,
-0.05115943029522896,
-0.04254017770290375,
0.057971421629190445,
-0.01876772567629814,
0.030462799593806267,
-0.002865119371563196,
-0.03553703799843788,
0.023598678410053253,
0.024710839614272118,
-0.003186603542417288,
0.021409109234809875,
-0.052584387362003326,
-0.059361621737480164,
-0.022834066301584244,
0.05685925856232643,
-0.026570234447717667,
-0.03659706562757492,
0.07124784588813782,
0.005052515305578709,
-0.011486543342471123,
-0.026535479351878166,
0.07347217202186584,
-0.0291073527187109,
0.05605989322066307,
-0.0347898043692112,
0.01287674531340599,
-0.010791442357003689,
0.03466815873980522,
-0.0022036873269826174,
-0.036249514669179916,
-0.05060334876179695,
0.009045001119375229,
0.005204568617045879,
-0.019688734784722328,
0.02750862017273903,
-0.051750265061855316,
-0.012798546813428402,
0.007576600648462772,
-0.03360813111066818,
-0.016056831926107407,
0.008923358283936977,
0.04504254087805748,
0.03753545135259628,
0.028238477185368538,
-0.034285854548215866,
0.037639718502759933,
0.04883084073662758,
-0.0023785484954714775,
0.00474840821698308,
0.0781293511390686,
-0.03372977301478386,
-0.005973523948341608,
-0.07249902933835983,
0.025336429476737976,
-0.040767669677734375,
-0.04337430000305176,
0.017447033897042274,
-0.004991693887859583,
0.023841962218284607,
-0.004072857089340687,
-0.039377469569444656,
-0.015952566638588905,
-0.004313970450311899,
-0.009435995481908321,
-0.00464848754927516,
0.05446115881204605,
0.0062950081191957,
0.02062712050974369,
-0.008006693795323372,
0.012598704546689987,
-0.013285117223858833,
-0.031053634360432625,
-0.01826377771794796,
-0.02495412528514862,
0.12664739787578583,
-0.08271701633930206,
-0.0038339162711054087,
-0.005773682147264481,
0.008236946538090706,
-0.0015400830889120698,
0.0022655946668237448,
-0.032322194427251816,
-0.03704888001084328,
-0.046189457178115845,
-0.021913057193160057,
-0.012503128498792648,
0.028638159856200218,
0.018246399238705635,
-0.0010665454901754856,
-0.06068231537938118,
0.06975337862968445,
0.0006331935292109847,
-0.038473837077617645,
0.011738517321646214,
0.04184507578611374,
0.009957320988178253,
0.054773956537246704,
-0.018785104155540466,
0.038578104227781296,
-0.007298559881746769,
0.055538564920425415,
0.034181591123342514,
0.011660318821668625,
0.03673608601093292,
0.01888936758041382,
-0.01680406555533409,
-0.015987321734428406,
-0.06683395802974701,
0.05296669155359268,
0.050916146486997604,
0.007281182333827019,
-0.054878219962120056,
0.0545654259622097,
-0.03816104307770729,
0.04559862241148949,
-0.018611328676342964,
0.03211366385221481,
-0.00553908571600914,
-0.01438859011977911,
0.04584190994501114,
-0.06387978047132492,
0.04764917120337486,
-0.009601081721484661,
0.00018015604291576892,
0.0386476144194603,
0.0504295751452446,
-0.065582774579525,
0.00947943888604641,
0.006833711173385382,
0.05446115881204605,
-0.02884669043123722,
0.040072571486234665,
-0.01696046255528927,
-0.005395721178501844,
0.05977868288755417,
-0.008415065705776215,
0.01800311543047428,
-0.028464384377002716,
-0.008024071343243122,
-0.020800895988941193,
0.004587666131556034,
-0.005408754106611013,
-0.024328533560037613,
-0.04497303068637848,
0.009627148509025574,
-0.06294139474630356,
-0.020609743893146515,
0.02106155827641487,
-0.02608366310596466,
0.02564922533929348,
0.0312795415520668,
0.05592087283730507,
-0.0213917326182127,
0.065721794962883,
-0.03826530650258064,
0.001929991296492517,
-0.028568649664521217,
0.006286319345235825,
-0.054148364812135696,
-0.008254324086010456,
-0.012172955088317394,
-0.019184786826372147,
0.002678310964256525,
0.0020201371517032385,
-0.054773956537246704,
-0.009270909242331982,
-0.03207891061902046,
-0.020505478605628014,
0.025666601955890656,
-0.0022547338157892227,
0.0020005875267088413,
-0.023059973493218422,
-0.050151534378528595,
0.0012392346980050206,
-0.039968304336071014,
-0.07590502500534058,
0.031748734414577484,
0.022677669301629066,
-0.02382458560168743,
0.008011038415133953,
-0.01583092473447323,
0.002865119371563196,
-0.010174539871513844,
-0.022295363247394562,
0.05574709549546242,
-0.01676062121987343,
0.06464438885450363,
0.03572819009423256,
-0.066277876496315,
-0.06523522734642029,
-0.06888450682163239,
-0.0042249104008078575,
0.009853055700659752,
-0.009088445454835892,
-0.026257438585162163,
-0.0016541230725124478,
0.04177556931972504,
0.04288772866129875,
0.011703762225806713,
0.018350664526224136,
-0.04744064062833786,
0.05890980735421181,
-0.025075767189264297,
-0.03366026282310486,
-0.008467198349535465,
0.009887810796499252,
0.039898794144392014,
-0.020974671468138695,
-0.061029862612485886,
0.034077323973178864,
-0.02066187560558319,
-0.015657149255275726,
0.0852193757891655,
0.007255116011947393,
0.061968252062797546,
0.02292095497250557,
-0.005599907133728266,
0.02458919584751129,
0.0000741260009817779,
0.0037774392403662205,
-0.02837749570608139,
0.04452121630311012,
-0.07694767415523529,
0.027734527364373207,
0.02634432539343834,
0.025162653997540474,
-0.02764764055609703,
0.03164447098970413,
0.05296669155359268,
-0.018646083772182465,
-0.030984126031398773,
0.06589557230472565,
0.02484985999763012,
0.03638853505253792,
-0.023876717314124107,
-0.002710893750190735,
-0.027560753747820854,
-0.04368709400296211,
-0.015883056446909904,
0.01656946912407875,
-0.006798956077545881,
0.022712424397468567,
-0.0025262576527893543,
-0.01127801276743412,
-0.004691931419074535,
0.0016204541316255927,
-0.0779903307557106,
0.09015459567308426,
-0.004201016388833523,
-0.021339599043130875,
-0.036840349435806274,
-0.06374076008796692,
-0.016213228926062584,
-0.03164447098970413,
-0.008406377397477627,
-0.0036384190898388624,
-0.003127954201772809,
-0.014171370305120945,
-0.017638185992836952,
0.020800895988941193,
0.014197437092661858,
0.03909942880272865,
0.03948173299431801,
-0.02794305793941021,
0.004852673504501581,
-0.0619334951043129,
-0.014475477859377861,
-0.0011881882091984153,
0.0696491152048111,
-0.013702177442610264,
0.03590196371078491,
0.033382222056388855,
0.03736167773604393,
-0.0031018881127238274,
0.016673734411597252,
0.0019419383024796844,
-0.03955124318599701,
-0.07666963338851929,
0.01307658664882183,
0.028933577239513397,
0.05380081385374069,
0.00652960455045104,
0.013415448367595673,
-0.021478619426488876,
0.007659143768250942,
0.03830006346106529,
-0.007233394309878349,
-0.07312461733818054,
0.07180392742156982,
-0.042435914278030396,
0.009192709811031818,
0.03965551033616066,
0.020383834838867188,
-0.02604890801012516,
0.0017985737649723887,
-0.015987321734428406,
0.010357004590332508,
-0.05852749943733215,
-0.020748764276504517,
0.0008395516197197139,
-0.05067285895347595,
-0.016526024788618088,
0.030497554689645767,
-0.03805677592754364,
-0.02564922533929348,
0.04500778764486313,
-0.040142081677913666,
-0.0664864033460617,
-0.00020948062592651695,
-0.030428044497966766,
0.015309598296880722,
0.008888603188097477,
0.03572819009423256,
-0.04757966101169586,
-0.023233748972415924,
0.001017671194858849,
-0.0427139550447464,
-0.04111522063612938,
-0.037604961544275284,
0.013093964196741581,
0.026726631447672844,
-0.0053262109868228436,
-0.019740866497159004,
0.0027326156850904226,
0.017325391992926598,
0.05672023817896843,
-0.05220208317041397,
-0.045459602028131485,
-0.0029324572533369064,
0.03405994549393654,
-0.0031431596726179123,
-0.005478264298290014,
-0.0018333287443965673,
0.025127898901700974,
0.029767697677016258,
0.017811961472034454,
0.07465384155511856,
0.027491243556141853,
-0.0213569775223732,
-0.03352124243974686,
0.01986251026391983,
0.022764556109905243,
-0.03812628611922264,
0.017846716567873955,
0.06777234375476837,
0.004974316339939833,
0.00015965600323397666,
-0.065860815346241,
0.015674525871872902,
0.0004917296464554965,
-0.013910708017647266,
0.08077073097229004,
-0.013519713655114174,
0.003651452250778675,
0.07326363772153854,
0.00011587279004743323,
0.056372687220573425,
-0.013137408532202244,
-0.04372185096144676,
0.08070122450590134,
-0.03480717912316322,
0.004111956804990768,
-0.025996776297688484,
0.0583537258207798,
-0.06321943551301956,
-0.008758272044360638,
0.0002519740955904126,
-0.021252712234854698,
0.02259078063070774,
-0.0426444448530674,
-0.012833300977945328,
-0.0145362988114357,
-0.006686002481728792,
0.039134182035923004,
-0.02095729298889637,
-0.047788191586732864,
-0.027056803926825523,
0.02844700589776039,
0.008458510041236877,
0.021565508097410202,
0.015648460015654564,
0.02874242514371872,
0.001334811095148325,
0.01593519002199173,
-0.002252561505883932,
-0.04879608750343323,
-0.011590808629989624,
0.01607421040534973,
-0.001579182455316186,
0.0034776770044118166,
-0.019375938922166824,
-0.00644706143066287,
0.004874395672231913,
0.019914641976356506,
-0.03951648995280266,
-0.0034211999736726284,
0.0013413276756182313,
0.011165059171617031,
-0.009974698536098003,
-0.03444225341081619,
-0.0251800324767828,
-0.0026522446423768997,
-0.019653979688882828,
-0.02059236541390419,
0.019341183826327324,
-0.05692876875400543,
0.01626536250114441,
-0.032183174043893814,
0.022034700959920883,
-0.06526997685432434,
-0.019480204209685326,
0.02066187560558319,
-0.028603404760360718,
-0.011434410698711872,
-0.054739199578762054,
-0.031853001564741135,
0.040837179869413376,
-0.05685925856232643,
-0.014266947284340858,
0.015526817180216312,
-0.020505478605628014,
0.03955124318599701,
-0.04844853654503822,
0.04518156126141548,
-0.0214959979057312,
0.02724795788526535,
0.05418311804533005,
0.002013620687648654,
-0.00030464972951449454,
0.03001098334789276,
-0.04830951616168022,
-0.019480204209685326,
-0.041532281786203384,
0.02561447024345398,
0.03982928395271301,
0.010000765323638916,
0.04128899797797203,
0.005704172421246767,
0.03081035055220127,
0.028151588514447212,
0.0015368247404694557,
0.004085890483111143,
0.03572819009423256,
-0.021600261330604553,
0.01656946912407875,
-0.004376963712275028,
0.03030640259385109,
0.014162681996822357,
-0.033747151494026184,
-0.004596354905515909,
0.03826530650258064,
0.028551271185278893,
-0.020279569551348686,
-0.03743118792772293,
-0.01619585230946541,
-0.0020396867766976357,
-0.05209781602025032,
0.014484166167676449,
-0.048518046736717224,
0.01643044874072075,
-0.037639718502759933,
-0.008119648322463036,
0.023529168218374252,
0.02768239565193653,
0.04507729783654213,
-0.008858192712068558,
0.005261045414954424,
0.015552883967757225,
0.012329353019595146,
-0.010087653063237667,
0.010096341371536255,
0.014710074290633202,
0.010626356117427349,
0.05581660568714142,
0.04254017770290375,
-0.015909122303128242,
0.0056607285514473915,
-0.01087833009660244,
0.027404354885220528,
-0.004116300959140062,
0.02328588254749775,
0.015344353392720222,
-0.041601791977882385,
0.0012001352151855826,
0.0544959157705307,
0.017238503322005272,
0.020974671468138695,
-0.004439957439899445,
-0.001969090662896633,
0.0013282945146784186,
-0.0038187108002603054,
0.022642914205789566,
-0.012433618307113647,
-0.024363288655877113,
-0.0013358971336856484,
-0.03631902486085892,
0.0017203749157488346,
-0.03948173299431801,
0.0047918520867824554,
0.025093143805861473,
0.010904395952820778,
-0.008532363921403885,
0.022312739863991737,
-0.033555999398231506,
-0.01415399368852377,
-0.03718790039420128,
0.0504295751452446,
0.013250362128019333,
-0.014075794257223606,
-0.030323779210448265,
0.03096674755215645,
0.059361621737480164,
-0.03830006346106529,
-0.016056831926107407,
-0.008528020232915878,
-0.05338375270366669,
0.029559168964624405,
0.004913494922220707,
0.01713423803448677,
-0.0047006201930344105,
-0.02724795788526535,
0.022295363247394562,
-0.01815951243042946,
-0.02321637235581875,
-0.03600623086094856,
-0.01942807249724865,
0.006069100461900234,
-0.020470723509788513,
0.050186287611722946,
0.02029694803059101,
-0.03525899723172188,
0.02182617038488388,
0.030480176210403442,
0.017551299184560776,
0.010887018404901028,
-0.01982775516808033,
-0.028603404760360718,
-0.00647747190669179,
0.019445449113845825,
-0.02295570820569992,
0.023129483684897423,
0.026796141639351845,
-0.045529112219810486,
-0.02066187560558319,
0.028759801760315895,
-0.036770839244127274,
0.022069456055760384,
0.006260253023356199,
0.008310800418257713,
0.003175742458552122,
0.004713653586804867,
-0.02325112745165825,
-0.05199355259537697,
-0.04055913910269737,
-0.027630263939499855,
0.03836957365274429,
0.005565152037888765,
-0.002906390931457281,
-0.01993202045559883,
-0.03001098334789276,
0.0046224212273955345,
0.02342490293085575,
0.023511789739131927,
-0.0012392346980050206,
-0.06353222578763962,
-0.029698187485337257,
0.04747539386153221,
0.03572819009423256,
0.03562392294406891,
-0.026604989543557167,
0.025666601955890656,
0.005856225732713938,
0.027074182406067848,
0.013971528969705105,
0.04201885312795639,
0.007919806987047195,
-0.007806852459907532,
0.0006429683999158442,
-0.01862870529294014,
0.023442279547452927,
-0.0007043327786959708,
0.019514959305524826,
0.009974698536098003,
-0.03419896587729454,
0.002980245277285576,
-0.010487335734069347,
-0.002302521839737892,
0.04358283057808876,
0.023598678410053253,
0.005612940061837435,
0.0006044119945727289,
0.0349288247525692,
0.003803505562245846,
0.02867291495203972,
-0.014597119763493538,
-0.042401157319545746,
0.013545779511332512,
-0.02033170312643051,
-0.04674553871154785,
0.0035754255950450897,
-0.014762206934392452,
0.0073289708234369755,
0.03180086985230446,
0.043895624577999115,
-0.017360147088766098,
0.003903426229953766,
0.033121559768915176,
-0.011634252034127712,
0.09029361605644226,
-0.008119648322463036,
0.018315909430384636,
-0.05592087283730507,
0.004735375288873911,
0.046189457178115845,
0.019706111401319504,
0.02961130067706108,
0.025892511010169983,
-0.013328560627996922,
0.005730238743126392,
0.016082897782325745,
-0.03496357798576355,
-0.03034115768969059,
0.022277984768152237,
0.016578158363699913,
-0.01087833009660244,
0.0349983349442482,
-0.007424546871334314,
0.0019593157339841127,
-0.002641383558511734,
0.03484193608164787,
-0.015248777344822884,
0.0584927462041378,
0.04118473082780838,
-0.021478619426488876,
0.05136796087026596,
0.003740512067452073,
-0.05998721346259117,
-0.02109631337225437,
0.044660236686468124,
-0.015396486036479473,
-0.014397278428077698,
-0.01247706264257431,
0.03565867990255356,
-0.03060181997716427,
0.002810814417898655,
-0.04247066751122475,
-0.04327003285288811,
-0.03809153288602829,
0.025440694764256477,
-0.022834066301584244,
0.004170605912804604,
-0.0015824408037588,
0.0464327447116375,
0.04191458597779274,
-0.03729216754436493,
-0.02844700589776039,
0.002300349762663245,
0.02398098260164261,
-0.02015792764723301,
0.026639744639396667,
-0.01866346038877964,
-0.036214761435985565,
-0.04368709400296211,
0.013111341744661331,
0.02302521839737892,
0.004335692152380943,
-0.02757813036441803,
0.009635836817324162,
0.024206891655921936,
-0.014310390688478947,
0.024467553943395615,
0.020349079743027687,
-0.021044181659817696,
0.007376758847385645,
-0.025301674380898476,
-0.025197409093379974,
0.04413891211152077,
-0.022208476439118385,
0.001504241954535246,
0.006607803516089916,
0.03576294332742691,
0.0126942815259099,
0.014301702380180359,
-0.0329304076731205,
0.029750321060419083,
0.04035061225295067,
-0.058006174862384796,
0.009957320988178253,
-0.026326948776841164,
-0.0068814996629953384,
-0.0014369039563462138,
-0.03562392294406891,
-0.008871225640177727,
-0.05654646456241608,
-0.005378343630582094,
0.04375660419464111,
-0.03896040841937065,
-0.040837179869413376,
0.002997622825205326,
0.006073444616049528,
-0.017047351226210594,
0.027751905843615532,
0.03366026282310486,
0.024137381464242935,
0.012937566265463829,
0.009696658700704575,
-0.01793360523879528,
0.03708363696932793,
-0.026935162022709846,
0.026987293735146523,
0.00014770895359106362,
-0.010139784775674343,
-0.02288619987666607,
-0.013936773873865604,
-0.007828574627637863,
0.024502309039235115,
0.008280389942228794,
0.05188928544521332,
-0.009922565892338753,
0.007489712908864021,
0.013372004963457584,
-0.006486160680651665,
0.01762949861586094,
0.011703762225806713,
0.022781934589147568,
-0.014962048269808292,
0.08751320838928223,
-0.0037361676804721355,
0.03875187784433365,
0.04917839169502258,
-0.0465022549033165,
0.0015140167670324445,
-0.014692696742713451,
0.028933577239513397,
-0.011842782609164715,
0.0004534447507467121,
-0.004279215354472399,
0.04810098558664322,
-0.039377469569444656,
0.015578949823975563,
0.00760266650468111,
0.03962075337767601,
-0.01946282759308815,
-0.019202163442969322,
-0.011364900507032871,
-0.02950703538954258,
0.01627405174076557,
-0.026187928393483162,
0.060890842229127884,
-0.020783519372344017,
0.024728216230869293,
0.002749993233010173,
-0.040698159486055374,
0.0026935162022709846,
0.03951648995280266,
0.01800311543047428,
0.03732692077755928,
0.014397278428077698,
0.00735069252550602,
0.006790267303586006,
-0.015726659446954727,
0.0005620542797259986,
0.007181261666119099,
0.01149523165076971,
-0.019375938922166824,
0.05922260135412216,
-0.00647747190669179,
0.03034115768969059,
-0.002799953566864133,
-0.022799311205744743,
-0.057936664670705795,
-0.0585622563958168,
-0.006868466269224882,
0.03227006271481514,
0.027265334501862526,
0.012729036621749401,
0.010165851563215256,
-0.008145714178681374,
0.02375507541000843,
-0.006742479279637337,
0.02048810012638569,
-0.04177556931972504,
0.044555969536304474,
-0.03353862091898918,
-0.01120850257575512,
0.00286946352571249,
-0.010721932165324688,
-0.018281154334545135,
-0.014275635592639446,
-0.013137408532202244,
0.044555969536304474,
0.03753545135259628,
0.053209979087114334,
-0.007359381299465895,
0.013841197825968266,
-0.00013080659846309572,
-0.009931255131959915,
-0.03273925557732582,
0.019184786826372147,
-0.03565867990255356,
0.010087653063237667,
-0.016456514596939087,
-0.008580152876675129,
0.003803505562245846,
0.025527583435177803,
-0.04038536548614502,
0.002038600854575634,
-0.004544222727417946,
-0.004439957439899445,
0.028394874185323715,
-0.032513346523046494,
0.0036862073466181755,
-0.009540260769426823,
0.023077351972460747,
-0.027995191514492035,
0.03986404091119766,
-0.04966496303677559,
0.05751960352063179,
0.044660236686468124,
-0.0008449821034446359,
0.023077351972460747,
0.005864914506673813,
-0.030723461881279945,
0.001101300586014986,
-0.008958113379776478,
-0.023894095793366432,
-0.005013415589928627,
0.014562364667654037,
0.027300089597702026,
0.0026044563855975866,
0.0038664990570396185,
-0.017620809376239777,
-0.039273202419281006,
-0.051541734486818314,
-0.006738135125488043,
0.022312739863991737,
-0.01245968509465456,
0.001176241203211248,
0.059361621737480164,
-0.011034728027880192,
-0.002372032031416893,
0.012329353019595146,
0.04205360636115074,
-0.014562364667654037,
-0.008297767490148544,
-0.03207891061902046,
0.010035520419478416,
0.020679254084825516,
-0.016282739117741585,
0.036944616585969925,
0.019775621592998505,
-0.03060181997716427,
-0.0464327447116375,
0.01244230754673481,
0.021252712234854698,
-0.03958600014448166,
-0.02205207757651806,
0.037674471735954285,
0.008888603188097477,
0.060230497270822525,
0.030827727168798447,
-0.0038947374559938908,
0.0069162542931735516,
-0.0074202027171850204,
-0.034251101315021515,
0.02033170312643051,
-0.06082133203744888,
-0.08758272230625153,
-0.024276401847600937,
-0.0016888780519366264,
0.05268865078687668,
0.003375584026798606,
-0.02405049279332161,
-0.00372530659660697,
-0.0251452773809433,
-0.007793819531798363,
-0.023372769355773926,
-0.032183174043893814,
0.02721320278942585,
-0.00478316331282258,
-0.033382222056388855,
-0.02378983050584793,
-0.013875952921807766,
-0.01852444000542164,
0.013823820278048515,
0.020853029564023018,
0.045633379369974136,
-0.021739281713962555,
0.020748764276504517,
-0.01607421040534973,
0.03830006346106529,
-0.03753545135259628,
-0.01280723512172699,
0.0252147875726223,
-0.009687969461083412,
-0.01793360523879528,
0.018090002238750458,
0.0039837975054979324,
0.02175666019320488,
0.019445449113845825,
-0.005491297692060471,
0.00889729242771864,
0.030115248635411263,
-0.02455444075167179,
0.003701412584632635,
-0.01147785410284996,
0.032252684235572815,
0.001365221687592566,
0.013102653436362743,
0.022642914205789566,
-0.03435536473989487,
0.048587556928396225,
0.011999180540442467,
0.01836804300546646,
0.011286702007055283,
-0.05147222429513931,
0.0004599613312166184,
0.06047378480434418,
-0.04504254087805748,
-0.053244732320308685,
-0.01716899313032627,
-0.008258668705821037,
-0.014101861044764519,
-0.03180086985230446,
0.017881471663713455,
0.0038838766049593687,
-0.04333954304456711,
-0.04754490405321121,
-0.00889729242771864,
-0.03103625774383545,
0.014075794257223606,
-0.02259078063070774,
-0.0214612428098917,
-0.012737724930047989,
-0.028638159856200218,
0.020349079743027687,
-0.05355753004550934,
-0.016708489507436752,
-0.004861362278461456,
-0.047197356820106506,
-0.006051722913980484,
-0.026796141639351845,
-0.011556053534150124,
0.016856199130415916,
-0.019011011347174644,
0.007728653959929943,
-0.05112467706203461,
-0.0020874750334769487,
-0.03798726573586464,
-0.06832842528820038,
-0.022295363247394562,
0.08396819233894348,
0.010991283692419529,
-0.07312461733818054,
0.018437553197145462,
0.012555261142551899,
0.016022076830267906,
-0.029663434252142906,
0.014014973305165768,
-0.028064701706171036,
-0.010808819904923439,
-0.0011610358487814665,
-0.012998388148844242,
-0.023841962218284607,
-0.007659143768250942,
0.008210879750549793,
0.00555646326392889,
-0.029750321060419083,
0.050186287611722946,
0.007902429439127445,
0.04820525273680687,
0.006937976460903883,
-0.03416421264410019,
0.022330118343234062,
-0.009861744940280914,
-0.005430476274341345,
-0.0015151029219850898,
-0.004948250018060207,
-0.0077764419838786125,
-0.004177122376859188,
0.02226060815155506,
-0.030132627114653587,
-0.04191458597779274,
-0.026622366160154343,
-0.03452913835644722,
0.027004672214388847,
0.023407524451613426,
0.00464848754927516,
0.013093964196741581
] |
Accurate short-term predictions of phase-resolved water wave conditions are
crucial for decision-making in ocean engineering. However, the initialization
of remote-sensing-based wave prediction models first requires a reconstruction
of wave surfaces from sparse measurements like radar. Existing reconstruction
methods either rely on computationally intensive optimization procedures or
simplistic modelling assumptions that compromise the real-time capability or
accuracy of the subsequent prediction process. We therefore address these
issues by proposing a novel approach for phase-resolved wave surface
reconstruction using neural networks based on the U-Net and Fourier neural
operator (FNO) architectures. Our approach utilizes synthetic yet highly
realistic training data on uniform one-dimensional grids, that is generated by
the high-order spectral method for wave simulation and a geometric radar
modelling approach. The investigation reveals that both models deliver accurate
wave reconstruction results and show good generalization for different sea
states when trained with spatio-temporal radar data containing multiple
historic radar snapshots in each input. Notably, the FNO demonstrates superior
performance in handling the data structure imposed by wave physics due to its
global approach to learn the mapping between input and output in Fourier space. | [
-0.03375289961695671,
-0.01919717527925968,
-0.021654414013028145,
-0.041363514959812164,
0.021876247599720955,
0.007926300168037415,
-0.01911185495555401,
0.054810069501399994,
-0.07624264806509018,
0.017849106341600418,
0.053854476660490036,
0.004573193844407797,
0.003813838819041848,
-0.03638077899813652,
-0.01945313811302185,
0.037404630333185196,
0.04286516085267067,
-0.03798481076955795,
-0.04378662258386612,
-0.015869665890932083,
-0.009453542530536652,
0.03030594065785408,
-0.024333486333489418,
-0.02859952487051487,
-0.01053711585700512,
0.03146630525588989,
0.04085158929228783,
-0.00868138950318098,
-0.06071426719427109,
0.041841309517621994,
0.06508269160985947,
0.030578967183828354,
-0.03685857728123665,
0.05450291559100151,
0.011774268001317978,
0.004394019953906536,
-0.007883640006184578,
-0.0032869831193238497,
-0.017473695799708366,
0.017285989597439766,
0.028445947915315628,
-0.01331857405602932,
0.056857768446207047,
0.03148336708545685,
0.019760292023420334,
-0.032950885593891144,
-0.05515135079622269,
-0.015272419899702072,
0.0518750324845314,
-0.013591600582003593,
-0.007478366140276194,
-0.027985215187072754,
-0.01385609433054924,
0.00937675405293703,
-0.01837809570133686,
0.02356559969484806,
0.05399098992347717,
0.0811571255326271,
0.03866737708449364,
0.03482794389128685,
0.09658312052488327,
0.011671883054077625,
-0.04276277497410774,
0.027763381600379944,
0.008689921349287033,
-0.028207050636410713,
0.03274611383676529,
-0.04020315036177635,
0.013830498792231083,
-0.02419697307050228,
-0.06689149141311646,
-0.018719378858804703,
-0.006501443218439817,
0.026278799399733543,
-0.007772723212838173,
0.026995494961738586,
0.05457117035984993,
0.007657540030777454,
0.04013489559292793,
0.050475772470235825,
0.025016052648425102,
0.10866454243659973,
-0.01482021901756525,
-0.03948645666241646,
0.03037419728934765,
0.01597204990684986,
-0.012712796218693256,
-0.05426401644945145,
0.03498151898384094,
-0.048632845282554626,
-0.025920452550053596,
0.09119085222482681,
0.0026300130411982536,
0.013600132428109646,
0.030954379588365555,
0.03255841135978699,
-0.01904359832406044,
-0.0005695162108168006,
-0.045663680881261826,
0.04501524195075035,
0.00933409295976162,
0.031073827296495438,
0.027814574539661407,
0.040510307997465134,
0.017234796658158302,
-0.04986146464943886,
-0.0034000331070274115,
0.032029420137405396,
0.02571568265557289,
0.12914153933525085,
0.03190997242927551,
-0.015135906636714935,
-0.01031528227031231,
0.0030800802633166313,
0.004935807082802057,
0.006898185238242149,
-0.011953441426157951,
-0.0032613868825137615,
-0.01610003039240837,
0.004649982322007418,
0.015349208377301693,
0.09999595582485199,
-0.019879741594195366,
0.03324097394943237,
-0.03400886431336403,
-0.014700770378112793,
0.010161705315113068,
0.017883235588669777,
0.04535652697086334,
0.00047779636224731803,
-0.001437655184417963,
-0.015042053535580635,
-0.01755901612341404,
-0.023702112957835197,
-0.011151425540447235,
0.009197579696774483,
-0.03493032604455948,
0.0059127300046384335,
0.04675578698515892,
-0.0596562884747982,
0.03151749446988106,
-0.04900825768709183,
0.020101575180888176,
-0.028940808027982712,
0.043957266956567764,
0.07269330322742462,
0.008378500118851662,
0.025886325165629387,
0.011398856528103352,
-0.04832569137215614,
-0.0466875322163105,
0.06931459903717041,
0.0010686427121981978,
0.0015645697712898254,
-0.004268172197043896,
-0.02319018729031086,
0.012525090016424656,
-0.02590338885784149,
0.013088207691907883,
-0.042284976691007614,
0.016458379104733467,
-0.06566287577152252,
0.014965265057981014,
0.043547727167606354,
0.0038628983311355114,
0.011398856528103352,
0.05760858952999115,
0.011552433483302593,
-0.0024998988956212997,
0.02138138748705387,
0.012951694428920746,
0.004918742924928665,
0.010212897323071957,
0.02441880665719509,
0.003636798122897744,
0.02104010432958603,
-0.008651526644825935,
0.007495430298149586,
-0.044469188898801804,
-0.016722872853279114,
-0.04293341562151909,
0.005221631843596697,
0.027951087802648544,
-0.004581725690513849,
0.015571041963994503,
0.05320603772997856,
0.05279649794101715,
0.056072816252708435,
0.03349693864583969,
-0.008489417843520641,
0.03627839684486389,
0.005174705293029547,
-0.01435948722064495,
0.020903591066598892,
0.02786576747894287,
-0.05487832427024841,
-0.006450250744819641,
0.02163735032081604,
0.008267583325505257,
0.050407517701387405,
-0.023685049265623093,
-0.06068013980984688,
0.02667127549648285,
-0.013847562484443188,
-0.05272824317216873,
-0.0053240167908370495,
0.03382115811109543,
0.03008410707116127,
0.012414173223078251,
-0.042216721922159195,
-0.04293341562151909,
-0.02556210570037365,
-0.02938447706401348,
0.01714094541966915,
-0.007371715269982815,
-0.022439364343881607,
-0.0054647959768772125,
-0.008839232847094536,
-0.019811484962701797,
-0.018804699182510376,
-0.038735635578632355,
0.004893146920949221,
0.03754114359617233,
0.028172921389341354,
-0.013915819115936756,
-0.015639299526810646,
0.009888678789138794,
-0.030391260981559753,
-0.04378662258386612,
0.00854060985147953,
-0.06569699943065643,
-0.03312152624130249,
0.038360223174095154,
-0.023770369589328766,
-0.02097184769809246,
-0.053888604044914246,
0.045288268476724625,
-0.06327389180660248,
-0.040510307997465134,
0.005567180924117565,
0.011518305167555809,
-0.03238776698708534,
-0.017038559541106224,
0.04071507602930069,
0.03941820189356804,
-0.03627839684486389,
-0.004415350500494242,
0.049997977912425995,
0.026108158752322197,
0.015178566798567772,
-0.0540933758020401,
-0.02568155527114868,
-0.03818958252668381,
0.041431769728660583,
-0.03586885705590248,
0.004101796541363001,
-0.0017832042649388313,
0.06030472740530968,
0.03179052099585533,
-0.007094422820955515,
0.015374804846942425,
0.02189331129193306,
0.006219884846359491,
0.020647628232836723,
-0.01146711315959692,
0.011723075062036514,
-0.005848739296197891,
0.038735635578632355,
-0.01159509364515543,
-0.037472885102033615,
-0.01442774385213852,
0.03404299169778824,
-0.012038761749863625,
0.017448099330067635,
0.006488645449280739,
-0.009265836328268051,
0.04423029348254204,
0.022797713056206703,
0.05586804822087288,
0.020647628232836723,
0.02530614286661148,
0.031022636219859123,
0.007503962609916925,
-0.03975948318839073,
-0.08081584423780441,
-0.015093245543539524,
-0.0311250202357769,
-0.0076447417959570885,
0.0070560285821557045,
0.03281437233090401,
-0.012252064421772957,
-0.005498924292623997,
-0.0937163457274437,
0.031551625579595566,
0.010332346893846989,
-0.007452770136296749,
-0.023173123598098755,
-0.06231829896569252,
0.04498111456632614,
0.040373794734478,
-0.005985252559185028,
0.008933085948228836,
0.0076746041886508465,
-0.015400400385260582,
-0.029094384983181953,
0.023463213816285133,
0.07050909101963043,
0.012806649319827557,
0.001580567448399961,
0.0014003273099660873,
0.04146590083837509,
0.05286475643515587,
-0.017695529386401176,
-0.06228416785597801,
-0.014478936791419983,
0.03235363960266113,
0.01730305328965187,
0.0008996009710244834,
-0.02085239812731743,
0.006155894137918949,
-0.012618943117558956,
0.042182594537734985,
-0.05931500717997551,
0.031244469806551933,
0.03433308005332947,
0.014726366847753525,
0.04552716761827469,
0.05064641311764717,
0.0066080945543944836,
0.01613415963947773,
0.013821966014802456,
-0.0072394683957099915,
0.02008451148867607,
-0.0014301895862445235,
0.030459517613053322,
0.000499926449265331,
-0.04842807352542877,
0.03274611383676529,
0.03307033330202103,
-0.05016861855983734,
-0.051226597279310226,
-0.05180677771568298,
-0.008058547973632812,
-0.03904278948903084,
-0.03760939836502075,
-0.026466505602002144,
0.0004226044984534383,
-0.05754033476114273,
-0.04122700169682503,
0.04515175521373749,
0.0009555927244946361,
-0.02104010432958603,
-0.0340941846370697,
-0.00841689482331276,
0.06119206175208092,
-0.021023040637373924,
-0.01209848653525114,
0.03160281851887703,
0.03144923970103264,
0.03672206401824951,
-0.013523343950510025,
-0.019623778760433197,
-0.03245602548122406,
0.014905540272593498,
-0.06695974618196487,
0.010750418528914452,
-0.013455087319016457,
-0.052216317504644394,
0.01815626211464405,
0.027422098442912102,
0.06736928969621658,
0.04532239958643913,
-0.03580059856176376,
-0.0359371118247509,
-0.016791129484772682,
-0.0028817092534154654,
-0.029981721192598343,
0.03011823445558548,
-0.039622969925403595,
0.04726771265268326,
-0.03363345190882683,
0.05153375118970871,
0.016995899379253387,
0.017541952431201935,
0.04153415560722351,
0.058291155844926834,
-0.021978633478283882,
0.008579004555940628,
-0.021722670644521713,
0.04341121390461922,
-0.01619388349354267,
-0.02527201548218727,
0.004035673104226589,
0.025169629603624344,
0.0005801813094876707,
0.01127940695732832,
0.017849106341600418,
0.01348921563476324,
0.05975867435336113,
0.010016659274697304,
-0.046585146337747574,
-0.02574981190264225,
0.0035280142910778522,
-0.00563970347866416,
-0.019180111587047577,
0.07569659501314163,
-0.04378662258386612,
-0.015383336693048477,
-0.03160281851887703,
-0.006791533902287483,
0.01015317253768444,
0.028770167380571365,
0.035698212683200836,
-0.04170479625463486,
0.08231748640537262,
-0.013054079376161098,
-0.049554310739040375,
0.0004258040280546993,
-0.027405034750699997,
-0.0585300549864769,
-0.010434730909764767,
0.027660997584462166,
0.05071467161178589,
0.022200467064976692,
-0.009146387688815594,
0.04682404547929764,
0.025016052648425102,
-0.013002886436879635,
-0.023036610335111618,
-0.028667781502008438,
0.020357538014650345,
-0.01505911722779274,
0.013591600582003593,
-0.011799863539636135,
-0.02107423171401024,
0.011313535273075104,
0.03641491010785103,
-0.01024702563881874,
-0.06013408675789833,
-0.0040271407924592495,
-0.03931581601500511,
0.012627474963665009,
-0.0036709264386445284,
-0.0663113072514534,
0.0030715481843799353,
-0.047370098531246185,
-0.021091297268867493,
-0.04119287431240082,
-0.01730305328965187,
-0.023992203176021576,
-0.018719378858804703,
-0.010861335322260857,
-0.054741811007261276,
0.010366475209593773,
0.03097144328057766,
-0.009351157583296299,
-0.015221226960420609,
-0.004353492986410856,
-0.011390323750674725,
-0.01183399185538292,
0.022627070546150208,
0.09480845183134079,
0.03146630525588989,
-0.0355616994202137,
0.06504856050014496,
-0.023582663387060165,
-0.028906680643558502,
-0.034623172134160995,
0.0018695915350690484,
0.026722468435764313,
0.044878728687763214,
-0.01663755252957344,
0.030578967183828354,
0.08156666904687881,
0.008293179795145988,
0.010067852213978767,
-0.034845005720853806,
-0.06388819962739944,
0.021807990968227386,
-0.02030634507536888,
0.012994354590773582,
-0.0023441885132342577,
0.06388819962739944,
-0.013642792589962482,
-0.021330194547772408,
0.0038991596084088087,
0.01661195605993271,
-0.004364158026874065,
0.03975948318839073,
0.0027857234235852957,
0.00207969406619668,
-0.06491205096244812,
-0.008344371803104877,
-0.00983748584985733,
0.008314509876072407,
-0.0407492034137249,
0.013199124485254288,
0.05023687332868576,
0.05590217560529709,
0.02830943465232849,
0.030817866325378418,
-0.007896438241004944,
0.024060459807515144,
0.0038522332906723022,
-0.026620082557201385,
0.05399098992347717,
0.04798440635204315,
0.022627070546150208,
-0.04876935854554176,
0.051260724663734436,
0.07399018108844757,
0.0485304594039917,
0.04733596742153168,
-0.024725962430238724,
0.010468859225511551,
-0.00475236726924777,
-0.0381554514169693,
0.026022838428616524,
0.023804496973752975,
0.022661199793219566,
0.024811282753944397,
0.018019748851656914,
0.007887906394898891,
0.07358063757419586,
-0.021688541397452354,
0.05194329097867012,
0.017627272754907608,
-0.01689351350069046,
0.01673993654549122,
-0.015792876482009888,
-0.01493113674223423,
-0.001999705797061324,
-0.003798907622694969,
-0.01955552212893963,
0.002826250856742263,
-0.03610775247216225,
-0.027217328548431396,
-0.017610209062695503,
-0.01796855591237545,
-0.028804294764995575,
-0.043513596057891846,
0.02400926686823368,
-0.004067668225616217,
-0.024214036762714386,
-0.03231951221823692,
-0.005178971216082573,
0.042216721922159195,
-0.022029824554920197,
0.007721530739217997,
-0.016919109970331192,
0.00034341614809818566,
0.004082599189132452,
-0.02578393928706646,
0.04013489559292793,
-0.018122132867574692,
0.00430230051279068,
-0.004221245646476746,
-0.03634665161371231,
0.03359932452440262,
-0.03586885705590248,
0.019060662016272545,
-0.041841309517621994,
-0.023258443921804428,
-0.02407752349972725,
-0.008642994798719883,
0.008788039907813072,
0.04996384680271149,
0.031107956543564796,
-0.04231910780072212,
-0.0038906275294721127,
0.006970707792788744,
0.006642222870141268,
-0.06665259599685669,
0.012661603279411793,
0.06030472740530968,
-0.02919677086174488,
0.04337708279490471,
-0.005703694187104702,
0.05143136531114578,
0.02382156252861023,
0.017917362973093987,
-0.030220620334148407,
-0.016560763120651245,
0.048632845282554626,
0.00023036610218696296,
-0.0019421142060309649,
0.017012963071465492,
-0.019760292023420334,
0.04474221542477608,
-0.045220013707876205,
-0.02923089824616909,
0.06463902443647385,
-0.010844270698726177,
0.014240038581192493,
-0.06139683350920677,
0.001429123105481267,
-0.026432378217577934,
0.04194369539618492,
0.020869461819529533,
-0.08347784727811813,
-0.06368342787027359,
0.029111450538039207,
-0.005021127872169018,
0.023019546642899513,
-0.00855767447501421,
0.011108765378594398,
0.02008451148867607,
0.026244672015309334,
-0.005089384503662586,
-0.00830171164125204,
0.019947998225688934,
-0.020391667261719704,
0.04880348592996597,
0.0010905062081292272,
-0.0094450106844306,
0.006714745424687862,
0.02204689010977745,
0.02697843126952648,
-0.04337708279490471,
-0.005848739296197891,
-0.0022652666084468365,
-0.006104701664298773,
0.034845005720853806,
-0.015596638433635235,
-0.028616590425372124,
0.011646286584436893,
0.00480782613158226,
-0.010067852213978767,
-0.005537318531423807,
-0.00017370776913594455,
-0.06764231622219086,
0.003818104974925518,
0.009572991169989109,
0.01771259307861328,
0.006399058271199465,
-0.0002467636950314045,
0.004095397423952818,
-0.035322804003953934,
-0.0033915010280907154,
-0.007439971901476383,
-0.012738392688333988,
0.037916556000709534,
-0.013105271384119987,
-0.01039207074791193,
0.007926300168037415,
0.030766673386096954,
-0.04975907877087593,
-0.03356519341468811,
0.04798440635204315,
0.08695893734693527,
-0.010050787590444088,
-0.007747126743197441,
0.009120791219174862,
0.04457157477736473,
0.011100233532488346,
-0.05105595290660858,
0.04109048843383789,
0.043104056268930435,
-0.031432174146175385,
-0.014171781949698925,
0.01752488873898983,
0.005985252559185028,
-0.02730264887213707,
0.0024721696972846985,
0.0028027875814586878,
-0.022661199793219566,
0.00863446295261383,
0.015809940174221992,
0.022729456424713135,
0.03603949770331383,
0.03281437233090401,
-0.025033116340637207,
0.04808679223060608,
0.03969122841954231,
0.04416203498840332,
-0.027029622346162796,
0.031841713935136795,
0.029742823913693428,
0.06443425267934799,
-0.025732746347784996,
-0.02622760832309723,
0.017132412642240524,
-0.028514204546809196,
-0.0005791147705167532,
-0.04214846342802048,
-0.00950473453849554,
-0.018395159393548965,
-0.013275912962853909,
0.012832244858145714,
-0.019982127472758293,
0.0033787027932703495,
-0.01726892590522766,
0.022627070546150208,
0.008229189552366734,
0.049178898334503174,
0.014683705754578114,
0.007367449346929789,
-0.019623778760433197,
0.04576606675982475,
0.04678991436958313,
-0.006586764007806778,
0.0024359081871807575,
-0.011740139685571194,
-0.01844635233283043,
0.040510307997465134,
0.014803155325353146,
0.015161502175033092,
0.05023687332868576,
-0.038735635578632355,
-0.009718037210404873,
0.01996506191790104,
-0.004005810711532831,
0.012038761749863625,
0.04620973393321037,
0.0017725392244756222,
0.004756633657962084,
0.009214644320309162,
-0.009248772636055946,
-0.02885548770427704,
0.0022610006853938103,
0.024538256227970123,
-0.009061066433787346,
-0.0385308638215065,
-0.057369694113731384,
0.006070573348551989,
-0.0027814575005322695,
0.04460570216178894,
-0.029998786747455597,
-0.04627799242734909,
0.01698736660182476,
0.03337748721241951,
0.006394792348146439,
-0.03475968539714813,
-0.0008564073359593749,
-0.039588842540979385,
-0.007917768321931362,
-0.0007097622146829963,
0.027882831171154976,
0.01183399185538292,
-0.023941010236740112,
-0.01736277900636196,
-0.028360627591609955,
0.05102182552218437,
-0.01607443578541279,
-0.0007294926908798516,
-0.013548939488828182,
-0.014982328750193119,
0.010972252115607262,
0.006992037873715162,
0.005503190215677023,
0.026517698541283607,
-0.01885589212179184,
0.019282495602965355,
-0.04665340110659599,
-0.03276317939162254,
0.013932883739471436,
-0.013992607593536377,
-0.03627839684486389,
0.00008405429980484769,
-0.015963517129421234,
0.014154717326164246,
-0.01080161053687334,
0.025323206558823586,
-0.007179743610322475,
0.056072816252708435,
-0.05979280173778534,
-0.020186897367239,
-0.01575874723494053,
0.04030553624033928,
-0.0385308638215065,
0.012712796218693256,
0.03818958252668381,
0.02856539748609066,
-0.04276277497410774,
0.006987771950662136,
0.05402511730790138,
0.027251457795500755,
-0.03351400047540665,
0.020255153998732567,
-0.004101796541363001,
-0.018992405384778976,
0.005089384503662586,
-0.022319916635751724,
0.03501564636826515,
-0.03182465210556984,
0.0296404380351305,
-0.049554310739040375,
-0.05033925920724869,
-0.014760495163500309,
0.02970869466662407,
0.02496485970914364,
-0.007546622771769762,
-0.023053674027323723,
-0.03764352947473526,
0.04317231476306915,
0.02474302612245083,
-0.035322804003953934,
0.013813434168696404,
-0.026091095060110092,
-0.03231951221823692,
0.004415350500494242,
-0.014086460694670677,
-0.021910376846790314,
0.04010076820850372,
-0.032285384833812714,
-0.027916958555579185,
-0.028667781502008438,
-0.021739734336733818,
0.007141349371522665,
0.00605777557939291,
-0.012567751109600067,
0.01565636321902275,
0.004266039002686739,
-0.009811889380216599,
0.017729658633470535,
-0.0518750324845314,
-0.04382075369358063,
0.016082966700196266,
-0.056106943637132645,
-0.014470404013991356,
-0.0016424249624833465,
-0.021961567923426628,
-0.03904278948903084,
-0.015212695114314556,
-0.02859952487051487,
0.010136108845472336,
0.012763988226652145,
-0.0018642590148374438,
-0.0028945074882358313,
0.0010889064287766814,
-0.025954581797122955,
0.02581806853413582,
-0.020835334435105324,
-0.021842120215296745,
0.0023185922764241695,
-0.03764352947473526,
-0.00918904785066843,
0.03337748721241951,
-0.011484176851809025,
0.006450250744819641,
0.011014912277460098,
0.03030594065785408,
0.02786576747894287,
-0.00596392247825861,
-0.010204365476965904,
0.008715517818927765,
0.019504331052303314,
0.004568927921354771,
0.003965283278375864,
0.008805104531347752,
-0.007120019290596247,
0.0070858909748494625,
0.0316881388425827,
0.001429123105481267,
0.011654818430542946,
-0.0031078094616532326,
-0.011211150325834751,
0.016919109970331192,
-0.006471581291407347,
-0.010110512375831604,
0.06276196241378784,
0.007316256873309612,
0.04624386131763458,
-0.03260960057377815,
0.01926543191075325,
-0.0337187722325325,
0.007452770136296749,
-0.07214725017547607,
-0.006629424635320902,
-0.049178898334503174,
-0.000991320819593966,
-0.046994686126708984,
-0.03363345190882683,
0.01313086785376072,
-0.0005273890565149486,
-0.012678667902946472,
-0.02704668790102005,
-0.017234796658158302,
-0.005443465895950794,
-0.027319714426994324,
0.019248368218541145,
0.050919439643621445,
0.014240038581192493,
0.003487486857920885,
0.033138591796159744,
-0.029435668140649796,
-0.006838460452854633,
-0.018173325806856155,
0.000582847569603473,
-0.038360223174095154,
-0.029060257598757744,
0.058700695633888245,
-0.017849106341600418,
-0.015050585381686687,
0.017251862213015556,
0.019128918647766113,
-0.0062070866115391254,
0.0043577589094638824,
0.033616386353969574,
-0.006117499899119139,
0.004590258002281189,
-0.024094589054584503,
0.004905944690108299,
-0.039213430136442184,
0.01202169805765152,
0.0005228564259596169,
-0.027251457795500755,
-0.036653805524110794,
-0.00512351281940937,
0.019999191164970398,
-0.01743103563785553,
-0.01428269874304533,
-0.010793078690767288,
0.0009587922831997275,
-0.02549384906888008,
0.005878601688891649,
-0.04494698718190193,
0.02900906465947628,
0.0019815750420093536,
-0.030630160123109818,
0.03934994339942932,
-0.0012659471249207854,
-0.010238493792712688,
0.0011081036645919085,
-0.04163654148578644,
0.029964657500386238,
0.004108195658773184,
0.01670580916106701,
0.029538054019212723,
0.011816928163170815,
0.02085239812731743,
0.026995494961738586,
0.014956732280552387,
0.019214238971471786,
0.011697478592395782,
0.03982774168252945,
-0.03404299169778824,
0.03764352947473526,
0.0537179633975029,
0.013182060793042183,
-0.019419008865952492,
0.01923130452632904,
-0.011262343265116215,
0.0036858576349914074,
0.041363514959812164,
-0.06392233073711395,
0.0581546425819397,
-0.04975907877087593,
-0.007951896637678146,
0.06607241183519363,
0.005456263665109873,
-0.029060257598757744,
-0.011791331693530083,
0.004135924857109785,
-0.023429086431860924,
0.007120019290596247,
-0.013156464323401451,
-0.02115955390036106,
-0.01708121970295906,
0.013506279326975346,
-0.007341852877289057,
0.003756247228011489,
-0.03730224445462227,
-0.009718037210404873,
0.019589651376008987,
-0.0175931453704834,
-0.0570625364780426,
-0.030510710552334785,
-0.040373794734478,
0.007516760844737291,
0.032729052007198334,
0.007922034710645676,
0.04085158929228783,
-0.007201073691248894,
0.004995531868189573,
0.02656889148056507,
0.03931581601500511,
-0.03457197919487953,
-0.0059127300046384335,
-0.010144640691578388,
0.0006004449678584933,
0.0003618134360294789,
0.034247759729623795,
-0.04173892363905907,
0.020101575180888176,
-0.025613298639655113,
0.0056055751629173756,
-0.006778736133128405,
-0.049588438123464584,
0.001496313139796257,
-0.0071669453755021095,
-0.0022524686064571142,
0.03363345190882683,
0.014180313795804977,
-0.02141551487147808,
0.06586764007806778,
-0.031107956543564796,
-0.025391463190317154,
0.013071143068373203,
0.018053876236081123,
0.0010435797739773989,
-0.018309839069843292,
-0.0000823212176328525,
0.031654007732868195,
-0.015417465008795261,
0.013164996169507504,
0.027285585179924965,
0.03603949770331383,
-0.014214442111551762,
0.01793442852795124,
0.012678667902946472,
-0.01717507280409336,
-0.025135502219200134,
-0.009393817745149136,
-0.045254141092300415,
0.0029456999618560076,
-0.02100597508251667,
0.020476987585425377,
0.014956732280552387,
-0.011322067119181156,
0.027985215187072754,
-0.042250849306583405,
0.05545850843191147,
-0.024555319920182228
] |
Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction is one of the main tasks of the
recommendation system, which is conducted by a user for different items to give
the recommendation results. Cross-domain CTR prediction models have been
proposed to overcome problems of data sparsity, long tail distribution of
user-item interactions, and cold start of items or users. In order to make
knowledge transfer from source domain to target domain more smoothly, an
innovative deep learning cross-domain CTR prediction model, Domain Adversarial
Deep Interest Network (DADIN) is proposed to convert the cross-domain
recommendation task into a domain adaptation problem. The joint distribution
alignment of two domains is innovatively realized by introducing domain
agnostic layers and specially designed loss, and optimized together with CTR
prediction loss in a way of adversarial training. It is found that the Area
Under Curve (AUC) of DADIN is 0.08% higher than the most competitive baseline
on Huawei dataset and is 0.71% higher than its competitors on Amazon dataset,
achieving the state-of-the-art results on the basis of the evaluation of this
model performance on two real datasets. The ablation study shows that by
introducing adversarial method, this model has respectively led to the AUC
improvements of 2.34% on Huawei dataset and 16.67% on Amazon dataset. | [
0.002069301437586546,
-0.004651130177080631,
-0.0233911219984293,
-0.018532270565629005,
0.02088041417300701,
-0.006457394454628229,
-0.03045361489057541,
0.04490372911095619,
-0.05985959619283676,
0.008037875406444073,
0.008313330821692944,
-0.028827976435422897,
-0.000568408751860261,
-0.09681575745344162,
0.016527317464351654,
-0.0025761842261999846,
-0.005644575692713261,
0.00533299520611763,
0.018161986023187637,
-0.02501675859093666,
0.033867452293634415,
-0.007757904939353466,
0.006321924738585949,
0.0710945576429367,
0.024962570518255234,
0.05938996747136116,
0.002301858039572835,
0.004195048473775387,
-0.023156307637691498,
0.025414137169718742,
0.04150795191526413,
0.034878961741924286,
0.008164314553141594,
-0.009934453293681145,
-0.056355442851781845,
-0.013673420064151287,
0.03227794170379639,
0.07420133054256439,
-0.059426091611385345,
0.018432926386594772,
0.02156679518520832,
0.025486387312412262,
-0.06350824981927872,
0.028502849861979485,
0.011253026314079762,
-0.04880525916814804,
-0.030887117609381676,
0.01834261231124401,
-0.01508230622857809,
-0.031952813267707825,
-0.0363781601190567,
-0.03661297634243965,
-0.013962422497570515,
0.012580630369484425,
-0.04616811126470566,
0.1261494904756546,
0.022758929058909416,
0.014982961118221283,
0.0292976051568985,
0.04992514103651047,
0.023806562647223473,
0.04540948197245598,
0.008426222018897533,
0.006922507658600807,
-0.004705318249762058,
-0.0002369310677750036,
0.0050485082902014256,
0.034571897238492966,
0.015705466270446777,
-0.034571897238492966,
-0.062496740370988846,
0.01627444103360176,
0.03245856612920761,
-0.02832222171127796,
-0.09537074714899063,
0.004904007073491812,
0.045770734548568726,
0.010918866842985153,
0.01741238683462143,
0.0037028416991233826,
0.025450263172388077,
0.04288071021437645,
0.024276191368699074,
-0.010566645301878452,
0.04869688302278519,
-0.018983837217092514,
0.01764720119535923,
-0.06498938798904419,
-0.013781796209514141,
-0.06029309704899788,
-0.036468472331762314,
0.04121894761919975,
-0.04616811126470566,
-0.04537335783243179,
-0.06253286451101303,
-0.00533299520611763,
-0.019056087359786034,
-0.0018040064023807645,
-0.03742579370737076,
0.020844288170337677,
-0.03919593244791031,
0.0038608897011727095,
0.010295705869793892,
-0.009771889075636864,
0.04248333349823952,
-0.025341887027025223,
-0.04551785811781883,
0.003172251395881176,
-0.045156605541706085,
0.12123645097017288,
0.002492644591256976,
0.004339549690485001,
-0.01842389442026615,
0.04342259094119072,
-0.04439797252416611,
0.030814867466688156,
-0.06560351699590683,
-0.0701553001999855,
0.037714798003435135,
-0.0919027253985405,
-0.029568545520305634,
0.04356709122657776,
0.001924800337292254,
0.020157909020781517,
0.019923094660043716,
0.05454917997121811,
0.022957617416977882,
0.008805537596344948,
0.04089382290840149,
0.02317436970770359,
-0.03251275420188904,
0.032964322715997696,
-0.03258500620722771,
0.0068367100320756435,
0.04710736870765686,
0.005414276849478483,
0.06607314199209213,
-0.042700085788965225,
0.021350042894482613,
-0.020392723381519318,
0.025432199239730835,
-0.0006169521366246045,
0.0009076477726921439,
-0.0026100517716258764,
-0.036631036549806595,
0.04743249714374542,
-0.005269775632768869,
0.06535063683986664,
0.020067594945430756,
0.043241966515779495,
-0.020681725814938545,
0.04002681374549866,
-0.00132308853790164,
0.00974479503929615,
0.015208744443953037,
0.0322418175637722,
0.0190199613571167,
-0.022036423906683922,
0.008344940841197968,
0.010485363192856312,
0.03247663006186485,
-0.01319476030766964,
-0.040713194757699966,
0.007830155082046986,
0.04172470420598984,
0.013826952315866947,
0.03538471460342407,
-0.012987039983272552,
-0.12123645097017288,
0.048913635313510895,
0.0022634747438132763,
0.01681631989777088,
-0.014386894181370735,
0.010810491628944874,
-0.011505902744829655,
0.04219433292746544,
0.03038136288523674,
-0.03305463492870331,
-0.027491340413689613,
0.011343339458107948,
-0.04710736870765686,
0.013402480632066727,
0.02118747867643833,
0.02048303559422493,
0.035420842468738556,
-0.0056626382283866405,
0.03534859046339989,
0.0050259302370250225,
0.0005988894845359027,
-0.001195521093904972,
0.0019315737299621105,
-0.007694685366004705,
0.023896874859929085,
0.02369818650186062,
-0.0033144948538392782,
0.013023165054619312,
-0.02355368435382843,
-0.024998696520924568,
0.0194895900785923,
-0.06578414142131805,
-0.015488715842366219,
-0.024222003296017647,
0.029983986169099808,
0.004660161677747965,
-0.006109688431024551,
0.0498528927564621,
0.026028266176581383,
-0.00395120307803154,
-0.009248072281479836,
-0.04493985325098038,
0.010747271589934826,
0.026804961264133453,
-0.03375907614827156,
0.00408667279407382,
0.006678661797195673,
0.02308405563235283,
0.0015928992070257664,
0.024673568084836006,
-0.005870358552783728,
-0.029731107875704765,
-0.010927898809313774,
0.0033483621664345264,
0.04537335783243179,
0.016202189028263092,
-0.05805332958698273,
-0.04732412099838257,
0.014874585904181004,
0.0000616317120147869,
0.007884343154728413,
-0.03554727882146835,
-0.026281144469976425,
-0.013086384162306786,
-0.01880321092903614,
-0.028268035501241684,
0.028249971568584442,
-0.006109688431024551,
0.0017498184461146593,
-0.05010576918721199,
-0.053429294377565384,
0.009053898975253105,
-0.0369742289185524,
-0.03796767443418503,
0.029821421951055527,
-0.010954991914331913,
0.02561282552778721,
-0.009889296256005764,
-0.005766498390585184,
0.04165245220065117,
0.035800155252218246,
-0.013285073451697826,
0.02340918406844139,
0.004664677195250988,
-0.01625637710094452,
0.04118282347917557,
0.0007321014418266714,
-0.00967254489660263,
0.04739637300372124,
-0.03274757042527199,
0.004764021839946508,
-0.02239767648279667,
0.02891829051077366,
0.018152955919504166,
0.023463372141122818,
0.040243566036224365,
0.017972329631447792,
0.022578302770853043,
0.057800453156232834,
-0.01633765920996666,
0.022686678916215897,
0.029983986169099808,
0.005314932204782963,
-0.029405981302261353,
-0.050756022334098816,
-0.036486536264419556,
-0.021079102531075478,
0.01986890658736229,
0.0814986377954483,
-0.048299506306648254,
0.013763733208179474,
0.024348441511392593,
0.018080703914165497,
0.015669342130422592,
0.0680239126086235,
-0.0297672338783741,
-0.06990242749452591,
-0.04197758063673973,
-0.058956462889909744,
-0.023373058065772057,
-0.014341738075017929,
-0.008385581895709038,
-0.026190830394625664,
-0.0156512800604105,
0.008358487859368324,
-0.010611802339553833,
0.05946221575140953,
0.02270474098622799,
0.015019087120890617,
0.0018119087908416986,
0.0380399227142334,
-0.033271387219429016,
-0.04190532863140106,
-0.04663773998618126,
0.03552921488881111,
0.02899054065346718,
-0.013962422497570515,
0.025414137169718742,
0.0295324195176363,
0.07954787462949753,
-0.03274757042527199,
-0.06596476584672928,
-0.01507327426224947,
-0.004292135126888752,
-0.014901679940521717,
-0.019164463505148888,
-0.012815444730222225,
-0.007256666198372841,
0.03782317042350769,
0.028827976435422897,
-0.008724256418645382,
-0.05415179952979088,
-0.00005665742719429545,
-0.02210867404937744,
-0.07550184428691864,
0.024890320375561714,
-0.030092362314462662,
0.0019507653778418899,
-0.006385143846273422,
0.021368104964494705,
0.015741592273116112,
0.024438753724098206,
-0.03610721975564957,
-0.039484936743974686,
-0.020284347236156464,
-0.008502989076077938,
-0.01702404022216797,
0.011027242988348007,
0.0014619451249018312,
0.030056236311793327,
0.0009065188351087272,
-0.018378738313913345,
-0.008543629199266434,
0.0017644943436607718,
-0.014025641605257988,
0.03489702567458153,
-0.02555863745510578,
0.004556301515549421,
-0.031212246045470238,
0.008471379056572914,
-0.025070946663618088,
-0.013628263026475906,
0.0009471597732044756,
0.02371624857187271,
-0.00040217602509073913,
0.023463372141122818,
0.08951845020055771,
-0.019742468371987343,
-0.02523351088166237,
-0.045987486839294434,
-0.03316301107406616,
0.018821272999048233,
-0.008801022544503212,
-0.05664444342255592,
-0.0467822439968586,
0.04670999199151993,
-0.0713474377989769,
-0.0036305910907685757,
0.011785874143242836,
0.02050109952688217,
0.028864102438092232,
0.007812092546373606,
-0.0529235415160656,
-0.00015960037126205862,
0.03399389237165451,
0.011298182420432568,
-0.060184724628925323,
0.019435402005910873,
-0.031808312982320786,
-0.019200587645173073,
-0.04732412099838257,
0.0415802001953125,
0.0064799729734659195,
-0.008656521327793598,
-0.021422293037176132,
0.0003553260467015207,
0.042555585503578186,
0.014621708542108536,
0.07875312119722366,
0.010602770373225212,
-0.04902201145887375,
0.046059735119342804,
-0.004353096708655357,
0.002221704926341772,
-0.021620983257889748,
-0.02033853530883789,
0.04013518989086151,
-0.03984618932008743,
0.010918866842985153,
0.03076067939400673,
0.028177721425890923,
-0.05902871489524841,
-0.011677497997879982,
-0.024836132302880287,
0.02707589976489544,
0.016075750812888145,
0.009347417391836643,
0.00832236185669899,
-0.005698763765394688,
-0.027563592419028282,
-0.012481285259127617,
0.00805593840777874,
-0.017150478437542915,
-0.04595136269927025,
-0.02647983282804489,
0.05675281956791878,
0.03912368416786194,
0.007012820802628994,
-0.04504822939634323,
0.003273853799328208,
0.013763733208179474,
0.0064799729734659195,
0.005612966138869524,
0.02815965935587883,
0.07752485573291779,
-0.037859298288822174,
-0.046384863555431366,
0.06108785420656204,
0.019742468371987343,
-0.011370433494448662,
-0.03354232758283615,
-0.041255075484514236,
0.05606644228100777,
0.012978008016943932,
0.05104502663016319,
-0.028683476150035858,
-0.009961547330021858,
0.02494450844824314,
-0.007414714433252811,
0.008941007778048515,
-0.023951062932610512,
-0.02163904532790184,
-0.01627444103360176,
-0.0736955776810646,
-0.03404808044433594,
0.031194182112812996,
-0.04537335783243179,
-0.03413839265704155,
0.005202041007578373,
-0.007807577028870583,
-0.05722244828939438,
-0.022506052628159523,
-0.07279244810342789,
0.002133649541065097,
-0.022668614983558655,
-0.05017802119255066,
0.010042828507721424,
0.012463223189115524,
0.0017543340800330043,
-0.023210495710372925,
0.03171800076961517,
-0.013835983350872993,
0.004118282347917557,
0.026642397046089172,
-0.054296303540468216,
-0.028827976435422897,
0.04280846193432808,
0.02225317433476448,
-0.04244720935821533,
-0.026371456682682037,
-0.002063656924292445,
0.02393300086259842,
0.021964171901345253,
-0.007121196482330561,
0.018017485737800598,
-0.0035809187684208155,
0.0365046001970768,
0.032404378056526184,
0.011316245421767235,
-0.0779583603143692,
0.017692357301712036,
0.021837733685970306,
0.013483761809766293,
0.025992142036557198,
0.02093460224568844,
-0.01488361693918705,
0.08496666699647903,
0.004818209912627935,
0.0015048438217490911,
0.032422441989183426,
-0.10223454982042313,
-0.03092324361205101,
-0.012553536333143711,
0.012544505298137665,
-0.014413988217711449,
-0.02286730520427227,
-0.04996126890182495,
-0.041399575769901276,
-0.020988790318369865,
-0.020446911454200745,
0.012887694872915745,
-0.034860897809267044,
-0.017132416367530823,
0.019056087359786034,
0.03444545716047287,
-0.012246470898389816,
0.05017802119255066,
-0.006913476157933474,
0.012607724405825138,
0.020681725814938545,
0.0013682451099157333,
0.04172470420598984,
-0.01100917998701334,
0.03171800076961517,
-0.004723380785435438,
0.00793401524424553,
-0.019056087359786034,
0.010945960879325867,
-0.000759195419959724,
0.019146399572491646,
0.016996946185827255,
0.010006703436374664,
-0.02638952061533928,
0.014025641605257988,
-0.02116941660642624,
0.006701240316033363,
-0.015669342130422592,
0.018658708781003952,
0.03905143216252327,
-0.010024766437709332,
0.0420498289167881,
0.03030911274254322,
-0.03782317042350769,
0.03749804571270943,
0.037642545998096466,
-0.041688576340675354,
-0.005265260115265846,
0.018911585211753845,
-0.01239097211509943,
-0.008466863073408604,
-0.0024407145101577044,
-0.0028900227043777704,
-0.013637294992804527,
0.06361662596464157,
0.0007958851638250053,
0.020374659448862076,
0.0023097603116184473,
0.01804457977414131,
-0.010313768871128559,
-0.022542176768183708,
0.017529793083667755,
0.04620423913002014,
0.006764459423720837,
-0.0021844508592039347,
-0.012743193656206131,
-0.011072399094700813,
0.013998547568917274,
-0.03401195630431175,
-0.050972774624824524,
-0.033704888075590134,
-0.009374511428177357,
-0.001610961859114468,
0.001272287336178124,
0.010449238121509552,
0.010151204653084278,
-0.02163904532790184,
0.0036825211718678474,
-0.019290901720523834,
0.022054485976696014,
0.0838829055428505,
0.03175412490963936,
0.005992281250655651,
0.0054368553683161736,
0.013050259090960026,
-0.04587911069393158,
-0.02893635258078575,
-0.0045630750246346,
0.029947860166430473,
-0.0018096509156748652,
-0.04179695248603821,
0.038401175290346146,
0.0033302996307611465,
0.03775092214345932,
-0.04349484294652939,
0.0021223605144768953,
0.019670216366648674,
0.028864102438092232,
-0.0015161329647526145,
-0.009428699500858784,
-0.0559941902756691,
0.01503714919090271,
-0.025432199239730835,
0.02723846398293972,
0.03536665439605713,
0.013113478198647499,
-0.01818908005952835,
-0.06798778474330902,
-0.05039476975798607,
-0.035800155252218246,
0.020121783018112183,
0.02870153822004795,
-0.07329820096492767,
0.008566208183765411,
0.014486239291727543,
0.018550332635641098,
0.02118747867643833,
-0.05610256642103195,
0.012689005583524704,
0.027834530919790268,
-0.033722952008247375,
0.024041377007961273,
0.021747421473264694,
-0.023517560213804245,
-0.012210345827043056,
0.03368682786822319,
-0.008841663599014282,
0.03628784790635109,
0.003506410401314497,
0.06975792348384857,
0.02830415964126587,
-0.053284794092178345,
-0.037028416991233826,
0.004258268047124147,
0.0035944657865911722,
0.07192543894052505,
0.00552716851234436,
-0.02678689733147621,
0.017990391701459885,
0.022993743419647217,
0.012878663837909698,
-0.029279543086886406,
0.015299057587981224,
-0.0012914788676425815,
0.022451864555478096,
-0.0010115079348906875,
-0.026949461549520493,
-0.013131540268659592,
0.016229283064603806,
0.02407750114798546,
0.007035398855805397,
0.045626234263181686,
-0.0034657693468034267,
-0.024529067799448967,
0.009988641366362572,
-0.009528043679893017,
0.026678523048758507,
0.002382010919973254,
0.042627833783626556,
-0.029785295948386192,
0.004389221780002117,
0.024438753724098206,
0.029713045805692673,
-0.04060481861233711,
0.02501675859093666,
-0.015136494301259518,
0.022361550480127335,
0.03281981870532036,
-0.0318986251950264,
0.006805100478231907,
-0.0024903868325054646,
0.01842389442026615,
0.021115228533744812,
0.007500512059777975,
-0.050069645047187805,
0.026208894327282906,
-0.017376260831952095,
0.05823395773768425,
-0.02210867404937744,
0.019146399572491646,
-0.028954414650797844,
0.023463372141122818,
0.027599716559052467,
0.018749022856354713,
-0.04241108149290085,
-0.06889091432094574,
0.020230159163475037,
0.03843730315566063,
-0.01484749186784029,
0.014070797711610794,
0.05418792739510536,
-0.01587706245481968,
-0.027256526052951813,
0.010015735402703285,
0.021512607112526894,
-0.030417488887906075,
-0.05411567538976669,
-0.029640795662999153,
-0.032097313553094864,
0.012065844610333443,
0.032259877771139145,
-0.01802651584148407,
0.015443558804690838,
-0.027816468849778175,
-0.005929062142968178,
0.014314644038677216,
0.0349692739546299,
-0.05353767052292824,
-0.004529207479208708,
-0.04121894761919975,
-0.025125134736299515,
0.009916390292346478,
0.01220131479203701,
0.003777350066229701,
-0.007270213216543198,
-0.02026628516614437,
0.007681138347834349,
-0.0022160604130476713,
0.024149753153324127,
0.012824475765228271,
-0.01640990935266018,
-0.04988901689648628,
-0.030634241178631783,
0.013149603269994259,
0.04569848254323006,
-0.010720177553594112,
0.005856811534613371,
-0.03677554056048393,
-0.00048289343249052763,
0.010756303556263447,
0.022433800622820854,
0.001039166352711618,
-0.020681725814938545,
0.001827713567763567,
0.049455512315034866,
0.07658559828996658,
-0.025052884593605995,
-0.03171800076961517,
0.0051026963628828526,
-0.000563893117941916,
0.00024991357349790633,
-0.022957617416977882,
-0.0016177353681996465,
-0.00840815994888544,
0.02378849871456623,
-0.045842986553907394,
-0.01519068144261837,
-0.013402480632066727,
-0.01193037535995245,
0.013330229558050632,
0.02685914933681488,
0.0020117268431931734,
-0.007414714433252811,
-0.05263453722000122,
-0.05407955124974251,
0.04067707061767578,
0.017827827483415604,
-0.015479683876037598,
0.019778592512011528,
0.020735912024974823,
0.037028416991233826,
0.021006852388381958,
-0.012806412763893604,
0.004368901718407869,
-0.023752374574542046,
0.023914938792586327,
-0.020519161596894264,
-0.056969571858644485,
0.005193009506911039,
0.030182674527168274,
0.006303862202912569,
0.006534160580486059,
-0.005107211880385876,
0.003680263413116336,
0.028033221140503883,
-0.037931546568870544,
-0.00813270453363657,
0.019688280299305916,
-0.01941733993589878,
-0.043241966515779495,
0.008692646399140358,
0.022433800622820854,
-0.02270474098622799,
-0.012463223189115524,
0.00010541245137574151,
0.02738296426832676,
-0.012707068584859371,
0.020609473809599876,
0.05823395773768425,
0.027256526052951813,
0.0016222510021179914,
-0.00009038376447279006,
0.0016087041003629565,
-0.010837584733963013,
0.015822874382138252,
0.0032490177545696497,
0.009171306155622005,
-0.006461909972131252,
0.008299783803522587,
0.009094540029764175,
-0.004651130177080631,
0.04374771937727928,
0.02194610983133316,
0.012210345827043056,
-0.01338441763073206,
0.006389659363776445,
-0.029442107304930687,
0.01385404635220766,
0.0062225800938904285,
0.011352370493113995,
-0.013745670206844807,
-0.004944648128002882,
-0.06408625096082687,
0.03659491240978241,
-0.032964322715997696,
-0.006249674130231142,
0.004393737763166428,
-0.0037073572166264057,
-0.02747327834367752,
0.00021068377827759832,
0.02969498373568058,
-0.02709396369755268,
0.015560965985059738,
0.0701553001999855,
-0.003081938251852989,
-0.008006266318261623,
-0.01963409222662449,
0.0014483981067314744,
-0.03614334762096405,
-0.05353767052292824,
-0.02071784995496273,
-0.06610926985740662,
-0.05306804180145264,
-0.005472980439662933,
0.029983986169099808,
-0.032494693994522095,
-0.005816170480102301,
-0.03643234819173813,
0.016473129391670227,
0.07160031050443649,
-0.0004205208970233798,
0.06607314199209213,
0.009491918608546257,
0.005649091210216284,
0.029947860166430473,
-0.02610051818192005,
0.007536637131124735,
-0.021295854821801186,
0.03753416985273361,
-0.03291013464331627,
-0.012598692439496517,
0.004409542307257652,
0.07449033856391907,
0.04403671994805336,
0.010422144085168839,
-0.026895273476839066,
-0.056969571858644485,
0.011325276456773281,
0.011885218322277069,
0.0027116541750729084,
0.005572325084358454,
-0.028737664222717285,
0.0240955650806427,
0.020970726385712624,
0.043386466801166534,
0.03404808044433594,
-0.03435514494776726,
-0.03139287233352661,
0.024456817656755447,
-0.02218092419207096,
0.022289300337433815,
0.060040220618247986,
-0.02033853530883789,
0.02647983282804489,
0.03511377424001694,
-0.036161407828330994,
-0.0054007298313081264,
0.01203875057399273,
0.01457655243575573,
-0.007459871005266905,
-0.06238836422562599,
0.021928047761321068,
-0.0068547725677490234,
0.0018807726446539164,
0.026136642321944237,
-0.015506777912378311,
0.04540948197245598,
-0.012454191222786903,
-0.03262113034725189,
0.0030390394385904074,
0.025757327675819397,
0.006696724332869053,
-0.061123982071876526,
0.028340285643935204,
-0.007076039910316467,
0.03061617724597454,
-0.03123030811548233,
0.029062790796160698,
-0.038328927010297775,
-0.029568545520305634,
-0.004407284781336784,
-0.0192547757178545,
-0.02494450844824314,
0.007879827171564102,
0.01626540906727314,
0.05064764618873596,
-0.03607109561562538,
-0.0037005837075412273,
-0.03422870486974716,
-0.03169993683695793,
0.00024596237926743925,
-0.017367230728268623,
-0.023824624717235565,
0.01488361693918705,
-0.01934508979320526,
-0.03612528368830681,
-0.03173606097698212,
0.05288741737604141,
0.0363781601190567,
-0.005134305916726589,
-0.017629139125347137,
0.016202189028263092,
-0.008751350454986095,
0.02125972881913185,
-0.03321719914674759,
0.0071889315731823444,
0.017936203628778458,
-0.007071524392813444,
-0.0041318293660879135,
-0.030742617323994637,
0.017773639410734177,
0.025576701387763023,
-0.03144706040620804,
0.03675747662782669,
0.04143569990992546,
-0.012643849477171898,
0.00665608374401927,
-0.01602156274020672,
0.025811515748500824,
0.0033212683629244566,
0.05798108130693436,
-0.02893635258078575,
0.005161399953067303,
-0.03220568969845772,
0.03477058559656143,
-0.01469395961612463,
-0.001649345038458705,
0.019850842654705048,
0.006525129545480013,
-0.012833506800234318,
0.020067594945430756,
-0.015633216127753258,
-0.04320583865046501,
-0.010964023880660534,
-0.0051749469712376595,
0.006443847436457872,
0.04483147710561752,
0.08279915153980255,
-0.03623365983366966,
0.04779374971985817,
-0.01112658716738224,
-0.023373058065772057,
-0.037859298288822174,
-0.03800379857420921,
-0.008308814838528633,
0.012914788909256458,
-0.016310565173625946,
0.00935644842684269,
-0.00680961599573493,
-0.01200262550264597,
0.05202040821313858,
-0.022036423906683922,
-0.0057168263010680676,
-0.00833139382302761,
0.012941882945597172,
-0.017611075192689896,
0.00021068377827759832,
-0.06538676470518112,
-0.00007620177348144352,
-0.024203939363360405,
-0.007961109280586243,
-0.0522010363638401,
0.040171314030885696,
-0.009564168751239777,
-0.0019157689530402422,
0.015100368298590183,
0.021223604679107666,
0.011623309925198555,
0.036342035979032516,
0.009374511428177357,
-0.007161837536841631,
-0.02769003063440323,
0.003948945086449385,
0.011370433494448662,
0.042085956782102585,
0.024041377007961273,
-0.012427098117768764,
-0.00696314824745059,
-0.010575677268207073,
0.07470708340406418,
-0.02246992662549019,
-0.023445310071110725,
0.0133482925593853,
-0.03959331288933754,
0.012101969681680202,
0.03869017958641052,
-0.002289439784362912,
-0.009943484328687191,
0.027599716559052467,
-0.015317120589315891,
0.002623598789796233,
0.022668614983558655,
0.054729804396629333,
-0.06610926985740662,
0.021657107397913933,
0.0023639481514692307,
0.020356597378849983,
-0.022451864555478096,
0.031085805967450142,
0.058884214609861374,
0.000294646859401837,
0.0040392582304775715,
0.020230159163475037,
0.03038136288523674,
0.0006463039317168295,
-0.03800379857420921,
-0.024492941796779633,
-0.004673708695918322,
0.009997672401368618,
-0.06014859676361084,
-0.02525157295167446,
-0.023499496281147003,
-0.003743482520803809,
0.06932441890239716,
0.0192547757178545,
0.048769135028123856,
-0.03137480840086937
] |
The success of many healthcare programs depends on participants' adherence.
We consider the problem of scheduling interventions in low resource settings
(e.g., placing timely support calls from health workers) to increase adherence
and/or engagement. Past works have successfully developed several classes of
Restless Multi-armed Bandit (RMAB) based solutions for this problem.
Nevertheless, all past RMAB approaches assume that the participants' behaviour
follows the Markov property. We demonstrate significant deviations from the
Markov assumption on real-world data on a maternal health awareness program
from our partner NGO, ARMMAN. Moreover, we extend RMABs to continuous state
spaces, a previously understudied area. To tackle the generalised non-Markovian
RMAB setting we (i) model each participant's trajectory as a time-series, (ii)
leverage the power of time-series forecasting models to learn complex patterns
and dynamics to predict future states, and (iii) propose the Time-series Arm
Ranking Index (TARI) policy, a novel algorithm that selects the RMAB arms that
will benefit the most from an intervention, given our future state predictions.
We evaluate our approach on both synthetic data, and a secondary analysis on
real data from ARMMAN, and demonstrate significant increase in engagement
compared to the SOTA, deployed Whittle index solution. This translates to 16.3
hours of additional content listened, 90.8% more engagement drops prevented,
and reaching more than twice as many high dropout-risk beneficiaries. | [
0.007074506022036076,
-0.01431665476411581,
-0.03288024663925171,
-0.049622129648923874,
0.00019348718342371285,
-0.01306492555886507,
-0.0786801278591156,
0.02112293243408203,
-0.04340818524360657,
0.030309733003377914,
0.015400741249322891,
0.016060134395956993,
0.019222985953092575,
-0.046403396874666214,
-0.045174017548561096,
-0.0077450755052268505,
0.01536721270531416,
0.024632245302200317,
0.024788711220026016,
-0.050203289836645126,
-0.026576897129416466,
0.021860558539628983,
-0.0107682254165411,
0.015333684161305428,
0.032634373754262924,
0.02700158953666687,
-0.030376790091395378,
0.003512106603011489,
-0.07912717759609222,
0.014283126220107079,
-0.04309525340795517,
0.02827567234635353,
-0.0025872797705233097,
-0.017378920689225197,
-0.03431079536676407,
0.007437731139361858,
0.019368276000022888,
0.007186267524957657,
0.019021816551685333,
0.02914741262793541,
-0.044279925525188446,
0.01324374321848154,
-0.04242468252778053,
-0.01726716011762619,
0.03735071048140526,
-0.0225087758153677,
0.002253392245620489,
0.025481633841991425,
-0.00432237796485424,
0.015221922658383846,
0.015065456740558147,
-0.014227245002985,
0.0339755117893219,
0.014797229319810867,
0.007437731139361858,
0.02916976436972618,
0.029393287375569344,
0.00258308881893754,
0.07496964931488037,
0.024811064824461937,
0.030287379398941994,
-0.004020621534436941,
0.004115619231015444,
-0.0014710613759234548,
0.08243531733751297,
-0.07148268818855286,
-0.011567320674657822,
0.05458433926105499,
-0.040860023349523544,
-0.008968864567577839,
-0.04635868966579437,
0.025146348401904106,
-0.027470989152789116,
0.01800478622317314,
-0.018384775146842003,
-0.02648748643696308,
0.03589781001210213,
0.02756039798259735,
-0.004115619231015444,
-0.03697071969509125,
0.012047895230352879,
0.047297488898038864,
-0.0036182801704853773,
-0.011589672416448593,
0.056238412857055664,
-0.040502384305000305,
0.015400741249322891,
-0.10773813724517822,
0.008739753626286983,
0.01851888932287693,
-0.04405640438199043,
0.008119476959109306,
-0.02434166520833969,
0.018552416935563087,
-0.06576049327850342,
0.04367641359567642,
-0.013891960494220257,
0.012751992791891098,
-0.041575297713279724,
-0.0005850018351338804,
0.03348375856876373,
-0.04414581134915352,
-0.023693447932600975,
0.01660776697099209,
0.02751569263637066,
-0.010025011375546455,
-0.060753580182790756,
-0.011265563778579235,
0.007342733908444643,
0.14707820117473602,
-0.06298881024122238,
0.005484697874635458,
0.004652074538171291,
0.03305906802415848,
-0.11498028039932251,
-0.014596058055758476,
0.004763836041092873,
-0.09504202008247375,
-0.009907661005854607,
0.02028472162783146,
-0.006364820059388876,
0.09070567041635513,
-0.05369024723768234,
0.05293026939034462,
-0.01251729391515255,
0.047833941876888275,
0.030443845316767693,
0.04054709151387215,
0.04094943031668663,
0.006336879916489124,
-0.02648748643696308,
0.021502921357750893,
-0.014875462278723717,
-0.048191580921411514,
-0.009197975508868694,
0.03735071048140526,
0.024900473654270172,
-0.01251729391515255,
-0.03507077321410179,
-0.0077171348966658115,
-0.020497068762779236,
-0.01145555917173624,
-0.030823836103081703,
0.026152202859520912,
0.007577433250844479,
0.0225087758153677,
-0.01360138040035963,
0.016496004536747932,
-0.03985416889190674,
0.052483223378658295,
-0.05453963577747345,
0.06531345099210739,
0.007275676820427179,
0.06486640125513077,
0.017390096560120583,
-0.012830225750803947,
-0.035651933401823044,
-0.031539108604192734,
-0.0011574305826798081,
-0.02646513469517231,
0.017513034865260124,
0.030645016580820084,
-0.027269817888736725,
0.08127299696207047,
0.06719104200601578,
0.01798243261873722,
-0.02110058069229126,
-0.04199999198317528,
-0.05042681097984314,
0.05306438356637955,
-0.041217658668756485,
-0.024364016950130463,
-0.03169557452201843,
0.0293485838919878,
0.018116546794772148,
0.042312923818826675,
0.015266628004610538,
0.043877582997083664,
-0.02932623028755188,
-0.0012091202661395073,
-0.03136029094457626,
0.05382436141371727,
-0.05136560648679733,
0.00928738433867693,
0.04895155876874924,
0.03075677901506424,
0.05673016235232353,
-0.0468057356774807,
-0.007935070432722569,
0.008717400953173637,
-0.009170034900307655,
-0.0025020616594702005,
0.03938477113842964,
0.02684512361884117,
0.004710749257355928,
-0.016574237495660782,
0.004724719561636448,
-0.020295897498726845,
0.03598722070455551,
-0.02209525927901268,
-0.04635868966579437,
-0.07774133235216141,
-0.01768067665398121,
0.021189989522099495,
0.010097656399011612,
0.00036532056401483715,
0.04769982770085335,
-0.03806598484516144,
-0.006443053483963013,
0.010203829035162926,
-0.050516221672296524,
-0.020832352340221405,
-0.02805214934051037,
0.006733633577823639,
0.019524741917848587,
-0.004308407660573721,
0.009119742549955845,
0.010885574854910374,
0.05328790843486786,
-0.01897711120545864,
0.010729108937084675,
0.034623727202415466,
0.05328790843486786,
-0.032656725496053696,
0.007353909779340029,
0.056953687220811844,
-0.009410322643816471,
0.028119206428527832,
0.002953298855572939,
-0.0030678545590490103,
0.005364554468542337,
0.05436081811785698,
0.012696112506091595,
0.010974984616041183,
0.036590732634067535,
0.02135763131082058,
0.012025542557239532,
-0.01764714904129505,
0.018172428011894226,
-0.018720058724284172,
-0.043765824288129807,
0.00426649721339345,
-0.029370935633778572,
0.00643187714740634,
0.04197763651609421,
0.005431611090898514,
0.028901536017656326,
0.1328621357679367,
0.004741483833640814,
0.05968066677451134,
-0.025302814319729805,
-0.06263117492198944,
-0.023380516096949577,
0.005364554468542337,
-0.04510696232318878,
0.04877274110913277,
0.001845462596975267,
-0.06205001100897789,
0.07336027920246124,
-0.0010910721030086279,
0.04398934543132782,
0.013623733073472977,
0.03305906802415848,
0.028409786522388458,
0.01431665476411581,
-0.005029269959777594,
0.049800947308540344,
0.005624399986118078,
0.03580839931964874,
0.011092334054410458,
0.008153005503118038,
-0.05990419164299965,
0.008605639450252056,
-0.022564657032489777,
-0.015825435519218445,
-0.038915373384952545,
-0.0041714999824762344,
-0.016820114105939865,
0.04957742244005203,
-0.0021709681022912264,
-0.029996799305081367,
0.036367207765579224,
0.039451826363801956,
-0.04235762730240822,
-0.02046353928744793,
-0.018999462947249413,
-0.018373599275946617,
0.009047097526490688,
-0.06652047485113144,
0.03075677901506424,
-0.020776472985744476,
-0.02110058069229126,
0.019714737311005592,
0.0034394615795463324,
0.11909310519695282,
0.021469393745064735,
-0.038155391812324524,
0.028409786522388458,
0.01911122538149357,
0.03672484681010246,
-0.03679190203547478,
0.03216497227549553,
0.005333819892257452,
0.0038473913446068764,
0.027493340894579887,
0.0038669495843350887,
-0.01556838396936655,
0.05096326768398285,
-0.03618839010596275,
-0.045486949384212494,
-0.006118944846093655,
-0.024095790460705757,
0.00572219118475914,
-0.02270994707942009,
0.018831821158528328,
0.045486949384212494,
0.009879721328616142,
-0.014562529511749744,
-0.023715801537036896,
-0.05757955089211464,
0.02559339441359043,
-0.009946777485311031,
-0.05538902431726456,
-0.0002949457266367972,
-0.03328258916735649,
-0.0185412410646677,
0.034601375460624695,
0.007460083346813917,
-0.0180383138358593,
0.003182410029694438,
-0.04311760514974594,
0.0010240152478218079,
-0.05923362076282501,
-0.039273008704185486,
0.00047708212514407933,
-0.016853641718626022,
-0.025861622765660286,
0.005294703412801027,
0.016227776184678078,
-0.00956678856164217,
-0.033528465777635574,
-0.03486960381269455,
0.027761569246649742,
0.030645016580820084,
-0.012941987253725529,
-0.006051887758076191,
-0.022397015243768692,
0.041418831795454025,
-0.007482435554265976,
-0.037820108234882355,
0.00146547332406044,
-0.020631182938814163,
0.024967530742287636,
0.009661786258220673,
0.05538902431726456,
-0.002395888324826956,
-0.01188025251030922,
-0.006403937004506588,
-0.010393824428319931,
-0.022978175431489944,
0.02467695064842701,
-0.07885894924402237,
-0.05918891727924347,
0.04025651142001152,
0.02858860418200493,
-0.0295050498098135,
-0.00017934235802385956,
0.01813890039920807,
0.010511173866689205,
0.0018510506488382816,
-0.03511548042297363,
0.007158327382057905,
0.05597018450498581,
-0.0186977069824934,
-0.031404994428157806,
0.02322405017912388,
-0.017390096560120583,
-0.0012035322142764926,
-0.04396699368953705,
0.03735071048140526,
-0.05798189342021942,
-0.030153265222907066,
-0.06576049327850342,
0.030175618827342987,
-0.003520488739013672,
0.0005472823395393789,
0.0031349114142358303,
-0.022363485768437386,
0.009997070766985416,
0.060172419995069504,
0.006532462779432535,
-0.0268227718770504,
0.02253112755715847,
0.006560402922332287,
0.009170034900307655,
-0.022285252809524536,
0.04832569509744644,
-0.0020787648390978575,
0.016082486137747765,
-0.057847779244184494,
-0.028186263516545296,
-0.033930808305740356,
-0.006694516632705927,
0.07952951639890671,
0.00467442674562335,
-0.024721654132008553,
-0.017792439088225365,
-0.03701542690396309,
0.0068062786012887955,
-0.018787115812301636,
-0.0029868273995816708,
0.032321441918611526,
-0.055880773812532425,
0.013511971570551395,
0.0011322841746732593,
0.04240233078598976,
-0.027292169630527496,
-0.02120116539299488,
-0.03842362016439438,
-0.026755714789032936,
-0.03522723913192749,
0.03375198692083359,
0.06656517833471298,
0.028879184275865555,
-0.027225114405155182,
0.00565792853012681,
0.0021220725029706955,
-0.005317055620253086,
-0.014294302091002464,
-0.014562529511749744,
0.009930013678967953,
0.04273761808872223,
0.009538847953081131,
-0.04043532907962799,
-0.01790419965982437,
0.03095794841647148,
-0.07148268818855286,
0.008762105368077755,
-0.03292495384812355,
-0.06790632009506226,
-0.018485359847545624,
-0.01637306623160839,
-0.03609897941350937,
0.032097917050123215,
0.004490020219236612,
-0.01603778265416622,
-0.0017281129257753491,
0.009024744853377342,
0.0032802014611661434,
0.041374124586582184,
-0.06781690567731857,
0.01528897974640131,
0.0005623003235086799,
0.012584350071847439,
0.0023581685964018106,
-0.004157529678195715,
0.09647256880998611,
-0.06459817290306091,
0.02680042013525963,
-0.01536721270531416,
-0.009153271093964577,
0.031226176768541336,
0.009840604849159718,
-0.012014366686344147,
0.007728311233222485,
0.02411814220249653,
-0.010108832269906998,
-0.008924160152673721,
0.012852578423917294,
0.005191323813050985,
0.00023085744760464877,
-0.05860775709152222,
-0.03111441619694233,
-0.031583815813064575,
0.05538902431726456,
0.0033947571646422148,
-0.011746139265596867,
-0.06593931466341019,
-0.02237466163933277,
-0.03330494090914726,
0.00943826325237751,
-0.006862159352749586,
0.003319317940622568,
0.026398077607154846,
0.004995741415768862,
-0.03272378072142601,
-0.006901275832206011,
0.013009044341742992,
-0.01629483327269554,
0.04450345039367676,
-0.016048958525061607,
0.024766359478235245,
-0.02225172519683838,
0.02809685282409191,
-0.00864475592970848,
-0.01897711120545864,
-0.018887702375650406,
-0.04702926054596901,
0.049979764968156815,
-0.015903668478131294,
0.042312923818826675,
-0.026331020519137383,
0.023201698437333107,
0.009382382035255432,
-0.015803083777427673,
-0.007538316305726767,
0.006018359679728746,
-0.0013523147208616138,
0.009337677620351315,
-0.002490885555744171,
0.013567851856350899,
0.0378648117184639,
-0.01629483327269554,
0.021592332050204277,
0.024721654132008553,
0.044704619795084,
0.011980838142335415,
0.022441718727350235,
0.05100797116756439,
0.034422557801008224,
0.023715801537036896,
0.034266091883182526,
-0.006901275832206011,
0.08516230434179306,
-0.10201594233512878,
-0.018194779753684998,
-0.006817454472184181,
-0.0024182405322790146,
0.056774865835905075,
-0.02646513469517231,
0.014529001899063587,
0.01568014547228813,
-0.018105370923876762,
-0.014841933734714985,
-0.014249597676098347,
-0.03129323571920395,
0.0295050498098135,
0.051812656223773956,
-0.0269792377948761,
-0.03238849714398384,
-0.009639433585107327,
0.04823628440499306,
0.008627991192042828,
0.037641290575265884,
-0.04220116138458252,
0.019938260316848755,
0.012003190815448761,
-0.029281526803970337,
-0.01395901758223772,
0.000926922366488725,
-0.041597649455070496,
0.012897282838821411,
0.004523548763245344,
0.012919635511934757,
-0.025682803243398666,
-0.03679190203547478,
-0.017658324912190437,
-0.007303617428988218,
-0.03303671255707741,
0.012662583962082863,
-0.003414315404370427,
0.0022240548860281706,
0.030667368322610855,
0.0005975750391371548,
-0.00844358466565609,
-0.030667368322610855,
0.010159124620258808,
0.04278232157230377,
0.030108561739325523,
-0.00657157925888896,
-0.00040827892371453345,
-0.028320375829935074,
-0.020497068762779236,
-0.03185204043984413,
0.032254382967948914,
0.010840870440006256,
-0.00003833071968983859,
-0.05167854204773903,
-0.026353374123573303,
-0.0017881847452372313,
0.014428416267037392,
-0.02306758426129818,
0.028700366616249084,
-0.008248002268373966,
0.0004711447691079229,
-0.001626130542717874,
-0.019222985953092575,
-0.026532191783189774,
-0.0012335680657997727,
-0.03451196476817131,
0.021156461909413338,
0.04162000119686127,
-0.008510641753673553,
0.020418835803866386,
-0.05847364291548729,
-0.0022352309897542,
-0.011600849218666553,
0.024632245302200317,
0.017490683123469353,
-0.03308141976594925,
-0.019714737311005592,
0.04253644496202469,
-0.011958485469222069,
0.04635868966579437,
0.006392760667949915,
0.013422561809420586,
0.03446726128458977,
0.015233099460601807,
-0.03920595347881317,
0.05780307203531265,
0.0019418569281697273,
0.000055618835176574066,
0.05208088085055351,
-0.021525274962186813,
0.02595103159546852,
-0.004269291181117296,
0.04702926054596901,
-0.0017406861297786236,
-0.006202766206115484,
-0.017054812982678413,
0.015333684161305428,
-0.06960508972406387,
0.07966363430023193,
-0.02263171412050724,
-0.00377474632114172,
0.03328258916735649,
-0.024207551032304764,
-0.006538050714880228,
0.01887652650475502,
0.005157795734703541,
-0.004093266557902098,
0.01270728837698698,
0.02237466163933277,
-0.035160183906555176,
0.017870672047138214,
0.0004624134162440896,
0.021055875346064568,
0.04222351312637329,
0.012550822459161282,
0.008996805176138878,
-0.010567054152488708,
0.012450236827135086,
0.012751992791891098,
0.08525171130895615,
-0.012304946780204773,
-0.036389559507369995,
0.024431074038147926,
-0.012204361148178577,
0.037462472915649414,
0.0005043239798396826,
-0.02360403910279274,
0.05968066677451134,
0.014137836173176765,
0.04913037642836571,
-0.04334113001823425,
-0.05579136684536934,
-0.0037021012976765633,
0.009214739315211773,
-0.017133045941591263,
0.02932623028755188,
0.034243740141391754,
0.008734164759516716,
0.025816917419433594,
-0.029549753293395042,
0.050873856991529465,
0.025906328111886978,
0.02702394314110279,
0.03057795949280262,
-0.012640231288969517,
0.018407126888632774,
-0.011869076639413834,
-0.058205414563417435,
-0.056596048176288605,
0.009086214005947113,
0.012025542557239532,
-0.011511439457535744,
-0.051097381860017776,
0.040502384305000305,
0.014160187914967537,
-0.0450175516307354,
-0.0062865871004760265,
-0.021592332050204277,
-0.03343905508518219,
0.022028202190995216,
0.046761032193899155,
-0.03185204043984413,
0.004389435052871704,
0.01019265316426754,
-0.03536135330796242,
-0.005208088085055351,
-0.0008857102948240936,
-0.004350318107753992,
0.021312927827239037,
0.025347519665956497,
0.0335061140358448,
-0.009102977812290192,
-0.043698765337467194,
-0.03346140682697296,
0.013746670447289944,
-0.00004195423753117211,
-0.03538370504975319,
-0.014204893261194229,
-0.017177749425172806,
0.017635973170399666,
0.0006925723282620311,
0.0017490682657808065,
0.008901807479560375,
-0.019368276000022888,
0.004375464748591185,
-0.034243740141391754,
0.00621394207701087,
-0.004579429514706135,
-0.037306006997823715,
0.030689721927046776,
0.024766359478235245,
-0.008421232923865318,
0.013701966032385826,
-0.029594458639621735,
-0.019066520035266876,
0.019144752994179726,
0.04626928269863129,
0.017792439088225365,
0.05668545886874199,
-0.02536987140774727,
-0.03437785431742668,
0.02771686390042305,
0.006532462779432535,
0.001231472590006888,
-0.006202766206115484,
-0.005252792965620756,
-0.004568253178149462,
-0.042871732264757156,
-0.02894624136388302,
0.005361760500818491,
0.029259173199534416,
0.04135177284479141,
0.0038585674483329058,
0.04541989415884018,
-0.005398083012551069,
0.03285789489746094,
0.01732303947210312,
-0.004900744184851646,
-0.010293238796293736,
-0.006538050714880228,
0.00964502152055502,
0.023514630272984505,
0.032276734709739685,
-0.009265032596886158,
-0.03077913075685501,
-0.035137832164764404,
-0.01324374321848154,
-0.019893554970622063,
0.05118678882718086,
-0.013891960494220257,
-0.0479680560529232,
0.03042149357497692,
-0.001410291064530611,
0.012003190815448761,
0.006996273063123226,
0.0052723512053489685,
-0.03898242861032486,
0.025503985583782196,
-0.006728045176714659,
0.012673759832978249,
0.06115591898560524,
0.0011972455540671945,
-0.07201914489269257,
0.009063861332833767,
0.025079291313886642,
-0.026196906343102455,
-0.030376790091395378,
0.015870140865445137,
0.015199570916593075,
-0.06370408087968826,
-0.0043167900294065475,
0.02225172519683838,
-0.0001575139322085306,
-0.0002167126367567107,
-0.017110692337155342,
-0.015546031296253204,
-0.016518356278538704,
0.014976047910749912,
0.00216537993401289,
0.01375784631818533,
0.039652999490499496,
0.011338208802044392,
-0.014696643687784672,
-0.028409786522388458,
-0.002472724299877882,
-0.003869743552058935,
-0.006180413533002138,
-0.010494409129023552,
0.018921229988336563,
-0.025638099759817123,
0.03019797056913376,
-0.007320381700992584,
0.019357100129127502,
-0.0056718988344073296,
-0.03469078615307808,
-0.025325167924165726,
-0.0318743921816349,
-0.008449173532426357,
-0.009125330485403538,
0.022855237126350403,
-0.025503985583782196,
-0.017714206129312515,
-0.03169557452201843,
-0.0069403923116624355,
-0.015076632611453533,
0.031382642686367035,
-0.022106435149908066,
0.03645661845803261,
-0.02449813112616539,
-0.01297551579773426,
-0.0071192109026014805,
-0.011690258048474789,
0.006862159352749586,
0.0342884436249733,
-0.016741879284381866,
-0.03788716718554497,
-0.04179881885647774,
-0.0339755117893219,
0.01568014547228813,
0.004691191017627716,
0.007862425409257412,
-0.005560137331485748,
-0.01571367308497429,
0.0024852973874658346,
0.04863862693309784,
-0.009460614994168282,
0.01172378659248352,
0.03469078615307808,
-0.015903668478131294,
0.009890897199511528,
-0.003369610756635666,
0.02948269620537758,
-0.06312292069196701,
-0.003657396649941802,
0.018306542187929153,
0.06696751713752747,
-0.01911122538149357,
-0.008639167994260788,
-0.02845449000597,
0.0006660289946012199,
0.027940386906266212,
-0.01062852330505848,
-0.0186977069824934,
0.03296965733170509,
-0.017021283507347107,
-0.04293878749012947,
0.028007443994283676,
0.019759442657232285,
0.014104307629168034,
-0.03214262053370476,
-0.019100049510598183,
0.018328893929719925,
0.016540709882974625,
0.04251409322023392,
-0.010298826731741428,
0.00035711308009922504,
0.027269817888736725,
0.0342884436249733,
-0.01411548350006342,
-0.02756039798259735,
0.023469924926757812,
0.02630866877734661,
0.004160323645919561,
-0.04331877827644348,
0.010919103398919106,
-0.09781371057033539,
0.01591484434902668,
0.042983490973711014,
-0.007940658368170261,
0.032097917050123215,
0.02577221393585205,
0.01992708444595337,
-0.01005295105278492,
0.010667639784514904,
-0.012718464247882366,
-0.0554337278008461,
0.06030653044581413,
-0.023380516096949577,
0.03384139761328697,
-0.04562106356024742,
0.04094943031668663,
0.0070912702940404415,
-0.025079291313886642,
-0.010852046310901642,
-0.02863330952823162,
-0.043207015842199326,
0.0020089137833565474,
0.03699307143688202,
0.011164979077875614,
-0.03540606051683426,
0.05449493229389191,
0.01104762963950634,
-0.017211278900504112,
-0.016339538618922234,
0.006459817755967379,
0.03844597190618515,
-0.009225916117429733,
-0.02376050502061844,
-0.001480840495787561,
-0.03258966654539108,
0.0023497866932302713,
0.021771149709820747,
0.029639162123203278,
0.022084081545472145,
0.012103775516152382,
-0.05234910920262337,
-0.03808833658695221,
-0.010153536684811115,
0.03448961302638054,
0.005934538319706917,
0.033327292650938034,
-0.039764758199453354,
-0.028521547093987465,
-0.037663642317056656,
0.00662187160924077,
-0.013277271762490273,
0.012193185277283192,
0.012830225750803947,
-0.01131585706025362,
0.008437996730208397,
-0.029259173199534416,
0.05221499502658844,
0.010784989222884178,
0.03431079536676407,
0.020161783322691917,
-0.04488343745470047,
-0.008292706683278084,
0.027292169630527496,
-0.046403396874666214,
0.02376050502061844,
-0.01987120322883129,
0.034422557801008224,
0.015769554302096367,
0.010645288042724133,
-0.009991482831537724,
-0.015948373824357986,
-0.027649806812405586,
0.0266663059592247,
-0.03992122411727905,
0.007946246303617954,
0.027247466146945953,
-0.030108561739325523,
0.042268216609954834,
-0.0018314924091100693,
-0.024185199290513992,
0.00551822641864419,
0.017121870070695877,
-0.009186799637973309,
0.009499731473624706,
0.0018245072569698095,
-0.008080360479652882,
0.008024479262530804,
-0.03618839010596275,
0.008013303391635418,
-0.02858860418200493,
0.05565725266933441,
-0.02449813112616539,
0.01494251936674118,
-0.03440020605921745,
-0.009896485134959221,
0.001227980013936758,
0.016864817589521408,
-0.02046353928744793,
-0.027091000229120255,
-0.026711011305451393,
0.01049999799579382,
0.0188541729003191,
-0.011310269124805927,
0.0016666441224515438,
0.03133793920278549,
-0.06620754301548004,
0.026174554601311684,
-0.01760244369506836,
-0.033908452838659286,
-0.05149972066283226,
0.014327830635011196,
0.020698238164186478,
-0.06392760574817657,
0.019792970269918442,
-0.04564341530203819,
0.0016540709184482694,
0.0040792967192828655,
-0.01100851222872734,
0.01375784631818533,
-0.014685467816889286,
0.009689725935459137,
-0.05637252703309059,
0.015624264255166054,
0.007588609121739864,
-0.031941451132297516,
-0.02362639084458351,
0.014551353640854359,
-0.02117881365120411,
-0.04025651142001152,
0.0027660983614623547,
0.024453427642583847,
-0.018865348771214485,
-0.022587008774280548,
-0.0069124517031013966,
0.01760244369506836,
0.035473115742206573,
0.008292706683278084,
0.04083767160773277,
0.0448610857129097,
-0.01911122538149357,
0.009600317105650902,
-0.024967530742287636,
0.0004159625095780939,
-0.02664395421743393,
-0.002082955790683627,
-0.032835543155670166,
0.011159391142427921,
0.007068918086588383,
0.008745341561734676,
0.015724850818514824,
-0.04734219238162041,
0.030667368322610855,
0.007918305695056915,
-0.008588874712586403,
-0.017591267824172974
] |
Probabilistic logical rule learning has shown great strength in logical rule
mining and knowledge graph completion. It learns logical rules to predict
missing edges by reasoning on existing edges in the knowledge graph. However,
previous efforts have largely been limited to only modeling chain-like Horn
clauses such as $R_1(x,z)\land R_2(z,y)\Rightarrow H(x,y)$. This formulation
overlooks additional contextual information from neighboring sub-graphs of
entity variables $x$, $y$ and $z$. Intuitively, there is a large gap here, as
local sub-graphs have been found to provide important information for knowledge
graph completion. Inspired by these observations, we propose Logical Entity
RePresentation (LERP) to encode contextual information of entities in the
knowledge graph. A LERP is designed as a vector of probabilistic logical
functions on the entity's neighboring sub-graph. It is an interpretable
representation while allowing for differentiable optimization. We can then
incorporate LERP into probabilistic logical rule learning to learn more
expressive rules. Empirical results demonstrate that with LERP, our model
outperforms other rule learning methods in knowledge graph completion and is
comparable or even superior to state-of-the-art black-box methods. Moreover, we
find that our model can discover a more expressive family of logical rules.
LERP can also be further combined with embedding learning methods like TransE
to make it more interpretable. | [
-0.03062531352043152,
-0.01097922958433628,
-0.033848073333501816,
-0.0077428147196769714,
0.04067595303058624,
0.0005479372921399772,
0.0160500667989254,
0.013928873464465141,
-0.03969273716211319,
0.008311804383993149,
0.038855183869600296,
0.02585490234196186,
-0.01767055131494999,
-0.02842218428850174,
-0.02230440452694893,
0.06230667233467102,
0.0017615928081795573,
0.017861731350421906,
-0.019536837935447693,
-0.04114935174584389,
-0.04358917847275734,
0.0005365575198084116,
0.019245514646172523,
0.03180881217122078,
0.10582302510738373,
0.005389472469687462,
0.03078918345272541,
-0.009786626324057579,
-0.07428732514381409,
0.063362717628479,
0.05841023102402687,
0.008735133334994316,
0.0677325576543808,
-0.031845226883888245,
-0.014311234466731548,
-0.016660025343298912,
0.06452801078557968,
0.002030156087130308,
-0.00010156469943467528,
0.04602900892496109,
0.011798574589192867,
0.016550779342651367,
-0.031116921454668045,
-0.040020473301410675,
0.06230667233467102,
0.02048363722860813,
0.02621905505657196,
-0.023742811754345894,
-0.0352136492729187,
-0.06900709867477417,
0.0011499286629259586,
-0.004542815499007702,
0.07075503468513489,
-0.009140253998339176,
-0.04293370246887207,
0.0053576091304421425,
0.021994873881340027,
-0.024507533758878708,
0.014538830146193504,
0.027511801570653915,
-0.04184124246239662,
0.011033852584660053,
-0.08564891666173935,
-0.05109074339270592,
0.019245514646172523,
-0.030607106164097786,
0.02909586951136589,
0.02864067628979683,
0.05221961811184883,
-0.0521467886865139,
-0.03304693475365639,
-0.015995444729924202,
0.056589461863040924,
-0.04074878245592117,
0.020738543942570686,
0.04071236774325371,
0.006026741117238998,
0.01013257261365652,
0.013765004463493824,
-0.03526826947927475,
0.06467366963624954,
-0.0011266000801697373,
0.03830895200371742,
0.021175529807806015,
0.06594821065664291,
-0.024398287758231163,
0.019263722002506256,
-0.039073675870895386,
0.003718918189406395,
-0.01686030998826027,
-0.016150210052728653,
-0.010360168293118477,
-0.02887737564742565,
-0.04759486764669418,
-0.0060312929563224316,
-0.029423607513308525,
0.016113795340061188,
0.024325456470251083,
-0.0013928873231634498,
0.018371546640992165,
-0.017788900062441826,
0.002656044904142618,
-0.027966992929577827,
0.02186742052435875,
0.03772630915045738,
-0.0774918720126152,
-0.041513506323099136,
0.062124595046043396,
-0.013036697171628475,
0.12592430412769318,
-0.03078918345272541,
0.012745373882353306,
0.0047567556612193584,
-0.011225033551454544,
-0.029787760227918625,
-0.045555610209703445,
-0.0506901741027832,
-0.07192032784223557,
0.08171605318784714,
0.01804380863904953,
0.039947643876075745,
0.05083583667874336,
0.03279202803969383,
-0.040821611881256104,
-0.03211834281682968,
0.05018036067485809,
0.0032091031316667795,
-0.007770126219838858,
-0.038563862442970276,
-0.005972118116915226,
-0.017361020669341087,
-0.02150326780974865,
0.025964148342609406,
-0.024289041757583618,
0.07111918926239014,
0.05575190857052803,
0.03357495740056038,
0.0005331435822881758,
0.010933710262179375,
0.0321001335978508,
0.0017593168886378407,
-0.05280226469039917,
0.02365177311003208,
-0.007178376894444227,
0.04835959151387215,
0.022213365882635117,
-0.017433851957321167,
0.042023319751024246,
-0.02061109058558941,
0.027966992929577827,
0.008184351027011871,
0.03270098939538002,
0.01695134863257408,
-0.008999144658446312,
0.02062929794192314,
0.04067595303058624,
-0.010988333262503147,
-0.010724321939051151,
0.0025308672338724136,
0.01995561458170414,
0.0549507699906826,
-0.016741959378123283,
-0.028221899643540382,
0.027129439637064934,
0.014830153435468674,
0.062051765620708466,
0.03128078952431679,
-0.0021052625961601734,
-0.11521818488836288,
0.03166314959526062,
-0.008899002335965633,
0.039146505296230316,
0.003832716029137373,
-0.0038372681010514498,
-0.02024693787097931,
0.023578941822052002,
0.04992545023560524,
0.02858605422079563,
-0.029259737581014633,
-0.04431748762726784,
0.02002844586968422,
-0.025017349049448967,
-0.0032409667037427425,
0.01336443517357111,
-0.0015761021059006453,
0.013409954495728016,
0.08448362350463867,
-0.01524893008172512,
0.01442958414554596,
-0.0013086767867207527,
-0.007861164398491383,
-0.001191464951261878,
0.017269982025027275,
-0.020083067938685417,
-0.022067705169320107,
-0.04136784374713898,
-0.03772630915045738,
-0.001283641206100583,
-0.023597149178385735,
0.019482214003801346,
0.02203129045665264,
-0.0316813588142395,
0.007883924059569836,
0.003989757504314184,
0.056079648435115814,
-0.022431857883930206,
0.05509643256664276,
-0.016532571986317635,
0.008935417979955673,
-0.031135128811001778,
0.01119772158563137,
-0.01001422293484211,
0.0034799424465745687,
-0.013865146785974503,
-0.017033282667398453,
-0.017206255346536636,
-0.005703554954379797,
0.027894161641597748,
-0.04184124246239662,
-0.03896442800760269,
-0.005339401308447123,
-0.024871688336133957,
0.05749984458088875,
0.00399658503010869,
-0.007774678058922291,
0.03954707458615303,
-0.036706678569316864,
-0.04125859588384628,
0.0018275956390425563,
-0.025945940986275673,
0.03410298004746437,
0.01543100643903017,
0.0734497681260109,
0.008903554640710354,
-0.005403128452599049,
0.04817751422524452,
-0.018544519320130348,
-0.06562046706676483,
-0.05389472469687462,
-0.0012403980363160372,
-0.013009385205805302,
-0.02694736234843731,
0.018681077286601067,
-0.014757322147488594,
0.04548277705907822,
-0.04999828338623047,
-0.02474423311650753,
-0.015166995115578175,
0.0437348410487175,
0.025053763762116432,
-0.028549637645483017,
0.02394309639930725,
0.017042385414242744,
0.006641250569373369,
-0.07683639973402023,
0.018080223351716995,
0.05808249115943909,
-0.03772630915045738,
0.019118061289191246,
0.009677380323410034,
0.0472671315073967,
0.03213655203580856,
0.04449956491589546,
-0.007501563057303429,
-0.010833567939698696,
0.0186446625739336,
0.02179458923637867,
-0.014302130788564682,
0.01370127685368061,
0.05353057011961937,
0.026182640343904495,
-0.05749984458088875,
-0.05272943526506424,
0.00002421763383608777,
-0.046648070216178894,
-0.0647100880742073,
0.0023305828217417,
-0.026091601699590683,
0.03606940805912018,
0.01418378110975027,
-0.023815643042325974,
-0.008571264334022999,
-0.0025695585645735264,
0.0036506394390016794,
0.017716070637106895,
-0.0015806539449840784,
0.01788904331624508,
-0.0443539023399353,
-0.058810796588659286,
-0.020137691870331764,
-0.0074560437351465225,
0.014775530435144901,
-0.0373985692858696,
0.02915049158036709,
-0.02416158840060234,
0.03503157198429108,
-0.02350611239671707,
0.030024459585547447,
0.026601416990160942,
-0.022340821102261543,
-0.021375812590122223,
-0.03809046000242233,
0.025818485766649246,
0.0008620197186246514,
-0.05178263410925865,
-0.007346797734498978,
-0.03696158528327942,
0.08579457551240921,
-0.05906570702791214,
0.0033456606324762106,
0.04522787034511566,
0.016614506021142006,
0.007720055058598518,
0.014092742465436459,
0.0026446650736033916,
0.012071690522134304,
0.004554195329546928,
-0.02092062123119831,
-0.0003678519860841334,
-0.016887620091438293,
-0.016678232699632645,
-0.020865999162197113,
-0.13167792558670044,
-0.004256044514477253,
0.019627876579761505,
0.02143043652176857,
0.0292961522936821,
0.030461443588137627,
0.009959599934518337,
-0.04049387574195862,
-0.035887330770492554,
-0.0009172117570415139,
-0.049452051520347595,
0.003029302228242159,
0.007328590378165245,
-0.06394536048173904,
0.03319259732961655,
-0.016177522018551826,
-0.016605401411652565,
-0.042970117181539536,
-0.02334224246442318,
-0.011871405877172947,
0.001605689525604248,
-0.02128477580845356,
0.0012449499918147922,
-0.0972289964556694,
0.03264636546373367,
0.016705544665455818,
0.02181279845535755,
0.024252627044916153,
0.0010162160033360124,
0.03925575315952301,
0.001155618578195572,
-0.01502133347094059,
0.062415920197963715,
-0.004212801344692707,
-0.03969273716211319,
-0.004119487013667822,
0.011461732909083366,
0.025290463119745255,
0.029041245579719543,
-0.02541791833937168,
-0.023160165175795555,
-0.01642332598567009,
-0.09897693246603012,
-0.0036893305368721485,
0.00614964310079813,
0.013928873464465141,
0.013155046850442886,
-0.03881876915693283,
-0.037216491997241974,
-0.01104295626282692,
0.016232144087553024,
-0.07337693870067596,
0.03204551339149475,
0.017124321311712265,
0.02989700622856617,
-0.002628733403980732,
0.008739685639739037,
0.05935702845454216,
-0.014593453146517277,
0.03845461457967758,
0.009422472678124905,
0.01759772002696991,
-0.01715163141489029,
0.06467366963624954,
0.005876528099179268,
-0.041950490325689316,
-0.024580365046858788,
-0.012945658527314663,
0.024507533758878708,
-0.031553905457258224,
0.00012987194349989295,
-0.06106854975223541,
0.0767635703086853,
-0.01436585746705532,
-0.03215475752949715,
0.04846883565187454,
0.03057068958878517,
0.015576668083667755,
-0.016614506021142006,
-0.02902303822338581,
-0.0165689866989851,
-0.052110373973846436,
-0.01789814606308937,
-0.010250922292470932,
0.017142528668045998,
0.010105260647833347,
0.0369797945022583,
0.03286485746502876,
0.01620483212172985,
0.0031021330505609512,
-0.049233559519052505,
-0.07060937583446503,
0.05385830998420715,
0.02092062123119831,
-0.049670543521642685,
0.03180881217122078,
-0.010578660294413567,
0.055715493857860565,
-0.017060594633221626,
-0.003696158528327942,
0.0174520593136549,
0.03585091605782509,
-0.0271658543497324,
0.0767635703086853,
0.01915447600185871,
-0.03180881217122078,
-0.03606940805912018,
-0.04089444503188133,
0.00035704116453416646,
-0.026747077703475952,
0.02740255370736122,
-0.032063718885183334,
-0.032227590680122375,
-0.020756753161549568,
-0.0071647209115326405,
0.001094167586416006,
-0.0274753849953413,
0.011088475584983826,
-0.0030338543001562357,
-0.020793167874217033,
0.019755329936742783,
-0.02996983751654625,
-0.01709700934588909,
0.019245514646172523,
-0.01296386681497097,
0.015285344794392586,
-0.03903726115822792,
0.006450069602578878,
-0.06339913606643677,
-0.03144465759396553,
-0.05203754082322121,
-0.04912431538105011,
0.03514081612229347,
0.00137695565354079,
0.045118626207113266,
-0.006877950392663479,
0.023469695821404457,
-0.04865091294050217,
-0.03131720423698425,
0.04697580635547638,
-0.009244948625564575,
-0.017269982025027275,
-0.034576378762722015,
0.03157211095094681,
-0.03535930812358856,
0.031044090166687965,
-0.0028130861464887857,
-0.0004955902113579214,
0.03257353603839874,
-0.04675731435418129,
-0.05050809681415558,
-0.04897865280508995,
-0.022923465818166733,
0.02010127529501915,
0.015603980049490929,
-0.03925575315952301,
0.00337980012409389,
0.021339397877454758,
0.03488590940833092,
-0.00787937268614769,
0.025126595050096512,
0.007943099364638329,
0.025581786409020424,
0.002021052176132798,
0.09817579388618469,
0.011088475584983826,
0.02203129045665264,
-0.025745656341314316,
-0.028913792222738266,
-0.006008533760905266,
-0.03903726115822792,
0.02031976729631424,
0.028112653642892838,
-0.002355618169531226,
0.006263440940529108,
-0.01737922802567482,
0.039000846445560455,
0.034066565334796906,
-0.006641250569373369,
-0.018453480675816536,
0.015995444729924202,
0.03932858258485794,
-0.004465432837605476,
0.0472671315073967,
0.0026674247346818447,
0.018289612606167793,
-0.00015675672329962254,
-0.0292961522936821,
0.0007652914500795305,
-0.02217695116996765,
-0.011643810197710991,
-0.0036369836889207363,
0.03268278017640114,
0.001650070771574974,
0.028913792222738266,
0.000026120193069800735,
0.022941673174500465,
-0.003900995012372732,
-0.04122218117117882,
-0.021630721166729927,
-0.028021614998579025,
0.0643095150589943,
-0.0543317086994648,
0.05455020070075989,
0.021831005811691284,
-0.025126595050096512,
-0.01775248534977436,
-0.03189985081553459,
0.016441533342003822,
0.04147708788514137,
0.0044472250156104565,
-0.035395726561546326,
-0.01505774911493063,
-0.017870835959911346,
0.03159032016992569,
0.03707083314657211,
-0.016295870766043663,
-0.011088475584983826,
-0.024179795756936073,
0.019500423222780228,
0.008015929721295834,
0.021448643878102303,
0.0394742451608181,
-0.03881876915693283,
0.027566423639655113,
-0.01351920049637556,
-0.022450067102909088,
0.04497296363115311,
-0.02385205775499344,
-0.0022349923383444548,
0.007938547059893608,
-0.021302983164787292,
0.016514362767338753,
-0.0029223321471363306,
0.011316071264445782,
0.00180028413888067,
-0.0030156464781612158,
-0.04125859588384628,
0.036797717213630676,
0.036706678569316864,
-0.03548676520586014,
-0.008953625336289406,
0.014784634113311768,
-0.029332568868994713,
0.05950269103050232,
0.03497694805264473,
-0.004522331990301609,
0.026018770411610603,
-0.0450822077691555,
0.01019629929214716,
-0.052474524825811386,
0.03816329315304756,
0.01935476064682007,
-0.011980651877820492,
0.029769552871584892,
-0.032373249530792236,
-0.015585771761834621,
0.03772630915045738,
-0.030224744230508804,
-0.001274537411518395,
0.022868843749165535,
0.011525459587574005,
0.011361590586602688,
-0.014511519111692905,
-0.04821392893791199,
-0.03470383211970329,
0.014484207145869732,
-0.021339397877454758,
-0.016004549339413643,
0.045992594212293625,
0.01505774911493063,
-0.024762440472841263,
0.023032711818814278,
0.001085063791833818,
0.014757322147488594,
-0.025873109698295593,
0.028931999579072,
-0.03393911197781563,
-0.0030270263087004423,
0.0018059740541502833,
0.02858605422079563,
0.011680224910378456,
0.03006087616086006,
-0.0493428073823452,
0.0478861927986145,
-0.010760737583041191,
0.024689611047506332,
-0.009067423641681671,
-0.01663271337747574,
-0.016878517344594002,
0.0310076754540205,
-0.055132847279310226,
0.022049497812986374,
-0.030242951586842537,
0.025727448984980583,
0.005890183616429567,
-0.009486200287938118,
-0.034212224185466766,
0.058228153735399246,
-0.046283915638923645,
0.020410805940628052,
-0.0018093879334628582,
-0.0437348410487175,
0.02738434635102749,
-0.018662869930267334,
-0.03180881217122078,
0.0007465147646144032,
-0.029933420941233635,
0.016459740698337555,
0.010769841261208057,
-0.01318235881626606,
-0.052765849977731705,
-0.0006190610583871603,
0.026382924988865852,
-0.027001986280083656,
0.07792885601520538,
0.03401194140315056,
0.019427591934800148,
-0.029623892158269882,
-0.017952769994735718,
-0.028458599001169205,
0.0025695585645735264,
-0.0006543383933603764,
-0.04384408891201019,
0.008589471690356731,
0.029988044872879982,
0.05407680198550224,
-0.015176098793745041,
0.03064352087676525,
0.03719828650355339,
0.03330184146761894,
0.035231854766607285,
-0.029223322868347168,
-0.0018594590947031975,
-0.009531719610095024,
-0.0514184795320034,
-0.0096864840015769,
0.006796015426516533,
0.02201308123767376,
0.016259456053376198,
-0.018717491999268532,
-0.004035276360809803,
-0.0022566139232367277,
-0.05112715810537338,
0.007260311394929886,
-0.0017570408526808023,
0.0032455185428261757,
0.017989184707403183,
-0.02556357905268669,
-0.0005243241903372109,
-0.04286087304353714,
0.021248359233140945,
-0.007761022541671991,
-0.019555045291781425,
-0.005139117129147053,
-0.023742811754345894,
0.022431857883930206,
0.042605966329574585,
-0.07938547432422638,
-0.026273678988218307,
0.029769552871584892,
-0.04763128608465195,
-0.0038577516097575426,
-0.009959599934518337,
0.028749922290444374,
-0.025235841050744057,
-0.06165119633078575,
0.0274753849953413,
-0.025308672338724136,
-0.03260995075106621,
-0.02982417494058609,
0.022723181173205376,
-0.01192602887749672,
-0.005849216599017382,
0.009613653644919395,
0.008152487687766552,
0.0027948785573244095,
0.010241818614304066,
-0.052693016827106476,
0.03841819986701012,
-0.001786628388799727,
0.019773537293076515,
0.008580368012189865,
0.008971832692623138,
0.01716073602437973,
0.0046884771436452866,
0.008962729014456272,
-0.02010127529501915,
0.020884206518530846,
0.01597723737359047,
0.019281931221485138,
0.014984918758273125,
0.04431748762726784,
0.006814223248511553,
0.026091601699590683,
-0.011361590586602688,
0.00570810679346323,
-0.013382642529904842,
0.037434983998537064,
0.029605682939291,
0.0190088152885437,
-0.007660880219191313,
-0.05385830998420715,
-0.008821619674563408,
0.04406258091330528,
0.015075957402586937,
0.052401695400476456,
-0.0009735417552292347,
0.03377524018287659,
0.0038372681010514498,
-0.022559313103556633,
0.012062585912644863,
0.03983839973807335,
0.0035755326971411705,
-0.01744295470416546,
-0.002298719249665737,
-0.013510096818208694,
-0.04479088634252548,
0.04340710490942001,
0.0028381217271089554,
-0.004160454496741295,
-0.016250351443886757,
-0.00232147891074419,
-0.016751063987612724,
-0.010715218260884285,
0.020975245162844658,
0.029114076867699623,
0.03732573986053467,
0.01913626864552498,
-0.03707083314657211,
0.015640394762158394,
-0.015531148761510849,
0.021157320588827133,
0.006577523425221443,
0.03961990773677826,
0.008935417979955673,
0.0056489319540560246,
-0.013409954495728016,
0.03027936816215515,
0.043042950332164764,
0.0023396864999085665,
0.011507252231240273,
0.045846931636333466,
0.016013652086257935,
-0.019791744649410248,
-0.006363583263009787,
-0.009021904319524765,
-0.05302075669169426,
0.01679658330976963,
-0.008389187045395374,
0.03159032016992569,
-0.03621507063508034,
0.009713795967400074,
0.002200853079557419,
-0.030151914805173874,
0.02916869893670082,
-0.06041307374835014,
-0.0027243236545473337,
-0.00906287133693695,
-0.01597723737359047,
-0.024543948471546173,
0.002130298176780343,
0.017943665385246277,
0.009996014647185802,
0.0014304406940937042,
-0.012053482234477997,
0.034139394760131836,
-0.0634719654917717,
0.03328363597393036,
-0.04668448492884636,
-0.02365177311003208,
0.027511801570653915,
0.02541791833937168,
0.009008248336613178,
-0.02230440452694893,
0.000021621617634082213,
-0.011470836587250233,
-0.03889159858226776,
0.05480510741472244,
-0.016987763345241547,
0.0022236125078052282,
0.03889159858226776,
-0.03816329315304756,
0.04358917847275734,
0.014374961145222187,
-0.004142246674746275,
-0.04391691833734512,
0.02394309639930725,
0.04428107291460037,
0.040166135877370834,
-0.014857464469969273,
0.010077949613332748,
0.045191455632448196,
-0.006290752440690994,
-0.0027470833156257868,
-0.0009052629466168582,
-0.02836756221950054,
0.006349927745759487,
0.02017410658299923,
-0.056225307285785675,
-0.027730293571949005,
-0.010514933615922928,
-0.03146286681294441,
-0.05986684188246727,
-0.010432999581098557,
-0.023669980466365814,
0.003004266880452633,
-0.04774053022265434,
0.033028725534677505,
0.05018036067485809,
-0.017470266669988632,
0.029405398294329643,
-0.06991748511791229,
0.038563862442970276,
-0.007460596039891243,
-0.028768129646778107,
0.03373882547020912,
0.03654281049966812,
-0.03466741740703583,
-0.024471119046211243,
-0.03333825618028641,
-0.037016209214925766,
-0.04624750092625618,
0.0271112322807312,
0.002906400477513671,
0.01521251443773508,
0.009367849677801132,
0.049160730093717575,
0.017479371279478073,
0.0015180651098489761,
-0.026783494278788567,
-0.03526826947927475,
-0.019992029294371605,
-0.021885627880692482,
0.0020859171636402607,
0.004231009166687727,
0.013983496464788914,
-0.0017456610221415758,
0.028768129646778107,
-0.021248359233140945,
-0.028822753578424454,
-0.030315782874822617,
0.022577520459890366,
-0.026983778923749924,
0.05611606314778328,
-0.04821392893791199,
-0.02481706440448761,
0.017033282667398453,
-0.005553341470658779,
0.028622468933463097,
-0.05604322999715805,
0.04023896902799606,
0.010487622581422329,
0.0160500667989254,
0.012444947846233845,
-0.020046653226017952,
-0.031408242881298065,
-0.036342523992061615,
0.001001422293484211,
-0.014511519111692905,
0.04005689173936844,
0.0005166428745724261,
0.035468555986881256,
-0.008812515996396542,
-0.014666284434497356,
-0.03991122916340828,
0.012180936522781849,
-0.059029288589954376,
-0.031699568033218384,
0.029059452936053276,
-0.005685347132384777,
-0.021612513810396194,
0.034503549337387085,
-0.00359146436676383,
0.0135829271748662,
-0.00006742530240444466,
-0.016405116766691208,
0.000377240328816697,
0.01295476220548153,
-0.00441991351544857,
-0.006659457925707102,
-0.014866569079458714,
0.011971548199653625,
0.020155899226665497,
0.011097579263150692,
0.003409387543797493,
0.03311976417899132,
0.005248363129794598,
0.011989755555987358,
-0.0027106679044663906,
0.0039055468514561653,
-0.02172175981104374,
0.03608761727809906,
-0.01663271337747574,
-0.01370127685368061,
-0.04235105961561203,
-0.02423441782593727,
-0.002819914137944579,
0.0186446625739336,
0.027366138994693756,
0.04530069977045059,
0.025745656341314316,
-0.02459857240319252,
0.016605401411652565,
-0.04475447162985802,
-0.0035527730360627174,
-0.007747366558760405,
-0.012599713169038296,
-0.0655476376414299,
-0.011188617907464504,
-0.005444095470011234,
0.009249499998986721,
0.04078519716858864,
0.018444377928972244,
-0.01436585746705532,
-0.04264238104224205,
-0.024562157690525055,
0.008634991012513638,
-0.02731151692569256,
0.013937977142632008,
-0.007337694056332111,
0.018717491999268532,
0.007961306720972061,
0.0008068276802077889,
0.01273627020418644,
0.036342523992061615,
-0.017260877415537834,
0.014056326821446419,
0.01818946935236454,
-0.007019059732556343,
-0.02430724911391735,
-0.03160852938890457,
0.0027015642262995243,
0.028076238930225372,
-0.004524607677012682,
-0.007647224701941013,
-0.011507252231240273,
0.007647224701941013,
0.023305827751755714,
0.0007311520748771727,
-0.010897294618189335,
-0.016459740698337555,
-0.04209614917635918,
-0.005589757114648819,
-0.022650349885225296,
-0.05083583667874336,
-0.0676233172416687,
0.03359316661953926,
0.003916926681995392,
0.03377524018287659,
-0.01210810523480177,
0.023906679823994637,
0.0369797945022583,
0.023833850398659706,
-0.012936554849147797,
0.004806826822459698,
0.006550211925059557,
0.002047225832939148,
0.0663851946592331,
0.02039259858429432,
-0.03727111592888832,
0.07337693870067596,
0.006272545084357262,
-0.0030406820587813854,
0.03481307998299599,
0.014329441823065281,
0.007237551733851433,
-0.016113795340061188,
-0.02629188634455204,
0.008052345365285873,
-0.0515277273952961,
-0.02208591252565384,
-0.03018832951784134,
0.01915447600185871,
-0.019263722002506256,
-0.025090180337429047,
0.02164892852306366,
-0.010851776227355003,
0.00680967140942812,
0.027056608349084854,
0.009012800641357899,
0.04537353292107582,
-0.013819627463817596,
-0.028039824217557907,
0.02541791833937168,
0.002876813057810068,
-0.019755329936742783,
0.02931436151266098,
0.009613653644919395,
-0.0032842098735272884,
0.00464295782148838,
-0.018371546640992165,
-0.046211086213588715,
-0.025436125695705414,
-0.00784295704215765,
-0.014884776435792446,
-0.008594023995101452,
-0.02208591252565384,
-0.034212224185466766,
-0.08695986866950989,
-0.007483355235308409,
0.008425602689385414
] |
Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has received a lot of attention from the
research community in recent years. As the technology moves away from game
playing to practical contexts, such as autonomous vehicles and robotics, it is
crucial to evaluate the quality of DRL agents. In this paper, we propose a
search-based approach to test such agents. Our approach, implemented in a tool
called Indago, trains a classifier on failure and non-failure environment
(i.e., pass) configurations resulting from the DRL training process. The
classifier is used at testing time as a surrogate model for the DRL agent
execution in the environment, predicting the extent to which a given
environment configuration induces a failure of the DRL agent under test. The
failure prediction acts as a fitness function, guiding the generation towards
failure environment configurations, while saving computation time by deferring
the execution of the DRL agent in the environment to those configurations that
are more likely to expose failures. Experimental results show that our
search-based approach finds 50% more failures of the DRL agent than
state-of-the-art techniques. Moreover, such failures are, on average, 78% more
diverse; similarly, the behaviors of the DRL agent induced by failure
configurations are 74% more diverse. | [
-0.02261745184659958,
-0.008548539131879807,
-0.03188953548669815,
-0.08396684378385544,
0.05273832380771637,
0.006136725656688213,
-0.04055419936776161,
0.015533865429461002,
-0.04859357699751854,
0.0013164482079446316,
-0.000034648885048227385,
-0.013693741522729397,
0.022188683971762657,
-0.03708833083510399,
-0.024261057376861572,
0.02165272645652294,
0.008334155194461346,
0.0546320416033268,
-0.003008067375048995,
-0.08353807777166367,
-0.03203245624899864,
-0.005908943247050047,
-0.03955374285578728,
0.05856240540742874,
-0.014292228035628796,
-0.011174735613167286,
0.002015427453443408,
0.000417601055232808,
-0.053881701081991196,
0.009674051776528358,
0.04770031198859215,
0.026458486914634705,
-0.010924622416496277,
-0.003293911926448345,
0.04930818825960159,
-0.01690055988729,
-0.019008664414286613,
0.0014683031477034092,
-0.057454757392406464,
0.05130910128355026,
-0.01997338980436325,
-0.02165272645652294,
-0.058991171419620514,
0.02258172072470188,
-0.029209742322564125,
-0.01787421852350235,
-0.008695927448570728,
0.002414046786725521,
-0.03719552606344223,
-0.0029187409672886133,
0.0007609495078213513,
-0.03194313123822212,
0.010915689170360565,
0.009441803209483624,
0.007070186547935009,
0.02118822932243347,
0.046342551708221436,
-0.020723730325698853,
0.031907398253679276,
5.4084358680484e-7,
0.04416298493742943,
-0.0046985698863863945,
-0.06442221999168396,
0.038696207106113434,
0.04873649775981903,
-0.059562861919403076,
0.048522114753723145,
-0.05952713266015053,
0.01787421852350235,
-0.013032726012170315,
-0.030799752101302147,
0.011746425181627274,
-0.05766914039850235,
0.06649459153413773,
0.04155465215444565,
0.007552549242973328,
-0.0005420997622422874,
0.040518466383218765,
-0.032836396247148514,
-0.048057619482278824,
0.03624866530299187,
0.002617264399304986,
-0.06996046006679535,
-0.025297245010733604,
0.056811608374118805,
-0.041268810629844666,
0.06938876956701279,
-0.07235440611839294,
0.005931274965405464,
-0.05213090404868126,
0.008106373250484467,
-0.016311004757881165,
0.021581264212727547,
-0.019794736057519913,
-0.040840040892362595,
-0.01567678712308407,
-0.0706750676035881,
-0.014908581040799618,
-0.06467233598232269,
0.03146076947450638,
-0.003983958624303341,
0.021206093952059746,
0.02554735727608204,
0.008298425003886223,
-0.041590385138988495,
-0.042269267141819,
-0.05413181334733963,
0.03206818550825119,
-0.01940169930458069,
0.18108253180980682,
-0.020116310566663742,
0.0020076115615665913,
-0.011603502556681633,
-0.044377367943525314,
0.013738404028117657,
-0.016820166260004044,
-0.010308269411325455,
-0.009088964201509953,
-0.029245471581816673,
-0.05134483054280281,
0.0246183630079031,
0.03487303853034973,
-0.021098902449011803,
-0.004376994911581278,
-0.008338621817529202,
0.02261745184659958,
0.01277367863804102,
0.031442902982234955,
0.04123307764530182,
-0.0021851477213203907,
-0.008490476757287979,
-0.004546714946627617,
0.03976812586188316,
0.025993989780545235,
0.06167096644639969,
0.01997338980436325,
0.008941574953496456,
-0.03726698458194733,
-0.008588735945522785,
0.007668673992156982,
-0.0130595238879323,
-0.05577542260289192,
-0.017257865518331528,
0.021098902449011803,
0.021938569843769073,
-0.0017039015656337142,
-0.010040290653705597,
0.09111295640468597,
-0.014953243546187878,
-0.010129616595804691,
-0.08239469677209854,
0.0245826318860054,
-0.004359129816293716,
0.008789720013737679,
-0.009977761656045914,
0.03894632309675217,
-0.001938383444212377,
0.05938420817255974,
-0.01927664317190647,
-0.02672646753489971,
0.03356887027621269,
-0.0016324404859915376,
-0.01732039451599121,
0.056347109377384186,
-0.0032090519089251757,
0.04902234300971031,
-0.005917876027524471,
-0.06009881943464279,
-0.04305533692240715,
0.041304539889097214,
-0.028262881562113762,
-0.025565223768353462,
-0.004658373072743416,
0.05009426176548004,
0.024136001244187355,
0.027208829298615456,
0.04673558846116066,
0.011478445492684841,
-0.017382923513650894,
-0.029906487092375755,
-0.07253305613994598,
0.020116310566663742,
0.02499353513121605,
0.018955068662762642,
0.0530598983168602,
-0.0005697351298294961,
0.06942450255155563,
0.010031357407569885,
0.009736580774188042,
0.0065252953208982944,
-0.009272082708775997,
0.008575337007641792,
-0.0025167721323668957,
0.013925990089774132,
-0.016319938004016876,
-0.031299978494644165,
-0.05377450957894325,
0.001557629555463791,
0.007137181703001261,
-0.04351983591914177,
-0.016230611130595207,
-0.03406909853219986,
-0.020491482689976692,
-0.010620912536978722,
-0.023099813610315323,
0.024654094129800797,
0.032282572239637375,
0.06828112155199051,
0.026601409539580345,
-0.08282346278429031,
-0.04269803315401077,
-0.01704348251223564,
-0.03751710057258606,
-0.028405804187059402,
-0.06938876956701279,
-0.014310093596577644,
-0.008392217569053173,
0.007329233456403017,
-0.04966549202799797,
-0.015462404116988182,
-0.022545989602804184,
-0.00914702657610178,
-0.01597156561911106,
-0.008624466136097908,
0.011728559620678425,
0.007999181747436523,
0.037445638328790665,
-0.015587461180984974,
-0.005212197080254555,
-0.0013320803409442306,
-0.007159512955695391,
-0.022099358960986137,
0.03969666361808777,
0.005944673903286457,
0.03533753380179405,
0.04398433119058609,
0.00564543018117547,
-0.010978218168020248,
-0.0003246457199566066,
0.015623192302882671,
0.007096984423696995,
-0.019169451668858528,
-0.027333887293934822,
-0.049451109021902084,
0.07431958615779877,
0.025404436513781548,
0.02118822932243347,
0.038374632596969604,
0.04748592898249626,
0.02159913070499897,
-0.01628420688211918,
-0.07910748571157455,
-0.04777177423238754,
0.03128211572766304,
0.015792911872267723,
0.04673558846116066,
0.0507374107837677,
0.007793730590492487,
0.027351751923561096,
-0.050523027777671814,
0.0242074616253376,
0.015489202924072742,
0.0349980928003788,
0.020598674193024635,
-0.08060816675424576,
0.01372947171330452,
0.01601622812449932,
0.03923216834664345,
0.0031621556263417006,
0.0039169639348983765,
-0.036284394562244415,
-0.044806137681007385,
-0.038195978850126266,
0.0030817617662250996,
0.028941761702299118,
-0.04737873747944832,
-0.007128248922526836,
-0.025190051645040512,
0.034283481538295746,
0.021384745836257935,
-0.013345368206501007,
-0.009343544021248817,
0.007976849563419819,
-0.005989336874336004,
-0.012889803387224674,
-0.04519917070865631,
-0.002523471601307392,
0.0219207052141428,
-0.03801732882857323,
-0.023564310744404793,
-0.01138018723577261,
-0.0035194612573832273,
-0.019062260165810585,
0.030281659215688705,
0.04777177423238754,
0.022939026355743408,
-0.04409152269363403,
-0.03983958810567856,
0.005364052020013332,
0.010745969600975513,
-0.03215751424431801,
0.026369161903858185,
0.011022880673408508,
0.03104986622929573,
0.013300704769790173,
-0.015310549177229404,
-0.00046812629443593323,
0.031210653483867645,
0.006958528887480497,
-0.05352439358830452,
-0.0008614417165517807,
0.02849513106048107,
-0.011862549930810928,
-0.03315797075629234,
-0.005377450957894325,
-0.006034000311046839,
0.023993078619241714,
-0.01908012479543686,
-0.03808878734707832,
-0.012514632195234299,
0.01407784502953291,
-0.07932186871767044,
-0.09211341291666031,
0.02043788693845272,
0.012889803387224674,
-0.018490569666028023,
0.018651358783245087,
0.022349471226334572,
-0.07160406559705734,
-0.021956436336040497,
-0.003070595907047391,
0.029531316831707954,
-0.06756650656461716,
-0.03533753380179405,
-0.006686083041131496,
-0.025207918137311935,
-0.07853579521179199,
-0.014167170971632004,
0.01665937900543213,
-0.028780974447727203,
-0.03905351459980011,
-0.019258778542280197,
-0.05070168152451515,
-0.04087577387690544,
0.040375545620918274,
-0.06710201501846313,
0.00954006239771843,
-0.020312828943133354,
-0.021152498200535774,
0.005560569930821657,
0.001023904187604785,
0.002690958557650447,
0.0003796373202931136,
-0.008776321075856686,
0.02676219679415226,
0.0047476994805037975,
-0.006360041443258524,
0.0038700674194842577,
-0.007883056998252869,
0.02429678849875927,
0.047557391226291656,
-0.06845977157354355,
-0.06663751602172852,
0.007096984423696995,
-0.02243879809975624,
0.026083316653966904,
0.049415379762649536,
-0.013675875961780548,
0.021098902449011803,
0.05377450957894325,
0.005172000266611576,
0.08696820586919785,
0.023028353229165077,
0.011264062486588955,
-0.02043788693845272,
-0.012085865251719952,
-0.02336779423058033,
-0.022867565974593163,
-0.05488215759396553,
0.04230499640107155,
0.004962082952260971,
-0.012201990000903606,
-0.04330545291304588,
0.02928120270371437,
-0.011121139861643314,
0.060491856187582016,
0.0107727674767375,
0.01319351326674223,
0.016721908003091812,
0.01075490191578865,
0.005953606218099594,
-0.00021563957852777094,
-0.061277929693460464,
0.002979036420583725,
-0.025172187015414238,
0.010844227857887745,
0.053917430341243744,
-0.031121326610445976,
0.012532497756183147,
-0.05716891214251518,
0.006261782720685005,
0.02360004186630249,
0.00900410395115614,
0.028245016932487488,
-0.053131360560655594,
-0.023349927738308907,
-0.002682026010006666,
-0.0017519145039841533,
-0.021063171327114105,
0.011442715302109718,
0.020920248702168465,
-0.061599504202604294,
-0.021491939201951027,
0.03099627047777176,
0.018401244655251503,
-0.01782955415546894,
-0.00229792227037251,
-0.026833659037947655,
-0.03383684903383255,
-0.026083316653966904,
-0.023242736235260963,
0.04723581299185753,
0.049129534512758255,
-0.01577504724264145,
-0.013354300521314144,
0.0046896375715732574,
-0.012059067375957966,
-0.007454290520399809,
0.0033676063176244497,
-0.0768207237124443,
0.011889347806572914,
0.029316933825612068,
0.043126799166202545,
-0.030638964846730232,
-0.0014683031477034092,
0.004513217601925135,
0.03217538073658943,
0.05970578268170357,
-0.044806137681007385,
0.03708833083510399,
-0.030835483223199844,
-0.012746880762279034,
-0.023957347497344017,
-0.008405616506934166,
-0.0048102280125021935,
-0.07006765156984329,
-0.01931237429380417,
0.019330238923430443,
-0.050808873027563095,
0.017427586019039154,
-0.0155695965513587,
0.042519379407167435,
-0.04509197920560837,
0.022885430604219437,
0.011764290742576122,
-0.005198798142373562,
-0.042269267141819,
-0.028602322563529015,
0.03183593973517418,
-0.04569939896464348,
0.0614565834403038,
0.0300136785954237,
0.01007602084428072,
-0.007588279899209738,
0.010254673659801483,
0.04201915115118027,
-0.011657098308205605,
-0.06256423145532608,
-0.0005281424964778125,
0.004716435447335243,
-0.006346642505377531,
-0.07353351265192032,
-0.01068344060331583,
0.022742507979273796,
0.025029264390468597,
0.027333887293934822,
0.0006068614311516285,
-0.04355556517839432,
0.03941081836819649,
-0.02215295471251011,
0.02942412532866001,
0.04259084165096283,
0.029209742322564125,
-0.03855328634381294,
0.02452903613448143,
0.028566591441631317,
0.07746388018131256,
-0.023671504110097885,
0.0035574249923229218,
0.002002028515562415,
-0.07610611617565155,
-0.05949139967560768,
-0.06506536900997162,
-0.014327959157526493,
0.0034613991156220436,
-0.03894632309675217,
-0.031585823744535446,
-0.0614565834403038,
0.03976812586188316,
-0.025404436513781548,
0.027155233547091484,
-0.02745894342660904,
0.040661390870809555,
0.03035311959683895,
-0.027959171682596207,
0.020026985555887222,
0.007941119372844696,
0.01908012479543686,
0.04870076850056648,
-0.025475896894931793,
-0.04812907800078392,
-0.0021047538612037897,
0.006337710190564394,
-0.004182709846645594,
-0.03369392827153206,
0.01847270503640175,
-0.011067544110119343,
0.008320756256580353,
0.04212634265422821,
0.03467651829123497,
0.01507830061018467,
0.000055131153203547,
0.003372072707861662,
-0.00995989702641964,
-0.012282383628189564,
0.05595407262444496,
0.004243005067110062,
-0.034551460295915604,
0.04877223074436188,
0.020187772810459137,
0.014667399227619171,
0.03933935984969139,
-0.027869844809174538,
-0.01940169930458069,
-0.06106354668736458,
-0.0022443265188485384,
0.0004664514272008091,
0.020402155816555023,
-0.016373533755540848,
0.018186859786510468,
-0.025172187015414238,
0.06574425101280212,
0.003356440458446741,
0.013488290831446648,
0.0050692749209702015,
0.005757088307291269,
0.0338725820183754,
-0.002000911859795451,
0.023582177236676216,
-0.023189140483736992,
-0.008785254321992397,
0.004274269565939903,
-0.012005471624433994,
0.006127792876213789,
-0.02895962819457054,
-0.02895962819457054,
-0.03090694360435009,
0.017016684636473656,
-0.007673140149563551,
-0.028262881562113762,
0.009825906716287136,
0.013515088707208633,
0.010844227857887745,
0.0022253445349633694,
0.03299718350172043,
-0.010102818720042706,
0.0057302904315292835,
0.03617720305919647,
-0.009477534331381321,
0.018740683794021606,
-0.019991254433989525,
-0.001922751311212778,
-0.02527937851846218,
-0.014051047153770924,
-0.00494421785697341,
-0.0028115492314100266,
-0.01974114030599594,
-0.0234213899821043,
-0.021545534953475,
-0.01567678712308407,
-0.002445311052724719,
-0.03006727620959282,
-0.01280047744512558,
-0.0021516503766179085,
-0.017758093774318695,
-0.060348935425281525,
-0.006150124594569206,
-0.02522578276693821,
0.004966549575328827,
0.00852174125611782,
-0.028566591441631317,
-0.03238976374268532,
-0.03315797075629234,
0.03240762650966644,
-0.027423212304711342,
-0.029013223946094513,
0.02331419661641121,
0.003242549253627658,
-0.01184468436986208,
-0.04166184738278389,
0.027476808056235313,
-0.01121939904987812,
0.03372965753078461,
0.027262425050139427,
-0.023814424872398376,
0.03708833083510399,
0.048665039241313934,
-0.0049084872007369995,
0.018812146037817,
-0.025529492646455765,
0.0007509003044106066,
0.03908924385905266,
0.031675152480602264,
-0.005431046709418297,
-0.004392627160996199,
0.02374296449124813,
0.02867378294467926,
0.011791088618338108,
-0.005042476579546928,
0.018222590908408165,
0.040375545620918274,
-0.0015509300865232944,
0.05012999102473259,
-0.004323399160057306,
0.001843474106863141,
0.08046524226665497,
-0.007034456357359886,
-0.020545078441500664,
0.00004679169433075003,
-0.001528598484583199,
-0.050201453268527985,
0.009423937648534775,
-0.030228063464164734,
0.0007776981801725924,
-0.0016983187524601817,
-0.012130528688430786,
0.0007637409726157784,
0.08553898334503174,
0.03012087196111679,
-0.02308194898068905,
-0.01135338842868805,
0.052988436073064804,
0.05059449002146721,
0.0445917509496212,
-0.011514176614582539,
-0.021616995334625244,
0.019437430426478386,
0.010853161104023457,
0.029960082843899727,
0.02476128563284874,
0.01354188658297062,
0.03528393805027008,
0.029799295589327812,
0.03564124554395676,
-0.011585637927055359,
-0.03171088173985481,
0.044055793434381485,
-0.015140829607844353,
0.026136912405490875,
0.03490876778960228,
0.038053058087825775,
0.019794736057519913,
-0.02104530669748783,
0.025940394029021263,
0.03594495356082916,
0.0075570158660411835,
0.05491788685321808,
0.008209099061787128,
0.0039772591553628445,
0.052809782326221466,
-0.007096984423696995,
-0.05384597182273865,
-0.06360041350126266,
0.009656187146902084,
0.005824082996696234,
-0.0013834430137649179,
-0.0200091190636158,
0.07610611617565155,
-0.016552187502384186,
-0.0028785441536456347,
-0.014649533666670322,
-0.023635772988200188,
0.013434695079922676,
0.002033292781561613,
-0.059884436428546906,
-0.022135088220238686,
-0.0003522810875438154,
0.04987987503409386,
-0.004743233323097229,
0.008517274633049965,
-0.06631594151258469,
0.025440165773034096,
0.01175535749644041,
0.012836207635700703,
0.021349016577005386,
-0.008602134883403778,
-0.033908311277627945,
-0.04380568116903305,
-0.010067088529467583,
-0.012818342074751854,
-0.010201077908277512,
-0.020044850185513496,
-0.00220524612814188,
0.00009421146387467161,
0.03231830149888992,
-0.044698942452669144,
0.004912953358143568,
-0.017061347141861916,
0.029960082843899727,
-0.003244782565161586,
-0.01684696413576603,
0.046199627220630646,
0.005457844585180283,
0.00699425907805562,
0.012684352695941925,
0.031996726989746094,
0.039303626865148544,
-0.0338725820183754,
-0.009906300343573093,
0.035212475806474686,
0.014283295720815659,
0.03244335949420929,
-0.019330238923430443,
-0.06102781370282173,
0.008066176436841488,
0.02276037447154522,
0.00680667394772172,
0.04934391751885414,
-0.01908012479543686,
-0.010603046976029873,
-0.005587367806583643,
-0.04784323275089264,
-0.007641875650733709,
0.01156777236610651,
-0.011049679480493069,
0.000723544042557478,
-0.0032693471293896437,
0.011898280121386051,
0.012818342074751854,
0.004770031198859215,
0.033354487270116806,
-0.02206362783908844,
0.03526607155799866,
-0.0035663575399667025,
0.011299792677164078,
-0.02751253917813301,
-0.01359548233449459,
-0.014363689348101616,
-0.015471337363123894,
-0.023385658860206604,
0.059134095907211304,
-0.02778051793575287,
0.044806137681007385,
-0.029441989958286285,
-0.059562861919403076,
-0.008360954001545906,
0.024511171504855156,
-0.01755264215171337,
0.012068000622093678,
-0.010915689170360565,
-0.017695564776659012,
0.032371897250413895,
0.017016684636473656,
0.027351751923561096,
0.041125886142253876,
-0.01487284991890192,
0.005364052020013332,
-0.015140829607844353,
0.01974114030599594,
0.021724186837673187,
0.058812521398067474,
0.0067352126352488995,
-0.007427492644637823,
-0.0174990464001894,
-0.011540974490344524,
0.014140373095870018,
0.062492769211530685,
0.01561425905674696,
0.009665119461715221,
0.029852891340851784,
-0.04176903888583183,
-0.022688912227749825,
-0.025332974269986153,
0.04955830052495003,
-0.014372621662914753,
0.013443627394735813,
0.022974757477641106,
-0.0029522383119910955,
0.018972933292388916,
-0.00952219683676958,
-0.06163523346185684,
0.006654819007962942,
-0.021581264212727547,
0.03524820879101753,
0.022492393851280212,
-0.020169906318187714,
-0.0406971201300621,
0.019616084173321724,
-0.04198342189192772,
-0.03256841376423836,
0.022045761346817017,
-0.023725099861621857,
-0.013497223146259785,
-0.014104642905294895,
-0.004122414626181126,
-0.015489202924072742,
0.011942943558096886,
-0.013407896272838116,
0.029441989958286285,
0.048986613750457764,
0.03231830149888992,
-0.01265755482017994,
-0.022081492468714714,
-0.012461036443710327,
0.007190777454525232,
-0.03901778161525726,
0.007230974268168211,
0.03262200951576233,
-0.00390356476418674,
-0.022081492468714714,
-0.044520292431116104,
-0.01217519212514162,
-0.023439254611730576,
0.012871937826275826,
-0.005404248833656311,
-0.0376957505941391,
0.03096053935587406,
-0.014176104217767715,
0.008825451135635376,
-0.0013923756778240204,
-0.023260600864887238,
0.06538694351911545,
-0.01847270503640175,
-0.0630287304520607,
-0.030942674726247787,
0.03823171183466911,
0.018633492290973663,
-0.01609662175178528,
-0.00727117108181119,
-0.004347963724285364,
0.010594114661216736,
0.020509347319602966,
0.002615031087771058,
0.00017516354273539037,
-0.01950889080762863,
-0.02211722359061241,
-0.025243647396564484,
0.012577161192893982,
-0.007038922514766455,
0.06317164748907089,
0.00800811406224966,
0.003264880971983075,
0.04648547247052193,
0.0011065311264246702,
-0.013604414649307728,
0.03444426879286766,
0.061742424964904785,
0.06867415457963943,
-0.05273832380771637,
0.007999181747436523,
-0.02751253917813301,
0.02284969948232174,
0.026422757655382156,
-0.03360460326075554,
0.027155233547091484,
-0.016462860628962517,
-0.011505243368446827,
-0.054060354828834534,
-0.011121139861643314,
-0.05023718252778053,
0.03487303853034973,
0.0009016386466100812,
0.03435494378209114,
0.017847420647740364,
0.018562031909823418,
0.004644974134862423,
0.024368248879909515,
-0.03219324350357056,
-0.011978673748672009,
-0.041447460651397705,
0.029316933825612068,
-0.017856352031230927,
0.009477534331381321,
-0.03171088173985481,
0.033497411757707596,
-0.019240912050008774,
-0.002992435358464718,
-0.00682900520041585,
-0.023653637617826462,
-0.0292276069521904,
-0.0288167055696249,
0.01824938878417015,
-0.03933935984969139,
-0.03562337905168533,
0.04073284938931465,
0.008061709813773632,
0.0039660935290157795,
0.027673326432704926,
-0.02513645589351654,
0.008615533821284771,
-0.006989792920649052,
-0.009834839962422848,
0.009906300343573093,
-0.04552074894309044,
-0.00274008815176785,
-0.013211378827691078,
0.02577960677444935,
0.0033475079108029604,
0.05824083089828491,
-0.02429678849875927,
-0.04909380525350571,
-0.034890901297330856,
0.028691647574305534,
-0.014631669037044048,
0.03560551255941391,
-0.0014627202181145549,
-0.04259084165096283,
-0.015122964046895504,
0.012898735702037811,
-0.0136580104008317,
0.0003263206162955612,
-0.015114031732082367,
-0.010317202657461166,
0.024868477135896683,
-0.025797471404075623,
-0.019937658682465553,
-0.004332331940531731,
0.06009881943464279,
0.007498953491449356,
0.005975937936455011,
-0.024136001244187355,
0.03948228061199188,
-0.02238520234823227,
0.018919337540864944,
0.0130595238879323,
0.013827730901539326,
0.003999590873718262,
-0.015721451491117477,
-0.04748592898249626,
-0.03439067304134369,
-0.034551460295915604,
0.022867565974593163,
-0.017936745658516884,
-0.025118591263890266,
0.006435968913137913,
0.0005585693288594484,
0.03197886049747467,
0.029102550819516182,
0.000029362574423430488,
0.008401150815188885,
0.0015967098297551274,
-0.027012310922145844,
0.00642256997525692,
-0.01196080818772316,
-0.012854073196649551,
0.006708414759486914,
-0.018097534775733948,
-0.009700849652290344,
-0.0020589742343872786,
0.06656605005264282,
-0.00453778263181448,
0.015248021110892296,
-0.04630681872367859,
-0.02435038425028324,
0.004819160792976618,
0.007650808431208134,
-0.06013455241918564,
-0.026404891163110733,
-0.049594033509492874,
-0.017901016399264336,
-0.010522653348743916,
0.01732039451599121,
0.04920099675655365,
0.013979585841298103,
0.026333430781960487,
0.035301804542541504,
-0.040053971111774445,
-0.03174661099910736,
-0.020562943071126938,
0.017382923513650894,
-0.01657898537814617,
-0.02853086031973362,
-0.03891059011220932,
-0.009245284833014011,
-0.015337347984313965,
0.020955979824066162,
0.017373990267515182,
0.027941307052969933,
-0.0006174689042381942,
-0.010665575042366982,
-0.019258778542280197,
0.003644518321380019,
0.008838850073516369,
-0.014694197103381157,
-0.011942943558096886,
-0.0024788083974272013,
0.009200622327625751,
0.009674051776528358,
0.047914694994688034,
0.0400182381272316,
0.017240000888705254,
0.021634859964251518,
0.002581533743068576,
0.0545605830848217,
0.014846052043139935,
0.019187316298484802,
0.01940169930458069,
0.012201990000903606,
-0.014783523976802826,
0.020455751568078995,
0.021795649081468582,
-0.0010529352584853768,
0.03969666361808777,
0.005770487245172262,
-0.001071358798071742,
-0.02765546180307865,
-0.05598980560898781,
0.019473161548376083,
-0.018043939024209976,
-0.03308650851249695,
0.054489120841026306,
-0.0028450468089431524,
0.0034926633816212416,
-0.0054087149910628796
] |
Reinforcement learning (RL), imitation learning (IL), and task and motion
planning (TAMP) have demonstrated impressive performance across various robotic
manipulation tasks. However, these approaches have been limited to learning
simple behaviors in current real-world manipulation benchmarks, such as pushing
or pick-and-place. To enable more complex, long-horizon behaviors of an
autonomous robot, we propose to focus on real-world furniture assembly, a
complex, long-horizon robot manipulation task that requires addressing many
current robotic manipulation challenges to solve. We present FurnitureBench, a
reproducible real-world furniture assembly benchmark aimed at providing a low
barrier for entry and being easily reproducible, so that researchers across the
world can reliably test their algorithms and compare them against prior work.
For ease of use, we provide 200+ hours of pre-collected data (5000+
demonstrations), 3D printable furniture models, a robotic environment setup
guide, and systematic task initialization. Furthermore, we provide
FurnitureSim, a fast and realistic simulator of FurnitureBench. We benchmark
the performance of offline RL and IL algorithms on our assembly tasks and
demonstrate the need to improve such algorithms to be able to solve our tasks
in the real world, providing ample opportunities for future research. | [
0.004614132456481457,
-0.007104185409843922,
-0.031535886228084564,
-0.06839153915643692,
0.03134452924132347,
0.02139388397336006,
-0.02116425335407257,
0.020092645660042763,
-0.039955660700798035,
0.07478291541337967,
0.031765516847372055,
-0.028378469869494438,
0.04512234032154083,
-0.0047361236065626144,
-0.06219152361154556,
0.041754432022571564,
0.040147021412849426,
0.024876609444618225,
-0.015146028250455856,
-0.07183599472045898,
0.01992042362689972,
0.016992637887597084,
-0.03901800513267517,
0.02960316464304924,
0.029392670840024948,
-0.02757476456463337,
0.033564288169145584,
-0.03543959930539131,
-0.05564706027507782,
0.03735318407416344,
0.04152480140328407,
0.03182292357087135,
-0.0217191930860281,
0.022599441930651665,
-0.05059519782662392,
0.008769004605710506,
-0.02910563349723816,
0.06314831227064133,
-0.04879642650485039,
0.07248660922050476,
0.015672264620661736,
0.0383482500910759,
-0.05771373212337494,
-0.0664014145731926,
0.024072904139757156,
-0.006520541850477457,
-0.011902500875294209,
0.003631028113886714,
-0.010802188888192177,
0.04030010849237442,
0.012658366933465004,
0.034329719841480255,
0.03157415613532066,
-0.023843273520469666,
0.010429039597511292,
-0.010869164951145649,
0.014562384225428104,
0.019250668585300446,
0.043782833963632584,
0.02325006201863289,
-0.006606653332710266,
0.012208674103021622,
-0.06349276006221771,
-0.005291063338518143,
0.010687374509871006,
-0.06816191226243973,
0.04653839394450188,
-0.042022332549095154,
0.015404362231492996,
-0.013720407150685787,
-0.017451897263526917,
-0.0070132901892066,
-0.02118339017033577,
-0.0102089773863554,
-0.013050652109086514,
-0.024800065904855728,
0.05147544667124748,
0.002712507266551256,
0.02062845043838024,
0.014504976570606232,
0.019480299204587936,
0.012744477950036526,
0.014524112455546856,
-0.026617972180247307,
0.06433473527431488,
-0.020877216011285782,
0.005721620284020901,
-0.0740557536482811,
0.0089220916852355,
-0.029775388538837433,
-0.04516061395406723,
0.03375564515590668,
0.016629057005047798,
-0.006094769109040499,
0.007874404080212116,
0.03264576569199562,
-0.04738037288188934,
0.013299417681992054,
-0.009333512745797634,
-0.0033272465225309134,
0.00791745912283659,
0.012103427201509476,
0.009381351992487907,
-0.0433618426322937,
-0.021814873442053795,
0.007238136604428291,
0.010850029066205025,
0.014122259803116322,
-0.04133344441652298,
0.06341622024774551,
-0.0007839719764888287,
0.014371025376021862,
0.021240796893835068,
0.05591496452689171,
-0.06846808642148972,
-0.0014543248107656837,
-0.004597388673573732,
-0.06540634483098984,
0.0638372078537941,
0.013586455956101418,
0.003939593676477671,
0.02879945933818817,
0.050671737641096115,
-0.05128408595919609,
-0.05840262398123741,
0.048451978713274,
-0.03624330461025238,
-0.028474150225520134,
0.03616676107048988,
0.032817989587783813,
-0.014610224403440952,
-0.008080113679170609,
-0.022771665826439857,
0.03614762797951698,
0.014629360288381577,
-0.007864835672080517,
0.01969079300761223,
0.035554416477680206,
-0.04535197094082832,
-0.020532770082354546,
-0.03984084725379944,
0.008084897883236408,
-0.06705202907323837,
0.03861615061759949,
0.01969079300761223,
0.02650315687060356,
-0.008080113679170609,
0.09108666330575943,
0.010754349641501904,
0.034329719841480255,
-0.03720009699463844,
0.015959301963448524,
-0.0048748585395514965,
0.030923539772629738,
0.04929395765066147,
-0.019996967166662216,
-0.019480299204587936,
0.03775503858923912,
0.04179270192980766,
-0.0047887470573186874,
0.07474464178085327,
-0.04003220424056053,
0.007357735652476549,
0.06781746447086334,
0.017461465671658516,
0.004396462347358465,
0.03938158601522446,
-0.00012722352403216064,
-0.012160834856331348,
0.03061736561357975,
-0.02755562961101532,
-0.025087103247642517,
0.01035249698907137,
0.033832188695669174,
0.0020451443269848824,
0.006305263843387365,
0.044548265635967255,
0.009515303187072277,
0.003418141743168235,
-0.044509995728731155,
-0.023039568215608597,
0.03189946711063385,
0.04320875555276871,
0.05254705250263214,
0.04010874778032303,
0.023116109892725945,
0.05534088611602783,
-0.021642649546265602,
-0.0019889327231794596,
-0.0121225630864501,
-0.013395097106695175,
0.03693219646811485,
0.02219758927822113,
0.05710138753056526,
0.01682041585445404,
-0.07838045805692673,
-0.07260143011808395,
0.03285625949501991,
-0.005018377676606178,
0.03291366621851921,
-0.0434383861720562,
-0.015940165147185326,
0.029239583760499954,
-0.018236467614769936,
0.05208779126405716,
0.011491079814732075,
0.0009992503328248858,
-0.05453718081116676,
0.0331432968378067,
-0.011519784107804298,
-0.011050955392420292,
-0.009247400797903538,
-0.06938660144805908,
-0.03287539631128311,
-0.012103427201509476,
0.0032530950848013163,
-0.026617972180247307,
0.013098491355776787,
-0.004860506858676672,
-0.02734513394534588,
-0.008874251507222652,
-0.061311274766922,
-0.000019051760318689048,
-0.009094314649701118,
-0.004547157324850559,
0.022637713700532913,
0.05943595990538597,
0.03938158601522446,
-0.02652229182422161,
0.016629057005047798,
0.003889362094923854,
-0.029239583760499954,
0.015088620595633984,
0.03880751132965088,
0.011031819507479668,
0.028684644028544426,
0.006377023179084063,
-0.02064758539199829,
-0.00549198966473341,
0.008864684030413628,
0.04780136048793793,
0.023345740512013435,
-0.015700967982411385,
-0.01173984631896019,
0.062382880598306656,
0.0407976396381855,
0.025144511833786964,
0.0561063215136528,
0.04003220424056053,
0.025201918557286263,
-0.010189841501414776,
-0.03209082409739494,
-0.07447674125432968,
0.008764220401644707,
-0.01393090095371008,
0.07830391079187393,
0.06965450942516327,
-0.008730732835829258,
0.029526621103286743,
0.0015679439529776573,
-0.018944494426250458,
0.053503844887018204,
0.03144020587205887,
0.0023848058190196753,
-0.02855069376528263,
0.00026610796339809895,
0.002231718972325325,
0.005726404022425413,
0.013988308608531952,
-0.007477334700524807,
0.014686767011880875,
-0.001408877200447023,
-0.010161138139665127,
0.03679824620485306,
-0.031803786754608154,
-0.03134452924132347,
0.01684911921620369,
0.026082167401909828,
0.0032004714012145996,
0.02757476456463337,
-0.009725796990096569,
-0.005463286302983761,
0.020245732739567757,
0.0356309600174427,
-0.021853145211935043,
-0.043514929711818695,
-0.013041083700954914,
0.005276711657643318,
-0.02606303244829178,
0.012974108569324017,
-0.031746380031108856,
-0.013433368876576424,
-0.05560879036784172,
0.014945100992918015,
0.041448257863521576,
0.01034292858093977,
-0.003640596056357026,
-0.016208067536354065,
0.004661972168833017,
0.008376719430088997,
-0.010457743890583515,
0.020226597785949707,
-0.001011210260912776,
-0.02145129069685936,
-0.066554494202137,
0.036913059651851654,
-0.0331624336540699,
0.020494498312473297,
-0.028914274647831917,
-0.019996967166662216,
0.007826563902199268,
-0.03241613507270813,
-0.06272732466459274,
-0.036587752401828766,
-0.030827859416604042,
0.04003220424056053,
0.01993955858051777,
-0.026464885100722313,
-0.006960666738450527,
-0.01910714991390705,
-0.035650093108415604,
-0.0005695906584151089,
-0.07520390301942825,
0.07596933841705322,
0.047303829342126846,
-0.019298508763313293,
0.05201124772429466,
-0.023096974939107895,
-0.00018044511671178043,
-0.04715074226260185,
-0.055264342576265335,
0.029966745525598526,
-0.047610003501176834,
0.010907436721026897,
-0.005329335108399391,
-0.05044211074709892,
-0.0587470680475235,
0.059053242206573486,
-0.06050756946206093,
-0.05025075003504753,
-0.014753743074834347,
-0.03741059452295303,
0.01659078523516655,
-0.032817989587783813,
0.05763718858361244,
-0.02428339794278145,
0.06421992182731628,
-0.021527834236621857,
0.015031212940812111,
-0.03239699825644493,
0.0011912068584933877,
-0.07045821100473404,
-0.005745539907366037,
-0.02602476067841053,
0.11205955594778061,
-0.0842742994427681,
0.0073864394798874855,
-0.0046189166605472565,
-0.017270106822252274,
0.009367000311613083,
-0.0255272276699543,
-0.06781746447086334,
-0.00006832097278675064,
0.030062425881624222,
-0.08243725448846817,
0.04213714972138405,
-0.014562384225428104,
-0.011366697028279305,
-0.0025259326212108135,
0.03452108055353165,
-0.015767943114042282,
0.043017398566007614,
0.035860590636730194,
-0.060392752289772034,
0.004164440091699362,
-0.015088620595633984,
0.013653431087732315,
0.017748503014445305,
0.002906257752329111,
0.024340804666280746,
-0.03804207593202591,
0.006477486342191696,
0.009797557257115841,
-0.013060219585895538,
0.007381655275821686,
0.040453195571899414,
0.014581520110368729,
-0.004937049932777882,
0.0043916781432926655,
0.03109576180577278,
0.08373849093914032,
-0.005769459530711174,
-0.050901368260383606,
0.045045796781778336,
-0.023403149098157883,
-0.029947610571980476,
0.016896957531571388,
-0.043285299092531204,
-0.009496167302131653,
-0.033564288169145584,
-0.025967352092266083,
0.029488349333405495,
-0.018054677173495293,
0.01686825416982174,
0.021527834236621857,
-0.020571041852235794,
0.025967352092266083,
-0.0064200786873698235,
-0.007558661978691816,
0.025967352092266083,
-0.03090440295636654,
-0.04179270192980766,
0.02472352236509323,
-0.00022200579405762255,
0.0017222268506884575,
-0.03727664053440094,
-0.029009953141212463,
-0.005726404022425413,
0.025909945368766785,
-0.0639520213007927,
-0.0007726100739091635,
0.016428129747509956,
0.01440929714590311,
0.016428129747509956,
-0.08649405837059021,
0.02707723155617714,
-0.008505886420607567,
0.026617972180247307,
-0.07317550480365753,
-0.05687175691127777,
0.05733101814985275,
0.05178161710500717,
0.04007047787308693,
-0.011883364990353584,
0.044050734490156174,
0.017681527882814407,
0.02782353013753891,
0.05438409373164177,
-0.04309394210577011,
-0.0010566578712314367,
-0.002537892432883382,
0.01261052768677473,
-0.0049274819903075695,
-0.031019218266010284,
0.01942289061844349,
-0.049600131809711456,
-0.03011983260512352,
-0.006936746649444103,
0.009874099865555763,
0.04064455255866051,
-0.07049648463726044,
-0.00579816335812211,
-0.07730884850025177,
0.03800380602478981,
0.010180274024605751,
0.008601565845310688,
-0.006003873888403177,
-0.036874789744615555,
-0.043285299092531204,
-0.039419855922460556,
-0.008324095979332924,
0.07015203684568405,
0.040874183177948,
-0.0035497008357197046,
0.028225382789969444,
0.05507298558950424,
0.0006344731082208455,
-0.04206060618162155,
-0.0030784804839640856,
0.04229023680090904,
-0.04879642650485039,
-0.002016440499573946,
-0.025718586519360542,
0.02401549555361271,
0.027479086071252823,
0.021125981584191322,
-0.02447475679218769,
-0.03333465754985809,
0.02680933102965355,
-0.03299020975828171,
-0.022101910784840584,
0.0035090371966362,
0.02550809271633625,
-0.036109354346990585,
0.019709927961230278,
0.0033439903054386377,
0.008199713192880154,
-0.030215512961149216,
0.022025367245078087,
0.03999393433332443,
0.019977830350399017,
-0.055226072669029236,
-0.023345740512013435,
0.04776309058070183,
-0.015672264620661736,
-0.02298215962946415,
-0.011299720965325832,
-0.031000081449747086,
-0.005826867185533047,
-0.022254997864365578,
-0.008343231864273548,
-0.015767943114042282,
0.0003453423560131341,
-0.0121129946783185,
-0.02906736172735691,
0.02755562961101532,
0.03136366233229637,
0.0305790938436985,
0.022140182554721832,
-0.024436485022306442,
-0.017748503014445305,
0.03387045860290527,
0.023938952013850212,
-0.0013167859287932515,
-0.004999241791665554,
-0.03727664053440094,
-0.021508699283003807,
-0.03113403357565403,
0.028244519606232643,
0.026101304218173027,
-0.011931204237043858,
0.046576667577028275,
0.01261052768677473,
-0.01286886166781187,
-0.04007047787308693,
0.014141395688056946,
0.023058703169226646,
-0.005697700195014477,
0.06540634483098984,
-0.004272079095244408,
-0.02906736172735691,
0.05136062949895859,
-0.05928287282586098,
-0.0484902523458004,
0.0001956939959200099,
0.0023824137169867754,
0.05978040397167206,
0.005099704954773188,
0.005654644686728716,
-0.007807428017258644,
-0.0006284932023845613,
-0.003576012561097741,
0.006874555256217718,
0.021604377776384354,
-0.027383405715227127,
0.015624424442648888,
0.022503763437271118,
-0.008228416554629803,
0.03216736763715744,
0.008132738061249256,
0.04898778349161148,
-0.00296366517432034,
0.010505583137273788,
0.0383482500910759,
-0.04642358049750328,
-0.0433235727250576,
-0.026751922443509102,
-0.021795736625790596,
-0.0013550575822591782,
-0.00869246106594801,
0.014227506704628468,
-0.04420382156968117,
0.004922698251903057,
0.026885874569416046,
0.033085890114307404,
-0.058287810534238815,
0.025393277406692505,
0.0561063215136528,
-0.021757464855909348,
0.02194882370531559,
-0.008104033768177032,
-0.0069032590836286545,
0.019442027434706688,
-0.02219758927822113,
-0.008252336643636227,
0.03922849893569946,
-0.015088620595633984,
-0.04929395765066147,
-0.04692111164331436,
-0.010677806101739407,
-0.002712507266551256,
-0.03413836285471916,
-0.01759541779756546,
0.014638927765190601,
-0.0009831044590100646,
0.01712658815085888,
-0.05178161710500717,
-0.013261145912110806,
0.054192736744880676,
-0.004573469050228596,
-0.041180357336997986,
0.0561445951461792,
-0.041754432022571564,
0.017671961337327957,
0.006262207869440317,
0.021240796893835068,
-0.013567320071160793,
0.03419576957821846,
0.02751735784113407,
-0.045045796781778336,
-0.018743569031357765,
0.023862408474087715,
0.04726555943489075,
0.027651308104395866,
0.014600655995309353,
-0.0019853448029607534,
-0.005133192520588636,
0.03488466143608093,
-0.03036860004067421,
-0.008357583545148373,
-0.00817579310387373,
0.04615567624568939,
0.005080569069832563,
-0.002961273305118084,
0.03113403357565403,
-0.0035209970083087683,
0.04439517855644226,
0.02273339405655861,
-0.009233049117028713,
-0.0073098959401249886,
-0.011873796582221985,
0.0014519328251481056,
0.02037968300282955,
-0.006333967205137014,
0.004841370973736048,
0.0408359095454216,
-0.03628157824277878,
-0.022006230428814888,
-0.007544310297816992,
-0.011816389858722687,
0.030808724462985992,
0.0382334366440773,
-0.019336780533194542,
-0.014916397631168365,
0.016456833109259605,
0.011538919061422348,
-0.01809294894337654,
0.05530261620879173,
0.023556236177682877,
-0.04772481694817543,
-0.03270317241549492,
0.009988915175199509,
0.006482270080596209,
0.0662100538611412,
-0.014390161260962486,
0.03216736763715744,
0.02573772333562374,
-0.024359941482543945,
0.051207542419433594,
-0.012084291316568851,
-0.028397606685757637,
0.026158710941672325,
0.030923539772629738,
0.04397419095039368,
-0.03145934268832207,
-0.012878429144620895,
-0.02832106314599514,
0.013088923878967762,
0.013242010027170181,
0.03287539631128311,
0.03756368160247803,
0.018322579562664032,
-0.013844789937138557,
0.011050955392420292,
0.007175944745540619,
-0.0010321401059627533,
0.005535045638680458,
0.03616676107048988,
0.029220448806881905,
0.00996021181344986,
0.03731491416692734,
-0.05174334719777107,
-0.015461769886314869,
-0.013653431087732315,
0.008883819915354252,
-0.03758281469345093,
-0.0032626630272716284,
0.0357075035572052,
0.004434734117239714,
-0.06311004608869553,
-0.013050652109086514,
-0.015968870371580124,
-0.008984283544123173,
-0.029775388538837433,
-0.00003186194226145744,
0.00004578402513288893,
-0.02835933491587639,
0.012859293259680271,
-0.025450684130191803,
0.008558510802686214,
-0.025642042979598045,
0.02654142864048481,
-0.011318856850266457,
0.008974715135991573,
0.013605591841042042,
0.02657970041036606,
-0.018485235050320625,
-0.07447674125432968,
0.07600761204957962,
-0.044280365109443665,
0.015404362231492996,
-0.000536999898031354,
-0.012754046358168125,
-0.023154381662607193,
0.03499947488307953,
-0.01148151233792305,
-0.011290153488516808,
-0.015337386168539524,
-0.0011648950167000294,
0.021049438044428825,
0.00027358290390111506,
-0.007472550496459007,
0.0033942218869924545,
-0.006525326054543257,
0.02654142864048481,
0.007085049524903297,
-0.011538919061422348,
-0.03961121663451195,
0.04879642650485039,
0.03522910550236702,
0.007285976316779852,
-0.01299324445426464,
-0.003631028113886714,
-0.06693721562623978,
0.00019076053285971284,
-0.008984283544123173,
-0.018064245581626892,
-0.018772272393107414,
-0.0036095003597438335,
-0.016150660812854767,
0.04259641095995903,
-0.023919817060232162,
0.01276361383497715,
0.010811757296323776,
-0.013576887547969818,
0.010132433846592903,
0.009730581194162369,
0.02883773110806942,
-0.04110381379723549,
-0.011204042471945286,
0.012792318128049374,
0.006563597824424505,
0.02116425335407257,
-0.01261052768677473,
0.022580306977033615,
0.005248007830232382,
-0.005688132252544165,
0.02700068987905979,
0.010295089334249496,
-0.008123169653117657,
0.06464090943336487,
0.00428164703771472,
0.01841825805604458,
0.022829072549939156,
-0.009189993143081665,
-0.01350991241633892,
0.03034946322441101,
0.026617972180247307,
-0.0023883937392383814,
0.054996442049741745,
-0.03343033418059349,
0.04868160933256149,
0.03471243754029274,
0.04056800901889801,
0.016275042667984962,
-0.019537705928087234,
-0.004126168321818113,
-0.0026670596562325954,
0.030177241191267967,
-0.007869619876146317,
0.027383405715227127,
-0.00242307735607028,
0.0509779118001461,
-0.00579816335812211,
0.006400942802429199,
-0.005520693492144346,
-0.022637713700532913,
0.002236502943560481,
-0.046844568103551865,
-0.01659078523516655,
0.0037362752482295036,
-0.02369018644094467,
-0.028167976066470146,
0.033832188695669174,
-0.02598648890852928,
0.03344947099685669,
-0.022063639014959335,
0.00554461358115077,
0.03488466143608093,
0.020724128931760788,
-0.012734910473227501,
0.00853459071367979,
-0.03683651611208916,
-0.011500648222863674,
0.07294587045907974,
-0.012935836799442768,
-0.023364877328276634,
-0.004812667146325111,
-0.021011166274547577,
0.0034635893534868956,
0.020016102120280266,
-0.005688132252544165,
0.024034632369875908,
0.03899886831641197,
0.005023161415010691,
0.034559350460767746,
0.008209280669689178,
-0.0063435351476073265,
-0.02910563349723816,
0.01312719564884901,
-0.002159959403797984,
0.014313618652522564,
0.019183693453669548,
-0.02244635671377182,
-0.006898474879562855,
-0.048605065792798996,
0.00969709362834692,
0.026407478377223015,
0.03423404321074486,
-0.023135246708989143,
-0.015614856034517288,
-0.04462480917572975,
0.031995147466659546,
0.04156307503581047,
-0.03350687772035599,
0.030426006764173508,
-0.01935591548681259,
0.03008156083524227,
-0.005884274840354919,
-0.03132539242506027,
0.023651914671063423,
0.028225382789969444,
-0.029182177037000656,
-0.03182292357087135,
-0.007898323237895966,
-0.007204648572951555,
0.00201404863037169,
0.010304656811058521,
-0.01480158232152462,
0.06020139530301094,
-0.01630374789237976,
-0.033296383917331696,
-0.02606303244829178,
-0.016389857977628708,
-0.028397606685757637,
-0.03875010460615158,
-0.005147544667124748,
0.029985882341861725,
-0.0030473845545202494,
0.05281495675444603,
0.03297107666730881,
0.04493098333477974,
0.008702029474079609,
-0.027689579874277115,
-0.05683348327875137,
0.019824743270874023,
0.008348016068339348,
0.06705202907323837,
-0.045811232179403305,
0.00006084603228373453,
0.007467766758054495,
-0.0031885115895420313,
-0.01490683015435934,
-0.019021037966012955,
0.018743569031357765,
0.006587517447769642,
-0.017164859920740128,
-0.007051561959087849,
-0.004580644890666008,
-0.04481616988778114,
-0.004941834136843681,
0.012074723839759827,
-0.009137369692325592,
0.04156307503581047,
-0.006611437536776066,
0.0153278186917305,
0.015270411036908627,
-0.0025211486499756575,
0.0038678343407809734,
-0.017719799652695656,
0.017442330718040466,
0.049906305968761444,
-0.003839130513370037,
-0.006113904993981123,
0.025106240063905716,
0.014170099049806595,
-0.015433065593242645,
-0.005085352808237076,
-0.006276560015976429,
-0.019260236993432045,
-0.0069893705658614635,
0.03545873612165451,
-0.054996442049741745,
-0.05147544667124748,
0.04439517855644226,
-0.022503763437271118,
-0.06410510838031769,
0.0032052553724497557,
-0.05434582382440567,
0.009845396503806114,
0.013347257860004902,
-0.008706813678145409,
-0.001898037502542138,
-0.02604389563202858,
0.010706509463489056,
0.033774781972169876,
-0.020532770082354546,
-0.01682041585445404,
0.02556549943983555,
-0.007132889237254858,
-0.03270317241549492,
0.015978436917066574,
0.04561987519264221,
-0.017805911600589752,
-0.01579664647579193,
0.03136366233229637,
-0.04206060618162155,
-0.039687760174274445,
0.03953467309474945,
-0.020551906898617744,
0.03442540019750595,
0.0014017012435942888,
0.004956185817718506,
0.016150660812854767,
-0.03911368548870087,
0.05461372435092926,
-0.01988215185701847,
0.029029089957475662,
-0.00415248004719615,
0.009405272081494331,
0.009854963980615139,
0.03113403357565403,
0.022159317508339882,
0.017509305849671364,
0.024359941482543945,
-0.026101304218173027,
-0.01060126256197691,
-0.001616979599930346,
-0.032263047993183136,
-0.04741864278912544,
-0.038941461592912674,
-0.021068574860692024,
-0.0003916870045941323,
-0.004571076948195696,
-0.010515151545405388,
0.05048038065433502,
0.030521685257554054,
0.040414921939373016,
0.01911671832203865,
0.030292056500911713,
-0.027727851644158363,
-0.014725038781762123,
0.03515256196260452,
-0.017442330718040466,
0.004827018827199936,
-0.008606350049376488,
-0.024130310863256454,
0.010821324773132801,
-0.02191055193543434,
0.03387045860290527,
0.022369813174009323,
0.06923351436853409,
-0.03454021364450455,
-0.01633245125412941,
-0.041218627244234085,
0.04780136048793793,
-0.025584636256098747,
-0.029220448806881905,
-0.0011104774894192815,
0.015595720149576664,
-0.009931507520377636,
0.05258532613515854,
0.028435878455638885,
0.032263047993183136,
-0.02501055970788002,
-0.003640596056357026,
-0.015241706743836403,
-0.02223586104810238,
-0.023862408474087715,
0.039458129554986954,
0.027498221024870872,
-0.06104337051510811,
0.0043510147370398045,
0.00840542372316122,
-0.017538009211421013,
0.017174428328871727,
0.003219607286155224,
-0.011156202293932438,
-0.005123624578118324,
-0.006070849485695362,
-0.018054677173495293,
-0.021030303090810776,
0.031191440299153328,
-0.019509002566337585,
-0.03360255807638168,
0.001949465018697083,
0.019346347078680992,
0.002151587512344122,
0.0433235727250576,
-0.008247552439570427,
-0.02070499397814274,
-0.0267710592597723,
-0.018800975754857063,
0.012706206180155277,
0.0460025928914547,
-0.020781537517905235,
0.017404058948159218,
0.01604541204869747,
-0.019537705928087234,
0.08955579251050949,
-0.01263923104852438,
0.034348856657743454,
0.013978741131722927,
-0.05231742188334465,
0.02349882759153843,
-0.009295240975916386,
0.019250668585300446,
0.011098794639110565,
-0.012954972684383392,
-0.0510544553399086,
0.01658121682703495,
-0.02524019032716751,
0.055493973195552826,
-0.059856947511434555
] |
In-memory computing for Machine Learning (ML) applications remedies the von
Neumann bottlenecks by organizing computation to exploit parallelism and
locality. Non-volatile memory devices such as Resistive RAM (ReRAM) offer
integrated switching and storage capabilities showing promising performance for
ML applications. However, ReRAM devices have design challenges, such as
non-linear digital-analog conversion and circuit overheads. This paper proposes
an In-Memory Boolean-to-Current Inference Architecture (IMBUE) that uses
ReRAM-transistor cells to eliminate the need for such conversions. IMBUE
processes Boolean feature inputs expressed as digital voltages and generates
parallel current paths based on resistive memory states. The proportional
column current is then translated back to the Boolean domain for further
digital processing. The IMBUE architecture is inspired by the Tsetlin Machine
(TM), an emerging ML algorithm based on intrinsically Boolean logic. The IMBUE
architecture demonstrates significant performance improvements over binarized
convolutional neural networks and digital TM in-memory implementations,
achieving up to a 12.99x and 5.28x increase, respectively. | [
-0.02638988196849823,
0.015979528427124023,
-0.03254145383834839,
0.015852129086852074,
0.0471377894282341,
0.022367699071764946,
0.019473912194371223,
0.02163970284163952,
0.006856819149106741,
0.01965591125190258,
0.03821982815861702,
0.0063153719529509544,
0.05554615333676338,
0.006160672288388014,
-0.056456148624420166,
0.0024683638475835323,
0.011784447357058525,
-0.025916684418916702,
-0.03858382627367973,
-0.05496375262737274,
0.012030146084725857,
-0.015706529840826988,
-0.01051955297589302,
-0.07454686611890793,
-0.02555268630385399,
0.03072146326303482,
-0.030539464205503464,
-0.03128565847873688,
-0.06774009764194489,
0.01146594900637865,
0.018290918320417404,
0.006137922406196594,
0.013222240842878819,
-0.007093418389558792,
-0.07218087464570999,
-0.026699280366301537,
0.016334427520632744,
0.028901470825076103,
-0.03993062302470207,
-0.025279687717556953,
0.03072146326303482,
0.0476473867893219,
0.005214276723563671,
0.020311109721660614,
0.01843651756644249,
-0.012812742963433266,
-0.03013906441628933,
-0.03068506345152855,
0.022913698107004166,
0.004968577995896339,
0.022040100768208504,
-0.04255140945315361,
0.09900755435228348,
-0.007093418389558792,
-0.04360700398683548,
0.03270525485277176,
0.011101949959993362,
0.04178701341152191,
-0.019128113985061646,
0.004727428779006004,
-0.002627613255754113,
0.05030457675457001,
-0.058312539011240005,
-0.031795259565114975,
-0.01412313710898161,
-0.027809476479887962,
0.062316522002220154,
-0.013413339853286743,
0.012375944294035435,
0.006683920044451952,
-0.07134368270635605,
0.006934168748557568,
0.011884546838700771,
-0.004299730993807316,
-0.017981519922614098,
0.05470895394682884,
0.03669103607535362,
-0.0015003557782620192,
-0.015096832066774368,
0.008563061244785786,
0.05041377618908882,
0.037819430232048035,
0.019128113985061646,
0.019128113985061646,
0.026735680177807808,
0.0002485426375642419,
-0.014569034799933434,
-0.06464610993862152,
0.033942848443984985,
-0.02555268630385399,
-0.02078430727124214,
0.019128113985061646,
0.03763743117451668,
-0.02917446941137314,
-0.008995309472084045,
-0.011047350242733955,
0.015187831595540047,
-0.020129110664129257,
-0.02116650529205799,
0.024151291698217392,
-0.006856819149106741,
0.008121713995933533,
0.014687334187328815,
0.029156269505620003,
0.04033102095127106,
0.0026594630908221006,
0.03110366128385067,
0.07775004953145981,
-0.014723733998835087,
0.12397784739732742,
-0.019164513796567917,
0.0036468086764216423,
-0.026881279423832893,
-0.03814702853560448,
0.001508318237029016,
-0.016844024881720543,
-0.05168776959180832,
-0.022877298295497894,
-0.015879429876804352,
-0.011138349771499634,
0.0043975552543997765,
0.07072488218545914,
-0.01561553031206131,
0.011529648676514626,
-0.04397100210189819,
0.07993404567241669,
-0.03598123788833618,
-0.04138661548495293,
0.036600034683942795,
-0.0033055602107197046,
-0.036217838525772095,
-0.014514435082674026,
0.003981232177466154,
-0.07123447954654694,
0.024897487834095955,
-0.0310672614723444,
0.02680847980082035,
0.07141648232936859,
-0.029010670259594917,
-0.003949382342398167,
-0.008553961291909218,
-0.043461404740810394,
-0.01885511539876461,
-0.023095697164535522,
0.00464097922667861,
0.009518557228147984,
-0.030029864981770515,
0.05707494542002678,
-0.01090175099670887,
-0.0005158539279364049,
-0.053216561675071716,
0.06788569688796997,
0.04473539814352989,
0.019728710874915123,
0.05332576110959053,
0.0411682166159153,
0.003016636474058032,
-0.0071889678947627544,
-0.0026731130201369524,
-0.03581744059920311,
0.0011397699126973748,
0.005496375262737274,
-0.012739943340420723,
0.07087048143148422,
0.020129110664129257,
0.03749183192849159,
0.014578134752810001,
0.032086458057165146,
-0.05594655126333237,
0.028337273746728897,
0.017016923055052757,
0.01856391690671444,
0.01048315316438675,
-0.007789565250277519,
0.009049909189343452,
0.034616246819496155,
0.02819167450070381,
-0.01048315316438675,
0.005164226982742548,
-0.05332576110959053,
0.004818428307771683,
-0.02103910595178604,
0.05652894824743271,
0.05092337355017662,
0.020693307742476463,
0.009718756191432476,
0.003455709433183074,
-0.0017653921386227012,
0.0020759282633662224,
-0.02036570943892002,
0.02353249490261078,
-0.0009111334220506251,
0.03399744629859924,
0.039421021938323975,
0.03803782910108566,
-0.053980957716703415,
-0.08917959779500961,
0.03385184705257416,
0.019983511418104172,
0.023295896127820015,
-0.023259496316313744,
-0.033651649951934814,
-0.0042405808344483376,
-0.0020008536521345377,
-0.01901891455054283,
-0.029265468940138817,
0.014177736826241016,
-0.02163970284163952,
0.0012319069355726242,
-0.018654916435480118,
0.011566048488020897,
0.02542528696358204,
-0.032468654215335846,
-0.047501787543296814,
-0.018618516623973846,
-0.005173326935619116,
-0.027627475559711456,
-0.08262763172388077,
-0.010665152221918106,
0.004206456243991852,
-0.014723733998835087,
-0.013668138533830643,
0.03923902288079262,
-0.07108888030052185,
0.022458698600530624,
-0.012339544482529163,
-0.07476526498794556,
0.015388031490147114,
-0.02087530680000782,
-0.010656052269041538,
-0.006456421222537756,
0.06901409476995468,
0.037601031363010406,
-0.04852098226547241,
-0.001931466395035386,
-0.026608280837535858,
-0.008990759961307049,
-0.016789425164461136,
-0.028810471296310425,
0.026535481214523315,
-0.03427044674754143,
0.05623774975538254,
-0.026244282722473145,
0.004611404146999121,
-0.014696434140205383,
-0.024478890001773834,
0.00020901468815281987,
0.040513020008802414,
0.0165801253169775,
-0.013613538816571236,
0.03177705779671669,
0.004254230763763189,
0.04397100210189819,
-0.0018188543617725372,
-0.04742898792028427,
0.039129823446273804,
0.027263477444648743,
-0.06140652671456337,
0.002648088149726391,
-0.03119466081261635,
0.01961951144039631,
0.006925068795681,
0.007352767046540976,
0.017553821206092834,
-0.0002818143693730235,
0.030230063945055008,
0.02597128413617611,
0.05328936129808426,
0.014887533150613308,
0.00301436148583889,
0.06268052011728287,
-0.06031452864408493,
-0.023696294054389,
0.00571477459743619,
0.050195373594760895,
-0.05794854089617729,
-0.016789425164461136,
0.035417042672634125,
-0.01031025405973196,
-0.046700991690158844,
0.015124131925404072,
0.0414230152964592,
0.0653013065457344,
-0.0046637291088700294,
0.01767212152481079,
0.0022317650727927685,
0.008440212346613407,
-0.009177308529615402,
-0.06144292652606964,
0.008799660950899124,
-0.007621216122061014,
0.007434666622430086,
-0.05791214108467102,
-0.022877298295497894,
0.06843169033527374,
-0.012758143246173859,
-0.004138206597417593,
-0.053434960544109344,
0.028810471296310425,
-0.020129110664129257,
-0.012976542115211487,
-0.039748623967170715,
0.03144945949316025,
0.0409134179353714,
-0.06056932732462883,
0.01635262742638588,
-0.009755156002938747,
0.0538717582821846,
0.0037514581345021725,
-0.019128113985061646,
0.04007622227072716,
0.02655368112027645,
-0.004909427836537361,
-0.011365849524736404,
-0.009345658123493195,
0.01795421913266182,
-0.0032031857408583164,
-0.014405235648155212,
-0.05092337355017662,
-0.022149300202727318,
0.04287900775671005,
-0.03337864950299263,
-0.08612201362848282,
0.050486575812101364,
0.010728851892054081,
0.014432535506784916,
0.03097626194357872,
0.08466602116823196,
0.018136218190193176,
-0.010956350713968277,
-0.0008849710575304925,
-0.06406371295452118,
-0.03741903230547905,
0.025989484041929245,
0.013659038580954075,
-0.0468829907476902,
-0.03170425817370415,
0.07141648232936859,
-0.022713499143719673,
-0.004347505513578653,
-0.01449623517692089,
-0.061806924641132355,
-0.03552624210715294,
-0.03847462683916092,
-0.016370827332139015,
-0.02193090133368969,
-0.04397100210189819,
-0.03001166507601738,
-0.01380463782697916,
-0.05270696431398392,
0.0011210012016817927,
0.012294044718146324,
0.020220110192894936,
-0.011475048959255219,
0.043497804552316666,
0.014823833480477333,
-0.05117817223072052,
0.02491568773984909,
-0.03397924825549126,
0.0486665815114975,
0.02163970284163952,
-0.029866065829992294,
-0.029392868280410767,
0.06359051913022995,
-0.05332576110959053,
-0.04033102095127106,
-0.009782455861568451,
-0.007689465768635273,
0.05110537260770798,
0.05736614391207695,
-0.00011197215644642711,
0.05405375733971596,
-0.012157545424997807,
-0.021366704255342484,
-0.00626077177003026,
-0.028355473652482033,
0.07629405707120895,
-0.0033647099044173956,
0.012958342209458351,
0.05270696431398392,
-0.06493730843067169,
-0.0004305418115109205,
-0.029775066301226616,
-0.04608219489455223,
0.0018620791379362345,
-0.017917819321155548,
0.0103557538241148,
0.008331012912094593,
-0.06741249561309814,
0.023386895656585693,
-0.023386895656585693,
-0.07447406649589539,
-0.05179696902632713,
-0.05823973938822746,
0.03894782438874245,
0.03716423362493515,
0.05165136978030205,
0.004001707304269075,
-0.00699786888435483,
-0.025734685361385345,
-0.00790331419557333,
-0.05430855602025986,
-0.014650934375822544,
-0.03574464097619057,
-0.008940709754824638,
-0.002955211792141199,
-0.012739943340420723,
-0.013740938156843185,
0.02247689850628376,
-0.05143297091126442,
0.024952087551355362,
-0.09216438978910446,
-0.006351771764457226,
-0.026462681591510773,
-0.03283265233039856,
-0.02629888243973255,
-0.021603303030133247,
0.014086737297475338,
-0.016953224316239357,
-0.03235945478081703,
-0.05925893411040306,
0.0406586192548275,
-0.013659038580954075,
0.0034625343978405,
-0.01847291737794876,
-0.0007143468246795237,
0.02058410830795765,
-0.020256510004401207,
0.019182713702321053,
0.013868337497115135,
-0.004206456243991852,
-0.013085741549730301,
0.0461185947060585,
0.017917819321155548,
-0.04138661548495293,
-0.01111104991286993,
0.04633699357509613,
0.04895778000354767,
-0.05754814296960831,
-0.03982142359018326,
0.028610272333025932,
0.032468654215335846,
-0.0325232557952404,
0.003068961203098297,
-0.04317020624876022,
0.013622638769447803,
-0.0026822129730135202,
-0.03643623739480972,
-0.04746538773179054,
-0.012339544482529163,
-0.04655539244413376,
-0.03334224969148636,
-0.05339856073260307,
-0.026717480272054672,
0.04302460700273514,
0.011356749571859837,
-0.040804218500852585,
-0.01965591125190258,
0.03452524542808533,
-0.007885114289820194,
0.00987345539033413,
0.06049652770161629,
0.006747619714587927,
-0.045354198664426804,
-0.015961328521370888,
-0.013704538345336914,
-0.05092337355017662,
-0.056201349943876266,
-0.00615612231194973,
-0.015915829688310623,
0.007084318436682224,
-0.00970055628567934,
-0.008840610273182392,
-0.005905873607844114,
-0.0043975552543997765,
-0.03985782340168953,
0.02933826856315136,
-0.05711134523153305,
-0.005205176770687103,
0.015579130500555038,
0.04731978848576546,
-0.04393460229039192,
0.017972419038414955,
-0.041059017181396484,
-0.027336277067661285,
0.04659179225564003,
0.03414304554462433,
0.020529508590698242,
0.054526954889297485,
-0.010292054153978825,
-0.0603509284555912,
0.007812315132468939,
-0.007739515509456396,
-0.023696294054389,
-0.034452445805072784,
-0.0081626633182168,
-0.06905049085617065,
-0.008754161186516285,
0.04502660036087036,
0.0491761788725853,
-0.06348131597042084,
-0.030484864488244057,
0.013986637815833092,
0.03796502947807312,
-0.04306100681424141,
0.00944575760513544,
0.034707244485616684,
0.033779047429561615,
-0.03639983758330345,
0.022331299260258675,
0.005328026134520769,
-0.03093986213207245,
-0.019983511418104172,
-0.00928195845335722,
0.013740938156843185,
-0.007989764213562012,
-0.03004806488752365,
-0.030412063002586365,
-0.013922938145697117,
0.04691939055919647,
0.03607223927974701,
0.021312104538083076,
0.007589365821331739,
0.08539401739835739,
-0.02568008564412594,
-0.016625626012682915,
0.05638334900140762,
-0.02542528696358204,
0.02677207998931408,
-0.05205176770687103,
-0.01734452322125435,
0.03800142928957939,
-0.022203899919986725,
-0.01846381649374962,
0.0033715348690748215,
0.009627756662666798,
0.027427276596426964,
-0.00743921659886837,
-0.0421874113380909,
-0.05252496525645256,
-0.005987773183733225,
0.03821982815861702,
0.03505304455757141,
-0.01536073163151741,
-0.02238589897751808,
0.01226674485951662,
0.06096972897648811,
-0.04422580078244209,
-0.028555672615766525,
-0.015469931066036224,
-0.018873315304517746,
-0.008067114278674126,
-0.009727856144309044,
-0.04262420907616615,
-0.005760274361819029,
0.0009287645807489753,
0.038110628724098206,
-0.004474904853850603,
-0.008654061704874039,
0.00897710956633091,
0.014068537391722202,
0.0086085619404912,
0.009937155991792679,
0.0011784447124227881,
0.021530503407120705,
-0.07796844840049744,
0.013968437910079956,
0.05609215050935745,
-0.003767383052036166,
-0.035417042672634125,
-0.05150577053427696,
0.0015322056133300066,
-0.006961469072848558,
-0.004936727695167065,
-0.003464809386059642,
0.03266885504126549,
-0.011748047545552254,
-0.013831937685608864,
0.003815158037468791,
0.050268176943063736,
0.012530643492937088,
-0.027791276574134827,
0.030321063473820686,
0.029647666960954666,
-0.01593402959406376,
0.039421021938323975,
-0.06675729900598526,
-0.04276980832219124,
0.03869302570819855,
-0.02575288526713848,
0.007894214242696762,
0.026171483099460602,
-0.019874311983585358,
0.0007752027595415711,
0.0026571881026029587,
-0.02411489188671112,
0.010410353541374207,
0.019328312948346138,
0.015579130500555038,
-0.03046666458249092,
-0.004686478991061449,
0.031886257231235504,
0.05969573184847832,
0.024224091321229935,
0.00795336440205574,
0.008267313241958618,
0.0004208731115795672,
-0.027882276102900505,
-0.02032930962741375,
-0.01014645490795374,
-0.009846155531704426,
-0.002850562334060669,
0.03792862966656685,
0.011083750054240227,
0.0011670697713270783,
-0.007307267282158136,
0.011775347404181957,
-0.0036217838060110807,
-0.0030621362384408712,
-0.0029825116507709026,
0.06551970541477203,
-0.04659179225564003,
0.018836915493011475,
0.044007401913404465,
0.0024114891421049833,
0.024551689624786377,
-0.012485143728554249,
-0.024988487362861633,
-0.003280535340309143,
-0.00800341460853815,
0.00581942405551672,
-0.04229661077260971,
-0.0013024316867813468,
0.030193664133548737,
0.014114037156105042,
0.0029392868746072054,
-0.021275704726576805,
0.013067541643977165,
0.019965311512351036,
0.0027914124075323343,
-0.02276809886097908,
0.014013937674462795,
0.011493248865008354,
-0.003162235952913761,
0.00669301999732852,
0.0024547139182686806,
-0.02584388479590416,
-0.003908432554453611,
0.017044223845005035,
0.017936019226908684,
0.02786407619714737,
0.0035785590298473835,
0.00039129823562689126,
0.0536169596016407,
0.013740938156843185,
-0.030284663662314415,
0.017435522750020027,
0.005473625380545855,
0.0055373250506818295,
0.001349068945273757,
-0.02819167450070381,
0.05554615333676338,
0.05045017600059509,
-0.0026753880083560944,
0.018927915021777153,
-0.03814702853560448,
0.019055314362049103,
0.03261425346136093,
0.03164965659379959,
0.03530784323811531,
-0.016652924939990044,
-0.019164513796567917,
0.04721058905124664,
0.021111905574798584,
0.023805493488907814,
-0.023423295468091965,
0.03250505402684212,
0.00699786888435483,
-0.009609556756913662,
-0.013249540701508522,
-0.037309832870960236,
0.020274709910154343,
0.004763828590512276,
-0.042660608887672424,
-0.020948106423020363,
-0.02183990180492401,
-0.044589798897504807,
0.001450306037440896,
-0.042915407568216324,
0.032978251576423645,
0.044298600405454636,
-0.021603303030133247,
0.031176460906863213,
-0.015952229499816895,
-0.01243964396417141,
0.036891233175992966,
-0.02811887487769127,
-0.0007132093305699527,
0.035544440150260925,
-0.015606430359184742,
-0.06865008920431137,
0.001933741383254528,
-0.012457843869924545,
-0.027390876784920692,
-0.042114611715078354,
0.030029864981770515,
0.01577932946383953,
-0.023113897070288658,
-0.018527517095208168,
0.01031025405973196,
-0.00031593922176398337,
-0.000236456748098135,
0.003341960022225976,
0.01197554636746645,
0.03603583946824074,
-0.0008047776645980775,
0.02196730114519596,
-0.02597128413617611,
-0.028628472238779068,
0.01827271841466427,
0.005505475215613842,
0.02074790745973587,
0.010747051797807217,
-0.037182435393333435,
0.018290918320417404,
0.025898484513163567,
0.024387890473008156,
0.023514294996857643,
-0.016498226672410965,
-0.004932177718728781,
0.011629748158156872,
0.002377364318817854,
-0.01744462177157402,
0.018518418073654175,
0.008135363459587097,
0.0019621786195784807,
0.0348164439201355,
0.07225367426872253,
0.04597299546003342,
-0.03629063814878464,
0.006606570445001125,
0.020511308684945107,
-0.02575288526713848,
-0.007202617824077606,
0.05376255884766579,
-0.041859813034534454,
-0.02091170661151409,
0.0346890464425087,
-0.04120461642742157,
0.005227926652878523,
0.015306131914258003,
-0.011839047074317932,
0.03587203845381737,
-0.05252496525645256,
-0.027299877256155014,
0.0028778621926903725,
0.05649254843592644,
0.003407934680581093,
0.03414304554462433,
-0.021494103595614433,
0.010546852834522724,
0.008813310414552689,
0.016443626955151558,
-0.009582256898283958,
0.07061568647623062,
-0.028046075254678726,
-0.027008678764104843,
0.0009338833042420447,
0.013941138051450253,
-0.03749183192849159,
-0.0018609416438266635,
0.03616323694586754,
0.030120864510536194,
-0.014714634045958519,
0.003821983002126217,
-0.051068972796201706,
0.0021589654497802258,
-0.010601452551782131,
0.001458268496207893,
0.042660608887672424,
-0.018263617530465126,
0.024824688211083412,
0.013968437910079956,
0.03561723977327347,
0.008695011027157307,
-0.008476612158119678,
-0.0003901607415173203,
-0.045900195837020874,
0.019728710874915123,
0.017353622242808342,
0.0099098552018404,
-0.01313124131411314,
0.03774663060903549,
-0.027973275631666183,
0.040513020008802414,
-0.018154418095946312,
0.008854260668158531,
-0.0349438451230526,
0.012658043764531612,
-0.02735447697341442,
0.04153221473097801,
-0.01462363451719284,
-0.0067112199030816555,
0.04309740662574768,
-0.053726159036159515,
-0.022950097918510437,
-0.02264069952070713,
-0.034616246819496155,
-0.006479171104729176,
-0.013759138062596321,
0.035508040338754654,
0.0414230152964592,
-0.006788569502532482,
0.018764115869998932,
0.007666715886443853,
-0.002431964036077261,
-0.01853661797940731,
0.06824969500303268,
0.01843651756644249,
-0.026207882910966873,
0.008836060762405396,
-0.038875024765729904,
0.007785015273839235,
-0.03261425346136093,
-0.03245045617222786,
0.0008718898752704263,
0.0329054519534111,
-0.00006643681263085455,
0.02264069952070713,
-0.01712612248957157,
0.03266885504126549,
-0.01885511539876461,
0.013986637815833092,
-0.006360871717333794,
-0.04721058905124664,
0.0647917091846466,
-0.011556948535144329,
0.007634866051375866,
-0.010337553918361664,
0.024169491603970528,
-0.002038390841335058,
0.010637852363288403,
-0.021075505763292313,
-0.01492393296211958,
0.012030146084725857,
-0.017917819321155548,
0.0035262343008071184,
-0.008526661433279514,
-0.027809476479887962,
-0.020729707553982735,
0.038110628724098206,
0.006642970256507397,
-0.0009264895925298333,
0.02167610265314579,
-0.011684347875416279,
-0.00782596506178379,
0.04073141887784004,
0.0022556523326784372,
-0.02748187631368637,
-0.0039926073513925076,
0.0336698479950428,
0.019728710874915123,
0.012821842916309834,
-0.02386009320616722,
0.0031030860263854265,
-0.05652894824743271,
-0.0007308404892683029,
0.021439503878355026,
0.0036513586528599262,
-0.017453722655773163,
0.0017619796562939882,
-0.00782596506178379,
-0.00440893042832613,
0.026025883853435516,
0.009295608848333359,
-0.0001697711122687906,
-0.0326506532728672,
0.007794115226715803,
0.029611267149448395,
0.017035122960805893,
0.05339856073260307,
-0.011293049901723862,
0.01837281696498394,
0.006137922406196594,
0.06923249363899231,
0.007361866999417543,
-0.011484148912131786,
-0.02167610265314579,
0.008526661433279514,
-0.03883862495422363,
-0.008103514090180397,
0.026535481214523315,
0.020220110192894936,
0.0048866779543459415,
0.027918675914406776,
-0.03330584987998009,
0.020729707553982735,
-0.023295896127820015,
0.023641694337129593,
-0.02635348215699196,
-0.013204040937125683,
-0.04575459659099579,
-0.05339856073260307,
-0.021312104538083076,
-0.022258499637246132,
-0.0533621609210968,
0.020129110664129257,
-0.027117878198623657,
0.011748047545552254,
-0.04251500964164734,
-0.024169491603970528,
0.020056311041116714,
0.012885542586445808,
-0.07010608911514282,
0.004122281447052956,
0.003235035575926304,
-0.0725448727607727,
-0.01496033277362585,
-0.00025963320513255894,
0.0022272150963544846,
0.011311249807476997,
0.008999859914183617,
-0.016507325693964958,
0.019728710874915123,
-0.00045869481982663274,
0.0355808399617672,
-0.020474908873438835,
0.02058410830795765,
-0.01536073163151741,
0.040039822459220886,
-0.041859813034534454,
0.016753025352954865,
0.04932177811861038,
0.026244282722473145,
0.0012353194179013371,
-0.04298820719122887,
-0.0010544577380642295,
0.02790047600865364,
-0.0053598759695887566,
-0.02453348971903324,
-0.05762094259262085,
-0.0337972491979599,
0.009837055578827858,
-0.031340260058641434,
-0.03184985741972923,
0.012175745330750942,
-0.012994742020964622,
0.021366704255342484,
-0.0172808226197958,
0.07323647290468216,
-0.003180435858666897,
0.01005545537918806,
0.043716203421354294,
-0.034325044602155685,
0.008972560055553913,
-0.039457421749830246,
-0.02116650529205799,
-0.009131808765232563,
-0.01901891455054283,
0.03254145383834839,
0.021457703784108162,
-0.013085741549730301,
-0.0033806348219513893,
-0.029938865453004837,
0.0015811179764568806,
0.021821701899170876,
-0.05878573656082153,
-0.03210465610027313,
-0.01692592352628708,
0.027627475559711456,
-0.04098621755838394,
-0.004138206597417593,
0.053471360355615616,
0.04531779885292053,
0.01654372550547123,
0.011493248865008354,
0.0043179308995604515,
-0.015833929181098938,
-0.0007860090117901564,
0.039421021938323975,
0.0323958545923233,
-0.03741903230547905,
-0.02138490416109562,
0.01667112484574318,
-0.004479454830288887,
0.031340260058641434,
0.031667858362197876,
-0.03030286356806755,
-0.0603509284555912,
0.02728167735040188,
-0.03565363958477974,
-0.002160102827474475,
0.03643623739480972,
-0.0021817153319716454,
-0.029101669788360596,
-0.006547420751303434,
-0.03195905685424805,
0.010665152221918106,
0.01952851191163063,
0.021439503878355026,
-0.01111104991286993,
-0.02706327848136425,
0.041896212846040726,
0.052888963371515274,
0.0026207882910966873,
0.020438509061932564,
0.028883270919322968,
0.008062563836574554,
-0.02542528696358204,
0.03967582434415817,
0.027645675465464592,
0.011729847639799118,
0.02003811113536358,
0.008604011498391628,
-0.009609556756913662,
0.02828267402946949,
0.00041859812336042523,
-0.00987345539033413,
-0.00487302802503109,
0.029301868751645088,
0.05146937072277069,
-0.01056505274027586,
-0.010874451138079166,
-0.04666459187865257
] |
Depression is the most prevalent and serious mental illness, which induces
grave financial and societal ramifications. Depression detection is key for
early intervention to mitigate those consequences. Such a high-stake decision
inherently necessitates interpretability. Although a few depression detection
studies attempt to explain the decision based on the importance score or
attention weights, these explanations misalign with the clinical depression
diagnosis criterion that is based on depressive symptoms. To fill this gap, we
follow the computational design science paradigm to develop a novel Multi-Scale
Temporal Prototype Network (MSTPNet). MSTPNet innovatively detects and
interprets depressive symptoms as well as how long they last. Extensive
empirical analyses using a large-scale dataset show that MSTPNet outperforms
state-of-the-art depression detection methods with an F1-score of 0.851. This
result also reveals new symptoms that are unnoted in the survey approach, such
as sharing admiration for a different life. We further conduct a user study to
demonstrate its superiority over the benchmarks in interpretability. This study
contributes to IS literature with a novel interpretable deep learning model for
depression detection in social media. In practice, our proposed method can be
implemented in social media platforms to provide personalized online resources
for detected depressed patients. | [
0.007386657875031233,
0.0070359967648983,
-0.02131292223930359,
-0.0383632592856884,
0.01442720927298069,
-0.036523427814245224,
-0.012295916676521301,
0.022934161126613617,
0.02850831113755703,
0.04025774076581001,
0.026176640763878822,
-0.026176640763878822,
0.02515653520822525,
-0.023626375943422318,
0.008256480097770691,
0.01954595372080803,
0.001637178473174572,
0.0436459481716156,
0.023990700021386147,
-0.03734315559267998,
-0.01530158519744873,
-0.014782424084842205,
0.006462187506258488,
-0.04076779633760452,
0.04856431484222412,
0.024227509275078773,
0.021768325939774513,
0.013024563901126385,
-0.08758335560560226,
0.03269803151488304,
-0.035266511142253876,
0.027870744466781616,
-0.0057654185220599174,
-0.05344625189900398,
-0.043390922248363495,
-0.03869115188717842,
0.03920120373368263,
0.03728850558400154,
0.023644592612981796,
0.05563219264149666,
-0.008511506952345371,
-0.0177972000092268,
0.012159295380115509,
-0.01372588612139225,
0.049511559307575226,
-0.025029022246599197,
-0.018225280568003654,
-0.057089485228061676,
-0.005519500467926264,
0.018407441675662994,
0.059020400047302246,
-0.01391715556383133,
0.044265300035476685,
0.01072021760046482,
-0.023462429642677307,
0.022096216678619385,
0.06310082226991653,
-0.018744442611932755,
0.0827014222741127,
-0.005792743060737848,
-0.007022334728389978,
0.0859074741601944,
-0.023972483351826668,
0.0006961993640288711,
-0.005856499541550875,
-0.03326272964477539,
-0.020493194460868835,
-0.021567948162555695,
-0.048819344490766525,
-0.025575507432222366,
-0.0323883555829525,
0.017287148162722588,
0.005437527783215046,
-0.019126981496810913,
0.012186619453132153,
-0.02200513705611229,
0.038618285208940506,
0.03894617781043053,
0.010647352784872055,
-0.08889492601156235,
0.018188849091529846,
0.044411029666662216,
-0.025775885209441185,
0.01002800278365612,
0.012268592603504658,
-0.024427887052297592,
0.04007558152079582,
-0.06900285929441452,
0.019618818536400795,
0.0030284386593848467,
0.010957027785480022,
0.008379439823329449,
-0.013789642602205276,
0.05002161115407944,
0.03113143891096115,
-0.02710566483438015,
0.029947388917207718,
0.03978412225842476,
-0.03313521668314934,
0.02326205186545849,
0.027725014835596085,
-0.03690596669912338,
-0.044811785221099854,
-0.01849852316081524,
0.022078001871705055,
-0.038800448179244995,
-0.0020629814825952053,
0.022387675940990448,
0.009326680563390255,
0.13902583718299866,
-0.0615706630051136,
-0.008552493527531624,
-0.0383632592856884,
-0.04382811114192009,
0.0010195364011451602,
0.012259484268724918,
-0.04309946298599243,
-0.040039148181676865,
0.04076779633760452,
-0.01919984631240368,
-0.04379167780280113,
0.0359405092895031,
-0.06630686670541763,
0.018034011125564575,
-0.02236945927143097,
0.08445017784833908,
0.0016849959501996636,
-0.022642701864242554,
0.00004870691554970108,
0.014090209268033504,
0.03362705558538437,
0.027160312980413437,
-0.021859407424926758,
-0.009435977786779404,
-0.008475074544548988,
0.0126875638961792,
0.020985031500458717,
0.05679802596569061,
0.01938200742006302,
-0.017369121313095093,
-0.025029022246599197,
-0.007327455561608076,
-0.011940700933337212,
-0.018061336129903793,
0.01759682223200798,
-0.01655850186944008,
0.0050231097266077995,
0.05417489632964134,
0.018343685194849968,
0.005054987967014313,
-0.04014844447374344,
0.06014980375766754,
-0.03340845927596092,
-0.007591589819639921,
0.046378374099731445,
0.0020732281263917685,
0.012714888900518417,
-0.0035475995391607285,
-0.059566885232925415,
-0.04368238151073456,
-0.009126302786171436,
0.011594593524932861,
0.04313589632511139,
0.01494636945426464,
0.05064095929265022,
0.06138850376009941,
-0.027670366689562798,
-0.01758771389722824,
-0.01564769260585308,
0.04841858893632889,
-0.0016770263900980353,
0.08889492601156235,
-0.03839969262480736,
0.012423429638147354,
0.028981931507587433,
0.017687903717160225,
0.026704909279942513,
-0.0007161232642829418,
-0.08102553337812424,
0.04360951855778694,
-0.02145865187048912,
-0.002125599654391408,
-0.023353133350610733,
-0.05133317410945892,
0.04153287410736084,
0.029637712985277176,
0.0854702815413475,
0.03803537040948868,
0.028052905574440956,
-0.032461218535900116,
-0.009554382413625717,
0.0002664115163497627,
0.08641752600669861,
-0.003374546067789197,
0.047617074102163315,
-0.01371677778661251,
-0.03165970742702484,
0.0051415148191154,
-0.0454675666987896,
-0.02114897593855858,
-0.032825544476509094,
-0.04612334817647934,
-0.018944820389151573,
-0.002370379399508238,
0.015911826863884926,
-0.007732765283435583,
0.04011201113462448,
-0.0057790810242295265,
0.009363112971186638,
0.008420425467193127,
-0.018234388902783394,
-0.009536166675388813,
-0.0015893611125648022,
-0.022770216688513756,
-0.04065849632024765,
0.009672787971794605,
0.060805585235357285,
-0.014809748157858849,
0.03625018522143364,
-0.010301245376467705,
0.04889220744371414,
0.03745245188474655,
0.023990700021386147,
-0.013898939825594425,
0.017897389829158783,
0.00546029768884182,
-0.015429098159074783,
-0.005892931949347258,
-0.0004591044853441417,
-0.009800300933420658,
0.03153219446539879,
-0.05326408892869949,
0.0057289861142635345,
0.014490965753793716,
0.04189719632267952,
-0.0383632592856884,
0.060951314866542816,
0.007650792598724365,
-0.0383632592856884,
0.031022142618894577,
0.01441810093820095,
-0.018726225942373276,
0.009121748618781567,
0.021695461124181747,
-0.018944820389151573,
0.025630155578255653,
0.06124277412891388,
0.03945622965693474,
0.039346933364868164,
0.04524897411465645,
-0.016157744452357292,
0.010082651861011982,
0.0052781361155211926,
0.05384700745344162,
0.020547842606902122,
-0.024136429652571678,
0.023626375943422318,
0.0018637421308085322,
0.030384575948119164,
-0.008415872231125832,
0.032115112990140915,
0.01107543334364891,
-0.03224262595176697,
0.04437459632754326,
0.0022428662050515413,
0.018926603719592094,
0.047070588916540146,
0.05300906300544739,
0.0001807385851861909,
0.002951019909232855,
0.05687089264392853,
-0.06171639263629913,
0.011039000935852528,
-0.018061336129903793,
0.045321837067604065,
-0.05355554819107056,
0.0198738444596529,
-0.011212054640054703,
0.002127876738086343,
0.010055327787995338,
-0.01540177408605814,
0.03470180928707123,
-0.03451964631676674,
0.03586764261126518,
-0.03198760002851486,
0.0011692505795508623,
-0.012432537972927094,
-0.016157744452357292,
-0.06736340373754501,
-0.0198738444596529,
-0.04382811114192009,
-0.01725982315838337,
-0.014208614826202393,
0.0045244419015944,
0.06525032967329025,
0.03497505187988281,
-0.016103096306324005,
0.058546777814626694,
0.022588053718209267,
0.008338453248143196,
-0.05774526670575142,
-0.00836122315376997,
0.0017259824089705944,
-0.006717213895171881,
-0.0408770926296711,
0.057089485228061676,
0.010401434265077114,
0.034556079655885696,
-0.05195252597332001,
-0.02307989075779915,
0.002614020835608244,
0.04065849632024765,
-0.003775301855057478,
-0.006785524543374777,
-0.01936379075050354,
0.029091227799654007,
0.022588053718209267,
-0.05647013708949089,
0.02869047224521637,
-0.03901904076337814,
0.02674134075641632,
0.010528948158025742,
-0.09013362228870392,
0.05705305188894272,
0.01319761760532856,
-0.011330459266901016,
0.005437527783215046,
0.025757668539881706,
-0.001872850232757628,
-0.012423429638147354,
-0.045868322253227234,
0.0351572148501873,
-0.050932418555021286,
-0.0018079550936818123,
-0.012295916676521301,
0.008516061119735241,
0.003996172919869423,
0.023881401866674423,
-0.005601473152637482,
0.0366327241063118,
0.011977133341133595,
-0.060951314866542816,
-0.01442720927298069,
-0.031022142618894577,
0.01972811482846737,
0.010255705565214157,
-0.0415693074464798,
0.0012466693297028542,
-0.007158956024795771,
-0.004151010420173407,
0.001180635648779571,
-0.0032515868078917265,
-0.024045348167419434,
0.022023353725671768,
0.05493997782468796,
-0.00801511574536562,
-0.00993692222982645,
-0.014536505565047264,
0.05027663707733154,
-0.02129470556974411,
0.018334578722715378,
-0.05151533707976341,
0.013234049081802368,
0.028216851875185966,
-0.019637033343315125,
-0.03533937409520149,
-0.031586844474077225,
-0.04062206670641899,
-0.015201396308839321,
0.029838090762495995,
0.012295916676521301,
0.07687225192785263,
0.009982462972402573,
0.020875733345746994,
-0.0016599487280473113,
0.007905818521976471,
0.0172325000166893,
-0.0051733930595219135,
-0.012623807415366173,
0.05719878152012825,
-0.05690732225775719,
0.0036045252345502377,
-0.008643574081361294,
-0.0025115548633038998,
-0.03978412225842476,
-0.008379439823329449,
0.024737562984228134,
-0.016959257423877716,
-0.0017567221075296402,
0.03575834631919861,
0.01019194908440113,
-0.041642170399427414,
0.015192287974059582,
-0.07548782229423523,
0.06831064820289612,
-0.0014789255801588297,
-0.025393344461917877,
0.0026299599558115005,
0.027014583349227905,
-0.032825544476509094,
-0.03730672225356102,
-0.04958442226052284,
-0.03419175744056702,
-0.016103096306324005,
-0.016822636127471924,
-0.016786202788352966,
0.007427644450217485,
-0.004217043984681368,
0.048491451889276505,
-0.023717457428574562,
0.0176241472363472,
-0.002149508334696293,
0.00817450787872076,
-0.001598469214513898,
0.03665094077587128,
0.017888281494379044,
0.009891381487250328,
-0.04914723336696625,
0.019673466682434082,
0.03136824816465378,
-0.04131428152322769,
0.031605061143636703,
0.042334385216236115,
-0.022788431495428085,
0.012541835196316242,
0.04273514077067375,
-0.04116855189204216,
-0.028945498168468475,
0.016157744452357292,
-0.03519364446401596,
0.018216172233223915,
-0.02426394261419773,
-0.004501671530306339,
0.0016246548620983958,
-0.022114433348178864,
-0.03063960187137127,
0.05118744447827339,
0.007673562970012426,
-0.0742126852273941,
0.016494743525981903,
-0.004346834030002356,
-0.0248104277998209,
0.01689550094306469,
0.0422615222632885,
-0.0659061148762703,
-0.015911826863884926,
-0.014017345383763313,
-0.01170389074832201,
-0.03448321670293808,
-0.06284579634666443,
-0.084523044526577,
0.0454675666987896,
-0.029437335208058357,
-0.004647401161491871,
-0.022752000018954277,
-0.010009787045419216,
0.0033358365762978792,
-0.041970063000917435,
0.03661450743675232,
-0.03883688151836395,
-0.0007417397573590279,
0.0397476889193058,
0.05118744447827339,
-0.002650453243404627,
-0.013680345378816128,
0.03309878706932068,
-0.0010508454870432615,
-0.012232160195708275,
0.025029022246599197,
0.010966136120259762,
0.010465191677212715,
-0.021167192608118057,
-0.014199506491422653,
0.05417489632964134,
0.046341944485902786,
-0.0036409576423466206,
0.0004801669274456799,
0.0028849863447248936,
0.027925392612814903,
0.04422886669635773,
0.060623422265052795,
-0.02497437223792076,
-0.013015455566346645,
0.01797025464475155,
0.0036751129664480686,
0.028016474097967148,
-0.00006731445319019258,
-0.00413507129997015,
-0.013999128714203835,
-0.015347125940024853,
0.0014538782415911555,
-0.029674146324396133,
-0.03621375188231468,
0.006111525930464268,
0.004342280328273773,
-0.01706855371594429,
-0.029838090762495995,
-0.008292912505567074,
0.029819874092936516,
-0.0012990408577024937,
0.01621239446103573,
-0.018034011125564575,
-0.02763393335044384,
0.010547163896262646,
-0.022770216688513756,
0.0227337833493948,
-0.016941040754318237,
-0.018890170380473137,
-0.03277089446783066,
0.017697012051939964,
0.016931932419538498,
-0.030493874102830887,
0.0008282666094601154,
-0.02954663150012493,
-0.013543724082410336,
0.06601540744304657,
0.02517475001513958,
0.03391851484775543,
0.03224262595176697,
0.0030785331036895514,
0.0005561625002883375,
0.007550603710114956,
-0.04470248892903328,
0.05665229633450508,
-0.08896778523921967,
0.031258951872587204,
0.014008237048983574,
0.014436316676437855,
-0.0408770926296711,
-0.0422615222632885,
-0.024318590760231018,
0.04590475559234619,
0.015720557421445847,
0.004713434725999832,
0.008689114823937416,
-0.07035085558891296,
0.012195727787911892,
0.033189866691827774,
-0.0443381629884243,
0.021021462976932526,
-0.01899946853518486,
-0.021331138908863068,
-0.000503506395034492,
0.034738242626190186,
-0.019454872235655785,
0.03818109631538391,
0.0025821425952017307,
-0.04360951855778694,
-0.013552832417190075,
0.019855627790093422,
0.039128340780735016,
0.030020251870155334,
-0.01151262130588293,
-0.005064095836132765,
-0.049693718552589417,
-0.034774672240018845,
0.007409428246319294,
0.037780340760946274,
-0.013926263898611069,
0.013507291674613953,
-0.028562959283590317,
-0.019290927797555923,
-0.04255297780036926,
0.0004773206601385027,
-0.016048448160290718,
-0.014800640754401684,
0.02111254446208477,
0.0633922815322876,
0.014363451860845089,
-0.0025866965297609568,
0.007855724543333054,
-0.028125770390033722,
-0.03415532410144806,
-0.012414321303367615,
0.017870064824819565,
0.07133453339338303,
0.053081925958395004,
-0.044411029666662216,
0.0248104277998209,
-0.049365829676389694,
0.030912844464182854,
0.028817985206842422,
-0.008206386119127274,
0.037926070392131805,
-0.019108764827251434,
0.004891042597591877,
-0.014126641675829887,
-0.04554043337702751,
-0.010711109265685081,
0.0076371305622160435,
0.06280936300754547,
0.023699240759015083,
0.019290927797555923,
0.0016417325241491199,
-0.03931050002574921,
0.01705944538116455,
0.028380796313285828,
0.0010588150471448898,
0.01850763149559498,
-0.06743627041578293,
-0.0007730488432571292,
0.07177171856164932,
0.006771862041205168,
0.03763461112976074,
-0.03309878706932068,
-0.03996628150343895,
0.004053098615258932,
0.013616588898003101,
-0.004763529170304537,
0.014090209268033504,
-0.04422886669635773,
-0.02255162224173546,
0.06525032967329025,
0.009221937507390976,
0.04120498150587082,
-0.0248104277998209,
0.05486711114645004,
0.005355554632842541,
-0.039128340780735016,
-0.0021221840288490057,
0.02991095557808876,
-0.06033196300268173,
0.08080694079399109,
0.0035088902805000544,
-0.02448253706097603,
0.021221840754151344,
0.010219273157417774,
-0.006307350005954504,
0.001986701274290681,
-0.02834436483681202,
-0.023353133350610733,
0.02921874076128006,
0.03136824816465378,
-0.03391851484775543,
0.02464648149907589,
-0.004321787040680647,
0.0055695949122309685,
-0.006348336115479469,
-0.0012455307878553867,
0.02923695743083954,
-0.02267913520336151,
0.02267913520336151,
0.0074959550984203815,
0.05257187411189079,
0.005574149079620838,
0.025393344461917877,
-0.008511506952345371,
0.013707670383155346,
0.06153423339128494,
0.019309142604470253,
-0.03364527225494385,
0.08102553337812424,
0.030220631510019302,
0.04262584447860718,
-0.025593722239136696,
-0.00880296528339386,
0.025429777801036835,
-0.003333559725433588,
0.08328434079885483,
0.0002439259405946359,
-0.014791532419621944,
-0.010674676857888699,
0.02428215742111206,
0.016075773164629936,
0.0033221745397895575,
-0.0027483650483191013,
-0.02513831853866577,
0.020274600014090538,
-0.009262924082577229,
0.008689114823937416,
-0.034228187054395676,
-0.03592229261994362,
-0.054976411163806915,
0.05687089264392853,
0.011385108344256878,
-0.03253408521413803,
0.014700451865792274,
0.05104171484708786,
0.022934161126613617,
-0.055012840777635574,
-0.021076111122965813,
-0.016968365758657455,
-0.017141418531537056,
0.059056833386421204,
0.012131971307098866,
-0.01284240186214447,
0.024336807429790497,
0.024901507422327995,
-0.014181290753185749,
0.0060204449109733105,
0.0054648518562316895,
0.009326680563390255,
0.035321157425642014,
-0.005082312040030956,
0.05136960744857788,
-0.06244504079222679,
-0.034064244478940964,
-0.019254494458436966,
0.04342735558748245,
-0.0007588174194097519,
-0.013935372233390808,
-0.0017737997695803642,
-0.030348144471645355,
-0.003554430790245533,
0.022241946309804916,
0.02885441854596138,
0.014500073157250881,
-0.014472749084234238,
-0.01441810093820095,
-0.03196938335895538,
0.01239610556513071,
0.027870744466781616,
-0.024427887052297592,
0.012714888900518417,
0.03399137780070305,
0.015283368527889252,
0.023480646312236786,
-0.015128531493246555,
-0.02025638334453106,
0.0172325000166893,
0.0107384342700243,
0.02058427594602108,
-0.02393605187535286,
-0.06769129633903503,
-0.011776755563914776,
0.0633922815322876,
-0.033189866691827774,
0.006612470839172602,
-0.0341188907623291,
-0.007309239357709885,
0.03098570927977562,
-0.008315682411193848,
-0.006202606949955225,
-0.0031491208355873823,
-0.016950149089097977,
-0.0183163620531559,
0.013461751863360405,
0.03890974447131157,
0.019564170390367508,
0.00048671336844563484,
-0.021221840754151344,
-0.024027131497859955,
-0.03694240003824234,
-0.0004941136576235294,
0.01003711111843586,
0.004030328243970871,
0.004599583800882101,
0.02003779076039791,
-0.030384575948119164,
0.005865607410669327,
-0.00418288866057992,
-0.0044424692168831825,
0.05945758894085884,
-0.05049522966146469,
-0.062226444482803345,
-0.00005194455661694519,
-0.005797296762466431,
0.04397384077310562,
0.017642363905906677,
-0.011321350932121277,
-0.0475442111492157,
-0.021167192608118057,
0.01989206112921238,
0.035102564841508865,
0.021349353715777397,
0.02074822038412094,
-0.002764304168522358,
0.03583121299743652,
0.019564170390367508,
-0.019272711127996445,
-0.018434766680002213,
0.042152222245931625,
0.033499542623758316,
-0.01285151019692421,
-0.0017385060200467706,
0.03989341855049133,
0.03712455928325653,
0.012223051860928535,
-0.047070588916540146,
0.03448321670293808,
-0.026686692610383034,
-0.02533869631588459,
-0.009390437044203281,
0.061679959297180176,
-0.000855021586176008,
0.001236422685906291,
-0.010301245376467705,
-0.017842741683125496,
-0.021240057423710823,
0.02111254446208477,
-0.01442720927298069,
-0.02903657965362072,
-0.031769003719091415,
0.010528948158025742,
0.06637973338365555,
0.025047237053513527,
0.010456083342432976,
0.03535759076476097,
-0.05220755189657211,
0.03224262595176697,
0.024901507422327995,
-0.06069628894329071,
0.00037656244239769876,
0.010592704638838768,
0.006179836578667164,
0.006566930096596479,
-0.03996628150343895,
-0.026449883356690407,
-0.009882274083793163,
-0.003226539585739374,
0.033499542623758316,
0.026668477803468704,
-0.009536166675388813,
0.032643381506204605,
0.06987723708152771,
-0.014937262050807476,
-0.03807180002331734,
-0.006407538894563913,
-0.029801659286022186,
-0.006211714819073677,
0.0029350807890295982,
-0.06051412597298622,
-0.0016064387746155262,
0.00139695277903229,
-0.019309142604470253,
0.013051887974143028,
0.013561940751969814,
0.018243497237563133,
0.036177318543195724,
-0.044447463005781174,
-0.01142154075205326,
0.04062206670641899,
-0.03144111484289169,
-0.015137639828026295,
-0.016330799087882042,
0.036359481513500214,
-0.032297275960445404,
0.006430308800190687,
-0.01637633889913559,
0.015574827790260315,
0.018398335203528404,
0.023007025942206383,
-0.0021688630804419518,
-0.01739644445478916,
0.014900829643011093,
-0.022205514833331108,
-0.012733104638755322,
0.05362841114401817,
0.02236945927143097,
0.014454533345997334,
-0.01047429908066988,
-0.014937262050807476,
0.009955137968063354,
0.0016075772000476718,
0.011485297232866287,
0.03322630003094673,
0.038654718548059464,
0.00862080417573452,
0.03042100928723812,
-0.007869387045502663,
0.04790853336453438,
-0.008292912505567074,
-0.02659561298787594,
0.012887942604720592,
0.011193837970495224,
-0.00726369908079505,
-0.013552832417190075,
0.0018887894693762064,
-0.03131360188126564,
-0.07443128526210785,
0.01652206853032112,
-0.02338956668972969,
0.004900150466710329,
0.007855724543333054,
0.026795990765094757,
0.013407102786004543,
-0.03269803151488304,
0.0020755052100867033,
-0.046378374099731445,
-0.013051887974143028,
0.050240203738212585,
0.00558325694873929,
0.04597761854529381,
-0.012040889821946621,
0.0165402851998806,
-0.00020123178546782583,
-0.02324383705854416,
0.021950488910079002,
-0.0464148074388504,
-0.02409999631345272,
-0.04856431484222412,
0.0075414953753352165,
0.0075414953753352165,
-0.02393605187535286,
0.017287148162722588,
0.000936425116378814,
0.01845298334956169,
-0.015228720381855965,
-0.03153219446539879,
-0.03901904076337814,
0.022096216678619385,
-0.018534956499934196,
-0.025630155578255653,
-0.05566862225532532,
0.03763461112976074,
-0.0010975244222208858,
0.009955137968063354,
-0.02956484816968441,
0.029983820393681526,
-0.05206182226538658,
-0.006995010189712048,
0.022296596318483353,
-0.014800640754401684,
-0.032825544476509094,
0.05187965929508209,
-0.030931061133742332,
-0.018052227795124054,
0.009772976860404015,
0.04590475559234619,
-0.012924375012516975,
-0.006480403244495392,
0.04047633707523346,
-0.010647352784872055,
0.028089338913559914,
-0.017369121313095093,
0.013643912971019745,
-0.0027392569463700056,
0.006972240284085274,
0.01373499445617199,
0.021713677793741226,
-0.006585146300494671,
0.052717603743076324,
-0.012068214826285839,
0.04306303337216377,
0.04229795187711716,
0.006398430559784174,
0.012578267604112625,
0.031076790764927864,
-0.03098570927977562,
-0.007628022227436304,
-0.00009812539792619646,
0.051843225955963135,
-0.019290927797555923,
-0.002470568520948291,
-0.008684560656547546,
-0.050968851894140244,
0.0457225926220417,
-0.010674676857888699,
0.02918230928480625,
-0.03502970188856125,
-0.03883688151836395,
-0.01775166019797325,
-0.01674066297709942,
0.03716099262237549,
-0.013589264824986458,
-0.02659561298787594,
-0.015456422232091427,
0.00602499907836318,
0.029510200023651123,
0.020311033353209496,
0.024591833353042603,
0.025921612977981567,
0.019983140751719475,
0.0004223875002935529,
-0.03375456854701042,
0.03153219446539879,
-0.01363480556756258,
-0.022241946309804916,
-0.02236945927143097,
-0.0062299310229718685,
0.04510324448347092,
0.026194855570793152,
-0.013971804641187191,
0.013543724082410336,
-0.006198052782565355,
0.001853495603427291,
0.013334238901734352,
-0.006630687043070793,
-0.018516739830374718,
-0.004610968753695488,
0.027233177796006203,
-0.019054116681218147,
0.040913522243499756,
0.033863864839076996,
0.01117562223225832,
-0.04360951855778694,
0.05158820003271103,
-0.029491983354091644,
-0.054830681532621384,
0.029109444469213486,
-0.01692282408475876,
0.001399229746311903,
-0.0010582457762211561,
-0.0031696141231805086,
-0.06681691855192184,
0.01722339168190956,
-0.028817985206842422,
0.005897486116737127,
0.03360883891582489,
-0.012295916676521301,
-0.019418440759181976,
0.01585717871785164,
0.011913376860320568,
0.017387336120009422,
0.04645124077796936,
-0.02060249075293541,
0.015593043528497219,
-0.004034882411360741,
-0.05268117040395737,
0.013671237975358963,
0.011321350932121277,
0.006566930096596479,
-0.06437595188617706,
0.0255026426166296,
0.008976018987596035,
0.0022383122704923153,
-0.030238846316933632,
0.06353800743818283,
0.0033699919003993273,
-0.06350158154964447,
0.03645056113600731,
-0.02377210557460785,
-0.008575263433158398,
-0.04521254077553749
] |
Generating desirable molecular structures in 3D is a fundamental problem for
drug discovery. Despite the considerable progress we have achieved, existing
methods usually generate molecules in atom resolution and ignore intrinsic
local structures such as rings, which leads to poor quality in generated
structures, especially when generating large molecules. Fragment-based molecule
generation is a promising strategy, however, it is nontrivial to be adapted for
3D non-autoregressive generations because of the combinational optimization
problems. In this paper, we utilize a coarse-to-fine strategy to tackle this
problem, in which a Hierarchical Diffusion-based model (i.e.~HierDiff) is
proposed to preserve the validity of local segments without relying on
autoregressive modeling. Specifically, HierDiff first generates coarse-grained
molecule geometries via an equivariant diffusion process, where each
coarse-grained node reflects a fragment in a molecule. Then the coarse-grained
nodes are decoded into fine-grained fragments by a message-passing process and
a newly designed iterative refined sampling module. Lastly, the fine-grained
fragments are then assembled to derive a complete atomic molecular structure.
Extensive experiments demonstrate that HierDiff consistently improves the
quality of molecule generation over existing methods | [
-0.01080635841935873,
-0.032763462513685226,
-0.022692421451210976,
0.0025759341660887003,
0.006678347941488028,
0.017442820593714714,
-0.05245877057313919,
0.015153101645410061,
-0.04449129477143288,
0.023641817271709442,
-0.008032632991671562,
0.01298438385128975,
0.04013524204492569,
-0.017191510647535324,
-0.029952507466077805,
0.043337125331163406,
0.030287588015198708,
-0.005552103742957115,
0.03099498152732849,
-0.02768140286207199,
0.0257081501185894,
0.013580082915723324,
0.00428624264895916,
0.04698578640818596,
0.03443886712193489,
-0.017433512955904007,
0.023046117275953293,
-0.022748267278075218,
-0.06463337689638138,
0.10439630597829819,
0.017973365262150764,
0.03466225415468216,
0.030883288010954857,
-0.00001178018737846287,
-0.019918696954846382,
0.044305138289928436,
0.044342368841171265,
0.04910796508193016,
0.028109561651945114,
0.05227261781692505,
0.026657545939087868,
0.032856542617082596,
-0.03998631611466408,
-0.007497434504330158,
0.04024693742394447,
0.004975019954144955,
0.003946508280932903,
-0.0062827663496136665,
0.0120908347889781,
-0.0010506181279197335,
-0.029580194503068924,
0.009158877655863762,
0.025354452431201935,
-0.016912275925278664,
-0.054134175181388855,
0.039055537432432175,
0.025540608912706375,
0.06411214172840118,
0.04545930400490761,
0.07885570079088211,
0.048661187291145325,
-0.02537306770682335,
-0.04966643080115318,
0.008884296752512455,
0.021277636289596558,
0.019434690475463867,
-0.0184852946549654,
-0.031050827354192734,
-0.027364937588572502,
-0.012025680392980576,
-0.010582970455288887,
-0.01754520647227764,
0.008307212963700294,
-0.024814600124955177,
-0.000023742166376905516,
-0.030697131529450417,
0.03254007548093796,
0.017182203009724617,
0.03987462446093559,
-0.03674720227718353,
0.03931615501642227,
0.02230149321258068,
-0.04110325500369072,
-0.015190333127975464,
0.051788609474897385,
-0.055474501103162766,
0.004023297224193811,
-0.04032139852643013,
0.04817718267440796,
-0.0027597632724791765,
-0.04382113367319107,
-0.005975608713924885,
-0.017005354166030884,
-0.022375956177711487,
-0.026192154735326767,
0.03190714493393898,
0.050597213208675385,
0.00999657902866602,
-0.0309391338378191,
-0.011644060723483562,
0.002433990128338337,
-0.016940198838710785,
0.020421316847205162,
0.043970055878162384,
-0.03324746713042259,
-0.0583040714263916,
0.045086994767189026,
0.03214914724230766,
0.00871210265904665,
0.11616136878728867,
0.01409201230853796,
-0.0022897194139659405,
-0.004937788937240839,
0.052160922437906265,
-0.02593153715133667,
-0.03421548008918762,
-0.0561818927526474,
-0.02639692649245262,
0.009056491777300835,
-0.06582477688789368,
0.016028035432100296,
-0.009079760871827602,
-0.03415963426232338,
-0.034550562500953674,
-0.03080882504582405,
-0.00048458745004609227,
0.0072042387910187244,
-0.046278391033411026,
-0.012742380611598492,
0.021668562665581703,
-0.09218446910381317,
-0.013505620881915092,
-0.029040342196822166,
0.035053182393312454,
0.03994908556342125,
-0.012491070665419102,
0.05718713626265526,
-0.027513863518834114,
-0.047246403992176056,
0.01901583932340145,
0.048251647502183914,
-0.01151375100016594,
-0.031795453280210495,
-0.009642883203923702,
0.06120810657739639,
-0.0000699539523338899,
-0.06817033886909485,
0.07483472675085068,
0.010238582268357277,
-0.027160165831446648,
-0.09560973942279816,
0.017042584717273712,
-0.006403767969459295,
0.0035090413875877857,
-0.027606939896941185,
0.027979252859950066,
-0.012016372755169868,
-0.012397992424666882,
0.017787208780646324,
-0.08131296187639236,
0.05930931493639946,
-0.02615492418408394,
0.04817718267440796,
0.019788386300206184,
0.023734895512461662,
0.06370259821414948,
-0.014157166704535484,
-0.0021093806717544794,
-0.049219656735658646,
0.0302131250500679,
0.011001821607351303,
0.04326266422867775,
0.003930219449102879,
0.0068551963195204735,
-0.034271325916051865,
-0.018215369433164597,
0.033768706023693085,
-0.0316651426255703,
0.017843056470155716,
-0.012072219513356686,
-0.017033277079463005,
0.004281588830053806,
0.0481027215719223,
0.02546614594757557,
0.09032291173934937,
0.047842103987932205,
0.08898258954286575,
0.02621077001094818,
0.03853430226445198,
0.014296784065663815,
0.03240976482629776,
0.01776859350502491,
0.0540597140789032,
-0.002545683877542615,
0.018150214105844498,
-0.06239950656890869,
-0.030734362080693245,
-0.03732428699731827,
-0.03099498152732849,
0.006743502803146839,
-0.027923405170440674,
-0.002000014064833522,
0.0016626061405986547,
-0.02220841497182846,
0.06318136304616928,
0.004484033677726984,
0.026955394074320793,
0.039427850395441055,
0.01501348428428173,
-0.036393504589796066,
-0.007632397580891848,
0.011625444516539574,
-0.04501252993941307,
-0.04423067346215248,
0.03415963426232338,
-0.009098376147449017,
-0.046874091029167175,
0.006696963682770729,
-0.002186170080676675,
-0.0302131250500679,
-0.024889063090085983,
-0.024907678365707397,
0.10417292267084122,
-0.024423671886324883,
0.0481027215719223,
0.035425495356321335,
0.005240292754024267,
0.06671832501888275,
-0.022785499691963196,
0.03125559911131859,
0.00299943913705647,
0.003979085478931665,
0.023827973753213882,
0.011318286880850792,
0.008283943869173527,
-0.03912999853491783,
-0.02155686914920807,
-0.029021726921200752,
0.043150968849658966,
-0.009354340843856335,
0.001624211436137557,
0.0291520357131958,
-0.019564999267458916,
-0.006008186377584934,
0.05636804923415184,
0.002780705923214555,
-0.008218789473176003,
0.06694171577692032,
0.05145353078842163,
0.033173006027936935,
0.037268441170454025,
-0.001718452898785472,
0.004758613649755716,
0.0013635930372402072,
-0.019155455753207207,
0.02840741164982319,
0.03728705644607544,
-0.05324062705039978,
-0.00010085876419907436,
-0.06169211119413376,
0.01601872779428959,
-0.00366727402433753,
0.03332193195819855,
0.02514968067407608,
0.0012146681547164917,
-0.004672516603022814,
0.0327262319624424,
0.059011463075876236,
0.028481874614953995,
0.027923405170440674,
-0.007320586126297712,
-0.07070206105709076,
-0.004905211739242077,
0.036486584693193436,
-0.001752193784341216,
-0.03071574680507183,
0.05230984836816788,
0.009903501719236374,
0.10648125410079956,
0.024851830676198006,
0.006180380471050739,
-0.06072410196065903,
0.006366536486893892,
0.029394038021564484,
0.004200145602226257,
-0.008400291204452515,
-0.02459121309220791,
-0.022469034418463707,
-0.09397157281637192,
0.008470099419355392,
0.003006420098245144,
-0.019881464540958405,
-0.05916038900613785,
-0.05212369188666344,
0.018150214105844498,
0.002738820854574442,
-0.049591969698667526,
-0.017070509493350983,
-0.0092426473274827,
-0.019564999267458916,
-0.07691967487335205,
-0.002794667612761259,
0.011727830395102501,
-0.0026550504844635725,
-0.034680869430303574,
-0.00031646527349948883,
0.0033438277896493673,
0.07323378324508667,
-0.008251366205513477,
0.02377212606370449,
0.05543727055191994,
-0.017442820593714714,
0.012081527151167393,
0.008484061807394028,
-0.005612604785710573,
-0.03566749766469002,
0.025763995945453644,
-0.10618340224027634,
0.0257081501185894,
0.0006154784350655973,
-0.0309391338378191,
-0.014101319946348667,
-0.10022640973329544,
-0.004209453240036964,
0.012593456543982029,
0.0263038482517004,
0.019248533993959427,
0.029542963951826096,
-0.02436782605946064,
0.049070730805397034,
-0.041028790175914764,
-0.04125217720866203,
-0.07163284718990326,
-0.021184558048844337,
-0.01754520647227764,
-0.05163968726992607,
0.012742380611598492,
0.0309391338378191,
0.004472398664802313,
-0.02671339176595211,
-0.030380666255950928,
-0.015497490763664246,
-0.03609565645456314,
0.032018840312957764,
0.013002999126911163,
-0.04073094204068184,
-0.03134867548942566,
0.0402841679751873,
0.045906078070402145,
-0.0185504499822855,
0.000996516551822424,
-0.019918696954846382,
-0.05044828727841377,
0.019602231681346893,
0.012602764181792736,
-0.022375956177711487,
0.06843096017837524,
-0.03447609767317772,
0.010080349631607533,
0.0360398106276989,
-0.014566710218787193,
-0.04032139852643013,
-0.023809358477592468,
-0.01811298355460167,
-0.07662182301282883,
-0.015711570158600807,
-0.029096189886331558,
-0.0024107208009809256,
-0.020607473328709602,
0.005826684180647135,
-0.005319409072399139,
0.030492359772324562,
-0.015143794007599354,
0.050373826175928116,
-0.01312400121241808,
0.01721012592315674,
-0.002438644180074334,
-0.0033065967727452517,
-0.050783369690179825,
0.025689532980322838,
-0.016726119443774223,
0.041587259620428085,
-0.01337531115859747,
-0.0047935182228684425,
0.004735344089567661,
-0.00461434293538332,
-0.005151868332177401,
0.0173590499907732,
-0.03283792734146118,
-0.002685300773009658,
0.005645181983709335,
-0.047246403992176056,
-0.007734783459454775,
-0.01939745992422104,
0.051751378923654556,
-0.02321365848183632,
-0.0060966103337705135,
-0.011113516055047512,
0.032577306032180786,
0.02326950430870056,
0.002310661831870675,
0.05108121782541275,
-0.01085289753973484,
0.0315348319709301,
0.01710774004459381,
-0.017098432406783104,
-0.0022408533841371536,
-0.043783899396657944,
-0.003944180905818939,
-0.035388264805078506,
-0.02552199363708496,
-0.020886708050966263,
0.016288653016090393,
-0.0037836215924471617,
0.0064456528052687645,
-0.0167633518576622,
-0.026918163523077965,
0.005035520996898413,
-0.007339201867580414,
0.01799198053777218,
0.0360398106276989,
-0.018941376358270645,
0.0429275818169117,
0.012146681547164917,
-0.021445175632834435,
0.03711951524019241,
0.03529518470168114,
0.00832117535173893,
0.02077501453459263,
-0.006966889835894108,
-0.00047469791024923325,
0.012584147974848747,
0.005728952120989561,
-0.05674036219716072,
-0.07144668698310852,
-0.021538253873586655,
-0.022971656173467636,
0.0049796742387115955,
-0.018745914101600647,
0.03546272590756416,
0.02114732563495636,
-0.0005136743420735002,
-0.027755865827202797,
0.003173960605636239,
-0.02146379090845585,
0.018783144652843475,
-0.09084414690732956,
-0.02606184594333172,
-0.04035862907767296,
-0.020495779812335968,
-0.015274102799594402,
0.08406806737184525,
-0.053910788148641586,
-0.041810646653175354,
0.0414755642414093,
-0.004376993980258703,
0.00009315073839388788,
0.006715578958392143,
0.0462411604821682,
-0.049070730805397034,
0.04400728642940521,
-0.004179202951490879,
-0.02086809277534485,
-0.005189099814742804,
-0.008097787387669086,
0.03363839536905289,
0.006022147834300995,
0.014119935221970081,
0.007604474201798439,
0.02436782605946064,
0.029263729229569435,
-0.0263038482517004,
-0.019751155748963356,
-0.022133953869342804,
0.010703972540795803,
-0.01471563521772623,
0.008563177660107613,
-0.07543043047189713,
0.03801306337118149,
-0.011504443362355232,
0.0005287994863465428,
-0.008237404748797417,
0.040023550391197205,
0.022599343210458755,
-0.01532994955778122,
0.023827973753213882,
0.08637640625238419,
-0.014994869008660316,
0.04341159015893936,
0.010676048696041107,
-0.000026905365302809514,
-0.02014208398759365,
-0.04322543367743492,
0.008400291204452515,
0.028910033404827118,
-0.023437045514583588,
0.0057242983020842075,
-0.03711951524019241,
0.022469034418463707,
0.059197619557380676,
0.026099076494574547,
-0.05402248352766037,
-0.010238582268357277,
0.028798339888453484,
0.01280753593891859,
0.00039558159187436104,
-0.02496352419257164,
0.025577839463949203,
-0.005896492395550013,
-0.039055537432432175,
0.005640528164803982,
0.00009816822421271354,
-0.05852745845913887,
-0.04616669937968254,
-0.015944264829158783,
-0.00012223761586938053,
-0.021854719147086143,
-0.0078092459589242935,
0.0007393885171040893,
-0.0014415457844734192,
0.02096117101609707,
-0.010722587816417217,
-0.017898904159665108,
0.03503456711769104,
-0.04370943829417229,
0.040433090180158615,
0.036021195352077484,
-0.037212591618299484,
0.04851226508617401,
0.001150095253251493,
0.012416607700288296,
0.0005735933082178235,
0.023548739030957222,
-0.010331660509109497,
-0.042369116097688675,
-0.014268860220909119,
0.0005174556281417608,
-0.00751605024561286,
0.001048872945830226,
0.035797808319330215,
0.032986849546432495,
0.010815666057169437,
-0.03559303656220436,
0.021631332114338875,
-0.0013903529616072774,
0.023455660790205002,
0.029021726921200752,
-0.028910033404827118,
-0.023827973753213882,
0.01936022751033306,
-0.00017379412020090967,
-0.007557935081422329,
-0.0051192911341786385,
-0.02552199363708496,
-0.0361701175570488,
-0.032111916691064835,
0.030268972739577293,
-0.057261597365140915,
0.010434046387672424,
-0.027067087590694427,
-0.007981440052390099,
0.04519868642091751,
-0.007916285656392574,
0.008018671534955502,
0.02855633571743965,
-0.02721601352095604,
0.01999315805733204,
0.025168295949697495,
0.007692898157984018,
0.04248080775141716,
-0.00048575090477243066,
-0.015162409283220768,
-0.028723876923322678,
-0.012397992424666882,
0.00795817095786333,
-0.01720081828534603,
0.021221788600087166,
0.011318286880850792,
-0.01546956691890955,
0.0202723927795887,
0.014278167858719826,
-0.06273458898067474,
-0.03283792734146118,
-0.011029745452105999,
0.01112282369285822,
0.00575687550008297,
-0.025131065398454666,
-0.07878123968839645,
-0.010750511661171913,
-0.006743502803146839,
-0.0014392188750207424,
0.045310381799936295,
0.013412542641162872,
0.012239759787917137,
-0.04813995212316513,
-0.013542852364480495,
0.012584147974848747,
0.00010565809498075396,
-0.004872634541243315,
-0.03443886712193489,
-0.0429275818169117,
0.006925004534423351,
-0.0037184669636189938,
-0.04936858266592026,
-0.029040342196822166,
0.03998631611466408,
0.02850048989057541,
-0.01252830121666193,
-0.02064470574259758,
-0.037175361067056656,
0.0006666713161394,
-0.005854607559740543,
-0.002454932779073715,
-0.05301724001765251,
0.007823207415640354,
-0.01990007981657982,
0.013235694728791714,
-0.03447609767317772,
-0.016223499551415443,
-0.023697663098573685,
0.02446090430021286,
-0.044342368841171265,
0.048251647502183914,
0.024423671886324883,
0.006152457091957331,
0.045086994767189026,
-0.02790478989481926,
0.007925593294203281,
-0.010238582268357277,
0.003958142828196287,
-0.03231668844819069,
0.00857248529791832,
-0.044342368841171265,
-0.008977374993264675,
0.02036547102034092,
-0.0195463839918375,
-0.00256895343773067,
0.04095432907342911,
0.029989738017320633,
0.0462411604821682,
-0.049033500254154205,
0.04408175125718117,
-0.010461969301104546,
-0.043932825326919556,
-0.021314866840839386,
-0.01623280718922615,
0.015627799555659294,
0.04579438641667366,
0.06939896941184998,
0.022785499691963196,
0.006966889835894108,
0.0011692926054820418,
-0.0011884899577125907,
0.05640527978539467,
0.04009801149368286,
-0.017442820593714714,
-0.008256020024418831,
0.02224564738571644,
0.012770304456353188,
0.030976364389061928,
0.02101701684296131,
0.01146721187978983,
-0.033173006027936935,
0.022562112659215927,
-0.010117581114172935,
0.012639994733035564,
-0.011029745452105999,
0.019155455753207207,
0.02740217000246048,
0.035388264805078506,
-0.025261374190449715,
-0.05190030485391617,
-0.04564546048641205,
0.05409694463014603,
0.027569709345698357,
0.0035602343268692493,
0.02768140286207199,
-0.0005875549977645278,
-0.04058201611042023,
-0.0049564046785235405,
-0.04601777344942093,
0.013263617642223835,
-0.06221335008740425,
-0.011644060723483562,
-0.02230149321258068,
-0.013775547035038471,
-0.022953039035201073,
-0.024982141330838203,
-0.009512573480606079,
-0.023809358477592468,
0.015460259281098843,
0.0016486444510519505,
-0.011895370669662952,
0.027439400553703308,
-0.0302131250500679,
-0.005580027122050524,
-0.008107095956802368,
-0.01218391302973032,
0.0023094983771443367,
-0.018429448828101158,
0.012397992424666882,
0.04735809564590454,
0.009023914113640785,
-0.013347388245165348,
0.0038022371008992195,
0.0184852946549654,
0.019732540473341942,
-0.02267380617558956,
-0.028016483411192894,
-0.04132664203643799,
0.010396814905107021,
0.058825310319662094,
0.0008481734548695385,
-0.006534077227115631,
0.004000028129667044,
0.0128540750592947,
-0.01995592750608921,
-0.008926182053983212,
-0.04192234203219414,
0.023827973753213882,
-0.014380553737282753,
-0.0037138129118829966,
0.0072135464288294315,
-0.06355366855859756,
0.08369575440883636,
-0.013300849124789238,
-0.016791274771094322,
0.03401070833206177,
-0.0049564046785235405,
-0.00044095711200498044,
-0.00785113126039505,
-0.02831433340907097,
-0.013412542641162872,
0.024125823751091957,
-0.06861711293458939,
0.007697552442550659,
-0.04799102619290352,
0.047283634543418884,
0.022375956177711487,
-0.036616891622543335,
-0.0016358462162315845,
-0.024889063090085983,
0.030399281531572342,
-0.003690543584525585,
-0.00571033637970686,
0.025857074186205864,
-0.02055162750184536,
0.01730320416390896,
-0.019937312230467796,
0.031162520870566368,
0.03745459392666817,
0.00968011375516653,
0.01142067275941372,
0.01695881597697735,
0.025205528363585472,
0.003918584436178207,
0.04985258728265762,
0.015404412522912025,
0.012947152368724346,
-0.04553376883268356,
-0.055102188140153885,
0.027011241763830185,
0.01337531115859747,
0.03894384205341339,
0.006808657199144363,
-0.028742492198944092,
-0.04802825674414635,
-0.006752810440957546,
-0.026508620008826256,
-0.02749524638056755,
0.02859356813132763,
-0.005486949346959591,
0.036989204585552216,
-0.020998401567339897,
0.022506264969706535,
-0.013235694728791714,
-0.010871512815356255,
-0.004551514983177185,
-0.018168829381465912,
0.05368740111589432,
-0.038087524473667145,
-0.031516216695308685,
0.04367220774292946,
0.029542963951826096,
0.011187978088855743,
0.00869814120233059,
-0.0008598082349635661,
0.010834281332790852,
0.02449813485145569,
-0.0011204266920685768,
0.005728952120989561,
-0.01632588542997837,
0.03406655415892601,
0.0010017522145062685,
0.04523591697216034,
0.021221788600087166,
-0.0031623258255422115,
0.0149390222504735,
-0.015506798401474953,
-0.031013596802949905,
0.01573949307203293,
-0.0045701307244598866,
0.028426026925444603,
0.06299520283937454,
-0.017284588888287544,
-0.030492359772324562,
-0.023939667269587517,
-0.030548205599188805,
0.012351453304290771,
-0.0010895945597440004,
-0.0005861006793566048,
0.01567433774471283,
0.012686533853411674,
0.02855633571743965,
0.00140547810588032,
-0.028891418129205704,
0.0020535339135676622,
-0.005640528164803982,
-0.013598699122667313,
-0.03691474348306656,
-0.0393533855676651,
-0.022040875628590584,
0.02643415704369545,
0.044342368841171265,
-0.030566822737455368,
-0.05595850571990013,
0.021687177941203117,
-0.0037207938730716705,
0.004390955436974764,
0.001510190893895924,
0.03479256480932236,
-0.03177683427929878,
-0.022953039035201073,
0.005389217287302017,
-0.05714990571141243,
0.005845299456268549,
-0.018559757620096207,
0.012500378303229809,
0.02474013715982437,
0.03227945789694786,
-0.03438302129507065,
0.004591073375195265,
-0.047879334539175034,
-0.030380666255950928,
-0.025503378361463547,
0.00861902441829443,
-0.04720917344093323,
-0.00671092513948679,
0.00319024920463562,
0.025484761223196983,
0.0008894768543541431,
-0.016055958345532417,
0.014492248184978962,
0.015655722469091415,
0.003716140054166317,
0.015758108347654343,
0.037361517548561096,
0.01085289753973484,
-0.03875768929719925,
-0.04087986797094345,
0.01667027361690998,
0.010359583422541618,
-0.02101701684296131,
0.011960525996983051,
0.025503378361463547,
0.01174644660204649,
0.0026666852645576,
-0.03998631611466408,
-0.00813501887023449,
-0.04873565211892128,
0.029394038021564484,
0.006161764729768038,
-0.016744736582040787,
0.015264795161783695,
0.029896659776568413,
0.012816843576729298,
-0.03762213513255119,
-0.02956157922744751,
-0.0213334821164608,
-0.027383552864193916,
0.04460298642516136,
0.0090425293892622,
-0.006194342393428087,
0.001029093866236508,
0.031385909765958786,
-0.05577234923839569,
0.019416075199842453,
-0.016437578946352005,
-0.02483321540057659,
-0.0810895711183548,
-0.028239870443940163,
0.01832706294953823,
-0.03782690688967705,
0.009596344083547592,
0.040209703147411346,
-0.004975019954144955,
0.0013473043218255043,
0.015460259281098843,
-0.01452947873622179,
-0.00026338172028772533,
0.022822730243206024,
-0.02114732563495636,
-0.0014403823297470808,
0.0163631159812212,
0.001977907959371805,
0.0026620314456522465,
0.02965465746819973,
-0.03991185501217842,
0.027197398245334625,
0.00861902441829443,
-0.02969188801944256,
-0.014380553737282753,
0.01588841713964939,
-0.010843588970601559,
0.011160054244101048,
0.05011320486664772,
0.0291520357131958,
0.034643638879060745,
0.030883288010954857,
0.008944797329604626,
-0.005389217287302017,
0.03475533425807953,
-0.023921051993966103,
0.04095432907342911,
-0.034550562500953674,
0.004030278418213129,
-0.012128066271543503,
0.021407945081591606,
0.033210236579179764,
0.011411365121603012,
-0.013142616488039494,
0.0075998203828930855,
0.007739437278360128,
-0.009224032051861286,
-0.008423561230301857,
-0.05242154002189636,
0.00226063234731555,
-0.03227945789694786,
-0.015692954882979393,
-0.0013682468561455607,
-0.029449885711073875,
0.03112529031932354,
-0.019471921026706696,
0.05115567892789841,
0.003555580275133252,
-0.01168129127472639,
0.014492248184978962,
0.052942778915166855,
-0.02192918211221695,
0.02014208398759365,
-0.05614466220140457,
0.006990159396082163,
-0.018913453444838524,
0.0018731951713562012,
-0.007651013322174549,
0.04039585962891579,
-0.0051192911341786385,
0.03332193195819855,
-0.01976977102458477,
0.014110627584159374,
0.0369705893099308,
0.02317642793059349,
-0.038869380950927734,
-0.020905323326587677,
-0.030548205599188805,
0.012128066271543503,
-0.021631332114338875,
-0.020626088604331017,
-0.057820066809654236,
0.01911822520196438,
-0.0022722671274095774,
-0.06962236016988754,
0.00999657902866602,
0.007199584972113371,
-0.0006003532325848937,
0.0037394093815237284,
-0.012109450064599514,
0.004504976328462362,
-0.013161231763660908,
-0.0027853597421199083,
0.01885760761797428,
-0.00981973111629486,
0.011848831549286842,
-0.008316521532833576,
0.006678347941488028,
-0.026657545939087868,
-0.0013670834014192224,
-0.009112338535487652,
-0.05402248352766037,
0.006454960908740759,
0.014501555822789669,
-0.001434564939700067,
0.023660432547330856,
-0.04586884751915932,
-0.05502772703766823,
0.007548627443611622,
-0.020998401567339897,
0.004323474131524563,
0.03762213513255119,
-0.0046655358746647835,
-0.009968656115233898,
-0.06548969447612762,
-0.017628977075219154,
0.038645993918180466,
0.04988981783390045,
0.033079929649829865,
0.03728705644607544,
0.02790478989481926,
-0.018783144652843475,
0.027606939896941185,
0.00055410509230569,
-0.02675062231719494,
-0.004539880435913801,
0.0162979606539011,
-0.04155002906918526,
-0.020588858053088188,
-0.07505811750888824,
0.009577727876603603,
-0.005566065665334463,
-0.025577839463949203,
0.06861711293458939,
-0.05458095297217369,
0.00437932088971138,
-0.008279290050268173
] |
Physics is a field of science that has traditionally used the scientific
method to answer questions about why natural phenomena occur and to make
testable models that explain the phenomena. Discovering equations, laws and
principles that are invariant, robust and causal explanations of the world has
been fundamental in physical sciences throughout the centuries. Discoveries
emerge from observing the world and, when possible, performing interventional
studies in the system under study. With the advent of big data and the use of
data-driven methods, causal and equation discovery fields have grown and made
progress in computer science, physics, statistics, philosophy, and many applied
fields. All these domains are intertwined and can be used to discover causal
relations, physical laws, and equations from observational data. This paper
reviews the concepts, methods, and relevant works on causal and equation
discovery in the broad field of Physics and outlines the most important
challenges and promising future lines of research. We also provide a taxonomy
for observational causal and equation discovery, point out connections, and
showcase a complete set of case studies in Earth and climate sciences, fluid
dynamics and mechanics, and the neurosciences. This review demonstrates that
discovering fundamental laws and causal relations by observing natural
phenomena is being revolutionised with the efficient exploitation of
observational data, modern machine learning algorithms and the interaction with
domain knowledge. Exciting times are ahead with many challenges and
opportunities to improve our understanding of complex systems. | [
0.01237546093761921,
-0.029289724305272102,
-0.023271987214684486,
0.0024138949811458588,
-0.06303325295448303,
-0.009936067275702953,
-0.016064301133155823,
-0.007781411521136761,
-0.03340354561805725,
0.052629709243774414,
0.017296746373176575,
-0.032247595489025116,
0.04892386868596077,
0.004670546855777502,
0.0018561066826805472,
0.022439023479819298,
0.03251958265900612,
-0.011924981139600277,
-0.013097929768264294,
-0.011304507963359356,
-0.021946044638752937,
-0.0043900590389966965,
0.008384885266423225,
0.06901699304580688,
0.03036067821085453,
0.05317368730902672,
0.012205468490719795,
-0.009103103540837765,
-0.014313377439975739,
0.07030893862247467,
0.058579448610544205,
0.011049519293010235,
-0.010497042909264565,
-0.046815961599349976,
-0.023968957364559174,
-0.03678639978170395,
-0.02005912736058235,
0.026637841016054153,
0.03047967329621315,
0.03457649424672127,
-0.0035974683705717325,
-0.026909828186035156,
0.044878046959638596,
-0.012426459230482578,
-0.04671396687626839,
0.0026157612446695566,
-0.002216278575360775,
0.02600886858999729,
0.015214337967336178,
-0.03423650935292244,
-0.009927568025887012,
-0.05939541384577751,
0.02633185312151909,
0.021351071074604988,
-0.0621492937207222,
0.0014120010891929269,
0.023832961916923523,
-0.042192164808511734,
0.019600147381424904,
-0.04725794121623039,
0.0011113266227766871,
0.009307094849646091,
-0.03070066310465336,
-0.006854951847344637,
0.016421284526586533,
-0.031142644584178925,
-0.011270509101450443,
0.008142645470798016,
0.058341462165117264,
-0.013947892934083939,
0.024308942258358,
0.05194973945617676,
0.022269031032919884,
0.025413893163204193,
-0.021572060883045197,
-0.0056947520934045315,
0.00716093834489584,
0.04776792228221893,
-0.01677826978266239,
-0.07459275424480438,
0.06551514565944672,
0.01450886856764555,
-0.002917498117312789,
0.028133776038885117,
0.04892386868596077,
0.010046563111245632,
-0.007989652454853058,
-0.0551116019487381,
0.028983738273382187,
0.015605321153998375,
-0.01650628075003624,
0.04589800164103508,
0.014372874051332474,
-0.0320776030421257,
-0.002124907448887825,
0.028592756018042564,
0.029357722029089928,
0.011763487942516804,
-0.011032519862055779,
0.00867387279868126,
-0.005218772683292627,
-0.01893717609345913,
-0.015341832302510738,
0.03070066310465336,
-0.025600885972380638,
-0.09709977358579636,
-0.02611086331307888,
0.03243458643555641,
0.03821433708071709,
0.16033701598644257,
-0.020365113392472267,
-0.0067529561929404736,
0.003531596390530467,
-0.032842569053173065,
-0.014585365541279316,
0.027640797197818756,
-0.02245602197945118,
-0.04593200236558914,
0.03651440888643265,
-0.034661490470170975,
0.059089429676532745,
0.043178118765354156,
0.013565409928560257,
0.016081299632787704,
-0.05429563671350479,
0.05466961860656738,
-0.00652346620336175,
-0.04977383464574814,
0.02026311866939068,
0.0140753872692585,
-0.0023650219663977623,
0.04382409155368805,
0.011763487942516804,
-0.013012933544814587,
0.006017738021910191,
-0.02124907448887825,
0.010429046116769314,
0.02840576320886612,
0.02172505483031273,
-0.07683665305376053,
-0.04882187396287918,
-0.029085734859108925,
0.002207778859883547,
-0.03712638467550278,
0.0005155556718818843,
0.010471544228494167,
-0.02514190599322319,
0.012281965464353561,
-0.05572357401251793,
0.02792978473007679,
-0.04627198725938797,
0.07160088419914246,
-0.03197560831904411,
-0.040254246443510056,
0.0008658997830934823,
-0.000582224631216377,
0.006187730468809605,
-0.029935697093605995,
0.03194161131978035,
-0.01603030227124691,
0.02792978473007679,
-0.0007538109202869236,
0.0401182547211647,
0.00741167739033699,
0.045116037130355835,
-0.02235402725636959,
-0.0014290002873167396,
-0.06310125440359116,
-0.04151219129562378,
0.031380634754896164,
-0.0018263580277562141,
0.01401588972657919,
-0.09533184766769409,
0.03408351540565491,
-0.014253879897296429,
-0.0241729486733675,
0.024342941120266914,
0.04732593894004822,
-0.04107021167874336,
0.014304877258837223,
-0.07778861373662949,
-0.04841389134526253,
0.05014781653881073,
0.027045823633670807,
0.048345897346735,
0.0381123423576355,
0.03364153578877449,
-0.009715077467262745,
0.0213850699365139,
0.03787435218691826,
-0.004725794307887554,
-0.019702142104506493,
0.014559865929186344,
0.007658166810870171,
0.00741167739033699,
-0.000027806407160824165,
0.01002106349915266,
-0.013463414274156094,
-0.02913673222064972,
0.0512697696685791,
-0.02587287314236164,
-0.0794205442070961,
-0.006778454873710871,
0.00964707974344492,
0.01601330377161503,
-0.04783591628074646,
0.06038137152791023,
-0.04042423889040947,
0.07962453365325928,
-0.04236215725541115,
-0.020467109978199005,
0.026280855759978294,
-0.025090908631682396,
0.0035740945022553205,
-0.027963783591985703,
-0.06014338135719299,
-0.0052272723987698555,
0.022422023117542267,
-0.0539216510951519,
-0.03678639978170395,
-0.0036633405834436417,
-0.029221728444099426,
0.07921655476093292,
0.038792312145233154,
0.02830376848578453,
-0.025923872366547585,
-0.007343680132180452,
-0.040968216955661774,
-0.003297856543213129,
-0.004832039587199688,
0.01160199474543333,
0.05813746899366379,
0.009621581062674522,
-0.027470804750919342,
-0.04107021167874336,
0.018869178369641304,
0.011576496064662933,
-0.01189948245882988,
-0.008529379032552242,
-0.018427198752760887,
-0.01625979132950306,
-0.010769031010568142,
0.008550628088414669,
-0.055553581565618515,
0.03316555544734001,
-0.02284700609743595,
-0.033828526735305786,
0.03512047231197357,
0.0733008086681366,
0.018631188198924065,
0.0014831854496151209,
-0.03763636201620102,
0.04151219129562378,
0.03695639222860336,
-0.03597043454647064,
0.023730967193841934,
0.03603843227028847,
-0.00784090906381607,
-0.02962971106171608,
0.004772542044520378,
-0.01750923879444599,
0.002358647296205163,
0.026161860674619675,
0.023832961916923523,
-0.05426163971424103,
-0.027997780591249466,
0.02075609564781189,
-0.014134884811937809,
-0.004810790531337261,
-0.01846119575202465,
-0.04175018146634102,
-0.01664227619767189,
0.006718957331031561,
-0.08934810757637024,
-0.0013015058357268572,
-0.04273613914847374,
-0.005911492742598057,
-0.0012621950590983033,
0.0172287505120039,
0.004332686308771372,
-0.0454220212996006,
-0.06544715166091919,
0.02962971106171608,
0.021929046139121056,
0.03024168312549591,
-0.018971174955368042,
-0.009825572371482849,
-0.06687509268522263,
-0.0012207593536004424,
-0.045728009194135666,
0.011304507963359356,
-0.05623355135321617,
-0.08778417855501175,
0.034916479140520096,
-0.007683665491640568,
-0.041478194296360016,
-0.076224684715271,
-0.03620842471718788,
0.016837766394019127,
0.007968403398990631,
-0.05375165864825249,
-0.033097557723522186,
0.009188099764287472,
0.0629652589559555,
-0.04939984902739525,
0.012094973586499691,
0.07479674369096756,
0.021453065797686577,
0.008015151135623455,
-0.037364374846220016,
-0.019226163625717163,
-0.0036229672841727734,
0.025957869365811348,
-0.06806503981351852,
-0.022184034809470177,
0.021351071074604988,
0.049467846751213074,
-0.033709533512592316,
-0.040594231337308884,
-0.04491204395890236,
0.027606798335909843,
-0.05086178705096245,
-0.06425720453262329,
0.05317368730902672,
0.03607242926955223,
-0.030309680849313736,
0.004976533353328705,
-0.07268883287906647,
-0.015970805659890175,
0.026739835739135742,
0.00716093834489584,
-0.03012268804013729,
-0.010463044978678226,
0.029357722029089928,
-0.000012425728527887259,
-0.014763857237994671,
-0.013182925991714,
0.007530672010034323,
-0.042192164808511734,
-0.00996156595647335,
0.003701588837429881,
0.0015915557742118835,
-0.045354027301073074,
0.03872431442141533,
-0.007131189573556185,
-0.029561713337898254,
-0.015520323999226093,
-0.01512934174388647,
-0.003990576136857271,
0.029221728444099426,
0.0009790511103346944,
-0.0173647440969944,
-0.024631928652524948,
-0.02769179455935955,
0.03343754634261131,
-0.032604582607746124,
0.005728750489652157,
-0.049603842198848724,
0.0802365094423294,
-0.013327419757843018,
0.052289724349975586,
-0.07071692496538162,
0.04950184375047684,
-0.03627642244100571,
-0.06888100504875183,
0.017628232017159462,
0.02696082554757595,
-0.03909829631447792,
0.046951957046985626,
-0.008027900941669941,
0.01919216476380825,
0.024138949811458588,
0.00874611921608448,
-0.03301256150007248,
-0.00893311109393835,
0.013862896710634232,
-0.07554471492767334,
-0.014976347796618938,
-0.05466961860656738,
0.03474648669362068,
-0.040968216955661774,
0.027827788144350052,
0.04477605223655701,
0.038656316697597504,
-0.01626829244196415,
-0.047189947217702866,
0.01895417459309101,
-0.005533259361982346,
-0.008418883197009563,
0.04712194949388504,
-0.013505912385880947,
0.0042753140442073345,
-0.03214560076594353,
-0.054839614778757095,
0.022150035947561264,
-0.05453362688422203,
0.009307094849646091,
0.022507021203637123,
0.04525202885270119,
0.04331411421298981,
0.009995564818382263,
-0.060041386634111404,
-0.06816703081130981,
0.023288985714316368,
0.03302956372499466,
0.04555801674723625,
-0.007641167379915714,
-0.0012356337392702699,
-0.0031724870204925537,
-0.0007617793162353337,
-0.03061566688120365,
-0.004419807810336351,
0.05058979615569115,
-0.004326311871409416,
0.04518403485417366,
-0.002715631853789091,
-0.023475978523492813,
0.04032224416732788,
-0.0051422761753201485,
0.015469326637685299,
-0.007131189573556185,
0.03231559321284294,
-0.03495047986507416,
-0.004487804602831602,
-0.022031040862202644,
0.04532002657651901,
0.028201771900057793,
-0.06007538363337517,
0.007849408313632011,
-0.032349590212106705,
0.04467405378818512,
0.035154469311237335,
0.023492977023124695,
0.007755912374705076,
0.00671045808121562,
-0.04599999636411667,
0.02645084820687771,
-0.017194751650094986,
0.021215077489614487,
0.01087952684611082,
0.01420288160443306,
-0.028830744326114655,
0.007356429938226938,
0.034406501799821854,
-0.011559496633708477,
0.01432187668979168,
-0.042906131595373154,
-0.06860901415348053,
-0.006383222062140703,
-0.030887655913829803,
0.00427743885666132,
-0.014160383492708206,
-0.04015225172042847,
0.001734987017698586,
0.037228379398584366,
0.003907704725861549,
0.007403177674859762,
-0.028711751103401184,
0.003144863061606884,
-0.035052474588155746,
-0.003255358198657632,
0.05286769941449165,
0.00634072395041585,
-0.03586843982338905,
0.023764966055750847,
0.018546191975474358,
-0.02502291090786457,
-0.014542867429554462,
-0.020110124722123146,
0.06962896883487701,
0.025719881057739258,
-0.041478194296360016,
-0.06262527406215668,
0.02867775224149227,
0.05619955435395241,
0.01317442674189806,
0.05660753697156906,
0.0013769400538876653,
0.03379452973604202,
-0.10056762397289276,
0.04372209683060646,
0.06272727251052856,
-0.008665372617542744,
-0.013939393684267998,
-0.05891943722963333,
-0.009035106748342514,
0.02962971106171608,
-0.004725794307887554,
0.011219511739909649,
-0.0007681540446355939,
-0.010862527415156364,
-0.01243495848029852,
-0.02803177945315838,
-0.014338876120746136,
0.02379896491765976,
-0.0038227085024118423,
-0.0037674610503017902,
0.03814633935689926,
0.027521802112460136,
0.029221728444099426,
0.07323281466960907,
-0.03620842471718788,
-0.011483000591397285,
0.009315594099462032,
-0.041954174637794495,
0.04430007189512253,
0.01323392428457737,
-0.03780635446310043,
0.002862250432372093,
0.02867775224149227,
0.012315964326262474,
-0.03488248214125633,
-0.03350554034113884,
0.04858388379216194,
-0.009519585408270359,
-0.0020739096216857433,
0.013531411066651344,
0.02174205332994461,
-0.04015225172042847,
0.06184330955147743,
0.032842569053173065,
0.002874999772757292,
0.006306725554168224,
0.018155209720134735,
-0.022422023117542267,
0.04769992455840111,
-0.008525128476321697,
0.0009317719377577305,
-0.01589430868625641,
0.019702142104506493,
-0.047529932111501694,
0.02767479605972767,
0.007496673613786697,
-0.07547671347856522,
0.04667996987700462,
-0.052255723625421524,
0.005422763992100954,
0.05681152641773224,
0.03058166801929474,
-0.06755506247282028,
-0.07323281466960907,
0.06313525140285492,
0.010488543659448624,
0.044028084725141525,
0.02211603708565235,
-0.0019432279514148831,
0.045830003917217255,
0.01990613341331482,
0.054329633712768555,
-0.028116775676608086,
-0.006251478102058172,
0.018138211220502853,
-0.006298225838690996,
0.0175942350178957,
0.015392829664051533,
0.005597006529569626,
-0.0227110106498003,
-0.01450886856764555,
0.02488691732287407,
-0.044028084725141525,
-0.019770139828324318,
0.043654099106788635,
-0.006557464599609375,
-0.029561713337898254,
-0.03763636201620102,
0.004526053089648485,
0.005414264276623726,
0.034066516906023026,
0.003321230411529541,
0.003758961334824562,
-0.04035624489188194,
-0.0178662221878767,
-0.025719881057739258,
0.020297115668654442,
0.04209016636013985,
0.030394677072763443,
0.0282867681235075,
-0.040254246443510056,
-0.04032224416732788,
0.029952695593237877,
-0.021793050691485405,
-0.009103103540837765,
-0.012545454315841198,
-0.00018526538042351604,
-0.020943088456988335,
0.008695121854543686,
-0.00126750732306391,
-0.012834440916776657,
0.0135484104976058,
0.011669992469251156,
-0.06459718942642212,
0.031635623425245285,
0.0030194935388863087,
0.0003737180959433317,
-0.01183998491615057,
-0.002651884686201811,
-0.0021365946158766747,
-0.017577234655618668,
0.026025867089629173,
-0.02172505483031273,
0.034916479140520096,
-0.01159349549561739,
0.03797634690999985,
-0.003788710106164217,
-0.021351071074604988,
0.019719142466783524,
0.00759441964328289,
-0.010063561610877514,
-0.01701625995337963,
0.03597043454647064,
-0.005231522489339113,
-0.04300812631845474,
0.011508499272167683,
-0.013531411066651344,
0.030632667243480682,
-0.019396156072616577,
-0.0009222098742611706,
0.0112875085324049,
-0.0005779748316854239,
-0.006727457046508789,
0.029102733358740807,
0.0031512377317994833,
0.01202697679400444,
-0.022609015926718712,
0.0029833700973540545,
-0.00844013225287199,
0.022762009873986244,
0.01475535798817873,
0.006829452700912952,
-0.016846267506480217,
0.0013100054347887635,
-0.02452993206679821,
-0.038452327251434326,
0.0032808571122586727,
0.018988173454999924,
0.013335919938981533,
0.008533628657460213,
0.05259571224451065,
0.03824833407998085,
-0.0010507667902857065,
0.015384330414235592,
-0.01858019083738327,
-0.0347294881939888,
0.050827786326408386,
-0.0032659827265888453,
0.0313466340303421,
-0.015953805297613144,
-0.005783998407423496,
0.05415964126586914,
0.04372209683060646,
0.0015065594343468547,
0.023594973608851433,
0.031635623425245285,
0.05548558384180069,
0.010565039701759815,
-0.021538062021136284,
0.049365852028131485,
-0.023220989853143692,
-0.04300812631845474,
0.009783074259757996,
-0.002269401215016842,
0.004296563100069761,
0.06473318487405777,
0.013726902194321156,
0.007488173898309469,
-0.015256836079061031,
0.039166294038295746,
-0.02767479605972767,
0.0009992377599701285,
0.02707982063293457,
0.0032234846148639917,
-0.030445674434304237,
0.0024393938947468996,
0.007547671440988779,
0.04273613914847374,
-0.03452549874782562,
-0.00899260863661766,
0.01662527583539486,
0.029833700507879257,
-0.015749813988804817,
-0.017883220687508583,
-0.035392459481954575,
0.0010188932064920664,
-0.02026311866939068,
-0.040390241891145706,
0.013973391614854336,
-0.018240205943584442,
-0.01020805537700653,
-0.015486326068639755,
-0.02867775224149227,
-0.01178048737347126,
-0.014423872344195843,
0.010624537244439125,
0.04885587468743324,
0.039506278932094574,
-0.0029344973154366016,
-0.004534552805125713,
-0.014619363471865654,
-0.010437545366585255,
0.0173647440969944,
-0.0031151145230978727,
0.005792497657239437,
-0.005116777494549751,
0.003091740421950817,
0.004147819243371487,
0.01956614851951599,
0.0135484104976058,
-0.009851071052253246,
-0.03675239905714989,
-0.035630449652671814,
0.013284921646118164,
0.0011400128714740276,
0.014865852892398834,
0.027997780591249466,
0.057729486376047134,
0.0112875085324049,
0.02283000573515892,
-0.016812268644571304,
-0.004419807810336351,
0.009655579924583435,
-0.007254434283822775,
-0.01822320744395256,
-0.002356522483751178,
-0.007615668699145317,
0.0003572500718291849,
0.029357722029089928,
0.023458978161215782,
-0.011338506825268269,
0.025311898440122604,
-0.007250184193253517,
-0.012502956204116344,
-0.019277160987257957,
0.026280855759978294,
0.017543235793709755,
0.00983407162129879,
0.019243162125349045,
0.01134700607508421,
0.01628529094159603,
-0.015146341174840927,
0.036344416439533234,
-0.008282889612019062,
-0.027504803612828255,
-0.011032519862055779,
0.004445306491106749,
-0.027283811941742897,
0.030870655551552773,
-0.004050073679536581,
-0.013990391045808792,
-0.0011740113841369748,
0.006820952985435724,
0.03155062720179558,
-0.027827788144350052,
0.045592013746500015,
-0.04494604468345642,
-0.001974039012566209,
0.003089615609496832,
0.016803769394755363,
-0.013811898417770863,
-0.0009354905341751873,
0.015052844770252705,
0.008890612982213497,
0.07472874969244003,
-0.008202143013477325,
0.022490020841360092,
0.06527715921401978,
-0.0007155626080930233,
-0.04107021167874336,
0.03245158866047859,
-0.012791942805051804,
0.019209163263440132,
-0.009995564818382263,
-0.008550628088414669,
0.04175018146634102,
0.022388026118278503,
-0.009094604291021824,
-0.002481892006471753,
0.013760901056230068,
-0.026501845568418503,
0.004530302714556456,
0.031737618148326874,
-0.0017264873022213578,
-0.010709533467888832,
-0.047903914004564285,
0.0059794895350933075,
-0.0102590536698699,
0.011083517223596573,
-0.0018072337843477726,
-0.044266074895858765,
-0.00892461184412241,
0.015520323999226093,
-0.012324463576078415,
0.03071766346693039,
0.025668881833553314,
-0.02002512849867344,
0.06286326050758362,
0.007390428334474564,
-0.04460605978965759,
-0.012596451677381992,
-0.004307187628000975,
0.007832408882677555,
-0.017203250899910927,
0.02211603708565235,
-0.027419807389378548,
-0.031890612095594406,
0.009579082950949669,
-0.027725793421268463,
0.017407242208719254,
-0.07615668326616287,
-0.0072374348528683186,
0.006302475463598967,
0.08465631306171417,
0.009468588046729565,
0.022320028394460678,
-0.008342387154698372,
-0.00001831072586355731,
-0.037942349910736084,
-0.014933849684894085,
0.007539171725511551,
0.02682483196258545,
0.01895417459309101,
-0.03862231969833374,
-0.06194530427455902,
-0.013378418050706387,
0.006302475463598967,
-0.009188099764287472,
-0.04246415197849274,
0.010616037994623184,
0.009477087296545506,
0.049229856580495834,
0.01190798170864582,
0.004445306491106749,
0.07180487364530563,
-0.019957130774855614,
0.01311492919921875,
0.018257204443216324,
0.042906131595373154,
0.038180336356163025,
0.0029344973154366016,
-0.0025860124733299017,
0.019379155710339546,
-0.02830376848578453,
-0.012570952996611595,
0.002683758269995451,
0.005507760215550661,
-0.02939172089099884,
0.03233259171247482,
0.007394677959382534,
-0.008023650385439396,
-0.03350554034113884,
0.0004462305805645883,
0.020722098648548126,
-0.04929785430431366,
-0.0015108092920854688,
0.03947228193283081,
-0.07228085398674011,
0.0041605690494179726,
0.006391721777617931,
-0.021895047277212143,
-0.03109164722263813,
-0.044640056788921356,
0.00045207407674752176,
-0.03323355317115784,
0.049229856580495834,
-0.0003434381796978414,
0.032366592437028885,
-0.042804136872291565,
0.02804877981543541,
-0.015715815126895905,
-0.04253214970231056,
-0.058103471994400024,
-0.026263857260346413,
0.023288985714316368,
-0.032723575830459595,
0.0042136916890740395,
0.004334811121225357,
0.005902993027120829,
-0.006302475463598967,
0.01591980643570423,
-0.024852918460965157,
-0.012893938459455967,
0.0035932185128331184,
0.04246415197849274,
0.03590243682265282,
0.031516626477241516,
-0.013990391045808792,
0.031992606818675995,
-0.022371025756001472,
-0.02016112208366394,
-0.007309681735932827,
-0.008078898303210735,
-0.04107021167874336,
0.009868070483207703,
0.008597375825047493,
-0.01172098983079195,
0.024580929428339005,
0.02806577831506729,
-0.0442320741713047,
0.02101108618080616,
0.007849408313632011,
-0.01414338406175375,
-0.002741130767390132,
-0.006344974040985107,
-0.009485587477684021,
-0.0369223915040493,
-0.020688099786639214,
-0.0035358460154384375,
-0.009341093711555004,
-0.013522911816835403,
0.02706282213330269,
0.014908351004123688,
-0.03488248214125633,
-0.01688876561820507,
-0.0369223915040493,
-0.00728418305516243,
-0.008720620535314083,
-0.019940132275223732,
-0.033947523683309555,
-0.02551588974893093,
0.00879711750894785,
0.016684774309396744,
0.02794678322970867,
-0.029085734859108925,
0.018512194976210594,
0.012893938459455967,
-0.04205616936087608,
0.021793050691485405,
-0.004806540906429291,
0.03828233480453491,
0.003848207416012883,
0.006408721208572388,
-0.010378047823905945,
0.020688099786639214,
0.04623798653483391,
0.026127861812710762,
0.03415151312947273,
-0.012001477181911469,
-0.01907316967844963,
-0.009060605429112911,
0.013828897848725319,
-0.01227346621453762,
-0.04331411421298981,
-0.03981226682662964,
-0.007590169552713633,
-0.009417589753866196,
-0.02648484706878662,
0.02512490563094616,
0.03913229703903198,
0.03835033252835274,
0.003268107771873474,
0.011576496064662933,
-0.028983738273382187,
-0.02148706465959549,
0.00014595458924304694,
-0.01002106349915266,
-0.021538062021136284,
0.00436880998313427,
-0.0178662221878767,
-0.026909828186035156,
0.026280855759978294,
-0.003059866838157177,
0.014406872913241386,
0.03654840961098671,
-0.007156688719987869,
-0.0036569659132510424,
0.00531651871278882,
-0.032825570553541183,
0.002384146209806204,
-0.04453806206583977,
-0.052731703966856,
-0.017322245985269547,
-0.007993902079761028,
0.02551588974893093,
-0.01013155933469534,
0.006251478102058172,
0.04447006434202194,
-0.0036845896393060684,
-0.03464449197053909,
0.007785661146044731,
0.004819290246814489,
-0.02162305824458599,
0.05194973945617676,
0.026569843292236328,
-0.005690502468496561,
0.02123207598924637,
0.00437305960804224,
0.00570750143378973,
0.021215077489614487,
0.018784182146191597,
-0.026875829324126244,
0.023985955864191055,
0.021096082404255867,
-0.02063710242509842,
0.07948853820562363,
-0.046577971428632736,
-0.03387952595949173,
-0.011797486804425716,
-0.004200942348688841,
0.02660384215414524,
0.0011708240490406752,
-0.03896230459213257,
0.0014491869369521737,
0.024206945672631264,
0.0225750170648098,
0.011627493426203728,
0.043654099106788635,
0.032604582607746124,
0.027606798335909843,
-0.011143014766275883,
0.010973022319376469,
0.008083147928118706,
-0.013565409928560257,
0.008474131114780903,
-0.029680708423256874,
0.01869918592274189,
-0.05354766920208931,
0.017815224826335907,
-0.0381123423576355,
-0.03767035901546478,
0.015732815489172935,
-0.029527714475989342,
0.02039911225438118,
-0.07336881011724472,
0.03981226682662964,
-0.023050997406244278
] |
Concerns regarding unfairness and discrimination in the context of artificial
intelligence (AI) systems have recently received increased attention from both
legal and computer science scholars. Yet, the degree of overlap between notions
of algorithmic bias and fairness on the one hand, and legal notions of
discrimination and equality on the other, is often unclear, leading to
misunderstandings between computer science and law. What types of bias and
unfairness does the law address when it prohibits discrimination? What role can
fairness metrics play in establishing legal compliance? In this paper, we aim
to illustrate to what extent European Union (EU) non-discrimination law
coincides with notions of algorithmic fairness proposed in computer science
literature and where they differ. The contributions of this paper are as
follows. First, we analyse seminal examples of algorithmic unfairness through
the lens of EU non-discrimination law, drawing parallels with EU case law.
Second, we set out the normative underpinnings of fairness metrics and
technical interventions and compare these to the legal reasoning of the Court
of Justice of the EU. Specifically, we show how normative assumptions often
remain implicit in both disciplinary approaches and explain the ensuing
limitations of current AI practice and non-discrimination law. We conclude with
implications for AI practitioners and regulators. | [
-0.01098223403096199,
-0.03485594689846039,
-0.035410769283771515,
0.006792503409087658,
-0.011063825339078903,
0.04366784170269966,
-0.019875722005963326,
0.011594170704483986,
-0.0482696108520031,
0.02697419375181198,
-0.010631389915943146,
-0.04467957839369774,
0.02991149201989174,
-0.004467141814529896,
-0.05212073400616646,
0.025211814790964127,
0.05208810046315193,
0.010615071281790733,
0.03146173432469368,
-0.032587699592113495,
-0.023008840158581734,
0.05202282592654228,
0.013601325452327728,
0.002549738623201847,
-0.030613180249929428,
0.02266615629196167,
0.011349395848810673,
-0.019630946218967438,
-0.024934403598308563,
0.0165549423545599,
0.02382475696504116,
0.03404003009200096,
-0.011904219165444374,
-0.03076004609465599,
-0.033746298402547836,
-0.012369291856884956,
0.04184018820524216,
-0.0011973571963608265,
0.011324918828904629,
0.04565867781639099,
-0.002774115651845932,
0.062433917075395584,
0.01059059426188469,
0.04213391989469528,
-0.03216342255473137,
-0.019598310813307762,
-0.04412475600838661,
0.0021295417100191116,
0.003088243305683136,
0.005221864674240351,
0.026354096829891205,
-0.033485207706689835,
0.03198391944169998,
-0.04268874228000641,
-0.005580867640674114,
0.02446117252111435,
0.029829900711774826,
-0.03312620148062706,
0.018570255488157272,
-0.009864428080618382,
-0.02395530417561531,
0.03962089866399765,
-0.037205785512924194,
-0.056787777692079544,
-0.0021846159361302853,
-0.031363822519779205,
-0.03138014301657677,
0.026158276945352554,
0.009905224665999413,
-0.001867428538389504,
-0.03603086620569229,
0.010770095512270927,
0.00454057427123189,
0.010729299858212471,
-0.05267556011676788,
-0.03413793817162514,
-0.01191237848252058,
-0.0059072342701256275,
-0.0006149969412945211,
-0.010003134608268738,
0.03260401636362076,
-0.00523002352565527,
0.012320336885750294,
0.04650723189115524,
0.01822757162153721,
0.0038205282762646675,
-0.003031129250302911,
-0.06723150610923767,
-0.002837348962202668,
-0.0585501566529274,
-0.033485207706689835,
0.025799274444580078,
-0.012760931625962257,
-0.026288824155926704,
-0.008412097580730915,
-0.015347386710345745,
-0.0012014368548989296,
-0.021752329543232918,
-0.03446430712938309,
0.03377893567085266,
0.01438460499048233,
-0.03087427467107773,
0.05296928808093071,
0.03570449724793434,
0.015543206594884396,
-0.04193810001015663,
-0.055384401232004166,
-0.005258580669760704,
-0.008167322725057602,
0.18080705404281616,
-0.019940994679927826,
0.04964035004377365,
-0.08289709687232971,
-0.04539758339524269,
-0.07356301695108414,
0.03413793817162514,
-0.10052089393138885,
-0.05434002727270126,
0.032652970403432846,
0.020822184160351753,
-0.04187282547354698,
0.01649782806634903,
0.05760369449853897,
0.013642121106386185,
0.015045497566461563,
0.05342620238661766,
-0.06478375941514969,
-0.04014308378100395,
0.035671863704919815,
0.011080143973231316,
-0.02883448265492916,
0.0010719101410359144,
-0.024869129061698914,
0.01014184020459652,
0.05447057634592056,
0.03017258644104004,
0.011153575964272022,
0.03384421020746231,
-0.01219794899225235,
-0.020365271717309952,
0.03133118897676468,
-0.022682474926114082,
-0.04670305177569389,
-0.0009933781111612916,
-0.02509758621454239,
-0.022682474926114082,
-0.015706390142440796,
0.030727408826351166,
-0.01409903448075056,
-0.034007392823696136,
-0.054796941578388214,
0.003437047591432929,
0.011455465108156204,
-0.024559082463383675,
0.06873279064893723,
-0.02227451652288437,
0.013332072645425797,
-0.031755462288856506,
0.013854259625077248,
0.03544340655207634,
0.03459485247731209,
-0.03488858416676521,
0.005805244669318199,
0.05541703850030899,
0.04056736081838608,
0.07167009264230728,
0.012418246828019619,
0.021980786696076393,
-0.07069098949432373,
0.0485307052731514,
-0.02028368040919304,
-0.06373938173055649,
-0.039066072553396225,
0.008534484542906284,
-0.02452644519507885,
0.04712732881307602,
0.034953854978084564,
0.05567812919616699,
-0.0032697846181690693,
-0.009064830839633942,
-0.0481390655040741,
0.026239870116114616,
0.01733006350696087,
-0.010492684319615364,
0.01894557662308216,
-0.006160168442875147,
0.052349191159009933,
-0.04533231258392334,
0.05251237377524376,
0.014425400644540787,
0.008869010955095291,
-0.009097467176616192,
-0.009970497339963913,
-0.01702001504600048,
-0.004324356559664011,
-0.021719692274928093,
-0.0007802199688740075,
-0.019500400871038437,
0.01612250693142414,
0.020577410236001015,
0.021801283583045006,
-0.03704260289669037,
-0.025260768830776215,
0.01682419516146183,
0.03146173432469368,
-0.018766075372695923,
-0.011129098944365978,
-0.027659563347697258,
-0.03844597935676575,
-0.02034895308315754,
-0.021670738235116005,
-0.00483022490516305,
0.033615753054618835,
-0.009913383051753044,
-0.015371863730251789,
-0.011047507636249065,
-0.004177491646260023,
0.035214949399232864,
-0.014662016183137894,
-0.00924433209002018,
-0.026941556483507156,
-0.031755462288856506,
-0.00039240476326085627,
0.005270819645375013,
0.027561653405427933,
0.012124517001211643,
0.04820433631539345,
-0.010957756079733372,
-0.0392945297062397,
-0.026468325406312943,
0.002071407623589039,
-0.02524445205926895,
-0.025734001770615578,
-0.003088243305683136,
0.020822184160351753,
-0.02625618688762188,
-0.004171372391283512,
-0.03410530462861061,
-0.0049118162132799625,
0.0194514449685812,
-0.046637777239084244,
-0.04605031758546829,
0.004883259069174528,
-0.01361764408648014,
0.00653141038492322,
-0.03795642778277397,
-0.0014227541396394372,
0.004915895871818066,
0.022976204752922058,
0.026288824155926704,
-0.034007392823696136,
0.07147426903247833,
-0.040665268898010254,
0.020593728870153427,
-0.009546221233904362,
-0.001090268255211413,
0.009064830839633942,
-0.01741165481507778,
-0.013013865798711777,
-0.045364949852228165,
0.03426848724484444,
0.0011351435678079724,
-0.05058681219816208,
0.021034322679042816,
-0.015502410009503365,
0.01152073871344328,
0.02638673409819603,
-0.0001355186104774475,
-0.04820433631539345,
-0.02054477296769619,
-0.0011229048250243068,
0.008852692320942879,
-0.031429097056388855,
0.020887458696961403,
0.02953617088496685,
-0.013797145336866379,
0.018243888393044472,
0.007824637927114964,
0.040665268898010254,
0.03518231213092804,
0.022356107831001282,
-0.037858519703149796,
0.07310610264539719,
0.007432997692376375,
-0.005385047756135464,
-0.06918970495462418,
0.023710528388619423,
-0.029487216845154762,
-0.07428102195262909,
-0.010296864435076714,
0.010606911964714527,
-0.010264227166771889,
-0.04804115369915962,
0.013340231962502003,
0.03834806755185127,
0.0017613593954592943,
-0.008558962494134903,
-0.0292098056524992,
-0.031053775921463966,
0.03203287348151207,
-0.01675892062485218,
-0.04650723189115524,
0.04135064035654068,
0.026354096829891205,
0.006086735986173153,
0.02793697454035282,
0.01719951629638672,
0.10234854370355606,
-0.033354658633470535,
0.017052652314305305,
0.02421639673411846,
0.03505176678299904,
-0.00012149503891123459,
0.019924676045775414,
0.0242653526365757,
0.04219919443130493,
0.0020693677943199873,
-0.028279660269618034,
0.05593922361731529,
-0.025913503021001816,
-0.007592101581394672,
-0.021670738235116005,
-0.1001945286989212,
0.033811572939157486,
-0.01130044087767601,
-0.051468003541231155,
-0.025734001770615578,
0.03255506232380867,
-0.045169129967689514,
-0.04154646024107933,
-0.060443080961704254,
0.03093954734504223,
0.020789548754692078,
0.01721583493053913,
-0.001736881909891963,
0.012940432876348495,
-0.005013805814087391,
0.04203600808978081,
0.014262217096984386,
-0.06400047987699509,
0.025472907349467278,
-0.014017442241311073,
-0.07095208764076233,
0.015951164066791534,
0.02131173387169838,
-0.008885328657925129,
-0.003008691594004631,
-0.00000898782855074387,
0.00021660029597114772,
0.012083721347153187,
0.000902607454918325,
-0.0008444734266959131,
-0.05270819365978241,
0.030401041731238365,
0.03456221520900726,
-0.011186213232576847,
-0.06984243541955948,
-0.06873279064893723,
0.02818175032734871,
0.010076566599309444,
0.015681911259889603,
-0.030221540480852127,
0.025668727234005928,
0.03364839032292366,
-0.0809388980269432,
-0.0801556184887886,
-0.007310610264539719,
0.016579419374465942,
-0.016987377777695656,
0.011055666022002697,
-0.06990770995616913,
0.015322908759117126,
0.03371366113424301,
-0.010239750146865845,
-0.09177426993846893,
0.024314306676387787,
0.011651284992694855,
-0.005825642496347427,
-0.014874154701828957,
0.024869129061698914,
-0.05773423984646797,
0.0028557071927934885,
0.007114790380001068,
0.030596863478422165,
-0.028410207480192184,
0.002180536510422826,
0.06021462380886078,
0.019663583487272263,
0.015706390142440796,
-0.013642121106386185,
0.0009847090113908052,
-0.033811572939157486,
-0.02317202463746071,
-0.07473793625831604,
-0.009872587397694588,
-0.013911373913288116,
0.016775239259004593,
-0.039425078779459,
-0.003755254903808236,
-0.027659563347697258,
0.0201041791588068,
-0.020822184160351753,
-0.04494067281484604,
0.006906731985509396,
-0.003536997362971306,
-0.02717001363635063,
0.0025436191353946924,
-0.041187457740306854,
0.047486331313848495,
-0.004879179876297712,
-0.005360570270568132,
0.0077471258118748665,
0.024412216618657112,
0.05205546319484711,
-0.002247849479317665,
0.006755787413567305,
-0.029046621173620224,
0.028606027364730835,
0.05003198981285095,
-0.07199645787477493,
-0.0391639843583107,
0.02067532017827034,
0.04823697358369827,
-0.03115168586373329,
0.0193861722946167,
0.018602892756462097,
-0.021980786696076393,
-0.004781269934028387,
-0.014303013682365417,
-0.02787170186638832,
0.005001567304134369,
0.00018766075663734227,
-0.0016104148235172033,
-0.005915393587201834,
-0.014433559961616993,
0.03896816447377205,
0.05668986588716507,
0.009872587397694588,
-0.01123516820371151,
0.002307003363966942,
-0.012785408645868301,
0.009717563167214394,
-0.0058297221548855305,
0.030254177749156952,
-0.035541314631700516,
-0.039425078779459,
-0.015681911259889603,
-0.00454057427123189,
-0.05215337127447128,
-0.04565867781639099,
-0.02157282829284668,
0.006890413351356983,
-0.09412410855293274,
-0.031233277171850204,
0.06138954684138298,
0.001502305967733264,
0.054535847157239914,
-0.04069790616631508,
0.05039099231362343,
-0.04885707050561905,
-0.01927194371819496,
0.06644822657108307,
0.009929701685905457,
-0.03340361639857292,
0.0075961812399327755,
0.011471783742308617,
-0.04360256716609001,
-0.06014935299754143,
0.005711414385586977,
-0.006849617697298527,
-0.01708528771996498,
-0.020822184160351753,
-0.04565867781639099,
0.02991149201989174,
0.004679280333220959,
0.0022152129095047712,
0.06729678064584732,
-0.004226446617394686,
-0.011798149906098843,
-0.01037029642611742,
0.02216028794646263,
0.04849806800484657,
-0.009946020320057869,
-0.028034884482622147,
0.007257575634866953,
0.02087114006280899,
0.08381092548370361,
-0.025701364502310753,
-0.047159962356090546,
-0.05642877519130707,
-0.02548922598361969,
0.012271381914615631,
-0.00963597185909748,
-0.01306282076984644,
-0.007714489009231329,
0.012067402713000774,
0.027839064598083496,
-0.023808438330888748,
0.04366784170269966,
0.013372868299484253,
-0.040926363319158554,
-0.001971457852050662,
-0.05394838750362396,
-0.01894557662308216,
0.020707957446575165,
-0.007877672091126442,
-0.029960447922348976,
0.023971622809767723,
-0.024444853886961937,
0.030401041731238365,
0.0486612506210804,
-0.02728424221277237,
0.006050019524991512,
0.02279670163989067,
-0.020659001544117928,
0.015233158133924007,
0.08407201617956161,
-0.01733006350696087,
0.00985626969486475,
-0.00856712181121111,
0.002090785652399063,
-0.0008689509122632444,
0.0001554065675009042,
0.053328290581703186,
-0.01637544110417366,
0.03557395190000534,
0.03583504632115364,
0.0020581488497555256,
-0.023204660043120384,
-0.00720862066373229,
-0.035998228937387466,
0.02113223262131214,
-0.008126527070999146,
-0.010443729348480701,
0.002916900906711817,
0.0024273511953651905,
0.03417057543992996,
-0.004781269934028387,
0.03093954734504223,
-0.021621782332658768,
-0.03818488493561745,
0.04242764785885811,
0.012654862366616726,
0.028524434193968773,
-0.035671863704919815,
0.02798593044281006,
0.02787170186638832,
-0.042656105011701584,
0.010321341454982758,
-0.02684364654123783,
-0.01997363194823265,
-0.021540191024541855,
-0.020397908985614777,
-0.021801283583045006,
0.003645106218755245,
0.007845035754144192,
0.03133118897676468,
0.039196621626615524,
-0.02305779606103897,
0.0045201764442026615,
-0.006804742384701967,
0.0055890269577503204,
-0.008428415283560753,
-0.00106375094037503,
-0.01995731331408024,
-0.02723528817296028,
0.029503535479307175,
0.10659130662679672,
0.00765737472102046,
-0.021589146926999092,
-0.0009260650258511305,
-0.044646941125392914,
-0.01914139650762081,
-0.03456221520900726,
-0.03203287348151207,
0.01656310074031353,
0.008412097580730915,
-0.035280223935842514,
-0.041709642857313156,
0.0018460106803104281,
0.0007236158126033843,
-0.005254501011222601,
0.015045497566461563,
0.03301197662949562,
0.01155337505042553,
0.00411017844453454,
0.0002401853707851842,
0.0037940109614282846,
0.007045437581837177,
-0.004332515876740217,
-0.0037103795912116766,
0.02113223262131214,
-0.050358355045318604,
0.0013013865100219846,
-0.02953617088496685,
0.009056671522557735,
0.037532150745391846,
0.035149674862623215,
0.00316167576238513,
-0.04366784170269966,
0.037597425282001495,
-0.000876600097399205,
0.03616141155362129,
0.024640673771500587,
-0.00462216604501009,
-0.011863423511385918,
-0.004826145246624947,
-0.001366659882478416,
0.00603778101503849,
-0.0023233217652887106,
-0.020985368639230728,
-0.010003134608268738,
0.0036002309061586857,
-0.01706896908581257,
0.02594614028930664,
-0.026549916714429855,
0.04898761585354805,
-0.002317202277481556,
-0.007975582033395767,
0.032767198979854584,
-0.006947527639567852,
-0.027757473289966583,
0.08270128071308136,
0.06452266126871109,
0.037989065051078796,
0.07036462426185608,
-0.008648713119328022,
-0.00677210558205843,
0.0033472967334091663,
0.010451888665556908,
-0.041579097509384155,
-0.011896059848368168,
-0.004083661362528801,
0.0023743165656924248,
-0.00720862066373229,
0.014311172068119049,
0.03433375805616379,
0.05003198981285095,
0.025407634675502777,
-0.08479002863168716,
-0.014164307154715061,
0.020773230120539665,
0.015779821202158928,
0.06370674818754196,
-0.009105626493692398,
0.07519485056400299,
-0.01528211310505867,
-0.0005573728703893721,
-0.013201526366174221,
0.04526703804731369,
-0.012907796539366245,
0.04226446524262428,
0.016146983951330185,
0.03665096312761307,
-0.0017654389375820756,
-0.016807876527309418,
0.00008439634257229045,
0.004981169011443853,
0.03619404882192612,
0.06047571823000908,
-0.016603898257017136,
0.04161173477768898,
0.00505868112668395,
-0.004385550506412983,
0.026990512385964394,
-0.008354983292520046,
0.023547345772385597,
0.0015216839965432882,
0.021589146926999092,
0.05655932053923607,
-0.002081606537103653,
-0.02074059285223484,
-0.032261330634355545,
0.009782836772501469,
0.04624613747000694,
-0.02413480542600155,
0.00425500376150012,
0.03789115324616432,
0.013788986019790173,
-0.024559082463383675,
-0.0019857364241033792,
-0.02599509432911873,
0.0023804358206689358,
0.0028761050198227167,
-0.010835369117558002,
0.0011667603394016623,
-0.0010367237264290452,
0.024787537753582,
-0.007526827976107597,
-0.022976204752922058,
-0.03195128217339516,
-0.021328052505850792,
-0.0007414639694616199,
0.023645255714654922,
0.020430544391274452,
0.040730543434619904,
0.0014207143103703856,
-0.01374003104865551,
-0.06106317788362503,
-0.018031751736998558,
0.018325481563806534,
-0.016807876527309418,
-0.022127650678157806,
0.016514146700501442,
-0.055449675768613815,
0.05561285838484764,
0.008681349456310272,
0.044908035546541214,
-0.014857836067676544,
0.012148994021117687,
-0.0016440714243799448,
0.0020703875925391912,
0.008477370254695415,
0.06364147365093231,
0.02601141296327114,
-0.005205546040087938,
0.04820433631539345,
0.01579613983631134,
-0.03338729590177536,
-0.014262217096984386,
-0.007339167408645153,
-0.01668548956513405,
-0.020642682909965515,
-0.03691205382347107,
0.002300884108990431,
0.012654862366616726,
-0.025978775694966316,
0.0025619773659855127,
-0.021213823929429054,
0.0034819229040294886,
0.015592161566019058,
0.01719951629638672,
0.018276525661349297,
0.005107636097818613,
0.02568504586815834,
0.019043486565351486,
0.02568504586815834,
-0.005111715756356716,
-0.0032738642767071724,
-0.0121653126552701,
0.016742603853344917,
-0.009774677455425262,
0.014343809336423874,
-0.0018919060239568353,
-0.019859403371810913,
0.003708339761942625,
0.009570698253810406,
0.015584002248942852,
-0.012083721347153187,
0.03635723143815994,
0.04043681174516678,
-0.008787418715655804,
0.06977716833353043,
-0.00010007723903981969,
-0.0024599877651780844,
-0.030090995132923126,
-0.01631832681596279,
0.06605658680200577,
-0.019337216392159462,
-0.006849617697298527,
-0.020691638812422752,
0.013723712414503098,
0.011390192434191704,
0.020365271717309952,
-0.0013166849967092276,
0.012867000885307789,
-0.035671863704919815,
0.05039099231362343,
0.006931209471076727,
0.0069148908369243145,
0.01804806850850582,
-0.06422893702983856,
0.02889975719153881,
0.008208118379116058,
-0.011137258261442184,
-0.045038580894470215,
0.02139332704246044,
-0.04027362912893295,
0.0190598051995039,
0.06932025402784348,
0.027006831020116806,
0.018668165430426598,
-0.0491834357380867,
0.003286103019490838,
-0.012622226029634476,
-0.004250924102962017,
-0.011218849569559097,
-0.03652041405439377,
-0.0024069531355053186,
0.027773791924118996,
-0.0389028899371624,
-0.030841637402772903,
0.005882756784558296,
-0.01146362442523241,
-0.0016073551960289478,
-0.034758035093545914,
-0.057309962809085846,
-0.01894557662308216,
0.0485307052731514,
-0.06132427230477333,
0.06524067372083664,
-0.04441848397254944,
0.02677837386727333,
-0.016905786469578743,
-0.03036840632557869,
-0.0031677952501922846,
-0.013136252760887146,
0.016661010682582855,
0.012948592193424702,
0.014001124538481236,
0.029421942308545113,
0.06697041541337967,
0.0004780759918503463,
-0.005030123982578516,
0.02074059285223484,
-0.013682916760444641,
-0.06191173195838928,
0.05404629930853844,
0.04275401681661606,
-0.0036634644493460655,
0.007539066951721907,
-0.055580221116542816,
0.0077593643218278885,
-0.041579097509384155,
-0.060899995267391205,
-0.011887901462614536,
-0.00685369735583663,
-0.028295978903770447,
0.014939428307116032,
-0.03286511078476906,
-0.023579981178045273,
0.05747314542531967,
-0.006714991293847561,
-0.010109202936291695,
-0.025766637176275253,
0.04249292239546776,
0.035280223935842514,
-0.023318888619542122,
-0.012948592193424702,
0.003946995362639427,
-0.00010549543367233127,
0.011390192434191704,
-0.0010617111111059785,
-0.0066782752983272076,
-0.0008985278545878828,
-0.014531469903886318,
0.0027822747360914946,
-0.006572206038981676,
0.023710528388619423,
0.002702722791582346,
0.016922105103731155,
0.030515270307660103,
0.006910811178386211,
-0.03404003009200096,
-0.010965915396809578,
0.03196760267019272,
0.051859643310308456,
0.002947497647255659,
-0.015192362479865551,
-0.005242262501269579,
-0.010557956993579865,
0.005352410953491926,
-0.0038674434181302786,
-0.020626364275813103,
0.02118118852376938,
-0.047355782240629196,
-0.025799274444580078,
-0.053850479423999786,
-0.03151068836450577,
-0.00457729073241353,
-0.00253546005114913,
-0.019924676045775414,
-0.008942442946135998,
0.04817169904708862,
-0.01332391332834959,
0.029683036729693413,
0.0166202150285244,
-0.022323470562696457,
-0.005478878039866686,
-0.003004611935466528,
-0.02575032040476799,
0.043439384549856186,
-0.016465190798044205,
0.012671181000769138,
0.017901204526424408,
-0.031820736825466156,
0.009219854138791561,
0.04108954593539238,
0.0016522306250408292,
-0.04627877473831177,
-0.021801283583045006,
0.029356669634580612,
0.01210819836705923,
0.03036840632557869,
0.06553439795970917,
-0.010035770945250988,
0.01312809344381094,
-0.017738021910190582,
0.010712981224060059,
-0.03304461017251015,
0.013307595625519753,
0.011765513569116592,
-0.010884324088692665,
-0.0018164337379857898,
0.01901085115969181,
0.035149674862623215,
-0.010525320656597614,
0.021915512159466743,
0.02671310119330883,
0.019826766103506088,
-0.0008062273263931274,
-0.054731667041778564,
-0.052871380001306534,
-0.05221864581108093,
0.05496012419462204,
0.006947527639567852,
-0.050358355045318604,
0.020822184160351753,
-0.00320247164927423,
0.026435690000653267,
0.030090995132923126,
-0.013389186933636665,
-0.00288018467836082,
0.018635528162121773,
-0.018570255488157272,
-0.03235924243927002,
-0.0405999980866909,
0.02028368040919304,
-0.04001253843307495,
-0.03462748974561691,
-0.0014492713380604982,
-0.004124457016587257,
0.0006629319977946579,
-0.022388745099306107,
0.001220814767293632,
0.06579549610614777,
-0.002831229707226157,
0.033876847475767136,
-0.034007392823696136,
-0.004393709357827902,
-0.03583504632115364,
-0.003561474848538637,
0.06054099276661873,
0.01759115606546402,
0.053067199885845184,
-0.005654300097376108,
0.03293038159608841,
-0.004126497078686953,
-0.018260207027196884,
0.08968552201986313,
-0.012532474473118782,
0.001252431538887322,
0.023531027138233185,
-0.05655932053923607,
-0.02317202463746071,
-0.006021462380886078,
-0.03087427467107773,
-0.013413664884865284,
0.017248472198843956,
0.02490176633000374,
-0.004097939934581518,
0.017901204526424408,
-0.02207869663834572,
-0.021328052505850792,
-0.04520176351070404,
-0.006870015524327755,
0.02529340609908104,
-0.05355674773454666,
-0.04758423939347267,
0.02189919352531433,
-0.000035409495467320085,
0.01280988659709692,
0.01599195972084999,
-0.022356107831001282,
-0.03544340655207634,
-0.01785224862396717,
0.024885447695851326,
-0.005625742953270674,
-0.006580365356057882,
0.010892483405768871,
0.01435196865350008,
-0.020071541890501976,
0.022437699139118195,
0.03332202136516571,
-0.02093641273677349,
-0.0018296923954039812,
0.035345494747161865,
-0.007282053120434284,
-0.026990512385964394,
0.03224501386284828,
0.02021840587258339,
0.005001567304134369,
-0.01798279583454132,
0.0020336713641881943,
0.022111332044005394,
0.016138825565576553,
0.003594111418351531,
-0.020887458696961403,
0.028981348499655724,
0.004720075987279415,
-0.039522986859083176,
0.024232715368270874,
0.033681027591228485,
0.02857339009642601,
-0.00789806991815567,
0.07734886556863785,
-0.0011127059115096927,
-0.021784966811537743,
-0.041448548436164856,
0.03299565613269806,
0.024297988042235374,
-0.01848866418004036,
0.0020336713641881943,
0.00902403425425291,
-0.0485307052731514,
-0.006074497010558844,
-0.026158276945352554,
-0.030286815017461777,
0.03231028839945793,
-0.060508355498313904,
0.013274958357214928,
-0.012173471972346306,
0.02054477296769619,
0.02715369500219822
] |
Integrating the brain structural and functional connectivity features is of
great significance in both exploring brain science and analyzing cognitive
impairment clinically. However, it remains a challenge to effectively fuse
structural and functional features in exploring the brain network. In this
paper, a novel brain structure-function fusing-representation learning (BSFL)
model is proposed to effectively learn fused representation from diffusion
tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) analysis. Specifically, the
decomposition-fusion framework is developed to first decompose the feature
space into the union of the uniform and the unique spaces for each modality,
and then adaptively fuse the decomposed features to learn MCI-related
representation. Moreover, a knowledge-aware transformer module is designed to
automatically capture local and global connectivity features throughout the
brain. Also, a uniform-unique contrastive loss is further devised to make the
decomposition more effective and enhance the complementarity of structural and
functional features. The extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed
model achieves better performance than other competitive methods in predicting
and analyzing MCI. More importantly, the proposed model could be a potential
tool for reconstructing unified brain networks and predicting abnormal
connections during the degenerative processes in MCI. | [
0.020092999562621117,
0.007438610307872295,
-0.03257236257195473,
-0.025956373661756516,
0.04018599912524223,
-0.05327795073390007,
0.00698354234918952,
0.011656739749014378,
0.01858777366578579,
0.03619540110230446,
0.008213100954890251,
-0.012251828797161579,
0.05159769952297211,
0.00774053018540144,
-0.003185475477948785,
0.026393938809633255,
0.03257236257195473,
0.012803160585463047,
0.004134992137551308,
-0.04316144064068794,
0.0008330149576067924,
0.005968390963971615,
0.015279781073331833,
-0.001203304622322321,
-0.023908568546175957,
0.031049635261297226,
0.02357601933181286,
-0.010554075241088867,
-0.010886624455451965,
0.06514472514390945,
0.033885058015584946,
0.007508620619773865,
-0.010186520405113697,
-0.07281086593866348,
-0.05422309413552284,
-0.013564524240791798,
0.03307993710041046,
0.048167187720537186,
0.0239785797894001,
0.042776383459568024,
0.033044930547475815,
-0.03572283312678337,
-0.010379048995673656,
-0.02177324891090393,
0.05061755329370499,
-0.05891379341483116,
-0.10123510658740997,
-0.02945689670741558,
0.014290883205831051,
0.004581308923661709,
-0.01521852146834135,
-0.016741247847676277,
0.016032392159104347,
-0.0010321071604266763,
-0.0055702063255012035,
0.07400104403495789,
0.09584430605173111,
0.033482495695352554,
0.06325443834066391,
0.014912225306034088,
-0.03188975900411606,
-0.005228905472904444,
-0.005845872685313225,
-0.04260135814547539,
0.03169723227620125,
-0.005732105579227209,
0.0112279262393713,
-0.012050548568367958,
0.009013845585286617,
-0.0023672282695770264,
-0.07484117150306702,
-0.009022596292197704,
-0.00005975501335342415,
-0.04340647906064987,
0.003548654727637768,
0.013153213076293468,
0.021108150482177734,
0.07610135525465012,
0.01550731435418129,
-0.02005799300968647,
0.08877325057983398,
0.06626489013433456,
-0.019165361300110817,
0.05625339597463608,
0.017458856105804443,
-0.011044148355722427,
-0.042146291583776474,
-0.05772361531853676,
0.04197126626968384,
0.05156269669532776,
-0.040921106934547424,
-0.03609038516879082,
0.028844304382801056,
0.02886180765926838,
0.012365595437586308,
-0.0341125912964344,
0.000844501075334847,
0.034812696278095245,
-0.07365099340677261,
-0.051247648894786835,
-0.022368337959051132,
0.005718978587538004,
-0.00874693039804697,
0.03264237195253372,
0.021545715630054474,
-0.020145507529377937,
0.03910083696246147,
-0.002966692904010415,
0.002203141339123249,
0.1413511037826538,
-0.0590188093483448,
0.009608934633433819,
-0.017283828929066658,
0.01110540796071291,
0.06066405400633812,
-0.018972832709550858,
-0.05422309413552284,
0.009092607535421848,
0.03654545545578003,
-0.06423458456993103,
0.022368337959051132,
0.044246602803468704,
-0.0479571595788002,
0.03619540110230446,
-0.04592685401439667,
0.09073354303836823,
-0.01291692815721035,
-0.014010841026902199,
-0.016469959169626236,
0.07085057348012924,
-0.03267737850546837,
0.014439655467867851,
-0.014929728582501411,
-0.010571577586233616,
0.005815242882817984,
-0.017511364072561264,
-0.006620363332331181,
0.018027691170573235,
-0.008751305751502514,
-0.052122779190540314,
0.0375606045126915,
-0.02637643739581108,
-0.032029781490564346,
0.04834221675992012,
0.0492173470556736,
0.016146160662174225,
-0.007933058775961399,
0.06318443268537521,
0.023646028712391853,
0.016277428716421127,
-0.03346499428153038,
0.07883176952600479,
0.013975836336612701,
0.014054597355425358,
0.061959248036146164,
0.008633163757622242,
0.02730407565832138,
-0.008493142202496529,
-0.0021714179310947657,
-0.06262435019016266,
0.054923199117183685,
0.017423851415514946,
0.019952978938817978,
0.017756400629878044,
0.04701201617717743,
0.0006962757906876504,
-0.048797283321619034,
0.044211599975824356,
-0.02994696982204914,
0.0652497410774231,
-0.06188923865556717,
0.05978892371058464,
-0.0034151971340179443,
0.052577849477529526,
0.0007214358192868531,
0.022193312644958496,
0.06248432770371437,
-0.04354649782180786,
-0.03829571604728699,
0.04316144064068794,
-0.03293991833925247,
-0.016312435269355774,
0.027531608939170837,
0.017397597432136536,
0.043721526861190796,
0.02191327139735222,
0.04505172371864319,
0.041026122868061066,
-0.009547675028443336,
-0.05278787761926651,
0.05852873623371124,
0.017502611503005028,
0.06689498573541641,
-0.034077584743499756,
0.03321995958685875,
0.0012087741633877158,
-0.011490465141832829,
0.007709900848567486,
-0.0009927263017743826,
-0.016644984483718872,
-0.009486416354775429,
-0.008418756537139416,
0.006808516103774309,
0.005753983743488789,
-0.01853526569902897,
-0.03293991833925247,
0.04057105630636215,
-0.055168233811855316,
-0.03276488929986954,
-0.01252311933785677,
-0.0013334802351891994,
-0.023523511365056038,
-0.01073785312473774,
-0.00428595207631588,
0.0018137082224711776,
0.023015934973955154,
0.0011901776306331158,
-0.02964942529797554,
0.0031482824124395847,
0.021248171105980873,
0.02133568376302719,
0.037945665419101715,
0.038820795714855194,
-0.028739290311932564,
-0.007460488472133875,
0.015419801697134972,
0.024503657594323158,
0.00666411966085434,
0.009530172683298588,
-0.0030388911254704,
-0.01264563761651516,
0.03409508988261223,
0.024503657594323158,
0.014299633912742138,
0.022350836545228958,
-0.03752560168504715,
0.038190700113773346,
-0.12097805738449097,
-0.029141848906874657,
-0.007438610307872295,
-0.02250836044549942,
-0.010527821257710457,
0.008856321685016155,
0.0042159417644143105,
0.053102925419807434,
0.013704545795917511,
-0.030787095427513123,
0.05551828816533089,
0.03434012457728386,
0.05058255046606064,
0.04379153624176979,
-0.022385841235518456,
0.039415884763002396,
0.035005223006010056,
-0.016644984483718872,
0.004266261588782072,
0.004303454887121916,
0.00013325230975169688,
0.008221852593123913,
-0.004760710522532463,
0.07029049098491669,
0.0022447099909186363,
0.0024897465482354164,
0.024976227432489395,
0.04578683525323868,
0.019550418481230736,
0.042251307517290115,
-0.013520767912268639,
0.047187041491270065,
-0.016286181285977364,
-0.031819749623537064,
-0.011604231782257557,
-0.007919931784272194,
-0.04158620536327362,
0.013932079076766968,
-0.04260135814547539,
-0.007801789324730635,
-0.01369579415768385,
-0.008029323071241379,
0.023961076512932777,
0.0242761243134737,
0.03188975900411606,
0.01095663569867611,
0.02711154706776142,
-0.05488819256424904,
-0.00344363902695477,
0.016093652695417404,
-0.01208555418998003,
-0.03812069073319435,
-0.016443705186247826,
-0.017458856105804443,
0.002284090965986252,
-0.04540177807211876,
-0.023400992155075073,
0.02602638490498066,
0.0012733150506392121,
0.0062965648248791695,
-0.031924765557050705,
-0.012540621683001518,
-0.016828762367367744,
0.007797413971275091,
-0.024083593860268593,
0.01878030225634575,
0.009670193307101727,
-0.008563153445720673,
0.0510726235806942,
0.02319096215069294,
0.07484117150306702,
-0.01095663569867611,
-0.062659353017807,
-0.029824450612068176,
0.044736675918102264,
-0.05754859000444412,
0.004301267210394144,
-0.015034744516015053,
0.03654545545578003,
0.022665882483124733,
-0.03307993710041046,
-0.0295094046741724,
-0.022595873102545738,
-0.04193625971674919,
-0.031924765557050705,
-0.08177220821380615,
0.023523511365056038,
0.025308776646852493,
-0.025903865694999695,
0.016531217843294144,
0.06003396213054657,
0.018412748351693153,
0.027286572381854057,
-0.018482759594917297,
-0.010632837191224098,
-0.039065830409526825,
0.0071279387921094894,
-0.03575783595442772,
0.037595611065626144,
-0.021318182349205017,
0.0547831766307354,
-0.023155955597758293,
-0.03276488929986954,
0.033289968967437744,
-0.02763662487268448,
-0.06612487137317657,
0.00879068672657013,
-0.005837121047079563,
-0.0055089471861720085,
-0.02357601933181286,
-0.005338296759873629,
0.04099112004041672,
-0.0227533970028162,
0.000811683654319495,
-0.028581766411662102,
-0.046311911195516586,
0.0080818310379982,
0.018850313499569893,
-0.031732235103845596,
-0.01261938363313675,
-0.0323273241519928,
-0.014719696715474129,
-0.00036181180621497333,
0.008370623923838139,
-0.10613584518432617,
-0.020215516909956932,
-0.010317790322005749,
-0.060594044625759125,
-0.040536049753427505,
-0.018412748351693153,
-0.01389707438647747,
0.009442659094929695,
0.021895768120884895,
-0.009888975881040096,
0.08926331996917725,
0.013240726664662361,
-0.006650992669165134,
-0.03371003270149231,
-0.04876227676868439,
0.01638244464993477,
-0.0028004180639982224,
0.01923537068068981,
0.061959248036146164,
-0.01684626378118992,
-0.022438349202275276,
-0.00382213294506073,
-0.01893782615661621,
-0.021195663139224052,
0.004441287834197283,
-0.033832550048828125,
0.019882967695593834,
-0.027829153463244438,
0.04270637407898903,
0.008563153445720673,
-0.056148380041122437,
0.022665882483124733,
-0.03983594477176666,
0.07428108900785446,
-0.007005420513451099,
-0.02299843356013298,
-0.019007837399840355,
0.010352795012295246,
-0.01046656258404255,
-0.024346133694052696,
0.0009128706296905875,
-0.0008691140683367848,
-0.021808255463838577,
-0.01825522445142269,
-0.0027763519901782274,
-0.022175809368491173,
-0.00756987975910306,
0.010869122110307217,
0.002212986582890153,
0.003500522579997778,
-0.04057105630636215,
0.017703892663121223,
-0.024328630417585373,
-0.023120950907468796,
-0.026796499267220497,
-0.026061389595270157,
-0.0331849530339241,
-0.019935475662350655,
-0.04113113880157471,
-0.0014494351344183087,
-0.007469239644706249,
0.08156217634677887,
0.040781088173389435,
-0.006721002981066704,
0.029526907950639725,
-0.015874870121479034,
-0.019462905824184418,
-0.018727796152234077,
0.012540621683001518,
0.013914576731622219,
-0.014220872893929482,
-0.004220317583531141,
-0.004401906859129667,
-0.031539708375930786,
-0.000010990410373779014,
0.0243111290037632,
-0.013056948781013489,
-0.06601985543966293,
0.00840562954545021,
0.01967293582856655,
-0.0279866773635149,
-0.027321577072143555,
-0.05103761702775955,
-0.03281739726662636,
-0.0050932602025568485,
0.02823171392083168,
0.00044194096699357033,
-0.03605538234114647,
-0.021790752187371254,
-0.06563479453325272,
0.039065830409526825,
-0.06777011603116989,
-0.04309143126010895,
0.012164315208792686,
-0.014719696715474129,
-0.026481453329324722,
-0.0242761243134737,
0.033885058015584946,
-0.042251307517290115,
0.03414759784936905,
0.03474268689751625,
0.004069357179105282,
-0.03399007394909859,
-0.0028244841378182173,
0.01049281656742096,
-0.042146291583776474,
-0.018972832709550858,
-0.02935188077390194,
0.021353187039494514,
0.01646120660007,
0.017012538388371468,
0.023260971531271935,
0.0313996858894825,
-0.000046320390538312495,
0.0239785797894001,
0.012514367699623108,
-0.06850522756576538,
0.025273771956562996,
0.01962042786180973,
0.01340700127184391,
0.03703552857041359,
0.0406060591340065,
-0.008436258882284164,
-0.020320532843470573,
0.006042777094990015,
-0.0008379375794902444,
0.055308256298303604,
-0.011945532634854317,
-0.016662487760186195,
0.025203762575984,
-0.058388713747262955,
0.03484770283102989,
-0.0025269396137446165,
0.015708595514297485,
-0.050407525151968,
0.002863864880055189,
0.002354101277887821,
0.03239733725786209,
0.012146812863647938,
0.04221630096435547,
0.029666928574442863,
0.01328448299318552,
0.02945689670741558,
-0.01635619066655636,
0.004922609776258469,
-0.02109064720571041,
0.008655041456222534,
-0.01303944643586874,
0.0123043367639184,
-0.008655041456222534,
0.030419539660215378,
0.053943052887916565,
-0.050477534532547,
-0.005749608390033245,
0.00335831381380558,
0.009582680650055408,
-0.01086037140339613,
-0.018465256318449974,
0.019987983629107475,
0.006931034382432699,
0.04956739768385887,
-0.006156543735414743,
0.03969592601060867,
-0.0406060591340065,
-0.010877873748540878,
0.04494670778512955,
-0.0015435116365551949,
0.06248432770371437,
-0.05709352344274521,
-0.03572283312678337,
0.01634743995964527,
0.007136690430343151,
-0.018307732418179512,
0.009372648783028126,
0.02929937280714512,
0.042496342211961746,
-0.02880929969251156,
-0.006847897078841925,
-0.04309143126010895,
-0.007040425669401884,
0.045331764966249466,
-0.02975444123148918,
-0.00844938587397337,
0.0026341432239860296,
0.03442763909697533,
0.06353448331356049,
-0.0633944645524025,
-0.02686651051044464,
0.001943883835338056,
0.01902533881366253,
-0.011577977798879147,
-0.0004487779224291444,
-0.014658438041806221,
-0.012050548568367958,
-0.003703990252688527,
0.028511755168437958,
-0.023891065269708633,
-0.030367031693458557,
0.008956962265074253,
-0.0004080296494066715,
-0.030454546213150024,
-0.009390151128172874,
0.0031570338178426027,
0.017135057598352432,
-0.030174503102898598,
-0.002933875424787402,
0.01976044848561287,
0.02754911221563816,
0.040291015058755875,
-0.016504963859915733,
-0.006305315997451544,
-0.022595873102545738,
0.014124608598649502,
0.0026822753716260195,
0.028931818902492523,
0.028214210644364357,
-0.0031810998916625977,
0.05110762640833855,
0.016251174733042717,
0.016181165352463722,
-0.014500914141535759,
0.015594827942550182,
0.040045976638793945,
0.007298589218407869,
-0.02436363697052002,
-0.019550418481230736,
-0.06318443268537521,
0.013240726664662361,
-0.009083855897188187,
0.048412226140499115,
0.022788401693105698,
0.05110762640833855,
-0.00801182072609663,
0.0005217966390773654,
0.004218129441142082,
-0.00010022980131907389,
-0.06629989296197891,
0.026096394285559654,
-0.03668547421693802,
0.010571577586233616,
0.030857104808092117,
0.043616510927677155,
0.007263584062457085,
0.02005799300968647,
-0.00690915621817112,
0.0004331896489020437,
-0.010912878438830376,
0.013301985338330269,
0.022578369826078415,
0.019795455038547516,
0.01550731435418129,
0.023663531988859177,
-0.01494723092764616,
0.016399947926402092,
0.02809169329702854,
0.010317790322005749,
0.0069747911766171455,
0.035442791879177094,
-0.039310868829488754,
0.04764211177825928,
0.007508620619773865,
0.09584430605173111,
0.029124347493052483,
-0.0027763519901782274,
-0.01343325525522232,
-0.015979884192347527,
-0.007911181077361107,
-0.028319226577878,
-0.01272439956665039,
0.022280825302004814,
0.021650731563568115,
-0.007814916782081127,
0.002605701331049204,
0.019987983629107475,
-0.008217476308345795,
0.0019690438639372587,
0.013415751978754997,
-0.028021682053804398,
0.03288741037249565,
-0.054538141936063766,
0.030262017622590065,
-0.01858777366578579,
-0.017598876729607582,
-0.0035727208014577627,
-0.006112787406891584,
-0.02201828733086586,
0.019742947071790695,
0.07001044601202011,
0.03330747038125992,
-0.05128265544772148,
0.004935736767947674,
0.01730133220553398,
0.04309143126010895,
-0.002443802310153842,
-0.013004440814256668,
-0.017205068841576576,
0.003806818276643753,
0.00810808502137661,
-0.00590713182464242,
0.01580485887825489,
0.014413401484489441,
0.008191222324967384,
0.04722204804420471,
-0.0022797153797000647,
-0.03430512174963951,
-0.008926331996917725,
-0.01869278959929943,
0.015087251551449299,
0.009013845585286617,
-0.029334377497434616,
-0.027094043791294098,
-0.07904179394245148,
0.006414707284420729,
0.03423510864377022,
-0.0639195367693901,
-0.021615726873278618,
0.01771264337003231,
-0.016154911369085312,
-0.07736154645681381,
-0.05730355158448219,
-0.01776515133678913,
-0.04771212115883827,
-0.02333098277449608,
-0.002750098006799817,
0.013442005962133408,
0.008851946331560612,
0.019532915204763412,
-0.04260135814547539,
0.01083411742001772,
0.002371604088693857,
-0.026201410219073296,
0.01907784678041935,
-0.01869278959929943,
0.03341248631477356,
0.01519226748496294,
-0.07778161019086838,
0.020092999562621117,
0.04568181931972504,
0.026306426152586937,
0.005141392350196838,
-0.013118208386003971,
0.014448406174778938,
-0.016303682699799538,
0.00015875416283961385,
0.02651645801961422,
0.03551280125975609,
-0.00683914590626955,
-0.02935188077390194,
-0.024048589169979095,
-0.0071891979314386845,
-0.006624738685786724,
0.0014352141879498959,
-0.027426593005657196,
0.010011494159698486,
0.052227795124053955,
-0.005268286447972059,
0.0144571578130126,
-0.0017907359870150685,
0.02656896598637104,
-0.009923981502652168,
-0.011761755682528019,
0.006804140750318766,
-0.05191274732351303,
0.00512389000505209,
0.023838557302951813,
0.015979884192347527,
0.015201019123196602,
-0.03365752473473549,
-0.0020259274169802666,
0.025711337104439735,
-0.02474869415163994,
0.0003464970213826746,
-0.0016025829827412963,
-0.010046499781310558,
-0.008641914464533329,
0.0020773413125425577,
0.05030250921845436,
0.0060646552592515945,
-0.028511755168437958,
0.0243111290037632,
-0.001491003786213696,
-0.02842424251139164,
-0.019725443795323372,
-0.002778539666905999,
0.05817868188023567,
-0.035197753459215164,
0.024538662284612656,
-0.019777951762080193,
0.017511364072561264,
0.029439393430948257,
0.01345075760036707,
0.06920532882213593,
-0.0010414054850116372,
-0.02534378319978714,
0.015813609585165977,
0.03406008332967758,
-0.02994696982204914,
-0.0017010351875796914,
-0.016504963859915733,
-0.03467267379164696,
-0.009180120192468166,
0.03707053139805794,
0.11243677884340286,
0.012216823175549507,
-0.004603187087923288,
-0.017318835482001305,
-0.01976044848561287,
-0.0029382510110735893,
-0.014194618910551071,
0.019777951762080193,
0.025553813204169273,
0.08212225884199142,
-0.032957419753074646,
-0.0124531090259552,
-0.014570924453437328,
0.024503657594323158,
-0.009950235486030579,
0.000012682557098742109,
0.03575783595442772,
0.015629833564162254,
0.03472518175840378,
-0.014439655467867851,
0.028109194710850716,
-0.01869278959929943,
0.010037748143076897,
0.013021944090723991,
-0.03027951903641224,
0.013547021895647049,
0.01853526569902897,
-0.009381400421261787,
-0.015201019123196602,
0.0037871277891099453,
0.00042635269346646965,
0.06640490889549255,
0.010186520405113697,
-0.012286833487451077,
0.03092711605131626,
-0.015008490532636642,
0.0076398905366659164,
-0.018622780218720436,
-0.05366300791501999,
-0.02060057409107685,
-0.021405695006251335,
-0.0070185475051403046,
-0.01548106037080288,
-0.02544879913330078,
-0.012251828797161579,
0.00013838002632837743,
-0.009871473535895348,
-0.014395899139344692,
-0.02284090965986252,
0.0209331251680851,
0.004870101809501648,
0.01416836492717266,
-0.020145507529377937,
-0.035302769392728806,
-0.009092607535421848,
-0.0332549624145031,
-0.019217869266867638,
-0.007232954725623131,
-0.01670624315738678,
0.008230603300035,
-0.032012276351451874,
-0.03248484805226326,
-0.052962906658649445,
0.041411180049180984,
0.020950626581907272,
0.024818703532218933,
-0.04155120253562927,
0.025081243366003036,
-0.02373354323208332,
-0.03463767096400261,
0.01144670881330967,
-0.005758359562605619,
0.09416405111551285,
0.024206113070249557,
0.006209051702171564,
0.03024451434612274,
0.015656087547540665,
-0.00676475977525115,
-0.005618338473141193,
-0.0064015802927315235,
0.0033276842441409826,
-0.018325235694646835,
0.011429205536842346,
0.018972832709550858,
-0.0030323276296257973,
0.03693051263689995,
0.022980930283665657,
-0.00045588836655952036,
0.002382543170824647,
0.024591170251369476,
-0.012873171828687191,
0.02422361634671688,
0.017887670546770096,
-0.009197622537612915,
-0.026096394285559654,
-0.021020637825131416,
0.01782641001045704,
0.06938035786151886,
-0.025308776646852493,
-0.0010025715455412865,
0.00651972321793437,
-0.003349562408402562,
-0.004668822046369314,
-0.032362330704927444,
0.02313845418393612,
-0.014194618910551071,
-0.02403108775615692,
0.009372648783028126,
-0.040921106934547424,
0.025956373661756516,
0.07004545629024506,
-0.02299843356013298,
-0.04295141249895096,
-0.01372204814106226,
0.007591757923364639,
0.01719631627202034,
-0.015419801697134972,
0.02896682359278202,
-0.010571577586233616,
0.022910919040441513,
0.012444357387721539,
0.020723093301057816,
-0.02641144208610058,
-0.01732758618891239,
-0.04417659342288971,
-0.011656739749014378,
-0.06360449641942978,
-0.03847074136137962,
0.03455015644431114,
0.012313087470829487,
-0.04221630096435547,
0.030752090737223625,
0.03885579854249954,
-0.022000784054398537,
0.004038727842271328,
0.0010031184647232294,
-0.0322573147714138,
0.017485110089182854,
-0.07116562128067017,
0.01732758618891239,
-0.009818965569138527,
0.010641587898135185,
0.02667398191988468,
-0.030051985755562782,
-0.04403657466173172,
-0.016531217843294144,
0.006099660415202379,
0.00683914590626955,
-0.00009783686982700601,
0.006585357710719109,
-0.013424503616988659,
0.02970193326473236,
0.019410397857427597,
-0.04032601788640022,
-0.0400109738111496,
0.027426593005657196,
0.03164472430944443,
0.02569383569061756,
0.03626541420817375,
0.006265935022383928,
0.02089811861515045,
-0.018167711794376373,
0.01801018789410591,
-0.03469017893075943,
-0.004699451383203268,
0.0498124361038208,
0.009145114570856094,
-0.05660345032811165,
0.05943887308239937,
0.04848223552107811,
0.022910919040441513,
0.009880224242806435,
-0.031032131984829903,
-0.01058908086270094,
-0.010221526026725769,
-0.0037389956414699554,
-0.03332497552037239,
-0.03602037578821182,
-0.01815020851790905,
-0.004331896547228098,
0.027094043791294098,
-0.009101358242332935,
-0.0387507826089859,
0.01621617004275322,
-0.012785658240318298,
0.0022994056344032288,
0.041516195982694626,
-0.020040491595864296,
0.010947884060442448,
-0.009302638471126556,
-0.02719905972480774,
0.004371277522295713,
-0.03223981335759163,
-0.030419539660215378,
0.0017349465051665902,
-0.017695141956210136,
0.0007367506041191518,
0.009915229864418507,
0.037945665419101715,
0.001283160294406116,
-0.00889570266008377,
0.006082157604396343,
0.02403108775615692,
0.01073785312473774,
-0.01942789927124977,
-0.05324294790625572,
0.021545715630054474,
0.0270590391010046,
-0.03602037578821182,
0.02964942529797554,
-0.018517764285206795,
0.02079310268163681,
-0.01543730404227972,
0.006979166530072689,
-0.0029010579455643892,
0.0035136493388563395,
0.025798849761486053,
0.0008565341122448444,
0.015612330287694931,
0.06826018542051315,
-0.010659091174602509,
0.015936128795146942,
-0.039450887590646744,
0.0252387672662735,
-0.004603187087923288,
-0.022613374516367912,
-0.007937435060739517,
-0.011114158667623997,
-0.003979656379669905,
0.019165361300110817,
-0.024783698841929436,
-0.09633437544107437,
0.019340386614203453,
-0.027724137529730797,
-0.030647074803709984,
0.03640543296933174,
0.045331764966249466,
-0.02476619742810726,
0.00620030052959919,
0.011411703191697598,
0.035687826573848724,
-0.019935475662350655,
0.01242685504257679,
0.005425809882581234,
0.04162121191620827,
-0.018307732418179512,
0.050372518599033356,
0.032904911786317825,
0.01564733497798443,
-0.021790752187371254,
0.002292842138558626,
-0.02823171392083168,
-0.057513583451509476,
-0.060349006205797195,
0.008987591601908207,
0.019655434414744377,
-0.03959091007709503,
0.019970480352640152,
-0.006756008602678776,
-0.0035836598835885525,
-0.026393938809633255
] |
In this paper we present a novel solution that combines the capabilities of
Large Language Models (LLMs) with Formal Verification strategies to verify and
automatically repair software vulnerabilities. Initially, we employ Bounded
Model Checking (BMC) to locate the software vulnerability and derive a
counterexample. The counterexample provides evidence that the system behaves
incorrectly or contains a vulnerability. The counterexample that has been
detected, along with the source code, are provided to the LLM engine. Our
approach involves establishing a specialized prompt language for conducting
code debugging and generation to understand the vulnerability's root cause and
repair the code. Finally, we use BMC to verify the corrected version of the
code generated by the LLM. As a proof of concept, we create ESBMC-AI based on
the Efficient SMT-based Context-Bounded Model Checker (ESBMC) and a pre-trained
Transformer model, specifically gpt-3.5-turbo, to detect and fix errors in C
programs. Our experimentation involved generating a dataset comprising 1000 C
code samples, each consisting of 20 to 50 lines of code. Notably, our proposed
method achieved an impressive success rate of up to 80% in repairing vulnerable
code encompassing buffer overflow and pointer dereference failures. We assert
that this automated approach can effectively incorporate into the software
development lifecycle's continuous integration and deployment (CI/CD) process. | [
-0.019362283870577812,
0.029416125267744064,
-0.026489058509469032,
-0.0339067205786705,
0.051050975918769836,
0.04163345322012901,
-0.059014055877923965,
0.04028809443116188,
-0.015435284934937954,
0.0445423424243927,
0.02336200326681137,
-0.055014338344335556,
-0.009172086603939533,
-0.0033565836492925882,
-0.005685966461896896,
0.0419607050716877,
0.009444794617593288,
-0.035215720534324646,
-0.019725894555449486,
-0.051487311720848083,
-0.02612544782459736,
0.013417243957519531,
-0.03919726237654686,
0.08137612789869308,
0.02376197651028633,
0.008790294639766216,
0.02098035253584385,
-0.011944619938731194,
-0.016626110300421715,
0.03548843041062355,
0.04334242641925812,
0.01675337553024292,
-0.056941475719213486,
-0.044215090572834015,
0.018444165587425232,
-0.04221523180603981,
0.010726522654294968,
0.051196422427892685,
-0.031070556491613388,
0.04632403701543808,
0.002915705321356654,
-0.0563233382999897,
0.011608279310166836,
-0.001889640698209405,
0.012280959635972977,
0.02483462728559971,
0.01798965223133564,
-0.07123138755559921,
-0.03163415193557739,
0.0005857545183971524,
-0.0128627372905612,
0.0062677436508238316,
0.05443255975842476,
-0.0537416972219944,
0.009581148624420166,
0.01769876293838024,
0.030670583248138428,
0.02078036591410637,
0.08384868502616882,
-0.053523533046245575,
0.018171457573771477,
0.027634432539343834,
0.01155373826622963,
-0.011971890926361084,
0.02454373985528946,
-0.0128627372905612,
0.0036338369827717543,
0.0030975108966231346,
0.017280610278248787,
0.008517586626112461,
-0.06279560923576355,
-0.02879798784852028,
-0.02147122658789158,
0.0036224741488695145,
0.04305153712630272,
0.02158031053841114,
0.003686106065288186,
0.0385063998401165,
-0.009535697288811207,
0.013044542632997036,
0.036797426640987396,
0.023380184546113014,
-0.029270682483911514,
0.031252361834049225,
0.03810642659664154,
-0.0505782850086689,
0.01629886031150818,
-0.0876302421092987,
0.030252430588006973,
-0.06075939163565636,
-0.007376756984740496,
-0.0025339138228446245,
-0.007304035127162933,
0.006426823791116476,
-0.019162297248840332,
0.013935389928519726,
-0.05799594521522522,
-0.018053283914923668,
-0.04279701039195061,
0.01669883355498314,
0.009081183932721615,
0.004826935473829508,
0.03730648383498192,
0.015817075967788696,
0.02592546120285988,
-0.03861548379063606,
-0.031343262642621994,
0.016489757224917412,
0.014698972925543785,
0.14449898898601532,
-0.046978533267974854,
-0.055159781128168106,
-0.013626320287585258,
-0.029088875278830528,
0.02696175128221512,
-0.02519823983311653,
0.004633767064660788,
-0.0712677463889122,
0.005917768459767103,
-0.05101461708545685,
0.0013010454131290317,
0.017716944217681885,
0.01848052628338337,
-0.03430669382214546,
-0.020071323961019516,
0.09177540242671967,
0.022289350628852844,
0.009217537939548492,
-0.015362562611699104,
0.026198169216513634,
-0.01499895192682743,
0.007994895800948143,
-0.003127054078504443,
-0.028143487870693207,
0.06512272357940674,
0.02247115597128868,
0.0023384729865938425,
0.005367806646972895,
0.011790085583925247,
-0.0017930564936250448,
-0.008599398657679558,
-0.014135375618934631,
0.012680931948125362,
0.0649409145116806,
0.0330522358417511,
-0.0031975037418305874,
-0.03152506798505783,
0.09003007411956787,
-0.05170547589659691,
-0.0072494931519031525,
-0.06814069300889969,
0.01885322853922844,
0.03232501447200775,
0.003840640652924776,
0.06704986095428467,
-0.00206917361356318,
0.008385777473449707,
0.061232082545757294,
-0.01432627160102129,
-0.01848052628338337,
0.0640682503581047,
-0.04276064783334732,
0.02696175128221512,
-0.006558632478117943,
0.014526257291436195,
-0.011635550297796726,
-0.027525348588824272,
0.0020475841592997313,
-0.08624851703643799,
0.051341865211725235,
0.015298930928111076,
0.01813509687781334,
-0.003722467226907611,
-0.022380253300070763,
-0.03483393043279648,
0.02287112921476364,
0.025470947846770287,
0.015298930928111076,
0.010890147648751736,
0.002418012823909521,
-0.03807006776332855,
0.011571918614208698,
0.02198028191924095,
0.02290748991072178,
0.03314313665032387,
0.030106985941529274,
0.030270611867308617,
0.010971960611641407,
0.04432417452335358,
-0.031306903809309006,
-0.05483253300189972,
-0.012626389972865582,
0.018298720940947533,
-0.030306972563266754,
-0.00232029240578413,
-0.01930774189531803,
-0.061632055789232254,
0.014562618918716908,
0.01138102263212204,
-0.013762674294412136,
0.019289560616016388,
-0.035161178559064865,
-0.037142857909202576,
-0.006676806136965752,
0.04385147988796234,
0.048869311809539795,
-0.0038838195614516735,
0.033579472452402115,
0.012371862307190895,
-0.026761766523122787,
-0.03196140378713608,
-0.0018419167026877403,
-0.04017901048064232,
-0.014417174272239208,
-0.005735962651669979,
-0.01994406059384346,
-0.06261380761861801,
0.026598140597343445,
-0.04796028509736061,
0.007004056125879288,
0.03577931597828865,
0.0198349766433239,
0.03150688856840134,
-0.04959653317928314,
-0.0370701365172863,
-0.030506959185004234,
0.02336200326681137,
-0.0135808689519763,
0.004054262302815914,
0.032488640397787094,
-0.03916089981794357,
0.03148870915174484,
0.008826656267046928,
0.008526677265763283,
0.030452417209744453,
-0.04316062107682228,
0.03721557930111885,
-0.038433678448200226,
-0.022634781897068024,
0.014626250602304935,
-0.021362142637372017,
-0.030706945806741714,
-0.02132578194141388,
-0.06912244111299515,
0.056396059691905975,
0.02816166914999485,
-0.02761625126004219,
0.039815399795770645,
-0.012971820309758186,
0.03474302589893341,
0.003713376820087433,
0.03221593052148819,
0.0017021538224071264,
0.04865114390850067,
-0.027979861944913864,
0.025070974603295326,
0.02158031053841114,
-0.035361163318157196,
0.0008675529970787466,
-0.0041610728949308395,
0.0023180197458714247,
-0.06221383437514305,
0.0035679324064403772,
0.022943850606679916,
-0.01153555791825056,
0.009608419612050056,
-0.01856233924627304,
0.0063813719898462296,
0.03296133130788803,
-0.025870919227600098,
0.02519823983311653,
-0.029016153886914253,
-0.021071255207061768,
-0.0015805714065209031,
0.030270611867308617,
-0.04814209043979645,
-0.02934340387582779,
0.06966786086559296,
-0.01842598430812359,
-0.021507587283849716,
0.028216209262609482,
-0.008649395778775215,
0.05865044519305229,
0.02534368261694908,
0.019016852602362633,
-0.10195650905370712,
-0.03930634260177612,
0.014753513969480991,
-0.06577721983194351,
-0.016907909885048866,
-0.03945178911089897,
0.02054401859641075,
-0.04628767445683479,
0.0054541644640266895,
0.04410601034760475,
0.00034798705019056797,
0.0022350710351020098,
0.014953500591218472,
-0.07439479976892471,
-0.007622194476425648,
-0.03956087306141853,
-0.02598000317811966,
0.010199286974966526,
0.01652611792087555,
-0.04032445326447487,
0.0014078561216592789,
0.02048947662115097,
0.010599259287118912,
-0.015344382263720036,
-0.005181455984711647,
0.035615693777799606,
-0.03514299914240837,
-0.03581567853689194,
0.006249563302844763,
0.013053633272647858,
0.055705197155475616,
-0.00021830860350746661,
-0.010281099937856197,
-0.0566142238676548,
0.013299070298671722,
0.01968953385949135,
-0.010362911969423294,
-0.11853717267513275,
0.0560324490070343,
0.028670724481344223,
-0.008481224998831749,
0.040906231850385666,
0.038579121232032776,
-0.038470037281513214,
-0.026343613862991333,
-0.0058450461365282536,
0.0006124572246335447,
-0.042142510414123535,
-0.05672330781817436,
0.001247640117071569,
-0.06497728079557419,
-0.038470037281513214,
0.07134047150611877,
-0.019562268629670143,
-0.0422515943646431,
-0.02359835058450699,
-0.03490665182471275,
-0.039269983768463135,
-0.009262989275157452,
-0.002244161441922188,
-0.04286973178386688,
0.018780505284667015,
-0.014789875596761703,
-0.041451647877693176,
-0.05774141848087311,
0.0010629938915371895,
0.010753793641924858,
0.03454304113984108,
0.0009112999541684985,
0.03934270516037941,
-0.0040633524768054485,
-0.013753584586083889,
-0.01061743963509798,
-0.03201594576239586,
0.03494301065802574,
0.031452346593141556,
-0.0738493874669075,
0.0015885253669694066,
0.02459828183054924,
0.0257254745811224,
-0.01620795764029026,
0.02008950524032116,
-0.008540311828255653,
0.02092581056058407,
-0.006158660631626844,
-0.01721697859466076,
0.11119222640991211,
0.059014055877923965,
0.01281728595495224,
-0.0006431368528865278,
-0.013426334597170353,
0.030906930565834045,
-0.009499335661530495,
0.034015804529190063,
0.05414167046546936,
-0.02370743453502655,
0.01234459225088358,
-0.02167121320962906,
-0.0005161571316421032,
-0.03603384643793106,
0.041887979954481125,
-0.0028384379111230373,
0.02178029529750347,
-0.0041769808158278465,
0.0054359836503863335,
0.0002866277063731104,
0.005804139655083418,
-0.042833369225263596,
-0.061595696955919266,
0.040215373039245605,
0.009981120936572552,
-0.04163345322012901,
-0.016662470996379852,
0.010026572272181511,
-0.06614083051681519,
0.00035622509312815964,
0.025052795186638832,
0.0066313548013567924,
0.02390741929411888,
-0.051741838455200195,
0.0038701840676367283,
0.014053563587367535,
-0.0024566464126110077,
-0.012471855618059635,
-0.0257254745811224,
0.023143837228417397,
-0.018053283914923668,
0.003645199816673994,
-0.013053633272647858,
0.0629410594701767,
-0.008963010273873806,
-0.004895112477242947,
-0.008431228809058666,
0.008067618124186993,
-0.009335711598396301,
0.03207048773765564,
0.020216768607497215,
0.03210684657096863,
0.019180478528141975,
0.0020725824870169163,
0.014289909973740578,
-0.022289350628852844,
0.05083281174302101,
-0.014071743935346603,
-0.045051395893096924,
0.03916089981794357,
0.00248618982732296,
-0.008681211620569229,
-0.02721627987921238,
-0.03414306789636612,
-0.043233342468738556,
0.022943850606679916,
-0.03539752587676048,
-0.04250612109899521,
0.006117754150182009,
0.0003462826134636998,
0.001628295285627246,
-0.01299000158905983,
-0.051741838455200195,
-0.10384728759527206,
-0.06959513574838638,
-0.009517516940832138,
-0.010681071318686008,
0.012599119916558266,
-0.045015037059783936,
-0.01418082695454359,
0.07606741040945053,
-0.105738066136837,
0.0023657437413930893,
0.0021532585378736258,
-0.028870709240436554,
-0.016853367909789085,
-0.024271031841635704,
0.03254317864775658,
-0.010581078939139843,
-0.008517586626112461,
0.053959865123033524,
-0.015280750580132008,
-0.004320152569562197,
-0.0031975037418305874,
0.025743655860424042,
-0.026616321876645088,
-0.030543319880962372,
0.012235508300364017,
0.0025020979810506105,
-0.0038065521512180567,
-0.00915390532463789,
0.05825047567486763,
-0.04796028509736061,
-0.006772254128009081,
-0.016598839312791824,
0.044760506600141525,
0.011135585606098175,
0.018944131210446358,
0.004981469828635454,
0.028634361922740936,
0.008181245997548103,
-0.019416823983192444,
-0.05017831176519394,
0.019016852602362633,
0.01001748163253069,
0.03745192661881447,
-0.024034684523940086,
0.014789875596761703,
-0.014989861287176609,
-0.03517935797572136,
-0.0283071119338274,
-0.013771764934062958,
-0.0471239797770977,
0.025470947846770287,
-0.017744215205311775,
-0.038033705204725266,
-0.00830396544188261,
0.050796449184417725,
0.03719739988446236,
-0.006285924464464188,
-0.01781693659722805,
-0.00997203029692173,
0.04988742247223854,
-0.0058268653228878975,
0.010571988299489021,
-0.06534089148044586,
-0.0030975108966231346,
0.011371932923793793,
0.023671073839068413,
0.00779490964487195,
-0.034761205315589905,
-0.021289421245455742,
-0.03052513860166073,
-0.005231452640146017,
-0.0011749179102480412,
0.030179709196090698,
-0.03503391519188881,
0.023343823850154877,
0.01781693659722805,
0.0321795679628849,
-0.0007971033919602633,
0.02419830858707428,
0.002079400233924389,
0.009126635268330574,
0.024289211258292198,
0.056286975741386414,
-0.007385847624391317,
0.009003915823996067,
-0.028834348544478416,
0.015298930928111076,
0.07064960896968842,
-0.050251033157110214,
-0.05577791854739189,
-0.023471087217330933,
-0.025052795186638832,
0.02667086385190487,
0.010417453944683075,
-0.044905953109264374,
0.02339836396276951,
-0.04457870125770569,
0.01910775527358055,
-0.016017062589526176,
0.037033773958683014,
-0.02048947662115097,
0.0005925722070969641,
0.042287953197956085,
0.0008561901631765068,
0.026216350495815277,
0.00023023958783596754,
-0.008094889111816883,
0.035615693777799606,
0.000970386725384742,
0.013962660916149616,
-0.013653591275215149,
-0.03641563653945923,
-0.009772044606506824,
-0.004986015148460865,
-0.00376791856251657,
-0.020725823938846588,
-0.03661562129855156,
0.014371722936630249,
-0.019162297248840332,
0.0023543809074908495,
0.013217258267104626,
-0.03579749912023544,
0.013571779243648052,
0.029652472585439682,
-0.024180129170417786,
0.009935669600963593,
-0.019634991884231567,
-0.015417104586958885,
0.016117054969072342,
-0.005326900631189346,
-0.01615341566503048,
0.02068946324288845,
-0.002352108247578144,
-0.027743516489863396,
-0.012617300264537334,
0.006313194986432791,
-0.06526816636323929,
-0.0511600598692894,
-0.010753793641924858,
0.036651983857154846,
0.02376197651028633,
0.009240263141691685,
-0.026089085265994072,
0.001437399536371231,
0.021162157878279686,
-0.029561569914221764,
-0.02147122658789158,
0.004981469828635454,
-0.01647157594561577,
-0.01870778389275074,
-0.001201052451506257,
0.010399273596704006,
0.04083351045846939,
-0.020016783848404884,
0.027943501248955727,
-0.01905321329832077,
-0.007604014128446579,
0.010581078939139843,
0.05745052918791771,
0.04265156388282776,
0.021216699853539467,
0.019489547237753868,
0.004926928319036961,
0.0009112999541684985,
0.0015589819522574544,
0.0255800299346447,
-0.003992902580648661,
-0.015208028256893158,
0.05675967037677765,
0.00253618648275733,
-0.011035592295229435,
-0.038979094475507736,
0.011935529299080372,
0.018098734319210052,
0.002085081534460187,
0.012853647582232952,
0.02468918450176716,
-0.03359765186905861,
0.025270961225032806,
-0.018116915598511696,
0.006672260817140341,
0.037051957100629807,
-0.018525978550314903,
-0.03697923198342323,
-0.0043406058102846146,
-0.013726313598453999,
-0.04632403701543808,
-0.00609957380220294,
-0.031452346593141556,
-0.03828823193907738,
-0.003313404740765691,
0.01628977060317993,
-0.005117824301123619,
0.03388854116201401,
-0.015026222914457321,
-0.016098875552415848,
-0.011835536919534206,
0.014453534968197346,
-0.01954408921301365,
0.09781134873628616,
-0.020416755229234695,
-0.013262709602713585,
0.035106636583805084,
0.03488847240805626,
0.05966855585575104,
0.02310747653245926,
-0.004749667830765247,
0.0064313686452806,
0.0385063998401165,
0.04839661717414856,
-0.04068806394934654,
0.01749877631664276,
0.023434726521372795,
0.01497168093919754,
0.010435634292662144,
-0.004199706483632326,
0.02003496326506138,
0.011071953922510147,
0.013935389928519726,
-0.015353472903370857,
0.004592861048877239,
-0.08377595990896225,
0.012562758289277554,
0.003270226065069437,
-0.023616531863808632,
0.05199636518955231,
-0.013526326976716518,
-0.049705617129802704,
-0.07723096758127213,
0.028470737859606743,
0.013826306909322739,
-0.037051957100629807,
0.021616671234369278,
0.06795888394117355,
-0.016798825934529305,
0.02494371123611927,
-0.04726942256093025,
0.02681630849838257,
-0.018635060638189316,
0.012662751600146294,
-0.015580729581415653,
-0.012262779287993908,
-0.00298842741176486,
-0.0043224249966442585,
-0.02681630849838257,
0.018353262916207314,
-0.03923362120985985,
-0.01518984790891409,
0.03614293038845062,
-0.0148716876283288,
0.03272498399019241,
-0.00609957380220294,
-0.008876652456820011,
-0.02836165390908718,
0.024652821943163872,
-0.028488917276263237,
-0.027725335210561752,
-0.005626879632472992,
-0.039415426552295685,
-0.006872246973216534,
0.02147122658789158,
0.016253409907221794,
0.0018862318247556686,
-0.002565729897469282,
0.028888890519738197,
0.010135655291378498,
-0.007326760794967413,
0.06526816636323929,
0.017771486192941666,
0.006854066625237465,
0.0477057583630085,
-0.0029293408151715994,
0.041306205093860626,
0.035306625068187714,
-0.03183414041996002,
0.047342147678136826,
0.038324594497680664,
-0.000710745807737112,
-0.04785120114684105,
-0.06595902889966965,
-0.038324594497680664,
0.006676806136965752,
0.012480946257710457,
-0.009690231643617153,
0.00820397213101387,
-0.017026083543896675,
0.020216768607497215,
-0.024434655904769897,
-0.0416698157787323,
0.008263058960437775,
-0.0037315574008971453,
-0.0018873681547120214,
0.04388784244656563,
0.018407804891467094,
-0.01227186992764473,
0.03072512522339821,
0.009240263141691685,
0.012262779287993908,
0.05454164370894432,
-0.03410670906305313,
-0.01627158932387829,
0.0001522620877949521,
-0.014735333621501923,
0.023543808609247208,
-0.0030997833237051964,
0.06763163954019547,
0.07083141058683395,
0.009653870947659016,
0.043233342468738556,
-0.0333431251347065,
-0.03221593052148819,
-0.03201594576239586,
0.011890077963471413,
0.019416823983192444,
0.007594923954457045,
-0.0597776398062706,
-0.037633731961250305,
0.02839801460504532,
0.01861688122153282,
0.04290609061717987,
0.03177959844470024,
-0.020562199875712395,
0.016480665653944016,
-0.0012817286187782884,
0.02054401859641075,
0.021853018552064896,
0.030670583248138428,
-0.0013839942403137684,
0.0027429901529103518,
-0.0528690330684185,
0.030597861856222153,
-0.021307602524757385,
0.0255800299346447,
-0.011026502586901188,
0.009472065605223179,
0.014108104631304741,
-0.051050975918769836,
0.025670932605862617,
-0.044215090572834015,
0.03868820518255234,
-0.012462764978408813,
0.020398573949933052,
0.0017214706167578697,
-0.040106289088726044,
0.03261590376496315,
0.048323895782232285,
-0.01011747494339943,
-0.03528844192624092,
0.03270680457353592,
-0.01497168093919754,
0.005281449295580387,
-0.02123487927019596,
-0.024361934512853622,
-0.006813160143792629,
0.005672330968081951,
-0.025452766567468643,
0.054105307906866074,
-0.01632613129913807,
-0.0336158312857151,
-0.009981120936572552,
0.0054041678085923195,
-0.03716104105114937,
-0.018435075879096985,
-0.01729879155755043,
0.012553668580949306,
0.029725195840001106,
-0.0007249493501149118,
-0.003983812406659126,
-0.011062863282859325,
0.014144466258585453,
0.03568841516971588,
-0.0014385358663275838,
0.014235368929803371,
0.02856164053082466,
0.04403328523039818,
-0.041887979954481125,
-0.013162716291844845,
0.0019169114530086517,
-0.004849661141633987,
-0.012280959635972977,
0.013071813620626926,
-0.042978815734386444,
0.013271799311041832,
0.017771486192941666,
0.042433399707078934,
0.02221662923693657,
-0.02301657386124134,
0.02336200326681137,
-0.005981400143355131,
0.015489826910197735,
-0.030452417209744453,
0.061632055789232254,
-0.02321655862033367,
-0.01910775527358055,
-0.0055996086448431015,
0.005926858633756638,
-0.05712328106164932,
0.01965317130088806,
0.0019089574925601482,
-0.01479896530508995,
-0.02508915588259697,
-0.027779877185821533,
-0.010126564651727676,
-0.006763163488358259,
0.0008686892688274384,
-0.032888609915971756,
-0.003249772824347019,
0.010799244977533817,
0.025870919227600098,
-0.009194811806082726,
0.004658765159547329,
0.0350520946085453,
-0.03043423593044281,
0.002000996610149741,
-0.010417453944683075,
-0.0053541711531579494,
-0.04766939580440521,
-0.01925319992005825,
0.041306205093860626,
0.00025310731143690646,
0.037488289177417755,
0.04068806394934654,
-0.02336200326681137,
-0.045451369136571884,
0.0356338731944561,
-0.04436053708195686,
-0.03494301065802574,
-0.011662821285426617,
-0.009103909134864807,
0.06268652528524399,
0.014626250602304935,
0.00543143879622221,
0.012253688648343086,
0.006994965486228466,
-0.020416755229234695,
-0.020562199875712395,
-0.007735822815448046,
0.0070722331292927265,
0.020216768607497215,
-0.014235368929803371,
0.018126005306839943,
-0.014608070254325867,
-0.013726313598453999,
-0.026852669194340706,
-0.020707644522190094,
-0.04934200644493103,
-0.07221313565969467,
0.022053005173802376,
-0.031452346593141556,
-0.011081043630838394,
0.06170477718114853,
0.04148801043629646,
0.0055359769612550735,
0.017426054924726486,
-0.031306903809309006,
-0.02939794585108757,
0.0039338162168860435,
-0.0347793884575367,
-0.0663953572511673,
-0.0198349766433239,
-0.002041902858763933,
0.006131389643996954,
0.05166911706328392,
-0.004704216495156288,
0.0017316971207037568,
0.005413257982581854,
-0.01588979922235012,
-0.030797848477959633,
0.008040347136557102,
-0.024180129170417786,
-0.005390532314777374,
0.024234669283032417,
-0.028616182506084442,
0.021398505195975304,
0.007631284650415182,
0.017753304913640022,
0.02307111583650112,
0.03745192661881447,
-0.02296203188598156,
0.03657926246523857,
-0.02430739253759384,
0.026416335254907608,
-0.02419830858707428,
0.010372002609074116,
-0.0027338997460901737,
0.002638451987877488,
-0.05741417035460472,
0.018962310627102852,
-0.0069586047902703285,
-0.002397559816017747,
0.04465142637491226,
0.0034429412335157394,
-0.01350814662873745,
-0.002568002324551344,
-0.005854136310517788,
-0.05126914381980896,
-0.06526816636323929,
-0.008863016963005066,
-0.006326830480247736,
-0.009935669600963593,
-0.011744633316993713,
-0.021834837272763252,
0.052432700991630554,
-0.005481434985995293,
0.009590239264070988,
0.04410601034760475,
-0.01804419420659542,
-0.023725613951683044,
0.048178452998399734,
0.013408154249191284,
-0.0353429839015007,
-0.005195091478526592,
0.00037611008156090975,
-0.024925529956817627,
-0.021362142637372017,
0.038724567741155624,
0.020998531952500343,
0.029088875278830528,
-0.041051678359508514,
-0.03616110980510712,
-0.02296203188598156,
0.01140829361975193,
-0.016344312578439713,
-0.05239633843302727,
0.009762953966856003,
0.009453884325921535,
0.044069647789001465,
-0.04836025834083557,
0.016517028212547302,
0.035161178559064865,
0.04054262116551399,
-0.02767079323530197,
0.006867701653391123,
-0.04785120114684105,
-0.003440668573603034,
0.017262430861592293,
0.04239703714847565,
-0.04414236918091774,
0.01919865794479847,
0.041051678359508514,
-0.009372072294354439,
-0.01083560660481453,
0.021762115880846977,
0.05726872384548187,
-0.03721557930111885,
-0.0036088386550545692,
-0.010335640981793404,
0.036397457122802734,
-0.019125936552882195,
-0.010035661980509758,
-0.035452067852020264,
0.013553597964346409,
-0.01069016195833683,
-0.04032445326447487,
-0.020562199875712395,
-0.00779490964487195,
-0.036997415125370026,
0.004858751315623522,
0.0058768619783222675,
0.01934410259127617,
-0.0068767922930419445,
0.02681630849838257,
0.004251975566148758,
0.0016464758664369583,
-0.011199217289686203,
0.0327613465487957,
-0.04486959055066109,
-0.03143416717648506,
0.010826515965163708,
0.015062583610415459,
-0.023634711280465126,
0.00435424130409956,
-0.04810572788119316,
-0.01767149195075035,
0.02425285056233406,
-0.010471994988620281,
-0.011444654315710068,
-0.03210684657096863,
-0.02776169590651989,
-0.011244668625295162
] |
Evaluating canine electrocardiograms (ECG) require skilled veterinarians, but
current availability of veterinary cardiologists for ECG interpretation and
diagnostic support is limited. Developing tools for automated assessment of ECG
sequences can improve veterinary care by providing clinicians real-time results
and decision support tools. We implement a deep convolutional neural network
(CNN) approach for classifying canine electrocardiogram sequences as either
normal or abnormal. ECG records are converted into 8 second Lead II sequences
and classified as either normal (no evidence of cardiac abnormalities) or
abnormal (presence of one or more cardiac abnormalities). For training ECG
sequences are randomly augmented using RandomAugmentECG, a new augmentation
library implemented specifically for this project. Each chunk is then is
converted using a continuous wavelet transform into a 2D scalogram. The 2D
scalogram are then classified as either normal or abnormal by a binary CNN
classifier. Experimental results are validated against three boarded veterinary
cardiologists achieving an AUC-ROC score of 0.9506 on test dataset matching
human level performance. Additionally, we describe model deployment to
Microsoft Azure using an MLOps approach. To our knowledge, this work is one of
the first attempts to implement a deep learning model to automatically classify
ECG sequences for canines.Implementing automated ECG classification will
enhance veterinary care through improved diagnostic performance and increased
clinic efficiency. | [
-0.014247349463403225,
0.05450998991727829,
-0.020390361547470093,
-0.02248120680451393,
0.019650239497423172,
0.008983231149613857,
-0.006563957314938307,
0.034027110785245895,
-0.016930291429162025,
0.08748242259025574,
0.006568583194166422,
-0.1032470241189003,
0.011786443181335926,
-0.03963353484869003,
-0.0034161258954554796,
0.008414262905716896,
-0.024294506758451462,
0.009219145402312279,
0.04588756710290909,
-0.02346186898648739,
-0.032990939915180206,
-0.0605049766600132,
0.027329007163643837,
-0.005162351299077272,
0.02105647139251232,
0.04422229155898094,
0.041446834802627563,
-0.004288082011044025,
-0.027125472202897072,
0.005661933682858944,
0.048255957663059235,
0.01604214496910572,
-0.016652746126055717,
0.02214815281331539,
-0.008321747183799744,
-0.07675065845251083,
0.017938708886504173,
-0.01137937605381012,
-0.052548665553331375,
-0.009575328789651394,
0.022314678877592087,
-0.05710041522979736,
0.04622062295675278,
-0.008779698051512241,
0.032269321382045746,
-0.02775457687675953,
-0.05887670814990997,
-0.02666289731860161,
-0.011786443181335926,
0.04252001270651817,
-0.016282685101032257,
0.021093478426337242,
-0.003261162666603923,
-0.005994988605380058,
-0.03062254935503006,
0.021500544622540474,
0.026810921728610992,
0.06257732212543488,
0.07441927492618561,
0.002937359269708395,
0.020575392991304398,
0.0349152572453022,
-0.05739646404981613,
0.027976613491773605,
0.000937873381190002,
-0.04066970571875572,
0.007567747961729765,
0.03197327256202698,
-0.011416382156312466,
0.028254158794879913,
-0.034378670156002045,
-0.03304645046591759,
-0.00677674263715744,
0.03485974669456482,
0.015903372317552567,
-0.022962287068367004,
-0.005893221590667963,
0.04029964655637741,
-0.015588820911943913,
0.03709861636161804,
0.02919781394302845,
0.039411500096321106,
-0.04522145539522171,
0.060727015137672424,
0.08533607423305511,
0.03064105287194252,
-0.0016479280311614275,
-0.0902208760380745,
-0.03321297839283943,
-0.008950850926339626,
-0.05710041522979736,
0.025497203692793846,
-0.002079280326142907,
0.027125472202897072,
0.02527516707777977,
-0.042557016015052795,
-0.005231737624853849,
-0.03313896432518959,
-0.059653837233781815,
-0.0385233536362648,
0.00695252139121294,
0.026940442621707916,
0.026255829259753227,
-0.021204495802521706,
0.03099261038005352,
-0.035063281655311584,
-0.047256793826818466,
0.03249135613441467,
-0.02599678747355938,
0.12974339723587036,
-0.010121168568730354,
-0.04692373797297478,
-0.01493196189403534,
-0.07286501675844193,
-0.03484124690294266,
-0.049033086746931076,
-0.05554616078734398,
-0.01955772563815117,
-0.024350015446543694,
-0.0028841630555689335,
0.014016061089932919,
0.0013310632202774286,
0.00024964663316495717,
0.026496369391679764,
-0.046812720596790314,
0.08341175317764282,
0.039041437208652496,
0.04237198829650879,
0.030567040666937828,
0.03380507603287697,
0.0008632829994894564,
-0.005069836042821407,
-0.048589013516902924,
-0.03197327256202698,
0.07116273790597916,
0.0026783165521919727,
-0.00005576212424784899,
-0.009501316584646702,
0.03193626552820206,
-0.005463025998324156,
-0.020038804039359093,
-0.01598663628101349,
-0.0072994534857571125,
0.01371076051145792,
-0.007045036647468805,
0.013063154183328152,
0.022980788722634315,
0.08415187895298004,
-0.03591442108154297,
-0.015894120559096336,
-0.047848891466856,
0.0070172823034226894,
0.007877673953771591,
0.02631133794784546,
0.032250817865133286,
0.023646898567676544,
-0.01605139672756195,
-0.04888506233692169,
-0.05214159935712814,
-0.057840537279844284,
0.06291037052869797,
-0.03822730481624603,
0.016467714682221413,
-0.006684227380901575,
0.05051333084702492,
0.08296768367290497,
-0.033620044589042664,
-0.004190940875560045,
-0.09784413129091263,
0.03093710169196129,
0.035081785172224045,
-0.045036427676677704,
0.015024477615952492,
0.01458965614438057,
-0.02951236627995968,
0.04066970571875572,
0.04944015294313431,
0.027902601286768913,
-0.02782858908176422,
-0.007965563796460629,
-0.07075566798448563,
0.0009083841578103602,
-0.003575714537873864,
-0.004912559874355793,
0.07242093980312347,
-0.018762093037366867,
0.0835597813129425,
0.02923482097685337,
0.01892862096428871,
-0.0024424027651548386,
0.02205563709139824,
-0.014293607324361801,
0.08341175317764282,
-0.06302139163017273,
0.020871441811323166,
-0.03606244549155235,
-0.017226340249180794,
0.025423191487789154,
0.007567747961729765,
-0.018456794321537018,
-0.013201926834881306,
-0.06646295636892319,
0.02490510605275631,
0.010463475249707699,
-0.006651846691966057,
0.049292128533124924,
0.04263103008270264,
0.01103707030415535,
0.01891011744737625,
-0.056804366409778595,
-0.06997854262590408,
0.049773208796978,
-0.029142305254936218,
-0.022555219009518623,
0.01955772563815117,
0.006674975622445345,
0.06868332624435425,
-0.06716607511043549,
0.03125165402889252,
0.05010626092553139,
0.050069257616996765,
0.007711146492511034,
0.017531640827655792,
-0.034730225801467896,
-0.042186956852674484,
0.00962158665060997,
0.012461804784834385,
-0.01066700927913189,
0.03535933047533035,
-0.004079922568053007,
-0.00782216526567936,
-0.024868100881576538,
0.02771756984293461,
0.010796530172228813,
-0.002315194346010685,
-0.055768195539712906,
0.03804227337241173,
-0.03567388281226158,
-0.030530033633112907,
-0.051179438829422,
0.00658246036618948,
-0.012091743759810925,
-0.035063281655311584,
0.0014177962439134717,
0.008048826828598976,
0.011314615607261658,
-0.010389463044703007,
0.0863722413778305,
0.00560179864987731,
-0.0357108898460865,
-0.03741316869854927,
0.013673754408955574,
-0.000701959477737546,
0.007688017562031746,
-0.02784709259867668,
-0.049292128533124924,
0.037542689591646194,
0.05243764817714691,
-0.027217987924814224,
-0.0024979119189083576,
0.028365178033709526,
-0.01564433053135872,
-0.041150785982608795,
0.05517609789967537,
-0.01636594906449318,
-0.025423191487789154,
0.0476638600230217,
0.0171060711145401,
0.016217924654483795,
-0.04799691587686539,
0.03637699782848358,
0.006078252103179693,
0.005842338316142559,
-0.030345004051923752,
0.026514872908592224,
-0.05880269780755043,
0.015283520333468914,
-0.025515707209706306,
0.034730225801467896,
0.027254994958639145,
0.024479536339640617,
0.00798869226127863,
0.02962338551878929,
0.03160320967435837,
-0.03539633750915527,
-0.032232314348220825,
-0.014663668349385262,
-0.035081785172224045,
-0.04103976860642433,
-0.01316492073237896,
0.023683905601501465,
-0.03101111389696598,
-0.03837532922625542,
0.002481721807271242,
0.03672855719923973,
-0.029049789533019066,
-0.04440732300281525,
0.02135252021253109,
-0.010592997074127197,
-0.008233857341110706,
-0.0569893978536129,
-0.013007644563913345,
0.02349887415766716,
0.060430966317653656,
-0.021981624886393547,
-0.021907612681388855,
0.048922065645456314,
0.045036427676677704,
-0.008437391370534897,
0.025904271751642227,
0.013312945142388344,
0.024109475314617157,
0.012091743759810925,
-0.010380211286246777,
-0.02923482097685337,
0.04585056006908417,
0.02246270328760147,
0.010879794135689735,
0.0469607450067997,
-0.010500481352210045,
0.04333414509892464,
-0.02853170409798622,
-0.09717802703380585,
0.043704207986593246,
0.006207773461937904,
-0.02037185989320278,
0.034730225801467896,
-0.02949386276304722,
-0.05695239081978798,
0.007863796316087246,
-0.013794024474918842,
0.006628718227148056,
-0.0377277210354805,
0.044703371822834015,
0.04559151828289032,
0.03023398481309414,
-0.05621226876974106,
0.013016896322369576,
0.006721233483403921,
0.0490700900554657,
0.005315001588314772,
-0.009404175914824009,
-0.07108872383832932,
-0.01318342424929142,
-0.0051114680245518684,
-0.017929457128047943,
-0.01705981232225895,
0.0061291358433663845,
-0.019798263907432556,
-0.055065080523490906,
0.0009968518279492855,
-0.005685062613338232,
-0.03769071400165558,
-0.0006256343913264573,
-0.03558136895298958,
0.031159138306975365,
-0.06938644498586655,
-0.020464373752474785,
-0.02248120680451393,
-0.001738130347803235,
-0.022351685911417007,
-0.05051333084702492,
-0.05421394109725952,
-0.007114422973245382,
-0.03524831309914589,
0.013886540196835995,
0.014561900869011879,
-0.03358303755521774,
0.02316582016646862,
0.05273369699716568,
0.022166654467582703,
0.014127079397439957,
0.02000179886817932,
-0.03349052369594574,
-0.03893041983246803,
-0.041446834802627563,
-0.006050497759133577,
-0.017920205369591713,
-0.009575328789651394,
0.030863089486956596,
-0.042964085936546326,
0.00962158665060997,
-0.007974814623594284,
0.024016959592700005,
-0.013627497479319572,
0.053547829389572144,
0.0051484741270542145,
-0.04958817735314369,
-0.04888506233692169,
0.020482877269387245,
0.029475361108779907,
-0.021574556827545166,
-0.01353498175740242,
-0.018281014636158943,
0.005259492434561253,
-0.023739414289593697,
-0.006850754842162132,
0.06794320046901703,
0.0663149356842041,
-0.029456857591867447,
-0.022203661501407623,
0.015931127592921257,
-0.02098245918750763,
0.03819029778242111,
-0.04851499944925308,
-0.024886604398489,
-0.07012656331062317,
0.03204728290438652,
0.009732604958117008,
-0.01230452861636877,
-0.01065775752067566,
-0.0357108898460865,
-0.013312945142388344,
-0.022610727697610855,
-0.0005099903210066259,
0.06864631921052933,
-0.005948730744421482,
-0.010676260106265545,
-0.032935429364442825,
-0.020760422572493553,
-0.04407426714897156,
0.027495533227920532,
0.051475487649440765,
-0.011878958903253078,
-0.024331511929631233,
-0.0051993574015796185,
-0.020889945328235626,
-0.00757237384095788,
0.0046882107853889465,
0.010990812443196774,
0.007114422973245382,
-0.0025973657611757517,
-0.013960552401840687,
-0.022721746936440468,
0.02460905723273754,
-0.004230259917676449,
0.03232483193278313,
-0.03378657251596451,
-0.06057899072766304,
-0.02956787496805191,
-0.027143975719809532,
0.04533247649669647,
-0.018244007602334023,
-0.013969803228974342,
-0.027273496612906456,
-0.03733915835618973,
-0.022980788722634315,
0.05406591668725014,
0.0063372948206961155,
-0.013377705588936806,
-0.06098605692386627,
0.020741920918226242,
-0.06009791046380997,
-0.02212964929640293,
-0.036543525755405426,
-0.004357468336820602,
-0.020797429606318474,
-0.05173452943563461,
0.041816893965005875,
-0.05447298288345337,
0.011471891775727272,
0.054250944405794144,
0.01084278803318739,
-0.0025487951934337616,
0.009723353199660778,
0.027865594252943993,
-0.035118792206048965,
-0.07323507964611053,
0.00041574041824787855,
0.04211294278502464,
0.032269321382045746,
-0.018345775082707405,
-0.012554320506751537,
0.03709861636161804,
-0.007905428297817707,
-0.008067330345511436,
0.015468550845980644,
0.018419787287712097,
-0.008640924468636513,
0.02529367059469223,
0.046442657709121704,
-0.02455354854464531,
-0.004563314840197563,
0.06228126958012581,
0.021260006353259087,
0.02033485285937786,
0.007678766269236803,
0.00196132343262434,
-0.04988422617316246,
-0.005999614484608173,
0.0021151299588382244,
0.04059569537639618,
-0.05832161754369736,
-0.053214773535728455,
0.029660390689969063,
-0.022943783551454544,
0.018678830936551094,
0.005472277291119099,
0.07860095798969269,
-0.010491229593753815,
-0.02418348751962185,
-0.05462100729346275,
0.008997108787298203,
-0.007683392148464918,
-0.04074371978640556,
0.007831416092813015,
-0.013405460864305496,
-0.011841952800750732,
0.0016988114221021533,
0.03241734579205513,
0.037931255996227264,
-0.024016959592700005,
-0.007489109877496958,
-0.0031339542474597692,
-0.029826918616890907,
0.041187793016433716,
0.005560166668146849,
0.010056408122181892,
0.03164021670818329,
0.04747882857918739,
0.030048955231904984,
-0.03911545127630234,
-0.030752070248126984,
0.03639550134539604,
-0.032546866685152054,
0.018651075661182404,
0.035803403705358505,
-0.021889109164476395,
0.03374956548213959,
0.010315450839698315,
0.002842531306669116,
-0.015755347907543182,
-0.018604818731546402,
-0.04348216950893402,
-0.01511699240654707,
-0.048292964696884155,
-0.0053427559323608875,
-0.02784709259867668,
-0.0035734018310904503,
-0.009649340994656086,
-0.03171423077583313,
0.055102087557315826,
-0.012878123670816422,
-0.0306040458381176,
-0.020501380786299706,
-0.0022307741455733776,
0.03659903630614281,
-0.03265788406133652,
-0.006064374931156635,
0.0034230644814670086,
0.011425633914768696,
-0.010472727008163929,
0.03278740495443344,
0.011444137431681156,
-0.003800064092501998,
-0.029308833181858063,
0.019372694194316864,
-0.013257436454296112,
-0.0002620783634483814,
-0.02240719459950924,
-0.010287696495652199,
-0.0015403790166601539,
0.03732065483927727,
-0.011962222866714,
-0.026237325742840767,
-0.026274332776665688,
0.025441695004701614,
0.050698358565568924,
-0.03737616166472435,
-0.0071976869367063046,
0.021889109164476395,
-0.037894248962402344,
-0.02705145999789238,
-0.018780596554279327,
0.020593896508216858,
0.01392354629933834,
0.05058734118938446,
-0.008844458498060703,
0.0378202348947525,
0.028272662311792374,
0.04688673093914986,
0.04781188443303108,
0.00010126084089279175,
0.015255765989422798,
-0.016939543187618256,
-0.01822550594806671,
0.0227772556245327,
-0.028050625696778297,
-0.028439190238714218,
-0.024016959592700005,
0.026218824088573456,
-0.010815033689141273,
-0.021907612681388855,
-0.021482042968273163,
-0.03595142811536789,
-0.0021579184103757143,
0.020205331966280937,
0.012545068748295307,
0.01408082153648138,
-0.03526681661605835,
-0.005439897067844868,
0.054287951439619064,
0.013942048884928226,
0.07290202379226685,
-0.01083353627473116,
-0.010296948254108429,
0.02566373161971569,
0.04248300567269325,
0.010056408122181892,
-0.013701509684324265,
0.024053966626524925,
-0.019465209916234016,
0.03027099184691906,
0.03287992253899574,
0.010010150261223316,
-0.0023487310390919447,
0.027329007163643837,
-0.020038804039359093,
0.021445035934448242,
-0.016282685101032257,
0.02818014658987522,
-0.00361272064037621,
0.030345004051923752,
-0.006980276200920343,
0.06953446567058563,
0.03667304664850235,
-0.0009205267997458577,
-0.041483841836452484,
0.007799035869538784,
-0.01018592994660139,
0.005833087023347616,
-0.02140803076326847,
-0.005259492434561253,
-0.02949386276304722,
-0.035118792206048965,
0.008081207983195782,
-0.03713562339544296,
0.0029396722093224525,
0.0010072598233819008,
0.0025349180214107037,
-0.015866367146372795,
0.02131551504135132,
-0.020168324932456017,
0.06661098450422287,
-0.010407966561615467,
-0.0033929969649761915,
0.016291936859488487,
0.008372630923986435,
0.06857230514287949,
0.009575328789651394,
0.03484124690294266,
0.036895085126161575,
-0.0072115641087293625,
0.012868871912360191,
0.012091743759810925,
-0.023350849747657776,
-0.018641823902726173,
0.020464373752474785,
-0.00532887876033783,
-0.029068293049931526,
-0.04699774831533432,
-0.026107804849743843,
0.026255829259753227,
-0.05547214671969414,
-0.0009656279580667615,
-0.03745017573237419,
-0.00045361387310549617,
-0.01855855993926525,
-0.010287696495652199,
0.02096395753324032,
-0.02784709259867668,
-0.0916271060705185,
-0.018049726262688637,
-0.007391968742012978,
0.013979054987430573,
-0.007720398250967264,
0.0012767105363309383,
0.019372694194316864,
0.01120359729975462,
0.004077610094100237,
-0.045776549726724625,
-0.011083327233791351,
0.00042007709271274507,
0.028050625696778297,
0.022370189428329468,
-0.0002525377494748682,
0.022222165018320084,
0.0270884670317173,
-0.009122003801167011,
-0.01194371934980154,
-0.0030460648704320192,
-0.0037723095156252384,
0.01714307628571987,
-0.008266238495707512,
0.03915245458483696,
0.02460905723273754,
-0.05236363410949707,
-0.030826082453131676,
0.02201863005757332,
0.003550272900611162,
-0.040780723094940186,
0.018049726262688637,
0.00016161258099600673,
0.02212964929640293,
-0.04511043801903725,
0.03101111389696598,
0.013414711691439152,
0.01634744554758072,
-0.01852155476808548,
-0.029697397723793983,
-0.02675541117787361,
0.0231288131326437,
0.030789077281951904,
0.019798263907432556,
0.051105428487062454,
0.017355861142277718,
-0.03212129697203636,
0.02736601233482361,
-0.002129007363691926,
0.026570381596684456,
-0.011046321131289005,
0.04522145539522171,
-0.033286988735198975,
-0.03519280254840851,
-0.031233150511980057,
0.006503822281956673,
0.04807092621922493,
-0.03371255844831467,
-0.0022007066290825605,
0.011925216764211655,
0.041816893965005875,
0.010204432532191277,
-0.03095560520887375,
0.014506392180919647,
0.045369479805231094,
-0.05591621994972229,
0.04337115213274956,
0.01101856678724289,
0.007674140390008688,
0.03389758989214897,
-0.0174113716930151,
-0.019742755219340324,
0.01392354629933834,
-0.006193896289914846,
0.01963173784315586,
-0.007780532818287611,
0.007493735756725073,
0.04640565067529678,
-0.0012501124292612076,
-0.07216189801692963,
0.014830195344984531,
-0.014857949689030647,
0.016874782741069794,
-0.028272662311792374,
-0.0627993568778038,
0.008997108787298203,
0.01815149374306202,
0.02353588119149208,
-0.015089238062500954,
0.01887311227619648,
-0.004833922255784273,
0.030030451714992523,
-0.030419016256928444,
-0.01016742642968893,
0.034360166639089584,
0.027254994958639145,
-0.034397173672914505,
0.004755284171551466,
0.006596337538212538,
0.0025349180214107037,
0.010389463044703007,
0.01713382452726364,
0.05299273878335953,
-0.04418528452515602,
-0.000016108857380459085,
-0.016865530982613564,
0.025885768234729767,
-0.017263347283005714,
-0.0012339222012087703,
-0.03204728290438652,
-0.003053003456443548,
-0.04333414509892464,
-0.008409637026488781,
-0.007206938229501247,
0.012942884117364883,
-0.008136716671288013,
-0.026644393801689148,
-0.06757314503192902,
-0.02318432368338108,
0.03062254935503006,
-0.03524831309914589,
-0.04048467427492142,
0.024979118257761,
-0.05055033415555954,
0.026255829259753227,
0.020112816244363785,
-0.0270884670317173,
0.006693478673696518,
-0.04603559151291847,
-0.044000256806612015,
0.06886835396289825,
-0.04488840326666832,
-0.011129585094749928,
-0.01052823569625616,
-0.003908769693225622,
0.011545903980731964,
-0.036543525755405426,
0.002030709758400917,
-0.024016959592700005,
-0.005527786444872618,
0.0348227433860302,
0.04448133334517479,
-0.004248762968927622,
0.014737680554389954,
0.010555990971624851,
-0.032620880752801895,
-0.059986893087625504,
0.04048467427492142,
-0.0042788307182490826,
-0.00045766140101477504,
-0.021796593442559242,
-0.022592226043343544,
-0.004648891743272543,
-0.05632328614592552,
-0.039707548916339874,
-0.025349179282784462,
0.03197327256202698,
0.00925152562558651,
-0.0061106327921152115,
0.018308769911527634,
0.0005256023141555488,
0.010037905536592007,
0.00046546736848540604,
0.0008031480829231441,
-0.010805781930685043,
0.0009679408394731581,
0.04688673093914986,
-0.012406296096742153,
0.014978219754993916,
0.03417513519525528,
-0.025090137496590614,
0.03732065483927727,
-0.042223963886499405,
-0.012498810887336731,
0.0037838739808648825,
0.017735173925757408,
-0.013507227413356304,
-0.019650239497423172,
-0.03497076779603958,
0.013072405941784382,
-0.0098066171631217,
-0.04832996800541878,
-0.004017475061118603,
0.00927465409040451,
0.0099823959171772,
0.0009690973092801869,
0.030011948198080063,
-0.0043435911647975445,
-0.0027962736785411835,
0.0024609058164060116,
0.007433600723743439,
-0.032528363168239594,
0.024331511929631233,
-0.026810921728610992,
0.04407426714897156,
-0.016624990850687027,
0.0007534211035817862,
-0.02166707254946232,
-0.0015299710212275386,
0.013035399839282036,
-0.029049789533019066,
0.020519884303212166,
0.040410663932561874,
0.008677930571138859,
-0.025090137496590614,
-0.002800899324938655,
-0.0483669750392437,
0.037246640771627426,
0.04551750421524048,
0.004639639984816313,
0.02675541117787361,
0.04377821832895279,
0.052474651485681534,
-0.02240719459950924,
0.041446834802627563,
-0.024646064266562462,
-0.015357532538473606,
0.000453324755653739,
0.007216189987957478,
-0.0406326986849308,
-0.010990812443196774,
0.04126180335879326,
0.0007256665267050266,
-0.012202762067317963,
0.00822460651397705,
-0.011111082509160042,
-0.0462576262652874,
-0.0071930610574781895,
-0.007697269320487976,
-0.021833600476384163,
0.005587921477854252,
-0.014497140422463417,
0.0017103757709264755,
-0.054287951439619064,
-0.002881850115954876,
0.011527400463819504,
-0.0021509795915335417,
-0.04314911365509033,
0.008779698051512241,
-0.022999292239546776,
-0.0032704141922295094,
-0.0196132343262434,
0.002879537409171462,
0.03136267140507698,
-0.004035978112369776,
0.0015889494679868221,
0.03143668547272682,
-0.04385223239660263,
0.025534210726618767,
-0.011610664427280426,
0.016143912449479103,
0.02607079967856407,
-0.0063928039744496346,
0.0096308384090662,
-0.03800526633858681,
-0.01671750657260418,
-0.013442466966807842,
-0.0072439443320035934,
-0.012942884117364883,
0.02669990248978138,
0.035081785172224045,
0.04252001270651817,
-0.017947958782315254,
-0.02849469892680645,
0.029438354074954987,
0.006971024442464113,
-0.004378284327685833,
0.033971600234508514,
-0.032953932881355286,
-0.014811692759394646,
0.0009679408394731581,
0.05406591668725014,
0.00941805262118578,
-0.01427510380744934,
0.017531640827655792,
-0.07593651860952377,
0.04418528452515602,
-0.021833600476384163,
0.011841952800750732,
0.009482813999056816,
0.0377277210354805,
-0.019113652408123016,
0.008266238495707512,
0.03485974669456482,
-0.009172887541353703,
0.0012929006479680538,
-0.016227176412940025,
-0.018244007602334023,
0.022296177223324776,
0.016837775707244873,
-0.024886604398489,
-0.06013491749763489,
-0.009852875024080276,
-0.00034201733069494367,
-0.02880925126373768,
-0.01959473080933094,
-0.010916800238192081,
-0.027292000129818916,
-0.017503885552287102,
0.01775367744266987,
0.016865530982613564,
-0.01409007329493761,
-0.023702409118413925,
0.021981624886393547,
-0.02388743869960308,
0.01705981232225895,
-0.01632894203066826,
-0.031159138306975365,
-0.014608158729970455,
-0.020926950499415398,
-0.003457757644355297,
-0.018678830936551094,
-0.00871956255286932,
-0.02096395753324032,
0.005685062613338232,
-0.039411500096321106,
-0.018947124481201172,
-0.000004689005436375737,
-0.04048467427492142,
-0.026163313537836075,
0.01601439155638218,
0.043704207986593246,
0.007886925712227821,
-0.019409701228141785,
0.008516029454767704,
0.028679728507995605,
0.0021301638334989548,
-0.04385223239660263,
0.027884097769856453,
-0.008668679744005203,
-0.00756312208250165,
0.04085473716259003,
-0.011878958903253078,
0.013100160285830498,
-0.015153998509049416,
0.03197327256202698,
0.024442531168460846,
0.0043991003185510635,
-0.05450998991727829,
-0.009431930258870125,
-0.012915129773318768,
-0.03417513519525528,
-0.002036492107436061,
-0.0016618053195998073,
-0.020556889474391937,
0.029327336698770523,
-0.022333182394504547,
-0.005990362726151943,
0.0020827497355639935,
-0.01119434554129839,
0.017920205369591713,
-0.007752778474241495,
-0.013266687281429768,
-0.01299839373677969
] |
Recent progress in music generation has been remarkably advanced by the
state-of-the-art MusicLM, which comprises a hierarchy of three LMs,
respectively, for semantic, coarse acoustic, and fine acoustic modelings. Yet,
sampling with the MusicLM requires processing through these LMs one by one to
obtain the fine-grained acoustic tokens, making it computationally expensive
and prohibitive for a real-time generation. Efficient music generation with a
quality on par with MusicLM remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we
present MeLoDy (M for music; L for LM; D for diffusion), an LM-guided diffusion
model that generates music audios of state-of-the-art quality meanwhile
reducing 95.7% or 99.6% forward passes in MusicLM, respectively, for sampling
10s or 30s music. MeLoDy inherits the highest-level LM from MusicLM for
semantic modeling, and applies a novel dual-path diffusion (DPD) model and an
audio VAE-GAN to efficiently decode the conditioning semantic tokens into
waveform. DPD is proposed to simultaneously model the coarse and fine acoustics
by incorporating the semantic information into segments of latents effectively
via cross-attention at each denoising step. Our experimental results suggest
the superiority of MeLoDy, not only in its practical advantages on sampling
speed and infinitely continuable generation, but also in its state-of-the-art
musicality, audio quality, and text correlation.
Our samples are available at https://Efficient-MeLoDy.github.io/. | [
-0.029218124225735664,
-0.018980851396918297,
-0.030857544392347336,
-0.012550678104162216,
-0.032333023846149445,
0.007718940265476704,
-0.06189724802970886,
0.013598085381090641,
-0.03610369190573692,
0.047543205320835114,
-0.011321112513542175,
0.004849953576922417,
0.03118542954325676,
0.00902592297643423,
0.001369599485769868,
0.05657823756337166,
0.027979450300335884,
-0.031112564727663994,
0.05071275308728218,
-0.012732835486531258,
-0.0485997200012207,
-0.011321112513542175,
-0.003670481266453862,
0.029054181650280952,
0.028416628018021584,
0.007013078313320875,
0.020073797553777695,
0.015155535191297531,
-0.03207800164818764,
0.07428397983312607,
0.04532087966799736,
0.02451845072209835,
0.001284213038161397,
-0.009918496012687683,
-0.013388603925704956,
0.009135217405855656,
0.06379169225692749,
0.028343765065073967,
0.01870761439204216,
0.013625409454107285,
-0.032333023846149445,
-0.018024522811174393,
-0.05133209004998207,
0.0002476208610460162,
-0.005177837796509266,
-0.007067725528031588,
-0.004453760106116533,
0.035903315991163254,
0.003089853096753359,
-0.013771135360002518,
0.03657730296254158,
-0.017605558037757874,
-0.03967398405075073,
-0.04805324971675873,
-0.0419691763818264,
0.000020403816961334087,
0.0739925280213356,
-0.004394558724015951,
0.051878564059734344,
-0.020838860422372818,
0.024026624858379364,
-0.014517982490360737,
-0.009900280274450779,
-0.033553481101989746,
0.01642153225839138,
-0.0058609298430383205,
0.000033122847526101395,
-0.006962984800338745,
0.04783465713262558,
0.033954229205846786,
-0.03145866468548775,
-0.014108127914369106,
-0.02601214498281479,
0.0287080816924572,
0.04779822751879692,
-0.028198039159178734,
0.018980851396918297,
0.027578702196478844,
0.02934563346207142,
-0.0008851734455674887,
-0.016111863777041435,
-0.01331574097275734,
-0.0457216277718544,
0.0024113149847835302,
0.07337319105863571,
0.002173371147364378,
-0.027396544814109802,
-0.03220551460981369,
0.022113965824246407,
-0.020747782662510872,
-0.017978982999920845,
-0.027196170762181282,
-0.025829987600445747,
0.011621672660112381,
-0.02200467139482498,
-0.042333491146564484,
0.02182251401245594,
-0.016558151692152023,
-0.03451891615986824,
-0.011667212471365929,
-0.002347559668123722,
-0.03748809173703194,
-0.007532228250056505,
-0.0003358535759616643,
0.005842714104801416,
0.008197104558348656,
-0.002193863969296217,
0.013916862197220325,
-0.007482134737074375,
0.0395282581448555,
0.024463802576065063,
-0.014017048291862011,
-0.006411957088857889,
-0.004995679948478937,
0.005656002089381218,
0.008948505856096745,
-0.05380943790078163,
-0.07020364701747894,
0.002072045812383294,
-0.012140822596848011,
0.012678188271820545,
-0.0008680961327627301,
-0.053153667598962784,
-0.012878562323749065,
0.002168817212805152,
0.06983932852745056,
-0.030857544392347336,
-0.04976553097367287,
-0.015319477766752243,
0.01847080886363983,
-0.04798038676381111,
0.015028025023639202,
-0.06346380710601807,
0.05286221578717232,
0.03386314958333969,
0.002841662848368287,
-0.008347384631633759,
0.02389911375939846,
0.03240588679909706,
0.035447921603918076,
0.012359412387013435,
-0.030074264854192734,
-0.017623774707317352,
-0.0261760875582695,
0.017341429367661476,
-0.05839981511235237,
-0.018543671816587448,
0.055849604308605194,
0.007391056045889854,
0.00036460038973018527,
-0.09887529909610748,
0.019235871732234955,
0.035411491990089417,
0.043572165071964264,
-0.02745119296014309,
0.040657639503479004,
-0.02014666050672531,
0.003372197737917304,
-0.005013895686715841,
-0.04867258667945862,
0.05286221578717232,
0.025429239496588707,
0.04404577612876892,
0.022132182493805885,
0.028598787263035774,
-0.005423750728368759,
0.004000642336905003,
-0.019235871732234955,
-0.02890845574438572,
0.037342365831136703,
0.013479682616889477,
0.02284259721636772,
-0.040220458060503006,
-0.015100887976586819,
-0.012350304052233696,
0.02204110287129879,
0.057270437479019165,
-0.022751519456505775,
-0.05533956363797188,
0.02848949283361435,
-0.011384867131710052,
-0.01642153225839138,
0.09326483309268951,
0.01682228036224842,
0.06597758084535599,
0.04641382768750191,
0.050202712416648865,
0.018461700528860092,
0.032132647931575775,
0.020492760464549065,
-0.002007152186706662,
0.09297338128089905,
0.023389071226119995,
-0.013552546501159668,
0.024226997047662735,
0.014117235317826271,
-0.009818309918045998,
-0.019891640171408653,
-0.0005572892841883004,
0.019217656925320625,
-0.044191502034664154,
-0.024791687726974487,
-0.0047315508127212524,
-0.006024871952831745,
0.023625876754522324,
0.022715087980031967,
-0.024900982156395912,
0.03788883984088898,
-0.022733302786946297,
-0.0507856160402298,
0.02825268730521202,
0.007960299029946327,
-0.04255208000540733,
-0.024500234052538872,
0.018589211627840996,
-0.021749651059508324,
-0.020073797553777695,
-0.010228164494037628,
0.020620271563529968,
-0.053554415702819824,
0.009508641436696053,
0.0188897717744112,
-0.009107894264161587,
0.00863428320735693,
-0.06696123629808426,
-0.01706819236278534,
0.00021631247363984585,
0.019017282873392105,
0.009098785929381847,
-0.008579635992646217,
0.0162302665412426,
0.015028025023639202,
-0.019855208694934845,
-0.008383816108107567,
0.0036727581173181534,
-0.0026640589348971844,
0.011512378230690956,
0.017332322895526886,
0.042114902287721634,
0.02227790839970112,
-0.04776179417967796,
-0.0448472686111927,
-0.0090532461181283,
-0.008575081825256348,
-0.015938814729452133,
-0.04881831258535385,
-0.00199804431758821,
-0.002081153681501746,
0.0299285389482975,
0.008975828997790813,
0.026540402323007584,
-0.041459131985902786,
-0.01184936985373497,
-0.006585007067769766,
-0.03894535452127457,
0.05781691148877144,
0.026103224605321884,
-0.022150397300720215,
0.0404026173055172,
-0.11461373418569565,
0.03641336038708687,
-0.03706912696361542,
0.013871322385966778,
-0.0021858946420252323,
-0.05526670068502426,
-0.012541569769382477,
0.07665203511714935,
0.029600655660033226,
0.0018067784840241075,
0.008288183249533176,
-0.04244278371334076,
-0.004009750206023455,
-0.06852779537439346,
0.02018309198319912,
-0.007067725528031588,
-0.044191502034664154,
0.038763195276260376,
0.00831095315515995,
0.10098832845687866,
0.0012899055145680904,
0.04222419485449791,
0.005970224272459745,
0.015656469389796257,
-0.006808150559663773,
0.022168613970279694,
-0.03216908127069473,
0.03528398275375366,
-0.049619805067777634,
-0.05515740439295769,
0.019217656925320625,
-0.014099019579589367,
-0.003037482500076294,
-0.05300794169306755,
0.03839888051152229,
0.015337693504989147,
0.04801681637763977,
-0.002263311529532075,
-0.0060704112984240055,
0.03923680633306503,
-0.031476881355047226,
-0.051077067852020264,
-0.0170135460793972,
0.03737879544496536,
-0.014235638082027435,
-0.03530219569802284,
-0.0012250117724761367,
-0.018388837575912476,
0.047943953424692154,
-0.026066793128848076,
0.021731434389948845,
0.03371742367744446,
0.0013217830564826727,
0.053372256457805634,
0.008042270317673683,
-0.01184936985373497,
0.013324848376214504,
0.012678188271820545,
-0.013042503967881203,
-0.004886385053396225,
-0.02373517118394375,
0.0382167212665081,
0.02306118793785572,
-0.11322933435440063,
-0.026667913421988487,
-0.017833257094025612,
0.019636619836091995,
0.03927323967218399,
0.02329799346625805,
0.04768893122673035,
0.032934144139289856,
-0.03989257663488388,
-0.025046708062291145,
-0.03491966426372528,
0.008251751773059368,
0.01082017831504345,
-0.015629146248102188,
0.003866300918161869,
-0.0003808238252531737,
0.029236339032649994,
-0.049000468105077744,
0.004963802173733711,
-0.011931341141462326,
-0.034409623593091965,
-0.025829987600445747,
0.024791687726974487,
-0.016676554456353188,
-0.02368052490055561,
0.037961702793836594,
0.0034837694838643074,
-0.03989257663488388,
0.001160118030384183,
-0.015556282363831997,
0.051914993673563004,
0.009481317363679409,
0.03685053810477257,
-0.06575899571180344,
0.004528900142759085,
-0.0029987741727381945,
-0.06430172920227051,
0.09712658077478409,
-0.0013491067802533507,
-0.03930966928601265,
-0.0030260977800935507,
0.01123914122581482,
-0.06670621782541275,
-0.05690612271428108,
-0.05960205942392349,
0.0020208139903843403,
0.01185847818851471,
0.032533396035432816,
0.04255208000540733,
0.024482019245624542,
-0.04320785030722618,
0.03386314958333969,
-0.03550257161259651,
0.04706959426403046,
-0.01048318576067686,
-0.004922816529870033,
-0.06262587755918503,
0.03178654983639717,
0.01091125700622797,
0.02889023907482624,
-0.00037057744339108467,
0.018835125491023064,
-0.03803456574678421,
0.012149930000305176,
0.0030352056492120028,
-0.008606960065662861,
0.00841114018112421,
0.04426436498761177,
0.012860346585512161,
-0.05136852338910103,
-0.05340868979692459,
-0.03923680633306503,
0.01681317202746868,
0.008675268851220608,
0.0253928080201149,
0.013361280784010887,
0.015638254582881927,
-0.00997314415872097,
-0.04477440565824509,
-0.020838860422372818,
0.011730967089533806,
-0.00024975553969852626,
-0.00176920834928751,
-0.013625409454107285,
0.042952828109264374,
-0.014217422343790531,
0.05027557536959648,
-0.06976646929979324,
-0.049182627350091934,
-0.0202013086527586,
-0.01311536692082882,
-0.04641382768750191,
0.01519196666777134,
-0.016485288739204407,
-0.003308442421257496,
0.043790753930807114,
0.007331854663789272,
0.02641289308667183,
-0.00978187844157219,
0.010947688482701778,
0.056651100516319275,
0.038981784135103226,
-0.011885801330208778,
0.0739925280213356,
0.011393975466489792,
-0.0058609298430383205,
-0.06816347688436508,
-0.02014666050672531,
0.01538323238492012,
-0.0028598785866051912,
0.06167865917086601,
-0.06583185493946075,
-0.02746940776705742,
0.0007126926793716848,
-0.013069828040897846,
0.016312237828969955,
-0.025411024689674377,
0.06630546599626541,
-0.03036571852862835,
-0.043171416968107224,
-0.00358851021155715,
0.04142270237207413,
-0.05927417427301407,
-0.050457730889320374,
-0.01194955687969923,
-0.029582438990473747,
-0.03156796097755432,
-0.07942083477973938,
-0.029637087136507034,
0.027906587347388268,
-0.04845399409532547,
-0.045029427856206894,
0.028343765065073967,
-0.007718940265476704,
0.016275806352496147,
0.01444511953741312,
-0.002397653181105852,
-0.06364595890045166,
0.06896497309207916,
0.056869689375162125,
0.0702400803565979,
-0.022496497258543968,
-0.002200694754719734,
-0.038763195276260376,
-0.02952779270708561,
0.013078935444355011,
-0.005054881330579519,
0.013762027956545353,
0.029473144561052322,
-0.029181692749261856,
-0.011567025445401669,
0.0005299655604176223,
-0.018243111670017242,
-0.056432511657476425,
0.016977114602923393,
-0.08991312980651855,
0.033553481101989746,
0.011348435655236244,
0.013570762239396572,
-0.03894535452127457,
0.01830686628818512,
-0.010027791373431683,
0.056687530130147934,
-0.01029192004352808,
0.03949182853102684,
0.05370014160871506,
0.02845306135714054,
-0.013871322385966778,
-0.00029828352853655815,
0.00608862703666091,
0.005637786351144314,
0.008597851730883121,
-0.008593297563493252,
-0.014900514855980873,
-0.0037661141250282526,
-0.05599533021450043,
0.014171882532536983,
0.020948156714439392,
-0.010082438588142395,
-0.045830920338630676,
-0.0005302501958794892,
-0.010437645949423313,
-0.014946053735911846,
0.017405185848474503,
-0.02828911878168583,
0.02102101966738701,
0.010219057090580463,
0.03810742869973183,
0.022205045446753502,
0.01642153225839138,
-0.0049501401372253895,
0.0021927254274487495,
0.002525163581594825,
0.00415319949388504,
0.0015893274685367942,
-0.020492760464549065,
0.0005937208188697696,
-0.011840262450277805,
0.001259166281670332,
0.00033101500594057143,
0.009271835908293724,
0.0861242413520813,
-0.0507856160402298,
0.04076693207025528,
0.06364595890045166,
-0.0029486806597560644,
0.032952360808849335,
-0.032369453459978104,
-0.059966374188661575,
0.04951051250100136,
0.007605091203004122,
-0.018434377387166023,
-0.037743113934993744,
0.01497337780892849,
0.008515880443155766,
0.014599953778088093,
-0.0207659974694252,
0.03597618266940117,
-0.02138533443212509,
-0.0001978120708372444,
-0.028106961399316788,
0.037524521350860596,
0.005482952110469341,
-0.06958431005477905,
0.01360719371587038,
-0.04280710220336914,
-0.009076016023755074,
-0.0010701775318011642,
0.02721438743174076,
0.016503503546118736,
-0.02493741363286972,
-0.01184936985373497,
-0.056651100516319275,
-0.007482134737074375,
-0.009171648882329464,
-0.02368052490055561,
0.004868169315159321,
-0.00924451183527708,
0.019581971690058708,
0.01497337780892849,
0.010018683038651943,
-0.01226833276450634,
0.0022758350241929293,
-0.00915343314409256,
0.030602524057030678,
0.006635100580751896,
0.028416628018021584,
-0.01269640401005745,
-0.02513778768479824,
-0.06262587755918503,
-0.005077650770545006,
-0.009736338630318642,
0.002358944620937109,
0.0015050794463604689,
-0.011475946754217148,
-0.006056749261915684,
-0.031130781397223473,
-0.01827954314649105,
0.013497898355126381,
-0.015947923064231873,
0.04014759510755539,
0.022551145404577255,
0.04674171283841133,
0.008698038756847382,
-0.013534330762922764,
-0.033152732998132706,
0.0147456806153059,
0.0022348493803292513,
0.027997665107250214,
0.08131527900695801,
0.0158386267721653,
-0.001135071273893118,
-0.029163476079702377,
-0.04182345047593117,
0.04382718354463577,
-0.02725081890821457,
0.010118870064616203,
-0.04236992076039314,
-0.02994675561785698,
0.03807099536061287,
0.007600537501275539,
-0.02787015587091446,
-0.02287902869284153,
-0.02247828245162964,
0.06550396978855133,
0.01872582919895649,
-0.022496497258543968,
0.004849953576922417,
-0.019454460591077805,
0.010829285718500614,
0.001369599485769868,
-0.004155476577579975,
0.00727265328168869,
-0.0030078820418566465,
0.01874404586851597,
-0.040001869201660156,
-0.010264595970511436,
0.0082244286313653,
-0.012760159559547901,
0.02705044485628605,
0.012058851309120655,
-0.05213358625769615,
-0.04706959426403046,
0.04386361688375473,
-0.018643857911229134,
-0.009636151604354382,
-0.02934563346207142,
-0.0018876109970733523,
-0.023771602660417557,
0.030256424099206924,
-0.04575805738568306,
-0.006616884842514992,
0.031932275742292404,
0.009021368809044361,
-0.020292388275265694,
0.005610462743788958,
0.02289724536240101,
0.030402150005102158,
-0.008292737416923046,
-0.014982485212385654,
-0.006243461277335882,
0.038581039756536484,
-0.009882064536213875,
-0.0004477098991628736,
-0.0028576017357409,
0.02909061312675476,
0.04160485789179802,
0.04783465713262558,
0.013233769685029984,
0.012614432722330093,
0.005660556256771088,
0.06674264371395111,
-0.013197338208556175,
-0.006721625570207834,
0.02160392515361309,
-0.044191502034664154,
0.025064924731850624,
-0.007486688904464245,
0.051696404814720154,
0.0023703293409198523,
-0.004068951588124037,
-0.029691733419895172,
0.013388603925704956,
-0.0038253155071288347,
0.03267912194132805,
0.049801964312791824,
-0.022806165739893913,
0.04910976439714432,
0.001406031078658998,
-0.02827090211212635,
-0.00987295713275671,
0.023225128650665283,
0.04029332101345062,
-0.03240588679909706,
0.04134983941912651,
0.02100280299782753,
0.030657170340418816,
0.028015881776809692,
-0.05005698651075363,
-0.027159739285707474,
-0.04907333105802536,
0.0301471296697855,
0.02597571350634098,
-0.015310369431972504,
-0.006266231182962656,
0.0006990308756940067,
0.003342597046867013,
-0.0065804533660411835,
-0.008875642903149128,
-0.023990193381905556,
0.029855675995349884,
0.001679267967119813,
0.03344418480992317,
0.010893041267991066,
-0.05344512313604355,
0.03098505549132824,
-0.013379496522247791,
-0.02227790839970112,
-0.007468473166227341,
-0.007873774506151676,
0.007773587480187416,
0.0020845693070441484,
0.01425385382026434,
0.03222372755408287,
-0.0029828352853655815,
-0.029254555702209473,
-0.06149649992585182,
-0.03810742869973183,
0.02329799346625805,
0.03266090899705887,
0.007682508323341608,
0.002078876830637455,
0.025319945067167282,
-0.018197571858763695,
0.02269687131047249,
-0.02515600249171257,
-0.027997665107250214,
0.039819713681936264,
0.03934610262513161,
0.003643157659098506,
0.03912751376628876,
-0.08124241232872009,
-0.00935380719602108,
0.033790286630392075,
0.003802545601502061,
0.015875058248639107,
-0.035648297518491745,
0.009012261405587196,
-0.013579869642853737,
-0.04477440565824509,
-0.02788837067782879,
0.032533396035432816,
-0.030420364812016487,
-0.025010276585817337,
-0.009021368809044361,
0.07158804684877396,
0.028762727975845337,
-0.009663475677371025,
0.023389071226119995,
0.006402849219739437,
0.027943018823862076,
0.02848949283361435,
-0.034172818064689636,
0.006858244072645903,
-0.011412191204726696,
0.02910882979631424,
0.016794957220554352,
-0.012514246627688408,
0.031895846128463745,
0.01998271979391575,
0.015465203672647476,
-0.04204203933477402,
0.0024614082649350166,
0.024846334010362625,
0.028161607682704926,
0.008625175803899765,
-0.007541336119174957,
-0.02471882477402687,
-0.015665577724575996,
0.016986222937703133,
0.015437880530953407,
-0.030092481523752213,
0.01412634365260601,
-0.008160673081874847,
-0.04801681637763977,
-0.010929472744464874,
-0.027542270720005035,
0.015018916688859463,
0.048563290387392044,
-0.015692900866270065,
0.01402615662664175,
-0.013279309496283531,
0.020492760464549065,
-0.007969407364726067,
0.04280710220336914,
-0.037123776972293854,
-0.018006306141614914,
-0.004845399409532547,
-0.021749651059508324,
0.005118636414408684,
0.047288186848163605,
0.0034177370835095644,
-0.026959365233778954,
0.025119571015238762,
-0.016339560970664024,
0.030183561146259308,
-0.012013312429189682,
0.00737284030765295,
-0.005278024356812239,
-0.02451845072209835,
0.003975595813244581,
-0.02184072881937027,
0.045248016715049744,
0.020092014223337173,
0.01477300375699997,
-0.0061842598952353,
-0.04426436498761177,
-0.016120972111821175,
0.003595340996980667,
-0.016284914687275887,
0.033990658819675446,
0.05548528954386711,
-0.004804414231330156,
-0.006252569146454334,
-0.022496497258543968,
-0.07271742820739746,
0.00892573595046997,
0.007614199072122574,
0.026340028271079063,
0.03595796599984169,
0.006694301962852478,
-0.011293788440525532,
0.04492013156414032,
0.01289677806198597,
-0.01663101464509964,
0.057489026337862015,
-0.04637739434838295,
-0.025119571015238762,
-0.0024158689193427563,
-0.01790612004697323,
-0.0002940142003353685,
0.013898646458983421,
0.00945399422198534,
-0.0015289876610040665,
-0.00831550732254982,
-0.013425035402178764,
0.021895376965403557,
0.019490892067551613,
0.07483045756816864,
-0.02306118793785572,
-0.04051191359758377,
-0.010929472744464874,
-0.0691106989979744,
0.04696030169725418,
0.02555675059556961,
0.018999066203832626,
-0.015574498102068901,
0.03788883984088898,
-0.028416628018021584,
0.018780477344989777,
-0.014599953778088093,
-0.03956469148397446,
-0.017086409032344818,
0.035684727132320404,
-0.004931924398988485,
-0.034628212451934814,
-0.03601261228322983,
0.0037000819575041533,
0.04342643916606903,
-0.01142129860818386,
0.0711144357919693,
0.003615833818912506,
0.01519196666777134,
0.02040168270468712,
0.0365590862929821,
0.023607660084962845,
0.012623541057109833,
-0.038362450897693634,
0.00011399098730180413,
-0.024864550679922104,
-0.03807099536061287,
-0.02143998257815838,
0.014481551013886929,
0.031695470213890076,
0.013352172449231148,
-0.009918496012687683,
-0.011093414388597012,
-0.06211583688855171,
0.008265413343906403,
0.01101144403219223,
-0.014436012133955956,
0.03654086962342262,
0.013980616815388203,
0.040621206164360046,
-0.0503484383225441,
-0.027396544814109802,
0.018033629283308983,
-0.05683325603604317,
0.02679542452096939,
0.020729565992951393,
0.025666045024991035,
0.009103340096771717,
0.03992900624871254,
-0.02353479713201523,
-0.021458197385072708,
0.0016223435522988439,
0.002372606424614787,
-0.04998411983251572,
-0.020529191941022873,
0.03756095468997955,
0.0034951542038470507,
-0.00789199024438858,
0.060367122292518616,
0.04546660557389259,
-0.0110387671738863,
-0.010565157048404217,
0.0029099720995873213,
-0.00801494624465704,
0.00945399422198534,
-0.03477393835783005,
-0.02763335034251213,
0.0008231258834712207,
-0.004023412242531776,
-0.010282812640070915,
0.025829987600445747,
-0.02994675561785698,
0.05359084904193878,
-0.056869689375162125,
-0.032733771950006485,
-0.015173750929534435,
0.03532041236758232,
-0.001541511039249599,
-0.004954694304615259,
-0.0064210654236376286,
0.00613872054964304,
0.013106259517371655,
0.006393741350620985,
0.00036488499608822167,
0.004346742294728756,
0.023370856419205666,
0.03340775519609451,
0.062297992408275604,
-0.043353576213121414,
-0.006334539968520403,
0.010419430211186409,
0.028762727975845337,
0.03949182853102684,
0.012505138292908669,
-0.01516464352607727,
-0.001095793442800641,
0.00774626387283206,
-0.0070085241459310055,
0.009112447500228882,
-0.010273704305291176,
0.015219290740787983,
0.012149930000305176,
-0.03142223507165909,
0.027961233630776405,
-0.015328585170209408,
0.0010422846535220742,
0.009335591457784176,
0.004321695771068335,
-0.010273704305291176,
-0.0669248029589653,
0.05847267806529999,
0.03364456072449684,
-0.00394599512219429,
0.013042503967881203,
-0.018252220004796982,
0.00006564087379956618,
-0.010729098692536354,
-0.01811560057103634,
0.009481317363679409,
-0.00510042067617178,
-0.006293554790318012,
0.0005524507141672075,
-0.01538323238492012,
0.02269687131047249,
0.015283046290278435,
0.01133932825177908,
-0.01577487215399742,
-0.00722711393609643,
-0.031094349920749664,
0.005901915021240711,
-0.05012984946370125,
-0.016385100781917572,
-0.004437821451574564,
-0.008757240138947964,
0.008707146160304546,
-0.04881831258535385,
-0.015283046290278435,
0.005596800707280636,
0.007163358386605978,
-0.007377394009381533,
0.0184981320053339,
-0.030821112915873528,
-0.029418496415019035,
-0.06645119190216064,
0.042114902287721634,
0.007190681993961334,
0.045648764818906784,
0.036905184388160706,
0.04320785030722618,
-0.054975248873233795,
0.004401389509439468,
-0.038143858313560486,
-0.041058383882045746,
0.061423636972904205,
-0.019581971690058708,
-0.02431807667016983,
-0.009335591457784176,
-0.04018402844667435,
-0.031094349920749664,
-0.03883605822920799,
-0.04408220574259758,
-0.04116768017411232,
0.012578001245856285,
-0.00843846332281828,
-0.04495656490325928,
-0.07519476860761642,
-0.03094862401485443,
0.048126112669706345,
0.020456328988075256,
0.04630453139543533,
0.03404530882835388,
-0.025265296921133995,
-0.028580570593476295,
0.009016814641654491,
-0.007035848218947649,
-0.011694535613059998,
0.027068661525845528,
0.02453666552901268,
-0.014117235317826271,
0.013725596480071545,
-0.079930879175663,
0.021276040002703667,
0.0046996730379760265,
0.02848949283361435,
0.0759962648153305,
-0.0826268121600151,
-0.0012215962633490562,
-0.03737879544496536
] |
Independent Component Analysis (ICA) aims to recover independent latent
variables from observed mixtures thereof. Causal Representation Learning (CRL)
aims instead to infer causally related (thus often statistically dependent)
latent variables, together with the unknown graph encoding their causal
relationships. We introduce an intermediate problem termed Causal Component
Analysis (CauCA). CauCA can be viewed as a generalization of ICA, modelling the
causal dependence among the latent components, and as a special case of CRL. In
contrast to CRL, it presupposes knowledge of the causal graph, focusing solely
on learning the unmixing function and the causal mechanisms. Any impossibility
results regarding the recovery of the ground truth in CauCA also apply for CRL,
while possibility results may serve as a stepping stone for extensions to CRL.
We characterize CauCA identifiability from multiple datasets generated through
different types of interventions on the latent causal variables. As a
corollary, this interventional perspective also leads to new identifiability
results for nonlinear ICA -- a special case of CauCA with an empty graph --
requiring strictly fewer datasets than previous results. We introduce a
likelihood-based approach using normalizing flows to estimate both the unmixing
function and the causal mechanisms, and demonstrate its effectiveness through
extensive synthetic experiments in the CauCA and ICA setting. | [
-0.011356105096638203,
-0.039329007267951965,
-0.043599680066108704,
0.014199984259903431,
-0.002024929504841566,
0.04212435707449913,
-0.05322810262441635,
-0.0014522711280733347,
-0.049500972032547,
0.021295124664902687,
0.0007934714667499065,
-0.031428262591362,
-0.002970058238133788,
-0.03897958993911743,
0.018664777278900146,
-0.020149806514382362,
0.02201337367296219,
0.015850016847252846,
0.012879958376288414,
0.0007497941260226071,
0.02655581571161747,
0.03787309676408768,
0.011375517584383488,
0.012219945900142193,
0.011035804636776447,
0.012346124276518822,
0.0555187352001667,
-0.019256848841905594,
-0.08572403341531754,
0.0298558808863163,
0.04224082827568054,
0.008230749517679214,
0.00022354298562277108,
-0.05210220068693161,
-0.07636737823486328,
-0.03612600266933441,
-0.025235788896679878,
0.015316182747483253,
-0.020770994946360588,
0.06712719798088074,
-0.014636757783591747,
0.07399909943342209,
0.03105943277478218,
-0.01593737117946148,
-0.038649581372737885,
-0.05540226399898529,
-0.0881311446428299,
-0.011249338276684284,
-0.003782941959798336,
0.0011046724393963814,
0.03335006535053253,
-0.011511402204632759,
0.03146708756685257,
0.02047981321811676,
-0.012239357456564903,
0.015840310603380203,
0.061497677117586136,
-0.013520559296011925,
0.043522030115127563,
0.029564697295427322,
-0.010696092620491982,
0.047986824065446854,
-0.09263475984334946,
-0.007692062761634588,
0.028031138703227043,
-0.04507500305771828,
0.007347497157752514,
-0.029059981927275658,
0.03674719110131264,
0.012540246360003948,
-0.02430400624871254,
0.0024617027956992388,
-0.041580814868211746,
-0.02096511796116829,
-0.014394106343388557,
0.0642930269241333,
0.0030307213310152292,
0.02929292805492878,
-0.042512599378824234,
0.004717151168733835,
0.038804877549409866,
-0.0018016897374764085,
0.04014431685209274,
0.03146708756685257,
0.028069961816072464,
-0.07407674938440323,
-0.037446029484272,
-0.06526363641023636,
0.04511382803320885,
0.053577523678541183,
-0.008934440091252327,
-0.006192474626004696,
-0.004045005887746811,
-0.03480597585439682,
0.022751035168766975,
-0.05051040276885033,
0.058003492653369904,
0.01376321166753769,
-0.07155317068099976,
0.047132689505815506,
0.006503068841993809,
-0.008827673271298409,
-0.0172185730189085,
0.004299790132790804,
0.010608737356960773,
-0.051286887377500534,
-0.02317810244858265,
0.03738779202103615,
0.030030589550733566,
0.1987803727388382,
-0.05334457755088806,
0.029991764575242996,
0.0003284898994024843,
0.014355281367897987,
0.0005869140732102096,
0.01943155750632286,
-0.04507500305771828,
-0.0674377903342247,
-0.015034706331789494,
-0.03837781026959419,
0.03717425838112831,
0.054664600640535355,
-0.0008201631717383862,
-0.020673934370279312,
-0.0456961914896965,
0.0969054326415062,
-0.007250436581671238,
0.007541618775576353,
0.02744877338409424,
0.036067765206098557,
0.012666424736380577,
0.019256848841905594,
0.015578246675431728,
0.02562403306365013,
0.0354854017496109,
-0.035504814237356186,
0.012520833872258663,
0.016306202858686447,
-0.019489794969558716,
-0.015461773611605167,
0.015714131295681,
-0.06491421163082123,
0.013064374215900898,
-0.0059692347422242165,
-0.0004577020008582622,
-0.004950097296386957,
-0.004729283973574638,
0.06374948471784592,
0.005386870354413986,
0.017150631174445152,
-0.021062178537249565,
0.04868566244840622,
0.02108159102499485,
0.06254593282938004,
0.033621836453676224,
0.026982882991433144,
0.04441498965024948,
-0.06930135935544968,
0.03962019085884094,
-0.019295671954751015,
0.08828643709421158,
0.026497578248381615,
0.0035427166149020195,
0.02993352897465229,
0.04647267609834671,
-0.040299613028764725,
-0.026419930160045624,
-0.023022804409265518,
-0.02374105341732502,
0.06673895567655563,
0.027021706104278564,
0.00653704022988677,
-0.02333339862525463,
0.001607568352483213,
-0.0004049252311233431,
-0.0014680435415357351,
0.05019981041550636,
0.014209690503776073,
-0.022964568808674812,
0.01818918064236641,
-0.010540795512497425,
-0.0180047657340765,
-0.004530309699475765,
0.015587952919304371,
0.0200333334505558,
-0.024129297584295273,
0.0826180949807167,
-0.023488696664571762,
0.02156689390540123,
-0.0127343675121665,
0.039290182292461395,
0.011084334924817085,
0.048142120242118835,
-0.009235328063368797,
-0.002405892824754119,
0.003054986475035548,
-0.06646718829870224,
0.025662856176495552,
0.01251112762838602,
0.011491990648210049,
-0.04763740673661232,
-0.05672229081392288,
0.0010731277288869023,
0.008652963675558567,
0.016869153827428818,
0.03397125378251076,
0.023197514936327934,
-0.03597070649266243,
-0.012190827168524265,
-0.0488409586250782,
-0.014452342875301838,
-0.0022675811778753996,
-0.00514907157048583,
-0.01464646402746439,
0.032806526869535446,
-0.02381870336830616,
-0.0223239678889513,
-0.026303457096219063,
-0.011365811340510845,
0.021236887201666832,
0.021101001650094986,
0.02059628628194332,
0.05769289657473564,
-0.0008765797247178853,
0.023973999544978142,
0.015704425051808357,
0.052451618015766144,
-0.0027759368531405926,
0.01751946099102497,
0.007109698373824358,
0.042706720530986786,
0.013996156863868237,
0.009807986207306385,
-0.008444283157587051,
0.0034335232339799404,
-0.008764583617448807,
0.059207044541835785,
0.02059628628194332,
0.02453695237636566,
-0.041425518691539764,
-0.028419381007552147,
-0.0035839674528688192,
-0.03113708086311817,
0.03041883185505867,
0.01384085975587368,
-0.00015620711201336235,
0.016490617766976357,
0.04655032604932785,
0.04107610136270523,
0.013384674675762653,
-0.032127100974321365,
0.034825388342142105,
0.02775936760008335,
-0.058197613805532455,
-0.07990039139986038,
0.016228552907705307,
0.0033461686689406633,
-0.036067765206098557,
-0.00954592227935791,
-0.06274005770683289,
0.022673385217785835,
0.05462577939033508,
0.0034796271938830614,
0.022712210193276405,
0.0027371125761419535,
-0.049500972032547,
0.026905233040452003,
-0.021877488121390343,
0.016820624470710754,
0.0345730297267437,
-0.006934989243745804,
0.001260576187632978,
-0.025449322536587715,
0.014500873163342476,
-0.04088198021054268,
-0.016810918226838112,
0.02527461387217045,
0.022459851577878,
-0.0005280710174702108,
-0.02948704920709133,
0.003880002535879612,
0.007934714667499065,
0.013510853052139282,
0.06328359246253967,
-0.014432930387556553,
0.006066295318305492,
0.003232122166082263,
0.020343929529190063,
-0.03461185470223427,
-0.014394106343388557,
-0.016597384586930275,
0.01406409963965416,
-0.06006117910146713,
0.021178651601076126,
0.022983981296420097,
-0.007823094725608826,
-0.0365336574614048,
-0.024051647633314133,
0.04957861825823784,
-0.013345849700272083,
-0.01789799891412258,
-0.04406557232141495,
0.05978940799832344,
0.022479264065623283,
-0.03170003369450569,
0.029545284807682037,
0.08417106419801712,
0.07287319749593735,
-0.025934627279639244,
-0.029797643423080444,
-0.04872448369860649,
0.02201337367296219,
0.006488509476184845,
-0.05870232731103897,
-0.05120924115180969,
0.026089923456311226,
0.04666679725050926,
-0.046123258769512177,
-0.04957861825823784,
-0.03315594419836998,
-0.0118511151522398,
-0.0146658755838871,
-0.041580814868211746,
-0.018257122486829758,
-0.015510303899645805,
0.0071436697617173195,
-0.006032324396073818,
0.01355938334017992,
0.04996686428785324,
-0.027584658935666084,
-0.04538559541106224,
-0.0034044049680233,
-0.027778780087828636,
0.00744455773383379,
-0.002496887231245637,
-0.0025332849472761154,
-0.023313986137509346,
0.014937645755708218,
-0.05621757358312607,
-0.0555187352001667,
0.008701493963599205,
-0.009764309041202068,
-0.05186925455927849,
0.010375792160630226,
-0.023042216897010803,
-0.05940116569399834,
-0.04515264928340912,
-0.016742976382374763,
0.05206337571144104,
0.01897537149488926,
0.0011598756536841393,
-0.029719995334744453,
-0.02647816576063633,
-0.022479264065623283,
0.038280751556158066,
-0.01575295627117157,
-0.023430459201335907,
-0.03814486786723137,
0.02640051767230034,
0.05105394124984741,
0.047132689505815506,
-0.07132022082805634,
-0.034534208476543427,
0.012870252132415771,
-0.07248495519161224,
-0.004840903915464878,
-0.009895341470837593,
-0.023469284176826477,
0.028186434879899025,
0.0407266803085804,
-0.03987254574894905,
0.011618169024586678,
-0.0146658755838871,
-0.017354458570480347,
-0.0009633277077227831,
0.001470469986088574,
-0.024556364864110947,
0.011229925788939,
-0.0275652464479208,
0.039212532341480255,
-0.03360242396593094,
-0.010346673429012299,
0.012656718492507935,
0.053616344928741455,
-0.011938469484448433,
-0.020538050681352615,
0.020266279578208923,
0.020693346858024597,
0.008570462465286255,
-0.006668072193861008,
-0.0016403263434767723,
-0.07392144948244095,
0.0030064559541642666,
0.006347771733999252,
0.007527059409767389,
0.02896292135119438,
-0.026846997439861298,
-0.0009518017759546638,
0.06091531366109848,
-0.03185532987117767,
-0.010531089268624783,
-0.004760828800499439,
-0.006017765030264854,
0.0417749360203743,
-0.012414067052304745,
0.01939273439347744,
-0.013093492016196251,
0.004304643254727125,
0.060527071356773376,
0.016063550487160683,
-0.003736837999895215,
-0.06972842663526535,
-0.022634562104940414,
-0.02550755999982357,
-0.02925410307943821,
0.015092942863702774,
-0.059129394590854645,
-0.0031010902021080256,
0.05221867188811302,
-0.009264446794986725,
0.01128816232085228,
-0.021508656442165375,
0.04957861825823784,
-0.03424302488565445,
-0.032534755766391754,
0.026381105184555054,
0.0340489037334919,
0.008424871601164341,
-0.008225896395742893,
-0.010734916664659977,
0.031234141439199448,
0.022149257361888885,
0.030807076022028923,
0.008822820149362087,
-0.00232581770978868,
0.0004419296164996922,
-0.015355006791651249,
0.03360242396593094,
-0.020654523745179176,
0.0020407019183039665,
-0.005110247526317835,
0.019790682941675186,
0.005129659548401833,
0.010754328221082687,
-0.01012343354523182,
-0.03127296641469002,
-0.0016682312125340104,
-0.031195318326354027,
-0.010501970537006855,
0.04014431685209274,
-0.0805215835571289,
0.07702739536762238,
-0.07465910911560059,
-0.049306850880384445,
-0.012006412260234356,
0.00889076292514801,
-0.013171141035854816,
-0.019295671954751015,
0.032845351845026016,
-0.033253006637096405,
-0.00866266991943121,
0.0555187352001667,
-0.00459582544863224,
-0.04957861825823784,
-0.05346104875206947,
0.03905723616480827,
-0.07287319749593735,
-0.03428184986114502,
-0.011919056996703148,
0.022945156320929527,
0.007958979345858097,
-0.011307574808597565,
-0.03105943277478218,
0.02007215842604637,
-0.025973450392484665,
0.04538559541106224,
0.04453146085143089,
-0.05462577939033508,
0.011676405556499958,
-0.06211886554956436,
0.04068785905838013,
0.034437146037817,
-0.003698013722896576,
-0.009837104938924313,
-0.008395752869546413,
-0.007599854841828346,
0.005935263354331255,
0.04095962643623352,
-0.0005116920219734311,
-0.015714131295681,
-0.007104845251888037,
-0.03049647994339466,
0.051675133407115936,
0.01980038918554783,
0.03187474235892296,
-0.03255416825413704,
-0.0028244671411812305,
-0.0003151440469082445,
0.04519147425889969,
0.0057993787340819836,
0.07838624715805054,
-0.01279260404407978,
0.02748759835958481,
-0.00018638692563399673,
-0.01585972309112549,
-0.06483656913042068,
0.0026740231551229954,
-0.006095413584262133,
0.021838663145899773,
-0.021198062226176262,
-0.0075804428197443485,
0.030748838558793068,
-0.01706327684223652,
-0.006090560462325811,
0.016742976382374763,
-0.04903507977724075,
0.024595187976956367,
-0.022751035168766975,
0.03049647994339466,
0.03581541031599045,
0.0002488697646185756,
-0.020091570913791656,
-0.012637306936085224,
0.011491990648210049,
-0.041464343667030334,
0.021295124664902687,
0.03356359899044037,
-0.016228552907705307,
0.03971724957227707,
-0.014966764487326145,
0.0033534481190145016,
0.016335319727659225,
0.022886918857693672,
-0.07388262450695038,
0.062468282878398895,
-0.0024216652382165194,
0.0226539745926857,
0.015034706331789494,
-0.017985353246331215,
0.004088683053851128,
-0.05334457755088806,
0.05225749686360359,
0.010453440248966217,
0.03870781883597374,
-0.009196504019200802,
-0.02205219678580761,
0.02374105341732502,
-0.020732171833515167,
0.01999451033771038,
0.017694171518087387,
0.008677229285240173,
-0.0031156493350863457,
-0.018917135894298553,
0.03694131225347519,
-0.007760005071759224,
-0.0036373508628457785,
0.016112081706523895,
-0.008187072351574898,
-0.013064374215900898,
-0.05629522353410721,
0.06320594251155853,
-0.008764583617448807,
0.029040569439530373,
0.014995882287621498,
-0.007231024093925953,
-0.003292785258963704,
0.01627708412706852,
0.042473774403333664,
-0.03645601123571396,
-0.0020055172499269247,
-0.021819252520799637,
0.03030235879123211,
-0.006109972950071096,
0.024090472608804703,
0.02261514961719513,
0.047171514481306076,
0.008094864897429943,
-0.03383537009358406,
-0.009065471589565277,
0.0012739220401272178,
-0.02253750152885914,
-0.02164454199373722,
0.02115923911333084,
0.05839173495769501,
-0.019120963290333748,
0.03086531162261963,
-0.004751122556626797,
-0.028050551190972328,
-0.011821996420621872,
-0.001099819433875382,
-0.050393931567668915,
0.030923547223210335,
0.027177004143595695,
0.019790682941675186,
0.0016924964729696512,
-0.013229377567768097,
0.0029142482671886683,
-0.00033212968264706433,
0.029622934758663177,
-0.06359419226646423,
-0.014190278016030788,
-0.016529442742466927,
0.006959254387766123,
-0.024071060121059418,
-0.032204750925302505,
0.010666973888874054,
-0.026167571544647217,
-0.0009657542686909437,
0.016480911523103714,
0.017752407118678093,
0.035427164286375046,
-0.03203003853559494,
-0.01517059188336134,
-0.012744073756039143,
0.019713032990694046,
-0.04678327217698097,
0.05400459095835686,
-0.004860315937548876,
-0.03983372449874878,
0.003081678180024028,
0.08269573748111725,
0.003945518750697374,
0.028594089671969414,
-0.01552971638739109,
0.017674759030342102,
-0.031078845262527466,
-0.0006782118580304086,
-0.02640051767230034,
0.016849743202328682,
-0.017305927351117134,
0.025837566703557968,
-0.033544186502695084,
-0.021256299689412117,
0.014161160215735435,
0.036960724741220474,
-0.009589600376784801,
-0.0540822371840477,
0.002129269763827324,
0.023313986137509346,
-0.0100166667252779,
-0.060216475278139114,
0.024323418736457825,
-0.013248789124190807,
-0.004918552469462156,
-0.004057138226926327,
0.010230200365185738,
-0.004146919585764408,
-0.009579894132912159,
0.010501970537006855,
0.04049373418092728,
0.006668072193861008,
0.04340555891394615,
0.01987803727388382,
0.05870232731103897,
-0.024051647633314133,
0.008735465817153454,
-0.000837148807477206,
-0.027934078127145767,
0.006755426526069641,
-0.00033637607702985406,
-0.012181120924651623,
-0.007847360335290432,
0.04457028582692146,
-0.002640051767230034,
0.027138179168105125,
-0.04336673393845558,
0.004925832152366638,
-0.016781799495220184,
0.01046314649283886,
0.05074334889650345,
-0.02865232713520527,
-0.017538873478770256,
0.0022845668718218803,
0.006512775085866451,
0.02269279770553112,
-0.016907978802919388,
-0.004937964491546154,
0.01684003695845604,
-0.01845124363899231,
-0.019703328609466553,
-0.09356654435396194,
-0.03094295971095562,
-0.0004304036556277424,
0.019645091146230698,
0.019625678658485413,
-0.007546471431851387,
0.034340087324380875,
0.0018902576994150877,
-0.02280927076935768,
0.003278226125985384,
-0.006236151792109013,
-0.03762073814868927,
0.007260142359882593,
-0.01935390941798687,
-0.006124531850218773,
-0.020829232409596443,
-0.03348595276474953,
-0.0033073443919420242,
0.0058284965343773365,
0.055751681327819824,
-0.041347868740558624,
-0.022149257361888885,
0.024206945672631264,
0.021178651601076126,
0.019266555085778236,
0.017500048503279686,
0.006517627742141485,
-0.029428813606500626,
-0.05175277963280678,
0.029797643423080444,
-0.012016118504106998,
-0.0012102259788662195,
-0.02321692556142807,
0.009550775401294231,
0.0381060428917408,
0.04899625480175018,
0.015782075002789497,
-0.021023353561758995,
0.01687886007130146,
0.008783996105194092,
0.018286241218447685,
-0.015607365407049656,
0.020538050681352615,
-0.03680542856454849,
0.0024811148177832365,
0.015607365407049656,
0.04014431685209274,
-0.005935263354331255,
-0.012103472836315632,
0.005139365326613188,
0.04942332208156586,
-0.03323359414935112,
0.007798829581588507,
0.0214115958660841,
0.030244123190641403,
0.01524823997169733,
0.021858075633645058,
0.030108237639069557,
-0.0032976381480693817,
0.000788011762779206,
0.045773837715387344,
-0.024517539888620377,
0.00877914298325777,
-0.016558559611439705,
-0.008895616047084332,
0.02426518127322197,
-0.02092629298567772,
-0.003656762884929776,
0.05897409841418266,
0.05645051971077919,
0.033699486404657364,
0.00894899945706129,
0.0076969158835709095,
0.008225896395742893,
-0.013365262188017368,
-0.006706896238029003,
0.00954592227935791,
-0.0017883438849821687,
-0.00694954814389348,
0.012190827168524265,
0.029642347246408463,
0.01725739799439907,
0.011462871916592121,
0.04911272972822189,
0.05637286975979805,
0.011715229600667953,
-0.04907390475273132,
0.006794251035898924,
0.000353665032889694,
-0.041425518691539764,
0.022867508232593536,
0.016548853367567062,
0.051519833505153656,
-0.015151179395616055,
-0.03364124894142151,
-0.029642347246408463,
-0.00866752304136753,
-0.06305065006017685,
-0.012617894448339939,
-0.004304643254727125,
0.014471754431724548,
0.012879958376288414,
-0.00946827419102192,
-0.010230200365185738,
-0.03344712778925896,
-0.01953832432627678,
-0.006207033526152372,
-0.04204670712351799,
0.021819252520799637,
0.008123982697725296,
-0.01448146067559719,
-0.048297420144081116,
0.061614152044057846,
-0.0324765183031559,
0.0375819131731987,
-0.019557736814022064,
-0.06736014783382416,
-0.015306476503610611,
-0.012899370864033699,
-0.004758402239531279,
0.002598800929263234,
-0.05105394124984741,
-0.02321692556142807,
0.0011125586461275816,
0.004690459463745356,
-0.0237022303044796,
0.01500558853149414,
-0.013743799179792404,
0.013666150160133839,
-0.03979489952325821,
0.05175277963280678,
0.009046060033142567,
0.0003809633490163833,
-0.014170866459608078,
-0.01564618945121765,
-0.03500009700655937,
-0.005328633822500706,
0.015626776963472366,
-0.016034431755542755,
-0.037038374692201614,
-0.018800662830471992,
-0.072019062936306,
-0.006915576756000519,
-0.03843604773283005,
-0.0026012274902313948,
-0.03581541031599045,
0.011773466132581234,
-0.024206945672631264,
0.033621836453676224,
-0.006697190459817648,
0.025371674448251724,
0.07900743186473846,
-0.052451618015766144,
-0.00453758891671896,
-0.013811741955578327,
0.04127022251486778,
-0.016587678343057632,
-0.04853036254644394,
0.03958136588335037,
-0.016907978802919388,
0.013287614099681377,
-0.03680542856454849,
-0.015714131295681,
-0.034223612397909164,
0.004738990217447281,
0.0428231917321682,
0.022983981296420097,
-0.03738779202103615,
-0.001366129727102816,
-0.05672229081392288,
0.016558559611439705,
0.0324765183031559,
0.01651003025472164,
-0.013685562647879124,
0.01243347954005003,
-0.0011580558493733406,
-0.0011046724393963814,
-0.0058479090221226215,
-0.0008001443929970264,
-0.08021098375320435,
0.03589305654168129,
0.0006672925082966685,
0.008322957903146744,
-0.010938744060695171,
-0.007357203401625156,
0.00802692212164402,
-0.010599031113088131,
-0.030321771278977394,
-0.002979764249175787,
-0.01691768504679203,
-0.012627600692212582,
0.010734916664659977,
-0.015403538011014462,
0.03505833446979523,
-0.03138944134116173,
0.008119129575788975,
0.02028569206595421,
0.0015262799570336938,
-0.01698562689125538,
-0.01070579793304205,
0.012317006476223469,
0.022226907312870026,
0.03789250925183296,
-0.016267377883195877,
0.015801485627889633,
-0.008856791071593761,
-0.004076550714671612,
-0.017383577302098274,
0.02269279770553112,
-0.025002842769026756,
-0.0059255575761199,
0.035990118980407715,
-0.03909606114029884,
0.010133139789104462,
0.027914665639400482,
0.03668895363807678,
-0.041619639843702316,
0.03183591738343239,
-0.0038508845027536154,
0.0005119953420944512,
-0.01486970391124487,
0.002058900659903884,
0.016005314886569977,
-0.0003400158602744341,
0.033253006637096405,
-0.032495930790901184,
-0.001516573829576373,
-0.0006751787150278687,
0.01755828596651554,
0.012239357456564903,
-0.024090472608804703,
-0.004627370275557041,
-0.04616208374500275,
-0.062468282878398895,
0.04678327217698097,
0.007104845251888037,
-0.08129806816577911,
0.021236887201666832,
0.025798741728067398,
0.058042313903570175,
-0.018723014742136,
0.08044393360614777,
0.05206337571144104,
-0.0024192386772483587,
-0.0012241784716024995,
0.006124531850218773,
-0.021838663145899773,
-0.0071194046176970005,
0.0041202278807759285,
0.020654523745179176,
-0.05641169473528862,
0.0391542986035347,
-0.008677229285240173,
0.04123139753937721,
0.026497578248381615,
0.01717974804341793,
-0.006299241445958614,
0.009968136437237263,
-0.008128835819661617,
-0.0065224808640778065,
-0.0012405574088916183,
0.006944695021957159,
0.012773191556334496,
0.02948704920709133,
0.01939273439347744,
-0.0024277314078062773,
-0.0026837291661649942,
0.006692337337881327,
-0.011540520936250687,
-0.009477980434894562,
-0.04965626820921898,
-0.028555266559123993,
0.01920831762254238,
-0.039251357316970825,
0.003799927420914173,
-0.008206484839320183,
-0.02509990520775318,
0.0011368237901479006,
-0.023469284176826477,
0.02445930428802967,
0.0002647938090376556,
0.006527333986014128,
-0.003799927420914173,
-0.01882978156208992,
-0.00796868558973074,
0.05846938118338585,
-0.01209376659244299,
-0.04398792237043381,
-0.0064739505760371685,
-0.010531089268624783,
0.004857889376580715,
0.002535711508244276,
-0.04286201670765877,
0.030360596254467964,
0.0488409586250782,
0.0084782550111413,
0.006760279648005962,
0.01623825915157795,
-0.041425518691539764,
-0.02744877338409424,
-0.0018696322804316878,
0.038125455379486084,
0.036960724741220474,
0.002374347997829318,
-0.04876330867409706,
0.0021171371918171644,
0.03618424013257027,
-0.011919056996703148,
-0.03082648664712906,
0.03230180963873863,
0.023449871689081192,
0.0146658755838871,
0.03228239715099335,
-0.014792054891586304,
-0.03408772870898247,
-0.00046346496674232185,
-0.007129110395908356,
0.0007152162143029273,
0.009070324711501598,
0.02389635145664215,
-0.006789397913962603,
0.019936272874474525,
0.024362241849303246,
0.023197514936327934,
0.023391636088490486,
0.00039491584175266325,
0.013132316060364246,
0.026982882991433144,
-0.014015569351613522,
0.011113453656435013,
0.011715229600667953,
-0.015364713035523891,
-0.0216057188808918,
-0.015015294775366783,
-0.019480088725686073,
0.018596835434436798,
-0.0006951974937692285,
-0.010249612852931023,
0.0350971594452858,
-0.029428813606500626,
-0.013307025656104088,
-0.06487539410591125,
-0.005445106886327267,
-0.039367832243442535
] |
Recent advancements in conversational large language models (LLMs), such as
ChatGPT, have demonstrated remarkable promise in various domains, including
drug discovery. However, existing works mainly focus on investigating the
capabilities of conversational LLMs on chemical reaction and retrosynthesis.
While drug editing, a critical task in the drug discovery pipeline, remains
largely unexplored. To bridge this gap, we propose ChatDrug, a framework to
facilitate the systematic investigation of drug editing using LLMs. ChatDrug
jointly leverages a prompt module, a retrieval and domain feedback (ReDF)
module, and a conversation module to streamline effective drug editing. We
empirically show that ChatDrug reaches the best performance on 33 out of 39
drug editing tasks, encompassing small molecules, peptides, and proteins. We
further demonstrate, through 10 case studies, that ChatDrug can successfully
identify the key substructures (e.g., the molecule functional groups, peptide
motifs, and protein structures) for manipulation, generating diverse and valid
suggestions for drug editing. Promisingly, we also show that ChatDrug can offer
insightful explanations from a domain-specific perspective, enhancing
interpretability and enabling informed decision-making. This research sheds
light on the potential of ChatGPT and conversational LLMs for drug editing. It
paves the way for a more efficient and collaborative drug discovery pipeline,
contributing to the advancement of pharmaceutical research and development. | [
-0.02806602604687214,
-0.03410252183675766,
-0.02037317492067814,
-0.009662074968218803,
-0.021624643355607986,
0.029391111806035042,
-0.007343176752328873,
0.006979698780924082,
-0.005327944178134203,
0.04553137719631195,
0.03169160336256027,
-0.0006648427806794643,
0.0037981155328452587,
-0.02972238138318062,
-0.0065472060814499855,
0.017649389803409576,
-0.03938445821404457,
0.0022165258415043354,
0.0029653366655111313,
-0.010204991325736046,
0.007959709502756596,
0.0034622433595359325,
-0.021127736195921898,
0.025102989748120308,
0.09150444716215134,
0.02525022253394127,
0.03386327251791954,
0.021992722526192665,
0.001986476592719555,
0.07582428306341171,
0.010158981196582317,
0.013821368105709553,
0.007987314835190773,
0.0005403285031206906,
-0.02664892189204693,
-0.009570054709911346,
-0.006478190887719393,
0.0461939200758934,
0.02988801710307598,
0.016609566286206245,
0.00794590637087822,
0.018137093633413315,
-0.000228611592319794,
0.00808393582701683,
0.008097738958895206,
-0.014437899924814701,
-0.015422511845827103,
-0.05535908788442612,
-0.006289550568908453,
0.04847601056098938,
0.004697608761489391,
-0.04192420095205307,
0.04693007841706276,
-0.022250378504395485,
-0.028746971860527992,
0.04715092480182648,
0.01833033561706543,
-0.012211021967232227,
0.030348116531968117,
-0.01288276631385088,
-0.0011663504410535097,
-0.024311620742082596,
0.017538966611027718,
-0.0010961854131892323,
-0.001289426814764738,
-0.02267366833984852,
-0.04718773066997528,
0.021127736195921898,
-0.02114614099264145,
0.03395529091358185,
-0.029041435569524765,
0.04240270331501961,
0.008198960684239864,
-0.017161685973405838,
-0.009560853242874146,
-0.023667482659220695,
0.005714427214115858,
0.03382646292448044,
0.014309072867035866,
-0.03388167545199394,
0.05142064020037651,
0.038169797509908676,
0.04792388901114464,
-0.03049534745514393,
0.05885583907365799,
-0.051494255661964417,
0.0474085807800293,
-0.07148095220327377,
0.0017035157652571797,
0.01693163625895977,
-0.0021314076147973537,
0.02937270700931549,
-0.029980037361383438,
-0.007610034197568893,
-0.045715417712926865,
-0.026317650452256203,
-0.01630590111017227,
-0.0005302638746798038,
-0.004798830486834049,
0.0021728165447711945,
0.045973069965839386,
-0.01755736954510212,
0.009027138352394104,
0.024201195687055588,
0.005926072597503662,
-0.03290626406669617,
-0.00406957371160388,
-0.009781700558960438,
-0.022655265405774117,
0.13184590637683868,
-0.06500275433063507,
-0.006952092982828617,
0.010435041040182114,
0.01205458864569664,
-0.011254016309976578,
-0.032096490263938904,
-0.05992326885461807,
-0.018643202260136604,
0.006344762165099382,
-0.012358253821730614,
0.020612426102161407,
0.05819329619407654,
-0.0474821962416172,
-0.03439698740839958,
-0.019305745139718056,
0.06993501633405685,
-0.01174172107130289,
-0.009289395064115524,
-0.027642736211419106,
0.05304018780589104,
-0.05705225095152855,
0.02386992610991001,
0.012993189506232738,
0.04542095214128494,
0.07619236409664154,
0.05119979381561279,
-0.005051884800195694,
0.01782422699034214,
-0.028415702283382416,
0.00452277110889554,
-0.024403641000390053,
-0.01987626776099205,
-0.04464798793196678,
-0.013802964240312576,
0.017538966611027718,
-0.018137093633413315,
0.006915284786373377,
0.0756770521402359,
0.009800104424357414,
0.0332927480340004,
-0.041850585490465164,
-0.027348272502422333,
0.015045230276882648,
-0.030587367713451385,
-0.00730636902153492,
-0.024422043934464455,
0.015864206477999687,
-0.023133767768740654,
0.004133987706154585,
-0.021643048152327538,
0.06437702476978302,
-0.04961705580353737,
0.04600987955927849,
-0.009137562476098537,
0.06514999270439148,
0.010389030911028385,
0.03684471175074577,
-0.00898572988808155,
-0.04269716888666153,
0.051972758024930954,
0.059812843799591064,
0.06242620572447777,
0.0036186769139021635,
0.03290626406669617,
-0.00333571620285511,
0.007784871384501457,
-0.006726644467562437,
0.010738706216216087,
-0.04291801527142525,
-0.010527060367166996,
-0.036200571805238724,
0.032022874802351,
0.0551014319062233,
0.0034576423931866884,
0.021845491603016853,
0.0060595013201236725,
0.050574060529470444,
0.000429904815973714,
0.01732731983065605,
0.02348344214260578,
-0.020612426102161407,
0.0024937354028224945,
-0.03053215518593788,
-0.045457761734724045,
-0.016950039193034172,
0.0032528985757380724,
-0.059812843799591064,
-0.01754816807806492,
0.012818352319300175,
0.00416389387100935,
-0.017649389803409576,
-0.006238939706236124,
-0.011704913340508938,
-0.005300337914377451,
0.004041967913508415,
0.018256720155477524,
0.000004201097453915281,
0.04884408786892891,
0.01576298475265503,
-0.02357546240091324,
-0.021459007635712624,
-0.043911829590797424,
-0.060475386679172516,
-0.01693163625895977,
0.010020951740443707,
-0.02861814573407173,
-0.018818041309714317,
-0.0019715232774615288,
-0.008240369148552418,
-0.027974005788564682,
-0.032372552901506424,
0.02988801710307598,
0.03563005104660988,
-0.04696688428521156,
-0.0022383807227015495,
0.00827717687934637,
-0.028912607580423355,
0.03489389270544052,
-0.004382440820336342,
-0.0008868404547683895,
0.05988645926117897,
0.01602984219789505,
0.001992227742448449,
-0.008350793272256851,
-0.021624643355607986,
-0.055837590247392654,
0.02729305997490883,
-0.019692229107022285,
-0.045862648636102676,
0.026059996336698532,
-0.033936887979507446,
0.035464413464069366,
-0.010858331806957722,
-0.04258674383163452,
0.07468323409557343,
0.011014765128493309,
0.03666067123413086,
0.09893964231014252,
0.07379984855651855,
0.04681965336203575,
0.015542137436568737,
0.00794590637087822,
-0.0054567717015743256,
0.02771635167300701,
-0.06967736035585403,
0.012523889541625977,
0.07424154132604599,
-0.09253507107496262,
0.04439033195376396,
-0.021900702267885208,
0.019673824310302734,
-0.08627772331237793,
0.05208318307995796,
0.07343176752328873,
0.014999221079051495,
-0.05189914256334305,
0.02204793505370617,
0.014529920183122158,
0.031194698065519333,
0.023520249873399734,
-0.03820660337805748,
-0.0073201716877520084,
-0.03710236772894859,
0.03447060286998749,
-0.0011709514074027538,
-0.03268541768193245,
0.017373330891132355,
-0.016177073121070862,
0.03730481117963791,
0.0037659085355699062,
-0.00936301052570343,
-0.046746037900447845,
0.048660047352313995,
0.009800104424357414,
-0.030035249888896942,
-0.0551014319062233,
-0.015680167824029922,
-0.04832877591252327,
-0.04052550345659256,
0.0006222836091183126,
-0.023759501054883003,
-0.029041435569524765,
0.0009368761675432324,
-0.0031930855475366116,
0.02357546240091324,
0.01320483535528183,
-0.025047779083251953,
0.025949571281671524,
-0.00493685994297266,
0.006280348636209965,
-0.10011749714612961,
-0.059039875864982605,
-0.02256324514746666,
0.02217676118016243,
-0.021385392174124718,
0.03667907416820526,
0.03489389270544052,
0.0768548995256424,
-0.08259693533182144,
0.013931791298091412,
0.07795914262533188,
-0.023520249873399734,
-0.0166555754840374,
0.00465389946475625,
0.023262595757842064,
0.03448900580406189,
0.04523691534996033,
-0.052009567618370056,
-0.008613049052655697,
-0.014566727913916111,
-0.0077204578556120396,
-0.01899287849664688,
-0.06514999270439148,
0.0070211077108979225,
0.03487548977136612,
0.027974005788564682,
0.026630518957972527,
0.0022774890530854464,
0.007182142231613398,
0.06445063650608063,
-0.018744423985481262,
0.017152482643723488,
-0.06010730564594269,
0.010352223180234432,
-0.03410252183675766,
-0.04461117833852768,
-0.036752693355083466,
0.020225942134857178,
-0.026980193331837654,
-0.025287030264735222,
-0.013508500531315804,
-0.02271047607064247,
-0.008971926756203175,
0.0015378802781924605,
-0.019048091024160385,
-0.023170575499534607,
-0.023906733840703964,
0.07413111627101898,
-0.017088068649172783,
-0.01589181274175644,
0.0009547049994580448,
-0.022526437416672707,
-0.026133611798286438,
0.04689326882362366,
0.011042371392250061,
-0.017888640984892845,
-0.016379516571760178,
0.005580998491495848,
-0.036071743816137314,
0.07552982121706009,
0.04048869386315346,
-0.05859818309545517,
-0.025563089177012444,
0.026446478441357613,
-0.05705225095152855,
-0.0023327008821070194,
-0.017106473445892334,
-0.01063748449087143,
-0.01705126091837883,
-0.031470756977796555,
0.043396517634391785,
0.03410252183675766,
0.013103613629937172,
-0.032004471868276596,
0.015836600214242935,
0.02398034930229187,
0.010204991325736046,
-0.03535399213433266,
-0.018652405589818954,
0.051236603409051895,
-0.028010815382003784,
-0.01120800618082285,
-0.009698882699012756,
0.012045386247336864,
-0.012864362448453903,
0.031231505796313286,
0.01115279458463192,
-0.04475840926170349,
-0.02153262309730053,
0.013352067209780216,
0.023759501054883003,
0.001027170568704605,
0.0017414739122614264,
-0.03566685691475868,
0.027127424255013466,
-0.009063946083188057,
-0.00981850828975439,
0.03156277909874916,
0.0845845639705658,
-0.020612426102161407,
-0.04534733667969704,
-0.002525942400097847,
-0.03012726828455925,
0.0035726672504097223,
0.0034737458918243647,
-0.019434573128819466,
-0.008318586274981499,
-0.03868510574102402,
0.0230969600379467,
-0.019397765398025513,
-0.027366675436496735,
-0.005107096396386623,
0.0068968809209764,
0.0015022226143628359,
0.07994676381349564,
0.02088848501443863,
-0.00981850828975439,
-0.03614536300301552,
0.030219288542866707,
0.005627008154988289,
0.03883233666419983,
0.014907200820744038,
0.016259891912341118,
0.012514687143266201,
-0.04085677117109299,
-0.004345633089542389,
0.028047623112797737,
0.0024569276720285416,
-0.0538867712020874,
-0.04516329616308212,
0.005838653538376093,
0.032630205154418945,
-0.07737021148204803,
-0.07497769594192505,
-0.038537874817848206,
-0.06588614732027054,
0.03218851238489151,
0.0014182545710355043,
-0.03053215518593788,
0.05300338193774223,
0.014824382960796356,
-0.024790123105049133,
-0.007329373620450497,
-0.024053964763879776,
-0.06481871753931046,
0.040451884269714355,
-0.03500431776046753,
0.020354770123958588,
-0.02294972725212574,
-0.07538258284330368,
-0.06426659971475601,
0.012293839827179909,
-0.08016761392354965,
-0.04435352236032486,
0.023262595757842064,
-0.02642807550728321,
-0.005079490598291159,
-0.007090122438967228,
0.048770472407341,
-0.05039002001285553,
0.025434261187911034,
-0.00666683167219162,
0.010545464232563972,
0.017888640984892845,
-0.047776658087968826,
-0.0014412595191970468,
-0.02063082903623581,
-0.019140109419822693,
0.04081996530294418,
0.055064622312784195,
-0.022268781438469887,
0.008502625860273838,
-0.023501846939325333,
-0.026464883238077164,
0.018035871908068657,
-0.024569274857640266,
0.03229893371462822,
-0.033532001078128815,
0.05926072597503662,
0.0461939200758934,
0.020097116008400917,
0.007264960091561079,
-0.01706046238541603,
-0.021459007635712624,
-0.02447725646197796,
0.00322069157846272,
0.06507637351751328,
-0.01480597909539938,
0.06242620572447777,
-0.02331780642271042,
-0.017723005264997482,
-0.01403301302343607,
-0.04383821412920952,
0.006013491190969944,
-0.00968968030065298,
0.00840140413492918,
-0.0029377308674156666,
-0.004729815758764744,
0.007168339099735022,
0.026096804067492485,
0.025323837995529175,
-0.01680280826985836,
-0.01704205945134163,
-0.015137250535190105,
-0.025102989748120308,
0.009317000396549702,
0.0009719586814753711,
-0.020833274349570274,
-0.005972082260996103,
0.035703666508197784,
0.0017863336252048612,
0.012901170179247856,
-0.0525984950363636,
-0.008755680173635483,
-0.03253818675875664,
-0.012533091008663177,
-0.014088225550949574,
-0.007600832264870405,
-0.004235209431499243,
0.03053215518593788,
0.024937354028224945,
-0.010140577331185341,
-0.018532779067754745,
0.024974161759018898,
-0.06938289850950241,
0.012855160050094128,
0.0372127890586853,
-0.017741410061717033,
-0.016729192808270454,
0.0033449181355535984,
-0.03678949922323227,
0.013536106795072556,
-0.03171001002192497,
-0.014198648743331432,
0.01032461691647768,
-0.0017679296433925629,
-0.013444086536765099,
-0.04324928671121597,
-0.006289550568908453,
0.025047779083251953,
-0.027385080233216286,
0.03894276171922684,
-0.0073201716877520084,
0.029299091547727585,
0.022084742784500122,
-0.012496283277869225,
0.00859464518725872,
-0.05948157235980034,
-0.028360489755868912,
0.023649077862501144,
-0.01717088744044304,
0.014713959768414497,
0.004674603696912527,
0.009399818256497383,
-0.008488822728395462,
-0.06231578066945076,
0.04394863545894623,
-0.03053215518593788,
-0.020428385585546494,
-0.030992254614830017,
0.006036496255546808,
0.018118690699338913,
-0.025195010006427765,
0.01037982851266861,
-0.007748063653707504,
-0.03603493794798851,
0.026483286172151566,
0.04958024621009827,
0.019140109419822693,
0.04218185693025589,
0.014327476732432842,
-0.01366493385285139,
-0.011484066024422646,
0.0039361449889838696,
-0.008576241321861744,
0.03132352605462074,
-0.004140889272093773,
-0.06065942347049713,
-0.014115830883383751,
0.012910372577607632,
0.01845916360616684,
-0.031213102862238884,
-0.005447569768875837,
0.00871887244284153,
-0.000028342805308056995,
0.0015493826940655708,
-0.018127892166376114,
-0.042108241468667984,
-0.01643472909927368,
-0.021863894537091255,
-0.017732206732034683,
0.02167985588312149,
0.030329711735248566,
-0.028360489755868912,
-0.036347806453704834,
-0.01833033561706543,
0.009128360077738762,
0.015220068395137787,
0.007637639995664358,
-0.0962158590555191,
-0.03496750816702843,
0.04641476646065712,
0.03614536300301552,
0.015413309447467327,
-0.003158578183501959,
-0.01769539900124073,
0.002459228038787842,
0.014999221079051495,
-0.011888952925801277,
0.020741254091262817,
0.006013491190969944,
-0.02077806182205677,
0.012799948453903198,
-0.057641178369522095,
0.0028066027443856,
-0.04935939982533455,
0.014410294592380524,
-0.016867222264409065,
-0.011898154392838478,
-0.030164077877998352,
0.012763140723109245,
-0.05234083905816078,
0.06360405683517456,
-0.022250378504395485,
0.04162973910570145,
0.024458851665258408,
0.013407278805971146,
-0.04273397475481033,
-0.014419496059417725,
-0.003915440756827593,
-0.06117473542690277,
-0.0022694373037666082,
-0.06831546872854233,
-0.025710320100188255,
0.03767288848757744,
-0.037654485553503036,
-0.010435041040182114,
0.01972903683781624,
-0.0015700871590524912,
0.032114896923303604,
-0.10232596844434738,
0.025857552886009216,
-0.023041747510433197,
0.050316404551267624,
-0.017483754083514214,
-0.0005526936729438603,
0.046120304614305496,
0.028121238574385643,
0.06886758655309677,
0.015468521043658257,
0.00023910759773571044,
0.03347678855061531,
0.02232399396598339,
0.042365897446870804,
-0.027219444513320923,
-0.025691917166113853,
0.012983988039195538,
-0.009155966341495514,
0.034323371946811676,
0.029170263558626175,
0.07287964969873428,
-0.0023488043807446957,
-0.019544996321201324,
-0.008893709629774094,
0.03027450107038021,
-0.03704715520143509,
0.0333295576274395,
0.02604159153997898,
-0.012026982381939888,
0.05605843663215637,
0.014907200820744038,
-0.00922958180308342,
-0.049433015286922455,
0.00602729432284832,
0.012082193978130817,
-0.0024546270724385977,
0.010297010652720928,
0.0067588514648377895,
-0.004826436284929514,
-0.050831716507673264,
-0.017907045781612396,
-0.04958024621009827,
-0.06621741503477097,
-0.009386015124619007,
-0.024698102846741676,
0.014631141908466816,
0.005884663667529821,
0.012717130593955517,
-0.016241487115621567,
0.03483868017792702,
0.016324305906891823,
0.020612426102161407,
-0.019084898754954338,
-0.0015355796786025167,
-0.02090688981115818,
0.034691449254751205,
0.010103769600391388,
-0.040451884269714355,
0.013131219893693924,
-0.030311308801174164,
0.04652519151568413,
-0.013812165707349777,
0.006892279721796513,
-0.0384642593562603,
-0.019839460030198097,
-0.0009460781584493816,
0.010398232378065586,
-0.001127817202359438,
-0.002030185889452696,
-0.0150728365406394,
0.016066649928689003,
0.023391421884298325,
0.0008506076410412788,
0.03561164811253548,
-0.029703978449106216,
0.0011721017071977258,
0.01326004695147276,
0.006680634338408709,
0.005714427214115858,
0.04001019150018692,
-0.02909664809703827,
0.002732986817136407,
0.036587055772542953,
-0.06364086270332336,
0.021882299333810806,
-0.011971770785748959,
-0.0043410323560237885,
-0.009077749215066433,
0.0035818691831082106,
-0.0019542695954442024,
0.03780171647667885,
-0.01352690439671278,
-0.02552628144621849,
0.01884564571082592,
-0.0013181830290704966,
-0.015983833000063896,
-0.015928620472550392,
0.046488381922245026,
0.012790746055543423,
-0.033936887979507446,
-0.014723161235451698,
-0.03728640452027321,
0.02732986770570278,
-0.01972903683781624,
0.026501690968871117,
-0.008700468577444553,
0.02513979747891426,
0.021348584443330765,
0.002689277520403266,
-0.010665089823305607,
0.010352223180234432,
-0.02064923383295536,
0.10556507110595703,
0.008447414264082909,
-0.01718008890748024,
0.009261788800358772,
-0.02103571780025959,
0.0049552638083696365,
0.009211177937686443,
-0.047371771186590195,
-0.022342396900057793,
0.04291801527142525,
0.031231505796313286,
0.011953366920351982,
0.014198648743331432,
-0.015827398747205734,
-0.02935430221259594,
0.028912607580423355,
-0.018900858238339424,
0.003979854751378298,
0.015744579955935478,
-0.04641476646065712,
0.060696233063936234,
-0.01256069727241993,
0.04722454026341438,
-0.006924486719071865,
0.020446790382266045,
0.00936761125922203,
-0.07317411154508591,
0.053813155740499496,
-0.06356725096702576,
-0.02744029276072979,
0.045568183064460754,
0.026133611798286438,
-0.01859719306230545,
0.01243186928331852,
0.04001019150018692,
-0.03912680223584175,
-0.016701586544513702,
0.0022303289733827114,
-0.008663659915328026,
-0.01860639452934265,
0.019821055233478546,
0.014327476732432842,
0.030550559982657433,
-0.01320483535528183,
0.03502272069454193,
0.0007246555760502815,
-0.013940993696451187,
-0.010987158864736557,
0.042365897446870804,
-0.0033173123374581337,
0.006680634338408709,
0.051751911640167236,
-0.015404107980430126,
-0.06106431037187576,
-0.025747127830982208,
-0.005488978698849678,
-0.006924486719071865,
0.012910372577607632,
-0.004184598568826914,
0.028010815382003784,
0.013738550245761871,
0.02129337191581726,
0.007053314708173275,
-0.03960530459880829,
-0.05782521516084671,
0.0410040058195591,
-0.0256551094353199,
0.015293683856725693,
0.001766779343597591,
0.02370429039001465,
0.016379516571760178,
0.008654458448290825,
0.000970233348198235,
-0.03526197001338005,
0.03296147659420967,
0.0137937618419528,
0.03447060286998749,
0.04446394741535187,
0.00968047883361578,
0.018256720155477524,
-0.017879439517855644,
0.015017624944448471,
-0.02883899211883545,
0.03883233666419983,
0.010757110081613064,
-0.02217676118016243,
0.007030309643596411,
0.022213568910956383,
-0.04910174384713173,
0.00922958180308342,
-0.01691323146224022,
-0.002732986817136407,
0.0070717185735702515,
-0.0435805581510067,
-0.005792643874883652,
-0.005838653538376093,
-0.004863244481384754,
0.018808837980031967,
-0.007748063653707504,
-0.044279906898736954,
0.029980037361383438,
0.016131063923239708,
-0.021587835624814034,
-0.00535094877704978,
-0.0036853912752121687,
0.04718773066997528,
-0.03616376593708992,
-0.02576553262770176,
-0.009579257108271122,
-0.010793917812407017,
-0.012487080879509449,
0.012928776443004608,
0.00040661232196725905,
-0.04600987955927849,
-0.004681505262851715,
-0.029023032635450363,
-0.0019692229107022285,
-0.006303353700786829,
0.04387501999735832,
0.00827717687934637,
-0.04755581170320511,
0.02050200290977955,
-0.014281466603279114,
-0.006455186288803816,
0.011005562730133533,
-0.02243441715836525,
-0.06448744982481003,
-0.04372778907418251,
0.030219288542866707,
-0.0018967572832480073,
-0.017870238050818443,
-0.027532311156392097,
0.02652009390294552,
-0.03745204210281372,
0.016581960022449493,
-0.04888089746236801,
-0.038169797509908676,
-0.014391890726983547,
-0.03923722356557846,
0.030108865350484848,
-0.025066182017326355,
-0.020980505272746086,
0.03684471175074577,
0.008424408733844757,
0.00593527453020215,
0.007361580617725849,
-0.061763662844896317,
-0.000863835506606847,
0.00016736093675717711,
-0.039678920060396194,
-0.046341150999069214,
-0.010260202921926975,
-0.007564024068415165,
-0.003236795077100396,
0.009270990267395973,
-0.036218978464603424,
0.06746888905763626,
-0.023501846939325333,
-0.020704446360468864,
-0.0009552801493555307,
-0.002256784588098526,
0.005525786429643631,
0.018808837980031967,
0.023943541571497917,
0.03141554445028305,
-0.001775981392711401,
0.045568183064460754,
-0.02256324514746666,
-0.0075594233348965645,
0.024127580225467682,
0.02372269332408905,
0.022912919521331787,
-0.014198648743331432,
0.013720146380364895,
-0.019581804051995277,
0.03217010945081711,
0.01565256156027317,
-0.0017230699304491282,
-0.03395529091358185,
0.017281310632824898,
0.015726177021861076,
0.011079179123044014,
0.05075809732079506,
-0.029832806438207626,
0.01050865650177002,
-0.00376820913515985,
0.014557525515556335,
0.014953210949897766,
-0.05075809732079506,
0.018634000793099403,
-0.0010277456603944302,
0.01360052078962326,
0.021569430828094482,
-0.030072057619690895,
0.04299163073301315,
0.04932259023189545,
0.01806347817182541,
-0.01410662941634655,
-0.047261349856853485,
-0.0018415454542264342,
0.021606238558888435,
0.006924486719071865,
-0.04052550345659256,
0.0205388106405735,
-0.014309072867035866,
0.017032857984304428,
-0.029980037361383438,
-0.022894516587257385,
0.028029218316078186,
0.022158358246088028,
-0.008843098767101765,
-0.027145829051733017,
-0.016103457659482956,
0.016756797209382057,
0.00036232778802514076,
-0.008419808000326157,
-0.05602163076400757,
-0.002214225474745035,
0.015836600214242935,
-0.014465506188571453,
-0.009197374805808067,
0.04118804261088371,
0.002154412679374218,
-0.016002235934138298,
-0.017925448715686798,
0.00611931411549449,
-0.029391111806035042,
-0.013701742514967918,
0.02602318860590458,
-0.03513314574956894,
0.023796308785676956,
0.03528037667274475,
-0.02166145108640194,
-0.051604680716991425,
0.02655690163373947,
-0.006611619610339403,
-0.006146919913589954,
0.010048558004200459,
-0.017483754083514214,
-0.011585287749767303,
0.007702053990215063,
0.0008212763350456953,
-0.029078243300318718,
0.009974941611289978,
0.04435352236032486,
-0.00589386560022831,
-0.007260358892381191,
0.012625111266970634,
0.021643048152327538,
0.014631141908466816,
0.009128360077738762,
0.04707730934023857,
0.01719849370419979,
0.047776658087968826,
0.014502313919365406,
0.043286096304655075,
-0.03883233666419983,
0.07810637354850769,
0.019655421376228333,
0.026998598128557205,
-0.01147486362606287,
-0.005691422149538994,
-0.01937936060130596,
0.022747283801436424,
-0.04332290217280388,
-0.007205147296190262,
-0.02642807550728321,
-0.04475840926170349,
0.004660800565034151,
-0.022213568910956383,
0.0007447849493473768,
-0.061763662844896317
] |
Many high-performing machine learning models are not interpretable. As they
are increasingly used in decision scenarios that can critically affect
individuals, it is necessary to develop tools to better understand their
outputs. Popular explanation methods include contrastive explanations. However,
they suffer several shortcomings, among others an insufficient incorporation of
background knowledge, and a lack of interactivity. While (dialogue-like)
interactivity is important to better communicate an explanation, background
knowledge has the potential to significantly improve their quality, e.g., by
adapting the explanation to the needs of the end-user. To close this gap, we
present REASONX, an explanation tool based on Constraint Logic Programming
(CLP). REASONX provides interactive contrastive explanations that can be
augmented by background knowledge, and allows to operate under a setting of
under-specified information, leading to increased flexibility in the provided
explanations. REASONX computes factual and constrative decision rules, as well
as closest constrative examples. It provides explanations for decision trees,
which can be the ML models under analysis, or global/local surrogate models of
any ML model. While the core part of REASONX is built on CLP, we also provide a
program layer that allows to compute the explanations via Python, making the
tool accessible to a wider audience. We illustrate the capability of REASONX on
a synthetic data set, and on a a well-developed example in the credit domain.
In both cases, we can show how REASONX can be flexibly used and tailored to the
needs of the user. | [
-0.022452574223279953,
0.00668275635689497,
-0.03649705648422241,
-0.0405522882938385,
0.05219711735844612,
-0.007110601756721735,
0.0262287724763155,
0.013263202272355556,
-0.011682034470140934,
0.007324524223804474,
-0.003292548004537821,
-0.02961433120071888,
0.01747654750943184,
-0.027549512684345245,
0.022973427549004555,
0.020778397098183632,
0.020648183301091194,
0.002399653661996126,
-0.015793070197105408,
-0.050857774913311005,
-0.03259064629673958,
0.013439920730888844,
0.005910774692893028,
0.03143732249736786,
0.042710114270448685,
0.051973894238471985,
0.0015218734042719007,
-0.0023310589604079723,
-0.11659712344408035,
0.05416892468929291,
0.061758529394865036,
-0.0015497762942686677,
0.010258984751999378,
-0.007096650078892708,
-0.05532224848866463,
-0.033948589116334915,
0.0013904969673603773,
-0.007329174783080816,
0.005366667173802853,
0.11138857156038284,
0.012240094132721424,
-0.032106995582580566,
0.025670712813735008,
-0.0360134057700634,
0.0006504874909296632,
-0.021150436252355576,
-0.06592536717653275,
-0.05059734731912613,
-0.01806250959634781,
-0.006826921831816435,
-0.0012172661954537034,
-0.046244487166404724,
0.03538094088435173,
-0.010454305447638035,
-0.023401273414492607,
0.03672028332948685,
0.004873715341091156,
0.008249972015619278,
0.01804390735924244,
-0.039696596562862396,
0.008347632363438606,
0.02665661834180355,
-0.026433393359184265,
0.0076686604879796505,
0.039696596562862396,
-0.04334258288145065,
0.032888274639844894,
-0.012677240185439587,
-0.028181979432702065,
-0.038022417575120926,
-0.035101909190416336,
0.019643675535917282,
-0.03026539832353592,
0.007357077673077583,
0.020666783675551414,
0.03307429701089859,
0.012714443728327751,
-0.00437611248344183,
-0.02150387316942215,
-0.015960486605763435,
0.05736846476793289,
0.052606359124183655,
0.005910774692893028,
0.00032437179470434785,
0.040440674871206284,
-0.017067303881049156,
-0.01418399903923273,
-0.06547892093658447,
-0.031623341143131256,
-0.058968234807252884,
0.02371750771999359,
0.0014835067559033632,
-0.025112655013799667,
-0.03149312734603882,
0.02035055123269558,
-0.008259273134171963,
0.03902692347764969,
0.025838131085038185,
-0.04743501543998718,
0.0055294344201684,
0.0018613592255860567,
0.03326031565666199,
-0.04125916212797165,
0.04397504776716232,
0.033929985016584396,
-0.01563495211303234,
-0.021150436252355576,
-0.010138072073459625,
-0.04579804092645645,
0.14011001586914062,
-0.041445180773735046,
0.05971231311559677,
-0.03664587438106537,
-0.042635705322027206,
-0.011654132045805454,
-0.034562453627586365,
-0.050783369690179825,
-0.029409708455204964,
0.004345884546637535,
-0.03906412795186043,
-0.01799740269780159,
0.05755448341369629,
0.036906301975250244,
0.009849741123616695,
-0.021838707849383354,
0.08073253184556961,
0.04226366803050041,
-0.0023205953184515238,
0.025410285219550133,
0.05063455179333687,
0.004229621961712837,
0.05275517702102661,
-0.024591799825429916,
-0.06945974379777908,
0.028702834621071815,
0.02911207638680935,
0.06376753747463226,
0.03247903287410736,
0.00406685471534729,
0.009831138886511326,
-0.028907455503940582,
-0.05446655675768852,
-0.04825349897146225,
-0.02208053320646286,
0.008608059957623482,
-0.041556794196367264,
-0.01803460717201233,
0.053052809089422226,
-0.03182796388864517,
0.02673102542757988,
-0.005455026403069496,
0.00741753401234746,
0.00479465676471591,
0.025763723999261856,
0.03307429701089859,
0.011719238944351673,
-0.03435783088207245,
0.004915569443255663,
0.02038775570690632,
0.03787360340356827,
0.03649705648422241,
-0.012881861999630928,
-0.014909476041793823,
0.04122195765376091,
0.04341698810458183,
-0.03296268358826637,
-0.04006863385438919,
-0.02208053320646286,
-0.10149233043193817,
0.05521063506603241,
0.00579916313290596,
0.03197678178548813,
-0.04695136472582817,
0.03361375257372856,
-0.0038552575279027224,
0.03030260279774666,
0.057145241647958755,
0.0021031848154962063,
-0.0350647047162056,
-0.023977935314178467,
-0.04494234919548035,
-0.038654886186122894,
0.027512308210134506,
-0.04717458784580231,
0.02208053320646286,
-0.015030388720333576,
0.07120832800865173,
-0.013430619612336159,
0.034469444304704666,
0.00045952669461257756,
-0.0013242274289950728,
0.029874758794903755,
0.012788851745426655,
0.027140269055962563,
-0.018295034766197205,
-0.03253483772277832,
-0.043230969458818436,
0.011291394010186195,
-0.004976025782525539,
-0.025354480370879173,
-0.047993071377277374,
-0.06105165183544159,
-0.002325245877727866,
-0.0010626373114064336,
0.023345468565821648,
0.029949165880680084,
0.039696596562862396,
0.020555172115564346,
-0.031139692291617393,
-0.09040555357933044,
0.0042133452370762825,
0.038022417575120926,
-0.031139692291617393,
-0.04341698810458183,
-0.04698856547474861,
0.012240094132721424,
0.017662566155195236,
-0.012119181454181671,
-0.004397039767354727,
-0.04341698810458183,
0.017783479765057564,
-0.0012207539984956384,
0.03943616896867752,
-0.007510543800890446,
-0.0013718949630856514,
0.03757597133517265,
0.0022938549518585205,
0.027065860107541084,
0.027419298887252808,
0.007659359835088253,
0.021317852661013603,
0.02667522057890892,
0.016360430046916008,
-0.02267579734325409,
0.023103641346096992,
0.053127214312553406,
0.03366955742239952,
-0.056029122322797775,
-0.03599480539560318,
-0.04419827088713646,
0.0032902227248996496,
-0.023977935314178467,
0.0041226609610021114,
-0.018267130479216576,
0.049146395176649094,
-0.028628425672650337,
0.04479353502392769,
0.03326031565666199,
0.05007649213075638,
-0.025931140407919884,
-0.036348242312669754,
-0.007891884073615074,
0.025094052776694298,
0.030637439340353012,
-0.013644542545080185,
0.003418111242353916,
0.07158036530017853,
-0.029446912929415703,
-0.013737551867961884,
-0.008031398989260197,
0.07451947778463364,
0.021764300763607025,
0.01304927933961153,
0.08192306011915207,
-0.02317805029451847,
-0.03789220377802849,
0.05584310367703438,
-0.02198752388358116,
0.02967013604938984,
0.008305777795612812,
0.07730977237224579,
-0.04576083645224571,
-0.03240462392568588,
-0.010314790531992912,
0.004390064161270857,
-0.03069324418902397,
0.019587870687246323,
0.04118475317955017,
0.02256418578326702,
-0.001514897681772709,
-0.005329463165253401,
0.014723456464707851,
0.017085906118154526,
0.03009798191487789,
0.036887697875499725,
-0.03257204219698906,
-0.029521320015192032,
-0.007412883453071117,
-0.08899180591106415,
0.02159688249230385,
-0.02617296576499939,
0.04643050953745842,
-0.031548935920000076,
0.0036692379508167505,
0.017541654407978058,
0.028014561161398888,
0.0011614602990448475,
-0.022229349240660667,
0.07299411296844482,
-0.02148527093231678,
-0.049778860062360764,
-0.0011533219367265701,
0.024684809148311615,
0.05346205085515976,
0.016704564914107323,
0.05383409187197685,
0.0027600666508078575,
0.11057008802890778,
-0.06953415274620056,
0.018462451174855232,
0.07120832800865173,
-0.0025903237983584404,
-0.005873570684343576,
0.0034715919755399227,
-0.03193957731127739,
0.05383409187197685,
0.0011225123889744282,
-0.07269648462533951,
0.025131257250905037,
-0.03125130385160446,
0.04375182464718819,
-0.03240462392568588,
-0.11302554607391357,
-0.009496304206550121,
-0.008794079534709454,
-0.004071505274623632,
-0.017681168392300606,
0.008287175558507442,
-0.021057425066828728,
-0.005296909715980291,
-0.029428310692310333,
-0.006054940167814493,
-0.006631601136177778,
0.03709232062101364,
-0.03486008569598198,
-0.04118475317955017,
-0.03413460776209831,
0.0034250870812684298,
-0.03670167922973633,
0.0009550946997478604,
-0.007408232893794775,
-0.042598504573106766,
-0.0685296431183815,
-0.008854536339640617,
-0.04683975130319595,
-0.05971231311559677,
-0.02494523674249649,
0.03381837531924248,
-0.001974133774638176,
0.0012637710897251964,
0.0011428582947701216,
-0.011263490654528141,
0.020220337435603142,
0.017718372866511345,
0.014397921971976757,
-0.007226863875985146,
-0.05290399119257927,
0.02273160219192505,
-0.004985326901078224,
0.04918359965085983,
0.06797158718109131,
0.004822559654712677,
-0.07753299921751022,
0.04289613291621208,
-0.07924437522888184,
-0.015095495618879795,
-0.04605846852064133,
0.040812715888023376,
-0.01910421997308731,
-0.0033995092380791903,
0.004729549866169691,
0.05934027209877968,
0.022973427549004555,
0.022526981309056282,
0.04222646355628967,
0.0031390818767249584,
0.020555172115564346,
-0.013198095373809338,
-0.04710017889738083,
0.048774354159832,
-0.036980707198381424,
0.003622732823714614,
-0.0013416667934507132,
0.06704148650169373,
-0.05677320063114166,
0.02094581350684166,
-0.059563495218753815,
0.014742058701813221,
-0.011672734282910824,
0.006757164373993874,
0.028312193229794502,
-0.0261357631534338,
-0.050299715250730515,
-0.08400648087263107,
0.051341425627470016,
-0.013356211595237255,
0.00956141110509634,
0.002792620100080967,
0.059451885521411896,
-0.018285732716321945,
-0.04397504776716232,
-0.014574640430510044,
0.025875335559248924,
0.015216408297419548,
-0.008110457099974155,
-0.00005645987403113395,
0.0026647315826267004,
0.008519700728356838,
0.02725188061594963,
0.034041598439216614,
0.020015716552734375,
0.04289613291621208,
-0.03307429701089859,
0.011561121791601181,
0.020685385912656784,
0.04765823855996132,
-0.05390849709510803,
0.00696643628180027,
0.004729549866169691,
0.010026459582149982,
-0.024201158434152603,
0.015197806060314178,
0.0370551161468029,
0.04397504776716232,
-0.03701791167259216,
-0.00007884036313043907,
-0.02665661834180355,
-0.028591223061084747,
0.0012567953672260046,
-0.03954777866601944,
0.025149857625365257,
0.024610402062535286,
-0.030674641951918602,
-0.009296332485973835,
0.01981109380722046,
-0.018955403938889503,
-0.024089546874165535,
0.01338411495089531,
-0.010296188294887543,
0.010910052806138992,
-0.05156465247273445,
-0.03030260279774666,
-0.008180215023458004,
0.03205118700861931,
-0.03657146543264389,
0.005152744706720114,
0.0011748304823413491,
0.01792299374938011,
-0.0023624496534466743,
-0.005999133922159672,
-0.04992767795920372,
0.008050001226365566,
-0.0405522882938385,
0.010054362937808037,
0.00506438547745347,
-0.00494347233325243,
-0.013895669020712376,
-0.011477413587272167,
0.03898972272872925,
-0.045574817806482315,
-0.010984460823237896,
0.07217562943696976,
-0.004522603005170822,
-0.00008770536805968732,
-0.016444137319922447,
0.0753379613161087,
-0.04486794397234917,
0.005357366520911455,
0.001580004463903606,
-0.014481631107628345,
0.020648183301091194,
0.007036193739622831,
0.016472041606903076,
-0.01072403322905302,
-0.0030065427999943495,
-0.0003359980182722211,
0.04590965434908867,
-0.08318798989057541,
0.040291860699653625,
-0.014918777160346508,
0.07381260395050049,
-0.05242034047842026,
0.01187735516577959,
0.02970734052360058,
0.035734377801418304,
0.023029234260320663,
0.014825766906142235,
0.018946101889014244,
-0.022787408903241158,
-0.05584310367703438,
-0.028181979432702065,
-0.03467406705021858,
-0.007329174783080816,
-0.017811382189393044,
-0.03727833926677704,
-0.028107570484280586,
-0.05468977987766266,
-0.003406485076993704,
0.061832934617996216,
0.02563351020216942,
0.01693709008395672,
-0.011365801095962524,
-0.03199538215994835,
-0.014295611530542374,
0.024387177079916,
0.008324380032718182,
-0.03134431317448616,
0.018425248563289642,
-0.02498244121670723,
-0.027716929093003273,
0.015997691079974174,
-0.0261357631534338,
0.025149857625365257,
0.007924437522888184,
0.006706008687615395,
-0.019039113074541092,
-0.005729405675083399,
-0.02844240702688694,
0.06823201477527618,
0.015262912958860397,
0.01805320754647255,
-0.03910133242607117,
0.014797864481806755,
0.05677320063114166,
-0.0273634921759367,
0.017802082002162933,
0.039250150322914124,
-0.0035250727087259293,
0.004392389208078384,
-0.004887666553258896,
0.022526981309056282,
0.05167626217007637,
0.013830562122166157,
0.0004612706252373755,
0.007770971395075321,
-0.019383249804377556,
0.06908770650625229,
0.021968921646475792,
-0.004822559654712677,
-0.04189162701368332,
-0.04304495081305504,
0.05003928765654564,
0.008742923848330975,
0.027400696650147438,
-0.003738995175808668,
-0.019476259127259254,
-0.010454305447638035,
0.012835356406867504,
0.011905258521437645,
0.015802370384335518,
0.005761959124356508,
0.030507225543260574,
0.023512884974479675,
-0.0185740627348423,
0.012677240185439587,
0.003766898065805435,
0.02090861089527607,
-0.008794079534709454,
-0.02671242319047451,
0.000916146847885102,
0.009598614647984505,
0.01908561773598194,
0.021355057135224342,
0.0012835357338190079,
0.003436713246628642,
-0.03017238900065422,
0.06287464499473572,
0.05677320063114166,
-0.03435783088207245,
0.0011533219367265701,
-0.0384688675403595,
-0.013123687356710434,
-0.006743212696164846,
0.028274988755583763,
-0.006747863255441189,
0.014676951803267002,
0.03073044866323471,
-0.02784714289009571,
-0.014676951803267002,
0.013542231172323227,
0.013784057460725307,
0.020034316927194595,
-0.034525249153375626,
0.009342837147414684,
-0.01688128523528576,
-0.020741192623972893,
-0.014630446210503578,
-0.011719238944351673,
0.0031925623770803213,
0.02142946608364582,
-0.029744544997811317,
0.048774354159832,
0.011496014893054962,
-0.002511265454813838,
0.01481646578758955,
0.0032506936695426702,
0.047881461679935455,
-0.0220247283577919,
0.010333391837775707,
-0.04118475317955017,
0.029874758794903755,
-0.011672734282910824,
0.0569964237511158,
0.024591799825429916,
0.010007858276367188,
-0.0020183133892714977,
0.019922705367207527,
0.0019043763168156147,
0.024052342399954796,
-0.01864847168326378,
-0.0024508091155439615,
-0.009496304206550121,
0.013123687356710434,
-0.042598504573106766,
0.05275517702102661,
-0.02777273580431938,
0.023996535688638687,
-0.013839863240718842,
0.020703988149762154,
-0.029316699132323265,
0.049704454839229584,
-0.010007858276367188,
0.049592841416597366,
-0.0018369441386312246,
0.011189082637429237,
0.0650324746966362,
-0.03664587438106537,
-0.04364021122455597,
-0.0013846838846802711,
0.03017238900065422,
-0.02678683213889599,
-0.01806250959634781,
-0.017104508355259895,
-0.012472618371248245,
0.05818695202469826,
0.0440494567155838,
-0.007631456479430199,
0.034488044679164886,
0.03832004964351654,
0.02621017023921013,
0.014193300157785416,
-0.01569075882434845,
-0.01982969604432583,
0.08854535967111588,
-0.019494861364364624,
-0.01453743688762188,
0.0463188961148262,
0.030414214357733727,
0.05792652443051338,
0.000345589651260525,
-0.00897079799324274,
0.03584598749876022,
0.0033506792970001698,
0.026303179562091827,
0.03939896449446678,
-0.025428887456655502,
0.03264645114541054,
-0.006585096009075642,
0.008817331865429878,
-0.0039854710921645164,
0.014732757583260536,
-0.014621145091950893,
0.013356211595237255,
0.03247903287410736,
-0.0007603553822264075,
-0.013039978221058846,
0.019364647567272186,
0.027605317533016205,
0.011802948080003262,
0.02271299995481968,
-0.019308840855956078,
-0.001360268797725439,
-0.03999422863125801,
0.053052809089422226,
0.005287609063088894,
0.010500810109078884,
0.014556038193404675,
-0.02319665253162384,
0.015830272808670998,
-0.01680687628686428,
-0.06804599612951279,
-0.00987764447927475,
0.048476725816726685,
0.033353324979543686,
-0.024238362908363342,
-0.009952051565051079,
-0.011737841181457043,
-0.009719527326524258,
0.0007237327517941594,
0.02261999063193798,
-0.024610402062535286,
-0.021913116797804832,
0.011337898671627045,
0.050746165215969086,
-0.031158292666077614,
-0.02725188061594963,
-0.016974294558167458,
-0.055991917848587036,
0.009989256039261818,
0.02198752388358116,
-0.031548935920000076,
0.05063455179333687,
0.0005877058720216155,
0.0032437178306281567,
-0.04070110246539116,
0.017820684239268303,
0.00696643628180027,
-0.014649048447608948,
-0.050336919724941254,
-0.0037622477393597364,
0.010844945907592773,
0.021076027303934097,
0.001163204200565815,
-0.012900463305413723,
-0.0019229783210903406,
0.002594974357634783,
0.036218028515577316,
-0.00755239836871624,
-0.002415930386632681,
0.019625075161457062,
0.028349395841360092,
0.028740037232637405,
0.024089546874165535,
-0.029409708455204964,
-0.03526932746171951,
0.033892784267663956,
0.019587870687246323,
0.014658349566161633,
0.021373659372329712,
0.013486425392329693,
-0.005734056234359741,
-0.002625202527269721,
-0.0751519426703453,
0.01683477871119976,
0.04974165931344032,
-0.030004972591996193,
0.040812715888023376,
0.02559630572795868,
0.008854536339640617,
0.008147661574184895,
-0.012081976979970932,
0.006706008687615395,
0.00045371358282864094,
-0.029167883098125458,
0.00990554690361023,
0.01071473304182291,
-0.01248191948980093,
-0.017774179577827454,
0.017550954595208168,
0.022954827174544334,
0.047844257205724716,
-0.005882871802896261,
0.020443560555577278,
-0.01731843128800392,
-0.033371929079294205,
0.015588447451591492,
0.02323385514318943,
-0.011440209113061428,
0.018192723393440247,
-0.0336509570479393,
-0.012109880335628986,
0.0765656903386116,
0.006054940167814493,
0.02903766930103302,
0.04125916212797165,
0.02157828025519848,
0.000910333706997335,
0.01336551271378994,
0.03562276437878609,
-0.03521352261304855,
0.031586140394210815,
-0.005654997657984495,
0.03019099123775959,
-0.06674385815858841,
0.007794223725795746,
-0.019327443093061447,
0.017244022339582443,
0.012491220608353615,
-0.025187062099575996,
0.023382671177387238,
-0.018778685480356216,
0.031046681106090546,
-0.0007080373470671475,
0.0116262286901474,
-0.036776088178157806,
0.02838660031557083,
0.009128915145993233,
-0.054875802248716354,
0.010119469836354256,
-0.0017113809008151293,
-0.000765005883295089,
-0.015941884368658066,
0.04118475317955017,
-0.016127904877066612,
0.024275565519928932,
-0.03668307885527611,
-0.016713866963982582,
-0.00768726272508502,
0.014407223090529442,
-0.032162800431251526,
0.041519589722156525,
-0.0026600812561810017,
0.011114674620330334,
-0.008831283077597618,
0.017643965780735016,
0.010091566480696201,
0.004571433179080486,
-0.03906412795186043,
-0.008598758839070797,
0.04297054186463356,
0.03898972272872925,
0.05379688739776611,
-0.014481631107628345,
0.026563607156276703,
0.03824564442038536,
-0.04248689115047455,
0.017262624576687813,
0.005906124133616686,
-0.0063804746605455875,
-0.009096361696720123,
-0.020034316927194595,
-0.058410175144672394,
-0.03299988806247711,
-0.005473628640174866,
-0.047918666154146194,
-0.025800926610827446,
-0.021038824692368507,
0.0043830880895257,
0.02036915346980095,
-0.07273368537425995,
0.016369730234146118,
0.06038198247551918,
-0.046653732657432556,
0.00007993032340891659,
-0.047881461679935455,
0.058298561722040176,
-0.0015753540210425854,
-0.003408810356631875,
0.0442354753613472,
0.016053497791290283,
-0.004694671370089054,
0.021931719034910202,
0.02728908509016037,
-0.0030902517028152943,
0.02795875445008278,
-0.013458522967994213,
-0.020443560555577278,
-0.013356211595237255,
-0.006929232273250818,
0.017690470442175865,
-0.013160890899598598,
-0.00022104367963038385,
-0.015876777470111847,
0.02669382095336914,
-0.020071521401405334,
-0.003078625537455082,
0.06845523416996002,
0.009440497495234013,
0.001693941536359489,
-0.02382911927998066,
0.04576083645224571,
0.0185740627348423,
-0.005887522362172604,
-0.024610402062535286,
0.017216119915246964,
-0.03299988806247711,
0.0004775473498739302,
-0.015960486605763435,
-0.010017158463597298,
-0.05230873078107834,
0.007477990351617336,
-0.01042640209197998,
-0.012314502149820328,
-0.004664442967623472,
0.0350647047162056,
0.01576516591012478,
-0.039733801037073135,
-0.005278307944536209,
0.04583524540066719,
0.015216408297419548,
-0.0029786399099975824,
0.021317852661013603,
0.005408521741628647,
-0.0023380345664918423,
-0.009514905512332916,
-0.0167789738625288,
-0.013179493136703968,
-0.02273160219192505,
-0.012472618371248245,
-0.025689315050840378,
0.007524495478719473,
0.02903766930103302,
-0.017895091325044632,
-0.03999422863125801,
0.005315511953085661,
0.011840151622891426,
-0.00740358280017972,
0.02676822990179062,
-0.004845812451094389,
-0.015197806060314178,
0.0038947865832597017,
-0.019020510837435722,
-0.02319665253162384,
-0.011403005570173264,
0.02154107764363289,
-0.008789429441094398,
0.024759216234087944,
-0.005217851605266333,
0.010798441246151924,
-0.02792155183851719,
0.030935069546103477,
-0.007612854707986116,
0.03357654809951782,
-0.009821837767958641,
0.00868711806833744,
-0.04587244987487793,
-0.054875802248716354,
0.0028763290029019117,
-0.012091278098523617,
0.006640901789069176,
0.03965939208865166,
0.01979249157011509,
0.01279815286397934,
0.012202889658510685,
-0.010798441246151924,
0.009533507749438286,
-0.0142026012763381,
0.02955852448940277,
-0.009896245785057545,
-0.023977935314178467,
-0.02673102542757988,
0.01450023241341114,
0.018397344276309013,
-0.008380185812711716,
-0.015876777470111847,
0.01680687628686428,
-0.040403470396995544,
0.0010847271187230945,
0.008501098491251469,
-0.02851681411266327,
0.029335301369428635,
0.014351417310535908,
-0.0018648471450433135,
-0.005180647596716881,
-0.006003784481436014,
-0.0006150275003165007,
0.014407223090529442,
0.021020222455263138,
-0.01101236417889595,
0.03474847227334976,
-0.008608059957623482,
-0.030544428154826164,
-0.047211792320013046,
-0.020127328112721443,
-0.040403470396995544,
-0.02384772151708603,
-0.02321525476872921,
0.021355057135224342,
0.003832004964351654,
0.020796997472643852,
0.001128906849771738,
-0.011765743605792522,
-0.02561490796506405,
-0.009756730869412422,
0.00957071129232645,
-0.00698503851890564,
-0.010314790531992912,
-0.04996488243341446,
-0.04111034423112869,
0.016974294558167458,
0.0052829585038125515,
0.006961785722523928,
0.024145351722836494,
0.05108099803328514,
0.03432062640786171,
-0.0405522882938385,
-0.0020497040823101997,
0.012091278098523617,
-0.014928078278899193,
0.032237209379673004,
0.02663801610469818,
0.034004393965005875,
0.02261999063193798,
0.00785468053072691,
-0.010631023906171322,
-0.010891451500356197,
0.07005500793457031,
0.0315675362944603,
0.022359563037753105,
0.01620231196284294,
0.001135301310569048,
-0.01388636790215969,
-0.008240670897066593,
-0.0020380779169499874,
-0.007375679444521666,
0.03666447475552559,
-0.022787408903241158,
0.01856476254761219,
0.028293590992689133,
-0.012193588539958,
0.010686829686164856,
-0.04769544303417206,
0.006947834510356188,
0.028721436858177185,
-0.013058580458164215,
-0.013458522967994213,
0.03234881907701492,
-0.03266505151987076,
-0.030990876257419586,
0.03078625351190567,
-0.03420901671051979,
0.033353324979543686,
-0.02619156800210476,
0.031660545617341995,
-0.02667522057890892,
0.007626806385815144,
-0.027419298887252808,
-0.0028833048418164253,
0.02142946608364582,
-0.011728540062904358,
0.009979954920709133,
-0.033409129828214645,
-0.015179204754531384,
-0.02139226160943508
] |
Large Language Models (LLMs) pre-trained on code have recently emerged as the
dominant approach to program synthesis. However, the code that these models
produce can violate basic language-level invariants, leading to lower
performance in downstream tasks. We address this issue through an approach,
called RLCF, that further trains a pre-trained LLM using feedback from a code
compiler. RLCF views the LLM as an RL agent that generates code step by step
and receives: (i) compiler-derived feedback on whether the code it generates
passes a set of correctness checks; and (ii) feedback from a different LLM on
whether the generated code is similar to a set of reference programs in the
training corpus. Together, these feedback mechanisms help the generated code
remain within the target distribution while passing all static correctness
checks. RLCF is model- and language-agnostic. We empirically evaluate it on the
MBJP and MathQA tasks for Java. Our experiments show that RLCF significantly
raises the odds that an LLM-generated program compiles, is executable, and
produces the right output on tests, often allowing LLMs to match the
performance of 2x-8x larger LLMs. | [
0.015054909512400627,
0.0091368043795228,
-0.03246770426630974,
0.01049820240586996,
-0.025693461298942566,
-0.01587829738855362,
-0.03490044176578522,
0.027321524918079376,
-0.04887933284044266,
0.030671220272779465,
0.03574254363775253,
-0.022137921303510666,
0.010881827212870121,
-0.023765984922647476,
0.027527373284101486,
0.028856022283434868,
0.008542655035853386,
0.004916938953101635,
-0.018975360319018364,
-0.04217994585633278,
-0.027508659288287163,
-0.004832728765904903,
-0.008561368100345135,
0.09708498418331146,
0.015082979574799538,
-0.0028537895996123552,
0.007532132789492607,
-0.001294731511734426,
-0.029211577028036118,
0.039260659366846085,
0.047082848846912384,
0.03325366601347923,
0.007756693288683891,
-0.02780807390809059,
-0.016009291633963585,
0.0011970711639150977,
0.05988279730081558,
-0.004596472252160311,
-0.05265943333506584,
0.033571790903806686,
-0.007971896789968014,
-0.013005794957280159,
-0.0006070150411687791,
-0.0026923867408186197,
0.04113199561834335,
-0.02028529718518257,
-0.005309919826686382,
0.004442086908966303,
-0.026797551661729813,
-0.055578719824552536,
-0.01860109344124794,
0.04131912812590599,
0.06021963804960251,
-0.04726998135447502,
0.03785715624690056,
0.046222034841775894,
0.039110951125621796,
0.002077184384688735,
0.06849094480276108,
0.00478360615670681,
-0.014381228014826775,
0.02728409878909588,
-0.04558577761054039,
-0.043377600610256195,
0.04232965037226677,
-0.046783432364463806,
-0.025169488042593002,
0.001845606486313045,
0.04240450635552406,
-0.004030392970889807,
-0.03851212188601494,
0.0026736732106655836,
-0.040832582861185074,
0.004741501063108444,
-0.000690640474203974,
0.04539864510297775,
-0.029211577028036118,
0.027153104543685913,
-0.004629220813512802,
-0.013707546517252922,
0.020846698433160782,
0.004921617452055216,
-0.0007906400132924318,
0.018994074314832687,
0.042666491121053696,
-0.019742609933018684,
0.004460800439119339,
-0.04049574211239815,
0.02490749955177307,
-0.04798109084367752,
-0.018582379445433617,
0.02896830253303051,
0.02215663529932499,
-0.004210508894175291,
-0.03688405826687813,
0.03177530691027641,
-0.06714358180761337,
-0.024177677929401398,
-0.05909683555364609,
0.04517408460378647,
-0.03993434086441994,
-0.020696992054581642,
-0.012229189276695251,
0.00030818587401881814,
0.016271278262138367,
-0.013632692396640778,
-0.03989691287279129,
-0.0032888753339648247,
0.018797583878040314,
0.14828477799892426,
-0.02769579365849495,
-0.044650111347436905,
-0.043639589101076126,
-0.022699322551488876,
-0.005468983668833971,
-0.00015306954446714371,
-0.04502437636256218,
-0.05861028656363487,
0.04348988085985184,
-0.06216582655906677,
0.0037613881286233664,
0.04015890136361122,
0.03563026338815689,
-0.052023179829120636,
-0.015017482452094555,
0.026292290538549423,
0.0329916775226593,
-0.008238562382757664,
0.007985931821167469,
0.039672352373600006,
-0.04390157386660576,
-0.0525471530854702,
-0.005066645797342062,
-0.01310871820896864,
0.046222034841775894,
0.01423152070492506,
0.01957418955862522,
0.009010489098727703,
0.02150166593492031,
-0.001315784058533609,
-0.003747353097423911,
-0.06276465207338333,
0.02189464680850506,
0.0015754321357235312,
0.016477124765515327,
-0.008505227975547314,
-0.01608414389193058,
0.07346870750188828,
-0.008074820972979069,
0.00570290070027113,
-0.030933206900954247,
0.03312266990542412,
0.0036023245193064213,
0.05677637457847595,
0.050900377333164215,
0.024477092549204826,
0.0051181078888475895,
0.0532582625746727,
-0.0036748386919498444,
-0.02810748666524887,
0.06025706231594086,
-0.013632692396640778,
-0.02064085192978382,
0.0220069270581007,
0.03390863165259361,
0.053183406591415405,
-0.026872403919696808,
-0.006568394135683775,
-0.09266863018274307,
0.052771713584661484,
0.0035157750826328993,
0.043377600610256195,
0.0031648993026465178,
-0.04483724385499954,
0.022605756297707558,
0.00988066103309393,
0.04734483361244202,
0.0010304051684215665,
-0.005992957856506109,
0.0020409272983670235,
-0.0023602242581546307,
-0.01936834119260311,
0.02256832830607891,
0.003312267130240798,
0.039971765130758286,
-0.01359526626765728,
0.07200906425714493,
0.020397577434778214,
0.05426878482103348,
-0.006493540480732918,
-0.03896124288439751,
-0.011199953965842724,
0.030877066776156425,
-0.0046128467656672,
0.0016397594008594751,
0.018404603004455566,
-0.09266863018274307,
0.002521627116948366,
-0.009899375028908253,
0.035910964012145996,
0.019798750057816505,
-0.02866888791322708,
-0.03533085063099861,
-0.013295851647853851,
0.056027840822935104,
0.006830381229519844,
0.030109819024801254,
0.07548975199460983,
0.0021871256176382303,
-0.06396231055259705,
-0.017815131694078445,
-0.026385856792330742,
-0.05748748406767845,
-0.032598696649074554,
0.01862916350364685,
-0.026797551661729813,
0.006105238106101751,
0.025319194421172142,
-0.056140121072530746,
-0.011012820526957512,
0.009927445091307163,
-0.005829215981066227,
0.027471233159303665,
-0.04910389333963394,
-0.020341437309980392,
-0.02210049517452717,
0.011639718897640705,
-0.02530048042535782,
0.017787061631679535,
-0.0007777746068313718,
0.02458937279880047,
0.046633727848529816,
-0.014886489138007164,
0.014428011141717434,
0.024327386170625687,
0.005567228887230158,
0.004425712861120701,
-0.0001461251376895234,
-0.009422183968126774,
0.03948521986603737,
-0.013080648146569729,
-0.02428995817899704,
-0.04270391911268234,
-0.04135655611753464,
0.0667693167924881,
-0.02632971666753292,
-0.010095865465700626,
0.023653704673051834,
0.0057403272949159145,
0.0038081714883446693,
-0.035237282514572144,
-0.02013559080660343,
0.03581739589571953,
-0.001243269769474864,
-0.05123721808195114,
0.05520445108413696,
0.03272968903183937,
-0.03989691287279129,
-0.01095668040215969,
-0.06871550530195236,
0.0019555476028472185,
0.019349629059433937,
0.0015298182843253016,
0.013370705768465996,
-0.030558940023183823,
-0.010479489341378212,
0.022998737171292305,
0.009263119660317898,
0.028856022283434868,
0.032654836773872375,
0.017216304317116737,
-0.023859551176428795,
-0.04476239159703255,
-0.0054970537312328815,
0.0404583141207695,
-0.07986868172883987,
-0.024813933297991753,
-0.02475779317319393,
0.012509889900684357,
0.004647934343665838,
0.03808171674609184,
0.022175347432494164,
-0.006867808289825916,
0.033871207386255264,
-0.008944992907345295,
-0.07608857750892639,
-0.03744545951485634,
-0.0009403470321558416,
-0.05265943333506584,
-0.0010532120941206813,
-0.022905169054865837,
0.020958978682756424,
-0.05606526881456375,
0.026516851037740707,
0.057000935077667236,
0.010563699528574944,
-0.03847469761967659,
0.01700109988451004,
-0.04019632562994957,
0.00012075973791070282,
-0.04517408460378647,
-0.05108750984072685,
0.02434609830379486,
-0.04087000712752342,
-0.031326185911893845,
0.014905202202498913,
0.02301744930446148,
0.03241156414151192,
-0.038549549877643585,
-0.010123935528099537,
0.01907828450202942,
-0.02159523405134678,
-0.020771844312548637,
-0.009085343219339848,
-0.001315784058533609,
0.03811914101243019,
-0.009090021252632141,
-0.04049574211239815,
-0.014418654143810272,
-0.014923915266990662,
-0.010077151469886303,
0.018591737374663353,
-0.12485563009977341,
0.043227892369031906,
0.057450056076049805,
0.03287939727306366,
0.06209097430109978,
0.01534496620297432,
-0.040682874619960785,
-0.005258458200842142,
-0.051199790090322495,
-0.012341469526290894,
-0.0695388987660408,
-0.04824307560920715,
-0.00900581106543541,
-0.00546430516988039,
-0.03533085063099861,
0.050076987594366074,
0.000735669513233006,
-0.037632595747709274,
-0.04203023761510849,
-0.010114578530192375,
-0.02011687681078911,
0.010133291594684124,
0.026348430663347244,
-0.0794195607304573,
0.011040890589356422,
0.0015111048705875874,
0.016392914578318596,
-0.028070060536265373,
0.0010660775005817413,
0.02668527141213417,
0.03989691287279129,
0.022137921303510666,
0.04120684787631035,
-0.006301728542894125,
-0.012846730649471283,
0.009398791939020157,
-0.025431474670767784,
0.10891183465719223,
0.007990610785782337,
-0.05273428559303284,
-0.024402238428592682,
-0.0009187096729874611,
-0.009090021252632141,
-0.01815197244286537,
-0.004353198688477278,
-0.0006999971228651702,
0.03304781764745712,
0.008051428943872452,
-0.0006771901971660554,
0.08510842174291611,
0.056888654828071594,
0.02079055830836296,
0.04131912812590599,
-0.024570658802986145,
0.003660803660750389,
-0.011349661275744438,
-0.02002331055700779,
0.04023375362157822,
0.015429176390171051,
0.026853691786527634,
0.024364812299609184,
-0.007854938507080078,
0.0081590311601758,
0.012257259339094162,
-0.03409576788544655,
-0.020958978682756424,
-0.04378929361701012,
-0.020491143688559532,
0.03181273490190506,
-0.0376138798892498,
0.002584784757345915,
0.007943826727569103,
0.016102857887744904,
0.017337940633296967,
-0.016888819634914398,
0.027265384793281555,
0.03181273490190506,
-0.04468753561377525,
-0.003578932723030448,
0.06706873327493668,
-0.01519525982439518,
-0.03166302666068077,
-0.051910899579524994,
-0.03527471050620079,
0.009637387469410896,
0.03104548715054989,
0.023054877296090126,
0.008444409817457199,
0.010292355902493,
-0.049777574837207794,
-0.020304011180996895,
0.005347346421331167,
0.0632886290550232,
-0.007040906697511673,
-0.009071308188140392,
0.014437368139624596,
-0.0681166797876358,
0.030072391033172607,
0.044238414615392685,
-0.021670086309313774,
0.03624780476093292,
0.009150839410722256,
0.01966775581240654,
0.006661960855126381,
0.021127399057149887,
0.05209803208708763,
-0.05636468157172203,
-0.0603693425655365,
0.03284196928143501,
0.02292388305068016,
0.007756693288683891,
-0.029080582782626152,
-0.021576520055532455,
-0.01868530362844467,
-0.0329916775226593,
-0.0021298157516866922,
-0.0461471788585186,
0.01374497264623642,
0.02511334791779518,
-0.01862916350364685,
-0.022175347432494164,
-0.06864065676927567,
-0.03888639062643051,
-0.0575249120593071,
-0.02230634167790413,
-0.01047013234347105,
0.007228040602058172,
0.012987080961465836,
0.0031251334585249424,
0.061117880046367645,
-0.06650733202695847,
0.03533085063099861,
0.03914837911725044,
-0.021576520055532455,
0.017431506887078285,
-0.04517408460378647,
0.003927469253540039,
-0.032598696649074554,
0.02876245602965355,
0.0004380099126137793,
-0.012968367896974087,
-0.019798750057816505,
-0.05411907657980919,
0.011143813841044903,
-0.006657282821834087,
-0.03141975402832031,
-0.0045450106263160706,
0.0067695630714297295,
-0.028369475156068802,
-0.03495658189058304,
-0.006198804825544357,
-0.0836862102150917,
-0.026591703295707703,
0.004846763797104359,
0.029342569410800934,
-0.07073654979467392,
0.0020023309625685215,
-0.03033437952399254,
0.06164185330271721,
0.002778935944661498,
0.01049820240586996,
-0.04161854460835457,
0.04700799286365509,
0.001768413814716041,
0.03445132076740265,
-0.014428011141717434,
0.011040890589356422,
-0.008201136253774166,
-0.0036070027854293585,
-0.015251399949193,
-0.04128170385956764,
-0.031176481395959854,
0.017936768010258675,
-0.04319046810269356,
-0.009974228218197823,
-0.022399907931685448,
-0.011733285151422024,
-0.027153104543685913,
-0.004907582420855761,
0.009992941282689571,
-0.012743807397782803,
0.07620085775852203,
-0.03765130788087845,
0.0007152017788030207,
-0.04274134710431099,
-0.0012339131208136678,
-0.04217994585633278,
-0.013997603207826614,
-0.023092303425073624,
-0.021464239805936813,
-0.024308672174811363,
-0.061005599796772,
-0.033665359020233154,
-0.01369818951934576,
0.021052544936537743,
-0.024027971550822258,
-0.0073917824774980545,
0.007569559849798679,
-0.01869465969502926,
0.011864278465509415,
0.03765130788087845,
0.01202334277331829,
-0.023447856307029724,
-0.0013871288392692804,
0.06081846356391907,
-0.017525075003504753,
0.02185722067952156,
-0.00655435910448432,
-0.0035602194257080555,
0.05561614781618118,
-0.02032272331416607,
-0.009333294816315174,
-0.036659497767686844,
-0.040121473371982574,
0.020622137933969498,
-0.02327943779528141,
-0.05636468157172203,
-0.00005599392170552164,
-0.03787586838006973,
0.0028116845060139894,
-0.006774241104722023,
0.05804888531565666,
0.010292355902493,
-0.030858352780342102,
0.014820992015302181,
-0.012425679713487625,
-0.022643182426691055,
0.017964838072657585,
-0.02170751430094242,
0.01410052739083767,
0.03467588126659393,
0.008570725098252296,
-0.03695891425013542,
-0.02210049517452717,
-0.014643214643001556,
-0.03166302666068077,
-0.015840871259570122,
-0.027564799413084984,
-0.020977692678570747,
0.01664554513990879,
0.027358952909708023,
0.01581280119717121,
0.01143387146294117,
-0.01425959076732397,
0.033777639269828796,
0.03643493726849556,
-0.04371444135904312,
-0.027658365666866302,
-0.02891216240823269,
0.0010865452932193875,
0.0022771835792809725,
0.005235066171735525,
-0.011246738024055958,
-0.009674814529716969,
-0.0016701685963198543,
0.013501699082553387,
0.017366010695695877,
-0.015335610136389732,
-0.03810042887926102,
-0.037539027631282806,
-0.0147180687636137,
0.022137921303510666,
-0.008304059505462646,
0.0073356423527002335,
-0.022194061428308487,
-0.005080680828541517,
0.038699258118867874,
-0.014053743332624435,
-0.06557165831327438,
0.05565357208251953,
-0.020902838557958603,
-0.03877411037683487,
-0.022044355049729347,
0.004332146141678095,
0.00830873753875494,
-0.061679281294345856,
0.002246774500235915,
-0.04000919312238693,
-0.002886537928134203,
-0.0014654910191893578,
0.028013920411467552,
-0.008617508225142956,
-0.022587042301893234,
-0.04191795736551285,
0.025169488042593002,
-0.02378469705581665,
0.019780036062002182,
0.010601126588881016,
0.019349629059433937,
0.01540110632777214,
0.005698222201317549,
-0.024477092549204826,
-0.020547283813357353,
-0.05692608281970024,
0.02683497779071331,
-0.010554342530667782,
0.022343767806887627,
-0.004039749503135681,
0.031120341271162033,
-0.027358952909708023,
-0.010432706214487553,
-0.04865477234125137,
-0.007854938507080078,
0.05408164858818054,
-0.019592901691794395,
-0.08428503572940826,
-0.009075986221432686,
0.022605756297707558,
-0.04397642984986305,
-0.023242009803652763,
-0.039672352373600006,
-0.02052857168018818,
-0.018086476251482964,
0.022549616172909737,
-0.014390584081411362,
0.04420099034905434,
0.00345027819275856,
-0.008229206316173077,
-0.024477092549204826,
0.011452584527432919,
0.0024631477426737547,
0.06957632303237915,
-0.014240877702832222,
-0.017019813880324364,
0.016449054703116417,
0.008191779255867004,
0.0666944608092308,
0.044799815863370895,
0.03632265701889992,
0.0023684112820774317,
0.048355355858802795,
0.046072326600551605,
-0.02037886343896389,
0.031681742519140244,
0.04146883636713028,
0.011228024028241634,
-0.019948456436395645,
-0.01412859745323658,
0.04397642984986305,
0.04113199561834335,
0.004128638189285994,
-0.037726160138845444,
0.03952264413237572,
-0.05909683555364609,
-0.030989347025752068,
0.06654475629329681,
-0.00005409334698924795,
0.047195129096508026,
-0.008776572532951832,
-0.0008491193293593824,
-0.04326532036066055,
0.02384083718061447,
0.03409576788544655,
-0.016842035576701164,
0.0002390341105638072,
-0.0019380038138478994,
-0.004112263675779104,
0.059134259819984436,
-0.028743742033839226,
0.0016654902137815952,
0.0315694622695446,
-0.020341437309980392,
-0.008243241347372532,
-0.015101692639291286,
-0.0015216311439871788,
-0.022194061428308487,
-0.05831087380647659,
0.003557880176231265,
-0.04726998135447502,
-0.014980055391788483,
-0.01712273620069027,
-0.019405769184231758,
0.005866642575711012,
0.045810338109731674,
-0.039110951125621796,
-0.022699322551488876,
0.02621743641793728,
-0.04375186935067177,
0.011985915713012218,
0.00575436232611537,
-0.04397642984986305,
0.019274774938821793,
0.009178909473121166,
0.007429209537804127,
0.011415158398449421,
-0.0016912211431190372,
0.035854823887348175,
0.029492277652025223,
-0.024514518678188324,
0.0383249893784523,
-0.015288826078176498,
0.000716371345333755,
0.041393984109163284,
-0.014643214643001556,
0.028219766914844513,
0.015925081446766853,
-0.026311002671718597,
0.06950146704912186,
0.011677145026624203,
0.03914837911725044,
-0.022250201553106308,
-0.05127464234828949,
-0.05520445108413696,
-0.0113590182736516,
0.03439518064260483,
-0.009066629223525524,
0.013146145269274712,
-0.0034877050202339888,
0.010095865465700626,
-0.02784550003707409,
-0.021314533427357674,
-0.006166056729853153,
-0.0058572860434651375,
0.009702884592115879,
0.014895845204591751,
0.027733219787478447,
-0.002584784757345915,
-0.03568640351295471,
0.03978463262319565,
0.0022245522122830153,
0.027920354157686234,
-0.0033052496146410704,
-0.020565997809171677,
0.0019461908377707005,
0.005459626670926809,
0.018891150131821632,
0.006736814510077238,
0.04502437636256218,
0.06239038705825806,
0.0023029146250337362,
0.013782399706542492,
-0.01872272975742817,
-0.032093435525894165,
0.018105188384652138,
0.010881827212870121,
-0.019985882565379143,
0.016477124765515327,
-0.028088774532079697,
-0.02067827805876732,
0.018357818946242332,
0.03162560239434242,
-0.002125137485563755,
0.04008404538035393,
-0.026460710912942886,
-0.011948488652706146,
-0.015242042951285839,
0.011199953965842724,
-0.003267822787165642,
0.057450056076049805,
0.006343833636492491,
0.03039051964879036,
-0.06089331954717636,
0.011957845650613308,
-0.020060736685991287,
-0.017197590321302414,
0.0018514543771743774,
0.007691196631640196,
0.016336774453520775,
-0.03185016289353371,
0.023148443549871445,
-0.016842035576701164,
-0.005553193856030703,
0.000015853371223784052,
0.03851212188601494,
-0.02490749955177307,
-0.028032634407281876,
0.03471330925822258,
0.010189431719481945,
-0.014998769387602806,
-0.04420099034905434,
0.0010432705748826265,
-0.0037099262699484825,
0.043527308851480484,
-0.0033192846458405256,
0.03155074641108513,
0.010254928842186928,
-0.016102857887744904,
-0.05101265758275986,
0.048916757106781006,
0.008374234661459923,
-0.006835059728473425,
0.02322329767048359,
0.0220069270581007,
-0.04435069486498833,
0.01079761702567339,
-0.009992941282689571,
0.005525123793631792,
0.03823142126202583,
0.052060604095458984,
0.06310149282217026,
0.03433904051780701,
0.0018362498376518488,
0.04966529458761215,
-0.004898225422948599,
0.016327418386936188,
0.032243143767118454,
0.032149575650691986,
0.0076210214756429195,
-0.024477092549204826,
-0.036659497767686844,
0.005843251012265682,
-0.0005008751177228987,
-0.019293488934636116,
-0.015953151509165764,
0.0061239516362547874,
0.006844416260719299,
0.03669692575931549,
0.01996717043220997,
-0.007747336756438017,
-0.0188069399446249,
-0.0007128625875338912,
-0.006077168043702841,
-0.04334017261862755,
0.07897043973207474,
0.010236215777695179,
-0.000978358555585146,
-0.01087247021496296,
0.006442078854888678,
-0.0725330337882042,
-0.03948521986603737,
-0.003476009238511324,
-0.03403962776064873,
-0.03607938438653946,
0.03847469761967659,
-0.007592951413244009,
-0.014942629262804985,
-0.04079515486955643,
-0.005693544168025255,
0.026666557416319847,
0.01753443107008934,
0.019181208685040474,
-0.019499335438013077,
-0.024158965796232224,
0.015897011384367943,
0.0015204616356641054,
0.03759516775608063,
-0.031887587159872055,
-0.013576552271842957,
-0.015569526702165604,
-0.0284069012850523,
0.01723501645028591,
-0.019405769184231758,
0.02028529718518257,
0.02846304140985012,
-0.017899341881275177,
-0.046371739357709885,
0.015597596764564514,
-0.03536827489733696,
-0.010086508467793465,
0.0038947209250181913,
-0.02662913128733635,
0.022587042301893234,
0.0016456072917208076,
-0.011798782274127007,
0.0012877139961346984,
-0.022736748680472374,
0.009380078874528408,
-0.01326778158545494,
0.0005371323204599321,
0.01529818307608366,
-0.011125100776553154,
-0.0023298149462789297,
0.04128170385956764,
0.002645603148266673,
-0.00003369869227753952,
-0.04562320560216904,
-0.023541424423456192,
-0.05221031233668327,
-0.02215663529932499,
0.048804476857185364,
-0.02342914417386055,
0.02312972955405712,
0.03632265701889992,
0.04113199561834335,
-0.006142664700746536,
0.027003398165106773,
-0.04857991635799408,
0.004926295485347509,
-0.007518097758293152,
-0.03750159963965416,
-0.05920911580324173,
-0.019592901691794395,
0.01527011301368475,
0.0058198594488203526,
0.03993434086441994,
-0.0440138541162014,
0.05962080880999565,
-0.024420952424407005,
0.019948456436395645,
0.013932107016444206,
0.02135195955634117,
-0.045510925352573395,
0.03538699075579643,
0.025543754920363426,
-0.025094633921980858,
0.023765984922647476,
0.001087714801542461,
0.02292388305068016,
0.021015118807554245,
0.04386414960026741,
0.02032272331416607,
0.01895664818584919,
-0.040420886129140854,
0.00990873109549284,
-0.00487951235845685,
0.008271311409771442,
0.01972389593720436,
-0.0008029206655919552,
-0.026460710912942886,
-0.003777762409299612,
0.02748994529247284,
0.0013602284016087651,
0.024776507169008255,
0.01585022732615471,
0.0015754321357235312,
-0.014409298077225685,
-0.0294361375272274,
0.0022034996654838324,
-0.06501025706529617,
-0.0009567212546244264,
0.00286548538133502,
-0.04184310510754585,
-0.018432673066854477,
0.03609809651970863,
0.03359050676226616,
0.012940297834575176,
-0.0028818596620112658,
-0.0063672251999378204,
-0.01150872465223074,
-0.003286536317318678,
0.026311002671718597,
-0.011115743778645992,
-0.024383526295423508,
0.006189448293298483,
-0.017216304317116737,
-0.0037754231598228216,
-0.01883501000702381,
0.03542441502213478,
0.016149641945958138,
-0.021108685061335564,
-0.007143830414861441,
-0.02642328292131424,
-0.03669692575931549,
-0.008378912694752216,
-0.07331899553537369,
-0.06845352053642273,
-0.01267831027507782,
0.013071291148662567,
0.056027840822935104,
0.013118075206875801,
-0.005408165045082569,
0.019059570506215096,
0.05569100007414818,
-0.007466636132448912,
0.0195180494338274,
-0.021557806059718132,
0.008037393912672997,
0.04562320560216904,
0.058722566813230515,
-0.010563699528574944,
-0.02618001028895378,
0.05621497333049774,
0.006877164822071791,
-0.05408164858818054,
0.03211214765906334,
0.037632595747709274,
-0.01936834119260311,
0.029922684654593468,
-0.00369121297262609,
0.023915691301226616,
0.013613979332149029,
-0.030053678900003433,
-0.050900377333164215,
-0.01041399221867323,
0.010619839653372765,
-0.010245571844279766,
0.003948521800339222,
0.015466603450477123,
-0.030371805652976036,
0.015981221571564674,
-0.017646711319684982,
0.014456081204116344,
-0.007756693288683891,
-0.003737996332347393,
0.00578243238851428,
0.01605607382953167,
-0.07410495728254318,
0.03454488888382912,
0.011686502024531364,
0.004114603158086538,
0.0058572860434651375,
-0.009796450845897198,
-0.01869465969502926,
-0.022961309179663658,
-0.023653704673051834,
0.0003304080164525658,
0.020603423938155174,
-0.0008333299192599952,
0.009295868687331676,
-0.06927690654993057,
0.014446724206209183,
-0.02657299116253853
] |
Recently, diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in generating
tasks, including image and audio generation. However, like other generative
models, diffusion models are prone to privacy issues. In this paper, we propose
an efficient query-based membership inference attack (MIA), namely Proximal
Initialization Attack (PIA), which utilizes groundtruth trajectory obtained by
$\epsilon$ initialized in $t=0$ and predicted point to infer memberships.
Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can achieve competitive
performance with only two queries on both discrete-time and continuous-time
diffusion models. Moreover, previous works on the privacy of diffusion models
have focused on vision tasks without considering audio tasks. Therefore, we
also explore the robustness of diffusion models to MIA in the text-to-speech
(TTS) task, which is an audio generation task. To the best of our knowledge,
this work is the first to study the robustness of diffusion models to MIA in
the TTS task. Experimental results indicate that models with mel-spectrogram
(image-like) output are vulnerable to MIA, while models with audio output are
relatively robust to MIA. {Code is available at
\url{https://github.com/kong13661/PIA}}. | [
-0.04144037887454033,
-0.005519330967217684,
-0.03488408029079437,
-0.05623505264520645,
0.02905413880944252,
0.004456083290278912,
-0.02886299416422844,
0.016295166686177254,
-0.01882784627377987,
0.049277350306510925,
-0.06414848566055298,
-0.016342952847480774,
0.0004904080997221172,
-0.04339006543159485,
-0.024103466421365738,
-0.010685042478144169,
-0.0010321865556761622,
-0.01131582260131836,
0.015186522156000137,
-0.013590455986559391,
-0.047327663749456406,
-0.03383278101682663,
-0.03782772645354271,
0.026358986273407936,
0.04014058783650398,
0.04262547940015793,
0.016725244000554085,
0.007755734957754612,
-0.016964176669716835,
0.05891109257936478,
0.030755335465073586,
0.0380379855632782,
-0.03071710653603077,
-0.01828308217227459,
0.012586941011250019,
0.00514659658074379,
0.028002837672829628,
0.04300777241587639,
-0.02087310515344143,
0.0373307466506958,
-0.03626032918691635,
-0.05451473966240883,
-0.005036687944084406,
-0.029704034328460693,
-0.00029239311697892845,
-0.02458133175969124,
-0.0015363332349807024,
-0.007234863005578518,
0.0015315546188503504,
0.03002898208796978,
0.025403257459402084,
-0.035036999732255936,
0.0100447041913867,
-0.009280121885240078,
-0.019936492666602135,
0.00950949639081955,
0.04155506566166878,
0.010751943103969097,
0.01697373390197754,
-0.030201014131307602,
0.030487732961773872,
-0.0007621932891197503,
-0.012261994183063507,
0.04239610582590103,
0.025288570672273636,
-0.013418424874544144,
0.02641632966697216,
0.021790605038404465,
-0.011430510319769382,
0.035056114196777344,
-0.015635713934898376,
-0.0275823175907135,
-0.01676347479224205,
-0.022841906175017357,
-0.006852571852505207,
-0.03247564658522606,
0.026473673060536385,
0.03782772645354271,
0.016983291134238243,
0.012156863696873188,
-0.006565853487700224,
0.03109939768910408,
-0.011669442057609558,
0.02035701274871826,
0.05986681953072548,
-0.0010076960315927863,
-0.05008016154170036,
-0.06571587920188904,
0.07450857758522034,
-0.017336910590529442,
-0.013628684915602207,
-0.024810705333948135,
0.009313572198152542,
0.026683934032917023,
-0.0051083676517009735,
0.007731841877102852,
0.025517944246530533,
-0.02280367724597454,
-0.07359107583761215,
0.020108522847294807,
0.005065359640866518,
-0.061472442001104355,
-0.007578925229609013,
0.02964669093489647,
-0.013131706975400448,
-0.021484771743416786,
0.027639660984277725,
0.038764338940382004,
0.04308423027396202,
0.15161673724651337,
-0.009375694207847118,
0.07049451768398285,
0.026110496371984482,
0.01033142302185297,
0.00108057027682662,
0.05160932615399361,
-0.06326921284198761,
-0.0432753749191761,
-0.009495160542428493,
-0.0910617932677269,
-0.012950117699801922,
0.025804663076996803,
0.010188063606619835,
0.05321494862437248,
-0.03371809422969818,
0.0824984684586525,
0.042357876896858215,
0.003624599426984787,
-0.028404245153069496,
0.040905170142650604,
0.02379763498902321,
0.04140214994549751,
0.022058209404349327,
-0.01892342045903206,
0.04514860361814499,
0.0051179248839616776,
0.007832192815840244,
0.007918208837509155,
-0.013552227057516575,
0.0065467385575175285,
0.009480824694037437,
0.009910902008414268,
-0.002257907995954156,
0.0015936768613755703,
-0.0017298682359978557,
0.01423079427331686,
-0.0004599442472681403,
0.014555742032825947,
-0.020433470606803894,
0.038267359137535095,
-0.045683812350034714,
0.025995809584856033,
0.050730057060718536,
0.01923881098628044,
0.0269897673279047,
0.009743649512529373,
0.026588359847664833,
-0.010809286497533321,
0.05271797254681587,
-0.05137995257973671,
0.017384696751832962,
-0.00616922602057457,
0.04621902108192444,
0.022306697443127632,
0.010847516357898712,
0.012434025295078754,
0.05925515294075012,
-0.025976695120334625,
-0.035036999732255936,
0.03736897557973862,
-0.01954464241862297,
0.016658343374729156,
-0.04950672388076782,
-0.03119497187435627,
-0.026358986273407936,
0.012911888770759106,
0.02309039607644081,
-0.030353929847478867,
-0.03341225907206535,
-0.004460861906409264,
-0.021083366125822067,
0.06246640160679817,
0.012166420929133892,
-0.002458611037582159,
0.05803181976079941,
0.039337776601314545,
0.07305587083101273,
-0.009136762470006943,
0.04686891287565231,
-0.03713960200548172,
0.0015423065051436424,
0.04935380816459656,
0.02398877963423729,
-0.009165434166789055,
0.03624121472239494,
-0.006881243549287319,
0.006623196881264448,
0.0001500792131992057,
0.02028055489063263,
0.031156741082668304,
-0.03111851215362549,
-0.041593294590711594,
0.023816749453544617,
0.0002696945739444345,
-0.006398600991815329,
-0.003249476198107004,
-0.043237145990133286,
0.03373720869421959,
-0.0031491245608776808,
-0.061854735016822815,
-0.018932977691292763,
-0.014316809363663197,
-0.051418181508779526,
-0.04243433475494385,
0.010054261423647404,
-0.02377851866185665,
0.003992554731667042,
0.02496362291276455,
0.00437484635040164,
-0.040102358907461166,
-0.02523122727870941,
0.0129596758633852,
0.015607043169438839,
0.014699100516736507,
-0.10115428268909454,
-0.028538046404719353,
-0.03712048754096031,
0.06590702384710312,
-0.047824643552303314,
-0.033584292978048325,
0.014269023202359676,
-0.016581885516643524,
0.018340425565838814,
-0.01516740769147873,
-0.011678999289870262,
-0.04377235472202301,
0.04916266351938248,
0.011889259330928326,
0.016018005087971687,
0.0048479316756129265,
-0.08303367346525192,
-0.03283882513642311,
-0.016658343374729156,
0.02416081167757511,
0.04193735495209694,
-0.005404643248766661,
-0.019821804016828537,
-0.012099520303308964,
0.026186954230070114,
0.03538106009364128,
0.03618387132883072,
-0.032896168529987335,
-0.006862129084765911,
-0.030659763142466545,
-0.059905048459768295,
0.0756172239780426,
0.007894315756857395,
-0.027754349634051323,
0.018197067081928253,
-0.07045628875494003,
0.07450857758522034,
-0.005151375196874142,
-0.008152361959218979,
0.055164635181427,
-0.0020906555000692606,
-0.01809193566441536,
0.08295721560716629,
-0.008615890517830849,
0.04614255949854851,
-0.00721574854105711,
-0.05306203290820122,
0.021714147180318832,
-0.07554076611995697,
-0.04033173248171806,
0.014125663787126541,
0.007779628038406372,
-0.022975707426667213,
0.010197620838880539,
0.040408190339803696,
-0.041211001574993134,
0.020051179453730583,
0.044881001114845276,
-0.013093477115035057,
-0.02653101645410061,
0.060478486120700836,
-0.017795659601688385,
0.00027148655499331653,
-0.017461156472563744,
-0.044995687901973724,
-0.0014933254569768906,
-0.03127142786979675,
0.0006212233565747738,
-0.0737057626247406,
-0.018932977691292763,
-0.0020070294849574566,
0.032800596207380295,
-0.023338884115219116,
-0.005442872643470764,
0.012309780344367027,
-0.022306697443127632,
-0.07982242852449417,
0.013877174817025661,
0.006040202919393778,
0.02700888179242611,
-0.011592984199523926,
-0.0035266373306512833,
0.022402271628379822,
0.04277839884161949,
0.0013009851099923253,
-0.0796695128083229,
0.008687569759786129,
0.019296154379844666,
-0.039223089814186096,
-0.023625602945685387,
-0.006986373569816351,
-0.022669874131679535,
0.022746333852410316,
-0.01521519385278225,
0.02056727185845375,
-0.000028055852453690022,
-0.00906986091285944,
0.033985696732997894,
-0.07282649725675583,
-0.02467690408229828,
0.0008750886772759259,
0.008032896555960178,
0.0021157434675842524,
0.07351461797952652,
0.014460168778896332,
0.028251327574253082,
-0.040905170142650604,
-0.06544826924800873,
-0.04950672388076782,
-0.06575410813093185,
0.008482088334858418,
0.017183994874358177,
-0.02827044203877449,
0.017336910590529442,
-0.019410841166973114,
-0.005825163796544075,
0.0009640909265726805,
-0.02874830737709999,
-0.03696756809949875,
0.012911888770759106,
-0.0035433624871075153,
-0.018885191529989243,
-0.0020595944952219725,
-0.0032662013545632362,
-0.029321743175387383,
0.010121162049472332,
0.0011510552139952779,
0.01773831620812416,
0.008090239949524403,
-0.01369558647274971,
0.026588359847664833,
-0.014622642658650875,
0.010159391909837723,
-0.03929954767227173,
-0.002492061583325267,
0.010054261423647404,
0.025881120935082436,
-0.055508699268102646,
0.007330435793846846,
0.0012245269026607275,
-0.03859230875968933,
-0.03480762243270874,
-0.04094339907169342,
0.012023061513900757,
-0.004126356914639473,
0.041669752448797226,
0.028308670967817307,
0.04296954348683357,
-0.02788815088570118,
0.05057714134454727,
-0.022192010655999184,
0.024237269535660744,
-0.0037130042910575867,
-0.030162785202264786,
0.014546184800565243,
0.05375015735626221,
-0.03578246757388115,
0.0015757570508867502,
0.04816870391368866,
0.02173326164484024,
-0.01569305919110775,
0.023835863918066025,
0.03507522866129875,
0.006312585435807705,
0.018770502880215645,
0.034941427409648895,
-0.020987793803215027,
-0.02572820521891117,
-0.04633370786905289,
-0.05176224187016487,
0.050271306186914444,
-0.001680887071415782,
-0.019468184560537338,
-0.05478234589099884,
0.05115057900547981,
-0.01749938540160656,
-0.01792946271598339,
0.023262426257133484,
-0.018799174576997757,
-0.01807282119989395,
0.004513426683843136,
0.005987637676298618,
0.000811174395494163,
-0.03809532895684242,
0.008591997437179089,
-0.04793933033943176,
-0.00775095634162426,
-0.038458507508039474,
-0.045186832547187805,
0.007402115501463413,
0.005949408747255802,
0.009958689101040363,
-0.0463719367980957,
0.05608213692903519,
-0.013609570451080799,
0.02582377754151821,
0.030659763142466545,
0.010933531448245049,
0.07141201943159103,
0.011468739248812199,
-0.01949685625731945,
0.010618140920996666,
0.02047169953584671,
0.03324022889137268,
0.08953262865543365,
-0.05137995257973671,
0.04075225442647934,
-0.0015279705403372645,
0.041593294590711594,
-0.05684671923518181,
-0.05577630177140236,
0.020720189437270164,
-0.02263164520263672,
-0.031156741082668304,
0.015339438803493977,
-0.03929954767227173,
-0.03266679123044014,
0.010981317609548569,
0.027161797508597374,
0.053482554852962494,
0.004367678426206112,
-0.049850787967443466,
0.024906279519200325,
-0.03432976081967354,
0.006441608536988497,
0.008013781160116196,
-0.04725120589137077,
0.009571618400514126,
-0.0078035215847194195,
-0.03316377103328705,
0.046448394656181335,
-0.013447096571326256,
-0.014536626636981964,
-0.04220496118068695,
0.024332841858267784,
-0.010599026456475258,
0.016323838382959366,
0.040217045694589615,
0.005724812392145395,
-0.013351524248719215,
-0.022765448316931725,
0.0062791346572339535,
-0.013055248185992241,
0.01229066587984562,
-0.007593261078000069,
0.018579358235001564,
-0.0006092767580412328,
-0.009170212782919407,
0.013705143705010414,
0.011745900847017765,
0.027658775448799133,
0.03910839930176735,
-0.03761746361851692,
-0.023549145087599754,
0.0008541821734979749,
-0.009304014965891838,
-0.022975707426667213,
-0.02700888179242611,
0.009055525064468384,
-0.035036999732255936,
0.05344432592391968,
-0.012242878787219524,
-0.004761916119605303,
0.04828339070081711,
-0.03616475686430931,
-0.04312245920300484,
0.003868310246616602,
0.020796647295355797,
0.008066346868872643,
-0.013800716027617455,
-0.0057678199373185635,
-0.060287341475486755,
-0.001944907009601593,
-0.009504717774689198,
0.07458503544330597,
0.06082254648208618,
0.0454162061214447,
-0.09304970502853394,
0.011774572543799877,
-0.001647436642087996,
0.03629855811595917,
-0.024543102830648422,
-0.05202984809875488,
0.005958965979516506,
0.07791096717119217,
0.022688988596200943,
-0.02310951054096222,
0.02144654281437397,
0.07416451722383499,
-0.03052596189081669,
0.05168578401207924,
0.030296586453914642,
0.04056110978126526,
0.011105562560260296,
0.0026306421495974064,
0.019277039915323257,
0.0015757570508867502,
-0.018550686538219452,
0.0007442734204232693,
0.034845851361751556,
-0.06460723280906677,
0.08777408301830292,
0.05149463936686516,
-0.0015160240000113845,
0.0233006551861763,
-0.04151683673262596,
-0.03752189129590988,
0.004828817211091518,
-0.008606333285570145,
-0.010933531448245049,
0.048130474984645844,
0.04763349890708923,
0.008587218821048737,
-0.01086663082242012,
-0.021790605038404465,
0.02632075734436512,
-0.012692071497440338,
0.02106425166130066,
-0.003330713137984276,
-0.006422494072467089,
0.01276852935552597,
0.014335923828184605,
-0.0055575598962605,
-0.04598964378237724,
-0.007942101918160915,
0.02525034174323082,
0.032513875514268875,
0.03119497187435627,
-0.0015626157401129603,
-0.022306697443127632,
-0.004233876243233681,
-0.00023714007693342865,
0.003617431502789259,
0.011573869735002518,
-0.019745346158742905,
0.0161709226667881,
-0.02104513719677925,
-0.004319891799241304,
0.03413861244916916,
-0.009065082296729088,
0.018005920574069023,
-0.007688833866268396,
-0.014345481060445309,
0.03620298579335213,
-0.024122580885887146,
0.02049081400036812,
-0.0073113213293254375,
-0.026263413950800896,
-0.043619439005851746,
-0.015358553268015385,
0.0748908668756485,
0.00446325121447444,
0.0010286025935783982,
-0.012453139759600163,
0.01452706940472126,
-0.024027008563280106,
0.008907387964427471,
-0.040905170142650604,
-0.001395363244228065,
0.04950672388076782,
0.011994389817118645,
-0.024218155071139336,
-0.013762487098574638,
-0.022364040836691856,
-0.016008447855710983,
-0.01574084535241127,
0.039051055908203125,
0.04748057946562767,
0.02855716086924076,
0.030009867623448372,
0.016352510079741478,
-0.03975829482078552,
0.04484277218580246,
-0.016887718811631203,
0.02603403851389885,
-0.03478850796818733,
-0.010054261423647404,
0.027658775448799133,
0.043925270438194275,
-0.014928475953638554,
-0.038076214492321014,
-0.010971760377287865,
0.007411672733724117,
0.007368665188550949,
-0.024122580885887146,
0.013332409784197807,
0.02534591406583786,
0.0029006353579461575,
0.06407202035188675,
-0.007669719401746988,
0.05761130154132843,
0.023147739470005035,
0.05248859524726868,
0.03784684091806412,
-0.011745900847017765,
-0.027830807492136955,
0.012166420929133892,
-0.04686891287565231,
0.03945246338844299,
0.01521519385278225,
0.027620546519756317,
0.024887165054678917,
-0.027066225185990334,
-0.0002484893484506756,
-0.002312862314283848,
-0.0048598782159388065,
0.014938033185899258,
0.05432359501719475,
-0.006374707445502281,
0.024122580885887146,
0.014460168778896332,
0.0542089082300663,
0.0468306839466095,
-0.005466765724122524,
0.012491368688642979,
0.03098471090197563,
-0.004491922911256552,
-0.04495745897293091,
-0.03199778124690056,
0.03060241974890232,
-0.01657232828438282,
-0.006881243549287319,
-0.009863115847110748,
0.0179485771805048,
0.03819090127944946,
0.0594462975859642,
-0.02144654281437397,
0.011717228218913078,
0.0075550321489572525,
0.019764460623264313,
-0.00553366681560874,
-0.02641632966697216,
0.0477864146232605,
-0.01683037541806698,
0.029187941923737526,
-0.004532541148364544,
0.029952524229884148,
-0.010111604817211628,
0.012156863696873188,
0.027735235169529915,
0.02955111861228943,
-0.01272074319422245,
0.03127142786979675,
-0.01638118177652359,
-0.030736221000552177,
0.05076828598976135,
-0.006952923256903887,
-0.05099765956401825,
-0.04935380816459656,
0.03188309445977211,
0.06124306842684746,
-0.007913430221378803,
-0.021523000672459602,
-0.00023728940868750215,
0.007024602964520454,
-0.07057097554206848,
-0.019468184560537338,
-0.02874830737709999,
-0.038936369121074677,
0.008916945196688175,
0.005825163796544075,
-0.023357998579740524,
0.02173326164484024,
0.006881243549287319,
-0.014412382617592812,
-0.019630659371614456,
-0.008988624438643456,
-0.01662011444568634,
0.06346035748720169,
0.030296586453914642,
0.006909915246069431,
-0.011506968177855015,
-0.03968183696269989,
0.015234308317303658,
-0.013533112592995167,
0.011640770360827446,
-0.03561043739318848,
0.04725120589137077,
-0.013093477115035057,
0.03734986111521721,
0.021714147180318832,
0.014689543284475803,
-0.0033283238299191,
-0.005958965979516506,
-0.01169811375439167,
0.010121162049472332,
0.0037153935991227627,
0.005304291844367981,
-0.022268468514084816,
0.026741277426481247,
-0.004104853142052889,
-0.017604514956474304,
0.010350537486374378,
-0.01666790060698986,
0.013179493136703968,
0.009767542593181133,
0.03404304012656212,
0.048895057290792465,
0.024027008563280106,
-0.061472442001104355,
0.0034501790069043636,
0.03488408029079437,
-0.02691330760717392,
0.027372058480978012,
-0.04094339907169342,
0.02691330760717392,
0.042931314557790756,
-0.05497349053621292,
0.013036133721470833,
0.0037201722152531147,
-0.012615613639354706,
0.012711185961961746,
0.0146799860522151,
0.06789493560791016,
0.005208719056099653,
-0.027448516339063644,
0.04163152351975441,
-0.02427549846470356,
-0.00908419769257307,
0.0039041501004248857,
-0.03314465656876564,
0.027849921956658363,
-0.030831793323159218,
0.04503391683101654,
-0.006384264677762985,
0.03723517432808876,
0.042931314557790756,
-0.011688556522130966,
0.0057678199373185635,
-0.03314465656876564,
0.013752929866313934,
-0.016581885516643524,
0.0259193517267704,
-0.0133132953196764,
-0.0015697836643084884,
-0.04182266816496849,
0.023721175268292427,
0.001376248663291335,
-0.009237113408744335,
0.019181465730071068,
0.008118911646306515,
-0.04621902108192444,
0.005237390752881765,
-0.00848686695098877,
0.011392281390726566,
-0.027735235169529915,
-0.006159668788313866,
0.01588420383632183,
0.04809224605560303,
-0.03442533314228058,
-0.013447096571326256,
-0.010608583688735962,
0.0496978722512722,
-0.023052165284752846,
-0.01940128393471241,
-0.023740289732813835,
-0.016792146489024162,
0.02058638632297516,
0.02028055489063263,
0.023950550705194473,
-0.012214207090437412,
0.02339622750878334,
0.01354266982525587,
0.010025589726865292,
-0.009695863351225853,
0.02213466726243496,
-0.0013308515772223473,
-0.02574731968343258,
0.0318639799952507,
-0.03432976081967354,
0.02848070301115513,
0.024504873901605606,
0.02301393635571003,
0.011172463186085224,
-0.0015052719973027706,
-0.010340980254113674,
0.07951658964157104,
0.01506227720528841,
0.029971638694405556,
-0.0070389388129115105,
-0.040522877126932144,
-0.008276606909930706,
-0.012003947049379349,
-0.017107537016272545,
-0.005280398763716221,
0.014890246093273163,
0.032227158546447754,
-0.03146257624030113,
-0.005189604591578245,
0.013093477115035057,
-0.0012155668810009956,
0.015282095409929752,
0.019917378202080727,
-0.01816839538514614,
-0.023052165284752846,
-0.07072389125823975,
-0.001916235196404159,
-0.016323838382959366,
0.011526082642376423,
0.002410824643447995,
0.02855716086924076,
-0.024103466421365738,
0.04415464773774147,
-0.0291305985301733,
0.026970652863383293,
0.022555187344551086,
0.0282895565032959,
0.003576813032850623,
-0.03488408029079437,
0.035151686519384384,
-0.030583305284380913,
0.026951536536216736,
0.00028627048595808446,
0.053941305726766586,
-0.0023451182059943676,
0.002449053805321455,
0.010952645912766457,
0.025900235399603844,
-0.03140523284673691,
-0.07152670621871948,
0.028346899896860123,
0.0003888619539793581,
-0.012883217073976994,
-0.0036867219023406506,
0.024543102830648422,
-0.04369589686393738,
0.0014395656762644649,
0.005820385180413723,
0.03450179100036621,
0.0010053067235276103,
0.04105808585882187,
-0.0031108956318348646,
-0.024351956322789192,
-0.018961649388074875,
0.0061262184754014015,
-0.0653718113899231,
0.003634156659245491,
-0.009705420583486557,
-0.044116418808698654,
0.02368294633924961,
0.014421939849853516,
0.017728758975863457,
0.022000864148139954,
-0.04943026602268219,
0.00015336452634073794,
-0.06640399992465973,
0.0017358415061607957,
-0.021809719502925873,
-0.027544088661670685,
0.05294734612107277,
-0.004690236411988735,
0.04056110978126526,
-0.014192565344274044,
0.01106733363121748,
0.03392835333943367,
-0.06605993956327438,
0.008458195254206657,
-0.0043485634960234165,
0.007201412692666054,
-0.03761746361851692,
0.03060241974890232,
0.01053212583065033,
0.01423079427331686,
-0.023721175268292427,
0.0020619838032871485,
0.0066279754973948,
-0.0017800439381971955,
0.016323838382959366,
-0.023377113044261932,
-0.007210969924926758,
0.05126526579260826,
-0.017461156472563744,
-0.006384264677762985,
0.01721266657114029,
-0.018397768959403038,
-0.0024215765297412872,
0.010618140920996666,
0.02154211513698101,
-0.01345665380358696,
0.0320933572947979,
0.005218276288360357,
0.03520902991294861,
0.012931003235280514,
-0.008295721374452114,
0.019726231694221497,
0.018770502880215645,
-0.02299482189118862,
0.03901282697916031,
-0.010226292535662651,
0.007201412692666054,
0.016849489882588387,
-0.007793963886797428,
-0.003321155672892928,
0.023931436240673065,
0.0347120501101017,
0.0133132953196764,
0.005810827948153019,
0.05329141020774841,
0.004907664842903614,
0.029990753158926964,
0.04144037887454033,
-0.057649530470371246,
-0.00008459688251605257,
0.044881001114845276,
0.024543102830648422,
0.02905413880944252,
-0.0475570373237133,
0.008563325740396976,
-0.05042422562837601,
0.030048096552491188,
0.0596756748855114,
0.01769053004682064,
-0.0009384056902490556,
-0.0023666222114115953,
-0.0020572051871567965,
-0.009256228804588318,
-0.05160932615399361,
0.015024048276245594,
-0.007129732985049486,
0.025479715317487717,
0.026932422071695328,
0.015759959816932678,
0.005156154278665781,
-0.017680972814559937,
0.0034310645423829556,
0.02396966516971588,
-0.06709212809801102,
0.010207178071141243,
-0.02708533965051174,
-0.047442350536584854,
-0.03557220473885536,
0.034348875284194946,
-0.029876066371798515,
0.026875078678131104,
-0.007421229965984821,
0.06013442203402519,
0.022650759667158127,
0.021867062896490097,
-0.05160932615399361,
-0.0378086119890213,
0.00000996794733509887,
0.031825751066207886,
-0.06384264677762985,
-0.012070847675204277,
0.0086206691339612,
-0.0034430110827088356,
-0.012758972123265266,
-0.03824824467301369,
-0.018101492896676064,
0.036126527935266495,
0.03945246338844299,
-0.00975798536092043,
0.028021953999996185,
-0.030009867623448372,
0.011468739248812199,
0.005987637676298618,
0.011153348721563816,
0.007770070806145668,
0.04667776823043823,
0.016744360327720642,
-0.04954495280981064,
-0.043351832777261734,
-0.02574731968343258,
0.007746177725493908,
0.0021169381216168404,
0.020261438563466072,
-0.0027047109324485064,
0.009523832239210606,
0.01873227395117283,
-0.028213098645210266,
-0.04698360338807106,
0.0002690972469281405,
-0.02563263289630413,
-0.04082871228456497,
-0.011860587634146214,
0.017442040145397186,
-0.06200765073299408,
0.00558145297691226,
-0.019028550013899803,
0.06621285527944565,
0.009853558614850044,
0.014603528194129467,
0.05940806865692139,
-0.050538912415504456,
-0.003586370265111327,
0.009624184109270573,
-0.03937600553035736,
-0.023453572764992714,
0.007363886572420597,
0.044116418808698654,
-0.017126651480793953,
-0.0018875633832067251,
-0.07569368183612823,
0.045186832547187805,
-0.008668455295264721,
0.027238255366683006,
0.05569984391331673,
-0.016706129536032677,
-0.0000445757650595624,
-0.003617431502789259
] |
At Airbnb, an online marketplace for stays and experiences, guests often
spend weeks exploring and comparing multiple items before making a final
reservation request. Each reservation request may then potentially be rejected
or cancelled by the host prior to check-in. The long and exploratory nature of
the search journey, as well as the need to balance both guest and host
preferences, present unique challenges for Airbnb search ranking. In this
paper, we present Journey Ranker, a new multi-task deep learning model
architecture that addresses these challenges. Journey Ranker leverages
intermediate guest actions as milestones, both positive and negative, to better
progress the guest towards a successful booking. It also uses contextual
information such as guest state and search query to balance guest and host
preferences. Its modular and extensible design, consisting of four modules with
clear separation of concerns, allows for easy application to use cases beyond
the Airbnb search ranking context. We conducted offline and online testing of
the Journey Ranker and successfully deployed it in production to four different
Airbnb products with significant business metrics improvements. | [
-0.014423041604459286,
0.00994091760367155,
-0.027198942378163338,
-0.0584101527929306,
-0.021835176274180412,
-0.020272504538297653,
-0.03112674131989479,
0.037863124161958694,
-0.08332844078540802,
0.020705407485365868,
-0.00505756726488471,
-0.023503433912992477,
-0.037546366453170776,
-0.025044988840818405,
-0.05465129390358925,
0.0148559445515275,
0.012121268548071384,
-0.007142890244722366,
0.012649198062717915,
-0.02058926224708557,
-0.008130119182169437,
-0.02474934794008732,
-0.005400721915066242,
0.03218260034918785,
0.07251643389463425,
-0.018868211656808853,
-0.017147159203886986,
0.012923721224069595,
-0.09418267756700516,
0.01159333810210228,
0.017865143716335297,
0.04620441421866417,
0.004001707769930363,
-0.03889786824584007,
-0.04303683713078499,
-0.006926438771188259,
0.09156414121389389,
0.020346414297819138,
0.027895810082554817,
0.02722006104886532,
-0.0010063662193715572,
-0.0032124528661370277,
-0.03427320346236229,
0.011603896506130695,
-0.0184775423258543,
-0.057227589190006256,
-0.002262179274111986,
0.022785449400544167,
-0.019543960690498352,
-0.019026590511202812,
0.008573579601943493,
-0.02582632564008236,
0.05452458932995796,
-0.00338402995839715,
-0.04742921143770218,
0.027684638276696205,
0.016788167878985405,
0.004078257828950882,
0.032436005771160126,
0.018055198714137077,
0.01079616416245699,
0.035033419728279114,
-0.06520988792181015,
-0.022173050791025162,
0.03325957804918289,
-0.02164512127637863,
-0.004091456066817045,
0.016809284687042236,
-0.001132409437559545,
0.015932921320199966,
-0.03300617262721062,
0.02460152842104435,
0.011128759942948818,
0.017506152391433716,
-0.000906719418708235,
-0.04464174434542656,
0.04162198677659035,
0.029247310012578964,
0.00030487944604828954,
-0.03176025673747063,
0.03767307102680206,
0.044261634349823,
-0.037356313318014145,
0.012976514175534248,
0.07192515581846237,
-0.00011177263513673097,
0.043163541704416275,
-0.08945242315530777,
0.03737742826342583,
-0.040502775460481644,
-0.0397636704146862,
-0.021560652181506157,
0.0018385155126452446,
-0.03142238035798073,
0.000550036842469126,
0.028719380497932434,
0.007538837380707264,
0.011097084730863571,
-0.004938783124089241,
0.035561349242925644,
0.017653971910476685,
-0.09156414121389389,
-0.0019256239756941795,
0.022637629881501198,
0.026586543768644333,
-0.015742866322398186,
-0.012057916261255741,
0.03131679445505142,
-0.03195030987262726,
0.0439237579703331,
0.024685997515916824,
0.045951008796691895,
-0.02515057474374771,
0.004413492977619171,
-0.06609681248664856,
0.019797367975115776,
-0.08176576346158981,
-0.03775753825902939,
0.047049105167388916,
-0.03112674131989479,
-0.021581770852208138,
0.0034473815467208624,
0.022975504398345947,
0.006789177190512419,
-0.025044988840818405,
0.024158068001270294,
-0.00008578858978580683,
0.0135361198335886,
0.03237265348434448,
0.04056612402200699,
0.012902604416012764,
0.0046141063794493675,
-0.04586654156446457,
0.019058264791965485,
0.03410426527261734,
0.0058705792762339115,
0.04447280615568161,
-0.009581925347447395,
-0.01520437840372324,
-0.011667248792946339,
-0.027515700086951256,
-0.051779355853796005,
-0.0010947943665087223,
-0.04645782336592674,
-0.02724117785692215,
0.013916229829192162,
-0.015500018373131752,
0.04679569602012634,
-0.029711889103055,
-0.011931213550269604,
-0.05169488489627838,
0.034209851175546646,
-0.022173050791025162,
0.05857909098267555,
0.0008017933578230441,
0.016819844022393227,
-0.04048165678977966,
0.036659445613622665,
-0.0071904039941728115,
-0.014433600939810276,
0.03746189922094345,
-0.06170443445444107,
0.019079383462667465,
0.06635021418333054,
0.06364721804857254,
0.04048165678977966,
-0.007385737728327513,
-0.04485291615128517,
-0.08700282871723175,
0.046119946986436844,
-0.02848709188401699,
-0.0008532665087841451,
-0.03636380285024643,
-0.016999339684844017,
-0.030345404520630836,
0.000036109573557041585,
0.06250688433647156,
0.012269088067114353,
-0.06187337264418602,
0.034885600209236145,
-0.017812350764870644,
0.05764993280172348,
0.005775551777333021,
0.009228212758898735,
0.029479600489139557,
-0.006905321963131428,
0.04231885075569153,
0.010516361333429813,
0.02827592007815838,
0.0013039866462349892,
-0.03321734443306923,
0.020652614533901215,
0.07496602833271027,
-0.00289833452552557,
0.01914273388683796,
-0.05870579183101654,
0.003418345469981432,
0.015954038128256798,
-0.03340739756822586,
-0.031232327222824097,
-0.02282768487930298,
-0.04468397796154022,
0.023841310292482376,
0.011466635391116142,
0.006118706427514553,
-0.04916082322597504,
0.02422141842544079,
-0.02445370890200138,
0.0029537673108279705,
-0.05748099461197853,
-0.023777958005666733,
0.019976863637566566,
-0.04003819450736046,
0.01528884656727314,
0.012416908517479897,
-0.010664181783795357,
0.011202670633792877,
0.0527929812669754,
0.022743215784430504,
-0.03642715513706207,
-0.017104925587773323,
0.02669212967157364,
0.08286385983228683,
0.007443810347467661,
-0.0021935482509434223,
0.010442451573908329,
-0.029036138206720352,
0.0071376110427081585,
0.026607662439346313,
-0.003679670626297593,
-0.014919295907020569,
0.008293776772916317,
-0.033660802990198135,
-0.010479406453669071,
-0.005099801812320948,
0.01397958118468523,
0.0010162648977711797,
-0.015436667017638683,
-0.00171181233599782,
-0.011677807196974754,
-0.004310546908527613,
-0.013926788233220577,
-0.04048165678977966,
-0.008225146681070328,
0.12661868333816528,
0.01046356838196516,
-0.00418120389804244,
0.035561349242925644,
0.01378952618688345,
0.020114125683903694,
0.018139667809009552,
-0.0323515385389328,
-0.021571211516857147,
-0.018984355032444,
0.002718838397413492,
0.0445995107293129,
0.03535017743706703,
-0.01635526493191719,
-0.01812910847365856,
-0.015088233165442944,
0.03283723443746567,
0.02745234966278076,
0.014613096602261066,
0.025720739737153053,
0.008235705085098743,
-0.03689173236489296,
0.03300617262721062,
-0.031021155416965485,
-0.0002951457572635263,
0.01582733541727066,
0.023630138486623764,
-0.059001434594392776,
-0.012342998757958412,
0.020821550861001015,
-0.016767051070928574,
-0.053004153072834015,
0.013831760734319687,
-0.024327004328370094,
0.06449190527200699,
0.06533659249544144,
0.001447847462259233,
-0.004796242341399193,
-0.0046668993309140205,
-0.0031068669632077217,
-0.08877667784690857,
-0.0037588600534945726,
0.042614493519067764,
0.008420480415225029,
-0.03351298347115517,
0.00915430299937725,
-0.046500056982040405,
0.005321532487869263,
0.028064748272299767,
0.0003715305938385427,
0.05241287127137184,
0.04375481978058815,
0.022194169461727142,
-0.03323845937848091,
0.008726679719984531,
-0.01256472896784544,
-0.026987770572304726,
0.04396599158644676,
0.0037087067030370235,
0.01687263697385788,
0.023799074813723564,
0.026628779247403145,
-0.03055657632648945,
0.04447280615568161,
-0.016429174691438675,
-0.02671324834227562,
0.04531749337911606,
0.0018794300267472863,
0.03144349902868271,
-0.027536818757653236,
0.011561662890017033,
0.05169488489627838,
0.05355319753289223,
-0.014982647262513638,
0.0052212257869541645,
-0.0554959811270237,
0.017305538058280945,
-0.025235043838620186,
-0.06136655807495117,
0.04027048498392105,
-0.019026590511202812,
-0.007533558178693056,
0.004025464877486229,
0.05047008767724037,
0.019554520025849342,
0.025974145159125328,
0.03197142854332924,
-0.03934132680296898,
-0.06533659249544144,
-0.04183315858244896,
-0.032098133116960526,
0.003228290705010295,
-0.01828748732805252,
0.0168515183031559,
0.03889786824584007,
-0.012881486676633358,
-0.02371460571885109,
-0.0435858853161335,
0.032457124441862106,
0.057396527379751205,
0.04464174434542656,
-0.01829804666340351,
-0.007607468403875828,
0.03767307102680206,
-0.019216643646359444,
0.0065304916352033615,
0.0011667248327285051,
-0.002598734339699149,
0.0038987614680081606,
0.021180544048547745,
0.04768262058496475,
-0.02692442014813423,
0.0006790496991015971,
-0.03953138366341591,
-0.019976863637566566,
0.028508208692073822,
-0.026058614253997803,
-0.06423849612474442,
-0.05275074392557144,
0.012976514175534248,
-0.047344744205474854,
0.0018530335510149598,
0.018699273467063904,
-0.03915127366781235,
-0.011329373344779015,
0.005849462002515793,
0.0015270368894562125,
0.040186017751693726,
0.011677807196974754,
0.006614960264414549,
-0.054060012102127075,
0.004297348670661449,
-0.013472768478095531,
-0.056678544729948044,
0.028613794595003128,
0.05743876099586487,
-0.0005358487251214683,
-0.05232840031385422,
-0.008188190869987011,
-0.010336865670979023,
-0.03925685957074165,
0.058114513754844666,
0.04721803963184357,
-0.029796358197927475,
-0.04027048498392105,
0.016967663541436195,
0.005617172922939062,
-0.03112674131989479,
-0.05997282639145851,
-0.05338425934314728,
0.040523890405893326,
-0.03915127366781235,
0.007823919877409935,
-0.018540894612669945,
0.0038776444271206856,
-0.007797522936016321,
-0.037968710064888,
0.02937401458621025,
-0.01528884656727314,
0.0812167227268219,
-0.03530794382095337,
-0.02018803544342518,
0.01406404934823513,
-0.021180544048547745,
0.016291912645101547,
0.03484336659312248,
-0.023503433912992477,
-0.00015738907677587122,
-0.049118589609861374,
0.05203276127576828,
0.017844026908278465,
0.008109001442790031,
0.008246263489127159,
-0.001376576954498887,
-0.003571445122361183,
-0.018540894612669945,
-0.014349131844937801,
0.027494583278894424,
0.016788167878985405,
0.019902953878045082,
-0.07868265360593796,
0.06094421446323395,
0.007876712828874588,
-0.01773844100534916,
-0.01159333810210228,
-0.05101913586258888,
0.0584101527929306,
-0.02106439881026745,
0.025446215644478798,
0.01415907684713602,
-0.0009713908075354993,
-0.010949264280498028,
-0.030873334035277367,
0.0008064127760007977,
-0.018688714131712914,
-0.036659445613622665,
0.003906680271029472,
-0.03203478083014488,
-0.03513900563120842,
-0.00659384299069643,
0.018720390275120735,
0.009365474805235863,
-0.036279335618019104,
-0.022637629881501198,
0.02424253709614277,
0.007412134204059839,
-0.012427467852830887,
0.02356678619980812,
-0.0538066029548645,
-0.05047008767724037,
0.04115740582346916,
-0.034357670694589615,
0.0014610457001253963,
-0.03161243721842766,
0.0313379131257534,
-0.07353006303310394,
-0.003576724324375391,
0.030809983611106873,
0.025446215644478798,
-0.03195030987262726,
0.023271145299077034,
0.0013475407613441348,
-0.030662162229418755,
-0.029754122719168663,
0.020874343812465668,
0.028254803270101547,
0.013852877542376518,
-0.0554959811270237,
-0.01045828964561224,
0.01773844100534916,
0.04388152435421944,
0.030324287712574005,
-0.0042630331590771675,
-0.0495409332215786,
0.01651364378631115,
-0.004822638817131519,
0.05342649668455124,
0.04831613600254059,
0.01133993174880743,
-0.0211171917617321,
0.03142238035798073,
-0.0052106669172644615,
0.03606816381216049,
-0.0032705250196158886,
-0.06276029348373413,
-0.00645658141002059,
-0.036828383803367615,
0.013873995281755924,
-0.02762128785252571,
0.03290058672428131,
-0.016207445412874222,
-0.06187337264418602,
-0.027325646951794624,
-0.0481894314289093,
0.01672481559216976,
-0.024897169321775436,
0.021898528560996056,
0.016059624031186104,
0.050174448639154434,
-0.007032024674117565,
0.03395644575357437,
-0.020145801827311516,
-0.012797018513083458,
0.03304840624332428,
-0.011540545150637627,
-0.003347074845805764,
0.021729590371251106,
0.03986926004290581,
0.004102014470845461,
-0.012005123309791088,
0.012205736711621284,
0.03408314660191536,
0.02937401458621025,
0.015214936807751656,
0.07564178109169006,
0.039827022701501846,
0.011519428342580795,
0.008932571858167648,
-0.000662551901768893,
0.00703730434179306,
-0.06432296335697174,
0.01930111274123192,
0.02458041161298752,
0.0002723787911236286,
0.05587609112262726,
-0.026818834245204926,
-0.03304840624332428,
0.03693396970629692,
0.03129567950963974,
-0.010548037476837635,
0.019047707319259644,
-0.026502076536417007,
-0.004769845865666866,
0.08708729594945908,
-0.03431543707847595,
-0.03271052986383438,
0.0017672450048848987,
0.048949651420116425,
-0.019406698644161224,
-0.0069158803671598434,
-0.015077674761414528,
0.015352198854088783,
0.03879228234291077,
-0.0590859018266201,
-0.02791692689061165,
-0.009925080463290215,
0.007438530679792166,
-0.053173087537288666,
0.036786146461963654,
-0.039784789085388184,
-0.01036326214671135,
-0.03458996117115021,
0.029268428683280945,
-0.002512945793569088,
0.007301269099116325,
-0.042783431708812714,
0.010643064975738525,
0.004875431768596172,
-0.0183086059987545,
-0.014528628438711166,
0.00941298808902502,
-0.01563728041946888,
-0.019786808639764786,
0.04362811893224716,
-0.043332476168870926,
-0.016735374927520752,
-0.006229571532458067,
-0.018139667809009552,
-0.023482317104935646,
-0.03625821694731712,
-0.008188190869987011,
-0.0038776444271206856,
0.04848507419228554,
-0.028170334175229073,
0.018572570756077766,
-0.0014623655006289482,
0.002322891028597951,
0.006245409604161978,
0.005691083148121834,
0.03264717757701874,
0.002805946860462427,
0.009365474805235863,
-0.020335854962468147,
-0.04088288173079491,
0.006303481757640839,
-0.03439990431070328,
0.004453087691217661,
0.06943332403898239,
-0.05798780918121338,
-0.03161243721842766,
-0.03266829624772072,
0.016376381739974022,
-0.02006133273243904,
0.026143083348870277,
0.04451503977179527,
-0.06191560626029968,
0.025023872032761574,
0.026628779247403145,
0.010241838172078133,
0.004088816232979298,
-0.021201660856604576,
0.02006133273243904,
0.07399463653564453,
0.038559991866350174,
0.02462264522910118,
0.040713947266340256,
-0.010009548626840115,
0.01755894534289837,
0.04098846763372421,
-0.05921260640025139,
0.0242636539041996,
-0.003853887552395463,
0.0025710181798785925,
-0.008483831770718098,
-0.029648536816239357,
0.0012954077683389187,
0.004875431768596172,
0.03731407970190048,
0.03509677201509476,
-0.0028033072594553232,
-0.07057365775108337,
0.041199639439582825,
0.008214587345719337,
-0.011793951503932476,
0.017294980585575104,
0.017812350764870644,
-0.0017751639243215322,
0.014845386147499084,
0.015763983130455017,
-0.07213632762432098,
0.04113629087805748,
0.002213345607742667,
0.00171181233599782,
0.002948487875983119,
0.028402622789144516,
-0.02709335647523403,
-0.03372415527701378,
0.012110709212720394,
0.012786460109055042,
0.09629439562559128,
-0.010627226904034615,
-0.02510834112763405,
0.02635425515472889,
-0.01460253819823265,
0.04092511907219887,
0.03237265348434448,
0.026227552443742752,
0.05004774406552315,
0.03581475839018822,
0.04569760337471962,
-0.01564783975481987,
-0.04443057253956795,
0.006678312085568905,
0.003223011502996087,
-0.005569659173488617,
0.009191257879137993,
0.0475136823952198,
-0.002774271182715893,
0.04094623401761055,
0.013272155076265335,
0.03986926004290581,
0.01900547184050083,
0.025382865220308304,
0.005384883843362331,
-0.02251092717051506,
0.03579363971948624,
0.02584744244813919,
-0.03832770138978958,
-0.09038157761096954,
0.005675245076417923,
0.013895112089812756,
-0.027008889243006706,
0.008214587345719337,
0.04100958630442619,
-0.029395131394267082,
-0.01248026080429554,
-0.03357633575797081,
-0.06339380890130997,
-0.011730600148439407,
-0.0006143783102743328,
-0.018752066418528557,
-0.027346763759851456,
0.02669212967157364,
0.018403632566332817,
0.0021737508941441774,
0.005453514866530895,
-0.06787065416574478,
-0.0203886479139328,
-0.04221326485276222,
0.045106321573257446,
-0.010146810673177242,
-0.011213229037821293,
0.006878925021737814,
0.026502076536417007,
0.013293271884322166,
-0.034378789365291595,
0.0048701525665819645,
-0.008409922011196613,
-0.014201311394572258,
-0.00877419300377369,
0.02726229466497898,
-0.003571445122361183,
0.0040703387930989265,
-0.012649198062717915,
-0.0027241178322583437,
-0.021317804232239723,
0.008837544359266758,
0.00338402995839715,
0.006387950386852026,
0.031147858127951622,
0.029437365010380745,
0.014729240909218788,
0.0396580845117569,
-0.008563021197915077,
-0.0015745506389066577,
0.0344843752682209,
0.011170994490385056,
-0.0015230774879455566,
0.055284809321165085,
-0.057734403759241104,
-0.008145956322550774,
0.01116043608635664,
0.04160086810588837,
-0.01328271348029375,
0.015932921320199966,
-0.003624238073825836,
0.0023783238139003515,
-0.03564582020044327,
-0.05224393308162689,
0.0008255502325482666,
0.03573028743267059,
0.04354364797472954,
-0.004334303550422192,
0.013071541674435139,
0.01687263697385788,
-0.01046356838196516,
-0.000977330026216805,
-0.05101913586258888,
-0.02481270022690296,
-0.010806722566485405,
0.04029160365462303,
0.03484336659312248,
0.0041046543046832085,
-0.016291912645101547,
0.03832770138978958,
-0.012332440353929996,
-0.01538387406617403,
-0.03055657632648945,
0.004595628939568996,
-0.04379705712199211,
-0.06563223153352737,
0.010843678377568722,
0.026079731062054634,
-0.03176025673747063,
0.010780326090753078,
-0.01655587926506996,
0.009101510047912598,
0.027346763759851456,
-0.015531694516539574,
0.018667597323656082,
0.04065059497952461,
0.0016035867156460881,
-0.018699273467063904,
0.01930111274123192,
-0.010099297389388084,
-0.03604704514145851,
-0.025213927030563354,
-0.019617870450019836,
-0.014211869798600674,
-0.040523890405893326,
-0.02810698188841343,
-0.03007088042795658,
0.03338627889752388,
0.02498163841664791,
-0.03344963118433952,
0.013293271884322166,
-0.008045650087296963,
-0.01538387406617403,
0.05008997768163681,
-0.005590776447206736,
-0.02335561439394951,
0.029648536816239357,
-0.000462268537376076,
-0.006889483891427517,
0.012670314870774746,
0.03233041986823082,
-0.02762128785252571,
-0.011551103554666042,
-0.03621598333120346,
0.043501414358615875,
0.04200209304690361,
-0.0351601243019104,
0.009845891036093235,
-0.006900042295455933,
-0.030176466330885887,
-0.05186382308602333,
0.06047963723540306,
0.005281937774270773,
0.016450293362140656,
0.051948290318250656,
-0.06643468886613846,
-0.016788167878985405,
0.003455300582572818,
-0.0047540077939629555,
-0.02671324834227562,
0.0414530485868454,
0.026058614253997803,
0.023144442588090897,
-0.03655385971069336,
0.021138308569788933,
0.014475834555923939,
0.013831760734319687,
-0.051399245858192444,
0.05558044835925102,
-0.024474825710058212,
-0.03779977187514305,
-0.01982904225587845,
-0.01936446502804756,
0.02496052160859108,
0.001812119036912918,
-0.042614493519067764,
-0.02107495814561844,
0.031549084931612015,
0.02145506627857685,
0.06238018348813057,
0.03794759511947632,
-0.0003255017218180001,
0.017854586243629456,
0.0020708045922219753,
0.01458142139017582,
-0.04024936631321907,
-0.0014359690248966217,
0.007259034551680088,
0.07973852008581161,
-0.0021183183416724205,
0.057903338223695755,
-0.00023162919387686998,
-0.0013673381181433797,
-0.02937401458621025,
0.01827692985534668,
0.037715304642915726,
0.029141724109649658,
-0.017527269199490547,
0.01655587926506996,
0.0016708978218957782,
-0.007280151825398207,
0.01053747907280922,
0.0825682207942009,
0.042276617139577866,
-0.003917239140719175,
0.012142385356128216,
-0.020969372242689133,
0.00904343742877245,
0.043121304363012314,
-0.032245952636003494,
-0.0019929350819438696,
0.021919645369052887,
0.018203020095825195,
-0.023144442588090897,
-0.03091556951403618,
0.044388338923454285,
-0.03458996117115021,
0.012934279628098011,
-0.02194076217710972,
0.007475486025214195,
-0.06377392262220383,
0.015510577708482742,
0.0073382239788770676,
-0.013409417122602463,
0.013947905041277409,
0.053722135722637177,
0.03161243721842766,
0.03446325659751892,
-0.005281937774270773,
0.023841310292482376,
-0.060775276273489,
0.03374527394771576,
-0.01882597617805004,
0.023250028491020203,
-0.013124334625899792,
0.011603896506130695,
-0.015742866322398186,
-0.020800434052944183,
-0.007459647953510284,
0.006097589153796434,
-0.041769806295633316,
-0.022912153974175453,
0.018350839614868164,
-0.03760971873998642,
-0.034146498888731,
-0.0059233722276985645,
-0.03480113297700882,
0.015563370659947395,
0.009824773296713829,
-0.017875703051686287,
0.008177632465958595,
0.01495097205042839,
-0.02512945793569088,
-0.03885563462972641,
-0.053173087537288666,
0.02200411446392536,
-0.0011178913991898298,
0.020114125683903694,
-0.02741011418402195,
0.01466588955372572,
-0.02106439881026745,
0.0208954606205225,
-0.03587811067700386,
-0.033660802990198135,
0.012121268548071384,
0.034695547074079514,
-0.048949651420116425,
-0.021412832662463188,
-0.0064249057322740555,
0.01969178207218647,
-0.005786110647022724,
0.037884242832660675,
-0.01774900034070015,
0.0017250105738639832,
0.02599526382982731,
-0.04468397796154022,
0.007032024674117565,
-0.026100849732756615,
0.014929854311048985,
-0.01843530870974064,
-0.031380146741867065,
-0.011529986746609211,
0.01406404934823513,
0.007987577468156815,
-0.00526873953640461,
0.060015060007572174,
0.0071798451244831085,
-0.0108120022341609,
0.016429174691438675,
-0.009550250135362148,
-0.004231357481330633,
0.023461200296878815,
0.016281355172395706,
-0.007829198613762856,
0.050723493099212646,
-0.017316097393631935,
-0.07547284662723541,
0.017495593056082726,
0.027705755084753036,
-0.009655836038291454,
0.010130972601473331,
-0.015605605207383633,
-0.02177182398736477,
-0.02337673120200634,
0.007095376495271921,
-0.020642055198550224,
-0.001083575887605548,
-0.008557741530239582,
0.024305887520313263,
-0.013588912785053253,
0.02251092717051506,
0.03264717757701874,
0.004072978161275387,
0.01372617483139038,
-0.030303170904517174,
-0.02474934794008732,
-0.006694149691611528,
-0.028064748272299767,
0.04624665156006813,
-0.0108120022341609,
-0.008594697341322899,
-0.04107293859124184,
-0.04514855518937111,
-0.0005685143987648189,
-0.01618632674217224,
0.023440083488821983,
-0.011350490152835846,
-0.01124490424990654,
-0.0161757692694664,
-0.022722098976373672,
0.015098792500793934,
0.029817475005984306,
0.003750941250473261,
-0.020684288814663887,
-0.02496052160859108,
0.012712549418210983,
-0.014993206597864628,
-0.0016181048704311252,
-0.020219711586833,
-0.042086564004421234,
-0.013134893029928207,
-0.02284880168735981,
-0.008214587345719337,
0.027536818757653236,
-0.07530390471220016,
-0.02637537196278572,
0.004917665850371122,
0.0041574472561478615,
0.00923877116292715,
0.010136252269148827,
0.05524257570505142,
-0.05857909098267555,
-0.036617211997509,
-0.030535459518432617,
0.055664919316768646,
0.04088288173079491,
0.020705407485365868,
0.023250028491020203,
-0.01917441003024578,
-0.003875004593282938,
0.03281611576676369,
0.02458041161298752,
0.017326656728982925,
-0.018023522570729256,
0.007005628198385239,
-0.03957361727952957,
0.006625519134104252,
0.001967858290299773,
-0.008388804271817207,
-0.0023585264571011066,
-0.04937199503183365,
0.023651255294680595,
-0.001883389544673264,
-0.003729823976755142,
-0.016661465167999268
] |
Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT have recently gained significant
attention in higher education. This study aims to understand how universities
establish policies regarding the use of AI tools and explore the factors that
influence their decisions. Our study examines ChatGPT policies implemented at
universities around the world, including their existence, content, and issuance
dates. Specifically, we analyzed the top 500 universities according to the 2022
QS World University Rankings. Our findings indicate that there is significant
variation in university policies. Less than one-third of the universities
included in the study had implemented ChatGPT policies. Of the universities
with ChatGPT policies, approximately 67 percent embraced ChatGPT in teaching
and learning, more than twice the number of universities that banned it. The
majority of the universities that ban the use of ChatGPT in assessments allow
individual instructors to deviate from this restrictive policy. Our empirical
analysis identifies several factors that are significantly and positively
correlated with a university's likelihood of having a ChatGPT policy, including
the university's academic reputation score, being in an English-speaking
country, and the general public attitudes toward ChatGPT. In addition, we found
that a university's likelihood of having a ban policy is positively associated
with faculty student ratio, citations, and the English-speaking country dummy,
while negatively associated with the number of peer universities within the
same country that have banned ChatGPT. We discuss the challenges faced by
universities based our empirical findings. | [
-0.02004145458340645,
-0.01825510896742344,
-0.03263184428215027,
-0.0160962101072073,
0.016698027029633522,
0.0354212149977684,
-0.03385458141565323,
0.03286110609769821,
-0.003978677559643984,
0.04646407812833786,
-0.0047500538639724255,
-0.02598320133984089,
-0.024225514382123947,
-0.031160734593868256,
-0.010832701809704304,
0.01110017579048872,
-0.010632096789777279,
0.03425579145550728,
-0.028409572318196297,
-0.01925813779234886,
-0.034523267298936844,
-0.04191701486706734,
-0.04111459478735924,
-0.023595038801431656,
0.028218520805239677,
0.03746548295021057,
0.00565039087086916,
0.0067823794670403,
0.008243934251368046,
0.042910490185022354,
0.023766987025737762,
0.011262571439146996,
-0.010469701141119003,
-0.07668865472078323,
-0.0002780715876724571,
-0.013774917460978031,
0.023595038801431656,
-0.029746944084763527,
-0.020003244280815125,
0.010269096121191978,
0.004260480869561434,
-0.016803106293082237,
0.03368263319134712,
-0.008544842712581158,
-0.01013535913079977,
-0.06526368856430054,
-0.040465012192726135,
-0.04432428255677223,
-0.01658339612185955,
0.01733805425465107,
0.016946395859122276,
0.01370804850012064,
0.06900832056999207,
0.0045231785625219345,
-0.047419339418411255,
-0.00015008104674052447,
0.009385475888848305,
-0.00034419383155182004,
0.10676038265228271,
-0.035134635865688324,
0.005206192843616009,
0.07924876362085342,
-0.005659943446516991,
-0.00870246160775423,
-0.024110881611704826,
-0.0313900001347065,
-0.02588767372071743,
0.015542156994342804,
-0.00409330939874053,
0.009146659635007381,
-0.004852744750678539,
0.012466204352676868,
-0.016898633912205696,
-0.015054971911013126,
0.031676579266786575,
-0.014682418666779995,
0.036261849105358124,
0.031065208837389946,
-0.006314300000667572,
0.027759993448853493,
0.03427489846944809,
0.020003244280815125,
-0.029001837596297264,
-0.02842867746949196,
-0.012619047425687313,
-0.0032049131114035845,
0.01187394093722105,
-0.06346778571605682,
-0.005253956187516451,
0.054488301277160645,
-0.014395839534699917,
0.017366712912917137,
0.02842867746949196,
-0.04761039465665817,
0.004153013229370117,
-0.018551241606473923,
-0.03037741780281067,
-0.010756281204521656,
0.006424155086278915,
0.0006370421615429223,
0.022639773786067963,
0.015656789764761925,
0.030339207500219345,
-0.0354212149977684,
-0.030148154124617577,
-0.0550614595413208,
-0.062359683215618134,
-0.03333874046802521,
0.043636493384838104,
0.19151146709918976,
-0.06598968803882599,
0.01853213645517826,
-0.012628600001335144,
-0.03620453178882599,
-0.0407324880361557,
0.028180308640003204,
-0.057163041085004807,
-0.006424155086278915,
0.007293445989489555,
-0.004375112242996693,
-0.007713762577623129,
0.05108755826950073,
0.007274340838193893,
-0.042528387159109116,
-0.024894198402762413,
0.07370822876691818,
-0.07558054476976395,
-0.00804810505360365,
0.014500918798148632,
-0.016669370234012604,
-0.03733174502849579,
0.11547239869832993,
-0.022486932575702667,
0.024168197065591812,
-0.03935690596699715,
0.005473666824400425,
0.06239789351820946,
0.04256659746170044,
-0.017213869839906693,
-0.059914205223321915,
-0.04050322622060776,
0.03950975090265274,
-0.020901191979646683,
-0.016430553048849106,
-0.041687753051519394,
-0.030855050310492516,
-0.03526837378740311,
0.10637827962636948,
0.040885329246520996,
0.0354212149977684,
0.02046176977455616,
-0.003914197441190481,
-0.02795104682445526,
0.01881871558725834,
-0.004852744750678539,
-0.03337695077061653,
0.04562344402074814,
0.02130240388214588,
-0.014854366891086102,
0.037503693252801895,
0.03559316322207451,
0.0244738832116127,
0.040579646825790405,
-0.03142821043729782,
0.018264662474393845,
-0.0029947548173367977,
0.01985040120780468,
-0.006510129198431969,
-0.05555819720029831,
0.0362236388027668,
0.014500918798148632,
0.010823149234056473,
-0.02842867746949196,
-0.014949892647564411,
0.00299236667342484,
-0.0027129517402499914,
0.0004537507484201342,
0.01397552341222763,
-0.001453196513466537,
-0.0173858180642128,
-0.06602789461612701,
0.05085829272866249,
0.06220683827996254,
-0.01463465578854084,
-0.008520961739122868,
0.006992537993937731,
0.09720773994922638,
0.007632565218955278,
-0.011109728366136551,
0.026728307828307152,
-0.02999531291425228,
0.004996034316718578,
0.02588767372071743,
-0.00405748700723052,
0.015198261477053165,
-0.036395587027072906,
-0.034733425825834274,
0.008559172041714191,
-0.02435925044119358,
-0.0028371361549943686,
-0.060831256210803986,
-0.033319633454084396,
0.0011170626385137439,
0.016602501273155212,
-0.00223173713311553,
0.06014346703886986,
0.005936970468610525,
0.0829169750213623,
-0.014539129100739956,
0.005268285050988197,
-0.028791679069399834,
-0.04940629005432129,
-0.053991563618183136,
-0.043445438146591187,
-0.04719007760286331,
-0.01904797926545143,
0.06079304590821266,
0.016086658462882042,
0.0018257497576996684,
-0.03500089794397354,
-0.0069734323769807816,
0.03049205057322979,
0.0233466699719429,
-0.02527630515396595,
-0.07386106997728348,
-0.024206407368183136,
0.006796708330512047,
0.013832232914865017,
-0.015179156325757504,
-0.0076994337141513824,
0.04306333512067795,
-0.000060263770137680694,
-0.017232974991202354,
0.019181715324521065,
0.07061316817998886,
0.006534010637551546,
0.016669370234012604,
-0.010402833111584187,
-0.014835260808467865,
-0.015886051580309868,
-0.02865794114768505,
0.016363684087991714,
-0.05127860978245735,
0.03471431881189346,
-0.011644677259027958,
-0.00685402425006032,
0.019812190905213356,
0.0030783405527472496,
0.05383871868252754,
-0.00182216742541641,
-0.02250603772699833,
-0.009070239029824734,
0.007293445989489555,
-0.01919126883149147,
-0.004953047726303339,
-0.0007534650503657758,
0.0632767379283905,
-0.038611799478530884,
0.03660574555397034,
0.005039021372795105,
0.021856456995010376,
0.044477127492427826,
-0.02046176977455616,
0.055825669318437576,
-0.01079449150711298,
-0.003952407743781805,
0.03798132389783859,
-0.010383727960288525,
0.025123462080955505,
0.013278179802000523,
0.011405861005187035,
-0.029517680406570435,
-0.044477127492427826,
0.016172632575035095,
-0.02332756482064724,
0.005564417224377394,
0.010823149234056473,
-0.02015608549118042,
0.014644208364188671,
0.01447226107120514,
0.009719818830490112,
-0.012867416255176067,
0.011119281873106956,
-0.0367012694478035,
-0.04787786677479744,
-0.0738992765545845,
-0.06243610382080078,
0.023690564557909966,
-0.06121336296200752,
-0.028390467166900635,
-0.029288416728377342,
-0.008893514983355999,
2.192257966271427e-7,
0.009118001908063889,
-0.018436608836054802,
-0.01902887411415577,
-0.022143036127090454,
0.028772573918104172,
0.005502325017005205,
0.011682887561619282,
-0.05743051692843437,
-0.016057999804615974,
-0.037694744765758514,
-0.00897471234202385,
-0.0528070330619812,
-0.003190584247931838,
0.03347247466444969,
0.004336901940405369,
-0.023614143952727318,
-0.03947153687477112,
0.05353303626179695,
-0.019525611773133278,
-0.04172596335411072,
0.028390467166900635,
0.028581520542502403,
0.03368263319134712,
0.025601094588637352,
-0.003293275134637952,
-0.005167982075363398,
0.023919828236103058,
0.03039652295410633,
-0.01100465003401041,
-0.0497501865029335,
0.046807970851659775,
-0.028619730845093727,
0.01569500006735325,
0.012790994718670845,
-0.020213400945067406,
0.03301394730806351,
-0.04837460443377495,
-0.0384780615568161,
-0.05166071653366089,
-0.0004901702050119638,
-0.05689556896686554,
0.0499030277132988,
-0.03352979198098183,
0.010192674584686756,
0.011233912780880928,
-0.023862512782216072,
-0.016153527423739433,
-0.024206407368183136,
-0.0035894073080271482,
-0.027702677994966507,
0.008229605853557587,
0.031581051647663116,
-0.05536714196205139,
-0.02886809967458248,
0.0692375898361206,
-0.04164954274892807,
0.0014818543568253517,
0.0012716961791738868,
0.006342957727611065,
-0.016898633912205696,
-0.001270502107217908,
0.01049835979938507,
0.04321617633104324,
-0.03039652295410633,
-0.003243123646825552,
0.018895136192440987,
0.007799736689776182,
0.04176417365670204,
-0.059188202023506165,
-0.006280865520238876,
-0.009848779067397118,
-0.048145342618227005,
-0.038000430911779404,
-0.05074366182088852,
0.004587658680975437,
0.015131393447518349,
-0.03398831933736801,
0.006467142142355442,
0.04348365217447281,
0.04031217098236084,
0.000544799433555454,
-0.032574526965618134,
0.022792616859078407,
-0.042108070105314255,
0.006524458061903715,
-0.023518618196249008,
0.031447313725948334,
0.01618218421936035,
0.002269947901368141,
0.04306333512067795,
0.07554233819246292,
-0.031772103160619736,
-0.0028299717232584953,
0.0388028547167778,
-0.0076707759872078896,
-0.0006913728429935873,
0.021932877600193024,
0.03498179465532303,
0.050705451518297195,
-0.03437042608857155,
-0.022143036127090454,
0.015943368896842003,
0.03255542367696762,
-0.05139324069023132,
-0.022888142615556717,
0.006443260703235865,
-0.019468294456601143,
0.030109943822026253,
-0.025505568832159042,
-0.02651814930140972,
0.019678452983498573,
-0.004112414550036192,
-0.021054035052657127,
-0.007623012643307447,
-0.0012657258193939924,
0.04944450408220291,
-0.019773980602622032,
-0.03440863639116287,
-0.019525611773133278,
-0.005163205787539482,
0.03603258728981018,
0.03049205057322979,
0.05907357111573219,
0.020939402282238007,
0.03253631666302681,
0.03373995050787926,
-0.038535378873348236,
0.047839656472206116,
0.062474314123392105,
0.002741609700024128,
-0.02476046234369278,
0.013593416661024094,
-0.027167728170752525,
0.048336394131183624,
0.0036061243154108524,
-0.036070797592401505,
-0.02917378395795822,
0.022677984088659286,
-0.0033314856700599194,
0.022219456732273102,
0.00462825782597065,
-0.023786092177033424,
-0.03272736817598343,
0.012408888898789883,
0.06411737203598022,
0.06289462745189667,
0.01820734515786171,
-0.04852744936943054,
-0.004738112911581993,
0.04719007760286331,
-0.03435131907463074,
-0.053341981023550034,
0.0012370678596198559,
-0.005187087692320347,
0.027454309165477753,
-0.034924477338790894,
-0.027282360941171646,
-0.04130564630031586,
0.006051601842045784,
-0.10133448243141174,
-0.06075483560562134,
0.006128023378551006,
-0.040465012192726135,
0.054411880671978,
-0.040465012192726135,
0.01817868836224079,
-0.050285134464502335,
0.02178003638982773,
0.06067841500043869,
0.01846526749432087,
0.013851338997483253,
0.00282519543543458,
-0.011434518732130527,
-0.029804259538650513,
-0.08238203078508377,
0.021951982751488686,
0.0062426552176475525,
-0.0423373319208622,
-0.011587360873818398,
-0.012456651777029037,
0.04287227988243103,
0.0339692123234272,
-0.031141629442572594,
0.01917216368019581,
-0.023786092177033424,
0.04371291399002075,
0.02621246501803398,
0.005975180771201849,
0.03479074314236641,
-0.013688943348824978,
-0.014109260402619839,
-0.02443567104637623,
-0.0002271738921990618,
0.019468294456601143,
-0.042222701013088226,
-0.007923920638859272,
-0.007083287928253412,
-0.06396452337503433,
0.016239499673247337,
-0.02128329873085022,
-0.004733336623758078,
0.011950361542403698,
-0.012427994050085545,
0.05850041285157204,
-0.028256731107831,
0.021932877600193024,
0.016048448160290718,
-0.012647705152630806,
-0.0392804853618145,
-0.030625786632299423,
-0.006457589566707611,
-0.0076803285628557205,
0.028696153312921524,
-0.00986788421869278,
0.010154464282095432,
-0.06098410114645958,
0.04860386997461319,
-0.01130078174173832,
0.032517209649086,
-0.003618065267801285,
0.006419378798455,
0.02999531291425228,
0.04482102021574974,
0.04317796602845192,
0.0009534736163914204,
0.0429869145154953,
0.01443404983729124,
-0.0029517679940909147,
0.009414133615791798,
-0.028485994786024094,
0.018665872514247894,
-0.06442305445671082,
0.0722944363951683,
0.03736995533108711,
-0.051431454718112946,
-0.006524458061903715,
-0.003692098194733262,
-0.06323852390050888,
0.004188835620880127,
-0.024091776460409164,
-0.0059704044833779335,
0.010507912375032902,
-0.020098770037293434,
0.037924010306596756,
-0.010746728628873825,
-0.02260156348347664,
0.013163547962903976,
-0.049482714384794235,
0.0249515138566494,
0.019793085753917694,
-0.002581602893769741,
0.0006889846990816295,
0.0237478818744421,
0.020748350769281387,
-0.031886737793684006,
-0.008358566090464592,
0.01730939745903015,
-0.008597382344305515,
0.012647705152630806,
-0.011959914118051529,
0.01592426374554634,
0.004322573076933622,
-0.05693377926945686,
0.008946054615080357,
-0.013469232246279716,
0.020328033715486526,
-0.033415161073207855,
-0.0029302744660526514,
0.01217962522059679,
-0.03486716374754906,
-0.008931725285947323,
-0.01289607398211956,
-0.013001153245568275,
0.043445438146591187,
0.057468727231025696,
0.021531667560338974,
0.0264035165309906,
-0.001395880593918264,
-0.02732057124376297,
-0.02004145458340645,
0.013927759602665901,
0.03786669299006462,
-0.0021242699585855007,
-0.030224576592445374,
-0.07703255116939545,
-0.03727443143725395,
0.009719818830490112,
-0.0037303087301552296,
0.014004181139171124,
-0.02139792963862419,
0.0237478818744421,
0.050399765372276306,
0.024206407368183136,
-0.003324321238324046,
-0.020423559471964836,
-0.014042391441762447,
-0.054067984223365784,
0.025505568832159042,
0.01274323184043169,
-0.04646407812833786,
-0.05616956576704979,
-0.038745537400245667,
0.0009421298163942993,
0.02741609700024128,
0.006042049266397953,
0.013478785753250122,
-0.06660106033086777,
0.012638152576982975,
0.04256659746170044,
0.06984895467758179,
-0.004262868780642748,
-0.07263833284378052,
-0.0021744214463979006,
0.02321293205022812,
-0.0009892960079014301,
0.010574780404567719,
0.004167342558503151,
0.04260480776429176,
-0.027779098600149155,
0.03440863639116287,
-0.048642080277204514,
0.005908312276005745,
-0.06832053512334824,
0.0022938293404877186,
0.011272124014794827,
-0.01902887411415577,
0.009227856993675232,
0.01079449150711298,
-0.016717132180929184,
0.04191701486706734,
0.004262868780642748,
0.005779351573437452,
0.03291842341423035,
-0.017815686762332916,
-0.02690025418996811,
0.016640711575746536,
-0.003374472726136446,
-0.03691142797470093,
0.011434518732130527,
-0.040350381284952164,
-0.06614252924919128,
0.002858629683032632,
0.009342488832771778,
0.028180308640003204,
0.051316820085048676,
-0.00833946093916893,
-0.0017075357027351856,
-0.022334089502692223,
0.00193082878831774,
-0.03685411438345909,
0.113026924431324,
-0.01167333498597145,
0.009227856993675232,
-0.007030748296529055,
0.0030114720575511456,
0.037599220871925354,
0.030434735119342804,
0.010861359536647797,
0.059493888169527054,
0.029937997460365295,
0.028619730845093727,
-0.012494863010942936,
-0.03160015866160393,
-0.02569662034511566,
-0.03427489846944809,
0.014367181807756424,
0.02365235425531864,
0.03675858676433563,
0.003577466355636716,
-0.008038552477955818,
-0.031561948359012604,
0.01799718663096428,
-0.04665512964129448,
0.011377203278243542,
-0.005268285050988197,
-0.026116937398910522,
0.0233466699719429,
0.03190584108233452,
-0.012084098532795906,
-0.049177028238773346,
0.007360314950346947,
0.020519087091088295,
-0.038841065019369125,
-0.020729243755340576,
0.046311233192682266,
0.017624633386731148,
-0.003577466355636716,
-0.02628888562321663,
-0.02690025418996811,
-0.021569877862930298,
0.007441512309014797,
-0.013746259734034538,
0.004353619180619717,
0.004387053195387125,
0.08498035371303558,
-0.013020258396863937,
0.017672397196292877,
-0.03538300469517708,
-0.0237478818744421,
-0.03962438181042671,
0.02088208682835102,
0.02393893338739872,
0.014090154320001602,
-0.005597851239144802,
-0.013631627894937992,
-0.014338523149490356,
-0.04184059426188469,
-0.012752784416079521,
0.016860421746969223,
-0.02178003638982773,
0.007169261574745178,
0.015236472710967064,
-0.004038381855934858,
0.0046736327931284904,
0.0033888015896081924,
-0.033911898732185364,
0.014663313515484333,
0.00695432722568512,
0.01463465578854084,
-0.0017803746741265059,
0.06740348041057587,
-0.021531667560338974,
0.005320824682712555,
0.017414476722478867,
0.012647705152630806,
0.012561731040477753,
0.03458058461546898,
0.009251738898456097,
0.012876968830823898,
0.019363215193152428,
-0.03521105647087097,
-0.01717565953731537,
0.0058939834125339985,
0.006338181439787149,
0.0027774320915341377,
-0.05578745901584625,
0.004153013229370117,
0.03819148242473602,
-0.02863883599638939,
-0.011128834448754787,
0.0006033093668520451,
-0.03051115572452545,
0.003467611037194729,
-0.01877095177769661,
0.036166321486234665,
0.02435925044119358,
-0.05578745901584625,
-0.0026222015731036663,
-0.05926462262868881,
0.03540211170911789,
-0.01099509745836258,
0.004986481741070747,
-0.02208572067320347,
-0.02046176977455616,
0.03173389285802841,
0.020308928564190865,
-0.02497062087059021,
0.026976676657795906,
-0.030549366027116776,
0.05410619452595711,
-0.012227388098835945,
-0.03435131907463074,
-0.04206985980272293,
-0.032268840819597244,
-0.022143036127090454,
-0.04982660710811615,
-0.00029210204957053065,
-0.034026529639959335,
0.054067984223365784,
-0.00757047301158309,
0.010068490169942379,
0.011415413580834866,
-0.019621137529611588,
0.00004709156564786099,
0.024416565895080566,
0.008444540202617645,
-0.016879526898264885,
0.038000430911779404,
-0.0542590357363224,
0.02670920267701149,
-0.005860548932105303,
0.015169603750109673,
0.02842867746949196,
0.03950975090265274,
-0.056322406977415085,
-0.0445917584002018,
-0.0016370848752558231,
-0.03779027238488197,
-0.020805666223168373,
-0.010211779735982418,
0.04321617633104324,
0.008879185654222965,
0.005841443780809641,
0.023384880274534225,
-0.0354212149977684,
-0.011893046088516712,
0.017930319532752037,
-0.008673803880810738,
-0.014414944685995579,
-0.014883024618029594,
-0.007785407360643148,
0.021741826087236404,
-0.007642117794603109,
-0.005464114248752594,
0.030644891783595085,
-0.030663996934890747,
-0.02168450877070427,
0.029708733782172203,
0.012762336991727352,
-0.011797519400715828,
0.02886809967458248,
-0.03202047199010849,
-0.009170541539788246,
-0.017414476722478867,
0.008482750505208969,
0.021627193316817284,
0.051125768572092056,
0.002708175452426076,
-0.015007209032773972,
-0.021455245092511177,
0.02917378395795822,
-0.0005913685890845954,
-0.027970151975750923,
-0.07145380228757858,
0.016755342483520508,
-0.031065208837389946,
-0.02290724776685238,
-0.022983670234680176,
-0.01110017579048872,
-0.005946523044258356,
0.004384665284305811,
-0.02630799077451229,
0.007403301540762186,
0.016124868765473366,
0.011109728366136551,
0.018283767625689507,
0.029957102611660957,
0.011253018863499165,
0.04890955239534378,
-0.0048073697835206985,
0.02802746742963791,
-0.0029899785295128822,
0.016497422009706497,
-0.034446846693754196,
0.0032120775431394577,
-0.018856925889849663,
0.008936501108109951,
-0.0328420028090477,
0.012361126020550728,
-0.005421127192676067,
0.007045077160000801,
0.046005550771951675,
0.004738112911581993,
-0.004530342761427164,
-0.06434663385152817,
0.024492988362908363,
0.007895262911915779,
0.04585270583629608,
0.012599941343069077,
-0.007154932711273432,
0.05678093433380127,
-0.0006919698789715767,
-0.0009928782237693667,
-0.019248584285378456,
0.01724252849817276,
-0.06805305927991867,
-0.011052412912249565,
0.0020753126591444016,
0.010632096789777279,
-0.028715258464217186,
0.011186149902641773,
-0.0006931639509275556,
-0.05494682863354683,
0.0038974802009761333,
-0.047533974051475525,
-0.004112414550036192,
-0.03230705484747887,
0.0008304832736030221,
0.010479253716766834,
-0.057965464890003204,
0.05574924871325493,
0.014663313515484333,
0.010670307092368603,
0.01862766221165657,
-0.031237157061696053,
-0.03673947975039482,
-0.002868182258680463,
0.002815642859786749,
-0.001737387734465301,
-0.014596445485949516,
0.006997314281761646,
-0.013077573850750923,
-0.0018997826846316457,
-0.004422875586897135,
0.016201289370656013,
0.0017517167143523693,
-0.02783641405403614,
0.0023595038801431656,
0.010746728628873825,
0.0009564587962813675,
-0.018073609098792076,
0.04623481258749962,
0.037408165633678436,
0.001210798043757677,
-0.016592947766184807,
-0.007312551606446505,
0.0023833855520933867,
-0.003116551088169217,
0.011539597995579243,
-0.01407104916870594,
-0.022754406556487083,
-0.01493078749626875,
-0.010546122677624226,
0.04921523854136467,
-0.02464582957327366,
0.04803071171045303,
-0.00882187020033598,
-0.03179121017456055,
0.04023575037717819,
-0.006581773981451988,
-0.03373995050787926,
0.03950975090265274,
0.03200136870145798,
0.0010388504015281796,
0.015112288296222687,
0.024110881611704826,
0.020385349169373512,
0.030625786632299423,
0.04214628040790558,
0.02751162461936474,
0.00002306068745383527,
-0.040350381284952164,
0.0211686659604311,
-0.016717132180929184,
0.005865325219929218,
-0.011224360205233097,
-0.021760931238532066,
-0.000660326739307493,
0.027492519468069077,
-0.0036634402349591255,
0.003618065267801285,
0.021531667560338974,
0.010813596658408642,
0.008769330568611622,
0.006715510971844196,
-0.004711843095719814,
0.020022349432110786,
-0.048756711184978485,
0.00833946093916893,
0.040579646825790405,
0.012246494181454182,
0.026556359604001045,
0.009886990301311016,
0.07768213003873825,
0.029613206163048744,
0.010975991375744343,
0.010890018194913864,
0.0005510683404281735,
-0.002631754381582141,
0.019200820475816727,
0.0026771293487399817,
-0.07546591013669968,
-0.035554952919483185,
-0.014682418666779995,
-0.024492988362908363,
-0.043942175805568695,
0.043751124292612076,
-0.004069427959620953,
0.028829889371991158,
-0.0031141629442572594,
-0.0030926696490496397,
-0.014567786827683449,
0.01217962522059679,
-0.0011110922787338495,
-0.0006262954557314515,
-0.023461300879716873,
0.012437546625733376,
-0.006304747425019741,
-0.012485310435295105,
-0.0034938808530569077,
0.05487040430307388,
-0.001181543106213212,
-0.017825240269303322,
-0.03784758970141411,
-0.013851338997483253,
-0.012829205021262169,
0.01703236997127533,
0.029632311314344406,
0.01325907465070486,
0.012867416255176067,
0.027702677994966507,
0.0222958792001009,
-0.05743051692843437,
0.030644891783595085,
-0.011912151239812374,
-0.024722252041101456,
0.015886051580309868,
0.009318607859313488,
0.009390252642333508,
0.006142352242022753,
0.00017926139116752893,
-0.00038121032412163913,
0.02609783224761486,
-0.039433326572179794,
0.004069427959620953,
-0.02269708923995495,
-0.003149985335767269,
-0.016955949366092682,
0.007260011974722147,
0.0011146744946017861,
0.060219887644052505,
0.010727622546255589,
0.042528387159109116,
0.008554395288228989,
-0.010536570101976395,
0.006992537993937731,
0.0581183061003685,
0.04145848751068115,
-0.018474819138646126,
0.025639304891228676,
-0.008277368731796741,
0.033931002020835876,
0.011214807629585266,
-0.040273960679769516,
0.015532604418694973,
-0.005000811070203781,
-0.09850689768791199,
-0.0014066273579373956,
0.017108790576457977,
0.005846220068633556,
-0.03131357952952385
] |
In this paper, we consider non-convex multi-block bilevel optimization (MBBO)
problems, which involve $m\gg 1$ lower level problems and have important
applications in machine learning. Designing a stochastic gradient and
controlling its variance is more intricate due to the hierarchical sampling of
blocks and data and the unique challenge of estimating hyper-gradient. We aim
to achieve three nice properties for our algorithm: (a) matching the
state-of-the-art complexity of standard BO problems with a single block; (b)
achieving parallel speedup by sampling $I$ blocks and sampling $B$ samples for
each sampled block per-iteration; (c) avoiding the computation of the inverse
of a high-dimensional Hessian matrix estimator. However, it is non-trivial to
achieve all of these by observing that existing works only achieve one or two
of these properties. To address the involved challenges for achieving (a, b,
c), we propose two stochastic algorithms by using advanced blockwise
variance-reduction techniques for tracking the Hessian matrices (for
low-dimensional problems) or the Hessian-vector products (for high-dimensional
problems), and prove an iteration complexity of
$O(\frac{m\epsilon^{-3}\mathbb{I}(I<m)}{I\sqrt{I}} +
\frac{m\epsilon^{-3}}{I\sqrt{B}})$ for finding an $\epsilon$-stationary point
under appropriate conditions. We also conduct experiments to verify the
effectiveness of the proposed algorithms comparing with existing MBBO
algorithms. | [
0.059533778578042984,
0.02319151721894741,
-0.049155354499816895,
-0.04904872551560402,
0.10086977481842041,
0.03069099597632885,
-0.04723605513572693,
0.03859921544790268,
-0.022143011912703514,
0.025626182556152344,
0.024684304371476173,
-0.008987823501229286,
0.05523313209414482,
-0.0030966452322900295,
-0.006219947244971991,
0.0352582149207592,
0.04318420588970184,
-0.00968534592539072,
0.035880208015441895,
-0.02647920325398445,
0.014394734986126423,
-0.04904872551560402,
-0.04190467298030853,
0.05107465386390686,
-0.03456513583660126,
0.007361751981079578,
0.014083737507462502,
-0.01052059605717659,
-0.050825852900743484,
0.02747439593076706,
-0.0028989396523684263,
0.028629528358578682,
-0.04464145004749298,
-0.019583947956562042,
0.0032054942566901445,
-0.003061102470383048,
0.07414177060127258,
0.033605486154556274,
-0.018126703798770905,
0.0205080546438694,
-0.008890081197023392,
-0.001209557638503611,
-0.007299552205950022,
-0.008574641309678555,
0.05402468517422676,
0.0057090227492153645,
-0.027971990406513214,
0.03625340759754181,
0.022800549864768982,
0.013248487375676632,
-0.016447316855192184,
-0.006277703680098057,
0.053989142179489136,
-0.01641177572309971,
-0.020472511649131775,
-0.026852400973439217,
0.0640476867556572,
0.07449719309806824,
0.045281216502189636,
0.00941877719014883,
0.0024857574608176947,
-0.023937910795211792,
-0.0752791315317154,
-0.005913392640650272,
0.03884801268577576,
-0.014083737507462502,
0.06067114323377609,
0.02553732693195343,
0.021698730066418648,
-0.02379574067890644,
-0.0639055147767067,
0.0009085565689019859,
0.020348113030195236,
0.003820824669674039,
0.005788993556052446,
0.019957145676016808,
0.04556555673480034,
0.008827881887555122,
0.04602760821580887,
0.0032788007520139217,
-0.030317800119519234,
-0.0036853186320513487,
-0.06212838739156723,
-0.0008358053746633232,
0.05246081203222275,
0.003065545344725251,
0.028967183083295822,
-0.041158277541399,
0.041158277541399,
0.03895464166998863,
-0.02834518812596798,
0.0276698786765337,
0.02754548005759716,
0.012351037934422493,
0.0025101930368691683,
0.01929960772395134,
0.012590950354933739,
0.03980766236782074,
-0.03657329082489014,
-0.004265106748789549,
-0.02043696865439415,
0.04186912998557091,
0.002107007196173072,
0.009934144094586372,
0.027492167428135872,
-0.020277027040719986,
0.005882292985916138,
-0.012928604148328304,
0.030797624960541725,
0.0995902419090271,
-0.006530944723635912,
0.0336410291492939,
0.037888363003730774,
0.06845495849847794,
-0.07090739905834198,
0.007690520491451025,
-0.052176471799612045,
-0.03859921544790268,
0.04307757690548897,
-0.06596698611974716,
0.008654612116515636,
0.03593352437019348,
0.0017293674172833562,
-0.03955886512994766,
-0.07104957103729248,
0.0036742116790264845,
0.007712734397500753,
-0.016402889043092728,
0.037355225533246994,
-0.01125810481607914,
-0.0041184937581419945,
0.01383493933826685,
-0.044996876269578934,
-0.05409576743841171,
-0.04080285504460335,
0.050221629440784454,
0.04449927806854248,
-0.010467282496392727,
-0.005135899409651756,
-0.02894941158592701,
-0.02265837974846363,
-0.038634758442640305,
-0.04624086618423462,
0.042189013212919235,
0.015825321897864342,
-0.0005125902825966477,
-0.0039074597880244255,
0.03852812945842743,
-0.016465088352560997,
0.02573280967772007,
-0.04009200260043144,
0.050825852900743484,
-0.0010751623194664717,
0.05423793941736221,
0.046667374670505524,
-0.01701599918305874,
-0.021485473960638046,
0.007201810367405415,
0.022356268018484116,
-0.055055417120456696,
0.06888147443532944,
0.01052059605717659,
-0.0191752091050148,
0.07478153705596924,
0.017922334372997284,
0.07385742664337158,
0.017478052526712418,
0.03284132108092308,
-0.09361909329891205,
0.043468546122312546,
0.00847689900547266,
-0.045743267983198166,
-0.046880628913640976,
0.01862429827451706,
-0.031330764293670654,
0.027794279158115387,
0.05427348241209984,
-0.007446165196597576,
-0.015345497988164425,
-0.004091836512088776,
-0.03771065175533295,
-0.02573280967772007,
0.03945223614573479,
0.01855321414768696,
0.060351260006427765,
0.0064776306971907616,
0.08295632153749466,
0.015834208577871323,
0.022267410531640053,
-0.03899018466472626,
0.004989286419004202,
0.023564714938402176,
0.0814635381102562,
-0.04656074568629265,
0.04894210025668144,
-0.058396417647600174,
-0.02399122528731823,
0.032610293477773666,
0.014847902581095695,
-0.002676798729225993,
-0.018135588616132736,
-0.027332225814461708,
-0.028096390888094902,
-0.04169141873717308,
0.0585741326212883,
0.017531365156173706,
-0.030459970235824585,
-0.029464777559041977,
0.06052897125482559,
-0.009143322706222534,
0.040518514811992645,
0.015567638911306858,
-0.08324066549539566,
-0.022693920880556107,
-0.031526245176792145,
-0.056868087500333786,
0.012199982069432735,
-0.027936449274420738,
0.029109353199601173,
-0.07904664427042007,
-0.024008996784687042,
-0.003301014890894294,
0.030779853463172913,
-0.03785282000899315,
0.009427662938833237,
0.048693299293518066,
0.01293748989701271,
0.015656495466828346,
0.007868233136832714,
-0.02628372050821781,
0.015523211099207401,
-0.016136320307850838,
-0.021325532346963882,
0.014696846716105938,
-0.0265502892434597,
-0.0334988571703434,
-0.02909158170223236,
0.043255288153886795,
0.009223293513059616,
-0.049759577959775925,
-0.010156285017728806,
0.012057811953127384,
-0.04066068306565285,
0.020827937871217728,
0.044676993042230606,
0.020010458305478096,
0.0131329745054245,
0.034280795603990555,
0.012821977026760578,
0.055801812559366226,
-0.030477741733193398,
-0.008099259808659554,
-0.009658689610660076,
0.004602761007845402,
0.03143738955259323,
-0.002153656678274274,
0.022818321362137794,
-0.0464896634221077,
0.015638723969459534,
-0.05409576743841171,
0.05523313209414482,
0.030104544013738632,
-0.01770019344985485,
0.01310631725937128,
0.07104957103729248,
0.023600256070494652,
0.07385742664337158,
0.09461428225040436,
-0.03115304931998253,
0.03627117723226547,
0.02178758569061756,
-0.07890447229146957,
0.0041184937581419945,
0.023227060213685036,
0.004036301281303167,
-0.0354003868997097,
0.01339954324066639,
-0.033747658133506775,
0.02566172555088997,
0.004445040598511696,
0.05366925895214081,
0.0526740662753582,
0.04624086618423462,
0.04311311990022659,
-0.003871917026117444,
-0.0069841123186051846,
0.02185867168009281,
-0.02312043309211731,
-0.01661614514887333,
-0.010360654443502426,
-0.03291240707039833,
-0.004940415266901255,
-0.02473761886358261,
-0.01614520512521267,
0.029180437326431274,
0.043326374143362045,
-0.001165129360742867,
-0.030477741733193398,
0.020881250500679016,
-0.029571406543254852,
-0.031597331166267395,
0.016536174342036247,
0.034671761095523834,
0.006970783695578575,
-0.022338496521115303,
0.0047715879045426846,
-0.041726961731910706,
-0.005815650802105665,
0.00860574096441269,
0.002403565216809511,
-0.018464356660842896,
0.017380310222506523,
-0.012342152185738087,
0.009001152589917183,
-0.014821245335042477,
0.0279542189091444,
0.10072760283946991,
0.03685763105750084,
-0.03262806683778763,
-0.015700923278927803,
-0.008592412807047367,
0.021361075341701508,
-0.05729459971189499,
0.004496133420616388,
0.023440314456820488,
-0.05825424939393997,
-0.015478783287107944,
0.01654505915939808,
-0.03966549038887024,
0.007144053466618061,
-0.024915331974625587,
-0.010369540192186832,
-0.0554819293320179,
-0.01970834657549858,
-0.007250681519508362,
-0.05942715331912041,
-0.0030055672395974398,
0.020223714411258698,
0.002901161089539528,
-0.026728002354502678,
-0.05473553389310837,
-0.00772162014618516,
0.07712734490633011,
0.005815650802105665,
0.013559484854340553,
-0.0015783115522935987,
-0.03266360983252525,
0.013719426468014717,
0.050221629440784454,
-0.03310789167881012,
0.0008213662658818066,
0.04026971384882927,
0.009898602031171322,
0.030975336208939552,
0.06543384492397308,
-0.05423793941736221,
0.02031257003545761,
0.0004478917398955673,
-0.02708342671394348,
0.03579135239124298,
0.03433410823345184,
-0.07328874617815018,
-0.06493625044822693,
-0.0014805695973336697,
-0.02566172555088997,
-0.03372988477349281,
0.005908949766308069,
0.006522058974951506,
-0.011133705265820026,
-0.02406230941414833,
-0.021218905225396156,
-0.010938221588730812,
0.051572248339653015,
0.06692662835121155,
-0.05711688473820686,
0.006153305061161518,
0.01956617645919323,
-0.024577677249908447,
-0.06205730140209198,
0.034405194222927094,
-0.04524567350745201,
-0.010618338361382484,
-0.008934509940445423,
-0.024240022525191307,
0.029535863548517227,
0.03181058540940285,
-0.016936028376221657,
-0.0278831347823143,
0.02553732693195343,
-0.024240022525191307,
0.021201133728027344,
-0.004109608009457588,
0.0034520707558840513,
-0.033338915556669235,
-0.01125810481607914,
-0.005606838036328554,
0.014723503962159157,
-0.04951078072190285,
-0.021894214674830437,
-0.006881927140057087,
0.009409891441464424,
0.008756796829402447,
-0.011382503435015678,
-0.018677612766623497,
-0.00705519737675786,
0.011888984590768814,
-0.0015083372127264738,
-0.017540251836180687,
0.012084469199180603,
-0.0019781652372330427,
-0.009267721325159073,
-0.09162870794534683,
-0.004491690546274185,
0.005526867229491472,
0.027243368327617645,
0.0010751623194664717,
-0.018215559422969818,
-0.021005650982260704,
0.01544324029237032,
-0.02560841105878353,
-0.014368077740073204,
-0.028647299855947495,
0.04791136458516121,
-0.04236672446131706,
-0.0050292713567614555,
0.04300649091601372,
0.02607046440243721,
-0.008454685099422932,
-0.027705421671271324,
0.045743267983198166,
-0.00044067215640097857,
0.00988083053380251,
-0.02244512364268303,
-0.008490228094160557,
-0.0095876045525074,
0.017735734581947327,
0.03397868201136589,
0.022569522261619568,
-0.01642066054046154,
-0.021094506606459618,
0.06852604448795319,
0.012093354016542435,
0.011560216546058655,
0.03458290547132492,
0.010129628702998161,
0.005078142508864403,
-0.035489242523908615,
0.014430277049541473,
0.0027190055698156357,
-0.036217864602804184,
-0.07335983216762543,
0.03532930091023445,
-0.06482961773872375,
-0.0324503518640995,
0.05061259865760803,
-0.056263864040374756,
0.05988920480012894,
-0.03484947606921196,
0.02111227810382843,
-0.05366925895214081,
-0.0439661405980587,
0.014305878430604935,
0.06315912306308746,
-0.03259252384305,
-0.017540251836180687,
0.03268137946724892,
-0.0019481763010844588,
-0.038492586463689804,
-0.010120742954313755,
-0.05956932157278061,
-0.023280372843146324,
-0.03419193997979164,
-0.00033126771450042725,
0.013408428989350796,
0.0653272196650505,
0.04257998242974281,
-0.007446165196597576,
-0.05274515226483345,
-0.003889688290655613,
-0.017398081719875336,
0.04019863158464432,
-0.056797005236148834,
0.0050203860737383366,
-0.04577881097793579,
0.0003232151211705059,
0.012120011262595654,
0.01531884167343378,
-0.01028956938534975,
0.04993728920817375,
0.01876646839082241,
-0.025981608778238297,
-0.008890081197023392,
-0.028060847893357277,
-0.021965298801660538,
0.02996237389743328,
0.003265472361817956,
0.0004231785424053669,
-0.01754913665354252,
0.039629947394132614,
0.014252564869821072,
0.022569522261619568,
-0.0066509004682302475,
-0.02647920325398445,
0.05523313209414482,
0.025377385318279266,
-0.011560216546058655,
0.035275984555482864,
0.0025834995321929455,
0.03634226322174072,
-0.021201133728027344,
-0.02532407082617283,
0.04577881097793579,
0.021805357187986374,
-0.034067537635564804,
0.030868709087371826,
-0.040838394314050674,
0.011835671029984951,
-0.028309645131230354,
0.046418577432632446,
0.015629839152097702,
0.02459544874727726,
-0.008228101767599583,
0.016171863302588463,
0.021734273061156273,
-0.0407317690551281,
0.03625340759754181,
0.034476280212402344,
-0.014145936816930771,
0.0674242302775383,
0.005455782171338797,
-0.034280795603990555,
0.016518402844667435,
-0.056868087500333786,
-0.046134237200021744,
0.00006532332918141037,
0.0015560975298285484,
0.0008408035500906408,
0.05480661988258362,
0.005673480220139027,
-0.018659841269254684,
-0.015283298678696156,
0.04289986565709114,
0.041122738271951675,
0.016322918236255646,
-0.010094085708260536,
-0.01944177784025669,
0.01869538426399231,
0.005975591950118542,
0.0102540273219347,
0.013381771743297577,
0.03252143785357475,
0.010955993086099625,
-0.006295475177466869,
-0.026177091524004936,
-0.050292715430259705,
-0.0036297834012657404,
-0.002996681723743677,
-0.03579135239124298,
-0.030513282865285873,
-0.015185556374490261,
0.018126703798770905,
-0.02559063956141472,
-0.02299603261053562,
-0.012048926204442978,
-0.020881250500679016,
0.007210696116089821,
-0.025430697947740555,
0.07506587356328964,
-0.016447316855192184,
0.004447262268513441,
-0.0010896014282479882,
0.01681162789463997,
0.02473761886358261,
-0.03891909867525101,
-0.04289986565709114,
0.011720157228410244,
0.012742006219923496,
0.028167475014925003,
-0.0035720267333090305,
-0.005495767574757338,
0.022231867536902428,
-0.03081539459526539,
0.004045187029987574,
-0.003247701097279787,
0.03021117113530636,
-0.035684727132320404,
-0.014430277049541473,
-0.02312043309211731,
0.004669403191655874,
-0.022551750764250755,
0.05260298028588295,
0.026568060740828514,
-0.02715451270341873,
-0.01609189249575138,
-0.005669037811458111,
-0.01714928261935711,
0.054593365639448166,
-0.016598373651504517,
-0.026923485100269318,
0.01681162789463997,
0.02687017247080803,
0.006881927140057087,
-0.006806399207562208,
-0.014465820044279099,
0.008805667981505394,
0.03264583647251129,
0.020188171416521072,
-0.004882658366113901,
0.028362959623336792,
-0.008539099246263504,
-0.03895464166998863,
0.014465820044279099,
0.0383504182100296,
-0.03646666184067726,
0.026621373370289803,
-0.0013461742782965302,
-0.01089379284530878,
-0.0029789104592055082,
-0.013861596584320068,
-0.019139666110277176,
0.013328458182513714,
-0.023013804107904434,
-0.005589067004621029,
-0.004744931124150753,
-0.007237352896481752,
0.045672181993722916,
0.013159630820155144,
-0.005162556190043688,
0.00490931561216712,
-0.024204479530453682,
-0.044143855571746826,
0.041442617774009705,
0.015194442123174667,
-0.03920343890786171,
0.004202906973659992,
-0.021218905225396156,
0.021485473960638046,
0.023902367800474167,
-0.04215347021818161,
0.007068525534123182,
-0.037426311522722244,
-0.002202527830377221,
0.0028811683878302574,
0.011657957918941975,
-0.013932681642472744,
-0.00611776253208518,
-0.0017260353779420257,
-0.0025701711419969797,
0.013577256351709366,
0.012813091278076172,
0.0029322607442736626,
0.027634337544441223,
0.041442617774009705,
0.056121695786714554,
-0.006126647815108299,
-0.018322186544537544,
-0.0351160429418087,
0.034760620445013046,
0.04389505460858345,
0.0027012343052774668,
0.02178758569061756,
-0.010218484327197075,
0.01233326643705368,
0.018642069771885872,
-0.0005428569857031107,
-0.001016294932924211,
0.009960801340639591,
0.07058751583099365,
0.049155354499816895,
0.058929555118083954,
-0.02258729375898838,
0.026372576132416725,
0.017513593658804893,
0.023955682292580605,
0.014963415451347828,
-0.033463314175605774,
-0.026088235899806023,
0.024684304371476173,
0.008228101767599583,
-0.0247198473662138,
-0.018535442650318146,
-0.0045472257770597935,
0.014563562348484993,
-0.02358248457312584,
-0.03436965122818947,
-0.015096700750291348,
0.002741219475865364,
-0.03760402277112007,
0.007046311628073454,
0.0022858306765556335,
-0.005571295507252216,
-0.04833787679672241,
0.022071927785873413,
-0.014252564869821072,
-0.01223552506417036,
0.05441565066576004,
0.024311108514666557,
0.011231447570025921,
-0.004656074568629265,
0.012884176336228848,
-0.009800859726965427,
-0.0022125241812318563,
-0.014448048546910286,
0.018748698756098747,
0.007823805324733257,
0.04919089749455452,
0.0005634050467051566,
0.01316851656883955,
-0.01951286382973194,
-0.014048195444047451,
0.005566852632910013,
0.03852812945842743,
-0.015594296157360077,
0.02534184232354164,
0.04769811034202576,
-0.059604864567518234,
0.018073389306664467,
-0.023955682292580605,
0.049759577959775925,
0.01770019344985485,
0.023600256070494652,
0.008512442000210285,
0.021396618336439133,
-0.0667133778333664,
0.026088235899806023,
0.06298141181468964,
0.015772009268403053,
0.019317379221320152,
0.004069622606039047,
-0.0009857505792751908,
-0.021698730066418648,
-0.02742108143866062,
-0.03129522129893303,
0.013719426468014717,
0.015869751572608948,
-0.023475857451558113,
0.01602080650627613,
0.06052897125482559,
-0.020277027040719986,
-0.003145516151562333,
0.0012739785015583038,
-0.01796676218509674,
0.01690048538148403,
0.003312121843919158,
-0.007526136003434658,
0.045601099729537964,
0.004236228298395872,
0.024684304371476173,
0.00847689900547266,
0.021485473960638046,
0.03639557585120201,
0.001147358096204698,
-0.02091679349541664,
-0.00407406548038125,
-0.060351260006427765,
-0.00971200317144394,
0.012635378167033195,
-0.0037919464521110058,
0.013595027849078178,
-0.02994460240006447,
-0.008805667981505394,
0.0024168938398361206,
0.05469999089837074,
0.023760197684168816,
-0.01500784419476986,
-0.007237352896481752,
-0.03268137946724892,
0.029589178040623665,
0.029127124696969986,
-0.015700923278927803,
0.007579450029879808,
0.031650643795728683,
0.023831283673644066,
-0.06628686934709549,
-0.030922023579478264,
-0.0123599236831069,
-0.026496974751353264,
0.029837975278496742,
-0.038563672453165054,
0.03490278869867325,
0.0021603209897875786,
0.05242526903748512,
0.020543597638607025,
0.03325005993247032,
0.009063351899385452,
0.008796782232820988,
-0.031135277822613716,
-0.015372155234217644,
0.0007497257902286947,
0.023689113557338715,
-0.010200713761150837,
-0.017602451145648956,
-0.016580602154135704,
-0.0007180707179941237,
0.05071922764182091,
0.013097431510686874,
-0.032397039234638214,
0.012288838624954224,
-0.042722150683403015,
0.016838286072015762,
0.04592098295688629,
-0.018375501036643982,
0.0278831347823143,
0.00017493600898887962,
-0.01816224493086338,
-0.029198208823800087,
-0.011853442527353764,
-0.01607412099838257,
0.015052272006869316,
-0.0333566889166832,
-0.011204790323972702,
0.017726849764585495,
-0.010618338361382484,
0.014652418904006481,
0.027758736163377762,
0.00817034486681223,
-0.030797624960541725,
0.02411562390625477,
0.01869538426399231,
-0.018117817118763924,
-0.03456513583660126,
-0.027296682819724083,
-0.012813091278076172,
0.027101198211312294,
-0.03332114592194557,
-0.013195173814892769,
-0.029109353199601173,
0.001719371066428721,
-0.007930432446300983,
0.02118336223065853,
0.04545892775058746,
0.03721305727958679,
-0.022036384791135788,
0.047271598130464554,
-0.055801812559366226,
0.06223501265048981,
-0.057010259479284286,
-0.0020192614756524563,
-0.011329189874231815,
0.019121894612908363,
0.012075583450496197,
-0.01028956938534975,
-0.043255288153886795,
-0.005860078614205122,
-0.030655454844236374,
0.0024857574608176947,
0.009978572838008404,
0.08466237038373947,
-0.0008019289234653115,
-0.00435396283864975,
0.00721958139911294,
0.060884397476911545,
0.0337831974029541,
-0.020827937871217728,
-0.05690363049507141,
-0.03506273031234741,
0.0016871606931090355,
0.0291448961943388,
-0.01922852173447609,
0.03584466874599457,
-0.010378425940871239,
0.014936759136617184,
-0.005926721263676882,
-0.0380660779774189,
0.04055405408143997,
0.010884908027946949,
0.004829344805330038,
-0.03959440812468529,
0.006020020227879286,
-0.03838596120476723,
0.025821667164564133,
-0.016269605606794357,
-0.01890864036977291,
0.04776919260621071,
0.008183673024177551,
-0.0015038943383842707,
-0.01494564488530159,
0.026834629476070404,
-0.02861175686120987,
-0.045210130512714386,
0.02989128977060318,
-0.023280372843146324,
-0.04019863158464432,
-0.07385742664337158,
0.0379239059984684,
0.007299552205950022,
-0.01620740443468094,
-0.019281836226582527,
-0.01828664541244507,
-0.018997495993971825,
0.025021959096193314,
0.012048926204442978,
-0.02708342671394348,
-0.020792394876480103,
0.0051936558447778225,
0.020721308887004852,
-0.018064504489302635,
-0.03170396015048027,
0.018046732991933823,
0.0009091119281947613,
-0.00004939165592077188,
-0.03739076852798462,
-0.0026656915433704853,
-0.022000841796398163,
0.04712942987680435,
0.03653774783015251,
0.02566172555088997,
0.006739757023751736,
0.04186912998557091,
0.019530633464455605,
-0.02065022476017475,
0.012137782759964466,
-0.0006236608023755252,
-0.055872898548841476,
0.009436548687517643,
0.027865363284945488,
-0.007343980483710766,
-0.06323020905256271,
0.05978257954120636,
0.045885439962148666,
-0.010076314210891724,
-0.019619490951299667,
0.029251523315906525,
0.06788627803325653,
-0.035293757915496826,
-0.017060426995158195,
-0.0008624623296782374,
0.055659640580415726,
0.007508364971727133,
0.03456513583660126,
-0.0016827178187668324,
0.017406966537237167,
0.02331591583788395,
0.006006692070513964,
0.055197589099407196,
0.003249922301620245,
-0.008077045902609825,
-0.0234580859541893,
-0.002792312065139413,
-0.0019259621622040868,
-0.026354804635047913,
-0.021076735109090805,
0.021929755806922913,
0.02038365602493286,
0.01681162789463997,
-0.005828978959470987,
-0.013470628298819065,
0.018268873915076256,
-0.046738460659980774,
0.0019037481397390366,
0.016394004225730896,
0.0059578209184110165,
0.016927141696214676,
-0.018180016428232193,
-0.01219109632074833,
0.03396091237664223,
-0.010129628702998161,
0.03221932798624039,
-0.046276405453681946,
-0.005349154584109783,
0.0336410291492939,
-0.020810166373848915,
-0.056797005236148834,
-0.011240333318710327,
0.024222251027822495,
0.011666843667626381,
-0.00021603208733722568,
0.0016260718693956733,
-0.029127124696969986,
-0.00007268175249919295,
0.02326260320842266,
-0.013826053589582443,
0.010342883877456188,
0.03767510876059532,
-0.01990383118391037,
0.026319261640310287,
-0.016856057569384575,
-0.019068580120801926,
-0.02439996413886547,
0.004567218478769064,
0.0875057727098465,
0.0015805329894647002,
0.02297826297581196,
0.02566172555088997,
-0.011080391705036163,
0.026177091524004936,
0.009014480747282505,
-0.008756796829402447,
-0.016234062612056732,
0.005206984467804432,
-0.005375811364501715,
-0.0009696453344076872,
0.009365463629364967,
-0.007610549684613943,
0.004276213701814413,
0.013790511526167393,
0.006819727830588818,
-0.005882292985916138,
0.006020020227879286,
-0.04819570481777191,
0.019939374178647995,
-0.03605792298913002,
-0.024879788979887962,
0.037959448993206024,
0.04350408911705017,
-0.0015938614960759878,
-0.014021538197994232,
0.038172703236341476,
-0.031472932547330856,
0.03309011831879616,
-0.014599104411900043,
-0.03938115015625954,
-0.02742108143866062,
0.02587497979402542,
-0.02425779402256012,
0.01148913148790598,
-0.01420813612639904,
0.004829344805330038,
0.05153670534491539,
-0.0029500320088118315,
0.03177504613995552,
-0.013746083714067936,
-0.034067537635564804,
-0.009383234195411205
] |
Aiding humans with scientific designs is one of the most exciting of
artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), due to their potential
for the discovery of new drugs, design of new materials and chemical compounds,
etc. However, scientific design typically requires complex domain knowledge
that is not familiar to AI researchers. Further, scientific studies involve
professional skills to perform experiments and evaluations. These obstacles
prevent AI researchers from developing specialized methods for scientific
designs. To take a step towards easy-to-understand and reproducible research of
scientific design, we propose a benchmark for the inverse design of
nanophotonic devices, which can be verified computationally and accurately.
Specifically, we implemented three different nanophotonic design problems,
namely a radiative cooler, a selective emitter for thermophotovoltaics, and
structural color filters, all of which are different in design parameter
spaces, complexity, and design targets. The benchmark environments are
implemented with an open-source simulator. We further implemented 10 different
inverse design algorithms and compared them in a reproducible and fair
framework. The results revealed the strengths and weaknesses of existing
methods, which shed light on several future directions for developing more
efficient inverse design algorithms. Our benchmark can also serve as the
starting point for more challenging scientific design problems. The code of
IDToolkit is available at https://github.com/ThyrixYang/IDToolkit. | [
-0.032964468002319336,
-0.03813912346959114,
-0.022557660937309265,
-0.05554129555821419,
0.0592210479080677,
0.006267081946134567,
-0.02732984349131584,
0.007498458027839661,
-0.03447853401303291,
0.030089659616351128,
-0.018762914463877678,
-0.029188886284828186,
0.0904606282711029,
-0.024685019627213478,
-0.013415771536529064,
0.04691686853766441,
0.01491067185997963,
-0.0352451466023922,
0.012285013683140278,
-0.033175285905599594,
-0.0036270497366786003,
-0.033424437046051025,
-0.019951168447732925,
-0.0011217740830034018,
-0.004328981973230839,
-0.0012313761981204152,
0.003332381835207343,
-0.019893672317266464,
-0.08908072113990784,
0.005931687541306019,
0.06704052537679672,
0.002989800414070487,
0.02577744610607624,
0.012409588322043419,
-0.06359075754880905,
-0.007618241477757692,
-0.019596608355641365,
0.03503432869911194,
-0.01836044155061245,
0.037410836666822433,
-0.0068660001270473,
-0.02056446112692356,
-0.0000731429026927799,
0.012974967248737812,
-0.008365691639482975,
-0.030492132529616356,
-0.051324907690286636,
-0.044233713299036026,
0.010579293593764305,
0.011173421517014503,
0.05734283849596977,
-0.04454036056995392,
0.021522730588912964,
0.003444978501647711,
0.011326744221150875,
0.029763847589492798,
0.030434636399149895,
0.04776014760136604,
0.049178384244441986,
-0.03166121989488602,
0.03867575153708458,
-0.026256581768393517,
-0.04178054630756378,
-0.005208194255828857,
0.02688903920352459,
-0.06324578076601028,
-0.017785480245947838,
0.02552829682826996,
0.02617991901934147,
-0.003286863910034299,
-0.03796663135290146,
-0.01998949982225895,
-0.033098623156547546,
-0.005136324092745781,
0.013233699835836887,
-0.018140040338039398,
0.06397406756877899,
0.040132321417331696,
0.008025506511330605,
-0.0021441278513520956,
0.04714685305953026,
0.014335709623992443,
0.0033683169167488813,
0.021695218980312347,
0.04281547665596008,
0.03026214800775051,
-0.03516848757863045,
-0.06704052537679672,
-0.01874374970793724,
-0.04799013212323189,
-0.013789496384561062,
0.002422025892883539,
-0.019328294321894646,
0.008911904878914356,
-0.0032125981524586678,
0.06274747848510742,
0.04158889129757881,
-0.001466152141802013,
-0.02265348844230175,
0.01194003690034151,
-0.014747765846550465,
-0.01151839829981327,
0.013751165941357613,
0.02056446112692356,
-0.016357658430933952,
-0.03365442156791687,
0.029514696449041367,
0.00044679309939965606,
-0.02773231640458107,
0.11660221964120865,
-0.011575894430279732,
-0.031335409730672836,
-0.027559828013181686,
-0.018437102437019348,
-0.017689652740955353,
-0.013961984775960445,
-0.03658672422170639,
-0.037200018763542175,
0.011336326599121094,
-0.01500649843364954,
0.03007049299776554,
0.04055396094918251,
0.04929337650537491,
-0.04212552309036255,
-0.07746649533510208,
0.016453485935926437,
-0.02694653533399105,
-0.061290908604860306,
0.05511965602636337,
0.05320311710238457,
-0.021522730588912964,
0.015955185517668724,
0.03951903060078621,
-0.011029680259525776,
0.012419171631336212,
0.04680187627673149,
0.04112892225384712,
0.032312843948602676,
-0.040975600481033325,
-0.02936137467622757,
-0.012217935174703598,
-0.045076992362737656,
-0.012658738531172276,
-0.0162139181047678,
-0.037200018763542175,
0.0045374054461717606,
-0.044425368309020996,
0.13262447714805603,
-0.015380223281681538,
0.024627523496747017,
-0.05473634600639343,
0.04262382164597511,
-0.015993516892194748,
-0.006118549965322018,
0.03039630502462387,
-0.0015152634587138891,
-0.005280064418911934,
0.021139422431588173,
0.03917405381798744,
-0.022538496181368828,
0.04868008568882942,
-0.06006432697176933,
0.020142823457717896,
0.028594758361577988,
0.016779296100139618,
-0.024627523496747017,
-0.0016062990762293339,
0.013760748319327831,
-0.11736883223056793,
0.04523031413555145,
0.0700303241610527,
0.036222584545612335,
-0.015102325938642025,
0.006659972481429577,
-0.022768480703234673,
-0.015293979085981846,
0.022749315947294235,
-0.007325969636440277,
0.0107709476724267,
-0.030089659616351128,
-0.05592460185289383,
0.02629491128027439,
0.011259665712714195,
0.057457830756902695,
0.015658121556043625,
0.013885323889553547,
0.07382507622241974,
-0.022998465225100517,
0.016280997544527054,
0.03645256906747818,
-0.0012211945140734315,
-0.047223515808582306,
0.008471101522445679,
-0.0050548710860311985,
0.03963402286171913,
-0.08808412402868271,
-0.03332860767841339,
-0.024570027366280556,
-0.011441736482083797,
-0.008087793365120888,
-0.07692986726760864,
-0.025413304567337036,
-0.027387339621782303,
0.047683484852313995,
-0.003816307755187154,
0.023420104756951332,
0.026007430627942085,
-0.03764082118868828,
0.007330760825425386,
-0.06500899791717529,
-0.011297996155917645,
-0.023975899443030357,
-0.04300713166594505,
-0.08333110809326172,
-0.019932003691792488,
-0.019682852551341057,
-0.01074219960719347,
-0.034018564969301224,
-0.07164022326469421,
-0.019759515300393105,
-0.0605626255273819,
-0.012735400348901749,
0.07723651081323624,
-0.023477600887417793,
0.01454652938991785,
-0.01662597432732582,
0.0291697196662426,
-0.009937253780663013,
0.06849709898233414,
-0.02401423081755638,
-0.013645756058394909,
-0.03447853401303291,
-0.005438178777694702,
-0.02987883985042572,
0.0004084623360540718,
0.009453327395021915,
0.010550545528531075,
-0.0237650815397501,
0.034919336438179016,
-0.01597435027360916,
0.004865612834692001,
0.0033251948188990355,
-0.030683785676956177,
-0.05600126460194588,
0.054123055189847946,
-0.03562845662236214,
0.025662453845143318,
0.04089893773198128,
0.06401239335536957,
0.04009399190545082,
-0.019817011430859566,
0.0038738041184842587,
-0.0453069768846035,
0.046763546764850616,
-0.026793211698532104,
-0.01719135232269764,
0.04224051535129547,
0.02422505058348179,
0.022442668676376343,
-0.014651939272880554,
0.05948936194181442,
0.05573294684290886,
0.05124824866652489,
0.019702019169926643,
-0.028805578127503395,
0.015140656381845474,
0.04005565866827965,
-0.0275406613945961,
0.006650389637798071,
0.012735400348901749,
-0.011872957460582256,
-0.05918271839618683,
-0.004582923371344805,
0.02740650437772274,
0.009659355506300926,
-0.0746300220489502,
-0.007848226465284824,
0.026026597246527672,
0.05136324092745781,
-0.04438703879714012,
0.007800312712788582,
-0.0032796768937259912,
0.07539663463830948,
0.021714383736252785,
0.012907888740301132,
-0.03591593727469444,
-0.020526129752397537,
-0.011202169582247734,
-0.036548394709825516,
0.004506262019276619,
0.004628441296517849,
-0.020717784762382507,
-0.057457830756902695,
-0.04055396094918251,
0.050558291375637054,
-0.00014209338405635208,
-0.04477034509181976,
-0.04277714714407921,
-0.0010822454933077097,
0.042470499873161316,
-0.05193820223212242,
-0.030779613181948662,
0.009501241147518158,
0.043582092970609665,
-0.0349385030567646,
0.02648656629025936,
0.030492132529616356,
0.07520498335361481,
-0.006396448239684105,
-0.022749315947294235,
0.03488100692629814,
-0.0036749630235135555,
0.004357730038464069,
-0.07183187454938889,
0.0307221170514822,
-0.007924888283014297,
0.04622691497206688,
-0.027578992769122124,
-0.04155056178569794,
0.009074810892343521,
-0.016031846404075623,
-0.04434870555996895,
-0.06393573433160782,
0.051209915429353714,
-0.038579925894737244,
-0.02824978157877922,
0.010876357555389404,
-0.032964468002319336,
-0.038177452981472015,
-0.031412068754434586,
-0.03854159638285637,
-0.00032790779368951917,
-0.01871500164270401,
-0.003603092860430479,
-0.013166621327400208,
-0.009841426275670528,
-0.04477034509181976,
-0.007838643155992031,
-0.03275364637374878,
0.0387907437980175,
0.0004890168202109635,
-0.025873273611068726,
-0.012342509813606739,
-0.020142823457717896,
-0.013003715313971043,
-0.07903806120157242,
-0.013473267666995525,
0.021656887605786324,
0.02012365683913231,
0.011432154104113579,
0.0011630994267761707,
-0.018235865980386734,
-0.056154586374759674,
0.014048228971660137,
0.05814778804779053,
-0.030568793416023254,
-0.00852859765291214,
-0.06968534737825394,
0.04300713166594505,
0.04066895321011543,
0.040515631437301636,
-0.11959201842546463,
0.01868625357747078,
0.00511236721649766,
-0.07041363418102264,
0.03474684804677963,
-0.011173421517014503,
0.05097993090748787,
-0.03507265821099281,
0.026256581768393517,
0.011183003894984722,
0.07800313085317612,
-0.014575277455151081,
0.0638207420706749,
-0.004465535283088684,
-0.006712676957249641,
0.01064637303352356,
-0.046188585460186005,
-0.04369708523154259,
0.022940969094634056,
-0.030971266329288483,
0.026984866708517075,
0.04377374425530434,
0.0258349422365427,
0.022423503920435905,
0.009678521193563938,
0.02460835874080658,
-0.03028131276369095,
-0.0451536551117897,
0.032983630895614624,
-0.01497775036841631,
-0.05005999282002449,
-0.03047296591103077,
-0.046763546764850616,
-0.012419171631336212,
-0.027655653655529022,
0.04346710070967674,
-0.05101826414465904,
0.014345292933285236,
-0.0024148388765752316,
-0.016932619735598564,
0.0022447460796684027,
-0.028613923117518425,
-0.02265348844230175,
-0.0037659986410290003,
0.0017129065236076713,
-0.044233713299036026,
-0.058684416115283966,
-0.031162921339273453,
-0.0132528655230999,
0.017718400806188583,
-0.057841140776872635,
0.04147389903664589,
0.05500466376543045,
0.03014715574681759,
-0.02974468097090721,
-0.011499232612550259,
0.02792396955192089,
0.010435553267598152,
-0.04074561595916748,
0.014623191207647324,
0.01713385619223118,
-0.03131624311208725,
-0.020947769284248352,
0.00267836288549006,
0.024205883964896202,
0.02102443017065525,
0.01018640398979187,
0.005050079897046089,
-0.035321809351444244,
0.0008726240484975278,
0.02824978157877922,
0.0006977398879826069,
-0.05059662461280823,
-0.006741425022482872,
0.01653973013162613,
0.004240341950207949,
0.028728915378451347,
0.014172804541885853,
0.049830008298158646,
-0.036625057458877563,
-0.020871106535196304,
0.017268015071749687,
-0.01893540285527706,
-0.04630357772111893,
-0.030549628660082817,
-0.03658672422170639,
-0.06435737013816833,
-0.01979784481227398,
-0.04350543022155762,
-0.05255149304866791,
-0.009405413642525673,
-0.10609958320856094,
-0.019021647050976753,
0.05350976437330246,
-0.006784547120332718,
0.0037013154942542315,
-0.0027310678269714117,
0.04231717437505722,
-0.026984866708517075,
-0.009769556112587452,
0.04565195366740227,
0.020353641360998154,
-0.0801113173365593,
0.03541763499379158,
0.07873141020536423,
-0.024531695991754532,
-0.02890140563249588,
0.018149621784687042,
0.03468935191631317,
-0.0037636030465364456,
0.046265244483947754,
0.020257815718650818,
0.06286247074604034,
0.028805578127503395,
-0.01702844724059105,
-0.02142690308392048,
-0.053356438875198364,
0.016990115866065025,
-0.0018482620362192392,
0.016252249479293823,
-0.023343442007899284,
-0.009022106416523457,
-0.006971410010010004,
0.05147823318839073,
-0.010540963150560856,
0.004350543022155762,
0.020276980474591255,
0.009146681055426598,
0.027444835752248764,
-0.0007857808959670365,
-0.002426817314699292,
-0.009918088093400002,
-0.01699969917535782,
-0.015581460669636726,
0.013166621327400208,
-0.01627141423523426,
-0.030357973650097847,
0.00880170427262783,
-0.0204303041100502,
-0.04622691497206688,
-0.0010540963849052787,
-0.025087492540478706,
0.0178429763764143,
-0.009673729538917542,
0.016990115866065025,
-0.009759973734617233,
0.04212552309036255,
0.011662138625979424,
0.019625356420874596,
-0.005754407495260239,
-0.015178986825048923,
0.0004566752468235791,
0.014929837547242641,
0.0110680116340518,
0.005131532438099384,
-0.015734784305095673,
-0.00806862860918045,
0.025298312306404114,
0.011202169582247734,
0.013751165941357613,
-0.04438703879714012,
0.0003863023594021797,
0.034804344177246094,
-0.006267081946134567,
0.03861825540661812,
0.023266781121492386,
-0.019222883507609367,
0.03670171648263931,
0.013645756058394909,
-0.02336260862648487,
0.01493941992521286,
-0.0023082313127815723,
-0.05450636148452759,
0.015581460669636726,
0.003969631157815456,
-0.005481300875544548,
0.04109059274196625,
0.019050395116209984,
-0.030127989128232002,
-0.032715316861867905,
0.04971501603722572,
0.01972118392586708,
0.01692303828895092,
-0.04289213940501213,
0.017526747658848763,
0.0496000237762928,
-0.004242737777531147,
0.03376941382884979,
0.003962444141507149,
-0.006909122224897146,
0.022212684154510498,
0.05454469472169876,
0.030741281807422638,
-0.020008664578199387,
-0.02121608518064022,
-0.008662755601108074,
-0.04120558500289917,
-0.028671419247984886,
-0.05036664009094238,
0.006099384743720293,
0.0061616720631718636,
0.0116238072514534,
-0.04316045343875885,
-0.07037530094385147,
-0.03693170100450516,
0.000669590721372515,
0.010052246041595936,
-0.014239883050322533,
0.013904488645493984,
0.00014418960199691355,
-0.01360742561519146,
-0.009280839003622532,
0.021177753806114197,
-0.028364773839712143,
0.04837343841791153,
0.00012532366963569075,
-0.024129223078489304,
-0.024301711469888687,
-0.036280080676078796,
0.03254282847046852,
-0.049446702003479004,
0.0024232238065451384,
0.007498458027839661,
0.0008019516826607287,
-0.01605101302266121,
-0.017727984115481377,
0.010799695737659931,
0.028882239013910294,
0.0027646070811897516,
-0.019970333203673363,
0.021561061963438988,
-0.02675488218665123,
0.02278764545917511,
-0.040515631437301636,
0.03620341792702675,
0.015993516892194748,
0.03637590631842613,
0.03171871602535248,
-0.04603525996208191,
0.0355326272547245,
-0.004803325515240431,
0.025049161165952682,
0.003912134561687708,
-0.017038030549883842,
0.014843592420220375,
0.013454101979732513,
0.02545163407921791,
0.03861825540661812,
-0.015313144773244858,
0.012285013683140278,
0.02083277702331543,
0.008399231359362602,
0.010598459281027317,
0.04009399190545082,
0.027119023725390434,
0.006477901246398687,
0.04354375973343849,
-0.01588810607790947,
-0.05734283849596977,
-0.028153954073786736,
-0.0408606082201004,
0.02838393859565258,
0.005586710758507252,
0.008634007535874844,
0.04454036056995392,
-0.0318337082862854,
-0.04128224402666092,
-0.028498930856585503,
-0.0010816465364769101,
0.011690886691212654,
-0.010761365294456482,
-0.03338610380887985,
-0.020583625882864,
0.028613923117518425,
-0.028077293187379837,
-0.0075319972820580006,
0.08455768972635269,
0.025144988670945168,
-0.05312645435333252,
-0.03514932096004486,
0.014249465428292751,
0.017430920153856277,
0.016146838665008545,
-0.005145906470716,
0.05450636148452759,
-0.03762165457010269,
-0.0023525513242930174,
0.05174654722213745,
0.02732984349131584,
0.041818875819444656,
0.012677904218435287,
-0.029668020084500313,
0.0573045089840889,
0.009510823525488377,
-0.027099858969449997,
0.023266781121492386,
0.032983630895614624,
0.020353641360998154,
0.04588193818926811,
0.029342208057641983,
0.032657820731401443,
0.022940969094634056,
0.046265244483947754,
0.006549771409481764,
0.016357658430933952,
0.013425353914499283,
0.045805275440216064,
0.03099043294787407,
0.04304546117782593,
0.0031574976164847612,
-0.0102151520550251,
-0.03679754585027695,
-0.0067797559313476086,
0.05293479934334755,
-0.047031860798597336,
0.023151788860559464,
0.04929337650537491,
0.02949553169310093,
-0.03235117346048355,
-0.05987267196178436,
-0.00884003471583128,
-0.016769714653491974,
-0.008581302128732204,
-0.008384857326745987,
-0.003813912160694599,
-0.007254099473357201,
0.042278844863176346,
-0.008696294389665127,
-0.005706494208425283,
-0.006846834905445576,
-0.0017500395188108087,
-0.0399789996445179,
-0.0007258890545926988,
-0.011595059186220169,
0.016884706914424896,
-0.010301396250724792,
-0.0453069768846035,
0.01455611176788807,
-0.029284711927175522,
-0.002417234471067786,
-0.02485750801861286,
-0.030837109312415123,
0.0008995754178613424,
-0.019385790452361107,
0.04070728272199631,
0.025279145687818527,
-0.024071726948022842,
-0.014958585612475872,
0.0012187989195808768,
-0.013617007993161678,
0.019893672317266464,
-0.010751782916486263,
0.017718400806188583,
0.03447853401303291,
0.01806337758898735,
0.023324277251958847,
-0.009482075460255146,
0.02173355035483837,
0.023151788860559464,
0.01366492174565792,
0.03601176291704178,
-0.0043146079406142235,
-0.05274314805865288,
-0.0057975295931100845,
0.030760446563363075,
-0.02539413794875145,
-0.00916584674268961,
-0.025144988670945168,
-0.021714383736252785,
0.002846060087904334,
0.0016793671529740095,
0.0032461376395076513,
0.007407422177493572,
-0.0016278601251542568,
-0.013971568085253239,
0.0010702671715989709,
0.04281547665596008,
0.0053183953277766705,
-0.02466585487127304,
-0.017363840714097023,
-0.053816407918930054,
0.005212985444813967,
0.025681620463728905,
0.02897806651890278,
0.00435293884947896,
-0.021235249936580658,
0.02330511063337326,
0.004796138498932123,
-0.011115924455225468,
0.030607124790549278,
-0.0451536551117897,
0.03978734463453293,
-0.032581157982349396,
-0.07489833235740662,
-0.0017979529220610857,
-0.004784159827977419,
-0.017795061692595482,
-0.00897898431867361,
0.016395989805459976,
-0.014747765846550465,
0.02181021124124527,
0.003121562534943223,
0.006693511735647917,
0.06581394374370575,
-0.027176519855856895,
0.0018506577471271157,
-0.01279289647936821,
0.020621957257390022,
0.018140040338039398,
0.005869400221854448,
-0.013693669810891151,
0.031929537653923035,
0.000794764666352421,
0.03171871602535248,
-0.008404022082686424,
-0.023343442007899284,
0.02382257767021656,
-0.020411137491464615,
0.016779296100139618,
0.008317777886986732,
0.025700785219669342,
-0.021829375997185707,
0.03229367733001709,
-0.017507581040263176,
0.013626590371131897,
0.0054190135560929775,
0.015188570134341717,
0.019644523039460182,
0.004077436402440071,
-0.009783930145204067,
0.0010049850679934025,
0.027061527594923973,
-0.005625041201710701,
0.027521496638655663,
0.004616462625563145,
0.0055627538822591305,
-0.011499232612550259,
-0.027119023725390434,
0.013128290884196758,
0.0475301630795002,
-0.019289962947368622,
0.005490883719176054,
0.021062761545181274,
-0.023017629981040955,
-0.011441736482083797,
-0.012514998205006123,
-0.007479292806237936,
-0.012543746270239353,
0.01763215661048889,
0.043658751994371414,
0.01653973013162613,
0.01539938896894455,
0.04434870555996895,
0.07317344844341278,
-0.009812678210437298,
-0.03409522399306297,
0.001532033202238381,
0.015188570134341717,
-0.0237650815397501,
-0.014393206685781479,
-0.000014795155038882513,
-0.011317161843180656,
0.031143754720687866,
-0.05358642339706421,
-0.0029586567543447018,
0.021235249936580658,
0.012122107669711113,
-0.00311677111312747,
-0.040592290461063385,
-0.011595059186220169,
0.022021031007170677,
0.01119258627295494,
0.027176519855856895,
-0.014996916055679321,
0.025949934497475624,
-0.019893672317266464,
0.03614592179656029,
-0.02311345748603344,
0.010531380772590637,
0.015092742629349232,
-0.012246683239936829,
-0.014719017781317234,
-0.031067093834280968,
-0.005026123020797968,
0.0019812220707535744,
-0.01676013134419918,
0.02493416890501976,
-0.026256581768393517,
0.062325842678546906,
0.01379907876253128,
0.019548695534467697,
0.008993358351290226,
-0.009462909772992134,
-0.04082227498292923,
0.020621957257390022,
0.008212368935346603,
0.044233713299036026,
-0.057189516723155975,
-0.03444020077586174,
0.0034306044690310955,
0.0110680116340518,
0.016424737870693207,
-0.014115308411419392,
0.012131690047681332,
-0.004566153511404991,
-0.004609275609254837,
-0.017306344583630562,
-0.00828423909842968,
-0.034861840307712555,
0.004247528966516256,
0.005581919103860855,
-0.0022136021871119738,
0.02525998093187809,
0.016645139083266258,
-0.0030496923718601465,
0.012026281096041203,
0.007747608236968517,
-0.019376207143068314,
0.01698053441941738,
0.01454652938991785,
0.010445136576890945,
-0.008576511405408382,
0.013396605849266052,
-0.000928323483094573,
-0.023458434268832207,
-0.042278844863176346,
-0.00048392603639513254,
-0.0031287495512515306,
-0.023803411051630974,
-0.03601176291704178,
0.054774679243564606,
-0.005581919103860855,
-0.03670171648263931,
0.008183620870113373,
0.02748316526412964,
-0.03148873150348663,
-0.013655338436365128,
-0.05500466376543045,
-0.0021477213595062494,
0.01680804416537285,
-0.023285945877432823,
0.005203402601182461,
-0.028498930856585503,
0.00750324921682477,
-0.002053092233836651,
-0.0018710209988057613,
-0.009453327395021915,
0.05343310162425041,
-0.006056262645870447,
-0.021177753806114197,
0.026026597246527672,
0.022040195763111115,
-0.010751782916486263,
-0.029591359198093414,
0.010445136576890945,
-0.0015907271299511194,
0.027310676872730255,
0.05416138470172882,
0.026659054681658745,
0.03118208609521389,
0.028671419247984886,
-0.0008858002838678658,
0.012984550558030605,
-0.031143754720687866,
-0.003703711088746786,
0.0018135248683393002,
0.05051996186375618,
-0.009117932990193367,
0.03039630502462387,
0.010263064876198769,
0.05772614851593971,
0.04615025222301483,
-0.011681304313242435,
0.03520681709051132,
-0.015102325938642025,
-0.04438703879714012,
0.037257514894008636,
0.015111908316612244,
-0.022960133850574493,
-0.006252707913517952,
-0.019059978425502777,
-0.0033299862407147884,
0.016903871670365334,
0.011403406038880348,
-0.049370039254426956,
0.032389506697654724,
0.047415170818567276,
-0.028748081997036934,
0.05189986899495125,
-0.021848542615771294,
-0.012879140675067902,
-0.02897806651890278,
-0.01825503259897232,
-0.004259507637470961,
0.0007714068633504212,
-0.014153638854622841,
-0.0010612834012135863,
0.01781422831118107,
0.011000932194292545,
-0.035590123385190964,
0.03744916617870331,
-0.04714685305953026,
-0.011230917647480965,
0.007407422177493572,
-0.0042044068686664104,
-0.026524895802140236,
-0.01321453507989645,
-0.013358275406062603,
-0.009908505715429783,
-0.03399939835071564,
0.028288112953305244,
0.054123055189847946,
0.016338493674993515,
0.0005779562052339315,
-0.032523661851882935,
0.024378372356295586,
-0.011221334338188171,
-0.0029131388291716576,
0.004410434979945421,
0.016204334795475006,
0.04373541474342346,
-0.01067512109875679,
0.011604642495512962,
-0.022481000050902367,
-0.005658580921590328,
0.020200319588184357,
-0.004887173883616924,
-0.05174654722213745,
0.003375503933057189,
0.03875241428613663,
-0.04588193818926811,
0.03438270464539528,
-0.031795378774404526,
-0.0487184152007103,
0.025739116594195366,
0.026544062420725822,
0.030051328241825104,
-0.02246183529496193,
-0.02441670373082161,
-0.01282164454460144,
0.03254282847046852,
0.010780530981719494,
0.04178054630756378,
0.032121188938617706,
0.025049161165952682,
0.02096693404018879,
-0.0052992296405136585,
-0.037257514894008636,
0.035053495317697525,
0.00024331058375537395,
0.01282164454460144,
-0.00121041398961097,
-0.014105725102126598,
0.029974667355418205,
0.004776972811669111,
0.016549311578273773,
-0.027828143909573555,
0.014374040998518467,
-0.03482351079583168,
0.025758281350135803,
0.011374657973647118,
-0.012974967248737812,
-0.014738183468580246
] |
The optimal multicast tree problem in the Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
multicast routing is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. Although
existing SDN intelligent solution methods, which are based on deep
reinforcement learning, can dynamically adapt to complex network link state
changes, these methods are plagued by problems such as redundant branches,
large action space, and slow agent convergence. In this paper, an SDN
intelligent multicast routing algorithm based on deep hierarchical
reinforcement learning is proposed to circumvent the aforementioned problems.
First, the multicast tree construction problem is decomposed into two
sub-problems: the fork node selection problem and the construction of the
optimal path from the fork node to the destination node. Second, based on the
information characteristics of SDN global network perception, the multicast
tree state matrix, link bandwidth matrix, link delay matrix, link packet loss
rate matrix, and sub-goal matrix are designed as the state space of intrinsic
and meta controllers. Then, in order to mitigate the excessive action space,
our approach constructs different action spaces at the upper and lower levels.
The meta-controller generates an action space using network nodes to select the
fork node, and the intrinsic controller uses the adjacent edges of the current
node as its action space, thus implementing four different action selection
strategies in the construction of the multicast tree. To facilitate the
intelligent agent in constructing the optimal multicast tree with greater
speed, we developed alternative reward strategies that distinguish between
single-step node actions and multi-step actions towards multiple destination
nodes. | [
0.015560684725642204,
-0.013262415304780006,
-0.0277604591101408,
-0.01963825896382332,
0.03370795026421547,
0.011392496526241302,
-0.05828872695565224,
0.032983049750328064,
-0.0691952109336853,
0.049556948244571686,
-0.01342716533690691,
-0.02990221604704857,
0.04372478276491165,
0.015519496984779835,
-0.019341709092259407,
0.052456557750701904,
0.05051250383257866,
0.03173094615340233,
-0.004707745276391506,
-0.05970558151602745,
0.026129428297281265,
-0.03960601985454559,
0.011425446718931198,
0.07117221504449844,
-0.06369253993034363,
0.01604669913649559,
0.0020933609921485186,
0.0155936349183321,
-0.08487945795059204,
0.053445059806108475,
0.029177313670516014,
0.016903400421142578,
0.05354391038417816,
0.030610643327236176,
-0.012570463120937347,
-0.01939113438129425,
0.01271050050854683,
0.03005049005150795,
-0.0012243021046742797,
0.05977148190140724,
-0.05103970319032669,
0.021944766864180565,
-0.024910274893045425,
-0.00825811829417944,
0.02085741236805916,
0.02851831167936325,
-0.018287304788827896,
-0.004748933017253876,
-0.04477918520569801,
0.012175061739981174,
0.016771601513028145,
-0.012603413313627243,
0.023542845621705055,
-0.03522365540266037,
-0.009102464653551579,
0.05585042014718056,
0.01342716533690691,
-0.0060010370798408985,
0.01018981821835041,
0.030594168230891228,
0.021483464166522026,
0.009786179289221764,
-0.011178321205079556,
0.047514043748378754,
0.032291099429130554,
-0.06906341016292572,
0.013913179747760296,
0.019061632454395294,
0.029029037803411484,
-0.04006732255220413,
-0.1095920279622078,
0.008509363047778606,
-0.0875154659152031,
-0.04155007749795914,
0.044548533856868744,
-0.013987317681312561,
0.005683892406523228,
-0.022570818662643433,
0.00220559723675251,
0.012974102050065994,
-0.007030727341771126,
0.029852790758013725,
-0.009143652394413948,
-0.05904657766222954,
0.06721820682287216,
0.0008309603435918689,
-0.004930158611387014,
-0.06583429872989655,
0.04893089830875397,
0.007681491784751415,
-0.0235922709107399,
-0.009160127490758896,
-0.0025433357805013657,
0.022620243951678276,
0.017364703118801117,
-0.000014335223568195943,
0.004971346352249384,
-0.027052031829953194,
-0.06965651363134384,
-0.003894289955496788,
0.0008196337148547173,
0.019226383417844772,
-0.00947315338999033,
0.040594521909952164,
0.0018307899590581656,
-0.051006752997636795,
-0.04540523886680603,
0.03812326490879059,
-0.008299306035041809,
0.1171046569943428,
0.02548690140247345,
0.05202820897102356,
0.012397474609315395,
0.05377456173300743,
-0.01705167628824711,
0.007940974086523056,
-0.023163920268416405,
-0.05499371513724327,
0.0005961908609606326,
-0.0032970693428069353,
0.009077752009034157,
0.05512551590800285,
-0.06735000014305115,
-0.05186345800757408,
-0.050776105374097824,
-0.007681491784751415,
-0.038288015872240067,
0.00981912948191166,
0.04253857955336571,
-0.05749792233109474,
-0.021022163331508636,
-0.04069337248802185,
-0.019061632454395294,
-0.04178072512149811,
-0.025289202108979225,
0.014802832156419754,
-0.008006874471902847,
-0.024218322709202766,
-0.004291750490665436,
-0.02981984056532383,
0.01627734862267971,
0.0033073662780225277,
-0.03512480482459068,
0.05084200203418732,
0.05980443209409714,
0.05865117907524109,
0.02024783566594124,
0.08547256141901016,
-0.02700260654091835,
0.019654734060168266,
-0.036772310733795166,
0.05927722901105881,
-0.0008453759946860373,
0.08145264536142349,
-0.0021314595360308886,
0.010362806729972363,
-0.002454782370477915,
-0.04593243822455406,
0.029539763927459717,
-0.0055273789912462234,
0.021812966093420982,
-0.013979080133140087,
-0.007735035847872496,
0.05255540832877159,
0.005543854087591171,
0.02570107765495777,
-0.009201315231621265,
-0.008888289332389832,
-0.03466350585222244,
0.04052862152457237,
-0.007257259450852871,
0.0062769940122962,
0.0051649282686412334,
0.040199123322963715,
-0.027200307697057724,
-0.05067725479602814,
0.03568495810031891,
-0.028699535876512527,
-0.03131907060742378,
0.0014477450167760253,
-0.06514234840869904,
-0.016104361042380333,
-0.01817197911441326,
0.05818987637758255,
0.05515846610069275,
-0.0007609413587488234,
0.0669875517487526,
0.023394571617245674,
0.014852257445454597,
-0.013254177756607533,
-0.014292106032371521,
0.03066006861627102,
0.03584970906376839,
-0.02693670615553856,
-0.013328315690159798,
-0.058222826570272446,
-0.01947350800037384,
0.025223301723599434,
0.023015644401311874,
0.029622139409184456,
-0.05407111346721649,
0.013493065722286701,
-0.028567736968398094,
0.024366598576307297,
0.005580923054367304,
-0.05598222091794014,
0.012529275380074978,
-0.03591560944914818,
0.013624866493046284,
-0.044910985976457596,
0.005053721368312836,
-0.013707241043448448,
-0.011153608560562134,
0.01651623658835888,
0.027249732986092567,
0.004242325201630592,
0.002438307274132967,
-0.014654557220637798,
-0.05759677290916443,
-0.004308225587010384,
0.0707109123468399,
0.020412586629390717,
0.017216427251696587,
0.004954871255904436,
-0.04178072512149811,
0.004662439227104187,
-0.0072078341618180275,
-0.009992117993533611,
-0.011466634459793568,
0.002438307274132967,
0.002588642295449972,
-0.0063058254308998585,
-0.029457388445734978,
-0.005688011180609465,
0.02458077482879162,
-0.03469645604491234,
-0.02479494921863079,
-0.009893267415463924,
-0.02571755275130272,
-0.03217577189207077,
-0.042933978140354156,
-0.0050084153190255165,
-0.02944091334939003,
0.042110227048397064,
0.020116036757826805,
0.03013286553323269,
0.005362628493458033,
0.010255718603730202,
0.014563944190740585,
-0.01993481069803238,
-0.007566166575998068,
-0.0026751363184303045,
0.04227497801184654,
-0.006701226346194744,
-0.022537868469953537,
-0.010964145883917809,
0.03314780071377754,
0.005650942213833332,
0.01756240241229534,
0.0006456160335801542,
0.018616806715726852,
0.033576153218746185,
0.051533956080675125,
0.029539763927459717,
0.014160305261611938,
0.0003992625279352069,
0.027216782793402672,
0.03171446919441223,
0.011071233078837395,
0.0357508584856987,
-0.02075856365263462,
-0.021121013909578323,
-0.07117221504449844,
-0.0007696937536820769,
0.0007007044623605907,
-0.07901433855295181,
0.03209339827299118,
0.0034638792276382446,
0.039144717156887054,
0.056015171110630035,
0.030083440244197845,
0.02046201191842556,
-0.029160838574171066,
0.021434040740132332,
0.024004148319363594,
0.00043221263331361115,
-0.03927651792764664,
-0.02555280178785324,
-0.04428493231534958,
0.015206471085548401,
-0.02799111045897007,
0.0006574574508704245,
0.00039411408943124115,
0.004596538841724396,
0.04323052987456322,
0.02456429973244667,
0.002526860684156418,
-0.0002046510053332895,
0.046426691114902496,
-0.028798386454582214,
-0.01780952885746956,
-0.007673254236578941,
0.03011639043688774,
0.005836286582052708,
-0.05459831655025482,
0.00642938818782568,
-0.0950939878821373,
0.054763063788414,
-0.0009699685615487397,
-0.025832878425717354,
-0.0057662674225866795,
-0.015634821727871895,
0.014020266942679882,
-0.02380644716322422,
-0.015585397370159626,
-0.03352672606706619,
0.07921203970909119,
-0.013410690240561962,
-0.041648924350738525,
-0.024597249925136566,
0.008888289332389832,
0.041583023965358734,
-0.04372478276491165,
0.07769633829593658,
0.017760103568434715,
0.04649259150028229,
-0.015091145411133766,
0.01308118924498558,
-0.07249022275209427,
-0.01764477789402008,
-0.020972738042473793,
0.01802370510995388,
0.0018204930238425732,
-0.017529452219605446,
-0.017908379435539246,
-0.006804195698350668,
-0.030594168230891228,
0.010857057757675648,
0.012834063731133938,
-0.00025330387870781124,
0.003675995394587517,
-0.007800936233252287,
-0.0060586994513869286,
0.04494393616914749,
-0.03930946812033653,
0.009827367030084133,
-0.06346189230680466,
0.02700260654091835,
0.011746710166335106,
0.014629844576120377,
0.0008659698069095612,
0.04744814336299896,
0.027266208082437515,
-0.01583252288401127,
0.08000284433364868,
-0.027332108467817307,
-0.038518667221069336,
-0.002798699075356126,
-0.029325589537620544,
-0.04678914323449135,
0.0121668241918087,
-0.03970487043261528,
-0.04817304387688637,
0.0017659193836152554,
-0.06613084673881531,
0.04685503989458084,
-0.018765082582831383,
-0.024679625406861305,
0.0012418068945407867,
0.03706886246800423,
0.020972738042473793,
0.04968874901533127,
0.02031373605132103,
0.01871565729379654,
-0.022043617442250252,
0.03772786259651184,
0.02777693420648575,
-0.035717908293008804,
-0.06362663954496384,
0.03697001188993454,
0.05235770717263222,
0.03407040238380432,
-0.008542313240468502,
-0.04359298199415207,
-0.0074467225931584835,
0.03370795026421547,
0.033197224140167236,
-0.011631385423243046,
-0.0334937758743763,
0.01650799997150898,
0.030627118423581123,
0.009127177298069,
-0.04023207351565361,
0.018155504018068314,
0.013204752467572689,
-0.00511550297960639,
-0.03210987150669098,
-0.038452766835689545,
-0.0228179432451725,
-0.03818916529417038,
-0.004913683515042067,
0.0349600575864315,
0.037299513816833496,
0.015865473076701164,
-0.03443285450339317,
-0.03720066323876381,
-0.016244398429989815,
-0.019522933289408684,
-0.04013322293758392,
0.029622139409184456,
0.011581960134208202,
-0.013105901889503002,
0.01118655875325203,
-0.011301884427666664,
-0.0058486429043114185,
0.03222519904375076,
-0.012801113538444042,
-0.04616308957338333,
-0.005506785586476326,
-0.043098729103803635,
-0.0025556921027600765,
-0.010041543282568455,
0.09548939019441605,
-0.005300847347825766,
0.0029799246694892645,
0.05911247804760933,
0.03894701600074768,
-0.02487732470035553,
-0.0319615975022316,
0.03005049005150795,
0.058156926184892654,
-0.017364703118801117,
0.053280312567949295,
-0.0730833187699318,
-0.04352708160877228,
0.008748251013457775,
-0.02092331275343895,
-0.002137637697160244,
-0.030412942171096802,
0.02693670615553856,
-0.01756240241229534,
-0.03446580469608307,
-0.007553810253739357,
-0.05917837843298912,
-0.04046272113919258,
-0.05133625492453575,
-0.00890476442873478,
-0.08791086822748184,
0.005811573937535286,
0.00597220566123724,
-0.07005190849304199,
0.009950930252671242,
-0.02645893022418022,
-0.011853798292577267,
0.03706886246800423,
-0.054499465972185135,
0.02708498202264309,
-0.01993481069803238,
0.031829796731472015,
0.038452766835689545,
0.004608895163983107,
0.016063174232840538,
-0.03565200790762901,
-0.06613084673881531,
0.0035277199931442738,
0.02754628285765648,
-0.0277604591101408,
0.0017360583879053593,
0.007887430489063263,
-0.049556948244571686,
0.031154319643974304,
-0.06168258562684059,
0.056641221046447754,
-0.0007135755731724203,
0.019835960119962692,
0.03360910341143608,
0.004100228194147348,
-0.11763185262680054,
-0.005086671561002731,
-0.02990221604704857,
0.01680455170571804,
0.03789261355996132,
0.009901504963636398,
-0.0021994190756231546,
0.018600331619381905,
0.004571826197206974,
0.00859997607767582,
0.047283392399549484,
0.04441673308610916,
-0.0006626059184782207,
0.051533956080675125,
-0.0003107091470155865,
-0.039968471974134445,
0.005688011180609465,
0.012867013923823833,
0.05529026687145233,
0.017167001962661743,
-0.019984235987067223,
0.047283392399549484,
-0.009835604578256607,
-0.0388152189552784,
0.010346331633627415,
0.02023136056959629,
0.020807987079024315,
-0.012125636450946331,
-0.01079939492046833,
0.014028504490852356,
0.024860849604010582,
-0.030940143391489983,
-0.002893430646508932,
0.014168542809784412,
0.041121724992990494,
0.010445181280374527,
-0.07018370926380157,
-0.015074670314788818,
0.06408794224262238,
0.004489451181143522,
-0.008303425274789333,
0.0494251511991024,
0.01892983168363571,
0.03568495810031891,
-0.026590730994939804,
0.03135202080011368,
-0.009201315231621265,
-0.020742088556289673,
0.03986962139606476,
0.06303354352712631,
-0.024860849604010582,
0.02883133664727211,
-0.00029938254738226533,
-0.07202892005443573,
0.06510939449071884,
0.014588656835258007,
-0.037299513816833496,
-0.0029263808391988277,
-0.02519035153090954,
0.029951641336083412,
0.04649259150028229,
-0.0015960204182192683,
-0.022784993052482605,
0.014934632927179337,
0.02067618817090988,
-0.029869265854358673,
0.001183114480227232,
-0.03940831869840622,
0.01848500594496727,
0.05117150396108627,
-0.047876495867967606,
0.0075085037387907505,
-0.016771601513028145,
-0.008896526880562305,
-0.04504278674721718,
0.0020748265087604523,
0.015198233537375927,
-0.054763063788414,
-0.011919698677957058,
0.02952328883111477,
-0.036937061697244644,
-0.00905304029583931,
-0.03947421908378601,
-0.037464264780282974,
0.029539763927459717,
-0.007121340371668339,
-0.02792521007359028,
0.023938247933983803,
-0.0053749848157167435,
-0.01939113438129425,
-0.0016289704944938421,
0.04102287441492081,
0.03871636837720871,
-0.01621144823729992,
-0.028468886390328407,
0.004950752481818199,
-0.06435154378414154,
0.012974102050065994,
0.010025068186223507,
0.04168187454342842,
-0.0035750858951359987,
-0.03963897004723549,
-0.05189640820026398,
0.024910274893045425,
-0.02235664241015911,
0.010865295305848122,
0.024976175278425217,
0.03545430675148964,
-0.013138852082192898,
-0.018073130398988724,
0.04026501998305321,
0.05064430460333824,
-0.017826003953814507,
0.02555280178785324,
0.004538876004517078,
-0.046294890344142914,
-0.01962178386747837,
0.029259689152240753,
0.009110702201724052,
-0.03049531765282154,
0.03308190032839775,
0.028172334656119347,
-0.0021561721805483103,
0.013863754458725452,
0.03667346015572548,
0.012677551247179508,
-0.04372478276491165,
0.00840639416128397,
0.0032249910291284323,
0.037694912403821945,
0.033806800842285156,
0.049095649272203445,
-0.03983667120337486,
-0.0021623503416776657,
0.016771601513028145,
0.045899488031864166,
0.0023641695734113455,
-0.022999169304966927,
0.06781130284070969,
-0.0167221762239933,
0.00775562971830368,
0.005646823439747095,
-0.026376554742455482,
0.022916793823242188,
0.013509540818631649,
0.035421356558799744,
0.03074244223535061,
-0.027200307697057724,
0.008369325660169125,
-0.0006765067228116095,
-0.014844019897282124,
-0.0071460530161857605,
-0.046591442078351974,
-0.024893799796700478,
0.017167001962661743,
0.009547291323542595,
-0.03561905771493912,
-0.04876614734530449,
-0.04774469509720802,
-0.018913356587290764,
0.04843664541840553,
-0.025140926241874695,
0.030248191207647324,
-0.027101457118988037,
0.05239065736532211,
-0.0066023762337863445,
0.044383782893419266,
-0.005968086887151003,
0.0024486042093485594,
-0.03369147703051567,
0.01953940838575363,
0.040956974029541016,
0.006672395393252373,
-0.0121668241918087,
-0.0014312699204310775,
0.010313381440937519,
0.0349600575864315,
0.014868732541799545,
-0.0402979701757431,
0.0015455656684935093,
-0.00638820044696331,
0.021499939262866974,
0.038288015872240067,
-0.013254177756607533,
-0.04046272113919258,
-0.0056097544729709625,
0.014201493002474308,
0.0035256606061011553,
0.0281558595597744,
0.06978831440210342,
0.027365058660507202,
0.022620243951678276,
0.038683418184518814,
-0.07525802403688431,
-0.0011656098067760468,
-0.014498043805360794,
0.04731634259223938,
0.03492710739374161,
-0.012636363506317139,
-0.000516132393386215,
0.0479094460606575,
-0.016985775902867317,
-0.06306648999452591,
-0.016392674297094345,
-0.02380644716322422,
-0.01509938295930624,
0.029029037803411484,
-0.0007063677767291665,
-0.020709138363599777,
0.020906837657094002,
-0.007961567491292953,
-0.03148382157087326,
0.012331575155258179,
-0.013847279362380505,
-0.007434366270899773,
-0.005140215624123812,
-0.011054757982492447,
0.010329856537282467,
0.026903755962848663,
0.006104005966335535,
-0.019440559670329094,
0.027266208082437515,
0.017430603504180908,
0.003964308649301529,
0.0014240620657801628,
-0.0011439862428233027,
-0.004843664821237326,
0.03459760546684265,
-0.005358510185033083,
-0.005716842133551836,
0.03158267214894295,
-0.029605664312839508,
-0.020412586629390717,
0.0049219210632145405,
0.038156215101480484,
-0.00435353210195899,
0.03323017433285713,
0.08092544227838516,
0.03545430675148964,
0.017249377444386482,
-0.06303354352712631,
0.014481568709015846,
-0.005494429264217615,
-0.01621144823729992,
0.0262447539716959,
0.0023682883474975824,
-0.02593172900378704,
0.012883489020168781,
0.006812433246523142,
-0.0006919520674273372,
-0.012982339598238468,
-0.037002962082624435,
-0.021812966093420982,
0.039210617542266846,
-0.027974635362625122,
-0.01901220716536045,
0.0003248673747293651,
-0.03238994628190994,
0.016219686716794968,
0.028172334656119347,
0.042637430131435394,
-0.01651623658835888,
-0.03617921099066734,
0.00764442328363657,
-0.020873887464404106,
0.038683418184518814,
0.009349591098725796,
0.007216071709990501,
-0.004662439227104187,
-0.007014252245426178,
0.011153608560562134,
0.014308581128716469,
0.004094049800187349,
0.015148808248341084,
-0.019572358578443527,
0.03295009955763817,
-0.031006043776869774,
-0.038222115486860275,
0.053906362503767014,
0.024910274893045425,
-0.00667651416733861,
0.02693670615553856,
0.013896704651415348,
-0.01892983168363571,
0.0494581013917923,
0.04178072512149811,
0.012273912318050861,
0.042340878397226334,
-0.028650112450122833,
-0.05202820897102356,
0.02024783566594124,
0.009794416837394238,
-0.004079634323716164,
0.010346331633627415,
0.010403993539512157,
-0.02130223996937275,
-0.046360790729522705,
-0.019341709092259407,
0.0008237524889409542,
-0.0000192262541531818,
0.018468530848622322,
-0.0010358687723055482,
0.022340167313814163,
-0.02876543626189232,
0.033740900456905365,
0.009028327651321888,
0.08402275294065475,
-0.02037963643670082,
0.0043741255067288876,
-0.003278534859418869,
0.03390565142035484,
-0.0053090848959982395,
0.00532144121825695,
-0.010445181280374527,
0.01879803277552128,
-0.029259689152240753,
0.018666232004761696,
0.054730117321014404,
-0.016219686716794968,
-0.018139030784368515,
0.01764477789402008,
0.013781378977000713,
-0.019687684252858162,
0.018995732069015503,
0.009390778839588165,
-0.025124451145529747,
0.05970558151602745,
-0.03217577189207077,
-0.020511437207460403,
-0.004625370260328054,
-0.030231716111302376,
-0.011153608560562134,
-0.016096124425530434,
0.027282683178782463,
0.034795306622982025,
-0.018452055752277374,
0.010403993539512157,
0.025437476113438606,
-0.01993481069803238,
0.0001508496789028868,
0.012109161354601383,
-0.007533216383308172,
-0.024004148319363594,
0.004703626502305269,
-0.005057840142399073,
-0.004485332407057285,
-0.022422542795538902,
-0.02975394017994404,
-0.0142673933878541,
0.035190705209970474,
-0.015420646406710148,
-0.02509150095283985,
-0.02456429973244667,
-0.0036121546290814877,
0.03295009955763817,
0.014514518901705742,
0.003966368269175291,
-0.013526015914976597,
0.02176354080438614,
0.016244398429989815,
0.05538911744952202,
-0.04754699394106865,
0.04250562936067581,
-0.0006924669141881168,
-0.007652660831809044,
-0.0025165637489408255,
-0.009563766419887543,
-0.023542845621705055,
0.009448440745472908,
-0.027365058660507202,
0.0026009983848780394,
0.03532250598073006,
0.0030767156276851892,
0.007611473090946674,
0.021499939262866974,
0.06959061324596405,
0.009226027876138687,
-0.014423905871808529,
0.014621607027947903,
0.0028316492680460215,
0.03558610752224922,
0.002802817849442363,
-0.004790120758116245,
0.03924356773495674,
-0.005193759687244892,
0.03492710739374161,
0.0009045831975527108,
-0.017150526866316795,
0.02448192425072193,
-0.013418927788734436,
-0.04329643025994301,
0.033510252833366394,
-0.019951285794377327,
0.0028048772364854813,
-0.025519851595163345,
0.011524297297000885,
0.04510868713259697,
-0.004551232326775789,
-0.07031551003456116,
-0.02121986448764801,
-0.012257437221705914,
0.026211803779006004,
-0.0028728367760777473,
-0.012636363506317139,
-0.027809884399175644,
-0.028172334656119347,
-0.014012030325829983,
0.04326348006725311,
-0.018616806715726852,
-0.007339634466916323,
-0.04982054978609085,
-0.01053579431027174,
-0.018600331619381905,
-0.04098992422223091,
0.04161597415804863,
-0.026821380481123924,
-0.004786001984030008,
0.026722529903054237,
0.05318146198987961,
-0.022850893437862396,
-0.04662439227104187,
-0.0069030458107590675,
0.02481142431497574,
0.019819485023617744,
-0.05789332464337349,
0.008690589107573032,
-0.021648215129971504,
0.07183121889829636,
-0.02290031872689724,
0.023213345557451248,
0.04201137647032738,
0.036245111376047134,
-0.05255540832877159,
-0.023295721039175987,
-0.010280431248247623,
0.040726322680711746,
-0.025750502943992615,
-0.0026009983848780394,
0.001120303408242762,
0.0028110553976148367,
-0.04026501998305321,
0.003711004974320531,
0.011161846108734608,
0.009959167800843716,
-0.006800076924264431,
-0.0039354776963591576,
0.02548690140247345,
-0.023032119497656822,
-0.00501665286719799,
0.009390778839588165,
-0.01110418327152729,
0.030973093584179878,
-0.009226027876138687,
-0.009497866034507751,
0.04039682075381279,
0.021878866478800774,
-0.014473331160843372,
0.0009720279485918581,
-0.01840263046324253,
-0.029226738959550858,
0.00973675400018692,
-0.026590730994939804,
0.02075856365263462,
-0.029605664312839508,
0.06510939449071884,
0.013937892392277718,
0.06431859731674194,
0.02008308656513691,
-0.013814329169690609,
0.013460115529596806,
0.01924285851418972,
0.016763363033533096,
0.002745155245065689,
-0.05140215530991554,
0.015939610078930855,
-0.01749650202691555,
-0.02563517726957798,
-0.020709138363599777,
-0.026211803779006004,
-0.00866587646305561,
-0.010964145883917809,
-0.0037315988447517157,
0.026360079646110535,
-0.003898408729583025,
-0.0037171831354498863,
-0.00041753952973522246,
-0.014728694222867489,
-0.024284223094582558,
0.016384437680244446,
0.03644280880689621,
0.0039354776963591576,
-0.04168187454342842,
0.020033661276102066,
0.029490338638424873,
-0.05377456173300743,
0.00897066481411457,
-0.016837500035762787,
-0.007228428032249212,
0.0410887748003006,
0.0006765067228116095,
0.00414759386330843,
-0.014563944190740585,
0.004267037846148014,
0.06833850592374802,
0.040891073644161224,
0.02487732470035553,
-0.010700545273721218,
-0.022257791832089424,
-0.014893445186316967,
0.03515775501728058,
-0.0205443874001503,
0.007281972095370293,
0.009036565199494362,
-0.021236339583992958,
-0.016540950164198875,
0.01533003430813551,
0.015049957670271397,
-0.0032311691902577877,
-0.01665627583861351,
0.00017388899868819863,
-0.026112953200936317,
0.009283690713346004,
-0.00043761852430179715,
-0.0138802295550704,
0.0035215418320149183,
-0.016400912776589394,
0.0555538684129715,
0.02273556962609291,
-0.014201493002474308,
-0.00020967074669897556,
0.004575944971293211,
0.006775364279747009,
0.03720066323876381,
-0.03522365540266037,
0.0033485537860542536,
-0.0517316572368145,
0.01764477789402008,
0.0349600575864315,
0.010469893924891949,
-0.006973064970225096,
0.0517316572368145,
-0.001917283865623176,
-0.028057008981704712,
0.011730235069990158,
0.0017823944799602032,
-0.022686144337058067,
-0.018056655302643776
] |
Model predictive control (MPC) is a popular approach for trajectory
optimization in practical robotics applications. MPC policies can optimize
trajectory parameters under kinodynamic and safety constraints and provide
guarantees on safety, optimality, generalizability, interpretability, and
explainability. However, some behaviors are complex and it is difficult to
hand-craft an MPC objective function. A special class of MPC policies called
Learnable-MPC addresses this difficulty using imitation learning from expert
demonstrations. However, they require the demonstrator and the imitator agents
to be identical which is hard to satisfy in many real world applications of
robotics. In this paper, we address the practical problem of training
Learnable-MPC policies when the demonstrator and the imitator do not share the
same dynamics and their state spaces may have a partial overlap. We propose a
novel approach that uses a generative adversarial network (GAN) to minimize the
Jensen-Shannon divergence between the state-trajectory distributions of the
demonstrator and the imitator. We evaluate our approach on a variety of
simulated robotics tasks of DeepMind Control suite and demonstrate the efficacy
of our approach at learning the demonstrator's behavior without having to copy
their actions. | [
0.006421447265893221,
-0.05459684878587723,
-0.03624273091554642,
-0.041296765208244324,
-0.012435579672455788,
0.043591029942035675,
-0.013865338638424873,
0.018753118813037872,
-0.07880300283432007,
0.04704904928803444,
0.030606821179389954,
-0.055095601826906204,
0.03760598972439766,
-0.038437243551015854,
-0.007448047399520874,
0.011072320863604546,
-0.004409809596836567,
0.0387364961206913,
-0.014231090433895588,
-0.028428930789232254,
0.035610977560281754,
-0.04295927286148071,
-0.015278472565114498,
0.05935163050889969,
0.026965921744704247,
0.019517874345183372,
0.016292603686451912,
0.011014132760465145,
-0.03265170753002167,
0.07467997819185257,
0.02578553929924965,
0.00893599446862936,
-0.013075646013021469,
0.009459685534238815,
0.002921862294897437,
-0.010922694578766823,
0.0014879469526931643,
0.05193683132529259,
-0.04345802590250969,
0.02227764204144478,
0.005901912692934275,
-0.012668331153690815,
-0.01843724213540554,
-0.04458853602409363,
0.0036637578159570694,
0.037506237626075745,
-0.04937656596302986,
0.036408983170986176,
-0.017173735424876213,
0.008358271792531013,
0.01928512379527092,
-0.039966754615306854,
0.03554447740316391,
-0.014630093239247799,
-0.02901080995798111,
0.038503747433423996,
0.04498753696680069,
0.00028080842457711697,
0.05905237793922424,
0.001593932043761015,
0.011837075464427471,
0.017655862495303154,
-0.06962594389915466,
-0.008744806051254272,
0.024754783138632774,
-0.0857190489768982,
0.05556110292673111,
-0.015128846280276775,
0.014156278222799301,
-0.01601829007267952,
-0.040731508284807205,
-0.019384874030947685,
-0.07042394578456879,
-0.01988362707197666,
0.0029509563464671373,
-0.02420615404844284,
0.02089775912463665,
0.054530348628759384,
0.032418955117464066,
-0.00048732341383583844,
-0.0456857904791832,
0.0372069887816906,
-0.015527849085628986,
0.006978388410061598,
0.0696924477815628,
-0.013192021287977695,
0.05905237793922424,
-0.05512885004281998,
0.025486286729574203,
-0.0404987595975399,
0.007751455530524254,
0.05070657283067703,
0.0010795928537845612,
0.0016853701090440154,
-0.011911888606846333,
0.021662512794137,
0.007589360699057579,
-0.033266838639974594,
-0.04618454352021217,
-0.012718206271529198,
0.0013871572446078062,
0.004181214142590761,
-0.022576894611120224,
0.031005822122097015,
0.025802165269851685,
-0.032784707844257355,
-0.0528678372502327,
0.010390691459178925,
0.005502909887582064,
0.13871988654136658,
-0.00670823035761714,
0.030191192403435707,
-0.00042445975122973323,
0.018736494705080986,
-0.03240233287215233,
-0.022743145003914833,
-0.07454697787761688,
-0.08931007236242294,
0.04788030683994293,
-0.08678305149078369,
0.02550291270017624,
0.07501247525215149,
0.006113882642239332,
-0.040897760540246964,
-0.016957608982920647,
0.048113055527210236,
-0.0013237741077318788,
0.0037323362194001675,
0.03240233287215233,
0.014264341443777084,
0.012319203466176987,
0.005906068719923496,
-0.026001665741205215,
0.028861183673143387,
0.005519535392522812,
-0.013582712039351463,
0.015586037188768387,
-0.059251878410577774,
-0.010024938732385635,
0.01024937815964222,
-0.004630092065781355,
-0.03630923107266426,
0.019817126914858818,
-0.003420615568757057,
0.031205324456095695,
0.0017238156870007515,
-0.03464671969413757,
0.08425603806972504,
-0.015162096358835697,
0.0007076060865074396,
-0.021928515285253525,
0.02553616277873516,
0.022527018561959267,
0.04894431307911873,
0.046417295932769775,
0.056824613362550735,
-0.053399842232465744,
-0.0018724026158452034,
0.03363259136676788,
-0.04279302433133125,
0.06620117276906967,
0.04305902495980263,
0.030390694737434387,
0.10021614283323288,
0.0728844627737999,
0.018985871225595474,
0.031172074377536774,
-0.01531172264367342,
-0.04408978298306465,
0.030689945444464684,
-0.0602826364338398,
-0.01883624494075775,
0.011712387204170227,
-0.004229011479765177,
-0.006787199527025223,
-0.031687453389167786,
0.044854536652565,
-0.015378222800791264,
0.023591024801135063,
-0.005432253237813711,
-0.03610973060131073,
-0.01900249533355236,
0.008379053324460983,
0.06773068010807037,
0.05330009013414383,
0.06719867885112762,
0.032535333186388016,
0.009958438575267792,
0.021512886509299278,
-0.031072324141860008,
0.021396512165665627,
0.013183709233999252,
0.04176226630806923,
-0.012876144610345364,
0.06573566794395447,
-0.00175290962215513,
-0.04182876646518707,
0.017622612416744232,
-0.006704073864966631,
0.058320872485637665,
-0.022460518404841423,
-0.0459185428917408,
0.003040316281840205,
0.0068869502283632755,
0.017256859689950943,
-0.007888613268733025,
0.003493350464850664,
-0.015785537660121918,
0.025469662621617317,
-0.07448047399520874,
-0.023674150928854942,
-0.010723193176090717,
-0.05393184348940849,
-0.05343309044837952,
0.003678304608911276,
-0.03195345401763916,
0.015793850645422935,
0.004862843547016382,
-0.016674980521202087,
-0.048312559723854065,
-0.012227765284478664,
-0.0017518704989925027,
0.02432253025472164,
-0.02473815716803074,
-0.06563591957092285,
0.015228597447276115,
0.03458021953701973,
-0.018470492213964462,
-0.03421446681022644,
0.026201168075203896,
-0.021961765363812447,
0.03300083428621292,
0.05007481947541237,
-0.013990026898682117,
-0.004970906767994165,
0.036940984427928925,
-0.010157939977943897,
0.0293765626847744,
0.007003325968980789,
0.021313386037945747,
0.0010136119090020657,
-0.049642566591501236,
-0.013857025653123856,
0.015394847840070724,
0.040365759283304214,
0.013009145855903625,
-0.021612638607621193,
0.05147133022546768,
-0.005374065600335598,
-0.01727348566055298,
-0.052635084837675095,
0.009127182886004448,
-0.030207818374037743,
-0.008719868026673794,
-0.043557778000831604,
0.020033253356814384,
0.0387364961206913,
-0.019783876836299896,
0.036375731229782104,
-0.0638071596622467,
0.023574400693178177,
0.033466339111328125,
0.008861181326210499,
0.03594347834587097,
-0.015320035628974438,
-0.010016626678407192,
0.027132174000144005,
0.04106401279568672,
-0.029426436871290207,
0.008424772880971432,
-0.06799668073654175,
-0.0474480539560318,
-0.03833749517798424,
0.018370741978287697,
0.013233584351837635,
-0.05200333148241043,
0.003734414465725422,
-0.0013372820103541017,
0.08059851080179214,
0.0011970076011493802,
0.044322531670331955,
-0.023973403498530388,
0.009950125589966774,
-0.013075646013021469,
-0.05512885004281998,
-0.026317542418837547,
-0.05280133709311485,
0.01747298613190651,
-0.038104742765426636,
0.027165424078702927,
-0.04608479514718056,
0.032252706587314606,
0.011787200346589088,
0.020598506554961205,
0.03389859199523926,
0.010374066419899464,
-0.040199507027864456,
0.007128014229238033,
0.07049044966697693,
0.013424772769212723,
-0.0062053208239376545,
-0.010847881436347961,
0.02643391862511635,
0.0031837078277021646,
0.022576894611120224,
0.032219454646110535,
-0.010881131514906883,
0.026517044752836227,
-0.004233167506754398,
-0.009193683974444866,
0.046616796404123306,
0.041662514209747314,
-0.02561928890645504,
-0.0011523276334628463,
-0.026217792183160782,
0.04106401279568672,
0.057589367032051086,
0.008827931247651577,
-0.058686625212430954,
0.005461347289383411,
0.01272651832550764,
0.04571904242038727,
-0.02917706035077572,
-0.012452204711735249,
0.03344971314072609,
-0.008802993223071098,
0.005008313339203596,
-0.006275977473706007,
-0.049642566591501236,
-0.000039582038880325854,
-0.018736494705080986,
-0.027830427512526512,
-0.040199507027864456,
-0.047148801386356354,
-0.002980050165206194,
0.02980881556868553,
0.003879884025081992,
0.009625936858355999,
-0.04588529095053673,
-0.04455528408288956,
-0.00701995100826025,
0.0005413549952208996,
0.015261847525835037,
-0.0013268912443891168,
0.016691606491804123,
-0.05433084815740585,
-0.014339153654873371,
0.03195345401763916,
-0.020465506240725517,
0.027132174000144005,
0.0009273692267015576,
-0.013582712039351463,
-0.0061429766938090324,
-0.015444723889231682,
0.02626766823232174,
-0.03690773621201515,
-0.04801330715417862,
0.0011637574061751366,
-0.058520372956991196,
-0.011429760605096817,
0.023108897730708122,
-0.03275145962834358,
-0.04212801903486252,
0.046018294990062714,
-0.0428595244884491,
0.025120535865426064,
-0.027697427198290825,
-0.05107232555747032,
-0.004305902402848005,
0.030839571729302406,
-0.014073152095079422,
-0.017905239015817642,
0.005141314119100571,
0.026799671351909637,
-0.02146301232278347,
-0.00042653788113966584,
-0.021396512165665627,
0.00237115565687418,
-0.06550291925668716,
0.06909394264221191,
-0.02069825679063797,
0.02756442502140999,
-0.025369912385940552,
0.0009943891782313585,
-0.014829594641923904,
0.06044888496398926,
0.04864506050944328,
-0.04362427815794945,
0.007227764930576086,
0.016151290386915207,
0.053000837564468384,
-0.03135494887828827,
-0.023990027606487274,
0.03256858140230179,
-0.021645888686180115,
-0.006662511266767979,
0.03757274150848389,
0.0057273488491773605,
0.013748962432146072,
-0.026417292654514313,
0.002012676792219281,
-0.0068869502283632755,
-0.03820449486374855,
0.03680798411369324,
0.000053544532420346513,
-0.014463841915130615,
-0.03458021953701973,
-0.003370740218088031,
0.013266834430396557,
0.036176230758428574,
-0.007863675244152546,
-0.03102244809269905,
-0.03757274150848389,
-0.0070282635278999805,
-0.0025602662935853004,
0.00921862106770277,
-0.013566087000072002,
0.031770579516887665,
-0.012535329908132553,
-0.035444725304841995,
0.05313383787870407,
0.018669994547963142,
0.0461512953042984,
0.02909393608570099,
-0.01956775039434433,
0.07767249643802643,
0.025768915191292763,
0.012560267932713032,
-0.048844560980796814,
0.0035473820753395557,
0.040365759283304214,
-0.00837074127048254,
-0.007589360699057579,
-0.00921862106770277,
-0.004945969209074974,
-0.00513300159946084,
-0.007402328308671713,
0.01645885407924652,
-0.029675815254449844,
-0.031055698171257973,
0.007975894957780838,
-0.055295102298259735,
-0.022044891491532326,
0.03690773621201515,
0.0024667500983923674,
-0.055860355496406555,
0.0016095180762931705,
-0.06686617434024811,
-0.0025166254490613937,
-0.04382377862930298,
-0.11218621581792831,
0.019584374502301216,
0.0047464678063988686,
-0.031055698171257973,
0.004729842767119408,
0.03966750204563141,
0.04405653104186058,
-0.009684124030172825,
0.036608483642339706,
-0.03280133381485939,
0.059650879353284836,
0.012942644767463207,
-0.027946803718805313,
-0.03150457516312599,
0.03441397100687027,
0.012959269806742668,
-0.023142147809267044,
-0.03644223138689995,
-0.006305071525275707,
-0.0005026496946811676,
0.07068995386362076,
-0.047714054584503174,
0.02714879810810089,
0.01871986873447895,
0.027065671980381012,
0.03381546586751938,
0.009916875511407852,
-0.06427265703678131,
-0.0002062552230199799,
-0.02691604755818844,
0.04482128471136093,
0.002676642034202814,
0.05064007267355919,
-0.05822112038731575,
0.0016645886935293674,
-0.0006598089239560068,
0.05961763113737106,
0.0006187656545080245,
-0.056259360164403915,
-0.01115544606000185,
0.04013300687074661,
-0.03700748458504677,
-0.0392020009458065,
0.023707401007413864,
0.002421031007543206,
-0.022576894611120224,
0.03740648925304413,
0.023823777213692665,
0.07620948553085327,
-0.026982547715306282,
0.0019835829734802246,
-0.03517872467637062,
-0.02270989492535591,
-0.000914900389034301,
0.02683292143046856,
0.010972569696605206,
0.02683292143046856,
0.02004987746477127,
-0.02267664484679699,
-0.04724854975938797,
-0.011039070785045624,
0.04059850797057152,
-0.016475480049848557,
0.003911056090146303,
0.019950127229094505,
0.010523691773414612,
0.05017457157373428,
0.014330841600894928,
0.08711555600166321,
0.004393184091895819,
-0.002202826552093029,
0.03418121859431267,
0.01057356782257557,
0.008179551921784878,
-0.04212801903486252,
0.05709061399102211,
0.017123859375715256,
-0.025103909894824028,
0.02109725959599018,
0.04209476709365845,
-0.016126353293657303,
0.03627598285675049,
0.0082128020003438,
-0.07328347116708755,
-0.021363262087106705,
-0.04216126725077629,
0.013449710793793201,
0.013707400299608707,
-0.012826269492506981,
-0.023990027606487274,
-0.003655445296317339,
0.02270989492535591,
-0.028678307309746742,
0.04728180170059204,
0.01855361834168434,
-0.012344141490757465,
0.002645469969138503,
-0.027863677591085434,
0.046749796718358994,
0.043325025588274,
-0.007539485581219196,
0.024904409423470497,
0.017439736053347588,
0.007564423140138388,
-0.014862844720482826,
-0.021845389157533646,
-0.0008982752333395183,
-0.027780551463365555,
-0.0017123859142884612,
-0.00958437379449606,
0.014804656617343426,
-0.016650043427944183,
-0.013865338638424873,
0.004646717105060816,
0.016924358904361725,
-0.034280966967344284,
-0.003260598983615637,
0.051903579384088516,
0.031088948249816895,
0.014006651937961578,
-0.012244390323758125,
-0.00869493093341589,
-0.018337491899728775,
0.00545719126239419,
0.052834585309028625,
-0.01402327697724104,
0.004650873597711325,
0.01911887153983116,
-0.029110560193657875,
0.02041563019156456,
-0.010307565331459045,
-0.0010380300227552652,
0.006633417215198278,
0.054630097001791,
-0.0015450958162546158,
-0.005016625858843327,
0.013732337392866611,
-0.006924356799572706,
0.024389030411839485,
-0.003973400220274925,
0.0002779509813990444,
0.020482130348682404,
0.015037408098578453,
-0.003046550787985325,
-0.04911056160926819,
-0.03737323731184006,
0.006446384824812412,
-0.030357442796230316,
0.030756445601582527,
-0.06071488559246063,
-0.01371571235358715,
0.02824605442583561,
0.002984206425026059,
-0.001639651134610176,
-0.04911056160926819,
-0.02847880683839321,
-0.005527847912162542,
0.024256030097603798,
-0.0056650047190487385,
-0.033349961042404175,
0.0056359111331403255,
0.0346134714782238,
0.013391522690653801,
-0.04096426069736481,
0.03993350639939308,
0.028462180867791176,
0.01613466627895832,
0.014555280096828938,
0.017456362023949623,
-0.03594347834587097,
0.0036533670499920845,
-0.016408979892730713,
0.04578554257750511,
-0.027664177119731903,
-0.0007730674115009606,
0.027015797793865204,
0.02299252152442932,
-0.040532007813453674,
-0.018819620832800865,
0.0001576787472004071,
-0.001013092347420752,
0.017805488780140877,
0.008441397920250893,
-0.013208646327257156,
0.005008313339203596,
0.008004988543689251,
-0.004950125236064196,
0.02980881556868553,
-0.06234414875507355,
0.037339989095926285,
-0.012236078269779682,
0.016076477244496346,
-0.022327518090605736,
0.03042394481599331,
-0.010357441380620003,
0.02610141597688198,
0.011729012243449688,
-0.013241897337138653,
0.014596843160688877,
0.012410641647875309,
-0.014879469759762287,
0.0006130507681518793,
-0.005743974354118109,
0.03170407563447952,
0.0011201165616512299,
-0.0006592893623746932,
0.021762263029813766,
-0.00733167165890336,
-0.0050955950282514095,
0.006770574487745762,
0.030640071257948875,
-0.02465503290295601,
0.023225273936986923,
-0.0036429762840270996,
0.007755612023174763,
0.014264341443777084,
0.050606824457645416,
0.03687448427081108,
-0.022576894611120224,
0.056026607751846313,
0.00035432257573120296,
-0.036209482699632645,
-0.021562762558460236,
0.04625104367733002,
0.05147133022546768,
-0.02940981276333332,
0.013624274171888828,
0.04522028937935829,
-0.02279302105307579,
-0.016600169241428375,
-0.016408979892730713,
0.005565254483371973,
-0.024837909266352654,
0.001708229654468596,
-0.008844556286931038,
-0.01674148254096508,
0.03534497693181038,
-0.02788030356168747,
-0.0376724898815155,
0.05034082010388374,
-0.04665004834532738,
-0.038470495492219925,
-0.0003389962948858738,
0.015536162070930004,
0.016683293506503105,
0.016284290701150894,
-0.03389859199523926,
-0.0068370746448636055,
0.01645885407924652,
0.00984206236898899,
-0.003156692022457719,
-0.025120535865426064,
-0.020748132839798927,
0.03235245496034622,
0.0374397374689579,
0.014488779939711094,
0.002811721060425043,
0.017971739172935486,
-0.037306737154722214,
0.033150460571050644,
0.022892771288752556,
0.0446217842400074,
-0.03300083428621292,
0.03647548332810402,
-0.007497922983020544,
0.006330009084194899,
0.007240233477205038,
-0.011122195981442928,
0.004145885817706585,
0.01996675319969654,
0.01843724213540554,
0.017921864986419678,
0.012635081075131893,
-0.06802993267774582,
-0.04977556690573692,
0.031221948564052582,
0.0019939737394452095,
-0.015112221240997314,
0.001400665147230029,
-0.011396510526537895,
0.03296758607029915,
-0.05895262584090233,
-0.05343309044837952,
0.012302578426897526,
0.034114718437194824,
-0.00762676727026701,
-0.014413966797292233,
0.01381546352058649,
0.019800500944256783,
-0.03256858140230179,
0.03389859199523926,
-0.02013300359249115,
0.03246883302927017,
0.016309229657053947,
-0.0010338737629354,
0.017439736053347588,
0.035610977560281754,
0.0022527019027620554,
0.008241896517574787,
0.0026475482154637575,
0.0913715809583664,
0.00507481349632144,
0.03474647179245949,
-0.011637574061751366,
-0.04688280075788498,
0.02748130075633526,
0.00541562819853425,
0.001137780724093318,
0.02666667103767395,
-0.023341648280620575,
0.04728180170059204,
0.03130507469177246,
0.02142976224422455,
0.03667498379945755,
-0.018503742292523384,
-0.017539486289024353,
0.029060686007142067,
-0.03514547273516655,
0.011263509280979633,
-0.008561929687857628,
-0.009667498990893364,
0.02324189804494381,
0.03167082741856575,
-0.013857025653123856,
-0.029758939519524574,
0.027082297950983047,
-0.022693268954753876,
0.0019233169732615352,
-0.01402327697724104,
-0.008753118105232716,
-0.02643391862511635,
-0.019235247746109962,
0.005128845106810331,
0.020881133154034615,
-0.017157109454274178,
0.00030678516486659646,
0.0030694101005792618,
-0.005270158406347036,
-0.01855361834168434,
0.01436409167945385,
-0.021230259910225868,
0.010241065174341202,
0.00042264137300662696,
0.0029509563464671373,
0.04934331402182579,
0.02352452464401722,
-0.044921036809682846,
0.006030757445842028,
-0.013200334273278713,
-0.03381546586751938,
-0.04023275524377823,
-0.019983377307653427,
-0.03953450173139572,
0.025004159659147263,
-0.008096426725387573,
-0.015743974596261978,
-0.023973403498530388,
-0.021246885880827904,
0.003913134336471558,
-0.002244389383122325,
0.0044929347932338715,
0.005203658249229193,
0.0017768081743270159,
-0.014031589962542057,
0.011313384398818016,
-0.026899421587586403,
-0.0035328350495547056,
0.046749796718358994,
0.011080632917582989,
-0.05958437919616699,
0.01464671827852726,
-0.06836243718862534,
-0.022011639550328255,
0.038503747433423996,
-0.016517043113708496,
-0.004837905988097191,
-0.01835411787033081,
-0.02517041005194187,
0.03900250047445297,
0.002853283891454339,
0.04914381355047226,
0.042626772075891495,
-0.044123031198978424,
-0.00574813038110733,
-0.06530341506004333,
-0.015569412149488926,
0.02768080122768879,
-0.00013137731002643704,
0.01778886280953884,
-0.016367416828870773,
0.00637572817504406,
-0.02618454210460186,
-0.01965087465941906,
-0.04967581853270531,
-0.02053200639784336,
-0.00730257760733366,
0.0029343313071876764,
0.00732335913926363,
0.010889444500207901,
-0.011429760605096817,
-0.006271821446716785,
0.03936824947595596,
0.03763924166560173,
0.02502078376710415,
-0.039401501417160034,
0.0019555280450731516,
0.03381546586751938,
0.05752286687493324,
0.011014132760465145,
-0.027098922058939934,
0.012967582792043686,
0.04349127784371376,
0.013948463834822178,
-0.021163759753108025,
0.018387367948889732,
-0.0006826684111729264,
0.004401496611535549,
-0.06929343938827515,
-0.02952618896961212,
-0.04561929032206535,
-0.010440566577017307,
0.009160433895885944,
-0.03644223138689995,
0.04099751263856888,
-0.015203659422695637,
0.01597672700881958,
0.016517043113708496,
-0.012601830065250397,
-0.0060640075244009495,
-0.023341648280620575,
-0.008096426725387573,
0.0021945140324532986,
0.04422278329730034,
-0.034031592309474945,
0.056791361421346664,
0.013499585911631584,
-0.013408147729933262,
-0.023873651400208473,
-0.018819620832800865,
-0.019418124109506607,
-0.024871159344911575,
0.032418955117464066,
-0.0618121437728405,
-0.00002769768616417423,
0.049443066120147705,
0.012327516451478004,
-0.02791355364024639,
-0.03627598285675049,
0.005469659809023142,
0.0121862031519413,
-0.027364924550056458,
-0.03813799470663071,
-0.010507066734135151,
-0.001663549686782062,
0.03042394481599331,
0.0061388202011585236,
0.03654198348522186,
0.006230258382856846,
0.04209476709365845,
0.007231920957565308,
-0.027348298579454422,
0.011886950582265854,
0.05216958373785019,
0.006853700149804354,
0.04209476709365845,
0.020881133154034615,
-0.034031592309474945,
-0.018004989251494408,
0.02699917182326317,
0.023291774094104767,
-0.0021384041756391525,
0.004970906767994165,
-0.016442229971289635,
-0.0068079810589551926,
-0.013782212510704994,
-0.003952619154006243,
0.033266838639974594,
0.029875315725803375,
0.03187032788991928,
0.016683293506503105,
-0.018054865300655365,
0.03391521796584129,
-0.016916045919060707,
0.018753118813037872,
0.07168745994567871,
0.026317542418837547,
-0.023507900536060333,
0.014031589962542057,
-0.013241897337138653,
0.00802577007561922,
-0.04382377862930298,
-0.009916875511407852,
0.0324355810880661,
0.03820449486374855,
0.04837905988097191,
0.002859518164768815,
0.019717376679182053,
0.02940981276333332,
0.014995845966041088,
-0.021197009831666946,
-0.0013300084974616766,
-0.034912724047899246,
0.008827931247651577,
-0.02259351871907711,
-0.027298424392938614,
-0.023108897730708122,
-0.0274314247071743,
-0.03379883989691734,
-0.014231090433895588,
0.05293433740735054,
0.01931837387382984,
0.006512885447591543,
-0.05552785471081734,
-0.008678304962813854,
-0.0359102301299572,
0.049409814178943634,
-0.027065671980381012,
0.026051541790366173,
-0.03607647866010666,
0.014821281656622887,
-0.03950125351548195,
-0.014638406224548817,
0.007522860541939735,
0.00445968471467495,
-0.003250208217650652,
0.02630091831088066,
-0.026616794988512993,
0.0023940152022987604,
-0.04655029624700546,
0.0037427269853651524,
0.0543973483145237,
-0.026699921116232872,
0.027414800599217415,
0.014181215316057205,
-0.0010125729022547603,
-0.03381546586751938,
0.002963425125926733,
0.004075229167938232,
-0.02106400951743126,
-0.00800914503633976,
-0.060016632080078125,
-0.011920200660824776,
0.010498754680156708,
-0.03531172499060631,
-0.038104742765426636,
-0.006242727395147085,
-0.0013559851795434952,
-0.013615962117910385,
0.05406484380364418,
-0.014031589962542057,
-0.05369909107685089,
0.021695762872695923,
-0.00793017540127039,
0.05802161991596222,
0.056159608066082,
0.04329177737236023,
0.059650879353284836,
-0.019467998296022415,
-0.032618459314107895,
0.002285951981320977,
-0.03627598285675049,
-0.02016625367105007,
-0.0060141319409012794,
-0.029925191774964333,
0.001296758302487433,
0.0003574397705961019,
-0.04974231868982315,
0.019152121618390083,
-0.0057689119130373,
-0.015951789915561676,
0.009359934367239475,
-0.07408147305250168,
0.011321697384119034,
-0.05143807828426361
] |
One prevalent property we find empirically in real-world graph anomaly
detection (GAD) datasets is a one-class homophily, i.e., normal nodes tend to
have strong connection/affinity with each other, while the homophily in
abnormal nodes is significantly weaker than normal nodes. However, this
anomaly-discriminative property is ignored by existing GAD methods that are
typically built using a conventional anomaly detection objective, such as data
reconstruction. In this work, we explore this property to introduce a novel
unsupervised anomaly scoring measure for GAD -- local node affinity -- that
assigns a larger anomaly score to nodes that are less affiliated with their
neighbors, with the affinity defined as similarity on node
attributes/representations. We further propose Truncated Affinity Maximization
(TAM) that learns tailored node representations for our anomaly measure by
maximizing the local affinity of nodes to their neighbors. Optimizing on the
original graph structure can be biased by non-homophily edges (i.e., edges
connecting normal and abnormal nodes). Thus, TAM is instead optimized on
truncated graphs where non-homophily edges are removed iteratively to mitigate
this bias. The learned representations result in significantly stronger local
affinity for normal nodes than abnormal nodes. Extensive empirical results on
six real-world GAD datasets show that TAM substantially outperforms seven
competing models, achieving over 10% increase in AUROC/AUPRC compared to the
best contenders on challenging datasets. Our code will be made available at
https: //github.com/mala-lab/TAM-master/. | [
-0.018209798261523247,
0.007429444696754217,
-0.03117303177714348,
-0.022671295329928398,
0.014820593409240246,
0.020028864964842796,
-0.03448564559221268,
-0.004262835253030062,
-0.0423554964363575,
-0.004346608184278011,
-0.0048803603276610374,
0.011642016470432281,
0.0027142364997416735,
-0.039559878408908844,
-0.03272402286529541,
-0.014207855798304081,
0.007276260294020176,
-0.041436389088630676,
0.01709921285510063,
-0.022345779463648796,
-0.01872679591178894,
-0.07529015094041824,
0.0006570175755769014,
0.015165258198976517,
0.051469966769218445,
0.027841269969940186,
0.04005772992968559,
-0.005552935414016247,
-0.07084780186414719,
0.06606078892946243,
-0.001223680330440402,
0.0024234254378825426,
0.01958845928311348,
-0.011871793307363987,
-0.05150826275348663,
-0.004906688816845417,
0.07682199031114578,
0.046836137771606445,
0.029028449207544327,
0.025658391416072845,
0.0073815747164189816,
-0.03278146684169769,
-0.020488416776061058,
-0.012446234934031963,
0.034657977521419525,
-0.05108700692653656,
-0.034887753427028656,
-0.041015129536390305,
-0.01620882749557495,
0.03800888732075691,
-0.0029464068356901407,
-0.011182463727891445,
-0.04262356832623482,
-0.024662693962454796,
-0.007984738796949387,
0.057750530540943146,
0.07965590059757233,
0.01730026677250862,
0.045802146196365356,
0.0016503229271620512,
-0.01308769453316927,
0.017032193019986153,
-0.005969405639916658,
0.02921992912888527,
0.026424314826726913,
-0.006476829294115305,
0.014858889393508434,
-0.006400236859917641,
0.023149996995925903,
0.001932756626047194,
-0.05598890781402588,
0.007084779907017946,
0.012532400898635387,
0.03586430475115776,
-0.0287795253098011,
0.01786513440310955,
0.025696687400341034,
0.04591703414916992,
-0.02508394978940487,
-0.013078120537102222,
0.014188707806169987,
0.0516231544315815,
0.02309255301952362,
0.06732455641031265,
0.028875265270471573,
0.012398364953696728,
-0.001870525535196066,
-0.06399279832839966,
0.028664635494351387,
-0.022250037640333176,
0.012877065688371658,
0.027075348421931267,
-0.01326960138976574,
0.006017276085913181,
-0.020392676815390587,
0.035845156759023666,
-0.012436660937964916,
-0.006644374690949917,
-0.08195366710424423,
0.0783921331167221,
-0.03262828290462494,
-0.02763064205646515,
0.012254754081368446,
0.03594089671969414,
0.031785767525434494,
-0.0857066884636879,
-0.04641488194465637,
0.004368149675428867,
-0.00677362410351634,
0.1720261126756668,
-0.03180491551756859,
0.003822430269792676,
-0.038430143147706985,
-0.020507564768195152,
-0.052159298211336136,
-0.00015572752454318106,
-0.028741229325532913,
-0.00904745515435934,
-0.016093939542770386,
-0.034926049411296844,
-0.021216044202446938,
0.05399751290678978,
-0.02045012079179287,
-0.03596004471182823,
-0.018946999683976173,
0.06039296090602875,
-0.019463997334241867,
0.006735328119248152,
-0.042240604758262634,
-0.0023276852443814278,
0.01624712347984314,
0.023073405027389526,
0.03126877173781395,
-0.05104871094226837,
0.012561122886836529,
0.03077092207968235,
0.030598590150475502,
0.056525055319070816,
-0.02686471864581108,
-0.00903309416025877,
0.031938955187797546,
0.01561523787677288,
-0.03136451169848442,
-0.017185378819704056,
-0.03735785186290741,
-0.007965590804815292,
0.005911961663514376,
0.04354267567396164,
-0.013700432144105434,
0.03636215254664421,
-0.0020308904349803925,
0.03749188780784607,
0.013719580136239529,
-0.001300870906561613,
0.0055433614179492,
-0.006960317492485046,
-0.0032982523553073406,
-0.05139337480068207,
-0.0423554964363575,
-0.03230276703834534,
0.05407410487532616,
-0.053652845323085785,
0.038793954998254776,
0.04622340202331543,
-0.029602890834212303,
0.04626169800758362,
0.031383659690618515,
-0.01686943508684635,
-0.04614681005477905,
0.05866963788866997,
0.027477456256747246,
0.029928408563137054,
0.012005829252302647,
0.01581629179418087,
-0.020430972799658775,
0.04871264845132828,
0.030713478103280067,
-0.010856945998966694,
0.019626755267381668,
-0.010196338407695293,
-0.05131678283214569,
0.02064160257577896,
0.03666852414608002,
0.041934236884117126,
-0.006017276085913181,
0.025237135589122772,
0.07888998091220856,
0.008607050403952599,
0.017759820446372032,
0.0757497027516365,
0.032570838928222656,
-0.003697967855259776,
0.029296522960066795,
-0.018449150025844574,
0.007898571901023388,
-0.020373528823256493,
-0.03027307242155075,
-0.05384432524442673,
-0.013700432144105434,
-0.05457195267081261,
-0.04541918262839317,
-0.07555822283029556,
0.014332317747175694,
0.004667337983846664,
0.03027307242155075,
0.03304954245686531,
0.025198839604854584,
-0.027247680351138115,
-0.029239077121019363,
-0.0004018099280074239,
-0.05836326628923416,
-0.052197594195604324,
-0.008946928195655346,
-0.024854173883795738,
0.014897185377776623,
-0.008061330765485764,
-0.007568268105387688,
-0.007132649887353182,
0.005586444865912199,
0.019081035628914833,
0.017482172697782516,
0.016237549483776093,
0.061197180300951004,
-0.00522741861641407,
0.004157521296292543,
-0.02372443862259388,
0.01654391922056675,
-0.009301166981458664,
-0.026194537058472633,
0.01211114414036274,
-0.047027621418237686,
-0.016831139102578163,
-0.00845386553555727,
-0.014858889393508434,
-0.03498349338769913,
0.01796087436378002,
-0.0010465608211234212,
0.012982380576431751,
0.009937839582562447,
-0.007372000720351934,
-0.08754490315914154,
0.024337176233530045,
-0.01915762759745121,
-0.02904759719967842,
0.0440022274851799,
-0.015663107857108116,
0.02981351874768734,
0.048521168529987335,
0.027917861938476562,
0.05798030644655228,
-0.01730984076857567,
-0.04277675226330757,
0.041474685072898865,
0.026749830693006516,
-0.05399751290678978,
-0.014083393849432468,
-0.01568225584924221,
-0.03253254294395447,
0.03795144334435463,
-0.07333704829216003,
0.03659193217754364,
0.02435632422566414,
-0.06464383006095886,
0.07165201753377914,
-0.025390319526195526,
0.018611907958984375,
0.03354739025235176,
-0.0002396498603047803,
0.05859304592013359,
0.032704874873161316,
0.013556822203099728,
-0.012924936600029469,
-0.05250396206974983,
-0.016199253499507904,
0.019607607275247574,
-0.02422228828072548,
0.007309769280254841,
-0.007439018692821264,
0.04591703414916992,
-0.04005772992968559,
-0.005591231863945723,
0.009995284490287304,
0.01136436965316534,
-0.0024509509094059467,
0.013231305405497551,
-0.047027621418237686,
0.0007784880581311882,
-0.03186236321926117,
-0.06495019793510437,
-0.04572555050253868,
-0.023015961050987244,
0.015414183028042316,
0.015165258198976517,
-0.0020524319261312485,
0.008248023688793182,
-0.025064801797270775,
-0.027649790048599243,
0.020469268783926964,
0.04495963081717491,
-0.04844457656145096,
-0.055299580097198486,
-0.00986124761402607,
0.005093382205814123,
0.01806618832051754,
-0.03777911141514778,
-0.006697031669318676,
-0.012982380576431751,
0.09811462461948395,
-0.028971005231142044,
-0.048789240419864655,
-0.019875679165124893,
0.013939782977104187,
0.0029296521097421646,
-0.013231305405497551,
-0.027668938040733337,
-0.03653448820114136,
-0.006117803044617176,
-0.05150826275348663,
0.04013432189822197,
-0.04346608370542526,
-0.02355210669338703,
-0.021484116092324257,
-0.05300181359052658,
0.015165258198976517,
0.028300823643803596,
-0.01129735168069601,
0.033298466354608536,
0.016630085185170174,
-0.02309255301952362,
0.01865977793931961,
-0.08746831119060516,
0.02958374284207821,
-0.05522298812866211,
-0.010282505303621292,
0.0031043782364577055,
-0.04059387370944023,
-0.01577799580991268,
0.05713779106736183,
-0.004466283600777388,
0.024509508162736893,
-0.01095268689095974,
-0.016390733420848846,
-0.016754547134041786,
0.001881296280771494,
0.02263299934566021,
0.009406480938196182,
-0.0397130623459816,
-0.021196896210312843,
-0.0002960468700621277,
0.0017819657223299146,
0.001131530269049108,
-0.02173304185271263,
-0.01463868748396635,
0.005821008235216141,
0.039253510534763336,
-0.0018154748249799013,
-0.011421813629567623,
0.006098655052483082,
-0.012714307755231857,
0.019703347235918045,
0.015557793900370598,
-0.02372443862259388,
-0.017913004383444786,
0.034753717482089996,
-0.05453365668654442,
-0.0430065281689167,
-0.024432916194200516,
-0.02313084900379181,
0.0003967237425968051,
0.016649233177304268,
-0.06786070019006729,
0.02081393450498581,
-0.01238879095762968,
-0.026654090732336044,
-0.04373415559530258,
0.014571668580174446,
-0.0008945731096901,
0.009492647834122181,
0.022345779463648796,
0.008741086348891258,
-0.045610662549734116,
-0.038698215037584305,
0.02108200639486313,
0.008142709732055664,
0.006644374690949917,
0.021196896210312843,
0.026290277019143105,
0.004921049810945988,
0.010167616419494152,
0.07195838540792465,
0.02359040267765522,
-0.007065631914883852,
-0.00986124761402607,
0.0015677468618378043,
0.04614681005477905,
-0.013374915346503258,
-0.04304482415318489,
-0.0269604604691267,
0.05981852114200592,
-0.031192179769277573,
-0.03940669447183609,
-0.04844457656145096,
-0.04721910133957863,
0.007271473295986652,
0.012293050065636635,
0.0014911546604707837,
0.04312141612172127,
-0.015500349923968315,
0.06414598226547241,
-0.022479815408587456,
0.0269604604691267,
-0.01263771578669548,
-0.04967005178332329,
0.013068546541035175,
-0.018918277695775032,
0.000858072133269161,
-0.028473155573010445,
-0.017597060650587082,
-0.006725753657519817,
-0.018611907958984375,
0.04040239378809929,
0.0175396166741848,
0.08922993391752243,
-0.02581157721579075,
-0.01918634958565235,
0.06786070019006729,
-0.0021122696343809366,
-0.028607191517949104,
-0.002601741813123226,
-0.04116831719875336,
0.08448120951652527,
0.02921992912888527,
0.04308312013745308,
-0.016132235527038574,
-0.04503622278571129,
-0.008994798175990582,
0.03900458663702011,
-0.015538645908236504,
-0.0006444517057389021,
-0.022288333624601364,
-0.009286805987358093,
-0.026251981034874916,
0.033930350095033646,
-0.010339949280023575,
-0.034887753427028656,
-0.05595061182975769,
-0.0015150897670537233,
-0.029851816594600677,
-0.014619538560509682,
0.01011017244309187,
-0.056793127208948135,
0.022556407377123833,
-0.06931595504283905,
-0.0880044549703598,
0.020162900909781456,
0.001602452713996172,
0.010081450454890728,
-0.006754476111382246,
0.02918163314461708,
-0.031785767525434494,
-0.020162900909781456,
0.025217987596988678,
0.00813792273402214,
-0.04005772992968559,
-0.013853617012500763,
0.027515754103660583,
-0.04021091386675835,
-0.02690301463007927,
0.0018250488210469484,
0.04522770270705223,
0.05893770977854729,
-0.015500349923968315,
-0.03663022816181183,
0.03818121924996376,
-0.011938811279833317,
0.009770294651389122,
-0.03864077106118202,
-0.05813349038362503,
-0.007036909926682711,
0.002137401606887579,
-0.015241851098835468,
0.060469552874565125,
0.0025442976038903,
0.023437216877937317,
0.026520054787397385,
-0.05985681712627411,
0.0443468913435936,
0.05284862965345383,
-0.034294165670871735,
-0.05782712250947952,
0.020756490528583527,
0.0469893254339695,
-0.02309255301952362,
-0.030119888484477997,
-0.01063674408942461,
-0.008731512352824211,
0.02223088964819908,
0.02418399229645729,
0.020373528823256493,
0.0030110315419733524,
0.007017761468887329,
-0.027534902095794678,
0.022020261734724045,
-0.052925221621990204,
0.0360749326646328,
-0.0026807275135070086,
-0.0024234254378825426,
0.04212571680545807,
-0.024528656154870987,
-0.04285334423184395,
0.0026184963062405586,
-0.03663022816181183,
-0.0010130517184734344,
-0.0071039278991520405,
-0.029698630794882774,
0.03940669447183609,
-0.017788542434573174,
-0.05319329351186752,
-0.002563445596024394,
0.021426672115921974,
0.010588874109089375,
-0.005423686001449823,
-0.022479815408587456,
0.05545276403427124,
-0.030924106016755104,
-0.016534345224499702,
0.030024148523807526,
0.04289164021611214,
0.03157513961195946,
-0.041934236884117126,
-0.0006253036553971469,
0.025064801797270775,
-0.027420012280344963,
-0.007056057918816805,
-0.016658807173371315,
-0.03532816097140312,
-0.03077092207968235,
0.014102541841566563,
-0.03814292326569557,
-0.07176690548658371,
0.00708956690505147,
-0.009358610957860947,
-0.03427501767873764,
-0.034294165670871735,
0.016649233177304268,
0.0327623188495636,
0.05384432524442673,
-0.0287795253098011,
-0.03017733246088028,
0.03590260073542595,
0.01179520133882761,
-0.0017388826236128807,
-0.03354739025235176,
0.006811920087784529,
0.02858804352581501,
-0.01790343038737774,
-0.04063216969370842,
-0.009645831771194935,
-0.01733856275677681,
0.010655892081558704,
0.013173860497772694,
0.02054586075246334,
0.022556407377123833,
-0.050742343068122864,
-0.019875679165124893,
-0.0037027548532932997,
0.03483030945062637,
0.06081422045826912,
-0.004506973084062338,
-0.011239907704293728,
-0.03293465077877045,
-0.04312141612172127,
-0.043619267642498016,
-0.022211741656064987,
0.03132621571421623,
0.017051341012120247,
0.0017652112292125821,
0.007194881327450275,
0.015691829845309258,
-0.014284447766840458,
-0.018812961876392365,
-0.016371585428714752,
0.024471212178468704,
0.021809633821249008,
-0.013700432144105434,
0.012781325727701187,
-0.01343235932290554,
-0.04067046567797661,
0.007587416097521782,
-0.023973362520337105,
0.03544304892420769,
0.03184321150183678,
0.04285334423184395,
-0.03712807595729828,
0.00555772241204977,
-0.022192593663930893,
-0.011287777684628963,
-0.009631470777094364,
0.050282787531614304,
-0.03004329651594162,
0.010713336057960987,
-0.012762177735567093,
0.040976833552122116,
0.05663994327187538,
-0.014054671861231327,
-0.03348994627594948,
0.03775996342301369,
-0.028147639706730843,
0.007754961960017681,
-0.002829124918207526,
-0.023188292980194092,
-0.00380088877864182,
0.049057312309741974,
-0.03864077106118202,
0.010464411228895187,
0.0286263395100832,
0.04695102944970131,
-0.01607479155063629,
-0.027305124327540398,
-0.04507451876997948,
0.043925635516643524,
-0.027305124327540398,
0.05618039146065712,
0.007845914922654629,
0.002160139847546816,
-0.027113644406199455,
-0.023341476917266846,
-0.005265714600682259,
0.010406967252492905,
-0.0012565910583361983,
0.010349523276090622,
0.0065773562528193,
-0.06414598226547241,
0.008482587523758411,
-0.004114437848329544,
-0.0016706676688045263,
-0.032609134912490845,
0.03389205411076546,
-0.030828366056084633,
0.017156656831502914,
0.031747471541166306,
0.027420012280344963,
-0.03184321150183678,
0.03126877173781395,
-0.017089638859033585,
0.004973706789314747,
-0.012924936600029469,
-0.013824895024299622,
0.022096853703260422,
0.04358097165822983,
-0.011766479350626469,
0.03169002756476402,
-0.01661093719303608,
0.014715279452502728,
-0.03762592375278473,
-0.012139866128563881,
-0.010866520926356316,
0.007903358899056911,
-0.020737342536449432,
0.03521326929330826,
-0.01797044835984707,
-0.04396393150091171,
0.026098797097802162,
-0.01217816211283207,
0.006864577066153288,
-0.016122661530971527,
-0.019148053601384163,
0.0014899579109624028,
0.00850652251392603,
-0.006108229048550129,
-0.0006923218024894595,
-0.039062030613422394,
-0.018114058300852776,
0.02812849171459675,
0.023245736956596375,
0.002934439340606332,
-0.0037458380684256554,
0.02236492745578289,
0.012340920977294445,
-0.035979192703962326,
0.006012489087879658,
-0.04423200339078903,
-0.0539209209382534,
0.060737624764442444,
-0.04423200339078903,
-0.011488832533359528,
-0.019779939204454422,
0.004691272974014282,
-0.002491640392690897,
0.0025275431107729673,
-0.0059358966536819935,
-0.049976419657468796,
0.01508866623044014,
0.02885611727833748,
0.02249896340072155,
-0.005169974640011787,
0.006103442050516605,
-0.06686500459909439,
-0.017644930630922318,
-0.015758847817778587,
-0.01551949791610241,
-0.009564452804625034,
-0.023149996995925903,
0.028300823643803596,
-0.03113473579287529,
0.014983352273702621,
0.0032814976293593645,
0.0263094250112772,
0.006467255298048258,
-0.03322187438607216,
0.006945956498384476,
0.022843627259135246,
-0.02872208133339882,
0.012312198989093304,
-0.014782297424972057,
0.012436660937964916,
-0.00580664724111557,
0.03609408065676689,
-0.0180374663323164,
0.0221734456717968,
0.007008187472820282,
0.006175247486680746,
0.056065499782562256,
-0.09129791706800461,
-0.039521582424640656,
0.01536631304770708,
-0.023743586614727974,
0.0027309912256896496,
-0.0014708099188283086,
-0.01295365858823061,
0.035979192703962326,
-0.025696687400341034,
0.004997642245143652,
0.01515568420290947,
-0.03249424695968628,
0.046338289976119995,
-0.018918277695775032,
0.03348994627594948,
0.015193980187177658,
-0.0526188500225544,
0.040976833552122116,
0.004408839158713818,
0.005016790237277746,
-0.00019686593441292644,
0.01995227113366127,
0.02904759719967842,
0.05058915913105011,
0.04695102944970131,
-0.0015509923687204719,
-0.02954544685781002,
-0.015643959864974022,
-0.022250037640333176,
0.030368812382221222,
-0.02745830826461315,
-0.04446177929639816,
-0.009071390144526958,
0.02458610013127327,
-0.04832968860864639,
-0.04890412837266922,
-0.014811019413173199,
-0.03421757370233536,
0.010646318085491657,
-0.031613435596227646,
0.020488416776061058,
-0.0007042893557809293,
-0.016649233177304268,
-0.07161372154951096,
-0.03113473579287529,
0.007185307331383228,
-0.04495963081717491,
0.016553493216633797,
-0.01856403797864914,
0.056333575397729874,
0.012015403248369694,
0.05078063905239105,
0.042432088404893875,
0.023015961050987244,
-0.0569080151617527,
-0.034926049411296844,
0.042470384389162064,
-0.02090967446565628,
0.019741643220186234,
-0.04350437968969345,
0.010215486399829388,
0.015529071912169456,
-0.01186221931129694,
-0.02517968975007534,
-0.06625226885080338,
-0.037070631980895996,
0.025332875549793243,
-0.017185378819704056,
-0.02726682834327221,
0.04312141612172127,
0.004370543174445629,
0.032570838928222656,
0.026692386716604233,
0.010646318085491657,
0.013872765004634857,
-0.019540589302778244,
-0.004782226402312517,
0.038602475076913834,
0.0017747852252796292,
-0.01634286344051361,
-0.02918163314461708,
-0.0403640978038311,
-0.020986266434192657,
-0.02858804352581501,
0.022077705711126328,
-0.06529486179351807,
0.008219301700592041,
0.01773109845817089,
0.018985295668244362,
-0.013738728128373623,
-0.014609964564442635,
0.025332875549793243,
-0.0054188990034163,
0.013221731409430504,
-0.07012017071247101,
-0.01925336755812168,
-0.07387319207191467,
-0.01813320629298687,
-0.025658391416072845,
-0.0033652703277766705,
-0.010416541248559952,
-0.006859790068119764,
0.040478985756635666,
0.0079416548833251,
0.013058972544968128,
0.06292050331830978,
-0.0020787606481462717,
-0.002230748301371932,
-0.015442905016243458,
-0.0269604604691267,
0.05346136540174484,
-0.016457751393318176,
0.01879381388425827,
0.00605557207018137,
-0.01386319100856781,
0.018343836069107056,
0.058516453951597214,
0.010186764411628246,
-0.009832525625824928,
-0.03567282482981682,
-0.060239776968955994,
0.030885810032486916,
0.007276260294020176,
-0.026022205129265785,
0.018908703699707985,
0.041742756962776184,
-0.01918634958565235,
0.015012074261903763,
-0.003472978249192238,
0.020162900909781456,
-0.01056972611695528,
0.01747259870171547,
-0.005433260463178158,
-0.008099626749753952,
-0.009842099621891975,
0.058248378336429596,
0.0029823093209415674,
0.035347308963537216,
0.01627584546804428,
-0.03427501767873764,
0.011421813629567623,
0.035615380853414536,
-0.004708027932792902,
0.025964761152863503,
-0.05150826275348663,
-0.026347720995545387,
-0.007443805690854788,
0.020373528823256493,
-0.0031881509348750114,
-0.04748717322945595,
0.04668295383453369,
0.04423200339078903,
0.030560294166207314,
0.011689886450767517,
0.0038272172678261995,
0.009377758949995041,
-0.01693645305931568,
0.02550520747900009,
0.04629999399185181,
0.013231305405497551,
-0.03335591033101082,
0.04469155892729759,
-0.02045012079179287,
0.008104413747787476,
-0.02031608484685421,
-0.046108514070510864,
-0.05016789957880974,
-0.010426115244626999,
0.003482552245259285,
-0.037108927965164185,
0.021254340186715126,
0.04978493973612785,
-0.00029799158801324666,
-0.04086194559931755,
-0.018085336312651634,
0.00708956690505147,
0.01634286344051361,
0.005591231863945723,
-0.015452479012310505,
-0.0033293678425252438,
0.00613695103675127,
0.019148053601384163,
0.010598448105156422,
-0.011843071319162846,
-0.008889484219253063,
-0.022058557718992233,
-0.01277175173163414,
0.010158042423427105,
-0.05066575109958649,
-0.005648675840348005,
-0.043887339532375336,
-0.008889484219253063,
-0.011316499672830105,
-0.017817264422774315,
0.009746359661221504,
0.0026783340144902468,
0.008913419209420681,
0.013097268529236317,
0.0982678085565567,
-0.021847929805517197,
0.018707647919654846,
-0.03791314736008644,
0.036745116114616394,
-0.02636687085032463,
0.025428615510463715,
0.02339892089366913,
0.010560151189565659,
-0.014150411821901798,
0.010780354030430317,
0.004593139514327049,
0.011967533268034458,
0.015624811872839928,
0.012350494973361492,
-0.030847514048218727,
0.02736256830394268,
0.015299295075237751,
-0.030617738142609596,
-0.03385375812649727,
0.002292979508638382,
-0.03645789250731468,
0.04817650467157364,
-0.002180484589189291,
-0.04208742082118988,
0.04626169800758362,
-0.013422785326838493,
-0.034792013466358185,
-0.0077358135022223,
-0.007754961960017681,
0.012484530918300152,
0.011316499672830105,
0.0360557846724987,
0.0018777060322463512,
-0.00768315652385354,
-0.02249896340072155,
-0.006993826478719711,
0.01147925853729248,
0.028932709246873856,
0.055108100175857544,
0.04522770270705223,
-0.030751774087548256,
-0.010359097272157669,
-0.021847929805517197,
0.026424314826726913,
-0.010722910054028034,
-0.05066575109958649,
0.0038894484750926495,
0.025160541757941246,
0.009277231991291046,
0.0034777652472257614,
0.027611494064331055,
0.02531372755765915,
-0.0122451800853014,
-0.006007701624184847,
0.028262527659535408,
-0.04809991270303726,
-0.00573962926864624,
0.003039753530174494,
0.005423686001449823,
0.012599419802427292,
0.03795144334435463,
-0.01832468807697296,
0.006495977286249399,
-0.014188707806169987,
0.00286981463432312,
-0.0015761242248117924,
-0.04116831719875336,
-0.02472013793885708,
0.014571668580174446,
-0.01288664061576128,
-0.002084744395688176,
0.016917305067181587,
-0.0615418441593647,
0.005959831643849611,
0.011421813629567623,
-0.030158184468746185,
-0.031115587800741196,
0.03103899583220482,
-0.02259470336139202,
-0.017778968438506126,
0.006912447512149811,
0.025524355471134186,
-0.012465382926166058,
-0.048521168529987335,
0.05717608705163002,
-0.0033006458543241024,
-0.004686485975980759,
-0.01459081657230854,
0.003741051070392132,
-0.016036495566368103,
0.0007557497592642903,
-0.00961232278496027,
-0.028836969286203384,
-0.00936339795589447,
-0.039062030613422394,
0.03461968153715134,
0.00969370175153017,
0.0030948042403906584,
0.011048426851630211,
-0.01743430271744728,
-0.04250868037343025,
0.002738171722739935
] |
Twitter as one of the most popular social networks, offers a means for
communication and online discourse, which unfortunately has been the target of
bots and fake accounts, leading to the manipulation and spreading of false
information. Towards this end, we gather a challenging, multilingual dataset of
social discourse on Twitter, originating from 9M users regarding the recent
Russo-Ukrainian war, in order to detect the bot accounts and the conversation
involving them. We collect the ground truth for our dataset through the Twitter
API suspended accounts collection, containing approximately 343K of bot
accounts and 8M of normal users. Additionally, we use a dataset provided by
Botometer-V3 with 1,777 Varol, 483 German accounts, and 1,321 US accounts.
Besides the publicly available datasets, we also manage to collect 2
independent datasets around popular discussion topics of the 2022 energy crisis
and the 2022 conspiracy discussions. Both of the datasets were labeled
according to the Twitter suspension mechanism. We build a novel ML model for
bot detection using the state-of-the-art XGBoost model. We combine the model
with a high volume of labeled tweets according to the Twitter suspension
mechanism ground truth. This requires a limited set of profile features
allowing labeling of the dataset in different time periods from the collection,
as it is independent of the Twitter API. In comparison with Botometer our
methodology achieves an average 11% higher ROC-AUC score over two real-case
scenario datasets. | [
-0.019325142726302147,
-0.006469174288213253,
-0.023589467629790306,
-0.031439702957868576,
0.06377103179693222,
-0.0015094740083441138,
-0.02143792249262333,
0.03008287027478218,
-0.03054806962609291,
0.021341005340218544,
0.032970983535051346,
-0.06400363147258759,
0.0036343676038086414,
-0.05911904573440552,
-0.062259137630462646,
-0.00018504988111089915,
0.024248499423265457,
-0.06997369229793549,
0.035917241126298904,
-0.05756838247179985,
0.0012375020887702703,
-0.013597380369901657,
-0.05357542261481285,
0.028570974245667458,
0.032718997448682785,
-0.010777111165225506,
0.011242310516536236,
-0.003379961708560586,
-0.04361240938305855,
0.095830999314785,
0.026206212118268013,
-0.0036222529597580433,
0.06776399165391922,
-0.07078778743743896,
-0.023259952664375305,
-0.00811675377190113,
0.05431198701262474,
0.031187718734145164,
-0.009303980506956577,
-0.043302278965711594,
0.0023296296130865812,
0.04148024693131447,
-0.00785023346543312,
-0.03302913159132004,
0.008717636577785015,
-0.018220296129584312,
-0.029462605714797974,
-0.029578905552625656,
0.008775785565376282,
0.012754206545650959,
0.01917976886034012,
-0.048419468104839325,
-0.03188551589846611,
0.005616309121251106,
-0.04900096356868744,
0.03822385519742966,
0.039503153413534164,
0.03467671200633049,
0.037836190313100815,
-0.02250400371849537,
0.04892343282699585,
0.03074190393090248,
0.06427500396966934,
-0.003748244373127818,
-0.028260841965675354,
-0.017677564173936844,
-0.010893411003053188,
-0.024345416575670242,
-0.04213928058743477,
-0.0017323818756267428,
0.010466977953910828,
0.03335864841938019,
0.02608991228044033,
0.027000928297638893,
0.012104867026209831,
0.007637017406523228,
0.019557742401957512,
0.030896969139575958,
0.028784191235899925,
0.008669178001582623,
0.02062382362782955,
0.04066614806652069,
-0.01151367649435997,
0.02143792249262333,
0.07567238062620163,
-0.0333004966378212,
-0.02415158413350582,
-0.08094463497400284,
0.003595600835978985,
-0.04217804595828056,
-0.02384144999086857,
0.03134278580546379,
-0.027659960091114044,
-0.021592989563941956,
-0.04431020841002464,
0.011203543283045292,
0.037642356008291245,
-0.018559502437710762,
-0.036615040153265,
0.0017893202602863312,
-0.008630411699414253,
-0.01717359758913517,
0.0029511062894016504,
0.001206610002554953,
0.041906680911779404,
-0.015729542821645737,
-0.04892343282699585,
0.022445853799581528,
0.0010794071713462472,
0.15204255282878876,
-0.028183307498693466,
0.007661246694624424,
-0.031071418896317482,
0.03632429242134094,
-0.016553333029150963,
0.04779919981956482,
-0.028532207012176514,
-0.02835775725543499,
-0.009444509632885456,
-0.03314543142914772,
0.006304416339844465,
0.0718732550740242,
-0.019354218617081642,
-0.009924245998263359,
-0.003748244373127818,
0.00258766976185143,
-0.005349788814783096,
0.027718110010027885,
0.02715599350631237,
0.030470537021756172,
0.00011130250641144812,
0.03773927316069603,
-0.03283529728651047,
0.0010678983526304364,
-0.003207935020327568,
0.02616744674742222,
0.03436657786369324,
0.07299748063087463,
-0.02236832119524479,
0.011746276170015335,
-0.004533267579972744,
0.005432168021798134,
-0.027369210496544838,
0.016689015552401543,
-0.07129175215959549,
0.03814632073044777,
-0.030257320031523705,
0.0512494258582592,
-0.014721611514687538,
-0.011416759341955185,
0.05105559527873993,
0.03469609469175339,
0.042565710842609406,
0.019141001626849174,
0.02004232443869114,
-0.10389444977045059,
-0.0459384061396122,
-0.0659031942486763,
0.05117189511656761,
0.023201802745461464,
0.019809726625680923,
0.021341005340218544,
0.07346267998218536,
0.02130223996937275,
0.03353309631347656,
-0.009468738920986652,
-0.006318953819572926,
0.022794753313064575,
-0.04539567232131958,
0.0312846340239048,
0.040704917162656784,
0.00898900255560875,
-0.0013701565330848098,
0.026807093992829323,
-0.008402657695114613,
0.04865206778049469,
0.003748244373127818,
0.0052383351139724255,
-0.01225024089217186,
0.004240095615386963,
-0.04597717151045799,
0.01990664191544056,
-0.009904863312840462,
0.022058187052607536,
-0.008867857046425343,
0.06342213600873947,
0.08265036344528198,
0.006003974936902523,
0.00416256207972765,
0.03415336459875107,
0.025915462523698807,
-0.0598943755030632,
0.04551197215914726,
-0.04547320678830147,
0.012453765608370304,
-0.004579302854835987,
-0.07768823951482773,
0.027970092371106148,
-0.032118115574121475,
-0.06450760364532471,
-0.0565992146730423,
-0.01836566999554634,
-0.029443223029375076,
-0.03613045811653137,
0.00018504988111089915,
0.030916353687644005,
0.0592353455722332,
0.04299214482307434,
-0.052218593657016754,
-0.02723352611064911,
-0.02149607241153717,
-0.04027848318219185,
-0.04865206778049469,
0.0339401476085186,
0.018404437229037285,
0.029404455795884132,
0.043496109545230865,
0.0038088171277195215,
0.04047231748700142,
0.0026458194479346275,
-0.014130420982837677,
0.03849522024393082,
0.01164935901761055,
-0.0219612717628479,
-0.0632283017039299,
-0.030393004417419434,
0.030470537021756172,
0.02343440242111683,
-0.05198599398136139,
0.02955952286720276,
0.01311279833316803,
-0.04531813785433769,
-0.02242647111415863,
0.002640973776578903,
-0.001387116964906454,
-0.009090764448046684,
0.0006372257485054433,
0.02436479926109314,
-0.0169700738042593,
-0.01871456950902939,
-0.016281966120004654,
0.026051146909594536,
-0.05706441402435303,
-0.03715777397155762,
0.06016574054956436,
0.013733062893152237,
0.03576217591762543,
0.015080202370882034,
-0.0256247129291296,
0.0605921745300293,
-0.02122470550239086,
-0.0033266576938331127,
0.014992977492511272,
-0.0023272065445780754,
0.0019637697841972113,
-0.02715599350631237,
0.04799303412437439,
-0.06795782595872879,
-0.02262030355632305,
-0.029404455795884132,
0.04512430727481842,
0.018956860527396202,
-0.08032436668872833,
0.0652441680431366,
-0.0054854718036949635,
0.017745405435562134,
0.07078778743743896,
-0.03341679647564888,
0.008625565096735954,
-0.003389653516933322,
0.02395774982869625,
0.026303129270672798,
-0.02302735298871994,
-0.026400044560432434,
0.008344507776200771,
0.005761683918535709,
-0.016088133677840233,
0.013229097239673138,
-0.021457305178046227,
0.040239717811346054,
0.03834015503525734,
-0.024674931541085243,
0.03547142818570137,
0.04411637410521507,
0.017057297751307487,
-0.02909432351589203,
0.0036246757954359055,
-0.03932870179414749,
-0.014101346023380756,
-0.005936133675277233,
-0.03035423718392849,
0.018152454867959023,
-0.0312846340239048,
-0.024868765845894814,
0.0099823959171772,
-0.026322511956095695,
0.003697363194078207,
-0.011940108612179756,
-0.009992087259888649,
0.011891650035977364,
-0.02248462103307247,
0.013006189838051796,
0.01311279833316803,
0.05105559527873993,
0.008010146208107471,
-0.029927805066108704,
0.08970588445663452,
0.021379772573709488,
-0.060282040387392044,
-0.032912831753492355,
-0.025721630081534386,
0.015622934326529503,
-0.043496109545230865,
0.009807946160435677,
0.022387703880667686,
0.014983286149799824,
-0.005131727084517479,
-0.030606219545006752,
0.019926024600863457,
-0.009139223024249077,
0.019460827112197876,
0.031963050365448,
-0.06551553308963776,
0.06757015734910965,
-0.00010002082126447931,
-0.030780669301748276,
-0.024248499423265457,
0.03452164679765701,
0.05264502391219139,
0.004717409145087004,
-0.035917241126298904,
-0.002399893943220377,
-0.025857312604784966,
-0.018607961013913155,
0.025973612442612648,
-0.054079387336969376,
0.02083704061806202,
0.05132696032524109,
-0.014576236717402935,
0.02023615874350071,
-0.024461716413497925,
-0.024616781622171402,
-0.010292529128491879,
-0.05318775773048401,
-0.0036779798101633787,
-0.018210604786872864,
-0.04454280808568001,
0.0372934564948082,
-0.05966177582740784,
0.0026821631472557783,
0.00122296460904181,
-0.040162183344364166,
-0.007637017406523228,
0.01816214621067047,
0.04140271618962288,
0.015118968673050404,
-0.07532347738742828,
-0.02110840566456318,
0.014140112325549126,
-0.007898692041635513,
-0.005592080298811197,
-0.03642120957374573,
0.021476689726114273,
0.029966572299599648,
-0.06950849294662476,
-0.0412864163517952,
-0.00901807751506567,
-0.015564784407615662,
0.019945409148931503,
0.0002951409260276705,
-0.0009667417616583407,
0.0041940598748624325,
-0.02616744674742222,
0.05628908425569534,
-0.0479154996573925,
-0.014789452776312828,
0.029966572299599648,
0.0005715042934753001,
-0.04760536924004555,
0.04958246275782585,
-0.01676654815673828,
-0.013558614067733288,
0.01591368392109871,
-0.016059057787060738,
-0.027000928297638893,
-0.013074031099677086,
0.04690757021307945,
0.010835261084139347,
-0.027718110010027885,
0.04012341797351837,
0.016747165471315384,
0.016388574615120888,
-0.007171818520873785,
-0.04648113623261452,
-0.0199647918343544,
0.036711957305669785,
0.03494807705283165,
-0.003348463913425803,
-0.022252021357417107,
-0.01656302437186241,
-0.06377103179693222,
0.01977095939218998,
-0.01757095567882061,
-0.005844063125550747,
0.012666982598602772,
-0.008877548389136791,
-0.020313691347837448,
-0.002774233929812908,
-0.02190312184393406,
-0.05345912277698517,
-0.07664154469966888,
0.018559502437710762,
0.03549081087112427,
0.04167408123612404,
0.030858203768730164,
0.051947224885225296,
-0.02829960733652115,
-0.0007056730100885034,
-0.0003822143189609051,
-0.041635312139987946,
0.008363891392946243,
0.030141020193696022,
0.04714016988873482,
0.052296124398708344,
-0.050551630556583405,
0.045899637043476105,
-0.009173143655061722,
-0.021379772573709488,
-0.02688462845981121,
-0.007477105595171452,
0.02835775725543499,
0.05636661499738693,
0.0266326442360878,
-0.00862071942538023,
0.0034114595036953688,
-0.018026461824774742,
0.016475798562169075,
-0.007564330007880926,
0.0020340343471616507,
-0.03508375957608223,
-0.008422041311860085,
-0.005553313530981541,
0.058072347193956375,
-0.012347158044576645,
-0.034114595502614975,
-0.059080276638269424,
0.012938348576426506,
0.012424690648913383,
-0.05031903088092804,
-0.014469628222286701,
-0.05117189511656761,
0.0006017906707711518,
-0.06753139197826385,
-0.019063469022512436,
-0.0266326442360878,
0.004198906011879444,
0.020255541428923607,
-0.04768289998173714,
0.03287406638264656,
-0.05822741240262985,
-0.03709962218999863,
0.09303981065750122,
0.02510136552155018,
0.007680629845708609,
-0.0016657517990097404,
0.018423819914460182,
0.005999129265546799,
-0.059080276638269424,
0.00046853054664097726,
-0.018811486661434174,
0.015283727087080479,
-0.005500009283423424,
-0.018210604786872864,
-0.0019831531681120396,
-0.010118079371750355,
0.018540119752287865,
-0.006047587376087904,
-0.01162028405815363,
0.005010581109672785,
0.049815062433481216,
0.017755096778273582,
-0.0034986843820661306,
0.021592989563941956,
-0.015400026924908161,
-0.031110186129808426,
-0.020875805988907814,
0.010602661408483982,
-0.059545475989580154,
-0.026981543749570847,
0.016485491767525673,
-0.018801795318722725,
-0.0014186147600412369,
0.009565655142068863,
0.03748729079961777,
-0.002098241588100791,
0.007598251104354858,
-0.036615040153265,
0.0222907867282629,
0.06869439035654068,
-0.03512252867221832,
-0.002176986075937748,
-0.05555251985788345,
0.009740104898810387,
-0.013432621955871582,
0.0058634462766349316,
0.011232618242502213,
0.04745030030608177,
0.08823274821043015,
-0.02748551033437252,
-0.007467413786798716,
0.04810933396220207,
-0.01061235275119543,
-0.006934373173862696,
-0.003959037829190493,
-0.04198421165347099,
0.030586836859583855,
0.0018171838019043207,
-0.024074049666523933,
0.04337980970740318,
0.0206432081758976,
0.004860360641032457,
-0.01831721141934395,
-0.0346185602247715,
0.049156032502651215,
-0.03754543885588646,
0.004281284753233194,
-0.000356168020516634,
0.023124268278479576,
0.01725113019347191,
-0.013229097239673138,
-0.018152454867959023,
0.04353487491607666,
-0.007036135531961918,
-0.01378152146935463,
0.022872285917401314,
-0.007011906243860722,
-0.019800033420324326,
0.040433548390865326,
-0.024267883971333504,
0.007743625435978174,
-0.03665380924940109,
0.03213750198483467,
-0.009483275935053825,
-0.0196352768689394,
-0.001116962288506329,
0.016223816201090813,
0.002531942678615451,
0.0031861288007348776,
-0.011998258531093597,
0.02269783616065979,
-0.025547180324792862,
0.01041852030903101,
0.018278446048498154,
-0.03454102948307991,
-0.007162126712501049,
-0.02888110652565956,
-0.052296124398708344,
0.010631736367940903,
0.013733062893152237,
-0.05066793039441109,
0.005456396844238043,
0.0739278793334961,
-0.02275598607957363,
-0.03488992899656296,
-0.012444074265658855,
-0.004000226967036724,
0.031517233699560165,
0.0565604493021965,
-0.01922822743654251,
0.012327774427831173,
0.02050752379000187,
-0.018220296129584312,
-0.03609169274568558,
0.0005539381527341902,
-0.009774025529623032,
0.02250400371849537,
0.023647617548704147,
-0.0559014193713665,
-0.006624240428209305,
0.002048571826890111,
0.05152079463005066,
0.03081943653523922,
-0.004833708982914686,
0.013917204923927784,
0.01971280947327614,
0.0010091427247971296,
-0.0018523159669712186,
-0.05504855141043663,
-0.02855159156024456,
0.012133941985666752,
0.006289878860116005,
0.048962198197841644,
-0.0256247129291296,
-0.04341857507824898,
-0.01314187329262495,
-0.024112816900014877,
0.011096935719251633,
0.024054666981101036,
0.04690757021307945,
-0.057800982147455215,
-0.019586818292737007,
0.020992105826735497,
-0.008053758181631565,
0.054738420993089676,
-0.062065303325653076,
-0.010147154331207275,
0.01876302808523178,
-0.005495163612067699,
0.014198262244462967,
0.0006553975981660187,
-0.0014186147600412369,
-0.051288194954395294,
0.0519084595143795,
-0.003658596659079194,
-0.0022811712697148323,
0.029113706201314926,
0.026729561388492584,
0.008199132978916168,
-0.016349807381629944,
0.00469560269266367,
0.029307538643479347,
-0.038902267813682556,
0.03209873288869858,
0.047954268753528595,
0.0018317211652174592,
0.04291461035609245,
-0.02576039731502533,
-0.0252951979637146,
0.0026506653521209955,
0.014615003019571304,
-0.041092582046985626,
0.027718110010027885,
0.012192091904580593,
-0.008388119749724865,
-0.017735714092850685,
-0.013393855653703213,
0.030179787427186966,
-0.012056408450007439,
-0.035645876079797745,
-0.001553086331114173,
0.02603176236152649,
0.017522497102618217,
-0.020274924114346504,
0.04900096356868744,
-0.005916750058531761,
0.004242518451064825,
-0.031052036210894585,
0.025392113253474236,
0.019199151545763016,
0.03454102948307991,
-0.022116336971521378,
0.014818527735769749,
0.005088114645332098,
0.02696216106414795,
0.03456041216850281,
-0.0070555186830461025,
0.009803100489079952,
0.010360370390117168,
0.018210604786872864,
-0.021244090050458908,
-0.009609268046915531,
-0.020681973546743393,
0.0021612371783703566,
-0.02515951544046402,
0.025915462523698807,
-0.04078244790434837,
0.008577107451856136,
0.03585909307003021,
-0.009037460200488567,
0.0352582111954689,
0.04706263542175293,
-0.0037603587843477726,
-0.00905684381723404,
0.016146283596754074,
-0.004208597354590893,
-0.0038911961019039154,
-0.02535334788262844,
0.02510136552155018,
-0.002000113483518362,
-0.022252021357417107,
0.006648469716310501,
0.006415870040655136,
-0.022523386403918266,
-0.014256412163376808,
-0.07761070877313614,
-0.02515951544046402,
0.03787495568394661,
0.01750311441719532,
-0.00013916598982177675,
-0.006110583432018757,
-0.016892539337277412,
-0.019131310284137726,
-0.018879327923059464,
0.016601791605353355,
-0.019402677193284035,
-0.01923791877925396,
-0.01591368392109871,
-0.005577542819082737,
-0.007370497100055218,
0.01054451148957014,
0.0038039712235331535,
-0.01255068276077509,
-0.03147846832871437,
0.020410608500242233,
-0.019150692969560623,
-0.010244070552289486,
0.013035264797508717,
-0.0007922921213321388,
-0.0153128020465374,
-0.0445815734565258,
-0.008707944303750992,
0.011184160597622395,
-0.0039130025543272495,
-0.00745772197842598,
0.016475798562169075,
0.009027768857777119,
0.026477579027414322,
0.002633705036714673,
0.017803555354475975,
0.036905791610479355,
0.024597398936748505,
0.012492532841861248,
0.0219612717628479,
-0.05776221305131912,
-0.06431376934051514,
-0.00490881921723485,
0.03002472035586834,
-0.007956841960549355,
-0.06070847436785698,
0.0016281966818496585,
0.024597398936748505,
0.011348918080329895,
-0.0133163221180439,
0.02502383105456829,
-0.015361259691417217,
-0.022077571600675583,
0.003159476909786463,
0.06361597031354904,
0.029443223029375076,
0.004673796705901623,
0.028067009523510933,
-0.04148024693131447,
0.023415017873048782,
-0.03355247899889946,
0.014023812487721443,
0.055009786039590836,
0.004092297982424498,
0.04876836761832237,
-0.01843351125717163,
-0.03492869436740875,
-0.006260803900659084,
0.01824937015771866,
0.031788602471351624,
-0.004017187748104334,
-0.02581854723393917,
0.006357720121741295,
-0.026768328621983528,
0.02721414342522621,
-0.03946438431739807,
0.03481239452958107,
-0.004077760502696037,
0.03159476816654205,
0.011436142958700657,
-0.002130950801074505,
0.025275815278291702,
-0.009245830588042736,
-0.006895606406033039,
0.010622045025229454,
0.03886350244283676,
-0.015400026924908161,
0.00872248224914074,
0.01597183384001255,
0.052024759352207184,
-0.01964496821165085,
-0.023415017873048782,
0.0002380510704824701,
0.015060818754136562,
-0.06512786448001862,
-0.020914573222398758,
0.01550663448870182,
-0.0565992146730423,
-0.009793409146368504,
-0.03368816524744034,
0.018472278490662575,
0.0009297923534177244,
0.03938685357570648,
-0.00025198282673954964,
-0.03215688467025757,
-0.02283351868391037,
0.05066793039441109,
-0.07233844697475433,
-0.013422930613160133,
0.02608991228044033,
0.010195611976087093,
0.021011490374803543,
-0.012356849387288094,
0.017066989094018936,
0.06008820980787277,
0.005577542819082737,
-0.009405743330717087,
0.04000711813569069,
-0.04035601764917374,
-0.01651456579566002,
0.024190349504351616,
0.001607601880095899,
-0.06404240429401398,
-0.06105737388134003,
-0.015981525182724,
0.025392113253474236,
0.03872781991958618,
0.04694633558392525,
0.004916087724268436,
-0.04446527361869812,
-0.0012362906709313393,
-0.016553333029150963,
-0.0186467282474041,
-0.0352775938808918,
-0.013519846834242344,
0.026244979351758957,
-0.009875788353383541,
-0.02176743745803833,
-0.05446705222129822,
-0.020585058256983757,
0.013500464148819447,
-0.042837079614400864,
0.046752505004405975,
0.019276686012744904,
0.05803358182311058,
0.061949003487825394,
0.022736603394150734,
0.022077571600675583,
0.04838069900870323,
-0.0612512081861496,
0.012899581342935562,
-0.04950493201613426,
0.009192527271807194,
0.018336595967411995,
-0.023259952664375305,
0.019984174519777298,
0.04690757021307945,
0.04477540776133537,
-0.0070458268746733665,
0.011794733814895153,
-0.0006820496055297554,
0.005039656069129705,
-0.0186273455619812,
-0.006033049896359444,
0.0016112362500280142,
0.015729542821645737,
0.005112343467772007,
0.02515951544046402,
0.062336672097444534,
0.006149349734187126,
0.03173045068979263,
-0.020798273384571075,
0.021786822006106377,
0.020875805988907814,
0.041170116513967514,
0.017289897426962852,
0.02343440242111683,
0.012841431424021721,
-0.04853576794266701,
-0.010156845673918724,
-0.0049378941766917706,
0.010166537016630173,
-0.03645997494459152,
0.02436479926109314,
-0.031304020434617996,
-0.0008104639709927142,
-0.03585909307003021,
-0.018355978652834892,
-0.03456041216850281,
-0.023880217224359512,
0.03894103690981865,
0.020992105826735497,
0.010961252264678478,
-0.03415336459875107,
-0.03853398561477661,
-0.03122648596763611,
0.005713225807994604,
0.028939256444573402,
0.04299214482307434,
0.056211549788713455,
-0.04578333720564842,
0.044232673943042755,
-0.027931325137615204,
-0.005592080298811197,
0.00346960942260921,
-0.0071088229306042194,
-0.0035931780003011227,
-0.002461678348481655,
0.024946298450231552,
-0.022193871438503265,
-0.04225558042526245,
0.011281076818704605,
0.00048337088082917035,
-0.009933937340974808,
-0.014760377816855907,
-0.0658644288778305,
-0.007491643074899912,
-0.0070458268746733665,
-0.0366344228386879,
-0.028648506850004196,
0.014285487122833729,
0.04171284660696983,
0.016252892091870308,
-0.027000928297638893,
-0.02475246600806713,
-0.01044759526848793,
-0.026051146909594536,
-0.01554540079087019,
0.006483711767941713,
0.004349126480519772,
0.015167427249252796,
0.012337465770542622,
0.02756304293870926,
0.010118079371750355,
-0.03101326897740364,
0.023046735674142838,
0.0021345852874219418,
0.011920724995434284,
0.011281076818704605,
-0.02901679091155529,
0.04078244790434837,
-0.06039834022521973,
0.02116655558347702,
-0.008136137388646603,
-0.005306176375597715,
-0.03413397818803787,
0.02103087306022644,
0.03516129404306412,
0.0023708189837634563,
-0.015933066606521606,
0.03483177721500397,
0.016873156651854515,
0.002764542121440172,
0.06202653795480728,
0.038301385939121246,
-0.021147172898054123,
-0.017386814579367638,
0.0024725813418626785,
0.05338158831000328,
-0.024112816900014877,
-0.03754543885588646,
-0.0018632190767675638,
0.008121599443256855,
0.06958602368831635,
-0.028532207012176514,
-0.01697976514697075,
0.013955971226096153,
-0.003329080529510975,
-0.009555963799357414,
0.008509266190230846,
0.0242872666567564,
-0.03973574936389923,
0.03498684614896774,
-0.02116655558347702,
-0.0009612902067601681,
0.01044759526848793,
-0.0023865678813308477,
-0.007496488746255636,
0.015807075425982475,
-0.03742913901805878,
0.002684586215764284,
-0.05113312602043152,
-0.02849344164133072,
-0.004022033419460058,
-0.031071418896317482,
-0.014789452776312828,
0.06411993503570557,
-0.021670522168278694,
-0.02589607983827591,
-0.03543265908956528,
-0.030199170112609863,
-0.02170928753912449,
-0.017008839175105095,
0.008882394060492516,
0.002977758413180709,
0.014101346023380756,
0.014459936879575253,
-0.009536580182611942,
-0.01917976886034012,
0.03514191135764122,
-0.03186613321304321,
-0.013190330937504768,
0.011058168485760689,
0.03746790438890457,
0.0050154272466897964,
-0.04054984822869301,
0.05772344768047333,
-0.0037700505927205086,
-0.003379961708560586,
0.016747165471315384,
0.01790047064423561,
-0.06822919100522995,
-0.0075352550484240055,
0.00695375632494688,
-0.03520005941390991,
-0.028047624975442886,
0.0020400916691869497,
-0.0209727231413126,
0.008625565096735954,
-0.044155143201351166,
0.023725150153040886,
-0.04838069900870323,
0.046364836394786835,
0.012347158044576645,
-0.02436479926109314,
-0.031963050365448,
0.0078017753548920155,
0.02795070968568325,
-0.0266132615506649,
-0.004472694825381041,
-0.021011490374803543,
-0.0041698310524225235,
0.00898900255560875,
0.0027306214906275272,
0.004181945696473122,
0.03721592202782631,
-0.03054806962609291,
0.003566525876522064,
-0.005596925970166922,
-0.02715599350631237,
-0.037506673485040665
] |
Quantum machine learning is often highlighted as one of the most promising
uses for a quantum computer to solve practical problems. However, a major
obstacle to the widespread use of quantum machine learning models in practice
is that these models, even once trained, still require access to a quantum
computer in order to be evaluated on new data. To solve this issue, we suggest
that following the training phase of a quantum model, a quantum computer could
be used to generate what we call a classical shadow of this model, i.e., a
classically computable approximation of the learned function. While recent
works already explore this idea and suggest approaches to construct such shadow
models, they also raise the possibility that a completely classical model could
be trained instead, thus circumventing the need for a quantum computer in the
first place. In this work, we take a novel approach to define shadow models
based on the frameworks of quantum linear models and classical shadow
tomography. This approach allows us to show that there exist shadow models
which can solve certain learning tasks that are intractable for fully classical
models, based on widely-believed cryptography assumptions. We also discuss the
(un)likeliness that all quantum models could be shadowfiable, based on common
assumptions in complexity theory. | [
-0.05867036432027817,
-0.01762010157108307,
-0.03546466305851936,
0.011447454802691936,
0.017240246757864952,
-0.02443159557878971,
0.017887726426124573,
0.012716516852378845,
-0.021824408322572708,
0.07894081622362137,
-0.026779793202877045,
0.0036798473447561264,
0.028040220960974693,
-0.0016899240436032414,
-0.001526974723674357,
0.03259848430752754,
-0.0029395613819360733,
-0.009358251467347145,
-0.02398267574608326,
-0.034929413348436356,
-0.005214375909417868,
-0.02885172888636589,
-0.05953367054462433,
-0.05096966400742531,
0.007614370435476303,
0.040782637894153595,
-0.008551058359444141,
-0.03399704024195671,
-0.08709044009447098,
0.040644507855176926,
-0.03189057111740112,
0.022342393174767494,
-0.014572626911103725,
-0.06094949319958687,
-0.020097794011235237,
-0.010946736671030521,
-0.01328629907220602,
-0.00013853384007234126,
-0.06405740231275558,
0.021530883386731148,
0.021340956911444664,
0.010739542543888092,
-0.018060388043522835,
-0.031217191368341446,
0.017153916880488396,
-0.02170354500412941,
-0.061363883316516876,
-0.021772610023617744,
-0.023222966119647026,
-0.018388444557785988,
-0.05411210283637047,
-0.060742300003767014,
0.06785595417022705,
-0.02472512051463127,
-0.007713650818914175,
0.010869039222598076,
0.015504999086260796,
-0.025035912171006203,
0.06612934172153473,
-0.06243438273668289,
-0.005421570036560297,
0.025519363582134247,
-0.03684595599770546,
-0.021928004920482635,
0.006858976557850838,
-0.031942371279001236,
0.030336618423461914,
-0.02954237535595894,
0.025881953537464142,
-0.04275097697973251,
-0.046929385513067245,
-0.042198460549116135,
-0.006030201446264982,
-0.03289200738072395,
-0.009461848065257072,
0.003610782790929079,
0.0018884846940636635,
0.03912508487701416,
0.002667619613930583,
0.022066134959459305,
-0.0009113287669606507,
0.033634454011917114,
0.009246021509170532,
0.000024111903258017264,
0.08570914715528488,
-0.014330901205539703,
-0.02658986486494541,
-0.03580998629331589,
0.025881953537464142,
0.032788410782814026,
-0.04983009770512581,
0.0041136592626571655,
0.0004041357315145433,
-0.019476212561130524,
-0.02427620068192482,
-0.008581274189054966,
-0.05183297023177147,
-0.01911362260580063,
-0.025312170386314392,
0.01785319484770298,
0.014028743840754032,
0.00017401037621311843,
0.033047404140233994,
0.03525746986269951,
0.01020429190248251,
-0.06443725526332855,
-0.028592737391591072,
0.046066075563430786,
0.01714528352022171,
0.09689760953187943,
-0.003615099238231778,
-0.010782708413898945,
-0.018181251361966133,
-0.003407905576750636,
-0.017214346677064896,
-0.008244584314525127,
-0.040506377816200256,
-0.022756779566407204,
0.02329203113913536,
-0.0020730167161673307,
0.033047404140233994,
0.07541852444410324,
0.0428200401365757,
0.043061766773462296,
-0.04979556426405907,
0.08522569388151169,
0.01759420335292816,
0.03173517435789108,
0.05884302407503128,
0.03273661434650421,
0.004730924032628536,
0.01055824849754572,
-0.0024625840596854687,
-0.040644507855176926,
-0.03670782595872879,
0.004219414200633764,
0.0428200401365757,
0.034083373844623566,
-0.026106413453817368,
-0.009340984746813774,
-0.006513653323054314,
-0.07127465307712555,
-0.00816257018595934,
0.0023309297394007444,
0.012060402892529964,
-0.006362574640661478,
-0.006694948300719261,
0.05915381759405136,
-0.052350953221321106,
-0.006923724431544542,
-0.025053177028894424,
0.05041714757680893,
-0.016247443854808807,
0.028799930587410927,
0.02900712564587593,
0.0011028751032426953,
-0.013787017203867435,
0.00892659742385149,
0.0002602062013465911,
-0.05300706624984741,
0.01812945306301117,
-0.025778355076909065,
0.003876249771565199,
0.057772524654865265,
0.01171507965773344,
0.004441716242581606,
0.06070777028799057,
0.028506407514214516,
-0.040540911257267,
0.0416804775595665,
0.02330929785966873,
0.046480465680360794,
-0.0368804894387722,
-0.009755372069776058,
-0.04637686908245087,
0.0437178798019886,
0.005956820212304592,
-0.05342145636677742,
-0.0608113668859005,
-0.03425603359937668,
-0.06861566752195358,
0.03202870115637779,
0.021910740062594414,
0.052903469651937485,
0.03881429508328438,
0.024966847151517868,
0.05200562998652458,
0.02558842860162258,
-0.0027561085298657417,
0.005322289653122425,
0.024086274206638336,
0.007316529285162687,
0.02873086743056774,
-0.007074803113937378,
0.04668765887618065,
-0.0164028387516737,
-0.026020081713795662,
-0.01957980915904045,
0.02500137872993946,
0.010506450198590755,
-0.018457509577274323,
-0.06540416181087494,
0.010126594454050064,
0.026814324781298637,
-0.017646001651883125,
-0.008961129933595657,
0.020477648824453354,
-0.033323660492897034,
0.021910740062594414,
-0.06543869525194168,
0.029041657224297523,
0.04240565374493599,
-0.02885172888636589,
-0.02626180835068226,
0.01759420335292816,
-0.02600281499326229,
-0.002725892700254917,
-0.031303521245718,
-0.0901983454823494,
-0.043925076723098755,
-0.025657493621110916,
-0.018958227708935738,
0.05694374814629555,
-0.04972650110721588,
-0.019096357747912407,
-0.003118697553873062,
-0.03618984296917915,
0.028696333989501,
-0.002328771399334073,
0.01928628422319889,
-0.014883417636156082,
0.04699844866991043,
0.042785510420799255,
-0.0050330813974142075,
-0.013683420605957508,
-0.007515090052038431,
0.035326533019542694,
-0.010376953519880772,
0.009893501177430153,
-0.024535194039344788,
0.023188434541225433,
-0.017456073313951492,
-0.014831619337201118,
-0.046791255474090576,
0.005235958844423294,
-0.022342393174767494,
-0.01983880251646042,
0.02783302776515484,
0.03874523192644119,
0.0669235810637474,
-0.036466099321842194,
-0.015660393983125687,
-0.024517927318811417,
-0.029317915439605713,
-0.019942399114370346,
-0.006841710302978754,
0.022066134959459305,
-0.02330929785966873,
-0.037087682634592056,
-0.016894923523068428,
0.04016105458140373,
-0.013018674217164516,
0.0012884861789643764,
0.11298965662717819,
-0.04009199142456055,
0.02969777025282383,
0.038503505289554596,
-0.01578989066183567,
0.0050848801620304585,
0.02225606143474579,
0.0016748161287978292,
-0.027815761044621468,
-0.009194222278892994,
0.002745317295193672,
0.00110827072057873,
-0.07203435897827148,
-0.016627298668026924,
0.03239129111170769,
-0.022169731557369232,
-0.019787002354860306,
-0.0019963982049375772,
-0.01956254243850708,
0.016825858503580093,
-0.0036668977700173855,
-0.01471075601875782,
-0.060742300003767014,
-0.04489197954535484,
0.004821571055799723,
-0.037467535585165024,
0.025191307067871094,
0.012828746810555458,
-0.03204596787691116,
-0.028385544195771217,
0.01392514631152153,
0.07659262418746948,
-0.01944168098270893,
-0.06588761508464813,
-0.03128625452518463,
0.03359992057085037,
0.00682444404810667,
-0.018492043018341064,
-0.025674758478999138,
0.02127189189195633,
0.05856676772236824,
-0.03099273145198822,
-0.0054129366762936115,
0.06695811450481415,
0.05514806881546974,
0.007005738560110331,
0.05670202150940895,
0.043648816645145416,
-0.02058124542236328,
-0.013381263241171837,
-0.015211474150419235,
-0.0025424400810152292,
0.033634454011917114,
0.026883389800786972,
-0.004657542798668146,
-0.03439416363835335,
0.02298123948276043,
0.0020244556944817305,
0.02886899560689926,
-0.05411210283637047,
-0.014115074649453163,
0.03189057111740112,
-0.026313606649637222,
-0.009686307981610298,
0.035067543387413025,
-0.05210922658443451,
0.0010208608582615852,
-0.016877656802535057,
-0.032063234597444534,
-0.06281423568725586,
0.041611410677433014,
0.03223589435219765,
-0.013165436685085297,
-0.01783592812716961,
0.05311066657304764,
0.01385608222335577,
0.001311147934757173,
-0.008106455206871033,
-0.03465315327048302,
0.015746725723147392,
0.0231193695217371,
-0.016428736969828606,
-0.06574948132038116,
-0.054077569395303726,
-0.0020341677591204643,
0.013942413032054901,
0.036051712930202484,
0.0007667248137295246,
-0.0134330615401268,
-0.01491795014590025,
0.010083429515361786,
0.04250925034284592,
-0.033634454011917114,
-0.00035881210351362824,
0.06426459550857544,
-0.028316479176282883,
-0.0007564729894511402,
-0.03083733655512333,
-0.058359574526548386,
-0.05072793737053871,
0.010730910114943981,
-0.09399689733982086,
-0.012742416001856327,
-0.022186998277902603,
-0.006228762213140726,
-0.05273080989718437,
0.034894879907369614,
-0.022929441183805466,
0.049346644431352615,
0.002676252508535981,
0.0414387509226799,
-0.013622988946735859,
-0.008978395722806454,
-0.033323660492897034,
-0.04503010958433151,
-0.08121994882822037,
0.025536630302667618,
-0.06198546290397644,
0.04202580079436302,
0.04085170105099678,
0.010618680156767368,
0.013234500773251057,
0.01787046156823635,
-0.03242582082748413,
-0.025674758478999138,
-0.07020414620637894,
0.023050304502248764,
-0.004176249261945486,
0.018889162689447403,
-0.006362574640661478,
-0.019389882683753967,
0.008762569166719913,
0.013251766562461853,
0.04212939739227295,
0.00047023268416523933,
0.012621552683413029,
0.005529483314603567,
-0.005352505017071962,
0.07417536526918411,
-0.028696333989501,
0.030198488384485245,
0.016687730327248573,
-0.0021366856526583433,
0.006017251871526241,
0.011490619741380215,
-0.0018733767792582512,
-0.026451734825968742,
0.007938110269606113,
-0.06253798305988312,
0.03860710188746452,
-0.027936624363064766,
0.0362243726849556,
-0.013553924858570099,
-0.028920793905854225,
0.013622988946735859,
0.0034057472366839647,
0.0011050333268940449,
-0.00449351454153657,
-0.008702137507498264,
0.013191335834562778,
-0.02199706993997097,
0.015176942571997643,
0.03715674579143524,
0.005948187317699194,
0.0013510759454220533,
0.005309340078383684,
-0.022774046286940575,
0.10953643172979355,
0.009340984746813774,
0.004623010754585266,
-0.04444305971264839,
-0.02315390110015869,
0.00863307248800993,
-0.017818663269281387,
0.01092083752155304,
-0.0347222201526165,
-0.0514531135559082,
0.008995662443339825,
0.02786755934357643,
-0.006500703748315573,
-0.04223299399018288,
-0.025657493621110916,
-0.008460411801934242,
-0.0026525116991251707,
-0.020615778863430023,
0.017309311777353287,
0.0014751763083040714,
-0.07389910519123077,
-0.00861149001866579,
-0.07479694485664368,
0.010782708413898945,
0.05974086374044418,
-0.022653182968497276,
-0.04036824777722359,
-0.04275097697973251,
0.06302142888307571,
-0.0016068307450041175,
0.052489083260297775,
0.06778688728809357,
0.039608538150787354,
-0.03836537525057793,
-0.0067165307700634,
0.052627213299274445,
-0.03567185625433922,
-0.04958837106823921,
-0.026676194742321968,
-0.014330901205539703,
0.008995662443339825,
-0.006953940261155367,
-0.02583015337586403,
0.03171791136264801,
0.04185313731431961,
0.030025828629732132,
0.02639993652701378,
-0.07023867964744568,
-0.025502096861600876,
-0.031182659789919853,
0.019355349242687225,
0.004305745009332895,
0.031182659789919853,
0.0006291351746767759,
-0.028454609215259552,
0.002039563376456499,
0.03701861575245857,
0.0005660058232024312,
-0.0028165399562567472,
-0.02085750363767147,
-0.021789876744151115,
-0.0462387390434742,
0.040609974414110184,
-0.011930907145142555,
-0.01706758514046669,
-0.03254668414592743,
-0.004163299221545458,
-0.004756823182106018,
0.10083429515361786,
0.05566605553030968,
0.03760566562414169,
-0.041473280638456345,
-0.06782142072916031,
0.025968283414840698,
-0.03812364861369133,
0.02987043187022209,
0.05252361670136452,
-0.04530636593699455,
-0.013484859839081764,
-0.001737405895255506,
0.026244541630148888,
-0.006751063279807568,
0.012802846729755402,
-0.02325749769806862,
0.020339520648121834,
-0.0075971041806042194,
-0.011153929866850376,
-0.06913364678621292,
0.01883736439049244,
0.016169745475053787,
0.018820099532604218,
-0.04209486395120621,
0.04900132119655609,
0.04468478634953499,
-0.014598526060581207,
0.06226172298192978,
0.02368915267288685,
-0.017922259867191315,
-0.038261778652668,
-0.03437689691781998,
-0.044788382947444916,
0.03674235939979553,
-0.04043731465935707,
-0.05639123171567917,
-0.023533757776021957,
0.0036668977700173855,
0.002486325101926923,
-0.008745302446186543,
-0.05908475071191788,
0.008365447632968426,
-0.014330901205539703,
0.040230121463537216,
0.02058124542236328,
0.02669346146285534,
0.012742416001856327,
0.015876220539212227,
0.02272224798798561,
-0.033945243805646896,
0.045927949249744415,
-0.03266754746437073,
-0.005179843865334988,
-0.034774016588926315,
0.024966847151517868,
0.016938088461756706,
-0.04098983108997345,
-0.05411210283637047,
0.01899276115000248,
-0.026503533124923706,
-0.0024927998892962933,
0.001038666581735015,
0.01856110617518425,
-0.013001407496631145,
-0.00511077931150794,
0.01787046156823635,
-0.025104975327849388,
-0.04326895996928215,
0.03898695856332779,
0.05773799121379852,
-0.014831619337201118,
0.021081963554024696,
0.0023956778459250927,
-0.033755313605070114,
-0.043372560292482376,
0.026192743331193924,
-0.0006847106269560754,
0.010066162794828415,
-0.010402852669358253,
-0.009643142111599445,
0.03242582082748413,
0.0357409231364727,
0.008792784996330738,
-0.006379840895533562,
-0.004575528670102358,
0.04641139879822731,
-0.012846012599766254,
-0.0528344064950943,
-0.0035417182371020317,
-0.009116524830460548,
-0.012051769532263279,
-0.03328913077712059,
-0.04585888236761093,
0.05670202150940895,
-0.019907865673303604,
0.01856110617518425,
0.027660366147756577,
0.00898702908307314,
-0.01572945900261402,
-0.01370931975543499,
0.03011215850710869,
0.0269869863986969,
-0.04150781407952309,
-0.005529483314603567,
0.029784101992845535,
0.02401720918715,
0.025346701964735985,
0.006423006299883127,
0.0074978237971663475,
0.0046273269690573215,
-0.0334617905318737,
0.02415533736348152,
0.04288910701870918,
-0.031907837837934494,
0.013976945541799068,
-0.020460382103919983,
0.032218627631664276,
-0.03195963427424431,
-0.0073122126050293446,
0.0043661766685545444,
-0.01649780198931694,
-0.03795098885893822,
0.006133798509836197,
0.006578401662409306,
-0.0028445974458009005,
-0.012224431149661541,
-0.014210037887096405,
0.013476226478815079,
0.007415809668600559,
-0.022687716409564018,
0.0012669034767895937,
0.0012625869130715728,
-0.04654952883720398,
-0.016489168629050255,
-0.04340709000825882,
-0.025812888517975807,
-0.009401416406035423,
0.032356757670640945,
0.0028942376375198364,
0.03881429508328438,
0.011896374635398388,
-0.00492948479950428,
0.004392075818032026,
0.04703298211097717,
-0.00790357869118452,
0.03943587839603424,
-0.005140995141118765,
0.031372588127851486,
0.004033803474158049,
-0.028178350999951363,
0.028247414156794548,
0.040333718061447144,
-0.007351061794906855,
-0.00301941717043519,
-0.0039409976452589035,
0.04098983108997345,
-0.0030841652769595385,
0.01606614887714386,
0.029335182160139084,
-0.011671914719045162,
0.02270498126745224,
0.010635945945978165,
0.05556245893239975,
0.028610004112124443,
-0.0007953218300826848,
0.03694955259561539,
-0.009617242962121964,
-0.013053206726908684,
0.023326562717556953,
0.029456045478582382,
0.003023733850568533,
0.029231585562229156,
0.01954527758061886,
-0.047792691737413406,
-0.016981255263090134,
0.0326848141849041,
0.018319381400942802,
-0.02757403440773487,
0.01391651388257742,
0.025502096861600876,
0.004023011773824692,
0.017024420201778412,
0.00206006714142859,
-0.018233049660921097,
0.029214318841695786,
-0.009453214704990387,
-0.03410063683986664,
0.01029062271118164,
-0.007169767282903194,
0.008533792570233345,
-0.0491739846765995,
-0.028938060626387596,
-0.051902033388614655,
-0.04244018718600273,
0.012405726127326488,
0.013010040856897831,
-0.03995386138558388,
0.0054129366762936115,
-0.0779048502445221,
0.042060330510139465,
-0.006185596808791161,
0.0017136649694293737,
-0.018371179699897766,
0.003738120663911104,
-0.018630171194672585,
0.0491739846765995,
0.0020913619082421064,
-0.014633058570325375,
0.03225316107273102,
0.023775482550263405,
-0.04268191382288933,
0.019182687625288963,
0.021651746705174446,
0.006168330553919077,
-0.00020058405061718076,
0.06554228812456131,
0.0548718124628067,
-0.02798842266201973,
0.03567185625433922,
0.009997098706662655,
-0.01328629907220602,
0.042336590588092804,
-0.004860420245677233,
0.027625832706689835,
-0.002848914125934243,
-0.024949580430984497,
-0.034221500158309937,
0.03171791136264801,
0.038468971848487854,
-0.024535194039344788,
0.02111649699509144,
-0.0039733718149363995,
0.030647408217191696,
-0.021634479984641075,
0.008197102695703506,
0.003867616644129157,
0.027228711172938347,
-0.0036625810898840427,
-0.015453200787305832,
0.023602820932865143,
-0.0012809322215616703,
-0.017015786841511726,
0.031234458088874817,
0.018612904474139214,
-0.025070443749427795,
-0.06478258222341537,
0.014210037887096405,
0.03684595599770546,
0.017818663269281387,
-0.01669636368751526,
-0.013398529030382633,
0.039470408111810684,
0.022307859733700752,
-0.012155367061495781,
-0.0019208587473258376,
-0.01926901936531067,
-0.056632958352565765,
0.022221529856324196,
-0.016463270410895348,
-0.0314243845641613,
0.013260399922728539,
-0.01106759998947382,
0.015194208361208439,
0.06229625269770622,
0.007959693670272827,
0.01313953660428524,
0.004020853899419308,
0.011620116420090199,
-0.04116249084472656,
0.025795621797442436,
0.015271905809640884,
-0.04924304783344269,
0.01049781683832407,
0.00991940125823021,
0.0002816540072672069,
-0.030319351702928543,
-0.01585032232105732,
-0.016998520120978355,
-0.024949580430984497,
-0.01734384335577488,
0.005581281613558531,
0.038917891681194305,
-0.010307889431715012,
0.03259848430752754,
0.006120848935097456,
0.010316521860659122,
-0.024034475907683372,
0.013502126559615135,
0.014244570396840572,
-0.04813801497220993,
-0.022376924753189087,
0.02042585052549839,
-0.024673322215676308,
-0.020753907039761543,
0.03653516620397568,
-0.04665312543511391,
0.09392783045768738,
0.00871940329670906,
-0.02926611714065075,
0.016273342072963715,
-0.0021744552068412304,
-0.03884882852435112,
0.04872506484389305,
-0.019614342600107193,
0.028022954240441322,
0.015479099936783314,
0.019061824306845665,
-0.03726034238934517,
0.009703573770821095,
-0.015047445893287659,
0.010342421010136604,
0.0338243804872036,
0.03822724521160126,
-0.0028273314237594604,
0.013018674217164516,
0.04368335008621216,
0.04717111214995384,
-0.021099230274558067,
-0.033358193933963776,
0.028057487681508064,
0.012120834551751614,
-0.005408619996160269,
-0.021928004920482635,
-0.019182687625288963,
0.01243162527680397,
-0.021651746705174446,
-0.06229625269770622,
0.014633058570325375,
0.00950501300394535,
0.005417253356426954,
-0.004342435859143734,
-0.0011017959332093596,
0.005296390037983656,
0.03829631209373474,
-0.06298690289258957,
0.01987333409488201,
-0.024621523916721344,
0.023948144167661667,
0.017015786841511726,
0.06094949319958687,
-0.01135249063372612,
0.01327766664326191,
-0.04268191382288933,
-0.038089118897914886,
0.025657493621110916,
-0.04268191382288933,
0.0019057508325204253,
0.04188767075538635,
-0.005093513056635857,
0.003673372557386756,
-0.02456972561776638,
0.01055824849754572,
0.005507900379598141,
-0.020650310441851616,
0.05960273742675781,
0.023913612589240074,
-0.034618623554706573,
-0.039608538150787354,
-0.006237395107746124,
0.03285747393965721,
-0.027643099427223206,
0.0008692425326444209,
-0.009185589849948883,
0.0022704980801790953,
0.006953940261155367,
-0.04302723705768585,
0.0167913269251585,
-0.019096357747912407,
0.014028743840754032,
0.0030841652769595385,
-0.024880515411496162,
-0.04067904129624367,
-0.01602298393845558,
0.036500632762908936,
-0.0046402765437960625,
0.018215784803032875,
0.01632514037191868,
0.0269869863986969,
0.02814381755888462,
-0.008024441078305244,
0.012181266210973263,
-0.004696391522884369,
-0.04340709000825882,
0.012060402892529964,
-0.017663266509771347,
-0.02513950876891613,
0.0212891586124897,
0.01491795014590025,
-0.03429056704044342,
-0.010333788581192493,
0.01608341559767723,
0.016894923523068428,
-0.0326848141849041,
0.025312170386314392,
-0.014011477120220661,
0.039056021720170975,
0.02871360071003437,
-0.049761030822992325,
-0.034515026956796646,
-0.002324454952031374,
0.008296383544802666,
-0.0042668962851166725,
-0.0013122271047905087,
-0.021651746705174446,
-0.023792749270796776,
-0.04026465117931366,
0.007735233288258314,
0.00328488415107131,
-0.004925168119370937,
-0.008827317506074905,
0.052350953221321106,
0.005356821697205305,
0.013182702474296093,
-0.011689180508255959,
0.03812364861369133,
-0.013208601623773575,
-0.0049338010139763355,
0.02816108427941799,
0.013795650564134121,
-0.021669013425707817,
0.0034143803641200066,
-0.0000644445390207693,
0.02985316701233387,
0.012276229448616505,
-0.017456073313951492,
0.03770926222205162,
-0.034066107124090195,
-0.01575535722076893,
-0.018457509577274323,
0.012966875918209553,
-0.0005919050890952349,
0.020822972059249878,
0.026330873370170593,
0.024932315573096275,
0.03701861575245857,
0.01498701423406601,
0.04409773647785187,
-0.026382671669125557,
-0.06291783601045609,
0.004066177178174257,
-0.031476184725761414,
-0.011620116420090199,
0.0045064641162753105,
-0.004407183732837439,
0.027608567848801613,
-0.0010289544006809592,
-0.01828484795987606,
-0.007964009419083595,
0.022963974624872208,
0.015289172530174255,
0.008253217674791813,
-0.007057537324726582,
0.0039021489210426807,
-0.00019640241225715727,
0.0004381284525152296,
-0.018940962851047516,
0.016463270410895348,
0.015142410062253475,
-0.008810050785541534,
0.008244584314525127,
-0.08322282135486603,
0.052765343338251114,
0.00556833203881979,
0.028092019259929657,
-0.03715674579143524,
0.002038484439253807,
-0.011015800759196281,
-0.00317697087302804,
-0.018233049660921097,
-0.07383003830909729,
-0.028368277475237846,
-0.01785319484770298,
-0.027522236108779907,
-0.015021546743810177,
0.028696333989501,
0.0017233771504834294,
0.025519363582134247,
-0.02329203113913536,
-0.004361859988421202,
-0.01871650293469429,
-0.008520843461155891,
0.0248287171125412,
0.01643737033009529,
-0.040920764207839966,
-0.01228486280888319,
0.015574063174426556,
-0.004894952289760113,
0.0219798032194376,
0.0011471195612102747,
-0.0231193695217371,
-0.03303013741970062,
0.027919357642531395,
0.033340927213430405,
-0.031044529750943184,
0.05072793737053871,
-0.03470495343208313,
-0.05286893993616104,
0.022463256493210793,
-0.013528025709092617,
-0.015401402488350868,
-0.024379797279834747,
-0.025605693459510803,
-0.04758549854159355,
0.005736676976084709,
-0.011896374635398388,
0.028195615857839584,
0.08142714202404022,
-0.013683420605957508,
0.06709624081850052,
-0.03781285881996155,
-0.0114992531016469,
-0.00456689577549696,
-0.020736640319228172,
0.0070186881348490715,
-0.002643878571689129,
-0.0021582681220024824,
-0.04212939739227295,
0.02484598383307457,
-0.03397977352142334,
0.025657493621110916,
0.01385608222335577,
-0.018630171194672585,
0.06001712381839752,
-0.0642300620675087,
0.0036345236003398895,
-0.03732940927147865
] |
We present Language-Image Value learning (LIV), a unified objective for
vision-language representation and reward learning from action-free videos with
text annotations. Exploiting a novel connection between dual reinforcement
learning and mutual information contrastive learning, the LIV objective trains
a multi-modal representation that implicitly encodes a universal value function
for tasks specified as language or image goals. We use LIV to pre-train the
first control-centric vision-language representation from large human video
datasets such as EpicKitchen. Given only a language or image goal, the
pre-trained LIV model can assign dense rewards to each frame in videos of
unseen robots or humans attempting that task in unseen environments. Further,
when some target domain-specific data is available, the same objective can be
used to fine-tune and improve LIV and even other pre-trained representations
for robotic control and reward specification in that domain. In our experiments
on several simulated and real-world robot environments, LIV models consistently
outperform the best prior input state representations for imitation learning,
as well as reward specification methods for policy synthesis. Our results
validate the advantages of joint vision-language representation and reward
learning within the unified, compact LIV framework. | [
0.01391986571252346,
0.022694256156682968,
-0.03583778813481331,
-0.006666550412774086,
-0.012123462744057178,
0.024355251342058182,
0.016962016001343727,
0.016952987760305405,
-0.08875494450330734,
0.007275883108377457,
0.019950002431869507,
-0.017702242359519005,
0.013044232502579689,
-0.02410249225795269,
0.0003080515016335994,
0.011464481242001057,
0.02273036539554596,
0.02338031865656376,
-0.0075105889700353146,
-0.01194292027503252,
0.0063551138155162334,
-0.002965418854728341,
-0.036758556962013245,
0.019318101927638054,
0.031179776415228844,
-0.014118462800979614,
0.014732309617102146,
0.006174570880830288,
-0.046471770852804184,
0.04076661169528961,
0.03874452784657478,
0.018957015126943588,
0.02307339571416378,
0.03442955017089844,
0.004035136196762323,
-0.01753072626888752,
0.06524824351072311,
0.028291089460253716,
-0.023741405457258224,
0.06019303947687149,
0.04318588599562645,
-0.024680228903889656,
-0.022333169355988503,
-0.075611412525177,
-0.02135823853313923,
-0.036289144307374954,
-0.01942642778158188,
-0.0025140612851828337,
-0.04463023319840431,
-0.008309491910040379,
0.0026223871391266584,
-0.0739143043756485,
0.008684118278324604,
-0.018325114622712135,
-0.05185195058584213,
0.030132627114653587,
0.05109367147088051,
-0.023127559572458267,
0.057557109743356705,
0.019191721454262733,
-0.017305046319961548,
0.003482223255559802,
-0.06235955283045769,
-0.02372335083782673,
0.04549683630466461,
-0.07850009948015213,
0.04314978048205376,
0.028670229017734528,
0.024499686434864998,
0.031992219388484955,
0.018225817009806633,
-0.035639189183712006,
-0.04744670167565346,
-0.03067425638437271,
-0.002617873717099428,
0.04387195035815239,
0.008616414852440357,
0.024084437638521194,
0.04585792496800423,
-0.010209706611931324,
0.05784597992897034,
0.062287338078022,
0.00778591725975275,
0.002818727632984519,
0.0743115022778511,
-0.06654815375804901,
0.053043536841869354,
-0.053946249186992645,
0.033021315932273865,
-0.02659398503601551,
-0.038563985377550125,
0.02182764932513237,
-0.027821676805615425,
0.0025276020169258118,
0.0039019857067614794,
-0.0017952745547518134,
0.03329212963581085,
-0.013306019827723503,
-0.032931044697761536,
-0.013712241314351559,
-0.04730226844549179,
-0.005375667940825224,
-0.015770431607961655,
-0.022694256156682968,
0.021448509767651558,
-0.05037149786949158,
-0.011455453932285309,
-0.011979028582572937,
-0.012051246128976345,
0.0966988354921341,
-0.04690507426857948,
0.005849593318998814,
-0.033111587166786194,
0.012168598361313343,
-0.0050958264619112015,
-0.0018483090680092573,
-0.03136032074689865,
-0.056907154619693756,
0.06257620453834534,
-0.02908547781407833,
-0.0026562390848994255,
-0.0013822823530063033,
0.03740851208567619,
-0.018325114622712135,
0.013053259812295437,
0.0674508661031723,
0.02023887075483799,
0.0674508661031723,
0.051490865647792816,
0.05835149809718132,
0.006666550412774086,
-0.03592805936932564,
-0.0416693277657032,
0.06940073519945145,
0.035946112126111984,
0.004096069373190403,
-0.05409068614244461,
-0.004676064010709524,
-0.023524753749370575,
0.002264686394482851,
-0.004648982547223568,
-0.011401291005313396,
-0.034176792949438095,
0.03683077171444893,
0.03659606724977493,
-0.01843344047665596,
0.046688422560691833,
0.012421359308063984,
0.00038957796641625464,
0.0038726474158465862,
-0.006359627470374107,
0.029247967526316643,
-0.0438358411192894,
0.07037566602230072,
0.058929238468408585,
0.02802027389407158,
-0.007803971413522959,
-0.0036650230176746845,
0.012619956396520138,
-0.009956946596503258,
0.05196027830243111,
-0.056654397398233414,
-0.061456840485334396,
0.07402263581752777,
0.10327059775590897,
0.026070410385727882,
0.06091520935297012,
-0.021683214232325554,
-0.03163113445043564,
0.05004652217030525,
-0.04885493591427803,
-0.020311087369918823,
-0.009288937784731388,
-0.016212761402130127,
0.032551903277635574,
0.004815984517335892,
0.07095339894294739,
0.020509686321020126,
-0.04091104492545128,
0.01976945996284485,
-0.024987151846289635,
-0.031053397804498672,
-0.0020931705366820097,
0.019354211166501045,
-0.009993055835366249,
0.0027510239742696285,
0.07073675096035004,
0.008336572907865047,
0.022910907864570618,
-0.019643079489469528,
-0.009352128021419048,
0.010498575866222382,
0.050804801285266876,
-0.004477466456592083,
-0.0011881986865773797,
-0.0885382890701294,
-0.039719462394714355,
-0.001133471610955894,
0.0240663830190897,
0.025745432823896408,
0.010327059775590897,
0.00039380943053402007,
-0.008954932913184166,
0.04549683630466461,
-0.002439587377011776,
-0.001814457238651812,
-0.0031798137351870537,
-0.014849662780761719,
0.007998054847121239,
-0.05889312922954559,
-0.01632108725607395,
-0.024517741054296494,
-0.04073050245642662,
0.00024147627118509263,
-0.002009669318795204,
-0.007045690901577473,
0.0035047910641878843,
0.0034145195968449116,
-0.007492534816265106,
-0.045605164021253586,
-0.011013123206794262,
0.01508436817675829,
-0.002802930073812604,
-0.02114158682525158,
-0.0695812776684761,
-0.0038726474158465862,
0.008074785582721233,
-0.05679883062839508,
0.02569127082824707,
0.006874174810945988,
0.0015899068675935268,
0.006892229430377483,
0.05521005019545555,
-0.021069368347525597,
-0.0063551138155162334,
-0.03906950727105141,
0.018361223861575127,
-0.05224914476275444,
-0.00673425430431962,
-0.006603360641747713,
0.003978716675192118,
-0.022567875683307648,
0.003477709600701928,
0.03601833060383797,
0.0408027209341526,
0.03007846511900425,
0.02487882599234581,
0.030385388061404228,
0.06636761128902435,
-0.0378057062625885,
0.018198736011981964,
-0.010516630485653877,
-0.015273937955498695,
-0.02023887075483799,
-0.05333240330219269,
0.03665022924542427,
0.06091520935297012,
-0.014470522291958332,
0.006896743085235357,
-0.014623983763158321,
0.008408790454268456,
0.04838552698493004,
0.05221303924918175,
0.06337059289216995,
0.011979028582572937,
0.010065272450447083,
0.04365529865026474,
-0.012204707600176334,
0.014533712528645992,
-0.0029089991003274918,
-0.03128810226917267,
-0.029843758791685104,
-0.0571599155664444,
0.01765710674226284,
-0.026106519624590874,
-0.0026156168896704912,
0.0318116769194603,
0.0062197064980864525,
0.00787618849426508,
-0.005863134283572435,
0.012448440305888653,
-0.03466425836086273,
0.003473196178674698,
-0.000771821360103786,
0.027171721681952477,
-0.03446565940976143,
-0.010173598304390907,
0.001550413086079061,
-0.06333448737859726,
0.015869731083512306,
0.008891742676496506,
0.022748418152332306,
-0.01802721992135048,
0.02715366892516613,
0.036921046674251556,
-0.016826609149575233,
-0.03655995801091194,
-0.013450453989207745,
-0.016898825764656067,
0.011590860784053802,
0.007099853828549385,
0.014696200378239155,
0.028724392876029015,
-0.01465106476098299,
-0.009920838288962841,
-0.002468925667926669,
-0.03569335117936134,
0.05889312922954559,
-0.006806471385061741,
-0.04733837768435478,
-0.01597805693745613,
0.04246371611952782,
0.01821678876876831,
-0.0005687105003744364,
0.013423372991383076,
0.048746611922979355,
0.032208871096372604,
-0.011491562239825726,
-0.0027510239742696285,
0.026287062093615532,
0.0007898756302893162,
0.023271992802619934,
-0.06560932844877243,
0.0019645337015390396,
-0.024084437638521194,
0.018848689272999763,
0.03748072683811188,
-0.029121587052941322,
-0.020563848316669464,
-0.023235885426402092,
-0.058495935052633286,
-0.06257620453834534,
-0.031161723658442497,
0.015644051134586334,
0.06387611478567123,
0.0236330796033144,
-0.04369140788912773,
-0.014939934015274048,
-0.04777168110013008,
-0.09222136437892914,
0.0016711512580513954,
-0.05618498474359512,
0.07272272557020187,
-0.005524616222828627,
0.008846607059240341,
-0.036325253546237946,
-0.05791819840669632,
0.07297548651695251,
-0.010886743664741516,
0.024156654253602028,
0.0009168199612759054,
0.029157696291804314,
-0.0468328557908535,
0.015192694030702114,
0.011825567111372948,
-0.011617942713201046,
-0.01694396138191223,
-0.04351086542010307,
-0.0678841695189476,
-0.011717241257429123,
-0.012249843217432499,
-0.05661828815937042,
-0.05932643264532089,
0.033057425171136856,
-0.10666480660438538,
-0.024463577196002007,
-0.01946253702044487,
-0.034736473113298416,
0.040586069226264954,
0.01355877984315157,
-0.008327546529471874,
-0.0038997288793325424,
-0.004592562559992075,
-0.039213940501213074,
-0.019968057051301003,
-0.025402400642633438,
-0.011130476370453835,
-0.03776959702372551,
-0.00561940111219883,
0.03795013949275017,
-0.006305464543402195,
0.013820567168295383,
-0.050804801285266876,
-0.011166584677994251,
-0.014344141818583012,
0.08962155133485794,
-0.006427330896258354,
-0.05044371634721756,
-0.021448509767651558,
-0.005520102567970753,
0.005470453295856714,
-0.037191860377788544,
-0.053260188549757004,
0.013206721283495426,
0.08196652680635452,
0.04008054733276367,
0.037877924740314484,
-0.05391014367341995,
0.04676063731312752,
0.020563848316669464,
-0.00011107626050943509,
-0.003617630572989583,
0.015960002318024635,
-0.01209638174623251,
0.014732309617102146,
-0.012141517363488674,
-0.02796611189842224,
-0.01594194769859314,
0.029934030026197433,
-0.00034585269168019295,
-0.009230261668562889,
-0.03388792276382446,
-0.03285882622003555,
0.013441426679491997,
0.021249912679195404,
-0.04506353288888931,
0.0036785637494176626,
-0.030818691477179527,
-0.017666133120656013,
-0.01443441305309534,
0.024932989850640297,
-0.0010962345404550433,
0.010967987589538097,
0.042897019535303116,
-0.03054787591099739,
0.02394000254571438,
-0.03085480071604252,
0.014912852086126804,
-0.03515172377228737,
-0.04824109002947807,
0.020040273666381836,
0.03260606527328491,
0.07265050709247589,
-0.01603221893310547,
0.010002082213759422,
0.015743350610136986,
0.033183805644512177,
0.0704478845000267,
-0.0281466543674469,
-0.044919099658727646,
0.010561766102910042,
-0.03870842233300209,
-0.017548780888319016,
-0.03325602039694786,
-0.015472535975277424,
-0.01671828329563141,
0.014235815964639187,
-0.046688422560691833,
0.05307964235544205,
0.00721720652654767,
-0.05185195058584213,
0.03690299019217491,
-0.06326226890087128,
-0.06907575577497482,
0.03410457447171211,
0.01840635947883129,
0.03033122606575489,
-0.01802721992135048,
-0.021845703944563866,
-0.0315769724547863,
-0.007126935292035341,
-0.020654119551181793,
-0.05047982558608055,
-0.022910907864570618,
0.023488644510507584,
-0.01233108714222908,
-0.03275050222873688,
0.009595860727131367,
0.004107353277504444,
0.057123806327581406,
-0.01370321400463581,
-0.07727240771055222,
0.025420455262064934,
0.016826609149575233,
-0.01252065785229206,
0.011311019770801067,
-0.01690785214304924,
-0.05340462177991867,
0.04134434834122658,
0.023235885426402092,
0.07813901454210281,
-0.051201995462179184,
0.021647106856107712,
-0.04903548210859299,
0.018135545775294304,
0.02852579578757286,
0.04351086542010307,
-0.00015035847900435328,
0.04816887527704239,
-0.016429413110017776,
0.022279007360339165,
-0.01443441305309534,
-0.0281466543674469,
0.041055478155612946,
-0.03964724391698837,
-0.05358516424894333,
-0.04051385074853897,
-0.039033398032188416,
0.05452398955821991,
0.01827997900545597,
-0.003319734474644065,
0.0024147627409547567,
-0.009288937784731388,
0.0562933087348938,
0.014822580851614475,
0.021340183913707733,
0.02650371380150318,
-0.002310950541868806,
-0.016420386731624603,
-0.0004699760174844414,
-0.03536837548017502,
-0.00489722890779376,
-0.010083327069878578,
-0.029410455375909805,
-0.012285951524972916,
-0.0050913128070533276,
0.054848965257406235,
0.0034009788651019335,
0.013802512548863888,
0.002978959586471319,
-0.02487882599234581,
0.03256995975971222,
0.021123532205820084,
-0.021249912679195404,
-0.028074437752366066,
0.03704742342233658,
0.04358308017253876,
-0.015553779900074005,
0.023560862988233566,
0.01784667558968067,
-0.051021452993154526,
0.03175751492381096,
-0.021665161475539207,
-0.04910769686102867,
0.011563779786229134,
0.028110546991229057,
0.012439412996172905,
-0.008481008000671864,
0.03798624873161316,
-0.052574124187231064,
-0.015707241371273994,
-0.016447467729449272,
0.008119922131299973,
0.04008054733276367,
-0.034393444657325745,
-0.02917574904859066,
0.004430074244737625,
-0.0021552322432398796,
-0.06217901036143303,
0.049179915338754654,
0.033617109060287476,
-0.0048656342551112175,
-0.01865009218454361,
0.023019233718514442,
-0.012773417867720127,
0.022712310776114464,
-0.027568917721509933,
-0.012656064704060555,
-0.06755919009447098,
-0.0006595461745746434,
0.0008756335591897368,
-0.013649051077663898,
-0.027605025097727776,
0.04863828793168068,
0.03410457447171211,
-0.036975208669900894,
0.04076661169528961,
0.04502742737531662,
-0.032894935458898544,
0.004644468892365694,
-0.03475452959537506,
-0.01290882471948862,
-0.020979097113013268,
-0.01441635936498642,
0.03885285556316376,
-0.024734392762184143,
0.033580999821424484,
-0.01946253702044487,
-0.038997288793325424,
-0.024644119665026665,
-0.009167071431875229,
-0.015102422796189785,
-0.001743368455208838,
0.039900004863739014,
-0.003818484488874674,
-0.03424900770187378,
-0.02157489024102688,
-0.023091450333595276,
0.01865009218454361,
0.011780431494116783,
0.005975973326712847,
0.025673216208815575,
0.034736473113298416,
0.004055447410792112,
0.0052267201244831085,
-0.024824663996696472,
0.00702312309294939,
0.019263938069343567,
0.07597249746322632,
-0.02431914396584034,
-0.012439412996172905,
0.02886882610619068,
-0.010236788541078568,
0.032208871096372604,
0.011979028582572937,
0.019498644396662712,
0.026413442566990852,
0.005804457701742649,
0.06885910034179688,
-0.00038647488690912724,
-0.006079785991460085,
-0.001131214783526957,
-0.02273036539554596,
-0.009704186581075191,
0.03773348778486252,
-0.0052267201244831085,
0.028543848544359207,
0.037227969616651535,
0.017043258994817734,
-0.027568917721509933,
-0.015319074504077435,
-0.007546697743237019,
0.008038677275180817,
-0.013017150573432446,
-0.019011178985238075,
-0.002147333463653922,
-0.014976042322814465,
-0.051490865647792816,
0.006264842115342617,
0.003750781062990427,
0.022910907864570618,
0.0033265049569308758,
-0.015806540846824646,
-0.012647037394344807,
0.0049604191444814205,
-0.0053215050138533115,
0.015743350610136986,
0.030060410499572754,
0.04820498451590538,
-0.028561903163790703,
-0.05445177108049393,
-0.0018437954131513834,
0.01166307833045721,
0.044919099658727646,
-0.020762445405125618,
0.010218733921647072,
0.008774390444159508,
0.02681063674390316,
0.03553086519241333,
0.0219179205596447,
-0.02273036539554596,
0.014470522291958332,
0.008417817763984203,
0.04336642846465111,
-0.010760363191366196,
0.012195680290460587,
0.02388584055006504,
-0.018722310662269592,
-0.02186375856399536,
0.019534753635525703,
0.04621900990605354,
0.018668146803975105,
-0.0231997761875391,
-0.031053397804498672,
0.01226789690554142,
0.0014319317415356636,
0.058026522397994995,
0.02848968654870987,
-0.01544545404613018,
0.039033398032188416,
0.02917574904859066,
-0.028941044583916664,
0.0061204079538583755,
-0.008291437290608883,
0.026395387947559357,
0.003730469848960638,
0.019444482401013374,
0.030818691477179527,
0.0017016178462654352,
0.030313171446323395,
0.019697241485118866,
-0.00539372256025672,
0.042210955172777176,
-0.0046941181644797325,
-0.0006900128209963441,
-0.02366918884217739,
0.03471842035651207,
0.010345114395022392,
-0.052646342664957047,
0.03354489058256149,
-0.014605929143726826,
-0.03128810226917267,
-0.007325532380491495,
-0.0043217483907938,
0.0294285099953413,
0.024896880611777306,
-0.015716269612312317,
0.010020136833190918,
0.059181999415159225,
-0.036541905254125595,
-0.04361918941140175,
-0.010327059775590897,
-0.010155543684959412,
-0.004003541078418493,
0.03681271895766258,
-0.01578848622739315,
0.004879174754023552,
-0.018072355538606644,
-0.061384622007608414,
0.03089090809226036,
-0.01419970765709877,
0.0350072905421257,
0.00943337194621563,
0.014019164256751537,
0.017413372173905373,
0.03730018436908722,
0.006440871860831976,
-0.007709186524152756,
0.010751335881650448,
0.018704256042838097,
0.05676272138953209,
0.04184987023472786,
-0.014623983763158321,
-0.04788000509142876,
-0.01254773885011673,
-0.01796402968466282,
0.041741542518138885,
0.006865147966891527,
0.014407332055270672,
-0.015021177940070629,
0.04773557186126709,
-0.018207762390375137,
-0.016077354550361633,
0.014335114508867264,
0.014326087199151516,
0.009397263638675213,
-0.04788000509142876,
0.0008299336186610162,
0.03795013949275017,
-0.06477883458137512,
0.04119991511106491,
0.0045429132878780365,
0.05452398955821991,
-0.01233108714222908,
-0.007357127498835325,
0.018577875569462776,
0.05495729297399521,
0.05762932822108269,
0.012592874467372894,
-0.04387195035815239,
0.05210471153259277,
0.002086400054395199,
0.004272099118679762,
-0.020076382905244827,
0.03795013949275017,
0.005808971356600523,
0.025673216208815575,
-0.03334629163146019,
0.02419276349246502,
-0.05481285601854324,
0.04228317365050316,
0.03410457447171211,
-0.01737726479768753,
0.00454742694273591,
0.0528629906475544,
-0.014190680347383022,
0.03627109155058861,
-0.01102215051651001,
0.004685090854763985,
-0.002009669318795204,
0.027009233832359314,
-0.03282271698117256,
0.07070063799619675,
-0.057087697088718414,
-0.005339559633284807,
-0.016528712585568428,
-0.0076505099423229694,
-0.004314977675676346,
-0.04188597947359085,
0.013017150573432446,
-0.03805846720933914,
0.02668425627052784,
-0.0029180264100432396,
0.01572529599070549,
0.020347196608781815,
0.049179915338754654,
0.005601346958428621,
0.023235885426402092,
-0.018009165301918983,
-0.03486285358667374,
0.008088327012956142,
-0.04867439344525337,
-0.021773487329483032,
0.026918962597846985,
0.046471770852804184,
-0.013459481298923492,
-0.015246856957674026,
-0.027550863102078438,
0.014669119380414486,
-0.062142904847860336,
0.06607873737812042,
0.030259007588028908,
0.008706686086952686,
0.029536835849285126,
-0.01855982095003128,
0.021556835621595383,
-0.008539684116840363,
-0.014082354493439198,
0.008787930943071842,
-0.009821539744734764,
0.002617873717099428,
0.006544684059917927,
0.008277896791696548,
0.0038974720519036055,
0.0034122627694159746,
-0.03906950727105141,
0.03484480082988739,
0.039936114102602005,
0.045316293835639954,
0.014967015013098717,
0.02049163170158863,
-0.006467953324317932,
-0.03175751492381096,
0.05990416929125786,
-0.05380181595683098,
0.02173737809062004,
-0.017693214118480682,
0.015869731083512306,
-0.020870771259069443,
0.002942851046100259,
0.029627107083797455,
0.06199846789240837,
-0.02204430103302002,
-0.0008062373381108046,
0.00273296982049942,
0.03215470910072327,
0.01370321400463581,
-0.007582806516438723,
0.0031346778851002455,
0.056221093982458115,
-0.028471631929278374,
-0.022965069860219955,
-0.030006248503923416,
-0.030493713915348053,
-0.007397749926894903,
-0.003599576186388731,
0.006034649908542633,
0.004698631819337606,
-0.019281992688775063,
0.013369210064411163,
0.007451912388205528,
0.025619052350521088,
0.07481702417135239,
-0.028381360694766045,
-0.014055273495614529,
0.013233802281320095,
0.01669120043516159,
0.03432122617959976,
-0.0028751473873853683,
0.0010076556354761124,
0.003321991302073002,
-0.033526837825775146,
-0.027821676805615425,
-0.0016485833330079913,
0.03222692757844925,
-0.031125614419579506,
0.028218872845172882,
-0.021159639582037926,
-0.021538781002163887,
-0.007957433350384235,
0.021195748820900917,
-0.0027803622651845217,
-0.00029789595282636583,
0.04723004996776581,
-0.03051176853477955,
0.0009010224603116512,
-0.009604888036847115,
-0.024337196722626686,
-0.0208346638828516,
-0.03444760665297508,
-0.008805985562503338,
0.02995208464562893,
0.017025206238031387,
-0.020816609263420105,
0.020961042493581772,
-0.0026223871391266584,
-0.04412471130490303,
-0.018830636516213417,
0.02027497999370098,
0.005601346958428621,
-0.013820567168295383,
0.0017636795528233051,
-0.07792235910892487,
0.017169639468193054,
0.021502671763300896,
0.01370321400463581,
-0.019281992688775063,
0.010661064647138119,
0.016925906762480736,
-0.011645023711025715,
0.025059368461370468,
0.005249287933111191,
-0.009415318258106709,
-0.02634122408926487,
-0.00848552118986845,
0.02737032063305378,
-0.02569127082824707,
-0.01712450385093689,
0.026738420128822327,
-0.0015301019884645939,
0.008855634368956089,
0.002818727632984519,
0.06178181618452072,
-0.04203041270375252,
0.019841676577925682,
0.021412400528788567,
-0.029320184141397476,
0.016555793583393097,
0.011988055892288685,
0.022838691249489784,
0.02921185828745365,
0.02384973131120205,
-0.004486493766307831,
0.0363071970641613,
-0.028471631929278374,
-0.01671828329563141,
-0.004529372788965702,
-0.015310047194361687,
0.00384556595236063,
0.013955974020063877,
-0.025023261085152626,
0.004369140602648258,
0.015932919457554817,
0.017476562410593033,
0.03841955214738846,
0.0066214147955179214,
-0.0006939622107893229,
-0.018613984808325768,
0.003838795702904463,
-0.002960905199870467,
0.045821815729141235,
-0.011645023711025715,
0.00283001153729856,
-0.015887783840298653,
0.02699117921292782,
0.003994514234364033,
0.0041615162044763565,
-0.012448440305888653,
-0.0014917366206645966,
0.015553779900074005,
0.004405249375849962,
0.03533226624131203,
-0.04838552698493004,
0.00641379039734602,
0.0004262507427483797,
0.0041976249776780605,
-0.0034167764242738485,
-0.032894935458898544,
-0.011572807095944881,
0.017232829704880714,
-0.012556766159832478,
-0.006770362611860037,
-0.046002358198165894,
-0.005777376238256693,
-0.009130962193012238,
0.03982778638601303,
-0.029789596796035767,
-0.056654397398233414,
0.05001041293144226,
0.04004443809390068,
-0.0019792027305811644,
-0.007623428478837013,
0.0035634676460176706,
0.01080549880862236,
0.02054579369723797,
-0.02388584055006504,
-0.03932226821780205,
-0.00024401515838690102,
-0.0429692342877388,
-0.02659398503601551,
0.02982570417225361,
-0.02101520635187626,
0.0536934919655323,
0.011626970022916794,
-0.03016873635351658,
0.010552738793194294,
-0.014515657909214497,
0.02724394015967846,
-0.03471842035651207,
-0.004371397662907839,
0.0031143669039011,
0.01499409694224596,
0.012376222759485245,
-0.03419484570622444,
0.01153669785708189,
-0.012430385686457157,
0.01735018379986286,
0.019733350723981857,
0.025510726496577263,
0.0037823759485036135,
-0.050768692046403885,
0.012881743721663952,
-0.002588535426184535,
0.06712588667869568,
-0.023994166404008865,
0.018171653151512146,
0.03600027412176132,
-0.005799944046884775,
-0.012276924215257168,
0.04101937264204025,
0.02032914198935032,
-0.007993541657924652,
-0.016528712585568428,
0.03943059220910072,
-0.04788000509142876,
-0.02307339571416378,
-0.0074203177355229855,
-0.03231719881296158,
-0.020780500024557114,
-0.0031978681217879057,
-0.0107423085719347,
-0.04318588599562645,
-0.015896812081336975,
-0.07120615988969803
] |
Session-based recommendation, which aims to predict the next item of users'
interest as per an existing sequence interaction of items, has attracted
growing applications of Contrastive Learning (CL) with improved user and item
representations. However, these contrastive objectives: (1) serve a similar
role as the cross-entropy loss while ignoring the item representation space
optimisation; and (2) commonly require complicated modelling, including complex
positive/negative sample constructions and extra data augmentation. In this
work, we introduce Self-Contrastive Learning (SCL), which simplifies the
application of CL and enhances the performance of state-of-the-art CL-based
recommendation techniques. Specifically, SCL is formulated as an objective
function that directly promotes a uniform distribution among item
representations and efficiently replaces all the existing contrastive objective
components of state-of-the-art models. Unlike previous works, SCL eliminates
the need for any positive/negative sample construction or data augmentation,
leading to enhanced interpretability of the item representation space and
facilitating its extensibility to existing recommender systems. Through
experiments on three benchmark datasets, we demonstrate that SCL consistently
improves the performance of state-of-the-art models with statistical
significance. Notably, our experiments show that SCL improves the performance
of two best-performing models by 8.2% and 9.5% in P@10 (Precision) and 9.9% and
11.2% in MRR@10 (Mean Reciprocal Rank) on average across different benchmarks.
Additionally, our analysis elucidates the improvement in terms of alignment and
uniformity of representations, as well as the effectiveness of SCL with a low
computational cost. | [
0.019208310171961784,
0.032450783997774124,
-0.03865189105272293,
-0.024434717372059822,
-0.01165438536554575,
-0.024333886802196503,
-0.001370671670883894,
0.01379704475402832,
-0.02737562172114849,
-0.009780609048902988,
-0.02441791258752346,
-0.05034828931093216,
0.019124284386634827,
-0.06506962329149246,
0.03878633305430412,
0.026653001084923744,
0.05616287887096405,
0.021392982453107834,
-0.030719852074980736,
-0.024165835231542587,
-0.013116435147821903,
-0.0106712831184268,
-0.010889749974012375,
0.05703675001859665,
0.021275345236063004,
0.05276823416352272,
0.028182270005345345,
-0.0027959602884948254,
-0.06638042628765106,
0.008024469017982483,
0.05199519544839859,
0.008738688193261623,
-0.0036026083398610353,
-0.018099168315529823,
-0.06624598056077957,
0.010267958976328373,
0.06412853300571442,
0.017258910462260246,
0.0018265119288116693,
0.03359353542327881,
0.018653739243745804,
0.017359741032123566,
-0.013108032755553722,
0.0213425662368536,
0.002789658261463046,
-0.08651302009820938,
-0.03199704363942146,
0.009116805158555508,
-0.032450783997774124,
-0.02823268622159958,
-0.00597003661096096,
-0.060498613864183426,
0.008083286695182323,
-0.05636454001069069,
-0.047121696174144745,
0.011645982973277569,
0.011309879831969738,
-0.017326131463050842,
0.05801144987344742,
-0.00435253931209445,
-0.03801329433917999,
-0.0009873037924990058,
-0.04611338675022125,
-0.018334440886974335,
0.01914108917117119,
-0.03150969371199608,
0.04039962962269783,
-0.021695474162697792,
0.04335733875632286,
-0.03619833663105965,
-0.06799372285604477,
0.03381200134754181,
0.06207830086350441,
-0.01011671219021082,
0.009721791371703148,
0.04984413459897041,
0.03330784663558006,
0.01618337817490101,
0.011519944295287132,
-0.014796952717006207,
0.04302123561501503,
0.0224349033087492,
0.034332964569330215,
0.03502197563648224,
0.04728974774479866,
-0.021376175805926323,
0.011637580581009388,
-0.0522976890206337,
0.023157523944973946,
-0.012511448934674263,
-0.03626555949449539,
-0.0017897506477311254,
0.01927553117275238,
-0.02231726609170437,
-0.020771190524101257,
-0.006785087753087282,
0.0019462488126009703,
-0.0003497576108202338,
-0.03797968477010727,
0.04127349704504013,
-0.037038594484329224,
-0.012746721506118774,
-0.016292612999677658,
-0.03878633305430412,
-0.0044281622394919395,
-0.001739335129968822,
-0.023476822301745415,
-0.002806463511660695,
-0.05061717331409454,
0.09733554720878601,
0.011704801581799984,
-0.0012803439749404788,
-0.022250045090913773,
-0.018636934459209442,
-0.02366168051958084,
-0.026316896080970764,
-0.09034459292888641,
-0.01905706338584423,
0.03687054291367531,
-0.07380830496549606,
-0.0007525565451942384,
0.02418264001607895,
0.040433239191770554,
0.008923545479774475,
-0.03949214890599251,
0.04540757089853287,
-0.02451874315738678,
-0.008179917000234127,
0.03492114320397377,
0.007373268716037273,
-0.02890489250421524,
-0.003436657367274165,
-0.05901975929737091,
-0.03345909342169762,
-0.0007557075005024672,
0.04376066476106644,
0.05350766330957413,
0.026081623509526253,
0.006016251165419817,
-0.006201107986271381,
-0.03087109886109829,
-0.06305299699306488,
-0.00904118176549673,
0.031156785786151886,
-0.005982640665024519,
-0.0002982917649205774,
0.018653739243745804,
0.06611154228448868,
-0.010427608154714108,
0.0017718950984999537,
-0.00853702612221241,
0.01939316652715206,
-0.01895623281598091,
0.003774861339479685,
0.039357710629701614,
0.01961163431406021,
-0.02626648172736168,
-0.03512280434370041,
0.014595290645956993,
-0.022081993520259857,
0.10204099118709564,
0.012276177294552326,
0.0019378461875021458,
0.055020127445459366,
0.06469990313053131,
0.017158078029751778,
0.021493813022971153,
0.023728899657726288,
-0.0852358266711235,
0.04860055446624756,
-0.05001218616962433,
0.0387527234852314,
0.010906555689871311,
0.034416988492012024,
0.03371117264032364,
0.017132870852947235,
0.07710212469100952,
-0.05683508515357971,
-0.001842266763560474,
0.03545891121029854,
-0.04113905876874924,
-0.012049307115375996,
0.0361311174929142,
0.012133332900702953,
0.02080480009317398,
-0.04009713605046272,
0.0626496747136116,
0.0020481301471590996,
0.014318005181849003,
0.025594273582100868,
0.02680424600839615,
0.02944265864789486,
0.07548882812261581,
0.04611338675022125,
-0.014738134108483791,
-0.032131485641002655,
-0.07448051869869232,
-0.010814127512276173,
0.022266849875450134,
0.00536084920167923,
-0.01761181838810444,
-0.02614884451031685,
0.08241255581378937,
-0.006554016377776861,
0.05276823416352272,
0.0163178201764822,
0.02944265864789486,
-0.005138180684298277,
-0.056230101734399796,
-0.03626555949449539,
-0.015200276859104633,
0.0062893349677324295,
-0.0826142206788063,
0.007818605750799179,
0.00008560133574064821,
-0.008923545479774475,
0.02156103402376175,
-0.011083009652793407,
-0.023577654734253883,
0.009931855835020542,
-0.02298947237432003,
-0.007276638876646757,
0.07858097553253174,
-0.061137210577726364,
0.02418264001607895,
-0.006524607539176941,
0.03515641763806343,
-0.0233087707310915,
0.06301938742399216,
-0.018132779747247696,
-0.02626648172736168,
-0.00030905759194865823,
-0.047020867466926575,
-0.027627700939774513,
0.016922807320952415,
0.004907109774649143,
0.0021993767004460096,
-0.03922326862812042,
-0.02058633416891098,
0.010696491226553917,
-0.006520405877381563,
0.016796767711639404,
0.005793582648038864,
-0.00017632299568504095,
0.01588928885757923,
0.005407063756138086,
-0.008142105303704739,
0.03240036964416504,
0.0645318552851677,
-0.006100276950746775,
-0.0413743294775486,
-0.03382880613207817,
-0.0431220680475235,
0.03440018370747566,
-0.03724025934934616,
0.0162085872143507,
0.06217912957072258,
-0.05854921415448189,
0.013049215078353882,
-0.09713388234376907,
-0.000783015915658325,
-0.003984925802797079,
-0.0011564057786017656,
0.04550839960575104,
0.03747553005814552,
0.04937358945608139,
0.04974330589175224,
-0.0012782432604581118,
0.016057340428233147,
0.05354127287864685,
0.043189287185668945,
-0.006020452361553907,
-0.061809416860342026,
-0.048869434744119644,
-0.0244011078029871,
-0.04026518762111664,
0.05969196557998657,
-0.026552168652415276,
0.0035479916259646416,
-0.03382880613207817,
0.0431220680475235,
-0.00265311636030674,
0.029711540788412094,
0.034299351274967194,
-0.03492114320397377,
-0.04970969259738922,
-0.029728345572948456,
-0.002291805110871792,
-0.031257618218660355,
0.05307072773575783,
-0.021544229239225388,
-0.028921697288751602,
-0.04359261319041252,
-0.00530623272061348,
0.06802733242511749,
0.029644319787621498,
0.014813757501542568,
0.05572594329714775,
0.022838227450847626,
-0.08503416180610657,
-0.022199630737304688,
-0.0049869343638420105,
0.03382880613207817,
-0.009242843836545944,
-0.03303896635770798,
-0.0005487938178703189,
0.01630941778421402,
0.04651671275496483,
-0.04359261319041252,
-0.014746537432074547,
0.014847368001937866,
-0.025039704516530037,
0.033896028995513916,
-0.00880590919405222,
-0.008360572159290314,
0.028098244220018387,
0.024922067299485207,
-0.02745964750647545,
-0.01406592782586813,
-0.015250692144036293,
0.016065742820501328,
0.02749325893819332,
-0.06564099341630936,
-0.03478670120239258,
-0.0009678727947175503,
-0.012166943401098251,
0.007679963018745184,
-0.016132963821291924,
-0.021376175805926323,
0.02221643552184105,
-0.034332964569330215,
0.009486518800258636,
-0.005957433022558689,
0.0005012667388655245,
0.020838411524891853,
0.03915604576468468,
0.0037265464197844267,
0.023695290088653564,
-0.06910286098718643,
-0.04278596490621567,
0.007339658215641975,
0.0022035778965801,
-0.024014588445425034,
0.042651522904634476,
0.009973868727684021,
-0.008301754482090473,
-0.03502197563648224,
0.01672954671084881,
0.04698725789785385,
-0.0024850645568221807,
0.0009437153348699212,
-0.022384487092494965,
0.01663711853325367,
-0.009427700191736221,
0.03206426650285721,
-0.04426481947302818,
-0.02275419980287552,
0.029392242431640625,
-0.003346329554915428,
0.034988366067409515,
0.005524699576199055,
-0.06839704513549805,
-0.02255253866314888,
0.005856601987034082,
-0.008016066625714302,
-0.0077723911963403225,
-0.002218282548710704,
0.034416988492012024,
0.01709926128387451,
0.000698464922606945,
-0.08738688379526138,
-0.03418171778321266,
0.004524792078882456,
-0.013914681039750576,
-0.004415558651089668,
0.03724025934934616,
0.019208310171961784,
0.008528623729944229,
-0.02253573387861252,
0.02342640794813633,
0.016494274139404297,
0.035963065922260284,
0.000006523491265397752,
0.0039093028753995895,
0.0025417821016162634,
0.0378788523375988,
-0.019846906885504723,
-0.0012708910508081317,
-0.06325466185808182,
-0.019897321239113808,
0.0180655587464571,
-0.06943896412849426,
-0.022081993520259857,
-0.02670341543853283,
0.016620313748717308,
0.015410341322422028,
0.02519095130264759,
0.056969527155160904,
0.0021405585575848818,
0.028955308720469475,
-0.035727791488170624,
-0.019746074452996254,
0.01672954671084881,
0.022166019305586815,
-0.0030522390734404325,
0.007453092839568853,
-0.0032875114120543003,
-0.031677745282649994,
0.06328827142715454,
0.012721514329314232,
0.04665115475654602,
-0.02177949994802475,
-0.0066170357167720795,
0.054784856736660004,
0.03811412677168846,
0.03643361106514931,
-0.04194570705294609,
0.008789104409515858,
0.005537303630262613,
0.016368236392736435,
-0.013057617470622063,
-0.01739335060119629,
0.09807497262954712,
0.009831024333834648,
0.003115258412435651,
0.010797321796417236,
0.004423961043357849,
-0.0174101572483778,
-0.034954752773046494,
-0.039021603763103485,
0.034551430493593216,
0.07327054440975189,
-0.007520313840359449,
-0.031055955216288567,
-0.02703951857984066,
0.003919805865734816,
-0.007406878750771284,
0.004507986828684807,
0.024787627160549164,
0.008604247123003006,
0.00042380538070574403,
-0.022081993520259857,
-0.008688272908329964,
0.017342936247587204,
-0.027207570150494576,
-0.02013259381055832,
0.004818882793188095,
-0.00662123691290617,
-0.032988548278808594,
0.007041366305202246,
-0.08227811753749847,
-0.009889842942357063,
-0.04507146775722504,
-0.04950803145766258,
0.05515456944704056,
-0.035526130348443985,
0.018132779747247696,
-0.0018013041699305177,
0.009982271119952202,
0.0012761426623910666,
0.01796472631394863,
0.0014778046170249581,
0.006154893431812525,
-0.052398521453142166,
-0.03616472706198692,
0.014410433359444141,
-0.0219979677349329,
-0.02628328651189804,
-0.015914496034383774,
-0.02023342438042164,
-0.013108032755553722,
-0.03522363677620888,
-0.03011486493051052,
-0.012637488543987274,
0.01774626038968563,
0.04497063532471657,
-0.013040811754763126,
-0.10842695832252502,
0.03764358162879944,
-0.02398097887635231,
0.02167866937816143,
-0.012797136791050434,
-0.01630941778421402,
-0.010192335583269596,
0.04940720275044441,
0.0409373939037323,
0.00623891968280077,
0.006856509484350681,
-0.02561108022928238,
-0.04732336103916168,
-0.01215013861656189,
0.025090118870139122,
-0.02966112643480301,
0.024669989943504333,
-0.02562788501381874,
-0.03492114320397377,
-0.01406592782586813,
-0.0479283444583416,
0.06530489027500153,
0.015805263072252274,
-0.030518189072608948,
0.03764358162879944,
0.01285595539957285,
0.0187209602445364,
-0.018418466672301292,
-0.009167220443487167,
0.0022140811197459698,
-0.052600182592868805,
-0.012620682828128338,
0.017359741032123566,
-0.002020821673795581,
0.0030039241537451744,
0.025426222011446953,
-0.001387476921081543,
0.005507894791662693,
0.021292150020599365,
-0.013007202185690403,
-0.04295401647686958,
0.0387527234852314,
-0.013729823753237724,
-0.019527608528733253,
0.03075346164405346,
-0.04715530946850777,
0.007390073500573635,
-0.029829178005456924,
-0.02801421843469143,
0.060162510722875595,
0.003764358116313815,
0.059591133147478104,
0.02036786638200283,
-0.019662048667669296,
0.002816966734826565,
-0.028518375009298325,
-0.07219500839710236,
-0.006087672896683216,
0.009402493014931679,
0.052499353885650635,
-0.002105897990986705,
0.01193167082965374,
-0.0044785779900848866,
0.003134164260700345,
0.06661569327116013,
-0.003207686822861433,
0.018788181245326996,
0.0013171052560210228,
0.016149768605828285,
0.0054952907375991344,
-0.02705632522702217,
-0.013755031861364841,
0.035862233489751816,
0.017006833106279373,
-0.012393813580274582,
-0.04994496703147888,
0.00913360994309187,
-0.0422481968998909,
0.01618337817490101,
-0.012217358686029911,
-0.02725798636674881,
-0.007654754910618067,
-0.03999630734324455,
-0.022166019305586815,
0.028215881437063217,
0.010335179977118969,
0.004503785632550716,
0.011511541903018951,
-0.022031579166650772,
0.05276823416352272,
0.06896842271089554,
-0.013368513435125351,
-0.01979649066925049,
-0.045609232038259506,
0.025375807657837868,
-0.011015789583325386,
0.002783356234431267,
-0.05777617543935776,
0.026535363867878914,
0.010309971868991852,
-0.009679778479039669,
0.014385226182639599,
0.010738504119217396,
0.01505743246525526,
-0.022955862805247307,
0.0006175900343805552,
0.017544597387313843,
0.0036866343580186367,
0.050415512174367905,
0.0008817462949082255,
-0.0029724144842475653,
-0.0012624884257093072,
-0.003674030303955078,
0.04577728360891342,
0.05649898201227188,
0.026669805869460106,
-0.012687903828918934,
-0.01662871614098549,
0.010125115513801575,
-0.008789104409515858,
-0.026434533298015594,
0.024804431945085526,
-0.041206277906894684,
0.018636934459209442,
-0.00941929779946804,
0.004180286079645157,
-0.024804431945085526,
-0.02638411708176136,
-0.012788734398782253,
0.08819353580474854,
0.010730101726949215,
0.07273277640342712,
0.032585225999355316,
-0.06029695272445679,
0.0230903048068285,
0.010452816262841225,
-0.06120442971587181,
0.0011522044660523534,
-0.013225669041275978,
0.05102049559354782,
-0.005243213381618261,
0.002848476404324174,
-0.05387737601995468,
0.032585225999355316,
-0.020754385739564896,
0.07434607297182083,
0.02419944480061531,
-0.013965096324682236,
0.04984413459897041,
0.018099168315529823,
-0.005352446809411049,
-0.0019252423662692308,
-0.007343859411776066,
-0.046920035034418106,
0.02014939859509468,
-0.03841662034392357,
-0.05219686031341553,
-0.022804616019129753,
0.003924007061868906,
0.018989842385053635,
-0.014326407574117184,
0.01739335060119629,
-0.015032225288450718,
0.002909395145252347,
0.033442288637161255,
-0.002249792218208313,
0.035190027207136154,
-0.004119367338716984,
0.02487165294587612,
-0.027963804081082344,
-0.01739335060119629,
0.06698540598154068,
0.005810387432575226,
-0.02102326788008213,
0.03436657413840294,
0.0077555859461426735,
0.04503785818815231,
-0.01684718392789364,
0.026468142867088318,
0.02922419086098671,
0.043626222759485245,
0.020636748522520065,
-0.023241549730300903,
0.019544413313269615,
-0.029963618144392967,
0.015822067856788635,
-0.03209787607192993,
-0.0011931670596823096,
-0.017578208819031715,
-0.009192428551614285,
-0.021762695163488388,
-0.010704893618822098,
0.02561108022928238,
-0.013855863362550735,
-0.03120720200240612,
-0.03408088535070419,
0.009662972763180733,
0.04752502217888832,
-0.049003876745700836,
0.018115973100066185,
-0.00020743881759699434,
0.016292612999677658,
0.031257618218660355,
-0.0257119107991457,
0.007188411429524422,
-0.0038189750630408525,
-0.04893665760755539,
0.015738042071461678,
-0.0224349033087492,
0.018788181245326996,
0.02747645415365696,
-0.02858559414744377,
0.04507146775722504,
-0.031274423003196716,
-0.02418264001607895,
-0.00621791323646903,
-0.015200276859104633,
0.024669989943504333,
0.020098984241485596,
-0.029930008575320244,
-0.014376822859048843,
0.005772576201707125,
0.04006352648139,
0.01407433021813631,
0.011822436936199665,
0.014595290645956993,
0.01509944535791874,
0.04271874204277992,
0.017107663676142693,
-0.006986749358475208,
-0.0022392889950424433,
-0.030787071213126183,
0.00659182807430625,
-0.011721606366336346,
0.022602954879403114,
-0.05344044044613838,
0.002909395145252347,
0.02431708201766014,
-0.0006233667954802513,
0.014847368001937866,
-0.002457756083458662,
0.018586518242955208,
0.015527977608144283,
0.02683785744011402,
0.038483839482069016,
0.03023250214755535,
-0.045474790036678314,
-0.04470175504684448,
-0.006827100645750761,
0.003671929705888033,
0.012091320008039474,
0.002115350915119052,
-0.0023296168074011803,
0.041878484189510345,
-0.0074446904473006725,
-0.06154053285717964,
-0.008125299587845802,
0.0005388158024288714,
0.011242658831179142,
-0.04433203861117363,
0.020771190524101257,
-0.0044071557931602,
-0.029308216646313667,
0.034753091633319855,
-0.0474914126098156,
0.016771560534834862,
0.009847830049693584,
0.009293259121477604,
0.006331347860395908,
0.05421347916126251,
0.03905521705746651,
0.013990304432809353,
0.0012887464836239815,
0.04281957447528839,
-0.01040240004658699,
0.04796195775270462,
-0.006709464360028505,
-0.0657082125544548,
0.025644689798355103,
-0.03619833663105965,
0.024787627160549164,
-0.014754939824342728,
-0.05881809815764427,
0.05821311101317406,
0.00871348101645708,
-0.008020267821848392,
-0.014561680145561695,
0.018368050456047058,
0.006827100645750761,
-0.029072944074869156,
0.019981347024440765,
0.012595475651323795,
-0.03406408056616783,
0.03461864963173866,
-0.02934182807803154,
0.04806278645992279,
-0.04940720275044441,
-0.010503231547772884,
0.05246574059128761,
0.003493374679237604,
0.0037517542950809,
-0.023375991731882095,
0.03636638820171356,
-0.018452076241374016,
0.0591542012989521,
-0.008780701085925102,
0.021813111379742622,
-0.03905521705746651,
0.01351135689765215,
0.007259833626449108,
-0.014191966503858566,
0.02475401572883129,
-0.00903277937322855,
-0.007306047715246677,
-0.020519113168120384,
-0.010847737081348896,
0.013166851364076138,
0.008272345177829266,
-0.009671375155448914,
-0.04927276074886322,
-0.009856232441961765,
-0.03250119835138321,
-0.02628328651189804,
0.0587172657251358,
-0.02386334165930748,
-0.014292797073721886,
0.06984228640794754,
-0.002111149486154318,
0.02957710064947605,
0.027308402583003044,
0.016796767711639404,
-0.03392963856458664,
0.022922253236174583,
0.0125282546505332,
0.03895438462495804,
0.032333146780729294,
0.004199191927909851,
0.003224492073059082,
-0.012788734398782253,
-0.007108586840331554,
0.0014988111797720194,
-0.03666888177394867,
-0.02209879830479622,
0.013024006970226765,
-0.004115166142582893,
-0.024434717372059822,
-0.018519297242164612,
-0.044298429042100906,
0.005070960149168968,
-0.018636934459209442,
0.016494274139404297,
0.059960849583148956,
0.00843619555234909,
0.012822344899177551,
0.017779869958758354,
0.016023730859160423,
0.015469158999621868,
-0.03616472706198692,
0.032349951565265656,
0.008511818945407867,
-0.0022140811197459698,
0.012343397364020348,
0.026787441223859787,
0.04628143832087517,
0.0039786240085959435,
0.03512280434370041,
-0.05175992473959923,
-0.016586702316999435,
0.015191874466836452,
-0.014981809072196484,
0.03559334948658943,
0.028165465220808983,
-0.012040904723107815,
-0.014267589896917343,
0.000016280007912428118,
0.03599667549133301,
-0.010326777584850788,
-0.039122436195611954,
0.01862012967467308,
-0.000143237819429487,
0.02824949100613594,
-0.001582836965098977,
-0.0024997692089527845,
0.03939132019877434,
0.008125299587845802,
-0.026871467009186745,
-0.008406786248087883,
0.017326131463050842,
0.03576140105724335,
-0.0088143115863204,
-0.0230903048068285,
0.005402862094342709,
-0.033324651420116425,
0.014301200397312641,
0.014007109217345715,
-0.032249122858047485,
0.027879778295755386,
-0.018216805532574654,
0.04006352648139,
0.00470964889973402,
0.02080480009317398,
0.02626648172736168,
-0.025123730301856995,
-0.0031740765552967787,
-0.014603693038225174,
0.02932502143085003,
-0.014267589896917343,
0.035862233489751816,
-0.0051843952387571335,
-0.03539168834686279,
-0.049541641026735306,
0.0016521583311259747,
-0.016502676531672478,
-0.04409676790237427,
0.024451522156596184,
-0.026787441223859787,
-0.00969658326357603,
0.008780701085925102,
-0.0016111957374960184,
-0.03878633305430412,
0.030820682644844055,
0.010057894513010979,
-0.011309879831969738,
-0.0031992841977626085,
-0.012839150615036488,
-0.03361034020781517,
-0.05401181802153587,
0.036736100912094116,
0.03996269404888153,
0.018435271456837654,
-0.05364210531115532,
0.030837487429380417,
-0.031375251710414886,
-0.008268143981695175,
-0.007058171555399895,
0.0246195737272501,
-0.031593721359968185,
0.024485133588314056,
-0.0008418340003117919,
-0.02364487387239933,
0.008280747570097446,
0.04130711033940315,
0.010931762866675854,
0.0713883638381958,
0.034332964569330215,
0.02846795879304409,
0.03512280434370041,
-0.003539589000865817,
-0.0012225761311128736,
0.009679778479039669,
0.024065004661679268,
0.0048398892395198345,
0.0015177169116213918,
-0.03623194620013237,
0.029425853863358498,
0.00749930739402771,
-0.02080480009317398,
0.026568973436951637,
0.02584635280072689,
-0.03485392406582832,
-0.017779869958758354,
-0.016032133251428604,
-0.0219979677349329,
0.001731982920318842,
0.0026048014406114817,
-0.015175068750977516,
-0.009099999442696571,
-0.008654662407934666,
-0.023510433733463287,
0.018687348812818527,
0.003312719287350774,
0.004092059098184109,
0.03512280434370041,
-0.07878264039754868,
-0.03134164214134216,
-0.04806278645992279,
-0.008368974551558495,
0.016830377280712128,
-0.019241919741034508,
-0.03055180050432682,
0.056767866015434265,
-0.05068439245223999,
0.01028476469218731,
-0.011671191081404686,
0.00163640349637717,
-0.038349397480487823,
0.01665392331779003,
-0.03808051720261574,
0.02934182807803154,
-0.016821974888443947,
-0.0005750519339926541,
-0.003117359010502696,
0.04255069047212601,
0.02922419086098671,
-0.01243582647293806,
0.052264079451560974,
0.03861828148365021,
0.024266665801405907,
-0.005268421024084091,
0.02320794016122818,
-0.011150230653584003,
-0.0321987047791481,
0.03386241942644119,
0.016065742820501328,
0.016788365319371223,
0.02376251108944416,
0.036836933344602585,
0.010108309797942638,
-0.028484763577580452,
0.0042475066147744656,
0.00202712370082736,
-0.00280436291359365,
0.024922067299485207,
-0.005570914130657911,
-0.034954752773046494,
0.02725798636674881,
-0.028551984578371048,
-0.017166482284665108,
-0.012620682828128338,
0.019359556958079338,
-0.002848476404324174,
0.01784709095954895,
0.006163296289741993,
-0.04379427433013916,
-0.028871282935142517,
0.02934182807803154,
0.02344321273267269,
-0.0044071557931602,
0.009595752693712711,
0.055120959877967834,
0.009057986550033092,
-0.06597709655761719,
0.04981052502989769,
0.029089750722050667,
0.010251154191792011,
-0.04480258375406265,
-0.003012326778843999,
0.004604616668075323,
0.024434717372059822,
-0.07091782242059708,
-0.028854478150606155,
0.04446648061275482,
-0.018216805532574654,
0.03841662034392357,
-0.007595937233418226,
0.047020867466926575,
0.0027980608865618706
] |
Multi-robot path finding in dynamic environments is a highly challenging
classic problem. In the movement process, robots need to avoid collisions with
other moving robots while minimizing their travel distance. Previous methods
for this problem either continuously replan paths using heuristic search
methods to avoid conflicts or choose appropriate collision avoidance strategies
based on learning approaches. The former may result in long travel distances
due to frequent replanning, while the latter may have low learning efficiency
due to low sample exploration and utilization, and causing high training costs
for the model. To address these issues, we propose a path planning method,
MAPPOHR, which combines heuristic search, empirical rules, and multi-agent
reinforcement learning. The method consists of two layers: a real-time planner
based on the multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm, MAPPO, which embeds
empirical rules in the action output layer and reward functions, and a
heuristic search planner used to create a global guiding path. During movement,
the heuristic search planner replans new paths based on the instructions of the
real-time planner. We tested our method in 10 different conflict scenarios. The
experiments show that the planning performance of MAPPOHR is better than that
of existing learning and heuristic methods. Due to the utilization of empirical
knowledge and heuristic search, the learning efficiency of MAPPOHR is higher
than that of existing learning methods. | [
-0.03598345071077347,
-0.028119027614593506,
-0.03199559450149536,
0.005100747104734182,
0.03177301585674286,
0.04796557128429413,
-0.02216506376862526,
0.021441685035824776,
-0.07048305124044418,
0.002670936519280076,
0.005017280112951994,
0.0010757938725873828,
0.033219773322343826,
-0.022109419107437134,
-0.026245661079883575,
0.03672537952661514,
0.028898051008582115,
0.01834414154291153,
-0.007859786972403526,
-0.0014989241026341915,
0.013104282319545746,
-0.021274752914905548,
-0.004085234832018614,
0.11485027521848679,
0.029584333300590515,
-0.00047500705113634467,
0.021515877917408943,
-0.014226446859538555,
-0.05772190913558006,
0.08443127572536469,
0.015932878479361534,
0.04533173143863678,
0.00033850412000901997,
0.017704229801893234,
0.006088437046855688,
0.0018269948195666075,
0.02934320643544197,
-0.005875132977962494,
0.020588470622897148,
0.047149449586868286,
0.022239256650209427,
0.02726581133902073,
-0.03932212293148041,
-0.08057325333356857,
0.0015081980964168906,
0.007771683391183615,
-0.025726312771439552,
0.03362783417105675,
-0.037931010127067566,
0.006886008661240339,
0.037522949278354645,
-0.05275099724531174,
-0.02925046533346176,
-0.048522014170885086,
-0.03577942028641701,
-0.015830863267183304,
0.012853882275521755,
0.003111455589532852,
0.010433346033096313,
0.010386975482106209,
0.01005310844630003,
-0.025151319801807404,
-0.02511422336101532,
-0.004929176531732082,
-0.029881102964282036,
-0.03540845960378647,
0.03199559450149536,
-0.039878565818071365,
0.016062716022133827,
-0.047928474843502045,
-0.04373658820986748,
-0.016313116997480392,
-0.05683159455657005,
-0.004799338988959789,
0.005105384159833193,
0.003438367275521159,
0.01230671163648367,
0.05761061981320381,
0.011592607013881207,
0.03188430517911911,
0.035946354269981384,
-0.008128736168146133,
0.005193487741053104,
-0.02500293403863907,
0.09741499274969101,
-0.05686869099736214,
0.037819720804691315,
-0.07404429465532303,
0.04221563786268234,
-0.014356284402310848,
-0.06636535376310349,
0.03514878451824188,
0.013401053845882416,
0.0402495302259922,
-0.005045102443546057,
-0.004363457206636667,
-0.03323832154273987,
0.015228047966957092,
-0.02275860495865345,
-0.0016055760206654668,
-0.02787790074944496,
0.00412233080714941,
-0.031531888991594315,
0.027989190071821213,
0.05660901591181755,
-0.02031024731695652,
-0.043105948716402054,
0.007530557457357645,
-0.027710966765880585,
0.13599519431591034,
-0.010665197856724262,
0.006844275165349245,
0.025151319801807404,
0.027228714898228645,
-0.05905737727880478,
-0.014337736181914806,
-0.05442033335566521,
-0.020254602655768394,
0.013057912699878216,
-0.055570319294929504,
0.011611155234277248,
0.06547504663467407,
0.026709366589784622,
-0.07723458111286163,
-0.04228983074426651,
-0.03071577101945877,
0.02463197149336338,
0.034981850534677505,
0.00044109870214015245,
-0.03984146937727928,
-0.007493461016565561,
-0.03607619181275368,
-0.018956230953335762,
0.015330063179135323,
0.03210688382387161,
-0.018715104088187218,
-0.007080764044076204,
-0.03101254254579544,
-0.029083531349897385,
-0.0010601439280435443,
-0.023389242589473724,
-0.03637296333909035,
-0.05063650757074356,
-0.003245929954573512,
-0.002207232406362891,
0.03570522740483284,
-0.026431143283843994,
0.060392845422029495,
-0.06988950818777084,
0.04982038587331772,
-0.024557778611779213,
0.027098877355456352,
0.013642179779708385,
0.06447344273328781,
-0.011128902435302734,
-0.019586868584156036,
-0.042030155658721924,
0.016730450093746185,
-0.0413995161652565,
-0.017240524291992188,
0.0647331178188324,
-0.04904136434197426,
0.020718306303024292,
0.07634427398443222,
0.0023602547589689493,
0.0004628348397091031,
0.02522551268339157,
0.00854143314063549,
-0.039878565818071365,
0.03485201299190521,
-0.06836856156587601,
0.020662661641836166,
0.0457397885620594,
0.01796390302479267,
0.011203095316886902,
0.016897384077310562,
0.047223642468452454,
0.015478448942303658,
-0.03661409020423889,
0.02472471259534359,
-0.02680210769176483,
-0.029064983129501343,
-0.0011036162031814456,
0.03581651672720909,
-0.002309247385710478,
0.04974619299173355,
0.05412356182932854,
-0.046852678060531616,
0.02500293403863907,
-0.011917199939489365,
-0.015005470253527164,
0.03342380374670029,
0.04492367058992386,
-0.004208116326481104,
-0.009079329669475555,
-0.08250226080417633,
-0.018557444214820862,
0.03553829714655876,
0.009385374374687672,
-0.014699425548315048,
-0.02461342327296734,
-0.02118201181292534,
-0.006700526922941208,
0.029454495757818222,
0.058129966259002686,
-0.007818054407835007,
0.02884240634739399,
-0.05200907215476036,
0.05197197571396828,
-0.06120896339416504,
-0.018780022859573364,
-0.027840804308652878,
-0.022294901311397552,
-0.02403843030333519,
-0.029157724231481552,
0.007034393958747387,
0.006051340606063604,
0.0066077858209609985,
-0.004882805980741978,
-0.017824791371822357,
0.0048039760440588,
-0.010544635355472565,
0.007414631545543671,
-0.010609554126858711,
-0.022016678005456924,
0.022647317498922348,
0.00044399683247320354,
0.009278722107410431,
0.019772350788116455,
-0.04755751043558121,
0.03216252848505974,
-0.02413116954267025,
0.02001347579061985,
0.02216506376862526,
0.00971924141049385,
0.0880667120218277,
-0.028304507955908775,
0.034573789685964584,
-0.0006173063302412629,
-0.011703895404934883,
0.018279222771525383,
-0.011638977564871311,
-0.03513023629784584,
0.0161832794547081,
0.08383773267269135,
0.026041632518172264,
0.010757938958704472,
0.030159326270222664,
-0.0042730350978672504,
0.0015105166239663959,
-0.022610221058130264,
-0.016711901873350143,
-0.01162970345467329,
0.005995696410536766,
0.0009859511628746986,
0.04696396738290787,
0.044293031096458435,
-0.0214973296970129,
0.003331715241074562,
0.009325092658400536,
0.05612676590681076,
0.04889297857880592,
-0.021998129785060883,
0.033702027052640915,
0.019457031041383743,
0.03668828308582306,
0.02110781893134117,
0.08628609031438828,
-0.0007199008832685649,
0.054012272506952286,
-0.030085133388638496,
-0.06113477051258087,
-0.027822256088256836,
0.0526026114821434,
-0.010099478997290134,
-0.04922684654593468,
-0.0033595373388379812,
0.023500531911849976,
0.045554306358098984,
0.009978915564715862,
0.0025248697493225336,
-0.025948891416192055,
0.021460233256220818,
-0.0402495302259922,
-0.03071577101945877,
-0.0025781956501305103,
-0.029602881520986557,
-0.015942152589559555,
-0.03828342631459236,
0.0066170599311590195,
-0.013410327956080437,
-0.009009773842990398,
-0.035853613168001175,
0.013558712787926197,
0.03657699376344681,
0.03544555604457855,
0.020236054435372353,
0.018103014677762985,
0.024168265983462334,
0.007094675209373236,
-0.018566718325018883,
0.04169628769159317,
-0.005235221236944199,
-0.03372057527303696,
-0.026134373620152473,
-0.01486635860055685,
-0.03514878451824188,
0.035167332738637924,
-0.0235561765730381,
-0.04844782128930092,
0.035185880959033966,
0.013428876176476479,
-0.005981785245239735,
0.012863156385719776,
0.012705497443675995,
0.016109086573123932,
0.02600453607738018,
-0.0005665886565111578,
-0.054494526237249374,
-0.0320141427218914,
-0.01845543086528778,
0.014996196143329144,
-0.04681558161973953,
-0.010414797812700272,
-0.011407124809920788,
0.009065418504178524,
0.017704229801893234,
0.020347343757748604,
-0.04781718552112579,
0.004813250154256821,
-0.02452068217098713,
-0.027618225663900375,
-0.021942486986517906,
-0.02472471259534359,
-0.038988254964351654,
-0.027636773884296417,
-0.041176941245794296,
0.0061719040386378765,
0.003299255855381489,
0.015413530170917511,
-0.042734984308481216,
-0.016526419669389725,
0.06695889681577682,
0.06577181071043015,
0.0056571923196315765,
-0.04659300670027733,
-0.017398184165358543,
0.01520022563636303,
-0.009700693190097809,
0.03995275869965553,
0.0009285677806474268,
-0.03746730461716652,
0.05542193353176117,
0.011444221250712872,
0.026913395151495934,
-0.023704562336206436,
-0.00867590680718422,
0.03347944840788841,
-0.041176941245794296,
-0.029269013553857803,
0.007938616909086704,
-0.04922684654593468,
-0.082799032330513,
-0.02568921633064747,
-0.0626557245850563,
0.048484917730093,
-0.03247784823179245,
-0.021552974358201027,
-0.022981183603405952,
0.02442794106900692,
0.007785594556480646,
0.005731384735554457,
0.0345366932451725,
-0.015385707840323448,
-0.058129966259002686,
0.014504669234156609,
0.055867090821266174,
-0.009255536831915379,
-0.037931010127067566,
0.00018852476205211133,
0.030864156782627106,
0.05853802710771561,
-0.013067186810076237,
-0.0082353875041008,
0.012047036550939083,
0.0963021069765091,
0.049894578754901886,
-0.0798313245177269,
0.008940218016505241,
0.03485201299190521,
0.020644113421440125,
-0.014189350418746471,
-0.011499865911900997,
0.043996259570121765,
-0.004725146573036909,
-0.020736854523420334,
0.04388497397303581,
-0.029176272451877594,
-0.04893007501959801,
-0.0242424588650465,
0.04815105348825455,
0.01982799544930458,
0.012520015239715576,
0.060096073895692825,
0.015747396275401115,
0.0046300869435071945,
0.0064454893581569195,
-0.006853549275547266,
-0.021719908341765404,
0.04996877163648605,
0.009255536831915379,
0.017314717173576355,
-0.00662633404135704,
0.00011418717622291297,
0.022888442501425743,
-0.0028958332259207964,
0.010572457686066628,
0.05482839420437813,
-0.010507538914680481,
-0.0457397885620594,
-0.014560313895344734,
0.008355950936675072,
0.05219455435872078,
0.014829263091087341,
-0.038320522755384445,
0.04433012753725052,
0.05304776877164841,
-0.046370428055524826,
0.017500199377536774,
-0.006584600545465946,
0.04325433447957039,
-0.02765532210469246,
0.03364638239145279,
-0.0468897745013237,
-0.015821589156985283,
0.005258406512439251,
-0.0023196805268526077,
0.04818814620375633,
-0.012863156385719776,
-0.02854563482105732,
-0.0044608348980546,
-0.01687883585691452,
-0.033497996628284454,
-0.07129916548728943,
-0.006598511710762978,
-0.05093327909708023,
0.004059731028974056,
0.005995696410536766,
0.017231250181794167,
0.018659459426999092,
-0.021701360121369362,
0.022239256650209427,
0.010488990694284439,
0.011536962352693081,
0.048484917730093,
-0.0036516711115837097,
-0.033906057476997375,
-0.04099145904183388,
0.0026222476735711098,
-0.018789296969771385,
0.03334961086511612,
0.0004129866138100624,
0.029844006523489952,
-0.05011715739965439,
0.04918975010514259,
-0.013465971685945988,
0.005457799416035414,
-0.01569175347685814,
0.004650953691452742,
-0.02461342327296734,
0.03794955834746361,
-0.03303429111838341,
0.01485708449035883,
0.005434614140540361,
0.0228698942810297,
0.06651373952627182,
-0.00937146320939064,
-0.04781718552112579,
-0.020273150876164436,
-0.018112288787961006,
0.007720676250755787,
-0.0055969106033444405,
0.029565785080194473,
-0.006728348787873983,
-0.001951035694219172,
0.004864257760345936,
0.015459900721907616,
-0.004667183384299278,
-0.02385294809937477,
0.01530224084854126,
-0.0008416232303716242,
-0.08762156218290329,
0.030752867460250854,
0.008944855071604252,
0.0054160659201443195,
-0.005647918209433556,
0.026338402181863785,
-0.08064744621515274,
0.06295248866081238,
-0.024465037509799004,
0.012946623377501965,
-0.038135040551424026,
0.036855217069387436,
0.05519935488700867,
-0.01094342116266489,
0.030882705003023148,
0.04933813586831093,
-0.020532825961709023,
0.0010044993832707405,
-0.011360754258930683,
0.051563914865255356,
0.09162796288728714,
0.024205362424254417,
-0.010136575438082218,
0.06180250644683838,
0.032811712473630905,
0.016544967889785767,
-0.00740999449044466,
0.030140778049826622,
0.03616893291473389,
-0.0028309146873652935,
0.02010621689260006,
-0.040064048022031784,
0.014745796099305153,
-0.006385207641869783,
0.033293966203927994,
0.02787790074944496,
-0.02433519996702671,
0.048225242644548416,
-0.05482839420437813,
-0.012102681212127209,
0.04918975010514259,
-0.026542432606220245,
-0.03514878451824188,
-0.02236909419298172,
-0.05768481269478798,
0.00784587673842907,
0.027506938204169273,
0.008328128606081009,
-0.046370428055524826,
-0.0007958324858918786,
0.028786761686205864,
0.01367927622050047,
0.019345741719007492,
-0.018557444214820862,
-0.0077995057217776775,
0.025077126920223236,
-0.032923001796007156,
-0.012390178628265858,
0.0364842526614666,
-0.005170302465558052,
-0.023704562336206436,
0.029844006523489952,
-0.01873365230858326,
-0.023908592760562897,
-0.017426006495952606,
0.025355350226163864,
-0.03715198487043381,
-0.010553909465670586,
-0.049301039427518845,
0.03412863612174988,
-0.012510741129517555,
0.004212753381580114,
-0.01264985278248787,
0.014847810380160809,
-0.00370499724522233,
-0.019939282909035683,
0.03325686976313591,
0.012788963504135609,
0.01143494714051485,
-0.041176941245794296,
-0.021015077829360962,
0.023982785642147064,
0.006018881686031818,
0.03069722279906273,
-0.014189350418746471,
-0.03563103452324867,
0.011156724765896797,
-0.043625298887491226,
-0.03091980144381523,
-0.01359580922871828,
-0.012501467019319534,
0.0192159041762352,
0.012844608165323734,
0.012575659900903702,
-0.017203427851200104,
-0.025670668110251427,
-0.020755402743816376,
0.010507538914680481,
-0.023908592760562897,
-0.02834160439670086,
0.053233250975608826,
-0.00490599125623703,
0.01825140044093132,
0.01833486743271351,
-0.012788963504135609,
-0.012501467019319534,
-0.03333106264472008,
0.019382838159799576,
-0.008082365617156029,
-0.023129569366574287,
0.013410327956080437,
-0.010470442473888397,
0.028675472363829613,
-0.012380904518067837,
-0.015042566694319248,
0.06573471426963806,
0.04180757701396942,
0.014003869146108627,
-0.022702960297465324,
0.03451814502477646,
0.008481151424348354,
0.0077067650854587555,
-0.015107485465705395,
0.04355110600590706,
-0.0019556728657335043,
0.02275860495865345,
0.045962367206811905,
-0.030159326270222664,
-0.01402241736650467,
0.02040298841893673,
-0.04867039993405342,
0.034110087901353836,
0.022814249619841576,
-0.026709366589784622,
0.02746984176337719,
-0.016053441911935806,
-0.027024684473872185,
-0.007261608727276325,
0.0043959165923297405,
0.008318854495882988,
0.003512559924274683,
0.00645012641325593,
-0.04837362840771675,
0.010897050611674786,
0.018863489851355553,
0.01040552370250225,
0.07767973840236664,
0.01279823761433363,
0.019865091890096664,
-0.03709634020924568,
-0.020069120451807976,
0.0026570255868136883,
0.04592527076601982,
-0.006927741691470146,
0.019253000617027283,
0.015858685597777367,
-0.04581398144364357,
0.04603656008839607,
-0.02991819940507412,
-0.04295756295323372,
-0.00417101988568902,
0.02689484693109989,
0.02932465821504593,
0.016071990132331848,
-0.03817213699221611,
-0.023315051570534706,
-0.03891406208276749,
-0.03336815908551216,
0.008606350980699062,
0.04403335601091385,
-0.0333867073059082,
-0.03060448169708252,
0.003438367275521159,
0.020959433168172836,
0.058426737785339355,
0.05386388674378395,
0.019104616716504097,
-0.001108253258280456,
0.054494526237249374,
-0.0537525974214077,
0.008388410322368145,
-0.03824632987380028,
0.02667227014899254,
-0.013030090369284153,
-0.014922003261744976,
0.04611075296998024,
0.008828929625451565,
-0.028323056176304817,
-0.005258406512439251,
0.0020565283484756947,
-0.026839204132556915,
-0.02353762835264206,
-0.013224845752120018,
-0.030085133388638496,
-0.020551374182105064,
0.011110354214906693,
-0.03559394180774689,
-0.03947050869464874,
-0.02246183529496193,
-0.05378969386219978,
-0.04121403396129608,
-0.0055876364931464195,
0.050673604011535645,
-0.005722110625356436,
0.0388769656419754,
-0.018575992435216904,
0.004129286389797926,
-0.01588650792837143,
-0.029695620760321617,
-0.04944942519068718,
0.0013006904628127813,
0.013503068126738071,
-0.00006104232306824997,
0.029769813641905785,
-0.014254269190132618,
-0.009626500308513641,
-0.02680210769176483,
-0.02854563482105732,
-0.011314384639263153,
0.02248038351535797,
0.027692418545484543,
0.010711568407714367,
0.03166172653436661,
0.04433012753725052,
-0.009339003823697567,
-0.025522282347083092,
-0.017889710143208504,
-0.017611488699913025,
0.03021497093141079,
0.017388910055160522,
0.03700359910726547,
0.034685079008340836,
-0.0339617021381855,
-0.025485185906291008,
-0.017889710143208504,
0.037430208176374435,
-0.0027520847506821156,
-0.01914171315729618,
-0.012816785834729671,
0.04766879975795746,
-0.04659300670027733,
-0.0654008537530899,
0.03668828308582306,
-0.02186829410493374,
0.027302907779812813,
0.030252067372202873,
0.006329563446342945,
0.00498018367215991,
0.039507605135440826,
0.03386896103620529,
0.013132104650139809,
0.05178649351000786,
-0.009876901283860207,
0.008504336699843407,
0.017620762810111046,
-0.00009498692088527605,
-0.0027080329600721598,
0.010526087135076523,
-0.0025155956391245127,
0.046852678060531616,
0.013994595035910606,
0.048410724848508835,
-0.0564977303147316,
-0.01597924903035164,
0.009390011429786682,
-0.007869061082601547,
0.002701077377423644,
0.028619827702641487,
-0.025856150314211845,
-0.00009687071724329144,
0.01678609475493431,
0.020977981388568878,
-0.017620762810111046,
0.04062049463391304,
-0.03383186459541321,
0.00507756182923913,
-0.01637803576886654,
0.01923445239663124,
0.010118027217686176,
0.0028030923567712307,
0.00033473651274107397,
-0.01393895037472248,
-0.014541765674948692,
-0.00005394184699980542,
-0.015561915002763271,
-0.04681558161973953,
-0.001978857908397913,
-0.002557329135015607,
0.026616625487804413,
0.000277063314570114,
0.009093240834772587,
-0.004421420395374298,
0.06072671338915825,
0.005295502953231335,
0.027896448969841003,
-0.016155457124114037,
0.011740991845726967,
0.01656351611018181,
0.005522717721760273,
0.026709366589784622,
0.020755402743816376,
-0.01923445239663124,
0.011323658749461174,
0.013874031603336334,
0.02667227014899254,
-0.018687281757593155,
-0.00034314117510803044,
-0.006222911179065704,
0.0009239307837560773,
-0.004790065344423056,
0.055570319294929504,
-0.03268187865614891,
0.04818814620375633,
-0.06410247832536697,
0.01118454709649086,
0.011221643537282944,
-0.016025619581341743,
0.02088524028658867,
0.012232518754899502,
-0.03119802288711071,
0.008471877314150333,
-0.01496837381273508,
0.0137812914326787,
0.028081931173801422,
0.03158753365278244,
0.0074563645757734776,
0.009988189674913883,
-0.006320289336144924,
-0.02413116954267025,
0.0012485237093642354,
-0.05378969386219978,
0.009700693190097809,
0.033497996628284454,
0.010693020187318325,
-0.020829595625400543,
0.0021666581742465496,
0.005722110625356436,
0.026616625487804413,
0.020347343757748604,
0.046667199581861496,
0.10965678840875626,
-0.03195849806070328,
-0.0027891811914741993,
-0.05531064420938492,
0.01980944722890854,
-0.0006086118519306183,
0.032904453575611115,
-0.020644113421440125,
0.015190951526165009,
-0.0046324054710567,
-0.003962352871894836,
-0.01555264089256525,
-0.012260341085493565,
-0.04102855548262596,
0.016164731234312057,
-0.02060701698064804,
0.02491019293665886,
-0.005754570011049509,
0.06577181071043015,
0.03561248630285263,
-0.009056144393980503,
0.037819720804691315,
0.014161528088152409,
-0.00043993943836539984,
-0.026468239724636078,
0.019846543669700623,
0.045851077884435654,
-0.008592439815402031,
-0.013985320925712585,
-0.004011041950434446,
-0.010164397768676281,
0.0011256420984864235,
-0.022239256650209427,
0.035760872066020966,
0.02728435955941677,
-0.0007413472048938274,
-0.05690578743815422,
-0.03257058933377266,
-0.02648678794503212,
0.030864156782627106,
0.0457397885620594,
-0.05790739133954048,
0.043402720242738724,
-0.03641005977988243,
-0.013373231515288353,
0.02110781893134117,
-0.00379078253172338,
0.051267143338918686,
-0.0032691152300685644,
0.017342539504170418,
-0.059799302369356155,
0.007623298093676567,
-0.01368855033069849,
0.04147370904684067,
-0.02472471259534359,
-0.003702678717672825,
-0.022313449531793594,
-0.018956230953335762,
-0.00353342667222023,
-0.013883305713534355,
0.05319615453481674,
-0.04462689906358719,
-0.01805664412677288,
0.017889710143208504,
0.029584333300590515,
-0.058315448462963104,
-0.016452226787805557,
0.01941993460059166,
0.010906324721872807,
-0.001982335699722171,
-0.027135973796248436,
-0.04789137840270996,
-0.01024786476045847,
0.007859786972403526,
0.004370412789285183,
-0.0007622138946317136,
-0.02453923039138317,
0.04069468751549721,
-0.05416065827012062,
0.025095675140619278,
0.016739724203944206,
0.03637296333909035,
-0.039581798017024994,
-0.018427608534693718,
0.0020623246673494577,
-0.006700526922941208,
-0.05749933049082756,
-0.0018930727383121848,
-0.0040319086983799934,
0.020644113421440125,
-0.03186575695872307,
-0.00037704952410422266,
0.006575326435267925,
-0.0384318083524704,
0.0053140511736273766,
-0.0006503452314063907,
-0.0144675737246871,
0.04815105348825455,
0.021219108253717422,
0.0006457081763073802,
0.03160608187317848,
0.005026554223150015,
0.0062043629586696625,
0.04158499836921692,
-0.031643178313970566,
0.013030090369284153,
-0.06180250644683838,
-0.025169868022203445,
-0.0014989241026341915,
-0.02147878147661686,
0.012890978716313839,
-0.01495909970253706,
0.011305110529065132,
0.0008665473433211446,
0.017092140391469002,
-0.001644990872591734,
0.011388576589524746,
0.0057684811763465405,
-0.017620762810111046,
-0.008708366192877293,
-0.030456095933914185,
0.027896448969841003,
-0.027154522016644478,
-0.03383186459541321,
0.009403922595083714,
-0.015534092672169209,
-0.0009703012183308601,
0.008272483944892883,
0.05438323691487312,
-0.013753469102084637,
0.04284627363085747,
-0.029677072539925575,
-0.011880103498697281,
-0.045962367206811905,
0.029751265421509743,
-0.026356950402259827,
-0.014755070209503174,
-0.03780117258429527,
0.009932545945048332,
0.012937349267303944,
-0.05879770219326019,
-0.003837152849882841,
0.03346090018749237,
0.02520696446299553,
0.03247784823179245,
-0.05582999438047409,
-0.006774719338864088,
-0.043105948716402054,
0.0028332332149147987,
0.05638644099235535,
-0.017991725355386734,
0.017221976071596146,
-0.01834414154291153,
-0.008249298669397831,
-0.02461342327296734,
-0.01402241736650467,
-0.024019882082939148,
0.040360819548368454,
0.0339617021381855,
-0.014411929063498974,
0.011564784683287144,
0.027896448969841003,
-0.05493968352675438,
-0.0049106283113360405,
-0.004620813298970461,
-0.004592990968376398,
-0.053418733179569244,
0.06302668154239655,
-0.0014247313374653459,
-0.004766880068928003,
-0.04611075296998024,
-0.02980691008269787,
0.0427720807492733,
-0.0003903810284100473,
0.010322056710720062,
0.05026554316282272,
0.020940884947776794,
0.013605083338916302,
0.005239858292043209,
-0.010730116628110409,
0.015033292584121227,
0.008634173311293125,
-0.001929009798914194,
0.026023084297776222,
0.03190285339951515,
-0.02168281190097332,
-0.0013806794304400682,
0.016452226787805557,
-0.04514624923467636,
0.027506938204169273,
-0.038394711911678314,
0.029881102964282036,
-0.006552141159772873
] |
Software vulnerabilities bear enterprises significant costs. Despite
extensive efforts in research and development of software vulnerability
detection methods, uncaught vulnerabilities continue to put software owners and
users at risk. Many current vulnerability detection methods require that code
snippets can compile and build before attempting detection. This,
unfortunately, introduces a long latency between the time a vulnerability is
injected to the time it is removed, which can substantially increases the cost
of fixing a vulnerability. We recognize that the current advances in machine
learning can be used to detect vulnerable code patterns on syntactically
incomplete code snippets as the developer is writing the code at EditTime. In
this paper we present a practical system that leverages deep learning on a
large-scale data set of vulnerable code patterns to learn complex
manifestations of more than 250 vulnerability types and detect vulnerable code
patterns at EditTime. We discuss zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning
approaches on state of the art pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs). We
show that in comparison with state of the art vulnerability detection models
our approach improves the state of the art by 10%. We also evaluate our
approach to detect vulnerability in auto-generated code by code LLMs.
Evaluation on a benchmark of high-risk code scenarios shows a reduction of up
to 90% vulnerability reduction. | [
-0.031457338482141495,
0.02469727396965027,
-0.007758708205074072,
-0.017409082502126694,
0.042288802564144135,
0.022219864651560783,
-0.009031021036207676,
0.03187984228134155,
-0.028653446584939957,
0.012358239851891994,
0.06295308470726013,
-0.0532354936003685,
-0.020107345655560493,
-0.010697031393647194,
-0.00883417297154665,
0.06575697660446167,
0.0080611826851964,
-0.03134210780262947,
0.01633361726999283,
-0.05964986979961395,
-0.029786525294184685,
-0.02074110135436058,
-0.04386358708143234,
0.018474943935871124,
-0.009563952684402466,
0.014326723292469978,
0.028595833107829094,
0.005334111861884594,
-0.0163528211414814,
0.05246730521321297,
0.046283382922410965,
0.009823216125369072,
-0.006616027094423771,
-0.03385792672634125,
-0.005070046987384558,
0.008867780677974224,
0.01869579777121544,
0.04689793288707733,
-0.02028018794953823,
0.020587462931871414,
0.02876867540180683,
-0.07267067581415176,
0.0000022364874894265085,
0.004717160016298294,
0.043249037116765976,
-0.00823882594704628,
-0.007201771251857281,
-0.07943073660135269,
-0.036181699484586716,
-0.01212778314948082,
-0.0014967680908739567,
0.006596822291612625,
-0.009693584404885769,
-0.08473123610019684,
-0.006131107918918133,
0.04451654851436615,
0.07835527509450912,
-0.02260395884513855,
0.07025087624788284,
-0.011359593831002712,
-0.02383306249976158,
0.04424768313765526,
0.021758951246738434,
-0.008190814405679703,
0.04309539869427681,
0.016909759491682053,
0.0027510765939950943,
-0.0020164959132671356,
-0.020184164866805077,
0.027270706370472908,
-0.06794631481170654,
-0.026944227516651154,
0.018657388165593147,
-0.003312814747914672,
0.04374836012721062,
0.004037793260067701,
-0.010764247737824917,
0.023487376049160957,
-0.00004636140147340484,
-0.017505105584859848,
0.0024257965851575136,
0.03479895740747452,
-0.004609133582562208,
-0.01046657469123602,
0.05150706693530083,
-0.03389633819460869,
-0.03174540773034096,
-0.07770231366157532,
0.03910081833600998,
-0.04766612499952316,
-0.00999605841934681,
-0.00018994671700056642,
-0.00315437582321465,
-0.023237714543938637,
-0.027712415903806686,
0.018532557412981987,
-0.08741989731788635,
-0.05542483180761337,
-0.05108456313610077,
0.04294176027178764,
-0.01670810952782631,
-0.012847959995269775,
0.018590172752738,
-0.008973406627774239,
0.011945337988436222,
-0.03458770737051964,
-0.04528473690152168,
0.05392686277627945,
-0.0037521228659898043,
0.14580225944519043,
-0.013232054188847542,
-0.03322417289018631,
-0.03385792672634125,
-0.009333495981991291,
0.029748115688562393,
0.01752430945634842,
0.0023033665493130684,
-0.06318353861570358,
-0.0018352513434365392,
0.0049452162347733974,
0.03443406894803047,
0.0273091159760952,
0.04643702134490013,
-0.021586108952760696,
-0.012387046590447426,
0.07136475294828415,
-0.0015279757790267467,
-0.0030895599629729986,
-0.05957305058836937,
0.04129015654325485,
-0.0230648722499609,
0.008008369244635105,
0.022027818486094475,
-0.010889078490436077,
0.06180080026388168,
0.05043160542845726,
0.037794895470142365,
0.014086664654314518,
0.025388645008206367,
0.02592637576162815,
-0.015104514546692371,
0.011849313974380493,
-0.05062365159392357,
0.003689707489684224,
0.01955040916800499,
-0.009439121931791306,
-0.00913664698600769,
0.06871449947357178,
-0.020395416766405106,
-0.0158246923238039,
-0.043940406292676926,
0.004006585571914911,
0.03324337676167488,
0.058958500623703,
0.06917541474103928,
-0.004899605177342892,
0.03719954937696457,
0.09049265831708908,
-0.04405563697218895,
-0.010658621788024902,
0.04728202894330025,
-0.03892797604203224,
0.010572200641036034,
0.021490085870027542,
-0.02590717189013958,
-0.009799210354685783,
0.0356631726026535,
-0.017610730603337288,
-0.06510401517152786,
0.051737524569034576,
0.021970203146338463,
-0.013683365657925606,
-0.008258030749857426,
-0.01178209763020277,
-0.027136273682117462,
0.02028018794953823,
0.019742455333471298,
0.002027298556640744,
-0.009491934441030025,
-0.03936968371272087,
-0.028672652319073677,
0.01940637268126011,
-0.015056503005325794,
0.02141326665878296,
0.012665514834225178,
0.027962077409029007,
0.051737524569034576,
-0.013856207951903343,
0.051430247724056244,
-0.04405563697218895,
-0.04443972930312157,
0.0037113127764314413,
0.029056746512651443,
-0.029325611889362335,
-0.014730023220181465,
-0.06591060757637024,
-0.03936968371272087,
-0.023641014471650124,
0.02688661217689514,
-0.006524804979562759,
0.01271352730691433,
-0.0415206104516983,
0.013500920496881008,
-0.004292255733162165,
0.016650496050715446,
0.02709786407649517,
0.03575919568538666,
0.022527139633893967,
0.030343463644385338,
-0.028154125437140465,
-0.038524676114320755,
0.015584632754325867,
-0.04835749417543411,
0.0026862607337534428,
0.010264924727380276,
0.002777483081445098,
-0.028154125437140465,
0.03620090335607529,
-0.05742212384939194,
-0.030016982927918434,
0.025350235402584076,
0.018014030531048775,
0.02613762766122818,
-0.0429033525288105,
-0.0555400587618351,
-0.02239270694553852,
-0.009626368060708046,
-0.013270463794469833,
0.013011200353503227,
0.01762993633747101,
0.015939921140670776,
-0.03174540773034096,
0.016064751893281937,
-0.03512543812394142,
0.007105747703462839,
-0.08588352054357529,
0.03209109231829643,
-0.04516950994729996,
-0.005521357990801334,
0.0219125896692276,
0.029997777193784714,
-0.04620656371116638,
-0.026099219918251038,
-0.04516950994729996,
0.0509309247136116,
0.0316493846476078,
-0.004565923009067774,
0.06299149245023727,
0.01981927454471588,
-0.002238550456240773,
-0.005238088313490152,
-0.02026098407804966,
0.00010277528053848073,
-0.0069377063773572445,
-0.052390486001968384,
0.020817920565605164,
0.01295358594506979,
-0.027462754398584366,
0.006337558850646019,
-0.059227366000413895,
0.006054289173334837,
-0.04682111740112305,
-0.011753290891647339,
0.06990519165992737,
-0.04286494106054306,
0.029805731028318405,
0.046475429087877274,
0.019934503361582756,
0.02258475497364998,
-0.011580448597669601,
0.060418058186769485,
-0.03232154995203018,
-0.043479494750499725,
-0.014230700209736824,
0.05669234320521355,
-0.03393474593758583,
0.021778156980872154,
0.02517739310860634,
0.004443492740392685,
0.025619100779294968,
0.008954201824963093,
-0.021566905081272125,
0.02705945447087288,
-0.0029863344971090555,
0.04993228241801262,
-0.06176238879561424,
-0.01225261390209198,
-0.023448966443538666,
-0.029844140633940697,
-0.026963431388139725,
-0.012847959995269775,
0.01482604630291462,
-0.04378676787018776,
0.01672731339931488,
0.047474075108766556,
0.023007258772850037,
-0.04743566736578941,
0.015882305800914764,
-0.09433360397815704,
-0.024620454758405685,
-0.06760062277317047,
-0.025542281568050385,
0.004121813923120499,
0.0317838154733181,
-0.04666747897863388,
-0.012098975479602814,
0.01119635347276926,
0.04528473690152168,
-0.007897942326962948,
-0.015623042359948158,
0.03583601489663124,
-0.014173085801303387,
0.009381507523357868,
-0.0033896337263286114,
0.01850375160574913,
0.03583601489663124,
-0.0041002086363732815,
0.03376190364360809,
0.0029863344971090555,
0.02663695067167282,
0.025772739201784134,
0.018551763147115707,
-0.09018538147211075,
0.031418927013874054,
0.03138051927089691,
-0.02446681819856167,
-0.00264545064419508,
0.005113257560878992,
-0.05650029703974724,
-0.016784928739070892,
-0.04067560285329819,
0.023487376049160957,
-0.07002042233943939,
-0.00836365669965744,
0.013126428239047527,
-0.00869973935186863,
-0.02517739310860634,
0.06203125789761543,
0.0167465191334486,
-0.042442437261343,
-0.02805810049176216,
-0.05250571295619011,
-0.04528473690152168,
-0.02592637576162815,
0.012483070604503155,
-0.031457338482141495,
0.019147109240293503,
-0.01743788830935955,
-0.03433804586529732,
-0.010879475623369217,
0.0011138739064335823,
-0.003368028439581394,
0.01191653124988079,
0.0045395162887871265,
0.02519659698009491,
-0.024121131747961044,
0.0023573797661811113,
0.012137385085225105,
-0.009040623903274536,
0.034991007298231125,
0.00877175759524107,
-0.03906240686774254,
0.006510401144623756,
0.03925445303320885,
-0.024601250886917114,
-0.03328178450465202,
0.006116704549640417,
-0.018138861283659935,
0.003346423152834177,
0.020664282143115997,
0.013933027163147926,
0.07670366764068604,
0.03963854908943176,
-0.015613440424203873,
0.0051564681343734264,
0.007249783258885145,
0.023372149094939232,
0.04413245618343353,
0.0020645076874643564,
0.040867652744054794,
-0.043978817760944366,
0.03531748801469803,
-0.014557179994881153,
0.024409202858805656,
0.013952231965959072,
0.03138051927089691,
0.006760062649846077,
-0.006203125696629286,
0.015488609671592712,
0.023372149094939232,
0.019896093755960464,
-0.003922564908862114,
-0.0479733981192112,
-0.0331665575504303,
0.0677158534526825,
0.005463743582367897,
-0.022200660780072212,
-0.013270463794469833,
0.057806216180324554,
-0.030554715543985367,
-0.03312814608216286,
0.0773182138800621,
-0.010908283293247223,
0.007336204405874014,
-0.02661774680018425,
0.0003828941844403744,
0.029632888734340668,
-0.0014835648471489549,
0.025158187374472618,
-0.026483314111828804,
-0.007393818348646164,
0.017927609384059906,
-0.05361958593130112,
0.014518771320581436,
0.04574565216898918,
0.02076030522584915,
0.020068936049938202,
-0.012857561931014061,
0.001889264676719904,
0.041328564286231995,
0.023410558700561523,
-0.014201892539858818,
0.054272547364234924,
0.053850043565034866,
0.024217156693339348,
0.02400590479373932,
-0.03933127224445343,
0.007984363473951817,
0.02592637576162815,
-0.0410596989095211,
0.06011078506708145,
-0.026291266083717346,
0.016775326803326607,
-0.04574565216898918,
-0.005343714263290167,
-0.03952332213521004,
0.056922800838947296,
-0.008925395086407661,
-0.04294176027178764,
-0.00015963926853146404,
0.0024426006712019444,
-0.021797360852360725,
-0.014163483865559101,
0.01687134988605976,
-0.08181212097406387,
-0.03295530378818512,
0.0031447734218090773,
0.01094669196754694,
0.031418927013874054,
-0.050316374748945236,
-0.03998423367738724,
0.04551519453525543,
-0.10332141071557999,
-0.025580691173672676,
0.07378454506397247,
-0.012540684081614017,
-0.007561859674751759,
-0.05792144685983658,
0.02404431439936161,
-0.04831908270716667,
0.014643601141870022,
0.0773182138800621,
0.0028951121494174004,
-0.010965896770358086,
-0.02164372242987156,
0.04405563697218895,
-0.03602806106209755,
-0.004402682650834322,
0.018916653469204903,
0.022335093468427658,
-0.0037353187799453735,
-0.04052196815609932,
0.019857684150338173,
-0.025868762284517288,
0.02070269174873829,
-0.01569986157119274,
-0.001259109703823924,
-0.027021046727895737,
-0.007528251502662897,
0.0012056964915245771,
0.058343950659036636,
0.03385792672634125,
-0.021835770457983017,
-0.04977864399552345,
0.0007729901117272675,
-0.02752036787569523,
0.030305054038763046,
-0.0041266148909926414,
0.01603594422340393,
-0.02519659698009491,
-0.013721775263547897,
-0.003605686826631427,
-0.02848060429096222,
-0.01496047992259264,
0.0037017103750258684,
-0.02759718708693981,
-0.019483191892504692,
-0.018081247806549072,
0.06644834578037262,
0.04236561805009842,
0.0030895599629729986,
-0.014797239564359188,
-0.005550165195018053,
0.029037542641162872,
-0.023487376049160957,
-0.00913664698600769,
-0.05404209345579147,
-0.01869579777121544,
0.004371474962681532,
0.013808196410536766,
0.00023345742374658585,
-0.046513840556144714,
-0.03458770737051964,
-0.032417573034763336,
-0.02381385676562786,
0.008925395086407661,
0.03201427310705185,
0.0169769749045372,
0.013280066661536694,
0.025849558413028717,
0.014480361714959145,
-0.007115350104868412,
0.009511139243841171,
0.01352972723543644,
-0.044631775468587875,
0.06491196155548096,
0.04997069016098976,
-0.02045303024351597,
-0.010418562218546867,
-0.021797360852360725,
0.01633361726999283,
0.039484910666942596,
-0.05346595123410225,
-0.02166292816400528,
-0.00421783747151494,
-0.0030055392999202013,
0.016967372968792915,
0.035432714968919754,
-0.03860149532556534,
0.015815090388059616,
-0.0442860908806324,
-0.007595468312501907,
-0.03111165203154087,
0.016592880710959435,
-0.022757597267627716,
-0.017322661355137825,
0.029613683000206947,
-0.019492793828248978,
0.015315767377614975,
-0.02469727396965027,
-0.005482948385179043,
-0.0069377063773572445,
-0.006486395373940468,
-0.0027750825975090265,
-0.07693412154912949,
-0.029095156118273735,
-0.026925021782517433,
-0.0016768124187365174,
0.003384832525625825,
-0.03230234608054161,
-0.03696909174323082,
0.0023093679919838905,
0.01804283820092678,
-0.025369439274072647,
-0.0003954972780775279,
-0.020068936049938202,
-0.019627226516604424,
0.03910081833600998,
-0.017092203721404076,
-0.01574787311255932,
-0.024447612464427948,
-0.025753533467650414,
-0.0024678069166839123,
-0.02210463583469391,
-0.01955040916800499,
0.012406251393258572,
0.01307841669768095,
-0.021259628236293793,
0.0037977341562509537,
0.007456233724951744,
-0.04881840571761131,
-0.013606546446681023,
0.00882457010447979,
0.031226880848407745,
0.00664483429864049,
-0.019742455333471298,
-0.016237594187259674,
-0.009463127702474594,
0.01094669196754694,
-0.012886369600892067,
-0.028807085007429123,
0.02045303024351597,
-0.00535331666469574,
0.006419179029762745,
-0.012742334045469761,
0.03608567640185356,
0.017236238345503807,
-0.0023033665493130684,
0.03773728013038635,
-0.013740979135036469,
-0.006102300714701414,
-0.000749584345612675,
0.04808862879872322,
0.03109244629740715,
0.0067264544777572155,
-0.02026098407804966,
0.003605686826631427,
-0.0026430501602590084,
-0.009458326734602451,
0.02801969088613987,
0.012876766733825207,
0.005780621897429228,
0.02994016371667385,
-0.033819518983364105,
-0.00932389311492443,
-0.060878973454236984,
0.03629692643880844,
0.02853821963071823,
-0.01332807820290327,
0.00799876730889082,
0.011234763078391552,
0.02210463583469391,
0.00495481863617897,
0.007336204405874014,
0.014384337700903416,
0.029133565723896027,
0.026272062212228775,
-0.01896466501057148,
-0.0061503127217292786,
-0.047512486577034,
-0.053081855177879333,
-0.04689793288707733,
-0.026329675689339638,
0.0011288776295259595,
-0.002736672991886735,
0.008512493222951889,
0.01980007067322731,
0.03443406894803047,
-0.006164716091006994,
0.0025230206083506346,
-0.020856330171227455,
0.014480361714959145,
-0.013337680138647556,
0.0844239667057991,
-0.012185396626591682,
-0.020126549527049065,
-0.0038433452136814594,
0.023026462644338608,
0.06422059237957001,
0.040637195110321045,
0.00954474788159132,
0.00981841515749693,
0.03635454177856445,
0.03399236127734184,
0.0022877627052366734,
-0.004438691772520542,
0.024140337482094765,
0.029114359989762306,
-0.004815584514290094,
0.004808382596820593,
0.024812502786517143,
0.004040193744003773,
-0.010428165085613728,
-0.01179170049726963,
0.013577739708125591,
-0.0594194158911705,
0.001970884623005986,
0.028442194685339928,
-0.014345928095281124,
0.040867652744054794,
0.007614672649651766,
-0.0807366594672203,
-0.07401500642299652,
0.012137385085225105,
-0.006433582399040461,
-0.04090606048703194,
0.034261226654052734,
0.04997069016098976,
-0.011119535192847252,
0.0077971178106963634,
-0.0021329245064407587,
-0.013990640640258789,
0.02826935239136219,
0.02168213203549385,
-0.03741079941391945,
-0.016314413398504257,
0.004940415266901255,
0.03825581073760986,
-0.046513840556144714,
0.00302954507060349,
-0.03558635339140892,
0.0010562597308307886,
0.04739725589752197,
-0.02617603726685047,
0.08749672025442123,
-0.034530092030763626,
-0.005041239783167839,
-0.0023849864955991507,
0.009631169028580189,
-0.014528373256325722,
0.0028927114326506853,
0.005151667166501284,
-0.058036673814058304,
0.023890675976872444,
0.027981281280517578,
0.009559150785207748,
0.009520741179585457,
0.007513848133385181,
0.022757597267627716,
-0.011129137128591537,
-0.018599774688482285,
0.07059656083583832,
0.021144401282072067,
0.019271939992904663,
0.0495481863617897,
-0.0075762635096907616,
0.042442437261343,
0.07608911395072937,
-0.0353366918861866,
0.0376412570476532,
0.033819518983364105,
0.004035392310470343,
-0.026675360277295113,
-0.07535933703184128,
-0.036412157118320465,
-0.034069180488586426,
-0.004851593170315027,
0.01658327877521515,
-0.006169517524540424,
-0.005348515696823597,
0.04355631396174431,
-0.012185396626591682,
-0.020856330171227455,
0.01576707698404789,
-0.016842542216181755,
-0.019857684150338173,
0.03670022636651993,
0.018263692036271095,
-0.000667364161927253,
0.0036849062889814377,
0.03581680729985237,
-0.01153243612498045,
0.017946813255548477,
-0.021317243576049805,
-0.02354499138891697,
-0.029632888734340668,
0.039446502923965454,
0.016324015334248543,
0.014144279062747955,
0.05561687797307968,
0.05012432858347893,
-0.016765723004937172,
0.019079891964793205,
-0.03940809145569801,
-0.0015723867109045386,
0.001338329166173935,
0.04386358708143234,
0.0023165696766227484,
0.02853821963071823,
-0.021259628236293793,
-0.001193093485198915,
0.029613683000206947,
0.02711706981062889,
-0.018062042072415352,
0.07551297545433044,
-0.022450322285294533,
0.021566905081272125,
0.027155479416251183,
0.012531082145869732,
0.0353366918861866,
0.03833262622356415,
-0.007624275051057339,
0.04943295940756798,
-0.019521601498126984,
-0.02896072342991829,
0.0003330819308757782,
0.06022601202130318,
-0.022930439561605453,
0.01706339605152607,
0.0169769749045372,
-0.06399013847112656,
-0.00553576136007905,
-0.03792933002114296,
0.04117492586374283,
-0.02210463583469391,
0.042557667940855026,
0.003478455590084195,
-0.02805810049176216,
-0.007403420750051737,
0.04666747897863388,
-0.03491418808698654,
-0.03881274536252022,
0.04359472170472145,
0.017341865226626396,
0.021547699347138405,
-0.022796006873250008,
-0.013894617557525635,
0.02588796801865101,
-0.010764247737824917,
-0.04171266034245491,
0.07044292241334915,
-0.0035384702496230602,
-0.02402510866522789,
-0.015603837557137012,
0.0043426682241261005,
-0.030746761709451675,
-0.03278246149420738,
-0.0007867935346439481,
0.0005272296839393675,
0.008190814405679703,
-0.005386924836784601,
-0.012406251393258572,
-0.012809550389647484,
0.016324015334248543,
0.042288802564144135,
-0.01002486515790224,
-0.024620454758405685,
0.0194447822868824,
-0.015978330746293068,
-0.021624518558382988,
0.02333373948931694,
-0.010447369888424873,
-0.0219125896692276,
-0.05012432858347893,
-0.004493905231356621,
-0.024639660492539406,
-0.0016540067736059427,
0.011897326447069645,
0.03881274536252022,
0.013702570460736752,
-0.009842420928180218,
0.00034238421358168125,
-0.0030871592462062836,
0.03819819539785385,
-0.046283382922410965,
0.023948289453983307,
0.01449956651777029,
-0.0032215924002230167,
0.0018916652770712972,
0.02498534508049488,
-0.06237694248557091,
0.0022241470869630575,
0.0015327769797295332,
-0.014221097342669964,
-0.026540927588939667,
0.014259506948292255,
-0.03573999181389809,
0.011926133185625076,
0.011465219780802727,
0.0017956416122615337,
0.03716114163398743,
0.0067120506428182125,
0.026560133323073387,
-0.008070784620940685,
0.003425642615184188,
0.02611842378973961,
-0.005377322435379028,
0.012982392683625221,
-0.0292487945407629,
-0.03748761862516403,
-0.00480358162894845,
-0.03508703038096428,
0.03583601489663124,
0.014576384797692299,
0.024389998987317085,
0.03372349590063095,
0.005098854191601276,
-0.035932037979364395,
0.01224301103502512,
-0.02193179354071617,
-0.01869579777121544,
0.014528373256325722,
0.004801180679351091,
0.04939454793930054,
0.017092203721404076,
-0.015690259635448456,
-0.0006733656045980752,
-0.0030679546762257814,
-0.0028855097480118275,
-0.031034832820296288,
-0.027385935187339783,
-0.021797360852360725,
0.023852266371250153,
-0.006928103975951672,
0.03865910694003105,
-0.013769786804914474,
-0.010572200641036034,
-0.04232721030712128,
-0.0036633010022342205,
-0.036873068660497665,
-0.03013221174478531,
0.022565549239516258,
-0.05273617058992386,
0.021586108952760696,
0.05699962005019188,
0.007667485624551773,
0.0028278955724090338,
0.043249037116765976,
-0.04413245618343353,
-0.007172964047640562,
0.003634493798017502,
-0.02711706981062889,
-0.03887036070227623,
-0.029498456045985222,
0.00010780151205835864,
-0.011762892827391624,
0.03061232902109623,
0.007672287058085203,
0.0071489582769572735,
-0.005751814693212509,
0.0039465706795454025,
-0.04021469131112099,
-0.018542161211371422,
-0.04812703654170036,
0.008051580749452114,
0.033358603715896606,
0.02944084070622921,
0.02212384156882763,
-0.011177148669958115,
-0.03297451138496399,
0.013491318561136723,
0.0532354936003685,
-0.024870116263628006,
0.04294176027178764,
-0.014653204008936882,
0.026195243000984192,
-0.010965896770358086,
0.0008095991215668619,
0.0024546037893742323,
0.004433890338987112,
-0.0429033525288105,
0.027846848592162132,
0.027501164004206657,
0.01400024350732565,
0.06253057718276978,
-0.001394742983393371,
0.005588574334979057,
0.023890675976872444,
-0.025753533467650414,
-0.015632644295692444,
-0.03184143081307411,
0.0032672034576535225,
-0.008546101860702038,
0.008704541251063347,
0.013184042647480965,
-0.057383712381124496,
0.07244021445512772,
0.0030247438699007034,
0.015306164510548115,
0.027136273682117462,
-0.025081368163228035,
-0.01793721131980419,
0.02613762766122818,
0.006678442470729351,
-0.0254654623568058,
0.00831084419041872,
-0.02448602207005024,
-0.029824934899806976,
-0.05062365159392357,
0.04359472170472145,
0.04029151052236557,
-0.03187984228134155,
0.00009782405686564744,
-0.02402510866522789,
-0.013558534905314445,
0.03577839955687523,
-0.02143247053027153,
-0.054963916540145874,
-0.04056037589907646,
0.047742944210767746,
0.012598298490047455,
-0.028787881135940552,
0.007830725982785225,
0.04501587152481079,
0.0011342789512127638,
-0.04924090951681137,
0.0031447734218090773,
-0.014009845443069935,
0.0219125896692276,
0.008843774907290936,
0.039023999124765396,
-0.035701580345630646,
-0.008944599889218807,
0.0167465191334486,
-0.004388279281556606,
-0.05915054678916931,
0.013184042647480965,
0.022200660780072212,
-0.08619079738855362,
0.0230648722499609,
-0.030554715543985367,
0.005497352220118046,
0.0009530343813821673,
-0.002691061934456229,
-0.030689148232340813,
0.0325712114572525,
0.0008396065095439553,
-0.04989387094974518,
0.002219345886260271,
-0.009842420928180218,
-0.018676593899726868,
0.03983059525489807,
-0.01129237748682499,
0.04175106808543205,
0.0038145382422953844,
0.004738765303045511,
0.02327612414956093,
0.0034424467012286186,
-0.04693634435534477,
0.02049143984913826,
-0.049817051738500595,
-0.03212950378656387,
0.033838722854852676,
0.033358603715896606,
-0.018782218918204308,
-0.002880708547309041,
-0.023660218343138695,
0.0022901631891727448,
-0.016573676839470863,
-0.02003052644431591,
0.005036438815295696,
-0.02235429733991623,
-0.009852022863924503,
-0.02990175411105156
] |
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are emerging as a potential solution to solve
NP-hard wireless resource allocation problems. However, in the presence of
intricate constraints, e.g., users' quality-of-service (QoS) constraints,
guaranteeing constraint satisfaction becomes a fundamental challenge. In this
paper, we propose a novel unsupervised learning framework to solve the
classical power control problem in a multi-user interference channel, where the
objective is to maximize the network sumrate under users' minimum data rate or
QoS requirements and power budget constraints. Utilizing a differentiable
projection function, two novel deep learning (DL) solutions are pursued. The
first is called Deep Implicit Projection Network (DIPNet), and the second is
called Deep Explicit Projection Network (DEPNet). DIPNet utilizes a
differentiable convex optimization layer to implicitly define a projection
function. On the other hand, DEPNet uses an explicitly-defined projection
function, which has an iterative nature and relies on a differentiable
correction process. DIPNet requires convex constraints; whereas, the DEPNet
does not require convexity and has a reduced computational complexity. To
enhance the sum-rate performance of the proposed models even further,
Frank-Wolfe algorithm (FW) has been applied to the output of the proposed
models. Extensive simulations depict that the proposed DNN solutions not only
improve the achievable data rate but also achieve zero constraint violation
probability, compared to the existing DNNs. The proposed solutions outperform
the classic optimization methods in terms of computation time complexity. | [
-0.021765967831015587,
-0.008566227741539478,
-0.016365699470043182,
0.013546016998589039,
0.01991915889084339,
0.07314684242010117,
-0.01594522036612034,
0.027916502207517624,
-0.045774489641189575,
0.010091493837535381,
0.013966496102511883,
-0.047918107360601425,
0.028015438467264175,
-0.04574150964617729,
-0.009835909120738506,
-0.023530330508947372,
0.007016226649284363,
0.02325001172721386,
0.03070320561528206,
-0.03485852852463722,
0.0072759343311190605,
-0.03423193097114563,
0.031164908781647682,
0.01295239944010973,
-0.023612776771187782,
0.009943089447915554,
-0.023282989859580994,
0.0100008025765419,
-0.08706387132406235,
0.028345225378870964,
0.041915975511074066,
0.02034788206219673,
-0.02471756562590599,
-0.010264632292091846,
-0.03337448462843895,
-0.02780107781291008,
0.022672882303595543,
-0.02420639432966709,
-0.03373724967241287,
0.03330852463841438,
-0.03799150884151459,
-0.023975543677806854,
-0.010380057618021965,
0.014856921508908272,
0.05454683303833008,
-0.01972128637135029,
-0.050061725080013275,
-0.013059580698609352,
0.020100541412830353,
-0.058636195957660675,
0.02935107797384262,
-0.04752236232161522,
-0.030340440571308136,
0.0013840764295309782,
-0.01673671044409275,
0.028675014153122902,
0.04392768070101738,
0.028675014153122902,
0.04194895550608635,
-0.014642559923231602,
0.008813568390905857,
-0.03146171569824219,
-0.035056401044130325,
-0.008739366196095943,
-0.014626070857048035,
-0.027092033997178078,
0.0015582453925162554,
-0.013488303869962692,
0.010223409160971642,
0.005078725982457399,
-0.05827343091368675,
0.008813568390905857,
-0.034495759755373,
0.019193626940250397,
0.0015025937464088202,
-0.003973938059061766,
-0.008450801484286785,
0.016827400773763657,
0.038750018924474716,
0.0275537371635437,
0.0013675871305167675,
0.016011178493499756,
0.01513724122196436,
-0.020793095231056213,
0.03759576380252838,
0.031247355043888092,
0.01622553914785385,
-0.058471303433179855,
0.012845219112932682,
-0.025162776932120323,
-0.04231172055006027,
0.04478512704372406,
0.0047530606389045715,
-0.01869894564151764,
0.007477928884327412,
0.01930905133485794,
0.00006379969272529706,
-0.041388317942619324,
-0.04201491177082062,
0.008182849735021591,
-0.030868100002408028,
0.02110639214515686,
0.025360649451613426,
0.002914495998993516,
-0.002147740451619029,
-0.043630871921777725,
-0.03640852868556976,
0.07466386258602142,
0.015318624675273895,
0.1275617629289627,
0.019787242636084557,
0.04778619110584259,
0.007873673923313618,
0.04831385239958763,
-0.01742926426231861,
-0.028196820989251137,
-0.0773681178689003,
-0.08244685083627701,
0.010272877290844917,
0.004046079237014055,
-0.01363670825958252,
0.06127449870109558,
-0.03947554901242256,
0.0142385708168149,
-0.004054323770105839,
0.03010958805680275,
0.005086970515549183,
-0.009794685058295727,
0.03078565187752247,
0.0005858879303559661,
-0.06539683789014816,
-0.019523413851857185,
-0.05771279335021973,
-0.035485122352838516,
0.01513724122196436,
0.01308431476354599,
-0.0026877671480178833,
-0.034495759755373,
-0.02188139408826828,
-0.041652146726846695,
0.05428300425410271,
0.028180332854390144,
0.019605860114097595,
-0.017297348007559776,
0.05669045075774193,
0.07149790227413177,
-0.011410643346607685,
0.031263843178749084,
0.056162793189287186,
-0.019375009462237358,
-0.03319310024380684,
0.032220229506492615,
0.003489562775939703,
0.07763195037841797,
0.04267448931932449,
-0.01845160499215126,
-0.019622350111603737,
-0.0342978872358799,
0.038651082664728165,
-0.03555108234286308,
0.023629266768693924,
-0.029499482363462448,
0.018847350031137466,
0.04587342590093613,
-0.016151336953043938,
0.04392768070101738,
0.0418500192463398,
0.04188299924135208,
-0.08317238092422485,
0.046631935983896255,
-0.009464898146688938,
-0.03917874023318291,
-0.027075543999671936,
0.014535379596054554,
-0.004303725436329842,
0.015293890610337257,
0.012317558750510216,
-0.021502137184143066,
0.00878883432596922,
0.014914634637534618,
-0.049468107521533966,
0.02057873271405697,
-0.007313035428524017,
0.0268446933478117,
0.053227685391902924,
0.02831224724650383,
0.04099257290363312,
-0.022524477913975716,
-0.03838725388050079,
-0.02857607789337635,
0.01965532824397087,
0.0483798086643219,
0.0268446933478117,
-0.018385646864771843,
0.022260649129748344,
-0.1098192036151886,
-0.028196820989251137,
0.03555108234286308,
0.035814911127090454,
-0.000357870856532827,
-0.07492769509553909,
0.010091493837535381,
0.04033299908041954,
-0.0077252695336937904,
-0.008393089286983013,
0.010206920094788074,
0.05860321968793869,
-0.03189044073224068,
-0.013331655412912369,
0.0018179529579356313,
-0.009852398186922073,
0.013710910454392433,
-0.014057187363505363,
-0.00031304036383517087,
0.009316493757069111,
-0.01149309054017067,
0.030901078134775162,
-0.0183691568672657,
-0.021436180919408798,
-0.05824045464396477,
0.012202133424580097,
0.06793620437383652,
0.044323425740003586,
0.005231252405792475,
-0.06569364666938782,
-0.061142582446336746,
-0.01667899638414383,
0.023728203028440475,
-0.048940449953079224,
0.0011532253120094538,
0.03202235698699951,
-0.016951071098446846,
0.024931926280260086,
0.020644690841436386,
0.028361715376377106,
0.019836710765957832,
-0.0023085116408765316,
0.061736200004816055,
-0.0365404412150383,
0.016398677602410316,
-0.037463847547769547,
-0.05543725937604904,
0.0014510644832625985,
0.015219688415527344,
0.048445768654346466,
-0.011344686150550842,
-0.0027805198915302753,
0.023184053599834442,
0.05909790098667145,
-0.022936712950468063,
-0.04475214704871178,
-0.03545214608311653,
0.029120227321982384,
-0.004324337001889944,
-0.04623619094491005,
0.00810452550649643,
-0.006904923357069492,
-0.06750747561454773,
-0.017050007358193398,
-0.021848414093255997,
0.04168512672185898,
0.022606926038861275,
0.02306862734258175,
0.011847611516714096,
-0.003561703721061349,
0.038123421370983124,
0.014180857688188553,
0.03835427388548851,
-0.034792568534612656,
0.047819171100854874,
-0.03845321014523506,
0.023299479857087135,
-0.041058529168367386,
-0.02015000954270363,
0.01991915889084339,
-0.024338308721780777,
-0.0009507152135483921,
-0.009745216928422451,
0.024668097496032715,
-0.009860643185675144,
0.03276437893509865,
0.022870754823088646,
-0.029796291142702103,
-0.06424258649349213,
0.02300267107784748,
-0.03180799260735512,
-0.028526609763503075,
-0.033407460898160934,
0.005260108970105648,
0.017792029306292534,
-0.03132980316877365,
0.021749477833509445,
0.00681835412979126,
0.0009620516211725771,
0.044917043298482895,
0.0006085608038119972,
-0.0008646612986922264,
-0.05339257791638374,
0.03555108234286308,
0.04699470475316048,
-0.013142027892172337,
0.02496490441262722,
0.023266499862074852,
-0.019078200682997704,
-0.021238308399915695,
0.027306396514177322,
0.025179266929626465,
0.047390446066856384,
-0.04155321046710014,
0.025179266929626465,
0.046631935983896255,
0.00575066776946187,
-0.0400032103061676,
-0.0483798086643219,
-0.037793636322021484,
0.029021291062235832,
0.03884895518422127,
0.029367566108703613,
-0.01886383816599846,
-0.0311319287866354,
0.011014899238944054,
0.03617767617106438,
-0.062065985053777695,
0.005606385413557291,
0.03271491080522537,
0.005536305718123913,
0.007914897054433823,
0.08765748888254166,
-0.007815960794687271,
-0.007255322765558958,
-0.01741277426481247,
0.0063236732967197895,
-0.023464372381567955,
-0.0687936469912529,
-0.0035039910580962896,
0.03217076137661934,
-0.028543097898364067,
0.018402136862277985,
-0.03304469585418701,
-0.0009264964610338211,
-0.013315165415406227,
0.012226867489516735,
-0.014345751143991947,
0.01643165573477745,
0.0002834110346157104,
-0.004177994094789028,
-0.06872769445180893,
-0.00793963111937046,
-0.006595747545361519,
0.023876607418060303,
0.0009058847208507359,
0.012977133505046368,
0.005437369458377361,
-0.0032257328275591135,
0.057448964565992355,
-0.050919171422719955,
-0.010075004771351814,
0.021848414093255997,
-0.06608939170837402,
-0.014700273051857948,
0.029614906758069992,
0.0028938844334334135,
0.003640028415247798,
0.014939368702471256,
-0.09412132203578949,
-0.003126796567812562,
-0.009250536561012268,
-0.010371813550591469,
0.029037779197096825,
0.031181396916508675,
0.002900067949667573,
0.005812502931803465,
0.03845321014523506,
0.02943352423608303,
-0.03663937747478485,
0.003207182278856635,
0.016951071098446846,
0.008525003679096699,
-0.05316172540187836,
0.03157714381814003,
-0.0043284595012664795,
0.044917043298482895,
0.02179894596338272,
-0.004196544643491507,
0.026646820828318596,
0.059592582285404205,
0.01179814338684082,
0.0011212771059945226,
0.010726334527134895,
0.020034583285450935,
0.013752134516835213,
-0.049962788820266724,
-0.03279735520482063,
-0.008714632131159306,
0.0387829951941967,
-0.007036838214844465,
-0.0023888973519206047,
0.0008801200892776251,
-0.02196384035050869,
-0.07492769509553909,
-0.028180332854390144,
-0.008108647540211678,
-0.01802287995815277,
0.002832049271091819,
-0.007535642012953758,
0.026119161397218704,
-0.05517343059182167,
-0.04544470086693764,
-0.008199338801205158,
0.007440827786922455,
0.03657342121005058,
0.009596813470125198,
0.030835120007395744,
0.022425541654229164,
0.01800639182329178,
0.05484364181756973,
-0.06767237186431885,
0.00014041727990843356,
0.02334894798696041,
-0.056756410747766495,
-0.007012104149907827,
0.02659735269844532,
0.06826598942279816,
-0.022969691082835197,
0.034363847225904465,
0.025690438225865364,
0.018468093127012253,
-0.053326621651649475,
0.009662770666182041,
0.004464496858417988,
0.04564257338643074,
0.04673087224364281,
-0.00523537490516901,
-0.05560215562582016,
-0.07301492989063263,
0.003877063049003482,
-0.002939230063930154,
0.04168512672185898,
-0.05909790098667145,
0.025855330750346184,
0.01115505862981081,
-0.08211705833673477,
-0.014386975206434727,
-0.01777554117143154,
-0.04890746995806694,
-0.035122357308864594,
-0.01861649751663208,
-0.01982022263109684,
-0.05662449449300766,
-0.0002330411662114784,
-0.07585109770298004,
-0.04907236248254776,
-0.050589386373758316,
-0.024684585630893707,
0.0706404596567154,
-0.025673948228359222,
-0.005833114497363567,
-0.036936186254024506,
0.025706926360726357,
-0.05002874508500099,
-0.014065432362258434,
0.058141518384218216,
0.0071852426044642925,
-0.033423952758312225,
0.025443097576498985,
0.037793636322021484,
-0.04554363712668419,
-0.04966598004102707,
-0.010520217940211296,
-0.005049869418144226,
0.0005369351129047573,
-0.010850004851818085,
0.0494021512567997,
0.015063039027154446,
-0.038914911448955536,
0.023118095472455025,
-0.03413299471139908,
-0.1536809206008911,
0.012721548788249493,
-0.06084577366709709,
0.0659244954586029,
-0.030587781220674515,
0.02506384067237377,
-0.0036091108340770006,
0.01625027321279049,
0.013941762037575245,
0.038914911448955536,
0.016744954511523247,
0.005907316692173481,
-0.03914576396346092,
0.028427673503756523,
0.013488303869962692,
-0.019836710765957832,
0.015120752155780792,
-0.04574150964617729,
-0.02221118099987507,
-0.012886442244052887,
-0.018764901906251907,
0.02969735488295555,
0.01390053890645504,
0.005016890820115805,
0.024305330589413643,
0.020694158971309662,
0.01659655012190342,
0.0385851226747036,
-0.02341490425169468,
0.04795108735561371,
0.022013308480381966,
-0.033407460898160934,
0.012754526920616627,
0.048445768654346466,
0.028015438467264175,
0.015409315936267376,
-0.019342029467225075,
-0.01600293256342411,
0.04188299924135208,
0.025871820747852325,
-0.022705862298607826,
0.0022611047606915236,
0.05464576929807663,
-0.0028196822386235,
-0.020479796454310417,
-0.014617825858294964,
0.03390214219689369,
-0.06335216015577316,
0.014469421468675137,
0.0538872592151165,
-0.0320553332567215,
0.013306921347975731,
0.005758912302553654,
-0.008244684897363186,
0.034001078456640244,
-0.003159775398671627,
-0.08607450872659683,
-0.08297450840473175,
0.00455106608569622,
0.03165958821773529,
0.03320958837866783,
-0.01686038076877594,
-0.019177136942744255,
-0.01548351813107729,
0.06510002911090851,
-0.02821331098675728,
0.0071563865058124065,
0.01792394369840622,
-0.016382189467549324,
-0.017297348007559776,
-0.04983087629079819,
0.00465412437915802,
0.014518889598548412,
0.019276073202490807,
0.018484583124518394,
-0.03406703844666481,
0.007877795957028866,
-0.0363425686955452,
-0.03302820771932602,
-0.007667556870728731,
-0.007016226649284363,
-0.052634067833423615,
0.016885114833712578,
-0.029202673584222794,
0.0026609720662236214,
0.010577930137515068,
-0.018995754420757294,
-0.006756518967449665,
-0.006282449699938297,
0.008656919002532959,
0.03274788707494736,
0.013611974194645882,
-0.0000375841700588353,
0.032203737646341324,
-0.017264369875192642,
-0.028889374807476997,
0.00991011131554842,
-0.010190430097281933,
0.008830057457089424,
0.0017592095537111163,
-0.010289366357028484,
-0.0036462119314819574,
0.0009646281250752509,
0.008508514612913132,
-0.023035649210214615,
0.026465438306331635,
0.0011831122683361173,
0.05794364586472511,
0.03147820755839348,
0.028097884729504585,
0.0009486540220677853,
0.03561703860759735,
-0.03154416382312775,
-0.011938303709030151,
0.019952137023210526,
-0.007758248131722212,
0.017478732392191887,
0.01659655012190342,
-0.02539362944662571,
0.008813568390905857,
0.007494418416172266,
0.010198675096035004,
-0.0569542832672596,
-0.01557420939207077,
0.02249149978160858,
-0.009192823432385921,
0.027125012129545212,
-0.03292927145957947,
-0.0021333121694624424,
0.03555108234286308,
0.006158779375255108,
0.02590479888021946,
0.026877671480178833,
-0.006406120024621487,
0.045015979558229446,
0.07393833249807358,
0.0009641128126531839,
0.011476601473987103,
0.025014372542500496,
0.008261173963546753,
0.008673408068716526,
-0.013488303869962692,
-0.00033262150827795267,
0.014362241141498089,
-0.03240161016583443,
0.03080214187502861,
-0.01579681597650051,
-0.009712238796055317,
0.03630959242582321,
-0.025723416358232498,
-0.06833194941282272,
-0.010668622329831123,
-0.06071385741233826,
-0.0311319287866354,
0.028180332854390144,
-0.0029289242811501026,
-0.006921412888914347,
-0.012771016918122768,
-0.015219688415527344,
0.014032453298568726,
-0.0012830790365114808,
-0.04626917093992233,
0.043103210628032684,
-0.02161756344139576,
0.017313838005065918,
-0.030736183747649193,
0.024981394410133362,
0.0018426870228722692,
0.03828831762075424,
-0.01355426199734211,
0.007750003598630428,
0.05876811221241951,
0.05652555823326111,
-0.0057053216733038425,
0.02977980114519596,
0.0012748343870043755,
0.038980867713689804,
-0.027751609683036804,
-0.009473143145442009,
0.06256067007780075,
0.006719417870044708,
0.015244422480463982,
0.004926199093461037,
0.01879788190126419,
-0.0019694489892572165,
-0.040794700384140015,
-0.0038255336694419384,
0.01583804003894329,
-0.03987129405140877,
0.05270002409815788,
0.028675014153122902,
0.0442904457449913,
0.015854528173804283,
-0.02008405141532421,
-0.021205328404903412,
0.004472741391509771,
0.0013830458046868443,
0.005363167263567448,
-0.039343636482954025,
0.008129259571433067,
0.05012768134474754,
-0.03690320998430252,
-0.050226617604494095,
-0.017610646784305573,
0.012812240049242973,
0.010437770746648312,
-0.0017499342793598771,
-0.0009053694666363299,
-0.027652673423290253,
0.01446117740124464,
0.008731121197342873,
-0.035913847386837006,
0.022870754823088646,
-0.045180872082710266,
-0.05725109204649925,
0.013875804841518402,
-0.006702928803861141,
0.015186709351837635,
0.014650804921984673,
0.0041326479986310005,
0.007935509085655212,
0.03594682365655899,
-0.000422797747887671,
0.019061710685491562,
-0.010363568551838398,
0.02977980114519596,
-0.0314287394285202,
0.031247355043888092,
0.05566811189055443,
0.01594522036612034,
0.020463308319449425,
-0.021469159051775932,
0.0027887646574527025,
0.016753198578953743,
0.004192422144114971,
-0.014213836751878262,
0.012795750983059406,
0.009473143145442009,
-0.00020817828772123903,
-0.0007219252292998135,
-0.034001078456640244,
0.014914634637534618,
0.001431483426131308,
0.008355988189578056,
0.013232719153165817,
0.013348144479095936,
-0.07525748014450073,
0.024255862459540367,
0.023662244901061058,
-0.010767558589577675,
-0.02308511734008789,
-0.0017097415402531624,
0.008397211320698261,
-0.014230325818061829,
-0.024865970015525818,
-0.03233565390110016,
-0.007622211240231991,
0.02710852399468422,
-0.01420559175312519,
0.0400032103061676,
0.05926279351115227,
-0.009168089367449284,
-0.005998007953166962,
0.020397350192070007,
-0.03828831762075424,
0.03733193129301071,
-0.020875541493296623,
-0.021568095311522484,
0.017313838005065918,
-0.01218564435839653,
-0.005767156835645437,
-0.03098352439701557,
-0.041751082986593246,
-0.014626070857048035,
-0.0410255528986454,
0.03743086755275726,
-0.045015979558229446,
-0.04069576412439346,
0.058372367173433304,
-0.010297611355781555,
0.0181712843477726,
-0.00040115544106811285,
0.03647448495030403,
0.025030862540006638,
0.021815435960888863,
0.014131389558315277,
0.004777794703841209,
0.02257394604384899,
-0.05233725905418396,
-0.01767660491168499,
0.02094149962067604,
0.02135373279452324,
-0.02059522271156311,
0.06322024017572403,
0.01706649735569954,
0.01698405109345913,
-0.038815975189208984,
-0.008830057457089424,
0.0028588443528860807,
-0.020743627101182938,
0.023794159293174744,
-0.00896197184920311,
0.05774577334523201,
-0.050820235162973404,
0.0035658262204378843,
-0.00015896782861091197,
0.01111383456736803,
-0.03475959226489067,
-0.0147992093116045,
0.004054323770105839,
-0.014222080819308758,
-0.002127128653228283,
0.033489909023046494,
0.0031577141489833593,
-0.005210640840232372,
-0.034100014716386795,
0.013381123542785645,
0.06229683756828308,
-0.004015161655843258,
0.024338308721780777,
0.042344700545072556,
-0.03973938152194023,
-0.03937661275267601,
0.01645638979971409,
-0.001257314463146031,
-0.007609844207763672,
0.036936186254024506,
-0.024981394410133362,
-0.006925535388290882,
-0.013793357647955418,
-0.028246289119124413,
-0.0027413577772676945,
0.018484583124518394,
0.03223671764135361,
0.0015871018404141068,
-0.0012841096613556147,
0.03279735520482063,
-0.015722613781690598,
-0.013150271959602833,
-0.015541230328381062,
0.022442031651735306,
-0.04725853353738785,
-0.02771862968802452,
-0.001726230839267373,
-0.0057053216733038425,
-0.000575582031160593,
-0.007160508539527655,
-0.0056105079129338264,
-0.002597075654193759,
-0.007964365184307098,
-0.003852328984066844,
0.030868100002408028,
0.04485108330845833,
0.00796024315059185,
0.048940449953079224,
-0.036078739911317825,
0.012028994970023632,
-0.02453618124127388,
-0.0057053216733038425,
0.020743627101182938,
0.04814895987510681,
-0.018402136862277985,
0.013364633545279503,
0.011064366437494755,
0.027256928384304047,
-0.03419895097613335,
-0.0069873700849711895,
-0.038222357630729675,
0.010437770746648312,
-0.01458484772592783,
0.027900012210011482,
0.004893220495432615,
-0.003149469615891576,
0.029186183586716652,
0.041751082986593246,
0.05642662197351456,
0.03236863389611244,
-0.01123750489205122,
0.03396810218691826,
0.004600534215569496,
0.002347673987969756,
0.0020065500866621733,
-0.0024610382970422506,
0.051611725240945816,
0.03189044073224068,
0.0013377000577747822,
-0.02969735488295555,
0.004880853462964296,
-0.0236787348985672,
-0.01792394369840622,
-0.045246828347444534,
0.02832873724400997,
-0.022755330428481102,
0.014634314924478531,
0.016497613862156868,
0.001997274812310934,
0.02590479888021946,
0.004114097449928522,
-0.06658407300710678,
0.004186238627880812,
-0.00561875244602561,
0.0037286586593836546,
-0.011913569644093513,
0.008508514612913132,
0.0028444163035601377,
0.03914576396346092,
-0.023134585469961166,
0.03782661259174347,
-0.004105852916836739,
0.012507186271250248,
-0.029598418623209,
-0.02633352391421795,
-0.0177590511739254,
0.01930905133485794,
0.06566067039966583,
0.01665426231920719,
0.017313838005065918,
0.01698405109345913,
0.024503203108906746,
-0.03403405845165253,
-0.023728203028440475,
0.019671818241477013,
-0.013867559842765331,
-0.007543886546045542,
-0.08244685083627701,
-0.003679190529510379,
-0.04376278817653656,
0.062164921313524246,
-0.022161712870001793,
-0.004353193566203117,
0.019605860114097595,
0.04300427436828613,
-0.017396284267306328,
-0.029384056106209755,
0.01094069704413414,
0.016687242314219475,
-0.0012171216076239944,
0.014527134597301483,
0.0013902599457651377,
-0.021139372140169144,
-0.011311707086861134,
0.031000014394521713,
-0.028262779116630554,
0.01800639182329178,
-0.0024342432152479887,
-0.023876607418060303,
0.027059055864810944,
-0.007787104696035385,
-0.002325001172721386,
-0.004988034255802631,
0.033242568373680115,
0.012935910373926163,
0.021568095311522484,
-0.008854791522026062,
0.04330108314752579,
-0.002877394901588559,
0.030422886833548546,
0.03386916592717171,
0.02590479888021946,
-0.04468619078397751,
0.017825009301304817,
0.006723540369421244,
0.06885960698127747,
-0.03344044089317322,
0.0003040227456949651,
-0.00897021684795618,
0.00695026945322752,
0.05467874929308891,
-0.03588086739182472,
0.014692028053104877,
0.0216340534389019,
-0.039937254041433334,
0.03937661275267601,
-0.019457455724477768,
-0.0430702343583107,
0.01965532824397087,
-0.05454683303833008,
-0.00763457827270031,
-0.03131331130862236,
-0.010503727942705154,
-0.001926164492033422,
-0.008108647540211678,
0.009019684977829456,
-0.019836710765957832,
-0.010924207046627998,
-0.015747347846627235,
-0.0029680863954126835,
-0.0061134337447583675,
0.034627676010131836,
-0.03131331130862236,
-0.03259948268532753,
-0.046796832233667374,
0.04574150964617729,
0.035979803651571274,
-0.06806811690330505,
-0.019243095070123672,
0.023530330508947372,
-0.0034339111298322678,
0.021122882142663002,
0.038980867713689804,
0.007280056830495596,
-0.004423273261636496,
-0.0006142290076240897,
0.04076172038912773,
0.031362779438495636,
0.009687504731118679,
-0.016151336953043938,
0.009530855342745781,
-0.006871944759041071,
0.041058529168367386,
-0.02555852197110653,
-0.02667979896068573,
-0.00012689085269812495,
-0.05253513157367706,
0.024503203108906746,
-0.017000539228320122,
-0.006599870044738054,
-0.0012181521160528064,
0.003477195743471384,
0.036243632435798645,
-0.06361598521471024,
0.0037059858441352844,
0.046368107199668884,
-0.017379796132445335,
0.025509053841233253,
0.0004014130972791463,
0.07723620533943176,
0.04283938184380531,
0.011006654240190983,
0.009951334446668625,
-0.010643888264894485,
-0.018385646864771843,
0.009209312498569489,
-0.011328197084367275,
-0.0322532057762146,
-0.024156926199793816,
0.022837776690721512,
-0.023480862379074097,
0.018567029386758804,
-0.020611712709069252,
0.03240161016583443,
0.040629807859659195,
-0.01698405109345913,
0.0045386990532279015,
-0.013315165415406227,
0.013067825697362423,
-0.022870754823088646
] |
User modeling, which learns to represent users into a low-dimensional
representation space based on their past behaviors, got a surge of interest
from the industry for providing personalized services to users. Previous
efforts in user modeling mainly focus on learning a task-specific user
representation that is designed for a single task. However, since learning
task-specific user representations for every task is infeasible, recent studies
introduce the concept of universal user representation, which is a more
generalized representation of a user that is relevant to a variety of tasks.
Despite their effectiveness, existing approaches for learning universal user
representations are impractical in real-world applications due to the data
requirement, catastrophic forgetting and the limited learning capability for
continually added tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel continual user
representation learning method, called TERACON, whose learning capability is
not limited as the number of learned tasks increases while capturing the
relationship between the tasks. The main idea is to introduce an embedding for
each task, i.e., task embedding, which is utilized to generate task-specific
soft masks that not only allow the entire model parameters to be updated until
the end of training sequence, but also facilitate the relationship between the
tasks to be captured. Moreover, we introduce a novel knowledge retention module
with pseudo-labeling strategy that successfully alleviates the long-standing
problem of continual learning, i.e., catastrophic forgetting. Extensive
experiments on public and proprietary real-world datasets demonstrate the
superiority and practicality of TERACON. Our code is available at
https://github.com/Sein-Kim/TERACON. | [
-0.0067080603912472725,
-0.0024249700363725424,
-0.030843162909150124,
-0.056152891367673874,
0.04993187263607979,
-0.010968640446662903,
-0.050062838941812515,
0.003665081225335598,
-0.04911331459879875,
0.014095521531999111,
0.010534806177020073,
-0.07786097377538681,
0.021020499989390373,
-0.0541556179523468,
-0.02792910486459732,
0.0037101018242537975,
-0.014856778085231781,
0.0007986029959283769,
-0.006609833799302578,
0.0049972799606621265,
0.013571646064519882,
-0.023656247183680534,
-0.01828652434051037,
-0.015167828649282455,
0.06744895130395889,
0.07072317600250244,
0.018040958791971207,
-0.007260585203766823,
-0.033691734075546265,
0.015773560851812363,
0.014545727521181107,
0.03529610484838486,
0.002709417836740613,
0.006929070223122835,
-0.08008744567632675,
0.03100687265396118,
0.04727975279092789,
0.08676686137914658,
-0.0014048455050215125,
0.046788617968559265,
0.027192406356334686,
0.014472057111561298,
-0.05713515728712082,
-0.013334264978766441,
0.021724456921219826,
-0.06420747190713882,
-0.003239432582631707,
-0.026341108605265617,
0.005684866104274988,
0.0046575795859098434,
0.00928241666406393,
-0.04914605990052223,
0.05435207113623619,
0.014578469097614288,
-0.02419649437069893,
0.043088749051094055,
0.10078052431344986,
-0.060343895107507706,
0.029189681634306908,
0.01833563856780529,
-0.06446941196918488,
0.027356116101145744,
-0.046330228447914124,
-0.02157711610198021,
0.044169243425130844,
-0.029926380142569542,
0.022821320220828056,
-0.04538070410490036,
0.01943250186741352,
-0.021200580522418022,
-0.037653543055057526,
0.020267428830266,
0.004399734549224377,
-0.022788578644394875,
-0.004976816009730101,
-0.004172585438936949,
0.11040673404932022,
0.018859513103961945,
0.04148438200354576,
-0.015552549622952938,
-0.008578458800911903,
0.04122244194149971,
0.0314980074763298,
0.013195110484957695,
0.030810419470071793,
-0.001398706343024969,
0.014316531829535961,
-0.051798176020383835,
-0.00442429119721055,
-0.03726063668727875,
-0.0697409063577652,
0.026488447561860085,
-0.032169222831726074,
-0.025800861418247223,
-0.025653522461652756,
0.007792646065354347,
-0.04469311609864235,
0.02115146815776825,
-0.06587732583284378,
0.014733994379639626,
0.008824026212096214,
0.015511622652411461,
0.006994554772973061,
-0.03298777714371681,
0.048982348293066025,
0.00011319084296701476,
-0.00883221160620451,
0.033036891371011734,
-0.03942162171006203,
0.082117460668087,
0.012613936327397823,
0.015511622652411461,
-0.06649942696094513,
0.043088749051094055,
-0.057691775262355804,
0.009757178835570812,
-0.03272584080696106,
-0.049637190997600555,
0.022199219092726707,
-0.04911331459879875,
0.0181391853839159,
0.011173279024660587,
0.006728524342179298,
-0.009757178835570812,
-0.006892235483974218,
0.07923614978790283,
0.00517326919361949,
0.03899597376585007,
0.005586639512330294,
0.016690341755747795,
0.011058681644499302,
0.042630359530448914,
-0.0039045086596161127,
-0.025227872654795647,
0.011246949434280396,
0.026979582384228706,
0.04181180149316788,
0.018040958791971207,
-0.0071787298657000065,
0.035001423209905624,
-0.0052141970954835415,
0.017353370785713196,
-0.02792910486459732,
-0.019792666658759117,
0.015045045875012875,
-0.01329333707690239,
-0.04102598875761032,
0.04989912733435631,
0.04207374155521393,
0.05612014979124069,
0.004506146535277367,
0.05209285765886307,
0.0033233342692255974,
0.020791303366422653,
-0.0019604398403316736,
-0.009397014044225216,
-0.018859513103961945,
0.056644026190042496,
-0.0068185655400156975,
0.05919791758060455,
0.06253762543201447,
0.014046408236026764,
-0.0024352020118385553,
0.04040388762950897,
0.031547121703624725,
-0.015577106736600399,
0.06427296251058578,
0.012515709735453129,
-0.027847250923514366,
0.04554441571235657,
-0.03837387263774872,
0.007620749529451132,
0.034313835203647614,
0.08309973031282425,
0.012392926961183548,
0.031039616093039513,
0.03618014231324196,
-0.05350077152252197,
-0.03621288388967514,
-0.01655118726193905,
0.0031903190538287163,
0.03236567601561546,
0.00819373782724142,
0.01024012640118599,
0.0876181572675705,
0.011508886702358723,
0.024965936318039894,
0.01590452902019024,
-0.008124160580337048,
-0.05055397376418114,
0.00687586423009634,
0.03801370784640312,
0.020889529958367348,
0.011115980334579945,
0.004452940542250872,
-0.01699320785701275,
-0.022510269656777382,
0.049178801476955414,
0.010141899809241295,
-0.0045839096419513226,
-0.019252419471740723,
-0.06830025464296341,
-0.027110550552606583,
-0.028322013095021248,
-0.026963209733366966,
-0.005946803838014603,
-0.006499328650534153,
-0.0002877733495552093,
-0.031956396996974945,
-0.036311112344264984,
-0.007407925091683865,
-0.05304238200187683,
-0.04390730336308479,
-0.012368369847536087,
-0.012114617973566055,
-0.012605750933289528,
-0.024802224710583687,
0.010641218163073063,
0.002298093866556883,
0.013006843626499176,
-0.018270153552293777,
-0.011050496250391006,
0.06551716476678848,
-0.018204668536782265,
-0.003532066009938717,
-0.012024576775729656,
0.023083258420228958,
0.03157986328005791,
0.012802204117178917,
0.004641208332031965,
0.015298797748982906,
0.023738102987408638,
0.024311091750860214,
-0.025031419470906258,
0.0053574442863464355,
0.009871776215732098,
-0.006503421813249588,
-0.05775725841522217,
-0.03860306739807129,
-0.0375225730240345,
0.032201964408159256,
0.0013362914323806763,
-0.034608516842126846,
-0.003427700139582157,
0.06211197376251221,
-0.024114638566970825,
-0.031154213473200798,
0.02097138576209545,
-0.006826750934123993,
0.02005460485816002,
-0.018270153552293777,
-0.003081860486418009,
0.010837671346962452,
0.019743552431464195,
-0.014889520592987537,
0.0493752546608448,
0.04128792881965637,
-0.05300964042544365,
0.006609833799302578,
-0.02553892508149147,
0.05864129960536957,
0.0615880973637104,
-0.03184179961681366,
0.045904580503702164,
0.03493594005703926,
0.003090046113356948,
0.07229480147361755,
-0.023459793999791145,
0.04518425092101097,
-0.003937250934541225,
0.03624562546610832,
0.005803556647151709,
-0.03886500373482704,
-0.010469322092831135,
-0.002879268256947398,
-0.038701292127370834,
0.006196463480591774,
0.0005305261583998799,
0.019907264038920403,
0.016845867037773132,
0.04380907863378525,
-0.026111913844943047,
-0.007043668068945408,
-0.021495262160897255,
-0.03857032582163811,
-0.022804949432611465,
0.03578723594546318,
-0.011770824901759624,
-0.029386134818196297,
0.010739444755017757,
-0.032611243426799774,
-0.00343793211504817,
-0.023885441944003105,
-0.008480232208967209,
0.07137802243232727,
-0.0012851317878812551,
-0.023623505607247353,
-0.0006297759828157723,
0.009126891382038593,
-0.06928251683712006,
-0.0028874536510556936,
-0.03359350934624672,
0.06279955804347992,
0.028944114223122597,
0.024785853922367096,
0.005312423687428236,
-0.004207374062389135,
0.002582541899755597,
0.007497966289520264,
-0.05366448312997818,
0.028649434447288513,
-0.008107789792120457,
0.015642590820789337,
0.008643943816423416,
0.015642590820789337,
0.021871795877814293,
0.021904539316892624,
0.013989109545946121,
-0.034379322081804276,
-0.0037960500922054052,
-0.04718152433633804,
0.04930976778268814,
-0.05343528836965561,
-0.04033840447664261,
-0.026783129200339317,
0.0196453258395195,
0.016944093629717827,
0.0444311797618866,
0.03467399999499321,
0.017517082393169403,
0.0263738501816988,
-0.052060116082429886,
-0.02118420973420143,
0.010649403557181358,
0.011173279024660587,
0.006839029025286436,
-0.02093864418566227,
0.03053211234509945,
-0.04836024343967438,
-0.05438481271266937,
-0.013121441006660461,
-0.03270946815609932,
0.014390201307833195,
0.0312360692769289,
0.015094159170985222,
0.05454852432012558,
-0.022854063659906387,
-0.005905876401811838,
-0.04027291759848595,
0.03886500373482704,
0.0008625526097603142,
-0.03640933707356453,
0.02054573781788349,
0.05477771908044815,
0.028191043063998222,
-0.0012022530427202582,
0.004416105803102255,
0.04868766665458679,
-0.044594891369342804,
0.00665076170116663,
-0.0031882727053016424,
-0.015069602057337761,
-0.005472042132169008,
0.008324706926941872,
0.002203959971666336,
-0.012139174155890942,
-0.0029918195214122534,
0.017107805237174034,
0.014038222841918468,
0.013809027150273323,
-0.012924987822771072,
-0.006695782300084829,
0.021658971905708313,
0.004240116104483604,
0.034608516842126846,
0.04908057302236557,
0.010199198499321938,
0.017091434448957443,
0.004710785578936338,
0.0375225730240345,
-0.012802204117178917,
-0.06528797000646591,
0.0314980074763298,
0.037424348294734955,
0.0031043707858771086,
0.012163731269538403,
0.03223470598459244,
0.040895022451877594,
-0.0013434538850560784,
0.030728565528988838,
0.05278044193983078,
-0.08172455430030823,
-0.01559347752481699,
-0.042237453162670135,
0.009920889511704445,
0.04858944192528725,
0.04171357676386833,
0.019972749054431915,
0.030941389501094818,
-0.0031473450362682343,
-0.007780367974191904,
-0.006687596440315247,
-0.00863575842231512,
-0.01308051310479641,
0.01636292040348053,
0.002883360954001546,
0.0239836685359478,
0.008963179774582386,
0.04691958799958229,
-0.015143272466957569,
0.011189650744199753,
0.005476134829223156,
-0.048327501863241196,
0.006949534174054861,
0.04184454679489136,
0.03143252059817314,
-0.0419427715241909,
-0.007841759361326694,
-0.001873468398116529,
0.016739455983042717,
-0.05101236328482628,
0.030188318341970444,
0.053631741553545,
0.036965955048799515,
0.0013127579586580396,
0.01917056366801262,
0.007608470972627401,
-0.02532609924674034,
-0.04980090260505676,
-0.06538619101047516,
0.08342715352773666,
0.019940005615353584,
0.06921703368425369,
-0.009397014044225216,
0.020136458799242973,
-0.0007193054188974202,
-0.007403832394629717,
-0.005332887638360262,
0.004985001403838396,
-0.026128284633159637,
-0.03532884642481804,
-0.028272898867726326,
-0.013506161980330944,
-0.019350646063685417,
-0.018466606736183167,
-0.0029611235950142145,
0.0024004133883863688,
-0.028469352051615715,
-0.004817197564989328,
-0.06915155053138733,
-0.059656307101249695,
-0.02097138576209545,
-0.023934556171298027,
-0.08113519847393036,
0.015781745314598083,
-0.02097138576209545,
0.008594830520451069,
-0.01828652434051037,
0.00016025776858441532,
-0.034804970026016235,
0.020594850182533264,
0.03575449436903,
0.01849934831261635,
-0.011574371717870235,
-0.03843935579061508,
0.034772228449583054,
-0.049866385757923126,
-0.026341108605265617,
-0.021429777145385742,
-0.017779020592570305,
0.02904234081506729,
-0.038079190999269485,
0.02704506553709507,
0.027814507484436035,
-0.04138615354895592,
0.030679451301693916,
-0.009798106737434864,
-0.08650492131710052,
0.004989094566553831,
-0.016845867037773132,
-0.021315179765224457,
-0.008578458800911903,
0.002709417836740613,
-0.021216953173279762,
0.016665784642100334,
-0.03853758051991463,
-0.038472097367048264,
0.01484040729701519,
-0.017140546813607216,
0.009126891382038593,
-0.0011981602292507887,
-0.0007341417367570102,
0.01492226216942072,
0.006794008892029524,
-0.0007320953882299364,
-0.0971788838505745,
-0.030482998117804527,
-0.01828652434051037,
0.04606829211115837,
-0.03857032582163811,
0.03706418350338936,
0.0484912134706974,
0.03447754681110382,
0.06702330708503723,
0.017124176025390625,
0.027126921340823174,
0.008594830520451069,
0.05058671534061432,
-0.036965955048799515,
0.0023922277614474297,
-0.008930438198149204,
0.05873952433466911,
0.00784585252404213,
0.015356096439063549,
0.0015910668298602104,
0.021331550553441048,
0.03359350934624672,
-0.002648026216775179,
0.013661687262356281,
0.033495280891656876,
0.008570273406803608,
0.06112970784306526,
0.018843142315745354,
0.04236841946840286,
-0.044627632945775986,
0.01962895505130291,
0.0159290861338377,
0.007657584734261036,
0.04816379025578499,
-0.048327501863241196,
-0.010829485952854156,
0.012933173216879368,
-0.04010920971632004,
-0.03703144192695618,
-0.008799469098448753,
-0.03529610484838486,
0.091678187251091,
0.0058813197538256645,
0.01660030148923397,
-0.04927702620625496,
-0.0011296062730252743,
0.008210109546780586,
0.011042310856282711,
-0.008799469098448753,
-0.015585292130708694,
-0.004289229400455952,
0.013997294940054417,
-0.06571361422538757,
0.009577096439898014,
0.03279132395982742,
-0.009094148874282837,
-0.015978198498487473,
-0.007223749998956919,
-0.008496603928506374,
0.011860866099596024,
-0.0029774948488920927,
-0.00588950514793396,
-0.014005480334162712,
0.021495262160897255,
-0.022084621712565422,
0.05867404118180275,
0.017598938196897507,
0.02488408051431179,
-0.011484330520033836,
0.006208741571754217,
-0.027585312724113464,
0.04020743444561958,
0.07851582020521164,
-0.014038222841918468,
0.025571666657924652,
0.01308051310479641,
-0.025915460661053658,
-0.06090051308274269,
-0.00430560065433383,
0.03202188387513161,
0.007023204118013382,
-0.0007249329937621951,
-0.040927764028310776,
0.0032169222831726074,
0.025604408234357834,
0.013899068348109722,
0.0012943404726684093,
0.06342165917158127,
0.06044211983680725,
-0.047443464398384094,
0.034608516842126846,
-0.0023410681169480085,
-0.011467959731817245,
0.02463851310312748,
-0.05978727713227272,
0.0028588043060153723,
0.04685410484671593,
0.020267428830266,
0.033691734075546265,
-0.009323344565927982,
-0.031055986881256104,
-0.009077778086066246,
0.014422943815588951,
0.07393191009759903,
-0.04384182021021843,
-0.008005470968782902,
0.0018458421109244227,
0.003384726122021675,
0.034379322081804276,
-0.028485722839832306,
-0.019956378266215324,
0.06302875280380249,
-0.02483496628701687,
-0.007633028086274862,
0.030401142314076424,
0.03902871534228325,
0.010739444755017757,
0.04675587639212608,
-0.004935888107866049,
0.046985071152448654,
0.02987726777791977,
0.0851297453045845,
-0.026242882013320923,
-0.021691715344786644,
-0.028060074895620346,
0.013055956922471523,
0.006986369378864765,
0.04714878275990486,
-0.01448842789977789,
-0.023181485012173653,
0.04479134455323219,
0.06751444190740585,
-0.019563470035791397,
0.0034338394179940224,
-0.020005490630865097,
0.02403278276324272,
0.03644207864999771,
0.0049972799606621265,
-0.014152820222079754,
-0.0028342476580291986,
0.024769483134150505,
0.032824065536260605,
-0.022608496248722076,
0.029598958790302277,
-0.005754443351179361,
-0.03139977902173996,
-0.01505323126912117,
-0.03233293443918228,
0.056611280888319016,
0.008881324902176857,
-0.005324701778590679,
0.028731290251016617,
-0.013023214414715767,
0.04600280523300171,
-0.021740827709436417,
-0.034346580505371094,
-0.011418845504522324,
-0.015544364228844643,
0.03405189886689186,
-0.03146526589989662,
0.0031780407298356295,
0.02642296440899372,
-0.006503421813249588,
0.026242882013320923,
-0.012957730330526829,
0.047476205974817276,
0.015045045875012875,
-0.010272868908941746,
-0.009298787452280521,
0.039126940071582794,
-0.04479134455323219,
0.004931795410811901,
0.0000568192481296137,
-0.015225128270685673,
0.06934799998998642,
-0.00327422097325325,
-0.044856827706098557,
-0.0559236966073513,
-0.002740113763138652,
-0.014480242505669594,
-0.02205187827348709,
0.002304233144968748,
0.03909419849514961,
0.03256212919950485,
-0.057691775262355804,
-0.0353943295776844,
-0.01617465168237686,
0.0012278328649699688,
-0.0159290861338377,
0.014161006547510624,
-0.00479673407971859,
-0.02378721535205841,
0.027830878272652626,
-0.0515034981071949,
0.01853209175169468,
-0.010919527150690556,
-0.012941358610987663,
0.023050516843795776,
-0.002365624764934182,
0.0113288052380085,
0.018613947555422783,
-0.05019380897283554,
-0.015454323031008244,
0.028289269655942917,
0.023656247183680534,
-0.007633028086274862,
0.011476145125925541,
-0.01067396067082882,
0.016927722841501236,
0.06987188011407852,
0.02727426216006279,
0.01833563856780529,
-0.004792640917003155,
-0.051568981260061264,
0.013121441006660461,
0.026439335197210312,
-0.0200873464345932,
-0.016731269657611847,
0.0024004133883863688,
-0.02724151872098446,
0.013571646064519882,
0.0035791329573839903,
0.0020023908000439405,
-0.017140546813607216,
0.0055743614211678505,
0.0013823352055624127,
0.015511622652411461,
0.08630846440792084,
-0.03853758051991463,
-0.0660082995891571,
0.017075063660740852,
0.03231656178832054,
0.009053220972418785,
-0.023443423211574554,
0.00215893960557878,
0.0640765056014061,
-0.060573089867830276,
-0.0009382689604535699,
0.0043833632953464985,
-0.004862218163907528,
0.004211466759443283,
-0.05710241571068764,
0.007010926026850939,
-0.014480242505669594,
0.006135071627795696,
0.02162623032927513,
-0.03313511610031128,
0.010796744376420975,
-0.033446166664361954,
0.04557715728878975,
-0.0005852670292370021,
-0.0263738501816988,
0.069020576775074,
0.01660848595201969,
0.00883221160620451,
0.040240176022052765,
-0.0045839096419513226,
0.04122244194149971,
-0.008304242976009846,
-0.07242576777935028,
0.021855425089597702,
-0.029582588002085686,
-0.006274226121604443,
0.00286289700306952,
-0.01899048127233982,
0.04390730336308479,
0.011402474716305733,
-0.028256528079509735,
-0.0017056645592674613,
-0.0006481934688054025,
0.038701292127370834,
-0.028322013095021248,
0.03496868163347244,
-0.012564823031425476,
-0.029271535575389862,
0.02010371722280979,
-0.03519787639379501,
0.06947897374629974,
-0.007502058986574411,
-0.03519787639379501,
0.017942732200026512,
-0.011975463479757309,
-0.0066016484051942825,
-0.034182868897914886,
-0.02069307677447796,
-0.020807674154639244,
0.016862237825989723,
-0.02730700373649597,
0.016223765909671783,
-0.037588056176900864,
0.016092795878648758,
0.00906959269195795,
0.005201918538659811,
0.030663080513477325,
0.039192426949739456,
-0.0183192677795887,
-0.020463882014155388,
0.026439335197210312,
0.011206021532416344,
0.009004107676446438,
-0.004412013106048107,
0.016469331458210945,
0.015241499058902264,
0.011492515914142132,
-0.024261977523565292,
0.026783129200339317,
0.00016486214008182287,
0.0009449197095818818,
0.040665823966264725,
-0.045675382018089294,
0.007612564135342836,
-0.010657589882612228,
0.04384182021021843,
0.009920889511704445,
0.014431129209697247,
0.025391584262251854,
0.0013731264043599367,
0.0153970243409276,
-0.023738102987408638,
0.020152831450104713,
-0.018466606736183167,
0.02336156740784645,
0.013784470967948437,
-0.03428109362721443,
-0.07144350558519363,
0.016976837068796158,
-0.014300160109996796,
0.02005460485816002,
-0.029959123581647873,
-0.05012832581996918,
-0.00852116011083126,
0.006658947095274925,
0.02660304680466652,
-0.004927702713757753,
0.013563460670411587,
0.030188318341970444,
-0.0036098286509513855,
-0.016862237825989723,
0.019972749054431915,
-0.024720368906855583,
0.03686773031949997,
0.02576811984181404,
-0.0018560740863904357,
0.03254575654864311,
0.0435471385717392,
0.01763167977333069,
0.0026091448962688446,
-0.0366385355591774,
-0.03948710486292839,
-0.023083258420228958,
-0.0068185655400156975,
-0.006978183519095182,
0.026030058041214943,
-0.011500701308250427,
-0.012466596439480782,
0.015176014974713326,
0.04691958799958229,
0.04534796252846718,
0.021331550553441048,
0.02594820223748684,
0.007469316944479942,
0.03509965166449547,
0.05667676776647568,
0.0016923630610108376,
-0.0239836685359478,
0.03621288388967514,
0.01853209175169468,
-0.03118695504963398,
-0.03208736702799797,
0.050259292125701904,
0.020185573026537895,
0.03601643070578575,
-0.021740827709436417,
-0.02440931834280491,
-0.0002170450461562723,
-0.0036180142778903246,
-0.024392947554588318,
-0.03329882770776749,
0.028043704107403755,
-0.03703144192695618,
0.00763712078332901,
0.015814486891031265,
-0.012049133889377117,
-0.008156903088092804,
-0.006085958331823349,
0.03139977902173996,
-0.0036200606264173985,
0.04082953557372093,
-0.012302885763347149,
0.058412104845047,
-0.03755531460046768,
0.01024012640118599,
-0.02205187827348709,
0.009667137637734413,
-0.03490319475531578,
-0.010174642316997051,
0.022575754672288895,
-0.003202597377821803,
-0.040927764028310776,
0.02548981085419655,
0.026701273396611214,
-0.017713535577058792,
0.013825398869812489,
-0.010706703178584576,
0.035656265914440155,
-0.003982271533459425,
-0.008369727991521358,
-0.022821320220828056,
-0.022395672276616096,
0.013825398869812489,
-0.016502074897289276,
0.017582567408680916,
-0.04253213107585907,
-0.0075716362334787846,
0.014627582393586636,
0.01570807583630085,
-0.018597574904561043,
0.01375172846019268,
-0.028633063659071922,
-0.009110519662499428,
0.0008676685974933207,
-0.014562098309397697,
-0.020414767786860466,
0.007506151683628559,
-0.03378996253013611,
0.035459812730550766,
0.04980090260505676,
-0.0036098286509513855,
0.016264693811535835,
-0.004710785578936338,
0.0053001451306045055,
-0.010706703178584576,
-0.008222388103604317,
-0.00008268687088275328,
0.01676401123404503,
-0.06987188011407852,
0.02879677340388298,
-0.0025682172272354364,
0.020856788381934166,
0.021462518721818924,
0.005402464885264635,
-0.043088749051094055,
0.026013687252998352,
-0.0013536857441067696,
-0.014758551493287086,
-0.023508906364440918,
-0.0008773889276199043,
-0.062046490609645844,
0.04999735578894615,
0.02309962920844555,
-0.05078316852450371,
0.03951984643936157,
-0.027650797739624977,
0.025817232206463814,
-0.021004127338528633,
-0.04233567789196968,
0.00039930149796418846,
-0.026521191000938416,
-0.030908646062016487,
-0.01200002059340477,
0.009085963480174541,
-0.030237430706620216,
-0.005512969568371773,
-0.06240665167570114,
0.02789636328816414,
0.0027421601116657257,
-0.001132675795815885,
-0.029189681634306908,
-0.012253772467374802,
-0.028027331456542015,
0.009290602058172226,
0.004252394661307335,
-0.004127564840018749,
-0.00818964559584856,
0.0196453258395195,
-0.049178801476955414,
-0.0005791278672404587,
0.04014195129275322,
-0.01595364138484001,
-0.00895499438047409,
-0.012605750933289528,
-0.015675334259867668,
-0.010207383893430233,
0.039192426949739456,
-0.005525248125195503,
0.007436574436724186,
-0.014652139507234097,
0.026750385761260986,
0.01179538108408451,
-0.020856788381934166,
-0.01807370036840439,
-0.02504779025912285,
-0.0004166957805864513,
-0.03210373595356941,
-0.010952269658446312,
-0.044169243425130844,
-0.04367810860276222,
0.028076445683836937,
-0.019334275275468826,
-0.06777637451887131,
-0.0029386132955551147,
-0.005959082394838333,
-0.04914605990052223,
0.021888168528676033,
0.03321697190403938,
-0.06050760671496391,
0.016092795878648758,
-0.0037141945213079453,
0.042663101106882095,
0.000849762698635459,
-0.03781725466251373,
0.097702756524086,
0.03604917228221893,
-0.0059345257468521595,
-0.00784585252404213,
-0.015331540256738663,
0.014676695689558983,
0.0007065155077725649,
-0.014021852053701878,
0.0035995966754853725,
0.02223196066915989,
-0.00863575842231512,
0.01484040729701519,
-0.004211466759443283,
-0.04577361047267914,
0.05621837452054024,
0.005893597844988108,
-0.0028260620310902596,
-0.01989089325070381
] |
The task of the session-based recommendation is to predict the next
interaction of the user based on the anonymized user's behavior pattern. And
personalized version of this system is a promising research field due to its
availability to deal with user information. However, there's a problem that the
user's preferences and historical sessions were not considered in the typical
session-based recommendation since it concentrates only on user-item
interaction. In addition, the existing personalized session-based
recommendation model has a limited capability in that it only considers the
preference of the current user without considering those of similar users. It
means there can be the loss of information included within the hierarchical
data structure of the user-session-item. To tackle with this problem, we
propose USP-SBR(abbr. of User Similarity Powered - Session Based Recommender).
To model global historical sessions of users, we propose UserGraph that has two
types of nodes - ItemNode and UserNode. We then connect the nodes with three
types of edges. The first type of edges connects ItemNode as chronological
order, and the second connects ItemNode to UserNode, and the last connects
UserNode to ItemNode. With these user embeddings, we propose additional
contrastive loss, that makes users with similar intention be close to each
other in the vector space. we apply graph neural network on these UserGraph and
update nodes. Experimental results on two real-world datasets demonstrate that
our method outperforms some state-of-the-art approaches. | [
0.01206626184284687,
0.009288294240832329,
-0.03040425106883049,
-0.03780080005526543,
0.03589201346039772,
-0.06220600754022598,
-0.00827851239591837,
0.033437859266996384,
-0.03340377286076546,
-0.006787272170186043,
0.02616060897707939,
-0.04117526486515999,
-0.024984659627079964,
-0.054161835461854935,
0.016778578981757164,
0.059445083141326904,
-0.0018917443230748177,
-0.0042841192334890366,
-0.01231338083744049,
-0.019309427589178085,
0.018355032429099083,
0.006902310531586409,
-0.04683345556259155,
-0.012517893686890602,
0.057331785559654236,
0.03643738105893135,
-0.0012984438799321651,
0.018269820138812065,
-0.07014792412519455,
0.009654713794589043,
0.014972048811614513,
0.024337036535143852,
0.033045876771211624,
0.01779262349009514,
-0.04468606784939766,
-0.01908787153661251,
0.07001158595085144,
0.018576588481664658,
-0.03025086782872677,
0.031120046973228455,
-0.016190605238080025,
0.053411953151226044,
-0.004322465509176254,
0.025444813072681427,
0.030574679374694824,
-0.06820505112409592,
-0.0006662646774202585,
0.01245824433863163,
0.005960699170827866,
-0.017673322930932045,
0.019173085689544678,
-0.04420887306332588,
-0.009245687164366245,
0.004122213460505009,
-0.02353602647781372,
-0.011205603368580341,
0.03164837136864662,
-0.021047785878181458,
0.02936464548110962,
0.03619878366589546,
-0.01774149388074875,
0.014571544714272022,
-0.03541481867432594,
-0.02684231847524643,
0.022956574335694313,
-0.02668893337249756,
0.036812324076890945,
-0.029705500230193138,
0.007434896193444729,
-0.05215078964829445,
-0.05903605744242668,
0.037357691675424576,
0.056479647755622864,
-0.0053940280340611935,
0.015713408589363098,
0.003506544278934598,
0.053718723356723785,
0.06612583994865417,
0.030472422018647194,
-0.02704683132469654,
0.038380254060029984,
0.0014944354770705104,
0.035619329661130905,
-0.010745448991656303,
0.04376576095819473,
-0.06050173565745354,
0.049321696162223816,
-0.05354829505085945,
0.05705910176038742,
0.017443247139453888,
0.010268252342939377,
0.020655803382396698,
0.0039922622963786125,
-0.0566500760614872,
-0.06888676434755325,
0.020689889788627625,
-0.013540458865463734,
0.024848317727446556,
-0.04611765965819359,
0.004921091720461845,
-0.0048401388339698315,
-0.0002798737841658294,
0.006033130921423435,
-0.05695684254169464,
0.05777489393949509,
-0.008056956343352795,
-0.007843921892344952,
0.03807348757982254,
-0.03674415126442909,
0.06411479413509369,
0.0014230689266696572,
-0.012645714916288853,
-0.004921091720461845,
0.0012217515613883734,
-0.028938576579093933,
0.022070350125432014,
-0.06186515465378761,
-0.025376642122864723,
0.020536504685878754,
-0.07001158595085144,
0.04707205295562744,
0.04114117845892906,
0.025172129273414612,
-0.010583543218672276,
-0.036846406757831573,
0.059888195246458054,
-0.00038372798007912934,
0.05334378406405449,
-0.013796099461615086,
0.01226225309073925,
-0.008419114165008068,
0.045163266360759735,
-0.03786897286772728,
-0.028154609724879265,
-0.012799099087715149,
0.08091893792152405,
-0.012100347317755222,
-0.010609107092022896,
-0.0011514502111822367,
-0.02709795907139778,
-0.0065742377191782,
-0.030097482725977898,
-0.04734473675489426,
-0.02951802872121334,
0.013591586612164974,
0.005990523844957352,
-0.010327901691198349,
0.050105661153793335,
-0.04734473675489426,
0.0444815568625927,
-0.01487831398844719,
0.013634193688631058,
0.003446894697844982,
-0.011358987540006638,
-0.01527881808578968,
-0.004908309783786535,
-0.03400027006864548,
-0.041004836559295654,
0.0002463208802510053,
0.0007062086369842291,
0.07587429136037827,
-0.01473345048725605,
-0.020553546026349068,
0.05699092894792557,
0.005645408295094967,
0.03541481867432594,
-0.01567080058157444,
0.0022794667165726423,
-0.03134160116314888,
0.022411206737160683,
-0.054945800453424454,
-0.010319380089640617,
0.021320469677448273,
0.05337786674499512,
0.0031401251908391714,
0.00806121714413166,
0.05518439784646034,
-0.03393210098147392,
-0.055252570658922195,
0.003755794372409582,
-0.039914101362228394,
0.01833799108862877,
0.0013314642710611224,
0.013446723110973835,
0.03503987938165665,
0.022223735228180885,
0.050344258546829224,
0.008031392470002174,
0.004495023284107447,
-0.018184605985879898,
0.047924190759658813,
0.04086849465966225,
0.04741290956735611,
-0.001317617017775774,
-0.02304178662598133,
0.016292860731482506,
-0.01655702479183674,
0.002652276773005724,
0.01715352013707161,
0.026433292776346207,
-0.006655190605670214,
-0.06329674273729324,
0.04775376245379448,
-0.01815051957964897,
0.054264090955257416,
0.017017178237438202,
0.019548024982213974,
-0.008640670217573643,
-0.029995225369930267,
-0.041652463376522064,
-0.032756149768829346,
-0.07628331333398819,
-0.03994818776845932,
0.020246777683496475,
-0.03219373896718025,
-0.014230689965188503,
-0.016403639689087868,
-0.002345507265999913,
-0.014631194062530994,
0.03135864436626434,
0.0007243165164254606,
-0.012739449739456177,
0.0711023211479187,
-0.0028269649483263493,
0.032108526676893234,
0.00914343073964119,
-0.008385028690099716,
0.032415296882390976,
0.007145169656723738,
-0.02358715422451496,
0.03420478478074074,
0.04908309876918793,
0.015040219761431217,
0.007434896193444729,
-0.007886528968811035,
-0.001901330891996622,
-0.010251209139823914,
-0.06786420196294785,
-0.04236825555562973,
-0.011145953088998795,
-0.021985137835144997,
0.025547070428729057,
0.005820096470415592,
0.02387688122689724,
-0.000802606635261327,
0.003755794372409582,
-0.02818869613111019,
0.0531051829457283,
0.034733109176158905,
0.01440963800996542,
-0.012321902438998222,
-0.00162225600797683,
-0.03568750247359276,
0.040220871567726135,
-0.019462810829281807,
0.022479377686977386,
0.05037834495306015,
-0.05477537214756012,
0.02125229872763157,
-0.05600244924426079,
0.007498806342482567,
0.009859226644039154,
-0.015023177489638329,
-0.00240302667953074,
-0.015841228887438774,
0.01849137432873249,
0.0954393520951271,
-0.003866572165861726,
0.029944097623229027,
0.0404253825545311,
0.014886835590004921,
0.008269990794360638,
-0.050344258546829224,
-0.0781920999288559,
-0.02975662797689438,
-0.02956915833055973,
0.008990046568214893,
-0.044720154255628586,
0.05477537214756012,
-0.013088826090097427,
-0.00720481900498271,
0.011060739867389202,
-0.025478899478912354,
-0.009560978040099144,
-0.05013974756002426,
-0.052082620561122894,
-0.02541072852909565,
-0.0008414853946305811,
-0.009927397593855858,
0.00830407626926899,
-0.04840138927102089,
-0.012730928137898445,
-0.049560293555259705,
0.034528594464063644,
0.06149021163582802,
0.06847773492336273,
0.027524027973413467,
0.04226600006222725,
0.019156042486429214,
-0.06789828091859818,
0.03388097137212753,
0.023127000778913498,
0.011086303740739822,
0.004925352521240711,
-0.013574544340372086,
-0.016693366691470146,
-0.008457460440695286,
0.08759969472885132,
-0.024285906925797462,
-0.04018678516149521,
0.03766445815563202,
-0.010259730741381645,
-0.04390210285782814,
-0.005065955221652985,
0.03273910656571388,
0.0004500349168665707,
0.033199261873960495,
0.01312291156500578,
0.0030229564290493727,
-0.027370642870664597,
-0.054707203060388565,
-0.0036748412530869246,
-0.07362464815378189,
-0.019803665578365326,
0.02174653857946396,
0.03154611587524414,
-0.01458006538450718,
0.03285840526223183,
0.023501941934227943,
-0.017485853284597397,
0.013370031490921974,
-0.05654781684279442,
-0.010225645266473293,
-0.022615719586610794,
0.04247051477432251,
-0.00035416948958300054,
0.004682493396103382,
0.0368804931640625,
-0.04172063246369362,
-0.04581088945269585,
0.003515065647661686,
0.03377871587872505,
0.015807142481207848,
0.006241904105991125,
0.006352682132273912,
0.06408070772886276,
0.014452245086431503,
0.041754718869924545,
0.02660372108221054,
0.03773263096809387,
0.0009101889445446432,
-0.0010103150270879269,
0.011001089587807655,
0.000004730859018309275,
0.05392323434352875,
-0.06633035093545914,
0.04478832706809044,
0.003212556941434741,
0.041311606764793396,
-0.00017229147488251328,
0.02462676167488098,
-0.02881927601993084,
-0.02847842127084732,
0.03988001495599747,
-0.04533369466662407,
-0.0131484754383564,
0.012901355512440205,
-0.05896788835525513,
-0.011086303740739822,
-0.01542368158698082,
-0.06496693193912506,
0.006821357645094395,
0.0044822413474321365,
-0.057331785559654236,
-0.07001158595085144,
0.03089849092066288,
0.03313108906149864,
0.02036607638001442,
-0.018815187737345695,
0.06254686415195465,
0.043868016451597214,
-0.007076998706907034,
-0.0013463766081258655,
0.011853227391839027,
0.009186037816107273,
0.029040832072496414,
0.03885745257139206,
0.04662894085049629,
0.012245209887623787,
0.024541549384593964,
0.01174244936555624,
-0.05368463695049286,
-0.015491852536797523,
-0.03234712406992912,
0.03752811625599861,
-0.05378689244389534,
-0.013787578791379929,
0.007460460532456636,
-0.00577322905883193,
0.03480127826333046,
0.00206430209800601,
-0.03362533077597618,
-0.030864406377077103,
0.04236825555562973,
-0.030233824625611305,
0.026075394824147224,
0.027370642870664597,
-0.051434993743896484,
0.004107300657778978,
0.006007566582411528,
0.01898561418056488,
-0.02293953113257885,
-0.05784306675195694,
0.00910082459449768,
0.022479377686977386,
0.03926647827029228,
-0.06592132896184921,
0.03234712406992912,
0.023553069680929184,
-0.0213545560836792,
-0.019565068185329437,
0.04151612147688866,
0.08235052973031998,
0.012117389589548111,
-0.06987524032592773,
0.027217259630560875,
-0.03565341606736183,
-0.04250459745526314,
-0.0037515335716307163,
-0.03503987938165665,
0.03732360526919365,
-0.004147777333855629,
-0.005521848332136869,
-0.03340377286076546,
-0.05313926935195923,
-0.01453745923936367,
0.03902788087725639,
-0.013949484564363956,
-0.006906571332365274,
-0.004343769047409296,
-0.044379301369190216,
-0.02936464548110962,
0.0031550375279039145,
0.028512507677078247,
0.011478287167847157,
-0.027677413076162338,
0.010217123664915562,
-0.006970481481403112,
-0.02610948123037815,
0.0108988331630826,
-0.08432748913764954,
-0.03006339631974697,
-0.007345421705394983,
-0.02902378886938095,
0.061422042548656464,
-0.07219305634498596,
0.016931964084506035,
-0.010319380089640617,
0.02650146372616291,
-0.017877835780382156,
-0.055252570658922195,
0.04069806635379791,
-0.005065955221652985,
-0.05157133564352989,
-0.025683412328362465,
0.007976002991199493,
-0.016096869483590126,
-0.006876746192574501,
0.005602801684290171,
-0.005206557922065258,
0.03207444027066231,
0.0022560330107808113,
0.05337786674499512,
0.014588586986064911,
-0.014861270785331726,
0.04018678516149521,
-0.00012375960068311542,
-0.03401731327176094,
0.02120117098093033,
0.034136611968278885,
-0.026075394824147224,
0.03430704027414322,
0.052525732666254044,
-0.012679800391197205,
-0.01206626184284687,
0.021235257387161255,
-0.0018384858267381787,
0.012892833910882473,
-0.02501874603331089,
-0.038346171379089355,
-0.02062171697616577,
-0.011946962215006351,
-0.06380802392959595,
-0.0007472177385352552,
-0.013361509889364243,
-0.028853362426161766,
0.006169472821056843,
-0.0076990588568151,
0.07860112935304642,
0.01645476743578911,
-0.007383767981082201,
0.003472458804026246,
0.003218947909772396,
0.043833933770656586,
0.008223122917115688,
0.014997612684965134,
0.028052354231476784,
-0.002741751028224826,
-0.029722541570663452,
-0.0025244562420994043,
0.014153997413814068,
0.05545708164572716,
-0.0022943790536373854,
0.014835706911981106,
0.004665450658649206,
-0.016437724232673645,
0.0074263750575482845,
-0.020280862227082253,
0.049764808267354965,
0.010949961841106415,
-0.028785191476345062,
0.029483944177627563,
-0.03589201346039772,
0.04840138927102089,
-0.0702160969376564,
-0.004490762483328581,
0.024149565026164055,
-0.003804792184382677,
0.024950575083494186,
-0.012756492011249065,
-0.04696979746222496,
0.018320947885513306,
-0.01312291156500578,
-0.040459468960762024,
-0.015270296484231949,
-0.01248380821198225,
0.017247255891561508,
0.03861885517835617,
0.024848317727446556,
-0.02012747898697853,
-0.02501874603331089,
0.025990182533860207,
0.027609242126345634,
0.0224964190274477,
-0.009825141169130802,
0.0049509163945913315,
0.01700013503432274,
-0.02759219892323017,
-0.04836730286478996,
0.02921126037836075,
-0.0006082128384150565,
-0.00044257871923036873,
0.0033574202097952366,
-0.00711960531771183,
0.002641625003889203,
-0.018116435036063194,
-0.06002453714609146,
-0.014256253838539124,
0.014051740989089012,
-0.02007634937763214,
0.0427091121673584,
0.016829708591103554,
0.003610930871218443,
-0.03667598217725754,
0.015202125534415245,
0.009509850293397903,
0.03677823767066002,
0.04028904065489769,
0.0008207145729102194,
0.018866315484046936,
-0.0317506268620491,
0.03613061457872391,
-0.008393550291657448,
0.0016531459987163544,
0.004844399634748697,
-0.010583543218672276,
0.008853704668581486,
-0.053718723356723785,
-0.012100347317755222,
-0.016548503190279007,
0.001635038061067462,
-0.023740539327263832,
-0.013446723110973835,
0.04304996505379677,
0.01033642329275608,
0.06431930512189865,
-0.01542368158698082,
-0.06203558295965195,
0.014844228513538837,
-0.02145681157708168,
0.05907014384865761,
0.04744699224829674,
0.05446860194206238,
-0.011912876740098,
-0.06765968352556229,
-0.02377462573349476,
-0.006544413045048714,
-0.0024925009347498417,
0.04969663545489311,
-0.03749403357505798,
-0.010864747688174248,
0.03149498626589775,
0.012015133164823055,
0.030983705073595047,
-0.00798878539353609,
-0.018815187737345695,
0.07014792412519455,
-0.025478899478912354,
0.013932441361248493,
0.010967004112899303,
-0.01018303819000721,
-0.014051740989089012,
0.06384211033582687,
-0.05279841646552086,
0.016488853842020035,
0.010140431113541126,
0.07137500494718552,
-0.011060739867389202,
-0.012909877113997936,
-0.052525732666254044,
0.012194082140922546,
-0.024149565026164055,
0.08923579752445221,
-0.013182560913264751,
-0.04226600006222725,
0.029824798926711082,
0.016224689781665802,
0.013208124786615372,
0.021729495376348495,
0.0017191865481436253,
-0.058354347944259644,
0.030864406377077103,
-0.021439770236611366,
-0.01721316948533058,
-0.03055763617157936,
0.013813142664730549,
0.005666711833328009,
0.018031220883131027,
0.012304860167205334,
0.028256867080926895,
-0.03342081606388092,
0.018303904682397842,
-0.022087393328547478,
0.06500101834535599,
-0.0037217088975012302,
0.014009133912622929,
0.01386427041143179,
0.005151168908923864,
0.047242481261491776,
0.021490897983312607,
0.011290816590189934,
0.0010928658302873373,
0.017571067437529564,
0.023109957575798035,
-0.017340989783406258,
-0.0036002793349325657,
0.020383119583129883,
0.00998704694211483,
0.002878093160688877,
-0.010805098339915276,
0.006748925894498825,
0.005219339858740568,
-0.009049695916473866,
-0.00241580861620605,
-0.015040219761431217,
0.013293338939547539,
0.005027608945965767,
-0.026859361678361893,
0.017443247139453888,
0.049867063760757446,
-0.006714840419590473,
-0.03486945107579231,
-0.07335196435451508,
0.06776194274425507,
0.02689344622194767,
-0.03647146746516228,
-0.01968436688184738,
-0.000583713932428509,
0.01107778213918209,
-0.050344258546829224,
-0.01176801323890686,
-0.024933531880378723,
-0.034971706569194794,
-0.041209351271390915,
0.009893312118947506,
-0.018695887178182602,
0.012739449739456177,
-0.012696842662990093,
-0.019121956080198288,
0.052082620561122894,
-0.03386392816901207,
-0.008538413792848587,
0.03485240787267685,
0.02239416353404522,
0.04908309876918793,
-0.018065307289361954,
-0.018525460734963417,
-0.005594280082732439,
0.03316517546772957,
0.03745994716882706,
-0.01966732367873192,
0.011580543592572212,
0.007664973381906748,
-0.015747493132948875,
0.01893448643386364,
-0.0018097261199727654,
0.003851659595966339,
0.016983091831207275,
-0.05368463695049286,
-0.0004992990870960057,
0.03640329837799072,
-0.006966220680624247,
-0.039470989257097244,
0.02125229872763157,
0.00026256474666297436,
0.02200217917561531,
0.03163132816553116,
-0.02229190617799759,
-0.009782534092664719,
0.0418228879570961,
-0.011435680091381073,
-0.016633715480566025,
0.028904490172863007,
-0.006007566582411528,
-0.02096257358789444,
0.019735494628548622,
-0.001882157870568335,
-0.012441202066838741,
-0.017264297232031822,
0.004580236971378326,
0.052423473447561264,
-0.023910967633128166,
-0.030284952372312546,
0.0025351077783852816,
-0.018695887178182602,
0.043833933770656586,
-0.051196396350860596,
-0.0021452552173286676,
0.0033233347348868847,
-0.027217259630560875,
0.011239688843488693,
-0.0675574317574501,
-0.016343990340828896,
-0.02704683132469654,
0.004682493396103382,
-0.010055217891931534,
0.03323334828019142,
0.030080439522862434,
-0.05596836656332016,
0.0009229709976352751,
0.01625877618789673,
-0.0004433775902725756,
0.05433226004242897,
-0.025138044729828835,
-0.07676050812005997,
0.012551979161798954,
0.0026884926483035088,
-0.017860794439911842,
-0.0033872448839247227,
-0.032057397067546844,
0.027421772480010986,
0.05583202466368675,
-0.020502418279647827,
0.028001224622130394,
-0.014793099835515022,
0.012713885866105556,
-0.028307994827628136,
-0.0015391726046800613,
-0.027166130021214485,
-0.035721588879823685,
-0.002654407173395157,
-0.014767535962164402,
0.0441066175699234,
-0.04581088945269585,
0.030830319970846176,
0.00949280709028244,
0.014554501511156559,
0.00640381034463644,
-0.04928760975599289,
-0.008056956343352795,
-0.03391505777835846,
0.0006044847541488707,
-0.012347466312348843,
0.06708022952079773,
-0.012185560539364815,
-0.02125229872763157,
-0.024149565026164055,
-0.03855068236589432,
0.022479377686977386,
-0.01119708176702261,
-0.0022134261671453714,
0.021337512880563736,
-0.026143565773963928,
0.017826708033680916,
0.03630103915929794,
-0.010421636514365673,
0.03793714568018913,
0.010251209139823914,
-0.01312291156500578,
-0.02486536093056202,
0.05007157474756241,
-0.01784375123679638,
-0.011929919011890888,
0.056343305855989456,
0.02421773597598076,
-0.005751925520598888,
-0.0015210647834464908,
0.01567080058157444,
-0.010072260163724422,
0.05583202466368675,
0.002620321698486805,
-0.01740916073322296,
-0.034136611968278885,
-0.016872314736247063,
-0.017571067437529564,
-0.014639715664088726,
-0.009041174314916134,
0.002750272396951914,
-0.061728812754154205,
-0.01849137432873249,
0.027319515123963356,
-0.021337512880563736,
-0.03875519707798958,
-0.004716578871011734,
0.0024669368285685778,
-0.01992296613752842,
0.015193604864180088,
0.053514208644628525,
0.04434521496295929,
0.0036151916719973087,
0.02530847117304802,
0.04414070025086403,
-0.024694932624697685,
0.012577543966472149,
-0.020536504685878754,
0.023007702082395554,
0.01053241454064846,
0.0036940143909305334,
0.03643738105893135,
0.029432816430926323,
0.024388164281845093,
0.02041720412671566,
0.008998568169772625,
-0.03817574307322502,
0.0213545560836792,
0.013037697412073612,
-0.015560023486614227,
0.03514213487505913,
0.007439156994223595,
0.0009320249664597213,
-0.01642068289220333,
0.02491648867726326,
0.0441066175699234,
-0.032159652560949326,
-0.028444336727261543,
0.022683890536427498,
0.013940962962806225,
0.036812324076890945,
-0.000014770931556995492,
-0.012373031117022038,
0.08964482694864273,
-0.02772854082286358,
-0.03439225256443024,
0.007669233717024326,
0.00480605335906148,
-0.00894743949174881,
0.04281136766076088,
-0.06861408054828644,
-0.010438679717481136,
-0.009168995544314384,
0.012569022364914417,
0.04356124997138977,
-0.04782193526625633,
0.03328447416424751,
0.036710064858198166,
0.019496897235512733,
0.022036265581846237,
0.006829878780990839,
0.006979003082960844,
-0.022803189232945442,
0.0016925573581829667,
-0.010626149363815784,
-0.0030911273788660765,
0.005517587531358004,
0.08044174313545227,
0.0078098364174366,
-0.033693499863147736,
-0.03094961866736412,
-0.0065742377191782,
-0.045061010867357254,
0.0051469081081449986,
0.05266207456588745,
0.011154474690556526,
-0.048674073070287704,
-0.0036897535901516676,
-0.0041030403226614,
-0.0131484754383564,
0.04124343395233154,
0.02101370133459568,
-0.007388028781861067,
-0.011759491637349129,
-0.008700319565832615,
-0.019053785130381584,
-0.04069806635379791,
0.016403639689087868,
0.014443723484873772,
0.017434725537896156,
-0.03800531476736069,
0.004537629894912243,
-0.03219373896718025,
0.006237643770873547,
-0.022172607481479645,
-0.005342899821698666,
-0.05402549356222153,
0.006800054106861353,
-0.021814709529280663,
-0.023501941934227943,
-0.00752863148227334,
0.013455244712531567,
-0.03800531476736069,
0.05324152484536171,
0.04584497585892677,
0.036505553871393204,
0.030097482725977898,
0.021439770236611366,
0.010805098339915276,
0.01760515198111534,
0.025138044729828835,
0.003866572165861726,
0.014605630189180374,
-0.05995636805891991,
0.012338945642113686,
0.015508895739912987,
-0.004942395258694887,
0.04434521496295929,
-0.006966220680624247,
-0.05269615724682808,
-0.006212079431861639,
-0.004797531757503748,
0.012594586238265038,
-0.007238904479891062,
-0.006280250381678343,
-0.03118821792304516,
0.03045538067817688,
-0.003911309409886599,
-0.017673322930932045,
0.01963323913514614,
-0.004665450658649206,
0.006148169282823801,
0.022036265581846237,
-0.05433226004242897,
-0.0025308472104370594,
-0.032415296882390976,
-0.04257277026772499,
-0.05204853415489197,
-0.013071782886981964,
-0.028290951624512672,
0.01987183652818203,
-0.04379984736442566,
0.006165212020277977,
-0.002341246698051691,
0.006356942933052778,
-0.003242381615564227,
-0.01509986910969019,
-0.050991885364055634,
0.016241732984781265,
-0.020979614928364754,
-0.010447201319038868,
-0.012279295362532139,
0.04952620714902878,
0.0056709726341068745,
-0.014503373764455318,
0.04390210285782814,
-0.001341050723567605,
0.001326138386502862,
0.014281817711889744,
0.012492329813539982,
-0.025444813072681427,
-0.024609720334410667,
0.01997409388422966,
0.06193332374095917,
0.015159519389271736,
0.023075873032212257,
0.030284952372312546,
-0.003253033384680748,
-0.06670529395341873,
0.008845183067023754,
0.022428248077630997,
-0.023399684578180313,
-0.03882336616516113,
-0.023399684578180313,
-0.0175540242344141,
0.0326368510723114,
-0.03994818776845932,
-0.027319515123963356,
0.0227520614862442,
0.02036607638001442,
0.012722406536340714,
-0.016437724232673645,
0.017315426841378212,
-0.011265252716839314,
-0.023570112884044647,
-0.017468810081481934,
0.009722884744405746,
0.018627716228365898,
-0.03756220266222954,
0.07628331333398819,
-0.004989262670278549,
-0.03674415126442909,
0.04996931925415993,
0.007102562580257654,
-0.013540458865463734,
-0.009066739119589329,
-0.03233008086681366,
-0.04390210285782814,
-0.011520893312990665,
-0.03763037547469139,
0.02535960078239441,
0.030370166525244713,
-0.014247732236981392,
0.010302337817847729,
0.005862703081220388,
0.04996931925415993,
-0.03195514157414436
] |
The adoption of self-driving cars will certainly revolutionize our lives,
even though they may take more time to become fully autonomous than initially
predicted. The first vehicles are already present in certain cities of the
world, as part of experimental robot-taxi services. However, most existing
studies focus on the navigation part of such vehicles. We currently miss
methods, datasets, and studies to assess the in-cabin human component of the
adoption of such technology in real-world conditions. This paper proposes an
experimental framework to study the activities of occupants of self-driving
cars using a multidisciplinary approach (computer vision associated with human
and social sciences), particularly non-driving related activities. The
framework is composed of an experimentation scenario, and a data acquisition
module. We seek firstly to capture real-world data about the usage of the
vehicle in the nearest possible, real-world conditions, and secondly to create
a dataset containing in-cabin human activities to foster the development and
evaluation of computer vision algorithms. The acquisition module records
multiple views of the front seats of the vehicle (Intel RGB-D and GoPro
cameras); in addition to survey data about the internal states and attitudes of
participants towards this type of vehicle before, during, and after the
experimentation. We evaluated the proposed framework with the realization of
real-world experimentation with 30 participants (1 hour each) to study the
acceptance of SDCs of SAE level 4. | [
-0.03227800503373146,
-0.0001010278647299856,
-0.02488563023507595,
-0.05209283158183098,
-0.003670732257887721,
0.012982478365302086,
-0.028978928923606873,
0.016729578375816345,
-0.06023870036005974,
-0.01885768584907055,
0.013379589654505253,
-0.0819474384188652,
0.0362083874642849,
-0.01174023374915123,
-0.055595554411411285,
0.02818470634520054,
-0.020354490727186203,
-0.011353304609656334,
-0.024172866716980934,
-0.02076178416609764,
0.040383145213127136,
-0.013023207895457745,
-0.09017477184534073,
0.0006573970895260572,
0.04313237592577934,
0.038876160979270935,
0.03321478143334389,
0.02229931578040123,
-0.04687947407364845,
0.014469100162386894,
-0.03653422370553017,
0.008751718327403069,
0.0017322700005024672,
-0.034803226590156555,
-0.015273503959178925,
-0.006470874883234501,
0.034477390348911285,
-0.018032917752861977,
0.04011840373277664,
0.08439119905233383,
0.025883499532938004,
0.030526643618941307,
-0.013970165513455868,
-0.005641014315187931,
-0.025496570393443108,
-0.029549140483140945,
-0.038529958575963974,
0.0073720114305615425,
-0.09204831719398499,
-0.03390717878937721,
-0.017666352912783623,
-0.017299789935350418,
0.03787828981876373,
-0.0007993134204298258,
-0.024600524455308914,
0.023093538358807564,
0.03390717878937721,
-0.013033390045166016,
0.03975183889269829,
-0.008125504478812218,
0.030526643618941307,
-0.008685532957315445,
-0.059872135519981384,
-0.007453470025211573,
-0.0527852326631546,
-0.017350701615214348,
0.0072650969959795475,
0.024315418675541878,
-0.015202227979898453,
0.013226854614913464,
-0.02305280975997448,
0.03433483839035034,
-0.0055646467953920364,
0.015405874699354172,
0.021362541243433952,
-0.027838507667183876,
0.06508549302816391,
0.033072229474782944,
0.01598626747727394,
-0.005992304999381304,
0.05950557440519333,
0.008140778169035912,
-0.03539380058646202,
-0.021362541243433952,
0.05746910721063614,
-0.043784044682979584,
0.04191049560904503,
-0.08944164216518402,
0.016597207635641098,
-0.0040423874743282795,
-0.01930570974946022,
0.04296945780515671,
0.005473005585372448,
-0.00014422324602492154,
-0.0424807071685791,
0.010874735191464424,
-0.029141847044229507,
-0.020303579047322273,
-0.021260717883706093,
-0.021321812644600868,
-0.01649538427591324,
-0.0034492663107812405,
0.05042292922735214,
-0.014530193991959095,
0.017208147794008255,
-0.04019986465573311,
-0.032420556992292404,
0.0452503003180027,
0.00675598019734025,
0.11249445378780365,
-0.029345493763685226,
-0.017808906733989716,
-0.0538034662604332,
-0.01656666025519371,
-0.029121480882167816,
0.05771348252892494,
0.0011913332855328918,
-0.028367988765239716,
0.033499885350465775,
0.013522142544388771,
0.00017930458125192672,
0.010100877843797207,
-0.02058868296444416,
0.012931566685438156,
-0.01211697980761528,
0.07958514243364334,
0.011872603558003902,
-0.03077102079987526,
-0.0020657414570450783,
-0.049934178590774536,
0.03089320845901966,
0.02154582366347313,
-0.019641727209091187,
0.036595314741134644,
0.01843002811074257,
-0.018236564472317696,
0.015416056849062443,
0.010258703492581844,
-0.008436065167188644,
-0.013685059733688831,
-0.061379123479127884,
0.01764598861336708,
-0.042521435767412186,
0.062030792236328125,
-0.016281556338071823,
0.03521052002906799,
-0.041645754128694534,
0.0233786441385746,
-0.040790438652038574,
0.04415060952305794,
-0.06341558694839478,
0.048834484070539474,
-0.0600757822394371,
-0.019061332568526268,
0.03848922997713089,
0.029141847044229507,
0.01399052981287241,
-0.008084774948656559,
-0.01870495080947876,
0.016678666695952415,
0.04435425624251366,
-0.021912386640906334,
0.024050677195191383,
0.01032998040318489,
0.0495268851518631,
-0.016261190176010132,
0.0028205071575939655,
0.0034569031558930874,
0.003599455812945962,
0.0341922864317894,
-0.02124035358428955,
-0.05225574970245361,
0.026983190327882767,
0.001686449395492673,
0.017727447673678398,
-0.000643078179564327,
0.03288894519209862,
0.022340046241879463,
-0.0434989407658577,
-0.009423752315342426,
-0.09115227311849594,
-0.016108455136418343,
0.03207435831427574,
0.0538034662604332,
0.061704955995082855,
0.020619230344891548,
0.0789334699511528,
-0.020609049126505852,
0.05311106517910957,
-0.011882786639034748,
0.039731476455926895,
-0.0160880908370018,
0.049608342349529266,
0.00820696260780096,
-0.017829271033406258,
-0.04871229827404022,
-0.016627755016088486,
-0.05726546049118042,
-0.01805328205227852,
0.014520011842250824,
-0.05673597753047943,
0.0012988842790946364,
0.011231116950511932,
0.04231778904795647,
-0.019753731787204742,
0.01757471263408661,
0.0021217442117631435,
0.008354607038199902,
0.025985322892665863,
-0.004113663919270039,
-0.025394747033715248,
-0.005136988591402769,
-0.08039972931146622,
-0.003141250694170594,
-0.010793276131153107,
-0.030933937057852745,
-0.011302392929792404,
-0.018043098971247673,
0.02853090688586235,
-0.012361356057226658,
0.02853090688586235,
-0.03235946595668793,
-0.010966376401484013,
0.00794222205877304,
0.003166706534102559,
0.015375327318906784,
0.03024153783917427,
0.05461805313825607,
-0.010660906322300434,
-0.08382099121809006,
-0.0079829515889287,
-0.02101634256541729,
-0.012778831645846367,
0.029895339161157608,
0.00882299430668354,
-0.0007713119848631322,
0.03783756121993065,
-0.010996922850608826,
-0.006155222188681364,
-0.03176888823509216,
-0.010370709002017975,
-0.03240019455552101,
-0.044680092483758926,
-0.029406586661934853,
0.02757376618683338,
0.025252193212509155,
-0.015405874699354172,
0.09139665216207504,
0.04170684888958931,
0.050463657826185226,
-0.01581316813826561,
0.023500831797719002,
-0.04879375547170639,
0.021382905542850494,
-0.0031870712991803885,
0.06272318959236145,
0.05327398329973221,
0.01142458152025938,
-0.009759768843650818,
-0.00048016078653745353,
0.03174852579832077,
-0.030811749398708344,
-0.04936396703124046,
0.06162349879741669,
-0.08740517497062683,
-0.010217973962426186,
0.06972863525152206,
-0.008334241807460785,
0.03140232339501381,
-0.05457732081413269,
0.0051395343616604805,
-0.06146058067679405,
-0.002792505780234933,
-0.022808432579040527,
-0.025924228131771088,
-0.011414398439228535,
0.00035383619251661,
-0.02014066092669964,
0.02498745359480381,
0.059790678322315216,
-0.008415700867772102,
-0.07856690883636475,
0.034803226590156555,
-0.02531328797340393,
-0.06642956286668777,
-0.056573059409856796,
0.00011399443610571325,
-0.022767703980207443,
0.004118754994124174,
0.004706785082817078,
-0.05233720690011978,
-0.03948710113763809,
-0.06659247726202011,
0.013593418523669243,
0.03667677566409111,
-0.033520251512527466,
-0.010528535582125187,
-0.020700689405202866,
-0.024946723133325577,
-0.0364527627825737,
-0.046594370156526566,
-0.02197348140180111,
0.06577789038419724,
0.04054606333374977,
0.050463657826185226,
0.012300262227654457,
-0.025252193212509155,
0.04382477328181267,
0.002237568376585841,
-0.022054940462112427,
0.0356992706656456,
-0.048834484070539474,
-0.03547525778412819,
0.002452670130878687,
-0.0005660742754116654,
-0.0020542864222079515,
-0.0013695241650566459,
-0.02176983468234539,
-0.06418944895267487,
-0.00015281459491234273,
-0.014693111181259155,
-0.011567133478820324,
-0.08439119905233383,
0.0241321362555027,
-0.025578029453754425,
-0.016485203057527542,
-0.015741892158985138,
-0.0359436459839344,
-0.030058257281780243,
0.017289606854319572,
-0.017605260014533997,
0.013165760785341263,
-0.008161142468452454,
0.0016228097956627607,
0.030730290338397026,
-0.006114493124186993,
-0.03248165175318718,
0.057102542370557785,
-0.005646105390042067,
-0.043784044682979584,
0.028062518686056137,
-0.017004501074552536,
-0.043050918728113174,
-0.007865854538977146,
-0.03559744730591774,
-0.036615680903196335,
0.07111343741416931,
0.019794462248682976,
-0.022054940462112427,
-0.0197333674877882,
0.0011658774456009269,
-0.00044515900663100183,
-0.07661189883947372,
-0.03798011317849159,
0.023521196097135544,
0.01875586248934269,
-0.006124675273895264,
-0.04415060952305794,
0.011831874959170818,
-0.04203268513083458,
0.04325456544756889,
-0.08255837857723236,
-0.01839948073029518,
0.009749586693942547,
-0.06076818332076073,
0.03529197722673416,
-0.03777646645903587,
-0.013084301725029945,
0.027838507667183876,
-0.017707083374261856,
0.003851468674838543,
0.039731476455926895,
0.0007471289136447012,
-0.013277766294777393,
-0.04740895703434944,
-0.03203362971544266,
-0.031361594796180725,
-0.042073413729667664,
0.03237982839345932,
0.03702297434210777,
0.014968033879995346,
-0.017707083374261856,
0.022217856720089912,
0.02657589688897133,
-0.04439498484134674,
0.07677481323480606,
0.014794934540987015,
0.02906038798391819,
0.027166472747921944,
0.07335355132818222,
0.020191572606563568,
-0.008843358606100082,
-0.01769690029323101,
-0.03702297434210777,
0.007219276390969753,
0.024213595315814018,
0.027064649388194084,
-0.03162633627653122,
0.04062752053141594,
-0.02423395961523056,
-0.033194415271282196,
-0.006720341742038727,
0.007529837545007467,
0.02282879687845707,
0.011444945819675922,
-0.009097917005419731,
-0.03280748799443245,
0.003411082550883293,
-0.014632017351686954,
0.004724604077637196,
-0.019376985728740692,
-0.015538245439529419,
0.01663793809711933,
0.025354016572237015,
0.014479282312095165,
-0.02574094571173191,
-0.01862349361181259,
-0.002274479251354933,
0.0038718334399163723,
-0.02476344257593155,
-0.006323230918496847,
0.01581316813826561,
0.005304997321218252,
0.003968565724790096,
-0.04557613655924797,
0.05115605890750885,
-0.036086197942495346,
0.02616860345005989,
-0.05502534657716751,
-0.05641014128923416,
0.07209093868732452,
-0.05005636438727379,
0.04867156594991684,
-0.03429410979151726,
0.04484300687909126,
-0.010049966163933277,
0.02863273024559021,
0.023826666176319122,
0.0028383261524140835,
0.039079807698726654,
-0.048427190631628036,
-0.006048307754099369,
-0.014061806723475456,
-0.026331521570682526,
-0.027023920789361,
0.01361378375440836,
0.005134442821145058,
-0.02005920186638832,
-0.030384091660380363,
-0.028286529704928398,
-0.09612125158309937,
0.024804171174764633,
-0.04178830608725548,
-0.05962776020169258,
0.020975612103939056,
-0.05009709298610687,
-0.006063581444323063,
-0.0701359286904335,
0.011241299100220203,
-0.05726546049118042,
0.03413119167089462,
0.05726546049118042,
0.035760365426540375,
0.035739999264478683,
0.04321383312344551,
0.04087189584970474,
-0.08520578593015671,
-0.04887521266937256,
-0.004915522877126932,
0.04296945780515671,
0.043906234204769135,
-0.009159011766314507,
-0.02014066092669964,
0.015304051339626312,
-0.0024717620108276606,
0.029773151502013206,
-0.01853185147047043,
-0.023561926558613777,
0.04280653968453407,
-0.008339333347976208,
0.04001658037304878,
0.036595314741134644,
0.014173812232911587,
-0.01923443377017975,
-0.023928489536046982,
0.024417242035269737,
0.04936396703124046,
-0.006201042793691158,
-0.005177718121558428,
-0.020191572606563568,
-0.01646483689546585,
-0.0026677721180021763,
-0.012646461836993694,
0.03288894519209862,
-0.05262231454253197,
-0.03034336119890213,
-0.042847272008657455,
-0.012330809608101845,
0.06044234707951546,
0.028286529704928398,
-0.003670732257887721,
-0.009393204934895039,
-0.004202759359031916,
-0.029202939942479134,
-0.033703532069921494,
-0.0013707970501855016,
0.032216910272836685,
-0.01764598861336708,
-0.018470758572220802,
-0.007453470025211573,
0.035739999264478683,
0.054047841578722,
-0.025333652272820473,
-0.01704523153603077,
-0.007076723501086235,
0.018786409869790077,
0.004034750629216433,
0.013695241883397102,
0.004793334752321243,
0.017808906733989716,
-0.007341464515775442,
0.036513857543468475,
-0.015029128640890121,
0.026433344930410385,
0.002092470182105899,
0.05600284785032272,
0.013175942935049534,
0.014530193991959095,
0.05478096753358841,
0.0014700747560709715,
-0.05384419485926628,
0.010477623902261257,
-0.02521146461367607,
-0.018898416310548782,
0.025007817894220352,
0.0035612720530480146,
0.01971300318837166,
0.045413218438625336,
0.033072229474782944,
0.006145040038973093,
-0.04492446780204773,
0.04614634811878204,
0.04846791923046112,
-0.013369407504796982,
-0.0005972576327621937,
0.015701161697506905,
0.007560384459793568,
-0.008680441416800022,
-0.02089415304362774,
-0.013135213404893875,
0.020873788744211197,
-0.00429949164390564,
-0.020150844007730484,
0.03227800503373146,
0.004925705026835203,
-0.012198438867926598,
0.0026601352728903294,
-0.02144400030374527,
0.015792803838849068,
-0.03910017013549805,
-0.023785937577486038,
-0.07282406836748123,
-0.031565241515636444,
0.011261663399636745,
-0.018643857911229134,
0.021627282723784447,
-0.05543264001607895,
0.05840587988495827,
0.020700689405202866,
0.015029128640890121,
-0.028999293223023415,
-0.01867440529167652,
-0.02260478585958481,
-0.06675539910793304,
0.026311157271265984,
0.008527706377208233,
0.056980352848768234,
-0.08027753978967667,
-0.02250296249985695,
-0.011994792148470879,
0.023928489536046982,
-0.005233720876276493,
-0.0075654760003089905,
0.009724130854010582,
-0.015976086258888245,
0.03323514387011528,
-0.03775610402226448,
-0.04899740219116211,
0.00691889738664031,
0.008222236298024654,
-0.008425883017480373,
0.0450059249997139,
-0.004844246432185173,
0.0031157948542386293,
0.012351173907518387,
-0.03384608402848244,
0.015008763410151005,
0.047856979072093964,
0.00584466103464365,
-0.031361594796180725,
0.005707199219614267,
0.04317310452461243,
-0.009062279015779495,
0.035454895347356796,
0.0006796709494665265,
0.004100935999304056,
0.0037165526300668716,
-0.02476344257593155,
0.005187900271266699,
0.012442815117537975,
0.0010220520198345184,
-0.014031259343028069,
0.025150369852781296,
-0.009225196205079556,
0.026087146252393723,
0.01571134477853775,
0.05693962424993515,
0.020354490727186203,
0.0013478867476806045,
0.0009227741975337267,
-0.02810324728488922,
-0.012249350547790527,
0.02197348140180111,
0.01988610252737999,
0.01790054701268673,
0.003994021564722061,
0.004383495543152094,
0.041116274893283844,
-0.0036987336352467537,
0.01329813152551651,
-0.007886219769716263,
-0.005381364841014147,
0.03537343442440033,
0.007774213794618845,
0.015242957510054111,
0.015782620757818222,
-0.0170961432158947,
0.051318973302841187,
0.0321761816740036,
-0.024905994534492493,
0.006852712482213974,
-0.003451812081038952,
-0.048305001109838486,
0.08052191138267517,
-0.011404216289520264,
0.013135213404893875,
0.013369407504796982,
-0.04740895703434944,
0.006083945743739605,
0.00017819087952375412,
0.025231828913092613,
0.057754211127758026,
0.006699977442622185,
0.02031376026570797,
-0.008741535246372223,
-0.026412980630993843,
0.007758940104395151,
0.011017288081347942,
-0.0009291381575167179,
0.009220105595886707,
-0.01918352209031582,
-0.038529958575963974,
0.01523277536034584,
-0.03453848510980606,
0.023826666176319122,
0.019142791628837585,
0.036941517144441605,
-0.00209883414208889,
-0.003754736389964819,
0.045820511877536774,
0.019550085067749023,
0.010946011170744896,
-0.037369173020124435,
0.00882299430668354,
0.006384324748069048,
-0.011210751719772816,
0.008201871998608112,
0.03521052002906799,
0.04168648272752762,
-0.0022439323365688324,
0.0167193952947855,
-0.044883739203214645,
-0.028245801106095314,
0.03948710113763809,
0.013634148053824902,
-0.012615914456546307,
-0.008059319108724594,
0.0570618137717247,
-0.0135119603946805,
-0.06337486207485199,
-0.036493491381406784,
0.027634860947728157,
-0.042725082486867905,
0.0010799639858305454,
-0.0016979045467451215,
0.018643857911229134,
-0.01832820475101471,
-0.020649777725338936,
0.027431214228272438,
-0.016322284936904907,
0.027818143367767334,
-0.0277774129062891,
-0.04040351137518883,
-0.03272602707147598,
0.04598342999815941,
0.0019282798748463392,
-0.0080440454185009,
0.005646105390042067,
-0.02113853022456169,
-0.014021077193319798,
0.01706559583544731,
0.02734975516796112,
0.005605375859886408,
0.03859105333685875,
0.08031826466321945,
0.012361356057226658,
-0.0026346794329583645,
-0.0134508665651083,
0.005114078521728516,
-0.0002489899343345314,
-0.01538551039993763,
-0.036941517144441605,
-0.022380774840712547,
-0.04024059325456619,
-0.034049730747938156,
0.024641253054142,
-0.0021370179019868374,
-0.03331660479307175,
-0.014367276802659035,
-0.006033034063875675,
0.05359981954097748,
-0.03396827355027199,
0.026779543608427048,
0.006817074026912451,
0.020578501746058464,
-0.015792803838849068,
-0.0015184408985078335,
0.003866742132231593,
-0.032013263553380966,
-0.0016737214755266905,
0.011770780198276043,
-0.06398580223321915,
0.00918955821543932,
0.0017971823690459132,
0.005022437311708927,
0.0031870712991803885,
0.03753209114074707,
0.026229698210954666,
-0.010915464721620083,
-0.012972296215593815,
0.05026001110672951,
-0.001237153890542686,
0.04077007248997688,
-0.04985271766781807,
-0.019743550568819046,
0.009988871403038502,
0.012839926406741142,
-0.0015375327784568071,
-0.004230760503560305,
-0.013858160004019737,
-0.015670616179704666,
0.03309259191155434,
-0.007504381705075502,
0.03525124862790108,
0.05726546049118042,
-0.02468198351562023,
0.0189798753708601,
-0.010146697983145714,
0.0024628525134176016,
0.022543692961335182,
0.03761354833841324,
0.009398296475410461,
0.036941517144441605,
-0.002703410340473056,
-0.009230287745594978,
-0.00044484081445261836,
0.04024059325456619,
-0.032542746514081955,
0.00782003439962864,
-0.036839693784713745,
-0.03700260818004608,
-0.014550558291375637,
-0.014245088212192059,
0.032746393233537674,
-0.027695953845977783,
-0.01855221576988697,
-0.011170023120939732,
-0.004510774742811918,
-0.009327019564807415,
0.0014688019873574376,
-0.011210751719772816,
0.0032456195913255215,
0.017605260014533997,
0.032216910272836685,
0.07563439011573792,
-0.043050918728113174,
-0.045413218438625336,
0.012340991757810116,
-0.020028654485940933,
-0.01629173755645752,
0.023195361718535423,
-0.009067370556294918,
-0.018318023532629013,
0.01704523153603077,
0.003711461555212736,
0.0037012791726738214,
-0.016749942675232887,
-0.0384688675403595,
-0.024743076413869858,
0.03529197722673416,
-0.012860290706157684,
0.007753849029541016,
-0.007646934594959021,
0.026779543608427048,
-0.005987213458865881,
-0.026127874851226807,
-0.0052642677910625935,
0.0046635097824037075,
0.006134857423603535,
0.0016559024807065725,
-0.006307957228273153,
-0.04329529404640198,
0.01995737850666046,
-0.0064606922678649426,
-0.03087284415960312,
-0.037165526300668716,
0.03804120793938637,
-0.0002563084999565035,
0.019295526668429375,
-0.001881186617538333,
0.005447549745440483,
0.08805684000253677,
-0.005279541481286287,
0.01724887825548649,
0.0006373506039381027,
0.021830929443240166,
-0.011353304609656334,
0.019855555146932602,
0.025252193212509155,
0.0452503003180027,
0.0025761311408132315,
0.004798425827175379,
-0.005870116874575615,
-0.007702937349677086,
-0.016576843336224556,
-0.027695953845977783,
0.006165404804050922,
0.015528062358498573,
0.02284916304051876,
0.01636301353573799,
0.025476206094026566,
0.017584893852472305,
0.05266304314136505,
0.014682929031550884,
-0.04105518013238907,
0.07852617651224136,
0.003973656799644232,
-0.008476794697344303,
-0.008201871998608112,
-0.010671088472008705,
0.03398863971233368,
-0.020975612103939056,
-0.019794462248682976,
-0.0033983546309173107,
0.023297185078263283,
-0.0066643389873206615,
-0.0271461084485054,
-0.02370447851717472,
-0.018318023532629013,
-0.0116893220692873,
-0.017187783494591713,
0.0039176540449261665,
0.0061399489641189575,
-0.006582880392670631,
0.004607507027685642,
-0.0011576043907552958,
0.006542150862514973,
0.0160880908370018,
-0.0062468633987009525,
-0.01684158481657505,
0.00019760096620302647,
0.0005966212484054267,
-0.004215487278997898,
0.010599811561405659,
0.04235851764678955,
-0.032542746514081955,
-0.026636991649866104,
-0.03761354833841324,
0.010055056773126125,
-0.0018710042349994183,
0.025007817894220352,
0.004561686422675848,
0.005063166841864586,
-0.04634999483823776,
0.04353966936469078,
0.042928729206323624,
-0.015619703568518162,
0.027105379849672318,
-0.0172183308750391,
-0.006328321993350983,
-0.005437367595732212,
0.012880655005574226,
-0.006613427307456732,
-0.007112361956387758,
0.002352119656279683,
0.017136871814727783,
0.004925705026835203,
-0.033194415271282196,
-0.0024475790560245514,
0.026942461729049683,
-0.04854938015341759,
-0.01566043309867382,
0.0019486446399241686,
-0.008415700867772102,
0.04419133812189102,
-0.03335733339190483,
-0.047979168593883514,
-0.046268533915281296,
0.06728487461805344,
-0.05364054813981056,
0.009082644246518612,
0.0362083874642849,
-0.02851054072380066,
-0.0029503318946808577,
-0.0422363318502903,
0.012595550157129765,
0.0010226883459836245,
-0.036737870424985886,
-0.03305186331272125,
-0.01216789148747921,
0.00412384606897831,
0.03808193653821945,
0.046716559678316116,
0.01913261041045189,
0.05897609144449234,
-0.01689249649643898,
-0.04639072343707085,
-0.010309615172445774,
-0.03378499299287796,
-0.004923159722238779,
0.020975612103939056,
-0.024417242035269737,
-0.02851054072380066,
0.013328677974641323,
0.0022502962965518236,
-0.01157731655985117,
0.00779966963455081,
-0.004620234947651625,
0.009057188406586647,
-0.039181631058454514,
-0.06614445894956589,
-0.05673597753047943,
-0.020049020648002625,
-0.02425432577729225,
0.009693584404885769,
-0.002451397478580475,
-0.027166472747921944,
0.013094484806060791,
-0.002677954500541091,
0.07612314820289612,
-0.0056817433796823025,
-0.005218447186052799,
-0.040708981454372406,
0.011404216289520264,
-0.044435713440179825,
-0.020527590066194534,
-0.0030394273344427347,
-0.008049136959016323,
-0.005569737870246172,
0.009907413274049759,
-0.04630926623940468,
-0.009831045754253864,
0.009637581184506416,
0.0030699744820594788,
-0.013491595163941383,
-0.01862349361181259,
-0.020201755687594414,
-0.044680092483758926,
-0.014448734931647778,
0.0016584480181336403,
0.029202939942479134,
-0.027818143367767334,
-0.009153920225799084,
-0.056247226893901825,
-0.02800142392516136,
0.016699030995368958,
-0.0008718625176697969,
-0.029467681422829628,
-0.04127918928861618,
0.03464030846953392,
-0.0019282798748463392,
-0.008802630007266998,
0.02657589688897133,
-0.01404144149273634,
-0.011047834530472755,
-0.02657589688897133,
0.04920104891061783,
0.027512673288583755,
0.033825721591711044,
0.030933937057852745,
-0.02659626305103302,
0.022482598200440407,
-0.002025012159720063,
-0.012717737816274166,
0.01405162364244461,
0.004788243677467108,
0.05339617282152176,
0.02498745359480381,
-0.038529958575963974,
0.032868582755327225,
-0.01913261041045189,
-0.01892896369099617,
0.02443760633468628,
-0.0045565953478217125,
-0.0061399489641189575,
0.024396877735853195,
-0.05319252610206604,
0.027186837047338486,
0.0008120413403958082,
-0.051726266741752625,
0.03099503181874752,
0.0002656953292898834,
0.04769406095147133,
-0.025435475632548332
] |
Many recent works in simulation-based inference (SBI) rely on deep generative
models to approximate complex, high-dimensional posterior distributions.
However, evaluating whether or not these approximations can be trusted remains
a challenge. Most approaches evaluate the posterior estimator only in
expectation over the observation space. This limits their interpretability and
is not sufficient to identify for which observations the approximation can be
trusted or should be improved. Building upon the well-known classifier
two-sample test (C2ST), we introduce L-C2ST, a new method that allows for a
local evaluation of the posterior estimator at any given observation. It offers
theoretically grounded and easy to interpret -- e.g. graphical -- diagnostics,
and unlike C2ST, does not require access to samples from the true posterior. In
the case of normalizing flow-based posterior estimators, L-C2ST can be
specialized to offer better statistical power, while being computationally more
efficient. On standard SBI benchmarks, L-C2ST provides comparable results to
C2ST and outperforms alternative local approaches such as coverage tests based
on highest predictive density (HPD). We further highlight the importance of
local evaluation and the benefit of interpretability of L-C2ST on a challenging
application from computational neuroscience. | [
0.027429282665252686,
0.009378135204315186,
-0.04287147521972656,
-0.00010514870518818498,
0.015424564480781555,
-0.02409757673740387,
-0.009677812457084656,
0.032188862562179565,
-0.007910598069429398,
-0.0009651370346546173,
-0.0089242123067379,
-0.04135546088218689,
0.01260407269001007,
-0.032893985509872437,
0.04410544037818909,
-0.011722669005393982,
0.010435819625854492,
-0.010479889810085297,
0.004237348213791847,
-0.019496649503707886,
0.015459820628166199,
0.0006985124200582504,
-0.029491767287254333,
0.012577630579471588,
0.029685676097869873,
0.042800962924957275,
0.0036049410700798035,
-0.0007365229539573193,
-0.05288422107696533,
0.02002549171447754,
0.028099149465560913,
0.04315352439880371,
-0.030919641256332397,
-0.024837955832481384,
-0.0066501908004283905,
-0.06381362676620483,
0.07523661851882935,
0.0030298251658678055,
0.013573616743087769,
0.0653296411037445,
-0.027129605412483215,
-0.01776028424501419,
0.020783498883247375,
0.010673798620700836,
-0.005883369594812393,
-0.027094349265098572,
-0.015715427696704865,
0.01021546870470047,
-0.012066416442394257,
0.0069674961268901825,
-0.027746587991714478,
-0.026829928159713745,
0.02418571710586548,
-0.01804233342409134,
0.027517423033714294,
0.025137633085250854,
0.03994521498680115,
0.03959265351295471,
0.08242887258529663,
-0.023727387189865112,
-0.0057379379868507385,
0.01695820689201355,
-0.01695820689201355,
-0.012709841132164001,
0.038922786712646484,
0.004054456949234009,
0.0664578378200531,
-0.0029703304171562195,
0.013132914900779724,
-0.040227264165878296,
-0.050522059202194214,
0.012436605989933014,
-0.00010521756485104561,
0.037724077701568604,
0.01984921097755432,
0.04036828875541687,
0.030496567487716675,
-0.01526591181755066,
-0.03818240761756897,
0.007271580398082733,
0.09434545040130615,
0.045163124799728394,
-0.0058172643184661865,
0.01873864233493805,
0.045974016189575195,
0.008179426193237305,
0.028627991676330566,
-0.04812464118003845,
0.046573370695114136,
-0.009554415941238403,
-0.012427791953086853,
-0.009351693093776703,
-0.02362161874771118,
0.02966804802417755,
-0.018615245819091797,
-0.01010970026254654,
0.030390799045562744,
0.014120087027549744,
0.02002549171447754,
0.033969298005104065,
0.016015104949474335,
0.004345320165157318,
0.020783498883247375,
0.042201608419418335,
-0.009748324751853943,
-0.05031052231788635,
-0.010532774031162262,
0.011167384684085846,
0.0339164137840271,
0.16880643367767334,
0.007478710263967514,
-0.019373252987861633,
-0.05016949772834778,
0.01170504093170166,
-0.06719821691513062,
0.012947820127010345,
-0.0412849485874176,
-0.01645580679178238,
0.03998047113418579,
-0.07262766361236572,
0.00022434478159993887,
0.07643532752990723,
0.052320122718811035,
-0.007249545305967331,
-0.006138976663351059,
0.03670164942741394,
0.019708186388015747,
-0.04519838094711304,
0.028910040855407715,
0.014551974833011627,
0.00046246149577200413,
0.006191860884428024,
0.009730696678161621,
-0.022793099284172058,
0.0035234112292528152,
-0.004949081689119339,
0.024450138211250305,
0.033863529562950134,
0.007298022508621216,
-0.020801126956939697,
-0.0012119300663471222,
-0.055775225162506104,
0.03194206953048706,
0.042201608419418335,
0.013476662337779999,
-0.03895804286003113,
-0.020360425114631653,
0.058666229248046875,
0.029192090034484863,
0.006421025842428207,
-0.02094215154647827,
0.05581048130989075,
-0.014834024012088776,
0.02765844762325287,
0.07262766361236572,
0.0593360960483551,
-0.017134487628936768,
0.010347679257392883,
-0.014120087027549744,
-0.04177853465080261,
0.05482330918312073,
0.005627762526273727,
0.014049574732780457,
-0.0016779722645878792,
0.045586198568344116,
0.0886339545249939,
0.019179344177246094,
-0.01448146253824234,
-0.05824315547943115,
0.02845171093940735,
-0.0047155097126960754,
0.03479781746864319,
-0.06659886240959167,
0.005715902894735336,
0.007487524300813675,
0.02559596300125122,
0.0771404504776001,
0.009457461535930634,
0.014402136206626892,
0.037442028522491455,
-0.01687006652355194,
-0.021171316504478455,
0.048653483390808105,
-0.014058388769626617,
0.0040412358939647675,
-0.020677730441093445,
0.12544137239456177,
0.0136793851852417,
0.05679765343666077,
0.008778780698776245,
-0.007751945406198502,
-0.004512786865234375,
0.06190979480743408,
-0.035961270332336426,
-0.005244351923465729,
0.000813645776361227,
-0.03800612688064575,
-0.005680646747350693,
0.0008747931569814682,
0.04248365759849548,
-0.04163751006126404,
-0.021047919988632202,
-0.026336342096328735,
-0.004750765860080719,
-0.0011524353176355362,
-0.023639246821403503,
0.03127220273017883,
0.0514034628868103,
-0.02231714129447937,
-0.0445990264415741,
-0.017407722771167755,
-0.01299189031124115,
-0.04935860633850098,
-0.04519838094711304,
-0.05841943621635437,
-0.027693703770637512,
0.0058172643184661865,
0.011193826794624329,
-0.019972607493400574,
-0.003459509462118149,
0.020589590072631836,
-0.026812300086021423,
0.0484066903591156,
-0.039134323596954346,
0.01190776377916336,
0.06934884190559387,
0.04886502027511597,
-0.00862453505396843,
0.03800612688064575,
0.014966234564781189,
0.04315352439880371,
-0.01903831958770752,
0.019813954830169678,
-0.024573534727096558,
-0.028539851307868958,
-0.041813790798187256,
0.05774956941604614,
-0.00038120709359645844,
0.02668890357017517,
-0.06236812472343445,
-0.005548436194658279,
0.02229951322078705,
-0.012824423611164093,
0.024467766284942627,
-0.04752528667449951,
-0.010347679257392883,
0.011484690010547638,
0.02122420072555542,
0.07206356525421143,
-0.010823637247085571,
-0.052919477224349976,
-0.05443549156188965,
0.023357197642326355,
0.011546388268470764,
-0.021682530641555786,
-0.004402611404657364,
0.020589590072631836,
-0.04043880105018616,
0.06339055299758911,
-0.035855501890182495,
0.04960539937019348,
0.016605645418167114,
-0.017998263239860535,
0.002906428650021553,
-0.02806389331817627,
0.009545601904392242,
0.0930057168006897,
0.0255783349275589,
-0.024220973253250122,
-0.003975130617618561,
-0.04336506128311157,
0.00773431733250618,
-0.026318714022636414,
-0.015107259154319763,
0.01974344253540039,
0.01031242311000824,
0.012939006090164185,
-0.06028801202774048,
-0.016914136707782745,
-0.0029923655092716217,
0.009166598320007324,
-0.02053670585155487,
-0.03571447730064392,
0.035273775458335876,
-0.030990153551101685,
-0.0549643337726593,
0.020748242735862732,
0.0014719441533088684,
-0.02887478470802307,
-0.053201526403427124,
0.0020294319838285446,
-0.02836357057094574,
-0.04911181330680847,
0.05591624975204468,
0.015592031180858612,
-0.030179262161254883,
-0.0628969669342041,
0.015045560896396637,
0.04262468218803406,
-0.011467061936855316,
-0.02986195683479309,
0.032171234488487244,
0.009307622909545898,
0.040121495723724365,
0.04727849364280701,
0.0010736598633229733,
0.027200117707252502,
0.08665961027145386,
-0.03860548138618469,
-0.05958288908004761,
-0.012013532221317291,
-0.004433460533618927,
0.00013351888628676534,
-0.04664388298988342,
0.006685446947813034,
0.024062320590019226,
0.045374661684036255,
-0.03114880621433258,
0.014393322169780731,
0.011185012757778168,
0.035961270332336426,
-0.001617375761270523,
-0.1088709831237793,
0.002560477703809738,
0.014137715101242065,
-0.002529628574848175,
0.026124805212020874,
0.03955739736557007,
-0.0273587703704834,
-0.02143573760986328,
-0.028804272413253784,
-0.0007486422546207905,
-0.10358256101608276,
-0.0787622332572937,
-0.002163846045732498,
0.044669538736343384,
-0.0642719566822052,
-0.009263552725315094,
-0.0390990674495697,
-0.02589564025402069,
0.017725028097629547,
-0.012242697179317474,
-0.03603178262710571,
-0.00624915212392807,
0.01050633192062378,
-0.047948360443115234,
-0.006209488958120346,
-0.014957420527935028,
0.0267946720123291,
0.047349005937576294,
0.0009078457951545715,
-0.022669702768325806,
-0.018615245819091797,
-0.0032501760870218277,
0.07248663902282715,
-0.04787784814834595,
-0.016887694597244263,
-0.0418490469455719,
-0.011026360094547272,
0.02330431342124939,
0.01893255114555359,
-0.03183630108833313,
-0.048547714948654175,
0.03481544554233551,
-0.019267484545707703,
-0.002012905664741993,
-0.023656874895095825,
-0.019161716103553772,
0.021576762199401855,
-0.012242697179317474,
-0.04304775595664978,
0.030902013182640076,
-0.009245924651622772,
0.016922950744628906,
-0.005984731018543243,
0.027799472212791443,
-0.004653811454772949,
0.014798767864704132,
-0.029703304171562195,
0.0327000766992569,
-0.06328478455543518,
0.009078457951545715,
0.010947033762931824,
0.05249640345573425,
-0.08003145456314087,
0.0142875537276268,
0.012665770947933197,
0.008201461285352707,
0.00025271496269851923,
0.035168007016181946,
0.0020470600575208664,
-0.04474005103111267,
-0.007694654166698456,
-0.04304775595664978,
0.06963089108467102,
0.0023775864392518997,
-0.009281180799007416,
-0.011731483042240143,
0.03490358591079712,
-0.020854011178016663,
-0.021453365683555603,
0.00664578378200531,
-0.04005098342895508,
-0.0031972918659448624,
-0.06398990750312805,
0.038640737533569336,
0.007875341922044754,
0.04086187481880188,
-0.0281696617603302,
0.027817100286483765,
0.046256065368652344,
-0.023128032684326172,
0.04114392399787903,
0.028328314423561096,
0.05136820673942566,
0.009289994835853577,
-0.0017374670132994652,
-0.05753803253173828,
-0.0339164137840271,
0.019073575735092163,
0.006011173129081726,
-0.008941840380430222,
0.03171290457248688,
-0.042906731367111206,
-0.04202532768249512,
0.06109890341758728,
0.04791310429573059,
0.028028637170791626,
-0.01081482321023941,
-0.05432972311973572,
0.01151113212108612,
0.024379625916481018,
-0.03183630108833313,
-0.02649499475955963,
-0.022193744778633118,
-0.04202532768249512,
-0.006143383681774139,
-0.05605727434158325,
-0.06550592184066772,
-0.01071786880493164,
0.02587801218032837,
-0.016693785786628723,
0.05246114730834961,
0.0008995826356112957,
-0.03532665967941284,
-0.04618555307388306,
-0.030690476298332214,
-0.03998047113418579,
-0.05298998951911926,
-0.0019379863515496254,
-0.07181677222251892,
0.0683969259262085,
-0.03994521498680115,
-0.0037635937333106995,
-0.03395166993141174,
0.006324071437120438,
-0.008148577064275742,
-0.03423371911048889,
0.013917364180088043,
-0.019214600324630737,
-0.0030011795461177826,
0.02508474886417389,
0.007333278656005859,
-0.024732187390327454,
-0.006711889058351517,
0.02915683388710022,
0.007015973329544067,
-0.027253001928329468,
0.008554022759199142,
0.02360399067401886,
-0.006262373179197311,
-0.0012350669130682945,
-0.011652156710624695,
0.005187060683965683,
0.003144407644867897,
0.017821982502937317,
-0.010338865220546722,
-0.04752528667449951,
0.053906649351119995,
-0.05436497926712036,
0.047349005937576294,
0.012039974331855774,
0.00972188264131546,
-0.018985435366630554,
0.022951751947402954,
0.028293058276176453,
0.006416618824005127,
0.05912455916404724,
-0.009483903646469116,
-0.060146987438201904,
-0.03331705927848816,
-0.010858893394470215,
-0.01457841694355011,
-0.02409757673740387,
0.012824423611164093,
-0.028804272413253784,
0.014631301164627075,
-0.024027064442634583,
0.04569196701049805,
0.007196661084890366,
0.029438883066177368,
0.00019969302229583263,
0.0047463588416576385,
0.06878474354743958,
-0.025631219148635864,
-0.0002543675946071744,
-0.0388522744178772,
-0.06698668003082275,
-0.021876439452171326,
0.004852127283811569,
-0.015750683844089508,
-0.048759251832962036,
0.021206572651863098,
-0.023392453789711,
-0.004506176337599754,
-0.01605917513370514,
-0.025067120790481567,
-0.010991103947162628,
0.02270495891571045,
-0.011220268905162811,
0.005508773028850555,
-0.016508691012859344,
-0.0011149756610393524,
0.016394108533859253,
-0.06279119849205017,
0.05972391366958618,
0.008853700011968613,
-0.03241802752017975,
0.03266482055187225,
-0.04569196701049805,
-0.006588492542505264,
0.03768882155418396,
-0.0015898318961262703,
-0.012630514800548553,
-0.0021759653463959694,
-0.022334769368171692,
-0.0184565931558609,
0.002659635618329048,
-0.04139071702957153,
-0.009413391351699829,
-0.0035432428121566772,
0.044669538736343384,
0.021382853388786316,
0.02300463616847992,
0.014895722270011902,
0.02508474886417389,
0.014164157211780548,
-0.002917446196079254,
0.028504595160484314,
-0.028645619750022888,
-0.02758793532848358,
0.021294713020324707,
0.014816395938396454,
0.0180511474609375,
-0.017689771950244904,
-0.0031179655343294144,
-0.022352397441864014,
0.017777912318706512,
-0.03532665967941284,
-0.016535133123397827,
-0.0008544106967747211,
0.03520326316356659,
0.02778184413909912,
-0.029809072613716125,
-0.007465489208698273,
-0.029773816466331482,
-0.007359720766544342,
0.05263742804527283,
-0.011035174131393433,
0.014737069606781006,
-0.023762643337249756,
0.06434246897697449,
-0.005019593983888626,
-0.01993735134601593,
0.039416372776031494,
0.02309277653694153,
0.027253001928329468,
0.03818240761756897,
0.028222545981407166,
-0.02103029191493988,
0.023392453789711,
-0.0008896668441593647,
-0.0016944985836744308,
0.015838824212551117,
0.011951833963394165,
-0.03312315046787262,
-0.04135546088218689,
-0.043682366609573364,
0.023339569568634033,
0.03342282772064209,
0.039240092039108276,
0.04167276620864868,
0.006072871387004852,
0.005425039678812027,
0.02362161874771118,
-0.029192090034484863,
0.008589278906583786,
-0.01695820689201355,
-0.004008183255791664,
0.001676870509982109,
0.012824423611164093,
-0.022140860557556152,
0.020378053188323975,
0.0006797825917601585,
0.00535893440246582,
0.02002549171447754,
-0.019020691514015198,
0.016235455870628357,
0.004684660583734512,
-0.01248949021100998,
-0.036736905574798584,
-0.03846445679664612,
0.03567922115325928,
-0.04689067602157593,
0.02748216688632965,
-0.04946437478065491,
0.02101266384124756,
0.01159927248954773,
-0.008011959493160248,
-0.008981503546237946,
0.086448073387146,
-0.012868493795394897,
0.04988744854927063,
0.0016691582277417183,
0.010241910815238953,
0.037935614585876465,
-0.019179344177246094,
-0.05919507145881653,
0.005010779947042465,
-0.017116859555244446,
-0.03620806336402893,
0.008968282490968704,
-0.03241802752017975,
-0.008589278906583786,
-0.01935562491416931,
0.037230491638183594,
-0.011088058352470398,
0.03818240761756897,
-0.014913350343704224,
-0.012850865721702576,
-0.01239253580570221,
-0.008474696427583694,
0.026636019349098206,
0.035256147384643555,
-0.007866527885198593,
-0.00972188264131546,
-0.001577712595462799,
0.04851245880126953,
0.07298022508621216,
0.049429118633270264,
0.014966234564781189,
0.06102839112281799,
0.0031576287001371384,
0.029280230402946472,
-0.021347597241401672,
0.0018101828172802925,
0.037935614585876465,
-0.005398597568273544,
-0.016482248902320862,
-0.01595340669155121,
0.037935614585876465,
-0.010973475873470306,
0.04216635227203369,
0.030478939414024353,
-0.0015512704849243164,
0.01597103476524353,
-0.014966234564781189,
0.0019324775785207748,
-0.05531689524650574,
0.06628155708312988,
-0.02399180829524994,
-0.020007863640785217,
-0.027623191475868225,
-0.003135593608021736,
0.03319366276264191,
-0.02718248963356018,
-0.012154556810855865,
-0.01856236159801483,
-0.0000659675570204854,
-0.03906381130218506,
-0.025948524475097656,
0.02450302243232727,
0.02497898042201996,
0.012630514800548553,
-0.014428578317165375,
0.020501449704170227,
0.007311243563890457,
0.041919559240341187,
-0.013353265821933746,
0.009545601904392242,
-0.0007089790888130665,
-0.03423371911048889,
0.01170504093170166,
-0.0013849055394530296,
0.007311243563890457,
-0.012806795537471771,
-0.022052720189094543,
-0.01991972327232361,
0.00248115137219429,
0.012348465621471405,
-0.026847556233406067,
0.014622487127780914,
-0.03726574778556824,
0.014049574732780457,
0.02222900092601776,
0.01308884471654892,
0.005768787115812302,
-0.030619964003562927,
-0.017037533223628998,
0.043224036693573,
-0.004583299160003662,
0.02261681854724884,
-0.0003473281394690275,
0.018174543976783752,
0.03210072219371796,
0.024767443537712097,
0.005980324000120163,
-0.01736365258693695,
-0.033387571573257446,
0.058066874742507935,
0.019267484545707703,
-0.03134271502494812,
-0.041108667850494385,
-0.03867599368095398,
-0.013829223811626434,
0.07206356525421143,
0.013221055269241333,
-0.008271973580121994,
0.000035497156204655766,
0.003915635868906975,
0.02131234109401703,
-0.04879450798034668,
0.016729041934013367,
0.00009006843902170658,
0.05016949772834778,
-0.023762643337249756,
-0.016922950744628906,
0.018985435366630554,
0.022370025515556335,
-0.044669538736343384,
0.0285751074552536,
-0.027217745780944824,
-0.03906381130218506,
0.023921296000480652,
0.00724073126912117,
0.028592735528945923,
-0.030567079782485962,
0.03234751522541046,
0.017910122871398926,
0.025349169969558716,
0.05373036861419678,
-0.001041158102452755,
-0.028187289834022522,
-0.047172725200653076,
-0.04364711046218872,
-0.015583217144012451,
0.01607680320739746,
0.0011381125077605247,
0.021347597241401672,
-0.02094215154647827,
-0.0038319025188684464,
0.015327610075473785,
0.05154448747634888,
0.07181677222251892,
-0.04124969244003296,
0.04890027642250061,
-0.02399180829524994,
-0.0070468224585056305,
0.040121495723724365,
-0.035150378942489624,
0.0012449827045202255,
0.05422395467758179,
0.025261029601097107,
-0.048054128885269165,
0.05514061450958252,
0.019990235567092896,
0.03800612688064575,
-0.001835523173213005,
-0.017522305250167847,
0.0005528053734451532,
-0.006698668003082275,
0.010532774031162262,
-0.014402136206626892,
-0.0002410088200122118,
-0.046256065368652344,
0.002756590023636818,
-0.0038010533899068832,
-0.00773872435092926,
0.0032854322344064713,
-0.04227212071418762,
-0.021858811378479004,
-0.05256691575050354,
0.023780271410942078,
-0.018985435366630554,
0.025137633085250854,
0.018403708934783936,
-0.0184565931558609,
0.009404577314853668,
-0.06300273537635803,
-0.01419059932231903,
0.028627991676330566,
-0.011158570647239685,
0.010726682841777802,
-0.03125457465648651,
0.013238683342933655,
-0.012269139289855957,
-0.010338865220546722,
-0.03074336051940918,
0.0021065548062324524,
-0.014666557312011719,
0.006606120616197586,
0.01090296357870102,
-0.006932239979505539,
0.008567243814468384,
0.014957420527935028,
-0.02053670585155487,
-0.016790740191936493,
0.0013628704473376274,
0.034357115626335144,
-0.02270495891571045,
-0.06198030710220337,
-0.03959265351295471,
-0.034075066447257996,
-0.04054456949234009,
-0.03790035843849182,
0.015010304749011993,
0.0057776011526584625,
-0.029509395360946655,
0.025067120790481567,
-0.018773898482322693,
-0.008937433362007141,
0.059371352195739746,
-0.008047215640544891,
-0.015406936407089233,
-0.03537954390048981,
0.0216120183467865,
-0.03460390865802765,
-0.012859679758548737,
0.0029901620000600815,
-0.016023918986320496,
0.009307622909545898,
-0.022158488631248474,
0.012568816542625427,
-0.029597535729408264,
0.022757843136787415,
0.003380183130502701,
-0.01151113212108612,
0.014966234564781189,
-0.006998345255851746,
-0.006667818874120712,
0.0019027302041649818,
0.008584871888160706,
-0.02480269968509674,
-0.007888562977313995,
-0.021682530641555786,
-0.003809867426753044,
0.032788217067718506,
0.018615245819091797,
0.00011299870675429702,
-0.02430911362171173,
0.03543242812156677,
0.012242697179317474,
-0.021206572651863098,
-0.010647356510162354,
0.015116073191165924,
0.016217827796936035,
0.024943724274635315,
-0.028116777539253235,
-0.015486262738704681,
-0.0454099178314209,
-0.021999835968017578,
-0.034674420952796936,
-0.05436497926712036,
0.009598486125469208,
0.013503104448318481,
0.02924497425556183,
0.023533478379249573,
-0.008148577064275742,
0.02272258698940277,
-0.016147315502166748,
-0.007090892642736435,
0.03839394450187683,
0.036736905574798584,
-0.04629132151603699,
0.019003063440322876,
0.024044692516326904,
-0.008373335003852844,
0.002857951447367668,
-0.024044692516326904,
-0.04632657766342163,
-0.02450302243232727,
-0.009087271988391876,
-0.04396441578865051,
-0.018007077276706696,
-0.000763515941798687,
0.036137551069259644,
-0.021576762199401855,
0.062050819396972656,
0.01477232575416565,
-0.044775307178497314,
-0.013247497379779816,
-0.003931060433387756,
-0.022281885147094727,
0.007478710263967514,
0.011634528636932373,
0.009695440530776978,
-0.0047066956758499146,
0.004768393933773041,
0.041108667850494385,
-0.009704254567623138,
0.01924985647201538,
-0.041320204734802246,
-0.051932305097579956,
-0.006588492542505264,
0.05799636244773865,
0.013476662337779999,
-0.04879450798034668,
0.031025409698486328,
0.02647736668586731,
-0.02619531750679016,
-0.005786415189504623,
0.04851245880126953,
0.020589590072631836,
0.01963767409324646,
-0.0030386392027139664,
-0.0027301479130983353,
0.023075148463249207,
0.010788381099700928,
-0.0003947035875171423,
0.016790740191936493,
-0.05792585015296936,
0.025807499885559082,
0.03504461050033569,
-0.004768393933773041,
0.033087894320487976,
0.030108749866485596,
-0.04653811454772949,
-0.009695440530776978,
-0.005112141370773315,
0.007853306829929352,
0.015838824212551117,
-0.004074288532137871,
0.00426599383354187,
-0.021647274494171143,
-0.02956227958202362,
-0.030020609498023987,
0.026442110538482666,
-0.02143573760986328,
-0.003906821832060814,
-0.0016195792704820633,
-0.03301738202571869,
-0.002212323248386383,
-0.03053182363510132,
0.05157974362373352,
-0.0069410540163517,
-0.023128032684326172,
-0.02221137285232544,
0.030708104372024536,
-0.04502210021018982,
0.03627857565879822,
0.0156625434756279,
0.008108913898468018,
0.017398908734321594,
-0.0006770282052457333,
0.013053588569164276,
0.004506176337599754,
-0.05602201819419861,
-0.06342580914497375,
0.003790035843849182,
-0.007267173379659653,
0.0028028637170791626,
-0.02448539435863495,
-0.018721014261245728,
0.03451576828956604,
0.026847556233406067,
0.007408197969198227,
0.011475875973701477,
-0.04332980513572693,
-0.02767607569694519,
-0.00010845396900549531,
0.04653811454772949,
-0.00406988151371479,
-0.03423371911048889,
0.026636019349098206,
0.02647736668586731,
-0.01826268434524536,
0.001636105589568615,
0.006804436445236206,
0.015133701264858246,
0.008739117532968521,
0.03899329900741577,
0.013176985085010529,
0.03231225907802582,
-0.03162476420402527,
-0.007073264569044113,
0.00026070268359035254,
-0.0303555428981781,
0.036137551069259644,
-0.02162964642047882,
-0.007553629577159882,
0.009898163378238678,
-0.024538278579711914,
-0.006932239979505539,
0.03273533284664154,
0.022793099284172058,
0.003580702468752861,
0.033475711941719055,
-0.00535452738404274,
-0.052425891160964966,
0.005544029176235199,
0.0002562956651672721,
-0.030584707856178284,
-0.007214289158582687,
0.011317223310470581,
-0.02984432876110077,
-0.00902557373046875,
-0.07262766361236572,
-0.03354622423648834,
0.020466193556785583,
-0.019884467124938965,
0.0064122118055820465,
-0.03945162892341614,
0.0045965202152729034,
-0.018914923071861267
] |
Load safety assessment and compliance is an essential step in the corporate
process of every logistics service provider. In 2020, a total of 11,371 police
checks of trucks were carried out, during which 9.6% (1091) violations against
the load safety regulations were detected. For a logistic service provider,
every load safety violation results in height fines and damage to reputation.
An assessment of load safety supported by artificial intelligence (AI) will
reduce the risk of accidents by unsecured loads and fines during safety
assessments. This work shows how photos of the load, taken by the truck driver
or the loadmaster after the loading process, can be used to assess load safety.
By a trained two-stage artificial neural network (ANN), these photos are
classified into three different classes I) cargo loaded safely, II) cargo
loaded unsafely, and III) unusable image. By applying several architectures of
convolutional neural networks (CNN), it can be shown that it is possible to
distinguish between unusable and usable images for cargo safety assessment.
This distinction is quite crucial since the truck driver and the loadmaster
sometimes provide photos without the essential image features like the case
structure of the truck and the whole cargo. A human operator or another ANN
will then assess the load safety within the second stage. | [
-0.024461720138788223,
0.005237125325948,
-0.0034781801514327526,
-0.025863271206617355,
0.011950550600886345,
-0.04331723973155022,
0.018304243683815002,
0.029226990416646004,
-0.024798093363642693,
0.030366918072104454,
0.07075025141239166,
-0.0510164238512516,
-0.012912947684526443,
-0.014949867501854897,
-0.02410666085779667,
-0.018687333911657333,
-0.004445249680429697,
-0.03434732183814049,
0.02853555977344513,
-0.06185507774353027,
0.01703350618481636,
-0.011305836960673332,
0.015996357426047325,
-0.028273936361074448,
0.039430275559425354,
0.00014577580441255122,
0.039430275559425354,
0.023452604189515114,
-0.04275662079453468,
0.05068005248904228,
0.002992309397086501,
0.006148132961243391,
-0.030161358416080475,
-0.00035651930375024676,
0.042009126394987106,
-0.016472885385155678,
0.02930174022912979,
-0.01507133524864912,
-0.04746583104133606,
0.03018004447221756,
0.06039746478199959,
-0.015342301689088345,
0.0034081025514751673,
0.04014039412140846,
-0.008544784039258957,
-0.07441296428442001,
-0.04541022330522537,
-0.02534002624452114,
-0.02849818579852581,
0.01399681344628334,
-0.03307658061385155,
-0.02208842895925045,
-0.008269145153462887,
-0.05236191302537918,
0.014183687046170235,
0.0004978422657586634,
0.06226619705557823,
0.09582865238189697,
0.040663640946149826,
-0.011305836960673332,
-0.028087064623832703,
-0.000772020488511771,
-0.043690986931324005,
0.0037398028653115034,
-0.025601647794246674,
-0.02988104708492756,
0.037879228591918945,
0.008110303431749344,
0.004882066044956446,
-0.002648929599672556,
-0.07714131474494934,
-0.016080452129244804,
-0.008203740231692791,
0.0031394721008837223,
0.0331326425075531,
-0.024723343551158905,
-0.005620216019451618,
0.0583418570458889,
-0.03726254403591156,
0.03814084827899933,
0.05935097485780716,
0.051577042788267136,
-0.016930725425481796,
0.0065358951687812805,
0.03965452313423157,
0.008698954246938229,
-0.03658980131149292,
-0.08155152946710587,
0.01564129814505577,
-0.03245989978313446,
0.004653146490454674,
-0.008231771178543568,
-0.0190891120582819,
0.009708070196211338,
0.0356554351747036,
0.013866001740098,
0.006414427421987057,
-0.01926664263010025,
0.03511350229382515,
0.024798093363642693,
0.012286921963095665,
0.03503875061869621,
-0.003454820951446891,
0.005096970591694117,
0.02534002624452114,
-0.03236646205186844,
-0.07119874656200409,
0.015286239795386791,
-0.008442003279924393,
0.12012218683958054,
0.004027120769023895,
-0.02128487452864647,
0.012828854843974113,
-0.0012870901264250278,
-0.0003121368936263025,
-0.018220150843262672,
-0.015024617314338684,
-0.03303920850157738,
0.04847494512796402,
0.00790474284440279,
-0.025956707075238228,
0.004557373467832804,
-0.01909845508635044,
0.022817235440015793,
-0.026068830862641335,
0.06540567427873611,
0.010773248039186,
-0.041635382920503616,
0.021770745515823364,
0.0056762779131531715,
0.006783502642065287,
-0.02474203146994114,
-0.0470547080039978,
0.038720156997442245,
-0.021247498691082,
0.025807209312915802,
0.003060051007196307,
-0.001010284060612321,
0.05677212029695511,
0.011109620332717896,
-0.02870374545454979,
-0.03417913615703583,
-0.019107799977064133,
0.04286874458193779,
-0.013884689658880234,
0.0408131368458271,
-0.045634470880031586,
0.03477713093161583,
-0.03713173419237137,
0.004223337396979332,
-0.06719965487718582,
-0.012212173081934452,
-0.024461720138788223,
0.04376573860645294,
0.0651814192533493,
0.03089016303420067,
-0.014379903674125671,
0.010231315158307552,
-0.04051414132118225,
-0.022069742903113365,
0.010268690064549446,
-0.052623532712459564,
-0.02393847517669201,
0.02537740021944046,
0.05139017105102539,
0.011707615107297897,
0.03275889903306961,
-0.02141568437218666,
-0.03283364698290825,
0.03346901759505272,
-0.026311766356229782,
0.011287149973213673,
0.01619257591664791,
-0.017687562853097916,
0.048624444752931595,
-0.0025554930325597525,
0.041710130870342255,
0.023994537070393562,
0.027769379317760468,
0.028442123904824257,
-0.06772290170192719,
-0.011744990013539791,
0.07052600383758545,
-0.01344553753733635,
0.003256268100813031,
0.030030546709895134,
0.05303465574979782,
0.0028124437667429447,
0.044999100267887115,
0.02474203146994114,
-0.014781681820750237,
-0.01758478209376335,
0.07146036624908447,
-0.031880591064691544,
0.041074760258197784,
-0.026629451662302017,
-0.013296038843691349,
-0.027806753292679787,
0.01522083394229412,
0.007680494338274002,
0.02111668884754181,
0.02819918841123581,
-0.016416823491454124,
0.042308125644922256,
0.005181063432246447,
-0.04866182059049606,
0.01030606497079134,
-0.013641754165291786,
0.040327269583940506,
-0.07583320140838623,
-0.04608296602964401,
0.01123108807951212,
-0.005811761133372784,
0.029731549322605133,
-0.04126163572072983,
0.013090478256344795,
-0.006507864221930504,
-0.013707160018384457,
0.0015872555086389184,
0.01876208372414112,
-0.013053103350102901,
0.03726254403591156,
0.012249547988176346,
0.00042134098475798965,
-0.04316774383187294,
-0.04552234709262848,
0.02799362689256668,
0.00592388492077589,
-0.031095724552869797,
-0.033954888582229614,
-0.012380358763039112,
-0.02739563211798668,
0.024592531844973564,
-0.04051414132118225,
0.006278944201767445,
-0.05841660872101784,
0.02149043418467045,
-0.03410438448190689,
-0.06992800533771515,
-0.013473568484187126,
-0.025283964350819588,
-0.0006686561973765492,
-0.024144036695361137,
-0.04507385194301605,
0.006278944201767445,
0.02373291552066803,
0.011987925507128239,
0.0008911522454582155,
0.010044442489743233,
0.015370332635939121,
-0.006741455756127834,
-0.014510715380311012,
0.014660214073956013,
0.01292229164391756,
0.028105750679969788,
-0.01609913818538189,
0.035300374031066895,
-0.022873297333717346,
-0.011623522266745567,
0.034253884106874466,
-0.0161458570510149,
-0.031637657433748245,
-0.036234740167856216,
0.052623532712459564,
-0.03776710480451584,
0.0008374261669814587,
0.052287161350250244,
0.020088884979486465,
0.04156063124537468,
-0.056659996509552,
-0.012912947684526443,
-0.011474023573100567,
-0.024386972188949585,
-0.00753566762432456,
-0.047017332166433334,
-0.014342528767883778,
0.03359982743859291,
0.01564129814505577,
0.03883228078484535,
0.03868278115987778,
-0.0408131368458271,
-0.03436600789427757,
0.055202387273311615,
-0.018285557627677917,
-0.040663640946149826,
-0.06469555199146271,
-0.02031313255429268,
-0.019584326073527336,
-0.033749327063560486,
0.025265276432037354,
-0.032104842364788055,
-0.01610848307609558,
-0.08536374568939209,
-0.022779861465096474,
-0.02524658851325512,
0.01022197213023901,
0.01068915519863367,
-0.0038542626425623894,
-0.04380311071872711,
0.00006091632894822396,
-0.02782544121146202,
0.007059140596538782,
0.028890619054436684,
0.03987877070903778,
0.003499203361570835,
-0.04339199140667915,
-0.018565867096185684,
0.04881131649017334,
0.008128990419209003,
-0.009198840707540512,
0.004041136242449284,
0.023303106427192688,
-0.03515087440609932,
-0.041971754282712936,
-0.024461720138788223,
0.026405204087495804,
-0.02584458328783512,
0.01522083394229412,
-0.03483319282531738,
0.012445764616131783,
0.03920602798461914,
-0.014585464261472225,
-0.01824818179011345,
0.04970831051468849,
-0.04821332171559334,
-0.0069890632294118404,
0.026797637343406677,
-0.0068862829357385635,
-0.041074760258197784,
-0.04025251790881157,
-0.02137831039726734,
-0.005494076292961836,
-0.03502006456255913,
-0.0012427077163010836,
0.009614633396267891,
0.03705698251724243,
-0.0990428701043129,
0.02504102885723114,
-0.021396998316049576,
-0.006722768768668175,
0.04047676548361778,
-0.059164099395275116,
-0.04899819195270538,
-0.02799362689256668,
0.014417278580367565,
-0.044064734131097794,
0.043092992156744,
0.007456246297806501,
-0.016379449516534805,
-0.03010529652237892,
0.0010739377466961741,
-0.00908671598881483,
-0.03965452313423157,
0.01990201137959957,
0.01589357852935791,
-0.0009051677770912647,
-0.011978581547737122,
0.00345715694129467,
-0.018874207511544228,
-0.05905197560787201,
-0.025470836088061333,
-0.042494997382164,
-0.039729274809360504,
-0.0492224395275116,
-0.016304699704051018,
0.10180860012769699,
0.011875800788402557,
-0.037785790860652924,
0.04156063124537468,
-0.032310400158166885,
0.019584326073527336,
0.08902645856142044,
0.018266869708895683,
-0.019107799977064133,
-0.03698223456740379,
-0.02195761725306511,
0.04354149103164673,
-0.022107116878032684,
-0.04092526063323021,
0.021023251116275787,
0.013800596818327904,
0.003356712404638529,
-0.0021163406781852245,
0.0033356891945004463,
-0.058192361146211624,
0.07602007687091827,
0.022032367065548897,
-0.006820877082645893,
-0.01964038796722889,
0.053894273936748505,
0.027918877080082893,
-0.014267779886722565,
0.0022938703186810017,
-0.043354615569114685,
0.0011072246124967933,
-0.008656907826662064,
0.007778603117913008,
-0.014678901061415672,
0.03515087440609932,
-0.06178032606840134,
-0.013361443765461445,
-0.005494076292961836,
0.010035098530352116,
0.016977444291114807,
-0.07112399488687515,
0.020948501303792,
-0.017883779481053352,
0.0303108561784029,
-0.016332730650901794,
0.053856898099184036,
-0.06103283539414406,
0.01846308633685112,
0.021191436797380447,
-0.026367828249931335,
-0.014613495208323002,
0.041373759508132935,
-0.00676481518894434,
-0.03868278115987778,
0.013127852231264114,
-0.00284514669328928,
-0.02474203146994114,
0.038084786385297775,
0.03189928084611893,
0.03189928084611893,
0.024723343551158905,
0.02588195912539959,
-0.022350052371621132,
0.029021430760622025,
-0.0021735706832259893,
-0.078262560069561,
0.029750237241387367,
0.00684890802949667,
-0.014875118620693684,
0.02937649004161358,
0.008572814986109734,
0.011053558439016342,
0.03636555373668671,
-0.006021993700414896,
-0.014809712767601013,
0.0028918650932610035,
-0.03634686395525932,
0.05232453718781471,
-0.0337306372821331,
-0.012959666550159454,
-0.06929263472557068,
-0.06544304639101028,
-0.00761041697114706,
-0.028722433373332024,
-0.02369553968310356,
-0.060434840619564056,
-0.06555517017841339,
0.036272116005420685,
-0.05804286152124405,
-0.09829537570476532,
0.005732339806854725,
0.008245786651968956,
-0.01956564001739025,
-0.06548041850328445,
-0.015351645648479462,
-0.026442578062415123,
0.04690520837903023,
0.08910121023654938,
0.027732003480196,
0.0030296840704977512,
0.04511122405529022,
-0.009404401294887066,
-0.0493345633149147,
-0.021527810022234917,
0.030908850952982903,
-0.023004109039902687,
0.027470381930470467,
-0.021191436797380447,
0.05897722765803337,
0.029395177960395813,
0.030086608603596687,
-0.03920602798461914,
-0.01139927376061678,
0.014968554489314556,
-0.07676757127046585,
-0.024349596351385117,
0.02896536886692047,
0.02849818579852581,
0.0019259634427726269,
-0.022443488240242004,
-0.004522334784269333,
0.022873297333717346,
0.05871560424566269,
-0.028180500492453575,
0.007241342216730118,
-0.053221527487039566,
-0.02074294164776802,
-0.0012006612960249186,
-0.047577954828739166,
-0.010091160424053669,
-0.007750572171062231,
-0.08095353096723557,
0.015230177901685238,
0.004767606034874916,
0.033992260694503784,
0.029563363641500473,
-0.0006342013948597014,
0.013520286418497562,
0.0002757841721177101,
0.02386372536420822,
-0.012548545375466347,
-0.03303920850157738,
0.04096263647079468,
0.010464907623827457,
-0.015491800382733345,
-0.04518597573041916,
0.012174798175692558,
0.007853352464735508,
-0.0036557097919285297,
-0.008479378186166286,
-0.033954888582229614,
0.040738388895988464,
0.05837923288345337,
-0.013118509203195572,
0.006372381001710892,
0.043690986931324005,
-0.018612585961818695,
-0.0015276896301656961,
0.0022646712604910135,
0.005363265052437782,
-0.02229399047791958,
0.04182225465774536,
0.057482242584228516,
0.000839762098621577,
0.017706248909235,
-0.04683046042919159,
-0.02296673320233822,
0.049259815365076065,
-0.02857293374836445,
-0.0229293592274189,
-0.002849818440154195,
0.02608751878142357,
-0.05864085629582405,
-0.0038542626425623894,
-0.02507840283215046,
-0.04342936351895332,
-0.009960349649190903,
0.012875573709607124,
-0.02836737409234047,
0.01884617656469345,
-0.040663640946149826,
0.031338658183813095,
0.06159345433115959,
-0.05142754316329956,
-0.01879945769906044,
-0.03419782221317291,
-0.014108937233686447,
0.011903831735253334,
0.05236191302537918,
0.021864181384444237,
-0.0029993171337991953,
0.02457384392619133,
-0.005881838500499725,
-0.03186190500855446,
-0.014510715380311012,
-0.0013875345466658473,
-0.014463996514678001,
-0.039355527609586716,
-0.023620789870619774,
0.03658980131149292,
0.017547406256198883,
-0.0611075833439827,
0.025227902457118034,
0.053894273936748505,
0.011128307320177555,
0.0235273540019989,
-0.011090933345258236,
-0.013725847005844116,
-0.04641933739185333,
-0.04286874458193779,
0.0031978702172636986,
0.022948047146201134,
0.04888606816530228,
-0.03571149706840515,
-0.038458533585071564,
0.005171719938516617,
-0.009726757183670998,
0.004587740637362003,
-0.018565867096185684,
0.011249775066971779,
0.00794211681932211,
0.030217420309782028,
-0.00036411103792488575,
-0.04122425988316536,
0.0026349141262471676,
-0.009011967107653618,
-0.023620789870619774,
0.0069890632294118404,
-0.02470465563237667,
-0.014884461648762226,
-0.0028848573565483093,
-0.016725163906812668,
0.022705111652612686,
0.0070731560699641705,
-0.0024690639693289995,
-0.05778123810887337,
0.02638651616871357,
0.04253237321972847,
0.020855065435171127,
-0.0047045364044606686,
0.01114699523895979,
0.025769833475351334,
0.02477940544486046,
0.03225433826446533,
0.019453514367341995,
0.0037211154121905565,
0.028647683560848236,
-0.016220606863498688,
0.008161692880094051,
-0.036440301686525345,
0.015902921557426453,
0.021845493465662003,
0.029731549322605133,
0.01477233786135912,
-0.019659075886011124,
0.029488613829016685,
0.0066900658421218395,
-0.014230404980480671,
0.007769259158521891,
-0.016958756372332573,
-0.012595263309776783,
0.022181866690516472,
-0.0026349141262471676,
0.035132188349962234,
-0.005466045346111059,
-0.019360078498721123,
-0.018556522205471992,
-0.028031000867486,
0.011417961679399014,
-0.01690269447863102,
-0.012081361375749111,
-0.014669557102024555,
0.014015500433743,
0.02887193113565445,
0.013725847005844116,
-0.019378766417503357,
0.01799590326845646,
-0.02121012471616268,
-0.020855065435171127,
0.06705015897750854,
-0.007998178713023663,
0.0007539171492680907,
0.002711999462917447,
-0.029152242466807365,
0.04952143505215645,
0.031880591064691544,
0.03339426591992378,
0.04937193915247917,
0.046643588691949844,
0.015585237182676792,
0.02930174022912979,
-0.03688879683613777,
0.035094812512397766,
0.06443393230438232,
0.01184776984155178,
0.02078031562268734,
-0.031712405383586884,
0.005059595685452223,
-0.012810167856514454,
-0.01238970272243023,
-0.021565183997154236,
0.03363720327615738,
0.016211261972784996,
-0.02229399047791958,
0.0006038345163688064,
-0.009614633396267891,
-0.008661579340696335,
-0.044700104743242264,
-0.05239928513765335,
0.019995447248220444,
0.012090705335140228,
-0.03118916042149067,
0.035804931074380875,
0.05535188317298889,
0.004840019624680281,
0.010175253264605999,
0.002840474946424365,
-0.026573389768600464,
-0.018491117283701897,
0.03161897137761116,
-0.09126894176006317,
-0.015650643035769463,
-0.017846403643488884,
0.05015680566430092,
-0.03044166788458824,
-0.00883443746715784,
-0.044700104743242264,
-0.018892895430326462,
0.026592077687382698,
0.02406928688287735,
0.03614130616188049,
-0.008876483887434006,
-0.028946680948138237,
-0.02010757103562355,
0.014548090286552906,
-0.0123056098818779,
0.031226536259055138,
0.009483822621405125,
-0.021546496078372,
-0.02272379957139492,
-0.027451694011688232,
0.015024617314338684,
-0.007194623816758394,
-0.01609913818538189,
-0.020724253728985786,
-0.02756381779909134,
-0.01816408894956112,
0.02279854752123356,
0.0008123150910250843,
0.057818613946437836,
0.06480767577886581,
0.02326573058962822,
-0.013127852231264114,
-0.01964038796722889,
-0.04881131649017334,
0.004249032586812973,
-0.013081134296953678,
0.002242480171844363,
0.01792115345597267,
-0.0532962791621685,
-0.07848680764436722,
-0.028348686173558235,
-0.018435055390000343,
0.014379903674125671,
-0.026592077687382698,
0.007372153457254171,
-0.006232226267457008,
-0.03630949184298515,
0.000832170364446938,
0.028329998254776,
0.03701961040496826,
-0.011408617720007896,
0.008203740231692791,
-0.0060593681409955025,
0.006783502642065287,
0.006605972535908222,
0.03920602798461914,
-0.05314677953720093,
0.0034034308046102524,
-0.026704201474785805,
-0.021845493465662003,
-0.0034641646780073643,
-0.029413864016532898,
0.029563363641500473,
-0.01475365087389946,
0.04522334784269333,
0.05800548568367958,
-0.006699409335851669,
0.06790977716445923,
-0.020929815247654915,
0.00908671598881483,
0.037785790860652924,
0.0037538183387368917,
-0.035225626081228256,
-0.05766911432147026,
-0.004900753498077393,
-0.02806837670505047,
0.0627894401550293,
0.01500592939555645,
0.015407707542181015,
0.07018962502479553,
0.006615316495299339,
0.022835923358798027,
0.021266186609864235,
0.024928905069828033,
0.024966279044747353,
0.028423435986042023,
-0.0005705477087758482,
0.06297631561756134,
-0.056884247809648514,
-0.007769259158521891,
-0.014548090286552906,
0.03830903396010399,
-0.027264820411801338,
-0.0015498808352276683,
-0.008442003279924393,
-0.038084786385297775,
-0.018154745921492577,
-0.015744078904390335,
0.035094812512397766,
0.0007241342100314796,
0.037953976541757584,
-0.013081134296953678,
-0.016753194853663445,
0.028479497879743576,
-0.01374453492462635,
0.0026629450730979443,
-0.03148815780878067,
-0.032478585839271545,
-0.025863271206617355,
0.03440338373184204,
0.008806406520307064,
-0.029021430760622025,
-0.012912947684526443,
0.0028381389565765858,
-0.06092071160674095,
0.041037388145923615,
-0.024685969576239586,
0.011903831735253334,
0.011081589385867119,
-0.019845949485898018,
0.010633093304932117,
-0.008040226064622402,
-0.0470547080039978,
-0.04944668710231781,
-0.003454820951446891,
0.03018004447221756,
-0.015491800382733345,
-0.016323385760188103,
0.049259815365076065,
0.018621928989887238,
-0.010773248039186,
-0.018734052777290344,
-0.01213742420077324,
-0.039392899721860886,
0.002140867756679654,
0.03206746652722359,
-0.06140658259391785,
-0.005788401700556278,
-0.029899735003709793,
-0.06028534099459648,
-0.020985877141356468,
0.008339223451912403,
0.023882413282990456,
0.026928449049592018,
-0.030628541484475136,
0.016370104625821114,
0.05512763559818268,
0.013183914124965668,
0.017435282468795776,
0.010633093304932117,
0.003723451402038336,
0.024312222376465797,
-0.009409072808921337,
0.01741659641265869,
0.002149043371900916,
-0.030871476978063583,
0.009951005689799786,
0.004998861812055111,
0.0026909762527793646,
-0.03232908993959427,
0.007736556697636843,
-0.01950957626104355,
-0.05337102711200714,
0.01580014079809189,
0.015033960342407227,
-0.008652236312627792,
0.04481222853064537,
0.003265611594542861,
0.004821332171559334,
-0.02705926075577736,
0.025452150031924248,
0.02279854752123356,
0.014202374033629894,
-0.019883323460817337,
0.035730183124542236,
-0.00912876334041357,
0.008811078034341335,
0.055875129997730255,
-0.014529402367770672,
0.0014727954985573888,
0.018780771642923355,
-0.024386972188949585,
-0.03668323904275894,
-0.009105403907597065,
0.026442578062415123,
-0.008227098733186722,
-0.010446219705045223,
0.015314270742237568,
0.01686531864106655,
-0.021938931196928024,
-0.09268917888402939,
0.021994993090629578,
0.037879228591918945,
-0.011137651279568672,
0.0012648989213630557,
-0.008801734074950218,
-0.024218784645199776,
-0.016201918944716454,
-0.002064950531348586,
0.026909761130809784,
-0.03834640979766846,
-0.009236214682459831,
-0.04574659466743469,
0.011688928119838238,
-0.014333185739815235,
0.006475161295384169,
0.0526982843875885,
0.010324751958251,
0.0021175085566937923,
0.03857065737247467,
0.03303920850157738,
-0.007596401497721672,
-0.018005246296525,
-0.023172294721007347,
-0.027619879692792892,
0.020668191835284233,
-0.03018004447221756,
-0.05501551181077957,
-0.002008888404816389,
0.01913583092391491,
0.008726985193789005,
-0.03352507948875427,
-0.01015656627714634,
-0.0007936277543194592,
-0.017080223187804222,
0.0123056098818779,
0.0065779415890574455,
-0.029357802122831345,
-0.02246217615902424,
0.0026909762527793646,
0.03965452313423157,
-0.03330082818865776,
-0.02588195912539959,
0.0011638705618679523,
0.019360078498721123,
0.029787611216306686,
-0.028180500492453575,
-0.053520526736974716,
0.006320991087704897,
-0.06207932531833649,
0.004858707077801228,
-0.013454880565404892,
-0.014566777274012566,
-0.02212580479681492,
-0.022667735815048218,
0.009264245629310608,
0.027918877080082893,
0.01980857364833355,
0.0003019172581844032,
0.01990201137959957,
0.05019418150186539,
0.008661579340696335,
-0.003151151817291975,
-0.046606212854385376,
-0.006867595482617617,
-0.03886965662240982,
0.03541249781847,
0.05333365127444267,
0.0232283566147089,
-0.02162124589085579,
-0.03537512570619583,
0.04944668710231781,
-0.05998634546995163,
0.004428898449987173,
0.04126163572072983,
-0.0164448544383049,
0.019416140392422676,
0.009848224930465221,
-0.00914745032787323,
-0.030665915459394455,
-0.0020848058629781008,
-0.017771655693650246,
-0.013230632990598679,
0.0021502114832401276,
0.041037388145923615,
0.01571604795753956,
0.0019049401162192225,
-0.0549781396985054,
0.008596173487603664,
-0.019827261567115784,
0.03995352238416672,
-0.015996357426047325,
-0.02225661464035511,
-0.01024065911769867,
0.025788521394133568,
-0.008353238925337791,
-0.030628541484475136,
0.01926664263010025,
0.020331820473074913,
-0.016173887997865677,
0.020537380129098892,
0.018070653080940247,
-0.05408114567399025,
-0.057220619171857834,
0.021845493465662003,
0.005877166520804167,
-0.012548545375466347,
-0.008881155401468277,
-0.04047676548361778,
0.03698223456740379,
-0.04316774383187294,
0.010016411542892456,
0.016117826104164124,
-0.027619879692792892,
0.01834161952137947,
0.01825752668082714,
-0.010726530104875565,
-0.004512991290539503,
0.009119419381022453,
-0.04014039412140846,
-0.004653146490454674,
0.030366918072104454,
0.0008987439796328545,
0.041411131620407104,
0.030329544097185135,
-0.025302650406956673,
0.07781405746936798,
-0.023714227601885796,
0.02655470184981823,
-0.01656632125377655,
0.013482911512255669,
0.01277279295027256,
-0.026031456887722015,
-0.00569029338657856,
0.007063812576234341,
0.014548090286552906,
-0.01167958416044712,
0.0015884233871474862,
0.023975851014256477,
-0.05045580491423607,
-0.003211885690689087,
-0.006498520728200674,
0.002961942460387945,
-0.012791480869054794,
-0.02386372536420822,
0.015445081517100334,
-0.0028241234831511974,
-0.0007328938809223473,
0.03468369320034981
] |
We propose and implement an interpretable machine learning classification
model for Explainable AI (XAI) based on expressive Boolean formulas. Potential
applications include credit scoring and diagnosis of medical conditions. The
Boolean formula defines a rule with tunable complexity (or interpretability),
according to which input data are classified. Such a formula can include any
operator that can be applied to one or more Boolean variables, thus providing
higher expressivity compared to more rigid rule-based and tree-based
approaches. The classifier is trained using native local optimization
techniques, efficiently searching the space of feasible formulas. Shallow rules
can be determined by fast Integer Linear Programming (ILP) or Quadratic
Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) solvers, potentially powered by
special purpose hardware or quantum devices. We combine the expressivity and
efficiency of the native local optimizer with the fast operation of these
devices by executing non-local moves that optimize over subtrees of the full
Boolean formula. We provide extensive numerical benchmarking results featuring
several baselines on well-known public datasets. Based on the results, we find
that the native local rule classifier is generally competitive with the other
classifiers. The addition of non-local moves achieves similar results with
fewer iterations, and therefore using specialized or quantum hardware could
lead to a speedup by fast proposal of non-local moves. | [
-0.0270849596709013,
0.021918660029768944,
-0.025204766541719437,
-0.00563634792342782,
0.04935933277010918,
-0.0040568155236542225,
0.008918218314647675,
0.028711074963212013,
0.0018156154546886683,
0.0507483072578907,
0.015414205379784107,
0.005678694695234299,
0.06670454889535904,
-0.013025850057601929,
-0.025695988908410072,
0.07039718329906464,
-0.0006680194637738168,
-0.027017205953598022,
-0.022426821291446686,
-0.03906061127781868,
-0.05159524083137512,
0.016743892803788185,
-0.006669607944786549,
-0.0053653293289244175,
0.04136427491903305,
0.011738509871065617,
-0.0024476402904838324,
0.0008601677254773676,
-0.0845579281449318,
0.06128416955471039,
0.045869965106248856,
-0.01839541457593441,
-0.02098703384399414,
0.004992677830159664,
-0.033945128321647644,
-0.035740628838539124,
0.006601853296160698,
0.015566653572022915,
-0.03287799283862114,
0.07676612585783005,
0.04776709899306297,
0.014651964418590069,
0.03380962088704109,
-0.0023714161943644285,
0.024425586685538292,
0.014067579992115498,
-0.04038183018565178,
-0.016184914857149124,
-0.03655368834733963,
-0.02688169665634632,
-0.0032268199138343334,
-0.03453798219561577,
0.053187478333711624,
-0.023477019742131233,
-0.0009501544991508126,
0.0015816498780623078,
-0.0022930747363716364,
0.02971045672893524,
0.05193401500582695,
-0.01580379530787468,
0.011577592231333256,
0.018564801663160324,
-0.04817362502217293,
-0.002669960493221879,
0.013119013048708439,
-0.001989237032830715,
0.050680551677942276,
0.016904810443520546,
-0.03411451727151871,
-0.00424949312582612,
-0.0348936952650547,
-0.015761448070406914,
-0.021495193243026733,
0.02679700218141079,
0.011035554111003876,
0.03604552522301674,
-0.00018314954650122672,
0.01939479634165764,
-0.0007818262674845755,
-0.0009104544296860695,
0.029303928837180138,
0.027491489425301552,
0.015651347115635872,
0.03152289614081383,
0.020648259669542313,
0.0055516548454761505,
0.0022676666267216206,
-0.07832448929548264,
-0.012797177769243717,
-0.04912219196557999,
-0.025441907346248627,
-0.005132422316819429,
-0.03645205497741699,
0.007198941893875599,
0.05593154579401016,
-0.013762683607637882,
0.019462551921606064,
0.0061656818725168705,
-0.04319365322589874,
0.002271901350468397,
0.03325064107775688,
0.020157037302851677,
0.001416497747413814,
0.046445880085229874,
-0.005996295250952244,
-0.06426537781953812,
-0.020055405795574188,
0.01372880581766367,
-0.005149360746145248,
0.11721571534872055,
-0.013356154784560204,
0.004755536559969187,
-0.01929316483438015,
-0.010408823378384113,
-0.014575740322470665,
-0.0181074570864439,
-0.0985831618309021,
-0.06971963495016098,
0.010908514261245728,
-0.0026085576973855495,
-0.018598677590489388,
0.06609475612640381,
0.00950260367244482,
-0.021291930228471756,
-0.030252495780587196,
0.04600547254085541,
0.03939938545227051,
0.0038958981167525053,
0.018327658995985985,
0.014779004268348217,
-0.00012307014549151063,
0.01858173869550228,
-0.0010464933002367616,
-0.03628266602754593,
0.02711883746087551,
-0.0025958537589758635,
0.034266963601112366,
0.036858584731817245,
-0.017582356929779053,
-0.032996561378240585,
-0.0008448170265182853,
-0.045124661177396774,
-0.009477195329964161,
0.04912219196557999,
0.013364624232053757,
0.024408647790551186,
-0.01924234814941883,
0.04786872863769531,
0.020038466900587082,
0.015016146004199982,
-0.04180467873811722,
0.05684623494744301,
0.007779092062264681,
-0.0266953706741333,
0.05203564465045929,
0.0610470287501812,
-0.0030997798312455416,
-0.013288400135934353,
0.00215121335349977,
-0.046716898679733276,
0.017531540244817734,
-0.03499532863497734,
0.014829820021986961,
0.01564287766814232,
0.01264472957700491,
0.03533410280942917,
-0.00016038819740060717,
0.02571292594075203,
-0.07303962111473083,
0.04241447150707245,
0.06372334063053131,
0.03946714103221893,
-0.023477019742131233,
0.004202911630272865,
-0.0179719477891922,
0.060877639800310135,
0.029930660501122475,
0.03375880420207977,
-0.018480107188224792,
-0.08638730645179749,
-0.0639604851603508,
0.00483599491417408,
0.05515236407518387,
0.009866785258054733,
0.006347773130983114,
0.011526776477694511,
0.07859550416469574,
0.003224702551960945,
0.015405735932290554,
0.015837673097848892,
-0.0005542126600630581,
0.015592060983181,
0.010264844633638859,
-0.03773939609527588,
-0.001937362365424633,
-0.032522279769182205,
-0.02405293472111225,
0.0036756950430572033,
-0.031624529510736465,
-0.02240988239645958,
-0.026542922481894493,
-0.017904192209243774,
0.0016621086979284883,
0.005090075545012951,
0.025628233328461647,
0.0005285399383865297,
0.02901597134768963,
-0.07906979322433472,
-0.022680900990962982,
-0.01625267043709755,
0.01139126718044281,
0.0666029155254364,
-0.014050641097128391,
-0.0697873905301094,
-0.022342128679156303,
-0.027372919023036957,
-0.01337309367954731,
-0.05084993690252304,
-0.0286771971732378,
-0.03607940301299095,
0.01731133833527565,
0.03309819474816322,
0.032386768609285355,
-0.028219852596521378,
-0.01388972345739603,
0.009197707287967205,
-0.02169845812022686,
-0.0005822673556394875,
0.0032183504663407803,
0.016710015013813972,
-0.0019638289231806993,
-0.011882488615810871,
0.003133657155558467,
0.011831672862172127,
0.0007876489544287324,
-0.016845524311065674,
0.017514603212475777,
-0.016659198328852654,
-0.01082382071763277,
-0.05118871107697487,
-0.015558184124529362,
0.018175210803747177,
-0.007597001269459724,
-0.009011381305754185,
0.02486599236726761,
0.017904192209243774,
0.029642703011631966,
0.04956259950995445,
0.040449585765600204,
0.03445328772068024,
-0.043329160660505295,
0.0033686812967061996,
0.05430543050169945,
-0.04160141572356224,
-0.06382497400045395,
-0.01588001847267151,
0.03787490352988243,
-0.046716898679733276,
-0.008160212077200413,
0.004484517499804497,
0.04929158091545105,
0.050545040518045425,
0.020495811477303505,
0.06667067110538483,
-0.07622408866882324,
-0.015719100832939148,
0.0270849596709013,
-0.03496145084500313,
0.006737362593412399,
0.0033432734198868275,
0.07371716946363449,
-0.04800423979759216,
-0.022867226973176003,
0.004067402333021164,
0.03343696892261505,
-0.04336303845047951,
-0.0076986332423985004,
-0.012051875703036785,
-0.0027377153746783733,
-0.006601853296160698,
0.009875254705548286,
0.037705518305301666,
0.0388573482632637,
-0.014965330250561237,
0.03142126277089119,
-0.06734821945428848,
-0.02325681783258915,
-0.007944243960082531,
-0.06595924496650696,
-0.021918660029768944,
0.0008379356586374342,
0.031048612669110298,
-0.044752009212970734,
0.028338422998785973,
0.02844005636870861,
0.009019850753247738,
-0.009138422086834908,
-0.03443634882569313,
0.08835218846797943,
0.019208470359444618,
-0.08198324590921402,
-0.0679241344332695,
0.03848469629883766,
0.07812122255563736,
-0.042956508696079254,
0.029744334518909454,
0.03906061127781868,
0.08171222358942032,
-0.03956877440214157,
0.02117335796356201,
0.031624529510736465,
0.02420538291335106,
-0.007715572137385607,
0.0004446405218914151,
-0.006711954716593027,
0.020597442984580994,
0.022850288078188896,
-0.06321518123149872,
0.007834143005311489,
-0.0327763594686985,
0.028219852596521378,
-0.034402474761009216,
-0.10271620005369186,
0.03423308581113815,
-0.03128575533628464,
-0.02844005636870861,
0.003057433059439063,
0.03668919578194618,
-0.027288224548101425,
0.03023555688560009,
-0.03248840197920799,
-0.014584209769964218,
-0.059691932052373886,
0.02711883746087551,
-0.014651964418590069,
-0.07256533205509186,
0.001466255052946508,
0.04468425735831261,
0.0038895460311323404,
-0.03160759061574936,
-0.0024222321808338165,
-0.022680900990962982,
-0.024222321808338165,
-0.02042805589735508,
-0.022155802696943283,
-0.055965423583984375,
-0.04410834237933159,
-0.010298721492290497,
-0.01417768094688654,
-0.048512399196624756,
0.000945919775404036,
0.01481288205832243,
0.009443317539989948,
-0.007503838278353214,
-0.0001685928727965802,
-0.023798855021595955,
-0.05830296128988266,
-0.011611470021307468,
0.009578827768564224,
0.020360302180051804,
0.020258668810129166,
-0.008426996879279613,
-0.02056356519460678,
0.011916366405785084,
-0.04187243431806564,
-0.012576974928379059,
-0.012949625961482525,
0.011662285774946213,
-0.02722047083079815,
0.0030447288881987333,
-0.004963035229593515,
0.10644271224737167,
-0.020885400474071503,
0.0531197227537632,
-0.002187208039686084,
-0.011154125444591045,
0.023358449339866638,
-0.08130569756031036,
-0.03499532863497734,
0.04698791727423668,
-0.04143202677369118,
0.03472431004047394,
-0.007296339608728886,
-0.0004380238533485681,
-0.05237441882491112,
-0.01807357929646969,
-0.02650904469192028,
-0.0038323779590427876,
-0.032335951924324036,
0.033843494951725006,
0.013068197295069695,
0.007469960954040289,
-0.006788178812712431,
-0.12080671638250351,
0.062198858708143234,
0.025933129712939262,
0.05335686355829239,
-0.0048021175898611546,
0.031776975840330124,
-0.037671640515327454,
0.03834918886423111,
-0.038145922124385834,
-0.04976586252450943,
-0.0013709749327972531,
0.019360918551683426,
-0.03182779252529144,
-0.05816745012998581,
0.03977203741669655,
0.04180467873811722,
-0.0018389062024652958,
0.000424790516262874,
-0.026729248464107513,
-0.023172123357653618,
0.01193330530077219,
-0.021901722997426987,
-0.010417292825877666,
-0.0626392662525177,
0.01709960401058197,
0.012339833192527294,
0.016684606671333313,
-0.06477353721857071,
-0.014948391355574131,
-0.015219409950077534,
-0.020072344690561295,
-0.023714162409305573,
0.004092810209840536,
0.0022824881598353386,
-0.03055739216506481,
0.03392818942666054,
-0.019631939008831978,
0.011018616147339344,
0.006872872356325388,
0.0102394362911582,
0.00716929929330945,
-0.04576833173632622,
0.057523779571056366,
-0.024594973772764206,
-0.027491489425301552,
-0.06999065726995468,
-0.022579269483685493,
-0.01632889360189438,
0.016853993758559227,
-0.03260697424411774,
-0.02183396741747856,
-0.027237407863140106,
-0.01873418688774109,
-0.012212793342769146,
-0.02368028461933136,
-0.05230666697025299,
0.027254346758127213,
-0.040110811591148376,
-0.010578210465610027,
-0.09932845830917358,
-0.022765595465898514,
0.02325681783258915,
0.0019638289231806993,
-0.011628408916294575,
-0.012746362015604973,
0.07669837772846222,
-0.07392042875289917,
0.00228884001262486,
0.05254380777478218,
0.019513366743922234,
-0.019513366743922234,
-0.0033559773582965136,
0.02925311215221882,
-0.022291311994194984,
-0.040449585765600204,
0.016498280689120293,
-0.010476578027009964,
-0.012534628622233868,
0.0070168511010706425,
-0.015185533091425896,
-0.009519541636109352,
-0.006241905968636274,
-0.0070168511010706425,
0.023239878937602043,
-0.05989519879221916,
0.017565418034791946,
-0.01564287766814232,
0.08205100148916245,
-0.067111074924469,
0.028135159984230995,
-0.0020209969952702522,
0.03787490352988243,
0.0412287637591362,
0.04319365322589874,
0.02183396741747856,
-0.0064197625033557415,
-0.008926687762141228,
-0.05108708143234253,
-0.07100697606801987,
-0.001267225481569767,
-0.006525629200041294,
0.006123335566371679,
-0.009553419426083565,
0.004975739400833845,
0.0072031766176223755,
0.05593154579401016,
0.037095725536346436,
0.007978121750056744,
-0.03943326324224472,
-0.013203706592321396,
-0.027677815407514572,
-0.02486599236726761,
0.017717866227030754,
-0.012958095408976078,
-0.0037794446107000113,
0.0015837672399356961,
-0.04288875684142113,
0.021478254348039627,
-0.06538332998752594,
0.039839792996644974,
-0.0008808117127045989,
0.010798413306474686,
-0.029490254819393158,
-0.011509837582707405,
-0.051866259425878525,
0.06287640333175659,
0.029981475323438644,
0.038992855697870255,
-0.01778562180697918,
0.021190296858549118,
0.05118871107697487,
-0.035537365823984146,
0.017463786527514458,
0.03662144020199776,
-0.02645822986960411,
-0.008532863110303879,
0.00319082522764802,
-0.009494134224951267,
0.022257434204220772,
-0.0004160564858466387,
-0.019327042624354362,
-0.021867845207452774,
-0.028880462050437927,
0.007673225365579128,
-0.0014535511145368218,
-0.02547578513622284,
-0.03421614691615105,
-0.029270051047205925,
0.0481058694422245,
0.046683020889759064,
-0.0033538599964231253,
0.0014429644215852022,
0.00572951091453433,
0.0033115132246166468,
-0.004190207924693823,
-0.027525367215275764,
0.0014556683599948883,
-0.012204323895275593,
-0.007495368830859661,
-0.0025640937965363264,
-0.017252052202820778,
-0.008139039389789104,
-0.021850906312465668,
-0.005818439181894064,
-0.02132580615580082,
-0.039975300431251526,
0.015177063643932343,
0.007541950326412916,
0.008007763884961605,
-0.004160564858466387,
0.022206619381904602,
0.03746837377548218,
-0.030083108693361282,
-0.0006558448076248169,
0.054745838046073914,
-0.03419920802116394,
0.004120335448533297,
-0.03060820698738098,
0.011306573636829853,
-0.01686246320605278,
0.02928698994219303,
-0.004882576409727335,
-0.007393736857920885,
0.019648876041173935,
-0.01485522836446762,
-0.01210269145667553,
0.02156294882297516,
0.02423926070332527,
0.00716929929330945,
-0.032945744693279266,
-0.027186593040823936,
-0.016947155818343163,
-0.038992855697870255,
-0.03113330714404583,
-0.031217999756336212,
-0.01337309367954731,
0.010696780867874622,
-0.03404676169157028,
0.05369563773274422,
-0.0270849596709013,
-0.00988372415304184,
-0.012729423120617867,
0.026678431779146194,
0.01657450571656227,
-0.0033538599964231253,
0.03287799283862114,
-0.019987650215625763,
0.0002808116842061281,
-0.031573712825775146,
0.06253763288259506,
0.07087146490812302,
0.0004176445072516799,
0.03821367770433426,
-0.00983290746808052,
-0.014516455121338367,
0.013872784562408924,
0.009256992489099503,
-0.007381032686680555,
-0.045124661177396774,
0.017252052202820778,
-0.01353401131927967,
0.03165840730071068,
-0.00457768002524972,
0.03291187062859535,
-0.018429292365908623,
-0.0031611823942512274,
-0.011501368135213852,
0.05806582048535347,
-0.06179232895374298,
0.025340275838971138,
0.006673842668533325,
0.029507191851735115,
0.022528452798724174,
-0.01815827190876007,
-0.03425002470612526,
0.030015353113412857,
0.014169211499392986,
-0.01200105994939804,
-0.020072344690561295,
-0.011874019168317318,
-0.035740628838539124,
0.019699692726135254,
-0.010129334405064583,
-0.017853375524282455,
0.06470578163862228,
0.01807357929646969,
0.00924852304160595,
0.0025556243490427732,
0.028880462050437927,
0.014863697811961174,
0.06809352338314056,
-0.004325717221945524,
-0.005492369178682566,
0.02598394639790058,
0.006085223518311977,
0.046344246715307236,
0.018005823716521263,
0.03662144020199776,
0.04305814206600189,
0.03164146840572357,
0.03970428183674812,
0.0070634325966238976,
-0.02495068684220314,
-0.014491046778857708,
0.0322512611746788,
0.025865374132990837,
-0.013330746442079544,
0.002928275614976883,
0.023358449339866638,
0.0517985038459301,
0.02415456809103489,
-0.005035024601966143,
-0.03396206721663475,
-0.0010957212653011084,
0.03655368834733963,
0.01542267482727766,
0.0266953706741333,
-0.006186855491250753,
-0.03282717615365982,
-0.0009967358782887459,
0.04769934341311455,
0.016642259433865547,
-0.023426204919815063,
0.029608825221657753,
0.042482227087020874,
-0.006927922833710909,
-0.03467349335551262,
-0.048512399196624756,
-0.02108866535127163,
-0.012009529396891594,
-0.0067288936115801334,
-0.013398501090705395,
-0.008545567281544209,
0.004484517499804497,
0.004437936004251242,
-0.0016716367099434137,
-0.003929775208234787,
-0.006119100842624903,
-0.037942659109830856,
0.03189554810523987,
-0.00483599491417408,
-0.06416374444961548,
-0.025272520259022713,
-0.014660433866083622,
-0.005610940046608448,
0.006838995032012463,
-0.003798500634729862,
-0.05352625250816345,
0.013652581721544266,
0.013406970538198948,
0.022511515766382217,
-0.0265598613768816,
-0.048512399196624756,
0.019699692726135254,
-0.02410375140607357,
-0.05250992998480797,
-0.023697223514318466,
0.02693251147866249,
0.005517777055501938,
0.013296869583427906,
-0.003493604250252247,
0.052001770585775375,
0.0008347596740350127,
0.029219234362244606,
-0.0034131454303860664,
-0.009748213924467564,
0.019699692726135254,
0.026305781677365303,
0.025391092523932457,
-0.020580504089593887,
-0.03364023193717003,
0.02561129443347454,
0.024832114577293396,
0.033420030027627945,
0.023985181003808975,
0.030404943972826004,
-0.002407410880550742,
0.008740362711250782,
0.000546802009921521,
-0.001229113433510065,
0.0050561982207000256,
0.012687076814472675,
-0.01768398843705654,
0.03923000022768974,
0.0436001792550087,
-0.008617556653916836,
0.051730748265981674,
0.03206493332982063,
0.00969739817082882,
-0.03475818410515785,
-0.026678431779146194,
0.023663345724344254,
0.014076048508286476,
0.01370339747518301,
-0.002746184589341283,
-0.010036172345280647,
0.013610235415399075,
0.058709487318992615,
-0.008884341455996037,
0.03316595032811165,
-0.012873401865363121,
-0.04505690559744835,
-0.005725276190787554,
-0.011704633012413979,
-0.00572951091453433,
-0.012619322165846825,
0.007838377729058266,
0.0005960300331935287,
0.03618103638291359,
-0.010315660387277603,
0.04099162295460701,
0.0697873905301094,
-0.02740679495036602,
-0.04173692315816879,
-0.026678431779146194,
0.014287782832980156,
-0.0792730525135994,
-0.03712960332632065,
0.04014468938112259,
-0.01190789695829153,
-0.04404058679938316,
-0.0033242173958569765,
-0.009621174074709415,
-0.025695988908410072,
0.04542955756187439,
0.03218350559473038,
0.041906312108039856,
0.016430526971817017,
0.02698332816362381,
-0.006682312116026878,
0.012890340760350227,
-0.012881871312856674,
-0.04194018989801407,
-0.017853375524282455,
-0.06850004941225052,
0.0061656818725168705,
-0.00467084301635623,
-0.0031188358552753925,
-0.002663608640432358,
0.05457644909620285,
-0.027982711791992188,
0.08598077297210693,
-0.028101282194256783,
-0.008757301606237888,
-0.0015795325161889195,
0.005860785488039255,
-0.028982093557715416,
0.033606354147195816,
-0.012568505480885506,
0.00037873844848945737,
-0.017396030947566032,
-0.021546009927988052,
0.0019193650223314762,
-0.014889106154441833,
-0.017819499596953392,
-0.024357831105589867,
0.007973887026309967,
0.014465638436377048,
0.03211575001478195,
0.009968417696654797,
0.038416940718889236,
0.04759771004319191,
-0.016210323199629784,
-0.02910066395998001,
0.02396824210882187,
0.008253375068306923,
0.000694486137945205,
-0.010451169684529305,
-0.067111074924469,
-0.013567888177931309,
-0.0032776359003037214,
-0.015473490580916405,
-0.006241905968636274,
0.009443317539989948,
-0.018666433170437813,
0.008765770122408867,
-0.02547578513622284,
0.029405560344457626,
0.024408647790551186,
-0.025306398048996925,
-0.00734715536236763,
-0.06927923113107681,
0.025458846241235733,
-0.02925311215221882,
0.022680900990962982,
0.0206143818795681,
0.03878959268331528,
0.008503220975399017,
0.02093621715903282,
-0.024747421965003014,
-0.012754831463098526,
0.010883106850087643,
-0.006699250545352697,
0.0014292016858235002,
0.01736215502023697,
-0.017853375524282455,
0.009307808242738247,
0.01615103892982006,
-0.014042171649634838,
0.03543573245406151,
-0.001248169457539916,
-0.0018812529742717743,
-0.00796965230256319,
0.030303310602903366,
-0.012238201685249805,
-0.00033056907705031335,
0.0049715046770870686,
0.030066169798374176,
0.02891433797776699,
0.005937009584158659,
-0.020444994792342186,
0.03411451727151871,
-0.08123794198036194,
0.0006007940392009914,
-0.01646440289914608,
-0.009036789648234844,
-0.05084993690252304,
-0.029490254819393158,
0.004476048052310944,
-0.015837673097848892,
0.05467808246612549,
-0.010730658657848835,
0.008808117359876633,
-0.046716898679733276,
-0.00395094882696867,
0.05637194961309433,
0.0319802425801754,
0.039738159626722336,
0.0012989855604246259,
0.01471971906721592,
-0.022528452798724174,
0.03509695827960968,
0.012983503751456738,
-0.06789025664329529,
0.01768398843705654,
-0.02207110822200775,
-0.007643582299351692,
-0.0039869435131549835,
0.016523689031600952,
0.01820908859372139,
-0.0033432734198868275,
0.032234322279691696,
-0.04654751345515251,
-0.028185974806547165,
0.011950243264436722,
0.021258052438497543,
-0.02730516344308853,
0.01372880581766367,
-0.023985181003808975,
-0.023324571549892426,
-0.020529689267277718,
0.021308869123458862,
0.005293339490890503,
0.01363564282655716,
-0.0007881782948970795,
0.007541950326412916,
-0.02608557790517807,
-0.006953331176191568,
0.02547578513622284,
0.007431848905980587,
0.005310278385877609,
0.036011647433042526,
-0.0039551835507154465,
-0.05701562017202377,
-0.03807816654443741,
0.027847200632095337,
-0.040076933801174164,
0.009443317539989948,
0.025695988908410072,
0.02117335796356201,
0.02561129443347454,
-0.024510279297828674,
-0.012509220279753208,
-0.04820750281214714,
0.036723073571920395,
-0.025695988908410072,
-0.032471463084220886,
-0.0037053378764539957,
0.017853375524282455,
0.034080639481544495,
-0.0065595065243542194,
0.04793648421764374,
-0.006343538407236338,
-0.011196471750736237,
-0.009451786987483501,
-0.02986290492117405,
-0.019733570516109467,
-0.02127499133348465,
0.039839792996644974,
-0.01068831142038107,
-0.02132580615580082,
0.0056702252477407455,
-0.02207110822200775,
0.02925311215221882,
0.002894398057833314,
-0.040076933801174164,
0.040686726570129395,
0.014025232754647732,
0.01976744830608368,
0.02735598012804985,
0.030116984620690346,
-0.006203793920576572,
-0.011196471750736237,
-0.007245523389428854,
0.010908514261245728,
-0.003442788030952215,
0.019072961062192917,
0.009824438020586967,
-0.04539567977190018,
-0.028338422998785973,
0.00304896361194551,
0.012161977589130402,
-0.03651981055736542,
-0.006631495896726847,
-0.07412369549274445,
-0.044887520372867584,
-0.004188090562820435,
-0.011645346879959106,
-0.018903573974967003,
0.02032642439007759,
0.07642735540866852,
-0.0023692988324910402,
-0.025746803730726242,
0.01481288205832243,
-0.026644553989171982,
-0.022138863801956177,
-0.0034893695265054703,
0.050545040518045425,
-0.02991372160613537,
-0.0024158803280442953,
-0.014008293859660625,
-0.0179719477891922,
0.008638730272650719,
0.04075448215007782,
-0.006864402908831835,
-0.01886969804763794,
-0.012975034303963184,
0.05240829661488533,
0.02202029339969158,
-0.015558184124529362,
-0.025120072066783905,
-0.0024878697004169226,
0.005479665007442236,
-0.03282717615365982,
-0.01337309367954731,
0.020885400474071503,
-0.005538950674235821,
0.013068197295069695,
-0.0322512611746788,
-0.0018833702197298408,
0.040076933801174164,
0.03369104862213135,
0.02019091509282589,
-0.0010893692960962653,
-0.028406178578734398,
-0.03513083606958389,
-0.0010824879864230752,
0.0026424352545291185,
0.013432378880679607,
0.0034576095640659332,
0.03287799283862114,
-0.021444378420710564,
0.006716189440339804,
-0.02579762041568756,
0.0076986332423985004,
0.05599929764866829,
-0.022189680486917496,
0.033233702182769775,
-0.038992855697870255,
-0.051154833287000656,
-0.0011306573869660497
] |
One of the goals of causal inference is to generalize from past experiments
and observational data to novel conditions. While it is in principle possible
to eventually learn a mapping from a novel experimental condition to an outcome
of interest, provided a sufficient variety of experiments is available in the
training data, coping with a large combinatorial space of possible
interventions is hard. Under a typical sparse experimental design, this mapping
is ill-posed without relying on heavy regularization or prior distributions.
Such assumptions may or may not be reliable, and can be hard to defend or test.
In this paper, we take a close look at how to warrant a leap from past
experiments to novel conditions based on minimal assumptions about the
factorization of the distribution of the manipulated system, communicated in
the well-understood language of factor graph models. A postulated
$\textit{interventional factor model}$ (IFM) may not always be informative, but
it conveniently abstracts away a need for explicitly modeling unmeasured
confounding and feedback mechanisms, leading to directly testable claims. Given
an IFM and datasets from a collection of experimental regimes, we derive
conditions for identifiability of the expected outcomes of new regimes never
observed in these training data. We implement our framework using several
efficient algorithms, and apply them on a range of semi-synthetic experiments. | [
-0.023437658324837685,
0.022517429664731026,
-0.04172954708337784,
-0.021878903731703758,
0.01163431815803051,
-0.0030705586541444063,
-0.05656588822603226,
0.009775080718100071,
-0.05502591282129288,
0.019531382247805595,
0.030423883348703384,
-0.03620817884802818,
0.05367374047636986,
-0.004925101064145565,
-0.009221065789461136,
0.030743146315217018,
0.008976923301815987,
0.015615715645253658,
-0.011765779927372932,
-0.03891252353787422,
-0.012338574975728989,
-0.011916020885109901,
-0.04976746439933777,
0.007554325275123119,
0.03387943655252457,
0.037015724927186966,
-0.0037184746470302343,
-0.008474553935229778,
-0.052246447652578354,
0.046462152153253555,
0.030292421579360962,
0.02785099856555462,
-0.0385369174182415,
-0.05799318104982376,
-0.002993090311065316,
-0.010704699903726578,
-0.02394472248852253,
0.035344287753105164,
-0.03906276449561119,
0.07474509626626968,
-0.009483988396823406,
0.0308370478451252,
0.018545422703027725,
-0.006507330574095249,
-0.003746644826605916,
-0.006638791877776384,
-0.05592736229300499,
-0.02803880162537098,
-0.03160703554749489,
0.008418213576078415,
0.007361828349530697,
-0.05389910191297531,
0.046649955213069916,
0.00500961160287261,
0.0036316162440925837,
0.032677505165338516,
0.0026268770452588797,
-0.009253931231796741,
0.04473437741398811,
-0.023869602009654045,
-0.03594525530934334,
0.023343756794929504,
-0.04725091904401779,
-0.02818904258310795,
0.03312822803854942,
-0.034424059092998505,
-0.0008574323728680611,
0.0006520241731777787,
0.03940080851316452,
-0.015287062153220177,
-0.0047255614772439,
0.0238508228212595,
-0.004812419880181551,
-0.02428276650607586,
0.03335358947515488,
0.012704788707196712,
0.021090136840939522,
0.007667006459087133,
-0.0014918501256033778,
-0.013193072751164436,
0.0828581303358078,
0.010319706052541733,
-0.014873898588120937,
-0.0027700758073478937,
0.015202551148831844,
-0.025109093636274338,
0.02616078406572342,
-0.04619922861456871,
0.04999282583594322,
0.010056783445179462,
-0.004807724617421627,
-0.014535855501890182,
-0.017258981242775917,
0.0015892722876742482,
0.01098640263080597,
0.05525127425789833,
0.07016273587942123,
0.004457944072782993,
-0.038461796939373016,
-0.015240112319588661,
0.03357895091176033,
0.016855206340551376,
-0.015202551148831844,
-0.0031832396052777767,
0.02616078406572342,
-0.05130743607878685,
-0.028301723301410675,
0.04293147847056389,
0.04263099655508995,
0.18314427137374878,
-0.03327846899628639,
0.0026386145036667585,
-0.03849935904145241,
0.008944057859480381,
-0.008436993695795536,
0.027043452486395836,
-0.009136554785072803,
-0.06449112296104431,
0.04984258487820625,
-0.020489171147346497,
0.028207821771502495,
0.09157213568687439,
0.040152013301849365,
0.01052628830075264,
-0.023775700479745865,
0.0224047489464283,
-0.03585135191679001,
-0.027738317847251892,
0.03312822803854942,
0.015005359426140785,
0.0035048502031713724,
-0.00284284888766706,
0.021785002201795578,
0.016197901219129562,
0.041842229664325714,
-0.0303487628698349,
0.01893041655421257,
0.016141559928655624,
-0.008056694641709328,
-0.05577711760997772,
-0.03134411200881004,
-0.010422997176647186,
-0.027005892246961594,
0.026085663586854935,
0.012761129066348076,
-0.00787828303873539,
-0.004035389982163906,
0.07955282181501389,
-0.0033616512082517147,
0.019381141290068626,
-0.062650665640831,
0.054650310426950455,
-0.01137139555066824,
0.04984258487820625,
0.053636178374290466,
0.0013110910076647997,
0.02751295641064644,
-0.003331133397296071,
0.03327846899628639,
-0.011033352464437485,
0.04206759110093117,
-0.008005049079656601,
-0.06208725646138191,
0.05280985310673714,
0.04852797091007233,
0.02437666617333889,
0.004267794545739889,
-0.05596492066979408,
0.001929663005284965,
0.03425503894686699,
0.02905292995274067,
-0.0515328012406826,
-0.008624794892966747,
-0.04311928153038025,
0.008948753587901592,
0.05562687665224075,
0.0008075475343503058,
0.05386153981089592,
-0.03412357717752457,
-0.037447668612003326,
-0.038950081914663315,
-0.030949728563427925,
-0.020301368087530136,
0.0457485057413578,
0.046950437128543854,
0.06419064104557037,
0.096379853785038,
-0.023832041770219803,
0.04210515320301056,
-0.022479869425296783,
0.048678211867809296,
0.017474953085184097,
0.024733489379286766,
0.07508313655853271,
0.008474553935229778,
-0.02268645167350769,
-0.0563780851662159,
0.013981840573251247,
0.0058312444016337395,
0.01618851162493229,
-0.028940249234437943,
-0.06126093119382858,
0.022367188706994057,
0.0086670508608222,
0.0036856092046946287,
0.0011338531039655209,
0.052960094064474106,
-0.05750489607453346,
0.024151304736733437,
-0.048002127557992935,
-0.05074403062462807,
-0.0048875403590500355,
-0.0015082828467711806,
-0.052434246987104416,
0.008469859138131142,
-0.020733313634991646,
0.013418435119092464,
-0.02268645167350769,
-0.038950081914663315,
-0.01539035327732563,
0.01921211928129196,
-0.00292031723074615,
0.030029499903321266,
-0.03006706014275551,
0.06291358917951584,
0.0650545284152031,
0.011146034114062786,
-0.027400275692343712,
0.02803880162537098,
0.01754068396985531,
0.019183948636054993,
-0.00004970144073013216,
-0.017982017248868942,
0.010113123804330826,
0.0029837002512067556,
0.018357621505856514,
0.02148452028632164,
0.0051175975240767,
0.04018957540392876,
-0.026329804211854935,
0.008516808971762657,
-0.032207999378442764,
-0.0031386367045342922,
0.017859946936368942,
0.05288497358560562,
0.026480047032237053,
-0.013615626841783524,
0.06546769291162491,
0.08165620267391205,
0.06400283426046371,
-0.041842229664325714,
-0.03513770550489426,
0.015869248658418655,
0.006981529761105776,
-0.021033795550465584,
0.0505937896668911,
-0.01831066980957985,
-0.007812553085386753,
-0.0125263761729002,
-0.0169866681098938,
0.05100695416331291,
0.015211941674351692,
0.03609549626708031,
-0.0035048502031713724,
-0.0005786641268059611,
-0.029879258945584297,
0.08496151119470596,
-0.05543907731771469,
0.02216060645878315,
0.037072066217660904,
-0.04931673780083656,
-0.014179032295942307,
-0.005582407116889954,
-0.040302254259586334,
-0.023738140240311623,
-0.049354299902915955,
0.002615139354020357,
0.014122691005468369,
0.009225760586559772,
-0.011080303229391575,
-0.06535501033067703,
0.027738317847251892,
-0.03145679458975792,
0.03799229487776756,
0.028170261532068253,
-0.002974310191348195,
-0.005159853026270866,
-0.025353236123919487,
-0.05367374047636986,
-0.015981929376721382,
-0.004420383833348751,
0.007760907057672739,
-0.08218204230070114,
0.015211941674351692,
-0.011315055191516876,
0.014169641770422459,
-0.04946697875857353,
-0.016789475455880165,
0.035475749522447586,
0.05111963674426079,
-0.05712929368019104,
-0.019493822008371353,
0.029785357415676117,
0.026273464784026146,
-0.026235904544591904,
-0.004474376793950796,
0.02249864861369133,
0.06373991072177887,
0.014845727942883968,
-0.05570199713110924,
0.026761749759316444,
-0.0018815387738868594,
-0.015559375286102295,
-0.065993532538414,
0.0030024803709238768,
0.030705586075782776,
0.0015012401854619384,
-0.055138591676950455,
-0.032207999378442764,
-0.026724189519882202,
-0.021277938038110733,
-0.04788944497704506,
-0.07215343415737152,
0.009953492321074009,
-0.0011720003094524145,
-0.027738317847251892,
-0.029315853491425514,
0.04071541875600815,
0.00798626895993948,
0.009160030633211136,
-0.04905381798744202,
-0.047476280480623245,
0.010845551267266273,
-0.042893920093774796,
-0.0467250756919384,
-0.007798467762768269,
-0.04007689282298088,
0.004347610287368298,
-0.04056517779827118,
0.0032161050476133823,
0.037203527987003326,
-0.024001063778996468,
-0.013953669928014278,
-0.03365407511591911,
0.014113301411271095,
-0.03988908976316452,
-0.0040612127631902695,
-0.011277494952082634,
0.003077601082623005,
-0.02702467143535614,
0.0009548545349389315,
-0.05269717052578926,
0.0021902378648519516,
-0.0036457013338804245,
0.027400275692343712,
-0.005540151614695787,
-0.017991406843066216,
-0.007253842428326607,
0.008366568014025688,
-0.008840767666697502,
0.05694149062037468,
-0.05848146602511406,
-0.03767303004860878,
0.04488461837172508,
-0.11763901263475418,
0.015512424521148205,
0.0008216326241381466,
-0.028170261532068253,
-0.024940071627497673,
0.023231076076626778,
0.00786419864743948,
0.08518687635660172,
0.014873898588120937,
0.0014167294139042497,
-0.012648447416722775,
-0.004859370179474354,
-0.002436727751046419,
0.016723746433854103,
-0.00026497652288526297,
0.03891252353787422,
-0.01748434267938137,
-0.0228742528706789,
0.012704788707196712,
0.01960650272667408,
-0.0012641404755413532,
-0.020301368087530136,
-0.0028005936183035374,
0.02548469789326191,
-0.030236082151532173,
0.025597378611564636,
-0.0009108384838327765,
-0.06336431205272675,
-0.008986313827335835,
-0.011192983947694302,
-0.03117509000003338,
-0.04691287502646446,
0.00025632005417719483,
-0.04514754191040993,
0.06824715435504913,
0.03536307066679001,
0.02905292995274067,
-0.0092774061486125,
-0.031231431290507317,
0.047138240188360214,
0.022085485979914665,
-0.00526314415037632,
0.01486450806260109,
0.023963503539562225,
0.015888027846813202,
0.025803960859775543,
0.00500961160287261,
-0.01163431815803051,
0.0015798822278156877,
-0.01288320031017065,
0.020583070814609528,
0.05450006574392319,
-0.09157213568687439,
0.014225982129573822,
0.03312822803854942,
0.01926845870912075,
-0.0003157416940666735,
-0.018197989091277122,
0.06817203760147095,
-0.004896930418908596,
-0.029935598373413086,
-0.005582407116889954,
0.017212029546499252,
-0.015493644401431084,
-0.04601142928004265,
0.009009788744151592,
0.04071541875600815,
-0.001693736994639039,
0.0002731928543653339,
-0.02788855880498886,
0.006178677547723055,
0.00854028481990099,
0.026555167511105537,
0.021033795550465584,
-0.057204414159059525,
-0.021165257319808006,
0.015287062153220177,
-0.01834823004901409,
-0.053636178374290466,
0.012639057822525501,
-0.03857447952032089,
-0.04567338526248932,
0.010056783445179462,
-0.05844390392303467,
0.017277760431170464,
-0.0009548545349389315,
-0.08390982449054718,
0.05656588822603226,
-0.06291358917951584,
-0.020000886172056198,
0.025315675884485245,
0.017221421003341675,
0.015775347128510475,
-0.025653718039393425,
0.03943836688995361,
-0.013615626841783524,
-0.007051955442875624,
0.031137529760599136,
-0.014010010287165642,
-0.013193072751164436,
-0.010394826531410217,
0.03168215602636337,
-0.08368445932865143,
0.01471426710486412,
-0.017953846603631973,
0.03391699492931366,
0.037165965884923935,
-0.004650440998375416,
-0.06411551684141159,
-0.015193161554634571,
0.03140045329928398,
0.0611858107149601,
0.018432741984725,
-0.06201213598251343,
0.08421030640602112,
-0.04687531664967537,
0.026705408468842506,
0.03232068195939064,
0.026724189519882202,
-0.05483810976147652,
0.00008707839151611552,
-0.004587057512253523,
0.0013463037321344018,
0.020507950335741043,
0.017183860763907433,
0.01813225820660591,
-0.017709704115986824,
-0.04792700707912445,
0.027719538658857346,
0.02154085971415043,
0.001984829781576991,
-0.040677860379219055,
-0.036677680909633636,
-0.03699694573879242,
0.030724365264177322,
-0.015737786889076233,
0.06948664784431458,
-0.010854940861463547,
-0.018047748133540154,
0.01232918445020914,
0.0020153475925326347,
0.006267883349210024,
0.01370952744036913,
-0.02929707244038582,
0.032977987080812454,
0.01300527062267065,
-0.0008574323728680611,
-0.01748434267938137,
0.03025486133992672,
-0.00844638328999281,
0.02225450798869133,
-0.028677327558398247,
-0.023155955597758293,
-0.020000886172056198,
0.039288125932216644,
0.03632085770368576,
0.005507286172360182,
-0.020770873874425888,
-0.018789565190672874,
0.028827568516135216,
-0.02957877516746521,
0.05228400602936745,
0.03985153138637543,
-0.019831864163279533,
0.05183328315615654,
-0.01578473672270775,
0.061486292630434036,
0.03917544335126877,
-0.0033945166505873203,
-0.03459308296442032,
0.04071541875600815,
-0.011502857320010662,
0.02311839535832405,
0.02899659052491188,
-0.018244938924908638,
-0.02785099856555462,
-0.009822031483054161,
0.008221021853387356,
0.0013275236124172807,
0.0395134873688221,
0.009488683193922043,
-0.004227886907756329,
0.042893920093774796,
0.017493732273578644,
0.017737874761223793,
-0.008577845059335232,
0.006587146315723658,
0.01813225820660591,
-0.011662488803267479,
0.037316206842660904,
0.021090136840939522,
-0.0334850512444973,
-0.029541214928030968,
-0.02197280526161194,
-0.02013234794139862,
-0.004934491124004126,
0.03887496143579483,
-0.012742348946630955,
0.000008835301741783042,
0.028846347704529762,
-0.009643619880080223,
0.0073289633728563786,
-0.011230544187128544,
0.020320149138569832,
-0.04995526373386383,
0.007944013923406601,
-0.007742126937955618,
0.030649244785308838,
-0.03078070655465126,
-0.015512424521148205,
0.018536033108830452,
0.03203897923231125,
0.025653718039393425,
-0.04616167023777962,
-0.024357886984944344,
-0.015549984760582447,
0.017550073564052582,
-0.01988820545375347,
0.009671789593994617,
0.0380486324429512,
-0.0028334588278084993,
0.04225539416074753,
-0.02283669263124466,
-0.030461443588137627,
-0.0047255614772439,
0.022817911580204964,
-0.04736360162496567,
0.06467892229557037,
-0.012667227536439896,
0.012197723612189293,
-0.01449829526245594,
0.01844213157892227,
0.0233625378459692,
-0.0013779953587800264,
0.008878327906131744,
-0.01572839729487896,
-0.0048218099400401115,
-0.015963148325681686,
-0.020357709378004074,
0.009441732428967953,
-0.02924073301255703,
0.03001071885228157,
-0.02206670492887497,
-0.03059290535748005,
0.02509031444787979,
0.013531115837395191,
0.00912716519087553,
-0.037072066217660904,
0.01741861179471016,
-0.002071687951683998,
0.017193250358104706,
-0.0006262014503590763,
0.03059290535748005,
-0.007108296267688274,
-0.02452690899372101,
-0.014075741171836853,
0.060622405260801315,
-0.007089516147971153,
0.056340523064136505,
0.00040171967702917755,
-0.02249864861369133,
-0.002518890891224146,
-0.04296904057264328,
-0.012610887177288532,
-0.017503123730421066,
0.015108650550246239,
-0.014160252176225185,
-0.009169420227408409,
-0.00792523380368948,
-0.032301899045705795,
0.042180273681879044,
-0.02056429162621498,
-0.02422642521560192,
0.020451610907912254,
0.007009700406342745,
0.04341976344585419,
-0.0045612347312271595,
0.032207999378442764,
-0.012498206458985806,
0.022817911580204964,
0.0029226646292954683,
-0.0028005936183035374,
0.050218187272548676,
-0.027475396171212196,
0.018273109570145607,
0.02976657636463642,
0.021935245022177696,
0.07579678297042847,
0.02852708473801613,
0.03560721129179001,
-0.0017043008701875806,
-0.0034320768900215626,
0.023907162249088287,
0.01566266641020775,
0.006967444904148579,
0.000765878998208791,
0.028207821771502495,
0.009554414078593254,
0.04300659894943237,
-0.030386323109269142,
0.027813438326120377,
-0.012742348946630955,
0.03575745224952698,
0.008469859138131142,
-0.003988439682871103,
0.04830260947346687,
0.033992115408182144,
-0.012901980429887772,
-0.06005899980664253,
0.04060273617506027,
0.018573593348264694,
-0.04086565971374512,
-0.007051955442875624,
0.06152385100722313,
0.011822120286524296,
-0.06633158028125763,
-0.01074226014316082,
-0.018122868612408638,
0.005990875884890556,
0.012498206458985806,
0.0006936927093192935,
-0.0020576028618961573,
0.01466731633991003,
0.003136289305984974,
-0.0016702618449926376,
0.013568676076829433,
0.00949807371944189,
-0.026217123493552208,
0.02022624760866165,
0.008779731579124928,
-0.033503830432891846,
-0.03395455703139305,
-0.0073054879903793335,
-0.012714178301393986,
0.026968330144882202,
0.05085671320557594,
-0.050556231290102005,
0.006136422045528889,
-0.01677069626748562,
0.008868937380611897,
0.046612393110990524,
-0.05318545550107956,
0.022554989904165268,
-0.0171087384223938,
-0.024639589712023735,
0.0026738273445516825,
-0.0021186384838074446,
-0.002608096692711115,
0.012723568826913834,
0.002753643086180091,
0.007859502919018269,
0.023681800812482834,
0.04563582316040993,
-0.02674296870827675,
0.004425078630447388,
0.007540240418165922,
0.0674583911895752,
-0.034949906170368195,
-0.010620188899338245,
-0.007882978767156601,
0.025259334594011307,
0.01689276657998562,
0.0012946582864969969,
-0.007540240418165922,
0.01695849746465683,
0.0024179473984986544,
-0.0051551577635109425,
-0.03748523071408272,
0.02770075760781765,
-0.002071687951683998,
0.018357621505856514,
0.02345643751323223,
-0.01921211928129196,
0.017897507175803185,
-0.020057227462530136,
-0.002436727751046419,
0.019813084974884987,
0.0045659299939870834,
0.02210426516830921,
-0.006080081686377525,
-0.01941870152950287,
0.02043282985687256,
-0.014329273253679276,
0.003920361399650574,
-0.017230810597538948,
-0.01941870152950287,
0.05145768076181412,
-0.013193072751164436,
0.029785357415676117,
-0.0034485096111893654,
-0.021221596747636795,
0.010310315527021885,
0.03551331162452698,
-0.020357709378004074,
0.016488993540406227,
-0.018291890621185303,
0.008732781745493412,
0.028977809473872185,
0.031907517462968826,
-0.0031597644556313753,
0.07196562737226486,
0.0094511229544878,
-0.07256659865379333,
-0.016545334830880165,
0.030705586075782776,
-0.040828101336956024,
-0.003746644826605916,
0.05164548009634018,
0.014704876579344273,
-0.004812419880181551,
-0.00014877419744152576,
-0.005408690311014652,
-0.01597253791987896,
-0.01975674368441105,
0.016789475455880165,
-0.01689276657998562,
0.030949728563427925,
-0.019681623205542564,
0.03502502664923668,
0.0004067081608809531,
-0.017155690118670464,
0.00422553950920701,
-0.027005892246961594,
-0.03618939593434334,
0.038461796939373016,
0.020845994353294373,
0.008159985765814781,
0.011587368324398994,
0.005159853026270866,
-0.035194046795368195,
0.03269628435373306,
-0.026724189519882202,
-0.030480224639177322,
-0.02567249909043312,
-0.02317473664879799,
-0.03958860784769058,
-0.02905292995274067,
-0.050368428230285645,
-0.001403818023391068,
0.00846516340970993,
-0.005615272093564272,
-0.030705586075782776,
0.024583248421549797,
-0.04105346277356148,
0.02548469789326191,
0.0014190769288688898,
0.012507596053183079,
0.029109271243214607,
0.016150949522852898,
0.01026336569339037,
-0.007601275574415922,
-0.012056872248649597,
-0.017681535333395004,
0.02071453258395195,
0.0002866910945158452,
-0.04349488392472267,
-0.0626130998134613,
-0.0717778280377388,
0.040677860379219055,
-0.0354006290435791,
0.03464942425489426,
-0.0313253328204155,
-0.03198263794183731,
-0.03440527990460396,
0.05096939578652382,
-0.04616167023777962,
0.03541940823197365,
0.03737254813313484,
-0.020451610907912254,
-0.00008333702862728387,
-0.027757098898291588,
0.03487478569149971,
-0.025597378611564636,
-0.035569652915000916,
0.016798866912722588,
0.02157841995358467,
0.015934977680444717,
-0.044396333396434784,
-0.03337237238883972,
-0.034517962485551834,
0.03977641090750694,
0.006089471746236086,
0.015324622392654419,
0.03699694573879242,
-0.015719005838036537,
-0.002741905627772212,
0.015033530071377754,
0.007610665634274483,
0.0037865526974201202,
0.03680914267897606,
0.008488639257848263,
-0.005901670083403587,
0.00824919156730175,
0.041504185646772385,
0.0032184524461627007,
0.007155246566981077,
0.017559463158249855,
0.009859591722488403,
0.018892856314778328,
-0.05198352411389351,
-0.0019402267644181848,
0.016141559928655624,
-0.007371218409389257,
-0.07504557818174362,
0.01209443248808384,
-0.04473437741398811,
-0.027099791914224625,
0.0018850601045414805,
-0.010545068420469761,
0.05615272372961044,
-0.013794038444757462,
0.035194046795368195,
0.044433895498514175,
-0.007047260645776987,
-0.018273109570145607,
-0.017287150025367737,
-0.0007517938502132893,
0.03431138023734093,
0.07583434879779816,
-0.05919511243700981,
0.04086565971374512,
0.026179563254117966,
-0.00014341891801450402,
-0.03387943655252457,
-0.006826593540608883,
-0.02736271545290947,
0.001512977876700461,
0.011061523109674454,
-0.025503477081656456,
-0.011671878397464752,
0.014244762249290943,
0.021653542295098305,
-0.02157841995358467,
-0.004812419880181551,
0.011756389401853085,
0.0032959207892417908,
-0.0027677281759679317,
-0.030367542058229446,
0.006662266794592142,
-0.009591974318027496,
0.023869602009654045,
-0.013521726243197918,
0.03502502664923668,
0.014902068302035332,
0.02157841995358467,
-0.003659786656498909,
-0.0011960624251514673,
-0.0011426563141867518,
-0.014066350646317005,
-0.03733498603105545,
0.05949559435248375,
0.008422908373177052,
-0.04018957540392876,
-0.008056694641709328,
-0.020676972344517708,
0.004420383833348751,
-0.009202285669744015,
0.04649971425533295,
0.019531382247805595,
0.033691633492708206,
0.0233625378459692,
0.008699916303157806,
0.04924161732196808,
0.03943836688995361,
0.012704788707196712,
0.034856002777814865,
-0.03819887712597847,
0.03121265023946762,
0.029259512200951576,
-0.000293146789772436,
0.026329804211854935,
0.028583426028490067,
-0.04311928153038025,
0.01613217033445835,
0.0018803649581968784,
-0.012535766698420048,
-0.021259156987071037,
0.02351277880370617,
0.03628329932689667,
0.022949373349547386,
-0.0018075918778777122,
-0.000720689189620316,
0.02003844641149044,
0.02456446923315525,
-0.0038405456580221653,
0.01281746942549944,
-0.005784293636679649,
-0.011606148444116116,
0.04601142928004265,
-0.012169552966952324,
-0.028151482343673706,
0.0003626921388786286,
-0.01211321260780096,
0.00026482981047593057,
-0.04225539416074753,
0.042368073016405106,
0.02154085971415043,
-0.003230190137401223,
-0.006117641925811768,
-0.023531559854745865,
-0.0056246621534228325,
0.012432475574314594,
-0.032020196318626404,
-0.04195491224527359,
-0.01286442019045353,
0.004791291896253824,
-0.015183771029114723,
-0.012376135215163231,
0.0017148647457361221,
0.03145679458975792,
0.03185117617249489,
0.005239668767899275,
0.02321229688823223,
-0.008235106244683266,
-0.04830260947346687,
-0.008986313827335835,
0.055664438754320145,
-0.013071001507341862,
0.03763547167181969,
0.03218922019004822,
-0.01377525832504034,
-0.010704699903726578,
0.01334331464022398,
-0.03579501435160637,
-0.017033617943525314,
-0.011136643588542938,
-0.015446693636476994,
-0.008098950609564781,
0.022573770955204964,
-0.05288497358560562,
-0.03508136793971062,
-0.023287417367100716,
0.012967710383236408,
-0.02099623531103134,
0.002936749951913953,
0.0014648536453023553,
-0.037447668612003326,
0.0007453382131643593,
0.022911813110113144,
0.04022713378071785,
0.04879089444875717,
-0.014441954903304577,
0.04266855865716934,
0.010629578493535519,
0.009160030633211136,
0.021446960046887398,
0.018582982942461967,
-0.04860309138894081,
0.002504805801436305,
-0.011512246914207935,
-0.038799840956926346,
-0.03468698263168335,
-0.04022713378071785,
-0.012432475574314594,
0.014770607464015484,
-0.05288497358560562,
0.03834911808371544,
-0.05859414488077164,
-0.04454657435417175,
-0.034611862152814865
] |
Collaborative Mobile Crowd Sensing (CMCS) enhances data quality and coverage
by promoting teamwork in task sensing, with worker recruitment representing a
complex multi-objective optimization problem. Existing strategies mainly focus
on the characteristics of workers themselves, neglecting the asymmetric trust
relationships between them, which affects the rationality of task utility
evaluation. To address this, this paper first employs the Mini-Batch K-Means
clustering algorithm and deploys edge servers to enable efficient distributed
worker recruitment. Historical data and task requirements are utilized to
obtain workers' ability types and distances. A trust-directed graph in the
worker's social network is input into the Graph Convolutional Network (GCN)
framework for training, capturing asymmetric trustworthiness between worker
pairs. Privacy leakage is prevented in CMCS scenarios through high trust values
between workers. Ultimately, an undirected recruitment graph is constructed
using workers' abilities, trust values, and distance weights, transforming the
worker recruitment problem into a Maximum Weight Average Subgraph Problem
(MWASP). A Tabu Search Recruitment (TSR) algorithm is proposed to rationally
recruit a balanced multi-objective optimal task utility worker set for each
task. Extensive simulation experiments on four real-world datasets demonstrate
the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, outperforming other strategies. | [
-0.005748644005507231,
-0.04770072549581528,
-0.029338549822568893,
-0.03523602709174156,
0.03116174414753914,
0.029133904725313187,
-0.007804389111697674,
0.03049200028181076,
-0.05477025359869003,
0.047403059899806976,
-0.009036906063556671,
-0.07769041508436203,
-0.03367328643798828,
-0.03594297915697098,
-0.019022617489099503,
0.040296319872140884,
0.02254807949066162,
-0.018511006608605385,
0.028203703463077545,
-0.04539382457733154,
0.02115277759730816,
-0.01412975788116455,
0.03588716685771942,
0.011357758194208145,
0.02016676403582096,
-0.012660039588809013,
0.026492133736610413,
-0.018948201090097427,
-0.06701170653104782,
0.022194603458046913,
0.033915139734745026,
0.01842728815972805,
-0.0007273011724464595,
-0.09726185351610184,
-0.005464932881295681,
-0.03918008133769035,
0.07184875011444092,
0.025022415444254875,
-0.055551622062921524,
0.019329583272337914,
-0.008129959926009178,
-0.002365036867558956,
0.012492603622376919,
-0.005581208039075136,
0.030771059915423393,
-0.052835434675216675,
-0.035998791456222534,
-0.0306780394166708,
0.010139194317162037,
0.0153390197083354,
0.048705343157052994,
-0.02241785265505314,
0.017059892416000366,
-0.03196171671152115,
-0.025375891476869583,
0.054100509732961655,
0.0249479990452528,
0.026287488639354706,
0.039477743208408356,
0.03795221447944641,
0.02414802648127079,
0.0006982323830015957,
-0.04174743592739105,
-0.023106200620532036,
-0.0054416777566075325,
-0.02509683184325695,
-0.011692631058394909,
0.025543328374624252,
0.016008764505386353,
-0.044389206916093826,
-0.036612723022699356,
0.05499350279569626,
-0.005102154333144426,
-0.034566279500722885,
-0.024538710713386536,
0.07058367878198624,
0.05224010720849037,
0.038045234978199005,
-0.023701529949903488,
-0.02305038832128048,
0.018148228526115417,
0.03858475014567375,
0.009171784855425358,
0.02448289841413498,
0.09361546486616135,
-0.027124671265482903,
-0.03354306146502495,
-0.08989465981721878,
-0.004223113879561424,
0.02254807949066162,
-0.040445152670145035,
0.018399382010102272,
-0.01293910015374422,
0.011869369074702263,
0.024259651079773903,
-0.0159064419567585,
-0.004676586948335171,
-0.033115167170763016,
-0.08788542449474335,
0.007134644314646721,
0.0011976342648267746,
-0.02543170377612114,
0.03441745042800903,
-0.01587853580713272,
0.02863159589469433,
-0.02892926149070263,
-0.016585489735007286,
0.050416912883520126,
0.03021293878555298,
0.1296328604221344,
0.00021234752784948796,
0.006283510010689497,
0.023868966847658157,
0.04182185232639313,
-0.09220155328512192,
0.006167234852910042,
-0.030250146985054016,
-0.05811898037791252,
-0.007511375937610865,
-0.021189985796809196,
-0.0219341479241848,
0.033282604068517685,
-0.053281933069229126,
-0.02878042869269848,
-0.04144977033138275,
0.0034603490494191647,
-0.028017664328217506,
0.009353173896670341,
0.023943381384015083,
-0.013227462768554688,
0.05625857785344124,
0.025673557072877884,
0.013636751100420952,
-0.012092617340385914,
0.051868025213479996,
0.005185872316360474,
0.0814112201333046,
0.06500247120857239,
-0.014436724595725536,
-0.00787415448576212,
-0.008046241477131844,
-0.017218027263879776,
-0.021989960223436356,
0.03320818766951561,
-0.002335968194529414,
0.02958040125668049,
-0.013841396197676659,
0.05718877911567688,
-0.02686421386897564,
0.0530586838722229,
-0.036761555820703506,
0.03322679176926613,
-0.004516127519309521,
0.010548482649028301,
-0.0009319454547949135,
0.010501973330974579,
-0.0010470579145476222,
-0.06425830721855164,
0.0018545888597145677,
-0.003385932883247733,
0.03622204065322876,
-0.012697247788310051,
0.031217556446790695,
0.017990093678236008,
0.011125207878649235,
0.013087932951748371,
0.02574797347187996,
0.03372909873723984,
-0.05398888513445854,
0.052835434675216675,
-0.013032120652496815,
-0.0022882951889187098,
-0.019478416070342064,
0.010418254882097244,
0.051719192415475845,
0.027571167796850204,
0.044575247913599014,
-0.037431299686431885,
0.02971062995493412,
0.003167335409671068,
-0.01001826860010624,
-0.010213610716164112,
0.030064105987548828,
0.01032523438334465,
0.0553283765912056,
-0.008315999992191792,
0.04907742142677307,
0.0021022548899054527,
-0.00599514739587903,
0.017376160249114037,
0.0017197097185999155,
0.026808401569724083,
0.08729009330272675,
-0.019013315439224243,
0.03970099240541458,
-0.03469650819897652,
-0.004985879175364971,
0.033766306936740875,
0.022622495889663696,
-0.023552697151899338,
-0.07501143217086792,
-0.019031919538974762,
0.053654011338949203,
-0.0057998052798211575,
0.03443605452775955,
-0.046324025839567184,
0.04304971918463707,
-0.012362375855445862,
-0.018817972391843796,
-0.041226521134376526,
-0.023478280752897263,
-0.017413368448615074,
0.015627382323145866,
0.02412942238152027,
0.016808737069368362,
-0.00819042231887579,
0.0593840517103672,
0.03465929999947548,
0.01270654983818531,
0.02210158295929432,
0.010548482649028301,
0.0008261350449174643,
0.063625767827034,
-0.004367295186966658,
0.0044579897075891495,
-0.006864885799586773,
0.03925449773669243,
0.043272964656353,
-0.034231409430503845,
-0.019273770973086357,
-0.015348321758210659,
0.013236764818429947,
-0.010874053463339806,
0.0014941358240321279,
0.02146904729306698,
-0.03865916654467583,
0.013060026802122593,
0.0006546291988343,
-0.02496660314500332,
0.012492603622376919,
-0.005781201180070639,
-0.017097100615501404,
-0.029989691451191902,
-0.017915677279233932,
0.11891693621873856,
0.012557717971503735,
-0.07769041508436203,
0.03516161069273949,
-0.0011487986193969846,
-0.03828708827495575,
-0.037449903786182404,
-0.0054416777566075325,
-0.018371475860476494,
-0.006367227993905544,
0.01908773183822632,
0.0476263090968132,
0.0249479990452528,
-0.06783027946949005,
0.02556193247437477,
-0.059681717306375504,
0.04896579682826996,
-0.003967308439314365,
-0.055365584790706635,
0.01970166340470314,
-0.015934348106384277,
-0.002960365731269121,
0.05581207945942879,
-0.008376463316380978,
0.039142873138189316,
0.009036906063556671,
-0.06325369328260422,
-0.06128166243433952,
-0.035012777894735336,
-0.045840322971343994,
-0.015385529957711697,
-0.013748375698924065,
0.004041724838316441,
-0.07702066749334335,
-0.023310845717787743,
0.03929170221090317,
0.047254227101802826,
0.02507822774350643,
0.03384072333574295,
-0.004134744871407747,
-0.033747702836990356,
-0.018678443506360054,
-0.009008999913930893,
-0.04576590657234192,
-0.018669141456484795,
-0.04025911167263985,
-0.036612723022699356,
-0.053430765867233276,
0.010678711347281933,
0.03683597221970558,
0.07196037471294403,
-0.03129197284579277,
0.0022789931390434504,
0.003065013326704502,
0.022213207557797432,
-0.005302147474139929,
0.015152979642152786,
0.00500448327511549,
0.002537124091759324,
0.011618214659392834,
0.020278388634324074,
0.038212671875953674,
0.014315797947347164,
0.009869435802102089,
-0.011348456144332886,
-0.0667884573340416,
0.05432375892996788,
-0.026082845404744148,
-0.048072803765535355,
-0.032184965908527374,
-0.0015627382090315223,
0.032817501574754715,
0.05863989144563675,
-0.003095244988799095,
-0.031998924911022186,
-0.02256668359041214,
0.010129892267286777,
-0.00504169100895524,
-0.1046290472149849,
0.053802844136953354,
0.015413436107337475,
0.02305038832128048,
0.022752724587917328,
0.04063119366765022,
0.005776550155133009,
0.026492133736610413,
-0.03858475014567375,
-0.023887570947408676,
-0.033115167170763016,
-0.017069194465875626,
0.030882684513926506,
0.023720134049654007,
0.007488120812922716,
0.055402789264917374,
-0.011255435645580292,
0.04401712492108345,
-0.015190187841653824,
0.010585690848529339,
-0.07426727563142776,
0.0565190315246582,
-0.007985778152942657,
-0.0003450465446803719,
0.015785517171025276,
-0.0036673187278211117,
0.09101089835166931,
-0.02446429431438446,
0.0010644991416484118,
-0.02271551638841629,
0.008353208191692829,
0.010641503147780895,
0.04178464412689209,
-0.0023789899423718452,
-0.01558087207376957,
-0.021673690527677536,
-0.017543597146868706,
-0.014939033426344395,
-0.000924968917388469,
-0.027515355497598648,
-0.043272964656353,
-0.0014429747825488448,
-0.011869369074702263,
-0.005883523263037205,
-0.008548550307750702,
0.00624165078625083,
0.0031231509055942297,
-0.010632201097905636,
-0.032482631504535675,
0.05436096712946892,
0.018352871760725975,
0.007678811904042959,
-0.06377460062503815,
-0.015059959143400192,
0.005446328781545162,
0.008734590373933315,
-0.025320079177618027,
0.03670574352145195,
0.02446429431438446,
-0.018055208027362823,
0.0378405898809433,
0.01873425394296646,
0.005548650864511728,
0.07902990281581879,
0.021543461829423904,
0.02749675139784813,
-0.006376530043780804,
0.09182947129011154,
-0.022455060854554176,
-0.017218027263879776,
-0.02571076527237892,
-0.03683597221970558,
0.04308692365884781,
-0.022027166560292244,
0.0020348154939711094,
-0.019664455205202103,
0.025766577571630478,
-0.032817501574754715,
-0.05224010720849037,
0.0314222015440464,
0.021022550761699677,
0.05845385044813156,
0.017506388947367668,
-0.02446429431438446,
0.013562335632741451,
-0.025803783908486366,
-0.03475232049822807,
-0.01166472490876913,
0.006399785168468952,
-0.03387793153524399,
-0.02176671102643013,
0.02016676403582096,
0.014808804728090763,
0.03380351513624191,
-0.040445152670145035,
0.00842762365937233,
0.0069904630072414875,
-0.029654817655682564,
0.007181154098361731,
-0.019022617489099503,
0.08505760878324509,
0.010994980111718178,
0.009897341951727867,
0.04978437349200249,
-0.010185704566538334,
-0.023943381384015083,
-0.008399717509746552,
-0.0074974228627979755,
0.044426415115594864,
0.02366432175040245,
-0.012167033739387989,
-0.01413905993103981,
0.02619447000324726,
-0.020873717963695526,
0.007055576890707016,
0.0381382554769516,
-0.01382279209792614,
-0.05309589207172394,
-0.010874053463339806,
0.005092852283269167,
-0.06660241633653641,
-0.05160756781697273,
-0.023124804720282555,
-0.04304971918463707,
0.014752993360161781,
-0.017041288316249847,
-0.018855180591344833,
-0.00006551379192387685,
-0.06228628009557724,
0.02427825517952442,
-0.06403505802154541,
-0.002809208119288087,
0.024538710713386536,
-0.04956112802028656,
0.01071591954678297,
-0.0233666580170393,
-0.002127835527062416,
-0.011636818759143353,
-0.015469248406589031,
0.042640428990125656,
0.017534295096993446,
-0.009036906063556671,
-0.043124131858348846,
0.04855651035904884,
-0.058863140642642975,
-0.011087999679148197,
0.00858110748231411,
0.02431546337902546,
-0.004855650942772627,
-0.037096429616212845,
0.05785852298140526,
-0.005269590299576521,
0.01200889889150858,
0.04323575645685196,
0.014018134213984013,
-0.04621240124106407,
-0.033933743834495544,
-0.004878906067460775,
-0.02111556939780712,
0.00986013375222683,
-0.009822925552725792,
-0.01214842963963747,
0.04014749079942703,
-0.011953086592257023,
-0.003218496683984995,
-0.022287623956799507,
-0.025134040042757988,
-0.017906375229358673,
0.04163581132888794,
0.005771899130195379,
0.027515355497598648,
-0.027757206931710243,
-0.0435706302523613,
-0.0021999261807650328,
-0.017887771129608154,
-0.004595194477587938,
0.039663784205913544,
-0.02985946275293827,
-0.02463173121213913,
-0.036947596818208694,
0.01713430881500244,
0.056146953254938126,
-0.020278388634324074,
-0.0019906307570636272,
0.047737933695316315,
0.0008459018426947296,
-0.002015048637986183,
-0.006869536824524403,
0.06072354316711426,
0.07147666811943054,
0.0005598649149760604,
-0.00786020141094923,
-0.0003151056880597025,
0.04096606746315956,
-0.002065046923235059,
-0.005418422631919384,
-0.015469248406589031,
0.01654828153550625,
0.010315932333469391,
-0.010269423015415668,
-0.023068992421030998,
-0.022473664954304695,
-0.024185234680771828,
0.030454792082309723,
0.001653432846069336,
0.034250013530254364,
-0.0018778439844027162,
-0.05927242711186409,
-0.010306630283594131,
0.0327058769762516,
-0.009748510085046291,
-0.031068723648786545,
0.010111288167536259,
0.014827408827841282,
-0.0187714621424675,
0.01073452364653349,
-0.04461245611310005,
-0.03653830662369728,
0.022436456754803658,
0.06530013680458069,
-0.025394495576620102,
0.02321782521903515,
0.019459811970591545,
0.03824988007545471,
0.014808804728090763,
-0.055402789264917374,
0.010911261662840843,
0.04539382457733154,
-0.022771328687667847,
0.0008935746736824512,
-0.0037370838690549135,
-0.04066840186715126,
-0.033766306936740875,
-0.03730107471346855,
-0.01795288547873497,
-0.027719998732209206,
-0.02079930156469345,
-0.015794819220900536,
-0.037115033715963364,
0.007697416003793478,
0.03605460375547409,
0.0016743623418733478,
0.015162281692028046,
0.012408886104822159,
-0.01429719477891922,
0.0587887242436409,
-0.009329919703304768,
0.018873784691095352,
-0.0019185402197763324,
-0.020110953599214554,
-0.033115167170763016,
-0.0021906241308897734,
0.020743489265441895,
0.024222442880272865,
0.019813288003206253,
0.022492267191410065,
-0.011162416078150272,
-0.008762496523559093,
-0.004455664195120335,
0.00695325480774045,
0.029208321124315262,
0.0361662283539772,
0.04055677726864815,
-0.008990395814180374,
-0.016157597303390503,
-0.025506120175123215,
-0.0023115503136068583,
-0.029747838154435158,
0.019738871604204178,
0.02016676403582096,
-0.03080826811492443,
-0.00004545632327790372,
0.033115167170763016,
-0.02465033531188965,
0.018483100458979607,
-0.01892959699034691,
0.05834222584962845,
-0.06463038921356201,
-0.017050590366125107,
0.037226658314466476,
0.013292577117681503,
0.026287488639354706,
0.008729939348995686,
-0.0028859495650976896,
0.026082845404744148,
0.018306361511349678,
-0.0021103941835463047,
0.015162281692028046,
0.004262647591531277,
0.0195156242698431,
0.04766351729631424,
-0.021022550761699677,
0.004090560134500265,
0.02591540850698948,
0.06023983657360077,
-0.014808804728090763,
-0.0014615788822993636,
-0.02619447000324726,
0.017450576648116112,
-0.008460180833935738,
0.03795221447944641,
0.02130161039531231,
0.006548617500811815,
-0.034863945096731186,
-0.031887300312519073,
-0.05320751667022705,
-0.009013650938868523,
0.025320079177618027,
-0.05547720566391945,
0.015059959143400192,
0.01811102032661438,
-0.01826915331184864,
-0.023571301251649857,
0.014008832164108753,
-0.011785650625824928,
0.03984982520341873,
-0.02937575802206993,
0.023385262116789818,
0.0053067984990775585,
0.008474133908748627,
-0.02446429431438446,
0.06418389081954956,
-0.014353006146848202,
0.01908773183822632,
-0.01892029494047165,
-0.003067338839173317,
0.00719510717317462,
-0.003388258395716548,
0.025766577571630478,
0.02747814729809761,
0.0005618997383862734,
0.005809107329696417,
-0.02399919368326664,
-0.03229659050703049,
0.02762698009610176,
0.007911362685263157,
-0.01970166340470314,
-0.010371744632720947,
0.05212848260998726,
-0.045989152044057846,
0.018064510077238083,
0.016911059617996216,
0.032464027404785156,
0.03951495140790939,
0.001540645956993103,
0.024222442880272865,
0.002827811986207962,
0.05357959493994713,
-0.03542206808924675,
0.033412832766771317,
-0.04256601259112358,
0.030250146985054016,
-0.012892590835690498,
-0.03052920661866665,
-0.02511543594300747,
0.0037045266944915056,
-0.02905949018895626,
-0.005548650864511728,
0.01358093973249197,
-0.0042045097798109055,
0.005213778465986252,
-0.02476195991039276,
-0.005013785324990749,
-0.022455060854554176,
-0.011404268443584442,
0.02079930156469345,
0.008976442739367485,
-0.0032789597753435373,
-0.01200889889150858,
0.011646120809018612,
0.020092349499464035,
-0.010185704566538334,
-0.00551609368994832,
0.02587820030748844,
-0.023106200620532036,
-0.0013906509848311543,
0.02225041575729847,
0.01891099289059639,
-0.01796218752861023,
-0.0233666580170393,
-0.04513336718082428,
0.04014749079942703,
-0.014194872230291367,
0.05990496650338173,
-0.0081020537763834,
0.0205016378313303,
-0.03469650819897652,
-0.007069529965519905,
-0.0019522600341588259,
0.01876216009259224,
-0.017683127894997597,
0.02859438955783844,
0.05436096712946892,
-0.02526426874101162,
-0.01636224053800106,
0.014455328695476055,
-0.0181296244263649,
0.03562670946121216,
-0.020520241931080818,
0.013032120652496815,
0.04085444286465645,
-0.032798897475004196,
-0.013739073649048805,
0.008288093842566013,
0.011599610559642315,
0.01925516687333584,
-0.006776516791433096,
-0.004383573774248362,
0.054584212601184845,
-0.03644528612494469,
-0.04825884476304054,
0.007804389111697674,
0.013208858668804169,
0.03224077820777893,
0.00035115101491101086,
0.02003653720021248,
-0.022827140986919403,
0.0021452768705785275,
-0.010213610716164112,
-0.0055765570141375065,
0.03824988007545471,
-0.01055778469890356,
0.0133390873670578,
0.03508719429373741,
-0.03371049463748932,
0.032482631504535675,
-0.05726319178938866,
-0.034863945096731186,
0.009111321531236172,
-0.02985946275293827,
0.028873449191451073,
-0.10343838483095169,
-0.07590442895889282,
0.03564531356096268,
0.0384359173476696,
0.02178531512618065,
0.016148295253515244,
0.0030231543350964785,
0.0065718721598386765,
0.03728247061371803,
0.04167301952838898,
0.0410032756626606,
0.04096606746315956,
0.01970166340470314,
-0.06180257722735405,
0.0219341479241848,
0.02189693972468376,
-0.03940332680940628,
-0.016473865136504173,
0.01429719477891922,
0.043310172855854034,
-0.045840322971343994,
0.007241617422550917,
0.02812928892672062,
0.05923521891236305,
-0.010399650782346725,
-0.016818039119243622,
-0.02732931450009346,
0.012762362137436867,
0.027533959597349167,
0.0038277783896774054,
0.04825884476304054,
-0.03798942267894745,
0.02174810692667961,
-0.0074369595386087894,
-0.02891065739095211,
-0.019776079803705215,
0.020706281065940857,
-0.01718081906437874,
-0.01809241622686386,
-0.0005813758471049368,
0.004067305475473404,
0.021171381697058678,
0.0069160470739007,
0.03516161069273949,
0.029896670952439308,
-0.036649931222200394,
-0.0006749773165211082,
-0.006864885799586773,
-0.006371879018843174,
-0.007069529965519905,
-0.004462640732526779,
-0.06801632046699524,
-0.011841462925076485,
-0.011246133595705032,
0.020148159936070442,
-0.013841396197676659,
0.01412975788116455,
0.01667851023375988,
0.02764558419585228,
-0.02269691228866577,
0.012762362137436867,
-0.013469315133988857,
-0.005357959773391485,
0.001612736494280398,
0.010148496367037296,
-0.012055409140884876,
-0.03523602709174156,
0.05588649585843086,
-0.019124940037727356,
-0.005078899208456278,
0.007492771837860346,
-0.034082576632499695,
-0.020278388634324074,
0.03032456338405609,
-0.018185436725616455,
0.05733760818839073,
-0.04133814573287964,
0.017273837700486183,
0.005469583906233311,
-0.013543731532990932,
0.02703165076673031,
0.01263213437050581,
0.012446093373000622,
-0.02321782521903515,
0.023255033418536186,
0.013534429483115673,
-0.005637019872665405,
-0.0027719999197870493,
-0.014976241625845432,
-0.026640966534614563,
-0.017078496515750885,
-0.04271484538912773,
-0.020706281065940857,
-0.04531940817832947,
-0.008971791714429855,
0.022957367822527885,
0.04237997159361839,
0.00572073832154274,
0.10909400880336761,
-0.008502040058374405,
0.0090415570884943,
-0.007297429256141186,
0.02145044319331646,
-0.0195156242698431,
-0.022789932787418365,
0.06303044408559799,
-0.02496660314500332,
-0.006269556935876608,
0.0005066690500825644,
-0.04770072549581528,
0.008748543448746204,
0.01462276466190815,
-0.0019731896463781595,
-0.026027033105492592,
-0.06894652545452118,
0.028389744460582733,
-0.02305038832128048,
0.032184965908527374,
0.0011964715085923672,
-0.04364504665136337,
0.04174743592739105,
-0.00500913430005312,
0.004390550311654806,
-0.021245798096060753,
-0.011227530427277088,
0.010139194317162037,
-0.01844589225947857,
0.004544033668935299,
0.02587820030748844,
-0.0003418489941395819,
-0.02558053657412529,
0.05320751667022705,
-0.04717981070280075,
-0.01152519416064024,
-0.018324965611100197,
-0.010055476799607277,
-0.020892322063446045,
0.0138320941478014,
0.03289191797375679,
0.006409087218344212,
0.003281285287812352,
-0.0057998052798211575,
-0.015794819220900536,
-0.03224077820777893,
-0.03274308517575264,
-0.02126440219581127,
0.03718945011496544,
-0.005590510088950396,
-0.026306092739105225,
-0.03469650819897652,
0.013208858668804169,
0.012520509772002697,
0.018855180591344833,
-0.021580670028924942,
-0.05811898037791252,
0.0048463488928973675,
-0.02892926149070263,
-0.004632402677088976,
-0.0038068490102887154,
-0.021952752023935318,
-0.014492536894977093,
0.012269355356693268,
-0.031087327748537064,
-0.007836946286261082,
0.009083416312932968,
0.037580132484436035,
-0.008948536589741707,
0.039663784205913544,
0.03891962394118309,
-0.02987806685268879,
0.002895251614972949,
-0.024352671578526497,
-0.0029836208559572697,
0.0025603792164474726,
-0.0036882483400404453,
-0.022436456754803658,
-0.008520644158124924,
-0.05056574568152428,
0.023924777284264565,
0.007418355438858271,
-0.00040667239227332175,
0.028557181358337402,
0.017524993047118187,
0.011301945894956589,
-0.013962321914732456,
-0.020910926163196564,
-0.004683563485741615,
0.007757878862321377,
0.00033341904054395854,
0.00026612478541210294,
0.032966334372758865,
0.0011435662163421512,
0.0314222015440464,
-0.009250852279365063,
0.003490580478683114,
-0.013227462768554688,
0.040593985468149185,
-0.0631420686841011,
-0.04025911167263985,
-0.004483570344746113,
-0.0007970662554726005,
0.01666920818388462,
-0.02543170377612114,
-0.016018066555261612,
0.024854978546500206,
0.016325034201145172,
0.06146770343184471,
0.039142873138189316,
0.015859931707382202,
-0.06582104414701462,
-0.011720536276698112,
-0.021227193996310234,
0.03475232049822807,
-0.05008203908801079,
0.017673825845122337,
-0.02239924855530262,
0.05384005233645439,
0.042342763394117355,
-0.04881696403026581,
-0.014641368761658669,
0.0011720536276698112,
-0.02745954319834709,
0.013004214502871037,
0.002760372357442975,
-0.006278858985751867,
-0.00240224483422935,
0.03324539586901665,
-0.004095211159437895,
-0.01389720756560564,
0.022975971922278404,
-0.006641637533903122,
0.020129555836319923,
0.013441408984363079,
0.03134778514504433,
-0.004897510167211294,
-0.016818039119243622,
0.0065300134010612965,
-0.04877975583076477,
-0.010548482649028301,
0.02621307410299778,
-0.016715718433260918,
-0.08795984089374542,
0.02366432175040245,
0.02206437475979328,
-0.0005999798304401338,
-0.0384359173476696,
0.004888208117336035,
-0.03832429647445679,
0.013478617183864117,
-0.029673421755433083,
0.060463085770606995,
-0.032184965908527374,
-0.04517057538032532,
0.020445825532078743,
0.018817972391843796,
-0.05834222584962845,
0.020929530262947083,
-0.03049200028181076,
0.029617609456181526,
-0.009218295104801655,
-0.023292241618037224,
-0.006023053545504808,
-0.003781268373131752,
-0.045691490173339844,
0.04133814573287964,
0.025152644142508507,
-0.028371140360832214,
-0.0159064419567585,
-0.0006848607445135713,
-0.030119918286800385,
-0.025934012606739998
] |
As society transitions towards an AI-based decision-making infrastructure, an
ever-increasing number of decisions once under control of humans are now
delegated to automated systems. Even though such developments make various
parts of society more efficient, a large body of evidence suggests that a great
deal of care needs to be taken to make such automated decision-making systems
fair and equitable, namely, taking into account sensitive attributes such as
gender, race, and religion. In this paper, we study a specific decision-making
task called outcome control in which an automated system aims to optimize an
outcome variable $Y$ while being fair and equitable. The interest in such a
setting ranges from interventions related to criminal justice and welfare, all
the way to clinical decision-making and public health. In this paper, we first
analyze through causal lenses the notion of benefit, which captures how much a
specific individual would benefit from a positive decision, counterfactually
speaking, when contrasted with an alternative, negative one. We introduce the
notion of benefit fairness, which can be seen as the minimal fairness
requirement in decision-making, and develop an algorithm for satisfying it. We
then note that the benefit itself may be influenced by the protected attribute,
and propose causal tools which can be used to analyze this. Finally, if some of
the variations of the protected attribute in the benefit are considered as
discriminatory, the notion of benefit fairness may need to be strengthened,
which leads us to articulating a notion of causal benefit fairness. Using this
notion, we develop a new optimization procedure capable of maximizing $Y$ while
ascertaining causal fairness in the decision process. | [
0.01123889721930027,
-0.03806444630026817,
-0.015135560184717178,
-0.002795327687636018,
0.025664227083325386,
0.04215306043624878,
-0.0439574271440506,
0.008940249681472778,
-0.07482360303401947,
0.028505144640803337,
-0.0027137473225593567,
-0.0440342091023922,
0.01518354844301939,
0.023514345288276672,
-0.018561935052275658,
0.00753898685798049,
0.008820278570055962,
-0.02009756676852703,
0.013503951951861382,
-0.061002928763628006,
-0.005350713152438402,
0.01624889299273491,
-0.011286885477602482,
0.05240339785814285,
-0.013340791687369347,
0.03169157728552818,
-0.011949126608669758,
0.00009380243864143267,
-0.03263215348124504,
0.030751004815101624,
0.03512755036354065,
0.021153312176465988,
-0.031250085681676865,
-0.041769154369831085,
-0.04211467131972313,
-0.026604801416397095,
0.0022026703227311373,
0.01035590935498476,
0.02564503252506256,
0.06775970011949539,
-0.035895366221666336,
0.01772693730890751,
-0.0017443804536014795,
0.027027100324630737,
0.051021330058574677,
-0.002766534686088562,
-0.0613868348300457,
-0.008810681290924549,
-0.028198018670082092,
0.015596249140799046,
0.04487880691885948,
-0.04576179385185242,
0.07455486804246902,
-0.028524339199066162,
-0.014617284759879112,
0.027046294882893562,
0.0407709963619709,
-0.023207219317555428,
0.025568250566720963,
0.01733343116939068,
-0.04011835157871246,
0.01577860489487648,
-0.03518513962626457,
-0.014540502801537514,
0.019070614129304886,
0.0023886256385594606,
-0.0009819638216868043,
0.04564662277698517,
0.002128288149833679,
0.01574021391570568,
-0.035108357667922974,
0.04246018826961517,
-0.035319507122039795,
-0.03495479375123978,
-0.01865791343152523,
0.022823311388492584,
0.07263533025979996,
-0.016699982807040215,
-0.03775731846690178,
0.015721019357442856,
-0.0021834748331457376,
0.009823237545788288,
-0.008225222118198872,
0.019425727427005768,
0.05009995028376579,
-0.003947050776332617,
0.03977283462882042,
-0.07536107301712036,
-0.002776132430881262,
-0.022362621501088142,
-0.03867869824171066,
-0.006603212095797062,
-0.01668078824877739,
-0.017534982413053513,
0.010960564017295837,
0.027794916182756424,
0.030846981331706047,
-0.0010131563758477569,
-0.03132686764001846,
0.02403262071311474,
-0.0004183993733022362,
0.009501715190708637,
0.007419015746563673,
-0.013407975435256958,
0.024550896137952805,
-0.05198109894990921,
-0.041807543486356735,
0.008714703842997551,
0.05881465598940849,
0.1752154678106308,
-0.03698950260877609,
0.023264804854989052,
-0.056434426456689835,
0.010874184779822826,
-0.059352125972509384,
-0.0016004150966182351,
-0.07359509915113449,
-0.08714704215526581,
0.05439971759915352,
0.020001590251922607,
-0.01201631035655737,
0.0585843101143837,
0.06319120526313782,
-0.017774924635887146,
-0.05712546035647392,
0.025625836104154587,
-0.020366301760077477,
-0.019013026729226112,
0.05482201650738716,
0.015596249140799046,
-0.0035151545889675617,
0.014070216566324234,
0.0026321669574826956,
-0.003217626130208373,
-0.008465164341032505,
-0.007097492925822735,
0.0733647570014,
0.0204622782766819,
-0.04556984081864357,
-0.021844346076250076,
-0.018091648817062378,
-0.03574180230498314,
-0.05313282087445259,
0.07190590351819992,
0.03984961658716202,
-0.01341757271438837,
0.03520433232188225,
0.02182515151798725,
-0.00046998696052469313,
-0.003404781222343445,
-0.021729175001382828,
0.0582771860063076,
0.020577451214194298,
0.011334873735904694,
0.1107957512140274,
-0.06027350574731827,
-0.03255537152290344,
-0.025414688512682915,
-0.008066860027611256,
0.0005821599625051022,
0.05255696177482605,
-0.018638717010617256,
-0.01026953011751175,
0.07136843353509903,
0.09751255065202713,
0.07075418531894684,
-0.020922968164086342,
-0.02255457639694214,
-0.05136684700846672,
0.04664478078484535,
-0.012899297289550304,
-0.020020784810185432,
-0.05708707123994827,
-0.010797402821481228,
0.001380867906846106,
0.03869789466261864,
0.060427065938711166,
0.05892982706427574,
-0.02867790311574936,
-0.03353433683514595,
-0.04315122216939926,
0.003128847572952509,
-0.008172434754669666,
-0.0029200976714491844,
0.06603211909532547,
0.044226162135601044,
0.08392221480607986,
-0.016920730471611023,
0.054668452590703964,
0.029311351478099823,
0.024934804067015648,
0.01098935678601265,
0.02457009069621563,
0.020404692739248276,
0.015807397663593292,
-0.05086776614189148,
-0.024474114179611206,
-0.0364520326256752,
-0.0014012629399076104,
0.005653040483593941,
-0.0075005958788096905,
-0.03401422128081322,
0.018744291737675667,
0.03689352795481682,
0.024934804067015648,
0.01210268959403038,
0.0410013385117054,
-0.04322800412774086,
0.006348873022943735,
-0.02481963112950325,
-0.003843875601887703,
-0.002245859941467643,
-0.01624889299273491,
-0.029349740594625473,
-0.04261375218629837,
-0.04745098948478699,
0.012620965018868446,
0.03249778598546982,
-0.04710547253489494,
-0.008148440159857273,
-0.004621288739144802,
0.03935053572058678,
0.026969512924551964,
0.0043981424532830715,
0.013264009729027748,
0.009041025303304195,
0.023111240938305855,
-0.003224824322387576,
-0.014271767809987068,
-0.027257444337010384,
-0.024934804067015648,
-0.002922497224062681,
-0.023437563329935074,
-0.00021504827600438148,
0.016220098361372948,
-0.03460927680134773,
0.01100855227559805,
0.0014216580893844366,
0.0063296775333583355,
-0.009775249287486076,
-0.04334317520260811,
-0.0014924410497769713,
0.012294643558561802,
-0.0037215049378573895,
0.0702551007270813,
-0.007102292031049728,
-0.0438038669526577,
0.049869608134031296,
-0.009751254692673683,
0.023783080279827118,
-0.046414438635110855,
0.011565218679606915,
0.029983188956975937,
-0.0363752506673336,
0.02449330873787403,
0.013158435001969337,
0.011325276456773281,
-0.025011584162712097,
0.025126757100224495,
-0.03624088317155838,
0.052211444824934006,
0.034743644297122955,
0.03656720742583275,
0.056434426456689835,
0.03167238458991051,
-0.033553529530763626,
0.020308716222643852,
0.0028289195615798235,
-0.025011584162712097,
0.014310158789157867,
-0.008273210376501083,
-0.021153312176465988,
0.006209706421941519,
-0.025836985558271408,
0.0004984801053069532,
-0.024128597229719162,
0.03854433074593544,
0.003222425002604723,
0.02222825400531292,
0.000875189492944628,
-0.01765015535056591,
-0.010586254298686981,
0.03407180681824684,
-0.027219053357839584,
-0.009780047461390495,
-0.0494856983423233,
0.015394697897136211,
-0.078509122133255,
-0.08422934263944626,
-0.04549305886030197,
-0.0050723799504339695,
-0.012764929793775082,
-0.010663035325706005,
-0.015154755674302578,
0.058200404047966,
0.011680390685796738,
-0.026489628478884697,
-0.027468593791127205,
0.020308716222643852,
0.0044437311589717865,
0.014866824261844158,
-0.026393651962280273,
0.036759160459041595,
0.044226162135601044,
-0.025318710133433342,
0.03702789545059204,
0.033054448664188385,
0.02243940345942974,
-0.030386291444301605,
0.03846754878759384,
0.03977283462882042,
0.02917698211967945,
0.03574180230498314,
-0.035108357667922974,
0.03389904648065567,
0.05324799567461014,
0.047028690576553345,
-0.03977283462882042,
-0.01098935678601265,
-0.03526191785931587,
-0.0003797086828853935,
-0.014329353347420692,
-0.10772449523210526,
0.01193952839821577,
-0.0698711946606636,
-0.016402455046772957,
-0.041116513311862946,
0.04453328996896744,
-0.025913767516613007,
-0.024416528642177582,
-0.07263533025979996,
0.013388779945671558,
-0.031038934364914894,
-0.055282704532146454,
-0.04391903802752495,
-0.01696871966123581,
-0.04687512665987015,
-0.00007595673378091305,
-0.0408477745950222,
-0.05950568988919258,
0.00040940154576674104,
0.010691829025745392,
-0.08323118090629578,
-0.02888905256986618,
0.014578893780708313,
-0.014838031493127346,
-0.0075485846027731895,
-0.008441169746220112,
-0.01639285683631897,
0.020731013268232346,
0.0011085333535447717,
-0.05105971917510033,
-0.01127728819847107,
-0.006876746192574501,
0.07900819927453995,
-0.010807001031935215,
-0.002617770340293646,
-0.050560638308525085,
-0.025280319154262543,
0.02334158681333065,
0.0363752506673336,
-0.04771972447633743,
-0.03965766355395317,
0.039465706795454025,
-0.06192430853843689,
0.02034710720181465,
0.022650552913546562,
0.014540502801537514,
-0.00923777837306261,
-0.05082937702536583,
-0.10580495744943619,
0.05186592787504196,
0.06591694802045822,
-0.019982393831014633,
-0.05086776614189148,
0.0010227540042251348,
-0.0190610159188509,
-0.024666067212820053,
-0.05892982706427574,
0.03673996403813362,
-0.014454123564064503,
-0.03817961737513542,
-0.01912819966673851,
-0.002433014800772071,
-0.02802526019513607,
-0.041730765253305435,
0.03530031070113182,
0.015548260882496834,
-0.01026953011751175,
0.04441811889410019,
0.021518025547266006,
-0.06526430696249008,
-0.021191703155636787,
-0.07985279709100723,
0.0043645501136779785,
-0.028773879632353783,
0.011968321166932583,
-0.045876964926719666,
0.04146202653646469,
-0.009108209051191807,
0.0349355973303318,
-0.06357511132955551,
-0.013225619681179523,
0.012688148766756058,
-0.0030112757813185453,
0.011795563623309135,
-0.03136525675654411,
-0.041270073503255844,
0.04315122216939926,
0.03783410042524338,
0.044110991060733795,
0.012467402033507824,
0.013878262601792812,
0.022093886509537697,
-0.015490674413740635,
0.020308716222643852,
-0.046491220593452454,
-0.006219304166734219,
0.04672156274318695,
-0.045800186693668365,
-0.05309443175792694,
0.002881706925109029,
0.017659753561019897,
-0.016834352165460587,
0.014367744326591492,
-0.012832113541662693,
0.01208349410444498,
-0.047642942517995834,
-0.018965039402246475,
-0.01887865923345089,
0.017822913825511932,
0.062308214604854584,
-0.042997658252716064,
-0.007990078069269657,
0.029311351478099823,
0.043496739119291306,
-0.0006736380164511502,
-0.024589287117123604,
-0.024147791787981987,
0.007337435148656368,
0.05209627002477646,
-0.009439329616725445,
-0.015231536701321602,
0.034570883959531784,
-0.007774130441248417,
-0.01703590340912342,
0.03044387884438038,
-0.07916176319122314,
-0.023111240938305855,
-0.01685354672372341,
-0.0815419927239418,
0.0034287753514945507,
-0.04629926383495331,
-0.038928236812353134,
0.0439574271440506,
0.014703663997352123,
0.05965925380587578,
-0.045838575810194016,
0.04080938547849655,
-0.03835237771272659,
-0.048180412501096725,
0.03418697789311409,
-0.024589287117123604,
0.0033807868603616953,
0.014646077528595924,
0.05654960125684738,
-0.03666318207979202,
-0.031576406210660934,
0.03144203871488571,
0.006382464896887541,
0.027622157707810402,
0.020289519801735878,
-0.03977283462882042,
-0.01980963535606861,
0.022362621501088142,
0.04031030461192131,
0.004825239535421133,
-0.05831557512283325,
-0.003961447160691023,
-0.03846754878759384,
0.059966377913951874,
-0.006224103271961212,
-0.03176835924386978,
-0.04837236553430557,
0.025510665029287338,
0.004477323032915592,
-0.012025907635688782,
0.02309204638004303,
-0.024877216666936874,
-0.0667615458369255,
-0.02979123592376709,
-0.03144203871488571,
-0.007846113294363022,
-0.009266571141779423,
-0.005633844994008541,
0.03405261039733887,
0.0028937039896845818,
-0.017055097967386246,
0.02687353640794754,
-0.017736533656716347,
0.01210268959403038,
-0.000018051909137284383,
-0.020289519801735878,
-0.036548011004924774,
0.0008104051230475307,
-0.01703590340912342,
-0.0077597335912287235,
0.007092694286257029,
-0.042997658252716064,
-0.028485948219895363,
0.06284568458795547,
-0.020404692739248276,
0.008441169746220112,
-0.006449648644775152,
-0.013379182666540146,
-0.026105722412467003,
0.0392545610666275,
-0.03261295706033707,
0.050023168325424194,
0.010816598311066628,
0.007836515083909035,
-0.037661343812942505,
-0.03476284071803093,
0.04050225764513016,
-0.03672076761722565,
0.03366870433092117,
0.04322800412774086,
-0.00567223597317934,
-0.0076349638402462006,
-0.0046164896339178085,
0.024186182767152786,
0.07877785712480545,
-0.025779400020837784,
-0.05916017293930054,
0.013427170924842358,
-0.03376467898488045,
0.04921696335077286,
-0.00016900934861041605,
-0.010845392011106014,
-0.05916017293930054,
-0.05474523454904556,
0.015241134911775589,
0.01035590935498476,
0.02831319160759449,
-0.006622407119721174,
0.030520658940076828,
0.044187773019075394,
0.009060220792889595,
-0.020731013268232346,
0.019435325637459755,
-0.00007895601447671652,
-0.04142363741993904,
-0.05674155429005623,
-0.014185388572514057,
0.003198430873453617,
-0.028620317578315735,
-0.01941613107919693,
0.0008104051230475307,
-0.005902580451220274,
-0.01048067957162857,
-0.02111492119729519,
0.004112611059099436,
0.0068191601894795895,
0.018888257443904877,
-0.012774528004229069,
-0.014415732584893703,
0.03403341397643089,
0.05021512508392334,
-0.019656073302030563,
-0.009290565736591816,
-0.009271370247006416,
-0.03821801021695137,
0.026240089908242226,
-0.03140364587306976,
-0.03265134617686272,
0.034417323768138885,
0.01136366743594408,
-0.02950330451130867,
-0.02243940345942974,
-0.033342380076646805,
0.012486596591770649,
-0.002692152513191104,
0.023149631917476654,
0.04249857738614082,
0.02132607065141201,
0.024109400808811188,
-0.03725823760032654,
-0.0016268087783828378,
0.017880499362945557,
-0.018062856048345566,
-0.03265134617686272,
0.06595534086227417,
-0.028044454753398895,
0.013695905916392803,
-0.037047091871500015,
-0.01359992939978838,
0.02021273970603943,
0.020519865676760674,
0.017083890736103058,
-0.056357644498348236,
0.04042547941207886,
-0.017813315615057945,
0.015279524959623814,
0.0004447930259630084,
0.009060220792889595,
-0.0016580012161284685,
-0.022976873442530632,
0.028178822249174118,
-0.025990549474954605,
0.021383658051490784,
0.01197791937738657,
-0.029119396582245827,
0.009127404540777206,
-0.033630311489105225,
0.023514345288276672,
-0.030962154269218445,
0.03261295706033707,
-0.033841460943222046,
-0.009184991009533405,
0.015980156138539314,
-0.003032870590686798,
-0.03664398565888405,
0.04510915279388428,
0.030559049919247627,
0.011142919771373272,
0.020922968164086342,
-0.012496194802224636,
-0.04326639324426651,
0.009516111575067043,
-0.017534982413053513,
-0.012870504520833492,
-0.003390384605154395,
-0.025299515575170517,
-0.0018439565319567919,
0.04603052884340286,
-0.008306802250444889,
-0.003668717574328184,
0.03029031492769718,
-0.0026609599590301514,
-0.00044089395669288933,
-0.00567223597317934,
0.007966084405779839,
-0.01592257060110569,
0.07152199745178223,
-0.015356306917965412,
0.07086935639381409,
0.025587446987628937,
-0.00026438641361892223,
0.0064016603864729404,
0.0183027982711792,
-0.032401807606220245,
0.027660546824336052,
0.02305365540087223,
0.05105971917510033,
-0.015807397663593292,
0.0017347828252241015,
-0.027065491303801537,
0.0013964641839265823,
-0.010634242556989193,
0.02481963112950325,
0.025414688512682915,
0.006128126289695501,
0.05090615525841713,
0.036797549575567245,
-0.0054035005159676075,
0.007092694286257029,
0.02802526019513607,
0.042920876294374466,
0.03608731925487518,
0.02416698820888996,
-0.02316882833838463,
-0.02716146782040596,
-0.024973193183541298,
0.018792280927300453,
0.02403262071311474,
-0.01121970172971487,
-0.02071181870996952,
0.0613100565969944,
0.008009273558855057,
-0.032804910093545914,
-0.01571142114698887,
-0.028697097674012184,
-0.001923137460835278,
0.010221541859209538,
-0.0021318872459232807,
0.011517230421304703,
-0.025529859587550163,
0.03439812734723091,
0.015653835609555244,
0.017698142677545547,
-0.03612571209669113,
-0.019713658839464188,
-0.0017299839528277516,
-0.0062912870198488235,
0.0004966805572621524,
-0.0084123769775033,
0.01775573007762432,
0.00900263525545597,
-0.004167797509580851,
-0.009981599636375904,
-0.04334317520260811,
0.0015824193833395839,
0.0061041321605443954,
0.06015833094716072,
-0.0031048532109707594,
0.04080938547849655,
0.011498034931719303,
0.016834352165460587,
-0.007039906922727823,
-0.030808590352535248,
-0.02075020968914032,
0.017266247421503067,
-0.026163307949900627,
0.015893777832388878,
-0.003044867655262351,
0.03123088926076889,
0.024512505158782005,
-0.01023113913834095,
0.021268485113978386,
-0.010595851577818394,
0.029330546036362648,
-0.026412848383188248,
-0.012688148766756058,
-0.02777571976184845,
0.010307921096682549,
0.01923377439379692,
0.020327910780906677,
0.023763883858919144,
-0.0035247523337602615,
-0.01282251626253128,
0.020865382626652718,
0.017707740887999535,
-0.021441243588924408,
-0.011776368133723736,
0.009074617177248001,
0.013139240443706512,
0.022132277488708496,
-0.0037215049378573895,
-0.011526827700436115,
-0.02309204638004303,
-0.010010392405092716,
-0.013830273412168026,
0.0219787135720253,
-0.008018871769309044,
-0.006852752063423395,
0.04046386852860451,
-0.003911059349775314,
0.007567780092358589,
0.014070216566324234,
0.003030471270903945,
0.06787487864494324,
-0.022996069863438606,
0.033188819885253906,
0.010327116586267948,
-0.015049180947244167,
-0.020270325243473053,
0.0039086597971618176,
0.012726538814604282,
-0.006651200354099274,
-0.03274732455611229,
-0.023975033313035965,
0.032478589564561844,
0.016546420753002167,
0.002398223150521517,
0.0053171212784945965,
-0.034858815371990204,
-0.020327910780906677,
0.01819722354412079,
0.020654233172535896,
-0.028793076053261757,
0.0010173553600907326,
-0.027583766728639603,
0.041845936328172684,
-0.028409168124198914,
0.02835158072412014,
-0.013955043628811836,
0.028869856148958206,
0.002684954321011901,
0.003042468335479498,
0.04034869745373726,
0.014502111822366714,
0.0219787135720253,
-0.029407327994704247,
-0.010135162621736526,
-0.014665273018181324,
-0.0008122046710923314,
-0.014981997199356556,
-0.021134117618203163,
0.009991196915507317,
0.0496392622590065,
-0.02662399783730507,
-0.03602973371744156,
-0.013043262995779514,
-0.01172837894409895,
-0.000993961002677679,
-0.010096771642565727,
-0.04637604579329491,
0.002869709860533476,
0.02564503252506256,
-0.03733501955866814,
0.030751004815101624,
-0.009079416282474995,
0.009664875455200672,
0.003131246892735362,
0.028812270611524582,
0.007227061782032251,
-0.040041569620370865,
-0.008652319200336933,
0.004880426451563835,
-0.013523147441446781,
0.02481963112950325,
0.04491719603538513,
-0.022381817921996117,
-0.006727981846779585,
0.007371027488261461,
-0.03700869902968407,
-0.008709905669093132,
-0.003320801304653287,
-0.0067327809520065784,
-0.049984779208898544,
-0.012630562297999859,
-0.0526721328496933,
0.01668078824877739,
-0.01520274393260479,
0.0023334387224167585,
-0.0011805160902440548,
-0.018811475485563278,
-0.011641999706625938,
0.06871947646141052,
-0.007774130441248417,
0.052864085882902145,
0.04564662277698517,
-0.04341995716094971,
0.005969764199107885,
-0.04434133693575859,
0.0219403225928545,
0.005705827847123146,
-0.017275845631957054,
0.034858815371990204,
0.04253697022795677,
0.02268894389271736,
-0.027622157707810402,
-0.03468605875968933,
-0.010221541859209538,
-0.0035487464629113674,
0.008148440159857273,
-0.005081977695226669,
0.029234569519758224,
0.003510355716571212,
-0.05474523454904556,
-0.0018967437790706754,
0.011488436721265316,
-0.009285766631364822,
-0.014540502801537514,
-0.02038549818098545,
0.013311998918652534,
0.04733581468462944,
-0.005009995307773352,
-0.02099975012242794,
-0.028121236711740494,
-0.011929931119084358,
-0.005739419721066952,
-0.010288725607097149,
-0.02958008646965027,
0.01923377439379692,
-0.025203539058566093,
0.022343426942825317,
-0.05209627002477646,
-0.009583295322954655,
-0.08461324870586395,
-0.017103087157011032,
0.030021579936146736,
-0.011450046673417091,
0.05155880004167557,
0.006584016606211662,
0.04503237083554268,
0.06292247027158737,
0.010778208263218403,
-0.008167635649442673,
-0.003920657094568014,
0.014156595803797245,
0.03633686155080795,
0.019963199272751808,
-0.03958088159561157,
0.008983439765870571,
-0.025337906554341316,
-0.03192192316055298,
-0.01502038724720478,
-0.015068376436829567,
-0.06315281242132187,
-0.01121970172971487,
0.013321596197783947,
0.02355273626744747,
0.008853870443999767,
0.022996069863438606,
0.01859072968363762,
0.013887859880924225,
0.006507235113531351,
0.016920730471611023,
-0.02370629832148552,
0.012073895893990993,
-0.016508029773831367,
-0.013110446743667126,
-0.022938482463359833,
0.021556416526436806,
-0.025491468608379364,
0.02867790311574936,
0.02547227405011654,
0.01952170580625534,
-0.016978316009044647,
-0.009914415888488293,
0.0023550335317850113,
0.005998557433485985,
-0.020193543285131454,
0.0021762766409665346,
-0.009017031639814377,
-0.047067079693078995,
-0.013791883364319801,
0.0020335109438747168,
-0.0031504423823207617,
0.009847232140600681,
-0.0019351346418261528,
-0.012582574039697647,
0.02608652599155903,
0.027833305299282074,
-0.00666559673845768,
-0.013369584456086159,
0.0468367375433445,
-0.020577451214194298,
-0.021997909992933273,
-0.03389904648065567,
0.01808205060660839,
0.006056143436580896,
-0.002704149577766657,
-0.00197232561185956,
0.047642942517995834,
-0.04034869745373726,
-0.002154681831598282,
0.005264333914965391,
-0.018293200060725212,
-0.01431975606828928,
-0.00519715016707778,
0.02838997170329094,
0.011565218679606915,
0.006526430603116751,
-0.03574180230498314,
0.007481400854885578,
-0.010739817284047604,
-0.051021330058574677,
0.04303605109453201,
-0.04326639324426651,
0.02243940345942974,
0.004573300015181303,
-0.05651120841503143,
-0.025817791000008583,
0.037949271500110626,
-0.011805160902440548,
0.0011421253439038992,
0.010557460598647594,
0.02823640964925289,
0.0003815082600340247,
-0.013321596197783947,
-0.0363752506673336,
-0.0234567578881979,
-0.017698142677545547,
0.0042253839783370495,
0.004275771789252758,
-0.018139638006687164,
-0.04007996246218681,
-0.0004612890479620546,
-0.0084123769775033,
-0.0031816347036510706,
-0.0006220503710210323,
0.014108606614172459,
-0.029157787561416626,
-0.017534982413053513,
0.028140433132648468,
0.004328559152781963,
-0.012486596591770649,
0.0016927928663790226,
0.05654960125684738,
-0.024109400808811188,
0.05324799567461014,
0.002154681831598282,
-0.006224103271961212,
0.03267054259777069,
0.024704458191990852,
-0.026681583374738693,
-0.028006063774228096,
-0.001885946374386549,
-0.027391811832785606,
-0.005725023336708546,
-0.009170594625175,
-0.04034869745373726,
-0.012304240837693214,
0.0023286398500204086,
0.013100849464535713,
-0.01700711064040661,
0.008570739068090916,
0.031538013368844986,
-0.028793076053261757,
0.00790849793702364,
0.00010332515375921503,
0.03844835236668587,
0.011526827700436115,
-0.0032008301932364702,
0.029119396582245827,
-0.0017599767306819558,
-0.0219403225928545,
0.0024738050997257233,
0.01566343382000923,
-0.03320801258087158,
0.020865382626652718,
0.03201790153980255,
-0.04050225764513016,
0.0073038432747125626,
-0.010192749090492725,
-0.02982962690293789,
0.022708138450980186,
-0.07075418531894684,
0.029848821461200714,
0.003603933146223426,
-0.0015356306685134768,
-0.007452607620507479
] |
Concentration of drivers on traffic is a vital safety issue; thus, monitoring
a driver being on road becomes an essential requirement. The key purpose of
supervision is to detect abnormal behaviours of the driver and promptly send
warnings to him her for avoiding incidents related to traffic accidents. In
this paper, to meet the requirement, based on radar sensors applications, the
authors first use a small sized millimetre wave radar installed at the steering
wheel of the vehicle to collect signals from different head movements of the
driver. The received signals consist of the reflection patterns that change in
response to the head movements of the driver. Then, in order to distinguish
these different movements, a classifier based on the measured signal of the
radar sensor is designed. However, since the collected data set is not large,
in this paper, the authors propose One shot learning to classify four cases of
driver's head movements. The experimental results indicate that the proposed
method can classify the four types of cases according to the various head
movements of the driver with a high accuracy reaching up to 100. In addition,
the classification performance of the proposed method is significantly better
than that of the convolutional neural network model. | [
-0.019789353013038635,
-0.006306699942797422,
-0.00911327451467514,
-0.03991160914301872,
0.030719732865691185,
-0.012178773991763592,
-0.02121344581246376,
0.0345851294696331,
-0.041983019560575485,
-0.02541174739599228,
0.027594124898314476,
-0.028981229290366173,
0.01882762648165226,
-0.08603744953870773,
0.006094011012464762,
0.01072693895548582,
0.01934547908604145,
-0.019770856946706772,
0.008479829877614975,
-0.01995580457150936,
0.03994859755039215,
-0.031126616522669792,
-0.04542303830385208,
0.030497796833515167,
-0.008183914236724377,
0.017440522089600563,
0.07090876251459122,
0.018420742824673653,
-0.061180539429187775,
0.005344974808394909,
-0.0507495179772377,
0.01004263386130333,
-0.029979944229125977,
-0.01032930240035057,
-0.012613399885594845,
-0.02709476836025715,
0.038616977632045746,
0.018050847575068474,
-0.034122761338949203,
0.01695965975522995,
0.04546002671122551,
0.005946053192019463,
0.012437700293958187,
-0.03382684662938118,
0.004681476391851902,
-0.07397888600826263,
-0.01303877867758274,
-0.027483155950903893,
-0.053375765681266785,
-0.022730013355612755,
0.024912390857934952,
-0.0364346019923687,
-0.005899816285818815,
-0.036194171756505966,
0.003997171763330698,
0.020288709551095963,
-0.007296167779713869,
0.0532648004591465,
0.08330022543668747,
0.019918816164135933,
-0.0021349843591451645,
-0.0011108391918241978,
-0.04779035970568657,
0.01203081663697958,
-0.05596502870321274,
-0.0039925482124090195,
0.0731281265616417,
-0.027927029877901077,
-0.011716405861079693,
-0.02335883304476738,
-0.0678386390209198,
-0.006339065730571747,
-0.03839504346251488,
-0.0022378612775355577,
-0.023932170122861862,
-0.016783960163593292,
-0.012178773991763592,
0.04960284382104874,
-0.04246388003230095,
-0.021749792620539665,
-0.011041348800063133,
0.03284662589430809,
0.003523244522511959,
-0.0024251204449683428,
0.027908535674214363,
-0.014915993437170982,
0.02592960000038147,
-0.07597631961107254,
0.0614764541387558,
-0.012391463853418827,
-0.035583846271038055,
0.05204414576292038,
0.012178773991763592,
0.06772767007350922,
0.029924459755420685,
-0.030053922906517982,
-0.004524271469563246,
-0.013020284473896027,
-0.03621266409754753,
0.013306952081620693,
0.04420238360762596,
0.0009316715877503157,
-0.0062188501469790936,
0.03088618628680706,
0.0299429539591074,
0.007240683771669865,
-0.0510084442794323,
0.019548920914530754,
0.030867690220475197,
0.11422339826822281,
-0.011919848620891571,
-0.012003074400126934,
0.0555211566388607,
0.01879063807427883,
-0.05089747533202171,
0.015026961453258991,
-0.0016310032224282622,
-0.02635497786104679,
-0.0023696362040936947,
0.029499081894755363,
0.051933180540800095,
0.05659385025501251,
-0.011041348800063133,
0.024172602221369743,
-0.05492932349443436,
0.032402753829956055,
0.03906085342168808,
0.013630609959363937,
-0.011263285763561726,
-0.0323287732899189,
0.06635906547307968,
0.03219931200146675,
-0.060292791575193405,
0.008160796016454697,
0.023247865960001945,
-0.012844583950936794,
0.005395835265517235,
0.015267392620444298,
0.010199839249253273,
-0.01504545658826828,
-0.011226296424865723,
-0.03639761358499527,
-0.0299429539591074,
0.06972510367631912,
0.03857998922467232,
0.04353657364845276,
0.009307468309998512,
0.02807498723268509,
-0.06484249234199524,
0.047827351838350296,
-0.04579292982816696,
0.03364189714193344,
-0.021324414759874344,
0.0003719172964338213,
0.0625491514801979,
0.029924459755420685,
-0.012326732277870178,
-0.008817358873784542,
-0.005839708261191845,
-0.06203129515051842,
0.04619981348514557,
-0.03994859755039215,
0.03536190837621689,
0.02864832431077957,
0.0051600271835923195,
0.03920881077647209,
0.00168764335103333,
0.006648852489888668,
-0.018235795199871063,
0.019733868539333344,
-0.047864340245723724,
-0.01807858981192112,
0.045903898775577545,
0.005488308612257242,
0.05925709009170532,
0.018069343641400337,
0.03181092068552971,
-0.0037128154654055834,
-0.005664008669555187,
-0.007985096424818039,
-0.01705213263630867,
0.03401179239153862,
0.01509169302880764,
-0.006764444522559643,
0.06939219683408737,
0.003361415583640337,
0.05126737058162689,
-0.019123543053865433,
-0.017773427069187164,
-0.008419722318649292,
0.008674024604260921,
0.04719853028655052,
0.07124166935682297,
-0.024653464555740356,
-0.013750826008617878,
-0.010283065028488636,
-0.022637538611888885,
0.014305667020380497,
0.0035810405388474464,
0.030257364735007286,
-0.02975800819694996,
0.006977133918553591,
0.06247517094016075,
0.009446179494261742,
-0.03282812982797623,
-0.036471590399742126,
0.05574309080839157,
-0.025892609730362892,
0.013048025779426098,
-0.05855428799986839,
-0.044683247804641724,
-0.037544284015893936,
-0.0437215231359005,
0.0567048154771328,
0.006144871469587088,
-0.0175237488001585,
0.06606314331293106,
-0.03538040444254875,
0.04742046818137169,
-0.003403028706088662,
0.05614997446537018,
0.022693023085594177,
0.05045359954237938,
-0.0314040370285511,
-0.031145110726356506,
-0.02887026034295559,
-0.03563933074474335,
0.03752579167485237,
-0.050194673240184784,
-0.04779035970568657,
-0.039689671248197556,
-0.022082697600126266,
-0.01406523585319519,
0.0012252753367647529,
-0.014046741649508476,
0.007948107086122036,
0.023913675919175148,
-0.007379394024610519,
-0.00034879890154115856,
-0.03656406328082085,
-0.004794756416231394,
-0.04993575066328049,
-0.027205735445022583,
-0.014102225191891193,
0.051230378448963165,
-0.009700481779873371,
-0.0005924090510234237,
-0.00609863456338644,
-0.00419367803260684,
-0.009866934269666672,
-0.035250939428806305,
-0.02825993485748768,
-0.02892574481666088,
-0.013575125485658646,
0.01906805858016014,
0.01962289959192276,
0.013232973404228687,
-0.04631078243255615,
0.01065295934677124,
-0.021805277094244957,
0.03645309805870056,
0.029369618743658066,
-0.04172409325838089,
0.04923294857144356,
-0.02145387791097164,
-0.028481870889663696,
0.04442432150244713,
0.01569277234375477,
0.025541210547089577,
-0.08773896098136902,
-0.0027117885183542967,
-0.0060570212081074715,
-0.015285887755453587,
-0.010014891624450684,
0.028851766139268875,
-0.026669388636946678,
0.03293909877538681,
-0.055151261389255524,
0.0176532119512558,
0.03332749009132385,
-0.03817310556769371,
-0.008558432571589947,
0.07090876251459122,
-0.0835961401462555,
-0.02069559320807457,
-0.04227893427014351,
-0.035713307559490204,
0.0450531430542469,
-0.02813047170639038,
0.036416105926036835,
-0.0013165930286049843,
-0.03928278759121895,
-0.06269710510969162,
-0.01569277234375477,
0.0032157697714865208,
-0.02032569982111454,
-0.008974563330411911,
-0.05811041593551636,
-0.04294474422931671,
-0.023192381486296654,
-0.012289742939174175,
-0.03865396976470947,
0.010810164734721184,
0.012687379494309425,
-0.005307985004037619,
0.0024297439958900213,
0.04582992196083069,
0.00672745518386364,
-0.038764938712120056,
-0.015970192849636078,
0.012687379494309425,
0.001437964616343379,
0.0029452843591570854,
-0.007915740832686424,
-0.03649008646607399,
-0.016931917518377304,
-0.01849472150206566,
-0.020677099004387856,
0.015905460342764854,
-0.0033521682489663363,
-0.016987401992082596,
-0.009316716343164444,
-0.045534003525972366,
0.01662675477564335,
-0.02195323444902897,
0.008840477094054222,
0.016645248979330063,
-0.047494444996118546,
-0.0712786614894867,
0.0007259178091771901,
0.020917531102895737,
0.012604152783751488,
-0.0634738877415657,
-0.02559669502079487,
-0.0032758775632828474,
-0.013306952081620693,
-0.02798251435160637,
0.04205699637532234,
0.014222441241145134,
0.0066072396002709866,
-0.005483685061335564,
-0.007846386171877384,
-0.036638043820858,
-0.04035548120737076,
-0.023913675919175148,
-0.009820696897804737,
-0.005354221910238266,
0.0028042620979249477,
-0.015424598008394241,
-0.003717439016327262,
0.0009160666959360242,
-0.02635497786104679,
-0.043425608426332474,
0.008045203983783722,
0.010671454481780529,
-0.012234258465468884,
-0.01868891716003418,
-0.053375765681266785,
0.0030655001755803823,
0.0013038779143244028,
-0.006200355477631092,
-0.01658051833510399,
0.0025684544816613197,
-0.007259178441017866,
-0.09713427722454071,
0.039356768131256104,
-0.03334598243236542,
-0.017107617110013962,
0.01020908635109663,
0.04649573192000389,
0.0022309257183223963,
0.060551717877388,
-0.013279209844768047,
-0.004561260808259249,
-0.018513215705752373,
-0.03615717962384224,
-0.01943795196712017,
-0.025818631052970886,
-0.036416105926036835,
0.043758511543273926,
0.018115580081939697,
-0.014157709665596485,
-0.028518861159682274,
-0.023673243820667267,
-0.006745949853211641,
0.08574152737855911,
0.002716412302106619,
0.008692518807947636,
-0.014398140832781792,
0.08522367477416992,
0.006977133918553591,
-0.03924579918384552,
-0.02145387791097164,
-0.04335162788629532,
0.025855621322989464,
0.0353064239025116,
0.024080127477645874,
-0.03149650990962982,
0.03528792783617973,
-0.04930692911148071,
-0.02069559320807457,
0.0031487264204770327,
0.015248898416757584,
0.0026331860572099686,
-0.035065993666648865,
-0.0007501921500079334,
-0.03671202436089516,
-0.012724368833005428,
0.0012356785591691732,
0.014805024489760399,
0.022674528881907463,
-0.014555346220731735,
0.028666818514466286,
0.012456195428967476,
0.030312849208712578,
0.008012838661670685,
-0.027649609372019768,
0.03280963748693466,
-0.02363625355064869,
-0.038616977632045746,
-0.04042946174740791,
0.03092317469418049,
0.0412062406539917,
-0.0034770076163113117,
-0.02929564006626606,
0.07679008692502975,
-0.0003453311219345778,
-0.0033567920327186584,
-0.016765465959906578,
-0.08019311726093292,
0.0026956056244671345,
-0.020344194024801254,
0.003655019449070096,
-0.012937057763338089,
0.008817358873784542,
-0.022304633632302284,
0.0443873330950737,
0.022859476506710052,
-0.029924459755420685,
-0.011688664555549622,
-0.025448737666010857,
0.04919596016407013,
-0.008863595314323902,
-0.03795116767287254,
-0.028426388278603554,
-0.02163882367312908,
0.04601486772298813,
-0.048900045454502106,
0.011365006677806377,
-0.017643963918089867,
-0.08722110837697983,
0.05093446373939514,
0.0008842789102345705,
-0.035158466547727585,
-0.005201640538871288,
0.013306952081620693,
-0.018374506384134293,
-0.06084763631224632,
-0.03501050919294357,
-0.05492932349443436,
0.017311058938503265,
0.07708600163459778,
0.023987654596567154,
-0.0031325435265898705,
0.07516255229711533,
0.01350114680826664,
-0.09395318478345871,
-0.06125451996922493,
0.022508077323436737,
0.011734900996088982,
0.038616977632045746,
-0.05237705260515213,
-0.022600550204515457,
0.01039403397589922,
0.030146395787596703,
-0.0007103129173628986,
-0.056926753371953964,
-0.005899816285818815,
-0.06032978370785713,
-0.023136897012591362,
-0.0013050338020548224,
0.022674528881907463,
0.011318769305944443,
0.026521431282162666,
-0.025892609730362892,
-0.03976365178823471,
0.06362184137105942,
0.023432811722159386,
-0.013279209844768047,
-0.06106957048177719,
0.00031354333623312414,
-0.017921386286616325,
-0.008558432571589947,
-0.01888311095535755,
0.014472119510173798,
-0.04701358452439308,
0.006602615583688021,
0.01883687451481819,
0.057962458580732346,
0.06040376052260399,
0.0678386390209198,
-0.0020586936734616756,
-0.016145892441272736,
-0.011744148097932339,
-0.03832106292247772,
0.047346487641334534,
0.0012657325714826584,
-0.03260619565844536,
-0.06277108937501907,
-0.029554566368460655,
0.0434625968337059,
0.039874620735645294,
-0.011475974693894386,
-0.002088747685775161,
0.05430050194263458,
-0.025097336620092392,
-0.018291279673576355,
-0.004094269126653671,
0.00794348306953907,
0.03943074867129326,
0.016737723723053932,
0.0040387846529483795,
-0.018513215705752373,
0.012650390155613422,
-0.01578524522483349,
0.04938090592622757,
0.04779035970568657,
-0.04797530919313431,
0.004743895959109068,
-0.03554685413837433,
-0.04460926726460457,
-0.010061128996312618,
-0.0377662219107151,
-0.022341623902320862,
-0.021805277094244957,
-0.0010108521673828363,
-0.040392473340034485,
0.021435381844639778,
0.0072915442287921906,
-0.01667299121618271,
-0.04649573192000389,
0.04793832078576088,
0.0022575119510293007,
-0.009728224016726017,
-0.015239650383591652,
0.026983799412846565,
-0.003934752196073532,
-0.039319779723882675,
0.030312849208712578,
0.002859746338799596,
0.007286920212209225,
0.031940385699272156,
0.0038885152898728848,
0.023525286465883255,
-0.01158694364130497,
-0.016478797420859337,
-0.003574104979634285,
-0.05966397374868393,
0.002621626714244485,
0.002080656122416258,
0.0010969681898131967,
-0.07153758406639099,
0.02158334106206894,
0.029462091624736786,
0.04338861629366875,
0.014379646629095078,
0.0003748071030713618,
0.04116925224661827,
0.004112763796001673,
0.023469801992177963,
-0.03728535771369934,
-0.007360899355262518,
-0.03401179239153862,
-0.05811041593551636,
0.06051472947001457,
0.016053417697548866,
0.04934391751885414,
-0.029406607151031494,
-0.03223630040884018,
0.03269866853952408,
0.0021962481550872326,
-0.009233489632606506,
0.061550434678792953,
-0.01025532279163599,
-0.011966085061430931,
-0.02985048107802868,
-0.01532287709414959,
-0.04527507722377777,
0.036194171756505966,
-0.030201880261301994,
-0.03430771082639694,
0.020899035036563873,
-0.037451811134815216,
-0.0007750444347038865,
-0.05589104816317558,
-0.023858191445469856,
-0.009067037142813206,
0.021268930286169052,
0.00020676520944107324,
-0.055299218744039536,
0.008281012065708637,
0.03784020245075226,
-0.010236828587949276,
0.034788571298122406,
0.018559454008936882,
0.0402815043926239,
-0.009127145633101463,
-0.008558432571589947,
-0.033567920327186584,
0.006389926187694073,
0.04686562344431877,
-0.01441663596779108,
0.033105552196502686,
0.020066773518919945,
0.029240155592560768,
0.0025222175754606724,
0.03271716460585594,
0.006861541885882616,
0.006426915992051363,
-0.030201880261301994,
0.03312404826283455,
0.04316668212413788,
0.0012460818979889154,
0.01394501980394125,
-0.006801433861255646,
0.03205135464668274,
-0.00010042056237580255,
0.024043139070272446,
-0.010181344114243984,
-0.0024990993551909924,
-0.03134855255484581,
-0.00425378605723381,
0.027871545404195786,
-0.007337780669331551,
-0.033623404800891876,
0.03214382752776146,
0.01198458019644022,
0.0016390946693718433,
-0.021250436082482338,
-0.010680701583623886,
-0.015803739428520203,
0.013713836669921875,
-0.07290619611740112,
0.03386383503675461,
-0.015849975869059563,
0.010717690922319889,
-0.02060312032699585,
-0.022822486236691475,
0.021287424489855766,
0.012382215820252895,
0.013861794024705887,
0.003756740363314748,
-0.013556631281971931,
-0.006662723608314991,
-0.0003100755566265434,
-0.07042790204286575,
0.008216280490159988,
0.033715877681970596,
0.0019222951959818602,
0.004563572816550732,
0.01649729162454605,
-0.009011553600430489,
-0.004420238547027111,
-0.011013606563210487,
0.020307203754782677,
0.04061440750956535,
0.017588481307029724,
-0.019844835624098778,
0.033660393208265305,
0.05785148963332176,
-0.015507823787629604,
-0.05359770357608795,
-0.03495502471923828,
0.017089122906327248,
0.01411147229373455,
-0.02247108705341816,
0.03758127614855766,
0.009940912947058678,
0.015507823787629604,
-0.009048542939126492,
0.0033267380204051733,
-0.040577419102191925,
0.02990596555173397,
0.009876181371510029,
-0.02406163327395916,
-0.03769224137067795,
-0.00479938043281436,
0.04579292982816696,
-0.05237705260515213,
-0.07612427324056625,
-0.04808627814054489,
-0.00762907275930047,
0.0024505506735295057,
-0.00812843069434166,
0.03917182236909866,
-0.04449830204248428,
-0.05060156062245369,
0.02027021534740925,
0.030941668897867203,
-0.004050344228744507,
0.004739272408187389,
-0.02065860480070114,
-0.024967875331640244,
0.002299125073477626,
0.022582056000828743,
0.025023357942700386,
-0.008729509077966213,
0.018282031640410423,
-0.019548920914530754,
-0.01986333169043064,
0.007023370824754238,
0.04209398850798607,
0.011475974693894386,
0.025541210547089577,
0.030812205746769905,
0.02430206537246704,
0.011651674285531044,
-0.0038862035144120455,
-0.039689671248197556,
0.009922417812049389,
-0.010782422497868538,
0.03495502471923828,
0.030849196016788483,
-0.04671766608953476,
-0.02332184463739395,
0.000041504757973598316,
0.02354378066956997,
0.01186436414718628,
-0.03817310556769371,
0.0023442059755325317,
0.012123290449380875,
-0.041095271706581116,
-0.007938859052956104,
0.004697659518569708,
0.04901101440191269,
-0.02354378066956997,
-0.0007155145285651088,
-0.01469405647367239,
0.022415602579712868,
0.005257124546915293,
0.01746826432645321,
-0.03273565694689751,
0.03181092068552971,
-0.005987666081637144,
-0.020399678498506546,
-0.013584373518824577,
0.00377292325720191,
0.00450808834284544,
0.013048025779426098,
-0.0031325435265898705,
0.04975080117583275,
-0.006001537200063467,
0.05130435898900032,
-0.051230378448963165,
-0.04257484897971153,
0.020621614530682564,
-0.009168758057057858,
-0.025023357942700386,
0.00419367803260684,
-0.012409958057105541,
-0.01910504698753357,
0.006755196955054998,
0.022859476506710052,
-0.0010154758347198367,
0.05977494269609451,
0.01265963725745678,
0.019493436440825462,
0.013760073110461235,
0.01578524522483349,
0.021879255771636963,
0.020029783248901367,
0.03528792783617973,
0.07664212584495544,
0.0002527130418457091,
0.002665551844984293,
0.006154118571430445,
0.0625491514801979,
-0.013343941420316696,
0.004891853779554367,
0.022212160751223564,
-0.023395823314785957,
-0.020214730873703957,
0.006898531224578619,
0.002371947979554534,
0.004357818979769945,
-0.02555970475077629,
-0.017135359346866608,
-0.023136897012591362,
0.005307985004037619,
0.007716922555118799,
0.04261183738708496,
0.01441663596779108,
0.02219366654753685,
-0.00412201089784503,
0.06654401123523712,
0.010911885648965836,
-0.02448701113462448,
-0.007199070416390896,
-0.009085532277822495,
-0.038801927119493484,
-0.010246075689792633,
0.005853579379618168,
-0.048900045454502106,
0.03330899402499199,
0.010458765551447868,
-0.036638043820858,
-0.024986369535326958,
-0.0042260438203811646,
-0.06192032992839813,
0.017301812767982483,
-0.016783960163593292,
-0.001970843877643347,
0.0025915729347616434,
0.016904175281524658,
0.04135419800877571,
-0.013251468539237976,
-0.02727971412241459,
-0.015184166841208935,
-0.016950411722064018,
-0.011947589926421642,
0.04841918125748634,
-0.042722806334495544,
0.0026956056244671345,
-0.026576915755867958,
-0.04009655863046646,
-0.0707608088850975,
0.024006148800253868,
0.004831746220588684,
0.050194673240184784,
-0.012354474514722824,
-0.006584120914340019,
0.047494444996118546,
-0.012234258465468884,
0.023673243820667267,
0.041465166956186295,
0.005631642881780863,
-0.018466979265213013,
0.015711266547441483,
0.03612019121646881,
-0.0016356270061805844,
0.02014075219631195,
-0.013769320212304592,
0.006135623902082443,
0.0149714769795537,
-0.04845616966485977,
-0.0031625975389033556,
0.003400716930627823,
-0.027742082253098488,
0.03872794657945633,
0.007078854832798243,
-0.02167581394314766,
0.01612739823758602,
0.055484164506196976,
0.0275571346282959,
-0.022877970710396767,
0.04956585541367531,
0.03780321031808853,
0.04764240235090256,
0.026983799412846565,
0.003976365085691214,
0.03491803631186485,
-0.0010293468367308378,
-0.004780885763466358,
-0.0014217817224562168,
0.0002502567076589912,
-0.007471867837011814,
-0.029036713764071465,
-0.046939603984355927,
-0.052820924669504166,
0.021046994253993034,
0.02078806795179844,
0.009922417812049389,
-0.00564088998362422,
0.01574825495481491,
-0.01151296403259039,
-0.015923956409096718,
0.005756482016295195,
0.027501652017235756,
-0.031145110726356506,
-0.013427168130874634,
0.028851766139268875,
0.015026961453258991,
-0.0022713830694556236,
0.01408373098820448,
0.033105552196502686,
-0.049454886466264725,
0.009737471118569374,
-0.038284074515104294,
0.004510400351136923,
0.0015003843000158668,
-0.011725653894245625,
0.03341996297240257,
0.003786794375628233,
-0.028814775869250298,
0.06610013544559479,
0.009635750204324722,
-0.060551717877388,
-0.03158898651599884,
0.0032111459877341986,
0.016238365322351456,
0.016377076506614685,
-0.047494444996118546,
-0.0002592150995042175,
-0.006533260457217693,
-0.006223473697900772,
0.019659889861941338,
0.00450808834284544,
0.014388893730938435,
0.006741326302289963,
0.0038607732858508825,
-0.013205231167376041,
0.02078806795179844,
0.005141532514244318,
-0.02115796133875847,
0.050675537437200546,
-0.009043918922543526,
-0.039874620735645294,
-0.03327200561761856,
0.01928999461233616,
-0.01934547908604145,
0.034788571298122406,
0.00754584651440382,
-0.06931822001934052,
0.010347796604037285,
-0.02727971412241459,
0.008840477094054222,
0.007698427885770798,
-0.03129306808114052,
0.02850036695599556,
-0.023210875689983368,
0.014980725012719631,
0.0459778793156147,
0.009409190155565739,
0.037026431411504745,
0.06088462471961975,
0.04401743784546852,
-0.004718465730547905,
0.0023696362040936947,
-0.057814501225948334,
0.021139467135071754,
-0.008771121501922607,
0.006167989689856768,
0.012206516228616238,
0.0291476808488369,
0.018864616751670837,
-0.03012790158390999,
0.007795525249093771,
-0.06088462471961975,
0.05060156062245369,
0.04509013146162033,
-0.03354942426085472,
-0.03806213662028313,
0.009848439134657383,
-0.017486760392785072,
-0.02620702050626278,
-0.017764180898666382,
-0.02041817270219326,
-0.026576915755867958,
-0.010199839249253273,
0.07238834351301193,
-0.004054967779666185,
-0.005788847804069519,
-0.03658255934715271,
-0.008979187346994877,
-0.03656406328082085,
0.038986872881650925,
-0.004521959461271763,
0.0033336735796183348,
-0.032458238303661346,
-0.0008328404510393739,
-0.004235291387885809,
-0.05078650638461113,
0.023765716701745987,
-0.0015616480959579349,
-0.053190819919109344,
0.036471590399742126,
-0.002003209665417671,
-0.026872830465435982,
-0.03813611716032028,
0.010615970008075237,
-0.02106548845767975,
0.012123290449380875,
0.0037151272408664227,
-0.04853015020489693,
-0.0088266059756279,
0.002063317457213998,
-0.006288205273449421,
-0.023377329111099243,
-0.01042177528142929,
0.04383249208331108,
-0.02247108705341816,
0.007286920212209225,
0.018559454008936882,
0.029351122677326202,
-0.03079371154308319,
-0.005502179730683565,
0.049972739070653915,
-0.04860413074493408,
0.005400458816438913,
0.027742082253098488,
-0.027020787820219994,
-0.008447464555501938,
-0.021712804213166237,
0.009950160048902035,
-0.026336483657360077,
-0.0032897486817091703,
0.020381184294819832,
0.005765729583799839,
-0.03009091317653656,
0.03850601240992546,
-0.01481427252292633,
0.007194446865469217,
0.002547648036852479,
0.013482652604579926,
0.03136704862117767,
0.028981229290366173,
-0.022138182073831558,
0.028093483299016953,
0.0343816876411438,
-0.024912390857934952,
-0.005862826947122812,
-0.022045709192752838,
0.03946773707866669,
-0.01362136285752058
] |
Deep learning (DL) models have become increasingly popular in identifying
software vulnerabilities. Prior studies found that vulnerabilities across
different vulnerable programs may exhibit similar vulnerable scopes, implicitly
forming discernible vulnerability patterns that can be learned by DL models
through supervised training. However, vulnerable scopes still manifest in
various spatial locations and formats within a program, posing challenges for
models to accurately identify vulnerable statements. Despite this challenge,
state-of-the-art vulnerability detection approaches fail to exploit the
vulnerability patterns that arise in vulnerable programs. To take full
advantage of vulnerability patterns and unleash the ability of DL models, we
propose a novel vulnerability-matching approach in this paper, drawing
inspiration from program analysis tools that locate vulnerabilities based on
pre-defined patterns. Specifically, a vulnerability codebook is learned, which
consists of quantized vectors representing various vulnerability patterns.
During inference, the codebook is iterated to match all learned patterns and
predict the presence of potential vulnerabilities within a given program. Our
approach was extensively evaluated on a real-world dataset comprising more than
188,000 C/C++ functions. The evaluation results show that our approach achieves
an F1-score of 94% (6% higher than the previous best) and 82% (19% higher than
the previous best) for function and statement-level vulnerability
identification, respectively. These substantial enhancements highlight the
effectiveness of our approach to identifying vulnerabilities. The training code
and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/optimatch/optimatch. | [
-0.017791952937841415,
0.04440445825457573,
-0.01742812804877758,
-0.008958093822002411,
0.04387202858924866,
0.04617921635508537,
-0.015777602791786194,
0.03677299618721008,
-0.02793469838798046,
0.057715144008398056,
0.054946523159742355,
-0.06428175419569016,
-0.01290249451994896,
-0.021385839208960533,
-0.031395476311445236,
0.019202886149287224,
0.03638254851102829,
-0.0011835420737043023,
0.016523001715540886,
-0.0954820066690445,
-0.00552393589168787,
-0.04355257377028465,
-0.024172211065888405,
0.06715685874223709,
-0.0038157308008521795,
-0.009037957526743412,
0.024740133434534073,
-0.01571548543870449,
-0.035406433045864105,
0.06563057005405426,
0.07003197073936462,
0.01782744936645031,
-0.022557180374860764,
-0.010542064905166626,
-0.004956013057380915,
-0.009574822150170803,
-0.015600127167999744,
0.07482381910085678,
-0.04362356290221214,
0.01721515692770481,
0.015981700271368027,
-0.07194870710372925,
0.03544192761182785,
0.010879269801080227,
0.026514891535043716,
0.004574439954012632,
-0.007866617292165756,
-0.04536282643675804,
-0.025627512484788895,
-0.024899860844016075,
0.013088843785226345,
-0.01782744936645031,
-0.02624867856502533,
-0.07319103926420212,
-0.006531110964715481,
0.032336100935935974,
0.05643732100725174,
-0.008683006279170513,
0.1003093495965004,
-0.003192346775904298,
-0.02500634640455246,
0.036560025066137314,
0.020249994471669197,
-0.0025090647395700216,
0.03638254851102829,
-0.013026727363467216,
0.02880433015525341,
-0.009237618185579777,
0.009415093809366226,
0.0318036712706089,
-0.060412779450416565,
0.02779271826148033,
0.005262158811092377,
0.024953104555606842,
0.007866617292165756,
0.03485625609755516,
-0.01298235822468996,
0.028697844594717026,
-0.0024757881183177233,
0.006637596525251865,
0.0036271626595407724,
0.04202628135681152,
-0.012964610941708088,
0.02230871468782425,
0.01655849628150463,
-0.0007476169848814607,
-0.025556521490216255,
-0.0691445916891098,
0.042913660407066345,
-0.04703110083937645,
-0.04135187342762947,
-0.031981147825717926,
0.0013099935604259372,
0.03819280117750168,
-0.003862318117171526,
-0.01126084290444851,
-0.02660362981259823,
-0.04383653402328491,
-0.08604028820991516,
0.043126631528139114,
-0.024846618995070457,
0.023657530546188354,
0.015271796844899654,
0.01932711899280548,
0.020693683996796608,
-0.04600173979997635,
-0.029177028685808182,
0.03741190955042839,
-0.009796666912734509,
0.10747937113046646,
0.003702589776366949,
-0.016097059473395348,
0.007201082538813353,
-0.010116123594343662,
0.033436451107263565,
0.009601443074643612,
-0.01761447824537754,
-0.02339131571352482,
-0.041813310235738754,
-0.05988034978508949,
0.011003502644598484,
0.06655344367027283,
0.026816600933670998,
-0.007897675037384033,
-0.031466469168663025,
0.09654685854911804,
-0.0016361054731532931,
0.014215814881026745,
-0.028342893347144127,
0.018830187618732452,
-0.002548996824771166,
-0.025716250762343407,
0.012068357318639755,
-0.02727803774178028,
0.02915928140282631,
0.04302014410495758,
0.05061611160635948,
-0.00414627930149436,
-0.03602759540081024,
-0.030792059376835823,
-0.006713023874908686,
0.02259267494082451,
-0.04642768204212189,
0.02486436627805233,
0.014384417794644833,
-0.0025157202035188675,
0.028041183948516846,
0.08099997788667679,
-0.030969535931944847,
-0.016904573887586594,
-0.024669142439961433,
0.004663177765905857,
0.02493535727262497,
0.039044685661792755,
0.0988895446062088,
0.0022018097806721926,
0.022503936663269997,
0.049977198243141174,
0.007050227839499712,
-0.04908981919288635,
0.052816811949014664,
-0.05739568918943405,
0.05941891297698021,
0.04362356290221214,
0.003549516899511218,
0.011136609129607677,
0.02777497097849846,
-0.0004364796623121947,
-0.08476246148347855,
0.04908981919288635,
0.03608084097504616,
0.006247149780392647,
0.026514891535043716,
-0.004281604662537575,
-0.027650736272335052,
0.002912822412326932,
0.02312510274350643,
-0.026816600933670998,
-0.00575909111648798,
-0.026994075626134872,
-0.0449368841946125,
0.0040641967207193375,
-0.011580298654735088,
-0.037802357226610184,
0.037234432995319366,
0.004441333003342152,
0.026656871661543846,
-0.028928562998771667,
0.04252321273088455,
-0.04731506109237671,
-0.026372911408543587,
-0.011970746330916882,
0.040499988943338394,
-0.019415857270359993,
0.0015074354596436024,
-0.04774100333452225,
-0.07148727029561996,
0.006584353744983673,
0.05058061704039574,
-0.010444453917443752,
-0.019504595547914505,
-0.027544250711798668,
0.006690839305520058,
0.019717566668987274,
0.020817916840314865,
0.019504595547914505,
0.008447850123047829,
0.017880691215395927,
0.023604286834597588,
-0.060199808329343796,
-0.023355821147561073,
0.04092593118548393,
-0.06580804288387299,
-0.005444071721285582,
0.002890637842938304,
-0.011899755336344242,
-0.02055170387029648,
-0.011793269775807858,
-0.04593075066804886,
-0.047421544790267944,
0.017925061285495758,
0.03318798169493675,
0.056046873331069946,
-0.027952445670962334,
-0.020959896966814995,
-0.037731364369392395,
0.03210538253188133,
-0.025024093687534332,
-0.017587857320904732,
-0.023071860894560814,
-0.015724360942840576,
-0.0529232993721962,
0.0009811086347326636,
-0.020533954724669456,
0.032052136957645416,
-0.07958017289638519,
0.006925994995981455,
-0.024686889722943306,
-0.020374227315187454,
0.03861874341964722,
0.02594696916639805,
-0.06424625962972641,
-0.009947521612048149,
-0.016753720119595528,
0.01916739158332348,
0.062081050127744675,
-0.024882113561034203,
0.05185844376683235,
0.0035273325629532337,
0.03308149799704552,
0.011713406071066856,
-0.04806045815348625,
0.013443795032799244,
0.06598552316427231,
-0.032034389674663544,
-0.0006771812913939357,
0.01327519305050373,
-0.01567111723124981,
0.006109606008976698,
-0.08057403564453125,
-0.013576902449131012,
-0.04380103945732117,
-0.01093251258134842,
0.043943021446466446,
-0.016789214685559273,
0.044723913073539734,
0.04507886618375778,
0.012583037838339806,
0.01196187175810337,
-0.019238382577896118,
0.05040314048528671,
-0.0068505676463246346,
-0.07475282996892929,
-0.02355104498565197,
0.06044827401638031,
-0.04678263142704964,
0.028396135196089745,
0.049835216253995895,
0.009565948508679867,
-0.00919324904680252,
0.026213182136416435,
0.003585012163966894,
0.02974495105445385,
0.014970087446272373,
0.011819891631603241,
-0.011642416007816792,
-0.028236407786607742,
0.0006017540581524372,
-0.0018002706347033381,
0.014748242683708668,
-0.038228295743465424,
0.020871158689260483,
-0.06254249066114426,
0.024473918601870537,
0.03480301424860954,
0.02843162976205349,
-0.040499988943338394,
-0.014597387984395027,
-0.060696739703416824,
-0.015955079346895218,
-0.10187113285064697,
0.005058061797171831,
-0.008470035158097744,
0.02910603955388069,
-0.02734902873635292,
0.007755694445222616,
0.011331832967698574,
0.06903810799121857,
0.005279906559735537,
-0.02209574356675148,
0.0185107309371233,
-0.008998025208711624,
-0.0018457488622516394,
0.00937072467058897,
0.012467678636312485,
0.044652923941612244,
-0.013390552252531052,
-0.002124164020642638,
-0.009486083872616291,
0.019948285073041916,
0.0021674237214028835,
0.013745504431426525,
-0.07588867098093033,
0.05295879393815994,
0.05402364954352379,
-0.024118967354297638,
0.03512246906757355,
0.00024666369426995516,
-0.06577254831790924,
0.02500634640455246,
-0.023533297702670097,
0.022415200248360634,
-0.04802496358752251,
-0.02099539339542389,
0.0001539048389531672,
0.020232247188687325,
-0.030099904164671898,
0.10222608596086502,
0.027508756145834923,
-0.05455607548356056,
-0.027153804898262024,
-0.01170453242957592,
-0.056046873331069946,
0.022397451102733612,
-0.02880433015525341,
-0.05679227039217949,
-0.012937989085912704,
-0.04848640039563179,
-0.049906209111213684,
-0.051574479788541794,
0.0009949739323928952,
-0.006815072614699602,
0.027739474549889565,
0.007076849229633808,
0.0022938752081245184,
0.007995286956429482,
-0.014517524279654026,
-0.015777602791786194,
-0.019238382577896118,
-0.0024979724548757076,
0.012405561283230782,
-0.030738817527890205,
-0.008425666019320488,
-0.005381954833865166,
-0.017339389771223068,
-0.020391974598169327,
0.0009173282887786627,
-0.010346841998398304,
-0.012378940358757973,
0.05721821263432503,
0.01480148546397686,
0.08305869996547699,
0.035921111702919006,
0.05728920176625252,
-0.06066124513745308,
-0.012139348313212395,
0.023515550419688225,
-0.01497896108776331,
-0.02427869662642479,
0.038228295743465424,
-0.052603840827941895,
0.035264451056718826,
0.01126084290444851,
-0.024367433041334152,
0.00211085332557559,
0.04071296006441116,
-0.00048500820412300527,
-0.04259420186281204,
-0.003065895289182663,
0.010373462922871113,
-0.01432230044156313,
-0.017791952937841415,
0.0008873792248778045,
-0.00820825807750225,
0.04234573617577553,
-0.00046947906957939267,
-0.04511436074972153,
-0.011473813094198704,
0.010408958420157433,
-0.05334923788905144,
-0.02683434821665287,
0.051361508667469025,
-0.03432383015751839,
0.01545814611017704,
0.007205519359558821,
0.015218554064631462,
0.043339602649211884,
-0.01250317320227623,
-0.026266425848007202,
-0.021971510723233223,
0.02552102692425251,
-0.018759196624159813,
-0.019877294078469276,
-0.0024713510647416115,
0.02988693304359913,
0.01996603235602379,
0.012636280618607998,
-0.006548858713358641,
-0.02223772369325161,
0.015892961993813515,
0.03418184816837311,
0.006597664672881365,
0.0393996387720108,
0.025112831965088844,
0.01775645837187767,
0.05991584435105324,
0.003877847222611308,
0.0314842164516449,
0.013860863633453846,
-0.03332996368408203,
0.041742317378520966,
-0.019504595547914505,
0.04965774342417717,
-0.012423309497535229,
-0.05285230651497841,
-0.022344209253787994,
-0.002108634915202856,
-0.024172211065888405,
-0.05214240401983261,
-0.013763251714408398,
0.018351001664996147,
0.0018202366773039103,
-0.01528067048639059,
-0.020587198436260223,
-0.09392021596431732,
-0.040783949196338654,
0.019770808517932892,
0.0014841418014839292,
0.030863050371408463,
-0.027881454676389694,
-0.044723913073539734,
0.05984485521912575,
-0.09725676476955414,
-0.02493535727262497,
0.07059989124536514,
0.0025312493089586496,
-0.05991584435105324,
-0.03498049080371857,
0.04827342927455902,
-0.04607272893190384,
0.009055704809725285,
0.0587799996137619,
-0.004345939960330725,
-0.05434310436248779,
-0.04309113696217537,
0.06335888057947159,
-0.01590183563530445,
-0.029851436614990234,
0.002252833917737007,
-0.004523415584117174,
0.0036914977245032787,
-0.017179662361741066,
0.003116919659078121,
-0.006309266202151775,
0.03274429216980934,
-0.005719159264117479,
0.011065619066357613,
-0.04337509721517563,
-0.005741343833506107,
-0.008603141643106937,
0.06506264209747314,
0.00820825807750225,
-0.0363115593791008,
-0.010905890725553036,
0.048166945576667786,
-0.016008321195840836,
0.03217637166380882,
0.013514786027371883,
0.0411389023065567,
-0.018146906048059464,
-0.009210996329784393,
-0.01229020208120346,
-0.023657530546188354,
-0.003367604222148657,
-0.020835664123296738,
-0.0006921557942405343,
-0.06353635340929031,
-0.01740150712430477,
0.056472815573215485,
-0.008110646158456802,
0.026994075626134872,
-0.02188277244567871,
-0.00546625629067421,
0.02529030852019787,
-0.03698596730828285,
0.01385198999196291,
-0.0247223861515522,
0.013479290530085564,
0.025716250762343407,
0.013452669605612755,
0.023089608177542686,
-0.030099904164671898,
-0.0023715209681540728,
-0.03107602149248123,
-0.0018224550876766443,
0.010036258958280087,
0.059383418411016464,
-0.016496380791068077,
0.027721727266907692,
0.005146799609065056,
0.02056945115327835,
-0.0167714674025774,
-0.01968207210302353,
0.033649422228336334,
-0.0043925270438194275,
0.011757775209844112,
0.07432688772678375,
-0.043268609791994095,
-0.026071202009916306,
-0.015387156046926975,
0.003738085040822625,
0.03730542212724686,
-0.016895700246095657,
-0.04302014410495758,
-0.01672709919512272,
0.024917608126997948,
0.01859946921467781,
0.016993312165141106,
-0.030348369851708412,
-0.022557180374860764,
-0.04110340774059296,
-0.0020664844196289778,
-0.003866754937916994,
-0.02749100886285305,
-0.008496656082570553,
0.0006244931137189269,
0.02101314067840576,
-0.026869842782616615,
-0.0029350067488849163,
0.0173837598413229,
0.015085446648299694,
-0.006038615480065346,
-0.02223772369325161,
0.004947139415889978,
-0.060980699956417084,
-0.028094425797462463,
-0.03666650876402855,
-0.006411314941942692,
-0.014774864539504051,
-0.02216673269867897,
-0.051290519535541534,
-0.01747249625623226,
-0.010462201200425625,
0.0007692468934692442,
0.013035601004958153,
-0.025858230888843536,
-0.0247223861515522,
0.0342528373003006,
-0.022557180374860764,
-0.0014675033744424582,
-0.01367451436817646,
-0.03056134097278118,
0.014996709302067757,
-0.0017381540965288877,
0.011216473765671253,
0.009432841092348099,
-0.009095637127757072,
-0.03755388781428337,
0.021829528734087944,
0.007183334790170193,
-0.05512399971485138,
-0.03308149799704552,
0.012130473740398884,
0.009264239110052586,
0.028751086443662643,
-0.012955736368894577,
-0.035246703773736954,
-0.005705848336219788,
-0.024917608126997948,
-0.018688207492232323,
-0.0042727310210466385,
-0.000012019482710456941,
-0.015724360942840576,
-0.019362615421414375,
-0.017987176775932312,
0.020729178562760353,
0.028910815715789795,
-0.005084683187305927,
0.0028351766522973776,
-0.019380362704396248,
-0.003345419652760029,
0.005058061797171831,
0.04710208997130394,
0.015626749023795128,
0.026426153257489204,
-0.014340048655867577,
0.009867656975984573,
-0.002449166728183627,
0.016310030594468117,
0.03382689505815506,
-0.02742001786828041,
-0.010941386222839355,
0.059809360653162,
-0.003434157697483897,
-0.008390170522034168,
-0.031111516058444977,
-0.005204479210078716,
0.02245069481432438,
-0.0018202366773039103,
0.05934792384505272,
0.019788557663559914,
-0.025680754333734512,
0.026798853650689125,
0.005342022981494665,
0.024970851838588715,
0.045966245234012604,
-0.01688682660460472,
-0.03396887704730034,
-0.022219976410269737,
-0.05885099247097969,
-0.052532851696014404,
-0.02624867856502533,
-0.010231482796370983,
-0.022255470976233482,
-0.02463364787399769,
0.0033653858117759228,
0.009082326665520668,
0.03501598536968231,
-0.03893820196390152,
-0.011873134411871433,
-0.018280012533068657,
0.05082908272743225,
-0.013914106413722038,
0.057928115129470825,
-0.025024093687534332,
-0.0214390829205513,
0.010621929541230202,
0.02348005399107933,
0.05863802134990692,
0.06211654469370842,
0.020729178562760353,
0.01843973994255066,
0.03348969295620918,
0.03254907205700874,
-0.014020591974258423,
-0.00017082050908356905,
0.0357968769967556,
0.030011165887117386,
0.030437108129262924,
-0.019149644300341606,
-0.007143402937799692,
0.011562551371753216,
-0.015120942145586014,
0.002881763968616724,
0.008740685880184174,
-0.04412049427628517,
0.009281986393034458,
0.01812915690243244,
0.018581721931695938,
0.012228085659444332,
-0.002261707792058587,
-0.09278437495231628,
-0.06140664219856262,
0.04177781566977501,
0.012787134386599064,
-0.0466761477291584,
0.06247149780392647,
0.0356016531586647,
-0.011322959326207638,
0.0005657042493112385,
0.012627406977117062,
-0.006619849242269993,
0.006224965211004019,
-0.006344761699438095,
0.002098651835694909,
-0.020977644249796867,
-0.002690977416932583,
0.024953104555606842,
-0.05881549417972565,
0.02937225252389908,
-0.045824263244867325,
-0.05345572531223297,
0.04671164229512215,
0.01954009011387825,
0.04887684807181358,
-0.03432383015751839,
-0.003407536307349801,
-0.04302014410495758,
0.029549729079008102,
-0.0006361400010064244,
-0.004055323079228401,
-0.012467678636312485,
-0.053704190999269485,
0.026745609939098358,
0.03726992756128311,
-0.0009822178399190307,
0.01265402790158987,
-0.002109744120389223,
-0.001590627245604992,
-0.035264451056718826,
-0.01283150352537632,
0.07042241841554642,
0.0636073425412178,
-0.008505529724061489,
0.007085723336786032,
0.005031440407037735,
0.018138032406568527,
0.05313626676797867,
-0.0003690943121910095,
0.053491219878196716,
0.04142286255955696,
0.011944124475121498,
-0.013497037813067436,
-0.05484003573656082,
-0.011873134411871433,
-0.024172211065888405,
-0.007427364122122526,
-0.01902541145682335,
-0.0014963432913646102,
-0.0007764568435959518,
0.027100561186671257,
-0.04497237876057625,
-0.03238934278488159,
-0.018404245376586914,
-0.023302579298615456,
-0.016425389796495438,
0.04302014410495758,
0.04365905746817589,
0.00641575176268816,
-0.007156713400036097,
0.011385075747966766,
-0.037589386105537415,
0.0418488048017025,
0.02894631028175354,
-0.002764186356216669,
0.010018511675298214,
0.020888907834887505,
0.021332597360014915,
0.011784396134316921,
0.028396135196089745,
0.06903810799121857,
-0.010018511675298214,
0.038760725408792496,
-0.02420770563185215,
-0.05366869643330574,
0.004461299162358046,
0.02252168580889702,
0.014393291436135769,
-0.015387156046926975,
-0.031022777780890465,
-0.008900413289666176,
0.017250651493668556,
0.008731811307370663,
-0.006912684068083763,
0.07006746530532837,
-0.03971909359097481,
-0.00902021024376154,
0.021119626238942146,
0.008288121782243252,
0.03040161170065403,
0.01611480675637722,
0.012840377166867256,
0.06971251219511032,
-0.023568792268633842,
-0.0383702777326107,
-0.005732469726353884,
0.04351707920432091,
0.008580957539379597,
0.0030370554886758327,
0.03366716951131821,
-0.0556919202208519,
-0.010302472859621048,
-0.003221186576411128,
0.012760513462126255,
0.010488822124898434,
0.01932711899280548,
0.027686232700943947,
0.00008783667726675048,
0.004059759899973869,
0.020959896966814995,
-0.04475940763950348,
-0.027011824771761894,
0.017463622614741325,
-0.0373409166932106,
0.0004237235989421606,
-0.02566300705075264,
-0.0024913172237575054,
0.01932711899280548,
-0.00023889912699814886,
-0.0159994475543499,
0.03695047274231911,
-0.029922427609562874,
-0.019007662311196327,
-0.0233380738645792,
0.005696974694728851,
-0.023604286834597588,
-0.002247287891805172,
0.005346459802240133,
-0.026195434853434563,
-0.005501751322299242,
0.00919324904680252,
-0.016478631645441055,
-0.0196998193860054,
0.021421335637569427,
0.014482028782367706,
-0.0280056893825531,
-0.008722937665879726,
0.03166168928146362,
0.006038615480065346,
-0.028058931231498718,
0.012370066717267036,
-0.020462965592741966,
0.006362508982419968,
-0.025858230888843536,
-0.013026727363467216,
-0.04092593118548393,
-0.011074492707848549,
-0.002134147100150585,
0.05927693471312523,
0.01367451436817646,
0.002059828955680132,
0.00902021024376154,
0.0036293810699135065,
0.0435880683362484,
-0.020693683996796608,
0.0025046279188245535,
0.009264239110052586,
-0.015538010746240616,
-0.010054007172584534,
0.036418043076992035,
0.000804187438916415,
0.0038090753369033337,
-0.033276721835136414,
-0.024686889722943306,
-0.01363901887089014,
0.017623351886868477,
-0.0037669248413294554,
0.03826379403471947,
0.036134082823991776,
0.013710008934140205,
0.022770151495933533,
0.0302596315741539,
0.045895252376794815,
-0.01300897914916277,
-0.024154461920261383,
0.03297501057386398,
-0.0033298905473202467,
-0.006704150233417749,
-0.01725952699780464,
-0.007871054112911224,
0.022486189380288124,
-0.012973484583199024,
0.023817257955670357,
-0.012050610035657883,
0.03366716951131821,
0.03730542212724686,
-0.020232247188687325,
-0.03155520558357239,
0.007440675050020218,
-0.04032251238822937,
0.010817152447998524,
0.015688864514231682,
0.021758539602160454,
0.07269410789012909,
0.012662901543080807,
0.002433637622743845,
-0.013097717426717281,
-0.027526503428816795,
0.042913660407066345,
-0.014482028782367706,
0.011828765273094177,
-0.022983122617006302,
0.029656214639544487,
-0.02303636446595192,
0.04557579755783081,
-0.03274429216980934,
0.020746925845742226,
-0.032691050320863724,
-0.0016693822108209133,
-0.04774100333452225,
-0.02850262075662613,
0.03084530308842659,
-0.010249230079352856,
0.033134739845991135,
0.05707623064517975,
0.015626749023795128,
-0.018865682184696198,
0.0004450761480256915,
-0.05760866031050682,
-0.007121218368411064,
-0.0005177303100936115,
-0.025112831965088844,
-0.015777602791786194,
-0.017765332013368607,
0.01607043854892254,
0.03726992756128311,
0.022716907784342766,
0.030082156881690025,
-0.0007581546087749302,
-0.026514891535043716,
-0.007396305911242962,
0.007706888485699892,
-0.01060418225824833,
-0.01333730947226286,
0.015467019751667976,
0.061797089874744415,
0.013896359130740166,
0.005892198067158461,
-0.015023330226540565,
-0.00025817190180532634,
0.05168096721172333,
0.035335440188646317,
-0.034678779542446136,
0.04543381556868553,
0.0066864024847745895,
0.020516207441687584,
-0.04309113696217537,
0.00045394993503578007,
-0.01501445658504963,
0.005310964770615101,
-0.043410591781139374,
0.023000869899988174,
0.030827553942799568,
0.017206283286213875,
0.0466761477291584,
0.003400880843400955,
0.010595307685434818,
-0.00832805410027504,
-0.007507228292524815,
-0.023320326581597328,
-0.00900689885020256,
0.010187113657593727,
0.005732469726353884,
0.01163354143500328,
0.008075150661170483,
-0.045753274112939835,
0.028768835589289665,
-0.013426047749817371,
-0.006353635340929031,
0.0023826132528483868,
-0.0338623933494091,
-0.005390828941017389,
0.0037314295768737793,
0.00030004509608261287,
-0.01768546737730503,
0.00969905499368906,
-0.007902111858129501,
0.029691709205508232,
-0.02383500710129738,
0.020729178562760353,
0.021403586491942406,
-0.006948179565370083,
-0.02253943309187889,
-0.02516607567667961,
-0.020143508911132812,
-0.00011223960609640926,
-0.030827553942799568,
-0.04518534988164902,
-0.025112831965088844,
0.019451353698968887,
0.02516607567667961,
-0.048947837203741074,
0.012423309497535229,
0.04397851601243019,
0.008367986418306828,
0.03687947988510132,
0.021758539602160454,
-0.025982463732361794,
0.009867656975984573,
-0.007613713853061199,
0.01607043854892254,
0.026124443858861923,
-0.003005997044965625,
0.028360640630126,
-0.013958475552499294,
-0.04124538600444794,
0.031679440289735794,
0.03352518752217293,
-0.0594899021089077,
0.011322959326207638,
0.017153041437268257,
0.003709245240315795,
0.01660286635160446,
-0.01560900080949068,
-0.010045132599771023,
0.0361163355410099,
-0.01388748548924923,
-0.05512399971485138,
0.021261606365442276,
-0.01874144934117794,
-0.04206177592277527,
0.01984179951250553,
-0.018475236371159554,
0.02181178145110607,
0.011580298654735088,
0.008953656069934368,
0.03680849075317383,
-0.013807620853185654,
-0.02056945115327835,
-0.010249230079352856,
-0.04419148713350296,
-0.03432383015751839,
-0.006513363681733608,
0.01895442046225071,
0.02136809192597866,
-0.007414053659886122,
-0.040003057569265366,
0.03615183010697365,
0.01982405222952366,
-0.01637214608490467,
0.014153698459267616,
-0.028183164075016975,
-0.019770808517932892,
-0.030170893296599388
] |
Power quality (PQ) events are recorded by PQ meters whenever anomalous events
are detected on the power grid. Using neural networks with machine learning can
aid in accurately classifying the recorded waveforms and help power system
engineers diagnose and rectify the root causes of problems. However, many of
the waveforms captured during a disturbance in the power system need to be
labeled for supervised learning, leaving a large number of data recordings for
engineers to process manually or go unseen. This paper presents an autoencoder
and K-means clustering-based unsupervised technique that can be used to cluster
PQ events into categories like sag, interruption, transients, normal, and
harmonic distortion to enable filtering of anomalous waveforms from recurring
or normal waveforms. The method is demonstrated using three-phase,
field-obtained voltage waveforms recorded in a distribution grid. First, a
convolutional autoencoder compresses the input signals into a set of lower
feature dimensions which, after further processing, is passed to the K-means
algorithm to identify data clusters. Using a small, labeled dataset, numerical
labels are then assigned to events based on a cosine similarity analysis.
Finally, the study analyzes the clusters using the t-distributed stochastic
neighbor embedding (t-SNE) visualization tool, demonstrating that the technique
can help investigate a large number of captured events in a quick manner. | [
-0.014034616760909557,
0.005528513342142105,
-0.01875518634915352,
-0.006336457096040249,
-0.018646249547600746,
0.053487684577703476,
0.005206243600696325,
0.010712062008678913,
0.007289648987352848,
0.022168520838022232,
0.01732993684709072,
-0.08228316158056259,
-0.029757745563983917,
-0.024583274498581886,
-0.02761533297598362,
-0.003683406161144376,
-0.022168520838022232,
-0.004815889056771994,
0.0038899309001863003,
-0.020570790395140648,
-0.02594497799873352,
-0.028178170323371887,
-0.014942418783903122,
-0.007135322783142328,
-0.009028089232742786,
0.033624980598688126,
0.032517462968826294,
-0.0210610032081604,
-0.06971918046474457,
0.03217249736189842,
0.02254979871213436,
0.030375050380825996,
0.019935328513383865,
-0.0669957771897316,
-0.08366301655769348,
-0.019154619425535202,
0.021569373086094856,
0.022840294986963272,
-0.004327945411205292,
0.017792915925383568,
0.0041668107733130455,
-0.035676613450050354,
-0.009386671707034111,
-0.02354838140308857,
0.02828710712492466,
-0.03335263952612877,
-0.014252489432692528,
-0.04724200814962387,
0.041432078927755356,
0.004557165317237377,
0.02732483670115471,
-0.08489762991666794,
-0.043247681111097336,
-0.017030363902449608,
-0.06409081071615219,
0.019971640780568123,
0.0535966232419014,
0.055739033967256546,
0.027597175911068916,
0.012427807785570621,
0.02360284887254238,
0.06743152439594269,
-0.06481705605983734,
0.031046824529767036,
0.006127662491053343,
0.0025645403657108545,
0.02589050866663456,
-0.0251279566437006,
0.047605130821466446,
0.003097873879596591,
-0.053197190165519714,
0.001154043129645288,
-0.030193490907549858,
0.046443141996860504,
0.026961715891957283,
0.032226964831352234,
-0.0065361736342310905,
0.06743152439594269,
-0.01904568262398243,
0.025454765185713768,
0.04604371264576912,
0.0694286897778511,
0.010212770663201809,
0.039180729538202286,
0.09375777840614319,
-0.011638020165264606,
0.011047949083149433,
-0.07937819510698318,
0.0478593148291111,
0.03600342199206352,
-0.014679156243801117,
0.03758299723267555,
0.001742979628033936,
0.02293107472360134,
0.02541845291852951,
-0.00866496842354536,
0.0005707804230041802,
-0.007403124123811722,
0.005505818407982588,
0.049856480211019516,
-0.02603575773537159,
-0.048984989523887634,
0.026253629475831985,
-0.038309238851070404,
0.03193647041916847,
-0.05962442606687546,
-0.03130100667476654,
0.025400295853614807,
0.011347522959113121,
0.10559551417827606,
0.03943491354584694,
-0.017502419650554657,
0.05733676627278328,
-0.003259008750319481,
-0.014225255697965622,
-0.025309516116976738,
0.03899917006492615,
-0.0507279671728611,
-0.045063283294439316,
-0.004253051709383726,
0.006127662491053343,
0.03177306428551674,
0.003470072755590081,
0.02331235259771347,
-0.046733640134334564,
0.051526833325624466,
0.061766840517520905,
0.01646752655506134,
0.015232915058732033,
0.025382140651345253,
-0.01557787973433733,
-0.015641426667571068,
-0.01875518634915352,
0.0019370221998542547,
-0.006849365308880806,
0.0075483727268874645,
0.006681421771645546,
0.014733624644577503,
0.03863604739308357,
-0.03787349537014961,
-0.012400573119521141,
-0.01642213575541973,
-0.018174193799495697,
-0.06681421399116516,
0.049275483936071396,
0.02325788326561451,
0.006095889490097761,
0.04255774989724159,
-0.04059689864516258,
0.006195747759193182,
-0.02135149948298931,
0.07785309106111526,
0.013825822621583939,
0.019880861043930054,
0.027651645243167877,
-0.008170217275619507,
-0.010303551331162453,
-0.03264455497264862,
-0.016585540026426315,
-0.07062698900699615,
0.022386394441127777,
-0.027923986315727234,
0.055739033967256546,
0.050473783165216446,
0.024873770773410797,
0.0011710644466802478,
0.008201990276575089,
-0.04662470519542694,
-0.08300939947366714,
0.04480909928679466,
0.034859590232372284,
0.015069510787725449,
0.051853641867637634,
0.023911500349640846,
-0.03484143689274788,
0.01809249073266983,
0.04825874790549278,
-0.020806819200515747,
-0.02115178294479847,
-0.004756881855428219,
-0.03987065702676773,
0.059224992990493774,
0.05446811392903328,
0.00815659947693348,
0.046406831592321396,
0.027633488178253174,
0.042049381881952286,
-0.0019790080841630697,
0.0056646838784217834,
-0.023965969681739807,
0.005900712218135595,
0.05370555818080902,
0.09223266690969467,
-0.008769365958869457,
-0.007852486334741116,
-0.030810795724391937,
-0.006581563502550125,
0.02790582925081253,
-0.0349322147667408,
-0.011374757625162601,
-0.03885392099618912,
-0.04074214771389961,
0.05225307494401932,
0.013707808218896389,
0.032281436026096344,
0.013843978755176067,
0.045644279569387436,
0.01661277376115322,
-0.012282559648156166,
-0.0007914897287264466,
-0.05203520134091377,
-0.025817885994911194,
-0.023802565410733223,
0.04662470519542694,
0.036965690553188324,
-0.021569373086094856,
0.007194329984486103,
-0.01875518634915352,
0.02086128666996956,
-0.03504115343093872,
0.015813909471035004,
-0.0014422702370211482,
0.04502697288990021,
0.05040115863084793,
-0.03729249909520149,
-0.04005222022533417,
0.00007638301758561283,
0.038272928446531296,
-0.02254979871213436,
0.02556370012462139,
0.001619291608221829,
0.037837181240320206,
0.005628371611237526,
-0.01852823607623577,
-0.01402553915977478,
-0.018737031146883965,
0.0013038304168730974,
0.04920286312699318,
-0.008034046739339828,
-0.054395489394664764,
0.031845688819885254,
-0.018882278352975845,
-0.04350186511874199,
-0.012890786863863468,
0.022985544055700302,
0.0075165992602705956,
0.025999445468187332,
0.050764281302690506,
0.04408285766839981,
-0.0022547529079020023,
-0.06550697982311249,
-0.031809378415346146,
0.034859590232372284,
0.03269902244210243,
0.027070650830864906,
0.005079151596873999,
0.03202724829316139,
-0.024329090490937233,
-0.006713194772601128,
0.0036425550933927298,
-0.012845396064221859,
0.008841990493237972,
-0.0335160456597805,
0.04168626293540001,
-0.07327776402235031,
0.0339881032705307,
0.04684257507324219,
0.009522841311991215,
0.04698782414197922,
-0.020116889849305153,
0.009531919844448566,
0.012237168848514557,
-0.013190360739827156,
-0.042811937630176544,
-0.005623832810670137,
-0.031845688819885254,
-0.0012868090998381376,
-0.027451928704977036,
-0.003599434392526746,
0.0026666680350899696,
-0.07048173993825912,
-0.04186782240867615,
0.006862982176244259,
0.004852200858294964,
-0.04194044694304466,
-0.040560588240623474,
-0.01275461632758379,
-0.008855607360601425,
-0.06064116582274437,
-0.019971640780568123,
0.0042190090753138065,
-0.025854196399450302,
-0.0373288132250309,
-0.0076028406620025635,
-0.018609939143061638,
0.010566813871264458,
-0.010267239063978195,
-0.010294472798705101,
0.0521804504096508,
0.010666672140359879,
-0.02182355709373951,
0.04030640423297882,
0.04618895798921585,
0.05548484995961189,
-0.05268882215023041,
-0.006586102768778801,
0.03422413021326065,
0.027488240972161293,
-0.025981290265917778,
-0.03794611990451813,
-0.018364831805229187,
0.023621004074811935,
-0.026580438017845154,
-0.061294782906770706,
-0.07327776402235031,
0.0013821283355355263,
0.059333931654691696,
0.028940724208950996,
-0.0070763155817985535,
-0.042521439492702484,
0.04934810847043991,
0.05297931656241417,
-0.07778046280145645,
0.047496192157268524,
-0.01732993684709072,
-0.056356340646743774,
0.023875189945101738,
0.05523066595196724,
0.008056741207838058,
-0.006740428972989321,
-0.002120852004736662,
0.0041350373066961765,
0.01948142796754837,
-0.010666672140359879,
0.04168626293540001,
-0.001395745319314301,
-0.054068680852651596,
0.041468389332294464,
-0.0063273790292441845,
0.01548709999769926,
0.017193768173456192,
-0.006572485435754061,
-0.05704626813530922,
-0.023003699257969856,
0.05730045214295387,
0.011329367756843567,
-0.051817331463098526,
-0.0009764544083736837,
0.027161432430148125,
0.03182753175497055,
0.000991773558780551,
-0.027687957510352135,
-0.0014468092704191804,
-0.0162678100168705,
-0.0401974655687809,
-0.029757745563983917,
-0.047786690294742584,
0.03629392012953758,
0.0061912089586257935,
-0.002432909095659852,
0.007389507256448269,
-0.0028822708409279585,
-0.0013526247348636389,
-0.019372491165995598,
-0.009127947501838207,
-0.0033702144864946604,
0.024910083040595055,
-0.011311211623251438,
0.039798032492399216,
0.025872353464365005,
-0.06289251148700714,
0.03691122308373451,
-0.010403409600257874,
-0.0019188661826774478,
-0.046697329729795456,
0.0354224294424057,
0.019699299708008766,
-0.004979293327778578,
-0.0320635624229908,
0.04629789665341377,
-0.04524484649300575,
0.05036484822630882,
0.008165678009390831,
0.0303932074457407,
0.02895887941122055,
0.07019124180078506,
-0.03629392012953758,
0.04829505831003189,
-0.012827240861952305,
0.009173338301479816,
-0.0056192935444414616,
-0.018591782078146935,
-0.004098725505173206,
-0.047750379890203476,
0.0535966232419014,
-0.004573051817715168,
0.003417873987928033,
0.043538179248571396,
0.031464412808418274,
0.0012641140492632985,
-0.03576739504933357,
0.05435917526483536,
-0.05432286486029625,
0.047605130821466446,
-0.07886982709169388,
-0.009350359439849854,
-0.02412937395274639,
0.03091973252594471,
0.022803982719779015,
0.00020680861780419946,
-0.02196880616247654,
-0.010049366392195225,
0.014388659968972206,
-0.06409081071615219,
-0.014461283572018147,
0.03478696942329407,
-0.07066329568624496,
0.039652787148952484,
0.021896181628108025,
-0.01358979381620884,
-0.07146216183900833,
0.045063283294439316,
0.05112740024924278,
0.01737532764673233,
-0.027415616437792778,
0.026889091357588768,
-0.007239719852805138,
-0.04902129992842674,
0.07262414693832397,
-0.005238016601651907,
0.044337041676044464,
0.06343719363212585,
-0.0072034080512821674,
0.015459866262972355,
-0.03465987369418144,
0.009876884520053864,
-0.005955180153250694,
-0.014751780778169632,
-0.0019597173668444157,
0.008406245149672031,
-0.05566640943288803,
-0.017221001908183098,
-0.03259008750319481,
-0.010049366392195225,
-0.07683634757995605,
0.004309789277613163,
-0.053051941096782684,
-0.007235181052237749,
-0.007180712651461363,
0.014515751972794533,
-0.09266841411590576,
-0.01414355356246233,
-0.06456287205219269,
-0.007861563935875893,
0.023657316341996193,
-0.0052198609337210655,
0.005437733139842749,
-0.05730045214295387,
0.05083690583705902,
-0.0047886548563838005,
-0.008492486551404,
0.06292882561683655,
0.02843235433101654,
-0.013635183684527874,
-0.004184966441243887,
0.021024690940976143,
-0.01732993684709072,
-0.014325113035738468,
0.0031160300131887197,
0.05878924950957298,
0.026108382269740105,
-0.040124841034412384,
0.0013934759190306067,
0.0779983401298523,
-0.001192624680697918,
0.01664908602833748,
0.0031478030141443014,
-0.04586214944720268,
0.007866103202104568,
-0.048658180981874466,
0.016912348568439484,
0.011302133090794086,
-0.022168520838022232,
0.013535325415432453,
0.0008329082047566772,
0.05868031457066536,
0.01785646192729473,
0.0036743280943483114,
-0.011774190701544285,
0.028704695403575897,
-0.029975617304444313,
0.021260719746351242,
-0.05134527385234833,
-0.0033497889526188374,
0.009314047172665596,
0.007816174067556858,
-0.050619032233953476,
0.047750379890203476,
0.0779983401298523,
0.0018269512802362442,
0.049892790615558624,
-0.018773343414068222,
-0.037020161747932434,
-4.432626354855529e-8,
-0.039035480469465256,
0.013952914625406265,
0.017575044184923172,
0.005024683196097612,
0.0028119164053350687,
-0.014134475030004978,
0.012818162329494953,
0.011973906308412552,
-0.010857310146093369,
-0.009613621979951859,
-0.004318867344409227,
0.03856342285871506,
-0.005882556084543467,
-0.005115463398396969,
0.02770611271262169,
0.028650226071476936,
0.026253629475831985,
-0.0036970230285078287,
0.01790185272693634,
-0.0021174477878957987,
-0.039180729538202286,
0.03674782067537308,
0.011692487634718418,
0.03150072321295738,
0.01519660372287035,
-0.0363665446639061,
-0.032662712037563324,
0.0279966089874506,
-0.045535340905189514,
-0.08990869671106339,
0.012845396064221859,
-0.012763693928718567,
0.014352347701787949,
0.046552080661058426,
-0.02518242411315441,
-0.06862982362508774,
0.02167830802500248,
0.061004284769296646,
-0.024565119296312332,
-0.022894762456417084,
-0.006581563502550125,
-0.011492772027850151,
-0.032190654426813126,
0.003987519536167383,
0.020262137055397034,
-0.04045164957642555,
-0.007207946851849556,
-0.010330785065889359,
0.018510080873966217,
0.04967491701245308,
-0.009931351989507675,
-0.019826393574476242,
-0.014388659968972206,
-0.00011957452807109803,
0.004112342372536659,
-0.023947812616825104,
-0.013798587955534458,
0.001757731311954558,
0.07291464507579803,
-0.0022150366567075253,
-0.011229509487748146,
0.035585831850767136,
-0.008969082497060299,
0.08054018020629883,
-0.02302185632288456,
-0.011165962554514408,
-0.0005764542147517204,
-0.033280014991760254,
-0.059224992990493774,
-0.018491923809051514,
0.003960285801440477,
0.02293107472360134,
0.060568541288375854,
-0.01497873105108738,
-0.003161420114338398,
0.03743774816393852,
-0.012627524323761463,
0.024528807029128075,
0.03863604739308357,
0.028795475140213966,
0.031137604266405106,
-0.011075182817876339,
0.02565448172390461,
-0.031464412808418274,
0.0027188665699213743,
0.020697882398962975,
0.010521424002945423,
0.0251279566437006,
-0.016213340684771538,
-0.021169940009713173,
0.01297248899936676,
0.03202724829316139,
0.00022028379316907376,
-0.044591229408979416,
0.014661000110208988,
-0.03200909495353699,
0.005297023802995682,
0.0583898164331913,
0.0077299331314861774,
0.05356030911207199,
0.010439721867442131,
0.011256743222475052,
0.03867235779762268,
-0.04814981296658516,
0.044300731271505356,
0.005487662274390459,
0.009450217708945274,
-0.025690792128443718,
0.033334486186504364,
-0.04077845811843872,
0.03179122135043144,
0.008510642684996128,
0.027778737246990204,
-0.0031001432798802853,
-0.011719722300767899,
-0.024438025429844856,
0.0655432939529419,
0.006390925031155348,
0.02890441194176674,
-0.01924539916217327,
0.03997959569096565,
0.027397461235523224,
-0.013816744089126587,
-0.02948540449142456,
0.019136464223265648,
-0.022477174177765846,
-0.00859234482049942,
-0.0038695053663104773,
-0.008628657087683678,
0.009264118038117886,
-0.020225824788212776,
-0.005492201540619135,
0.003097873879596591,
0.00037390089710243046,
0.03427859768271446,
0.013980148360133171,
0.01445220597088337,
0.001011064276099205,
-0.018110647797584534,
0.030284270644187927,
0.010348941199481487,
-0.021278874948620796,
-0.0315915048122406,
0.030211646109819412,
0.0349503718316555,
0.024928240105509758,
0.0010451069101691246,
0.001113192061893642,
0.010457877069711685,
0.021188095211982727,
-0.005932485219091177,
-0.026525970548391342,
0.026525970548391342,
0.009441139176487923,
-0.0023148946929723024,
-0.013344687409698963,
-0.009255040436983109,
-0.02325788326561451,
0.016285965219140053,
-0.022277457639575005,
0.0018678023479878902,
0.020697882398962975,
0.012309793382883072,
-0.03574923798441887,
0.046878889203071594,
0.041141580790281296,
-0.011338445357978344,
-0.020116889849305153,
-0.006340995896607637,
0.006123123690485954,
0.015096745453774929,
-0.030502142384648323,
0.020461853593587875,
-0.011356601491570473,
0.0067585851065814495,
-0.019971640780568123,
-0.006831209175288677,
-0.02225930243730545,
0.042049381881952286,
0.028922567144036293,
-0.03469618782401085,
-0.010131068527698517,
-0.03269902244210243,
0.01756596565246582,
-0.021841712296009064,
-0.03177306428551674,
-0.029648808762431145,
-0.035676613450050354,
0.04059689864516258,
-0.0008641139138489962,
0.0069809965789318085,
-0.0002631206880323589,
-0.03580370545387268,
0.038599736988544464,
-0.0035767394583672285,
-0.022168520838022232,
-0.05472229793667793,
-0.007838869467377663,
0.020879443734884262,
0.05087321624159813,
-0.001216454547829926,
0.01211007684469223,
0.004325675778090954,
0.031028667464852333,
-0.039652787148952484,
-0.014198021031916142,
0.007902415469288826,
0.020661570131778717,
-0.008551493287086487,
0.040415339171886444,
0.023893345147371292,
0.011737878434360027,
-0.034006256610155106,
-0.007757166866213083,
-0.054250240325927734,
0.03033873811364174,
0.030992355197668076,
0.015133056789636612,
0.012573055922985077,
-0.07792571187019348,
-0.02934015728533268,
0.012890786863863468,
0.038309238851070404,
-0.013172205537557602,
-0.03186384588479996,
0.0023602847941219807,
0.016304122284054756,
-0.0035495052579790354,
-0.039217039942741394,
0.023802565410733223,
0.039943281561136246,
0.016022702679038048,
-0.009931351989507675,
0.028396042063832283,
-0.02647150307893753,
0.010185536928474903,
0.029939305037260056,
-0.030084554105997086,
0.031083136796951294,
0.0006916315760463476,
-0.01852823607623577,
0.015260149724781513,
-0.013834900222718716,
-0.004060144070535898,
-0.019009370356798172,
0.012091920711100101,
0.03298952057957649,
-0.04804087430238724,
0.011038870550692081,
-0.03961647301912308,
-0.04466385021805763,
0.040088530629873276,
0.0028209942393004894,
-0.02857760339975357,
0.007312343921512365,
0.012818162329494953,
-0.012146389111876488,
0.026889091357588768,
0.015714051201939583,
0.019299868494272232,
0.04767775535583496,
-0.025581857189536095,
-0.018446534872055054,
-0.007521138526499271,
0.013971070758998394,
0.022132210433483124,
0.058280881494283676,
0.011329367756843567,
0.06140371784567833,
-0.04288455843925476,
0.01709390990436077,
0.001499007805250585,
0.03961647301912308,
-0.033243704587221146,
0.04172257333993912,
0.025164267048239708,
-0.048694491386413574,
-0.0034292214550077915,
-0.028250794857740402,
0.03209987282752991,
0.005083690397441387,
-0.01604085974395275,
-0.014070929028093815,
-0.04005222022533417,
-0.014225255697965622,
0.0559932179749012,
-0.021460436284542084,
0.006672343704849482,
0.06492599099874496,
-0.004393761046230793,
0.01594100147485733,
0.03509562090039253,
-0.03747406229376793,
-0.014869794249534607,
-0.03562214598059654,
-0.028995191678404808,
0.003783264197409153,
-0.003479150589555502,
-0.019753769040107727,
0.008406245149672031,
-0.05595690757036209,
-0.017593199387192726,
0.020879443734884262,
-0.08722160011529922,
0.02963065356016159,
0.0037310656625777483,
0.009504685178399086,
-0.016676319763064384,
-0.003442838555201888,
-0.027651645243167877,
-0.0032930513843894005,
-0.02307632379233837,
-0.02182355709373951,
-0.0033588670194149017,
-0.03790980577468872,
-0.016712632030248642,
-0.04560796543955803,
-0.014633766375482082,
-0.03226327896118164,
-0.03340710699558258,
-0.04796824976801872,
-0.029213063418865204,
0.01064851600676775,
0.039325978606939316,
-0.014579297974705696,
-0.014769935980439186,
-0.000789787620306015,
-0.0008862415561452508,
-0.01809249073266983,
0.007793479133397341,
-0.028178170323371887,
-0.010639437474310398,
-0.008792061358690262,
0.014833482913672924,
0.021896181628108025,
-0.04016115516424179,
0.015042277052998543,
0.00047943287063390017,
0.0014207098865881562,
-0.011901282705366611,
0.012745537795126438,
-0.015278305858373642,
-0.0373288132250309,
-0.018591782078146935,
0.007775322999805212,
0.019844548776745796,
0.0282326377928257,
0.019662989303469658,
-0.0024578736629337072,
-0.009441139176487923,
-0.016857881098985672,
0.026489658281207085,
-0.010539580136537552,
0.038454487919807434,
-0.003946668468415737,
-0.018882278352975845,
0.016385823488235474,
-0.03188200294971466,
0.006027804221957922,
0.012409651651978493,
0.07676372677087784,
-0.020189514383673668,
0.020461853593587875,
-0.03680228814482689,
0.020135045051574707,
-0.0512000247836113,
-0.021224407479166985,
0.012999722734093666,
0.0038695053663104773,
0.02541845291852951,
-0.01455206423997879,
-0.017547810450196266,
-0.041286829859018326,
0.02518242411315441,
0.04393761232495308,
-0.020080577582120895,
0.008723976090550423,
0.01244596391916275,
0.03369760513305664,
-0.0053151799365878105,
0.033479731529951096,
-0.0160317812114954,
-0.025963133201003075,
-0.013762276619672775,
-0.005819010082632303,
-0.019608519971370697,
0.03188200294971466,
-0.008937309496104717,
0.013444545678794384,
0.024928240105509758,
0.04502697288990021,
-0.01211007684469223,
-0.033334486186504364,
0.015015043318271637,
0.0058961729519069195,
0.005156314466148615,
-0.010884544812142849,
-0.028595758602023125,
-0.016721710562705994,
0.0014672348042950034,
0.03518639877438545,
-0.023675473406910896,
-0.009159720502793789,
-0.03097419999539852,
-0.014306957833468914,
0.010539580136537552,
-0.032753489911556244,
-0.0032317745499312878,
-0.0017384405946359038,
-0.04088739678263664,
0.030175333842635155,
-0.05610215663909912,
0.016685398295521736,
-0.009304969571530819,
0.026979871094226837,
-0.03580370545387268,
0.010348941199481487,
0.0267983116209507,
0.022622423246502876,
0.021950649097561836,
-0.04411917179822922,
-0.006817591842263937,
-0.0019699300173670053,
-0.026308098807930946,
0.024038594216108322,
0.005846243817359209,
-0.04001590609550476,
0.047459881752729416,
0.05700995773077011,
0.05519435182213783,
0.06383662670850754,
0.013989226892590523,
0.012364261783659458,
-0.01656738482415676,
-0.037837181240320206,
-0.03834554925560951,
-0.03776455670595169,
-0.004729647655040026,
-0.03698384761810303,
-0.03689306974411011,
-0.012028374709188938,
-0.014252489432692528,
0.019753769040107727,
-0.015305539593100548,
-0.006390925031155348,
0.03030242584645748,
-0.02837788686156273,
-0.02135149948298931,
0.007044542580842972,
-0.009432061575353146,
0.0034087959211319685,
-0.03576739504933357,
-0.026380721479654312,
-0.03849079832434654,
-0.01201021857559681,
-0.0028868098743259907,
0.007580145727843046,
-0.039362289011478424,
-0.040124841034412384,
0.007035464514046907,
0.020044265314936638,
-0.014080006629228592,
-0.04168626293540001,
-0.009559153579175472,
-0.018773343414068222,
0.00220709340646863,
-0.00044765978236682713,
-0.028977036476135254,
0.008937309496104717,
0.0042212787084281445,
0.0016363129252567887,
0.02460143156349659,
0.012827240861952305,
-0.010276317596435547,
-0.048694491386413574,
0.011520005762577057,
0.012073764577507973,
0.036257605999708176,
0.004920286126434803,
0.015232915058732033,
-0.015160291455686092,
-0.036439165472984314,
0.005287945736199617,
0.0014297879533842206,
-0.01339915581047535,
-0.0008845394477248192,
-0.0003460994630586356,
0.008047663606703281,
0.06873875856399536,
-0.006744967773556709,
-0.011075182817876339,
-0.027361148968338966,
0.032335903495550156,
-0.050619032233953476,
-0.0031886540818959475,
0.04698782414197922,
-0.004132768139243126,
0.01794724352657795,
0.01433419156819582,
0.02015320211648941,
-0.00971348024904728,
-0.026816466823220253,
0.034914061427116394,
-0.02015320211648941,
-0.028650226071476936,
-0.01244596391916275,
-0.011982984840869904,
-0.01064851600676775,
0.007675464730709791,
0.037219878286123276,
-0.0132811414077878,
0.06285620480775833,
-0.022386394441127777,
-0.00868312455713749,
-0.004702413454651833,
0.0026439728680998087,
0.01612256094813347,
0.0027597176376730204,
-0.03033873811364174,
0.02086128666996956
] |
Reinforcement learning has gained significant traction in the field of
robotic navigation. However, a persistent challenge is its sample inefficiency,
primarily due to the inherent complexities of encouraging exploration. During
training, the mobile agent must explore as much as possible to efficiently
learn optimal behaviors. We introduce Ada-NAV, a novel adaptive trajectory
length scheme designed to enhance the training sample efficiency of
reinforcement learning algorithms in robotic navigation tasks. Unlike
traditional approaches that treat trajectory length as a fixed hyperparameter,
Ada-NAV dynamically adjusts it based on the entropy of the underlying
navigation policy. We empirically validate the efficacy of AdaNAV using two
popular policy gradient methods: REINFORCE and Proximal Policy Optimization
(PPO). We demonstrate through both simulated and real-world robotic experiments
that Ada-NAV outperforms conventional methods that employ constant or randomly
sampled trajectory lengths. Specifically, for a fixed sample budget, Ada-NAV
achieves an 18% increase in navigation success rate, a 20-38% reduction in
navigation path length, and a 9.32% decrease in elevation costs. Furthermore,
we showcase the versatility of Ada-NAV by integrating it with the Clearpath
Husky robot, illustrating its applicability in complex, outdoor environments. | [
0.00498320022597909,
0.015518584288656712,
-0.03079856187105179,
-0.07598691433668137,
0.007878595031797886,
0.014252135530114174,
-0.04151748865842819,
0.05840347334742546,
-0.09713110327720642,
-0.03333146125078201,
-0.03252387046813965,
-0.025328973308205605,
0.01899672858417034,
-0.04493139311671257,
0.021988485008478165,
0.026595421135425568,
0.03006438910961151,
-0.01397682074457407,
-0.005318166688084602,
-0.017253069207072258,
0.023677082732319832,
-0.022722657769918442,
-0.020740389823913574,
0.05234654247760773,
0.03957192972302437,
0.043059252202510834,
0.012324931100010872,
0.035552334040403366,
-0.05326426029205322,
0.04034281149506569,
-0.0033060733694583178,
0.02156633511185646,
-0.0267055481672287,
0.051575660705566406,
-0.006745215505361557,
0.049263015389442444,
0.07892361283302307,
-0.009108335711061954,
-0.01546352170407772,
0.03320297971367836,
0.008713717572391033,
-0.007552805822342634,
-0.024117587134242058,
-0.028632752597332,
0.014031883329153061,
-0.020097989588975906,
-0.027513137087225914,
0.03927826136350632,
-0.033166270703077316,
0.018179962411522865,
-0.027054280042648315,
-0.03949851542711258,
-0.0026407288387417793,
-0.034396011382341385,
-0.005643955897539854,
0.010149943642318249,
0.03986560180783272,
0.03213842958211899,
0.019143564626574516,
0.037351056933403015,
0.037736497819423676,
-0.05693512409925461,
-0.0396820567548275,
0.017023639753460884,
0.017115410417318344,
-0.06383635103702545,
0.03931497037410736,
-0.025640996173024178,
0.05752246454358101,
-0.013040750287473202,
-0.0736742690205574,
0.03079856187105179,
-0.07169200479984283,
0.025989728048443794,
-0.002079774858430028,
0.01527080126106739,
0.029752366244792938,
0.02195177599787712,
-0.03366183862090111,
0.04761112853884697,
0.04463772475719452,
0.007649166043847799,
-0.022300507873296738,
-0.035552334040403366,
0.07782234996557236,
-0.04874909669160843,
0.06218446418642998,
-0.06460723280906677,
0.05403514206409454,
-0.029348570853471756,
-0.0776020959019661,
0.04786808788776398,
-0.00529063493013382,
0.004567933268845081,
-0.03872763365507126,
0.04254533350467682,
-0.05010731518268585,
0.011012597009539604,
-0.01793217845261097,
0.0008919056272134185,
0.022741012275218964,
0.008314510807394981,
-0.008833019994199276,
-0.007933658547699451,
0.04628961533308029,
-0.053190842270851135,
-0.04878580570220947,
-0.00849805399775505,
-0.03443272039294243,
0.09463491290807724,
-0.014261312782764435,
-0.03178969770669937,
-0.03301943466067314,
0.018767300993204117,
-0.07180213183164597,
0.008915615268051624,
-0.021584689617156982,
-0.08281473070383072,
0.03177134320139885,
-0.024484673514962196,
0.05642120540142059,
0.0689021497964859,
0.007506920024752617,
-0.05513640120625496,
-0.03226690739393234,
-0.0007548217545263469,
-0.014206250198185444,
0.010645510628819466,
0.03520360216498375,
-0.030670082196593285,
0.00046373356599360704,
-0.0009137013694271445,
0.011572403833270073,
0.0018560814205557108,
-0.0025420745369046926,
0.0444541834294796,
-0.020740389823913574,
-0.013306887820363045,
-0.010388549417257309,
0.0006246207049116492,
-0.01650971733033657,
-0.03347829356789589,
-0.0390947200357914,
0.010131589137017727,
0.0136464424431324,
0.03502005711197853,
-0.003083527088165283,
0.02929350733757019,
-0.07294009625911713,
0.04797821491956711,
-0.03836054727435112,
0.09580959379673004,
0.0022002251353114843,
0.0545857697725296,
0.014086946845054626,
-0.011223671957850456,
-0.04188457503914833,
-0.0033129563089460135,
-0.0007376145804300904,
-0.03538714349269867,
0.07198567688465118,
0.01282967533916235,
-0.026852382346987724,
0.0668097510933876,
0.061780668795108795,
0.009030329063534737,
0.033441584557294846,
0.007952013052999973,
-0.07084770500659943,
0.040416229516267776,
-0.023254932835698128,
-0.03120235726237297,
-0.02345683053135872,
0.03691055253148079,
0.018767300993204117,
-0.017766989767551422,
0.04731745645403862,
0.015197383239865303,
-0.02795364148914814,
0.011792656034231186,
-0.07492236793041229,
0.03022957779467106,
0.016665730625391006,
0.05531994625926018,
0.0444541834294796,
0.029697302728891373,
0.07899703085422516,
-0.0037006912752985954,
-0.001667949603870511,
-0.008768780156970024,
-0.021015705540776253,
0.003863586112856865,
-0.034212466329336166,
0.026962507516145706,
0.005006142891943455,
0.009535073302686214,
0.010241715237498283,
-0.010792344808578491,
0.017721103504300117,
-0.0111135458573699,
-0.027329593896865845,
-0.08200713992118835,
-0.03656182065606117,
0.043169379234313965,
0.0015979736344888806,
0.02832072786986828,
0.03560739755630493,
-0.024686571210622787,
0.031734634190797806,
-0.04004914313554764,
-0.016830919310450554,
-0.058733850717544556,
-0.03424917533993721,
-0.018565403297543526,
-0.06956290453672409,
-0.005451235454529524,
0.0021566336508840322,
0.016289466992020607,
0.0034230821765959263,
-0.0015394692309200764,
-0.030596664175391197,
-0.010039817541837692,
0.06398318707942963,
-0.008479699492454529,
-0.07161858677864075,
0.018923312425613403,
0.020483430474996567,
0.031716279685497284,
0.010654686950147152,
0.030027680099010468,
-0.022006839513778687,
0.0002701527555473149,
0.009154221042990685,
0.021988485008478165,
-0.003246421692892909,
0.007511508651077747,
0.0513187013566494,
-0.027494782581925392,
0.04283900186419487,
-0.01755591481924057,
-0.02956882305443287,
0.0033450762275606394,
0.018446099013090134,
-0.030688436701893806,
0.04423392936587334,
-0.015803076326847076,
-0.03360677510499954,
0.07657425850629807,
0.009296467527747154,
0.027072634547948837,
-0.029366925358772278,
-0.039645347744226456,
0.012508474290370941,
-0.019216980785131454,
-0.05418197810649872,
-0.00981956534087658,
0.014912891201674938,
-0.04195799306035042,
0.036671947687864304,
0.013940111733973026,
0.06383635103702545,
0.05352121964097023,
0.027035925537347794,
0.03960863873362541,
-0.02956882305443287,
-0.015472698956727982,
0.03731434792280197,
0.02033659629523754,
0.008883494883775711,
-0.03784662485122681,
-0.0450415201485157,
-0.05840347334742546,
0.03140425682067871,
0.03861750662326813,
0.009617667645215988,
-0.0035102651454508305,
0.029532114043831825,
-0.016436301171779633,
0.04037952050566673,
0.04904276505112648,
0.02299797348678112,
-0.0662224143743515,
0.010764813050627708,
-0.014683462679386139,
-0.024117587134242058,
-0.06045915558934212,
-0.022190382704138756,
-0.006189997307956219,
-0.06379964202642441,
0.02520049177110195,
-0.026301752775907516,
-0.03828712925314903,
0.030192868784070015,
0.00624505989253521,
0.06031232327222824,
-0.017702748998999596,
-0.036671947687864304,
-0.018189139664173126,
0.022851137444376945,
-0.018960021436214447,
-0.02319987118244171,
0.0381770022213459,
0.02538403496146202,
-0.0036364512052387,
0.030743500217795372,
-0.02431948482990265,
-0.0871463492512703,
-0.01335277408361435,
-0.05150224268436432,
0.0032854247838258743,
0.009356118738651276,
0.05965156480669975,
0.001250388566404581,
-0.06959961354732513,
-0.006607558112591505,
0.022685948759317398,
0.08340206742286682,
0.008617357350885868,
-0.05150224268436432,
-0.051171865314245224,
-0.027549846097826958,
0.005781613290309906,
-0.06067940965294838,
0.029789075255393982,
0.012435057200491428,
-0.02279607579112053,
0.029990971088409424,
0.02393404394388199,
-0.06056928262114525,
0.02663213014602661,
-0.018629642203450203,
-0.05054781958460808,
-0.04977693781256676,
0.0012480942532420158,
-0.008823842741549015,
-0.019143564626574516,
-0.03905801102519035,
0.004171020817011595,
0.023677082732319832,
0.0033198390156030655,
-0.049740228801965714,
-0.04592252895236015,
0.040783315896987915,
-0.004400450270622969,
0.006488254759460688,
-0.04335292428731918,
-0.006561672315001488,
0.018776478245854378,
-0.004586287774145603,
0.007685875054448843,
0.0009458214626647532,
0.025787830352783203,
0.04673011973500252,
-0.02498023957014084,
0.03536878898739815,
-0.016720792278647423,
0.008654065430164337,
0.026173271238803864,
-0.034964993596076965,
0.0024755399208515882,
0.02786187082529068,
-0.014408147893846035,
-0.07312364131212234,
0.013967643491923809,
-0.04188457503914833,
0.022172028198838234,
-0.013875871896743774,
0.005208040587604046,
0.03656182065606117,
0.028742877766489983,
-0.01610592193901539,
-0.045555442571640015,
0.006850752979516983,
-0.04628961533308029,
0.006231294479221106,
0.025328973308205605,
0.0067176842130720615,
-0.020648619160056114,
-0.029146673157811165,
0.04093015193939209,
0.03197323903441429,
0.013517962768673897,
-0.03546056151390076,
0.035075120627880096,
0.05715537816286087,
0.10131589323282242,
0.04379342496395111,
-0.02250240556895733,
0.07360085844993591,
0.048712387681007385,
0.0444541834294796,
-0.030211223289370537,
-0.004019598010927439,
0.012288223020732403,
-0.035056766122579575,
-0.006373540498316288,
0.034873224794864655,
-0.0414440743625164,
0.02518213726580143,
-0.0587705597281456,
-0.0023745910730212927,
-0.007360085379332304,
-0.023511894047260284,
-0.011957844719290733,
0.04617948830127716,
0.014793588779866695,
-0.02250240556895733,
-0.03435930237174034,
0.021713169291615486,
-0.03472638875246048,
-0.019529005512595177,
0.022080255672335625,
-0.040489647537469864,
0.028889711946249008,
0.024539737030863762,
-0.008745837025344372,
-0.0167024377733469,
-0.006098225712776184,
-0.01727142184972763,
-0.04243520647287369,
-0.027641618624329567,
0.03109223209321499,
0.05469589680433273,
-0.009007386863231659,
-0.037920042872428894,
-0.010058172047138214,
-0.0059146820567548275,
0.003608919680118561,
-0.009700261987745762,
-0.0006756687071174383,
0.02472328022122383,
0.057669296860694885,
0.05102503299713135,
-0.04438076540827751,
-0.012848029844462872,
-0.008828431367874146,
0.026650484651327133,
0.02202519401907921,
-0.022172028198838234,
-0.008943146094679832,
-0.05264021456241608,
-0.030853625386953354,
-0.02804541401565075,
-0.029623884707689285,
0.029752366244792938,
-0.04797821491956711,
0.005336520727723837,
-0.019235335290431976,
-0.004840954206883907,
-0.04992377385497093,
-0.05799967795610428,
0.021529626101255417,
-0.014472387731075287,
-0.032193493098020554,
0.06581862270832062,
-0.018960021436214447,
-0.02804541401565075,
-0.02967894822359085,
0.00791989266872406,
0.014151186682283878,
0.06075282394886017,
-0.024961886927485466,
-0.00045340927317738533,
-0.0650477409362793,
0.06229458749294281,
-0.004226083867251873,
-0.0014706405345350504,
-0.05311742424964905,
-0.004996965639293194,
0.04331621527671814,
0.02176823280751705,
-0.05179591476917267,
0.02129102125763893,
0.026026437059044838,
0.030192868784070015,
0.04647315666079521,
-0.031514380127191544,
-0.07418819516897202,
-0.013297710567712784,
-0.03268905729055405,
-0.03063337318599224,
-0.0017918412340804935,
0.0635426864027977,
0.0010375931160524487,
-0.008181441575288773,
-0.00830533355474472,
0.03806687518954277,
-0.0519060380756855,
-0.03527702018618584,
-0.024392902851104736,
0.012141387909650803,
-0.04313267022371292,
-0.04148077964782715,
0.01015912089496851,
-0.016344528645277023,
-0.0022185794077813625,
0.015968265011906624,
-0.032377034425735474,
0.026687193661928177,
0.03883775696158409,
-0.025787830352783203,
-0.01947394199669361,
0.01249011978507042,
-0.02765997312963009,
-0.04896934702992439,
0.0034689679741859436,
0.03213842958211899,
0.04111369326710701,
-0.009507541544735432,
-0.027641618624329567,
-0.019510651007294655,
0.04111369326710701,
-0.0015991207910701632,
-0.029128318652510643,
0.012379994615912437,
0.032670702785253525,
0.0010857732268050313,
-0.024539737030863762,
0.06728696823120117,
0.021254312247037888,
0.0035492682363837957,
0.030743500217795372,
0.0005592334200628102,
-0.02136443741619587,
-0.03092704340815544,
0.02870616875588894,
0.06401989609003067,
-0.03254222497344017,
0.051649078726768494,
-0.010003108531236649,
-0.02899983897805214,
0.033533357083797455,
-0.024851759895682335,
-0.08178688585758209,
-0.051575660705566406,
0.009535073302686214,
0.0018537871073931456,
0.026356814429163933,
0.01754673756659031,
-0.007745526265352964,
0.021419500932097435,
0.030670082196593285,
0.014059415087103844,
0.025732768699526787,
0.0017528383759781718,
0.00517592066898942,
0.03360677510499954,
-0.008911026641726494,
-0.030009325593709946,
0.004476161673665047,
0.006557083688676357,
0.026448586955666542,
0.007093947846442461,
-0.0006802572752349079,
0.0047078849747776985,
-0.026595421135425568,
-0.03861750662326813,
0.02138279192149639,
0.03347829356789589,
-0.029366925358772278,
-0.005946802441030741,
0.008328276686370373,
0.025163784623146057,
-0.026448586955666542,
-0.016271112486720085,
-0.03527702018618584,
0.032872602343559265,
0.041370656341314316,
-0.0024181827902793884,
0.01784040592610836,
-0.029036546126008034,
-0.03681878373026848,
-0.014867005869746208,
-0.02920173667371273,
0.03788333386182785,
-0.018381860107183456,
0.034010570496320724,
-0.005042851436883211,
-0.018244201317429543,
-0.0320650115609169,
-0.004666587803512812,
-0.010792344808578491,
0.01602332852780819,
0.01545434445142746,
-0.03261563926935196,
-0.021603044122457504,
-0.04338962957262993,
-0.021970130503177643,
-0.003177592996507883,
-0.054438937455415726,
-0.034304238855838776,
0.03766307979822159,
0.018739769235253334,
0.04456430673599243,
-0.023218225687742233,
-0.00012561243784148246,
-0.02890806645154953,
-0.004407333210110664,
0.00605692807585001,
-0.04874909669160843,
-0.010113234631717205,
0.03854408860206604,
0.00027058293926529586,
0.03006438910961151,
0.0021990779787302017,
-0.021529626101255417,
0.04324279725551605,
0.038580797612667084,
-0.0012675957987084985,
-0.02699921652674675,
-0.013270178809762001,
0.0009389385813847184,
0.03140425682067871,
-0.017326485365629196,
0.020263178274035454,
0.012728726491332054,
0.05172249674797058,
0.015564470551908016,
0.005887150764465332,
-0.023878980427980423,
0.010994242504239082,
-0.02211696468293667,
0.04739087447524071,
-0.00848428811877966,
-0.04372001066803932,
0.03883775696158409,
0.0016553309978917241,
0.028687814250588417,
-0.0018813186325132847,
0.0014419618528336287,
0.00586879625916481,
0.005006142891943455,
0.0015647064428776503,
-0.024649862200021744,
-0.009736970998346806,
-0.0038475259207189083,
0.00963602215051651,
0.061670541763305664,
0.006355185993015766,
0.0018904957687482238,
-0.010847407393157482,
-0.00887890625745058,
0.02059355564415455,
0.046326324343681335,
-0.007410559803247452,
-0.0010938032064586878,
0.00939282774925232,
-0.04944656044244766,
0.013756568543612957,
-0.012536006048321724,
-0.012508474290370941,
-0.0008385633700527251,
-0.012196451425552368,
0.053300969302654266,
-0.019106855615973473,
-0.006736038252711296,
0.01783123053610325,
-0.020575201138854027,
-0.0023837683256715536,
0.019106855615973473,
0.02174987830221653,
-0.03090868890285492,
0.0018411685014143586,
0.01550940703600645,
0.037461183965206146,
-0.004496810492128134,
0.057595882564783096,
0.007740937639027834,
-0.017445789650082588,
0.00644236896187067,
-0.035056766122579575,
-0.031624507158994675,
-0.015215737745165825,
0.04052635654807091,
0.02090558037161827,
0.027825161814689636,
0.009172575548291206,
0.06045915558934212,
0.005896328017115593,
-0.023878980427980423,
0.0187948327511549,
0.017794521525502205,
-0.00849346537142992,
-0.009957223199307919,
-0.004418804310262203,
-0.015968265011906624,
0.029532114043831825,
-0.003175298683345318,
-0.028761232271790504,
0.014316376298666,
-0.06222117319703102,
-0.002916043857112527,
0.040232688188552856,
0.031918175518512726,
0.06093636900186539,
0.012031261809170246,
-0.015252446755766869,
0.019106855615973473,
0.01868470571935177,
-0.00753904040902853,
-0.03245045244693756,
0.024870114400982857,
-0.017491674050688744,
-0.024447964504361153,
0.0650477409362793,
-0.014022707007825375,
-0.01945558749139309,
0.046032655984163284,
0.009626844897866249,
0.042508624494075775,
0.007144422270357609,
0.014674285426735878,
0.004193963948637247,
0.061119914054870605,
0.012279045768082142,
0.013701505959033966,
0.018262555822730064,
0.0009773679776117206,
-0.04019597917795181,
0.003918649163097143,
0.02413594163954258,
0.007282079663127661,
0.055173110216856,
-0.04849213361740112,
-0.006107402499765158,
0.0005609541549347341,
0.01610592193901539,
-0.010443612933158875,
-0.012994864024221897,
-0.007451856974512339,
0.03780991584062576,
-0.013270178809762001,
0.006460723467171192,
0.028596043586730957,
0.013196761719882488,
0.0354972705245018,
0.02567770518362522,
0.029825782403349876,
0.0016014151042327285,
0.006933347322046757,
0.03263399377465248,
-0.04228837043046951,
0.027623264119029045,
0.006268003024160862,
-0.029752366244792938,
0.029036546126008034,
0.026944153010845184,
0.017207182943820953,
0.030211223289370537,
-0.023787209764122963,
0.029734011739492416,
0.009282701648771763,
0.051098451018333435,
-0.045078229159116745,
-0.017574269324541092,
-0.0019008200615644455,
-0.012003730982542038,
-0.009025740437209606,
0.02186000533401966,
0.02174987830221653,
0.02127266675233841,
0.04423392936587334,
-0.004572521895170212,
0.012058793567121029,
0.04166432470083237,
-0.02097899653017521,
-0.008264035917818546,
0.017308130860328674,
0.01793217845261097,
0.0012113855918869376,
0.017473319545388222,
0.01763851009309292,
0.027733389288187027,
-0.025347327813506126,
-0.017620155587792397,
0.0011029803426936269,
0.0005721388151869178,
0.02088722586631775,
-0.03274412080645561,
0.015133143402636051,
-0.0005388716235756874,
0.025127075612545013,
-0.014408147893846035,
0.032009948045015335,
-0.04199470207095146,
-0.023787209764122963,
-0.009108335711061954,
0.0007072152220644057,
-0.00012618600158020854,
-0.01054456178098917,
0.0014637577114626765,
-0.007626223377883434,
0.019345462322235107,
0.023511894047260284,
0.024686571210622787,
-0.007217839360237122,
0.022539114579558372,
-0.04008585214614868,
-0.007984132505953312,
-0.014224603772163391,
0.0027669148985296488,
0.015876494348049164,
-0.051098451018333435,
0.03672701120376587,
-0.02929350733757019,
-0.014371438883244991,
0.0026384347584098577,
0.007171953562647104,
-0.005446646828204393,
0.021217603236436844,
0.02910996414721012,
0.022080255672335625,
-0.03880104795098305,
0.012435057200491428,
0.05708196014165878,
-0.015793899074196815,
0.04977693781256676,
-0.002105012070387602,
-0.011618289165198803,
-0.0017287483206018806,
0.005382406525313854,
0.020153051242232323,
0.0007599839009344578,
0.002332146745175123,
-0.044894687831401825,
-0.050731360912323,
0.012572715058922768,
-0.025916311889886856,
0.029348570853471756,
-0.04401367902755737,
-0.00643778033554554,
0.07128821313381195,
-0.005208040587604046,
-0.013793277554214,
0.012948978692293167,
0.013132521882653236,
0.012967333197593689,
0.0041021923534572124,
0.0009137013694271445,
0.023309996351599693,
0.012976509518921375,
0.029330216348171234,
-0.015674596652388573,
-0.011003419756889343,
-0.037736497819423676,
0.0003260761150158942,
-0.02061191014945507,
0.017041994258761406,
-0.021437855437397957,
-0.01613345369696617,
0.011948667466640472,
0.007144422270357609,
0.038690924644470215,
-0.033258043229579926,
0.006428603548556566,
0.017684394493699074,
-0.012545183300971985,
0.042802292853593826,
-0.025347327813506126,
-0.04111369326710701,
-0.001870994339697063,
0.03309285268187523,
0.001649595214985311,
-0.005616424139589071,
0.03751624748110771,
0.02088722586631775,
0.016445478424429893,
-0.03957192972302437,
-0.03338652104139328,
-0.036102961748838425,
0.03547891601920128,
0.05921106040477753,
-0.05840347334742546,
0.016711615025997162,
0.009346941486001015,
0.019051792100071907,
0.004664293490350246,
0.027458075433969498,
-0.016656553372740746,
-0.055099692195653915,
-0.001074301777407527,
-0.015013840049505234,
-0.01591320149600506,
-0.019694194197654724,
0.030009325593709946,
-0.010572092607617378,
-0.03463461622595787,
0.017326485365629196,
0.01307745836675167,
-0.016060037538409233,
0.03166121616959572,
0.02252076007425785,
-0.025494161993265152,
0.008043784648180008,
0.01340783666819334,
0.0076078688725829124,
-0.023640373721718788,
0.028761232271790504,
0.03883775696158409,
0.06361610442399979,
0.0017906940774992108,
0.023787209764122963,
-0.03924155235290527,
-0.004430275876075029,
-0.023108098655939102,
-0.016142630949616432,
0.003368019126355648,
-0.002906866604462266,
0.03498334810137749,
-0.04309596121311188,
0.02375050075352192,
-0.008663242682814598,
0.049263015389442444,
-0.013325242325663567,
-0.0028770409990102053,
0.01130626630038023,
0.00977368000894785,
-0.007254548370838165,
0.008007075637578964,
-0.024576446041464806,
0.03836054727435112,
-0.008548527956008911,
-0.027072634547948837,
0.004572521895170212,
-0.03623144328594208,
0.03729599341750145,
-0.005240160506218672,
0.0037534600123763084,
-0.019106855615973473,
-0.013554670847952366,
0.001497024903073907,
0.03109223209321499,
-0.013251825235784054,
-0.018849894404411316,
-0.014343907125294209,
0.008892672136425972,
-0.0020660089794546366,
-0.0187948327511549,
-0.03626815229654312,
0.03177134320139885,
-0.03349664807319641,
0.018244201317429543,
-0.00038630125345662236,
0.010755635797977448,
0.014720170758664608,
-0.05010731518268585,
0.023236578330397606,
0.04695037007331848,
-0.017996419221162796,
0.011654998175799847,
0.0005555052193813026,
0.007800589315593243,
0.01728059910237789,
-0.006928758695721626,
-0.026944153010845184,
-0.01642712391912937,
-0.00996640045195818,
-0.03366183862090111,
0.011838541366159916,
0.05124528333544731,
0.031330838799476624,
0.017427435144782066,
-0.05084148794412613,
-0.013949288986623287,
-0.03780991584062576,
0.007176542188972235,
-0.01058126986026764,
0.011260380037128925,
-0.023016327992081642,
0.043059252202510834,
0.003716751467436552,
-0.01287556067109108,
0.02033659629523754,
0.0459592379629612,
0.010425258427858353,
0.022465696558356285,
-0.05036427453160286,
-0.0465465746819973,
-0.030780207365751266,
0.011673352681100368,
0.05135541036725044,
-0.010902470909059048,
0.01631699688732624,
-0.038580797612667084,
-0.0031110586132854223,
-0.017014462500810623,
-0.015325863845646381,
-0.024356193840503693,
-0.013719860464334488,
0.0170787014067173,
-0.016674907878041267,
-0.018583757802844048,
0.014288844540715218,
-0.028485916554927826,
-0.023144807666540146,
0.04265545681118965,
-0.002909160917624831,
-0.05524652823805809,
0.0390947200357914,
0.0013524845708161592,
-0.04283900186419487,
-0.05333767831325531,
0.008828431367874146,
0.034506138414144516,
0.021015705540776253,
-0.011554049327969551,
0.05091490596532822,
0.006419426295906305,
-0.005373229738324881,
0.022263800725340843,
-0.03004603460431099,
0.009145043790340424,
0.007800589315593243,
0.04214153811335564,
-0.008810077793896198,
0.02472328022122383,
-0.019529005512595177,
-0.009792033582925797,
-0.007034296169877052,
-0.02509036660194397,
0.029917554929852486,
-0.05087819695472717,
0.030119452625513077,
-0.009489187970757484
] |
Accurate measurement of optical absorption coefficients from photoacoustic
imaging (PAI) data would enable direct mapping of molecular concentrations,
providing vital clinical insight. The ill-posed nature of the problem of
absorption coefficient recovery has prohibited PAI from achieving this goal in
living systems due to the domain gap between simulation and experiment. To
bridge this gap, we introduce a collection of experimentally well-characterised
imaging phantoms and their digital twins. This first-of-a-kind phantom data set
enables supervised training of a U-Net on experimental data for pixel-wise
estimation of absorption coefficients. We show that training on simulated data
results in artefacts and biases in the estimates, reinforcing the existence of
a domain gap between simulation and experiment. Training on experimentally
acquired data, however, yielded more accurate and robust estimates of optical
absorption coefficients. We compare the results to fluence correction with a
Monte Carlo model from reference optical properties of the materials, which
yields a quantification error of approximately 20%. Application of the trained
U-Nets to a blood flow phantom demonstrated spectral biases when training on
simulated data, while application to a mouse model highlighted the ability of
both learning-based approaches to recover the depth-dependent loss of signal
intensity. We demonstrate that training on experimental phantoms can restore
the correlation of signal amplitudes measured in depth. While the absolute
quantification error remains high and further improvements are needed, our
results highlight the promise of deep learning to advance quantitative PAI. | [
-0.01615646481513977,
0.013314038515090942,
-0.01639719121158123,
-0.05058964341878891,
0.04121981933712959,
0.012582600116729736,
-0.03992359712719917,
0.025405926629900932,
-0.018906304612755775,
-0.00571262976154685,
-0.015128747560083866,
-0.039775457233190536,
0.04262714460492134,
-0.020646944642066956,
-0.006212600972503424,
-0.0075458562932908535,
0.049071211367845535,
-0.04218272492289543,
0.023665286600589752,
-0.015804633498191833,
0.04929342120885849,
-0.06503324210643768,
-0.04936749115586281,
-0.0035183134023100138,
-0.018221160396933556,
0.03951621428132057,
0.04544179514050484,
0.012823326513171196,
-0.03929400444030762,
0.02236906625330448,
0.07658812403678894,
0.029794558882713318,
-0.021776508539915085,
0.013851044699549675,
-0.026109589263796806,
-0.04762685298919678,
0.0018471145303919911,
0.009434634819626808,
0.05029336363077164,
0.021980199962854385,
0.024646710604429245,
-0.023146798834204674,
-0.010240144096314907,
-0.003941899631172419,
0.0037335786037147045,
-0.08058789372444153,
-0.01912851445376873,
-0.008508763276040554,
-0.0013726052129641175,
-0.011878937482833862,
-0.017063820734620094,
-0.008272665552794933,
-0.03490537405014038,
-0.020239559933543205,
0.005573749076575041,
0.03320176899433136,
0.05533010885119438,
0.09317975491285324,
0.06440365314483643,
-0.03464612737298012,
0.02636883221566677,
0.008272665552794933,
-0.025091130286455154,
0.02370232157409191,
-0.038108889013528824,
-0.08325440436601639,
-0.013360331766307354,
-0.0056107840500772,
0.011295638047158718,
0.05792254954576492,
-0.04655284062027931,
-0.03814592584967613,
0.018082279711961746,
0.025294821709394455,
0.016276828944683075,
0.051330339163541794,
0.042923424392938614,
0.04484923556447029,
0.005860769189894199,
0.062218595296144485,
0.0244615375995636,
0.0962166115641594,
0.007735660299658775,
0.04825644567608833,
0.06440365314483643,
0.02159133367240429,
0.014693588018417358,
-0.054330166429281235,
-0.021332088857889175,
-0.021443193778395653,
-0.037868160754442215,
0.04533069208264351,
-0.025368891656398773,
-0.007768065668642521,
0.003060006769374013,
0.022739414125680923,
-0.01920258440077305,
-0.04433074966073036,
-0.025850344449281693,
0.03388691321015358,
-0.012610375881195068,
-0.008619868196547031,
0.040849469602108,
0.01332329772412777,
-0.008087491616606712,
-0.088957779109478,
-0.05495975911617279,
0.031961098313331604,
0.006203342229127884,
0.18132276833057404,
-0.025646653026342392,
-0.029572349041700363,
-0.04255307465791702,
-0.03173888847231865,
0.021054327487945557,
-0.02316531538963318,
-0.0177952591329813,
0.018110055476427078,
0.04655284062027931,
-0.027183599770069122,
0.028294647112488747,
0.058700282126665115,
0.02216537483036518,
0.03509054705500603,
-0.034960925579071045,
0.03951621428132057,
0.01711011305451393,
-0.05584859475493431,
0.001825125073082745,
-0.009592032991349697,
-0.027109529823064804,
-0.013369590975344181,
-0.05329319089651108,
0.006374628283083439,
0.009244831278920174,
-0.015823151916265488,
-0.009582774713635445,
-0.004837681073695421,
0.014184358529746532,
-0.018878528848290443,
0.016184242442250252,
-0.0039812494069337845,
0.006157048512250185,
-0.016628660261631012,
-0.01120305061340332,
0.015934256836771965,
-0.002606329508125782,
0.027442844584584236,
0.004962673410773277,
-0.013536247424781322,
-0.049441561102867126,
0.01144377700984478,
0.011490071192383766,
0.024313397705554962,
0.05192289873957634,
-0.000749956292565912,
0.023480111733078957,
-0.045515865087509155,
-0.007809729781001806,
-0.030350081622600555,
0.01612868905067444,
-0.0861431285738945,
0.01251778844743967,
0.05455237627029419,
0.08310626447200775,
-0.014776916243135929,
-0.0006359582766890526,
0.0023308827076107264,
-0.0206284262239933,
0.0388125516474247,
0.034072086215019226,
-0.026035519316792488,
-0.04384929686784744,
-0.040775399655103683,
0.003423411399126053,
0.04821941256523132,
0.0627000480890274,
0.04040504992008209,
-0.007425493095070124,
-0.039405111223459244,
-0.009749431163072586,
0.04436778277158737,
0.002865573624148965,
0.02025807835161686,
0.026146624237298965,
-0.010480870492756367,
0.019017409533262253,
-0.006555173546075821,
0.054293129593133926,
0.018184125423431396,
0.012564082629978657,
-0.024517089128494263,
0.05847807228565216,
-0.04981191083788872,
0.02575775794684887,
-0.049923013895750046,
-0.06703312695026398,
0.014897279441356659,
0.028053920716047287,
-0.02531333826482296,
-0.02090618759393692,
-0.08155079931020737,
-0.0009762162226252258,
0.02309124544262886,
-0.035368308424949646,
0.03246106952428818,
0.003860885975882411,
-0.018998892977833748,
0.014406567439436913,
-0.041553132236003876,
-0.037627436220645905,
-0.0400347039103508,
-0.03844220191240311,
-0.02705397829413414,
0.0014651922974735498,
0.0036803409457206726,
0.007763436064124107,
-0.047256503254175186,
0.010295695625245571,
0.020072903484106064,
-0.03505351021885872,
0.035923831164836884,
0.06584801524877548,
-0.001633006613701582,
-0.023406043648719788,
-0.03925697132945061,
0.034553542733192444,
-0.04533069208264351,
0.046404700726270676,
-0.016823092475533485,
0.01124008558690548,
-0.02677621692419052,
0.038516271859407425,
-0.04444185271859169,
-0.02883165143430233,
-0.01660088449716568,
0.011397483758628368,
-0.004268269520252943,
0.044219642877578735,
-0.02964641898870468,
-0.023183833807706833,
0.010990099981427193,
-0.006809788290411234,
0.031109297648072243,
0.05358946695923805,
-0.004066892433911562,
-0.04033098369836807,
0.02353566512465477,
0.02612810581922531,
0.00911983847618103,
0.01694345660507679,
-0.007809729781001806,
0.0012834899825975299,
0.024720780551433563,
-0.034146156162023544,
0.0025762387085705996,
0.022294996306300163,
-0.014452860690653324,
0.026702146977186203,
-0.06499621272087097,
0.0768103376030922,
0.013591799885034561,
0.0062357475981116295,
0.0228505190461874,
-0.027405809611082077,
0.007356052752584219,
0.04896010830998421,
0.02236906625330448,
0.07784730941057205,
0.018471146002411842,
-0.00802730955183506,
0.04758981615304947,
-0.005657077766954899,
-0.021258018910884857,
0.0018887787591665983,
-0.02733173966407776,
-0.025183716788887978,
0.024554124101996422,
0.0027845599688589573,
0.021943164989352226,
0.014110288582742214,
-0.024980025365948677,
0.010286437347531319,
-0.024683745577931404,
-0.03283141925930977,
-0.06377405673265457,
0.006170936394482851,
0.029350141063332558,
-0.041590169072151184,
-0.024609675630927086,
0.010499387979507446,
-0.0635148137807846,
-0.0602557472884655,
0.0021781136747449636,
0.03596086800098419,
-0.0009264505933970213,
-0.04347894713282585,
-0.06855155527591705,
0.027628019452095032,
-0.01352698914706707,
-0.037664469331502914,
0.005462644621729851,
0.02316531538963318,
0.03703487664461136,
0.029331622645258904,
0.04718243330717087,
0.07666219770908356,
0.054848652333021164,
0.007101438008248806,
-0.00743012223392725,
0.062292665243148804,
0.02268386259675026,
-0.02162836864590645,
-0.04218272492289543,
0.006008909083902836,
-0.0042289202101528645,
0.008355994708836079,
-0.031479645520448685,
-0.0011885880958288908,
-0.02422080934047699,
-0.005430238787084818,
-0.016212018206715584,
-0.07540301233530045,
0.038849588483572006,
0.009999416768550873,
-0.023239385336637497,
-0.0396273173391819,
0.007018109317868948,
0.0034835932310670614,
-0.004263640381395817,
0.0029766783118247986,
-0.03234996646642685,
-0.020276594907045364,
0.05144144594669342,
0.0050969249568879604,
0.008800412528216839,
-0.042923424392938614,
0.030276011675596237,
-0.0006295929197221994,
-0.007652331609278917,
-0.022183891385793686,
0.0014547762693837285,
-0.053033944219350815,
0.02414673939347267,
0.03947918117046356,
-0.052108071744441986,
-0.08680975437164307,
0.0005523404688574374,
-0.04351598024368286,
0.019591450691223145,
0.001070539467036724,
0.0089994752779603,
-0.07010702043771744,
0.028776099905371666,
0.010554940439760685,
-0.0026734552811831236,
0.0051200720481574535,
-0.015295404940843582,
-0.01482320949435234,
-0.026331797242164612,
0.02999825030565262,
-0.06214452534914017,
-0.034960925579071045,
-0.015795376151800156,
-0.06521841883659363,
0.03597938269376755,
0.018397076055407524,
0.026276245713233948,
0.033220283687114716,
-0.023998601362109184,
0.04573807492852211,
0.052589524537324905,
0.007231059949845076,
0.024165257811546326,
-0.07621777802705765,
-0.01498060766607523,
-0.02786874584853649,
0.023072728887200356,
-0.00462010083720088,
0.022776449099183083,
-0.07488452643156052,
0.020591391250491142,
0.029053861275315285,
0.03227589651942253,
0.06555173546075821,
0.03818295896053314,
0.02288755401968956,
0.0033285096287727356,
0.054811619222164154,
0.04455295950174332,
-0.013341814279556274,
-0.06114458292722702,
0.006291300058364868,
-0.007592150010168552,
0.03218330815434456,
-0.02114691585302353,
0.032701797783374786,
0.02831316366791725,
0.02596144936978817,
-0.02325790375471115,
-0.03160926699638367,
-0.012360390275716782,
-0.04299749433994293,
0.008828189224004745,
0.027961332350969315,
0.04899714142084122,
-0.031109297648072243,
-0.04221976175904274,
-0.012045593932271004,
-0.0022313513327389956,
0.01267518661916256,
0.015841668471693993,
0.005907062906771898,
-0.007499562576413155,
0.01437879167497158,
0.02329493872821331,
-0.0739956870675087,
-0.005346910562366247,
-0.005647819023579359,
-0.011990041472017765,
0.005166365299373865,
0.04233086481690407,
0.04896010830998421,
-0.04303452745079994,
0.0032822161447256804,
0.018471146002411842,
0.0545894093811512,
0.018267452716827393,
-0.02405415289103985,
0.01045309379696846,
0.00571262976154685,
0.0068560815416276455,
-0.006365369539707899,
0.016628660261631012,
-0.0023910643067210913,
0.013962148688733578,
-0.009078174829483032,
0.005346910562366247,
-0.013378849253058434,
-0.026831768453121185,
0.014212134294211864,
-0.022517206147313118,
0.036812666803598404,
-0.03566458821296692,
-0.01643422618508339,
-0.025220751762390137,
0.024035636335611343,
0.00523580564185977,
-0.021202467381954193,
0.0009235572651959956,
-0.1031050980091095,
0.02381342649459839,
-0.0687737688422203,
-0.005879286676645279,
-0.0050506312400102615,
0.021220985800027847,
-0.030016768723726273,
-0.022313514724373817,
0.010823442600667477,
-0.047219470143318176,
-0.052663594484329224,
0.0554041787981987,
0.012601117603480816,
-0.018998892977833748,
0.009749431163072586,
-0.010545681230723858,
-0.057441096752882004,
-0.07040330022573471,
0.013397366739809513,
0.06799603253602982,
0.021128397434949875,
0.06536655873060226,
-0.012184474617242813,
0.008221742697060108,
0.01855447329580784,
-0.01267518661916256,
-0.025535548105835915,
-0.00103581917937845,
0.023406043648719788,
-0.01547132059931755,
0.042923424392938614,
-0.08821707963943481,
-0.055256038904190063,
-0.0134436609223485,
0.01936924085021019,
-0.0006700998055748641,
0.04629359766840935,
0.036979325115680695,
-0.0016654122155159712,
-0.0073282765224576,
0.013702904805541039,
-0.024942990392446518,
-0.03829406201839447,
-0.05907062813639641,
0.01267518661916256,
-0.026591042056679726,
0.01002719346433878,
-0.04303452745079994,
0.042441971600055695,
-0.016212018206715584,
0.03384988009929657,
-0.019591450691223145,
-0.019517380744218826,
0.001560094184242189,
0.006402404513210058,
0.03683118522167206,
-0.023554181680083275,
-0.015313921496272087,
-0.01110120490193367,
0.01722121797502041,
0.018804458901286125,
-0.021424677222967148,
0.01882297731935978,
-0.04133092239499092,
0.0015010698698461056,
0.07284760475158691,
0.020035868510603905,
0.014943573623895645,
0.07506969571113586,
-0.0044302972964942455,
0.005462644621729851,
-0.021202467381954193,
-0.00076326570706442,
0.056144874542951584,
-0.047700922936201096,
0.01496209017932415,
0.026498455554246902,
-0.007596779149025679,
0.042441971600055695,
-0.009129097685217857,
-0.022294996306300163,
0.013434401713311672,
0.0010294538224115968,
-0.08162487298250198,
-0.008666161447763443,
0.006592208053916693,
-0.006670907139778137,
0.045552898198366165,
0.017619343474507332,
-0.04403446987271309,
-0.02968345396220684,
0.04673801735043526,
0.013554764911532402,
0.009786466136574745,
-0.03522016853094101,
0.033257320523262024,
0.02325790375471115,
-0.021498747169971466,
-0.01437879167497158,
0.025405926629900932,
0.010323472321033478,
0.003358600428327918,
0.024091187864542007,
0.036016419529914856,
-0.028276128694415092,
-0.016165724024176598,
0.0009212425793521106,
-0.04755278304219246,
-0.03444243595004082,
-0.025646653026342392,
-0.017498979344964027,
0.00023899070220068097,
-0.029664937406778336,
-0.013554764911532402,
-0.006911634001880884,
-0.011212308891117573,
0.01776748336851597,
0.09325382113456726,
-0.014138064347207546,
-0.0025716093368828297,
0.0036733970046043396,
-0.0036687676329165697,
-0.004134018439799547,
0.02920200116932392,
0.05058964341878891,
-0.0037243198603391647,
0.009536481462419033,
-0.02401711791753769,
-0.0035484042018651962,
-0.01024940237402916,
0.005587636958807707,
-0.045886214822530746,
-0.015267628245055676,
0.02725766971707344,
-0.0023910643067210913,
-0.030424151569604874,
-0.008411546237766743,
-0.03996063396334648,
0.01666569523513317,
-0.02490595541894436,
-0.0006608411204069853,
0.029979733750224113,
-0.020850636065006256,
0.0020033554174005985,
-0.01745268702507019,
-0.011008617468178272,
-0.0013344129547476768,
0.008138414472341537,
0.03190554678440094,
-0.04666394740343094,
-0.01920258440077305,
0.01482320949435234,
0.044701095670461655,
-0.016304604709148407,
0.026313280686736107,
0.011314155533909798,
0.03992359712719917,
-0.009749431163072586,
0.021017292514443398,
0.03773853927850723,
0.01807302050292492,
-0.036497872322797775,
0.024683745577931404,
-0.005333022214472294,
-0.006369999144226313,
0.00937908235937357,
0.03929400444030762,
-0.012286320328712463,
0.0021607535891234875,
-0.02923903614282608,
0.0025392037350684404,
-0.026516972109675407,
0.012934431433677673,
-0.02862796001136303,
-0.01342514343559742,
0.042516037821769714,
-0.020239559933543205,
-0.02410970628261566,
-0.006809788290411234,
-0.033498045057058334,
-0.021609852090477943,
0.0045946394093334675,
0.004291416611522436,
-0.029627902433276176,
0.01920258440077305,
0.04836754873394966,
-0.003916438203305006,
0.03101670928299427,
0.002666511107236147,
-0.009480929002165794,
0.005652448162436485,
0.006064461078494787,
-0.022832002490758896,
-0.013258486054837704,
0.01219373382627964,
0.025387408211827278,
-0.046886153519153595,
0.014221393503248692,
0.04318266734480858,
0.03244255110621452,
-0.03688673675060272,
-0.007323646917939186,
0.008323588408529758,
0.038886621594429016,
0.0022001031320542097,
-0.02435043267905712,
0.010545681230723858,
0.040664296597242355,
-0.006675536744296551,
0.02422080934047699,
0.04170127213001251,
-0.04192348197102547,
-0.015295404940843582,
0.021869095042347908,
-0.00891614705324173,
-0.008235630579292774,
0.029016826301813126,
-0.0299241803586483,
0.019684037193655968,
-0.009592032991349697,
-0.0172860287129879,
-0.05677446722984314,
-0.012091887183487415,
0.030183425173163414,
0.01448063738644123,
-0.004814533982425928,
0.021202467381954193,
-0.0006319076055660844,
0.013258486054837704,
-0.04362708702683449,
-0.028813134878873825,
-0.043330807238817215,
-0.004576121922582388,
-0.02349863015115261,
-0.020369183272123337,
-0.011610434390604496,
0.03005380369722843,
0.010388283059000969,
-0.039849527180194855,
-0.01855447329580784,
-0.018360041081905365,
-0.02770208939909935,
0.03546089679002762,
-0.03312769904732704,
0.021535782143473625,
0.01146229449659586,
-0.04221976175904274,
-0.02220240980386734,
0.03542385995388031,
-0.03510906547307968,
-0.05707074701786041,
0.018332265317440033,
-0.033386941999197006,
0.0337572917342186,
0.009383711963891983,
-0.002409581793472171,
0.005735776852816343,
-0.02559109963476658,
-0.042960457503795624,
0.029739007353782654,
0.005360798444598913,
0.0533672571182251,
0.013027017936110497,
0.03522016853094101,
0.008096749894320965,
-0.0010745901381596923,
0.02325790375471115,
0.015091712586581707,
0.04344191029667854,
0.021665403619408607,
0.012221509590744972,
0.03651639074087143,
0.02370232157409191,
-0.07577335834503174,
-0.0019929392728954554,
0.036090489476919174,
-0.017785999923944473,
-0.03768298774957657,
0.02005438692867756,
0.008943922817707062,
-0.005337651818990707,
-0.03170185536146164,
0.017610084265470505,
0.005351539701223373,
0.013601059094071388,
-0.034312814474105835,
0.0157768577337265,
0.04014580696821213,
0.0023818055633455515,
-0.001958219101652503,
0.005777440965175629,
-0.029368657618761063,
0.02135060727596283,
-0.020535839721560478,
-0.03764595463871956,
0.038034819066524506,
-0.005819105077534914,
0.03705339506268501,
0.02260979264974594,
-0.041627202183008194,
0.01601758413016796,
-0.04214569181203842,
0.020424734801054,
-0.04792313277721405,
0.015480578877031803,
-0.013702904805541039,
-0.0021757991053164005,
-0.012823326513171196,
-0.014915796928107738,
-0.0032961040269583464,
-0.007369940634816885,
0.031164849177002907,
-0.009045768529176712,
0.037997785955667496,
0.03699784353375435,
0.0017140203854069114,
-0.07392161339521408,
0.0274983961135149,
0.01642496883869171,
-0.025294821709394455,
0.03470167890191078,
0.014888021163642406,
0.04625656083226204,
-0.017850810661911964,
-0.003985878545790911,
0.00937445368617773,
-0.006434809882193804,
-0.020350664854049683,
-0.01861002668738365,
0.05107109621167183,
-0.03179444372653961,
0.02312828041613102,
-0.0313500240445137,
-0.006240376736968756,
0.02531333826482296,
0.02301717735826969,
-0.009295754134654999,
-0.036053452640771866,
-0.029146449640393257,
0.0016006011283025146,
0.004777499008923769,
0.0022093618754297495,
0.010860477574169636,
-0.048145342618227005,
0.0126381516456604,
0.041997551918029785,
-0.014888021163642406,
0.016286088153719902,
-0.011832643300294876,
-0.0038956061471253633,
0.022313514724373817,
0.00901799276471138,
-0.03344249352812767,
0.0248689204454422,
-0.03183147683739662,
-0.06492213904857635,
-0.019387759268283844,
0.003698858432471752,
-0.035849761217832565,
-0.0022533407900482416,
-0.015767598524689674,
0.006670907139778137,
0.03818295896053314,
0.014239910058677197,
-0.023480111733078957,
-0.015934256836771965,
-0.016184242442250252,
0.013489954173564911,
-0.012841843999922276,
-0.021739473566412926,
-0.05321912094950676,
-0.01895259879529476,
0.028887204825878143,
-0.015378733165562153,
-0.020406218245625496,
0.012443718500435352,
-0.01973959058523178,
-0.0051802536472678185,
0.008480986580252647,
0.01231409702450037,
0.024368949234485626,
0.009999416768550873,
-0.006124642677605152,
0.04473813250660896,
0.016647176817059517,
0.027794675901532173,
0.0028794617392122746,
0.040701329708099365,
-0.019721072167158127,
0.0372200533747673,
-0.00439094752073288,
-0.006846822798252106,
-0.06336667388677597,
-0.02988714724779129,
0.03453502431511879,
0.03060932643711567,
0.0341646745800972,
0.05818179249763489,
-0.024554124101996422,
0.01912851445376873,
-0.01217521633952856,
-0.016480520367622375,
-0.023276420310139656,
0.004513625521212816,
0.014026960358023643,
-0.01752675510942936,
-0.012693704105913639,
0.0005046002333983779,
-0.030905606225132942,
-0.030072320252656937,
0.04707133024930954,
-0.007689366582781076,
0.037386707961559296,
-0.02090618759393692,
0.029220517724752426,
-0.02746136114001274,
0.0047682407312095165,
-0.04233086481690407,
-0.0006619984633289278,
-0.027961332350969315,
-0.03507202863693237,
0.0011093103094026446,
0.02620217576622963,
0.03844220191240311,
-0.029572349041700363,
0.0019744220189750195,
-0.03444243595004082,
-0.0063329641707241535,
0.001075168838724494,
-0.008184707723557949,
-0.01047161128371954,
0.009406859055161476,
0.04321970418095589,
0.03299807757139206,
0.004485849756747484,
-0.03562755137681961,
-0.019276654347777367,
-0.011647469364106655,
0.017924880608916283,
-0.01912851445376873,
0.009703137911856174,
0.040256913751363754,
-0.0244615375995636,
0.03955325111746788,
0.04181237518787384,
0.017276771366596222,
-0.021332088857889175,
0.00794398132711649,
-0.03777557611465454,
-0.016452744603157043,
0.007115325890481472,
-0.0012024762108922005,
-0.022739414125680923,
-0.021332088857889175,
0.0226468276232481,
0.005698741879314184,
0.005314504727721214,
-0.04303452745079994,
0.015230593271553516,
-0.0018829921027645469,
0.017137888818979263,
-0.02810947224497795,
0.026831768453121185,
-0.012962207198143005,
-0.00986979529261589,
0.020146973431110382,
-0.03266476094722748,
0.019998833537101746,
0.04799720272421837,
-0.009369824081659317,
0.03736819326877594,
0.03951621428132057,
0.0035229427739977837,
-0.003113244427368045,
-0.023998601362109184,
0.008013421669602394,
0.03583124279975891,
0.0010410272516310215,
0.008430063724517822,
0.017952656373381615,
0.030479704961180687,
0.06321853399276733,
0.03264624625444412,
0.013027017936110497,
0.03262772783637047,
0.023665286600589752,
-0.007249577436596155,
-0.03033156506717205,
-0.00017446899437345564,
-0.029220517724752426,
0.006545914802700281,
-0.007045885547995567,
0.007541227154433727,
-0.0027822451665997505,
0.0030692655127495527,
-0.07303278148174286,
0.029535314068198204,
-0.007295870687812567,
-0.015332438983023167,
0.03384988009929657,
-0.02999825030565262,
-0.012665928341448307,
0.02248017117381096,
-0.0072079128585755825,
-0.048663828521966934,
0.021776508539915085,
0.0017244365299120545,
-0.01711011305451393,
0.02114691585302353,
0.020091421902179718,
-0.04177534207701683,
0.0014061679830774665,
-0.011036393232643604,
0.013693645596504211,
-0.009078174829483032,
-0.01140674203634262,
-0.030683396384119987,
-0.08273591846227646,
-0.03199813514947891,
-0.017341582104563713,
0.011017875745892525,
0.02066546119749546,
0.007777324412018061,
0.05551528185606003,
0.049960050731897354,
-0.025609618052840233,
-0.010804926045238972,
-0.032294414937496185,
-0.029942698776721954,
0.014323239214718342,
0.006638501770794392,
0.003606271231546998,
0.055589351803064346,
-0.040664296597242355,
-0.03749781474471092,
-0.017610084265470505,
0.034590575844049454,
-0.02316531538963318,
-0.05007115378975868,
-0.042441971600055695,
0.0440715029835701,
-0.04673801735043526,
0.0023771761916577816,
-0.03844220191240311,
-0.00850413367152214,
0.029701972380280495,
-0.019313689321279526,
-0.00669405423104763,
0.03947918117046356,
0.018526697531342506,
-0.016100913286209106,
0.01547132059931755,
0.035886798053979874,
0.030201943591237068,
0.02786874584853649,
0.02555406652390957,
0.01797117479145527,
-0.002130662789568305,
-0.03646083548665047,
0.01561020128428936,
0.024313397705554962,
-0.02459115907549858,
0.034627608954906464,
-0.005189512390643358,
0.008393028751015663,
-0.019721072167158127,
-0.026461420580744743,
-0.03146112710237503,
-0.017878586426377296,
-0.0230542104691267,
0.024368949234485626,
-0.019147031009197235,
0.059589117765426636,
-0.002715119393542409
] |
We present Strokes2Surface, an offline geometry reconstruction pipeline that
recovers well-connected curve networks from imprecise 4D sketches to bridge
concept design and digital modeling stages in architectural design. The input
to our pipeline consists of 3D strokes' polyline vertices and their timestamps
as the 4th dimension, along with additional metadata recorded throughout
sketching. Inspired by architectural sketching practices, our pipeline combines
a classifier and two clustering models to achieve its goal. First, with a set
of extracted hand-engineered features from the sketch, the classifier
recognizes the type of individual strokes between those depicting boundaries
(Shape strokes) and those depicting enclosed areas (Scribble strokes). Next,
the two clustering models parse strokes of each type into distinct groups, each
representing an individual edge or face of the intended architectural object.
Curve networks are then formed through topology recovery of consolidated Shape
clusters and surfaced using Scribble clusters guiding the cycle discovery. Our
evaluation is threefold: We confirm the usability of the Strokes2Surface
pipeline in architectural design use cases via a user study, we validate our
choice of features via statistical analysis and ablation studies on our
collected dataset, and we compare our outputs against a range of
reconstructions computed using alternative methods. | [
0.014923622831702232,
0.0051914360374212265,
-0.041831083595752716,
-0.04913373664021492,
0.008758500218391418,
0.031869519501924515,
-0.03361092135310173,
0.05381492152810097,
-0.04692421481013298,
-0.004732679575681686,
0.0030849019531160593,
-0.011319109238684177,
0.02325613610446453,
-0.05991918966174126,
0.022095201537013054,
0.07036759704351425,
0.029042081907391548,
-0.020821917802095413,
0.007939293049275875,
-0.08193948864936829,
0.01960480958223343,
0.021121514961123466,
-0.07325121015310287,
-0.006511530838906765,
0.017957031726837158,
0.009353010915219784,
0.06186656281352043,
-0.012545580044388771,
-0.051605403423309326,
0.01616881787776947,
0.029229329898953438,
0.043329063802957535,
0.008051641285419464,
0.007452449295669794,
-0.011234847828745842,
-0.008056322112679482,
0.03786143660545349,
0.07358825206756592,
-0.027225781232118607,
0.041082095354795456,
-0.02271311730146408,
-0.04216812923550606,
0.04272987321019173,
0.01238641981035471,
0.03681285306811333,
-0.0347156822681427,
-0.03808613494038582,
0.02217010036110878,
0.04448999837040901,
0.0683453232049942,
0.01460530236363411,
-0.031083079054951668,
0.03589534014463425,
-0.013154134154319763,
0.010710555128753185,
0.0432916134595871,
0.04007095843553543,
0.07699615508317947,
0.09774317592382431,
0.00701709883287549,
0.026664039120078087,
0.026682764291763306,
-0.030764758586883545,
0.023368483409285545,
0.022057751193642616,
-0.03213166445493698,
0.029678722843527794,
0.007485217414796352,
-0.0347156822681427,
-0.01800384372472763,
-0.012171084992587566,
-0.0769212618470192,
-0.00465778075158596,
0.0037566523533314466,
-0.004060929641127586,
0.035932790488004684,
0.0575973205268383,
0.017629349604249,
0.0048871589824557304,
0.044976841658353806,
0.04228047654032707,
0.06549916416406631,
-0.06224105879664421,
0.001370417419821024,
0.027207057923078537,
-0.06269045174121857,
-0.013463092967867851,
-0.08418646454811096,
0.09010348469018936,
-0.016636937856674194,
0.005654873326420784,
0.013884400017559528,
0.023218685761094093,
-0.051305804401636124,
-0.022282449528574944,
0.024660492315888405,
0.028723761439323425,
0.0033259831834584475,
-0.024679215624928474,
-0.026158470660448074,
-0.0360451377928257,
-0.015560264699161053,
-0.0344160832464695,
0.049246083945035934,
0.05040701851248741,
-0.05954469367861748,
0.025727802887558937,
0.009970927610993385,
0.0124519569799304,
0.0874820202589035,
-0.006488124839961529,
-0.04003350809216499,
-0.0008736264426261187,
-0.004238814581185579,
-0.0387602262198925,
0.004929289687424898,
-0.04879669100046158,
-0.06931900978088379,
0.019679708406329155,
-0.014549127779901028,
0.039996057748794556,
0.018050655722618103,
-0.04235537722706795,
-0.038329556584358215,
-0.02494136244058609,
0.04778555408120155,
-0.04007095843553543,
-0.02660786546766758,
-0.018060017377138138,
0.044265300035476685,
0.0004953280440531671,
-0.05965704470872879,
-0.00539740826934576,
0.027431754395365715,
0.07216517627239227,
0.018677935004234314,
0.05527545139193535,
0.006984330713748932,
0.0063757761381566525,
0.04160638898611069,
0.03359219431877136,
-0.03068985976278782,
-0.01033606007695198,
-0.037580568343400955,
-0.02235734835267067,
0.0068345325998961926,
0.010701192542910576,
0.06284025311470032,
-0.008599339984357357,
0.04347886145114899,
-0.059207648038864136,
0.054975856095552444,
-0.014858086593449116,
0.05227949470281601,
0.05673598125576973,
-0.030221741646528244,
-0.03381689265370369,
-0.05527545139193535,
-0.0033634325955063105,
-0.0484221950173378,
0.053140830248594284,
-0.052204594016075134,
0.021552182734012604,
0.01895880699157715,
0.015784962102770805,
-0.00886616762727499,
0.004559475928544998,
-0.012966887094080448,
-0.026682764291763306,
0.011871489696204662,
-0.047935351729393005,
0.04639992117881775,
0.028686311095952988,
0.039097271859645844,
0.003611535532400012,
0.010504582896828651,
-0.044639796018600464,
-0.020578496158123016,
-0.06467527151107788,
0.006886025425046682,
-0.012686016038060188,
-0.01715186797082424,
0.025989947840571404,
0.024173647165298462,
0.03939686715602875,
0.05508820340037346,
0.05475115776062012,
0.03582043945789337,
0.02883611060678959,
-0.06167931482195854,
0.038722775876522064,
0.019033705815672874,
0.052391842007637024,
-0.020035479217767715,
-0.01773233525454998,
-0.04336651414632797,
0.007723958231508732,
-0.005111855920404196,
-0.03293683007359505,
0.016028383746743202,
-0.028761211782693863,
-0.02827436849474907,
0.013163496740162373,
-0.027750074863433838,
0.005149305332452059,
-0.00351323070935905,
-0.0484221950173378,
0.026645313948392868,
-0.019080517813563347,
-0.06729674339294434,
0.005973194260150194,
0.01994185522198677,
-0.020466148853302002,
-0.029641274362802505,
-0.009268749505281448,
-0.015326205641031265,
-0.023312309756875038,
-0.01739528961479664,
0.03729969635605812,
-0.026177195832133293,
0.01125357300043106,
-0.006923475302755833,
-0.022188825532794,
-0.010148813016712666,
0.0003323642595205456,
0.03063368611037731,
0.0012147679226472974,
0.053852371871471405,
0.013107323087751865,
0.016196906566619873,
-0.0036466445308178663,
-0.010813540779054165,
0.0027431754861027002,
-0.00858529657125473,
-0.03171972185373306,
-0.02385532669723034,
0.019660983234643936,
-0.030952006578445435,
-0.011908939108252525,
0.007148172240704298,
0.028967183083295822,
0.019998028874397278,
-0.03119542822241783,
0.007850349880754948,
0.040894847363233566,
-0.0033306642435491085,
0.026514241471886635,
0.03817975893616676,
0.05040701851248741,
-0.021327486261725426,
-0.008992559276521206,
0.04550113528966904,
0.05785946920514107,
0.03655070438981056,
-0.007330738473683596,
0.052579089999198914,
-0.005261654034256935,
-0.011571893468499184,
0.019679708406329155,
0.001495639095082879,
0.05471371114253998,
-0.0037074999418109655,
-0.046287573873996735,
0.04475214332342148,
-0.014792550355196,
0.000995337264612317,
-0.03917216882109642,
0.04505174234509468,
-0.012517493218183517,
0.02585887536406517,
0.003426628652960062,
-0.04969547688961029,
0.021140238270163536,
-0.04306691884994507,
-0.01228343416005373,
-0.023405933752655983,
0.049957625567913055,
-0.037412043660879135,
0.01771361008286476,
0.000022052778149372898,
-0.0562116913497448,
-0.001332967891357839,
0.025578003376722336,
0.03625110909342766,
-0.07669655978679657,
-0.03143884986639023,
-0.020559770986437798,
0.022039026021957397,
-0.030015768483281136,
-0.026720212772488594,
-0.028199467808008194,
-0.05370257422327995,
-0.04505174234509468,
-0.0010913016740232706,
-0.01718931831419468,
-0.0024997536092996597,
-0.008051641285419464,
-0.035258699208498,
0.016973983496427536,
-0.03694392368197441,
-0.017966395244002342,
0.01941756159067154,
0.018041294068098068,
0.029491476714611053,
-0.021140238270163536,
0.009746231138706207,
0.035165075212717056,
0.05048191547393799,
-0.027450479567050934,
-0.05508820340037346,
-0.009362373501062393,
0.015279393643140793,
-0.011562530882656574,
0.012592392042279243,
0.03085838258266449,
0.03123287670314312,
0.08104070276021957,
-0.03171972185373306,
-0.03842318058013916,
-0.020934266969561577,
0.0013891421258449554,
-0.021701982244849205,
-0.10890312492847443,
0.026870012283325195,
0.05081896111369133,
-0.01822854019701481,
0.02400512620806694,
0.036850303411483765,
-0.007302651181817055,
0.012058736756443977,
0.02048487216234207,
-0.01652458868920803,
-0.0017917242366820574,
0.008945748209953308,
0.01764807291328907,
-0.022825466468930244,
0.009381097741425037,
0.006820489186793566,
0.01211491134017706,
0.007110722362995148,
-0.014614664949476719,
-0.03568936884403229,
-0.06823297590017319,
-0.019052429124712944,
0.019979305565357208,
-0.030259190127253532,
0.023143786936998367,
-0.0037706957664340734,
-0.006666009780019522,
0.023761702701449394,
0.0011550828348845243,
-0.029472751542925835,
-0.09107717126607895,
0.007780132349580526,
0.03286192938685417,
-0.02752537839114666,
0.04243027791380882,
-0.024491969496011734,
0.04374101012945175,
0.049995072185993195,
0.016665024682879448,
-0.05302848294377327,
0.015213856473565102,
0.04025820642709732,
-0.03587661311030388,
-0.0004183810669928789,
0.011038238182663918,
-0.03587661311030388,
-0.02977234683930874,
0.03615748509764671,
-0.015738150104880333,
-0.02735685557126999,
-0.02308761328458786,
-0.009034690447151661,
-0.06542426347732544,
-0.0006612176075577736,
-0.018930718302726746,
-0.015578988939523697,
-0.02198285236954689,
0.04673696681857109,
-0.0476357564330101,
0.01516704447567463,
0.04748595878481865,
0.014024835079908371,
-0.033367499709129333,
0.06149206683039665,
0.0022422883193939924,
0.04917118325829506,
-0.044789593666791916,
-0.005711047910153866,
0.013435006141662598,
-0.005093131214380264,
0.023143786936998367,
-0.014221444725990295,
0.048834141343832016,
-0.008557208813726902,
0.047036562114953995,
0.0011176333064213395,
0.009573026560246944,
-0.0058280774392187595,
-0.030371539294719696,
-0.0059170201420784,
-0.01994185522198677,
0.050369568169116974,
0.008262294344604015,
0.014530403539538383,
-0.008828718215227127,
0.007635015528649092,
0.0014780847122892737,
-0.0048590716905891895,
0.01153444405645132,
-0.018827732652425766,
0.041643835604190826,
0.004419040400534868,
0.04456489905714989,
-0.046999115496873856,
-0.01783532090485096,
0.007986104115843773,
0.007962698116898537,
-0.04452744871377945,
-0.0000479090194858145,
0.026308268308639526,
-0.008716369979083538,
0.0028789297211915255,
-0.02460431680083275,
0.04430275037884712,
0.009310880675911903,
-0.027487928047776222,
0.019698433578014374,
-0.04014585539698601,
-0.016281167045235634,
0.00896915327757597,
0.014455504715442657,
-0.00314341695047915,
0.030989455059170723,
0.006240021903067827,
-0.0018631123239174485,
-0.01330393273383379,
-0.003447694005444646,
0.05767222121357918,
-0.010944614186882973,
-0.0387602262198925,
0.04119444265961647,
0.0004774810513481498,
0.058458659797906876,
0.03958411514759064,
-0.08216419070959091,
-0.036700502038002014,
0.03801123425364494,
-0.012882625684142113,
-0.022113926708698273,
0.07036759704351425,
-0.10156302899122238,
-0.049058835953474045,
-0.0018572608241811395,
-0.006516211666166782,
0.015429191291332245,
-0.035371046513319016,
0.04336651414632797,
-0.05093131214380264,
-0.01581304892897606,
0.01885581947863102,
0.00936705432832241,
-0.008842761628329754,
0.02825564332306385,
0.007400956004858017,
0.006726865191012621,
-0.007859712466597557,
-0.00010832558473339304,
0.04325416311621666,
0.027656450867652893,
-0.030015768483281136,
-0.020204002037644386,
0.007073272950947285,
0.016112644225358963,
-0.012873263098299503,
-0.000007177210136433132,
-0.05388982221484184,
0.02567162737250328,
0.01266729086637497,
-0.002007058821618557,
0.008444860577583313,
-0.009142357856035233,
0.026551689952611923,
-0.02291909046471119,
0.035764265805482864,
0.06591110676527023,
0.0169365331530571,
0.06493742018938065,
-0.0271696075797081,
0.03376071900129318,
0.021383659914135933,
-0.0667724460363388,
-0.029135705903172493,
-0.014698926359415054,
-0.0068719820119440556,
-0.02235734835267067,
-0.00516803003847599,
0.027394304051995277,
0.018350251019001007,
-0.00909554585814476,
-0.029622549191117287,
-0.033180251717567444,
-0.008772543631494045,
0.047748103737831116,
0.00214398349635303,
0.03273085877299309,
0.015822410583496094,
0.027207057923078537,
0.016992706805467606,
0.03357347100973129,
0.016281167045235634,
-0.0169365331530571,
-0.03726224601268768,
0.014727013185620308,
0.007709914352744818,
0.015494727529585361,
-0.009643244557082653,
-0.03325514867901802,
-0.024136198684573174,
0.02456686832010746,
-0.020035479217767715,
-0.0021627082023769617,
0.0037285652942955494,
-0.0650872215628624,
0.060705628246068954,
-0.012217896990478039,
0.0019298192346468568,
0.018902631476521492,
-0.012320883572101593,
-0.0038385731168091297,
0.014249532483518124,
-0.0076490589417517185,
-0.01376268919557333,
-0.007812900468707085,
0.029678722843527794,
-0.019511185586452484,
0.058084163814783096,
-0.006516211666166782,
-0.05696067959070206,
-0.061641864478588104,
0.021833054721355438,
0.015447916463017464,
-0.009493446908891201,
0.01631861738860607,
0.029322953894734383,
0.013350744731724262,
-0.010045826435089111,
-0.0029070170130580664,
-0.043329063802957535,
-0.017807234078645706,
0.010710555128753185,
0.011000788770616055,
-0.014839361421763897,
0.015822410583496094,
0.010982063598930836,
-0.023181237280368805,
-0.009793042205274105,
0.054975856095552444,
0.019829506054520607,
-0.027619000524282455,
0.0036045138258486986,
0.012620478868484497,
-0.03010939247906208,
-0.00343833165243268,
-0.04714891314506531,
-0.023405933752655983,
0.07145363092422485,
-0.046287573873996735,
-0.0040445453487336636,
-0.008735094219446182,
0.013266483321785927,
-0.040932297706604004,
-0.035183798521757126,
0.00502759451046586,
-0.009535577148199081,
0.06576131284236908,
-0.013266483321785927,
-0.0078035383485257626,
0.021926678717136383,
0.0015810708282515407,
0.015363655053079128,
0.019061792641878128,
0.00775672635063529,
-0.01717059314250946,
0.008032916113734245,
-0.007199665065854788,
-0.04804769903421402,
-0.005874889437109232,
-0.007321375887840986,
0.021664531901478767,
0.019717158749699593,
0.034285012632608414,
-0.020372524857521057,
-0.050519365817308426,
0.028779935091733932,
-0.02306888811290264,
-0.02419237233698368,
0.01785404607653618,
-0.039958611130714417,
0.029622549191117287,
0.048347294330596924,
0.0017671480309218168,
0.02200157754123211,
0.01477382518351078,
-0.004227111581712961,
0.053477875888347626,
-0.02250714600086212,
0.003714521648362279,
0.017432739958167076,
-0.019529910758137703,
-0.006600473076105118,
0.021795604377985,
-0.009671331383287907,
0.045913077890872955,
-0.006015324965119362,
0.04081994667649269,
0.05153050273656845,
-0.018069380894303322,
-0.019267763942480087,
0.026308268308639526,
-0.010682468302547932,
0.04325416311621666,
0.011422095820307732,
-0.036681778728961945,
0.04602542892098427,
-0.013481817208230495,
0.008482309989631176,
0.0009122462361119688,
-0.024829013273119926,
-0.05842120945453644,
-0.0021510052029043436,
-0.022113926708698273,
-0.04808514937758446,
-0.021364936605095863,
0.018031930550932884,
-0.0015681975055485964,
0.032581061124801636,
-0.02789987251162529,
0.0008619235013611615,
-0.03310535103082657,
0.0066426037810742855,
-0.0014324431540444493,
0.02990342117846012,
-0.005350596271455288,
0.0077660889364778996,
-0.02625209465622902,
-0.018846457824110985,
0.03973391279578209,
0.04969547688961029,
-0.0076490589417517185,
0.0271696075797081,
-0.00502759451046586,
0.05370257422327995,
-0.011244210414588451,
-0.012302158400416374,
0.01773233525454998,
0.029042081907391548,
-0.005912338849157095,
0.002752537839114666,
0.010607569478452206,
0.023499557748436928,
-0.01827535219490528,
0.0001530162844574079,
0.024716665968298912,
0.041681285947561264,
-0.003964965231716633,
0.03977136313915253,
0.015129595063626766,
0.04984527453780174,
-0.025203509256243706,
0.01569133810698986,
-0.01919286511838436,
0.009849216789007187,
0.011010151356458664,
0.005757859442383051,
0.006651966366916895,
0.00581871485337615,
0.06149206683039665,
0.006666009780019522,
-0.03421011194586754,
-0.027207057923078537,
-0.012882625684142113,
-0.038123585283756256,
-0.017704248428344727,
-0.0123770572245121,
-0.0034945057705044746,
0.003950921352952719,
0.029678722843527794,
-0.04078250005841255,
-0.0001657432731008157,
-0.019473737105727196,
-0.03894747421145439,
0.033161524683237076,
0.04913373664021492,
0.00970878079533577,
0.012966887094080448,
-0.0007805878994986415,
0.06579875946044922,
0.0060059623792767525,
-0.025634178891777992,
0.012583029456436634,
-0.019979305565357208,
-0.009030008688569069,
0.04448999837040901,
0.041868533939123154,
-0.011225485242903233,
0.036494530737400055,
0.010701192542910576,
-0.028911009430885315,
0.03977136313915253,
0.030764758586883545,
0.008295062929391861,
0.011225485242903233,
0.030746033415198326,
0.03932196646928787,
-0.009802404791116714,
0.004943333100527525,
0.0064272694289684296,
0.08980388194322586,
0.014727013185620308,
-0.017910219728946686,
-0.0236680805683136,
-0.07737065106630325,
0.015017246827483177,
0.03638218343257904,
-0.0203163493424654,
-0.027038535103201866,
-0.006052774377167225,
-0.0033306642435491085,
0.08253868669271469,
-0.059207648038864136,
-0.0011556679382920265,
0.009001921862363815,
-0.03303045406937599,
-0.005987237673252821,
0.001713314326480031,
0.022694392129778862,
-0.0266265906393528,
0.009516852907836437,
-0.011150586418807507,
-0.0325436107814312,
-0.009961565025150776,
-0.017470188438892365,
0.012292795814573765,
0.009221937507390976,
0.007569478824734688,
0.05104365944862366,
-0.0059685129672288895,
-0.04052035138010979,
0.007901842705905437,
-0.057934366166591644,
0.0014125481247901917,
0.0077894944697618484,
-0.038161035627126694,
-0.009025327861309052,
-0.006441312842071056,
0.02604612335562706,
-0.018490687012672424,
-0.048834141343832016,
-0.030053218826651573,
0.050332117825746536,
-0.010879077948629856,
0.06478762626647949,
0.02085936814546585,
0.012292795814573765,
0.03158864751458168,
0.0227318424731493,
-0.022057751193642616,
-0.018968168646097183,
0.03675667941570282,
0.022076476365327835,
0.0772208571434021,
-0.025540554895997047,
0.04505174234509468,
0.019436286762356758,
0.02584015019237995,
-0.0017870430601760745,
-0.024136198684573174,
-0.00960579514503479,
-0.01776978373527527,
0.0006185017991811037,
0.027787523344159126,
0.058833155781030655,
-0.018425151705741882,
0.02977234683930874,
-0.006020006258040667,
-0.0232748594135046,
-0.03587661311030388,
0.007321375887840986,
-0.007798857055604458,
-0.01921159029006958,
-0.013612890616059303,
-0.021683257073163986,
0.011028875596821308,
-0.017928944900631905,
-0.04441509768366814,
0.041681285947561264,
-0.019286489114165306,
-0.018331527709960938,
0.024829013273119926,
-0.047748103737831116,
0.012826451100409031,
-0.012470681220293045,
-0.027974771335721016,
-0.06227850914001465,
0.0028859516605734825,
-0.02842416614294052,
-0.011693604290485382,
-0.004606287926435471,
0.004788854159414768,
0.0059029762633144855,
-0.058383759111166,
-0.00503695709630847,
0.004634374752640724,
-0.05115600675344467,
-0.038161035627126694,
0.008613383397459984,
-0.02087809331715107,
0.0314575731754303,
-0.023143786936998367,
-0.00228441902436316,
-0.0005918775568716228,
0.0005863186088390648,
-0.05048191547393799,
0.012395782396197319,
0.04392825439572334,
0.020466148853302002,
0.026870012283325195,
-0.003983689937740564,
0.014848724007606506,
0.02439834550023079,
-0.013743964023888111,
0.028199467808008194,
0.0057531786151230335,
-0.009498127736151218,
0.002670617075636983,
0.0065302555449306965,
0.025428205728530884,
0.016580762341618538,
0.04441509768366814,
0.03271213173866272,
-0.004772469867020845,
-0.02329358458518982,
0.018134918063879013,
-0.01956736110150814,
-0.03932196646928787,
0.036269836127758026,
-0.006333645433187485,
-0.015597714111208916,
0.020615946501493454,
0.018762195482850075,
0.016702473163604736,
-0.015822410583496094,
0.06302750110626221,
0.018247265368700027,
0.0236680805683136,
0.058383759111166,
0.009320242330431938,
-0.04040800407528877,
0.06531191617250443,
-0.01340691838413477,
-0.0011849254369735718,
-0.026345718652009964,
0.012901350855827332,
-0.014970434829592705,
-0.007850349880754948,
-0.019155416637659073,
-0.0546388104557991,
-0.05692322924733162,
-0.05452646315097809,
-0.02640189230442047,
-0.0025372032541781664,
-0.000052297633374109864,
0.036663055419921875,
0.0008765521924942732,
-0.01552281528711319,
-0.0008747967658564448,
0.009867941960692406,
0.00784566905349493,
0.03486547991633415,
0.07385040074586868,
-0.00314341695047915,
-0.005439538974314928,
0.04175618663430214,
-0.011862127110362053,
-0.011272297240793705,
-0.007363506592810154,
-0.0008613383397459984,
-0.06763378530740738,
-0.04299201816320419,
0.019885681569576263,
-0.012461318634450436,
-0.06493742018938065,
-0.018949443474411964,
-0.008201438933610916,
0.02422982268035412,
0.04973292723298073,
-0.022675668820738792,
-0.030184291303157806,
0.005991918966174126,
-0.020597221329808235,
0.006268109194934368,
-0.03194441646337509,
-0.03460333123803139,
-0.008805312216281891,
-0.012086823582649231,
-0.03817975893616676,
0.006801764480769634,
-0.0005988993216305971,
-0.0281058456748724,
-0.028705036267638206,
-0.04085739701986313,
0.023199960589408875,
0.00000405032369599212,
0.044377651065588,
-0.0425051748752594,
-0.004358184989541769,
0.031326502561569214,
-0.058833155781030655,
-0.00494801439344883,
0.015972208231687546,
0.023312309756875038,
0.020821917802095413,
-0.018116192892193794,
0.013088597916066647,
0.005664235912263393,
0.0029585100710392,
0.005991918966174126,
0.04636247456073761,
-0.011197398416697979,
0.03228146210312843,
0.027450479567050934,
0.030053218826651573,
0.06497487425804138,
0.007555435411632061,
-0.04531388729810715,
0.009062777273356915,
0.029304228723049164,
-0.018593672662973404,
-0.01652458868920803,
-0.015560264699161053,
-0.06074307858943939,
0.0066051543690264225,
0.009624519385397434,
-0.03029664047062397,
-0.00933428667485714,
0.02325613610446453,
-0.015944121405482292,
-0.008435497991740704,
-0.005500394385308027,
-0.05074406415224075,
-0.01848132535815239,
0.0036723909433931112,
-0.014633389189839363,
0.05377747118473053,
-0.01007391419261694,
-0.004957376513630152,
-0.012751552276313305,
0.032038040459156036,
-0.01642160303890705,
0.021102789789438248,
-0.02458559162914753,
-0.0026776387821882963,
0.018621761351823807,
0.03774908930063248,
-0.05815906450152397,
-0.05359022691845894,
-0.02385532669723034,
0.03694392368197441,
0.003241721773520112,
0.05445156246423721,
0.011787228286266327,
-0.033891793340444565,
-0.010485857725143433,
0.01005518902093172,
-0.01656203903257847,
-0.02806839533150196,
-0.0249039139598608,
-0.023967675864696503,
-0.013275844976305962,
0.02733813039958477,
-0.002371021080762148,
0.004751404281705618,
0.011983837932348251,
-0.0037121810019016266,
-0.0006881344597786665,
-0.01996058039367199,
-0.03935941681265831,
0.001908753882162273,
-0.012142998166382313,
-0.017011431977152824,
0.014979797415435314,
-0.014558490365743637,
-0.05190499871969223,
-0.011478269472718239,
0.02256331965327263,
0.025540554895997047,
0.022788016125559807,
0.022394796833395958,
0.024623041972517967,
0.03585788980126381,
-0.022582044824957848,
0.03497782722115517,
0.018762195482850075,
0.022095201537013054,
0.017123781144618988,
0.008163989521563053,
-0.03868532553315163,
0.0432916134595871,
-0.015476003289222717,
0.0001623786665732041,
-0.021290037781000137,
0.007326057180762291,
-0.01283581368625164,
0.020840642973780632,
-0.04973292723298073,
0.003529614768922329,
0.031139254570007324,
-0.015831774100661278,
-0.006347689311951399,
0.007592884823679924,
0.014127821661531925,
-0.07224006950855255
] |
Quadruped animals seamlessly transition between gaits as they change
locomotion speeds. While the most widely accepted explanation for gait
transitions is energy efficiency, there is no clear consensus on the
determining factor, nor on the potential effects from terrain properties. In
this article, we propose that viability, i.e. the avoidance of falls,
represents an important criterion for gait transitions. We investigate the
emergence of gait transitions through the interaction between supraspinal drive
(brain), the central pattern generator in the spinal cord, the body, and
exteroceptive sensing by leveraging deep reinforcement learning and robotics
tools. Consistent with quadruped animal data, we show that the walk-trot gait
transition for quadruped robots on flat terrain improves both viability and
energy efficiency. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of discrete terrain
(i.e. crossing successive gaps) on imposing gait transitions, and find the
emergence of trot-pronk transitions to avoid non-viable states. Compared with
other potential criteria such as peak forces and energy efficiency, viability
is the only improved factor after gait transitions on both flat and discrete
gap terrains, suggesting that viability could be a primary and universal
objective of gait transitions, while other criteria are secondary objectives
and/or a consequence of viability. Moreover, we deploy our learned controller
in sim-to-real hardware experiments and demonstrate state-of-the-art quadruped
agility in challenging scenarios, where the Unitree A1 quadruped autonomously
transitions gaits between trot and pronk to cross consecutive gaps of up to 30
cm (83.3 % of the body-length) at over 1.3 m/s. | [
0.011736134067177773,
0.024049287661910057,
-0.019041594117879868,
-0.04603779315948486,
0.0014154972741380334,
0.03872203081846237,
0.004739790689200163,
0.010484211146831512,
-0.08181291073560715,
0.03480654954910278,
-0.0014154972741380334,
0.000598269805777818,
0.05184919014573097,
-0.058897051960229874,
-0.049458686262369156,
0.03202449902892113,
-0.0352599211037159,
-0.025780340656638145,
0.001007849583402276,
0.02664586715400219,
-0.0051390668377280235,
-0.015960730612277985,
-0.02924244850873947,
-0.042946625500917435,
0.0018302290700376034,
0.00388714368455112,
0.03072620928287506,
-0.010056599974632263,
-0.060545675456523895,
0.02003076858818531,
-0.013786609284579754,
0.010056599974632263,
-0.024811774492263794,
0.052137698978185654,
-0.01636258326470852,
-0.04669724404811859,
0.05708356946706772,
0.0005850679590366781,
-0.023719562217593193,
0.022009115666151047,
0.012766523286700249,
0.0013214743230491877,
-0.016620179638266563,
-0.018227586522698402,
-0.03398223966360092,
0.015558878891170025,
-0.010983950458467007,
0.03804197534918785,
0.01770208775997162,
0.00348529196344316,
-0.017022032290697098,
-0.015177634544670582,
0.06334833800792694,
0.009520797058939934,
-0.029036371037364006,
-0.019464055076241493,
0.0853162333369255,
0.035507217049598694,
0.0037944086361676455,
0.005123611073940992,
0.008984995074570179,
0.03070560097694397,
-0.05848489701747894,
-0.0036089385394006968,
0.03420892730355263,
-0.046202655881643295,
0.026336751878261566,
0.012374975718557835,
-0.014703655615448952,
-0.03392041474580765,
-0.05465184897184372,
-0.010767568834125996,
-0.05411604791879654,
-0.012910778634250164,
0.005164826288819313,
-0.040411870926618576,
0.0313650518655777,
0.04949990287423134,
-0.0347653366625309,
0.020061679184436798,
-0.0010870607802644372,
-0.0014425450935959816,
-0.03262212499976158,
-0.028912724927067757,
0.07142658531665802,
0.016537748277187347,
0.07286912947893143,
-0.06895365566015244,
0.023616522550582886,
0.022400664165616035,
-0.07014890760183334,
0.009160161018371582,
-0.032663341611623764,
-0.01055118627846241,
-0.00970111507922411,
0.002818114822730422,
-0.011499145068228245,
-0.00943321455270052,
0.016548052430152893,
-0.004603264387696981,
0.017145678400993347,
-0.03571329265832901,
0.01333323772996664,
-0.057578153908252716,
0.03152991458773613,
-0.045914147049188614,
-0.05320930480957031,
0.06615099310874939,
-0.034847766160964966,
0.1349397897720337,
0.014250284060835838,
-0.05024178326129913,
-0.002147073857486248,
-0.013786609284579754,
-0.05683627352118492,
-0.03532174602150917,
-0.017887558788061142,
-0.10378081351518631,
0.029530957341194153,
-0.012158594094216824,
0.06553275883197784,
0.050818800926208496,
-0.016712915152311325,
-0.026151280850172043,
-0.03946391120553017,
0.02003076858818531,
-0.009783546440303326,
0.005878371186554432,
0.0274701789021492,
0.005265289451926947,
0.018629439175128937,
0.02423475682735443,
-0.04185441508889198,
0.01801120489835739,
0.06549154222011566,
-0.0062441593036055565,
0.002720227697864175,
-0.04447160288691521,
0.005177706480026245,
-0.011251850984990597,
-0.018979771062731743,
-0.04014396667480469,
0.005770180374383926,
0.04344121366739273,
-0.033899810165166855,
0.03462108224630356,
-0.06825298815965652,
0.013724785298109055,
-0.011365193873643875,
0.006125664338469505,
-0.04925261065363884,
-0.006228703539818525,
0.020824167877435684,
0.04115375131368637,
0.05098366364836693,
0.04492497444152832,
-0.061905790120363235,
-0.030478915199637413,
0.014219372533261776,
-0.024832382798194885,
0.028212059289216995,
-0.008912867866456509,
-0.07921633124351501,
0.03839230537414551,
0.047150615602731705,
-0.007315764203667641,
0.04900531470775604,
0.021452706307172775,
-0.04550199210643768,
0.03361130133271217,
-0.01963922008872032,
-0.02273038774728775,
0.0024059589486569166,
0.007186965551227331,
0.048387084156274796,
0.03466229513287544,
0.06128755584359169,
0.024585088714957237,
-0.0072797005996108055,
0.008067948743700981,
-0.07645488530397415,
-0.07080835103988647,
-0.041730768978595734,
0.010473906993865967,
0.05263228714466095,
0.01740327477455139,
0.05205526947975159,
0.013570227660238743,
0.008804677054286003,
-0.029860682785511017,
0.030128583312034607,
-0.008536775596439838,
0.012302848510444164,
0.001959027722477913,
-0.03041709214448929,
-0.00943321455270052,
-0.01108698919415474,
-0.008284330368041992,
-0.025759732350707054,
0.05118974298238754,
0.028747862204909325,
-0.04694453626871109,
-0.005497126840054989,
0.012395583093166351,
0.03575450927019119,
-0.011014861986041069,
-0.02217397838830948,
-0.032127540558576584,
0.0183512344956398,
-0.0780210793018341,
0.005363176576793194,
-0.014147245325148106,
-0.05374510586261749,
-0.00866557378321886,
-0.05724843218922615,
-0.031344443559646606,
0.06186457350850105,
0.013961775228381157,
0.022256409749388695,
0.011138508096337318,
-0.02569790929555893,
0.033899810165166855,
0.027779296040534973,
-0.0238226018846035,
-0.009634139947593212,
0.021741215139627457,
0.01225132867693901,
-0.030499523505568504,
0.004541440866887569,
0.03973181173205376,
-0.012694396078586578,
-0.010654225945472717,
0.02555365487933159,
0.010108118876814842,
-0.06326590478420258,
0.028727253898978233,
0.023472268134355545,
0.021741215139627457,
0.01675412990152836,
-0.05411604791879654,
-0.01401329506188631,
0.0522613450884819,
-0.0012004035525023937,
-0.015373408794403076,
0.012014339677989483,
0.03907236456871033,
-0.03361130133271217,
0.06965431571006775,
-0.03649638965725899,
-0.016269847750663757,
-0.03868081420660019,
-0.03264273330569267,
0.04884045198559761,
0.0027743233367800713,
0.008928323164582253,
0.022421272471547127,
0.021411489695310593,
0.01670261099934578,
-0.017207501456141472,
0.03412649407982826,
0.06507939100265503,
0.016764434054493904,
0.030066760256886482,
0.0687887892127037,
-0.01082939188927412,
0.0021573775447905064,
0.031303226947784424,
0.08127710968255997,
-0.02124662697315216,
-0.04298784211277962,
-0.024440834298729897,
-0.010314197279512882,
-0.021967900916934013,
0.0031735990196466446,
0.027264101430773735,
-0.017485706135630608,
0.030355269089341164,
0.022544918581843376,
0.06689287722110748,
0.004376578610390425,
0.00338482903316617,
0.006991191767156124,
-0.003256030147895217,
0.013075640425086021,
-0.0007129005971364677,
-0.05613560974597931,
-0.017279628664255142,
-0.010736656375229359,
-0.08910806477069855,
-0.0035883306991308928,
-0.03812440484762192,
0.03493019938468933,
0.02596581168472767,
-0.039319656789302826,
0.08960265666246414,
-0.01959800533950329,
-0.000274502148386091,
0.04381215572357178,
-0.043647293001413345,
-0.03004615195095539,
0.005497126840054989,
0.05197283625602722,
0.020020464435219765,
-0.003732585348188877,
-0.004160196986049414,
-0.0420604906976223,
-0.011519752442836761,
0.011643399484455585,
-0.05086001753807068,
-0.014229676686227322,
0.0690360814332962,
0.004835101775825024,
0.014229676686227322,
-0.007367283571511507,
0.019505269825458527,
0.017784519121050835,
0.03966999053955078,
0.005610469728708267,
-0.041607119143009186,
-0.01587829925119877,
0.025677300989627838,
0.00977324228733778,
-0.0595565028488636,
-0.022277016192674637,
0.00195387564599514,
-0.0014103454304859042,
0.03989667445421219,
-0.009149856865406036,
-0.025265146046876907,
-0.01582678034901619,
-0.034827157855033875,
-0.03328157588839531,
-0.016960207372903824,
-0.004603264387696981,
0.03921661898493767,
0.0595565028488636,
-0.0546930655837059,
-0.017341451719403267,
-0.021679392084479332,
0.011746438220143318,
-0.01679534651339054,
-0.004935564938932657,
0.012261632829904556,
0.001358825946226716,
0.001208775443956256,
-0.023451661691069603,
-0.01351870782673359,
0.04488375782966614,
-0.04028822109103203,
0.015208546072244644,
0.001237755175679922,
0.006712986622005701,
0.01770208775997162,
-0.0309941116720438,
0.03406466916203499,
-0.04177198186516762,
0.03249847888946533,
-0.01648622937500477,
-0.0040417020209133625,
-0.04723304510116577,
0.056877490133047104,
-0.09619715064764023,
-0.020968422293663025,
0.010339956730604172,
-0.05205526947975159,
0.0006755489739589393,
-0.0333021841943264,
-0.061905790120363235,
0.010602706111967564,
0.03530113771557808,
-0.02829449065029621,
-0.02192668430507183,
0.06474966555833817,
-0.01743418723344803,
-0.03474472835659981,
0.01040693186223507,
0.05658898130059242,
0.0006072857067920268,
-0.010953038930892944,
0.04385336861014366,
-0.023637130856513977,
0.028253275901079178,
0.010035991668701172,
0.005285897292196751,
0.001595815410837531,
0.022400664165616035,
0.05613560974597931,
-0.03596058860421181,
-0.03082924894988537,
0.036578819155693054,
-0.002286176197230816,
0.014384235255420208,
-0.060133520513772964,
0.007753679528832436,
0.04962354898452759,
-0.03235422447323799,
0.006893304642289877,
-0.01933010295033455,
-0.013714482076466084,
-0.006434781476855278,
0.0551876537501812,
-0.03859838470816612,
0.026213103905320168,
-0.0017181742005050182,
0.07105565071105957,
0.013230198994278908,
-0.04949990287423134,
0.006955127697438002,
-0.002125177998095751,
-0.03762981668114662,
-0.01959800533950329,
0.006151424255222082,
-0.028212059289216995,
0.008814980275928974,
-0.022544918581843376,
0.014291499741375446,
-0.034188318997621536,
0.06194700673222542,
-0.009592924267053604,
-0.05036542937159538,
-0.06330712139606476,
0.03886628523468971,
0.02207093872129917,
0.018392449244856834,
-0.01453879289329052,
0.013889648020267487,
0.04414187744259834,
0.017362060025334358,
-0.0031839029397815466,
-0.061493635177612305,
0.02273038774728775,
-0.039051756262779236,
0.02961338870227337,
-0.07212725281715393,
0.012539838440716267,
-0.016568660736083984,
0.010365716181695461,
0.024543873965740204,
-0.003763497108593583,
-0.0015558878658339381,
-0.05461063235998154,
0.026068849489092827,
-0.013446580618619919,
0.0038794158026576042,
-0.004358546808362007,
-0.01986590586602688,
0.03758860379457474,
-0.026089457795023918,
-0.012962297536432743,
-0.0012152154231444001,
-0.005770180374383926,
0.03787711262702942,
-0.0408446341753006,
-0.02163817547261715,
0.0030782881658524275,
-0.010633617639541626,
-0.016661394387483597,
-0.08886077255010605,
0.044018231332302094,
-0.07723798602819443,
0.051601897925138474,
0.014837605878710747,
0.012694396078586578,
-0.08061765879392624,
0.019051898270845413,
0.01929919235408306,
-0.02951035089790821,
0.044595248997211456,
0.000013896168638893869,
0.02839753031730652,
0.021164197474718094,
-0.0323336161673069,
-0.017712391912937164,
0.03952573612332344,
0.045790500938892365,
-0.008572839200496674,
0.0007811639225110412,
-0.04612022638320923,
-0.005775331985205412,
-0.005048907827585936,
0.013178679160773754,
-0.001251923036761582,
0.045666854828596115,
-0.0008764748927205801,
-0.025615477934479713,
0.011767045594751835,
0.07163266837596893,
-0.012137985788285732,
-0.0010445571970194578,
-0.04533712938427925,
0.019175544381141663,
-0.024028679355978966,
0.0021908653434365988,
-0.027119847014546394,
-0.0021393457427620888,
-0.028088413178920746,
-0.006810873281210661,
-0.03480654954910278,
0.025265146046876907,
0.008011276833713055,
-0.06021595373749733,
-0.09512554109096527,
-0.005564102437347174,
-0.0006652451120316982,
-0.04867559298872948,
0.015270370058715343,
0.06524424999952316,
0.03608423471450806,
0.041462864726781845,
-0.06058689206838608,
-0.026151280850172043,
-0.004407490137964487,
-0.05733086168766022,
-0.0011450201272964478,
0.03587815538048744,
0.022091547027230263,
0.019433142617344856,
-0.009134401567280293,
0.09009724110364914,
0.041998669505119324,
0.011653703637421131,
0.0019023562781512737,
0.009659900330007076,
0.02707863226532936,
-0.050571508705616,
0.05341538414359093,
-0.008026733063161373,
-0.026481006294488907,
0.008222506381571293,
0.026748906821012497,
-0.04286419600248337,
0.015734044834971428,
-0.030149191617965698,
0.008361609652638435,
0.0027794751804322004,
-0.015816476196050644,
-0.01293138600885868,
0.049582332372665405,
-0.018340930342674255,
0.004567200783640146,
-0.006321438588202,
0.01935071125626564,
-0.05090123414993286,
0.025100283324718475,
-0.02001016028225422,
0.05209648236632347,
0.008686182089149952,
0.019752563908696175,
-0.018660349771380424,
-0.007186965551227331,
-0.012550141662359238,
-0.023328013718128204,
-0.010015384294092655,
-0.014178156852722168,
-0.00035902627860195935,
-0.034724120050668716,
-0.01386904064565897,
0.006671770941466093,
0.014559401199221611,
-0.02338983677327633,
-0.029943114146590233,
0.030375877395272255,
0.0007528282003477216,
-0.01643471047282219,
-0.00970111507922411,
0.0056619890965521336,
0.04049430042505264,
0.03291063383221626,
0.00014192002709023654,
-0.02501785196363926,
-0.009690811857581139,
-0.05506400391459465,
0.04356485977768898,
-0.03921661898493767,
0.03868081420660019,
-0.008232810534536839,
-0.015960730612277985,
-0.025759732350707054,
-0.017681481316685677,
-0.0011559680569916964,
0.00937139056622982,
0.015837084501981735,
0.011942212469875813,
0.06648071855306625,
-0.02217397838830948,
-0.003418316598981619,
-0.04344121366739273,
-0.039566949009895325,
0.0006079297163523734,
-0.047026969492435455,
0.012900474481284618,
0.0649145245552063,
-0.009969016537070274,
0.007939149625599384,
-0.01285925880074501,
-0.03678489848971367,
-0.009417758323252201,
0.015455840155482292,
0.00581654766574502,
-0.04954111948609352,
0.002073658397421241,
0.05695992335677147,
0.019020987674593925,
0.03589876368641853,
-0.0024304308462888002,
0.03394102305173874,
-0.0033719490747898817,
0.02081386372447014,
-0.022297624498605728,
0.014683048240840435,
0.005739268381148577,
-0.02559487149119377,
0.021164197474718094,
-0.005337416660040617,
0.03383798524737358,
0.014147245325148106,
0.023595916107296944,
-0.00005252570554148406,
0.004008214455097914,
-0.008681030012667179,
-0.0016679427353665233,
0.017609354108572006,
-0.014167852699756622,
0.00792369432747364,
0.00957746896892786,
0.04599658027291298,
-0.026748906821012497,
-0.04657359793782234,
0.00842343270778656,
0.019361015409231186,
0.029283665120601654,
-0.03488898277282715,
-0.026151280850172043,
-0.045666854828596115,
0.04677967354655266,
0.015929818153381348,
0.008341001346707344,
0.010911823250353336,
0.022235801443457603,
0.037671033293008804,
-0.024255365133285522,
0.02392563968896866,
0.012261632829904556,
-0.00438688276335597,
-0.019968945533037186,
-0.005023147910833359,
0.022936467081308365,
0.02343105338513851,
0.037423741072416306,
-0.000020064417185494676,
0.007619728799909353,
0.0074754743836820126,
0.016032857820391655,
0.047150615602731705,
0.03245726227760315,
-0.008160683326423168,
0.03169477730989456,
-0.036434564739465714,
-0.031055934727191925,
-0.026707692071795464,
0.006774809677153826,
-0.028582999482750893,
0.013642354868352413,
-0.013570227660238743,
0.020752040669322014,
-0.014363626949489117,
0.03649638965725899,
-0.0308704636991024,
-0.055682238191366196,
0.03070560097694397,
-0.022091547027230263,
-0.020721130073070526,
0.014023598283529282,
0.009211680851876736,
0.01621832698583603,
-0.022977681830525398,
0.010494515299797058,
0.025388792157173157,
-0.004116405267268419,
-0.023369230329990387,
0.02545061707496643,
-0.032127540558576584,
-0.003918055444955826,
-0.005206041969358921,
-0.04896410182118416,
-0.01947435736656189,
0.008361609652638435,
-0.0018572767730802298,
-0.005754724144935608,
0.0337967686355114,
-0.03845413029193878,
0.030788032338023186,
0.015136418864130974,
0.014590312726795673,
0.013209590688347816,
0.024152325466275215,
0.007089078426361084,
-0.019845297560095787,
0.0410919263958931,
-0.04669724404811859,
0.006383261643350124,
-0.01686747372150421,
0.004446129780262709,
0.019628915935754776,
0.006625403184443712,
0.0263779666274786,
-0.003966998774558306,
-0.01062331348657608,
-0.0057650282979011536,
-0.03179781511425972,
-0.010736656375229359,
0.01840275339782238,
-0.02421414852142334,
0.02231823280453682,
0.026851946488022804,
0.008294633589684963,
0.005221497733145952,
-0.004654783755540848,
-0.0379183255136013,
0.03278698772192001,
0.02008228749036789,
0.0432763509452343,
0.03999971225857735,
-0.03243665397167206,
-0.050818800926208496,
0.03165356069803238,
-0.0024098230060189962,
0.009871129877865314,
-0.030211014673113823,
0.0013266262831166387,
-0.007403347175568342,
-0.04127739742398262,
-0.0026532525662332773,
0.016208024695515633,
0.01577525958418846,
0.034559257328510284,
0.03369373083114624,
-0.0019178121583536267,
-0.0025218778755515814,
-0.010530578903853893,
0.036475781351327896,
-0.007181813474744558,
0.02017502300441265,
0.017372364178299904,
-0.0432763509452343,
0.003745465073734522,
0.019731955602765083,
0.025059068575501442,
-0.0030731360893696547,
-0.005826851818710566,
0.06219429895281792,
-0.012591357342898846,
0.035672079771757126,
-0.05345659703016281,
0.012550141662359238,
0.003266334068030119,
0.014373931102454662,
-0.05807274207472801,
0.010422388091683388,
-0.04801614210009575,
0.019361015409231186,
0.05131338909268379,
-0.0027537154965102673,
0.06825298815965652,
0.028479961678385735,
0.015517663210630417,
0.016424406319856644,
-0.0143430195748806,
0.020597482100129128,
-0.024131717160344124,
-0.01686747372150421,
0.0038897197227925062,
0.05559980869293213,
-0.04030882939696312,
-0.03556903824210167,
-0.018392449244856834,
0.0060277776792645454,
0.014868518337607384,
-0.04488375782966614,
-0.0003435704275034368,
-0.036063626408576965,
0.013446580618619919,
0.005409543868154287,
0.0033590691164135933,
-0.031055934727191925,
-0.0012403310975059867,
0.04236960783600807,
-0.01311685610562563,
0.0026481004897505045,
0.014301803894340992,
-0.0025592294987291098,
-0.011313674971461296,
0.015713436529040337,
0.02829449065029621,
0.027140455320477486,
-0.031715381890535355,
-0.03264273330569267,
0.03536296263337135,
-0.028912724927067757,
-0.04793371260166168,
0.004350818693637848,
-0.02190607786178589,
0.0166510920971632,
-0.0016370309749618173,
0.002560517517849803,
0.01777421496808529,
-0.05564102157950401,
-0.05209648236632347,
-0.009381694719195366,
-0.0030113128013908863,
-0.005046331789344549,
-0.02951035089790821,
0.020061679184436798,
0.014724262990057468,
0.042163532227277756,
0.0028825141489505768,
0.01677473820745945,
-0.030808640643954277,
-0.028438745066523552,
0.025285754352808,
-0.06409021466970444,
-0.05922677740454674,
0.011612487956881523,
0.00030042289290577173,
-0.05341538414359093,
-0.03381737694144249,
0.026151280850172043,
0.001732342061586678,
0.04995327442884445,
0.01366296224296093,
0.02693437598645687,
0.045378345996141434,
-0.017836039885878563,
-0.01847488060593605,
-0.005378632340580225,
0.022957073524594307,
0.0074960822239518166,
-0.006676923017948866,
-0.03235422447323799,
0.01840275339782238,
-0.03297245875000954,
0.023101327940821648,
-0.020576875656843185,
-0.0013652658089995384,
-0.03771224990487099,
-0.009886585175991058,
-0.01554857473820448,
0.011828869581222534,
0.009216832928359509,
0.008572839200496674,
0.04884045198559761,
-0.02246248722076416,
0.07797986268997192,
0.023987462744116783,
-0.03608423471450806,
-0.011138508096337318,
0.03534235432744026,
0.024440834298729897,
-0.05968014895915985,
-0.024172933772206306,
-0.020412012934684753,
-0.019391927868127823,
-0.002494830172508955,
0.000548038340639323,
0.035239316523075104,
-0.05679506063461304,
0.025368185713887215,
-0.033054888248443604,
-0.0001997989311348647,
-0.022689172998070717,
-0.0071715097874403,
-0.00937139056622982,
-0.02596581168472767,
0.002691892208531499,
-0.00027611214318312705,
0.028088413178920746,
-0.019412534311413765,
0.0075785135850310326,
0.024585088714957237,
0.011200332082808018,
-0.003601210657507181,
-0.016321366652846336,
0.0200513768941164,
-0.002727955812588334,
0.012292544357478619,
-0.02219458669424057,
-0.023719562217593193,
0.0010142894461750984,
0.017217805609107018,
-0.03556903824210167,
-0.02477055974304676,
0.0007599121308885515,
-0.09339448809623718,
0.03991728276014328,
0.04168955236673355,
0.0021676814649254084,
0.0013858736492693424,
0.03493019938468933,
-0.0004723691090475768,
-0.018567616119980812,
0.0030576803255826235,
-0.017475401982665062,
0.022215193137526512,
-0.05114852637052536,
-0.010334804654121399,
0.011571272276341915,
0.006568731740117073,
-0.009304415434598923,
0.0028953938744962215,
0.007892781868577003,
0.014806694351136684,
-0.018340930342674255,
-0.011942212469875813,
0.006197791546583176,
0.015404320321977139,
0.016352279111742973,
0.02829449065029621,
-0.036723073571920395,
0.029118802398443222,
0.019124025478959084,
0.005128762684762478,
-0.035795725882053375,
-0.014353322796523571,
0.0297782514244318,
-0.022400664165616035,
-0.0285623911768198,
-0.011952515691518784,
-0.04022639989852905,
0.01453879289329052,
0.032683949917554855,
-0.0068675447255373,
-0.0012615829473361373,
0.024461442604660988,
-0.005481671076267958,
-0.013498100452125072,
-0.05003570392727852,
0.012910778634250164,
0.014683048240840435,
-0.005692901089787483,
0.010345108807086945,
-0.015321888960897923,
0.02338983677327633,
0.04694453626871109,
-0.012725308537483215,
0.02392563968896866,
-0.035775117576122284,
0.05246742442250252,
0.033054888248443604,
-0.006038081366568804,
0.016125593334436417,
0.035672079771757126,
0.0007959757349453866,
0.034167710691690445,
-0.03194206953048706,
-0.027779296040534973,
0.011952515691518784,
-0.022400664165616035,
-0.020576875656843185,
-0.03462108224630356,
0.03420892730355263,
0.03490959107875824,
0.024667520076036453,
-0.03031405434012413,
0.008258569985628128,
-0.03352886810898781,
-0.03680550679564476,
-0.030540740117430687,
-0.013621746562421322,
-0.04224596172571182,
0.013322933577001095,
-0.024461442604660988,
-0.030128583312034607,
0.04463646560907364,
0.02027806267142296,
0.0275938268750906,
0.036434564739465714,
-0.05827882140874863,
-0.03626970574259758,
-0.015579486265778542,
0.010839696042239666,
0.019051898270845413,
-0.029551565647125244,
0.027243493124842644,
0.005790787748992443,
-0.0032895179465413094,
-0.028047196567058563,
-0.011530056595802307,
0.011973123997449875,
-0.02815023623406887,
0.018701566383242607,
-0.03394102305173874,
-0.004317331127822399,
0.013910255394876003,
-0.021411489695310593,
0.011499145068228245,
-0.004943292587995529,
0.03289002552628517,
-0.004240051843225956,
-0.019453750923275948,
-0.02934548817574978,
-0.07863931357860565,
-0.03447682783007622,
-0.03697036951780319,
0.04018518328666687,
0.01183917373418808,
0.0024767983704805374,
0.01833062618970871,
0.021864861249923706,
-0.01621832698583603,
-0.008289482444524765,
-0.029427919536828995,
-0.04785127937793732,
-0.0028696341905742884,
-0.032127540558576584,
-0.02734653279185295,
0.0062235514633357525,
-0.024379011243581772,
-0.006589339580386877,
-0.05522886663675308,
-0.0072797005996108055,
0.04311148822307587,
-0.015023075975477695,
0.020308973267674446,
-0.03886628523468971
] |
The Gaussian process latent variable model (GPLVM) is a popular probabilistic
method used for nonlinear dimension reduction, matrix factorization, and
state-space modeling. Inference for GPLVMs is computationally tractable only
when the data likelihood is Gaussian. Moreover, inference for GPLVMs has
typically been restricted to obtaining maximum a posteriori point estimates,
which can lead to overfitting, or variational approximations, which
mischaracterize the posterior uncertainty. Here, we present a method to perform
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference for generalized Bayesian nonlinear
latent variable modeling. The crucial insight necessary to generalize GPLVMs to
arbitrary observation models is that we approximate the kernel function in the
Gaussian process mappings with random Fourier features; this allows us to
compute the gradient of the posterior in closed form with respect to the latent
variables. We show that we can generalize GPLVMs to non-Gaussian observations,
such as Poisson, negative binomial, and multinomial distributions, using our
random feature latent variable model (RFLVM). Our generalized RFLVMs perform on
par with state-of-the-art latent variable models on a wide range of
applications, including motion capture, images, and text data for the purpose
of estimating the latent structure and imputing the missing data of these
complex data sets. | [
-0.008421562612056732,
-0.0005638633156195283,
-0.0456371083855629,
-0.0010273087536916137,
0.028667613863945007,
0.020074550062417984,
-0.05921270325779915,
0.02906477265059948,
-0.02193397283554077,
0.06083744019269943,
0.0047162557020783424,
0.02881203405559063,
0.020724445581436157,
-0.012907647527754307,
0.007428666576743126,
-0.020832762122154236,
-0.030382614582777023,
0.011833514086902142,
-0.028721772134304047,
0.0008811951265670359,
-0.014893438667058945,
0.0076768905855715275,
-0.04271257668733597,
-0.008999248035252094,
0.02926335111260414,
0.03422782942652702,
0.02332402765750885,
-0.03643025457859039,
-0.06787797808647156,
0.04935595393180847,
0.0758933573961258,
-0.009071458131074905,
-0.04090731218457222,
0.010037275031208992,
-0.08318662643432617,
-0.014451148919761181,
0.07805967330932617,
0.04296531528234482,
0.004978019278496504,
0.018828917294740677,
-0.008796155452728271,
-0.007013455964624882,
-0.0075460090301930904,
0.014956623315811157,
-0.01585925556719303,
-0.026176346465945244,
0.007144337520003319,
0.03906594216823578,
-0.020832762122154236,
-0.014406017027795315,
0.006228165235370398,
0.04325415566563606,
-0.019948182627558708,
0.011319013312458992,
0.015353781171143055,
0.0039625572971999645,
0.07964830845594406,
0.04372352734208107,
0.09047989547252655,
-0.02465992420911789,
-0.02413639798760414,
0.04433731734752655,
-0.06195670738816261,
-0.0805148333311081,
0.003680484602227807,
-0.006634349934756756,
0.02619439922273159,
0.006855495274066925,
0.03751341253519058,
-0.02337818592786789,
-0.05397743359208107,
0.018828917294740677,
0.012772251851856709,
0.01855812780559063,
0.03812720254063606,
0.08412536233663559,
0.01414425391703844,
0.005817467346787453,
-0.005086334887892008,
0.002185499295592308,
0.05704638361930847,
0.015092018060386181,
-0.014369912445545197,
0.04444563388824463,
-0.00023792832507751882,
0.030797826126217842,
-0.0263929795473814,
-0.04700911045074463,
0.03874099254608154,
-0.0020501043181866407,
-0.012835436500608921,
0.07574893534183502,
0.028306560590863228,
0.060981862246990204,
0.04906710982322693,
-0.025490347295999527,
0.015985624864697456,
-0.0017353113507851958,
-0.008123693987727165,
0.04249594733119011,
0.012176514603197575,
-0.005569243337959051,
0.006873547565191984,
-0.0004834726278204471,
0.018124863505363464,
-0.03978804871439934,
-0.0011869620066136122,
-0.006119849625974894,
0.05054742842912674,
0.10528307408094406,
0.0027710823342204094,
-0.03758562356233597,
0.014613622799515724,
0.01761036366224289,
-0.012041119858622551,
0.0769043043255806,
-0.017926285043358803,
-0.0502224825322628,
-0.007550522219389677,
-0.025761136785149574,
0.02532787248492241,
0.047081321477890015,
-0.019749602302908897,
-0.002432595007121563,
-0.0425320528447628,
0.04213489219546318,
0.005054743029177189,
-0.02424471266567707,
0.01646401919424534,
0.019045548513531685,
-0.05693806707859039,
0.020435603335499763,
0.07242724299430847,
-0.01835954748094082,
0.01714099384844303,
0.020995235070586205,
0.018648391589522362,
-0.011300960555672646,
0.05004195496439934,
-0.009531800635159016,
-0.06784187257289886,
-0.04823669046163559,
-0.00018771938630379736,
0.030870037153363228,
-0.002845549490302801,
0.022926868870854378,
-0.023360133171081543,
0.04018520563840866,
0.0251112412661314,
0.011932804249227047,
-0.04213489219546318,
0.034841619431972504,
0.04350689426064491,
0.0502224825322628,
0.017258336767554283,
0.03866878151893616,
-0.002146009122952819,
0.02973271906375885,
0.0016123276436701417,
-0.07899840921163559,
0.01622030884027481,
0.017926285043358803,
0.04162941873073578,
0.06943050771951675,
0.041846051812171936,
0.043037526309490204,
0.041593313217163086,
-0.031086668372154236,
-0.029750771820545197,
0.04166552424430847,
0.010290012694895267,
0.012663936242461205,
0.01861228607594967,
-0.015976598486304283,
-0.039643626660108566,
0.01973154954612255,
0.03819941356778145,
0.009730380028486252,
-0.0054112826474010944,
0.0021132887341082096,
-0.006909653078764677,
-0.012961804866790771,
0.03330714628100395,
0.0274219810962677,
0.07805967330932617,
0.013828332535922527,
0.07509903609752655,
0.05617985874414444,
0.04505942389369011,
-0.06264270842075348,
0.045239947736263275,
0.010569828562438488,
0.06018754467368126,
-0.004892269149422646,
0.08138135820627213,
0.027241453528404236,
-0.04386794567108154,
0.003443543566390872,
-0.007685916963964701,
0.02984103560447693,
-0.025869451463222504,
-0.05249711498618126,
-0.012754199095070362,
-0.006656915880739689,
0.0366649404168129,
0.012718094512820244,
0.0212660264223814,
-0.015507228672504425,
0.02352260798215866,
-0.030490931123495102,
0.05181111395359039,
-0.05083627253770828,
-0.09271842986345291,
-0.01902749575674534,
0.02157292142510414,
-0.04386794567108154,
0.02465992420911789,
0.026158293709158897,
0.013674885034561157,
-0.017159046605229378,
0.007054074201732874,
0.004551525227725506,
0.005826493725180626,
-0.022944921627640724,
0.034787461161613464,
0.034119512885808945,
0.01814291626214981,
-0.019912077113986015,
-0.018738653510808945,
0.04325415566563606,
0.012943752110004425,
0.06592828780412674,
-0.006720100063830614,
-0.018160969018936157,
-0.008408023044466972,
0.03549151495099068,
-0.0018492686795070767,
0.0010515670292079449,
-0.0031050564721226692,
0.005871625617146492,
-0.03520267456769943,
-0.0009810489136725664,
-0.016238361597061157,
0.05083627253770828,
0.02937166765332222,
0.029552193358540535,
-0.007879982702434063,
-0.0051359799690544605,
0.03747730702161789,
0.026176346465945244,
-0.02373923920094967,
-0.033758461475372314,
-0.02727755904197693,
0.014514333568513393,
-0.060259755700826645,
0.054410696029663086,
0.026844294741749763,
-0.024118345230817795,
-0.004542498849332333,
-0.0901910588145256,
0.023648975417017937,
0.05766017362475395,
0.011237776838243008,
-0.05163059011101723,
-0.007649811916053295,
0.042423736304044724,
0.05545775219798088,
-0.020074550062417984,
0.07423251122236252,
0.037296783179044724,
-0.0016405348433181643,
-0.04105173423886299,
-0.04116005077958107,
0.026266610249876976,
-0.019262181594967842,
-0.05957375466823578,
-0.016030756756663322,
-0.02435302920639515,
0.08708599954843521,
-0.009522774256765842,
0.012645883485674858,
0.04065457358956337,
-0.045745424926280975,
0.009838695637881756,
0.005524111911654472,
-0.0019079397898167372,
-0.02608608454465866,
-0.00401897169649601,
-0.029552193358540535,
0.055132802575826645,
-0.04332636669278145,
0.018016548827290535,
-0.04383184388279915,
-0.014487254433333874,
-0.009874801151454449,
0.012961804866790771,
-0.051089007407426834,
0.04007688909769058,
0.06935829669237137,
0.02798161283135414,
-0.029750771820545197,
0.03458888456225395,
-0.016418887302279472,
-0.00031648558797314763,
0.017375677824020386,
0.012835436500608921,
0.011012118309736252,
0.06809461116790771,
-0.01686117798089981,
-0.08246452361345291,
-0.021609025076031685,
0.053652483969926834,
-0.06069302186369896,
-0.022565817460417747,
-0.003459339728578925,
0.05029469355940819,
0.052099958062171936,
-0.0157689917832613,
0.01270906813442707,
-0.057082489132881165,
0.01747496798634529,
0.045492686331272125,
-0.07610998302698135,
-0.02424471266567707,
0.03805499151349068,
0.04105173423886299,
0.015841202810406685,
0.051702797412872314,
-0.037657834589481354,
0.014180359430611134,
0.008290681056678295,
-0.0723189264535904,
-0.012203593738377094,
0.009739406406879425,
0.005506059154868126,
-0.03848825767636299,
-0.02460576593875885,
0.021518763154745102,
-0.01847689040005207,
-0.03769394010305405,
0.024316923692822456,
-0.03848825767636299,
0.018540075048804283,
-0.031231090426445007,
-0.017095861956477165,
-0.057840701192617416,
-0.008547930978238583,
0.032169826328754425,
0.012817383743822575,
-0.016518177464604378,
0.001010948559269309,
-0.0037075637374073267,
-0.025869451463222504,
-0.038018885999917984,
0.0012140409089624882,
0.03942699357867241,
0.021825658157467842,
-0.0274219810962677,
-0.04888658598065376,
0.05336364358663559,
0.023703133687376976,
-0.02137434110045433,
-0.06730028986930847,
-0.01583217643201351,
-0.07293272018432617,
0.0604763887822628,
-0.04076289013028145,
-0.024262765422463417,
-0.004653071518987417,
0.028360718861222267,
0.013701964169740677,
0.029046719893813133,
-0.0036488925106823444,
-0.02229502610862255,
-0.04087120667099953,
-0.017908232286572456,
-0.0010888006072491407,
0.016491098329424858,
-0.002768825739622116,
0.03543735668063164,
-0.04747847840189934,
0.05939323082566261,
-0.023648975417017937,
0.005424822214990854,
0.008087588474154472,
0.013999832794070244,
-0.011517592705786228,
-0.061740074306726456,
0.0030982866883277893,
0.016599414870142937,
0.02875787578523159,
-0.07647103816270828,
0.0014396990882232785,
-0.01741178333759308,
-0.025977768003940582,
0.0025048055686056614,
-0.01699657365679741,
-0.02711508609354496,
0.006359047256410122,
0.025544503703713417,
-0.009229418821632862,
0.017159046605229378,
-0.037910573184490204,
0.044265106320381165,
-0.07365482300519943,
0.028414877131581306,
0.025291766971349716,
0.0138373589143157,
0.06997208297252655,
-0.03830773010849953,
-0.01789017952978611,
0.008660760708153248,
-0.05473564565181732,
-0.04043794423341751,
0.01842273212969303,
-0.004368741996586323,
-0.046214792877435684,
0.011237776838243008,
-0.020886920392513275,
0.01830539107322693,
0.046720266342163086,
0.004887755960226059,
0.036628834903240204,
0.017799915745854378,
-0.02722340077161789,
0.022511659190058708,
0.0430736318230629,
0.010335143655538559,
-0.05376080051064491,
-0.08881905674934387,
0.05798512324690819,
0.015435018576681614,
0.049536481499671936,
-0.07733756303787231,
0.03422782942652702,
0.011652987450361252,
-0.00012411198986228555,
0.02563476748764515,
0.012600751593708992,
0.005086334887892008,
-0.023648975417017937,
0.032530881464481354,
0.008990221656858921,
0.02532787248492241,
-0.027710823342204094,
-0.022800501435995102,
-0.009414458647370338,
-0.04607037082314491,
-0.01741178333759308,
0.012194567359983921,
-0.028613455593585968,
0.05350806564092636,
-0.05253322049975395,
-0.060729123651981354,
0.016545256599783897,
-0.018937233835458755,
0.030617300420999527,
-0.0018131633987650275,
0.04899490252137184,
-0.04592594876885414,
0.025923609733581543,
0.06332870572805405,
0.012898621149361134,
-0.05473564565181732,
-0.015164229087531567,
0.036069199442863464,
0.010010195896029472,
0.00757308816537261,
-0.01752912625670433,
-0.042062681168317795,
-0.022168658673763275,
-0.05058353394269943,
0.029552193358540535,
0.022782448679208755,
0.0002719180774874985,
0.015805097296833992,
-0.014099122025072575,
-0.05643259361386299,
0.03142967075109482,
-0.012311909347772598,
0.039751943200826645,
-0.0041837021708488464,
0.027692770585417747,
-0.05080016702413559,
-0.020417550578713417,
-0.0007362097385339439,
0.03346961736679077,
0.021952025592327118,
0.013106225989758968,
0.029714666306972504,
-0.011860593222081661,
0.001194859971292317,
0.03287388011813164,
-0.0225477647036314,
0.010849644429981709,
-0.05372469499707222,
0.022583868354558945,
0.01931633986532688,
0.04787563532590866,
-0.019569076597690582,
0.03522072732448578,
-0.016491098329424858,
-0.029299456626176834,
-0.0012907646596431732,
0.002809444209560752,
0.026284663006663322,
0.009071458131074905,
0.011282908730208874,
-0.028541244566440582,
-0.027855243533849716,
0.05509669706225395,
0.04783952981233597,
0.012005014345049858,
-0.07163292914628983,
0.02901061438024044,
-0.02953414060175419,
-0.03617751598358154,
-0.03045482560992241,
0.021302130073308945,
-0.00755954859778285,
0.018666444346308708,
-0.006787797436118126,
-0.030779773369431496,
0.051486168056726456,
-0.057587962597608566,
0.02931750938296318,
0.03312661871314049,
-0.014595570042729378,
0.021717341616749763,
-0.022222816944122314,
-0.025743084028363228,
0.024154450744390488,
-0.054771751165390015,
-0.016202256083488464,
-0.004806519020348787,
-0.025147346779704094,
0.010037275031208992,
0.009730380028486252,
-0.0029380694031715393,
-0.013485332019627094,
-0.00418595876544714,
-0.010678144171833992,
0.0009015043615363538,
-0.007920601405203342,
0.021103551611304283,
-0.008615628816187382,
-0.0012016297550871968,
-0.031339406967163086,
-0.026898453012108803,
-0.017547179013490677,
-0.01142732985317707,
0.03863267973065376,
0.03249477595090866,
0.023667028173804283,
-0.04061846807599068,
-0.0004981404053978622,
0.007708482909947634,
0.017059756442904472,
0.02572503127157688,
-0.035184621810913086,
0.03892152011394501,
0.019135812297463417,
-0.003466109512373805,
-0.0037053071428090334,
0.006255244370549917,
-0.008290681056678295,
0.051233429461717606,
0.021229920908808708,
-0.017908232286572456,
-0.041954364627599716,
-0.016933389008045197,
0.021807605400681496,
-0.0036556622944772243,
-0.024262765422463417,
-0.012681988999247551,
-0.0019970748107880354,
0.05264153704047203,
-0.007189468946307898,
-0.03686351701617241,
0.004102465230971575,
0.011779355816543102,
-0.007369995582848787,
0.007189468946307898,
0.03307246044278145,
0.03623167425394058,
0.02706092782318592,
-0.00595737574622035,
-0.005501545965671539,
-0.029461929574608803,
0.02198813110589981,
-0.032476723194122314,
0.07712093740701675,
-0.026988716796040535,
-0.005650480277836323,
-0.006950271315872669,
0.003669201862066984,
0.03809109702706337,
-0.029606351628899574,
0.023107396438717842,
-0.030202088877558708,
0.011977935209870338,
0.04332636669278145,
-0.0007943167584016919,
0.021915921941399574,
0.0028004178311675787,
-0.01465875469148159,
0.03173656389117241,
-0.017700625583529472,
0.013575594872236252,
-0.024786293506622314,
-0.01417133305221796,
0.01850396953523159,
0.01931633986532688,
0.02429887093603611,
0.00483359768986702,
0.0028748849872499704,
-0.010822565294802189,
0.009224905632436275,
-0.00563694117590785,
-0.035960886627435684,
0.04274868220090866,
-0.0006025073234923184,
0.002762055955827236,
-0.02967856265604496,
0.011418303474783897,
-0.023233763873577118,
-0.053038693964481354,
-0.028017718344926834,
-0.011806434951722622,
0.0011316756717860699,
0.0031411617528647184,
-0.0004752925015054643,
-0.034065358340740204,
-0.011436356231570244,
0.02798161283135414,
0.014803175814449787,
0.0017353113507851958,
0.014983702450990677,
-0.011671040207147598,
0.019099706783890724,
-0.035852570086717606,
0.003928708843886852,
0.012230672873556614,
0.010822565294802189,
-0.012041119858622551,
0.00028588069835677743,
-0.010091433301568031,
0.019189970567822456,
0.025147346779704094,
0.027349770069122314,
0.03419172391295433,
0.013674885034561157,
0.008782615885138512,
0.047695111483335495,
-0.006453823763877153,
0.0009906393242999911,
0.004905808717012405,
-0.03128524869680405,
-0.03532904386520386,
-0.013476305641233921,
0.0017725449288263917,
0.0238295029848814,
-0.020273130387067795,
-0.024786293506622314,
0.02706092782318592,
-0.0011361888609826565,
-0.033812619745731354,
0.012691015377640724,
0.010244880802929401,
0.02260192111134529,
0.010425407439470291,
0.010687170550227165,
-0.04542047530412674,
-0.0018470120849087834,
0.05592712014913559,
-0.034263934940099716,
0.02789134904742241,
0.01353046391159296,
-0.0151190971955657,
0.015263518318533897,
-0.030382614582777023,
-0.006101796869188547,
0.010506643913686275,
0.005849059671163559,
0.029516087844967842,
-0.004276222083717585,
0.015137149952352047,
-0.028775928542017937,
-0.015597492456436157,
-0.008565983735024929,
-0.0289564561098814,
-0.04726184532046318,
0.038416046649217606,
0.04433731734752655,
0.014893438667058945,
0.007532469462603331,
-0.03866878151893616,
0.01937049627304077,
0.0112738823518157,
0.039968572556972504,
-0.02162707783281803,
-0.018522022292017937,
-0.03599699214100838,
-0.012663936242461205,
-0.030671458691358566,
0.011111408472061157,
0.006977350451052189,
-0.01496564969420433,
-0.0325489342212677,
-0.007640785537660122,
-0.014794149436056614,
0.0011993731604889035,
-0.004614709410816431,
0.03101445734500885,
0.021446552127599716,
-0.010371249169111252,
0.009757459163665771,
-0.006192060187458992,
-0.006517007946968079,
-0.005212703719735146,
0.027403928339481354,
0.029588298872113228,
-0.01766452193260193,
-0.05325532704591751,
0.017989469692111015,
0.01707780919969082,
0.030617300420999527,
-0.03769394010305405,
0.02162707783281803,
-0.005275887902826071,
0.020237024873495102,
-0.03146577626466751,
-0.003003510180860758,
0.022674132138490677,
0.024732135236263275,
0.006643376313149929,
-0.005862599238753319,
0.03805499151349068,
-0.005537651479244232,
-0.021771499887108803,
0.026465190574526787,
-0.007288758642971516,
0.016951441764831543,
0.025075135752558708,
0.005528625100851059,
0.016427913680672646,
-0.024082239717245102,
0.035347096621990204,
-0.0361594632267952,
0.05401353910565376,
0.04325415566563606,
0.03978804871439934,
-0.002122315112501383,
-0.06076522916555405,
-0.028884245082736015,
0.004377768374979496,
0.03453472629189491,
-0.008480234071612358,
0.004883242771029472,
-0.045601002871990204,
0.0144782280549407,
0.04368742182850838,
0.03296414390206337,
0.0090398658066988,
0.030888089910149574,
0.0579129122197628,
-0.041701629757881165,
-0.007663351483643055,
-0.007636272348463535,
-0.06841955333948135,
0.010019222274422646,
0.030725615099072456,
-0.010037275031208992,
-0.022331131622195244,
-0.0024619305040687323,
-0.02173539437353611,
-0.004693689756095409,
0.05080016702413559,
-0.0035225239116698503,
0.006164981052279472,
-0.02953414060175419,
0.011643961071968079,
0.003520267317071557,
0.06798629462718964,
-0.03321688249707222,
-0.008421562612056732,
0.010714249685406685,
-0.004874216392636299,
0.010759381577372551,
-0.009495696052908897,
0.0033374843187630177,
0.020850814878940582,
0.013286752626299858,
-0.04469836875796318,
0.07101913541555405,
0.02722340077161789,
-0.010353196412324905,
-0.008642707951366901,
-0.03366819769144058,
-0.04538436979055405,
-0.007288758642971516,
-0.005668533034622669,
-0.009558879770338535,
0.012429251335561275,
-0.009261011146008968,
-0.003847471671178937,
-0.020489761605858803,
-0.012348014861345291,
0.030797826126217842,
-0.004747848026454449,
-0.015814123675227165,
0.011454408057034016,
0.02706092782318592,
0.010136565193533897,
0.005086334887892008,
-0.03700793907046318,
-0.005650480277836323,
-0.0006515879649668932,
-0.0006216882611624897,
-0.045239947736263275,
-0.053038693964481354,
-0.009730380028486252,
0.016671625897288322,
-0.013611700385808945,
-0.0012196823954582214,
-0.025237608700990677,
-0.04827279597520828,
0.009094024077057838,
0.042423736304044724,
0.0064718760550022125,
0.052569326013326645,
0.012447304092347622,
-0.035184621810913086,
0.026591558009386063,
-0.0599709153175354,
0.019605182111263275,
0.000004804050604434451,
0.0018605515360832214,
0.05491616949439049,
0.04087120667099953,
-0.03924646973609924,
-0.04856163635849953,
-0.0035744253545999527,
-0.0430736318230629,
0.048056162893772125,
0.012826410122215748,
0.016680652275681496,
0.047803424298763275,
0.03249477595090866,
0.01399080641567707,
0.028126033022999763,
0.008674300275743008,
-0.006426744628697634,
-0.0010036147432401776,
-0.03274751454591751,
-0.03121303766965866,
0.0022374007385224104,
-0.004761387128382921,
-0.011192644946277142,
-0.011941829696297646,
0.007925114594399929,
-0.016843125224113464,
-0.006038612686097622,
-0.007103719282895327,
0.0008862724644131958,
0.012826410122215748,
0.009838695637881756,
-0.07105524092912674,
-0.00758662773296237,
-0.06242607533931732,
-0.03874099254608154,
0.00386326783336699,
-0.015841202810406685,
0.05679364874958992,
0.02137434110045433,
0.02538203075528145,
-0.012826410122215748,
0.011147513054311275,
0.008466694504022598,
-0.03859657421708107,
0.022204764187335968,
-0.005659506656229496,
0.03671909496188164,
-0.03823551908135414,
0.05188332498073578,
-0.026465190574526787,
-0.011003091931343079,
-0.014667781069874763,
0.013855411671102047,
-0.03233230113983154,
-0.018774759024381638,
-0.02285465970635414,
-0.028378771618008614,
-0.022258920595049858,
0.04336247220635414,
0.0543384850025177,
-0.023179607465863228,
0.013593647629022598,
0.010994065552949905,
0.0053571248427033424,
-0.02240334264934063,
0.01237509399652481,
0.004928374197334051,
-0.012907647527754307,
0.036466360092163086,
-0.014613622799515724,
0.01616615056991577,
0.0027011281345039606,
0.032007355242967606,
0.025237608700990677,
-0.02859540283679962,
0.018431758508086205,
0.021031340584158897,
-0.029660509899258614,
0.07033313810825348,
0.03424588218331337,
0.0312671959400177,
-0.029353614896535873,
0.019099706783890724,
0.044878896325826645,
-0.007347430102527142,
0.051486168056726456,
0.0071127451956272125,
0.027548348531126976,
-0.030436772853136063,
-0.0031840368174016476,
0.002412285888567567,
-0.001581863733008504,
0.011183618567883968,
0.02435302920639515,
-0.04224320873618126,
-0.0021697033662348986,
0.029082823544740677,
0.006273297127336264,
0.03549151495099068,
-0.014694860205054283,
-0.02029118314385414,
-0.017538152635097504,
0.012050146237015724,
-0.003114082617685199,
-0.012447304092347622,
0.013963727280497551,
0.007500877603888512,
0.006440284196287394,
-0.012988884001970291,
-0.0026966151781380177,
0.026338821277022362,
0.004756873939186335,
0.0016969493590295315,
-0.00033933346276171505,
0.029642457142472267,
-0.01301596313714981,
-0.027620559558272362,
-0.01643694005906582,
0.023107396438717842,
-0.020489761605858803,
-0.016761887818574905,
-0.011418303474783897,
-0.014721938408911228,
0.06365365535020828,
0.00951374787837267,
0.03507630527019501,
0.031339406967163086,
-0.011698119342327118,
-0.024894608184695244,
0.02727755904197693,
-0.06437575817108154,
-0.01401788555085659,
-0.03531099110841751,
0.008241035975515842,
-0.0022678645327687263,
-0.003082490526139736,
0.04520384222269058,
0.03348767012357712,
0.04910321533679962,
0.029714666306972504,
-0.026952611282467842,
-0.03188098594546318,
-0.04116005077958107,
0.0005243731429800391,
0.03341546282172203,
-0.008769076317548752,
0.03722457215189934,
0.017483994364738464,
-0.006553112994879484,
-0.01744788885116577,
0.028432928025722504,
-0.009712327271699905,
-0.009044378995895386,
0.011075302958488464,
-0.0400046780705452,
0.022421395406126976,
0.013187463395297527,
-0.034679148346185684,
-0.021229920908808708,
0.0010515670292079449,
-0.01702365279197693,
-0.003114082617685199,
-0.007374508772045374,
0.008665273897349834,
-0.034065358340740204,
-0.0425681546330452,
-0.03812720254063606,
0.02828850783407688,
0.05311090499162674,
-0.010903802700340748,
0.016030756756663322,
0.025544503703713417,
-0.02424471266567707,
0.044878896325826645,
-0.015416965819895267,
-0.06517007946968079,
-0.0200023390352726,
-0.036466360092163086,
-0.009130129590630531,
-0.004648558329790831,
-0.03285582736134529,
-0.0016010446706786752,
0.053796906024217606,
0.02373923920094967,
-0.013422147370874882,
-0.037296783179044724,
-0.04726184532046318,
-0.016725782305002213
] |
This paper presents a Predictive Maneuver Planning with Deep Reinforcement
Learning (PMP-DRL) model for maneuver planning. Traditional rule-based maneuver
planning approaches often have to improve their abilities to handle the
variabilities of real-world driving scenarios. By learning from its experience,
a Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based driving agent can adapt to changing driving
conditions and improve its performance over time. Our proposed approach
combines a predictive model and an RL agent to plan for comfortable and safe
maneuvers. The predictive model is trained using historical driving data to
predict the future positions of other surrounding vehicles. The surrounding
vehicles' past and predicted future positions are embedded in context-aware
grid maps. At the same time, the RL agent learns to make maneuvers based on
this spatio-temporal context information. Performance evaluation of PMP-DRL has
been carried out using simulated environments generated from publicly available
NGSIM US101 and I80 datasets. The training sequence shows the continuous
improvement in the driving experiences. It shows that proposed PMP-DRL can
learn the trade-off between safety and comfortability. The decisions generated
by the recent imitation learning-based model are compared with the proposed
PMP-DRL for unseen scenarios. The results clearly show that PMP-DRL can handle
complex real-world scenarios and make better comfortable and safe maneuver
decisions than rule-based and imitative models. | [
-0.008074020966887474,
-0.012447813525795937,
-0.030319130048155785,
-0.03156128525733948,
0.012386579997837543,
0.05416504666209221,
-0.04933638125658035,
0.02559543401002884,
-0.09566359221935272,
0.008336448110640049,
0.05255549028515816,
-0.0014695943100377917,
0.035235270857810974,
-0.014932127669453621,
-0.012753979302942753,
0.016900334507226944,
0.002027252921834588,
0.03273346275091171,
-0.030774004757404327,
-0.030424101278185844,
-0.0015220798086374998,
-0.015448234975337982,
-0.028762059286236763,
0.0678812563419342,
0.009806042537093163,
0.01697031408548355,
0.03834941238164902,
0.002547734184190631,
-0.05542469769716263,
0.056439418345689774,
0.0264876876026392,
0.03383566066622734,
0.024195820093154907,
0.008677604608237743,
-0.0038380029145628214,
-0.015177059918642044,
-0.00205021514557302,
0.043423011898994446,
0.02293616719543934,
0.07131031155586243,
0.01396989356726408,
-0.013908660039305687,
-0.026312734931707382,
-0.04051881283521652,
0.019857017323374748,
-0.02585786208510399,
-0.05489984527230263,
0.0033503251615911722,
-0.04380790516734123,
-0.023251080885529518,
0.014695942401885986,
-0.0460822768509388,
0.038314420729875565,
-0.05077098309993744,
-0.06746137887239456,
0.029584333300590515,
0.007037431932985783,
0.01593809947371483,
-0.007566661108285189,
0.03645993396639824,
-0.0014827157137915492,
-0.009517372585833073,
-0.0667615681886673,
-0.016585420817136765,
-0.04387788474559784,
-0.027607377618551254,
0.04898647591471672,
-0.038209449499845505,
0.03436051309108734,
-0.027589883655309677,
-0.04587233439087868,
0.03901422768831253,
-0.06333251297473907,
-0.04016891121864319,
0.01498461328446865,
-0.015596943907439709,
-0.02554294839501381,
0.031053926795721054,
0.038839276880025864,
-0.0015242666704580188,
-0.011240647174417973,
0.0008189926738850772,
-0.04790177568793297,
-0.017101528123021126,
0.08824563771486282,
-0.003468417562544346,
0.09804293513298035,
-0.08012787997722626,
0.032925911247730255,
-0.03859434649348259,
-0.03290841355919838,
0.0336432121694088,
-0.015395749360322952,
0.015063341706991196,
0.01838742382824421,
-0.0006937928264960647,
0.01581563428044319,
0.00024848608882166445,
-0.03624999150633812,
-0.019909502938389778,
-0.016331741586327553,
0.027537398040294647,
0.023670965805649757,
0.01645420677959919,
0.04048382490873337,
-0.05447996035218239,
-0.058573830872774124,
0.028062252327799797,
-0.0023684087209403515,
0.09405403584241867,
-0.008393308147788048,
-0.027957281097769737,
0.03164876252412796,
0.015124574303627014,
-0.05133082717657089,
-0.021536555141210556,
-0.02736244536936283,
-0.10322150588035583,
0.08341696858406067,
-0.06564188003540039,
0.02344352751970291,
0.09174466878175735,
0.015369506552815437,
-0.021291621029376984,
-0.022288845852017403,
0.004303812049329281,
0.03462294116616249,
-0.03635496273636818,
-0.01522079762071371,
-0.01649794541299343,
0.025787880644202232,
0.008074020966887474,
-0.017381452023983,
0.025840366259217262,
0.0018424601294100285,
0.025420481339097023,
0.006888723000884056,
-0.035235270857810974,
0.015317020937800407,
0.01039213128387928,
-0.040028948336839676,
-0.052100617438554764,
-0.004732443485409021,
0.0021945503540337086,
-0.008205235004425049,
0.04912643879652023,
-0.015903109684586525,
0.054444968700408936,
-0.004448147024959326,
0.002462445292621851,
-0.04912643879652023,
0.03464043512940407,
0.021484069526195526,
0.0045356228947639465,
0.05748912692070007,
0.031106412410736084,
-0.04902146756649017,
0.030686527490615845,
-0.02956683747470379,
-0.07774853706359863,
0.08257720619440079,
-0.004566239193081856,
0.0023990252520889044,
0.06557189673185349,
0.027852309867739677,
0.041708484292030334,
0.04153353348374367,
-0.020906727761030197,
-0.04317807778716087,
0.031998664140701294,
-0.09496378153562546,
-0.04751688241958618,
-0.0086907260119915,
-0.014975865371525288,
0.02083674818277359,
-0.010654558427631855,
0.047341931611299515,
-0.001289175357669592,
-0.01838742382824421,
0.0068099950440227985,
-0.035497698932886124,
-0.02449323795735836,
-0.0009321645484305918,
0.029654312878847122,
0.05343024805188179,
0.03163126856088638,
0.052625469863414764,
0.011817987076938152,
0.036424942314624786,
-0.04282817617058754,
-0.01156430784612894,
0.053185317665338516,
0.04079873487353325,
0.004719322081655264,
-0.00978854764252901,
0.0005882750847376883,
-0.05175071209669113,
0.024773159995675087,
0.019874513149261475,
0.03680983930826187,
0.013226348906755447,
-0.016804110258817673,
0.006595679093152285,
0.03764960542321205,
0.0487765334546566,
0.015841877087950706,
0.007566661108285189,
0.009237449616193771,
0.0076891272328794,
-0.06392735242843628,
-0.007658510468900204,
-0.026715124025940895,
-0.05353521928191185,
0.00300260866060853,
-0.05056104063987732,
-0.03420305624604225,
0.00041879064519889653,
-0.015212050639092922,
0.018037520349025726,
-0.07809843868017197,
-0.002036000369116664,
0.02736244536936283,
-0.015623186714947224,
-0.020329387858510017,
-0.05154076963663101,
0.007780977059155703,
0.03556768223643303,
0.017372703179717064,
-0.06634168326854706,
-0.03268097713589668,
-0.00037887977669015527,
-0.02354849874973297,
0.024983102455735207,
0.029881751164793968,
0.03369569778442383,
0.05171572417020798,
0.025665413588285446,
-0.0022207931615412235,
-0.019297173246741295,
-0.008498278446495533,
0.019034745171666145,
-0.08985519409179688,
0.003708976088091731,
0.01599058508872986,
0.08278714120388031,
0.03317084163427353,
0.028447145596146584,
0.05287040397524834,
0.01532576885074377,
-0.02288368158042431,
-0.04006393998861313,
-0.03953908383846283,
-0.001301203272305429,
0.029374390840530396,
-0.04146355390548706,
0.01702279970049858,
0.05206562578678131,
-0.03310086205601692,
0.0022568770218640566,
-0.053290288895368576,
0.048496611416339874,
0.016104303300380707,
-0.017573898658156395,
0.06459216773509979,
-0.00548473559319973,
0.009438644163310528,
0.011669278144836426,
0.048601582646369934,
0.0365649051964283,
-0.028762059286236763,
-0.025560444220900536,
-0.08705596625804901,
-0.001722180750221014,
-0.011196908541023731,
0.0011623353930190206,
-0.038874268531799316,
0.0317712277173996,
0.01208916213363409,
0.06816118210554123,
-0.03196367621421814,
0.02167651616036892,
0.008625118993222713,
0.03586509823799133,
0.0037877042777836323,
-0.08565635234117508,
-0.018404919654130936,
-0.04653715342283249,
-0.008262094110250473,
-0.04275819659233093,
0.069525808095932,
-0.019087230786681175,
0.02793978713452816,
-0.04594231769442558,
0.020854242146015167,
0.032453540712594986,
0.05028111860156059,
0.006849359255284071,
0.007063674740493298,
0.009963499382138252,
0.010768277570605278,
-0.03520028293132782,
0.03003920614719391,
0.062492746859788895,
0.012115404941141605,
0.03143882006406784,
0.01561443880200386,
-0.05955355986952782,
0.015675673261284828,
-0.06704149395227432,
-0.021606534719467163,
-0.005156701430678368,
0.025455472990870476,
-0.05028111860156059,
-0.0016161163803189993,
0.002678947988897562,
0.03490286320447922,
0.047131989151239395,
-0.007798471953719854,
-0.028184719383716583,
0.004450333770364523,
0.02036437764763832,
-0.010654558427631855,
-0.043527983129024506,
0.027747340500354767,
0.016515441238880157,
-0.0009414588566869497,
0.007011189591139555,
0.0053710173815488815,
-0.037054769694805145,
-0.0019922624342143536,
-0.022708730772137642,
-0.0024252680595964193,
-0.07012064009904861,
-0.039714034646749496,
0.0036521167494356632,
0.01707528531551361,
-0.035900089889764786,
-0.0048417882062494755,
-0.008454540744423866,
-0.003199429251253605,
-0.008791322819888592,
-0.018509889021515846,
-0.011354365386068821,
-0.02601531706750393,
0.016594169661402702,
-0.08019785583019257,
0.0029085720889270306,
0.0014433515025302768,
-0.02543797716498375,
0.004078561440110207,
0.0008818659116514027,
0.0025236783549189568,
0.033398278057575226,
-0.015841877087950706,
0.0365649051964283,
0.008756333030760288,
-0.0045618657022714615,
-0.014870894141495228,
-0.03824444115161896,
0.029164448380470276,
0.029531847685575485,
-0.005480362102389336,
-0.055809590965509415,
-0.00486803101375699,
-0.035130299627780914,
0.04419279843568802,
-0.025682909414172173,
0.005699051544070244,
0.024895627051591873,
0.002759863156825304,
0.02375844120979309,
0.037264712154865265,
0.061967890709638596,
-0.010164693929255009,
-0.006258897017687559,
-0.0004453067376744002,
0.03583010658621788,
-0.04597730562090874,
-0.005410381127148867,
0.04762185364961624,
0.0017046856228262186,
0.04769183322787285,
-0.04804173856973648,
-0.01558819692581892,
-0.03187619894742966,
0.056684352457523346,
0.014433515258133411,
-0.022586263716220856,
0.027484912425279617,
0.008034656755626202,
0.03007419779896736,
-0.06074323132634163,
-0.054864853620529175,
-0.023408537730574608,
0.023461023345589638,
-0.008144001476466656,
0.027712348848581314,
0.018614860251545906,
-0.009394906461238861,
-0.056579381227493286,
-0.02036437764763832,
-0.003923291806131601,
-0.013480028137564659,
0.0050298613496124744,
0.003988898824900389,
0.032261092215776443,
-0.018422413617372513,
-0.051785703748464584,
0.017328966408967972,
0.02396838366985321,
0.019349658861756325,
-0.019717056304216385,
-0.02183397300541401,
-0.008852556347846985,
0.023950887843966484,
-0.017678869888186455,
-0.0044109695591032505,
0.021186651661992073,
-0.00705055333673954,
-0.012290356680750847,
0.017416441813111305,
0.03645993396639824,
0.014031126163899899,
0.012439065612852573,
-0.020591815933585167,
0.048601582646369934,
-0.029531847685575485,
-0.0062807658687233925,
-0.04111364856362343,
-0.02909446693956852,
0.057944003492593765,
-0.03432552516460419,
-0.014582224190235138,
-0.024948112666606903,
-0.0035383980721235275,
-0.02793978713452816,
0.023670965805649757,
0.04629221931099892,
-0.01639297418296337,
0.038839276880025864,
-0.004236017819494009,
-0.0593436174094677,
-0.027187494561076164,
0.009876023046672344,
-0.008633865974843502,
-0.016725381836295128,
0.01629675179719925,
-0.03474540635943413,
0.003361259587109089,
0.012369085103273392,
-0.05336026847362518,
0.04100867733359337,
-0.054759882390499115,
-0.03189369663596153,
0.05965853109955788,
0.01123189926147461,
-0.04419279843568802,
-0.02501809224486351,
-0.010637063533067703,
-0.013847427442669868,
0.002283119596540928,
0.016419216990470886,
0.0346929207444191,
-0.018142491579055786,
0.010217179544270039,
-0.033398278057575226,
-0.023513508960604668,
-0.010864500887691975,
0.01508958451449871,
-0.022586263716220856,
0.06592179834842682,
-0.02496560849249363,
0.04842663183808327,
-0.042023397982120514,
-0.016751624643802643,
0.03485037758946419,
-0.018037520349025726,
-0.050840962678194046,
-0.025193044915795326,
0.02841215580701828,
0.06242276728153229,
-0.007759107742458582,
0.021029194816946983,
-0.026575163006782532,
0.00578215392306447,
0.008778201416134834,
0.06347247958183289,
-0.0025827244389802217,
-0.05066601186990738,
-0.005655313841998577,
0.020591815933585167,
-0.054130055010318756,
-0.040658775717020035,
-0.00548473559319973,
-0.026452697813510895,
-0.003083523828536272,
0.032453540712594986,
0.012946425937116146,
0.06620172411203384,
0.03252352029085159,
0.022691234946250916,
-0.040553804486989975,
0.030739013105630875,
0.026505183428525925,
-0.0011885780841112137,
0.05531972646713257,
0.04685206711292267,
-0.007111786399036646,
-0.009657333604991436,
-0.05717421695590019,
0.01927967742085457,
0.06392735242843628,
-0.004255699925124645,
0.009018760174512863,
0.02220137044787407,
-0.011774249374866486,
0.029129458591341972,
0.004310372285544872,
0.0349903404712677,
0.04324806109070778,
0.01791505329310894,
0.024930616840720177,
-0.034447990357875824,
0.009797295555472374,
-0.017197752371430397,
0.04576736316084862,
0.03817446157336235,
-0.05577460303902626,
0.04433276131749153,
-0.017101528123021126,
-0.046467170119285583,
0.029881751164793968,
0.01012970320880413,
-0.055074796080589294,
-0.019612085074186325,
-0.03406309708952904,
-0.014004883356392384,
0.010847005061805248,
-0.013532513752579689,
0.010812015272676945,
-0.03572513535618782,
0.018002530559897423,
-0.018877288326621056,
0.014241068623960018,
0.0037614614702761173,
-0.00880444422364235,
-0.0029107588343322277,
-0.03163126856088638,
0.004916142672300339,
0.026540173217654228,
0.0003187401161994785,
-0.014967118389904499,
-0.01336630992591381,
0.030214158818125725,
-0.03310086205601692,
-0.004649341572076082,
-0.0034815387334674597,
-0.02683759108185768,
-0.026137784123420715,
-0.005659687332808971,
0.00961359590291977,
-0.06035833805799484,
-0.016900334507226944,
0.010951976291835308,
0.02417832426726818,
0.0037286581937223673,
-0.0034596698824316263,
0.0336432121694088,
0.004509380087256432,
0.01634048856794834,
-0.049441348761320114,
-0.017407694831490517,
-0.0053010364063084126,
-0.007334850262850523,
0.0524505190551281,
-0.029059477150440216,
0.009132478386163712,
-0.004644967615604401,
-0.021029194816946983,
0.01744268462061882,
0.007719743996858597,
0.008065273053944111,
0.02496560849249363,
0.021064184606075287,
-0.006814368534833193,
0.036005061119794846,
-0.02683759108185768,
-0.02375844120979309,
0.037894539535045624,
-0.0008676510769873857,
0.021484069526195526,
0.022008923813700676,
0.0017517039086669683,
0.002229540841653943,
-0.015317020937800407,
-0.03635496273636818,
0.014765923842787743,
0.005406007636338472,
-0.007317354902625084,
-0.06637667864561081,
-0.0002769157290458679,
0.06494206935167313,
0.013584999367594719,
0.018457405269145966,
-0.0035296506248414516,
-0.0025914721190929413,
0.06539694219827652,
0.037369683384895325,
0.03645993396639824,
-0.008178992196917534,
-0.002556481631472707,
0.03101893700659275,
0.04492759704589844,
0.003798638703301549,
0.0370897613465786,
-0.006844985298812389,
0.04100867733359337,
0.0051916916854679585,
-0.0012399702100083232,
-0.02501809224486351,
-0.003195055527612567,
-0.012264113873243332,
0.02904198318719864,
-0.008546390570700169,
-0.0503510981798172,
0.025140559300780296,
0.0017735728761181235,
-0.011503074318170547,
-0.022796206176280975,
0.007046179845929146,
0.0002883969573304057,
0.031001441180706024,
-0.0005456306389532983,
-0.012544036842882633,
0.023880906403064728,
0.0035405850503593683,
-0.037474654614925385,
-0.00846328865736723,
0.0033940630964934826,
0.04751688241958618,
0.0033240823540836573,
-0.00989351887255907,
-0.009351168759167194,
0.06284265220165253,
-0.007474811282008886,
-0.014713438227772713,
0.01938464865088463,
-0.039189182221889496,
0.029024487361311913,
0.004640593659132719,
-0.007969049736857414,
-0.016541684046387672,
0.03065153770148754,
0.029444370418787003,
-0.011870472691953182,
-0.023058634251356125,
0.05626446753740311,
0.0034815387334674597,
-0.012675250880420208,
-0.0035340243484824896,
-0.005493483506143093,
0.006560688838362694,
0.016060566529631615,
-0.0051392060704529285,
0.019297173246741295,
0.020031969994306564,
0.06420727074146271,
0.01645420677959919,
-0.01102195680141449,
0.046607133001089096,
-0.008813192136585712,
-0.01527328323572874,
-0.046607133001089096,
0.03691481053829193,
0.04079873487353325,
-0.004671210423111916,
0.003980151377618313,
0.02533300593495369,
0.005860881879925728,
-0.0160343237221241,
0.0024427631869912148,
-0.004207588266581297,
-0.022638749331235886,
0.023670965805649757,
-0.018737327307462692,
-0.02814972773194313,
0.0016478262841701508,
-0.033398278057575226,
-0.03687981888651848,
-0.02073177695274353,
-0.04898647591471672,
-0.028132233768701553,
-0.0029326279181987047,
0.03530525416135788,
0.04643218219280243,
-0.015413245186209679,
-0.019926998764276505,
-0.045207519084215164,
-0.0013832119293510914,
-0.02757238782942295,
-0.022218866273760796,
-0.04230332002043724,
-0.01303390134125948,
-0.010803267359733582,
0.03810448199510574,
-0.025088073685765266,
-0.0025324258022010326,
-0.00757103506475687,
0.004688705783337355,
-0.004898647777736187,
0.00932492595165968,
0.04811171814799309,
0.010750781744718552,
0.0019780476577579975,
0.017775092273950577,
0.05682431161403656,
-0.009639838710427284,
-0.0325935035943985,
-0.008572633378207684,
-0.017678869888186455,
0.021081680431962013,
-0.0013143246760591865,
0.01640172116458416,
-0.04821668937802315,
-0.05077098309993744,
-0.0014903697883710265,
0.0037024153862148523,
-0.030476586893200874,
-0.03712474927306175,
-0.006464465521275997,
0.012369085103273392,
-0.03065153770148754,
-0.010155946016311646,
0.021011698991060257,
0.0012476242845878005,
-0.007352345157414675,
0.005572211463004351,
0.011424345895648003,
-0.020976709201931953,
0.004968628287315369,
0.024685684591531754,
-0.038419391959905624,
0.0328909195959568,
-0.0153782544657588,
-0.010602072812616825,
0.03273346275091171,
0.015413245186209679,
0.026522677391767502,
0.00460997736081481,
-0.02689007669687271,
0.07578907907009125,
-0.013716213405132294,
0.04937136918306351,
-0.06665659695863724,
-0.07152025401592255,
0.011503074318170547,
0.038979239761829376,
-0.006831863895058632,
0.02094171941280365,
-0.032348569482564926,
-0.008192113600671291,
0.022796206176280975,
0.00653881998732686,
-0.020066959783434868,
0.0376146137714386,
-0.07124033570289612,
0.02559543401002884,
0.004367231857031584,
0.016900334507226944,
0.010138451121747494,
0.0011874847114086151,
0.0344654843211174,
0.022236360237002373,
-0.033555734902620316,
-0.004362857900559902,
-0.028219709172844887,
0.015107079409062862,
-0.016777867451310158,
-0.0015997146256268024,
-0.017468927428126335,
-0.03845438361167908,
-0.003107579657807946,
-0.021816477179527283,
0.044892605394124985,
-0.015212050639092922,
0.04230332002043724,
-0.0071598985232412815,
0.006289513781666756,
0.010295907966792583,
-0.01670788787305355,
0.006639417260885239,
0.0010021452326327562,
-0.00399327278137207,
-0.023181099444627762,
0.06140804663300514,
0.004675584379583597,
-0.03845438361167908,
0.03645993396639824,
-0.04492759704589844,
-0.03294340521097183,
-0.009211206808686256,
0.008642613887786865,
-0.034028105437755585,
0.016900334507226944,
-0.0034990340936928988,
-0.019157210364937782,
0.001248717773705721,
-0.020854242146015167,
-0.018737327307462692,
0.02533300593495369,
-0.02788730151951313,
-0.009806042537093163,
-0.007947181351482868,
0.01319135818630457,
0.014783418737351894,
-0.0115205692127347,
0.024580713361501694,
0.044892605394124985,
-0.04174347594380379,
-0.041358582675457,
0.01766137406229973,
-0.03764960542321205,
-0.01938464865088463,
0.006245775613933802,
0.010497101582586765,
-0.05129583925008774,
0.01452099159359932,
-0.0030813368503004313,
0.03985399752855301,
0.014092359691858292,
0.055914562195539474,
0.061443038284778595,
-0.040343862026929855,
0.000028275884687900543,
-0.02554294839501381,
-0.002794853411614895,
0.024948112666606903,
0.014818409457802773,
-0.015509468503296375,
0.017950044944882393,
-0.0011546812020242214,
0.0063507468439638615,
-0.014529738575220108,
-0.005559090059250593,
-0.0222538560628891,
-0.030476586893200874,
-0.0008069647010415792,
0.006258897017687559,
0.040763746947050095,
0.011371860280632973,
0.024090848863124847,
0.014424767345190048,
0.016200527548789978,
0.004098243545740843,
-0.013007658533751965,
0.014730933122336864,
0.056579381227493286,
0.018982259556651115,
0.0026199016720056534,
-0.007719743996858597,
0.03817446157336235,
0.0004010220873169601,
-0.0099460044875741,
0.015203302726149559,
0.017836326733231544,
-0.0336432121694088,
-0.013619990088045597,
-0.028167223557829857,
-0.033818162977695465,
-0.07746861129999161,
0.004155102651566267,
0.03212113305926323,
-0.04111364856362343,
0.01975204609334469,
-0.001717807026579976,
0.010453363880515099,
0.006035833619534969,
0.006276392377912998,
0.03327581286430359,
-0.044262781739234924,
-0.000730423373170197,
-0.03059905208647251,
0.028342176228761673,
0.00428194273263216,
0.04482262581586838,
-0.02302364446222782,
-0.003520902944728732,
-0.044157810509204865,
-0.024668190628290176,
0.012255366891622543,
-0.033083368092775345,
0.046607133001089096,
-0.027764834463596344,
-0.031106412410736084,
0.05472489073872566,
0.019559599459171295,
-0.04688705503940582,
-0.02083674818277359,
-0.009036255069077015,
0.042128369212150574,
-0.023740945383906364,
-0.007054927293211222,
0.0016926577081903815,
-0.008507026359438896,
0.021868962794542313,
-0.007177393417805433,
0.017372703179717064,
0.014398524537682533,
0.03497284650802612,
-0.039714034646749496,
-0.006595679093152285,
0.02851712703704834,
0.014765923842787743,
-0.013305076397955418,
0.06221282482147217,
0.016016827896237373,
-0.035795118659734726,
-0.0630875825881958,
0.016935324296355247,
-0.030878975987434387,
-0.018562374636530876,
-0.03430802747607231,
-0.0006074104458093643,
-0.004933638032525778,
0.0030004216823726892,
0.0019627392757683992,
0.010138451121747494,
-0.007619146723300219,
0.0007511988515034318,
-0.019349658861756325,
-0.016996556892991066,
0.029181944206357002,
0.013698718510568142,
-0.0132438438013196,
0.044052839279174805,
-0.024213315919041634,
-0.007610398810356855,
-0.0315437912940979,
0.0021158221643418074,
0.03327581286430359,
-0.030161673203110695,
-0.009657333604991436,
-0.023006148636341095,
0.0023465396370738745,
0.0022415686398744583,
-0.014730933122336864,
0.015658177435398102,
0.028954505920410156,
0.03185870498418808,
-0.010637063533067703,
-0.032138627022504807,
-0.08992517739534378,
0.029111962765455246,
-0.03385315462946892,
-0.021921448409557343,
0.010252169333398342,
-0.017757598310709,
-0.04758686199784279,
0.009193711914122105,
0.06742638349533081,
-0.012622765265405178,
0.012412822805345058,
-0.016025574877858162,
-0.018947269767522812,
-0.024038363248109818,
0.00698494678363204,
-0.04268821328878403,
0.01760014146566391,
-0.04566239193081856,
-0.010120956227183342,
0.013340067118406296,
-0.07592903822660446,
0.043318040668964386,
0.005681556649506092,
-0.013383804820477962,
0.032558511942625046,
-0.024458248168230057,
-0.046502161771059036,
-0.05556466057896614,
0.022428808733820915,
0.018037520349025726,
-0.002066616900265217,
0.0012771474430337548,
-0.011310627683997154,
-0.019297173246741295,
-0.00906249787658453,
0.027852309867739677,
-0.03490286320447922,
0.022026419639587402,
0.018422413617372513,
-0.014398524537682533,
-0.019314667209982872,
0.016209274530410767,
-0.022743720561265945,
0.005244177300482988,
-0.005086720455437899,
0.046502161771059036,
-0.020749270915985107,
0.072080098092556,
0.03890925645828247,
-0.03792952746152878,
-0.006591305136680603,
-0.02538549154996872,
0.03140382841229439,
0.014381029643118382,
0.004636220168322325,
0.0588187612593174,
0.004854909610003233,
0.011546812020242214,
0.02412583865225315,
-0.03834941238164902,
-0.005475988145917654,
-0.009858528152108192,
-0.02612028829753399,
-0.0014050808968022466,
0.01891227811574936,
-0.04793676733970642,
0.01817748136818409,
0.03248853236436844,
-0.023426033556461334,
0.019961988553404808,
-0.01577189564704895,
0.027817320078611374,
-0.02893701195716858
] |
Supervised machine learning approaches have been increasingly used in
accelerating electronic structure prediction as surrogates of first-principle
computational methods, such as density functional theory (DFT). While numerous
quantum chemistry datasets focus on chemical properties and atomic forces, the
ability to achieve accurate and efficient prediction of the Hamiltonian matrix
is highly desired, as it is the most important and fundamental physical
quantity that determines the quantum states of physical systems and chemical
properties. In this work, we generate a new Quantum Hamiltonian dataset, named
as QH9, to provide precise Hamiltonian matrices for 2,399 molecular dynamics
trajectories and 130,831 stable molecular geometries, based on the QM9 dataset.
By designing benchmark tasks with various molecules, we show that current
machine learning models have the capacity to predict Hamiltonian matrices for
arbitrary molecules. Both the QH9 dataset and the baseline models are provided
to the community through an open-source benchmark, which can be highly valuable
for developing machine learning methods and accelerating molecular and
materials design for scientific and technological applications. Our benchmark
is publicly available at
https://github.com/divelab/AIRS/tree/main/OpenDFT/QHBench. | [
-0.06170682981610298,
0.025559579953551292,
-0.019756373018026352,
0.0219939723610878,
0.005725891329348087,
-0.014853662811219692,
0.004584351554512978,
0.03691130876541138,
-0.02672385983169079,
0.049336355179548264,
0.02070234902203083,
-0.06472668051719666,
0.015390323475003242,
-0.007817956618964672,
-0.058032069355249405,
0.010151064023375511,
-0.030453192070126534,
-0.036256399005651474,
-0.037693556398153305,
-0.016527315601706505,
-0.00866387877613306,
-0.032981861382722855,
-0.042023222893476486,
0.032763559371232986,
0.015754161402583122,
-0.0044752005487680435,
0.03416433557868004,
0.0028379319701343775,
-0.057486314326524734,
0.06640033423900604,
-0.017655210569500923,
0.0372023768723011,
-0.017582444474101067,
-0.02957998216152191,
-0.04071340709924698,
-0.025905225425958633,
0.0038453068118542433,
0.025832457467913628,
-0.0476263202726841,
-0.0005608212668448687,
0.03471009060740471,
0.011651894077658653,
-0.03680215775966644,
-0.011952059343457222,
0.028961459174752235,
-0.045697979629039764,
0.01617257297039032,
0.00283565791323781,
0.020211169496178627,
0.03596533089876175,
0.03998573496937752,
-0.03463732451200485,
-0.0077815731056034565,
-0.026923969388008118,
-0.06152490898966789,
0.04649842530488968,
0.05079170688986778,
0.0719306617975235,
0.05679502338171005,
0.021466407924890518,
-0.014926430769264698,
-0.00866387877613306,
-0.06661863625049591,
-0.006612745113670826,
-0.025286700576543808,
-0.025122974067926407,
-0.024304339662194252,
0.0005079511902295053,
0.050755321979522705,
-0.002190983621403575,
-0.07538711279630661,
0.008536535315215588,
0.05188321694731712,
-0.00576227530837059,
-0.0003933992120437324,
-0.018564805388450623,
0.02743334136903286,
0.048572298139333725,
0.004097719211131334,
0.01227041706442833,
0.006298935506492853,
-0.00813631433993578,
0.006471758242696524,
-0.003526949090883136,
0.07516881078481674,
-0.028943266719579697,
-0.03507392853498459,
-0.04773547127842903,
-0.04904528707265854,
-0.023649433627724648,
-0.06701885163784027,
0.04449731856584549,
-0.0010915122693404555,
-0.035346806049346924,
-0.023558473214507103,
0.004302377812564373,
0.027724411338567734,
-0.0016020216280594468,
-0.013371025212109089,
-0.0039021563716232777,
-0.010132872499525547,
0.013289161957800388,
0.054575614631175995,
0.017500581219792366,
-0.031017141416668892,
-0.07174874097108841,
-0.018046336248517036,
0.02743334136903286,
0.007299488410353661,
0.07924379408359528,
0.03229057043790817,
-0.0019851878751069307,
0.0037156897597014904,
0.010014625266194344,
-0.039294444024562836,
-0.03449178859591484,
-0.07393176853656769,
-0.002485464559867978,
0.00435695331543684,
-0.04919081926345825,
0.018755819648504257,
0.06792844831943512,
0.012843461707234383,
-0.024267956614494324,
-0.014362482354044914,
0.042023222893476486,
-0.024922864511609077,
-0.05355687066912651,
0.022557919844985008,
0.015253884717822075,
-0.043478574603796005,
0.01922880858182907,
-0.023467514663934708,
-0.041513849049806595,
-0.003022124757990241,
0.0028720416594296694,
0.07989870011806488,
0.051119159907102585,
-0.057850152254104614,
-0.03754802420735359,
-0.0719306617975235,
-0.034746475517749786,
-0.026214485988020897,
-0.011506359092891216,
0.010578573681414127,
-0.0012211293214932084,
0.0032199611887335777,
0.07960762828588486,
0.002342203399166465,
0.005034600384533405,
-0.029288914054632187,
0.05606734752655029,
0.00112221110612154,
-0.02539585344493389,
-0.0007373393164016306,
-0.00981451477855444,
-0.05774100124835968,
0.0028788635972887278,
0.02490467205643654,
-0.08179065585136414,
0.028779540210962296,
-0.032235994935035706,
0.018792202696204185,
0.03445540368556976,
-0.010669532231986523,
0.022630687803030014,
0.0391852930188179,
-0.029361680150032043,
-0.05868697911500931,
0.041513849049806595,
0.042205143719911575,
0.023485705256462097,
-0.017118550837039948,
-0.023922311142086983,
0.0016486383974552155,
0.023467514663934708,
0.0403495691716671,
0.023158252239227295,
-0.003906704485416412,
-0.01855570822954178,
-0.04842676222324371,
0.02124810591340065,
0.057486314326524734,
0.04791738837957382,
0.058213990181684494,
-0.00513010798022151,
0.00499821687117219,
0.009168703109025955,
0.021903013810515404,
0.02072054147720337,
0.019156040623784065,
-0.02032032050192356,
0.03345485031604767,
0.019101465120911598,
0.01590879075229168,
-0.03607448190450668,
-0.049845729023218155,
-0.006831047590821981,
0.028070058673620224,
-0.018955929204821587,
-0.06156129390001297,
-0.03436444699764252,
0.006389894988387823,
0.0005005607381463051,
-0.010023721493780613,
0.03232695534825325,
0.00686288345605135,
-0.012052115052938461,
0.041841305792331696,
-0.04573436453938484,
0.019210616126656532,
0.018410174176096916,
-0.020593198016285896,
-0.062216199934482574,
0.04045872390270233,
-0.012170362286269665,
-0.003167659742757678,
0.011069754138588905,
0.0110788494348526,
-0.03367315232753754,
-0.001222266349941492,
0.008368261158466339,
0.11082488298416138,
-0.007554174866527319,
0.012443239800632,
0.006922007072716951,
0.033873263746500015,
0.018992314115166664,
-0.032217804342508316,
0.026778435334563255,
0.027014929801225662,
-0.04053148999810219,
0.0027515206020325422,
0.03643831983208656,
0.012561487033963203,
0.021539175882935524,
0.0075814626179635525,
0.010924219153821468,
-0.013607519678771496,
0.013471080921590328,
0.027851754799485207,
0.01873762719333172,
-0.023904118686914444,
-0.04726248234510422,
0.0063944426365196705,
0.027142271399497986,
-0.005885070655494928,
0.07698799669742584,
0.08339153975248337,
0.052428971976041794,
0.006012413650751114,
-0.05581266060471535,
-0.01570868119597435,
-0.016063421964645386,
0.03289090469479561,
0.01694572903215885,
0.03965827822685242,
-0.03305463120341301,
-0.011497262865304947,
-0.10362090170383453,
0.043333038687705994,
-0.0030198507010936737,
-0.022576112300157547,
0.05563074350357056,
-0.0391852930188179,
0.03994935005903244,
0.06854697316884995,
-0.009514348581433296,
-0.00410908879712224,
0.018282830715179443,
-0.0002522700815461576,
0.03683853894472122,
0.000274299323791638,
0.040204036980867386,
0.02090246044099331,
-0.11198916286230087,
0.0054120817221701145,
-0.04835399612784386,
-0.008691166527569294,
-0.04973657801747322,
-0.027469726279377937,
-0.010060104541480541,
0.06196151301264763,
0.0016804741462692618,
-0.015399419702589512,
-0.07931655645370483,
-0.011715564876794815,
-0.039294444024562836,
-0.005343862343579531,
-0.04449731856584549,
0.027997290715575218,
-0.02139364182949066,
-0.041150014847517014,
0.020665965974330902,
-0.03123544342815876,
0.009232374839484692,
-0.030398616567254066,
0.0005287012900225818,
-0.0020352157298475504,
0.019174233078956604,
-0.07684246450662613,
0.01535393949598074,
-0.005921454168856144,
0.039330825209617615,
-0.07367707788944244,
0.01959264650940895,
0.05868697911500931,
0.0403495691716671,
-0.005944193806499243,
0.0003905567282345146,
0.01716403104364872,
-0.0009863405721262097,
0.023303788155317307,
-0.030998948961496353,
-0.04889975115656853,
-0.004486570134758949,
0.021739287301898003,
0.00251957424916327,
0.005785014946013689,
-0.05708609148859978,
0.007358612027019262,
0.01807362399995327,
-0.08710268139839172,
0.025541387498378754,
-0.004798105917870998,
-0.04195045679807663,
-0.01683657616376877,
0.024104230105876923,
0.0012120334431529045,
-0.028379319235682487,
0.01007829699665308,
-0.02887050062417984,
-0.07982593029737473,
0.0083500687032938,
0.05624926835298538,
-0.02632363885641098,
-0.007422283757477999,
0.01981094852089882,
-0.020775116980075836,
0.01871943660080433,
-0.016108902171254158,
0.0050664362497627735,
-0.008932208642363548,
0.004222788382321596,
0.0006480854353867471,
-0.044242631644010544,
-0.004707146901637316,
0.017582444474101067,
0.007285844534635544,
0.004325117450207472,
0.0008169287466444075,
-0.00608972879126668,
-0.019501686096191406,
0.018482942134141922,
0.04831761121749878,
-0.03592894598841667,
-0.0177734587341547,
-0.032799944281578064,
0.022212274372577667,
0.018992314115166664,
-0.0017316387966275215,
-0.03301824629306793,
0.019701797515153885,
-0.01627262867987156,
-0.04537052661180496,
0.03845761716365814,
-0.0027765342965722084,
-0.05501221865415573,
0.019210616126656532,
0.02141183242201805,
0.008595659397542477,
0.048608679324388504,
-0.023503897711634636,
0.053302183747291565,
-0.04853591322898865,
-0.017864417284727097,
-0.05865059420466423,
-0.007863436825573444,
-0.060033176094293594,
0.013380121439695358,
-0.019665412604808807,
0.01815548725426197,
0.015581337735056877,
-0.05595819652080536,
-0.0053120264783501625,
-0.013170914724469185,
0.03121725097298622,
-0.0421687588095665,
-0.05650395154953003,
0.05246535688638687,
0.02725142426788807,
0.01762792281806469,
-0.029325297102332115,
-0.03376411274075508,
-0.05795930325984955,
-0.03536499664187431,
0.048062924295663834,
0.030271274968981743,
0.03161747381091118,
0.026560133323073387,
-0.024431683123111725,
0.014708127826452255,
-0.025377660989761353,
-0.0028561237268149853,
0.04155023396015167,
-0.010833259671926498,
-0.028197400271892548,
-0.06982040405273438,
-0.020192977041006088,
0.008791222237050533,
-0.021175337955355644,
-0.0230672936886549,
-0.020756924524903297,
-0.0016531862784177065,
0.02867038920521736,
-0.03238153085112572,
-0.07393176853656769,
0.026196295395493507,
-0.0009891829686239362,
0.011506359092891216,
-0.005116463638842106,
-0.006335319485515356,
0.010851451195776463,
0.016299916431307793,
-0.026996737346053123,
0.06319855898618698,
-0.04631650447845459,
-0.04999126121401787,
-0.009923665784299374,
-0.05526690557599068,
0.024613602086901665,
0.04264174774289131,
-0.004065883345901966,
-0.052756428718566895,
-0.04267812892794609,
-0.013916782103478909,
0.008750290609896183,
0.025377660989761353,
-0.013825822621583939,
-0.014835471287369728,
-0.015217500738799572,
-0.024213381111621857,
-0.050027646124362946,
-0.007904368452727795,
-0.004022677429020405,
0.005926002282649279,
-0.05188321694731712,
-0.001018744776956737,
-0.04522499442100525,
-0.0274515338242054,
-0.05614011734724045,
0.024922864511609077,
-0.07757014036178589,
-0.00276971235871315,
0.05079170688986778,
-0.01732775755226612,
0.010851451195776463,
0.027360575273633003,
0.017218606546521187,
-0.015981558710336685,
0.0058032069355249405,
0.06832867115736008,
0.04558882862329483,
-0.049299970269203186,
0.01108794566243887,
0.03705684095621109,
0.014890046790242195,
-0.039294444024562836,
-0.004561611916869879,
0.047844622284173965,
0.0069311028346419334,
-0.022448768839240074,
-0.007608750369399786,
0.01908327266573906,
0.04391517862677574,
0.0030994401313364506,
0.011015178635716438,
-0.04278728365898132,
-0.002906151581555605,
-0.01217945758253336,
0.005939646158367395,
0.020847884938120842,
0.07313132286071777,
0.005139203742146492,
0.006521786097437143,
0.005644028075039387,
0.041695769876241684,
-0.012397760525345802,
-0.04045872390270233,
0.04507945850491524,
-0.0303440410643816,
-0.047335248440504074,
0.007963491603732109,
0.0555579774081707,
0.039840199053287506,
0.027469726279377937,
0.026378214359283447,
-0.03469190001487732,
0.05606734752655029,
0.00618068827316165,
0.02235781028866768,
-0.0795348659157753,
-0.016490930691361427,
-0.020811501890420914,
-0.02450445108115673,
0.0831732377409935,
0.03565606847405434,
-0.0537387877702713,
-0.004243254195898771,
-0.023212827742099762,
0.055994581431150436,
0.011333536356687546,
0.01271611824631691,
-0.011751948855817318,
-0.024977440014481544,
0.03321835771203041,
-0.05210151895880699,
-0.038021013140678406,
-0.004238706082105637,
0.04853591322898865,
0.034782856702804565,
-0.006935650948435068,
0.016345396637916565,
0.008545631542801857,
-0.038603153079748154,
0.010587668977677822,
-0.025104783475399017,
-0.04191407188773155,
-0.0006219345959834754,
-0.014708127826452255,
-0.025286700576543808,
0.023467514663934708,
-0.0033291124273091555,
-0.07793397456407547,
-0.041877686977386475,
0.009960049763321877,
-0.03172662481665611,
-0.0065399776212871075,
-0.012506911531090736,
0.006135208532214165,
-0.022303234785795212,
0.07596925646066666,
-0.005152847617864609,
-0.013261874206364155,
0.020047442987561226,
0.009487060829997063,
0.0002632136456668377,
0.007199433166533709,
0.019920099526643753,
-0.004393336828798056,
0.007822505198419094,
-0.010332982987165451,
0.03471009060740471,
0.01660008355975151,
-0.02272164821624756,
-0.0701114758849144,
-0.007654230110347271,
-0.04573436453938484,
0.02903422713279724,
-0.02577788196504116,
0.007203981280326843,
0.017436908558011055,
-0.009587116539478302,
-0.022084932774305344,
-0.034073375165462494,
0.0015417610993608832,
0.012916228733956814,
0.025868840515613556,
0.017818938940763474,
0.014644457027316093,
0.002342203399166465,
-0.0674554631114006,
0.008427384309470654,
0.023704009130597115,
-0.0057577271945774555,
0.013743959367275238,
-0.020938843488693237,
-0.042241524904966354,
-0.014671744778752327,
-0.001766885514371097,
0.019901907071471214,
-0.02163013443350792,
0.015899695456027985,
0.02197577990591526,
0.0023376555182039738,
0.006676416844129562,
-0.02939806506037712,
-0.06589096039533615,
-0.0007225584122352302,
0.02141183242201805,
-0.0428236648440361,
0.06141575798392296,
0.0021398188546299934,
0.00102329277433455,
-0.03181758150458336,
-0.009559828788042068,
-0.01026021596044302,
0.02468637004494667,
0.0639990046620369,
-0.027924522757530212,
0.004843585658818483,
0.017746170982718468,
-0.01398045290261507,
0.01561772171407938,
-0.013034475967288017,
0.016709234565496445,
0.03560149297118187,
0.03827569633722305,
-0.0373661033809185,
0.027542494237422943,
0.03636555001139641,
-0.002819739980623126,
-0.0009118675370700657,
-0.006007865536957979,
0.024886479601264,
0.028106441721320152,
0.01736414059996605,
0.007040254306048155,
-0.010678628459572792,
-0.02686939388513565,
0.03958551213145256,
0.004734434653073549,
-0.005530328955501318,
-0.010778684169054031,
0.04195045679807663,
0.001043758587911725,
-0.03874868527054787,
-0.0025718759279698133,
0.004281911533325911,
-0.0016327204648405313,
-0.019374342635273933,
0.007526886649429798,
-0.057304393500089645,
-0.018100911751389503,
0.030107546597719193,
0.005862330552190542,
0.020556814968585968,
0.016845673322677612,
0.026105334982275963,
0.0030243985820561647,
0.011479071341454983,
0.023522090166807175,
-0.008923113346099854,
0.04155023396015167,
-0.003092618193477392,
0.016663754358887672,
0.013698479160666466,
-0.015845119953155518,
0.051119159907102585,
0.02666928432881832,
0.03647470101714134,
0.00852289143949747,
0.034946586936712265,
0.03580160439014435,
-0.038021013140678406,
0.025723306462168694,
0.0150901572778821,
0.005275642964988947,
0.011852004565298557,
-0.009286950342357159,
0.0461345873773098,
-0.017882609739899635,
-0.003843032754957676,
0.00023791556304786354,
0.03310920670628548,
0.01589060015976429,
0.022794414311647415,
0.05286557972431183,
0.036984074860811234,
-0.0013211846817284822,
-0.012197650037705898,
-0.06942018121480942,
-0.03265440836548805,
0.03107171691954136,
0.025650538504123688,
-0.04286004975438118,
0.030980756506323814,
0.024377107620239258,
0.011697373352944851,
-0.008695714175701141,
-0.013671191409230232,
-0.018328310921788216,
-0.01613618992269039,
-0.015654105693101883,
-0.05573989450931549,
-0.009932762011885643,
-0.027178656309843063,
0.013771247118711472,
-0.003758895443752408,
0.005443917587399483,
0.021502792835235596,
-0.034764666110277176,
-0.021575558930635452,
-0.004206870216876268,
-0.0373661033809185,
0.0022853538393974304,
0.0061943321488797665,
-0.011415399610996246,
-0.02981647662818432,
0.014799087308347225,
-0.01416237186640501,
-0.006358059123158455,
0.015062869526445866,
0.016581891104578972,
-0.01633630134165287,
0.009173250757157803,
0.024449875578284264,
-0.02361304871737957,
-0.016490930691361427,
-0.0023012717720121145,
0.012079402804374695,
0.025759689509868622,
0.00513010798022151,
0.011742852628231049,
0.016872961074113846,
-0.0038930606096982956,
0.0006600238266400993,
0.02161194384098053,
-0.005334766115993261,
0.011406303383409977,
-0.0028834117110818624,
0.035692453384399414,
0.00653542997315526,
-0.0424962118268013,
-0.002537766005843878,
-0.012770693749189377,
0.022576112300157547,
-0.0024922864977270365,
-0.00279472628608346,
-0.0031540156342089176,
0.005616740323603153,
-0.010287503711879253,
-0.005161943379789591,
0.014362482354044914,
-0.04326026886701584,
-0.01726408675312996,
-0.0005792974261566997,
0.04555244743824005,
-0.012397760525345802,
0.002004516776651144,
-0.009286950342357159,
-0.021702902391552925,
-0.016736522316932678,
-0.013825822621583939,
0.0012859379639849067,
0.031890351325273514,
-0.023103676736354828,
-0.021866628900170326,
0.015490378253161907,
0.024941055104136467,
0.0024331628810614347,
0.005070984363555908,
0.054939452558755875,
-0.06727354228496552,
-0.030198507010936737,
0.009127771481871605,
0.01623624563217163,
-0.03536499664187431,
-0.014135084114968777,
0.012506911531090736,
-0.013771247118711472,
0.0595238022506237,
-0.035346806049346924,
0.06534520536661148,
0.00999643374234438,
-0.0337277315557003,
-0.025850649923086166,
-0.010742300190031528,
0.019174233078956604,
-0.06079723313450813,
0.014780895784497261,
0.024231573566794395,
0.0428236648440361,
-0.0018112282268702984,
0.04467923566699028,
-0.03292728587985039,
-0.023485705256462097,
0.00653542997315526,
-0.005184683483093977,
0.06781929731369019,
-0.024013269692659378,
-0.03754802420735359,
0.013079955242574215,
0.022466961294412613,
-0.006062441039830446,
0.018364693969488144,
-0.005866878665983677,
-0.029161570593714714,
0.02581426501274109,
0.021921204403042793,
0.0020363526418805122,
0.01805543340742588,
0.014398866333067417,
0.004848133772611618,
0.024577219039201736,
-0.0015986106591299176,
-0.05071893706917763,
0.004179582465440035,
-0.03596533089876175,
-0.01116980891674757,
0.03420071676373482,
0.020393088459968567,
0.03762079030275345,
0.00388396461494267,
-0.0052210669964551926,
0.015326651744544506,
-0.00920053943991661,
-0.0007771340315230191,
0.013143626973032951,
0.009387006051838398,
0.024886479601264,
-0.029525406658649445,
0.05744992941617966,
0.013871301896870136,
0.05443007871508598,
-0.03576521947979927,
-0.036256399005651474,
-0.0017771184211596847,
0.02599618397653103,
0.024104230105876923,
-0.008668426424264908,
0.0022557920310646296,
-0.013089051470160484,
0.03067149594426155,
-0.059814874082803726,
0.0011790606658905745,
0.026833010837435722,
-0.0010363681940361857,
0.013607519678771496,
-0.01371667068451643,
0.01389858964830637,
0.010869643650949001,
-0.05377517268061638,
-0.013298258185386658,
-0.03563787788152695,
-0.005048244260251522,
0.010232927277684212,
0.0367111973464489,
-0.008454672060906887,
0.019119657576084137,
0.0007379077724181116,
-0.05664948746562004,
-0.01651821844279766,
-0.025850649923086166,
-0.06851058453321457,
0.04922720417380333,
-0.004884517285972834,
0.012497815303504467,
-0.021011611446738243,
0.07014785706996918,
0.03871230408549309,
0.007858888246119022,
0.016427259892225266,
0.009705363772809505,
-0.04409709572792053,
0.025741498917341232,
0.013098147697746754,
0.0032927286811172962,
-0.025668730959296227,
-0.015781449154019356,
0.013371025212109089,
0.00021048563939984888,
0.004238706082105637,
0.02925252914428711,
0.04227790981531143,
-0.026450980454683304,
0.030034780502319336,
-0.032417915761470795,
-0.012525103986263275,
-0.004400158766657114,
-0.016991207376122475,
0.010387558490037918,
0.0032131392508745193,
-0.01135172788053751,
0.013562040403485298,
-0.022248659282922745,
-0.03320016711950302,
-0.012843461707234383,
-0.014307906851172447,
-0.005744083318859339,
0.010369366966187954,
0.008677522651851177,
0.06305302679538727,
0.033836882561445236,
0.07698799669742584,
0.04155023396015167,
-0.04093170911073685,
-0.011897483840584755,
-0.018064528703689575,
0.00875483825802803,
-0.016854768618941307,
0.01890135370194912,
-0.00822727382183075,
0.00568041205406189,
0.016299916431307793,
0.013280066661536694,
-0.04009488597512245,
0.01069682091474533,
-0.0428236648440361,
0.016399972140789032,
0.018937738612294197,
-0.06214343383908272,
-0.018846778199076653,
-0.05035509914159775,
0.02308548428118229,
-0.03067149594426155,
0.02052043192088604,
-0.0016600083326920867,
0.03232695534825325,
-0.02052043192088604,
0.0029129735194146633,
0.04653480648994446,
-0.0011079986579716206,
-0.041513849049806595,
-0.005766823422163725,
0.0007492777076549828,
0.010351174511015415,
-0.04471562057733536,
0.04304196685552597,
-0.040749792009592056,
-0.0335640013217926,
-0.03232695534825325,
0.00699477456510067,
0.04304196685552597,
-0.06516328454017639,
-0.01144268736243248,
-0.03400060907006264,
0.018410174176096916,
-0.026833010837435722,
-0.0005463246488943696,
-0.00030215561855584383,
0.02776079624891281,
0.07480497658252716,
-0.00699477456510067,
0.030998948961496353,
-0.041659384965896606,
0.002103435108438134,
-0.011278959922492504,
-0.010014625266194344,
-0.013016284443438053,
0.02525031752884388,
0.0027742604725062847,
-0.007122117560356855,
0.0014041850809007883,
-0.017318662256002426,
0.01999286748468876,
0.046971410512924194,
0.019392535090446472,
-0.024067845195531845,
0.040204036980867386,
-0.010624052956700325,
-0.001367801334708929,
-0.0014996924437582493,
0.04737163335084915,
-0.014098700135946274,
-0.0016236245865002275,
-0.0017953102942556143,
0.009264210239052773,
-0.059305500239133835,
0.006285291630774736,
-0.011479071341454983,
0.008668426424264908,
-0.032818134874105453,
-0.0109969861805439,
-0.040240418165922165,
-0.02143002487719059,
-0.03874868527054787,
-0.016036134213209152,
-0.05141022801399231,
-0.034600939601659775,
-0.0332365483045578,
0.024977440014481544,
0.025723306462168694,
0.02213950827717781,
-0.036401934921741486,
-0.02088426798582077,
0.02998020499944687,
0.01217945758253336,
-0.009923665784299374,
0.021339064463973045,
0.005816850811243057,
0.007372255902737379,
-0.024577219039201736,
0.00021219112386461347,
0.028106441721320152,
0.04406071454286575,
-0.0005397869390435517,
0.006831047590821981,
-0.06090638414025307,
0.009232374839484692,
0.02179386280477047,
-0.04915443807840347,
0.05701332539319992,
-0.02414061315357685,
-0.0011051561450585723,
-0.011924771592020988,
-0.01161551009863615,
-0.009191443212330341,
0.01706397533416748,
0.0021875726524740458,
-0.020102018490433693,
-0.027906330302357674,
0.005521233193576336,
0.023321978747844696,
0.059305500239133835,
0.03320016711950302,
-0.006671868730336428,
-0.010869643650949001,
-0.06327132880687714,
0.016845673322677612,
0.017054880037903786,
-0.03300005570054054,
0.0591963492333889,
-0.0016065696254372597,
-0.01582692749798298,
-0.011288056150078773,
0.006503594107925892,
0.0017100359546020627,
-0.0028629456646740437,
-0.013780342414975166,
0.004020403604954481,
-0.0057486314326524734,
-0.009014071896672249,
-0.040204036980867386
] |
We consider the problem of subset selection where one is given multiple
rankings of items and the goal is to select the highest ``quality'' subset.
Score functions from the multiwinner voting literature have been used to
aggregate rankings into quality scores for subsets. We study this setting of
subset selection problems when, in addition, rankings may contain systemic or
unconscious biases toward a group of items. For a general model of input
rankings and biases, we show that requiring the selected subset to satisfy
group fairness constraints can improve the quality of the selection with
respect to unbiased rankings. Importantly, we show that for fairness
constraints to be effective, different multiwinner score functions may require
a drastically different number of rankings: While for some functions, fairness
constraints need an exponential number of rankings to recover a
close-to-optimal solution, for others, this dependency is only polynomial. This
result relies on a novel notion of ``smoothness'' of submodular functions in
this setting that quantifies how well a function can ``correctly'' assess the
quality of items in the presence of bias. The results in this paper can be used
to guide the choice of multiwinner score functions for the subset selection
setting considered here; we additionally provide a tool to empirically enable
this. | [
0.03699910640716553,
0.0034858628641813993,
-0.03809969127178192,
-0.0236949659883976,
-0.009443997405469418,
-0.004519685171544552,
-0.04531823843717575,
0.004341649357229471,
-0.03505689650774002,
0.019632508978247643,
-0.0072671035304665565,
-0.029295004904270172,
0.029732001945376396,
-0.0038864435628056526,
-0.03997716307640076,
0.021590903401374817,
0.02691579796373844,
-0.03036322072148323,
0.003868235507979989,
-0.05127435177564621,
0.004430667031556368,
-0.0028020429890602827,
0.014607039280235767,
0.045221127569675446,
-0.012438238598406315,
-0.006627792492508888,
-0.03573666885495186,
-0.02011806145310402,
-0.06474034488201141,
0.03784073144197464,
0.043376028537750244,
0.0013453852152451873,
-0.03657829388976097,
-0.0010388802038505673,
-0.04049508273601532,
-0.029003674164414406,
0.05120960995554924,
-0.017560817301273346,
-0.0037731481716036797,
0.05969059467315674,
-0.0413043387234211,
-0.002056517405435443,
-0.0003740272077266127,
0.0008532574865967035,
-0.011580429039895535,
-0.00323499389924109,
-0.041854631155729294,
0.034700822085142136,
0.015472942031919956,
-0.04570668190717697,
0.0353158563375473,
0.02494121715426445,
0.006595422513782978,
0.003006379585713148,
-0.01220355462282896,
0.03002333454787731,
-0.0031176521442830563,
0.014493743889033794,
0.006526635959744453,
-0.018742328509688377,
-0.046936746686697006,
-0.009007000364363194,
-0.05218071490526199,
-0.01488218642771244,
0.02057124301791191,
-0.044767946004867554,
-0.03777598962187767,
0.011968870647251606,
0.017220931127667427,
0.02262675017118454,
-0.05826630815863609,
0.012397775426506996,
-0.026365503668785095,
0.013093734160065651,
0.0006823025178164244,
0.035833779722452164,
0.007287334650754929,
-0.06001429632306099,
-0.07516353577375412,
0.026511169970035553,
-0.005891371052712202,
0.06888372451066971,
0.0075988974422216415,
0.05214834585785866,
0.04049508273601532,
-0.029084598645567894,
0.012001240625977516,
-0.04412054270505905,
-0.041854631155729294,
-0.007303519640117884,
-0.009257868863642216,
-0.0123087577521801,
0.02037702314555645,
-0.005405818577855825,
0.003726616036146879,
0.006724902894347906,
0.005964204203337431,
-0.003981531132012606,
-0.03570429980754852,
0.005551484413444996,
-0.010835914872586727,
-0.008545725606381893,
0.029861483722925186,
0.011272911913692951,
0.0267377607524395,
-0.08338556438684464,
-0.045221127569675446,
-0.0012027542106807232,
0.008335319347679615,
0.07594042271375656,
-0.027142388746142387,
0.03699910640716553,
-0.036513552069664,
0.00356476497836411,
-0.05383159592747688,
-0.006595422513782978,
-0.08707576245069504,
-0.051695164293050766,
0.030719293281435966,
0.0021951021626591682,
-0.019745804369449615,
0.017123820260167122,
-0.005098301917314529,
-0.020797835662961006,
-0.02766031213104725,
0.02532965876162052,
-0.04651593416929245,
0.033567868173122406,
0.023403633385896683,
-0.0022618656512349844,
-0.0013686512829735875,
0.03719332814216614,
-0.031399067491292953,
-0.025442954152822495,
-0.00198570778593421,
0.008375781588256359,
0.03680488467216492,
0.021785125136375427,
-0.06027325987815857,
-0.0828028991818428,
-0.015570051968097687,
0.004438759759068489,
-0.013838248327374458,
0.04036560282111168,
-0.01511686947196722,
-0.005320847034454346,
-0.010665971785783768,
0.0330985002219677,
-0.03790546953678131,
0.028599046170711517,
0.00749369477853179,
-0.0030630275141447783,
-0.037743620574474335,
-0.013967729173600674,
0.08791738748550415,
0.008505262434482574,
0.007319705095142126,
0.01759318821132183,
0.03910316526889801,
-0.007299473509192467,
0.041660409420728683,
-0.009112203493714333,
-0.011167708784341812,
0.02063598483800888,
0.019761988893151283,
0.06503167748451233,
-0.030395589768886566,
-0.007137622684240341,
-0.04557720199227333,
0.046872008591890335,
0.009638218209147453,
-0.018904179334640503,
-0.0541229248046875,
0.07872425764799118,
0.009185035713016987,
0.0662941113114357,
0.055417731404304504,
0.038876574486494064,
-0.0389089472591877,
-0.01958395354449749,
-0.01038273237645626,
0.03421527147293091,
-0.009023184888064861,
0.025977062061429024,
0.04570668190717697,
0.031399067491292953,
0.06079117953777313,
-0.010512213222682476,
0.006109869573265314,
0.05833104997873306,
0.03567192703485489,
0.03712858632206917,
0.052633896470069885,
-0.0027393256314098835,
-0.0008952375501394272,
-0.04023612290620804,
-0.08053698390722275,
-0.06419005244970322,
0.03680488467216492,
0.019940026104450226,
-0.02474699541926384,
-0.0036719911731779575,
0.023516928777098656,
-0.00963012594729662,
0.04538298025727272,
0.019227880984544754,
0.019486842676997185,
0.013611656613647938,
-0.04955873265862465,
-0.003894536290317774,
0.012948068790137768,
-0.00479483138769865,
-0.00309337442740798,
-0.00590350991114974,
-0.013012808747589588,
-0.037678878754377365,
-0.0041878907941281796,
0.02481173537671566,
0.004454944748431444,
-0.009079832583665848,
0.010844007134437561,
0.06033799797296524,
0.013352695852518082,
0.0046936748549342155,
0.0019725572783499956,
0.021720385178923607,
0.00701218843460083,
0.02320941351354122,
-0.013344602659344673,
0.009832439012825489,
-0.022464899346232414,
-0.08364452421665192,
-0.038067322224378586,
0.02341981790959835,
0.03751702979207039,
-0.009387349709868431,
-0.02772505208849907,
-0.02937592938542366,
-0.004357834346592426,
-0.010447472333908081,
-0.05606513470411301,
-0.004717952571809292,
-0.0020099852699786425,
-0.013328418135643005,
0.09445615857839584,
0.018499553203582764,
-0.032192133367061615,
0.027967827394604683,
0.015060221776366234,
0.058654751628637314,
-0.07814159244298935,
0.027352795004844666,
-0.011281004175543785,
0.01405674684792757,
0.031787507236003876,
0.018968921154737473,
-0.016435954719781876,
-0.05768364667892456,
0.0028607139829546213,
-0.04246966540813446,
0.07393346726894379,
0.0209758710116148,
-0.02667302079498768,
0.05493218079209328,
0.0071821315214037895,
-0.03580141067504883,
0.0546732172369957,
-0.06470797210931778,
0.003528348635882139,
0.03353549912571907,
-0.017819778993725777,
-0.031787507236003876,
-0.04904080927371979,
-0.02830771543085575,
0.011013951152563095,
-0.03722569718956947,
0.023338893428444862,
-0.065096415579319,
0.02447184920310974,
0.012850957922637463,
-0.032192133367061615,
0.046548306941986084,
0.049202658236026764,
0.002640192164108157,
0.022189753130078316,
-0.039070796221494675,
0.04590090364217758,
0.007890229113399982,
-0.06635884940624237,
-0.04127196967601776,
0.0011804996756836772,
-0.011855575256049633,
-0.013781600631773472,
0.0055069755762815475,
0.038002580404281616,
0.005357263144105673,
-0.012349219992756844,
0.017382781952619553,
-0.021461423486471176,
0.004548009019345045,
-0.00807231105864048,
0.0039896233938634396,
-0.018014000728726387,
-0.04295521602034569,
-0.005875186063349247,
-0.000107605526864063,
-0.02380826137959957,
0.04441187530755997,
-0.05969059467315674,
-0.04447661340236664,
0.032175950706005096,
0.02719094417989254,
-0.010957302525639534,
-0.004721998702734709,
0.03096206858754158,
0.03712858632206917,
0.009719143621623516,
-0.03554244711995125,
0.024455664679408073,
-0.04311706870794296,
0.0009716108907014132,
-0.026446430012583733,
-0.05664779990911484,
0.0061301011592149734,
-0.04036560282111168,
-0.07399821281433105,
-0.05800734832882881,
0.07775314897298813,
-0.009330702014267445,
0.012357313185930252,
-0.016589712351560593,
0.028744712471961975,
0.027773607522249222,
-0.03131813928484917,
0.027627941220998764,
0.00004716435068985447,
-0.01065787859261036,
-0.01052030548453331,
0.025459138676524162,
-0.010997765697538853,
-0.051112499088048935,
-0.015157332643866539,
-0.05826630815863609,
0.011677538976073265,
-0.00955729279667139,
-0.011718002147972584,
-0.04441187530755997,
-0.03567192703485489,
0.046289343386888504,
-0.015667162835597992,
0.0009083879413083196,
-0.025038328021764755,
0.03169039636850357,
-0.0026745854411274195,
0.07050222903490067,
-0.013894896022975445,
-0.006514497101306915,
-0.011677538976073265,
0.013069456443190575,
-0.005450327415019274,
-0.004653212148696184,
-0.033438388258218765,
-0.054478999227285385,
0.025912322103977203,
-0.06603515148162842,
-0.021121537312865257,
-0.026834871619939804,
0.0419517420232296,
0.05418766662478447,
-0.001976603642106056,
-0.07328606396913528,
-0.014760797843337059,
0.050983019173145294,
-0.0034656315110623837,
-0.0358661487698555,
0.0003037232381757349,
-0.007704100571572781,
-0.06108251214027405,
-0.07535775750875473,
0.012438238598406315,
-0.03842339292168617,
-0.010868284851312637,
-0.011993148364126682,
0.01681630313396454,
-0.005652640946209431,
-0.04062456637620926,
0.03233779966831207,
0.03842339292168617,
-0.028501935303211212,
-0.02830771543085575,
0.005486743990331888,
-0.03845576196908951,
0.0402037538588047,
-0.007752656005322933,
0.019616324454545975,
-0.014736520126461983,
-0.0025754517409950495,
-0.020328467711806297,
-0.01680011861026287,
0.004426620900630951,
-0.014696057885885239,
-0.011968870647251606,
-0.0014687965158373117,
-0.0009119284222833812,
-0.018564293161034584,
-0.01465559471398592,
-0.02010187692940235,
-0.045221127569675446,
0.06001429632306099,
0.04305232688784599,
0.028809452429413795,
-0.0041878907941281796,
-0.019438287243247032,
0.007861905731260777,
0.01919551193714142,
0.008043987676501274,
-0.03790546953678131,
0.019276436418294907,
0.059107933193445206,
-0.05376685410737991,
-0.04013901203870773,
0.003714477177709341,
0.0712791159749031,
0.0048959883861243725,
0.018774699419736862,
0.007562481332570314,
-0.03248346596956253,
-0.009775791317224503,
0.05496454983949661,
-0.03631933033466339,
0.04088352620601654,
0.01607988215982914,
-0.013635934330523014,
-0.05519114062190056,
-0.002541058463975787,
0.09419719874858856,
-0.04298758879303932,
0.05959348380565643,
0.005025469232350588,
-0.043570250272750854,
0.07050222903490067,
-0.026980537921190262,
-0.025750471279025078,
-0.03560718894004822,
-0.009848624467849731,
0.015092592686414719,
0.00007795394776621833,
-0.03690199553966522,
-0.013943451456725597,
0.030929697677493095,
-0.05564432591199875,
-0.012753847055137157,
-0.06409294158220291,
-0.02011806145310402,
0.06431952863931656,
-0.01752844825387001,
0.11957541108131409,
-0.01667063869535923,
0.02277241460978985,
-0.037160955369472504,
-0.04557720199227333,
0.030395589768886566,
0.009533015079796314,
-0.00386216607876122,
-0.030395589768886566,
0.021121537312865257,
-0.012591996230185032,
-0.01906603015959263,
-0.0029881715308874846,
0.011653261259198189,
0.010674064047634602,
-0.009937642142176628,
-0.039459239691495895,
-0.023452188819646835,
0.009864809922873974,
0.05344315245747566,
-0.008383874781429768,
-0.050983019173145294,
0.006316229701042175,
-0.002363022416830063,
0.05489981174468994,
0.029473040252923965,
0.009257868863642216,
0.054090555757284164,
0.06687677651643753,
0.02414814755320549,
0.01859666407108307,
-0.030282294377684593,
-0.053281303495168686,
-0.021671829745173454,
-0.014040561392903328,
0.020344652235507965,
-0.0006246431730687618,
0.02759557031095028,
0.034959785640239716,
0.0699843093752861,
0.015124962665140629,
-0.07762367278337479,
0.07807685434818268,
-0.03994479030370712,
0.046354085206985474,
0.05917267128825188,
-0.05360500514507294,
-0.03398868069052696,
0.05946400389075279,
-0.055288251489400864,
-0.02652735449373722,
0.014542299322783947,
-0.04272862523794174,
0.0011754418956115842,
0.050918277353048325,
-0.0019887425005435944,
0.0011885921703651547,
-0.05036798492074013,
-0.0057295202277600765,
0.003912744577974081,
0.05027087405323982,
-0.011896037496626377,
0.05810445547103882,
-0.02607417292892933,
0.013393158093094826,
-0.004487315192818642,
-0.023257967084646225,
0.04994717240333557,
-0.04638645425438881,
0.0303794052451849,
-0.006211026571691036,
0.001738885184749961,
-0.004329510498791933,
-0.008990814909338951,
0.016686823219060898,
0.02275623008608818,
-0.047066230326890945,
-0.03290427848696709,
0.046677786856889725,
-0.016298381611704826,
0.024795550853013992,
-0.003279502969235182,
-0.018289146944880486,
-0.0316256582736969,
-0.014461373910307884,
0.08668731898069382,
-0.03699910640716553,
-0.014105302281677723,
-0.03816443309187889,
0.06137384474277496,
-0.0015537681756541133,
-0.07509879767894745,
-0.016241732984781265,
0.03852050378918648,
0.0019503028597682714,
-0.026414059102535248,
-0.05787786468863487,
-0.05208360403776169,
-0.016508787870407104,
-0.02573428675532341,
0.019486842676997185,
0.009970013052225113,
0.0028951072599738836,
-0.013085641898214817,
-0.009484460577368736,
0.01840244233608246,
0.02976437285542488,
-0.030735477805137634,
0.022254493087530136,
0.0030245878733694553,
0.005846862215548754,
0.07309184968471527,
-0.02288571186363697,
0.03173895180225372,
0.002836436266079545,
-0.0003993163991253823,
-0.01673537865281105,
-0.03732280805706978,
-0.004272862803190947,
0.028145864605903625,
-0.03428000956773758,
-0.015035944059491158,
-0.0005897440714761615,
-0.023581668734550476,
-0.028890376910567284,
-0.020797835662961006,
0.03479793295264244,
0.028226789087057114,
0.03181988000869751,
-0.01548103429377079,
-0.034247640520334244,
-0.018693773075938225,
-0.027174757793545723,
0.011102968826889992,
-0.018774699419736862,
0.07315658777952194,
-0.0023994389921426773,
-0.0011471179313957691,
-0.039329756051301956,
0.010220881551504135,
-0.006769412197172642,
-0.05493218079209328,
0.018175851553678513,
-0.049914803355932236,
0.046936746686697006,
-0.012996623292565346,
-0.005260152742266655,
0.011491410434246063,
0.03567192703485489,
0.014663687907159328,
-0.004398297052830458,
0.024763181805610657,
-0.0016984223620966077,
0.005539345555007458,
0.020037135109305382,
-0.032175950706005096,
0.023856816813349724,
-0.052957598119974136,
-0.007801211439073086,
-0.00613414729014039,
0.007121437694877386,
-0.006356692407280207,
0.00200897385366261,
0.031399067491292953,
0.02892274782061577,
-0.026883427053689957,
0.04162804037332535,
0.03389156982302666,
0.014801261015236378,
0.044347133487463,
-0.016881044954061508,
-0.05088590830564499,
0.03154473006725311,
-0.014744613319635391,
-0.04321417957544327,
0.03897368535399437,
-0.00011000800441252068,
0.005939926486462355,
-0.02176894061267376,
-0.01692960038781166,
0.008165375329554081,
0.053702112287282944,
0.001185557572171092,
0.043181806802749634,
0.030881144106388092,
0.013279862701892853,
0.029327375814318657,
0.050044283270835876,
-0.010479843243956566,
0.03130195662379265,
0.01673537865281105,
-0.0310268085449934,
0.04107774794101715,
-0.006862476468086243,
-0.010309899225831032,
0.02613891288638115,
0.00479483138769865,
0.04884658753871918,
-0.003253202186897397,
0.004778646398335695,
-0.018175851553678513,
0.01601514220237732,
-0.007983293384313583,
-0.01998858153820038,
0.02322559803724289,
-0.005535299424082041,
0.005248013883829117,
0.004612749442458153,
0.03593089058995247,
0.011782742105424404,
0.004580378998070955,
0.03395630791783333,
0.0046774898655712605,
0.044767946004867554,
-0.019227880984544754,
0.019875284284353256,
-0.0505298376083374,
0.008359597064554691,
0.024698439985513687,
-0.037419918924570084,
-0.017253302037715912,
0.06784787774085999,
0.02037702314555645,
-0.028663786128163338,
-0.0001876458409242332,
-0.017156191170215607,
-0.0039795078337192535,
0.0012078119907528162,
-0.01879088394343853,
-0.015068314969539642,
0.014202412217855453,
0.036545924842357635,
-0.03813206031918526,
-0.0008573037339374423,
-0.07425717264413834,
-0.04227544367313385,
0.013053271919488907,
0.003002333454787731,
0.015092592686414719,
0.00840815156698227,
-0.001152175827883184,
-0.006202933844178915,
-0.006117962300777435,
-0.040333233773708344,
-0.0062393504194915295,
-0.019082216545939445,
-0.019875284284353256,
0.044767946004867554,
0.03479793295264244,
-0.00587113993242383,
0.002929500536993146,
0.012300664559006691,
-0.01541629433631897,
-0.008124913088977337,
0.004414482042193413,
-0.0003687164862640202,
-0.009071740321815014,
0.0176093727350235,
0.04703385755419731,
-0.008169421926140785,
0.0414014495909214,
-0.008311041630804539,
-0.0019988580606877804,
0.004742230288684368,
0.04829629510641098,
0.023452188819646835,
-0.008812778629362583,
-0.00610177731141448,
0.024795550853013992,
0.011402392759919167,
-0.002069667913019657,
0.0006165506201796234,
-0.0086671132594347,
-0.004463037475943565,
0.04551246017217636,
0.009120295755565166,
0.00721045583486557,
-0.009978105314075947,
-0.00849717017263174,
0.011750372126698494,
-0.002217356814071536,
0.012057888321578503,
0.013652119785547256,
-0.039782941341400146,
0.023322708904743195,
-0.024131963029503822,
0.028825636953115463,
0.006522589363157749,
0.005430096294730902,
0.06192413717508316,
0.018952734768390656,
0.024099592119455338,
0.008877519518136978,
0.0030427961610257626,
0.0013292001094669104,
-0.036351703107357025,
0.06040273979306221,
0.04745467007160187,
-0.052633896470069885,
-0.014218597672879696,
-0.002848575124517083,
-0.011475225910544395,
0.007959015667438507,
-0.01425905991345644,
-0.02071690931916237,
0.02560480497777462,
0.007008141838014126,
-0.01498738955706358,
0.025183992460370064,
0.005717381369322538,
-0.06561433523893356,
-0.0033968447241932154,
0.009913365356624126,
-0.06713573634624481,
0.020830204710364342,
-0.0009650357533246279,
0.001974580343812704,
-0.026818687096238136,
0.04036560282111168,
-0.0018349840538576245,
-0.018952734768390656,
-0.002897130325436592,
0.00635264627635479,
0.1015128567814827,
0.004236446227878332,
0.048781849443912506,
-0.0011238518636673689,
-0.016622083261609077,
0.018272962421178818,
-0.02269149012863636,
0.01183938980102539,
-0.045285869389772415,
0.04182226210832596,
0.0330985002219677,
-0.057068612426519394,
-0.05655068904161453,
-0.03686962649226189,
0.029861483722925186,
0.029602522030472755,
-0.022076455876231194,
0.012713384814560413,
0.02513543702661991,
-0.020538873970508575,
-0.023711150512099266,
-0.030282294377684593,
0.024034852162003517,
0.025086883455514908,
0.03209502622485161,
-0.005397725850343704,
-0.04437950626015663,
-0.02884182333946228,
-0.008610465563833714,
-0.003147999057546258,
0.02759557031095028,
0.0006833141087554395,
0.046548306941986084,
0.003147999057546258,
-0.006688486784696579,
-0.0005042665870860219,
-0.007372306659817696,
-0.004337602760642767,
0.02997477911412716,
-0.017172375693917274,
-0.0028344132006168365,
-0.00484743295237422,
-0.025507694110274315,
0.010957302525639534,
-0.035963259637355804,
-0.022044086828827858,
0.036545924842357635,
-0.0026179375126957893,
-0.00995382759720087,
0.006554959807544947,
-0.0252649188041687,
0.022659119218587875,
-0.008715668693184853,
-0.05175990238785744,
-0.0024925032630562782,
-0.030330849811434746,
0.008570002391934395,
0.007736471015959978,
-0.009128388017416,
0.020150432363152504,
0.05668016895651817,
0.019227880984544754,
-0.022918080911040306,
-0.032969020307064056,
-0.01045556552708149,
0.02136431261897087,
-0.015408201143145561,
0.001317061367444694,
0.042372554540634155,
0.013927266001701355,
0.02222212217748165,
-0.006194841582328081,
0.024504220113158226,
0.009152665734291077,
-0.03612511232495308,
0.013409343548119068,
-0.013190845027565956,
0.037678878754377365,
-0.019891470670700073,
-0.046872008591890335,
-0.0072671035304665565,
0.00019447391969151795,
-0.012608181685209274,
-0.014097209088504314,
-0.0013858479214832187,
0.03369734808802605,
-0.005150903481990099,
0.011588521301746368,
-0.10844007134437561,
-0.02468225546181202,
-0.06972534954547882,
0.0019017475424334407,
0.030913513153791428,
-0.00039855772047303617,
0.001722700078971684,
0.024034852162003517,
0.011111061088740826,
0.02222212217748165,
-0.030185185372829437,
0.021801309660077095,
-0.02599324658513069,
0.00633241469040513,
0.015424386598169804,
0.00023847712145652622,
-0.061503324657678604,
0.044282395392656326,
-0.06979008764028549,
-0.022060271352529526,
-0.011523781344294548,
-0.0036436673253774643,
-0.04311706870794296,
0.03151236101984978,
-0.02532965876162052,
-0.018305331468582153,
0.005494836717844009,
0.0038520502857863903,
-0.02858286164700985,
0.0383586511015892,
-0.003143952926620841,
0.011798927560448647,
-0.0015153286512941122,
0.01074689719825983,
-0.02071690931916237,
-0.015731902793049812,
-0.00641738623380661,
0.010900654830038548,
0.01998858153820038,
-0.004232400096952915,
-0.013312232680618763,
0.05645357817411423,
-0.004653212148696184,
-0.00527633773162961,
-0.05431714653968811,
0.0009969001403078437,
-0.004968821071088314,
-0.00441852817311883,
-0.0018177874153479934,
-0.049850065261125565,
0.008197746239602566,
0.004483268596231937,
-0.01872614398598671,
-0.009217406623065472,
-0.008909889496862888,
0.013150381855666637,
0.05095065012574196,
-0.0033664978109300137,
-0.0027130250819027424,
-0.003900605719536543,
0.019891470670700073,
0.021396683529019356,
-0.020037135109305382,
-0.03751702979207039,
-0.014437096193432808,
0.0062353042885661125,
0.0015547798248007894,
0.0017874403856694698,
0.010398917831480503,
0.016176993027329445,
0.005608132109045982,
-0.014776983298361301,
-0.001897701295092702,
-0.010164233855903149,
0.029262633994221687,
-0.020684540271759033,
0.02937592938542366,
0.04068930447101593,
-0.036286961287260056,
-0.005280384328216314,
-0.02971581742167473,
-0.015254443511366844,
0.059043191373348236,
-0.027417534962296486,
0.03253202140331268,
-0.01673537865281105,
-0.012616273947060108,
-0.04360261932015419,
0.010431287810206413,
-0.017496077343821526,
0.01599895767867565,
-0.018143480643630028,
0.024002481251955032,
-0.03929738700389862,
-0.005122579634189606,
-0.04596564173698425,
-0.0104879355058074,
-0.028938932344317436,
0.018968921154737473,
0.0063283685594797134,
0.0006261604721657932,
-0.001585126854479313,
0.011993148364126682,
0.026770131662487984,
0.002067644614726305,
0.008181560784578323,
-0.0055312528274953365,
0.014040561392903328,
-0.01237349770963192,
0.021785125136375427,
0.010868284851312637,
-0.01333651039749384,
0.01220355462282896,
0.00701218843460083,
0.03803494945168495,
0.00008528781472705305,
0.01399200689047575,
-0.0005867093568667769,
0.057457052171230316,
0.003779217367991805,
-0.05033561587333679,
-0.01898510567843914,
-0.01422668993473053,
0.0066561163403093815,
-0.03664303198456764,
0.037549398839473724,
0.01120817195624113,
-0.0030205415096133947,
0.028696157038211823,
0.036092739552259445,
-0.004491361323744059,
-0.031253401190042496,
-0.00641738623380661,
-0.030088074505329132,
0.011321467347443104,
-0.005741659086197615,
0.030460331588983536,
0.008019709959626198,
0.002715048147365451,
0.0011187940835952759,
-0.016573527827858925,
-0.023322708904743195,
0.013498361222445965,
0.02455277554690838,
-0.037937842309474945,
0.030217554420232773,
0.03664303198456764,
-0.045285869389772415,
0.00007966096745803952,
0.008796594105660915,
0.017301855608820915,
0.02587995119392872,
-0.06862476468086243,
0.014364263042807579,
-0.02210882678627968,
0.018224406987428665,
-0.031852249056100845
] |
Machine learning techniques paired with the availability of massive datasets
dramatically enhance our ability to explore the chemical compound space by
providing fast and accurate predictions of molecular properties. However,
learning on large datasets is strongly limited by the availability of
computational resources and can be infeasible in some scenarios. Moreover, the
instances in the datasets may not yet be labelled and generating the labels can
be costly, as in the case of quantum chemistry computations. Thus, there is a
need to select small training subsets from large pools of unlabelled data
points and to develop reliable ML methods that can effectively learn from small
training sets. This work focuses on predicting the molecules atomization energy
in the QM9 dataset. We investigate the advantages of employing domain
knowledge-based data sampling methods for an efficient training set selection
combined with informed ML techniques. In particular, we show how maximizing
molecular diversity in the training set selection process increases the
robustness of linear and nonlinear regression techniques such as kernel methods
and graph neural networks. We also check the reliability of the predictions
made by the graph neural network with a model-agnostic explainer based on the
rate distortion explanation framework. | [
-0.009722430258989334,
0.017959488555788994,
-0.02185617759823799,
-0.022589217871427536,
0.03360411524772644,
0.01166112907230854,
-0.02295573800802231,
0.014786195941269398,
-0.022685671225190163,
0.039063334465026855,
-0.019116921350359917,
-0.06057228520512581,
0.0037544206716120243,
-0.007161611691117287,
-0.01335869636386633,
0.006597363390028477,
-0.01168041955679655,
-0.04405958577990532,
-0.03765512630343437,
-0.02887793257832527,
0.004673132207244635,
-0.048264920711517334,
0.014352158643305302,
0.045834314078092575,
0.02231915108859539,
0.006327295675873756,
-0.004104061517864466,
0.006968706380575895,
-0.06597363203763962,
0.10432322323322296,
0.038928303867578506,
0.02056371234357357,
-0.0029779765754938126,
-0.03933340311050415,
-0.04602722078561783,
0.010252919979393482,
0.016908155754208565,
0.016811702400445938,
0.020930232480168343,
0.03937198594212532,
0.013194726780056953,
0.01389883179217577,
-0.021335333585739136,
-0.024479690939188004,
0.004101650323718786,
-0.007508841343224049,
-0.013773443177342415,
-0.04351944848895073,
-0.0016167880967259407,
-0.0426320843398571,
-0.01074482873082161,
-0.02783624455332756,
0.0004753308603540063,
-0.018576785922050476,
-0.05814167484641075,
0.04363519325852394,
0.02858857437968254,
0.05571106821298599,
0.006751687731593847,
0.0227049607783556,
0.023650197312235832,
-0.037134282290935516,
-0.02583002857863903,
0.004986603744328022,
-0.008159897290170193,
-0.017033543437719345,
0.02148965746164322,
-0.02152823843061924,
0.013947057537734509,
-0.011506805196404457,
-0.012452040798962116,
0.015162361785769463,
0.021258171647787094,
-0.02002357691526413,
-0.0022606097627431154,
0.03397063538432121,
-0.008970099501311779,
0.006288714706897736,
-0.05050262436270714,
0.00988639984279871,
0.018239201977849007,
0.04706890881061554,
0.0051023466512560844,
-0.010715892538428307,
0.09274889528751373,
-0.040355801582336426,
-0.010021433234214783,
-0.04911370575428009,
-0.029437357559800148,
-0.02980387769639492,
-0.05027113854885101,
-0.0018591254483908415,
-0.05605829879641533,
-0.006206729914993048,
-0.010648376308381557,
0.05818025767803192,
0.021181009709835052,
0.003120244247838855,
-0.032292358577251434,
-0.007663165684789419,
0.034800127148628235,
-0.021045975387096405,
0.008941163308918476,
0.006650412455201149,
0.049306612461805344,
-0.03271675109863281,
-0.04324938356876373,
-0.022975029423832893,
0.03263958916068077,
0.14012645184993744,
-0.00018974051636178046,
-0.0008716910961084068,
0.009876754134893417,
0.0026283354964107275,
0.005984888877719641,
-0.03966134414076805,
-0.034838709980249405,
-0.06126674264669418,
-0.04351944848895073,
-0.04189904406666756,
0.01255813892930746,
0.008564998395740986,
-0.04502411186695099,
-0.02181759662926197,
-0.042902152985334396,
0.05856606736779213,
-0.029148001223802567,
-0.0451398566365242,
0.032581716775894165,
0.04865073412656784,
-0.012104811146855354,
0.02596506103873253,
-0.005169863812625408,
-0.04718465358018875,
-0.0180173609405756,
0.014535418711602688,
0.03962276130914688,
0.01218197401612997,
-0.022396313026547432,
-0.04162897542119026,
-0.02646661549806595,
-0.008994212374091148,
-0.02110384590923786,
0.0023655020631849766,
-0.018750401213765144,
0.022666379809379578,
-0.02937948703765869,
0.12237916141748428,
-0.030421175062656403,
0.027951987460255623,
-0.04610438272356987,
0.048342082649469376,
0.02646661549806595,
0.014786195941269398,
-0.0029273389372974634,
0.03647840395569801,
-0.01809452287852764,
-0.019251955673098564,
0.007108562625944614,
-0.027161074802279472,
0.023958846926689148,
-0.03736576810479164,
0.012722108513116837,
0.045332759618759155,
0.015750722959637642,
0.017274675890803337,
-0.007523308973759413,
-0.020255062729120255,
-0.08156038820743561,
0.07318829745054245,
0.03962276130914688,
0.019001178443431854,
-0.06169113516807556,
0.048303503543138504,
0.0024981244932860136,
0.030999891459941864,
-0.013069338165223598,
-0.0082322359085083,
-0.020390097051858902,
-0.019869253039360046,
-0.03217661380767822,
0.021663272753357887,
0.03163648024201393,
0.06948450952768326,
0.014699388295412064,
0.019618475809693336,
0.023302968591451645,
-0.0242867860943079,
0.0410502627491951,
0.07079626619815826,
0.01604972593486309,
0.0056762401945889,
0.046837422996759415,
0.013368342071771622,
0.02608080580830574,
0.002732022199779749,
-0.03240809962153435,
0.004634551238268614,
-0.004463347606360912,
-0.0454099215567112,
-0.06867431104183197,
-0.04649019241333008,
-0.026061514392495155,
-0.00042198048322461545,
0.029167290776968002,
0.02152823843061924,
0.001142964232712984,
0.02930232509970665,
0.03817597031593323,
-0.012104811146855354,
0.042284853756427765,
-0.03159789741039276,
-0.039854247123003006,
-0.053897757083177567,
0.033083271235227585,
0.00936555489897728,
-0.006534669082611799,
0.007889829576015472,
-0.03223448619246483,
-0.023727359250187874,
-0.011815453879535198,
0.007161611691117287,
0.08966241031885147,
-0.02905154787003994,
-0.0001498784258728847,
-0.007282177451997995,
0.012394169345498085,
-0.01697567105293274,
-0.010484406724572182,
0.026563068851828575,
0.00493355467915535,
0.015586753375828266,
-0.014612581580877304,
0.0014467901783064008,
0.03441431745886803,
0.010629085823893547,
0.010445825755596161,
-0.03431786224246025,
0.008135783486068249,
0.0020604704041033983,
-0.0012623245129361749,
-0.008584288880228996,
-0.036844924092292786,
-0.03694137558341026,
0.08287214487791061,
-0.01513342559337616,
-0.020467258989810944,
0.03643982484936714,
0.08163754642009735,
0.05250883847475052,
-0.016695959493517876,
-0.03435644507408142,
-0.01255813892930746,
-0.008743435144424438,
0.023206515237689018,
-0.025096988305449486,
0.05297181382775307,
-0.07006322592496872,
-0.0041112955659627914,
-0.09267173707485199,
0.04344228655099869,
-0.024556852877140045,
0.011063122190535069,
0.06435322761535645,
-0.025424927473068237,
-0.004145054146647453,
0.07129782438278198,
-0.029360195621848106,
0.028183473274111748,
0.020197192206978798,
-0.024942662566900253,
0.005729289259761572,
-0.02901296690106392,
-0.008328689262270927,
-0.045795734971761703,
-0.0861901193857193,
0.0576787032186985,
0.005353123880922794,
0.0009808031609281898,
-0.038773976266384125,
-0.037269316613674164,
-0.04664451628923416,
0.023553743958473206,
0.01796913519501686,
0.028241345658898354,
-0.05262458324432373,
-0.0020122439600527287,
-0.034298572689294815,
-0.09915335476398468,
-0.052393097430467606,
-0.032369520515203476,
-0.04321080073714256,
-0.03190654516220093,
0.008396205492317677,
0.017650840803980827,
0.040394384413957596,
-0.06215410679578781,
-0.0250776968896389,
0.0023558568209409714,
-0.011612902395427227,
-0.038137391209602356,
-0.020332224667072296,
0.011805808171629906,
0.059299107640981674,
-0.018740756437182426,
0.02106526494026184,
0.06354302912950516,
0.0743071436882019,
-0.06535633653402328,
-0.02006215788424015,
0.05899045988917351,
0.016734540462493896,
0.025309182703495026,
-0.05204586684703827,
-0.04101167991757393,
0.014535418711602688,
0.04043296352028847,
-0.0595305934548378,
0.03009323589503765,
-0.04317222163081169,
-0.004574268590658903,
-0.003966616466641426,
-0.10092808306217194,
0.03296752646565437,
0.018567141145467758,
-0.01316579058766365,
-0.04973100125789642,
0.036767762154340744,
-0.037558674812316895,
0.042362019419670105,
-0.020177900791168213,
-0.058411743491888046,
-0.06987032294273376,
0.01621369644999504,
0.010725538246333599,
-0.04471546411514282,
0.0055412063375115395,
0.04664451628923416,
-0.03113492578268051,
0.021181009709835052,
-0.012972885742783546,
-0.02901296690106392,
-0.017457935959100723,
-0.035012323409318924,
-0.032003000378608704,
-0.03474225476384163,
-0.05409066379070282,
0.03171364217996597,
0.013995284214615822,
-0.01080270018428564,
0.0009826116729527712,
-0.005005894228816032,
-0.02295573800802231,
0.01625227741897106,
0.023457292467355728,
-0.06713106483221054,
-0.04976958408951759,
0.008700031787157059,
0.00030020897975191474,
0.0008186421473510563,
-0.01667666807770729,
-0.04695316404104233,
-0.032080162316560745,
0.03750080242753029,
-0.06960025429725647,
0.0366906002163887,
-0.006698638666421175,
-0.0007957346388138831,
0.04649019241333008,
0.022010501474142075,
0.001142964232712984,
0.029900331050157547,
-0.016020789742469788,
0.0711435005068779,
0.011439288035035133,
-0.0012695584446191788,
-0.01939663477241993,
-0.006163326557725668,
-0.0852641686797142,
0.03993140906095505,
0.02160540036857128,
0.04093451797962189,
0.010069659911096096,
0.009433072060346603,
0.002584931906312704,
-0.014400385320186615,
0.005242203362286091,
0.00123821129091084,
-0.02984246052801609,
0.03348837047815323,
-0.00463937409222126,
-0.02446039952337742,
0.018663594499230385,
-0.045255597680807114,
0.02947593852877617,
-0.033334046602249146,
0.03221519663929939,
0.04946093633770943,
0.038889721035957336,
-0.0038050583098083735,
-0.031366411596536636,
0.03954559937119484,
-0.030575500801205635,
-0.0038822204805910587,
0.027681918814778328,
-0.02102668397128582,
-0.028935804963111877,
-0.07060336321592331,
0.03277461975812912,
-0.01884685456752777,
-0.024306075647473335,
-0.033372629433870316,
-0.0011725028743967414,
-0.009326973930001259,
0.03101918287575245,
0.02959168329834938,
-0.04498552903532982,
-0.012596719898283482,
0.01605937071144581,
0.010397599078714848,
0.027489013969898224,
0.029688134789466858,
-0.011574321426451206,
0.014979101717472076,
-0.025559959933161736,
0.05115850269794464,
-0.027199655771255493,
-0.04070303216576576,
-0.023457292467355728,
-0.027816953137516975,
0.029283033683896065,
-0.0008114081574603915,
-0.022010501474142075,
-0.05011681467294693,
-0.02174043469130993,
-0.002024300629273057,
-0.01053263247013092,
0.0238238126039505,
-0.00934626441448927,
-0.04490836709737778,
0.010667666792869568,
-0.01684063859283924,
-0.03703783079981804,
-0.011458578519523144,
-0.04996249079704285,
-0.019300181418657303,
-0.025482797995209694,
-0.0044199442490935326,
-0.01337798684835434,
-0.041744720190763474,
-0.05825741961598396,
0.0005148162017576396,
-0.06824991852045059,
-0.028897223994135857,
0.05659843236207962,
-0.022164825350046158,
-0.0016240220284089446,
0.008005572482943535,
0.037635836750268936,
-0.025193439796566963,
0.012982530519366264,
0.029070837423205376,
0.026157967746257782,
-0.01759296841919422,
-0.04745471850037575,
0.037770871073007584,
-0.036092594265937805,
-0.012336297892034054,
0.00006936304271221161,
0.048264920711517334,
0.010243275202810764,
-0.04602722078561783,
-0.0008222591131925583,
-0.02912870980799198,
0.020930232480168343,
-0.013310469686985016,
-0.018489979207515717,
-0.1053263247013092,
0.013310469686985016,
-0.009013502858579159,
0.026813846081495285,
-0.006621476728469133,
0.002024300629273057,
0.02937948703765869,
0.00247642258182168,
-0.0011140285059809685,
0.053241878747940063,
-0.021721143275499344,
-0.0038026468828320503,
-0.013281534425914288,
-0.031327832490205765,
-0.002823652233928442,
-0.051814381033182144,
0.03181009367108345,
0.034626513719558716,
-0.011043831706047058,
0.012210909277200699,
-0.01776658371090889,
0.06500910967588425,
0.05802593380212784,
0.020197192206978798,
-0.066398024559021,
-0.044368233531713486,
0.010407243855297565,
0.00407753698527813,
0.01964741200208664,
0.00044307950884103775,
-0.02031293511390686,
0.01659950613975525,
-0.026601649820804596,
0.06354302912950516,
0.012943949550390244,
-0.027566175907850266,
-0.029495229944586754,
-0.022839995101094246,
0.0595305934548378,
0.00011348260886734352,
-0.02069874480366707,
0.03966134414076805,
0.0007698129629716277,
0.023438001051545143,
0.0023799699265509844,
0.03518593683838844,
0.0191362127661705,
-0.06500910967588425,
0.03439502790570259,
-0.021161718294024467,
-0.011651484295725822,
0.02712249383330345,
0.009288392961025238,
-0.006250133737921715,
0.016078662127256393,
-0.007966991513967514,
-0.01511413510888815,
-0.005136105231940746,
0.02959168329834938,
-0.001398563850671053,
-0.02160540036857128,
-0.0075956485234200954,
-0.0038725752383470535,
-0.004576679784804583,
0.04895938187837601,
-0.026485906913876534,
0.023380130529403687,
-0.0017301199259236455,
0.007942878641188145,
0.03431786224246025,
-0.03678705170750618,
0.0005820316728204489,
0.031462863087654114,
0.011400707066059113,
0.010436180047690868,
0.010040723718702793,
0.012239845469594002,
-0.016869574785232544,
-0.0554409995675087,
0.01214339304715395,
-0.0051457504741847515,
-0.024807630106806755,
-0.006298359949141741,
0.035764653235673904,
0.04957667738199234,
-0.00002258725908177439,
0.0018772103358060122,
-0.03047904744744301,
-0.03782874345779419,
0.02177901566028595,
0.04201478883624077,
0.01767977699637413,
0.0242867860943079,
-0.0076872785575687885,
-0.048843637108802795,
-0.007537777069956064,
0.03460722044110298,
0.023920264095067978,
0.0296302642673254,
0.012616010382771492,
-0.02303289994597435,
0.016358375549316406,
0.008651805110275745,
0.01429428718984127,
-0.0341828316450119,
0.010571213439106941,
0.006418926175683737,
0.023206515237689018,
0.008502303622663021,
-0.03844603896141052,
-0.046374447643756866,
-0.005835387390106916,
-0.005922194570302963,
-0.027913406491279602,
0.020544420927762985,
-0.007484728004783392,
-0.013281534425914288,
-0.06165255233645439,
0.03643982484936714,
0.02249276451766491,
-0.046297285705804825,
0.08125174045562744,
-0.05648269131779671,
-0.016107598319649696,
-0.009838173165917397,
-0.008116493001580238,
0.0388704314827919,
0.007523308973759413,
0.04459971934556961,
-0.011101704090833664,
0.06697674095630646,
-0.03113492578268051,
-0.012432750314474106,
0.03686421364545822,
-0.010571213439106941,
-0.005589433014392853,
-0.02324509620666504,
0.002358268015086651,
0.04220769181847572,
0.007494373247027397,
0.007436501793563366,
0.022203408181667328,
-0.016686314716935158,
0.014660807326436043,
-0.005131282843649387,
0.04652877524495125,
-0.017409708350896835,
0.030151108279824257,
0.01922301948070526,
-0.003520522965118289,
-0.01189261581748724,
0.0072484188713133335,
0.01843210682272911,
-0.017863037064671516,
-0.006655234843492508,
-0.051852960139513016,
0.015818240121006966,
0.031115634366869926,
-0.022261278703808784,
-0.008073089644312859,
0.030382594093680382,
-0.0000710208187229,
0.011275318451225758,
-0.03611188381910324,
-0.0012538848677650094,
-0.022010501474142075,
0.031077053397893906,
0.005010716617107391,
0.019464151933789253,
0.007827134802937508,
0.027604756876826286,
0.018991533666849136,
0.006669702939689159,
0.023418711498379707,
0.012857142835855484,
-0.007224305998533964,
0.03643982484936714,
-0.01869252882897854,
-0.011265672743320465,
0.032003000378608704,
-0.005565319675952196,
0.017901618033647537,
0.027469724416732788,
-0.0029876218177378178,
0.034626513719558716,
-0.013995284214615822,
-0.008237059228122234,
0.023920264095067978,
0.0002195805573137477,
-0.026852427050471306,
0.07276390492916107,
0.004120940808206797,
0.08048011362552643,
-0.012191618792712688,
-0.02984246052801609,
-0.0417061410844326,
0.048805058002471924,
0.02044796757400036,
-0.014631872065365314,
0.018904725089669228,
0.01538420282304287,
-0.00596559839323163,
-0.034587930887937546,
-0.01734219118952751,
-0.007084449287503958,
-0.0030454935040324926,
0.0057582249864935875,
-0.02887793257832527,
0.006283892318606377,
-0.03370056673884392,
0.018403172492980957,
-0.04359661042690277,
-0.01477655116468668,
0.013561246916651726,
-0.017043188214302063,
0.03950701653957367,
-0.0026862071827054024,
-0.020390097051858902,
0.018113814294338226,
-0.015065908432006836,
-0.012567784637212753,
-0.0048154001124203205,
-0.037307895720005035,
-0.030363304540514946,
-0.024691887199878693,
0.0014913995983079076,
0.015519236214458942,
0.02557925134897232,
-0.009857463650405407,
0.0233608391135931,
-0.00046749410103075206,
-0.019743863493204117,
0.002159334486350417,
0.019965704530477524,
0.03001607395708561,
-0.0075908261351287365,
0.04259350523352623,
0.024923373013734818,
-0.009876754134893417,
0.014612581580877304,
0.00927874818444252,
0.028106311336159706,
0.040780194103717804,
0.017486870288848877,
0.01625227741897106,
0.004026899579912424,
-0.05829600244760513,
-0.007600471377372742,
-0.016107598319649696,
0.04645160958170891,
0.0040944162756204605,
0.013455148786306381,
-0.005073410924524069,
0.0070265778340399265,
-0.021470366045832634,
-0.022975029423832893,
0.01650305464863777,
-0.022184116765856743,
-0.029186582192778587,
-0.01452577393501997,
0.058373164385557175,
0.0015540937893092632,
-0.013011466711759567,
0.027199655771255493,
-0.01789197325706482,
0.023669488728046417,
0.004808166064321995,
-0.02471117675304413,
0.052778907120227814,
-0.018586432561278343,
-0.021142426878213882,
-0.0006902394816279411,
0.03439502790570259,
-0.019068695604801178,
-0.018538204953074455,
0.0633501186966896,
-0.027103204280138016,
-0.04502411186695099,
0.0038122921250760555,
0.038098808377981186,
-0.014207479543983936,
-0.003899099538102746,
0.02478833869099617,
-0.0010531427105888724,
0.04942235350608826,
-0.0072484188713133335,
-0.005126459989696741,
0.04309505969285965,
0.00727253220975399,
-0.028492122888565063,
-0.012452040798962116,
0.0032191083300858736,
-0.005232558120042086,
0.03507019579410553,
-0.02754688635468483,
0.04595005884766579,
-0.01642589084804058,
0.039391275495290756,
0.036054011434316635,
-0.027527594938874245,
-0.01223019976168871,
-0.022666379809379578,
0.07230093330144882,
-0.0354367159307003,
0.009254634380340576,
0.00526631623506546,
0.023958846926689148,
-0.027913406491279602,
0.01935805380344391,
0.03296752646565437,
-0.0620383657515049,
0.0319451279938221,
0.015249168500304222,
-0.06574214994907379,
-0.019946414977312088,
0.03209945186972618,
-0.039024755358695984,
0.027855534106492996,
0.010272210463881493,
0.012075875885784626,
0.005092701409012079,
-0.0280484389513731,
-0.02424820326268673,
0.010715892538428307,
-0.007359339389950037,
0.031617190688848495,
0.010079305619001389,
-0.03969992324709892,
-0.03661343827843666,
-0.023476582020521164,
-0.023650197312235832,
0.03836887702345848,
-0.0008011600584723055,
0.06832707673311234,
-0.012133747339248657,
0.027103204280138016,
0.02156681939959526,
0.027566175907850266,
-0.005478512495756149,
-0.007735505234450102,
0.007287000305950642,
-0.014593291096389294,
-0.017834100872278214,
-0.029205871745944023,
-0.0037230735179036856,
-0.006013824604451656,
-0.03524380922317505,
-0.04367377236485481,
0.008642160333693027,
0.016204049810767174,
0.021547529846429825,
0.017525453120470047,
-0.020139319822192192,
0.01398563850671053,
0.02596506103873253,
-0.07662200927734375,
0.032041579484939575,
-0.04004715383052826,
0.02177901566028595,
-0.020255062729120255,
0.026273710653185844,
0.009307683445513248,
0.019657056778669357,
-0.03159789741039276,
-0.018239201977849007,
-0.04618154466152191,
-0.0047719962894916534,
-0.0008017629152163863,
0.012683527544140816,
-0.018162040039896965,
0.017197513952851295,
0.011101704090833664,
0.05972350016236305,
-0.026485906913876534,
-0.043866679072380066,
0.007706569042056799,
0.03746221959590912,
-0.02783624455332756,
0.012905368581414223,
0.02762404829263687,
0.05115850269794464,
-0.04008573293685913,
-0.04147465154528618,
0.018875788897275925,
0.00934144202619791,
-0.006640767212957144,
-0.002347417175769806,
0.05459221825003624,
-0.004200514405965805,
-0.01672489568591118,
-0.05818025767803192,
-0.026775265112519264,
-0.03900546580553055,
-0.007446147035807371,
-0.0052229128777980804,
-0.03514735773205757,
0.015876110643148422,
0.02031293511390686,
0.03435644507408142,
-0.031790804117918015,
-0.02474975772202015,
-0.030363304540514946,
-0.0331990122795105,
-0.019068695604801178,
-0.0004129380395170301,
0.03549458831548691,
0.013387632556259632,
0.056791339069604874,
-0.016040081158280373,
-0.025926480069756508,
-0.04726181551814079,
-0.02754688635468483,
-0.004653841722756624,
-0.010503697209060192,
0.0032094630878418684,
-0.005237380508333445,
0.018046297132968903,
-0.011767227202653885,
-0.031115634366869926,
-0.04216911271214485,
-0.01684063859283924,
-0.007180902175605297,
0.003677258500829339,
0.008270817808806896,
-0.05945343151688576,
-0.028434250503778458,
0.02181759662926197,
0.02708391286432743,
-0.011275318451225758,
0.019261600449681282,
-0.02997749298810959,
0.042902152985334396,
0.021084556356072426,
0.03395134210586548,
0.010725538246333599,
-0.017332546412944794,
-0.002500535687431693,
0.005555674433708191,
0.007991104386746883,
0.023225804790854454,
-0.02637016400694847,
0.019319472834467888,
-0.016560925170779228,
-0.044368233531713486,
0.013223662972450256,
0.0031853497494012117,
0.048380665481090546,
-0.029649553820490837,
-0.01855749636888504,
-0.003173293313011527,
0.048805058002471924,
0.00842031929641962,
0.009134069085121155,
-0.010879862122237682,
0.030382594093680382,
0.03566820174455643,
0.012442396022379398,
0.048380665481090546,
-0.034298572689294815,
0.02586860954761505,
-0.00936555489897728,
-0.026408744975924492,
-0.018962597474455833,
-0.019030114635825157,
0.024846211075782776,
-0.005464044399559498,
-0.013734862208366394,
0.01959918439388275,
-0.01905904896557331,
0.044291071593761444,
0.040394384413957596,
-0.018441753461956978,
0.026447325944900513,
-0.014921230264008045,
0.03310256078839302,
0.0036217982415109873,
0.03105776384472847,
-0.028858643025159836,
-0.0002870974421966821,
-0.0011200567241758108,
0.01011788658797741,
0.006264601834118366,
0.04259350523352623,
0.005816096905618906,
0.03138570114970207,
-0.03449147939682007,
0.003993140999227762,
-0.03109634481370449,
0.02228057011961937,
-0.02704533189535141,
-0.01898188702762127,
-0.03449147939682007,
-0.04193762689828873,
0.00192543666344136,
-0.005960775539278984,
0.033334046602249146,
0.03300610929727554,
0.015480655245482922,
-0.0175543874502182,
-0.003081663278862834,
0.011516449972987175,
0.019657056778669357,
0.006018647458404303,
0.01977279968559742,
-0.005681063048541546,
0.01869252882897854,
-0.00879648420959711,
-0.024016717448830605,
-0.007315936032682657,
0.024556852877140045,
0.006452684290707111,
-0.014892294071614742,
-0.01248097699135542,
0.0319451279938221,
-0.030151108279824257,
0.031115634366869926,
0.011854034848511219,
-0.025559959933161736,
0.009775479324162006,
0.02245418354868889,
-0.007412388455122709,
-0.007995927706360817,
0.0007336431881412864,
-0.03148215636610985,
-0.0326010063290596,
0.0036965489853173494,
0.06338870525360107,
0.047300394624471664,
0.012702818028628826,
0.04016289487481117,
-0.007851248607039452,
-0.02980387769639492,
0.026350872591137886,
0.02295573800802231,
-0.00014279517927207053,
0.020293643698096275,
0.04610438272356987,
-0.019753508269786835,
0.002888757735490799,
0.010658021084964275,
-0.023650197312235832,
-0.0078078447841107845,
-0.03707640990614891,
0.036806344985961914,
-0.09012538194656372,
-0.0008222591131925583,
-0.038928303867578506
] |
Foley sound generation aims to synthesise the background sound for multimedia
content. Previous models usually employ a large development set with labels as
input (e.g., single numbers or one-hot vector). In this work, we propose a
diffusion model based system for Foley sound generation with text conditions.
To alleviate the data scarcity issue, our model is initially pre-trained with
large-scale datasets and fine-tuned to this task via transfer learning using
the contrastive language-audio pertaining (CLAP) technique. We have observed
that the feature embedding extracted by the text encoder can significantly
affect the performance of the generation model. Hence, we introduce a trainable
layer after the encoder to improve the text embedding produced by the encoder.
In addition, we further refine the generated waveform by generating multiple
candidate audio clips simultaneously and selecting the best one, which is
determined in terms of the similarity score between the embedding of the
candidate clips and the embedding of the target text label. Using the proposed
method, our system ranks ${1}^{st}$ among the systems submitted to DCASE
Challenge 2023 Task 7. The results of the ablation studies illustrate that the
proposed techniques significantly improve sound generation performance. The
codes for implementing the proposed system are available online. | [
-0.0001608895108802244,
0.016453756019473076,
-0.02749725989997387,
0.004862438887357712,
-0.021931877359747887,
0.011179246008396149,
-0.06597015261650085,
0.029164936393499374,
-0.05918310210108757,
0.07415340095758438,
0.014999386854469776,
0.0008271720726042986,
0.006127739325165749,
-0.008634100668132305,
0.020399942994117737,
0.02332807146012783,
0.021854311227798462,
0.006510722916573286,
0.040218137204647064,
-0.04417401924729347,
0.0006974908756092191,
0.04681127518415451,
-0.014252811670303345,
0.025713235139846802,
-0.0059047359973192215,
-0.003114772494882345,
0.04242877662181854,
-0.03137557581067085,
-0.042506344616413116,
0.09323471784591675,
0.06003633141517639,
0.029921207576990128,
-0.03851167857646942,
-0.03903524950146675,
0.009836379438638687,
-0.029339460656046867,
0.057205162942409515,
0.053288061171770096,
0.019847283139824867,
0.028893454000353813,
-0.0124009158462286,
-0.017520291730761528,
-0.023405637592077255,
-0.0260234996676445,
-0.019391579553484917,
-0.004343714099377394,
-0.004283115267753601,
0.01665736734867096,
0.015464785508811474,
0.007223363500088453,
0.026256199926137924,
-0.059415802359580994,
0.014378856867551804,
0.017995385453104973,
-0.0544903390109539,
0.015658700838685036,
0.008323836140334606,
0.01818930171430111,
0.04460063576698303,
0.0015101192984730005,
0.04871165007352829,
0.010772022418677807,
-0.03164706006646156,
0.007674217689782381,
0.01137316133826971,
0.000002783752279356122,
0.025674451142549515,
0.025771409273147583,
-0.034982409328222275,
0.027419693768024445,
-0.012740268371999264,
-0.053016580641269684,
-0.06348803639411926,
0.04332078993320465,
0.020981689915060997,
0.03457518666982651,
0.027788134291768074,
0.06034659594297409,
0.003175371326506138,
0.0025257533416152,
-0.01718094013631344,
-0.024084342643618584,
-0.05600288510322571,
0.04758693650364876,
0.05960971862077713,
0.0021003505680710077,
-0.02284328080713749,
-0.05507208779454231,
0.004387345165014267,
-0.019217055290937424,
-0.018606221303343773,
0.017248811200261116,
0.007989331148564816,
0.019023140892386436,
-0.03505997732281685,
-0.0006938549922779202,
-0.008299596607685089,
-0.024084342643618584,
-0.06724999845027924,
-0.021912485361099243,
-0.007582108024507761,
0.004923037253320217,
-0.022280925884842873,
-0.015319348312914371,
-0.014553381130099297,
0.013021445833146572,
-0.0006793112843297422,
0.000796266773249954,
-0.016802804544568062,
0.11146280169487,
0.0035171478521078825,
-0.0289322379976511,
0.038841333240270615,
0.010422973893582821,
0.04029570519924164,
0.017840253189206123,
-0.03346986696124077,
-0.05964849889278412,
0.012216695584356785,
-0.056080449372529984,
0.02162161096930504,
0.04871165007352829,
-0.004884254187345505,
0.016395581886172295,
-0.007630586624145508,
0.06453517824411392,
0.012517265044152737,
-0.020399942994117737,
0.0008683791966177523,
-0.0072427550330758095,
-0.06740513443946838,
0.003037206130102277,
-0.049681227654218674,
0.05425764247775078,
0.0548006035387516,
0.017442725598812103,
-0.05375346168875694,
-0.018043864518404007,
-0.0014713361160829663,
0.016909457743167877,
-0.00783904641866684,
0.0021548892837017775,
-0.019856978207826614,
0.01650223508477211,
-0.0019234023056924343,
0.012391219846904278,
-0.03290751203894615,
0.05763177573680878,
0.033237166702747345,
-0.03282994404435158,
-0.044290367513895035,
0.033178992569446564,
0.005017571151256561,
0.06317776441574097,
-0.010607194155454636,
-0.02458852343261242,
0.02390981838107109,
-0.014340073801577091,
0.04723788797855377,
-0.069809690117836,
0.0465397909283638,
-0.01742333546280861,
0.02608167566359043,
-0.005293901544064283,
-0.0025936239399015903,
0.0030517498962581158,
0.016938544809818268,
0.030270256102085114,
-0.031763408333063126,
0.045143596827983856,
0.047160323709249496,
-0.0018761353567242622,
0.04665614292025566,
-0.004401888698339462,
-0.027419693768024445,
0.04801355302333832,
0.04576412960886955,
0.027264561504125595,
-0.027322735637426376,
0.020923515781760216,
-0.026740988716483116,
0.04607439413666725,
0.05363710969686508,
-0.026275591924786568,
0.05569261685013771,
0.02348320372402668,
0.07981574535369873,
-0.0016131370794028044,
0.01081080548465252,
-0.0031390120275318623,
-0.00119621807243675,
0.07155492901802063,
0.007363952696323395,
0.01692884974181652,
0.037464533001184464,
-0.03713487461209297,
-0.037057310342788696,
0.030056949704885483,
-0.03851167857646942,
0.029649725183844566,
-0.08974423259496689,
-0.022940238937735558,
0.022920846939086914,
-0.01941097155213356,
-0.009400068782269955,
0.03645617142319679,
0.006501027382910252,
0.0691891610622406,
-0.038375936448574066,
-0.09323471784591675,
0.03114287741482258,
0.012080954387784004,
-0.024317041039466858,
-0.011809471994638443,
0.02305658906698227,
-0.02088473178446293,
0.02819535695016384,
0.025732627138495445,
0.0373481847345829,
-0.028583189472556114,
0.011256812140345573,
0.025887759402394295,
0.014165549539029598,
-0.029804859310388565,
-0.041071366518735886,
-0.021272562444210052,
-0.004593380726873875,
0.030483564361929893,
0.016696151345968246,
0.03083261288702488,
-0.017617249861359596,
0.028272923082113266,
-0.01855774223804474,
-0.05611923336982727,
0.029106762260198593,
0.012740268371999264,
0.0033571673557162285,
-0.017122766003012657,
0.03009573183953762,
0.005095137748867273,
-0.04231242835521698,
0.02819535695016384,
-0.04840138554573059,
0.00035450232098810375,
0.036514345556497574,
-0.03668886795639992,
0.023405637592077255,
0.03189915046095848,
0.008071744814515114,
-0.010907763615250587,
-0.049797575920820236,
0.022494232282042503,
-0.0063071115873754025,
0.0014567924663424492,
-0.02586836740374565,
0.03025086410343647,
0.05557626858353615,
-0.035312067717313766,
0.03568050637841225,
-0.08827047049999237,
0.0358162485063076,
-0.005560535471886396,
0.006418612785637379,
0.012071258388459682,
-0.025771409273147583,
0.018198998644948006,
0.036514345556497574,
-0.02321172133088112,
0.026740988716483116,
-0.029339460656046867,
-0.03628164529800415,
0.03835654631257057,
-0.04343713819980621,
-0.0017173668602481484,
0.039636388421058655,
-0.016696151345968246,
0.09129556268453598,
0.03151131793856621,
0.05099985748529434,
0.006151978857815266,
-0.002167009050026536,
0.04832381755113602,
0.033237166702747345,
0.0197503250092268,
-0.04774206876754761,
-0.008299596607685089,
0.007431823294609785,
-0.01229426171630621,
-0.06682338565587997,
-0.004358257632702589,
-0.004908493719995022,
-0.04277782514691353,
-0.015435697510838509,
0.006728878244757652,
-0.021641002967953682,
0.01827656477689743,
0.00394861027598381,
-0.015367827378213406,
0.03709609434008598,
-0.026799162849783897,
-0.03618468716740608,
0.007611195091158152,
0.018780745565891266,
-0.004287963267415762,
-0.046462226659059525,
0.006549505982547998,
0.009880010038614273,
0.020070284605026245,
-0.036436777561903,
-0.04739302024245262,
0.025558102875947952,
0.0015464784810319543,
-0.007989331148564816,
-0.006932490039616823,
-0.014407943934202194,
0.006471939850598574,
0.02152465470135212,
-0.03447822853922844,
0.03538963198661804,
-0.03806567192077637,
0.0019209784222766757,
0.03971395641565323,
-0.10238754004240036,
0.046151962131261826,
0.010733239352703094,
0.018838919699192047,
0.060152679681777954,
0.004627315793186426,
0.046151962131261826,
0.043282005935907364,
-0.05712759494781494,
-0.05666219815611839,
0.019236447289586067,
-0.007160340901464224,
-0.0007477878243662417,
0.005885344464331865,
-0.06034659594297409,
0.03849228471517563,
0.017442725598812103,
-0.02491817995905876,
-0.001564658130519092,
0.015232086181640625,
-0.07015873491764069,
-0.016637975350022316,
0.027885092422366142,
-0.013428669422864914,
-0.0013162035029381514,
-0.005027267150580883,
0.0052114869467914104,
-0.056351929903030396,
0.0011283475905656815,
0.008042657747864723,
0.005550839938223362,
-0.007538476958870888,
-0.022300317883491516,
-0.03548659011721611,
-0.03515693545341492,
-0.013234753161668777,
-0.022940238937735558,
0.09532900899648666,
-0.017064590007066727,
-0.0379687137901783,
0.026954296976327896,
0.0011513751232996583,
-0.08803777396678925,
-0.005560535471886396,
0.0084983604028821,
0.003255361458286643,
0.03668886795639992,
-0.0007047627586871386,
0.004789720289409161,
0.06162644177675247,
-0.03618468716740608,
0.012885704636573792,
-0.026469506323337555,
0.029281286522746086,
-0.03145314380526543,
-0.031976714730262756,
-0.026314374059438705,
0.05324927717447281,
-0.024200692772865295,
0.0413428470492363,
0.06604772061109543,
0.007383344229310751,
-0.006244088988751173,
0.056623414158821106,
-0.019187968224287033,
0.003958306275308132,
-0.045453865081071854,
0.020070284605026245,
-0.0038516526110470295,
-0.018451089039444923,
-0.08136706799268723,
-0.03443944454193115,
0.041536763310432434,
-0.006273176055401564,
0.026566464453935623,
-0.012449393980205059,
0.004334018100053072,
-0.014883037656545639,
-0.04200216382741928,
0.018102040514349937,
0.06166522577404976,
0.01338019035756588,
0.012623918242752552,
0.003444429486989975,
0.007858437485992908,
-0.0060792602598667145,
0.008566230535507202,
0.026294982060790062,
-0.008163855411112309,
0.016327710822224617,
-0.02596532553434372,
-0.01604653336107731,
0.011489511467516422,
-0.007892373017966747,
-0.05569261685013771,
0.01353532262146473,
0.0052357264794409275,
0.009138282388448715,
-0.003010542830452323,
0.025616277009248734,
0.06364316493272781,
0.014611555263400078,
0.015115736983716488,
-0.011043504811823368,
0.011101679876446724,
0.022494232282042503,
-0.017306985333561897,
-0.031336791813373566,
0.01367106381803751,
-0.024607915431261063,
0.030561130493879318,
-0.08974423259496689,
-0.005570231471210718,
0.016647672280669212,
-0.000191946339327842,
-0.010587803088128567,
-0.027051255106925964,
0.025635669007897377,
-0.05177551880478859,
-0.026159241795539856,
0.003912251442670822,
0.004627315793186426,
-0.024045558646321297,
-0.033605609089136124,
-0.003744998946785927,
0.012255478650331497,
0.022358492016792297,
-0.025674451142549515,
-0.01131498720496893,
0.023812860250473022,
-0.07341652363538742,
0.015106040984392166,
0.025247836485505104,
0.0052357264794409275,
0.00567203713580966,
-0.050107844173908234,
0.02612045779824257,
-0.07640282809734344,
-0.03343108296394348,
0.04219608008861542,
0.05658463016152382,
0.014524293132126331,
-0.0063313511200249195,
0.018712874501943588,
-0.014553381130099297,
-0.03178279846906662,
-0.017200332134962082,
0.03860863670706749,
-0.021931877359747887,
-0.016802804544568062,
-0.019178273156285286,
0.021776745095849037,
-0.017500901594758034,
-0.028757713735103607,
-0.030696870759129524,
-0.059687282890081406,
0.07302869111299515,
-0.007082774769514799,
-0.04766450449824333,
-0.048672866076231,
0.023308679461479187,
-0.026585856452584267,
0.04595804587006569,
0.020962297916412354,
0.0029984230641275644,
0.017656033858656883,
0.04320444166660309,
-0.02412312477827072,
0.011799776926636696,
0.01647314801812172,
0.009225544519722462,
-0.017898429185152054,
0.007344561163336039,
-0.006985816638916731,
-0.043282005935907364,
-0.07818684726953506,
0.05251239985227585,
-0.004770328756421804,
0.005322988610714674,
-0.016608888283371925,
0.022920846939086914,
-0.01396193727850914,
0.020458117127418518,
0.03077443689107895,
-0.028835279867053032,
0.028796495869755745,
0.0014955756487324834,
0.04142041504383087,
-0.004127982538193464,
-0.003129316261038184,
0.018974661827087402,
-0.020225418731570244,
0.022339100018143654,
0.004227364435791969,
-0.039170991629362106,
0.000040411749068880454,
0.004872134421020746,
0.0015864736633375287,
-0.0013234753860160708,
-0.006190761923789978,
-0.009012237191200256,
0.09625980257987976,
-0.055343568325042725,
0.057243943214416504,
0.055770184844732285,
-0.011557381600141525,
0.01910070702433586,
-0.03131740167737007,
-0.06484544277191162,
0.023347461596131325,
0.0019391579553484917,
-0.015988357365131378,
0.017898429185152054,
0.014989691786468029,
-0.022300317883491516,
0.016919152811169624,
-0.015959270298480988,
0.015270869247615337,
0.025790801271796227,
0.02183491922914982,
-0.05980363115668297,
-0.021253172308206558,
0.04114893451333046,
0.0018531078239902854,
0.020652033388614655,
-0.04642344266176224,
-0.00846442487090826,
0.004583684727549553,
0.023832252249121666,
0.017830558121204376,
0.006583441514521837,
0.0232698954641819,
-0.023521985858678818,
-0.018722571432590485,
-0.03670826181769371,
-0.037212442606687546,
0.000013966104233986698,
0.0017464541597291827,
-0.016938544809818268,
-0.01818930171430111,
0.012381523847579956,
0.025306012481451035,
0.006302263587713242,
0.0009192820871248841,
0.07721727341413498,
0.002719669137150049,
-0.02920372039079666,
-0.0038686201442033052,
-0.039170991629362106,
-0.03835654631257057,
-0.03474971279501915,
-0.024976355955004692,
0.013787413015961647,
0.022145183756947517,
0.032655421644449234,
-0.041497983038425446,
-0.004828503355383873,
-0.0021512534003704786,
-0.002959639998152852,
-0.024297649040818214,
0.0019234023056924343,
0.03717365860939026,
0.012740268371999264,
0.019556408748030663,
-0.01695793680846691,
-0.04126528277993202,
-0.02513148821890354,
0.010374495759606361,
0.023715902119874954,
0.05960971862077713,
0.02612045779824257,
-0.019478842616081238,
-0.07822563499212265,
-0.042079728096723557,
0.002010664436966181,
0.014078287407755852,
-0.01784995011985302,
-0.07310625910758972,
-0.050224192440509796,
0.025189662352204323,
0.004646707326173782,
-0.0123233487829566,
-0.01433037780225277,
-0.02262997440993786,
0.04871165007352829,
-0.03676643595099449,
-0.008934670127928257,
0.02210640162229538,
0.043980102986097336,
-0.010054534301161766,
0.012914792634546757,
-0.008314140141010284,
0.030561130493879318,
-0.013864980079233646,
0.036844003945589066,
0.01327353622764349,
-0.016521627083420753,
-0.013709846884012222,
0.016754325479269028,
-0.03137557581067085,
0.0345945805311203,
-0.016027141362428665,
0.025209054350852966,
0.03533145785331726,
-0.010587803088128567,
-0.08152220398187637,
-0.009986664168536663,
-0.01681249961256981,
-0.024452783167362213,
0.04549264535307884,
-0.028001442551612854,
-0.009162521921098232,
0.02660524845123291,
-0.0011713725980371237,
0.05189186707139015,
0.013389886356890202,
0.012556048110127449,
0.01076232735067606,
-0.010665369220077991,
0.003265057224780321,
-0.06930550932884216,
0.046190742403268814,
-0.005890192463994026,
0.009666702710092068,
-0.03465275466442108,
0.015251478180289268,
0.045143596827983856,
0.0673663467168808,
0.020981689915060997,
0.01751059666275978,
0.010830197483301163,
0.04801355302333832,
-0.022920846939086914,
-0.02226153388619423,
0.05394737422466278,
0.04301052540540695,
-0.006859771441668272,
-0.03217063099145889,
0.05041810870170593,
-0.020826557651162148,
0.003109924728050828,
-0.025325404480099678,
0.030425388365983963,
-0.006394373718649149,
0.033450476825237274,
-0.04188581183552742,
-0.020438725128769875,
0.04452306777238846,
0.006631920579820871,
-0.06608650833368301,
-0.009395220316946507,
0.011024112813174725,
0.01131498720496893,
-0.0006084108026698232,
0.014320681802928448,
0.02449156530201435,
0.0024275833275169134,
-0.001667675911448896,
-0.05891162157058716,
-0.04289417341351509,
-0.04801355302333832,
-0.012633614242076874,
0.010481148958206177,
-0.013360798358917236,
0.025247836485505104,
0.011431336402893066,
-0.007460910361260176,
0.009589136578142643,
-0.0004935762844979763,
0.015067257918417454,
0.0029281286988407373,
0.017336072400212288,
0.0027148211374878883,
0.0008968605543486774,
-0.044135235249996185,
0.0008641373133286834,
0.041963379830121994,
0.04766450449824333,
0.016725238412618637,
0.02162161096930504,
-0.00398739380761981,
0.011489511467516422,
0.031065311282873154,
0.01025814563035965,
-0.026198023930191994,
-0.019517624750733376,
-0.024976355955004692,
-0.005943519063293934,
-0.008406249806284904,
0.025848975405097008,
0.018198998644948006,
0.0016543441452085972,
0.010820501483976841,
-0.011751297861337662,
-0.01335110329091549,
-0.07186519354581833,
-0.027419693768024445,
0.03630103915929794,
-0.012303957715630531,
0.006045325193554163,
-0.003992241341620684,
-0.09874192625284195,
-0.017200332134962082,
0.02072959952056408,
-0.02241666615009308,
-0.021757353097200394,
-0.009720029309391975,
0.015581134706735611,
-0.00917221698909998,
-0.06240210309624672,
-0.013457756489515305,
0.02036115899682045,
-0.007916612550616264,
0.021117430180311203,
-0.012420306913554668,
0.06356559693813324,
0.03928733989596367,
0.018169909715652466,
0.02036115899682045,
-0.018994051963090897,
0.02005089446902275,
0.003509876085445285,
-0.011887038126587868,
-0.01570717990398407,
0.024627307429909706,
0.03465275466442108,
-0.008018418215215206,
-0.0034420054871588945,
0.04584169387817383,
-0.0355253741145134,
0.014165549539029598,
-0.03443944454193115,
-0.0007641494739800692,
0.012740268371999264,
0.028311707079410553,
-0.025790801271796227,
-0.03756149113178253,
-0.015988357365131378,
-0.02608167566359043,
0.016725238412618637,
0.009671550244092941,
-0.01885831169784069,
0.04374740645289421,
-0.01076232735067606,
-0.036940958350896835,
-0.0026178632397204638,
0.0011859163641929626,
0.0038710441440343857,
0.05231848359107971,
-0.005686580669134855,
0.04130406677722931,
-0.03164706006646156,
0.04142041504383087,
-0.002855410100892186,
0.040799885988235474,
-0.031026527285575867,
0.026042891666293144,
-0.028971020132303238,
-0.02639194019138813,
0.015503568574786186,
-0.016754325479269028,
0.02253301627933979,
-0.02654707245528698,
0.03686339408159256,
0.009089803323149681,
0.00917221698909998,
-0.0456089973449707,
0.0195951908826828,
0.03595199063420296,
-0.009821834973990917,
0.009361285716295242,
0.010035142302513123,
0.024413999170064926,
-0.01953701674938202,
0.02939763478934765,
0.05840744078159332,
-0.05379224196076393,
-0.036630693823099136,
0.015367827378213406,
0.010151492431759834,
-0.00629256758838892,
0.04832381755113602,
-0.00015240570064634085,
-0.03422613814473152,
-0.033295344561338425,
-0.06457395851612091,
0.009690942242741585,
0.01583322510123253,
0.04700519144535065,
-0.00423221243545413,
0.02957215905189514,
0.011121070943772793,
0.006074412260204554,
-0.007315473631024361,
-0.056778546422719955,
0.020109068602323532,
-0.03633981943130493,
-0.03637860342860222,
-0.04142041504383087,
-0.01904253102838993,
0.03003755770623684,
0.0324615053832531,
-0.00467579485848546,
0.018596524372696877,
0.01541630644351244,
-0.0006308323354460299,
0.029339460656046867,
0.03484667092561722,
0.02939763478934765,
-0.02348320372402668,
-0.02575201913714409,
0.005691428668797016,
-0.03356682509183884,
0.02501513808965683,
0.019391579553484917,
0.02575201913714409,
0.006404069252312183,
0.07085683196783066,
-0.03569990023970604,
0.05309414491057396,
-0.023347461596131325,
-0.020458117127418518,
-0.010452061891555786,
-0.017646338790655136,
-0.018664395436644554,
-0.026566464453935623,
-0.02167978696525097,
-0.007882677018642426,
0.0336831733584404,
-0.002925704699009657,
0.04553142935037613,
-0.024782439693808556,
-0.01983758620917797,
0.01600774936378002,
0.02866075560450554,
0.014834558591246605,
0.0013586225686594844,
-0.025461144745349884,
0.02390981838107109,
-0.005633254069834948,
-0.02724516950547695,
0.02935885265469551,
0.009366133250296116,
0.02183491922914982,
-0.014805471524596214,
-0.05507208779454231,
-0.010122404433786869,
-0.03645617142319679,
-0.024530349299311638,
0.007916612550616264,
-0.01592048816382885,
0.014407943934202194,
0.004663675092160702,
0.03434249013662338,
-0.057670559734106064,
0.00662222458049655,
0.01625983975827694,
-0.05611923336982727,
-0.0029572159983217716,
0.028156574815511703,
0.018761353567242622,
-0.022785106673836708,
0.0679868832230568,
-0.029067978262901306,
-0.02195126935839653,
-0.000993818510323763,
0.021912485361099243,
-0.07124466449022293,
-0.0025887759402394295,
0.05491695553064346,
-0.037580881267786026,
-0.024355825036764145,
0.04774206876754761,
0.004750937223434448,
-0.009729725308716297,
0.0034420054871588945,
-0.013060228899121284,
-0.023037197068333626,
0.0074415188282728195,
-0.021699178963899612,
-0.005594471003860235,
-0.026275591924786568,
-0.023192329332232475,
0.006122891325503588,
0.019314013421535492,
-0.031065311282873154,
0.04537629708647728,
-0.02660524845123291,
-0.03040599822998047,
-0.00283601856790483,
0.021815527230501175,
-0.004011633340269327,
0.02596532553434372,
-0.004329170100390911,
0.013884371146559715,
-0.005109681282192469,
0.06267358362674713,
-0.006263480521738529,
0.027885092422366142,
0.058213524520397186,
-0.0024190996773540974,
0.02718699537217617,
-0.034672144800424576,
-0.02375468611717224,
0.011111374944448471,
-0.00724760303273797,
0.030638696625828743,
0.01962427981197834,
0.004733969457447529,
0.03251967951655388,
0.014456422999501228,
-0.015852617099881172,
0.006985816638916731,
0.013399581424891949,
0.003609257750213146,
-0.038259588181972504,
-0.036262255162000656,
-0.034090396016836166,
-0.006302263587713242,
0.01888739876449108,
-0.0114798154681921,
-0.0246466975659132,
0.018422001972794533,
-0.04017935320734978,
0.011528294533491135,
0.03110409528017044,
-0.011140462942421436,
0.07613134384155273,
-0.0030226625967770815,
0.0303090400993824,
-0.025945933535695076,
-0.03478849306702614,
-0.01830565184354782,
0.013787413015961647,
-0.030270256102085114,
0.004704881925135851,
0.042971741408109665,
0.027303345501422882,
-0.011130766943097115,
-0.01601744443178177,
-0.02501513808965683,
-0.005386011209338903,
0.011954909190535545,
-0.011043504811823368,
-0.01925583928823471,
-0.01748150959610939,
-0.007305777631700039,
-0.016114402562379837,
0.004401888698339462,
-0.04111015051603317,
0.01517391111701727,
-0.002850562334060669,
0.001158646889962256,
-0.030502956360578537,
-0.003005694830790162,
-0.0035316916182637215,
-0.0005469031748361886,
-0.010704152286052704,
0.0036504650488495827,
-0.009589136578142643,
0.02666342258453369,
0.0019391579553484917,
-0.002734212903305888,
-0.03682461008429527,
0.027846308425068855,
-0.01748150959610939,
-0.05239604786038399,
0.03385769948363304,
-0.023289287462830544,
-0.00043479559826664627,
0.011848255060613155,
-0.03457518666982651,
-0.024530349299311638,
-0.020225418731570244,
0.00003128407115582377,
-0.04343713819980621,
0.05262874811887741,
0.01782086119055748,
-0.02513148821890354,
-0.04452306777238846,
-0.031239835545420647,
0.036417387425899506,
-0.02549992874264717,
0.054024942219257355,
0.041226498782634735,
-0.015959270298480988,
-0.017161548137664795,
-0.0017003992106765509,
-0.006244088988751173,
-0.023017805069684982,
0.009458242915570736,
-0.015474480576813221,
-0.005807778332382441,
-0.014087982475757599,
-0.028951629996299744,
-0.03391587361693382,
-0.016734933480620384,
-0.029339460656046867,
0.04483333230018616,
-0.08617617934942245,
0.009400068782269955,
-0.021136822178959846
] |
In the investment industry, it is often essential to carry out fine-grained
company similarity quantification for a range of purposes, including market
mapping, competitor analysis, and mergers and acquisitions. We propose and
publish a knowledge graph, named CompanyKG, to represent and learn diverse
company features and relations. Specifically, 1.17 million companies are
represented as nodes enriched with company description embeddings; and 15
different inter-company relations result in 51.06 million weighted edges. To
enable a comprehensive assessment of methods for company similarity
quantification, we have devised and compiled three evaluation tasks with
annotated test sets: similarity prediction, competitor retrieval and similarity
ranking. We present extensive benchmarking results for 11 reproducible
predictive methods categorized into three groups: node-only, edge-only, and
node+edge. To the best of our knowledge, CompanyKG is the first large-scale
heterogeneous graph dataset originating from a real-world investment platform,
tailored for quantifying inter-company similarity. | [
-0.001322718570008874,
-0.018683696165680885,
-0.031272001564502716,
-0.01887299306690693,
0.03907107189297676,
-0.025858083739876747,
-0.0328621007502079,
0.02758069336414337,
-0.054290615022182465,
-0.005920289549976587,
0.004498189780861139,
-0.04183482006192207,
-0.006573366932570934,
-0.07041878998279572,
-0.03534190356731415,
0.06322547048330307,
0.02214784547686577,
-0.0316505953669548,
-0.017595233395695686,
-0.021920688450336456,
-0.023435071110725403,
-0.03316497802734375,
0.00454551400616765,
0.011433588340878487,
0.05841730907559395,
-0.0017876813653856516,
0.018948711454868317,
0.009209339506924152,
-0.04357635974884033,
0.0455450564622879,
0.02341614104807377,
-0.004945405758917332,
0.023397210985422134,
0.01092248409986496,
-0.06409624218940735,
0.003336374182254076,
0.03466043248772621,
0.03307032957673073,
0.010023320093750954,
-0.006923567969352007,
0.03329748660326004,
0.060499586164951324,
-0.04138050600886345,
0.030836615711450577,
0.027372466400265694,
-0.021087776869535446,
-0.005943951662629843,
-0.0555778406560421,
0.004370413720607758,
-0.007235909346491098,
0.04811950773000717,
0.027410324662923813,
0.039790403097867966,
-0.006166376639157534,
-0.037783846259117126,
0.03422504663467407,
0.05894734337925911,
0.03592872619628906,
0.06254400312900543,
0.054820649325847626,
-0.01752897910773754,
0.005205690395087004,
-0.0422891341149807,
-0.014320380054414272,
0.023151123896241188,
-0.035247255116701126,
0.023662228137254715,
-0.01190683338791132,
-0.002388702007010579,
-0.042364854365587234,
-0.048611681908369064,
-0.022526441141963005,
0.05641075223684311,
-0.00019891060946974903,
-0.0015049177454784513,
-0.008139806799590588,
0.0372159518301487,
-0.02167460136115551,
0.02631239779293537,
0.019914131611585617,
0.0675414651632309,
0.049293152987957,
-0.0004132016620133072,
0.0035351368132978678,
0.05012606456875801,
-0.01446235366165638,
-0.00026664373581297696,
-0.08170094341039658,
-0.054593492299318314,
0.023927245289087296,
-0.01966804452240467,
-0.0795050859451294,
-0.026009520515799522,
-0.04304632544517517,
-0.00024682661751285195,
0.006473985500633717,
0.01668660342693329,
-0.010335661470890045,
-0.02748604491353035,
0.04050973430275917,
-0.002924651373177767,
-0.03452792391180992,
0.03293782100081444,
-0.019554466009140015,
0.0022230662871152163,
-0.021731389686465263,
-0.00690463837236166,
0.033316418528556824,
0.004531316924840212,
0.07435618340969086,
0.024154402315616608,
0.002100022742524743,
-0.02407868392765522,
-0.014452888630330563,
-0.029341163113713264,
0.037291672080755234,
-0.028072867542505264,
-0.007789605297148228,
0.03363822400569916,
-0.06833651661872864,
0.0033553040120750666,
-0.012380077503621578,
0.00003647310586529784,
-0.10025212913751602,
-0.013894460164010525,
0.029341163113713264,
-0.035587992519140244,
0.010752116329967976,
-0.05800085514783859,
0.028830058872699738,
-0.06042386591434479,
0.02447620965540409,
-0.005674202460795641,
-0.016847506165504456,
0.02294289693236351,
0.018778344616293907,
0.05588071793317795,
0.029606180265545845,
-0.0024277446791529655,
0.010070644319057465,
0.028867918998003006,
-0.03577728942036629,
-0.00395632442086935,
-0.04509074240922928,
0.027012798935174942,
-0.009701513685286045,
-0.005394988227635622,
0.12531515955924988,
0.01843760907649994,
0.014708440750837326,
-0.057092223316431046,
0.025006242096424103,
-0.012001481838524342,
0.00017524838040117174,
-0.021996406838297844,
-0.042970605194568634,
0.02154209278523922,
-0.0630740374326706,
0.04085047170519829,
-0.014159477315843105,
0.04509074240922928,
-0.01831456460058689,
0.01940302737057209,
0.037783846259117126,
-0.007836929522454739,
0.009521680884063244,
-0.03216170147061348,
-0.031783103942871094,
-0.11327581852674484,
0.038351740688085556,
0.03967682272195816,
0.024665506556630135,
0.012417937628924847,
-0.025839153677225113,
-0.03596658632159233,
0.04815736785531044,
0.045204319059848785,
-0.03801100328564644,
-0.05137543007731438,
-0.0010387718211859465,
-0.014481283724308014,
-0.0028867919463664293,
0.021485302597284317,
0.031139492988586426,
0.013014225289225578,
-0.020557744428515434,
0.04846024513244629,
0.058795902878046036,
0.016052454710006714,
0.028375744819641113,
0.032483506947755814,
0.03496330976486206,
0.03342999517917633,
0.033978961408138275,
-0.009024773724377155,
-0.023435071110725403,
-0.019119080156087875,
0.048611681908369064,
0.006298885215073824,
-0.05887162312865257,
0.00265963445417583,
-0.035247255116701126,
0.01569278910756111,
0.03369501233100891,
0.0561835952103138,
-0.019062291830778122,
0.004200045485049486,
-0.04709729924798012,
-0.030268723145127296,
-0.03276745229959488,
-0.0473623163998127,
-0.054025597870349884,
-0.0391467921435833,
-0.02347293123602867,
0.018693160265684128,
0.011073922738432884,
-0.003279584925621748,
0.020292727276682854,
0.059439517557621,
-0.015020782127976418,
0.006066995207220316,
-0.014613792300224304,
0.07348541915416718,
-0.003402628470212221,
-0.016573024913668633,
0.043235622346401215,
0.005347663536667824,
-0.033316418528556824,
0.029379023239016533,
0.0284514632076025,
0.04103976860642433,
-0.002964877290651202,
-0.02163674123585224,
-0.027769990265369415,
0.022867176681756973,
-0.02547948807477951,
0.01765202172100544,
-0.05523710697889328,
-0.06788220256567001,
-0.01974376291036606,
0.027713201940059662,
-0.089878611266613,
-0.03997969999909401,
-0.0233782809227705,
0.07655204087495804,
-0.006791059393435717,
0.005428115371614695,
0.01765202172100544,
0.036553408950567245,
0.015124896541237831,
-0.003307979553937912,
-0.01518168579787016,
-0.0005661188042722642,
-0.007775408215820789,
0.015664394944906235,
0.029511531814932823,
0.07075952738523483,
0.0385410375893116,
-0.031707387417554855,
-0.029132936149835587,
0.05731938034296036,
-0.015569746494293213,
-0.03392216935753822,
0.012503121048212051,
-0.061029620468616486,
0.028035007417201996,
0.038124583661556244,
-0.05603215470910072,
-0.0066774808801710606,
0.013629443012177944,
0.0013759585563093424,
0.003882971592247486,
-0.058568745851516724,
0.008224990218877792,
-0.011717535555362701,
-0.033013541251420975,
0.06360407173633575,
-0.0268235020339489,
0.0010174758499488235,
0.009938135743141174,
0.013686233200132847,
-0.025725575163960457,
0.0016729194903746247,
0.020519884303212166,
-0.064512699842453,
-0.021693531423807144,
-0.00329378223977983,
-0.0315370187163353,
-0.0512239933013916,
-0.044333551079034805,
0.002373321447521448,
-0.02368115819990635,
-0.023151123896241188,
0.05213262140750885,
-0.0208416897803545,
0.01625121757388115,
-0.017623627558350563,
-0.002185206860303879,
0.037783846259117126,
-0.024987313896417618,
-0.03967682272195816,
0.026596345007419586,
-0.014878809452056885,
0.0205388143658638,
-0.034584712237119675,
0.021220285445451736,
0.03422504663467407,
0.07681705802679062,
-0.012654559686779976,
-0.03396002948284149,
-0.018891923129558563,
-0.000023625256289960817,
0.017756136134266853,
-0.018021153286099434,
-0.03861675783991814,
-0.004147988744080067,
0.032010260969400406,
-0.006601761560887098,
0.024059753865003586,
-0.04967175051569939,
0.028905777260661125,
-0.010458705015480518,
-0.12682954967021942,
0.030704107135534286,
-0.004614134319126606,
0.027277816087007523,
-0.023870455101132393,
0.055691421031951904,
-0.0006093023694120347,
0.0017888644943013787,
-0.006838384084403515,
0.01879727467894554,
-0.03119628131389618,
0.03119628131389618,
0.05046680197119713,
0.02197747677564621,
0.008168200962245464,
0.020860619843006134,
-0.04387923702597618,
0.002385152503848076,
0.054214898496866226,
0.03564478084445,
-0.04085047170519829,
0.019649114459753036,
0.03797314316034317,
-0.022583231329917908,
-0.05671362951397896,
0.005730991717427969,
0.04191054031252861,
0.0027282549999654293,
0.001154125202447176,
0.010941414162516594,
-0.03254029527306557,
0.043159905821084976,
0.020254867151379585,
-0.019374633207917213,
0.002832368714734912,
-0.05300338938832283,
0.0075529832392930984,
0.031480226665735245,
-0.04183482006192207,
-0.07617344707250595,
-0.007316361181437969,
0.05644861236214638,
-0.1296311467885971,
-0.03125306963920593,
0.01930837891995907,
-0.011963622644543648,
0.02722102776169777,
-0.007240641862154007,
0.005565355997532606,
0.029871197417378426,
0.012399007566273212,
0.021220285445451736,
-0.00876448955386877,
0.011679675430059433,
-0.025063032284379005,
0.0013499300694093108,
-0.010013855062425137,
0.022526441141963005,
-0.04982318729162216,
-0.002754283370450139,
0.03278638422489166,
0.016184963285923004,
-0.011651281267404556,
0.03708344325423241,
0.04134264588356018,
-0.004207144025713205,
0.0042166090570390224,
0.01177432481199503,
0.009138352237641811,
0.014708440750837326,
-0.03449006378650665,
-0.03413039818406105,
0.0192705187946558,
0.006289420183748007,
-0.016355331987142563,
0.034584712237119675,
0.0606510229408741,
0.006511845160275698,
-0.04399281367659569,
0.06863939017057419,
-0.024532997980713844,
0.023264702409505844,
-0.027164237573742867,
-0.011850044131278992,
0.05046680197119713,
-0.023965105414390564,
0.010335661470890045,
0.016156569123268127,
-0.020765971392393112,
-0.01380927674472332,
-0.07481049746274948,
0.0026998601388186216,
-0.01708412915468216,
0.0029885394033044577,
-0.0524354986846447,
0.021049918606877327,
0.009739372879266739,
0.027164237573742867,
-0.034584712237119675,
-0.02328363247215748,
0.05107255280017853,
-0.01656355895102024,
-0.06879083067178726,
-0.0034333893563598394,
0.014254126697778702,
0.0044745272025465965,
0.00813034176826477,
-0.0372159518301487,
0.021693531423807144,
0.01703680492937565,
0.044863585382699966,
-0.03863568603992462,
0.010837300680577755,
-0.008021495305001736,
0.0072453743778169155,
0.0025365909095853567,
-0.003374233841896057,
-0.01756683737039566,
-0.009578470140695572,
-0.028678620234131813,
-0.02875434048473835,
-0.030514810234308243,
-0.003315078094601631,
0.011518772691488266,
-0.02792142890393734,
-0.0009849402122199535,
0.009701513685286045,
-0.028243236243724823,
-0.09184730798006058,
0.0039373948238790035,
-0.0776878297328949,
-0.013610513880848885,
-0.008688770234584808,
0.01682857610285282,
0.04016899690032005,
0.006540239788591862,
0.0706838071346283,
-0.021220285445451736,
-0.019175870344042778,
0.05307910963892937,
0.02390831522643566,
-0.03079875558614731,
-0.021447444334626198,
0.08578977733850479,
-0.05694078654050827,
-0.030533738434314728,
0.02765641175210476,
0.05065609887242317,
-0.0689801275730133,
0.018891923129558563,
-0.005077914334833622,
-0.007453601807355881,
-0.006123784463852644,
-0.013118339702486992,
0.03125306963920593,
-0.013667303137481213,
0.04103976860642433,
0.048043787479400635,
0.035890866070985794,
0.04766519367694855,
-0.03399788960814476,
0.01354425959289074,
-0.0002213897241745144,
-0.04100190848112106,
0.07284180074930191,
-0.02246965281665325,
-0.00690463837236166,
0.023170053958892822,
-0.011802718974649906,
-0.0005696681328117847,
-0.014481283724308014,
-0.010723722167313099,
0.016052454710006714,
-0.012010946869850159,
-0.013487470336258411,
0.012465261854231358,
0.04467428848147392,
-0.005650539882481098,
0.0063036177307367325,
-0.028262164443731308,
0.025100892409682274,
-0.014566468074917793,
0.01611870899796486,
-0.03159380704164505,
0.03577728942036629,
0.07204674929380417,
-0.04111548885703087,
0.005413917824625969,
0.06545919179916382,
0.047703053802251816,
-0.0028016078285872936,
0.02568771503865719,
-0.015759043395519257,
-0.0072169797495007515,
-0.018115801736712456,
-0.0009476722334511578,
0.003693673759698868,
0.01633640192449093,
-0.020917410030961037,
-0.018636370077729225,
-0.04013114050030708,
0.014273055829107761,
-0.03363822400569916,
0.01063853781670332,
-0.002588647650554776,
0.02120135724544525,
0.08185237646102905,
-0.04160766303539276,
-0.011509307660162449,
-0.007103400770574808,
-0.035890866070985794,
-0.054366335272789,
-0.059931691735982895,
0.023700088262557983,
0.0035682639572769403,
-0.04872525855898857,
0.01756683737039566,
-0.03185882419347763,
-0.005229352507740259,
0.01765202172100544,
-0.0018148928647860885,
0.01118750125169754,
0.026558484882116318,
0.0312909297645092,
0.013184593990445137,
-0.019166404381394386,
0.023170053958892822,
0.03185882419347763,
0.0461508110165596,
-0.029416881501674652,
0.07435618340969086,
-0.015030247159302235,
-0.006521310191601515,
-0.005394988227635622,
0.02848932333290577,
-0.03396002948284149,
-0.0044745272025465965,
-0.04202411696314812,
0.021163497120141983,
0.02511982060968876,
0.02171246148645878,
-0.020917410030961037,
0.025271259248256683,
-0.030003705993294716,
0.008598853833973408,
0.013733557425439358,
-0.04755161330103874,
0.005683667026460171,
0.008007298223674297,
-0.01678125187754631,
-0.0360044464468956,
-0.018068477511405945,
-0.025933802127838135,
0.024135472252964973,
-0.0009867149638012052,
-0.027277816087007523,
0.027902498841285706,
0.03350571542978287,
0.0053902557119727135,
0.02228035405278206,
-0.033751800656318665,
0.04141836240887642,
0.004055705852806568,
-0.019857341423630714,
-0.022999685257673264,
-0.025422697886824608,
0.007174387574195862,
0.011471448466181755,
-0.006933033000677824,
0.04811950773000717,
-0.006469252984970808,
-0.023851526901125908,
0.018409213051199913,
-0.005607948172837496,
-0.006492915563285351,
-0.005253014620393515,
0.05266265571117401,
-0.0404718741774559,
-0.015077571384608746,
-0.029871197417378426,
0.04467428848147392,
0.05716794356703758,
-0.007614505011588335,
0.0044768936932086945,
0.06280902028083801,
0.009554808028042316,
-0.008168200962245464,
-0.0023319125175476074,
0.010326196439564228,
-0.01817259192466736,
0.02123921550810337,
-0.0676550418138504,
0.020728111267089844,
0.03823816031217575,
-0.0032322604674845934,
0.02652062475681305,
-0.01860797591507435,
-0.017330216243863106,
0.04656726494431496,
0.02224249392747879,
-0.003738631960004568,
0.05023964121937752,
0.025233400985598564,
0.017670951783657074,
-0.036288391798734665,
0.007382615003734827,
-0.010496564209461212,
0.015304729342460632,
-0.003944493364542723,
0.014490748755633831,
-0.04308418557047844,
-0.004394075833261013,
-0.023529719561338425,
-0.0315370187163353,
-0.01751951314508915,
-0.002967243315652013,
0.04145622253417969,
-0.035020098090171814,
-0.019251588732004166,
-0.0246465764939785,
-0.04758947342634201,
0.057395100593566895,
-0.008527867496013641,
-0.021826039999723434,
-0.009162014350295067,
0.005073181819170713,
0.009512215852737427,
0.012361148372292519,
0.025233400985598564,
0.03500116616487503,
0.004441400058567524,
0.00869350228458643,
-0.0455450564622879,
-0.011622886173427105,
0.023226842284202576,
-0.016894830390810966,
0.0002104459417751059,
0.053949881345033646,
0.041266925632953644,
-0.0004043283115606755,
-0.0283946730196476,
-0.004661459010094404,
0.012862787581980228,
-0.01993306167423725,
-0.03590979799628258,
0.007742281071841717,
0.0009044886683113873,
-0.012427402660250664,
0.047135159373283386,
-0.0549720898270607,
-0.045204319059848785,
-0.015550816431641579,
0.00033215852454304695,
-0.022829318419098854,
0.003989451564848423,
0.005835105665028095,
0.020784901455044746,
-0.0033529377542436123,
-0.02341614104807377,
-0.04762733355164528,
0.0062752231024205685,
0.020179148763418198,
-0.0788993313908577,
-0.015522421337664127,
-0.015749579295516014,
-0.006317814812064171,
0.007311628665775061,
-0.010884624905884266,
0.015437237918376923,
-0.03997969999909401,
-0.017765600234270096,
0.03704558312892914,
0.029076145961880684,
0.030117284506559372,
0.02648276649415493,
0.0072737690061330795,
-0.03827602043747902,
-0.008404823020100594,
-0.015418307855725288,
-0.00011897664080606773,
-0.023094335570931435,
0.026577414944767952,
-0.02127707563340664,
0.012162385508418083,
0.02411654219031334,
0.02224249392747879,
-0.0422891341149807,
-0.02447620965540409,
0.0032393590081483126,
0.010354590602219105,
-0.041494082659482956,
0.009815092198550701,
0.019478745758533478,
-0.01717877760529518,
0.0015475096879526973,
-0.006090657319873571,
-0.03519046679139137,
-0.007183852605521679,
-0.012758673168718815,
0.0013996207853779197,
0.010752116329967976,
-0.03990398347377777,
-0.03761347755789757,
0.005891894921660423,
0.023624368011951447,
-0.02114456705749035,
-0.03689414635300636,
-0.0016279612900689244,
0.029435811564326286,
-0.017377540469169617,
0.00011209980584681034,
0.020122358575463295,
-0.00027211563428863883,
0.009928670711815357,
-0.023359350860118866,
0.013733557425439358,
-0.0005412734462879598,
-0.027429254725575447,
-0.006568634416908026,
-0.029303302988409996,
-0.027031728997826576,
-0.03293782100081444,
-0.020425235852599144,
0.006521310191601515,
0.05319269001483917,
-0.013392820954322815,
0.04501502215862274,
0.028546111658215523,
0.007027681916952133,
-0.01974376291036606,
-0.0028394674882292747,
-0.04671870172023773,
-0.025895942002534866,
-0.018626905977725983,
0.03619374334812164,
-0.02608524076640606,
-0.040888331830501556,
-0.00736368540674448,
-0.009114690124988556,
0.01656355895102024,
-0.007860592566430569,
0.0312909297645092,
0.04198625683784485,
0.033581435680389404,
-0.07174387574195862,
0.02735353633761406,
-0.013118339702486992,
-0.05800085514783859,
0.040396157652139664,
-0.01660141907632351,
0.05887162312865257,
0.007529321126639843,
0.02491159364581108,
0.0233782809227705,
-0.009493285790085793,
-0.01752897910773754,
-0.020179148763418198,
0.002380420221015811,
0.015654930844902992,
-0.02705065906047821,
0.01734914630651474,
0.04115334898233414,
-0.02744818478822708,
0.010704792104661465,
0.0205388143658638,
-0.006918835453689098,
0.0010216167429462075,
0.009559540078043938,
-0.056827206164598465,
-0.05561570078134537,
0.03360036388039589,
0.025138750672340393,
0.03185882419347763,
0.018248310312628746,
0.02254537120461464,
-0.03496330976486206,
-0.04528003931045532,
-0.007770675700157881,
0.052586935460567474,
-0.03814351186156273,
0.044863585382699966,
0.027959289029240608,
-0.03437648341059685,
-0.012834392488002777,
-0.010430309921503067,
0.05186760425567627,
-0.004557345062494278,
0.04694586247205734,
-0.01432984508574009,
0.025895942002534866,
-0.003307979553937912,
-0.00222898181527853,
0.05179188400506973,
0.017907574772834778,
-0.018645836040377617,
-0.037651337683200836,
-0.04016899690032005,
-0.009493285790085793,
0.014367705211043358,
-0.037783846259117126,
0.0391467921435833,
0.01514382567256689,
-0.013392820954322815,
-0.020254867151379585,
0.028546111658215523,
-0.006104854866862297,
0.007491461466997862,
-0.005925022065639496,
0.027277816087007523,
0.019819483160972595,
-0.023851526901125908,
-0.004017846193164587,
-0.04448498785495758,
-0.0008530233171768486,
0.038559965789318085,
0.0005746963433921337,
0.04732445627450943,
0.0007021766505204141,
-0.0023236307315528393,
-0.04637796804308891,
-0.07412903010845184,
-0.025933802127838135,
-0.013525329530239105,
-0.02511982060968876,
-0.006554437335580587,
-0.010193687863647938,
-0.030268723145127296,
0.03036337159574032,
-0.007051344029605389,
0.02862183190882206,
-0.030571598559617996,
-0.011660746298730373,
-0.007832197472453117,
0.015105966478586197,
-0.005560623481869698,
0.051716167479753494,
0.007491461466997862,
-0.016137639060616493,
0.02000878006219864,
-0.02491159364581108,
-0.030079424381256104,
0.011660746298730373,
0.03997969999909401,
0.006535507272928953,
0.008314906619489193,
-0.028129657730460167,
-0.0025791828520596027,
-0.003350571496412158,
-0.008565726689994335,
-0.00540918530896306,
-0.0000661802914692089,
0.07159243524074554,
0.005200957879424095,
0.0017486386932432652,
0.019166404381394386,
-0.03452792391180992,
-0.01145251840353012,
-0.02958725020289421,
0.005797246005386114,
-0.015068107284605503,
-0.00672953762114048,
0.016620349138975143,
0.10063072293996811,
0.020917410030961037,
0.001230435911566019,
-0.007519856095314026,
-0.016270147636532784,
0.006048065610229969,
0.005598483141511679,
-0.014670581556856632,
-0.013534794561564922,
-0.026577414944767952,
0.010846765711903572,
0.003925563767552376,
-0.023851526901125908,
0.00263360608369112,
-0.008433218114078045,
-0.030647318810224533,
0.029114006087183952,
-0.03435755521059036,
0.012351683340966702,
-0.012995296157896519,
0.01472737081348896,
-0.003731533419340849,
0.012843857519328594,
-0.02468443661928177,
-0.006161644123494625,
-0.008575191721320152,
-0.006052798125892878,
-0.0005318085895851254,
0.014471818692982197,
-0.013619978912174702,
-0.0021473472006618977,
0.037992075085639954,
0.015285799279808998,
-0.025422697886824608,
0.04308418557047844,
0.01000439003109932,
0.023302562534809113,
0.08291244506835938,
-0.010837300680577755,
0.027107449248433113,
-0.038692474365234375,
0.009228268638253212,
-0.024419419467449188,
-0.01431091595441103,
0.0008062904234975576,
0.03267280384898186,
-0.01063853781670332,
0.010515494272112846,
0.0325024351477623,
-0.003977620508521795,
0.011206431314349174,
-0.02638811618089676,
0.019497675821185112,
-0.005011660046875477,
-0.027864640578627586,
-0.040093280375003815,
-0.024741224944591522,
-0.03420611843466759,
-0.010515494272112846,
0.017538443207740784,
-0.014396099373698235,
0.008239188231527805,
0.047513753175735474,
-0.01576850935816765,
-0.018011687323451042,
-0.006535507272928953,
-0.025574136525392532,
0.006828919053077698,
0.03246457874774933,
-0.007761210668832064,
-0.01116857212036848,
-0.009649456478655338,
-0.025498416274785995,
-0.014557003043591976,
-0.012597770430147648,
0.02438155934214592,
-0.009270860813558102,
0.003946859855204821,
-0.0016800181474536657,
0.011831114068627357,
-0.0391467921435833,
0.026293467730283737,
0.03289996087551117,
-0.012682953849434853,
-0.008646178059279919,
0.006393534131348133,
-0.034982237964868546,
0.06795792281627655,
0.04016899690032005,
0.024002963677048683,
-0.0046496279537677765,
-0.004547880031168461,
0.016800181940197945,
-0.001243450096808374,
-0.02438155934214592,
-0.0021083045285195112,
0.0022822218015789986,
-0.0036226871889084578,
-0.010714257135987282,
0.05073181539773941,
-0.01664874330163002,
-0.010203152894973755,
0.01923265866935253,
-0.03159380704164505,
-0.048005927354097366,
0.012966901063919067,
0.00012992041592951864,
-0.0038640417624264956,
-0.008669840171933174,
-0.025536276400089264,
-0.060764603316783905,
0.027504974976181984,
0.02818644605576992,
0.05277623236179352,
-0.0034475866705179214,
-0.004815263208001852,
-0.0032677536364644766,
0.008381160907447338,
-0.02932223305106163,
0.01319405809044838,
-0.03045802004635334,
-0.03308926150202751,
0.003852210706099868,
0.009389172308146954,
-0.0694723054766655,
0.03820030018687248,
0.027940358966588974,
0.04391709715127945,
0.011708070524036884,
-0.007396812550723553,
0.00010463141370564699,
-0.035985518246889114,
-0.025744503363966942,
0.0037362659350037575,
0.0350390262901783,
-0.050012484192848206,
-0.015134361572563648,
-0.03810565173625946,
-0.019516605883836746,
-0.029946915805339813
] |
Inference and prediction of routes have become of interest over the past
decade owing to a dramatic increase in package delivery and ride-sharing
services. Given the underlying combinatorial structure and the incorporation of
probabilities, route prediction involves techniques from both formal methods
and machine learning. One promising approach for predicting routes uses
decision diagrams that are augmented with probability values. However, the
effectiveness of this approach depends on the size of the compiled decision
diagrams. The scalability of the approach is limited owing to its empirical
runtime and space complexity. In this work, our contributions are two-fold:
first, we introduce a relaxed encoding that uses a linear number of variables
with respect to the number of vertices in a road network graph to significantly
reduce the size of resultant decision diagrams. Secondly, instead of a stepwise
sampling procedure, we propose a single pass sampling-based route prediction.
In our evaluations arising from a real-world road network, we demonstrate that
the resulting system achieves around twice the quality of suggested routes
while being an order of magnitude faster compared to state-of-the-art. | [
-0.024055488407611847,
0.0355217419564724,
-0.03256652131676674,
-0.00008203813194995746,
-0.010894909501075745,
0.022853698581457138,
0.019602956250309944,
0.04878082498908043,
-0.08266734331846237,
-0.021533699706196785,
0.022696087136864662,
-0.003258129581809044,
-0.017061468213796616,
0.0014246621867641807,
-0.028547421097755432,
0.05106619372963905,
0.01404714398086071,
-0.047874558717012405,
0.0681670680642128,
-0.05295753479003906,
-0.02431160770356655,
0.0043515609577298164,
0.006486706901341677,
0.042121730744838715,
0.0027483543381094933,
-0.0014135800302028656,
0.009712821803987026,
-0.025020860135555267,
-0.11820878833532333,
0.057725291699171066,
0.014303263276815414,
0.05780409649014473,
-0.005309544503688812,
-0.042161133140325546,
-0.009042971767485142,
0.0291975699365139,
0.053627386689186096,
0.04700769484043121,
-0.012205056846141815,
0.061271555721759796,
-0.009609389118850231,
0.013761472888290882,
-0.008210585452616215,
-0.00401171064004302,
0.032133087515830994,
-0.031167715787887573,
0.0077623771503567696,
0.048426199704408646,
-0.03376831114292145,
-0.01052058208733797,
-0.05323335528373718,
-0.06584229320287704,
0.012372519820928574,
-0.015179978683590889,
-0.04834739491343498,
0.021888326853513718,
0.007673720363527536,
0.046219635754823685,
0.02974921092391014,
0.05922260135412216,
0.010825954377651215,
-0.028685331344604492,
-0.020922955125570297,
-0.013603861443698406,
-0.019711315631866455,
-0.008604614995419979,
0.022361161187291145,
0.010146253742277622,
0.008673570118844509,
-0.028311004862189293,
-0.07990913838148117,
0.03853606432676315,
-0.01669699139893055,
0.002871488453820348,
0.019435495138168335,
0.021573103964328766,
-0.011082073673605919,
-0.013436398468911648,
-0.014933709986507893,
0.03629009798169136,
0.05315455049276352,
0.03445786237716675,
-0.01170266978442669,
-0.06347811967134476,
0.042161133140325546,
-0.04590441286563873,
0.03770860284566879,
-0.09306971728801727,
0.08912942558526993,
-0.06745781749486923,
-0.053272757679224014,
-0.006132080685347319,
-0.00865879375487566,
0.014303263276815414,
-0.00878192763775587,
0.053351566195487976,
0.011052521876990795,
0.006609841249883175,
0.0015527216019108891,
0.058198124170303345,
0.007343720644712448,
-0.016913706436753273,
-0.010934312827885151,
0.0487414225935936,
0.09850732237100601,
-0.04688948392868042,
-0.01996743492782116,
0.030202344059944153,
0.012579385191202164,
0.08715927600860596,
0.04421008750796318,
-0.016056694090366364,
0.039540838450193405,
0.025907425209879875,
-0.029946226626634598,
-0.015455799177289009,
-0.04818978160619736,
-0.06962497532367706,
0.059813644737005234,
-0.01328863762319088,
0.020607732236385345,
0.04464351758360863,
-0.018292808905243874,
-0.015859678387641907,
0.00025827388162724674,
-0.016135498881340027,
0.03164055198431015,
-0.04547097906470299,
-0.009865508414804935,
-0.015958186239004135,
0.006048349663615227,
-0.003962457180023193,
-0.04113665595650673,
-0.03349249064922333,
0.022814296185970306,
-0.004006785340607166,
0.036230992525815964,
-0.026045335456728935,
-0.012067146599292755,
0.012008042074739933,
0.020292507484555244,
-0.07313183695077896,
-0.017159976065158844,
-0.014303263276815414,
0.035718753933906555,
0.048386797308921814,
-0.03528532385826111,
0.05283932760357857,
-0.07143750786781311,
0.07289541512727737,
-0.10197477787733078,
0.025690710172057152,
0.02791697531938553,
0.01931728608906269,
0.0177608709782362,
0.059064991772174835,
-0.045707397162914276,
-0.008909987285733223,
0.028429213911294937,
-0.05618857592344284,
0.011219983920454979,
-0.015042068436741829,
0.010776701383292675,
0.03824054077267647,
-0.03390622138977051,
0.0264393649995327,
0.026419663801789284,
-0.05587335303425789,
-0.06564527750015259,
0.01763281039893627,
-0.02874443680047989,
0.012579385191202164,
-0.00522581348195672,
0.03869367763400078,
0.006545811425894499,
0.009412374347448349,
0.029256675392389297,
0.0375903956592083,
-0.002257049083709717,
0.021612506359815598,
-0.02984771877527237,
-0.030379658564925194,
0.015376992523670197,
0.023464443162083626,
0.03112831339240074,
0.03810263052582741,
0.0750625804066658,
-0.021730715408921242,
0.057922303676605225,
0.009239986538887024,
0.02551339566707611,
0.053627386689186096,
0.028113989159464836,
0.026360558345913887,
0.02523757517337799,
-0.03812233358621597,
-0.05283932760357857,
-0.008240137249231339,
-0.020844148471951485,
0.009678344242274761,
-0.058513350784778595,
-0.008309092372655869,
-0.004876112565398216,
0.005472081713378429,
0.0006104375352151692,
-0.034142639487981796,
0.023287130519747734,
0.020371314138174057,
0.046219635754823685,
-0.0528787299990654,
0.009579837322235107,
-0.003354174317792058,
-0.03656591847538948,
-0.014007741585373878,
0.0018802585545927286,
0.002140071475878358,
-0.01480565033853054,
-0.034930694848299026,
-0.0054326788522303104,
-0.0626506581902504,
0.04618023335933685,
0.031207120046019554,
0.01959310658276081,
-0.012352817691862583,
-0.00015153196000028402,
0.02110026776790619,
-0.009116852656006813,
0.018016988411545753,
-0.025572501122951508,
-0.0018568630330264568,
0.017741167917847633,
0.006580288987606764,
0.011180580593645573,
-0.00041834829607978463,
0.004829321522265673,
-0.014480575919151306,
-0.01315072737634182,
-0.014539680443704128,
-0.036920543760061264,
-0.0014776098541915417,
-0.037097856402397156,
0.015958186239004135,
-0.010343268513679504,
-0.016234006732702255,
0.057410068809986115,
0.04082143306732178,
0.018617883324623108,
0.019494598731398582,
0.019307434558868408,
0.015347440727055073,
-0.023740263655781746,
-0.012500579468905926,
0.036546215415000916,
-0.016953110694885254,
-0.023779667913913727,
-0.0027064885944128036,
0.0375312902033329,
0.011948938481509686,
-0.02395698055624962,
-0.05346977338194847,
0.025158770382404327,
0.006787154357880354,
0.015022366307675838,
0.06367513537406921,
-0.004388501401990652,
0.03164055198431015,
0.01886415295302868,
0.002104362705722451,
0.021080566570162773,
0.02395698055624962,
-0.02137608826160431,
-0.10063508152961731,
0.005240589380264282,
0.008885360322892666,
0.014145651832222939,
-0.06647273898124695,
0.03812233358621597,
-0.023326532915234566,
0.03260592371225357,
0.028842944651842117,
-0.021986834704875946,
-0.014401770196855068,
-0.01211640052497387,
-0.03278323635458946,
-0.0751807913184166,
-0.011742073111236095,
-0.02192772924900055,
0.015534604899585247,
-0.08093361556529999,
-0.013170428574085236,
0.013456100597977638,
0.006402975879609585,
-0.04503754898905754,
-0.0033123085740953684,
0.018647436052560806,
0.03497010096907616,
-0.04775634780526161,
-0.03532472625374794,
-0.021671609953045845,
-0.00401171064004302,
-0.05473066866397858,
-0.0005063891876488924,
0.001863019773736596,
0.021395789459347725,
-0.007363422308117151,
-0.039639346301555634,
-0.028862645849585533,
0.06024707853794098,
-0.02381907030940056,
-0.004910590127110481,
0.009767000563442707,
-0.008304167538881302,
0.014933709986507893,
-0.056582607328891754,
0.006442378740757704,
0.0053538731299340725,
0.01600744016468525,
-0.02768055722117424,
-0.042121730744838715,
-0.02740473672747612,
0.012500579468905926,
-0.029493091627955437,
-0.09133598953485489,
0.030793389305472374,
-0.0044106654822826385,
0.05528230965137482,
-0.03197547793388367,
0.04192471504211426,
-0.03790561854839325,
0.002312459284439683,
-0.017514601349830627,
0.012411922216415405,
-0.06438438594341278,
-0.03219219297170639,
-0.02915816754102707,
-0.03883158788084984,
-0.024291904643177986,
0.03707815706729889,
0.02837010845541954,
-0.0016069007106125355,
-0.00031075981678441167,
-0.014726844616234303,
0.015308037400245667,
-0.014076696708798409,
0.025533096864819527,
-0.016411319375038147,
-0.042712774127721786,
-0.025395186617970467,
-0.016775796189904213,
0.008461778983473778,
0.0010983566753566265,
0.0177017655223608,
0.010136403143405914,
-0.006797005422413349,
0.08550435304641724,
-0.0030561897438019514,
-0.04826858639717102,
-0.01897251047194004,
-0.02523757517337799,
-0.002691712463274598,
-0.024764740839600563,
-0.011692819185554981,
-0.05402141436934471,
0.02348414622247219,
-0.03357129544019699,
0.05240589380264282,
-0.00428753113374114,
0.00010697279503801838,
-0.009304016828536987,
-0.017189526930451393,
0.008097302168607712,
0.08392823487520218,
0.003329547354951501,
-0.04287038743495941,
-0.021908028051257133,
0.02878383919596672,
0.032862041145563126,
-0.057646483182907104,
-0.03394562378525734,
0.011722370982170105,
-0.023641757667064667,
0.03942263126373291,
-0.057922303676605225,
-0.005481932312250137,
-0.048110976815223694,
0.04685008153319359,
0.021986834704875946,
-0.009028196334838867,
-0.03887099027633667,
0.047047097235918045,
0.051145002245903015,
-0.03812233358621597,
0.014451024122536182,
-0.04933246597647667,
0.0409790463745594,
-0.009353269822895527,
0.032448310405015945,
-0.052721116691827774,
0.03112831339240074,
0.003176861209794879,
-0.04062442108988762,
0.03910740837454796,
-0.016450723633170128,
0.023523548617959023,
-0.051381420344114304,
0.03416233882308006,
0.02685309574007988,
-0.014421472325921059,
0.010392522439360619,
0.0326453261077404,
-0.0043417103588581085,
-0.0013729458441957831,
0.005767603870481253,
-0.03205428272485733,
0.0236811600625515,
0.027660856023430824,
-0.027838168665766716,
0.003999397158622742,
0.017100870609283447,
0.0005676484433934093,
-0.09905896335840225,
0.002647384302690625,
0.024528322741389275,
-0.004580590408295393,
0.007683570962399244,
0.08014556020498276,
-0.030379658564925194,
-0.011673117987811565,
-0.004004322458058596,
0.012076997198164463,
0.02527697943150997,
0.02427220344543457,
-0.010072373785078526,
-0.035718753933906555,
-0.006806856021285057,
0.049253661185503006,
-0.018706539645791054,
0.027286527678370476,
-0.02699100598692894,
0.028448915109038353,
-0.03118741884827614,
-0.01515042595565319,
-0.00408066576346755,
-0.015544455498456955,
0.012569534592330456,
0.03703875467181206,
-0.043500833213329315,
-0.04854440689086914,
-0.020922955125570297,
-0.0034428308717906475,
-0.010057597421109676,
0.025730112567543983,
-0.030832791700959206,
-0.02409489080309868,
0.03532472625374794,
-0.08778972178697586,
-0.03122682124376297,
-0.05705543980002403,
0.03274383395910263,
0.011860281229019165,
0.02616354450583458,
0.051420822739601135,
0.011190432123839855,
-0.0362112931907177,
-0.0015108560910448432,
0.02519817277789116,
0.010993417352437973,
-0.011170729994773865,
0.013160577975213528,
0.006816706620156765,
-0.016785647720098495,
-0.0681670680642128,
0.020745642483234406,
0.022833997383713722,
0.008836106397211552,
-0.010284163989126682,
-0.008860733360052109,
-0.05153902992606163,
-0.047598738223314285,
0.013436398468911648,
0.0006233666208572686,
0.06958556920289993,
0.04251575842499733,
0.007895361632108688,
0.004361411556601524,
-0.008496256545186043,
0.052208881825208664,
0.0044205160811543465,
-0.0026793992146849632,
-0.01411609910428524,
-0.04235814884305,
-0.050081122666597366,
-0.041018448770046234,
-0.010550133883953094,
-0.02182922326028347,
0.0018186913803219795,
0.005545962136238813,
-0.04480113089084625,
0.028961151838302612,
0.04826858639717102,
-0.014441173523664474,
-0.011003267951309681,
0.03745248541235924,
0.011564759537577629,
-0.03573845699429512,
-0.004211187828332186,
0.04153068736195564,
0.04641665145754814,
-0.010225060395896435,
-0.03043876215815544,
0.006220737472176552,
0.06745781749486923,
-0.003280293894931674,
-0.026675783097743988,
-0.008978942409157753,
0.025552799925208092,
0.014894306659698486,
-0.02261728048324585,
-0.022183848544955254,
0.047283515334129333,
0.017859376966953278,
-0.0019381315214559436,
-0.012914310209453106,
0.016470424830913544,
-0.09149359911680222,
0.05098738893866539,
0.05122380703687668,
-0.03910740837454796,
0.040742628276348114,
-0.004541187547147274,
-0.043737251311540604,
0.07636287808418274,
-0.011889833956956863,
-0.045707397162914276,
-0.05528230965137482,
-0.04141247645020485,
-0.0009758381638675928,
0.011338192969560623,
-0.03597487509250641,
0.01872624270617962,
-0.027976078912615776,
0.006329095456749201,
0.006915214005857706,
0.002447906881570816,
-0.01755400560796261,
0.00977685209363699,
0.03467457741498947,
-0.007796854712069035,
-0.04208232834935188,
-0.02062743343412876,
0.0032310402020812035,
-0.022538475692272186,
0.035167112946510315,
-0.01570206694304943,
-0.034142639487981796,
-0.005521335173398256,
0.008791778236627579,
-0.04476172849535942,
0.004622456151992083,
0.0000864247849676758,
0.015682365745306015,
0.005560738500207663,
0.021435193717479706,
0.004767754580825567,
0.006526110228151083,
0.004708650056272745,
0.01184058003127575,
0.027109215036034584,
-0.03278323635458946,
-0.01920892857015133,
-0.05094798654317856,
0.0011119013652205467,
-0.038614869117736816,
-0.03526562079787254,
0.011564759537577629,
-0.021021462976932526,
0.030635777860879898,
-0.006378348916769028,
0.018785346299409866,
-0.04740172252058983,
0.05394260957837105,
-0.021730715408921242,
0.01810564659535885,
0.03404413163661957,
0.02307041548192501,
-0.02905965968966484,
-0.0389694981276989,
-0.02417369745671749,
0.04562859237194061,
-0.018154898658394814,
-0.010003418661653996,
0.07068885117769241,
0.02058803103864193,
-0.0012855204986408353,
0.0011937855742871761,
0.014519979245960712,
0.014244158752262592,
-0.0022668996825814247,
-0.02068653702735901,
-0.0403486005961895,
0.01390923373401165,
0.03873308002948761,
-0.013456100597977638,
0.023188622668385506,
-0.025907425209879875,
-0.013377293944358826,
0.0675366222858429,
0.03439875692129135,
-0.002937980927526951,
0.03043876215815544,
-0.05130261182785034,
-0.02547399327158928,
0.05512469634413719,
-0.031857267022132874,
0.013239383697509766,
-0.030379658564925194,
0.02275519073009491,
0.01904146559536457,
-0.027345633134245872,
-0.0003367719182278961,
0.027897274121642113,
-0.05232708901166916,
0.003359099617227912,
0.005270141642540693,
-0.035167112946510315,
0.022420266643166542,
0.000671696790959686,
-0.043225012719631195,
-0.02578921616077423,
-0.02113967202603817,
0.018115496262907982,
0.016578782349824905,
-0.029177868738770485,
-0.03374860808253288,
-0.026045335456728935,
0.006462080404162407,
-0.027660856023430824,
0.06907333433628082,
0.016884155571460724,
-0.006279841531068087,
-0.06607871502637863,
-0.003147308947518468,
0.001051565632224083,
0.027759363874793053,
-0.005176559556275606,
-0.02478444203734398,
-0.015948334708809853,
-0.014441173523664474,
0.03946203365921974,
0.014096397906541824,
0.017928332090377808,
0.003634920110926032,
-0.01017580647021532,
0.041570089757442474,
0.010264462791383266,
-0.027010707184672356,
0.010717596858739853,
-0.05173604562878609,
-0.029867419973015785,
0.05729185789823532,
-0.03422144427895546,
0.04141247645020485,
-0.018026839941740036,
0.020016686990857124,
0.006915214005857706,
0.038063228130340576,
0.02513906918466091,
0.028113989159464836,
-0.006870885845273733,
0.006905363406985998,
-0.0015773484483361244,
0.005846409592777491,
-0.03904830291867256,
0.00027012554346583784,
0.05122380703687668,
-0.00976207572966814,
0.010806253179907799,
0.011022969149053097,
0.001679549808613956,
-0.019908329471945763,
-0.0032088758889585733,
-0.0031940999906510115,
-0.04223993793129921,
0.02086385153234005,
-0.002477459143847227,
-0.013396996073424816,
-0.012756697833538055,
0.02320832572877407,
-0.04531336948275566,
0.03183756768703461,
-0.04822918400168419,
-0.01590893231332302,
0.008397749625146389,
0.07510197907686234,
-0.008688345551490784,
0.002507011406123638,
0.002691712463274598,
0.014539680443704128,
-0.00726491492241621,
-0.032211896032094955,
0.0030685029923915863,
-0.016431020572781563,
-0.0105895372107625,
-0.04298859462141991,
0.004464844241738319,
-0.019445344805717468,
-0.001677087158896029,
0.002644921652972698,
-0.039954569190740585,
-0.0257498137652874,
0.024075189605355263,
0.02561190351843834,
0.01803669147193432,
0.010963864624500275,
0.07990913838148117,
-0.0006024338654242456,
0.02265668474137783,
-0.026084737852215767,
-0.034103233367204666,
-0.02234145998954773,
-0.008722823113203049,
0.01883460022509098,
0.01211640052497387,
-0.014716994017362595,
-0.04720470681786537,
-0.013574308715760708,
0.040466807782649994,
-0.02155340276658535,
-0.001205483335070312,
0.004083128646016121,
0.033275771886110306,
-0.02320832572877407,
-0.001626602141186595,
0.01072744745761156,
0.037511587142944336,
0.005398201290518045,
0.006964467465877533,
0.00042111880611628294,
-0.016549229621887207,
-0.005112530197948217,
0.03766920045018196,
-0.0285080187022686,
0.00740282516926527,
0.014441173523664474,
0.004117606207728386,
0.02592712640762329,
0.010806253179907799,
0.016401469707489014,
-0.008397749625146389,
0.0291975699365139,
0.021947430446743965,
0.01583012565970421,
0.031246522441506386,
-0.02251877449452877,
-0.07258019596338272,
0.0026720110327005386,
0.018785346299409866,
-0.013259085826575756,
0.02145489491522312,
-0.020391015335917473,
0.002220108872279525,
0.027188021689653397,
-0.011663266457617283,
-0.02062743343412876,
0.068048857152462,
0.0014591397484764457,
-0.016588633880019188,
0.019445344805717468,
0.0045584263280034065,
-0.012697593308985233,
0.028488317504525185,
0.04220053553581238,
-0.023188622668385506,
-0.0424763560295105,
0.02062743343412876,
0.006476856302469969,
0.013032518327236176,
0.02874443680047989,
-0.023326532915234566,
0.013268936425447464,
0.00864401739090681,
0.021750416606664658,
0.03191637247800827,
0.02086385153234005,
-0.04791396111249924,
0.014056994579732418,
0.00005167786366655491,
0.017948033288121223,
0.00950103159993887,
-0.023976681753993034,
-0.014549531042575836,
0.017071319743990898,
0.04090024158358574,
0.014303263276815414,
0.056543201208114624,
-0.019061166793107986,
0.008274614810943604,
-0.025257276371121407,
0.014145651832222939,
-0.055518727749586105,
0.021612506359815598,
-0.004777605179697275,
0.0005621074233204126,
0.02234145998954773,
-0.03156174719333649,
-0.030911598354578018,
-0.020430417731404305,
-0.05291813239455223,
-0.025257276371121407,
0.028409510850906372,
0.025020860135555267,
-0.02468593418598175,
-0.04791396111249924,
-0.022833997383713722,
0.025040561333298683,
-0.01749490015208721,
-0.011219983920454979,
-0.0009856888791546226,
-0.03500950336456299,
0.016933409497141838,
-0.0024885411839932203,
-0.03548233583569527,
0.011210133321583271,
-0.04054561257362366,
-0.01993788219988346,
-0.05366678908467293,
0.0500023178756237,
-0.011712520383298397,
0.017327437177300453,
-0.009747299365699291,
0.03156174719333649,
0.08187928795814514,
-0.034654874354600906,
0.006732975598424673,
-0.034142639487981796,
0.02823219820857048,
-0.05023873224854469,
0.04318561032414436,
0.02634085714817047,
0.04882022738456726,
-0.010579686611890793,
0.014894306659698486,
-0.023188622668385506,
-0.030635777860879898,
-0.015022366307675838,
0.017307735979557037,
-0.03550203889608383,
-0.00444021774455905,
-0.01614535041153431,
0.010333417914807796,
0.007841182872653008,
0.013820577412843704,
-0.0002841320529114455,
-0.025986231863498688,
-0.0500023178756237,
-0.02592712640762329,
0.029788613319396973,
0.011416998691856861,
-0.019711315631866455,
-0.01003297045826912,
0.04771694540977478,
0.018913405016064644,
-0.030911598354578018,
-0.03808293119072914,
0.0005374805768951774,
-0.01031371671706438,
-0.021474596112966537,
0.002114213304594159,
-0.009387747384607792,
-0.07021602243185043,
-0.005516409873962402,
0.010550133883953094,
-0.04720470681786537,
0.04854440689086914,
0.028527719900012016,
-0.02279459498822689,
0.04168829694390297,
0.007511183153837919,
0.021336685866117477,
-0.0501205250620842,
0.028980854898691177,
-0.013731921091675758,
0.006481781601905823,
-0.020331911742687225,
0.02316892147064209,
-0.04334321990609169,
-0.016302961856126785,
-0.035305023193359375,
-0.013722069561481476,
-0.029650703072547913,
-0.01793818362057209,
0.04354023560881615,
-0.018479973077774048,
-0.00268186186440289,
0.03246801346540451,
0.02003639005124569,
-0.039265017956495285,
0.0020415643230080605,
0.0052159628830850124,
0.015337590128183365,
0.006191185209900141,
-0.017613109201192856,
-0.022045938298106194,
0.014716994017362595,
0.018046541139483452,
-0.028803540393710136,
0.025119366124272346,
0.029926523566246033,
0.022676385939121246,
-0.004092979244887829,
0.01646057330071926,
-0.024153994396328926,
-0.009121778421103954,
-0.0022693623322993517,
0.03983636200428009,
0.00017115646915044636,
-0.029946226626634598,
-0.037511587142944336,
-0.0019319748971611261,
-0.02076534368097782,
-0.013889532536268234,
0.03374860808253288,
0.02513906918466091,
0.03766920045018196,
0.007851033471524715,
0.01266804151237011,
0.023425040766596794,
-0.030478164553642273,
0.03504890576004982,
0.01886415295302868,
-0.03177846223115921,
0.0458650104701519,
0.017573706805706024,
0.0003497010038699955,
-0.006540886126458645,
-0.009791627526283264,
-0.0009376665693707764,
-0.051617834717035294,
-0.0039033526554703712,
0.0018962658941745758,
-0.06375394016504288,
0.028961151838302612,
0.001322460826486349,
0.021179074421525,
-0.013170428574085236,
-0.01017580647021532,
0.0007461929344572127,
0.021159373223781586,
-0.032999951392412186,
0.01597788743674755,
-0.027010707184672356,
-0.0030980552546679974,
-0.025730112567543983,
-0.000262275745626539,
0.009028196334838867,
-0.0048440974205732346,
-0.007545660715550184,
0.00041927178972400725,
0.011200282722711563,
0.06454199552536011,
-0.009437001310288906,
0.0053932759910821915,
-0.03298025205731392,
-0.0056493948213756084,
0.005112530197948217,
-0.014795799739658833,
-0.002617832040414214,
-0.0285080187022686,
-0.03776770830154419,
0.0042382776737213135,
0.020804746076464653,
-0.0402894951403141,
0.03660532087087631,
0.02602563425898552,
0.0010503343073651195,
0.047047097235918045,
-0.0013815652346238494,
-0.057173650711774826,
0.004085591062903404,
0.010412223637104034,
0.01246117614209652,
0.014618486166000366,
0.00246145180426538,
0.00529476860538125,
0.013958487659692764,
-0.017977586016058922,
0.0033393981866538525,
-0.014618486166000366,
0.02293250523507595,
0.022223250940442085,
0.017376691102981567,
0.026931902393698692,
0.02547399327158928,
-0.00998371746391058,
-0.03694024682044983,
-0.000839774904306978,
0.02358265221118927,
-0.007688496261835098,
0.0563855916261673,
0.01673639379441738,
-0.016086244955658913,
0.02602563425898552,
-0.04117606207728386,
0.019258180633187294,
0.029788613319396973,
-0.006629542913287878,
0.030103838071227074,
0.016608335077762604,
-0.029828017577528954,
0.02096235752105713,
-0.021573103964328766,
0.013278787024319172,
0.004006785340607166,
0.02454802393913269,
-0.06001066043972969,
-0.006447304040193558,
-0.028823241591453552,
0.002691712463274598,
0.010156105272471905,
-0.05236649140715599,
0.036230992525815964,
0.02961130067706108,
-0.036368902772665024,
0.027345633134245872
] |
The recommendation algorithm based on knowledge graphs is at a relatively
mature stage. However, there are still some problems in the recommendation of
specific areas. For example, in the tourism field, selecting suitable tourist
attraction attributes process is complicated as the recommendation basis for
tourist attractions. In this paper, we propose the improved Attention Knowledge
Graph Convolution Network model, named ($Att-KGCN$), which automatically
discovers the neighboring entities of the target scenic spot semantically. The
attention layer aggregates relatively similar locations and represents them
with an adjacent vector. Then, according to the tourist's preferred choices,
the model predicts the probability of similar spots as a recommendation system.
A knowledge graph dataset of tourist attractions used based on tourism data on
Socotra Island-Yemen. Through experiments, it is verified that the Attention
Knowledge Graph Convolution Network has a good effect on the recommendation of
tourist attractions and can make more recommendations for tourists' choices. | [
0.030269915238022804,
0.006144180428236723,
-0.025669019669294357,
-0.041043952107429504,
0.010021013207733631,
-0.013471684418618679,
-0.030418865382671356,
-0.020439226180315018,
-0.03932275250554085,
-0.0063676051795482635,
-0.033894360065460205,
-0.013430309481918812,
-0.01808912865817547,
-0.014497783035039902,
-0.019214527681469917,
0.011460861191153526,
0.04312925040721893,
-0.0553431361913681,
-0.03985235467553139,
-0.016136230900883675,
-0.05564103648066521,
-0.03647615760564804,
0.003601689590141177,
0.0361451581120491,
0.061201829463243484,
0.030154064297676086,
0.019015928730368614,
0.021680474281311035,
-0.05084154009819031,
0.031395312398672104,
0.02277277410030365,
-0.006917892023921013,
0.0500471405684948,
-0.047498445957899094,
-0.019926177337765694,
0.05425083637237549,
0.04650544747710228,
0.05411843582987785,
0.01818842813372612,
0.022590722888708115,
0.036509256809949875,
-0.038429055362939835,
-0.0019663446582853794,
-0.0012112517142668366,
0.008581165224313736,
-0.049683041870594025,
-0.013802683912217617,
-0.041408050805330276,
-0.02116742543876171,
-0.03185871243476868,
0.02853216603398323,
-0.05008023977279663,
0.0406467542052269,
0.016136230900883675,
-0.05699813365936279,
0.051503539085388184,
0.0018825603183358908,
-0.004712606780230999,
0.05107324197888374,
0.07070151716470718,
0.01607830636203289,
0.028350116685032845,
-0.05097394064068794,
0.013711659237742424,
0.03164356201887131,
-0.06845071911811829,
0.04091155156493187,
-0.019346928223967552,
-0.007426803931593895,
-0.033414412289857864,
-0.037998754531145096,
0.03717125579714775,
0.015755580738186836,
-0.040977753698825836,
0.005643543321639299,
0.017460228875279427,
-0.0011564298765733838,
0.047862544655799866,
0.0029831340070813894,
-0.009855513460934162,
0.03356336057186127,
0.03988545387983322,
-0.028449416160583496,
0.011014011688530445,
0.01856907829642296,
-0.029111415147781372,
0.04746534302830696,
-0.035383857786655426,
0.013273084536194801,
-0.0024266408290714025,
-0.027638467028737068,
0.012445585802197456,
-0.04293065145611763,
-0.06567032635211945,
-0.028250817209482193,
0.009607263840734959,
0.038594555109739304,
0.015590081922709942,
-0.06328712403774261,
0.06060602888464928,
-0.0056931935250759125,
-0.08877409994602203,
0.026430319994688034,
0.02810186706483364,
0.05120563879609108,
-0.019562076777219772,
-0.041408050805330276,
0.02618206851184368,
-0.022226624190807343,
0.06477662175893784,
0.0025631783064454794,
-0.012098035775125027,
0.02512286975979805,
-0.01780777983367443,
-0.022094223648309708,
-0.00005786028486909345,
-0.03611205890774727,
0.012048386037349701,
0.037204355001449585,
-0.0500471405684948,
-0.0027700529899448156,
0.009797588922083378,
0.025520069524645805,
-0.05511143431067467,
-0.006739979609847069,
0.07262131571769714,
-0.027324018999934196,
0.011311911977827549,
-0.012412485666573048,
0.013868884183466434,
0.010244438424706459,
0.028118416666984558,
0.03846215456724167,
-0.04511524736881256,
0.040878452360630035,
-0.0074350787326693535,
0.04395674914121628,
0.0003715987841133028,
-0.020455775782465935,
-0.047862544655799866,
-0.013488234020769596,
-0.036674756556749344,
-0.037634655833244324,
-0.031130513176321983,
-0.022838972508907318,
0.01660790480673313,
-0.03727055713534355,
0.026678569614887238,
-0.03806495666503906,
0.04908724129199982,
-0.02783706784248352,
0.024096772074699402,
-0.02219352498650551,
0.010385112836956978,
0.00518841901794076,
0.029243815690279007,
-0.038329754024744034,
0.006197967566549778,
0.016442405059933662,
-0.019479326903820038,
0.02106812596321106,
-0.056236833333969116,
-0.029376216232776642,
0.04286444932222366,
0.021845974028110504,
0.00006548879173351452,
0.003895451780408621,
0.004149907734245062,
-0.049782343208789825,
0.04302994906902313,
-0.03531765937805176,
0.03647615760564804,
-0.0074350787326693535,
0.044883549213409424,
-0.017642280086874962,
0.038164254277944565,
0.038164254277944565,
-0.08063150942325592,
-0.0525958389043808,
0.031395312398672104,
-0.05087463930249214,
-0.020770225673913956,
0.04256654903292656,
0.040613651275634766,
0.02613241970539093,
0.007559203542768955,
0.04101085290312767,
0.030799513682723045,
0.03975305333733559,
0.03338130936026573,
0.0004455565067473799,
-0.03531765937805176,
0.030418865382671356,
-0.02267347276210785,
0.0042099012061953545,
-0.002724540652707219,
-0.02810186706483364,
-0.01624380610883236,
0.0003912518732249737,
-0.039289653301239014,
-0.02005857601761818,
-0.028019117191433907,
0.019926177337765694,
-0.04266585037112236,
0.020555075258016586,
0.021481875330209732,
0.027870167046785355,
-0.02927691675722599,
-0.02101847529411316,
-0.03515215963125229,
-0.03942205384373665,
-0.011990460567176342,
-0.07718911021947861,
-0.02773776836693287,
0.017691928893327713,
0.03343096002936363,
0.030733313411474228,
-0.0014439858496189117,
0.04673714563250542,
-0.008370152674615383,
0.030965013429522514,
0.04316234961152077,
0.1102890744805336,
0.033298559486866,
-0.0012278016656637192,
-0.0019725507590919733,
0.01696372963488102,
-0.07123111933469772,
0.0005327024846337736,
-0.03505285829305649,
-0.002141153672710061,
0.0016922354698181152,
-0.041308753192424774,
-0.0032458649948239326,
0.006971679162234068,
-0.03200766444206238,
0.01528390683233738,
-0.10413248091936111,
-0.05001404136419296,
-0.03535075858235359,
-0.024560172110795975,
-0.009152139537036419,
-0.009954812936484814,
-0.02005857601761818,
0.08705289661884308,
-0.018271178007125854,
-0.023534072563052177,
0.04005095362663269,
0.06884791702032089,
0.07003951817750931,
-0.011047111824154854,
-0.04822664335370064,
-0.014638458378612995,
0.03932275250554085,
-0.003785808105021715,
0.011105037294328213,
0.05418463796377182,
-0.0060366056859493256,
-0.0018256697803735733,
-0.061102528125047684,
0.0596461296081543,
-0.004406432155519724,
-0.011080211959779263,
0.01218906044960022,
-0.01562318205833435,
-0.009367289021611214,
0.0361451581120491,
-0.03141186386346817,
-0.0068268668837845325,
0.03766775503754616,
-0.016947180032730103,
-0.051172539591789246,
-0.00595799321308732,
-0.0013570984592661262,
0.020488876849412918,
-0.015722481533885002,
0.03611205890774727,
-0.08175690472126007,
0.06610061973333359,
0.0029831340070813894,
0.020455775782465935,
-0.039057955145835876,
-0.06666332483291626,
0.0384952537715435,
-0.053952936083078384,
0.056832633912563324,
-0.031709764152765274,
0.005018781870603561,
-0.03169321268796921,
0.019528977572917938,
-0.02800256758928299,
-0.03040231391787529,
-0.01722853071987629,
0.018370479345321655,
0.003070021513849497,
0.04316234961152077,
-0.04422155022621155,
0.021663924679160118,
0.021895624697208405,
-0.08301470428705215,
-0.04812734201550484,
-0.0018494602991268039,
-0.03958755359053612,
0.03753535449504852,
-0.03985235467553139,
0.012991734780371189,
-0.022524524480104446,
0.03958755359053612,
-0.021531524136662483,
-0.030269915238022804,
0.08010190725326538,
0.04647234454751015,
0.008357740007340908,
-0.010616812855005264,
0.014803958125412464,
0.03627755865454674,
0.02975686453282833,
-0.04015025496482849,
0.0002597571292426437,
-0.0698409155011177,
-0.039223454892635345,
-0.0023873348254710436,
-0.05206624045968056,
-0.009590714238584042,
-0.027704667299985886,
0.03713815659284592,
0.008150865323841572,
0.016831330955028534,
0.014952907338738441,
0.01612795703113079,
-0.007654366083443165,
-0.025933818891644478,
-0.020952275022864342,
-0.019479326903820038,
0.03313305974006653,
0.015391482040286064,
0.04283135011792183,
0.05898413062095642,
0.030071314424276352,
-0.005366331432014704,
0.020886074751615524,
0.002197009976953268,
0.008109490387141705,
0.05742843449115753,
-0.0022756224498152733,
-0.00757575361058116,
0.046902645379304886,
0.014067483134567738,
0.041408050805330276,
-0.0072695789858698845,
0.000840428692754358,
0.03713815659284592,
-0.04508214816451073,
-0.013264809735119343,
0.055012136697769165,
-0.03237176313996315,
0.0009200755157507956,
-0.017625728622078896,
-0.00032194884261116385,
0.03760155662894249,
0.02111777476966381,
-0.027588818222284317,
-0.03182561323046684,
0.0455455482006073,
-0.06970851868391037,
0.0361451581120491,
0.008672189898788929,
0.026165518909692764,
0.006636542268097401,
-0.039653751999139786,
-0.041904550045728683,
0.03273586183786392,
-0.024725671857595444,
0.023865072056651115,
-0.033364761620759964,
0.008126040920615196,
-0.040977753698825836,
-0.05454873666167259,
0.012131135910749435,
0.02474222145974636,
0.05435013771057129,
-0.05358883738517761,
0.04710124433040619,
-0.017476780340075493,
0.009954812936484814,
0.0955926850438118,
0.005614581052213907,
-0.026479968801140785,
-0.033894360065460205,
0.022359024733304977,
-0.01079886220395565,
-0.024096772074699402,
-0.019959276542067528,
-0.037204355001449585,
-0.021796325221657753,
-0.026910267770290375,
-0.02922726608812809,
0.009367289021611214,
0.04220245033502579,
-0.03617825731635094,
-0.019231077283620834,
0.0028093592263758183,
0.01855252869427204,
0.02202802337706089,
-0.026761319488286972,
-0.011402936652302742,
-0.006500004790723324,
-0.014125408604741096,
0.02144877426326275,
0.02106812596321106,
-0.00003529800596879795,
0.009772763587534428,
-0.033629558980464935,
-0.008345327340066433,
0.00925143901258707,
0.03902485594153404,
-0.005871105473488569,
0.005647680722177029,
0.01456398330628872,
0.0008926645969040692,
0.014812232926487923,
0.03680715709924698,
0.03644305840134621,
0.033083412796258926,
-0.06755702197551727,
0.03328201174736023,
0.007137179374694824,
-0.02843286655843258,
-0.011196061968803406,
-0.03647615760564804,
0.04372504726052284,
-0.031014664098620415,
0.025884170085191727,
-0.02469257079064846,
-0.006231067702174187,
-0.009267989546060562,
-0.03172631189227104,
-0.005051881540566683,
0.0262482687830925,
-0.022971373051404953,
-0.047167446464300156,
-0.020836425945162773,
-0.05557483434677124,
0.006528967525810003,
0.0028838340658694506,
0.03654235601425171,
0.02432847209274769,
0.0037051269318908453,
-0.006351055111736059,
-0.05375433713197708,
-0.053621936589479446,
0.017774678766727448,
-0.006876517087221146,
-0.06451182812452316,
0.020290276035666466,
-0.01871802844107151,
-0.0026211030781269073,
0.004890519194304943,
0.04203695058822632,
-0.0357479564845562,
-0.01712922938168049,
0.00525461882352829,
-0.021630825474858284,
-0.05226483941078186,
0.008312228135764599,
0.04302994906902313,
-0.03975305333733559,
-0.012842784635722637,
0.030584365129470825,
0.0048822443932294846,
0.018254628404974937,
0.0062807174399495125,
0.048888642340898514,
-0.01112158689647913,
-0.04604204744100571,
-0.019479326903820038,
-0.02378232218325138,
-0.07030431926250458,
-0.04458564892411232,
-0.0015805232105776668,
0.028234267607331276,
0.03889245539903641,
-0.0037940831389278173,
-0.0031010527163743973,
0.014456408098340034,
0.0002032544434769079,
0.013537883758544922,
0.002395609626546502,
-0.04518144577741623,
-0.026794418692588806,
-0.023385122418403625,
0.037733957171440125,
-0.019082127138972282,
-0.008688739500939846,
-0.030253363773226738,
-0.031809061765670776,
-0.0017439542571082711,
0.0038168393075466156,
0.020670926198363304,
-0.00789434090256691,
-0.020174426957964897,
-0.00011526802700245753,
0.02298792265355587,
-0.02171357534825802,
-0.010591987520456314,
-0.0007861240883357823,
0.013686833903193474,
-0.007550928741693497,
-0.005585618317127228,
-0.009458313696086407,
0.0020428881980478764,
0.011378111317753792,
-0.01871802844107151,
-0.04048125445842743,
0.02075367607176304,
-0.000703891390003264,
0.005432531237602234,
0.0063551925122737885,
0.022375574335455894,
0.0035872082225978374,
-0.039984751492738724,
-0.03313305974006653,
-0.05802423134446144,
0.0020335789304226637,
-0.049153443425893784,
0.015821781009435654,
-0.00853151548653841,
-0.0024493972305208445,
0.03215661272406578,
0.022325923666357994,
0.015499057248234749,
-0.005353918764740229,
-0.023484421893954277,
-0.029591364786028862,
0.03033611550927162,
-0.007720565889030695,
0.0011398799251765013,
0.014266083016991615,
-0.00017157675756607205,
-0.021366024389863014,
-0.06361812353134155,
0.01573903113603592,
-0.03760155662894249,
-0.0013126203557476401,
0.032768961042165756,
-0.040944650769233704,
0.025420770049095154,
-0.041672851890325546,
-0.03232211247086525,
0.008055702783167362,
-0.004497457295656204,
-0.008514964953064919,
0.027506068348884583,
-0.004443669691681862,
-0.020935725420713425,
-0.012230435386300087,
0.0035479022189974785,
-0.03591345623135567,
-0.023749222978949547,
-0.005842143204063177,
0.002215628745034337,
-0.004985681734979153,
0.007079254370182753,
-0.05441633611917496,
0.0023852658923715353,
-0.02143222466111183,
0.035019759088754654,
-0.002734884386882186,
0.021366024389863014,
0.009723113849759102,
-0.0006066602072678506,
-0.0044271196238696575,
-0.014688108116388321,
-0.01421643327921629,
0.00988861359655857,
-0.009201789274811745,
-0.014464682899415493,
-0.0026376531459391117,
0.030269915238022804,
-0.015325281769037247,
-0.0004189213796053082,
-0.021134326234459877,
-0.015217707492411137,
0.057097434997558594,
0.026463419198989868,
0.0009381770505569875,
-0.04475114867091179,
-0.03909105435013771,
-0.04385744780302048,
-0.04597584530711174,
-0.005833868402987719,
0.07467351108789444,
-0.016649279743433,
-0.03531765937805176,
-0.034854259341955185,
-0.05097394064068794,
0.02320307306945324,
-0.030965013429522514,
0.022226624190807343,
-0.12836165726184845,
0.015408031642436981,
0.011229162104427814,
0.03670785576105118,
-0.015515606850385666,
-0.04346024990081787,
-0.0018866978352889419,
0.07586511224508286,
-0.015300457365810871,
0.018701478838920593,
0.009185239672660828,
-0.02447742223739624,
-0.010095488280057907,
0.0179732795804739,
-0.04031575471162796,
0.008920439518988132,
0.019131777808070183,
0.035714857280254364,
0.04134185239672661,
-0.02644686959683895,
-0.04286444932222366,
0.03425845876336098,
-0.04312925040721893,
0.0552438348531723,
0.0019291071221232414,
0.01722853071987629,
-0.019181428477168083,
0.02229282446205616,
0.02613241970539093,
-0.020505426451563835,
0.008200515061616898,
-0.014795682393014431,
0.001445020199753344,
-0.07851310819387436,
-0.04415534809231758,
0.017410580068826675,
0.0054159811697900295,
-0.03710505738854408,
0.03796565532684326,
0.015184607356786728,
0.028085317462682724,
-0.012859335169196129,
-0.04630684480071068,
-0.05531003698706627,
0.019975826144218445,
0.016111405566334724,
0.007046154234558344,
-0.009425213560461998,
-0.003998889122158289,
0.023666473105549812,
0.028730766847729683,
0.010575437918305397,
0.01663273014128208,
0.001260901684872806,
0.025271819904446602,
0.0021473600063472986,
0.0006387258181348443,
0.02260727435350418,
-0.016930630430579185,
0.011659461073577404,
0.026810968294739723,
0.006984091829508543,
0.009292813949286938,
-0.000663550803437829,
-0.027605367824435234,
-0.0012929672375321388,
0.015879705548286438,
-0.03205731138586998,
-0.00957416370511055,
0.05060984194278717,
0.03381161019206047,
-0.025718670338392258,
-0.05113944038748741,
-0.09142209589481354,
0.06193002685904503,
0.05845453217625618,
-0.03776705637574196,
0.01648377999663353,
0.006313817575573921,
-0.0262979194521904,
-0.013662009499967098,
-0.004671231843531132,
-0.033364761620759964,
-0.05878553166985512,
-0.014365383423864841,
-0.015358381904661655,
-0.009996187873184681,
0.0037796017713844776,
-0.021730124950408936,
0.005680780857801437,
0.012263535521924496,
-0.030319564044475555,
0.009507964365184307,
-0.024659471586346626,
0.0263475701212883,
0.0428975485265255,
0.036509256809949875,
0.001481223269365728,
0.00347963348031044,
-0.002203216077759862,
-0.018817327916622162,
-0.051271840929985046,
0.01162636186927557,
-0.008754939772188663,
0.014415033161640167,
0.00925143901258707,
0.05630303546786308,
0.015399756841361523,
0.045578647404909134,
-0.018701478838920593,
-0.03220626339316368,
0.006719292141497135,
0.008630814962089062,
0.001112986239604652,
0.04415534809231758,
0.0004517627530731261,
0.011750486679375172,
-0.00305967777967453,
-0.014539157971739769,
-0.013537883758544922,
0.02325272373855114,
-0.009210064075887203,
0.032768961042165756,
0.015755580738186836,
-0.05577343329787254,
-0.03425845876336098,
0.004497457295656204,
0.04011715203523636,
0.028780415654182434,
-0.009292813949286938,
0.014969457872211933,
0.028515616431832314,
0.004605032037943602,
-0.0381973572075367,
0.0067730797454714775,
0.012098035775125027,
0.023335473611950874,
-0.043493349105119705,
0.024609820917248726,
0.000928867666516453,
-0.04713434353470802,
0.00580076826736331,
-0.04607514664530754,
-0.03988545387983322,
-0.02762191742658615,
0.02864801697432995,
0.04180525243282318,
-0.012710385024547577,
0.0119242612272501,
-0.015085306949913502,
0.009325914084911346,
-0.021183975040912628,
-0.027158517390489578,
0.04988164082169533,
-0.04825974255800247,
-0.043923649936914444,
0.0335964597761631,
0.01036856323480606,
0.004201626405119896,
0.019214527681469917,
-0.023385122418403625,
0.016516881063580513,
0.03866075351834297,
-0.036608558148145676,
0.045578647404909134,
0.013695108704268932,
-0.017907079309225082,
-0.02356717176735401,
0.0010188581654801965,
-0.023980921134352684,
-0.018370479345321655,
0.017344379797577858,
-0.008754939772188663,
0.04223554953932762,
-0.0028610778972506523,
0.03126291185617447,
-0.0033968836069107056,
0.04170595109462738,
0.005399431101977825,
-0.07235651463270187,
-0.0018680790672078729,
0.04352644830942154,
0.005991092883050442,
-0.007095804437994957,
0.04660474509000778,
0.011659461073577404,
-0.0011760829947888851,
-0.04111015051603317,
-0.028499066829681396,
0.011899435892701149,
-0.0001546388812130317,
0.002060472499579191,
-0.005916618276387453,
0.007228204049170017,
0.01421643327921629,
0.037568457424640656,
0.009425213560461998,
0.051503539085388184,
0.04362574964761734,
0.0005295993760228157,
-0.009797588922083378,
0.025983469560742378,
-0.0000834610327729024,
0.0015919012948870659,
-0.016252081841230392,
-0.027125418186187744,
-0.021945273503661156,
-0.02608276903629303,
0.009830688126385212,
-0.02447742223739624,
0.016889255493879318,
0.02005857601761818,
0.005668368190526962,
-0.014787407591938972,
-0.008655640296638012,
-0.008680464699864388,
-0.017096130177378654,
-0.06457802653312683,
-0.030915364623069763,
-0.03866075351834297,
-0.021200524643063545,
0.014894982799887657,
-0.024278821423649788,
-0.035847257822752,
0.012263535521924496,
-0.0359465591609478,
-0.01346340961754322,
0.05170213803648949,
0.008076390251517296,
0.0010891956044360995,
-0.025884170085191727,
-0.006293130107223988,
-0.03281861171126366,
-0.03126291185617447,
0.016947180032730103,
-0.0032603461295366287,
0.013686833903193474,
-0.031329113990068436,
-0.0002883317065425217,
0.014100583270192146,
0.023335473611950874,
-0.007621265947818756,
0.018221529200673103,
-0.0034672210458666086,
-0.005316681228578091,
-0.0359465591609478,
0.04677024483680725,
-0.040712952613830566,
-0.03161046281456947,
-0.010203063488006592,
0.07096631824970245,
0.017526429146528244,
0.021730124950408936,
0.04756464436650276,
-0.027803966775536537,
-0.000056664288422325626,
0.03280206024646759,
0.004679507110267878,
0.02447742223739624,
0.048888642340898514,
-0.030269915238022804,
0.027969466522336006,
-0.016922354698181152,
-0.023550622165203094,
-0.008059840649366379,
0.02452707104384899,
-0.006437942385673523,
0.005924893077462912,
-0.036939557641744614,
0.0003571175620891154,
0.00014765685773454607,
-0.007476453669369221,
0.0076874662190675735,
-0.08672189712524414,
0.05481353774666786,
0.005564930848777294,
0.011990460567176342,
-0.0022549349814653397,
-0.02068747580051422,
0.030865713953971863,
-0.06176452711224556,
-0.007079254370182753,
0.018817327916622162,
0.01744367927312851,
0.028399767354130745,
0.04501594603061676,
-0.020141325891017914,
-0.05236413702368736,
-0.021564625203609467,
-0.007795040961354971,
-0.04233485087752342,
-0.0028321153949946165,
-0.034953560680150986,
0.02399747259914875,
-0.018701478838920593,
-0.014903257600963116,
-0.002960377838462591,
-0.015970731154084206,
0.0001740333973430097,
-0.007228204049170017,
0.0072695789858698845,
0.017840879037976265,
-0.03439085930585861,
0.03899175301194191,
-0.0408453531563282,
0.037402957677841187,
-0.0010736800031736493,
0.020406126976013184,
-0.035383857786655426,
0.004249207675457001,
-0.004679507110267878,
-0.009367289021611214,
-0.006288992706686258,
0.008134315721690655,
-0.03958755359053612,
0.00479949451982975,
-0.047763243317604065,
-0.021895624697208405,
-0.039984751492738724,
0.0017811916768550873,
-0.005333231296390295,
0.04412224888801575,
0.08897269517183304,
0.00712062930688262,
0.035119060426950455,
-0.05772633105516434,
0.0024225034285336733,
0.009905163198709488,
0.04468494653701782,
-0.017907079309225082,
-0.02980651520192623,
-0.019197978079319,
0.017956728115677834,
-0.015945905819535255,
-0.007608853746205568,
0.04862384498119354,
0.04150735214352608,
-0.02202802337706089,
0.007662640884518623,
0.009052839130163193,
0.01989307627081871,
0.015350107103586197,
-0.025520069524645805,
-0.004003026522696018,
0.0454462468624115,
-0.0287969671189785,
-0.03382816165685654,
0.05481353774666786,
0.027125418186187744,
0.025040119886398315,
-0.0030203715432435274,
-0.028118416666984558,
-0.00015994004206731915,
-0.015019107609987259,
0.02474222145974636,
0.029988564550876617,
-0.014762583188712597,
-0.02768811769783497,
-0.019810326397418976,
-0.015656281262636185,
0.018006378784775734,
0.02058817632496357,
0.024411221966147423,
-0.0017025793204084039,
-0.009110764600336552,
-0.017096130177378654,
0.001961172791197896,
-0.029955465346574783,
0.011162961833178997,
-0.08486830443143845,
0.016856154426932335,
0.032140061259269714,
-0.026529619470238686,
0.0334971621632576,
0.01127881184220314,
0.0025590406730771065,
0.018535979092121124,
0.012387660332024097,
0.00463813217356801,
-0.01775812916457653,
-0.027224717661738396,
0.029674114659428596,
0.05070913955569267,
-0.01237111072987318,
-0.011560161598026752,
0.009160414338111877,
-0.0054118437692523,
0.03439085930585861,
-0.01191598642617464,
0.00016252597561106086,
0.01754297874867916,
-0.034059859812259674,
-0.014150233939290047,
0.025139421224594116,
-0.027340568602085114,
-0.023054122924804688,
0.05087463930249214,
-0.00393475778400898,
0.025089770555496216,
0.0166989304125309,
0.06831832230091095,
0.012172510847449303,
-0.029376216232776642,
-0.004240932408720255,
0.05051054060459137,
-0.029723765328526497,
0.0047415695153176785,
0.07043671607971191,
0.033364761620759964,
0.005031194072216749,
0.05176834017038345,
0.045148346573114395,
0.04633994773030281,
-0.01402610819786787,
0.010327188298106194,
0.016061756759881973,
-0.025801420211791992,
-0.02245832420885563,
0.018949728459119797,
0.007832278497517109,
-0.037998754531145096,
0.009226614609360695,
-0.02699301764369011,
-0.013976458460092545,
-0.04213625192642212
] |
Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a cryptographic method that guarantees
the privacy and security of user data during computation. FHE algorithms can
perform unlimited arithmetic computations directly on encrypted data without
decrypting it. Thus, even when processed by untrusted systems, confidential
data is never exposed. In this work, we develop new techniques for accelerated
encrypted execution and demonstrate the significant performance advantages of
our approach. Our current focus is the Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the
Torus (CGGI) scheme, which is a current state-of-the-art method for evaluating
arbitrary functions in the encrypted domain. CGGI represents a computation as a
graph of homomorphic logic gates and each individual bit of the plaintext is
transformed into a polynomial in the encrypted domain. Arithmetic on such data
becomes very expensive: operations on bits become operations on entire
polynomials. Therefore, evaluating even relatively simple nonlinear functions,
such as a sigmoid, can take thousands of seconds on a single CPU thread. Using
our novel framework for end-to-end accelerated encrypted execution called
ArctyrEX, developers with no knowledge of complex FHE libraries can simply
describe their computation as a C program that is evaluated over $40\times$
faster on an NVIDIA DGX A100 and $6\times$ faster with a single A100 relative
to a 256-threaded CPU baseline. | [
-0.07321018725633621,
-0.004150952212512493,
-0.030924364924430847,
-0.03200205788016319,
0.04672446846961975,
-0.011178801767528057,
0.009927579201757908,
0.04887985810637474,
-0.02454952523112297,
0.06933779269456863,
0.0400756374001503,
-0.026065604761242867,
-0.008352135308086872,
-0.010722151026129723,
-0.038212504237890244,
0.08270852267742157,
-0.009178672917187214,
-0.06422331184148788,
-0.030924364924430847,
-0.08475431054830551,
-0.010795215144753456,
-0.033225882798433304,
0.011014407500624657,
-0.06685362011194229,
0.05578441172838211,
0.04975662752985954,
0.03698868304491043,
0.028220994397997856,
-0.041354261338710785,
0.016777334734797478,
0.03704347833991051,
0.04515359178185463,
-0.04456907883286476,
-0.013443787582218647,
-0.0018665584502741694,
-0.044203758239746094,
0.0012603551149368286,
-0.012859274633228779,
-0.04990275576710701,
-0.05092565342783928,
0.005520903039723635,
0.006726460065692663,
-0.03247697651386261,
0.09695601463317871,
-0.0052103810012340546,
0.007845253683626652,
0.011553254909813404,
0.009507461450994015,
-0.0007066664984449744,
0.014658477157354355,
-0.03273269906640053,
0.002115432871505618,
0.026029072701931,
0.03262310475111008,
0.01539825089275837,
-0.003970575053244829,
0.0744888111948967,
0.009635323658585548,
0.032093390822410583,
-0.04106200486421585,
-0.005315410438925028,
-0.02069539576768875,
-0.02286905236542225,
-0.003851846093311906,
-0.01653987728059292,
-0.0022147544659674168,
0.011078338138759136,
0.05355595797300339,
-0.022814253345131874,
-0.014073965139687061,
-0.06857062131166458,
0.02104244939982891,
0.017608439549803734,
-0.014000901021063328,
-0.009562259539961815,
-0.004461474251002073,
0.08022434264421463,
0.003817597171291709,
0.034120917320251465,
0.012000772170722485,
0.0035458903294056654,
0.0327874980866909,
-0.011215333826839924,
0.015800103545188904,
0.07708258926868439,
-0.025207102298736572,
-0.09549473226070404,
-0.06641523540019989,
-0.042048368602991104,
0.016430281102657318,
0.0011673126136884093,
0.004963789600878954,
0.01865873485803604,
-0.003128055250272155,
0.020896321162581444,
0.055053770542144775,
-0.022211475297808647,
-0.042596347630023956,
-0.02977360598742962,
-0.0022124710958451033,
-0.041829176247119904,
0.042157962918281555,
-0.045993827283382416,
-0.04157344996929169,
-0.010840880684554577,
-0.039783380925655365,
0.020311810076236725,
0.05804939940571785,
0.05088911950588226,
0.09133008122444153,
-0.07269874215126038,
-0.050085414201021194,
0.01990995742380619,
0.04208489879965782,
0.0009504036279395223,
-0.00855306163430214,
-0.032860562205314636,
-0.039308466017246246,
0.03090609796345234,
-0.0013174363411962986,
0.04866066575050354,
0.033646002411842346,
0.04427682235836983,
0.044313352555036545,
-0.029572678729891777,
0.04153691977262497,
0.023398766294121742,
-0.05932801961898804,
-0.010146771557629108,
-0.037627991288900375,
-0.055272962898015976,
0.02794700488448143,
0.05238693207502365,
-0.031088758260011673,
0.03883355110883713,
-0.022138411179184914,
0.03846823051571846,
0.04537278413772583,
-0.004730897955596447,
-0.0040230900049209595,
-0.02095112018287182,
0.05213120952248573,
-0.009238037280738354,
-0.002600623993203044,
0.01958116888999939,
-0.002256994601339102,
0.000017133308574557304,
0.01936197653412819,
0.01754450798034668,
0.025280166417360306,
-0.02420247159898281,
0.04434988647699356,
0.06356573104858398,
-0.0017969192704185843,
-0.01675906963646412,
-0.04734551161527634,
0.05498070642352104,
0.02025701105594635,
0.01607409305870533,
-0.033901724964380264,
0.013726910576224327,
-0.019106252118945122,
-0.014539748430252075,
0.03905273973941803,
0.023508362472057343,
0.07211422920227051,
0.035490866750478745,
-0.0010565748671069741,
-0.015891432762145996,
0.04109853506088257,
0.026558786630630493,
0.015133393928408623,
0.00848913099616766,
0.04266941174864769,
-0.021334705874323845,
0.01358078233897686,
0.04157344996929169,
-0.022540263831615448,
-0.0316915363073349,
-0.06780344992876053,
-0.01925238035619259,
0.012603551149368286,
0.04540931433439255,
0.029024699702858925,
0.057537950575351715,
0.03824903815984726,
0.006849755998700857,
0.027636481449007988,
0.02106071636080742,
-0.03722614049911499,
0.06075276806950569,
0.056186262518167496,
0.031180089339613914,
-0.05523643270134926,
0.008977746590971947,
-0.007676293142139912,
-0.009790584444999695,
-0.05242346599698067,
0.06327348202466965,
-0.040915876626968384,
-0.006219578441232443,
-0.019380243495106697,
-0.01126099843531847,
0.0075027658604085445,
-0.026577053591609,
-0.02728942781686783,
0.06181219592690468,
-0.01699652709066868,
-0.012073836289346218,
0.0022512865252792835,
0.03552740067243576,
0.03408438712358475,
-0.0688263475894928,
-0.08453512191772461,
-0.0001207269451697357,
-0.04438641667366028,
-0.02162696234881878,
-0.03229431435465813,
-0.0516197606921196,
-0.014384487643837929,
0.013032802380621433,
0.007950283586978912,
0.050962183624506,
-0.028878571465611458,
-0.015261256136000156,
-0.04931824281811714,
-0.023161306977272034,
0.02785567380487919,
0.011160535737872124,
0.0037536663003265858,
-0.01091394480317831,
0.04931824281811714,
0.0002468766178935766,
-0.010073707439005375,
-0.005922755692154169,
-0.07156624644994736,
0.03381039574742317,
-0.020878056064248085,
-0.004680666606873274,
-0.010722151026129723,
-0.021809622645378113,
0.01958116888999939,
0.00047891208669170737,
-0.025079239159822464,
-0.0312531515955925,
0.009671855717897415,
-0.07142011821269989,
0.12990790605545044,
-0.007511898875236511,
0.04522665590047836,
-0.006036918144673109,
-0.02317957393825054,
-0.010904811322689056,
0.015681374818086624,
-0.02772781252861023,
0.05757448077201843,
-0.060022126883268356,
-0.0170969907194376,
-0.014448418281972408,
0.025846412405371666,
0.03583792224526405,
0.015233856625854969,
-0.022138411179184914,
0.0337555967271328,
-0.019891690462827682,
0.024293800815939903,
0.06499048322439194,
0.006260676775127649,
-0.001990995602682233,
-0.023143041878938675,
0.02127990871667862,
-0.009936712682247162,
-0.01685039885342121,
-0.02487831376492977,
0.009397865273058414,
-0.027983536943793297,
-0.09089169651269913,
0.026029072701931,
0.06663442403078079,
0.025060974061489105,
-0.007530164904892445,
-0.02387368306517601,
0.0511813759803772,
-0.0058177257888019085,
0.021681761369109154,
-0.06418678164482117,
-0.04142732173204422,
-0.02173655852675438,
-0.04990275576710701,
-0.02796526998281479,
-0.019855158403515816,
-0.008164908736944199,
-0.017937228083610535,
0.04120813310146332,
0.008639825507998466,
-0.01619282364845276,
-0.012073836289346218,
-0.04223102703690529,
0.0651366114616394,
-0.038760486990213394,
-0.01494160108268261,
-0.01103267353028059,
0.0012637799372896552,
-0.00215082336217165,
-0.05443272739648819,
0.018941858783364296,
0.010128505527973175,
0.0712374597787857,
-0.0021964884363114834,
-0.007516465615481138,
0.05059686303138733,
-0.018466942012310028,
0.011069205589592457,
0.016475945711135864,
-0.003260483732447028,
0.019727297127246857,
0.000023831442376831546,
-0.0016119758365675807,
0.03346334025263786,
-0.051327504217624664,
0.005762928165495396,
0.03678775578737259,
-0.08431592583656311,
-0.012238230556249619,
0.040002573281526566,
0.00921520497649908,
0.025060974061489105,
-0.0075027658604085445,
-0.03541780263185501,
-0.016439413651823997,
-0.020531002432107925,
-0.056770775467157364,
-0.05636892467737198,
0.05297144502401352,
-0.04500746354460716,
-0.042925138026475906,
-0.05874350666999817,
0.023033445701003075,
0.010384229943156242,
-0.003666902659460902,
0.006050617899745703,
-0.00894121453166008,
0.021937483921647072,
0.058889634907245636,
-0.008493697270751,
-0.009425263851881027,
-0.00418748427182436,
-0.019617700949311256,
0.005954721011221409,
-0.00915584061294794,
0.0010542916133999825,
0.00041726429481059313,
-0.019508104771375656,
-0.03832210227847099,
0.0266866497695446,
-0.016704270616173744,
-0.010311165824532509,
0.005977553781121969,
-0.010521224699914455,
0.0018380178371444345,
0.04394803196191788,
0.007050681859254837,
0.009480061940848827,
-0.0031919863540679216,
-0.04800308868288994,
-0.027198096737265587,
-0.062177516520023346,
-0.019051454961299896,
-0.03461410105228424,
-0.03872395306825638,
-0.03700694814324379,
0.056076668202877045,
0.009005146101117134,
-0.03428531065583229,
0.02197401598095894,
0.011863777413964272,
-0.039892978966236115,
-0.025170570239424706,
-0.020421406254172325,
0.03799331188201904,
-0.031198354437947273,
0.03202032670378685,
0.03472369536757469,
0.008037046529352665,
0.042961668223142624,
-0.0002697091258596629,
-0.012804476544260979,
-0.04851453751325607,
-0.012329560704529285,
0.004735464695841074,
0.023617958649992943,
-0.02025701105594635,
-0.01945330761373043,
-0.00460760248824954,
0.014347955584526062,
0.004708065651357174,
-0.032422177493572235,
-0.011699383147060871,
0.011242732405662537,
-0.04953743517398834,
-0.006548366509377956,
-0.009087342768907547,
0.003924909979104996,
0.030266787856817245,
-0.02544455975294113,
-0.014019167050719261,
0.010621688328683376,
0.003717134241014719,
0.06721893697977066,
0.0016325251199305058,
0.013681245967745781,
-0.03404785320162773,
-0.019782094284892082,
-0.051875483244657516,
-0.016896065324544907,
0.004166934639215469,
-0.04767430201172829,
0.023563159629702568,
-0.022668125107884407,
-0.00233348342590034,
-0.026851043105125427,
0.025718549266457558,
0.041719578206539154,
-0.04098894074559212,
0.025535890832543373,
0.04066015034914017,
0.04467867314815521,
0.0053291101939976215,
0.054834578186273575,
-0.007900051772594452,
0.027325959876179695,
0.004735464695841074,
0.013434654101729393,
-0.016832133755087852,
-0.011215333826839924,
-0.009192372672259808,
0.04325392469763756,
0.02197401598095894,
-0.034449703991413116,
-0.03426704555749893,
-0.0041075702756643295,
0.025426294654607773,
-0.04164651408791542,
-0.0054432726465165615,
-0.03704347833991051,
0.030759969726204872,
-0.04504399374127388,
0.009744919836521149,
0.014000901021063328,
-0.03437663987278938,
-0.06462516635656357,
0.011489324271678925,
-0.025152303278446198,
-0.05231386795639992,
0.03461410105228424,
-0.004644134547561407,
0.028714176267385483,
-0.01845780946314335,
0.0027284862007945776,
-0.014731541275978088,
0.05015847831964493,
0.08395060896873474,
0.020987652242183685,
-0.055492155253887177,
0.07087214291095734,
0.00670819403603673,
-0.012311294674873352,
-0.06805917620658875,
0.004541388247162104,
0.006146514322608709,
0.03510728105902672,
-0.01341638807207346,
0.03189246356487274,
0.017791099846363068,
0.00017438337090425193,
-0.011516722850501537,
0.04120813310146332,
-0.009534860029816628,
-0.044532544910907745,
-0.013681245967745781,
0.03945459425449371,
-0.055857475847005844,
0.040806278586387634,
0.016923462972044945,
-0.0006187612889334559,
-0.031033961102366447,
0.06221405044198036,
-0.008680923841893673,
-0.01539825089275837,
-0.01629328541457653,
-0.025097506120800972,
-0.04245021939277649,
-0.011005274020135403,
-0.045993827283382416,
-0.00008333869482157752,
0.000248446362093091,
-0.05070646107196808,
0.06615950912237167,
0.07412349432706833,
-0.01945330761373043,
-0.041829176247119904,
-0.026759713888168335,
0.01369037851691246,
-0.027179831638932228,
-0.022010548040270805,
0.03543607145547867,
-0.029937999323010445,
0.014658477157354355,
-0.007064381614327431,
0.002904296386986971,
-0.007397736422717571,
0.005073385778814554,
-0.006068883929401636,
-0.042596347630023956,
0.03402958810329437,
0.006292642559856176,
-0.0048039620742201805,
-0.017498843371868134,
-0.025298431515693665,
0.06520967930555344,
0.037518396973609924,
-0.006849755998700857,
0.005128183867782354,
0.009653589688241482,
0.035490866750478745,
0.017133522778749466,
0.0015845769084990025,
0.008142076432704926,
-0.010091973468661308,
-0.01596449688076973,
-0.01130666397511959,
-0.0006033493555150926,
-0.04698019102215767,
-0.00017224281327798963,
0.005653331987559795,
-0.017617572098970413,
-0.015352586284279823,
-0.008347569033503532,
-0.01811988838016987,
-0.02250373177230358,
-0.033646002411842346,
0.05421353504061699,
-0.0023426164407283068,
0.0069593521766364574,
-0.011790713295340538,
0.006744726095348597,
0.05490764230489731,
-0.01674080267548561,
-0.019398508593440056,
0.0026485722046345472,
-0.010320299305021763,
0.00639767199754715,
-0.03755492717027664,
-0.019161051139235497,
-0.012366092763841152,
0.0017900695092976093,
0.01571790687739849,
-0.04288860410451889,
0.008804219774901867,
-0.005630499217659235,
-0.05282531678676605,
-0.02873244322836399,
0.01081348117440939,
-0.03813944011926651,
0.020001286640763283,
-0.001953321974724531,
-0.007658027112483978,
0.05066992715001106,
-0.01925238035619259,
0.023289170116186142,
-0.018156420439481735,
-0.0052971444092690945,
-0.007658027112483978,
0.03724440559744835,
-0.011827245354652405,
-0.009799716994166374,
-0.021992282941937447,
0.001504663028754294,
0.01763583905994892,
0.02964574284851551,
-0.013599048368632793,
-0.028695911169052124,
0.01663120649755001,
0.003013892564922571,
0.013480319641530514,
-0.03770105540752411,
-0.01662207394838333,
-0.026394393295049667,
-0.03640417009592056,
-0.05688037350773811,
-0.04774736613035202,
0.008228840306401253,
-0.00007741650915704668,
0.03282403200864792,
-0.007712825201451778,
-0.012037304230034351,
0.0065803322941064835,
0.045555442571640015,
-0.02274118922650814,
0.014987265691161156,
-0.022814253345131874,
0.011836377903819084,
0.04877026006579399,
-0.020074350759387016,
0.02297864854335785,
-0.011105737648904324,
-0.013096733018755913,
-0.042596347630023956,
-0.015023797750473022,
0.0022033380810171366,
0.01627502031624317,
0.015809236094355583,
0.029353486374020576,
-0.028001802042126656,
0.02025701105594635,
0.02476871758699417,
0.013041934929788113,
-0.034467972815036774,
-0.04245021939277649,
-0.0461764894425869,
0.078397735953331,
-0.06374839693307877,
0.026394393295049667,
0.03183766454458237,
-0.005511770024895668,
-0.0026234565302729607,
-0.008164908736944199,
0.02728942781686783,
-0.01631155237555504,
0.01664034090936184,
0.0001718147104838863,
0.019836893305182457,
-0.06984924525022507,
-0.0037513829302042723,
0.028549782931804657,
-0.0038495627231895924,
-0.009343067184090614,
0.04212143272161484,
0.0004891867283731699,
0.031855929642915726,
-0.010329431854188442,
0.030412916094064713,
0.016466813161969185,
0.06389452517032623,
-0.0089320819824934,
0.00815577618777752,
-0.003000193042680621,
-0.023691022768616676,
0.014914201572537422,
0.006470736116170883,
0.04365577921271324,
0.001342552131973207,
0.03183766454458237,
0.04606689140200615,
0.009817983023822308,
-0.037627991288900375,
0.00457792030647397,
0.008699189871549606,
-0.051437098532915115,
0.02951788157224655,
0.009397865273058414,
0.017809364944696426,
-0.012156033888459206,
0.017581040039658546,
-0.01732531562447548,
-0.009251737035810947,
-0.007922884076833725,
-0.02703370340168476,
-0.01810162141919136,
0.005479804705828428,
-0.006973051466047764,
-0.009872781112790108,
0.027472088113427162,
0.017380114644765854,
0.02321610599756241,
-0.036970414221286774,
0.030029330402612686,
0.04234062507748604,
0.01959943398833275,
0.014393620193004608,
-0.04376537352800369,
-0.012430023401975632,
-0.026997171342372894,
-0.05213120952248573,
-0.04902598634362221,
-0.019654233008623123,
-0.046614870429039,
0.00821057427674532,
0.00921977125108242,
-0.06301775574684143,
-0.01251222100108862,
-0.01362644787877798,
-0.0035892720334231853,
-0.02306997776031494,
-0.024184204638004303,
0.03262310475111008,
-0.019873425364494324,
-0.02999279834330082,
-0.019197583198547363,
-0.0017329882830381393,
-0.01776370033621788,
0.03170980140566826,
0.0065757655538618565,
0.0055848341435194016,
-0.03556393086910248,
0.025207102298736572,
-0.0013870755210518837,
0.009580525569617748,
-0.012110368348658085,
0.012219964526593685,
0.008959480561316013,
0.01070388499647379,
-0.01357164978981018,
0.010128505527973175,
0.06531926989555359,
-0.03905273973941803,
0.011343196034431458,
0.028093131259083748,
-0.026887575164437294,
0.024239003658294678,
0.002001270418986678,
0.014914201572537422,
-0.026321329176425934,
-0.024056343361735344,
-0.033646002411842346,
0.0262482650578022,
0.005488937720656395,
0.049172114580869675,
-0.01992822252213955,
-0.0037536663003265858,
0.06097196042537689,
-0.03205685690045357,
-0.0028540650382637978,
-0.012110368348658085,
-0.02761821635067463,
0.00215082336217165,
0.050742991268634796,
0.029006432741880417,
-0.017909828573465347,
0.003070973791182041,
0.0037011513486504555,
0.03508901596069336,
-0.004817661829292774,
-0.048039622604846954,
0.016201956197619438,
-0.04891638830304146,
0.027453821152448654,
0.014649344608187675,
-0.0405140221118927,
0.035710059106349945,
0.03123488649725914,
-0.0017192887607961893,
0.03337201103568077,
-0.039344996213912964,
-0.004835927858948708,
-0.014457551762461662,
-0.0011182226007804275,
-0.05406740680336952,
0.040806278586387634,
-0.015316054224967957,
0.0002291814162163064,
0.07540211081504822,
-0.021480834111571312,
0.03534473851323128,
0.07730177789926529,
-0.01402829959988594,
-0.01854913868010044,
0.009872781112790108,
0.018503474071621895,
-0.013599048368632793,
0.008393234573304653,
-0.008909248746931553,
0.04219449684023857,
-0.02816619537770748,
-0.018850527703762054,
0.037171341478824615,
0.03623977676033974,
0.01085914671421051,
0.0325683057308197,
0.019325444474816322,
-0.029828403145074844,
-0.013060200959444046,
0.0016485078958794475,
0.014539748430252075,
0.021864421665668488,
-0.016110625118017197,
0.03267790377140045,
-0.04800308868288994,
0.018046824261546135,
0.07416002452373505,
0.04478827118873596,
0.050962183624506,
0.0590357631444931,
0.02683277614414692,
0.025261899456381798,
0.03655029833316803,
-0.028093131259083748,
0.027691280469298363,
-0.03335374593734741,
-0.03269616886973381,
0.04851453751325607,
0.022448932752013206,
0.011973373591899872,
0.0024476461112499237,
0.01098700799047947,
-0.008977746590971947,
0.0127953439950943,
-0.0014738391619175673,
-0.00040527721284888685,
0.0038472795858979225,
-0.02332570217549801,
0.027928737923502922,
0.030011063441634178,
0.05896269902586937,
-0.015151659958064556,
-0.004196617286652327,
-0.038979679346084595,
0.006292642559856176,
0.011105737648904324,
-0.036038849502801895,
-0.02049447037279606,
-0.002858631545677781,
-0.024403396993875504,
-0.0023380499333143234,
-0.007731091231107712,
-0.006100849248468876,
0.026430925354361534,
-0.02058579958975315,
0.022266272455453873,
0.007986815646290779,
0.06444250047206879,
-0.01313326507806778,
-0.044313352555036545,
-0.026102136820554733,
-0.017909828573465347,
0.062287114560604095,
0.0060871499590575695,
0.04255981743335724,
-0.031271420419216156,
0.029919734224677086,
0.006995884235948324,
-0.011982506141066551,
0.005265179090201855,
0.010941343382000923,
-0.030193723738193512,
-0.02498790994286537,
-0.019380243495106697,
0.010566890239715576,
-0.005534602794796228,
-0.011808979324996471,
0.038431696593761444,
0.03255004063248634,
0.021992282941937447,
0.02217494323849678,
0.020001286640763283,
0.0007991382153704762,
-0.03260483965277672,
-0.03302495554089546,
-0.028604580089449883,
-0.04405763000249863,
0.00656663253903389,
0.0234170313924551,
-0.01086827926337719,
0.020293543115258217,
0.03781065344810486,
-0.010493826121091843,
0.025042707100510597,
-0.013964368961751461,
-0.019544636830687523,
-0.03598405048251152,
-0.04785696044564247,
-0.006977618206292391,
0.013334191404283047,
0.013736044056713581,
-0.004011673852801323,
-0.03023025579750538,
-0.03810290992259979,
-0.007580396719276905,
0.01980036124587059,
-0.005858824588358402,
-0.0023380499333143234,
-0.011324930004775524,
0.0008470864850096405,
-0.0037536663003265858,
0.06473475694656372,
0.018868794664740562,
-0.014329689554870129,
-0.07847080379724503,
0.015023797750473022,
-0.02117031253874302,
-0.027106767520308495,
0.005616799928247929,
-0.022905584424734116,
-0.02378235198557377,
0.048697199672460556,
-0.04489786550402641,
-0.029262157157063484,
0.01125186588615179,
0.02467738650739193,
0.03360946848988533,
0.007909185253083706,
-0.01605582796037197,
0.018256882205605507,
-0.011297530494630337,
0.030138926580548286,
-0.00675842585042119,
0.005977553781121969,
-0.008356702513992786,
0.005406740587204695,
0.01483200490474701,
-0.005826858803629875,
-0.03313455358147621,
0.01947157271206379,
-0.024695653468370438,
0.0036303706001490355,
-0.0400756374001503,
-0.03813944011926651,
-0.004568787291646004,
0.02012914977967739,
-0.02728942781686783,
0.002431663451716304,
0.01562657579779625,
-0.005635065957903862,
0.014905069023370743,
-0.007653460372239351,
-0.0021542483009397984,
-0.05582094565033913,
-0.005146449897438288,
-0.018074221909046173,
0.01560831069946289,
-0.02080499194562435,
0.008461731486022472,
0.06155647337436676,
0.021298173815011978,
-0.0032513507176190615,
0.00978145096451044,
-0.04913558065891266,
-0.007854387164115906,
-0.054724983870983124,
-0.010201569646596909,
-0.016375483945012093,
-0.01607409305870533,
0.021553898230195045,
-0.013644713908433914,
-0.03810290992259979,
-0.025152303278446198,
0.0021485399920493364,
0.006132814567536116,
0.0008362410590052605,
0.025152303278446198,
-0.009982377290725708,
0.0015206458047032356,
0.05428659915924072,
-0.001342552131973207,
-0.023124776780605316,
0.023709287866950035,
0.000316230405587703,
-0.0022946682292968035,
-0.015151659958064556,
0.016923462972044945,
0.014000901021063328,
-0.0073566376231610775,
0.027198096737265587,
0.00876768771559,
0.007023282814770937,
-0.00832017045468092,
-0.022266272455453873,
-0.057099565863609314,
-0.05151016265153885,
-0.005899922922253609,
-0.015699639916419983,
-0.038212504237890244,
0.018046824261546135,
0.06455209851264954,
-0.005214947275817394,
0.01958116888999939,
-0.00226041954010725,
-0.02184615470468998,
0.011553254909813404,
0.01945330761373043,
0.030047595500946045,
-0.02909776382148266,
0.025170570239424706,
0.03777411952614784,
-0.003497942117974162,
-0.026175200939178467,
0.023818884044885635,
-0.022686392068862915,
-0.05804939940571785,
-0.018923591822385788,
0.004660117439925671,
0.0472724474966526,
0.04128119722008705,
-0.032897092401981354,
-0.003367796540260315,
0.030485980212688446,
-0.015644842758774757,
-0.008685490116477013,
-0.013032802380621433,
-0.02568201720714569,
0.023581426590681076,
-0.03799331188201904,
-0.02036660723388195,
0.011671983636915684,
-0.008621559478342533,
0.049391306936740875,
0.011224466376006603,
0.051546696573495865,
0.004150952212512493,
0.010018909350037575,
-0.03521687909960747,
-0.009900180622935295,
0.024421662092208862,
-0.02522536739706993,
-0.04789349436759949,
0.016676872968673706,
-0.010594288818538189,
0.0088772838935256,
-0.01047556009143591,
0.034687165170907974,
0.006625997368246317,
-0.02533496357500553,
0.007904618047177792,
-0.03905273973941803
] |
The development of variational quantum algorithms is crucial for the
application of NISQ computers. Such algorithms require short quantum circuits,
which are more amenable to implementation on near-term hardware, and many such
methods have been developed. One of particular interest is the so-called the
variational diagonalization method, which constitutes an important algorithmic
subroutine, and it can be used directly for working with data encoded in
quantum states. In particular, it can be applied to discern the features of
quantum states, such as entanglement properties of a system, or in quantum
machine learning algorithms. In this work, we tackle the problem of designing a
very shallow quantum circuit, required in the quantum state diagonalization
task, by utilizing reinforcement learning. To achieve this, we utilize a novel
encoding method that can be used to tackle the problem of circuit depth
optimization using a reinforcement learning approach. We demonstrate that our
approach provides a solid approximation to the diagonalization task while using
a small number of gates. The circuits proposed by the reinforcement learning
methods are shallower than the standard variational quantum state
diagonalization algorithm, and thus can be used in situations where the depth
of quantum circuits is limited by the hardware capabilities. | [
-0.006618725135922432,
0.007742829155176878,
-0.023507265374064445,
0.0024393058847635984,
0.008475745096802711,
0.053597282618284225,
0.04949655383825302,
0.030413761734962463,
-0.05978435277938843,
0.0789930447936058,
-0.00449416832998395,
-0.003190207527950406,
-0.0034847226925194263,
-0.02321949414908886,
-0.007072863169014454,
0.09805785119533539,
-0.018039623275399208,
-0.017536023631691933,
0.007401101291179657,
-0.05169080197811127,
0.003934364300221205,
-0.03444255143404007,
-0.03030584752559662,
-0.01944250427186489,
0.030665559694170952,
0.03158282861113548,
0.006672682240605354,
-0.0218705702573061,
-0.13388529419898987,
0.04388502612709999,
0.0111960768699646,
0.002983372425660491,
-0.04201451689004898,
0.0024842701386660337,
-0.01767091639339924,
-0.0042108939960598946,
0.00006769214814994484,
0.0017198793357238173,
-0.0792088732123375,
0.028111595660448074,
0.00648832879960537,
0.015233859419822693,
-0.03780587017536163,
-0.002262821653857827,
0.032679956406354904,
-0.012670901603996754,
-0.02931663580238819,
0.0032239307183772326,
0.003714039921760559,
0.005881312768906355,
-0.010269815102219582,
-0.01054859347641468,
0.052554115653038025,
0.0052877855487167835,
-0.015557601116597652,
-0.0025652055628597736,
0.0016074689337983727,
0.038381412625312805,
0.08892112970352173,
-0.006937970407307148,
0.05133109167218208,
-0.051762744784355164,
-0.0958276242017746,
0.00287995464168489,
0.0009616710594855249,
-0.02413676306605339,
0.025197917595505714,
-0.04143897444009781,
-0.0023875972256064415,
0.0036106223706156015,
-0.08690673857927322,
-0.08417291939258575,
-0.0624462328851223,
0.020935315638780594,
0.01926264725625515,
-0.004215390421450138,
0.010863342322409153,
0.06586350500583649,
-0.01987416110932827,
0.017985666170716286,
0.01487414538860321,
0.02401086315512657,
-0.007810275536030531,
-0.034208737313747406,
0.05453253909945488,
-0.08669091016054153,
0.023866979405283928,
-0.040611632168293,
-0.020503658801317215,
-0.009195171296596527,
-0.0646045133471489,
0.018902935087680817,
0.00494605815038085,
0.0317087285220623,
-0.008920890279114246,
0.0155935725197196,
-0.040719546377658844,
-0.01348025631159544,
0.023938920348882675,
0.015989257022738457,
0.027895767241716385,
0.0030463221482932568,
0.01662774756550789,
0.02692454122006893,
0.0179766733199358,
-0.06392105668783188,
-0.06467645615339279,
0.03235621377825737,
-0.00015892021474428475,
0.0937412902712822,
-0.016762640327215195,
-0.020629558712244034,
0.010036001913249493,
0.018507249653339386,
-0.05244620144367218,
-0.04079148918390274,
-0.03467636555433273,
-0.033902980387210846,
-0.024028848856687546,
-0.044424593448638916,
0.006128615699708462,
0.06359731405973434,
-0.006128615699708462,
-0.041115231812000275,
-0.06388508528470993,
0.04978432133793831,
-0.03823752701282501,
0.02892095036804676,
0.0285792239010334,
0.06798581779003143,
-0.014667310751974583,
-0.013992847874760628,
0.00764390779659152,
-0.07640311121940613,
0.009910102002322674,
-0.01702343299984932,
0.020719487220048904,
-0.03122311644256115,
-0.010980249382555485,
-0.0301799476146698,
0.03217635676264763,
-0.05140303447842598,
-0.011717661283910275,
0.0321943424642086,
0.04143897444009781,
0.0228777676820755,
-0.0065557751804590225,
0.0285792239010334,
-0.04241019859910011,
0.02465834841132164,
-0.07277000695466995,
0.058597300201654434,
-0.010692478157579899,
0.025377774611115456,
0.0789930447936058,
0.018354371190071106,
-0.025557631626725197,
-0.010251829400658607,
0.019316604360938072,
-0.07769807428121567,
0.04618718847632408,
-0.009460460394620895,
-0.01151981856673956,
0.029082821682095528,
-0.009802187792956829,
0.019208692014217377,
0.03345333784818649,
0.0010431685950607061,
-0.04241019859910011,
0.033021681010723114,
0.015521629713475704,
0.055683620274066925,
-0.000911086390260607,
0.017374152317643166,
-0.013534213416278362,
0.006268004421144724,
0.04079148918390274,
-0.0239209346473217,
0.002963138511404395,
-0.040899403393268585,
-0.09446071833372116,
0.028057638555765152,
0.02321949414908886,
0.10345354676246643,
0.07553979754447937,
0.03183462843298912,
0.045863449573516846,
-0.010854349471628666,
-0.0020346285309642553,
-0.02413676306605339,
0.04625913128256798,
0.03347132354974747,
0.01217629574239254,
0.006236529443413019,
0.06187069043517113,
-0.04676273092627525,
0.0060836514458060265,
0.012571980245411396,
-0.014073783531785011,
0.03487420454621315,
-0.016429904848337173,
-0.04136703163385391,
0.02566554583609104,
0.010845356620848179,
0.008444270119071007,
-0.030323833227157593,
0.03417276591062546,
-0.03030584752559662,
0.007522504776716232,
0.0035409280098974705,
-0.01917272061109543,
0.014856159687042236,
-0.042985741049051285,
-0.051510948687791824,
0.002817004919052124,
-0.016582783311605453,
-0.05582750588655472,
-0.05352533981204033,
-0.06679876148700714,
-0.018759049475193024,
-0.03392096608877182,
-0.004462693352252245,
0.061942633241415024,
-0.05866924300789833,
-0.0573023296892643,
0.00535972835496068,
-0.029676347970962524,
-0.0384533554315567,
-0.01062952820211649,
0.05956852436065674,
-0.011079169809818268,
0.027014469727873802,
0.02061157301068306,
0.01696048304438591,
-0.014298604801297188,
-0.00394110893830657,
0.03856126591563225,
-0.0005376028129830956,
0.02456841990351677,
-0.029190735891461372,
-0.011951475404202938,
0.04622315987944603,
-0.03169074282050133,
-0.011996438726782799,
0.0036286080721765757,
-0.03197851404547691,
-0.02214035391807556,
0.05230231583118439,
0.06938870251178741,
0.04187063127756119,
-0.06582753360271454,
-0.00656476803123951,
-0.008642112836241722,
-0.010287800803780556,
-0.02474827691912651,
-0.035503704100847244,
0.03147491440176964,
-0.0022493323776870966,
-0.030108004808425903,
-0.02535978890955448,
0.025881372392177582,
0.03100728802382946,
0.024640362709760666,
0.03830946981906891,
-0.009775209240615368,
0.0026663749013096094,
0.03805766999721527,
0.01289572287350893,
-0.019460489973425865,
0.025377774611115456,
0.00003460132938926108,
-0.013678099028766155,
-0.06607933342456818,
0.004451452288776636,
0.014703282155096531,
-0.05341742932796478,
0.005193361081182957,
0.011924496851861477,
0.008403802290558815,
-0.03938860818743706,
0.005858830641955137,
-0.05205051600933075,
0.024730291217565536,
0.011420898139476776,
-0.026762669906020164,
-0.02901087887585163,
-0.01726623997092247,
-0.02787778154015541,
-0.08035995811223984,
-0.008264413103461266,
0.01487414538860321,
0.015233859419822693,
-0.01226622425019741,
-0.0032171860802918673,
0.050467777997255325,
-0.004152440465986729,
-0.06467645615339279,
-0.046942587941884995,
0.04000012204051018,
0.03579147532582283,
-0.01760796643793583,
-0.012140324339270592,
0.017904730513691902,
0.02744612656533718,
-0.03478427603840828,
0.013372342102229595,
0.019586389884352684,
0.04417279362678528,
0.012356152758002281,
0.01883099228143692,
0.02782382443547249,
0.02330942265689373,
0.009235639125108719,
-0.05701456218957901,
-0.0073606339283287525,
-0.012068381533026695,
0.06521602720022202,
0.014586375094950199,
-0.0008295888546854258,
-0.036762699484825134,
0.017904730513691902,
0.02318352274596691,
-0.04906489700078964,
0.041510917246341705,
0.048992954194545746,
0.003792727366089821,
0.010341757908463478,
0.0030980310402810574,
-0.03044973313808441,
0.011330969631671906,
0.020323801785707474,
0.0017760845366865396,
-0.06097140535712242,
0.02843533828854561,
0.01600724272429943,
-0.010773413814604282,
-0.03388499468564987,
0.03660082817077637,
-0.02974829077720642,
-0.05518002435564995,
-0.016151128336787224,
0.03197851404547691,
0.022949710488319397,
0.0039748321287333965,
0.014820188283920288,
-0.05532390996813774,
-0.04553970694541931,
0.015512636862695217,
-0.010377729311585426,
0.04856129735708237,
0.0009526782087050378,
0.040072064846754074,
0.01582738570868969,
-0.0039658392779529095,
0.03562960401177406,
-0.0790649875998497,
-0.014379539526998997,
0.047338273376226425,
0.02687058411538601,
0.042805884033441544,
-0.009838159196078777,
-0.07136712223291397,
-0.03444255143404007,
-0.010314779356122017,
-0.044424593448638916,
-0.007158294785767794,
0.0008689324604347348,
-0.030665559694170952,
-0.026187129318714142,
-0.011007227934896946,
-0.00697843823581934,
0.055251967161893845,
-0.0019042324274778366,
0.03719435632228851,
-0.019802218303084373,
-0.01208636723458767,
-0.006636710837483406,
-0.041079260408878326,
-0.0769786462187767,
0.03917277976870537,
-0.08791393786668777,
0.029388578608632088,
-0.045863449573516846,
0.003714039921760559,
0.017563002184033394,
0.005984730087220669,
-0.028561238199472427,
-0.014253640547394753,
-0.015476665459573269,
0.05535987764596939,
-0.027949724346399307,
-0.03316556662321091,
-0.03161880001425743,
0.0047032516449689865,
0.0026731195393949747,
0.03205045685172081,
-0.0006081403116695583,
0.009514417499303818,
0.03766198456287384,
-0.0213130135089159,
-0.04658287391066551,
0.04741021618247032,
-0.02956843376159668,
0.00320819322951138,
0.031546857208013535,
-0.023669136688113213,
-0.05248217284679413,
-0.01515292376279831,
0.024118777364492416,
-0.028561238199472427,
0.03453247994184494,
-0.05438865348696709,
-0.0364389605820179,
0.005170878954231739,
0.04100731760263443,
-0.014406518079340458,
-0.014685296453535557,
-0.0033475819509476423,
-0.0176978949457407,
-0.02800368145108223,
-0.011924496851861477,
0.002425816608592868,
0.006600739434361458,
-0.015971271321177483,
-0.014595367945730686,
0.005377714056521654,
-0.0007649528561159968,
-0.022194311022758484,
0.059424638748168945,
-0.017446095123887062,
0.025881372392177582,
0.04640301689505577,
0.015710478648543358,
-0.05226634442806244,
-0.051726773381233215,
0.00023943417181726545,
0.017679909244179726,
0.02100725844502449,
-0.02717634104192257,
0.0010234968503937125,
-0.02604324370622635,
0.00279901921749115,
-0.013830977492034435,
-0.05888507142663002,
0.014748246408998966,
0.006969445385038853,
-0.02478424832224846,
0.0013567936839535832,
-0.016888540238142014,
0.007733836304396391,
-0.05032389238476753,
-0.027068426832556725,
-0.07125920802354813,
-0.01678062602877617,
0.03866918012499809,
-0.021942513063549995,
-0.002843983471393585,
-0.021402942016720772,
0.03339938074350357,
0.008192471228539944,
0.02705044113099575,
0.010674492456018925,
0.041510917246341705,
-0.052733972668647766,
0.007302180398255587,
0.02570151723921299,
-0.014820188283920288,
-0.06474839895963669,
-0.029766276478767395,
-0.005013504531234503,
0.025233888998627663,
-0.041331060230731964,
-0.026187129318714142,
0.039244722574949265,
-0.005040483083575964,
0.010179886594414711,
-0.013210471719503403,
-0.05553973466157913,
-0.021996470168232918,
-0.00926261767745018,
0.009280603379011154,
-0.017958687618374825,
-0.026492886245250702,
0.019622361287474632,
-0.03866918012499809,
0.013012629002332687,
0.05906492844223976,
-0.025593603029847145,
-0.00739210844039917,
0.0039748321287333965,
0.006758113857358694,
-0.01647486910223961,
-0.02091732993721962,
0.026978498324751854,
0.020036032423377037,
-0.0014545907033607364,
0.012688887305557728,
0.0020559863187372684,
0.05812967196106911,
0.03604327514767647,
-0.024370577186346054,
0.0007986759883351624,
-0.03597133234143257,
0.020251858979463577,
-0.06122320517897606,
0.02343532256782055,
0.02739216946065426,
0.008183478377759457,
-0.02217632532119751,
-0.024334605783224106,
0.044424593448638916,
0.0011567031033337116,
-0.007320166099816561,
-0.01341730635613203,
0.0036803169641643763,
-0.006893006619066,
-0.041079260408878326,
-0.008196967653930187,
0.031115202233195305,
0.016061199828982353,
0.02913677878677845,
0.02109718695282936,
0.039640408009290695,
0.017005447298288345,
-0.03482024744153023,
0.05456851050257683,
-0.0034037872683256865,
-0.06208651885390282,
0.017625952139496803,
0.02334539406001568,
-0.04553970694541931,
0.054244767874479294,
-0.000024133110855473205,
-0.061295147985219955,
-0.029820233583450317,
-0.013201478868722916,
0.002097578253597021,
-0.011303991079330444,
-0.016708683222532272,
-0.058165643364191055,
0.014253640547394753,
0.08280600607395172,
0.012922700494527817,
0.003320603631436825,
0.02435259148478508,
0.009010818786919117,
0.008983840234577656,
-0.015009038150310516,
-0.0032666465267539024,
-0.02904685027897358,
0.0009049038053490222,
-0.007365130353718996,
-0.016483861953020096,
-0.011888525448739529,
-0.02235618233680725,
-0.025323817506432533,
0.03343535214662552,
-0.014811195433139801,
0.01500004529953003,
-0.02892095036804676,
0.05032389238476753,
0.010728449560701847,
0.026510871946811676,
0.007000920362770557,
-0.025881372392177582,
-0.03591737523674965,
0.019028834998607635,
0.04579150676727295,
0.0218705702573061,
-0.01535076554864645,
-0.03701449930667877,
-0.02625907212495804,
-0.03627708926796913,
0.0010195624781772494,
0.017922716215252876,
0.012931693345308304,
-0.009784202091395855,
0.00494605815038085,
0.044856250286102295,
0.002011022297665477,
0.014694289304316044,
-0.025449717417359352,
0.025161946192383766,
0.0478418692946434,
0.004973036702722311,
-0.05133109167218208,
-0.05428073927760124,
-0.029100807383656502,
0.015215873718261719,
0.002533730585128069,
-0.04201451689004898,
0.04622315987944603,
-0.0006278121727518737,
0.05000014975667,
-0.045899420976638794,
0.03634903207421303,
0.012077374383807182,
0.013552199117839336,
0.04805769771337509,
-0.016268035396933556,
-0.038381412625312805,
0.020467687398195267,
0.029244692996144295,
0.017167318612337112,
0.000465660123154521,
0.00017915409989655018,
-0.009253624826669693,
0.002432561246678233,
0.002287551760673523,
0.030557645484805107,
0.00868257973343134,
0.02953246422111988,
0.020377758890390396,
-0.010755428113043308,
0.015188895165920258,
-0.0032464126124978065,
-0.0143075967207551,
0.03300369530916214,
-0.04035983234643936,
-0.0571584478020668,
0.018012644723057747,
-0.015054002404212952,
0.03431665152311325,
-0.036079246550798416,
0.006209551356732845,
0.03525190427899361,
-0.018759049475193024,
-0.0018851226195693016,
0.00786872860044241,
-0.012706873007118702,
-0.0031587325502187014,
-0.0322662852704525,
-0.08856141567230225,
-0.034982118755578995,
-0.0018244209932163358,
-0.030719516798853874,
-0.02165474183857441,
0.024064820259809494,
0.03426269441843033,
-0.026906555518507957,
-0.045647621154785156,
0.016187099739909172,
0.008089053444564342,
0.02491014637053013,
-0.030197933316230774,
0.03014397621154785,
-0.0012915956322103739,
0.009928087703883648,
0.022823810577392578,
0.011088162660598755,
0.044460564851760864,
0.013120543211698532,
-0.0020661032758653164,
0.06899301707744598,
-0.017500052228569984,
0.021546827629208565,
0.018471278250217438,
-0.05489225313067436,
0.021079201251268387,
0.012041402980685234,
0.041726745665073395,
-0.005206850357353687,
0.0007351640961132944,
0.011061184108257294,
-0.009802187792956829,
0.0004951678565703332,
0.03217635676264763,
0.04787784069776535,
0.017949694767594337,
0.01837235689163208,
-0.04312962666153908,
-0.043597254902124405,
0.003763500601053238,
0.012473058886826038,
0.03726629912853241,
-0.01791372336447239,
0.015629542991518974,
0.026384972035884857,
0.02865116484463215,
0.020467687398195267,
-0.00835883803665638,
-0.007234734017401934,
0.0027203320059925318,
-0.0013972613960504532,
-0.04852532595396042,
-0.015863357111811638,
-0.03766198456287384,
-0.014073783531785011,
-0.09388517588376999,
0.019100777804851532,
-0.04676273092627525,
-0.030197933316230774,
0.019154734909534454,
0.00009006883919937536,
-0.003125009359791875,
0.018759049475193024,
-0.019910132512450218,
-0.012733851559460163,
-0.024082805961370468,
-0.034982118755578995,
-0.0333094522356987,
-0.018543221056461334,
0.00843527726829052,
-0.006043183617293835,
0.02196049876511097,
0.00044907958363182843,
0.0213130135089159,
0.02291373908519745,
-0.024154748767614365,
0.01573745720088482,
0.021115170791745186,
0.012491044588387012,
0.06474839895963669,
0.0437411405146122,
0.03910083696246147,
0.034460537135601044,
0.002380852587521076,
0.03705047070980072,
-0.01736515946686268,
-0.0046268124133348465,
-0.00789570715278387,
0.04370516911149025,
-0.0036758205387741327,
-0.07510814070701599,
-0.008264413103461266,
0.021492870524525642,
0.04730230197310448,
-0.03652888908982277,
0.04417279362678528,
-0.008547687903046608,
-0.02595331519842148,
-0.0028394870460033417,
-0.020072003826498985,
0.01526083704084158,
-0.006178076379001141,
-0.004847136791795492,
0.030773473903536797,
0.045755535364151,
0.03057563118636608,
-0.025341803207993507,
0.024406548589468002,
-0.03183462843298912,
-0.032464127987623215,
0.008610637858510017,
-0.01785077340900898,
0.011115141212940216,
0.006146601401269436,
0.007985635660588741,
0.02521590329706669,
0.03913680836558342,
0.03534183278679848,
-0.0017401131335645914,
0.015818392857909203,
-0.006038687191903591,
-0.036025289446115494,
0.040467746555805206,
-0.03061160258948803,
-0.008790493942797184,
0.05115123465657234,
0.014820188283920288,
0.011771618388593197,
0.015206880867481232,
-0.03235621377825737,
0.017769837751984596,
0.01730221137404442,
-0.03462240844964981,
0.011384926736354828,
0.008134017698466778,
0.02109718695282936,
-0.03971235081553459,
0.03624111786484718,
0.007477540522813797,
0.00754498690366745,
-0.007981139235198498,
-0.05039583519101143,
-0.04604330286383629,
-0.007513511925935745,
0.02696051262319088,
0.05266202986240387,
0.04187063127756119,
-0.023165537044405937,
0.010036001913249493,
0.007459554821252823,
0.005193361081182957,
-0.005238325335085392,
0.00030940966098569334,
0.010260822251439095,
-0.020341787487268448,
0.020557615906000137,
0.02134898491203785,
0.006393904332071543,
0.0002863655099645257,
-0.0003088476078119129,
-0.02604324370622635,
0.07604339718818665,
-0.019118763506412506,
-0.05370519682765007,
0.032590027898550034,
0.006533293053507805,
-0.03766198456287384,
-0.01341730635613203,
-0.016214078292250633,
-0.04082746058702469,
0.03992817923426628,
-0.02109718695282936,
-0.004914583172649145,
-0.02904685027897358,
-0.01579141430556774,
-0.0085881557315588,
-0.013021621853113174,
0.000019004384739673696,
-0.021906541660428047,
0.010503629222512245,
-0.018021637573838234,
0.012374138459563255,
-0.01196046732366085,
-0.01935257576406002,
-0.016888540238142014,
0.007774304132908583,
0.015278822742402554,
0.01467630360275507,
0.023579208180308342,
0.022715896368026733,
-0.023111579939723015,
-0.058561328798532486,
-0.038633208721876144,
0.006789588835090399,
-0.023543236777186394,
-0.05435268208384514,
0.004793180152773857,
0.020359773188829422,
0.01760796643793583,
-0.027122383937239647,
-0.017625952139496803,
0.023075608536601067,
0.03482024744153023,
0.012553994543850422,
0.043165598064661026,
-0.025143960490822792,
0.03834544122219086,
-0.014469468034803867,
-0.03762601315975189,
-0.015009038150310516,
-0.05061166360974312,
-0.018354371190071106,
-0.0026866088155657053,
0.013507234863936901,
-0.018138544633984566,
-0.031636785715818405,
0.012077374383807182,
0.048165611922740936,
-0.014928102493286133,
0.059460610151290894,
-0.0265648290514946,
-0.023723093792796135,
-0.0019952848087996244,
0.0027023463044315577,
-0.009334560483694077,
-0.020719487220048904,
-0.04579150676727295,
0.013246443122625351,
0.011357948184013367,
0.027374183759093285,
-0.06136709079146385,
0.05661887675523758,
-0.0447123646736145,
0.02812958136200905,
-0.0017018936341628432,
-0.00007243445725180209,
-0.02431662008166313,
-0.0045054093934595585,
0.024154748767614365,
-0.002265069866552949,
0.004802173003554344,
0.0036420973483473063,
0.01852523535490036,
-0.012949679046869278,
-0.014694289304316044,
0.003988321404904127,
-0.014406518079340458,
-0.0028619691729545593,
0.026366986334323883,
0.008700565434992313,
0.014811195433139801,
0.027410155162215233,
0.007864232175052166,
-0.00463130883872509,
-0.036331046372652054,
0.04636704549193382,
-0.023669136688113213,
-0.02625907212495804,
-0.011798596940934658,
-0.004037782084196806,
0.03294973820447922,
0.01886696368455887,
-0.0028934439178556204,
-0.043597254902124405,
0.005031490232795477,
0.010602549649775028,
0.02634900063276291,
-0.000995956244878471,
-0.030755488201975822,
-0.02456841990351677,
-0.03726629912853241,
0.014280619099736214,
-0.022643953561782837,
0.018813006579875946,
-0.007266208995133638,
0.04809366911649704,
-0.006982934661209583,
-0.028039652854204178,
-0.02535978890955448,
0.017311204224824905,
-0.042158402502536774,
-0.009006322361528873,
-0.004033285658806562,
-0.015278822742402554,
-0.03730227053165436,
0.04140300303697586,
-0.015161916613578796,
0.00608814787119627,
-0.023291436955332756,
-0.00804858561605215,
0.016483861953020096,
-0.02874109335243702,
-0.04039580374956131,
-0.016762640327215195,
0.014568389393389225,
0.010701471008360386,
-0.03325549513101578,
-0.01616012118756771,
0.021762656047940254,
0.05910089612007141,
-0.0012331422185525298,
0.0270864125341177,
-0.00998204480856657,
-0.011996438726782799,
0.006371422205120325,
-0.026456914842128754,
-0.028884978964924812,
-0.019766246899962425,
-0.018489263951778412,
0.035899389535188675,
-0.058597300201654434,
0.02634900063276291,
-0.023201508447527885,
0.034244708716869354,
-0.019712289795279503,
-0.019406532868742943,
0.0020245115738362074,
-0.009973051957786083,
0.014181697741150856,
-0.02134898491203785,
0.04241019859910011,
0.032554056495428085,
-0.056474991142749786,
-0.021672727540135384,
-0.03375909477472305,
-0.05100734904408455,
0.030809445306658745,
0.01674465462565422,
0.007365130353718996,
-0.04741021618247032,
-0.015269829891622066,
-0.03874112293124199,
-0.04176271706819534,
0.012940686196088791,
-0.047733958810567856,
-0.005341742653399706,
0.01828243024647236,
0.021762656047940254,
-0.0037275291979312897,
-0.0011488343589007854,
-0.01622307114303112,
-0.010413700714707375,
-0.016645733267068863,
0.004276092164218426,
-0.02766195498406887,
-0.03561161831021309,
0.002060482744127512,
0.01604321412742138,
-0.02491014637053013,
-0.001625454518944025,
-0.02530583180487156,
0.0038736627902835608,
0.009168192744255066,
-0.003230675123631954,
0.0142896119505167,
-0.0301799476146698,
-0.025755474343895912,
0.0049775331281125546,
-0.011843561194837093,
0.056510962545871735,
-0.004199652932584286,
-0.013678099028766155,
-0.01291370764374733,
0.0011645718477666378,
-0.04787784069776535,
-0.009685280732810497,
-0.011052191257476807,
0.00770685775205493,
0.00011423708201618865,
0.05244620144367218,
0.0321943424642086,
0.04953252524137497,
-0.027733895927667618,
0.03802169859409332,
-0.032428156584501266,
-0.01312953606247902,
0.02330942265689373,
-0.030863402411341667,
0.0015917314449325204,
0.013408313505351543,
0.0055530741810798645,
0.002383100800216198,
0.00802160706371069,
0.014577382244169712,
-0.010791399516165257,
0.014469468034803867,
-0.03280585631728172,
0.00973923783749342,
-0.024496477097272873,
0.00002529234188841656,
-0.03217635676264763
] |
We introduce PyRCA, an open-source Python machine learning library of Root
Cause Analysis (RCA) for Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps). It
provides a holistic framework to uncover the complicated metric causal
dependencies and automatically locate root causes of incidents. It offers a
unified interface for multiple commonly used RCA models, encompassing both
graph construction and scoring tasks. This library aims to provide IT
operations staff, data scientists, and researchers a one-step solution to rapid
model development, model evaluation and deployment to online applications. In
particular, our library includes various causal discovery methods to support
causal graph construction, and multiple types of root cause scoring methods
inspired by Bayesian analysis, graph analysis and causal analysis, etc. Our GUI
dashboard offers practitioners an intuitive point-and-click interface,
empowering them to easily inject expert knowledge through human interaction.
With the ability to visualize causal graphs and the root cause of incidents,
practitioners can quickly gain insights and improve their workflow efficiency.
This technical report introduces PyRCA's architecture and major
functionalities, while also presenting benchmark performance numbers in
comparison to various baseline models. Additionally, we demonstrate PyRCA's
capabilities through several example use cases. | [
-0.03350243717432022,
-0.06663411855697632,
-0.04125450924038887,
-0.04199600964784622,
-0.017694948241114616,
-0.008063840679824352,
-0.02841303125023842,
0.00985018815845251,
0.012900460511446,
0.05123108997941017,
-0.004461654927581549,
-0.031884610652923584,
0.03977150470018387,
-0.04115339368581772,
-0.023593265563249588,
0.006568196229636669,
-0.004946159664541483,
-0.041288211941719055,
0.02089689113199711,
-0.007271781098097563,
0.03348558396100998,
-0.01490588765591383,
0.0006219563656486571,
0.0375806987285614,
0.040883757174015045,
-0.03203628212213516,
0.03080606274306774,
-0.020071126520633698,
-0.061881761997938156,
0.033131685107946396,
0.04138932749629021,
0.037378471344709396,
-0.002862789900973439,
0.0008025923161767423,
-0.056387901306152344,
-0.028143394738435745,
0.02736818790435791,
0.06660041958093643,
0.015453588217496872,
0.0019685630686581135,
-0.031884610652923584,
-0.014956444501876831,
0.05915168672800064,
0.005396959371864796,
0.015487292781472206,
0.016953445971012115,
-0.019262215122580528,
-0.003501072060316801,
-0.06238733232021332,
0.01853756606578827,
0.03528878465294838,
-0.053051140159368515,
0.051500726491212845,
-0.01156069990247488,
-0.0005566535983234644,
-0.022969728335738182,
0.03163182735443115,
0.06070210039615631,
0.02303713746368885,
-0.04081634804606438,
-0.014265499077737331,
0.08507057279348373,
-0.0594550259411335,
0.01236961130052805,
-0.010852902196347713,
-0.011661813594400883,
0.006184805650264025,
0.0040803709998726845,
0.07030792534351349,
-0.03987261652946472,
-0.03683919832110405,
-0.008881178684532642,
-0.040951166301965714,
0.03137904033064842,
-0.015394605696201324,
-0.027890609577298164,
-0.01714724861085415,
0.02204285003244877,
0.009235077537596226,
-0.04378235712647438,
0.045366477221250534,
0.0445912703871727,
0.006631392519921064,
0.011847189627587795,
0.015377752482891083,
-0.05099515616893768,
0.011720797047019005,
-0.07873409241437912,
0.022261930629611015,
-0.010018710978329182,
-0.036636970937252045,
0.032558705657720566,
0.008375609293580055,
0.005923594813793898,
0.010802344419062138,
-0.05601715296506882,
-0.018267927691340446,
0.008350330404937267,
-0.07192575186491013,
0.07826223224401474,
0.012605544179677963,
0.008438805118203163,
-0.03414282575249672,
0.032963160425424576,
-0.01413067989051342,
-0.05230963975191116,
-0.008270282298326492,
0.019059987738728523,
-0.02955899015069008,
0.12423539161682129,
0.03309797868132591,
0.027401892468333244,
-0.01836904138326645,
-0.054601553827524185,
-0.03636733070015907,
-0.06225251406431198,
-0.002536275889724493,
-0.04637761786580086,
-0.02352585457265377,
-0.04829878360033035,
0.00816495530307293,
-0.005375893786549568,
-0.00865367241203785,
0.01634676195681095,
-0.051905181258916855,
0.07630735635757446,
0.03903000056743622,
-0.015141820535063744,
0.013549274764955044,
0.014695233665406704,
0.008847474120557308,
0.03781663253903389,
-0.006092118099331856,
0.005161026492714882,
0.030115116387605667,
0.009791204705834389,
0.00612582266330719,
0.02679520845413208,
0.017526425421237946,
0.01420651562511921,
-0.026255933567881584,
-0.09032849967479706,
0.01041474100202322,
-0.01764439232647419,
-0.03923222795128822,
-0.03159812092781067,
0.009572124108672142,
0.06046616658568382,
-0.018739793449640274,
0.058612409979104996,
-0.08547502756118774,
0.014096975326538086,
-0.032710377126932144,
0.018925169482827187,
-0.010911884717643261,
0.017627539113163948,
-0.02040817402303219,
0.01959926262497902,
0.03437875583767891,
0.03478321433067322,
0.06306142359972,
0.004444802645593882,
0.08560984581708908,
0.020762072876095772,
0.08102601021528244,
-0.0247392226010561,
-0.031008290126919746,
-0.06855528801679611,
-0.07017310708761215,
0.03619880974292755,
0.07003828883171082,
0.0006008909549564123,
-0.04486090689897537,
0.024385323747992516,
-0.020863186568021774,
-0.028227655217051506,
-0.01585804484784603,
0.02376178838312626,
-0.015242934226989746,
0.004236254841089249,
-0.012226366437971592,
-0.008830621838569641,
0.022346192970871925,
-0.034024856984615326,
0.01371779851615429,
-0.013936878181993961,
0.09578865766525269,
0.04270380735397339,
0.011088834144175053,
0.015487292781472206,
-0.00008353753946721554,
0.01327121164649725,
0.04829878360033035,
-0.0032693524844944477,
-0.0036379972007125616,
-0.007731007412075996,
-0.03055327758193016,
-0.015723226591944695,
0.029373614117503166,
-0.028868043795228004,
-0.030485868453979492,
-0.04934362694621086,
0.0030755505431443453,
-0.005316910799592733,
-0.013406029902398586,
-0.03464839607477188,
0.048568420112133026,
-0.05156813561916351,
0.013481865637004375,
-0.06410627067089081,
-0.0038339055608958006,
-0.0027701021172106266,
-0.016877610236406326,
0.05429821461439133,
0.022666387259960175,
-0.0017147248145192862,
0.021503575146198273,
0.011796632781624794,
-0.011484864167869091,
-0.0003465260670054704,
0.04779321327805519,
0.010322052985429764,
0.0639040395617485,
0.019413886591792107,
-0.030570130795240402,
-0.064342200756073,
0.019498148933053017,
-0.022076554596424103,
-0.007701515685766935,
0.03338446840643883,
0.027705233544111252,
-0.01747586764395237,
-0.01739160716533661,
0.0007630946347489953,
0.011265783570706844,
0.034429315477609634,
0.0566912442445755,
-0.016287779435515404,
-0.02222822606563568,
-0.021688951179385185,
-0.027317630127072334,
-0.020357616245746613,
-0.00903285015374422,
-0.04074893891811371,
0.08318310976028442,
-0.006387033965438604,
0.004882963374257088,
0.045467592775821686,
0.04010855033993721,
0.03700771927833557,
-0.029542138800024986,
0.032710377126932144,
0.028716374188661575,
-0.05055699497461319,
-0.04738875851035118,
0.02556498721241951,
0.038591839373111725,
-0.023593265563249588,
0.0021318199578672647,
-0.036974016577005386,
-0.020644105970859528,
0.021857473999261856,
-0.03415967524051666,
0.02966010384261608,
-0.03306427597999573,
-0.015579980798065662,
0.006917882245033979,
0.0050641256384551525,
-0.002626857254654169,
0.018335336819291115,
0.022278781980276108,
-0.03488432615995407,
-0.0333339124917984,
0.01097929384559393,
-0.04614168405532837,
-0.07037533819675446,
0.031244223937392235,
0.045130543410778046,
0.01054113358259201,
-0.02214396372437477,
0.027317630127072334,
-0.0411871001124382,
0.051905181258916855,
0.03596287593245506,
0.05911798030138016,
-0.05274779722094536,
-0.014265499077737331,
0.01707141287624836,
-0.030249936506152153,
0.006172166671603918,
-0.03569323942065239,
0.004251000937074423,
-0.03225536271929741,
0.037546996027231216,
0.02613796666264534,
-0.00243094889447093,
-0.016607973724603653,
-0.017610687762498856,
-0.018824053928256035,
0.0204924363642931,
-0.042670104652643204,
0.011046703904867172,
0.03626621887087822,
0.04813025891780853,
0.01690288819372654,
0.01307740993797779,
0.0344967246055603,
0.08446388691663742,
-0.029441023245453835,
-0.015613685362040997,
0.000946363783441484,
-0.040142253041267395,
-0.020762072876095772,
-0.047995440661907196,
0.013422882184386253,
0.033940598368644714,
0.04728764295578003,
-0.07421766966581345,
-0.009243504144251347,
-0.00230666296556592,
0.0152345085516572,
0.05220852419734001,
-0.09942875802516937,
0.05082663148641586,
-0.025851476937532425,
-0.03171608969569206,
-0.028632111847400665,
0.012411742471158504,
-0.009201372973620892,
-0.0022940237540751696,
-0.029542138800024986,
0.007924809120595455,
-0.02858155593276024,
0.017543276771903038,
-0.04826507717370987,
-0.07698145508766174,
-0.0454338863492012,
0.023171955719590187,
-0.023458445444703102,
-0.007570910267531872,
-0.045770931988954544,
-0.03518766909837723,
-0.04442274570465088,
-0.015866471454501152,
-0.008156528696417809,
-0.04984919726848602,
-0.006138462107628584,
-0.010187234729528427,
-0.0026121113914996386,
-0.001573586487211287,
0.0009516301215626299,
-0.036299921572208405,
0.035996582359075546,
-0.010086121037602425,
0.0445912703871727,
-0.018824053928256035,
0.010768639855086803,
-0.022649534046649933,
0.03963668644428253,
0.03392374515533447,
0.018857760354876518,
-0.038355909287929535,
-0.05268038809299469,
0.009192947298288345,
-0.011703944765031338,
0.05146702006459236,
-0.024486437439918518,
-0.023020286113023758,
0.017046133056282997,
0.042434170842170715,
-0.0012028352357447147,
0.09262041747570038,
0.015428310260176659,
-0.012201088480651379,
-0.0010627502342686057,
0.01213367935270071,
0.004529064055532217,
0.0069473739713430405,
-0.04074893891811371,
0.02018909342586994,
-0.027250220999121666,
-0.0395018644630909,
-0.06521852314472198,
0.017711801454424858,
-0.012672953307628632,
0.03292945772409439,
0.019380182027816772,
0.019986866042017937,
-0.009142390452325344,
0.008072267286479473,
-0.016195090487599373,
-0.010086121037602425,
-0.011122538708150387,
-0.101922906935215,
0.03212054446339607,
0.006791489664465189,
0.036872901022434235,
0.004360540769994259,
0.03232277184724808,
-0.047253940254449844,
-0.025902034714818,
0.03154756501317024,
-0.020728368312120438,
0.043580129742622375,
-0.048062849789857864,
-0.044389043003320694,
-0.004057198762893677,
0.013304916210472584,
0.03421023488044739,
0.007254928816109896,
-0.0015314556658267975,
-0.01016195584088564,
-0.03055327758193016,
-0.02386290207505226,
0.003669595345854759,
0.043175674974918365,
0.004642817657440901,
0.04371494799852371,
0.014737363904714584,
0.03700771927833557,
-0.026491865515708923,
-0.03717624396085739,
0.03161497414112091,
0.017273640260100365,
-0.04617539048194885,
0.0066777365282177925,
-0.030418459326028824,
-0.02842988446354866,
-0.013557701371610165,
-0.004213083069771528,
0.03072180040180683,
0.03781663253903389,
0.0035284569021314383,
0.0037433241959661245,
0.017846619710326195,
-0.012158957310020924,
-0.022025998681783676,
0.0035200307611376047,
-0.02369437925517559,
0.018116256222128868,
-0.0694316104054451,
0.009192947298288345,
0.011644961312413216,
-0.020964300259947777,
-0.020374469459056854,
0.01262239646166563,
0.01789717562496662,
0.017914028838276863,
0.029592694714665413,
-0.00845987070351839,
-0.03774922341108322,
0.055410467088222504,
-0.05278150364756584,
-0.021823769435286522,
-0.05008513107895851,
0.002190803177654743,
0.007714155130088329,
0.009462584741413593,
0.013422882184386253,
-0.015799060463905334,
0.02312139980494976,
0.07455471903085709,
-0.010128251276910305,
-0.03798515722155571,
-0.02204285003244877,
0.05082663148641586,
0.04199600964784622,
-0.005527564790099859,
0.026424456387758255,
0.036299921572208405,
0.016304630786180496,
-0.004255213774740696,
0.055983446538448334,
0.03447987139225006,
0.024486437439918518,
-0.02622222900390625,
0.021688951179385185,
-0.03956927731633186,
0.04944474250078201,
-0.018824053928256035,
0.024874042719602585,
-0.004625964909791946,
0.018352190032601357,
0.0017536957748234272,
0.04229935258626938,
0.010237791575491428,
0.005683449096977711,
-0.007398173678666353,
-0.044153109192848206,
-0.00845144409686327,
-0.003640103619545698,
-0.025514431297779083,
0.0006193232256919146,
-0.07570067793130875,
-0.005249501205980778,
-0.021014858037233353,
0.02401457354426384,
0.031480155885219574,
0.049613263458013535,
-0.02998029813170433,
0.05898316204547882,
-0.021385610103607178,
-0.0037938812747597694,
-0.00739396084100008,
-0.036401037126779556,
-0.00406562490388751,
0.014408743940293789,
0.017762357369065285,
-0.054837487637996674,
-0.043243084102869034,
0.03119366616010666,
0.00960582960397005,
-0.025868330150842667,
0.026003148406744003,
0.02278435230255127,
-0.015411457978188992,
0.01388632133603096,
-0.029390467330813408,
0.03338446840643883,
0.02377863973379135,
0.04917510598897934,
0.02312139980494976,
-0.019245363771915436,
-0.002582619898021221,
-0.02949158102273941,
0.03180035203695297,
0.008628393523395061,
-0.010060842148959637,
0.033856336027383804,
-0.018335336819291115,
0.009235077537596226,
0.05750015750527382,
0.01845330372452736,
-0.0581742487847805,
-0.00952156726270914,
-0.03316538780927658,
0.04556870460510254,
0.0819697454571724,
-0.016784923151135445,
-0.04486090689897537,
-0.08035191893577576,
0.0481976680457592,
0.024520143866539,
0.030351050198078156,
-0.02475607581436634,
0.0005076765082776546,
0.0266435369849205,
-0.015091263689100742,
-0.014063270762562752,
-0.0019380181329324841,
0.005026208236813545,
0.017947733402252197,
0.016717514023184776,
0.015967585146427155,
0.007402386981993914,
-0.023812344297766685,
0.050287358462810516,
-0.0342944972217083,
-0.010911884717643261,
-0.018318485468626022,
-0.0012860435526818037,
0.002626857254654169,
0.01788032427430153,
0.018925169482827187,
-0.029272500425577164,
-0.03929963707923889,
0.061645831912755966,
0.03538989648222923,
-0.009782779030501842,
-0.011038277298212051,
-0.004588047508150339,
0.02735133469104767,
-0.005047273356467485,
-0.007436091545969248,
0.0034968589898198843,
-0.002759569324553013,
-0.022497862577438354,
-0.047658395022153854,
-0.02548072673380375,
0.009782779030501842,
-0.020610401406884193,
0.008839048445224762,
0.0012523388722911477,
0.031109405681490898,
0.029592694714665413,
-0.01699557714164257,
-0.012512856163084507,
0.006875751540064812,
0.014223367907106876,
-0.030772358179092407,
-0.02482348494231701,
0.028969159349799156,
-0.0227169431746006,
0.008438805118203163,
-0.051028862595558167,
-0.023391036316752434,
0.00578034995123744,
-0.0008542026043869555,
0.07138647884130478,
-0.06612855195999146,
0.024772927165031433,
0.013372325338423252,
0.039164818823337555,
0.035255078226327896,
-0.06629707664251328,
0.00952156726270914,
0.03431134670972824,
-0.024199949577450752,
0.017425311729311943,
0.047658395022153854,
-0.025834625586867332,
0.0266435369849205,
0.017526425421237946,
-0.031109405681490898,
0.04951215162873268,
-0.03471580520272255,
0.022767500951886177,
0.03980520740151405,
-0.023340480402112007,
0.002508890815079212,
0.06012912094593048,
0.0012302201939746737,
0.03997373208403587,
-0.026003148406744003,
-0.009883892722427845,
-0.00277642160654068,
-0.004689161200076342,
-0.04004114121198654,
-0.005384319927543402,
-0.006340689957141876,
-0.03228906914591789,
0.018251076340675354,
-0.021335052326321602,
-0.023913459852337837,
0.01568109542131424,
0.015815913677215576,
-0.001578852883540094,
0.0369403101503849,
0.035153962671756744,
-0.02418309636414051,
0.007992218248546124,
-0.01616138592362404,
-0.02034076489508152,
0.07428508251905441,
-0.01401271391659975,
0.000036699901102110744,
-0.0016093977028504014,
0.00288806832395494,
0.057702384889125824,
-0.010566412471234798,
-0.017661243677139282,
0.02237989753484726,
-0.015369326807558537,
0.04779321327805519,
0.02416624315083027,
-0.03619880974292755,
-0.020526140928268433,
-0.03331705927848816,
-0.02458755299448967,
-0.0010316787520423532,
-0.002565767616033554,
0.02312139980494976,
0.03277778625488281,
0.015790635719895363,
0.016464728862047195,
-0.04492831602692604,
0.00040814242674969137,
0.007444517686963081,
0.04836619272828102,
0.023475298658013344,
-0.0014482472324743867,
-0.023239366710186005,
-0.02426735870540142,
0.07428508251905441,
-0.009934449568390846,
0.017105117440223694,
0.0017157780239358544,
-0.004002428613603115,
-0.01993630826473236,
0.02745244838297367,
-0.049613263458013535,
-0.06134248897433281,
-0.018520712852478027,
0.01927906833589077,
-0.0024646534584462643,
0.0054854340851306915,
-0.017711801454424858,
0.03805256634950638,
-0.008721081539988518,
-0.03395744785666466,
-0.055814921855926514,
-0.06140989810228348,
0.011518568731844425,
-0.004436376504600048,
-0.010768639855086803,
-0.01552099734544754,
-0.02735133469104767,
-0.011299488134682178,
-0.0035200307611376047,
-0.010760214179754257,
-0.048062849789857864,
0.016776496544480324,
0.03586176410317421,
-0.0028648963198065758,
-0.01286675501614809,
0.009942876175045967,
0.0014398210914805532,
-0.02564924955368042,
-0.046849481761455536,
-0.016607973724603653,
0.004478507209569216,
-0.007254928816109896,
-0.031968872994184494,
-0.007848973385989666,
0.04492831602692604,
0.02189117856323719,
0.04452386125922203,
0.04772580415010452,
0.016304630786180496,
0.014231794513761997,
0.00706533994525671,
-0.01568109542131424,
-0.009184520691633224,
-0.06167953461408615,
-0.025851476937532425,
0.017357902601361275,
-0.005182092078030109,
-0.003383105620741844,
-0.010844475589692593,
-0.0008863273542374372,
0.026508718729019165,
-0.00984176155179739,
-0.004752357490360737,
0.045939456671476364,
0.00659347465261817,
-0.011737649329006672,
0.015082837082445621,
0.01723150908946991,
-0.020846335217356682,
0.00243094889447093,
0.018116256222128868,
-0.011855615302920341,
-0.012538135051727295,
-0.02482348494231701,
-0.007440304383635521,
0.03464839607477188,
-0.010456872172653675,
-0.0066482448019087315,
0.008186019957065582,
0.0033915317617356777,
0.051096271723508835,
-0.00845565740019083,
-0.008270282298326492,
0.0025889393873512745,
-0.017138822004199028,
0.02957584336400032,
-0.016456302255392075,
-0.012310628779232502,
-0.02760411985218525,
0.005283206235617399,
-0.05369152873754501,
0.03257555887103081,
-0.002093902323395014,
0.019009429961442947,
0.05685976892709732,
-0.005687661934643984,
0.018975725397467613,
-0.0016768070636317134,
0.017762357369065285,
-0.04762468859553337,
0.016211943700909615,
0.04371494799852371,
0.0509614534676075,
-0.018419599160552025,
0.010397888720035553,
-0.03977150470018387,
0.05369152873754501,
-0.0212339386343956,
-0.03407541662454605,
0.03343502804636955,
0.04142303019762039,
-0.016026567667722702,
-0.02573351003229618,
0.04890546575188637,
0.009260356426239014,
0.006669310387223959,
-0.0120494170114398,
-0.0348169170320034,
0.011990434490144253,
-0.022582124918699265,
-0.005384319927543402,
0.007027422543615103,
0.042198240756988525,
-0.03997373208403587,
0.036569561809301376,
0.00004170293686911464,
-0.01626249961555004,
-0.005788776092231274,
-0.0348169170320034,
0.030603835359215736,
0.05220852419734001,
0.0029028141871094704,
-0.01944759115576744,
0.010305200703442097,
0.03660326451063156,
0.011594404466450214,
0.007907956838607788,
-0.03562583029270172,
-0.05065811052918434,
0.03677178919315338,
0.000918452104087919,
0.007634106557816267,
-0.04890546575188637,
-0.004566981922835112,
-0.005371680948883295,
-0.03889518231153488,
0.024789780378341675,
0.03845702111721039,
-0.03505285084247589,
-0.028328770771622658,
-0.027165958657860756,
-0.040479302406311035,
0.025278497487306595,
0.01568952016532421,
0.0011238398728892207,
-0.020644105970859528,
-0.011383750475943089,
0.014686807058751583,
0.05888204649090767,
-0.021773213520646095,
0.0004228882025927305,
0.043243084102869034,
-0.050186242908239365,
0.020778926089406013,
0.01269823219627142,
0.024385323747992516,
0.006955800112336874,
-0.0009310913155786693,
0.004474293906241655,
0.01643102429807186,
0.0004597526858560741,
-0.01690288819372654,
0.007377108093351126,
-0.016304630786180496,
-0.008400887250900269,
0.002105488209053874,
0.01616138592362404,
0.002624750602990389,
0.02394716441631317,
-0.013549274764955044,
0.031328484416007996,
-0.01912739686667919,
-0.006458656396716833,
0.009462584741413593,
0.02146987058222294,
-0.009867040440440178,
0.04482720419764519,
0.005717153660953045,
0.012083121575415134,
-0.0009563698549754918,
0.020155388861894608,
-0.030519573017954826,
-0.049208808690309525,
0.0007409759564325213,
-0.0039940024726092815,
0.02883433923125267,
-0.01641417108476162,
-0.006652458105236292,
-0.018487008288502693,
-0.03129478171467781,
-0.028362475335597992,
-0.021217085421085358,
0.06693746149539948,
0.03464839607477188,
0.016043420881032944,
0.029373614117503166,
0.027890609577298164,
0.010473724454641342,
0.010102973319590092,
0.012310628779232502,
0.008148102089762688,
0.002201335970312357,
0.023643821477890015,
0.030081411823630333,
0.004050879273563623,
-0.025750363245606422,
-0.0013713585212826729,
0.011653387919068336,
-0.018840907141566277,
-0.028278212994337082,
0.010760214179754257,
0.028716374188661575,
-0.003768602851778269,
-0.025278497487306595,
0.010440019890666008,
0.008746360428631306,
0.003829692490398884,
0.0375806987285614,
-0.043411608785390854,
-0.007275994401425123,
0.006340689957141876,
-0.022818056866526604,
-0.02989603765308857,
-0.018655531108379364,
0.035255078226327896,
-0.028362475335597992,
0.041861191391944885,
-0.008763212710618973,
0.07273466140031815,
-0.013448161073029041,
-0.02655927464365959,
-0.031648680567741394,
0.012201088480651379,
-0.04007484391331673,
0.018487008288502693,
-0.014004288241267204,
-0.08796917647123337,
0.018756644800305367,
0.014004288241267204,
-0.0027005861047655344,
0.013153244741261005,
0.043816063553094864,
0.018487008288502693,
0.00935304444283247,
-0.011737649329006672,
0.03538989648222923,
-0.03363725543022156,
-0.02163839340209961,
0.02212711237370968,
0.007857399992644787,
-0.04442274570465088,
0.04290603846311569,
-0.004394245333969593,
0.036636970937252045,
0.017610687762498856,
0.0058646113611757755,
-0.013658815063536167,
-0.03980520740151405,
-0.008737933821976185,
-0.031159961596131325,
-0.00476078363135457,
0.009732221253216267,
-0.021014858037233353,
-0.03458098694682121,
0.017543276771903038,
0.015116541646420956,
0.03314853832125664,
0.04900658130645752,
-0.03690660744905472,
0.024233654141426086,
-0.07752072811126709,
0.002283490961417556,
-0.0037707092706114054,
-0.009294060990214348,
-0.019801490008831024,
-0.014467727392911911,
0.005253714509308338,
-0.030671244487166405,
-0.022565271705389023,
-0.0005513872602023184,
-0.02108226716518402,
0.004701800644397736,
-0.013700946234166622,
-0.009909171611070633,
-0.0003570587723515928,
0.023239366710186005,
-0.026424456387758255,
-0.04951215162873268,
-0.011585977859795094,
-0.014956444501876831,
0.006521852687001228,
0.017694948241114616,
-0.029912889003753662,
-0.0027848477475345135,
0.05578121915459633,
0.005851972382515669,
0.014838478527963161,
-0.006901029963046312,
0.0025615545455366373,
-0.016709087416529655,
0.049309924244880676,
0.022514715790748596,
-0.00011711053957697004,
-0.024132538586854935,
-0.08250901848077774,
-0.010852902196347713,
0.0019022069172933698,
0.0050936173647642136,
-0.019902603700757027,
-0.03872665762901306,
0.03259240835905075,
-0.02280120551586151,
0.0367380827665329,
-0.056151971220970154,
0.0012028352357447147,
-0.033704664558172226,
0.0010448446264490485,
-0.010406315326690674,
0.006315411534160376,
0.0011849296279251575,
-0.03030049242079258,
-0.020542992278933525,
-0.03171608969569206,
0.01953185349702835,
-0.0035874401219189167,
-0.006551343947649002,
0.03038475476205349,
-0.028075985610485077,
0.0015556808793917298,
0.01160283014178276,
-0.07300430536270142,
0.0016346762422472239,
-0.006829407531768084,
-0.022818056866526604,
0.003606399055570364,
0.04085005447268486,
-0.01318694930523634,
-0.0003012354427482933,
0.045535001903772354,
-0.02677835524082184,
-0.02098115347325802,
0.029120828956365585,
0.011333193629980087,
-0.03358669579029083
] |
Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have sparked growing
concerns among experts, policymakers, and world leaders regarding the potential
for increasingly advanced AI systems to pose catastrophic risks. Although
numerous risks have been detailed separately, there is a pressing need for a
systematic discussion and illustration of the potential dangers to better
inform efforts to mitigate them. This paper provides an overview of the main
sources of catastrophic AI risks, which we organize into four categories:
malicious use, in which individuals or groups intentionally use AIs to cause
harm; AI race, in which competitive environments compel actors to deploy unsafe
AIs or cede control to AIs; organizational risks, highlighting how human
factors and complex systems can increase the chances of catastrophic accidents;
and rogue AIs, describing the inherent difficulty in controlling agents far
more intelligent than humans. For each category of risk, we describe specific
hazards, present illustrative stories, envision ideal scenarios, and propose
practical suggestions for mitigating these dangers. Our goal is to foster a
comprehensive understanding of these risks and inspire collective and proactive
efforts to ensure that AIs are developed and deployed in a safe manner.
Ultimately, we hope this will allow us to realize the benefits of this powerful
technology while minimizing the potential for catastrophic outcomes. | [
-0.0013920519268140197,
-0.06399568915367126,
-0.023857243359088898,
-0.024640344083309174,
0.035749442875385284,
0.014387192204594612,
-0.027900226414203644,
0.008035884238779545,
-0.03279915452003479,
0.06771086156368256,
-0.0007614740170538425,
-0.0026771104894578457,
0.07481340318918228,
-0.028519421815872192,
-0.06133678928017616,
0.005026411265134811,
0.011263896711170673,
-0.02172648161649704,
-0.002177428686991334,
-0.053979288786649704,
0.011691870167851448,
0.038171589374542236,
-0.08209805190563202,
0.022017868235707283,
0.003328176448121667,
0.024203263223171234,
0.023584067821502686,
-0.00041602205601520836,
-0.06079044193029404,
0.06501553952693939,
0.012438546866178513,
-0.03777093440294266,
-0.03106905147433281,
-0.05059192329645157,
0.00046268937876448035,
0.009524685330688953,
0.045711204409599304,
0.05525410175323486,
-0.03893647715449333,
0.06494269520044327,
0.016690963879227638,
-0.033345505595207214,
-0.011710082180798054,
-0.04221457242965698,
-0.01521582156419754,
0.01564379595220089,
-0.025805888697504997,
-0.031378649175167084,
-0.05317797511816025,
0.018293587490916252,
-0.011892198584973812,
-0.055545490235090256,
0.02023312821984291,
-0.0647241547703743,
-0.040284138172864914,
-0.01063559576869011,
0.04232384264469147,
-0.06934990733861923,
0.06308510899543762,
-0.0007563519757241011,
-0.005504467058926821,
0.030777664855122566,
-0.0014136782847344875,
0.019923530519008636,
-0.021890386939048767,
-0.04166822135448456,
0.03458389639854431,
0.007257336750626564,
-0.03323623538017273,
0.01588965207338333,
-0.05317797511816025,
-0.03369152545928955,
-0.02174469269812107,
-0.01141869556158781,
0.023347316309809685,
-0.0273720882833004,
0.0547441765666008,
0.06068117171525955,
-0.03017668053507805,
0.02023312821984291,
0.01697324402630329,
0.004643967375159264,
-0.027535993605852127,
0.012238219380378723,
0.04971776530146599,
0.0006789525505155325,
-0.030049199238419533,
-0.08238944411277771,
0.05121111869812012,
-0.02957569621503353,
-0.04957207292318344,
0.04796944931149483,
0.0050947051495313644,
-0.0377345085144043,
0.04287018999457359,
-0.008290846832096577,
-0.0006652938318438828,
-0.011109097860753536,
-0.04643967002630234,
-0.03319981321692467,
0.017701709643006325,
0.020961591973900795,
0.011737399734556675,
-0.008472963236272335,
-0.04287018999457359,
-0.09083963930606842,
-0.03274451941251755,
0.03436535596847534,
-0.032453134655952454,
0.17847402393817902,
-0.02087053470313549,
0.016800234094262123,
-0.07404851168394089,
-0.016436001285910606,
-0.0278455913066864,
0.016417790204286575,
-0.04152252897620201,
-0.008855408057570457,
0.012857414782047272,
-0.014423615299165249,
-0.07044260948896408,
0.00933346338570118,
0.04174106940627098,
-0.013239859603345394,
-0.05230381712317467,
0.027936648577451706,
0.04301588237285614,
-0.05015484616160393,
-0.036623600870370865,
0.01930433325469494,
0.0015696153277531266,
0.0690949484705925,
0.00801767222583294,
0.0564560703933239,
0.01720089092850685,
-0.03303590789437294,
0.024057570844888687,
0.006537977140396833,
0.0030732136219739914,
0.012028785422444344,
-0.05110184848308563,
-0.006879445631057024,
-0.062028832733631134,
0.007284654304385185,
-0.0352577269077301,
-0.017993096262216568,
-0.018639609217643738,
0.061154674738645554,
-0.03955567255616188,
0.007635228335857391,
-0.0343107208609581,
0.00538609130308032,
0.002012385753914714,
0.022072503343224525,
0.058823585510253906,
-0.017237313091754913,
-0.00462120259180665,
0.03474780172109604,
-0.023966513574123383,
0.03580407425761223,
0.0460025928914547,
-0.009324357844889164,
-0.0018462046282365918,
0.014796954579651356,
0.058131542056798935,
-0.024039359763264656,
0.06581684947013855,
-0.030595548450946808,
-0.07809149473905563,
0.039883483201265335,
0.01802952028810978,
-0.0613003671169281,
-0.03188857436180115,
0.0012816438684239984,
0.012638875283300877,
0.04112187400460243,
0.0026702811010181904,
0.06610824167728424,
-0.024658555164933205,
0.03828085958957672,
-0.03937355801463127,
-0.00022679177345708013,
0.020469877868890762,
-0.010025505907833576,
0.010071034543216228,
0.0356401726603508,
0.07357501238584518,
0.014368981122970581,
0.024658555164933205,
0.00320980092510581,
0.005877805408090353,
-0.0369696207344532,
-0.008504834026098251,
-0.01803862489759922,
0.023839030414819717,
-0.07266442477703094,
-0.0034784225281327963,
-0.02828267030417919,
-0.023110566660761833,
-0.007530511356890202,
-0.03613188490271568,
-0.0005432189791463315,
-0.00003873529567499645,
0.049207840114831924,
0.010872346349060535,
0.012775462120771408,
0.0334547758102417,
-0.018202530220150948,
-0.002321983687579632,
-0.026825739070773125,
0.014168652705848217,
0.00889638438820839,
0.0015309156151488423,
-0.04560193791985512,
-0.04480062425136566,
-0.021125497296452522,
-0.0031756539829075336,
0.050956156104803085,
-0.056383226066827774,
-0.050774041563272476,
0.008577680215239525,
0.01847570389509201,
0.02952106110751629,
-0.026625411584973335,
0.050300538539886475,
-0.04174106940627098,
-0.029939929023385048,
-0.03340014070272446,
-0.04341654106974602,
-0.013394658453762531,
0.0063148848712444305,
-0.013376446440815926,
0.008846302516758442,
0.0338372178375721,
0.06221094727516174,
0.002019215142354369,
0.012666192837059498,
0.05488986894488335,
-0.05765803903341293,
0.026352237910032272,
0.013267177157104015,
-0.008391011506319046,
0.016472425311803818,
-0.013312705792486668,
0.08231659233570099,
0.014696789905428886,
-0.01041705533862114,
0.02474961243569851,
-0.018357329070568085,
0.03449283912777901,
-0.01997816376388073,
0.011773822829127312,
0.017974885180592537,
0.036186520010232925,
0.001960027264431119,
-0.004839742090553045,
0.05488986894488335,
0.007881085388362408,
0.004753237124532461,
0.028173400089144707,
0.06144605949521065,
0.03325444832444191,
0.0139227956533432,
0.04782375693321228,
-0.015780381858348846,
0.0008035884238779545,
0.0177745558321476,
0.039446402341127396,
0.006633588578552008,
0.0032280124723911285,
-0.007321077398955822,
-0.03063197061419487,
-0.035330574959516525,
-0.011910409666597843,
-0.03973779082298279,
-0.01652706041932106,
0.028574056923389435,
0.02303771860897541,
-0.014423615299165249,
-0.016171932220458984,
0.02520490437746048,
-0.04436354339122772,
0.047896601259708405,
-0.058532197028398514,
-0.038790784776210785,
-0.07364785671234131,
-0.021034440025687218,
0.017892932519316673,
-0.09054825454950333,
-0.003681026864796877,
-0.017337476834654808,
-0.009146793745458126,
-0.014806060120463371,
0.0020863704849034548,
0.04392646625638008,
0.022564217448234558,
0.04072121903300285,
0.015252244658768177,
-0.016162827610969543,
-0.025496290996670723,
0.013121483847498894,
-0.04603901505470276,
0.007234572432935238,
0.03908216953277588,
-0.026843952015042305,
0.016144614666700363,
-0.004095341544598341,
0.05926066264510155,
-0.024913517758250237,
0.004272905178368092,
-0.01954108476638794,
0.019031159579753876,
-0.013786207884550095,
0.023511221632361412,
0.023146988824009895,
0.044035736471414566,
0.042943038046360016,
-0.015079234726727009,
-0.03110547363758087,
0.002674834104254842,
0.01739211194217205,
-0.03081408701837063,
-0.06607181578874588,
0.02888365462422371,
-0.08304505795240402,
-0.0011530241463333368,
-0.0004678113909903914,
-0.007903849706053734,
-0.059005700051784515,
0.03108726255595684,
-0.024858882650732994,
-0.013777102343738079,
-0.03724279627203941,
-0.034674953669309616,
-0.00484429532662034,
-0.0030823193956166506,
-0.06122751906514168,
0.035986192524433136,
0.007366606499999762,
-0.046184707432985306,
-0.025150269269943237,
-0.034620318561792374,
-0.027973072603344917,
-0.010034611448645592,
-0.03911859542131424,
-0.009925341233611107,
-0.044035736471414566,
-0.004247864242643118,
0.02240031212568283,
0.00880532618612051,
0.000964647566433996,
-0.000766596058383584,
-0.02806413173675537,
-0.012019679881632328,
0.01336734090000391,
-0.008113283663988113,
0.019632143899798393,
-0.037297431379556656,
0.008632315322756767,
-0.026588987559080124,
0.04057552292943001,
-0.0447642020881176,
-0.0023993831127882004,
-0.025951581075787544,
-0.04112187400460243,
-0.03758881613612175,
0.01605355739593506,
-0.03908216953277588,
-0.036386847496032715,
0.014259710907936096,
0.0019349863287061453,
0.053797170519828796,
-0.00966127309948206,
-0.010244045406579971,
-0.021234767511487007,
-0.027973072603344917,
-0.0016697794198989868,
-0.005172104574739933,
-0.021125497296452522,
0.03871793672442436,
-0.010380632244050503,
0.031378649175167084,
0.0005500483093783259,
-0.004748683888465166,
-0.019595719873905182,
0.023529432713985443,
0.06541619449853897,
-0.010790394619107246,
0.03021310456097126,
0.03644148260354996,
0.0008974921656772494,
0.028956500813364983,
-0.005304139107465744,
-0.036860350519418716,
0.03125116601586342,
0.0005454954225569963,
0.003335005836561322,
-0.010799500159919262,
0.017765451222658157,
-0.045092009007930756,
0.04017486795783043,
0.02584231086075306,
0.04807871952652931,
0.0408669114112854,
0.004908035974949598,
-0.006128215696662664,
0.02085232362151146,
-0.010899663902819157,
0.014687684364616871,
0.009579320438206196,
-0.009442733600735664,
0.012147161178290844,
0.003243947634473443,
-0.02045166678726673,
0.0028205271810293198,
0.05758519098162651,
0.09644882380962372,
0.005454384721815586,
-0.005244951229542494,
-0.024913517758250237,
-0.023602280765771866,
0.013085060752928257,
0.056638188660144806,
-0.027736321091651917,
-0.005987075157463551,
-0.019468238577246666,
0.01912221685051918,
0.007270995527505875,
-0.0175833348184824,
-0.003159718820825219,
0.06588970124721527,
0.0022354782558977604,
0.007680757436901331,
-0.006706434767693281,
-0.021471519023180008,
-0.04822441190481186,
-0.007512299809604883,
0.026898585259914398,
0.016882186755537987,
0.02083411067724228,
-0.038972899317741394,
0.015343302860856056,
-0.026188332587480545,
0.010353314690291882,
-0.06734663248062134,
-0.058313656598329544,
0.04629397764801979,
0.005203974898904562,
-0.026880374178290367,
-0.0664360448718071,
-0.05565476045012474,
0.023347316309809685,
-0.05915139243006706,
-0.04676748067140579,
0.058167964220047,
-0.0054771495051681995,
0.004243311006575823,
-0.04214172437787056,
0.0071799373254179955,
-0.012884732335805893,
0.02799128368496895,
0.05802227184176445,
0.012056102976202965,
-0.03875436261296272,
0.021635422483086586,
0.03321802243590355,
-0.033345505595207214,
-0.05583687499165535,
0.01694592647254467,
-0.01171918772161007,
-0.02500457689166069,
-0.0011319669429212809,
-0.012056102976202965,
0.015488996170461178,
0.014159547165036201,
-0.010936086997389793,
0.010526325553655624,
0.0361136756837368,
0.021216556429862976,
-0.01272082794457674,
0.07197238504886627,
0.06323079764842987,
-0.026224754750728607,
-0.028774384409189224,
0.00358541589230299,
0.02518669329583645,
0.01892188936471939,
-0.01846659928560257,
-0.04414500668644905,
-0.0360226146876812,
0.007134408224374056,
-0.009042076766490936,
0.04392646625638008,
-0.027007855474948883,
-0.004707708023488522,
-0.02720818482339382,
-0.03959209471940994,
-0.022291041910648346,
0.07685310393571854,
0.03148791939020157,
0.007525958586484194,
-0.04560193791985512,
0.0033623231574892998,
0.015771277248859406,
0.00814515445381403,
-0.04243311285972595,
0.00342151103541255,
-0.021653635427355766,
-0.029630331322550774,
-0.007799133192747831,
-0.008991994895040989,
-0.013731573708355427,
0.008022225461900234,
-0.019850682467222214,
0.025969792157411575,
-0.02500457689166069,
0.07284654676914215,
0.008859961293637753,
0.03828085958957672,
0.001989621203392744,
-0.0038676962722092867,
-0.007703521754592657,
-0.00039951776852831244,
0.03289021551609039,
-0.02609727345407009,
0.0408669114112854,
0.010061929002404213,
-0.029684966430068016,
-0.011136415414512157,
0.011008934117853642,
0.00911037065088749,
0.03609546273946762,
-0.04873433709144592,
-0.06392284482717514,
-0.03188857436180115,
0.0024813353084027767,
0.03766166418790817,
0.03500276431441307,
-0.03281736746430397,
-0.01844838634133339,
-0.046803902834653854,
0.05904212221503258,
0.028519421815872192,
0.030905146151781082,
0.028774384409189224,
0.0295574851334095,
0.04214172437787056,
0.015443467535078526,
-0.035494476556777954,
0.023547645658254623,
0.0010312339290976524,
-0.031123686581850052,
-0.057038843631744385,
-0.023620491847395897,
-0.013558562844991684,
-0.01937718130648136,
0.03995632752776146,
-0.02799128368496895,
-0.01272082794457674,
-0.022036079317331314,
-0.0295574851334095,
-0.03319981321692467,
-0.041850339621305466,
0.04418142884969711,
-0.016772916540503502,
-0.02502278797328472,
0.0452377051115036,
0.06680028140544891,
0.020506301894783974,
0.0030299609061330557,
0.002829632954671979,
-0.04090333357453346,
-0.01604445092380047,
-0.03500276431441307,
-0.020342396572232246,
0.004391280468553305,
-0.01715536043047905,
-0.05066477134823799,
-0.04108545184135437,
-0.011491542682051659,
-0.0391550175845623,
-0.01954108476638794,
0.01955929771065712,
0.03208890184760094,
-0.008564021438360214,
-0.00522218644618988,
-0.02389366552233696,
-0.012684403918683529,
-0.005285927094519138,
0.000819523585960269,
-0.027718110010027885,
0.015725746750831604,
-0.04101260378956795,
-0.007175384555011988,
-0.04589332267642021,
0.0004228514153510332,
0.023529432713985443,
-0.007157173007726669,
0.019213275983929634,
-0.034638531506061554,
0.009142241440713406,
0.02393008954823017,
0.06392284482717514,
0.019213275983929634,
-0.051611777395009995,
0.0223821010440588,
0.003958754241466522,
0.011063569225370884,
-0.009879812598228455,
0.0055955252610147,
0.04414500668644905,
-0.06552546471357346,
0.03676929324865341,
-0.017656181007623672,
0.06195598468184471,
-0.026862163096666336,
-0.000320980092510581,
-0.00022479987819679081,
-0.030267739668488503,
0.01761065237224102,
-0.020979804918169975,
0.011755610816180706,
0.015370620414614677,
0.014287028461694717,
-0.013230753131210804,
0.053360093384981155,
0.0032052479218691587,
0.04046625643968582,
0.008832643739879131,
0.031651824712753296,
-0.011828457936644554,
-0.016663646325469017,
0.025095634162425995,
-0.03624115511775017,
-0.012584240175783634,
-0.03350941091775894,
0.023329105228185654,
0.029867082834243774,
0.019395392388105392,
-0.022017868235707283,
0.0014091252814978361,
-0.017537806183099747,
0.031633611768484116,
0.06403211504220963,
-0.00765343988314271,
0.058641467243433,
0.015516313724219799,
-0.009834283031523228,
0.043744347989559174,
-0.008527598343789577,
0.03755239397287369,
0.03678750619292259,
-0.02453107386827469,
0.04072121903300285,
0.015689324587583542,
-0.027481358498334885,
0.0012588793179020286,
0.01672738790512085,
0.014751425012946129,
0.01932254619896412,
0.005695689003914595,
-0.015407043509185314,
0.0024676767643541098,
0.016572589054703712,
0.005732112564146519,
0.003885907819494605,
0.020287761464715004,
-0.01313058938831091,
-0.027426723390817642,
0.017674392089247704,
-0.01501549407839775,
-0.012820991687476635,
-0.03150612860918045,
0.020779477432370186,
-0.02888365462422371,
-0.01501549407839775,
0.03513024374842644,
0.07881996035575867,
0.02957569621503353,
-0.0026133698411285877,
-0.02088874578475952,
-0.013121483847498894,
-0.014232393354177475,
0.007225466426461935,
-0.03711531311273575,
-0.0048989299684762955,
0.02607906237244606,
0.04152252897620201,
-0.026898585259914398,
-0.015725746750831604,
-0.023784397169947624,
-0.0023880007211118937,
-0.009706801734864712,
0.011200156062841415,
-0.008536703884601593,
0.04217815026640892,
-0.033600468188524246,
-0.0374431237578392,
0.015270456671714783,
-0.04829725995659828,
-0.009961765259504318,
-0.015716642141342163,
-0.021562576293945312,
0.010344209149479866,
-0.011700975708663464,
0.004985435400158167,
0.007166278548538685,
0.024658555164933205,
-0.006187403108924627,
0.0004000868648290634,
0.008445645682513714,
0.03279915452003479,
-0.014232393354177475,
0.005440726410597563,
0.05893285199999809,
0.02413041703402996,
0.030704818665981293,
-0.0014227840583771467,
0.026443295180797577,
0.00997997634112835,
0.04971776530146599,
-0.010708441957831383,
-0.008828090503811836,
-0.0006852127844467759,
-0.03886362910270691,
0.017983989790081978,
-0.03188857436180115,
-0.005017305724322796,
-0.03828085958957672,
-0.005590972024947405,
0.011318531818687916,
-0.03156076371669769,
0.017437640577554703,
0.008554915897548199,
0.007243677973747253,
0.0064104958437383175,
0.01628120243549347,
0.001242944155819714,
0.0070524560287594795,
-0.007207254879176617,
0.02413041703402996,
0.00009625134407542646,
-0.004297946114093065,
-0.024931728839874268,
0.008427434600889683,
-0.00028868287336081266,
-0.004295669496059418,
0.003439722815528512,
0.027754532173275948,
0.026188332587480545,
0.04144968464970589,
-0.008454752154648304,
0.09018401801586151,
-0.035767652094364166,
-0.04418142884969711,
-0.00532690342515707,
0.002945732092484832,
0.007685310207307339,
-0.030267739668488503,
-0.008336376398801804,
0.011409590020775795,
0.07055187970399857,
-0.03347298502922058,
0.010608278214931488,
0.0368785634636879,
-0.06865786761045456,
-0.012128949165344238,
-0.01347661018371582,
-0.0030845957808196545,
0.002984431805089116,
0.02414862997829914,
-0.023329105228185654,
0.045092009007930756,
-0.006615376565605402,
-0.0015616477467119694,
-0.027426723390817642,
0.04800587147474289,
-0.019468238577246666,
-0.021398672834038734,
-0.014633049257099628,
-0.01065380685031414,
0.004509656224399805,
-0.029630331322550774,
0.03545805439352989,
-0.028355516493320465,
-0.006000733934342861,
-0.030559124425053596,
-0.03669644519686699,
0.01627209596335888,
0.06669101119041443,
0.004980882629752159,
-0.0006004148744978011,
-0.020998015999794006,
0.026224754750728607,
0.023638702929019928,
0.012438546866178513,
-0.031232954934239388,
0.0008770041167736053,
-0.005554548930376768,
-0.006351307965815067,
0.03624115511775017,
-0.04560193791985512,
0.027936648577451706,
-0.025350596755743027,
-0.013613197952508926,
-0.024603920057415962,
-0.0005773657467216253,
0.006924974732100964,
-0.0038472081068903208,
0.01760154590010643,
0.03201605752110481,
0.03849940001964569,
-0.020998015999794006,
0.07040618360042572,
-0.0003252484311815351,
0.008604997768998146,
-0.029156828299164772,
0.029848871752619743,
-0.041158296167850494,
-0.037042468786239624,
0.003963307477533817,
-0.008773455396294594,
0.014551096595823765,
0.00034972032881341875,
-0.027262818068265915,
0.02545986697077751,
0.04501916468143463,
-0.003976965788751841,
0.023802608251571655,
-0.03427429869771004,
-0.03370973840355873,
0.0030436196830123663,
-0.02759062871336937,
0.016436001285910606,
-0.007389371283352375,
-0.022728120908141136,
-0.0028569502755999565,
-0.022527793422341347,
0.003391917096450925,
0.028865443542599678,
-0.009816071949899197,
-0.006155532784759998,
0.01735568977892399,
-0.005759429652243853,
0.010717547498643398,
-0.0008644835907034576,
0.016363155096769333,
0.043562233448028564,
0.028082342818379402,
-0.025696618482470512,
-0.00803133100271225,
-0.050774041563272476,
-0.0032302888575941324,
0.03875436261296272,
0.001814334187656641,
0.006009839940816164,
0.04064837098121643,
-0.013995641842484474,
-0.00967948418110609,
0.015580054372549057,
-0.0006100898026488721,
0.04177749156951904,
-0.012220007367432117,
0.0110726747661829,
0.020906958729028702,
0.037479545921087265,
0.014997282065451145,
-0.06756516546010971,
-0.033600468188524246,
-0.058823585510253906,
-0.02023312821984291,
0.035731229931116104,
-0.010244045406579971,
0.03482064604759216,
-0.029411792755126953,
0.01218358427286148,
0.050992581993341446,
0.014642154797911644,
-0.019668566063046455,
0.0178200863301754,
0.006533424369990826,
0.025751253589987755,
0.03207068890333176,
0.016863975673913956,
-0.011473330669105053,
-0.04585690051317215,
-0.01509744580835104,
0.00022038925089873374,
-0.012019679881632328,
-0.012311065569519997,
-0.009552002884447575,
-0.021890386939048767,
0.004949011839926243,
-0.0068566808477044106,
0.06760159134864807,
0.0556911826133728,
0.002217266708612442,
0.007967590354382992,
0.013075954280793667,
-0.009269722737371922,
0.01630851998925209,
-0.024403592571616173,
-0.015488996170461178,
0.028774384409189224,
0.027481358498334885,
0.005859593860805035,
0.001068226294592023,
-0.013585880398750305,
0.04199603199958801,
-0.011245684698224068,
-0.013777102343738079,
-0.0725187361240387,
0.005058282054960728,
0.005754876881837845,
0.044654931873083115,
-0.004776001442223787,
-0.034201450645923615,
-0.016873080283403397,
0.012256431393325329,
0.019850682467222214,
0.022673485800623894,
-0.01670007035136223,
-0.04035698622465134,
-0.005135681480169296,
-0.031160108745098114,
0.008218000642955303,
-0.04046625643968582,
-0.00794027280062437,
0.0022104373201727867,
0.002269625198096037,
-0.014441827312111855,
0.020287761464715004,
0.002581499284133315,
0.005713900551199913,
0.01565290056169033,
-0.015234033577144146,
0.004707708023488522,
0.026151908561587334,
0.004707708023488522,
-0.027863802388310432,
-0.03281736746430397,
0.0015013216761872172,
0.07787295430898666,
0.02649793028831482,
0.045092009007930756,
-0.03644148260354996,
0.02130761370062828,
0.0313604362308979,
-0.018402857705950737,
0.031396858394145966,
-0.047678060829639435,
0.016144614666700363,
0.025478078052401543,
-0.035294149070978165,
-0.03890005499124527,
0.0009578182362020016,
-0.011710082180798054,
-0.03607724979519844,
-0.06752874702215195,
0.04327084496617317,
-0.008104178123176098,
0.03341835364699364,
0.0012793673668056726,
-0.020743053406476974,
-0.011619023978710175,
0.05252235755324364,
0.015561843290925026,
-0.017510488629341125,
-0.0377345085144043,
0.01935896836221218,
-0.03148791939020157,
-0.008564021438360214,
-0.03864509239792824,
-0.011537071317434311,
-0.0009657858172431588,
-0.0046803904697299,
0.03673287108540535,
-0.0006965950597077608,
0.01670917682349682,
-0.045966170728206635,
-0.00000795869800640503,
-0.017983989790081978,
-0.009934447705745697,
-0.04979061335325241,
-0.041376836597919464,
-0.03327265754342079,
0.015534525737166405,
-0.02327447012066841,
-0.049462802708148956,
-0.0035694807302206755,
0.01567111350595951,
0.0004188676248304546,
0.0033418352250009775,
-0.01098161656409502,
-0.028974711894989014,
-0.01510655228048563,
-0.022254619747400284,
0.002581499284133315,
0.017346583306789398,
0.020142069086432457,
-0.020360609516501427,
0.013503927737474442,
0.045929744839668274,
0.052267394959926605,
0.007612464018166065,
0.01425060536712408,
0.054197829216718674,
-0.016672752797603607,
-0.017046092078089714,
-0.013349128887057304,
0.02739030122756958,
0.026898585259914398,
0.029156828299164772,
0.007644334342330694,
0.03150612860918045,
0.018184319138526917,
0.024203263223171234,
-0.0187215618789196,
-0.02085232362151146,
-0.08231659233570099,
0.012138055637478828,
0.022873815149068832,
0.016609011217951775,
-0.025751253589987755
] |
Detecting duplicate patient participation in clinical trials is a major
challenge because repeated patients can undermine the credibility and accuracy
of the trial's findings and result in significant health and financial risks.
Developing accurate automated speaker verification (ASV) models is crucial to
verify the identity of enrolled individuals and remove duplicates, but the size
and quality of data influence ASV performance. However, there has been limited
investigation into the factors that can affect ASV capabilities in clinical
environments. In this paper, we bridge the gap by conducting analysis of how
participant demographic characteristics, audio quality criteria, and severity
level of Alzheimer's disease (AD) impact the performance of ASV utilizing a
dataset of speech recordings from 659 participants with varying levels of AD,
obtained through multiple speech tasks. Our results indicate that ASV
performance: 1) is slightly better on male speakers than on female speakers; 2)
degrades for individuals who are above 70 years old; 3) is comparatively better
for non-native English speakers than for native English speakers; 4) is
negatively affected by clinician interference, noisy background, and unclear
participant speech; 5) tends to decrease with an increase in the severity level
of AD. Our study finds that voice biometrics raise fairness concerns as certain
subgroups exhibit different ASV performances owing to their inherent voice
characteristics. Moreover, the performance of ASV is influenced by the quality
of speech recordings, which underscores the importance of improving the data
collection settings in clinical trials. | [
-0.020306693390011787,
-0.013994632288813591,
-0.027661113068461418,
-0.042813923209905624,
0.034745294600725174,
-0.0009717824286781251,
-0.012575865723192692,
-0.009540478698909283,
0.01533618662506342,
0.02486218698322773,
-0.04323858767747879,
-0.04007290303707123,
-0.0438176766037941,
-0.012682031840085983,
0.008956564590334892,
0.04883643984794617,
-0.023742616176605225,
-0.036945827305316925,
0.0299774669110775,
-0.020248785614967346,
-0.030904008075594902,
0.042775318026542664,
-0.033336177468299866,
-0.027525993064045906,
0.011552809737622738,
0.04829595610499382,
-0.002008712152019143,
-0.008956564590334892,
-0.036289528012275696,
-0.020171573385596275,
0.02260374277830124,
0.024611249566078186,
-0.0354015938937664,
-0.058294881135225296,
-0.012257367372512817,
0.03723537176847458,
0.00826648436486721,
-0.03710025176405907,
0.026136182248592377,
0.08060908317565918,
-0.012730289250612259,
0.02555709332227707,
-0.017729751765727997,
-0.014853612519800663,
0.02279677242040634,
-0.0626959502696991,
-0.001991822151467204,
0.01138873491436243,
-0.005496512167155743,
0.07338978350162506,
0.01533618662506342,
0.008165143430233002,
0.017411252483725548,
-0.021059507504105568,
0.0343785360455513,
-0.016976935788989067,
0.02476567216217518,
0.0018482565646991134,
0.0628889799118042,
-0.0019146103877574205,
0.016581226140260696,
-0.009429486468434334,
0.024784976616501808,
0.016504013910889626,
0.04192598536610603,
-0.052388180047273636,
-0.01135978102684021,
0.029687922447919846,
-0.05698228254914284,
0.03754422068595886,
-0.03455226495862007,
-0.0018663530936464667,
0.02932116761803627,
0.061151716858148575,
0.0004910185816697776,
-0.0540868379175663,
-0.0024164868518710136,
0.05346914380788803,
-0.03657907247543335,
-0.017556024715304375,
0.021387659013271332,
0.017613932490348816,
-0.020962992683053017,
0.06879568099975586,
0.10616617649793625,
-0.01534583792090416,
-0.03009328432381153,
-0.06535975635051727,
-0.00046508022933267057,
-0.016639133915305138,
-0.028742078691720963,
-0.030460041016340256,
0.04466700553894043,
0.01645575650036335,
-0.02258444018661976,
0.007368897553533316,
0.0010429619578644633,
-0.005930828396230936,
-0.01837639883160591,
-0.0634680688381195,
0.03820051997900009,
-0.057599976658821106,
-0.01174583937972784,
0.0264064222574234,
0.028143687173724174,
-0.010481496341526508,
-0.03381875157356262,
-0.007817691192030907,
0.03588416799902916,
0.19302940368652344,
-0.036231618374586105,
-0.02636781707406044,
-0.008570505306124687,
-0.02049972303211689,
0.008015546016395092,
0.016600528731942177,
-0.008488467894494534,
-0.028742078691720963,
-0.020306693390011787,
-0.019611787050962448,
0.02283537946641445,
0.039127059280872345,
-0.002972652902826667,
0.05709809809923172,
-0.02277746982872486,
0.07319675385951996,
-0.016725998371839523,
0.06555278599262238,
-0.013714739121496677,
0.006722249090671539,
-0.0035324380733072758,
0.03507344424724579,
-0.06497369706630707,
0.008512596599757671,
0.008802141062915325,
0.044319551438093185,
0.009241282939910889,
-0.032564062625169754,
-0.0032260038424283266,
0.019708301872015,
-0.012633774429559708,
0.009004822000861168,
-0.05709809809923172,
0.07416189461946487,
0.025479881092905998,
-0.019418757408857346,
-0.046520087867975235,
0.053855203092098236,
-0.019138865172863007,
-0.010327072814106941,
-0.00003860588185489178,
0.004504823591560125,
0.036849312484264374,
0.05339193344116211,
0.031927064061164856,
-0.01805790141224861,
0.01831849105656147,
-0.006833240855485201,
0.01748846471309662,
-0.015490610152482986,
0.03358711674809456,
-0.04891365021467209,
0.005892222747206688,
0.009849325753748417,
-0.005983911454677582,
0.020808570086956024,
-0.019708301872015,
0.018086856231093407,
-0.03860587999224663,
0.056017134338617325,
-0.02573082037270069,
-0.015123854391276836,
0.0031898110173642635,
0.013656830415129662,
-0.0350155346095562,
0.0467517226934433,
0.007870773784816265,
-0.011639673262834549,
-0.04910667985677719,
0.013029485009610653,
-0.03889542445540428,
0.05339193344116211,
-0.02353028394281864,
-0.0054579065181314945,
0.07732757925987244,
-0.025209641084074974,
0.05663482844829559,
-0.04617263376712799,
-0.008758709765970707,
0.03154100477695465,
0.02127183973789215,
0.0042635370045900345,
0.0070600504986941814,
-0.01730508543550968,
-0.011967822909355164,
0.019997846335172653,
0.03443644568324089,
-0.0160407442599535,
0.027969960123300552,
-0.013000530190765858,
0.02418658509850502,
-0.04524609446525574,
0.0079093798995018,
0.01861768588423729,
-0.037042342126369476,
-0.005737799219787121,
0.017710447311401367,
0.03642464801669121,
-0.024456825107336044,
-0.0016829750966280699,
-0.08091792464256287,
-0.03524716943502426,
-0.016330286860466003,
0.018405353650450706,
0.015239671804010868,
-0.019534576684236526,
-0.01722787506878376,
0.010732434689998627,
0.01029811892658472,
0.0023694359697401524,
-0.07412329316139221,
-0.0042804270051419735,
0.07860157638788223,
0.03661767765879631,
-0.025981757789850235,
0.009434312582015991,
0.01687077060341835,
0.05651900917291641,
0.007817691192030907,
0.026483634486794472,
0.01948631927371025,
0.004712330177426338,
-0.010674525983631611,
0.01566433720290661,
0.05783161148428917,
-0.00854637660086155,
0.009670773521065712,
-0.03219730406999588,
0.026908298954367638,
0.007904553785920143,
-0.04609542340040207,
-0.026020364835858345,
-0.0022644761484116316,
-0.0030378003139048815,
0.037621431052684784,
0.005385520402342081,
-0.03650186210870743,
0.049454133957624435,
0.018559778109192848,
0.03229381889104843,
-0.006645037326961756,
0.016185516491532326,
-0.041269686073064804,
0.0030667546670883894,
-0.021349051967263222,
0.023665405809879303,
-0.012498654425144196,
-0.06489648669958115,
0.004167022183537483,
-0.030209101736545563,
0.03283430263400078,
-0.015123854391276836,
-0.007089004851877689,
0.07447074353694916,
-0.0335485115647316,
-0.036250922828912735,
0.032699182629585266,
-0.018289536237716675,
0.05551525577902794,
-0.06234849989414215,
-0.0271399337798357,
0.027661113068461418,
-0.030517948791384697,
-0.026927601546049118,
0.0017782833892852068,
0.018801063299179077,
0.018472913652658463,
-0.01103163044899702,
0.02490079402923584,
0.008213400840759277,
-0.049376923590898514,
-0.002126942854374647,
-0.02059623785316944,
-0.00430214311927557,
-0.03574904426932335,
-0.039107758551836014,
-0.032602667808532715,
-0.04837317019701004,
-0.03881821408867836,
0.011803748086094856,
0.0025504010263830423,
-0.060456808656454086,
-0.04976297914981842,
-0.034783899784088135,
0.014013934880495071,
-0.03134797513484955,
-0.0002583276364021003,
-0.005390346050262451,
-0.010616617277264595,
-0.047832686454057693,
-0.018685245886445045,
-0.01165897585451603,
0.022545835003256798,
0.026676664128899574,
0.013676133006811142,
-0.0009241282823495567,
-0.0004279823915567249,
0.047330811619758606,
-0.06447181850671768,
-0.03522786498069763,
0.031000522896647453,
-0.01356031559407711,
-0.06794635206460953,
-0.011330826207995415,
0.034050386399030685,
0.0691431313753128,
-0.0013367286883294582,
-0.015249323099851608,
0.07477959245443344,
-0.022179078310728073,
-0.033355481922626495,
0.0035565667785704136,
-0.10114740580320358,
0.05041928216814995,
0.03127076476812363,
-0.021522779017686844,
-0.007233777083456516,
0.01496943086385727,
-0.01101232785731554,
0.019978543743491173,
0.028838593512773514,
-0.005988737568259239,
-0.06999246031045914,
-0.009419835172593594,
-0.006534045562148094,
0.003187397960573435,
0.0058198366314172745,
-0.019939938560128212,
0.04173295944929123,
-0.026946906000375748,
0.0016009376849979162,
-0.04292973875999451,
-0.09049218893051147,
-0.013463800773024559,
-0.014872916042804718,
0.01175549067556858,
0.024418219923973083,
-0.009231631644070148,
-0.012923318892717361,
-0.032699182629585266,
0.0011678278679028153,
-0.02856835164129734,
-0.01826058141887188,
0.023800525814294815,
-0.041269686073064804,
0.020364603027701378,
-0.009825197048485279,
-0.019119562581181526,
0.020306693390011787,
-0.08771256357431412,
0.016310984268784523,
-0.01859838329255581,
-0.0285104438662529,
-0.013270772062242031,
-0.013058438897132874,
-0.046520087867975235,
-0.006649862974882126,
0.05663482844829559,
0.017932431772351265,
-0.03076888807117939,
-0.009598387405276299,
0.013241817243397236,
0.007716350723057985,
-0.016204819083213806,
-0.06593884527683258,
0.035556018352508545,
0.033355481922626495,
-0.00014944699069019407,
-0.010105089284479618,
0.02995816431939602,
-0.0057860566303133965,
-0.019534576684236526,
-0.01310669630765915,
0.04775547608733177,
0.0277769323438406,
0.007195170968770981,
0.06408576667308807,
0.06246431544423103,
0.011108842678368092,
0.0647420659661293,
0.014361388050019741,
-0.05211794003844261,
-0.0526198148727417,
-0.04667451232671738,
0.025325458496809006,
-0.005443429108709097,
0.04111526533961296,
0.0227388646453619,
0.03976405784487724,
-0.012942621484398842,
-0.006394098978489637,
-0.024418219923973083,
-0.03742840141057968,
0.013029485009610653,
0.007991417311131954,
-0.02497800439596176,
-0.06030238792300224,
0.03318175673484802,
0.048604805022478104,
0.0019688999745994806,
0.020036451518535614,
0.027255753055214882,
-0.04852759465575218,
-0.009043428115546703,
0.010095437988638878,
0.007228951435536146,
-0.02991955727338791,
0.03387666121125221,
-0.0008372650481760502,
-0.00913029070943594,
-0.04053617641329765,
0.07130506634712219,
0.1155087947845459,
0.003906432539224625,
0.03758282586932182,
0.016214469447731972,
-0.011803748086094856,
-0.02854904904961586,
0.050187647342681885,
-0.038547974079847336,
0.0070938304997980595,
-0.03729328140616417,
0.0038630010094493628,
-0.02497800439596176,
0.0008632033714093268,
0.013000530190765858,
-0.018916882574558258,
-0.00913029070943594,
-0.00551098957657814,
-0.019959241151809692,
-0.0322745181620121,
-0.001280026277527213,
-0.01055870857089758,
-0.03872169926762581,
-0.08562784641981125,
-0.10153346508741379,
0.03617371246218681,
0.020769964903593063,
-0.04482142999768257,
0.0009476537234149873,
-0.0366755872964859,
0.053777992725372314,
-0.042775318026542664,
-0.007779085077345371,
-0.02057693526148796,
-0.0019242619164288044,
0.014448250643908978,
-0.049415528774261475,
0.07682570070028305,
-0.0511527918279171,
-0.013097045011818409,
0.03065307065844536,
0.08014580607414246,
0.02188953384757042,
-0.02061554044485092,
0.04231204465031624,
-0.06806217133998871,
-0.08377476036548615,
0.007639138959348202,
0.008975867182016373,
-0.060379598289728165,
0.04980158805847168,
-0.055283620953559875,
-0.04096084088087082,
-0.033895961940288544,
-0.016957633197307587,
0.00970455352216959,
-0.020924387499690056,
0.029861649498343468,
0.04594099894165993,
0.0030788190197199583,
0.03009328432381153,
-0.03779515624046326,
0.023105619475245476,
0.012238064780831337,
-0.010047180578112602,
0.009289540350437164,
-0.019283637404441833,
-0.06597745418548584,
-0.06261873990297318,
-0.038393549621105194,
0.036984432488679886,
0.04123108088970184,
-0.012537259608507156,
-0.030324919149279594,
-0.04628845304250717,
-0.030402131378650665,
-0.06852544099092484,
0.03592277318239212,
-0.005168362520635128,
0.024360310286283493,
-0.0806862935423851,
-0.016484711319208145,
0.0027193017303943634,
-0.04852759465575218,
0.006461659446358681,
-0.04312276840209961,
-0.008565680123865604,
-0.01354101300239563,
0.012942621484398842,
0.048797834664583206,
0.02926325798034668,
-0.03976405784487724,
-0.013772647827863693,
-0.009371577762067318,
0.026020364835858345,
-0.01986272633075714,
0.04316137358546257,
0.0482187457382679,
0.010375330224633217,
-0.021812323480844498,
0.014361388050019741,
-0.02791205234825611,
0.058294881135225296,
-0.04455118626356125,
0.01389811746776104,
0.0008921577828004956,
0.019939938560128212,
0.00550616392865777,
-0.01651366613805294,
-0.016976935788989067,
-0.005327611695975065,
-0.022352805361151695,
-0.047871291637420654,
0.015297580510377884,
0.010771040804684162,
0.011996777728199959,
0.017276132479310036,
0.011610718443989754,
-0.04682893306016922,
0.00972385611385107,
0.02634851448237896,
-0.011909914202988148,
0.026058970019221306,
0.013328680768609047,
0.015201065689325333,
0.04559354484081268,
-0.047871291637420654,
0.0156257301568985,
0.03740910068154335,
0.0438176766037941,
-0.011678279377520084,
-0.015587124973535538,
-0.01602144166827202,
0.014940476045012474,
-0.04845038056373596,
-0.022468622773885727,
0.01212224643677473,
0.020152270793914795,
0.017768356949090958,
-0.04852759465575218,
0.025132428854703903,
-0.023086316883563995,
0.010008574463427067,
0.03221660852432251,
-0.008112060837447643,
-0.013984980061650276,
0.08169004321098328,
-0.010510451160371304,
0.02190883830189705,
-0.021599991247057915,
-0.03285360336303711,
-0.03275708854198456,
-0.05416405200958252,
-0.033297572284936905,
0.00528417993336916,
0.04385628178715706,
-0.0654369667172432,
-0.0010622648987919092,
0.03378014639019966,
0.006688469089567661,
0.009651469998061657,
0.02484288439154625,
-0.023800525814294815,
-0.010616617277264595,
0.006842892616987228,
-0.029475590214133263,
-0.029050925746560097,
-0.01687077060341835,
-0.004133242182433605,
-0.012730289250612259,
0.0425436794757843,
-0.011041281744837761,
-0.019534576684236526,
-0.03754422068595886,
-0.0027361917309463024,
0.014834309928119183,
0.047176387161016464,
0.02995816431939602,
-0.0016648786840960383,
0.005076673347502947,
0.031830549240112305,
0.02551848813891411,
0.02329864911735058,
0.01692867837846279,
-0.030614463612437248,
-0.05644179880619049,
-0.030131889507174492,
0.007841819897294044,
0.026522239670157433,
0.018820367753505707,
-0.044280946254730225,
0.007282034493982792,
-0.04671311751008034,
0.013319029472768307,
-0.03713885694742203,
0.024437522515654564,
0.019196774810552597,
-0.005221445579081774,
0.0032187653705477715,
-0.011243962682783604,
-0.04343161731958389,
0.02555709332227707,
-0.003990883007645607,
0.022198380902409554,
0.02646433189511299,
-0.05343053862452507,
-0.04242786392569542,
0.02862626127898693,
0.013434846885502338,
-0.024784976616501808,
0.005086324643343687,
0.0012462461600080132,
-0.019563529640436172,
0.012894364073872566,
0.03617371246218681,
-0.0220053531229496,
0.03134797513484955,
0.015616078861057758,
-0.017063800245523453,
0.0025262723211199045,
0.01722787506878376,
0.03932008892297745,
0.06064983829855919,
-0.013434846885502338,
-0.019302939996123314,
-0.012508305720984936,
0.05732973292469978,
0.02549918368458748,
0.02563430555164814,
0.006447182036936283,
-0.003838872304186225,
0.014004283584654331,
0.02335655875504017,
-0.006852543912827969,
-0.002772384788841009,
0.011967822909355164,
0.004533778410404921,
0.023723313584923744,
-0.02046111784875393,
0.0015008036280050874,
0.022159775719046593,
0.009902408346533775,
0.010056831873953342,
0.010317421518266201,
0.012855758890509605,
-0.004401070531457663,
-0.022526532411575317,
0.006032168865203857,
0.054588716477155685,
-0.0005748657276853919,
-0.04022732749581337,
-0.0714980885386467,
-0.03312384709715843,
0.0025310982018709183,
-0.022179078310728073,
-0.006818763911724091,
-0.0073592462576925755,
-0.002451473381370306,
-0.015538867563009262,
0.0018796238582581282,
0.006529219448566437,
-0.0005184649489820004,
0.03683001175522804,
0.012440744787454605,
0.0068139382638037205,
0.010471845045685768,
0.009250934235751629,
-0.02271956205368042,
-0.007851471193134785,
-0.025460578501224518,
0.00875388365238905,
0.03808470070362091,
0.008778012357652187,
0.016976935788989067,
-0.008145840838551521,
-0.04370185732841492,
0.01839570328593254,
0.011099190451204777,
0.026155484840273857,
-0.017141010612249374,
-0.009154419414699078,
0.020731357857584953,
0.012855758890509605,
0.012942621484398842,
0.014737795107066631,
-0.0028158165514469147,
-0.014515811577439308,
0.009651469998061657,
0.0040801591239869595,
-0.0038991940673440695,
0.005496512167155743,
-0.028027869760990143,
0.01707345061004162,
0.00528417993336916,
0.0009711792226880789,
0.007262731436640024,
-0.057406947016716,
-0.02059623785316944,
-0.01730508543550968,
0.02486218698322773,
-0.023086316883563995,
-0.0022789533250033855,
-0.03134797513484955,
0.011523855850100517,
0.029687922447919846,
-0.03376084193587303,
0.048643410205841064,
-0.028336716815829277,
-0.0014561655698344111,
-0.008835921064019203,
-0.034031085669994354,
0.04042035713791847,
0.016919028013944626,
-0.01645575650036335,
-0.011620370671153069,
-0.025421973317861557,
0.037003736943006516,
0.01805790141224861,
-0.01210294384509325,
-0.03673349693417549,
-0.03173403441905975,
-0.010336725041270256,
0.002905092667788267,
0.009033775888383389,
0.05980050936341286,
-0.03933939337730408,
0.03439784049987793,
-0.010471845045685768,
-0.037003736943006516,
0.012295973487198353,
0.0063989246264100075,
0.048797834664583206,
-0.039165668189525604,
0.018511520698666573,
-0.02634851448237896,
0.021561384201049805,
0.007865948602557182,
-0.035478804260492325,
-0.01499838475137949,
0.0010453748982399702,
0.043470222502946854,
0.04103805124759674,
0.0035686311312019825,
0.01794208399951458,
-0.028356019407510757,
-0.044165126979351044,
-0.005815010983496904,
0.007870773784816265,
-0.027410175651311874,
0.022372107952833176,
-0.03599998354911804,
0.04767826199531555,
-0.04258228838443756,
0.00042195021524094045,
-0.006085251923650503,
0.04103805124759674,
-0.013319029472768307,
-0.00491742417216301,
-0.015538867563009262,
-0.06794635206460953,
0.028915805742144585,
-0.03866378962993622,
-0.053083088248968124,
0.008155492134392262,
-0.018820367753505707,
0.030440736562013626,
-0.01056835986673832,
0.02275816723704338,
-0.007084179203957319,
-0.007040747441351414,
-0.025943152606487274,
0.03590346872806549,
-0.028413929045200348,
0.020287390798330307,
-0.026097575202584267,
0.028317414224147797,
0.04250507429242134,
-0.0345715656876564,
-0.0018265407998114824,
0.0040801591239869595,
-0.015065944753587246,
-0.0335485115647316,
0.01786487177014351,
-0.03345199674367905,
-0.042891133576631546,
-0.026232697069644928,
-0.027390873059630394,
0.003783376421779394,
0.03202357888221741,
-0.00767291896045208,
0.00824718177318573,
0.026136182248592377,
-0.007402677554637194,
0.03159891441464424,
0.017874522134661674,
-0.014178009703755379,
0.0454777292907238,
0.01792277954518795,
-0.055206410586833954,
-0.0167742557823658,
-0.009067556820809841,
0.0035951726604253054,
-0.02845253422856331,
0.001670910743996501,
-0.018144764006137848,
0.028684169054031372,
-0.003925735596567392,
0.0017662190366536379,
0.0030522774904966354,
0.030305616557598114,
-0.025808030739426613,
0.009028950706124306,
0.03785306587815285,
0.025325458496809006,
0.02999676950275898,
-0.027699720114469528,
0.044358156621456146,
-0.012209109961986542,
0.01805790141224861,
0.007981766015291214,
0.03173403441905975,
-0.03679140657186508,
0.011137796565890312,
0.04393349215388298,
-0.03642464801669121,
-0.04099944606423378,
-0.027352266013622284,
-0.0011412863386794925,
0.01607934944331646,
0.01859838329255581,
-0.028162989765405655,
-0.017778009176254272,
0.00767291896045208,
0.039879877120256424,
0.003129489254206419,
-0.005752276163548231,
-0.013637527823448181,
0.01544235274195671,
-0.011562461033463478,
0.04702196270227432,
0.015596776269376278,
0.004265950061380863,
-0.0008656162535771728,
0.020036451518535614,
0.014882567338645458,
0.019679348915815353,
-0.06350667774677277,
-0.015027339570224285,
-0.05034206807613373,
-0.004661660175770521,
-0.018530823290348053,
0.004507236648350954,
-0.029803739860653877,
0.014834309928119183,
0.007851471193134785,
-0.0012474525719881058,
-0.01839570328593254,
0.0002459616807755083,
-0.024321705102920532,
0.0032260038424283266,
0.011948520317673683,
0.0004071714065503329,
-0.04779408127069473,
0.0015297580976039171,
-0.06362248957157135,
-0.03235172852873802,
-0.05883536487817764,
0.016031092032790184,
-0.0307109784334898,
-0.00695871002972126,
0.019679348915815353,
0.015316883102059364,
0.027506690472364426,
0.06285037845373154,
0.019737256690859795,
0.009221980348229408,
-0.02053832821547985,
-0.0227388646453619,
0.0077887363731861115,
0.00948739517480135,
-0.028182294219732285,
-0.04520748555660248,
-0.007291685789823532,
-0.022294895723462105,
0.042157623916864395,
0.004531365353614092,
0.012508305720984936,
-0.004886056762188673,
0.003978818655014038,
-0.03279569745063782,
-0.047330811619758606,
0.00004607069058693014,
-0.004145306535065174,
0.035536713898181915,
-0.003628952894359827,
0.007571578491479158,
0.0013427608646452427,
0.05254260450601578,
-0.02277746982872486,
0.026946906000375748,
0.02852974645793438,
-0.01912921480834484,
0.01280750147998333,
-0.022545835003256798,
-0.012392488308250904,
-0.013309377245604992,
0.008749057538807392,
0.01803859882056713,
-0.014564068987965584,
0.016127606853842735,
0.05111418664455414,
-0.01499838475137949,
-0.03509274497628212,
0.004458979237824678,
-0.014467554166913033,
0.017440207302570343,
0.029475590214133263,
-0.012160852551460266,
-0.028915805742144585,
-0.00431662006303668,
-0.026695966720581055,
-0.02719784341752529,
0.01909060776233673,
-0.011842354200780392,
-0.005255225580185652,
0.019901331514120102,
0.007798388134688139,
0.013019833713769913,
-0.018115809187293053,
0.0030088459607213736,
0.005539943929761648,
0.0028158165514469147,
-0.04524609446525574,
-0.0002574227983132005,
0.025151731446385384,
-0.01389811746776104,
-0.006394098978489637,
-0.004343161825090647,
-0.0014513398054987192,
-0.0314444899559021,
0.020634843036532402,
-0.01318390853703022,
0.01165897585451603,
0.004890882410109043,
0.011504552327096462,
0.0124696996062994,
-0.004898121114820242,
0.012556563131511211,
0.02040320821106434,
0.027950657531619072,
-0.02418658509850502,
0.014882567338645458,
-0.007561927195638418,
-0.007421980611979961,
-0.03078819066286087,
0.016706695780158043,
-0.04169435054063797,
0.007706698961555958,
0.011909914202988148,
-0.037023041397333145,
-0.026850391179323196,
-0.010693829506635666,
0.00257452973164618,
-0.015905622392892838,
-0.08045465499162674,
0.014062192291021347,
-0.04601820930838585,
-0.05655761435627937,
-0.03617371246218681,
-0.0011503346031531692,
-0.025344761088490486,
-0.009304017759859562,
-0.022159775719046593,
-0.03285360336303711,
0.028761381283402443,
-0.00623002415522933,
-0.0039474512450397015,
0.013048787601292133,
0.04335440322756767,
-0.0271399337798357,
0.017498115077614784,
-0.0031101861968636513,
0.02862626127898693,
-0.04018872231245041,
0.038412850350141525,
0.02990025468170643,
0.0018639401532709599,
-0.04605681821703911,
0.008169969543814659,
0.006466485094279051,
-0.016368893906474113,
0.008232704363763332,
0.008686323650181293,
0.009024124592542648,
0.011852005496621132,
-0.06153777614235878,
-0.009246108122169971,
0.020075058564543724,
-0.03495762497186661,
0.013019833713769913,
0.04775547608733177,
-0.017382297664880753,
0.03632813319563866
] |
Machine learning algorithms are powerful tools for data driven tasks such as
image classification and feature detection, however their vulnerability to
adversarial examples - input samples manipulated to fool the algorithm -
remains a serious challenge. The integration of machine learning with quantum
computing has the potential to yield tools offering not only better accuracy
and computational efficiency, but also superior robustness against adversarial
attacks. Indeed, recent work has employed quantum mechanical phenomena to
defend against adversarial attacks, spurring the rapid development of the field
of quantum adversarial machine learning (QAML) and potentially yielding a new
source of quantum advantage. Despite promising early results, there remain
challenges towards building robust real-world QAML tools. In this review we
discuss recent progress in QAML and identify key challenges. We also suggest
future research directions which could determine the route to practicality for
QAML approaches as quantum computing hardware scales up and noise levels are
reduced. | [
-0.0422026552259922,
0.019826751202344894,
-0.015570293180644512,
0.0028599300421774387,
0.01642787829041481,
0.008135261945426464,
-0.0011555770179256797,
0.006132917478680611,
-0.01012580469250679,
0.05488548055291176,
0.0077104028314352036,
0.011896050535142422,
0.032131925225257874,
0.016317730769515038,
-0.051738377660512924,
0.0215891283005476,
-0.010117936879396439,
-0.04251736402511597,
-0.021368831396102905,
-0.022643407806754112,
-0.015027417801320553,
-0.03405165672302246,
-0.04748978838324547,
0.020330287516117096,
-0.007981840521097183,
0.04138441011309624,
0.035814035683870316,
-0.01255694217979908,
-0.06659270823001862,
0.048465389758348465,
0.013091949746012688,
-0.01682126708328724,
0.0016502622747793794,
-0.030904553830623627,
-0.02789907157421112,
0.025271238759160042,
-0.029850274324417114,
0.05180132016539574,
-0.04289501905441284,
0.02962997741997242,
0.03096749633550644,
-0.035562265664339066,
-0.021998252719640732,
-0.006282404996454716,
-0.005436621140688658,
-0.020660733804106712,
-0.04015703871846199,
-0.032729875296354294,
-0.00269864103756845,
0.0016846837243065238,
-0.021510450169444084,
-0.07156512886285782,
0.005058968439698219,
-0.03433489799499512,
-0.014311452396214008,
-0.01096765510737896,
0.03940173238515854,
-0.02541285939514637,
0.050794247537851334,
-0.02421695925295353,
0.030196456238627434,
0.0038788048550486565,
0.001661080401390791,
-0.008575856685638428,
-0.0011083704885095358,
-0.03257251903414726,
0.015774855390191078,
-0.04575888067483902,
0.03905555233359337,
0.015995152294635773,
-0.07068394124507904,
-0.0022934514563530684,
0.03414607048034668,
-0.007580584846436977,
-0.010542795993387699,
0.014563220553100109,
-0.05419312044978142,
0.03304458409547806,
-0.03436636924743652,
0.04937805235385895,
-0.010763092897832394,
0.05202161893248558,
-0.004165978170931339,
-0.009606532752513885,
0.10001493990421295,
-0.014240642078220844,
-0.03515314310789108,
-0.06382325291633606,
0.014523881487548351,
-0.034177541732788086,
-0.059134069830179214,
0.05548343062400818,
0.03499578684568405,
-0.014602559618651867,
0.01781260408461094,
0.018473496660590172,
-0.052934277802705765,
-0.03043248876929283,
-0.025538742542266846,
-0.015318525023758411,
0.011447587981820107,
-0.01767098531126976,
0.042013827711343765,
0.020786616951227188,
0.005629381164908409,
-0.0560813806951046,
-0.07087276875972748,
0.025932131335139275,
-0.013933800160884857,
0.09409838914871216,
-0.0014781550271436572,
-0.008497178554534912,
-0.03785965219140053,
0.024405786767601967,
-0.021573392674326897,
-0.011785902082920074,
-0.0362231582403183,
0.003953548613935709,
-0.035058729350566864,
-0.023760629817843437,
-0.02297385409474373,
0.06816625595092773,
0.041321467608213425,
0.02202972210943699,
-0.07458634674549103,
0.06684447079896927,
0.029645713046193123,
0.01951204054057598,
-0.00022804205946158618,
0.050259239971637726,
-0.013131288811564445,
0.020676469430327415,
0.01792275346815586,
-0.05504283681511879,
0.007899229414761066,
-0.004921282641589642,
-0.01910291612148285,
0.041227053850889206,
0.01836334727704525,
-0.009590797126293182,
0.029173647984862328,
-0.04349296912550926,
-0.02605801448225975,
0.010078598745167255,
-0.02580624632537365,
0.02253326028585434,
0.0009859284618869424,
0.01944909803569317,
-0.0466715432703495,
0.0491262823343277,
-0.053186044096946716,
0.023398712277412415,
-0.0013748907949775457,
-0.00992911122739315,
0.06640388071537018,
0.031203528866171837,
-0.0005399248911999166,
-0.005763133056461811,
0.061022333800792694,
-0.04531828686594963,
0.020377494394779205,
-0.062218230217695236,
0.03741905838251114,
0.10775681585073471,
0.0228322334587574,
0.0033851030748337507,
0.08415354043245316,
-0.004606572445482016,
-0.03351664915680885,
0.05538901686668396,
0.05183279141783714,
0.004598704632371664,
-0.05888230353593826,
-0.04701772332191467,
0.02725391462445259,
0.04078646004199982,
0.04147882014513016,
-0.026687435805797577,
-0.03304458409547806,
-0.03946467489004135,
-0.055955495685338974,
0.009850433096289635,
0.05752904713153839,
0.07804816216230392,
0.03540491312742233,
0.004103036131709814,
0.025349916890263557,
0.0031726735178381205,
0.039779387414455414,
0.05123484134674072,
0.005263530183583498,
-0.007608122192323208,
0.015822062268853188,
-0.04009409621357918,
0.033327825367450714,
-0.016852738335728645,
-0.005302869249135256,
-0.024956529960036278,
0.03288722783327103,
-0.0036998132709413767,
-0.015318525023758411,
-0.03845760226249695,
0.007505841553211212,
-0.027867600321769714,
0.014083287678658962,
-0.018772471696138382,
-0.016695382073521614,
-0.006392553448677063,
-0.007336684502661228,
-0.03600286319851875,
-0.04245442524552345,
0.007958237081766129,
-0.04698625206947327,
-0.009323293343186378,
-0.014287848956882954,
-0.028858937323093414,
-0.025523006916046143,
-0.04154176265001297,
-0.060424383729696274,
0.01407541986554861,
-0.05299722030758858,
0.014224906452000141,
0.034964319318532944,
-0.04654565826058388,
-0.04689183831214905,
-0.02516109123826027,
-0.05721433833241463,
0.001305064419284463,
-0.030401017516851425,
0.037544943392276764,
-0.051895733922719955,
0.03107764571905136,
0.057151395827531815,
0.02684479020535946,
0.027804657816886902,
-0.02297385409474373,
-0.01916585862636566,
0.016349202021956444,
-0.01622331701219082,
-0.010133672505617142,
-0.001414229511283338,
-0.008394897915422916,
-0.019039975479245186,
-0.04298943281173706,
0.012643487192690372,
0.016191845759749413,
-0.04371326416730881,
0.0201099906116724,
0.025145355612039566,
0.05192720517516136,
-0.00441774632781744,
-0.013501073233783245,
-0.06111674755811691,
0.022564729675650597,
-0.04188794642686844,
-0.032635461539030075,
-0.0049409521743655205,
-0.04358737915754318,
-0.06508209556341171,
-0.032084718346595764,
0.07225748896598816,
0.005975562147796154,
0.02490932308137417,
0.08667122572660446,
-0.026388460770249367,
-0.01801716722548008,
0.032383691519498825,
0.00933116115629673,
0.027977747842669487,
0.007852022536098957,
-0.003428375581279397,
0.014468807727098465,
-0.02868584729731083,
0.000774974178057164,
-0.006679726764559746,
-0.04522387310862541,
0.03235222026705742,
-0.00786775816231966,
-0.0001282198791159317,
-0.024736231192946434,
0.04396503418684006,
-0.040975283831357956,
0.07836287468671799,
0.008198204450309277,
0.027017882093787193,
-0.030762935057282448,
-0.029299531131982803,
-0.017497893422842026,
-0.10146261006593704,
0.014232774265110493,
-0.0138944610953331,
0.03121926449239254,
-0.018977032974362373,
-0.023760629817843437,
0.06577445566654205,
-0.009606532752513885,
-0.02368195168673992,
-0.030589843168854713,
-0.011785902082920074,
0.03291869908571243,
-0.053721051663160324,
-0.054822538048028946,
-0.003473615273833275,
0.06590034067630768,
-0.04868568852543831,
0.003031053813174367,
0.03996821120381355,
0.07225748896598816,
0.03354812040925026,
-0.013587618246674538,
0.008229674771428108,
0.00033192103728652,
-0.0010552630992606282,
-0.02873305231332779,
-0.06759978085756302,
0.017702456563711166,
0.0357510931789875,
0.02163633517920971,
-0.02442152239382267,
-0.01718318462371826,
-0.004429548047482967,
-0.017702456563711166,
-0.0506368912756443,
-0.007926766760647297,
0.046482715755701065,
-0.03930731862783432,
-0.018237464129924774,
0.0003911750973202288,
-0.07376810163259506,
0.009016450494527817,
-0.004508225247263908,
0.0009018417913466692,
-0.06759978085756302,
0.03411459922790527,
0.04547564312815666,
0.0066010490991175175,
-0.04223412647843361,
0.09636430442333221,
-0.010133672505617142,
-0.04302090033888817,
-0.02462608367204666,
-0.054130177944898605,
-0.017088770866394043,
0.020220138132572174,
-0.02492505870759487,
-0.058001112192869186,
-0.03260399028658867,
-0.0014034113846719265,
0.013060478493571281,
0.02402813360095024,
0.0006608917028643191,
-0.005771000869572163,
-0.04780449718236923,
0.01439012959599495,
-0.0038591353222727776,
-0.040975283831357956,
-0.0008118543191812932,
-0.006113247945904732,
0.009441309608519077,
-0.015019550919532776,
-0.01597941666841507,
-0.06665565073490143,
-0.00037937346496619284,
0.048622746020555496,
-0.050101883709430695,
-0.027867600321769714,
-0.03798553720116615,
-0.011510530486702919,
-0.02591639570891857,
0.018473496660590172,
0.014059684239327908,
0.05217897146940231,
-0.038929667323827744,
0.02859143353998661,
-0.04824509471654892,
-0.03962203115224838,
-0.034020185470581055,
-0.051455140113830566,
-0.0481506809592247,
0.0630050078034401,
-0.03914996609091759,
0.026042278856039047,
0.03301311284303665,
-0.018992768600583076,
0.01568830944597721,
0.020676469430327415,
-0.026435667648911476,
-0.04925216734409332,
-0.04676595330238342,
0.06237558647990227,
-0.0000894957483978942,
0.05007041245698929,
-0.02040896564722061,
-0.004638043697923422,
0.011699356138706207,
-0.016254788264632225,
-0.0012136016739532351,
-0.005739529617130756,
0.010267424397170544,
-0.035814035683870316,
0.02734832838177681,
0.04601065069437027,
-0.03405165672302246,
0.03949614614248276,
0.029818803071975708,
0.014696972444653511,
-0.029567034915089607,
-0.03291869908571243,
-0.02138456702232361,
-0.030841611325740814,
-0.013257172890007496,
-0.06269029527902603,
-0.013878725469112396,
-0.01384725421667099,
0.002763550030067563,
0.01910291612148285,
-0.020582055673003197,
0.019779544323682785,
-0.012659222818911076,
-0.05686815828084946,
0.017088770866394043,
0.007773345336318016,
0.03534197062253952,
-0.007714336737990379,
-0.03955908864736557,
0.056112851947546005,
0.026325518265366554,
-0.02267487905919552,
0.018095843493938446,
-0.05438194423913956,
0.09126599878072739,
0.012910990975797176,
-0.01583779789507389,
-0.03628610074520111,
-0.028969086706638336,
0.0007489122217521071,
0.026671700179576874,
-0.022454582154750824,
-0.007855956442654133,
0.0007405527285300195,
0.026530081406235695,
0.0679774284362793,
-0.014846459962427616,
0.02958277054131031,
-0.05243074148893356,
-0.03603433445096016,
0.0023052531760185957,
0.012493999674916267,
-0.02859143353998661,
-0.007317014969885349,
-0.0362231582403183,
0.0037037471774965525,
-0.09422427415847778,
-0.022344432771205902,
0.06596328318119049,
-0.0015342128463089466,
-0.008158865384757519,
-0.028795994818210602,
0.05038512498140335,
0.0029071366880089045,
0.032383691519498825,
0.06804037094116211,
0.013839386403560638,
-0.02972439117729664,
-0.0008128377958200872,
0.02407534047961235,
-0.033327825367450714,
-0.03195883333683014,
-0.006510569714009762,
-0.01309981755912304,
0.00009478189895162359,
-0.027883335947990417,
-0.0265615526586771,
0.025302710011601448,
0.02645140327513218,
-0.003117599291726947,
0.03145529702305794,
-0.06917332857847214,
-0.003752920776605606,
-0.04893745481967926,
0.027033617720007896,
0.040377333760261536,
-0.019496304914355278,
-0.05057394877076149,
-0.018001431599259377,
-0.008929905481636524,
0.05573520064353943,
-0.053374871611595154,
-0.03842613101005554,
-0.06596328318119049,
-0.044090915471315384,
-0.038835253566503525,
0.032729875296354294,
-0.0007553047616966069,
0.009362632408738136,
0.018284671008586884,
-0.0014634029939770699,
-0.00870960857719183,
0.08641945570707321,
0.045444171875715256,
0.02501947060227394,
-0.07024334371089935,
-0.018552174791693687,
0.06986569613218307,
-0.008772550150752068,
0.003713581943884492,
0.03603433445096016,
-0.02366621606051922,
0.015342128463089466,
-0.012344513088464737,
0.007387824822217226,
0.022045457735657692,
-0.026168163865804672,
-0.03408312797546387,
-0.0012755603529512882,
-0.013383056968450546,
-0.003227747743949294,
-0.05044806748628616,
0.019527776166796684,
0.05847318097949028,
0.026042278856039047,
-0.046230945736169815,
0.0285442266613245,
0.04308384284377098,
-0.03468107804656029,
0.005759199149906635,
0.04333561286330223,
-0.0046577127650380135,
-0.04739537462592125,
-0.04720655083656311,
-0.05554637312889099,
0.016191845759749413,
-0.030164984986186028,
-0.03405165672302246,
0.011738695204257965,
-0.0006987552624195814,
0.000530581921339035,
-0.024106811732053757,
-0.025381388142704964,
-0.009834697470068932,
-0.026593022048473358,
0.07307574152946472,
0.025585949420928955,
-0.011785902082920074,
-0.010605738498270512,
0.01402034517377615,
0.006742668803781271,
-0.039527617394924164,
0.013147024437785149,
-0.019873958081007004,
-0.028622904792428017,
-0.027128029614686966,
0.006058173719793558,
-0.013209966011345387,
-0.03836318850517273,
-0.020912501960992813,
0.006907891947776079,
-0.003111698431894183,
-0.0000850701326271519,
0.00982682965695858,
0.014846459962427616,
-0.004929150454699993,
0.02944115176796913,
0.024736231192946434,
-0.015397203154861927,
-0.03553079441189766,
0.028764523565769196,
0.08459413796663284,
0.002435071161016822,
-0.00883549265563488,
-0.019197329878807068,
-0.01951204054057598,
-0.00967734307050705,
-0.018080107867717743,
-0.01628625951707363,
-0.012328777462244034,
0.018630851060152054,
-0.01921306550502777,
0.024987999349832535,
0.0016010887920856476,
-0.04169911891222,
-0.017309067770838737,
0.001239171950146556,
0.028748787939548492,
0.02635698951780796,
-0.00006644567474722862,
-0.03436636924743652,
-0.013658428564667702,
-0.00975602027028799,
-0.011132878251373768,
-0.04799332469701767,
0.015318525023758411,
-0.046923309564590454,
0.0011565604945644736,
-0.013744973577558994,
0.022344432771205902,
0.06026702746748924,
-0.04512945935130119,
0.04660860076546669,
-0.019527776166796684,
-0.0011132877552881837,
0.014893665909767151,
0.034177541732788086,
0.04947246238589287,
0.012139950878918171,
0.012202893383800983,
-0.012777239084243774,
0.025790510699152946,
-0.01757657155394554,
-0.017151713371276855,
0.04818215221166611,
0.002568823052570224,
0.04903186857700348,
-0.012195025570690632,
0.02992895245552063,
0.00680167693644762,
-0.014303584583103657,
-0.018080107867717743,
-0.00970094557851553,
0.0076631964184343815,
0.009496384300291538,
0.0028815665282309055,
-0.01553882285952568,
0.0000074336485340609215,
0.004846538882702589,
0.02490932308137417,
-0.036411985754966736,
0.013115553185343742,
-0.00023173006775323302,
-0.010818167589604855,
-0.022596200928092003,
-0.020928237587213516,
-0.03244663402438164,
-0.009771755896508694,
-0.05324898660182953,
0.012344513088464737,
0.014563220553100109,
0.03691552206873894,
0.001190981944091618,
0.007572717498987913,
0.007195064797997475,
-0.020770881325006485,
-0.018190257251262665,
0.019842486828565598,
-0.0071321227587759495,
0.02506667748093605,
0.01330437883734703,
-0.011675753630697727,
0.02317841537296772,
0.03782818093895912,
0.01536573190242052,
-0.02050337754189968,
-0.021180005744099617,
0.04478327929973602,
-0.01822172850370407,
0.01268282625824213,
0.050101883709430695,
0.018331876024603844,
0.002855996135622263,
0.0020849560387432575,
0.05674227327108383,
0.026278313249349594,
0.008741079829633236,
0.017655249685049057,
0.01218715775758028,
-0.04154176265001297,
0.03464960679411888,
-0.0038158628158271313,
0.040377333760261536,
0.055609315633773804,
0.00011469716264400631,
-0.05438194423913956,
-0.016600970178842545,
0.033327825367450714,
0.025995073840022087,
0.0020869227591902018,
0.03480696305632591,
0.03653787076473236,
0.004929150454699993,
0.01548374816775322,
-0.00478753075003624,
-0.03738758713006973,
0.007025908213108778,
0.011030596680939198,
-0.06215529143810272,
0.004319399129599333,
0.003510987153276801,
0.014830724336206913,
-0.030810141935944557,
-0.019936898723244667,
-0.00009349109313916415,
-0.02089676633477211,
0.029960423707962036,
-0.017938489094376564,
-0.06146292760968208,
0.020582055673003197,
-0.031691331416368484,
-0.026073750108480453,
-0.018992768600583076,
-0.027065088972449303,
-0.012352379970252514,
-0.03663228079676628,
-0.007592386566102505,
0.038048479706048965,
-0.017781132832169533,
0.015475880354642868,
0.025821981951594353,
0.03121926449239254,
0.006632520351558924,
0.002806822769343853,
0.009464913047850132,
0.020424701273441315,
0.017482159659266472,
0.01049558911472559,
0.041667647659778595,
0.008095922879874706,
0.0218408964574337,
0.03140809014439583,
0.001748609240166843,
0.025995073840022087,
0.04893745481967926,
0.051046013832092285,
0.02937820926308632,
-0.04506652057170868,
-0.004850472789257765,
0.010275292210280895,
0.027804657816886902,
-0.020629262551665306,
-0.010566399432718754,
0.001236221520230174,
0.018678057938814163,
0.004779662936925888,
-0.01012580469250679,
0.008434236980974674,
-0.01746642403304577,
0.0070337760262191296,
0.04531828686594963,
0.03310752660036087,
0.018552174791693687,
0.008245410397648811,
0.0034342764411121607,
0.0009647838305681944,
-0.0540987066924572,
-0.059574663639068604,
0.026294048875570297,
-0.012635619379580021,
-0.004311531316488981,
-0.047426845878362656,
0.01034610252827406,
0.03981085494160652,
0.0011113208020105958,
0.0016010887920856476,
0.030338075011968613,
-0.05686815828084946,
-0.00945704523473978,
-0.030149249359965324,
0.029991894960403442,
-0.02446872740983963,
0.02336724102497101,
0.015570293180644512,
-0.0020908566657453775,
0.058095525950193405,
-0.013658428564667702,
0.01548374816775322,
0.03653787076473236,
-0.014138361439108849,
-0.024877851828932762,
-0.017057299613952637,
0.015074624679982662,
0.0022698482498526573,
0.01817452162504196,
0.035814035683870316,
0.008229674771428108,
0.014586823992431164,
0.009622268378734589,
-0.02243884652853012,
0.006309941876679659,
-0.011510530486702919,
0.021006913855671883,
0.045538585633039474,
-0.04229706898331642,
0.02327282913029194,
-0.03628610074520111,
0.05425605922937393,
-0.03833171725273132,
-0.002854029182344675,
-0.0010483787627890706,
-0.042611777782440186,
-0.020975442603230476,
0.01133743952959776,
-0.039779387414455414,
-0.008143129758536816,
-0.0006131934351287782,
-0.03395724296569824,
0.019936898723244667,
-0.0006874453974887729,
-0.02626257762312889,
0.04959834739565849,
0.005790669936686754,
-0.03370547667145729,
0.033422235399484634,
-0.0027556822169572115,
0.013367321342229843,
0.00002298860636074096,
-0.03071572817862034,
-0.03845760226249695,
-0.012517603114247322,
0.008630930446088314,
0.005035365466028452,
0.0038650361821055412,
0.0382058322429657,
0.01702582836151123,
0.011982595548033714,
0.005723793990910053,
-0.0003181524807587266,
-0.010094333440065384,
-0.030589843168854713,
0.008379162289202213,
0.010440515354275703,
-0.019795279949903488,
0.006109314039349556,
-0.008701740764081478,
-0.0327613465487957,
-0.033076055347919464,
-0.05831582471728325,
0.03036954626441002,
0.01771819218993187,
0.0053972820751369,
0.002977946540340781,
0.013076214119791985,
0.00557037303224206,
0.005771000869572163,
-0.06061321124434471,
0.04745831713080406,
-0.005393348168581724,
0.016600970178842545,
0.01372137013822794,
0.026388460770249367,
0.019873958081007004,
-0.022250020876526833,
-0.037607885897159576,
-0.0048072002828121185,
0.013068346306681633,
-0.027128029614686966,
-0.002035782439634204,
0.027568625286221504,
-0.0026356989983469248,
-0.00846570823341608,
-0.0033339625224471092,
-0.010007788427174091,
-0.004382341168820858,
-0.021258682012557983,
0.03798553720116615,
-0.023886514827609062,
-0.03634904325008392,
-0.0076317256316542625,
-0.021777953952550888,
0.016994357109069824,
0.005176984705030918,
-0.016742588952183723,
-0.017214655876159668,
0.03370547667145729,
-0.009913375601172447,
-0.018205992877483368,
0.0337369479238987,
-0.0411955825984478,
0.02398092672228813,
-0.009567193686962128,
-0.004622308071702719,
-0.00464197713881731,
0.005660851951688528,
0.004681316204369068,
-0.03949614614248276,
0.04248589277267456,
-0.021117063239216805,
0.018772471696138382,
-0.009685209952294827,
-0.016396408900618553,
-0.006302074529230595,
-0.02670317143201828,
-0.01139251422137022,
0.010023524053394794,
0.020172931253910065,
-0.022847969084978104,
0.007962170988321304,
-0.038048479706048965,
-0.011675753630697727,
-0.01139251422137022,
0.00323168165050447,
-0.008347691036760807,
-0.02497226372361183,
0.0312664695084095,
-0.016711117699742317,
0.05290280655026436,
0.04336708411574364,
-0.016506556421518326,
-0.04324119910597801,
-0.03527902811765671,
0.015578160993754864,
-0.0050078281201422215,
0.0026435668114572763,
-0.016144640743732452,
-0.03291869908571243,
-0.015003815293312073,
0.0008502096170559525,
0.01431932020932436,
0.004866208415478468,
-0.0228322334587574,
0.012486131861805916,
-0.0050078281201422215,
0.010983390733599663,
0.0018872785149142146,
-0.010527060367166996,
-0.03317046910524368,
0.028024954721331596,
0.001656163134612143,
-0.011542001739144325,
-0.048119209706783295,
0.06671859323978424,
0.0014771715505048633,
0.05589255318045616,
0.008269013836979866,
-0.0456644669175148,
0.002429170301184058,
-0.05306016281247139,
-0.03361106291413307,
-0.04179353266954422,
0.0016905845841392875,
0.013430262915790081,
-0.002033815486356616,
0.004221052397042513,
0.021998252719640732,
0.06615211069583893,
0.02004704810678959,
0.045979179441928864,
-0.005963760893791914,
-0.015247715637087822,
0.0282924585044384,
-0.02575904130935669,
-0.03757641464471817,
-0.01535786408931017,
-0.0406920462846756,
0.019464833661913872,
-0.029755862429738045,
0.016648177057504654,
-0.04755273088812828,
0.01201406680047512,
-0.012328777462244034,
-0.012053405866026878,
0.029299531131982803,
-0.02907923422753811,
0.006475165020674467,
0.03867790102958679,
0.003560160519555211,
-0.023021060973405838,
0.007619923911988735,
-0.014350791461765766,
-0.019984105601906776,
-0.0670332983136177,
0.028575697913765907,
-0.010039259679615498,
-0.0058890171349048615,
-0.028969086706638336,
-0.007659262511879206,
-0.03776523843407631,
0.018205992877483368,
-0.035121671855449677,
-0.024437256157398224,
-0.04116411134600639,
-0.006660057231783867,
-0.011754430830478668,
-0.008198204450309277,
0.004649844951927662,
0.00414630863815546,
0.005896884948015213,
-0.0074153621681034565,
0.015074624679982662,
-0.035121671855449677,
0.0021715012844651937,
0.004032226279377937,
0.004002721980214119,
-0.042360011488199234,
-0.005845744162797928,
0.012462529353797436,
-0.001059197005815804,
-0.018630851060152054,
0.03855201601982117,
0.010590002872049809,
-0.04531828686594963,
-0.0006943296757526696,
0.024547405540943146,
-0.0496298186480999,
0.020031312480568886,
-0.006246999837458134,
-0.0347440205514431,
-0.01531065721064806,
0.011557736434042454,
0.006805610843002796,
0.027316857129335403,
0.013383056968450546,
0.004752126056700945,
0.015743384137749672,
0.05683668702840805,
0.015098228119313717,
0.06322530657052994,
0.021573392674326897,
0.03741905838251114,
-0.0022914845030754805,
-0.04789891093969345,
0.010692283511161804,
-0.029708655551075935,
0.010715886950492859,
0.027820393443107605,
-0.005633315071463585,
-0.015216244384646416,
0.05598696693778038,
-0.041573233902454376,
0.0034146071411669254,
0.0051219104789197445,
-0.011526266112923622,
0.025098148733377457,
-0.023351507261395454,
0.016758324578404427,
-0.035467855632305145
] |
Over the past few years, due to the rapid development of machine learning
(ML) models for weather forecasting, state-of-the-art ML models have shown
superior performance compared to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather
Forecasts (ECMWF)'s high-resolution forecast (HRES) in 10-day forecasts at a
spatial resolution of 0.25 degree. However, the challenge remains to perform
comparably to the ECMWF ensemble mean (EM) in 15-day forecasts. Previous
studies have demonstrated the importance of mitigating the accumulation of
forecast errors for effective long-term forecasts. Despite numerous efforts to
reduce accumulation errors, including autoregressive multi-time step loss,
using a single model is found to be insufficient to achieve optimal performance
in both short and long lead times. Therefore, we present FuXi, a cascaded ML
weather forecasting system that provides 15-day global forecasts with a
temporal resolution of 6 hours and a spatial resolution of 0.25 degree. FuXi is
developed using 39 years of the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis dataset. The performance
evaluation, based on latitude-weighted root mean square error (RMSE) and
anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC), demonstrates that FuXi has comparable
forecast performance to ECMWF EM in 15-day forecasts, making FuXi the first
ML-based weather forecasting system to accomplish this achievement. | [
-0.02167775109410286,
0.03453677520155907,
-0.01944393292069435,
-0.033546123653650284,
0.015928097069263458,
-0.0639454796910286,
-0.04914400354027748,
0.04378284141421318,
-0.07268650829792023,
0.001404634676873684,
0.0033507277257740498,
-0.009721966460347176,
0.004970245994627476,
-0.0016037359600886703,
-0.05741884559392929,
0.06693685799837112,
0.025620926171541214,
0.004241826944053173,
0.01884177327156067,
-0.04595838487148285,
-0.0888865515589714,
0.021289261057972908,
0.012985283508896828,
0.04576414078474045,
0.014014782384037971,
0.036362677812576294,
0.017540330067276955,
-0.02958352491259575,
-0.07381313294172287,
0.0534173958003521,
0.08709949254989624,
0.04323895648121834,
0.0025567507836967707,
0.05691380798816681,
-0.0303605068475008,
-0.020065516233444214,
0.06938434392213821,
0.025543227791786194,
0.013179528526961803,
0.0484447218477726,
-0.023484230041503906,
0.014393560588359833,
0.012645354494452477,
0.018113354220986366,
0.02443603053689003,
-0.0375281497836113,
-0.04051952436566353,
-0.009270346723496914,
0.03506123647093773,
-0.006041022017598152,
-0.023775598034262657,
-0.014442121610045433,
-0.0021039170678704977,
-0.0008328257827088237,
-0.010275565087795258,
0.05528214946389198,
0.053028907626867294,
0.03797491267323494,
0.023678475990891457,
0.0006136930314823985,
0.03776124492287636,
-0.03803318738937378,
-0.009848225861787796,
-0.011810100637376308,
-0.003222040366381407,
-0.026766972616314888,
-0.003168622963130474,
-0.022474154829978943,
0.023367682471871376,
-0.03741160407662392,
-0.04133535176515579,
-0.004455496557056904,
0.018161915242671967,
-0.0005869843298569322,
0.008750740438699722,
-0.05998288094997406,
-0.00821171049028635,
0.036964837461709976,
-0.013189241290092468,
0.0019242403795942664,
0.04335550218820572,
0.010741752572357655,
-0.026125963777303696,
-0.009197504259645939,
0.0695008859038353,
0.01615147851407528,
-0.058390069752931595,
-0.05940014496445656,
-0.01658852957189083,
-0.05407783016562462,
-0.0377223938703537,
0.07863041013479233,
-0.034012313932180405,
-0.034167710691690445,
-0.008561352267861366,
0.06445051729679108,
-0.0032536049839109182,
0.03001086413860321,
-0.04549219831824303,
-0.0426950678229332,
-0.022435307502746582,
0.00948887225240469,
0.03024395927786827,
-0.039859090000391006,
0.015840686857700348,
-0.028534602373838425,
-0.01493744645267725,
0.005390300881117582,
0.0073764570988714695,
0.1337183117866516,
0.0328468419611454,
0.030613023787736893,
-0.023659050464630127,
0.0015114694833755493,
-0.03552742674946785,
0.014131329953670502,
-0.03350727632641792,
-0.019628465175628662,
0.010945710353553295,
0.012752189300954342,
0.044870615005493164,
0.05761308968067169,
0.009882218204438686,
0.01874464936554432,
0.011499308981001377,
0.02497991733253002,
0.0815829336643219,
-0.004846414551138878,
0.06044906750321388,
0.01477233786135912,
-0.011955784633755684,
0.058584317564964294,
-0.010469810105860233,
0.01652054488658905,
-0.005026091355830431,
0.003914038185030222,
-0.023503655567765236,
0.05978863686323166,
0.008600200526416302,
-0.008507934398949146,
-0.014451834373176098,
-0.04867781698703766,
-0.05244617164134979,
-0.02734970673918724,
0.030457628890872,
-0.03593533858656883,
0.01938565820455551,
0.06565483659505844,
0.0006671104347333312,
-0.008046602830290794,
-0.04906630888581276,
0.039781391620635986,
0.002719431184232235,
0.01231513824313879,
0.03490583971142769,
0.0016098060877993703,
-0.011509020812809467,
0.020007243379950523,
-0.050620269030332565,
-0.00238800048828125,
0.020337460562586784,
-0.008600200526416302,
0.04117995873093605,
0.030554750934243202,
0.023134589195251465,
-0.0005860738456249237,
0.03570224717259407,
0.026184236630797386,
-0.06542174518108368,
0.04354974627494812,
0.03523605689406395,
-0.01919141411781311,
0.0024584142956882715,
-0.000012453309864213225,
0.021366959437727928,
0.03461447358131409,
0.07789227366447449,
0.02764107473194599,
-0.04995983466506004,
0.07894120365381241,
-0.058428920805454254,
-0.0005766651011072099,
0.05668071284890175,
-0.001988583942875266,
0.03469217196106911,
0.030807269737124443,
0.05501020699739456,
0.008648762479424477,
-0.011402186006307602,
-0.008512790314853191,
-0.006584908347576857,
0.009445167146623135,
0.04090801253914833,
0.010518371127545834,
0.02752452716231346,
0.006856851279735565,
0.015131691470742226,
0.042578522115945816,
-0.01917198859155178,
0.0037950633559376,
-0.0861671194434166,
-0.02717488631606102,
-0.022746099159121513,
-0.01629716157913208,
0.014189602807164192,
0.034012313932180405,
0.06029367446899414,
0.01625831238925457,
0.03257489949464798,
-0.06355699151754379,
-0.009110094048082829,
-0.0030763563700020313,
-0.06316850334405899,
0.01871551387012005,
0.008537070825695992,
-0.013742838986217976,
0.036343254148960114,
-0.00936261285096407,
-0.037100810557603836,
-0.06849081814289093,
-0.004096142947673798,
-0.01923997513949871,
0.002264169277623296,
-0.02459142729640007,
0.007837789133191109,
0.013509745709598064,
0.01886119693517685,
-0.02430005930364132,
-0.005181487649679184,
-0.04117995873093605,
-0.0030763563700020313,
-0.03484756872057915,
-0.008736172690987587,
-0.017909396439790726,
0.044559821486473083,
-0.019832422956824303,
-0.01931767351925373,
-0.007012247573584318,
-0.028068413957953453,
-0.027990715578198433,
0.023348258808255196,
-0.06736419349908829,
0.02428063564002514,
-0.042151182889938354,
0.014733489602804184,
-0.007002535276114941,
-0.03556627407670021,
0.06309080123901367,
0.020920194685459137,
0.02696121670305729,
0.031001513823866844,
-0.02762165106832981,
0.013053269125521183,
0.06794692575931549,
-0.0430835597217083,
0.00004840951442020014,
0.013568018563091755,
-0.01206261944025755,
-0.019890695810317993,
0.0006015527178533375,
0.03847995027899742,
0.034128859639167786,
-0.01110110618174076,
0.03276914358139038,
-0.013218377716839314,
-0.0014337714528664947,
0.04121880605816841,
0.04696846008300781,
0.026805821806192398,
0.012829887680709362,
-0.016996445134282112,
-0.023056890815496445,
0.022513004019856453,
0.007745522540062666,
-0.017180977389216423,
-0.05454401671886444,
-0.03579936921596527,
0.019715875387191772,
0.04867781698703766,
0.01650111936032772,
0.04102456197142601,
0.042384278029203415,
0.019948970526456833,
0.0007253839867189527,
-0.018433857709169388,
-0.017025580629706383,
-0.05753539130091667,
-0.039023835211992264,
-0.03476987034082413,
-0.010081320069730282,
-0.02719431184232235,
-0.010362975299358368,
-0.05423322692513466,
0.006448936648666859,
0.009862793609499931,
0.00794947985559702,
-0.01649140752851963,
0.0072210608050227165,
0.017491769045591354,
0.003952887374907732,
-0.028806544840335846,
0.034595049917697906,
0.017452919855713844,
-0.02707776427268982,
-0.0428893119096756,
0.04152959957718849,
-0.00011563652515178546,
0.033779218792915344,
-0.008624481968581676,
0.0026563014835119247,
0.1049700379371643,
0.015335649251937866,
-0.019735300913453102,
-0.06907355040311813,
0.009853081777691841,
0.0219302698969841,
-0.01498600747436285,
-0.015811549499630928,
-0.061031803488731384,
-0.03307993710041046,
-0.013937084935605526,
0.010498946532607079,
-0.08026206493377686,
0.04292816296219826,
0.025756897404789925,
-0.015743562951683998,
-0.042500823736190796,
0.025077039375901222,
0.020823072642087936,
0.011790676042437553,
-0.03337130323052406,
-0.08173833042383194,
-0.028146112337708473,
0.028787121176719666,
-0.0072210608050227165,
-0.002670869929715991,
-0.06689800322055817,
0.04401593655347824,
-0.00836225040256977,
0.018025944009423256,
-0.02719431184232235,
-0.0430835597217083,
-0.04440442472696304,
-0.030554750934243202,
-0.022435307502746582,
0.010683479718863964,
0.031254034489393234,
0.003996592480689287,
-0.0005362985539250076,
-0.04887206107378006,
0.0009433026425540447,
-0.015801837667822838,
0.03506123647093773,
-0.0031880473252385855,
0.0026174525264650583,
-0.014306150376796722,
0.007920343428850174,
-0.010693191550672054,
0.026514453813433647,
0.03813030943274498,
-0.020706525072455406,
-0.013150392100214958,
-0.04028642922639847,
0.047667741775512695,
-0.018560117110610008,
-0.014451834373176098,
-0.03257489949464798,
-0.04145190119743347,
0.012791038490831852,
0.028204385191202164,
0.05077566206455231,
0.06448936462402344,
0.003727077506482601,
0.04436557739973068,
0.022590702399611473,
-0.0003256640047766268,
-0.04164614528417587,
0.030515901744365692,
-0.02971949800848961,
0.053300850093364716,
-0.06483900547027588,
0.04793968424201012,
0.06806347519159317,
0.020084941759705544,
0.0024438458494842052,
0.02177487313747406,
-0.012625929899513721,
-0.03609073534607887,
0.019851846620440483,
0.03004971332848072,
0.025834595784544945,
-0.05131955072283745,
-0.023231711238622665,
0.008255415596067905,
0.025096464902162552,
-0.01630687527358532,
0.029059063643217087,
0.03500296175479889,
0.02740798145532608,
-0.025718048214912415,
-0.009304339066147804,
0.04972673952579498,
0.006220698822289705,
0.03257489949464798,
-0.019657602533698082,
0.034342531114816666,
0.036518074572086334,
-0.018482418730854988,
0.028301507234573364,
0.028301507234573364,
-0.017608316615223885,
-0.008197142742574215,
-0.030651872977614403,
-0.04661881923675537,
0.0297777708619833,
0.020978469401597977,
-0.03049647808074951,
0.012723052874207497,
-0.05446632206439972,
-0.05442747101187706,
-0.008711892180144787,
0.026495028287172318,
0.055748339742422104,
0.013645716942846775,
0.024105815216898918,
0.05442747101187706,
0.0048367022536695,
0.02762165106832981,
-0.019745012745261192,
0.01672450080513954,
0.03325475752353668,
0.015821261331439018,
0.053145453333854675,
-0.055592942982912064,
0.02754395268857479,
-0.007662968244403601,
0.034128859639167786,
-0.028204385191202164,
0.031681373715400696,
-0.01612234115600586,
-0.0492217019200325,
0.017307236790657043,
0.0048051378689706326,
-0.047745440155267715,
-0.025989992544054985,
-0.02464970014989376,
-0.020162640139460564,
0.01859896630048752,
-0.01232485007494688,
-0.01624860055744648,
-0.03300223872065544,
0.023231711238622665,
-0.020512280985713005,
0.03447850048542023,
0.0018501844024285674,
0.017180977389216423,
0.05225192755460739,
-0.014150753617286682,
0.027913017198443413,
-0.016996445134282112,
0.022299334406852722,
0.054194375872612,
0.02954467572271824,
-0.02723316103219986,
-0.010984559543430805,
-0.031759072095155716,
-0.025970567017793655,
-0.05753539130091667,
0.008571064099669456,
0.041840389370918274,
0.01481118705123663,
-0.01679248735308647,
-0.036731746047735214,
0.05077566206455231,
0.029195034876465797,
0.0488332137465477,
-0.04685191437602043,
-0.07198722660541534,
0.020745374262332916,
-0.010256140492856503,
0.007089945487678051,
-0.0005332634318619967,
0.010566932149231434,
0.00949858408421278,
0.034225981682538986,
0.026125963777303696,
-0.020531704649329185,
-0.03774181753396988,
0.025271285325288773,
0.017870547249913216,
0.0192982479929924,
-0.061769936233758926,
0.033915191888809204,
-0.031331732869148254,
0.004635173361748457,
-0.00687627587467432,
-0.03834397718310356,
0.021017316728830338,
0.04114110767841339,
-0.011625568382441998,
0.041840389370918274,
0.013771976344287395,
-0.02414466254413128,
0.055670641362667084,
-0.012791038490831852,
0.04720155522227287,
-0.0024960492737591267,
-0.031506553292274475,
-0.07121024280786514,
-0.010003621689975262,
-0.000871674797963351,
0.0009445166797377169,
0.0426950678229332,
-0.002204681746661663,
0.003889757674187422,
-0.00967826135456562,
0.02670869790017605,
0.039509449154138565,
0.01922055147588253,
0.02160005271434784,
-0.002252028789371252,
0.013898235745728016,
0.017501480877399445,
0.0693066418170929,
-0.04545334726572037,
0.02461085096001625,
0.005613682791590691,
-0.015772700309753418,
0.09735563397407532,
-0.004953249357640743,
-0.025368407368659973,
0.019754724577069283,
0.0032851698342710733,
0.03271087259054184,
-0.03548857569694519,
-0.023795021697878838,
-0.03335187956690788,
0.03727563098073006,
0.00012633517326321453,
-0.028923092409968376,
-0.0387907437980175,
0.008741028606891632,
-0.009668548591434956,
0.0106737669557333,
-0.010246427729725838,
0.019735300913453102,
0.01346118375658989,
-0.015228814445436,
-0.0029015359468758106,
0.01656910590827465,
-0.003872761270031333,
-0.016996445134282112,
0.014344999566674232,
0.007133650593459606,
-0.03306051343679428,
0.003455134341493249,
-0.04564759507775307,
-0.01643313467502594,
0.0066820308566093445,
-0.002908820053562522,
0.022279910743236542,
-0.0009845797903835773,
-0.009542289189994335,
0.012596793472766876,
-0.03543030098080635,
-0.005322315264493227,
0.06856851279735565,
0.014995720237493515,
-0.05225192755460739,
0.014315862208604813,
0.0066820308566093445,
0.00607501482591033,
-0.0017773425206542015,
0.020492855459451675,
0.034225981682538986,
-0.007352176122367382,
0.019754724577069283,
-0.042151182889938354,
-0.004613320808857679,
0.006992822978645563,
0.04727925360202789,
-0.004834274295717478,
-0.019832422956824303,
0.031254034489393234,
0.002959809498861432,
-0.022901494055986404,
-0.0213475339114666,
-0.08065056055784225,
-0.01353888213634491,
-0.023561928421258926,
-0.028748271986842155,
0.028359781950712204,
-0.06243036687374115,
0.010343550704419613,
-0.034439653158187866,
-0.017841409891843796,
0.011975209228694439,
-0.008294264785945415,
0.044948309659957886,
-0.05396128445863724,
0.02484394609928131,
0.061769936233758926,
0.02210509032011032,
-0.00025236685178242624,
-0.005123213864862919,
0.07513399422168732,
0.018152203410863876,
0.06208072602748871,
0.026611575856804848,
0.0135000329464674,
0.03900441154837608,
-0.03440080210566521,
0.027699347585439682,
-0.011547870002686977,
0.055864885449409485,
0.00936261285096407,
0.04588068649172783,
0.003829056164249778,
-0.008517647162079811,
-0.001039818162098527,
0.00755127752199769,
0.031195759773254395,
0.04918285459280014,
0.010256140492856503,
0.0010416392469778657,
0.05978863686323166,
-0.011450747027993202,
-0.013160103932023048,
-0.0185698289424181,
-0.03335187956690788,
-0.02725258469581604,
-0.013218377716839314,
-0.0107223279774189,
-0.0490274578332901,
0.04428787901997566,
-0.005705949384719133,
0.0012407404137775302,
-0.031603675335645676,
0.007915486581623554,
-0.00968797318637371,
-0.01590867154300213,
-0.00751242833212018,
-0.0036736601032316685,
0.028592875227332115,
-0.003149198368191719,
0.011411898769438267,
-0.0008874572231434286,
-0.010945710353553295,
0.06615987420082092,
0.06048791855573654,
0.010207578539848328,
0.013334924355149269,
0.034051161259412766,
0.066470667719841,
0.007230773102492094,
-0.03205043822526932,
0.04553104564547539,
0.002792272949591279,
0.007643544115126133,
0.02956410124897957,
-0.007609550841152668,
-0.00833796989172697,
0.050814513117074966,
0.04086916521191597,
0.002122127451002598,
-0.03327418118715286,
-0.0005818247445859015,
0.04595838487148285,
-0.006691743154078722,
0.03319648280739784,
0.01890975795686245,
-0.020220912992954254,
-0.02731085754930973,
0.04685191437602043,
0.018540693446993828,
-0.01223743986338377,
0.03904326260089874,
0.029350431635975838,
0.013927372172474861,
-0.010780601762235165,
-0.0484447218477726,
0.0012650210410356522,
0.018249325454235077,
0.00605073431506753,
-0.01349032111465931,
-0.026087114587426186,
-0.02973892167210579,
-0.015384210273623466,
0.007026815786957741,
0.009367468766868114,
0.017491769045591354,
0.0036081024445593357,
0.011198229156434536,
0.014510107226669788,
-0.004217546433210373,
0.05804042890667915,
-0.0547771118581295,
0.025426680222153664,
-0.005089221056550741,
-0.018045367673039436,
0.005783647298812866,
0.014102192595601082,
-0.03618785738945007,
0.015928097069263458,
-0.010897149331867695,
-0.030710147693753242,
0.014714065007865429,
0.0002815035986714065,
-0.04860011860728264,
-0.014024495147168636,
0.015636729076504707,
-0.006560627371072769,
-0.0444432757794857,
0.02692236751317978,
0.03550799936056137,
-0.022571278735995293,
0.01648169569671154,
0.023484230041503906,
-0.0007909417035989463,
0.05178573727607727,
0.01938565820455551,
0.013296076096594334,
0.014277013018727303,
-0.048056233674287796,
0.008789589628577232,
0.01383025012910366,
0.05077566206455231,
-0.0058710575103759766,
-0.05963324010372162,
0.010596069507300854,
0.0318756178021431,
0.033701520413160324,
0.011577006429433823,
0.030593600124120712,
-0.007842645049095154,
0.025193586945533752,
0.03267202153801918,
0.042578522115945816,
-0.015248239040374756,
0.02748567797243595,
0.012043194845318794,
0.0023977127857506275,
0.04335550218820572,
-0.013344637118279934,
-0.008833294734358788,
0.03022453375160694,
-0.028476329520344734,
-0.006560627371072769,
-0.01902630552649498,
0.020997893065214157,
-0.0038654771633446217,
-0.020434582605957985,
0.050387173891067505,
-0.03884901478886604,
-0.04071376845240593,
0.020492855459451675,
-0.014344999566674232,
-0.029195034876465797,
-0.0163748599588871,
-0.018327023833990097,
-0.006575196050107479,
0.03327418118715286,
0.036945413798093796,
0.03358497470617294,
-0.01218887884169817,
0.011693553999066353,
-0.01906515471637249,
0.0033191628754138947,
0.01101369597017765,
-0.014092480763792992,
0.010615493170917034,
0.00015145045472308993,
0.03467274829745293,
-0.020356884226202965,
0.01342233456671238,
0.00035874638706445694,
0.022377032786607742,
0.027097187936306,
-0.01904572919011116,
-0.009236353449523449,
-0.010664055123925209,
-0.036576349288225174,
-0.020803647115826607,
-0.0000011381547437849804,
-0.05190228670835495,
0.028651149943470955,
-0.02437775768339634,
-0.03234180435538292,
0.017734576016664505,
0.0482504777610302,
-0.058662015944719315,
-0.01635543629527092,
-0.013189241290092468,
0.036906566470861435,
0.047900836914777756,
0.017967669293284416,
0.012975571677088737,
-0.00025297387037426233,
-0.0006410087808035314,
-0.03877131640911102,
0.014956871047616005,
-0.0009087027865462005,
0.015529894270002842,
0.02738855592906475,
-0.00245113018900156,
-0.01248024683445692,
0.019560478627681732,
-0.023892145603895187,
0.03298281505703926,
-0.013062981888651848,
0.002755852183327079,
0.047551196068525314,
0.004312240984290838,
0.004569615703076124,
-0.013917660340666771,
-0.028340356424450874,
-0.04685191437602043,
0.03572167083621025,
-0.04712385684251785,
-0.02713603712618351,
0.02408638969063759,
-0.04665766656398773,
0.009896786883473396,
0.023659050464630127,
-0.012130605056881905,
0.009003259241580963,
0.01337377354502678,
-0.010081320069730282,
0.036440376192331314,
-0.07532823830842972,
-0.009775383397936821,
-0.010275565087795258,
-0.07610522210597992,
0.0013062981888651848,
-0.01226657722145319,
0.006079871207475662,
-0.011693553999066353,
-0.0066674621775746346,
-0.02218278869986534,
0.020900771021842957,
0.02126983553171158,
0.01595723256468773,
-0.033954039216041565,
0.00740073760971427,
-0.031370580196380615,
0.021289261057972908,
-0.008435092866420746,
0.003824200015515089,
-0.01926911249756813,
0.01663709059357643,
0.0007223488646559417,
-0.014461546204984188,
0.04401593655347824,
-0.017744287848472595,
-0.0213475339114666,
-0.007560989819467068,
0.028612300753593445,
0.003940747119486332,
0.04685191437602043,
-0.011353624984622002,
0.0056913807056844234,
0.0053514521569013596,
-0.0063858069479465485,
0.002250814810395241,
0.025135314092040062,
-0.000081340127508156,
0.008294264785945415,
-0.02496049366891384,
-0.002345509361475706,
-0.05664186552166939,
-0.036634620279073715,
-0.0191525649279356,
-0.010227003134787083,
0.0054340059868991375,
-0.0018210476264357567,
0.0054145813919603825,
-0.0032754577696323395,
0.029369855299592018,
0.053339697420597076,
-0.01877378672361374,
0.01619032770395279,
-0.01093599759042263,
0.05691380798816681,
0.03541087731719017,
0.039354052394628525,
-0.03550799936056137,
-0.026242509484291077,
0.008221423253417015,
-0.026669848710298538,
-0.07754263281822205,
-0.011596431024372578,
0.06650951504707336,
0.012033483013510704,
0.012014058418571949,
0.0025203300174325705,
-0.007920343428850174,
-0.010265852324664593,
0.023697899654507637,
0.0007229559123516083,
-0.015801837667822838,
-0.01602521911263466,
-0.04106340929865837,
0.00948887225240469,
-0.012499670498073101,
0.013218377716839314,
0.004358374048024416,
0.01636514812707901,
-0.03327418118715286,
-0.0030715002212673426,
-0.017462633550167084,
0.008129156194627285,
0.004562331363558769,
0.0014762625796720386,
-0.02404754050076008,
-0.015452195890247822,
-0.044598668813705444,
-0.00020289505482651293,
-0.02995259128510952,
-0.0020602119620889425,
-0.015432771295309067,
0.04417132958769798,
0.017258675768971443,
-0.01648169569671154,
0.025213010609149933,
-0.005123213864862919,
0.01885148510336876,
0.018123066052794456,
0.026475604623556137,
-0.02692236751317978,
-0.02210509032011032,
-0.0008176504052244127,
0.04727925360202789,
0.07987357676029205,
-0.006444080732762814,
-0.017540330067276955,
-0.02746625430881977,
-0.0007047454128041863,
-0.012334562838077545,
0.023853296414017677,
0.01485003624111414,
0.007055952679365873,
0.00798832904547453,
0.023736748844385147,
0.0011855020420625806,
-0.0123539874330163,
-0.04988213628530502,
0.05462171509861946,
0.026475604623556137,
-0.003695512656122446,
0.0012170667760074139,
-0.00837681908160448,
0.03315763548016548,
0.025329558178782463,
-0.02418351173400879,
0.007531852927058935,
0.009775383397936821,
-0.011334200389683247,
-0.009610275737941265,
0.025348983705043793,
-0.0021451942157000303,
-0.01611262932419777,
0.05951669067144394,
-0.04650227352976799,
-0.005196055863052607,
-0.0055699776858091354,
0.00933833234012127,
-0.036828868091106415,
-0.055670641362667084,
-0.03247777745127678,
0.031079212203621864,
0.029156185686588287,
0.008925561793148518,
-0.0388878658413887,
0.0006652894080616534,
0.020745374262332916,
0.03193389251828194,
0.01241226028650999,
-0.027738196775317192,
0.007230773102492094,
-0.02206624113023281,
0.008245703764259815,
0.020706525072455406,
0.04626917839050293,
0.045103706419467926,
0.003977167885750532,
-0.04875551536679268,
-0.013383486308157444,
0.0045161982998251915,
-0.05671956390142441,
0.03022453375160694,
-0.015034569427371025,
0.005196055863052607,
0.06713110208511353,
-0.06670375913381577,
-0.04133535176515579,
0.007983473129570484,
-0.04615263268351555,
-0.03865477070212364,
0.019948970526456833,
0.02455257810652256,
-0.020667675882577896,
-0.041684992611408234,
-0.01634572260081768,
-0.014908310025930405,
-0.02760222554206848,
-0.01210146863013506,
0.030438203364610672,
0.08127214014530182,
-0.01891947165131569,
0.03904326260089874,
0.0022799517028033733,
-0.018579542636871338,
-0.01214031782001257,
-0.014131329953670502,
-0.012460822239518166,
-0.010586356744170189,
-0.02169717475771904,
-0.007828076370060444,
0.014267301186919212,
-0.037178508937358856,
0.02764107473194599,
-0.05415552854537964,
0.018540693446993828,
-0.034109435975551605
] |
Epilepsy is one of the most serious neurological diseases, affecting 1-2% of
the world's population. The diagnosis of epilepsy depends heavily on the
recognition of epileptic waves, i.e., disordered electrical brainwave activity
in the patient's brain. Existing works have begun to employ machine learning
models to detect epileptic waves via cortical electroencephalogram (EEG).
However, the recently developed stereoelectrocorticography (SEEG) method
provides information in stereo that is more precise than conventional EEG, and
has been broadly applied in clinical practice. Therefore, we propose the first
data-driven study to detect epileptic waves in a real-world SEEG dataset. While
offering new opportunities, SEEG also poses several challenges. In clinical
practice, epileptic wave activities are considered to propagate between
different regions in the brain. These propagation paths, also known as the
epileptogenic network, are deemed to be a key factor in the context of epilepsy
surgery. However, the question of how to extract an exact epileptogenic network
for each patient remains an open problem in the field of neuroscience. To
address these challenges, we propose a novel model (BrainNet) that jointly
learns the dynamic diffusion graphs and models the brain wave diffusion
patterns. In addition, our model effectively aids in resisting label imbalance
and severe noise by employing several self-supervised learning tasks and a
hierarchical framework. By experimenting with the extensive real SEEG dataset
obtained from multiple patients, we find that BrainNet outperforms several
latest state-of-the-art baselines derived from time-series analysis. | [
0.0014036657521501184,
0.00854405201971531,
-0.011636185459792614,
-0.030071446672081947,
-0.0017811410361900926,
-0.005167117342352867,
0.041409268975257874,
0.009755589999258518,
0.019710088148713112,
0.016699327155947685,
0.0007233059732243419,
-0.03743108734488487,
-0.0225671473890543,
-0.018227310851216316,
0.047955188900232315,
0.023977594450116158,
0.013932681642472744,
-0.04441098868846893,
0.010189573280513287,
-0.015605326741933823,
0.004986290819942951,
-0.020957792177796364,
-0.017277972772717476,
-0.07030533999204636,
0.005180679261684418,
0.030252274125814438,
0.07236676663160324,
0.026780404150485992,
-0.07421119511127472,
0.049582626670598984,
0.016211096197366714,
0.006166183855384588,
0.033507149666547775,
0.0002243378694402054,
-0.03195204213261604,
-0.0387692004442215,
0.006310844793915749,
0.054718099534511566,
-0.010487937368452549,
-0.0029542529955506325,
0.04867849498987198,
0.0016014446737244725,
-0.026671908795833588,
-0.04050513729453087,
0.018751708790659904,
-0.015071888454258442,
-0.04726804792881012,
-0.04806368425488472,
-0.002330401446670294,
-0.03135531395673752,
-0.0006453245878219604,
-0.027630290016531944,
-0.024411577731370926,
-0.03782890364527702,
-0.044772639870643616,
-0.010433688759803772,
0.0625298023223877,
-0.004140926990658045,
0.05500742048025131,
0.014231045730412006,
0.020216403529047966,
0.042204905301332474,
-0.05247585102915764,
0.01504476461559534,
0.010496978648006916,
-0.059708911925554276,
0.038588374853134155,
-0.0028389759827405214,
0.029926786199212074,
0.012585524469614029,
-0.04770202934741974,
-0.03970950096845627,
0.01314608659595251,
0.035405829548835754,
0.023579776287078857,
0.002669451292604208,
0.021898088976740837,
0.03612913563847542,
0.009565722197294235,
-0.022187411785125732,
0.03602064028382301,
0.044374823570251465,
0.02504447102546692,
0.038624539971351624,
0.07659810781478882,
-0.022874552756547928,
0.02310962602496147,
-0.07833404093980789,
0.032801926136016846,
-0.008883101865649223,
-0.0230192132294178,
0.04488113895058632,
0.025767777115106583,
0.017305096611380577,
0.02066846936941147,
-0.04122844338417053,
0.01778428629040718,
-0.0006362832500599325,
-0.06441039592027664,
0.010370399802923203,
-0.018498551100492477,
0.0005944670992903411,
-0.025152966380119324,
-0.027539875358343124,
-0.030451182276010513,
-0.03665352985262871,
-0.0020331679843366146,
0.06473588943481445,
-0.031301066279411316,
0.1529068946838379,
-0.05677952244877815,
0.00012862696894444525,
-0.014466119930148125,
0.017042897641658783,
-0.02663574367761612,
-0.002147314604371786,
-0.040215812623500824,
-0.008657068945467472,
0.02871524728834629,
-0.03385072201490402,
0.002147314604371786,
0.052729006856679916,
-0.06538686156272888,
0.0309755802154541,
-0.06401257961988449,
0.08137192577123642,
0.01717851683497429,
0.03303700312972069,
-0.016400963068008423,
0.05880477651953697,
-0.025460371747612953,
0.014891061931848526,
-0.02151835337281227,
-0.03441128134727478,
0.004561348352581263,
0.005985357332974672,
-0.026617661118507385,
0.025966685265302658,
-0.015813278034329414,
-0.06357859820127487,
0.009864085353910923,
-0.014574616216123104,
-0.018986782059073448,
-0.018625129014253616,
0.060504548251628876,
-0.0014059260720387101,
0.003076310735195875,
0.04564061015844345,
-0.026364503428339958,
0.011265491135418415,
-0.03658119961619377,
0.06987135857343674,
-0.019710088148713112,
0.03466444090008736,
0.013679524883627892,
-0.02889607474207878,
-0.005406712181866169,
-0.05645403265953064,
0.01564149186015129,
-0.04611075669527054,
0.042602721601724625,
-0.04719571769237518,
0.02350744418799877,
-0.0005588668864220381,
-0.03392305225133896,
0.0833248496055603,
0.021048204973340034,
-0.03829905390739441,
-0.045966096222400665,
0.050342097878456116,
-0.022820305079221725,
-0.01037944108247757,
-0.013082797639071941,
0.05182487517595291,
0.020089823752641678,
0.028986487537622452,
0.07507916539907455,
-0.0111117884516716,
-0.07327089458703995,
0.01726893149316311,
-0.05073991417884827,
-0.007291828747838736,
0.01748592220246792,
0.015605326741933823,
0.048786990344524384,
0.0038131787441670895,
0.05041442811489105,
-0.02253098227083683,
0.025152966380119324,
-0.01800127886235714,
0.05891327187418938,
-0.005976316053420305,
0.0769597589969635,
-0.07135413587093353,
0.011211243458092213,
-0.0348452664911747,
0.05066758394241333,
0.014972434379160404,
0.01848950982093811,
0.024194585159420967,
-0.05641786754131317,
-0.013489657081663609,
0.031301066279411316,
0.000866271962877363,
-0.01607547514140606,
-0.021102452650666237,
0.06694196909666061,
-0.049582626670598984,
-0.009638052433729172,
-0.028263181447982788,
-0.02933005802333355,
0.03148189187049866,
-0.0769597589969635,
0.00010454031871631742,
-0.013986929319798946,
-0.030360769480466843,
0.009710382670164108,
-0.01656370796263218,
0.06596551090478897,
0.03110215812921524,
0.04231340065598488,
0.041011448949575424,
0.055730726569890976,
0.03627379611134529,
-0.05826229974627495,
0.0006831851205788553,
-0.018498551100492477,
0.05721350386738777,
-0.012178665027022362,
-0.048136014491319656,
-0.007011547684669495,
0.0052530099637806416,
0.017187558114528656,
0.011789888143539429,
-0.025550784543156624,
-0.020379146561026573,
0.06325311213731766,
0.0013697607209905982,
0.01916760951280594,
-0.018751708790659904,
-0.02424883283674717,
-0.04614692181348801,
-0.04307287186384201,
0.012621689587831497,
0.00978271383792162,
-0.008535010740160942,
-0.007942804135382175,
0.09952690452337265,
0.038009729236364365,
0.028642917051911354,
-0.06817159056663513,
-0.004577170591801405,
0.010804383084177971,
0.010768217965960503,
-0.0514993853867054,
-0.012576483190059662,
0.014185839332640171,
0.02385101467370987,
0.05041442811489105,
0.021319445222616196,
0.051535554230213165,
-0.035496242344379425,
-0.08064861595630646,
0.025912437587976456,
0.00028734462102875113,
-0.04542361572384834,
0.0539947934448719,
0.05063141882419586,
0.03428470343351364,
-0.06328927725553513,
0.0032910422887653112,
-0.043796177953481674,
-0.03526116907596588,
-0.023471279069781303,
0.01311896275728941,
-0.041011448949575424,
0.06484438478946686,
-0.0034131002612411976,
-0.005718638189136982,
0.007725812029093504,
-0.04187941923737526,
0.01011724304407835,
-0.03609297052025795,
0.046797897666692734,
0.0033543314784765244,
0.020125988870859146,
0.008177878335118294,
-0.04904014617204666,
-0.04227723553776741,
0.02954705059528351,
0.016997691243886948,
0.00035119897802360356,
-0.03207862004637718,
0.021391775459051132,
0.04227723553776741,
0.012648813426494598,
-0.0388776957988739,
-0.037973564118146896,
-0.01574094593524933,
-0.012847722508013248,
-0.027576040476560593,
-0.014059260487556458,
0.023254288360476494,
0.06281912326812744,
-0.06903956085443497,
-0.007436489686369896,
0.015840401872992516,
0.053741637617349625,
-0.028787579387426376,
-0.011156994849443436,
-0.015379293821752071,
-0.018570881336927414,
0.007115522865206003,
-0.0035781043116003275,
0.0029610339552164078,
0.024049924686551094,
0.026183677837252617,
-0.012703062035143375,
0.041807085275650024,
-0.03356139734387398,
0.009439143352210522,
0.018408138304948807,
-0.0619511604309082,
0.04130077362060547,
-0.018390055745840073,
-0.02372443675994873,
0.058153800666332245,
0.019800500944256783,
-0.031427644193172455,
-0.00220043258741498,
0.005578497424721718,
-0.027268636971712112,
-0.07507916539907455,
-0.011066582053899765,
0.013417325913906097,
0.026744239032268524,
-0.03502609208226204,
0.04549594596028328,
0.03782890364527702,
-0.01925802230834961,
0.015026682056486607,
-0.01117507740855217,
-0.08231222629547119,
-0.04553211107850075,
0.0007023979560472071,
0.009240234270691872,
-0.05630937218666077,
0.0008052430348470807,
-0.022024666890501976,
-0.017368385568261147,
0.0009143039933405817,
-0.01020765583962202,
-0.01659083180129528,
0.019366517663002014,
-0.040758293122053146,
-0.03471868857741356,
-0.01922185719013214,
-0.030903248116374016,
-0.00046760603436268866,
-0.018145939335227013,
-0.011536730453372002,
-0.05073991417884827,
-0.03714176267385483,
0.04061363264918327,
-0.04705105349421501,
-0.009719423949718475,
-0.016518501564860344,
-0.03327207639813423,
0.0024140337482094765,
0.015089971013367176,
-0.0011154734529554844,
0.05146322026848793,
-0.04744887351989746,
0.017675790935754776,
0.024447742849588394,
0.0054112328216433525,
0.012458945624530315,
0.04173475503921509,
-0.025858189910650253,
0.03578556329011917,
-0.03764807805418968,
0.014791607856750488,
-0.019493097439408302,
0.003293302608653903,
-0.008535010740160942,
0.011979755945503712,
0.0013121223310008645,
0.00961092859506607,
-0.018588963896036148,
0.06459122896194458,
0.011500565335154533,
-0.07041384279727936,
-0.026256008073687553,
-0.021500270813703537,
0.05659869313240051,
-0.0012793474597856402,
-0.0073732007294893265,
-0.0027056164108216763,
0.05283750221133232,
-0.0035803646314889193,
-0.0072737461887300014,
-0.0484253354370594,
0.040758293122053146,
-0.016663162037730217,
-0.048569999635219574,
-0.009547639638185501,
-0.04791902378201485,
-0.04560444504022598,
0.024610485881567,
-0.04809984937310219,
0.03376030921936035,
0.035586655139923096,
0.008078424260020256,
-0.026689991354942322,
0.0038719475269317627,
0.038407549262046814,
-0.024574320763349533,
0.008833374828100204,
0.05066758394241333,
-0.015686698257923126,
-0.07609178870916367,
0.0008250208920799196,
0.09482541680335999,
-0.01793798804283142,
-0.07869569212198257,
0.0403604730963707,
0.01800127886235714,
-0.011627144180238247,
0.017341261729598045,
0.002958773635327816,
0.01018053200095892,
-0.016419045627117157,
-0.004177092108875513,
-0.025912437587976456,
-0.035496242344379425,
-0.024411577731370926,
0.023218123242259026,
-0.002028647344559431,
-0.054537273943424225,
-0.023435113951563835,
-0.013842268846929073,
0.009226672351360321,
-0.005045059137046337,
-0.013706648722290993,
-0.04003498703241348,
-0.02589435502886772,
0.018805956467986107,
0.025550784543156624,
0.00339501746930182,
-0.045170459896326065,
-0.017947029322385788,
0.04791902378201485,
-0.052982162684202194,
-0.0007402584888041019,
-0.0005091396160423756,
0.02332661859691143,
-0.046761732548475266,
-0.04929330572485924,
0.05352464318275452,
-0.027105892077088356,
0.018842121586203575,
0.017947029322385788,
0.03303700312972069,
-0.01692536100745201,
-0.0027372611220926046,
0.034483615309000015,
-0.025514619424939156,
-0.06148101016879082,
0.009294481948018074,
0.01904102973639965,
0.025116801261901855,
-0.026744239032268524,
0.0038380424957722425,
0.03855220973491669,
-0.00012036263797199354,
0.005045059137046337,
-0.011690433137118816,
-0.04173475503921509,
0.04661707207560539,
0.020487641915678978,
0.03526116907596588,
0.03224136680364609,
0.06401257961988449,
0.011636185459792614,
-0.022006584331393242,
-0.013806103728711605,
-0.007789101451635361,
0.024990221485495567,
0.013941722922027111,
-0.06697813421487808,
0.007436489686369896,
-0.01391459908336401,
-0.002163137076422572,
0.021988501772284508,
0.018968699499964714,
-0.034483615309000015,
-0.01913144439458847,
0.014565574936568737,
0.08375883847475052,
0.06365092843770981,
0.04607459157705307,
-0.009882167913019657,
0.022295907139778137,
0.0053208195604383945,
0.0012217090697959065,
0.02133752778172493,
-0.004344356711953878,
0.041987914592027664,
-0.025966685265302658,
-0.0065911258570849895,
0.01751304604113102,
-0.015297922305762768,
-0.012097292579710484,
-0.05171637982130051,
0.002680752892047167,
0.04086678847670555,
-0.02571352757513523,
-0.0028661000542342663,
-0.00031051301630213857,
0.033778391778469086,
0.028986487537622452,
0.006618249695748091,
-0.017097145318984985,
0.08853265643119812,
-0.08390349894762039,
0.017657708376646042,
0.040794458240270615,
0.00730991130694747,
0.016880154609680176,
0.006130018271505833,
-0.041373103857040405,
-0.009746548719704151,
0.010524102486670017,
-0.0020444695837795734,
-0.005176158621907234,
-0.009954499080777168,
-0.009945457801222801,
0.024935973808169365,
0.02605709806084633,
-0.023778684437274933,
-0.004719571676105261,
0.038950029760599136,
-0.04846150055527687,
-0.0053117782808840275,
-0.0023936908692121506,
-0.0040731169283390045,
0.03974566608667374,
-0.027105892077088356,
0.004059555009007454,
0.02054188959300518,
0.020107906311750412,
-0.005790968891233206,
-0.005935629829764366,
-0.0041725714690983295,
-0.00830897781997919,
-0.02231398969888687,
0.040215812623500824,
-0.027467545121908188,
-0.012983342632651329,
-0.016446169465780258,
-0.011753722093999386,
-0.036689698696136475,
-0.0107139702886343,
-0.02112053520977497,
-0.002316839527338743,
-0.031120240688323975,
-0.03195204213261604,
0.03706943243741989,
-0.00880173034965992,
0.01891445182263851,
-0.0008611861849203706,
-0.016211096197366714,
-0.011744680814445019,
0.013191292993724346,
0.025080636143684387,
0.030107611790299416,
0.07659810781478882,
-0.003033364424481988,
0.03963716700673103,
0.0064916713163256645,
0.025731610134243965,
0.015650533139705658,
0.023923346772789955,
0.05262051150202751,
0.018408138304948807,
-0.03401346504688263,
0.004084418527781963,
-0.06690580397844315,
0.00007346076745307073,
-0.016970567405223846,
0.03137339651584625,
0.0690033957362175,
0.012856763787567616,
-0.010876714251935482,
-0.013959805481135845,
-0.015605326741933823,
0.0016466513043269515,
0.00817335769534111,
0.02310962602496147,
-0.05811763554811478,
-0.002353004878386855,
0.019420765340328217,
0.013281706720590591,
0.027359049767255783,
0.02001749351620674,
-0.032006289809942245,
0.014032136648893356,
0.010732052847743034,
-0.03419429063796997,
-0.005293695721775293,
0.021482188254594803,
-0.018715543672442436,
0.008055820129811764,
-0.004629158414900303,
0.04245806112885475,
0.010587391443550587,
0.025116801261901855,
-0.00705675408244133,
-0.0225671473890543,
-0.009321605786681175,
0.023525526747107506,
-0.01241373922675848,
0.06137251481413841,
0.0317169688642025,
0.03952867165207863,
-0.00933968834578991,
0.005619183648377657,
-0.019637757912278175,
0.014005012810230255,
0.0051580760627985,
0.008733919821679592,
0.008869539946317673,
0.007043192163109779,
-0.013335954397916794,
0.0064916713163256645,
0.0009962409967556596,
-0.048967815935611725,
0.006884968839585781,
-0.004559088032692671,
0.00711100222542882,
-0.020776964724063873,
0.010216697119176388,
-0.026310255751013756,
0.005944671109318733,
-0.009145299904048443,
-0.01582231931388378,
-0.00809650681912899,
0.03048734739422798,
0.07305390387773514,
0.01170851569622755,
0.0029610339552164078,
0.05500742048025131,
0.015804236754775047,
0.026961231604218483,
-0.015695739537477493,
-0.05005277693271637,
0.009728466160595417,
0.005858778487890959,
-0.01254935935139656,
-0.014176798053085804,
-0.036780111491680145,
0.03361564502120018,
0.041156113147735596,
-0.017585376277565956,
0.01678069867193699,
-0.028425926342606544,
0.01195263210684061,
-0.03688860684633255,
0.008299936540424824,
0.0349537618458271,
0.014891061931848526,
-0.06061304360628128,
-0.0029406908433884382,
-0.008119110018014908,
0.03263918310403824,
-0.03216903284192085,
0.015261756256222725,
0.0019020687323063612,
0.04571294039487839,
-0.034483615309000015,
-0.02549653686583042,
-0.028425926342606544,
-0.019511179998517036,
-0.0444471538066864,
0.02905881777405739,
-0.010361358523368835,
-0.0005854258197359741,
0.026798486709594727,
-0.002119060605764389,
-0.0034244018606841564,
-0.0021778291556984186,
-0.026346420869231224,
0.01895061694085598,
-0.02580394223332405,
0.061336349695920944,
-0.008462680503726006,
-0.007459093350917101,
0.03216903284192085,
0.019113361835479736,
0.042964376509189606,
-0.020921625196933746,
0.004597513936460018,
-0.005551373586058617,
0.0037024226039648056,
0.01431241724640131,
0.054935090243816376,
0.023380866274237633,
0.0013143826508894563,
-0.0037318069953471422,
-0.009990664198994637,
0.009638052433729172,
0.025189131498336792,
-0.026400668546557426,
0.03374222666025162,
0.017811410129070282,
-0.013525822199881077,
-0.011012333445250988,
-0.01839909702539444,
-0.016798781231045723,
0.021192865446209908,
0.001399144995957613,
0.03891386464238167,
0.014972434379160404,
-0.041192278265953064,
-0.008584737777709961,
0.028353596106171608,
0.0025134882889688015,
0.0020263870246708393,
0.004620117135345936,
0.004809984937310219,
0.048750825226306915,
0.010867672972381115,
-0.023778684437274933,
0.01360719371587038,
0.00770772946998477,
-0.028950322419404984,
-0.011988797225058079,
0.05128239467740059,
-0.0011697214795276523,
-0.032892338931560516,
-0.04553211107850075,
-0.013598152436316013,
-0.00489135691896081,
0.011184118688106537,
0.00173141376581043,
0.029167314991354942,
-0.012703062035143375,
0.036906689405441284,
-0.06715895980596542,
-0.031518060714006424,
0.026888901367783546,
0.0022332072257995605,
0.03855220973491669,
-0.01490914449095726,
-0.03305508568882942,
0.0305777620524168,
0.025026388466358185,
-0.029673628509044647,
0.007920200936496258,
0.01641000434756279,
-0.0009391676285304129,
0.01637383922934532,
0.02659957855939865,
0.017160434275865555,
0.058732446283102036,
0.03902235999703407,
-0.03314549848437309,
-0.006708662956953049,
-0.026183677837252617,
-0.008055820129811764,
0.03963716700673103,
0.014366665855050087,
0.038371384143829346,
-0.041590094566345215,
-0.01674453355371952,
-0.01717851683497429,
0.028480174019932747,
-0.0316627211868763,
-0.0010691366624087095,
-0.004335315432399511,
-0.01717851683497429,
-0.005470001604408026,
0.014366665855050087,
-0.003031104104593396,
-0.036111053079366684,
-0.04209640994668007,
0.0019461452029645443,
-0.03480910137295723,
-0.03131914883852005,
0.005619183648377657,
-0.045387450605630875,
-0.035839810967445374,
0.02764837257564068,
-0.007658002432435751,
0.030867082998156548,
0.0380820594727993,
-0.00927639938890934,
0.02690698392689228,
-0.05522441491484642,
-0.006979902740567923,
0.02945663593709469,
-0.016645079478621483,
-0.01247702818363905,
0.0015743207186460495,
-0.037792738527059555,
-0.02659957855939865,
-0.051969535648822784,
-0.022422486916184425,
0.003544199513271451,
-0.001290649175643921,
0.009195027872920036,
-0.004242641851305962,
0.020596139132976532,
-0.005067662801593542,
0.038805365562438965,
-0.009439143352210522,
-0.05073991417884827,
0.009719423949718475,
-0.038624539971351624,
-0.04303670674562454,
-0.018055526539683342,
-0.04061363264918327,
-0.023923346772789955,
-0.01733222045004368,
-0.008200481534004211,
-0.032042454928159714,
0.044193997979164124,
0.0011069972533732653,
0.036074887961149216,
0.005569456145167351,
0.018661294132471085,
0.03560473769903183,
-0.02442966029047966,
0.019945163279771805,
-0.04242189601063728,
0.04560444504022598,
0.014393789693713188,
-0.020306816324591637,
0.01934843510389328,
0.015514913946390152,
0.016536584123969078,
0.041987914592027664,
0.018534716218709946,
-0.025478454306721687,
-0.02045147679746151,
-0.009348729625344276,
-0.009393936954438686,
-0.0198366679251194,
0.03471868857741356,
0.016509460285305977,
-0.003824480576440692,
-0.031608473509550095,
-0.0018523414619266987,
0.007517861668020487,
-0.024773230776190758,
-0.006794555578380823,
0.052331190556287766,
0.002886442933231592,
-0.019402682781219482,
-0.002798289991915226,
0.023272370919585228,
-0.019239939749240875,
0.03244027495384216,
0.006509753875434399,
0.012712103314697742,
-0.013326913118362427,
-0.006740307901054621,
-0.016491377726197243,
-0.03146380931138992,
-0.01455653365701437,
-0.002103238133713603,
-0.01215154118835926,
0.006333447992801666,
0.04889548569917679,
-0.0033317282795906067,
0.039203185588121414,
-0.019547345116734505,
-0.00017870744341053069,
-0.012865805067121983,
-0.022386319935321808,
0.04350685700774193,
0.002902265405282378,
0.026039015501737595,
-0.01848950982093811,
0.05746666342020035,
0.0005662129842676222,
-0.009891209192574024,
-0.054718099534511566,
0.010876714251935482,
-0.006053166929632425,
-0.014565574936568737,
-0.01705193892121315,
0.01687111333012581,
-0.01524367369711399,
0.046327751129865646,
0.00947530847042799,
0.010126284323632717,
-0.015361211262643337,
-0.005415753461420536,
-0.010768217965960503,
0.02945663593709469,
-0.05008894205093384,
-0.01391459908336401,
-0.0013742813607677817,
0.015876566991209984,
-0.016581790521740913,
0.009927375242114067,
-0.023832932114601135,
-0.03701518476009369,
-0.01788374036550522,
-0.06668881326913834,
-0.03225944936275482,
-0.0022897154558449984,
-0.0004817330918740481,
0.05949191749095917,
-0.004242641851305962,
0.018498551100492477,
-0.008412952534854412,
0.03303700312972069,
0.006952778901904821,
0.02491789124906063,
0.04621925204992294,
-0.045170459896326065,
0.043362196534872055,
-0.05511591583490372,
-0.0027937693521380424,
-0.01585848443210125,
0.010885755531489849,
0.028859909623861313,
0.02470090053975582,
-0.018055526539683342,
0.0516078844666481,
0.04770202934741974,
0.03374222666025162,
0.020650386810302734,
-0.02562311477959156,
-0.0025225295685231686,
0.005004373379051685,
-0.0037318069953471422,
0.017214681953191757,
-0.007242101244628429,
0.024411577731370926,
-0.038805365562438965,
-0.004052774049341679,
-0.003372414270415902,
-0.044338658452034,
0.022983048111200333,
-0.016400963068008423,
0.02191617153584957,
0.007893077097833157,
-0.025822024792432785,
-0.0019065893720835447,
0.001325684250332415,
0.01555107906460762,
-0.029492802917957306,
-0.01484585553407669,
-0.030849000439047813,
-0.028245098888874054,
-0.010352317243814468,
0.00022942361829336733,
-0.016599873080849648,
0.020107906311750412,
-0.04802751913666725,
-0.002958773635327816,
0.01091287937015295,
-0.007956366054713726,
-0.013272665441036224,
-0.04426632821559906,
-0.05460960417985916,
0.005840695928782225,
0.01717851683497429,
-0.024104172363877296,
-0.007590192370116711,
0.0042019556276500225,
-0.0027485627215355635,
0.05352464318275452,
0.016518501564860344,
-0.010216697119176388,
0.03211478516459465,
-0.017856616526842117,
-0.012024962343275547,
-0.03768424317240715,
-0.0010001965565606952,
-0.038950029760599136,
0.02942047081887722,
-0.04979961737990379,
0.007847869768738747,
-0.040179647505283356,
-0.039781831204891205,
0.02593052014708519,
0.003383715869858861,
-0.017160434275865555,
0.004188393708318472,
-0.032042454928159714,
-0.04607459157705307,
0.002488624770194292,
-0.0627467930316925,
-0.019710088148713112,
0.03786506876349449,
0.022368237376213074,
0.022820305079221725,
-0.00575480330735445,
-0.01484585553407669,
0.04394083842635155,
-0.015370252542197704,
0.04187941923737526,
0.03254877030849457,
0.006767431739717722,
0.007829787209630013,
-0.0037702324334532022,
0.030053364112973213,
-0.004782861098647118,
-0.02112053520977497,
0.0033091248478740454,
-0.02858866937458515,
-0.019312269985675812,
-0.035315416753292084,
0.0380820594727993,
0.014601740054786205,
-0.03254877030849457,
-0.0009414279484190047,
-0.005650828126817942,
-0.019511179998517036,
-0.0976463109254837
] |
Brain signals are important quantitative data for understanding physiological
activities and diseases of human brain. Most existing studies pay attention to
supervised learning methods, which, however, require high-cost clinical labels.
In addition, the huge difference in the clinical patterns of brain signals
measured by invasive (e.g., SEEG) and non-invasive (e.g., EEG) methods leads to
the lack of a unified method. To handle the above issues, we propose to study
the self-supervised learning (SSL) framework for brain signals that can be
applied to pre-train either SEEG or EEG data. Intuitively, brain signals,
generated by the firing of neurons, are transmitted among different connecting
structures in human brain. Inspired by this, we propose MBrain to learn
implicit spatial and temporal correlations between different channels (i.e.,
contacts of the electrode, corresponding to different brain areas) as the
cornerstone for uniformly modeling different types of brain signals.
Specifically, we represent the spatial correlation by a graph structure, which
is built with proposed multi-channel CPC. We theoretically prove that
optimizing the goal of multi-channel CPC can lead to a better predictive
representation and apply the instantaneou-time-shift prediction task based on
it. Then we capture the temporal correlation by designing the
delayed-time-shift prediction task. Finally, replace-discriminative-learning
task is proposed to preserve the characteristics of each channel. Extensive
experiments of seizure detection on both EEG and SEEG large-scale real-world
datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms several state-of-the-art time
series SSL and unsupervised models, and has the ability to be deployed to
clinical practice. | [
0.03721248358488083,
-0.018376421183347702,
-0.01822933554649353,
-0.012630917131900787,
0.03724925220012665,
0.023551970720291138,
0.022062737494707108,
0.019157810136675835,
-0.03853624686598778,
0.006425771862268448,
0.008733166381716728,
-0.03235867992043495,
0.015958713367581367,
-0.022890089079737663,
0.04019095003604889,
0.021382469683885574,
0.03309410437941551,
0.016326425597071648,
-0.015351987443864346,
-0.047655511647462845,
0.008581485599279404,
-0.032450608909130096,
-0.03316764906048775,
-0.049126360565423965,
0.014064994640648365,
0.02886541374027729,
0.07972002029418945,
0.020628659054636955,
-0.02502281963825226,
0.03215643763542175,
0.015682928264141083,
0.00030767175485379994,
-0.009399645030498505,
-0.016197726130485535,
-0.06324651092290878,
-0.020297717303037643,
0.006600435357540846,
0.04272816702723503,
-0.02476542256772518,
0.010341907851397991,
0.03588871657848358,
0.005129586439579725,
0.0056443833746016026,
-0.031053300946950912,
-0.0031554310116916895,
-0.03235867992043495,
-0.06236400082707405,
-0.054715584963560104,
-0.004267760552465916,
-0.0023901297245174646,
0.022871702909469604,
-0.025280218571424484,
0.00003720214226632379,
-0.016363196074962616,
-0.03495105355978012,
0.007928796112537384,
0.04993532598018646,
0.0003398465923964977,
0.07148326933383942,
0.037304408848285675,
-0.039896782487630844,
0.05872365087270737,
-0.06460704654455185,
0.001338702510111034,
-0.0025992661248892546,
0.006586646195501089,
0.012998629361391068,
-0.04015418142080307,
0.03905104473233223,
0.005129586439579725,
-0.057105716317892075,
-0.006136198528110981,
0.005708733107894659,
0.021970808506011963,
0.011435851454734802,
0.028571244329214096,
0.008903233334422112,
0.07118909806013107,
0.029104426503181458,
-0.011895491741597652,
0.05901782214641571,
0.030667204409837723,
0.034491412341594696,
0.05342859402298927,
0.08435319364070892,
-0.06012095883488655,
0.014680912718176842,
-0.05622320622205734,
0.030060479417443275,
0.0400070957839489,
-0.019488750025629997,
0.015250866301357746,
0.02463672310113907,
0.05846625193953514,
0.008448189124464989,
-0.05883396416902542,
0.032321907579898834,
-0.019194580614566803,
-0.0836913138628006,
0.021529553458094597,
-0.006526893004775047,
0.03849947452545166,
-0.05125909298658371,
-0.00402185320854187,
-0.032119669020175934,
-0.016914764419198036,
-0.04162503033876419,
0.012934279628098011,
-0.01547149382531643,
0.13362663984298706,
-0.05140617489814758,
-0.006945165805518627,
0.008705588057637215,
-0.023092331364750862,
-0.022522376850247383,
-0.018955567851662636,
-0.06394516676664352,
-0.05574518069624901,
0.03627481684088707,
-0.032855093479156494,
-0.000961797428317368,
0.026530440896749496,
-0.038609787821769714,
0.022081121802330017,
-0.06993887573480606,
0.08067607134580612,
-0.023037174716591835,
0.0020316103473305702,
0.027265865355730057,
0.02555600367486477,
0.0017638697754591703,
-0.00418042903766036,
-0.018973954021930695,
-0.017383597791194916,
0.030998144298791885,
0.0316416397690773,
-0.025464074686169624,
0.04309587925672531,
-0.012860736809670925,
-0.07210838049650192,
-0.03941875696182251,
0.016629787161946297,
0.00022522377548739314,
0.002498145215213299,
0.0708213821053505,
0.026015643030405045,
0.003605878446251154,
0.09031013399362564,
-0.030115636065602303,
0.026512054726481438,
-0.023349730297923088,
0.10126796364784241,
-0.006646399386227131,
-0.0010238488903269172,
0.01996677741408348,
0.01926812343299389,
0.008894040249288082,
-0.026181114837527275,
-0.007464559283107519,
-0.05887073650956154,
0.07699894905090332,
-0.03649544343352318,
0.04497121274471283,
0.0440887026488781,
-0.0072531248442828655,
0.08957470953464508,
0.017153777182102203,
-0.02294524572789669,
-0.05037658289074898,
0.060598984360694885,
-0.052877023816108704,
0.029012499377131462,
0.010231594555079937,
-0.00040505806100554764,
0.03791113570332527,
0.01278719399124384,
0.06626175343990326,
-0.07648415118455887,
-0.06453350186347961,
0.0030221352353692055,
-0.05078106373548508,
0.020040318369865417,
0.032468993216753006,
0.009169825352728367,
0.020389646291732788,
-0.013715667650103569,
0.05004563927650452,
-0.007004918996244669,
0.02868155762553215,
-0.02329457364976406,
0.03835238888859749,
-0.009270945563912392,
0.08339714258909225,
-0.030501732602715492,
0.026567211374640465,
-0.011886299587786198,
0.004382670857012272,
0.05030303820967674,
0.008213773369789124,
0.017521489411592484,
-0.018119022250175476,
-0.03298379108309746,
0.042654622346162796,
-0.0032680428121238947,
-0.016786064952611923,
-0.010599306784570217,
0.032855093479156494,
-0.019378436729311943,
-0.036201272159814835,
-0.008305701427161694,
-0.04578017815947533,
-0.01247463934123516,
-0.05438464507460594,
-0.04905281588435173,
0.0117392148822546,
-0.02500443533062935,
0.008691798895597458,
-0.01637238822877407,
0.002387831686064601,
0.00526747852563858,
0.05938553437590599,
0.017907587811350822,
0.05806176736950874,
0.008526328019797802,
-0.0377640500664711,
0.022448834031820297,
-0.031016530469059944,
0.04055866226553917,
0.008071284741163254,
-0.007997741922736168,
-0.0030221352353692055,
0.032285138964653015,
-0.006678574252873659,
0.02163986675441265,
-0.01741117611527443,
0.002149967709556222,
0.060231272131204605,
-0.010378679260611534,
0.0036863156128674746,
0.02130892686545849,
0.01685960777103901,
-0.022853318601846695,
-0.02369905635714531,
0.006297072861343622,
0.003408233169466257,
0.012428674846887589,
-0.004067817237228155,
0.08082316070795059,
0.05574518069624901,
0.03325957432389259,
-0.04195597022771835,
-0.014092572964727879,
-0.03708378225564957,
0.023993225768208504,
-0.06504829972982407,
0.012152890674769878,
0.016703329980373383,
-0.009716796688735485,
0.034123700112104416,
-0.023368114605545998,
0.05221514403820038,
-0.044162243604660034,
-0.04758196696639061,
0.02923312596976757,
0.002505039796233177,
-0.001154271769337356,
0.044860899448394775,
0.027118779718875885,
0.044493187218904495,
-0.035263609141111374,
0.0011393334716558456,
-0.053244736045598984,
-0.03662414103746414,
-0.008498749695718288,
0.02186049520969391,
-0.0647173598408699,
0.04272816702723503,
-0.04361067712306976,
-0.029876623302698135,
0.024691879749298096,
-0.030777517706155777,
0.008181598037481308,
0.040779292583465576,
0.04313265159726143,
0.0024062171578407288,
0.01509458851069212,
-0.0029623820446431637,
-0.03291025012731552,
-0.039308443665504456,
0.019157810136675835,
-0.0044148457236588,
-0.018459156155586243,
-0.01859704777598381,
0.023055559024214745,
0.06401870399713516,
0.020408030599355698,
-0.02259591966867447,
-0.027651963755488396,
0.011408273130655289,
0.009307716973125935,
-0.03614611551165581,
-0.007064672186970711,
0.010682041756808758,
0.040779292583465576,
-0.039896782487630844,
0.008981372229754925,
0.03406854346394539,
0.06015772745013237,
-0.03502459451556206,
-0.038977500051259995,
-0.009059511125087738,
-0.029306668788194656,
0.004681436810642481,
-0.001810982939787209,
-0.015306023880839348,
0.0440887026488781,
0.023735826835036278,
-0.005529473535716534,
-0.006310862023383379,
-0.03199096769094467,
-0.008903233334422112,
0.04052189365029335,
-0.08854511380195618,
-0.00025251490296795964,
-0.007170389406383038,
-0.005432948935776949,
0.03723086789250374,
-0.006379807833582163,
-0.01617014780640602,
0.005791468545794487,
-0.005791468545794487,
-0.009652446955442429,
-0.0708213821053505,
-0.009735182859003544,
0.008705588057637215,
-0.0017293967539444566,
-0.03353536128997803,
0.05964292958378792,
-0.039712924510240555,
-0.02741295099258423,
-0.0031232561450451612,
-0.051553260535001755,
-0.0673648864030838,
-0.034509796649217606,
0.02366228587925434,
0.028277074918150902,
-0.016510281711816788,
-0.0038678734563291073,
0.01404660940170288,
-0.016344809904694557,
0.0009905248880386353,
-0.036936696618795395,
-0.006067252717912197,
-0.0077725183218717575,
-0.013035399839282036,
-0.03868333250284195,
-0.037837594747543335,
-0.013568582944571972,
-0.021878881379961967,
-0.013770824298262596,
0.007129021920263767,
-0.06802677363157272,
-0.026493670418858528,
-0.006186759099364281,
-0.031954195350408554,
-0.022301750257611275,
-0.024691879749298096,
-0.009974195621907711,
0.00989146064966917,
0.035061366856098175,
-0.028203532099723816,
0.047839365899562836,
0.0024935489054769278,
-0.01649189554154873,
0.02645689807832241,
0.026751067489385605,
0.01606902666389942,
0.06295233964920044,
-0.018119022250175476,
0.05589226633310318,
-0.03682638332247734,
0.028828643262386322,
-0.044309329241514206,
0.00863664224743843,
-0.016629787161946297,
0.013384726829826832,
0.009165228344500065,
-0.010240786708891392,
-0.02686138264834881,
0.05114877596497536,
-0.0014651035889983177,
-0.06927699595689774,
-0.043206192553043365,
-0.02555600367486477,
0.03827884793281555,
0.006692363414913416,
0.0017133094370365143,
0.02421385422348976,
0.036716070026159286,
0.03110845945775509,
0.0032358679454773664,
-0.03349858894944191,
-0.0037207885179668665,
0.01463494822382927,
-0.05364922061562538,
-0.016381582245230675,
-0.0059339567087590694,
-0.05714248865842819,
0.01849592663347721,
-0.0018603942589834332,
0.026401741430163383,
-0.04180888459086418,
-0.00019247439922764897,
-0.00526747852563858,
0.024140311405062675,
0.044162243604660034,
-0.027339408174157143,
-0.011242803186178207,
0.012364325113594532,
0.010838319547474384,
-0.06806354224681854,
0.014184501022100449,
0.08354423195123672,
-0.0002572549565229565,
0.0010100596118718386,
0.04111023247241974,
0.0037575599271804094,
0.0023372711148113012,
0.0026038626674562693,
-0.022651076316833496,
0.029343439266085625,
0.007896620780229568,
-0.008976776152849197,
-0.04331650584936142,
-0.011950649321079254,
-0.02476542256772518,
0.005111200734972954,
-0.03131069988012314,
-0.06302588433027267,
-0.04555955156683922,
-0.003962099552154541,
0.02147439680993557,
-0.0010675146477296948,
-0.06773260235786438,
-0.011417466215789318,
-0.03513490781188011,
0.010590113699436188,
0.0076897828839719296,
0.024177081882953644,
-0.0008216071291826665,
-0.08479445427656174,
0.00938125979155302,
-0.0739101693034172,
0.015591000206768513,
-0.0016466615488752723,
-0.029159583151340485,
-0.0016248286701738834,
-0.031200386583805084,
0.03610934689640999,
-0.016160953789949417,
0.02241206355392933,
0.035079751163721085,
0.025611160323023796,
-0.010029352270066738,
0.005120393354445696,
0.05078106373548508,
-0.03355374559760094,
-0.0048032416962087154,
0.010461414232850075,
-0.006058059632778168,
0.03160487115383148,
-0.05581872537732124,
0.027541648596525192,
0.03186227008700371,
0.010240786708891392,
0.033222805708646774,
-0.014533828012645245,
-0.05221514403820038,
0.015443915501236916,
0.022908475250005722,
0.020224174484610558,
0.004219498485326767,
0.017732923850417137,
0.030097249895334244,
-0.021878881379961967,
0.03188065439462662,
-0.005989113822579384,
0.024747036397457123,
0.0234784297645092,
-0.0487954206764698,
0.0023901297245174646,
-0.02108829841017723,
0.009817917831242085,
-0.005276671145111322,
0.01834884285926819,
-0.030446575954556465,
-0.0027532456442713737,
0.022669462487101555,
0.0975908413529396,
0.03313087671995163,
0.03088783100247383,
-0.005391581449657679,
0.03849947452545166,
0.011399080976843834,
-0.025684703141450882,
0.019360050559043884,
-0.018192565068602562,
-0.02572147361934185,
-0.01463494822382927,
0.050450123846530914,
0.030612047761678696,
0.011297959834337234,
-0.014469478279352188,
-0.04835416376590729,
0.00448149349540472,
0.04213982820510864,
-0.004274655133485794,
-0.010553342290222645,
-0.006448754109442234,
0.03533715009689331,
0.0500088706612587,
0.010488992556929588,
-0.02792774699628353,
0.04611111804842949,
-0.029895007610321045,
-0.005612208507955074,
0.033204417675733566,
-0.014993468299508095,
0.015039431862533092,
-0.027155552059412003,
-0.04125731810927391,
-0.00480783823877573,
-0.013697282411158085,
-0.03309410437941551,
-0.004001168999820948,
-0.003925328608602285,
-0.012961857952177525,
0.019654221832752228,
-0.004267760552465916,
-0.03235867992043495,
-0.04202951490879059,
0.027633577585220337,
-0.013495040126144886,
0.02386452630162239,
0.005625997669994831,
-0.003086484968662262,
0.02553761750459671,
-0.02982146479189396,
0.020499959588050842,
0.01786162331700325,
-0.008930811658501625,
0.010728005319833755,
-0.0351165235042572,
-0.015232481062412262,
-0.029104426503181458,
-0.049494072794914246,
0.02700846642255783,
-0.04261785373091698,
-0.042654622346162796,
-0.04199274256825447,
0.019507136195898056,
-0.03555777668952942,
0.009919038973748684,
0.00035737035796046257,
0.03147616982460022,
-0.02441609464585781,
-0.01035110093653202,
0.039676155894994736,
0.028074832633137703,
-0.0038793645799160004,
-0.046552374958992004,
0.02682461030781269,
-0.03145778551697731,
0.014313200488686562,
0.008705588057637215,
0.03406854346394539,
0.05901782214641571,
0.009211192838847637,
0.05405370518565178,
0.018725747242569923,
0.0026268446817994118,
0.02388291247189045,
0.039529070258140564,
0.0459272637963295,
-0.008774533867835999,
-0.02333134412765503,
0.0068486412055790424,
-0.05456850305199623,
-0.0019144020043313503,
-0.03496943786740303,
0.022467220202088356,
0.03504297882318497,
-0.005203128792345524,
0.004522860981523991,
-0.012180468998849392,
-0.023717442527413368,
-0.01297105010598898,
-0.012621724046766758,
0.06412902474403381,
-0.03901427239179611,
-0.002072978066280484,
0.013568582944571972,
0.031733568757772446,
0.012070155702531338,
0.015848398208618164,
-0.0436842180788517,
0.04313265159726143,
-0.006012095604091883,
0.0052077253349125385,
0.028828643262386322,
0.011757600121200085,
0.037837594747543335,
-0.013017014600336552,
-0.03142101317644119,
0.04530215263366699,
0.013375533744692802,
0.0618492066860199,
-0.0034518989268690348,
-0.009551326744258404,
-0.02276138961315155,
0.039492297917604446,
0.010682041756808758,
0.059164904057979584,
-0.0011197987478226423,
0.02198919467628002,
-0.012640109285712242,
-0.0018523505423218012,
-0.005023868754506111,
0.013136520981788635,
-0.0234784297645092,
-0.020058704540133476,
-0.020095475018024445,
-0.004095395561307669,
-0.021180227398872375,
-0.028442544862627983,
-0.010728005319833755,
-0.040043868124485016,
0.011693250387907028,
-0.013743245974183083,
0.02094121463596821,
-0.026695910841226578,
0.035447463393211365,
-0.024930892512202263,
0.009946617297828197,
-0.006389000918716192,
-0.003091081278398633,
-0.02055511623620987,
0.011307152919471264,
0.037874363362789154,
0.003332392545416951,
0.030428191646933556,
0.017429562285542488,
0.024342551827430725,
0.016059834510087967,
-0.049494072794914246,
-0.023588743060827255,
0.020977985113859177,
0.016786064952611923,
-0.018643012270331383,
-0.0019913918804377317,
0.0008388436399400234,
0.022099507972598076,
0.023790983483195305,
-0.013963873498141766,
0.021934038028120995,
-0.01824772171676159,
0.0010433836141601205,
0.0023993225768208504,
-0.01630803942680359,
0.02366228587925434,
0.029288282617926598,
-0.08067607134580612,
-0.012952664867043495,
0.00864583533257246,
0.04052189365029335,
-0.04346359148621559,
0.01839480735361576,
-0.018541891127824783,
0.04603757709264755,
-0.01878090389072895,
-0.01694234274327755,
-0.003433513455092907,
-0.015618578530848026,
-0.03739633783698082,
0.054347872734069824,
-0.0020212684758007526,
-0.0035070558078587055,
0.03482235223054886,
-0.04750842601060867,
-0.02220982126891613,
0.0019189984304830432,
-0.02719232253730297,
0.011684057302772999,
-0.008576888591051102,
0.04725102707743645,
0.012778001837432384,
-0.03794790804386139,
0.021566325798630714,
0.04169857129454613,
0.06273171305656433,
-0.019507136195898056,
0.007533505093306303,
-0.0017454841872677207,
0.053943391889333725,
0.028626400977373123,
0.062069833278656006,
0.027890976518392563,
-0.03217482566833496,
0.004332110285758972,
-0.009064107201993465,
0.007142811082303524,
0.012814773246645927,
-0.014561406336724758,
0.013816788792610168,
0.04111023247241974,
0.0032726393546909094,
-0.0005630594096146524,
-0.01833045668900013,
-0.02349681407213211,
0.05956938862800598,
0.003592089284211397,
0.028074832633137703,
0.005327231716364622,
-0.052840255200862885,
-0.000280236970866099,
0.05717925727367401,
0.002948592882603407,
0.016464317217469215,
0.008751552551984787,
0.003148536430671811,
0.038425933569669724,
-0.011389887891709805,
-0.05052366852760315,
0.01278719399124384,
0.02814837545156479,
-0.02963760867714882,
-0.020297717303037643,
0.051920972764492035,
-0.01659301668405533,
-0.007561083883047104,
-0.006297072861343622,
0.008985968306660652,
-0.012235625647008419,
-0.005566244479268789,
0.001129566109739244,
0.0581720806658268,
-0.009477783925831318,
0.023956455290317535,
-0.0396026112139225,
-0.008448189124464989,
0.06159180775284767,
-0.008438996970653534,
0.0743146538734436,
-0.029674381017684937,
-0.02276138961315155,
0.028644787147641182,
0.015894362702965736,
-0.0026199498679488897,
0.02592371590435505,
-0.06383485347032547,
-0.009450205601751804,
0.0011623154859989882,
0.023239415138959885,
0.030667204409837723,
0.055414240807294846,
0.03780082240700722,
-0.054715584963560104,
0.008655027486383915,
-0.017236512154340744,
-0.0041183773428201675,
0.033590517938137054,
0.01794435828924179,
0.07284380495548248,
-0.07229223102331161,
0.02627304196357727,
0.020959598943591118,
0.017117006704211235,
-0.018734941259026527,
-0.0069405692629516125,
0.05567163974046707,
0.010525763966143131,
0.005786872003227472,
-0.005998306442052126,
0.051920972764492035,
-0.017769696190953255,
-0.011904684826731682,
0.008112652227282524,
-0.03504297882318497,
-0.0428752526640892,
-0.008609063923358917,
-0.004821627400815487,
-0.007620837073773146,
0.008144826628267765,
-0.026714297011494637,
0.008930811658501625,
-0.011003789491951466,
-0.051001694053411484,
0.013761632144451141,
-0.07240254431962967,
-0.01192307099699974,
0.014184501022100449,
-0.015517458319664001,
-0.007381823845207691,
0.014515441842377186,
-0.02094121463596821,
-0.021382469683885574,
-0.021566325798630714,
-0.0018580961041152477,
-0.01906588114798069,
-0.01890041120350361,
-0.003911539446562529,
-0.006462543271481991,
0.011803563684225082,
0.006692363414913416,
0.02903088368475437,
-0.006172969937324524,
-0.024838963523507118,
0.03794790804386139,
-0.005777678918093443,
-0.03684477135539055,
-0.020775742828845978,
-0.03627481684088707,
-0.026769453659653664,
-0.018100636079907417,
-0.016583824530243874,
-0.04250754043459892,
0.0072990888729691505,
-0.002760140225291252,
0.006669381633400917,
0.017797274515032768,
0.044677041471004486,
0.00535940658301115,
0.003291024826467037,
0.0320461243391037,
-0.03443625569343567,
0.06714425981044769,
0.035226836800575256,
-0.010121280327439308,
0.03629320114850998,
-0.01445109210908413,
-0.015535843558609486,
-0.011821949854493141,
-0.02458156645298004,
-0.014883154071867466,
-0.035980645567178726,
-0.017172163352370262,
0.000010674069926608354,
-0.021529553458094597,
0.04791291058063507,
0.006609627977013588,
-0.006945165805518627,
-0.008976776152849197,
0.035649705678224564,
0.03070397488772869,
-0.04515506699681282,
-0.012869929894804955,
0.033755987882614136,
0.018339650705456734,
0.0052398997358977795,
0.000970415654592216,
0.05070752277970314,
-0.008209176361560822,
0.008494153618812561,
-0.009974195621907711,
0.010194823145866394,
-0.0052536893635988235,
0.0021223893854767084,
-0.016059834510087967,
-0.022264977917075157,
-0.037138938903808594,
-0.006540682166814804,
-0.013596161268651485,
-0.03178872540593147,
0.029858237132430077,
-0.006062656175345182,
0.02906765602529049,
-0.028240302577614784,
0.02980308048427105,
-0.030998144298791885,
-0.023919682949781418,
0.03596226125955582,
-0.02847931534051895,
0.03257930651307106,
-0.015388758853077888,
0.05868687853217125,
0.023570356890559196,
-0.023018788546323776,
-0.0681738555431366,
-0.003587492974475026,
0.00007361427560681477,
-0.016243690624833107,
-0.007142811082303524,
0.016197726130485535,
0.01099459733814001,
0.05254608392715454,
0.02092282846570015,
0.0004941133665852249,
-0.00517555046826601,
0.006793484091758728,
-0.00938125979155302,
-0.014809612184762955,
-0.037304408848285675,
-0.026493670418858528,
-0.0022809652145951986,
-0.001216897857375443,
-0.01219885516911745,
0.0252066757529974,
-0.010093702003359795,
-0.011491009034216404,
-0.0373595654964447,
-0.048979274928569794,
-0.034509796649217606,
-0.0026268446817994118,
-0.00028741886490024626,
0.030759131535887718,
0.02088605798780918,
0.028626400977373123,
-0.0195990651845932,
0.018091443926095963,
0.040816061198711395,
0.05824562534689903,
0.029361825436353683,
-0.021419240161776543,
0.05743665620684624,
-0.03706539794802666,
-0.00708765396848321,
0.00002989457789226435,
0.014570599421858788,
0.030961373820900917,
0.02539053186774254,
-0.0491999015212059,
0.04614789038896561,
0.057105716317892075,
0.04497121274471283,
0.03805822134017944,
-0.039896782487630844,
-0.01861543394625187,
0.00040850535151548684,
-0.02645689807832241,
0.013669704087078571,
-0.013495040126144886,
-0.007570276502519846,
-0.05085460841655731,
0.006140795070677996,
-0.0039299251511693,
-0.02222820743918419,
0.010093702003359795,
-0.023790983483195305,
0.0010014413855969906,
-0.041551485657691956,
-0.03371921554207802,
-0.05295056849718094,
0.005318038631230593,
-0.0126033378764987,
-0.01702507771551609,
-0.023790983483195305,
-0.038021448999643326,
-0.0005906378501094878,
-0.022632690146565437,
-0.012088540941476822,
0.0044194418005645275,
0.010976211167871952,
-0.06236400082707405,
-0.00022263829305302352,
0.001422586850821972,
0.03234029561281204,
-0.00727151008322835,
-0.041514717042446136,
-0.03644028678536415,
-0.007740343455225229,
0.025464074686169624,
-0.04438287019729614,
0.0017512297490611672,
0.019672606140375137,
0.0069865332916378975,
-0.006683170795440674,
-0.000840567285194993,
-0.007092250511050224,
0.02573985978960991,
0.012851543724536896,
0.005874203518033028,
-0.025427304208278656,
0.030409805476665497,
-0.03390307351946831,
0.01821095123887062,
-0.050450123846530914,
0.045964036136865616,
-0.026806224137544632,
-0.043426819145679474,
-0.0036242641508579254,
0.0019086565589532256,
0.0009457099949941039,
0.01737440563738346,
-0.03610934689640999,
-0.04717748612165451,
-0.007308281492441893,
-0.04419901594519615,
-0.059495847672224045,
0.022614305838942528,
0.021400853991508484,
0.007698975969105959,
-0.000045174027036409825,
-0.01904749684035778,
-0.0029118217062205076,
-0.025261834263801575,
-0.006398193538188934,
0.03274477645754814,
-0.02814837545156479,
-0.02277977578341961,
-0.006582049652934074,
0.0006699258228763938,
-0.02594210021197796,
-0.049310214817523956,
0.007653011940419674,
0.0002970425703097135,
-0.010470607317984104,
-0.027799047529697418,
0.0003734577912837267,
0.038389161229133606,
-0.014497056603431702,
-0.0006457946728914976,
-0.04298556596040726,
-0.01879929006099701,
-0.028038060292601585
] |
Multimedia content is of predominance in the modern Web era. In real
scenarios, multiple modalities reveal different aspects of item attributes and
usually possess different importance to user purchase decisions. However, it is
difficult for models to figure out users' true preference towards different
modalities since there exists strong statistical correlation between
modalities. Even worse, the strong statistical correlation might mislead models
to learn the spurious preference towards inconsequential modalities. As a
result, when data (modal features) distribution shifts, the learned spurious
preference might not guarantee to be as effective on the inference set as on
the training set. We propose a novel MOdality DEcorrelating STable learning
framework, MODEST for brevity, to learn users' stable preference. Inspired by
sample re-weighting techniques, the proposed method aims to estimate a weight
for each item, such that the features from different modalities in the weighted
distribution are decorrelated. We adopt Hilbert Schmidt Independence Criterion
(HSIC) as independence testing measure which is a kernel-based method capable
of evaluating the correlation degree between two multi-dimensional and
non-linear variables. Our method could be served as a play-and-plug module for
existing multimedia recommendation backbones. Extensive experiments on four
public datasets and four state-of-the-art multimedia recommendation backbones
unequivocally show that our proposed method can improve the performances by a
large margin. | [
0.004385192878544331,
-0.012991189025342464,
-0.0395955815911293,
0.03913351520895958,
0.024418460205197334,
-0.03746296465396881,
-0.05864695459604263,
0.02839934267103672,
-0.009041405282914639,
0.042012546211481094,
-0.0003254461626056582,
-0.055448029190301895,
0.0013906436506658792,
-0.0044762734323740005,
0.014324074611067772,
-0.0036521058063954115,
0.002171492436900735,
0.018482675775885582,
-0.03604121878743172,
-0.024436231702566147,
0.022534647956490517,
-0.035454750061035156,
-0.013115591369569302,
0.01570138894021511,
0.01663440838456154,
0.04410962015390396,
0.024880526587367058,
-0.015390383079648018,
-0.06170370429754257,
0.019460126757621765,
-0.03143832087516785,
0.016678838059306145,
-0.025538083165884018,
0.004549582023173571,
-0.04919235408306122,
-0.003883139230310917,
0.03906242549419403,
0.0550215058028698,
0.005082736257463694,
0.08494922518730164,
0.002157052746042609,
-0.02191263437271118,
-0.018660394474864006,
-0.010814143344759941,
-0.010725283995270729,
-0.024151882156729698,
-0.048943549394607544,
0.013773148879408836,
-0.009987753815948963,
-0.04190591350197792,
-0.001231808215379715,
-0.006206802558153868,
-0.04140830412507057,
0.04606451839208603,
-0.06749731302261353,
-0.010369847528636456,
0.04119504243135452,
-0.020757468417286873,
0.0617392472922802,
-0.025360364466905594,
-0.04627778008580208,
0.03913351520895958,
-0.040484171360731125,
-0.012386947870254517,
-0.033606480807065964,
-0.022019265219569206,
0.06010424345731735,
0.006966547574847937,
0.015719160437583923,
0.004083072301000357,
-0.08125268667936325,
0.01775403320789337,
0.023814218118786812,
-0.013488799333572388,
0.0022048144601285458,
0.032166965305805206,
0.056407708674669266,
0.03006989322602749,
0.007575231604278088,
0.013622088357806206,
0.001199596794322133,
0.015816906467080116,
-0.05146714672446251,
0.03721415996551514,
0.03037201426923275,
-0.046988651156425476,
-0.0038298238068819046,
-0.04322102665901184,
0.035081543028354645,
-0.0018182777566835284,
-0.051076166331768036,
-0.01033430453389883,
-0.05146714672446251,
-0.0118271354585886,
-0.039240144193172455,
0.006682198494672775,
0.006580010522156954,
0.0011640532175078988,
-0.051005080342292786,
0.004529588855803013,
-0.010600881651043892,
0.012333632446825504,
0.003352206666022539,
-0.02863037772476673,
0.04460722953081131,
-0.06298327445983887,
0.01369317527860403,
0.04112395644187927,
0.007841808721423149,
0.10926105082035065,
0.05000985786318779,
0.011889337562024593,
0.004833930637687445,
-0.002267015865072608,
-0.018944744020700455,
0.022143667563796043,
-0.05704749375581741,
-0.09028076380491257,
0.01456399355083704,
-0.07051852345466614,
0.016527777537703514,
0.009054734371602535,
0.013737604953348637,
0.015532556921243668,
-0.036609917879104614,
0.055590204894542694,
-0.05950000137090683,
-0.011231780052185059,
0.03614785149693489,
0.0003754293720703572,
-0.029625598341226578,
0.0035343675408512354,
-0.038067206740379333,
-0.04624223709106445,
0.010387619957327843,
0.023831989616155624,
0.03767622634768486,
0.04300776869058609,
-0.020561978220939636,
-0.04570908099412918,
-0.021574970334768295,
-0.037925031036138535,
-0.034850507974624634,
0.028008364140987396,
-0.049761053174734116,
0.0015528113581240177,
0.006011312827467918,
0.07570789009332657,
-0.010174358263611794,
0.005171595141291618,
-0.03307332843542099,
0.03977329656481743,
-0.006637768819928169,
0.0687413364648819,
0.002585797570645809,
0.0053626419976353645,
0.027102001011371613,
-0.029234617948532104,
-0.02656884677708149,
-0.0547371581196785,
0.06038859114050865,
-0.002614676719531417,
0.008481593802571297,
0.02335215173661709,
0.06813710182905197,
-0.004567353520542383,
0.008277217857539654,
-0.0019582307431846857,
-0.022961171343922615,
0.04944115877151489,
-0.029465651139616966,
0.0337308831512928,
-0.00849936529994011,
0.004905018024146557,
0.01869593746960163,
0.021806003525853157,
0.07897789776325226,
-0.03810274973511696,
-0.0400221049785614,
0.013515457510948181,
-0.03284229338169098,
-0.005726964212954044,
0.056692056357860565,
0.012244773097336292,
0.06813710182905197,
0.025076016783714294,
0.08743727952241898,
0.056763142347335815,
-0.004594011232256889,
0.0041763740591704845,
0.03934677690267563,
0.05811380222439766,
0.07044743001461029,
0.004993876907974482,
0.008130600675940514,
-0.00430744094774127,
-0.037640683352947235,
-0.019460126757621765,
0.026106780394911766,
-0.011622760444879532,
-0.03438844159245491,
-0.06010424345731735,
0.05061409994959831,
0.024116339161992073,
0.017798462882637978,
-0.012609095312654972,
0.044642772525548935,
0.0010179912205785513,
-0.008774828165769577,
-0.04933452978730202,
0.02790173329412937,
-0.0006042413297109306,
-0.02649776078760624,
0.018802568316459656,
0.037640683352947235,
-0.0013406604994088411,
-0.007699634414166212,
-0.018518220633268356,
-0.021699372678995132,
0.005207138601690531,
0.023014487698674202,
-0.023245520889759064,
-0.04624223709106445,
-0.017389710992574692,
-0.043043311685323715,
-0.0016805462073534727,
0.025093788281083107,
-0.007686305325478315,
0.08765053749084473,
0.013657631352543831,
0.01949566975235939,
-0.005349313374608755,
-0.0198688767850399,
-0.0029634484089910984,
0.03630779683589935,
-0.010920774191617966,
0.0011146253673359752,
-0.06547132879495621,
-0.018482675775885582,
-0.037498507648706436,
-0.05068518593907356,
0.005144937429577112,
-0.014608423225581646,
-0.011622760444879532,
0.0031700455583631992,
0.038742534816265106,
-0.011836022138595581,
0.023476554080843925,
0.05182258039712906,
-0.004163044970482588,
-0.0051316083408892155,
-0.052533455193042755,
-0.038742534816265106,
0.01324888039380312,
0.004400743171572685,
0.028061678633093834,
0.041870370507240295,
-0.04649104177951813,
-0.03006989322602749,
-0.07677419483661652,
0.03636111319065094,
0.04265233129262924,
0.002468059305101633,
-0.006029084790498018,
0.016172342002391815,
0.0015439254930242896,
0.07563679665327072,
-0.013204450719058514,
0.02241024561226368,
0.004163044970482588,
-0.005780279636383057,
-0.048872463405132294,
-0.006166816223412752,
-0.027759559452533722,
-0.017629630863666534,
-0.00880148634314537,
0.05754510313272476,
-0.05235573649406433,
0.01723865047097206,
0.0025969049893319607,
-0.014581765979528427,
0.0026946498546749353,
0.02985663153231144,
0.011747162789106369,
0.007193137891590595,
-0.019655615091323853,
0.023121118545532227,
-0.014466248452663422,
-0.02335215173661709,
-0.021574970334768295,
0.000832497957162559,
-0.007055406458675861,
-0.07115830481052399,
0.0016616637585684657,
0.0550215058028698,
-0.01921132020652294,
-0.046028975397348404,
0.029803315177559853,
0.06038859114050865,
-0.04634886607527733,
-0.02358318492770195,
0.01062753889709711,
0.06372968852519989,
-0.001920465612784028,
-0.02797282114624977,
0.0007403067429549992,
0.029110215604305267,
0.06191696599125862,
-0.013275537639856339,
-0.03838709741830826,
-0.024063022807240486,
-0.008992533199489117,
-0.004958333447575569,
-0.02884363941848278,
-0.01737193949520588,
0.035365890711545944,
-0.000803063390776515,
0.01585244946181774,
-0.0024058581329882145,
0.006393406540155411,
-0.006891017314046621,
0.03145609423518181,
-0.08153703808784485,
-0.029750000685453415,
-0.054132916033267975,
-0.0007319761789403856,
-0.017105361446738243,
0.05139605700969696,
-0.01992219313979149,
0.029732229188084602,
-0.048588111996650696,
-0.06486708670854568,
0.010911887511610985,
0.020686380565166473,
0.01607459783554077,
0.025093788281083107,
0.033837515860795975,
0.006397849414497614,
-0.03966666758060455,
-0.027102001011371613,
0.017940636724233627,
0.07599223405122757,
-0.016554435715079308,
0.024365143850445747,
0.015745818614959717,
-0.030531959608197212,
-0.008850358426570892,
0.050329748541116714,
0.036112308502197266,
0.02184154838323593,
0.0010213233763352036,
-0.039097968488931656,
-0.010680854320526123,
0.030052121728658676,
0.04833930730819702,
-0.056620970368385315,
-0.009188022464513779,
0.013302195817232132,
-0.032024793326854706,
0.019175777211785316,
-0.023192204535007477,
-0.06330316513776779,
-0.05082736164331436,
-0.011640531942248344,
-0.03852927312254906,
0.027795102447271347,
-0.0413016751408577,
0.013835350051522255,
0.02642667293548584,
-0.0033699783962219954,
-0.03767622634768486,
-0.02882586605846882,
-0.028505973517894745,
0.056620970368385315,
-0.01716756261885166,
0.03650328516960144,
0.0027635155711323023,
-0.03174044191837311,
-0.01656332239508629,
0.03831601142883301,
0.008294989354908466,
0.018962515518069267,
-0.022836768999695778,
-0.009516801685094833,
0.0019104690290987492,
0.006046856287866831,
-0.004314105492085218,
0.019673388451337814,
-0.04499820992350578,
0.01540815457701683,
-0.004905018024146557,
-0.04979659616947174,
0.00810394249856472,
-0.003021206706762314,
0.04883692041039467,
0.03422849625349045,
-0.010396505706012249,
-0.012289202772080898,
0.013435483910143375,
-0.0026879855431616306,
-0.012653524987399578,
-0.009543458931148052,
-0.013764262199401855,
-0.014279644936323166,
-0.0024836095981299877,
-0.04563799500465393,
0.0168654415756464,
-0.0005039972602389753,
0.059180110692977905,
0.026604391634464264,
-0.009756720624864101,
-0.01765628717839718,
-0.04368309676647186,
0.05470161512494087,
0.007983983494341373,
0.024738352745771408,
-0.025058243423700333,
0.0019537878688424826,
0.022730138152837753,
0.011187351308763027,
0.02388530597090721,
-0.006211245432496071,
0.06355196982622147,
0.0010824139462783933,
-0.012751270085573196,
0.052462365478277206,
-0.0793333351612091,
-0.043256573379039764,
0.018518220633268356,
-0.03319773077964783,
0.013266651891171932,
0.016518892720341682,
0.046597670763731,
-0.07627658545970917,
0.05224910378456116,
0.01898028701543808,
0.02400970831513405,
0.025520311668515205,
-0.020046595484018326,
0.0032189181074500084,
-0.0039431191980838776,
-0.03767622634768486,
-0.014226329512894154,
0.04080406203866005,
-0.013435483910143375,
-0.04190591350197792,
-0.02649776078760624,
-0.009321311488747597,
-0.06259229779243469,
-0.05726075544953346,
-0.07030525803565979,
0.036183394491672516,
-0.059322282671928406,
-0.07869355380535126,
0.03852927312254906,
-0.07805376499891281,
-0.002323663327842951,
0.013568772934377193,
0.04869474470615387,
-0.03214919567108154,
0.0019404588965699077,
0.02694205567240715,
0.036894265562295914,
0.029305705800652504,
-0.012831242755055428,
-0.009801150299608707,
-0.03913351520895958,
-0.019442353397607803,
-0.014848343096673489,
-0.006682198494672775,
-0.019744474440813065,
-0.02919907495379448,
0.00916136521846056,
0.00728199677541852,
0.006202359683811665,
0.021290622651576996,
0.00004154853377258405,
-0.07393070310354233,
0.044642772525548935,
-0.005518145393580198,
0.01914023421704769,
0.008348304778337479,
0.04439396783709526,
0.01442181970924139,
0.05285334587097168,
-0.01912246085703373,
-0.022534647956490517,
0.043114397674798965,
-0.023796446621418,
0.01259132381528616,
-0.007028748746961355,
0.00026643823366612196,
-0.012777927331626415,
0.03445952758193016,
0.006735513918101788,
-0.0022747910115867853,
0.009401284158229828,
-0.052888888865709305,
0.04809050261974335,
0.00798842590302229,
-0.007242010440677404,
0.025378135964274406,
-0.0032544618006795645,
0.02132616564631462,
0.03239800035953522,
-0.0022370258811861277,
0.024347372353076935,
-0.011907109059393406,
0.0026568847242742777,
0.029625598341226578,
0.010778599418699741,
0.044145163148641586,
0.05075627192854881,
0.002887918148189783,
-0.012449149042367935,
-0.007415285333991051,
-0.016012396663427353,
-0.03621893748641014,
0.008157257921993732,
-0.030140981078147888,
0.007233124226331711,
0.04791278392076492,
-0.04368309676647186,
0.036681003868579865,
-0.023103345185518265,
0.02736857905983925,
-0.001459509483538568,
-0.004429622087627649,
0.059251196682453156,
-0.029678912833333015,
-0.04080406203866005,
0.007952882908284664,
0.00898364745080471,
-0.06948775798082352,
0.0058069368824362755,
-0.021148446947336197,
-0.026248956099152565,
0.03349985182285309,
0.013408826664090157,
-0.032824523746967316,
0.006926560774445534,
0.043185483664274216,
0.033606480807065964,
0.021930405870079994,
-0.056976404041051865,
-0.015141577459871769,
0.03021206706762314,
-0.07336200773715973,
-0.03161603957414627,
0.049547791481018066,
0.03294892609119415,
-0.013302195817232132,
-0.0363788828253746,
-0.029981033876538277,
-0.028203854337334633,
0.0065933396108448505,
-0.024116339161992073,
-0.014732825569808483,
-0.01438627578318119,
-0.04805495962500572,
0.013524343259632587,
-0.006162373349070549,
0.028559289872646332,
0.03262903168797493,
0.029696686193346977,
-0.009250224567949772,
0.0029279047157615423,
0.032024793326854706,
0.044571686536073685,
-0.0013950866414234042,
-0.04709528014063835,
-0.0055048163048923016,
-0.009516801685094833,
-0.03520594537258148,
-0.033179957419633865,
0.008530465885996819,
0.04677538946270943,
-0.04382526874542236,
-0.03346430882811546,
-0.0006053521065041423,
0.02759961225092411,
-0.017682945355772972,
0.0026657707057893276,
-0.00015536443970631808,
0.030709678307175636,
0.008406063541769981,
-0.011222894303500652,
-0.034423984587192535,
-0.0021448347251862288,
0.0006003537564538419,
0.044927120208740234,
0.05605227127671242,
0.0007358637521974742,
-0.007979540154337883,
-0.03682317957282066,
0.0031811529770493507,
0.016385603696107864,
-0.036538828164339066,
0.0363788828253746,
-0.02694205567240715,
-0.0022970056161284447,
0.007384184747934341,
-0.02548476681113243,
0.0071042790077626705,
-0.007410842459648848,
-0.012271431274712086,
0.03410409390926361,
0.012911216355860233,
0.02116621844470501,
0.04766397923231125,
0.013790920376777649,
0.023263292387127876,
0.030052121728658676,
-0.022694595158100128,
0.010911887511610985,
-0.002441401593387127,
0.04418070614337921,
-0.004425179213285446,
-0.0198688767850399,
0.011187351308763027,
0.05352867394685745,
-0.006966547574847937,
0.06678643822669983,
0.01204039715230465,
-0.00014071659825276583,
0.017069818452000618,
0.0008802596712484956,
-0.0024480661377310753,
-0.0022736801765859127,
-0.04489157721400261,
-0.054417263716459274,
-0.008015084080398083,
-0.028239397332072258,
-0.06252121180295944,
0.0008758167386986315,
0.0011396169429644942,
0.01999327912926674,
0.035436976701021194,
0.033535394817590714,
-0.0005253789713606238,
-0.004269675817340612,
0.00829054694622755,
-0.03970221057534218,
0.0203664880245924,
0.00008170864748535678,
0.059819892048835754,
-0.010858572088181973,
-0.010129928588867188,
0.06867025047540665,
0.02328106388449669,
-0.003389971796423197,
0.01649223454296589,
0.01992219313979149,
0.03506376966834068,
-0.0030412001069635153,
-0.016252314671874046,
0.013844235800206661,
-0.0022525761742144823,
0.017114248126745224,
-0.05733184143900871,
0.02816830947995186,
-0.04258124530315399,
0.012955645099282265,
0.003869810374453664,
0.016821013763546944,
-0.0009813368087634444,
0.0165810938924551,
0.03337544947862625,
0.0026857638731598854,
0.07357527315616608,
0.028292711824178696,
-0.0035188172478228807,
-0.03739187493920326,
0.010174358263611794,
0.025591397657990456,
-0.05061409994959831,
0.0037565152160823345,
0.017034275457262993,
0.016261201351881027,
-0.032078105956315994,
-0.04812604561448097,
0.013950866647064686,
-0.015825791284441948,
-0.0007930667488835752,
-0.005202695727348328,
-0.023814218118786812,
-0.00439852150157094,
0.018802568316459656,
-0.011604988016188145,
0.02957228198647499,
0.008352748118340969,
-0.06380077451467514,
0.01427075918763876,
0.04546027630567551,
0.02198372222483158,
-0.035365890711545944,
0.024347372353076935,
0.0016872106352820992,
0.0043807500042021275,
0.02863037772476673,
-0.01760297268629074,
-0.022907856851816177,
-0.03724970296025276,
0.019246865063905716,
0.04876583069562912,
0.018500449135899544,
0.006811044178903103,
-0.015194892883300781,
-0.04937007278203964,
-0.02607123740017414,
-0.010609767399728298,
0.028292711824178696,
-0.03579241409897804,
0.014741712249815464,
0.01544369850307703,
0.04510483890771866,
0.001924908603541553,
-0.05910902097821236,
-0.0411594994366169,
0.04364755004644394,
0.04314994066953659,
0.005162709392607212,
0.0408751517534256,
-0.021450567990541458,
0.035810187458992004,
-0.0039009111933410168,
0.019460126757621765,
0.02724417671561241,
0.009827807545661926,
-0.002592461882159114,
0.07421505451202393,
-0.018998058512806892,
-0.025093788281083107,
-0.015221550129354,
-0.007321983575820923,
-0.009259110316634178,
-0.009152479469776154,
0.030247611925005913,
-0.03312664479017258,
0.03110065869987011,
0.026622163131833076,
-0.01846490427851677,
0.008068399503827095,
-0.0011896002106368542,
-0.016172342002391815,
0.017034275457262993,
0.022285843268036842,
0.02008213847875595,
-0.004123058635741472,
0.02607123740017414,
0.005678091663867235,
0.016741039231419563,
-0.012946759350597858,
-0.04681093245744705,
-0.06671535223722458,
0.021272849291563034,
0.024151882156729698,
0.019691159948706627,
0.03746296465396881,
-0.037640683352947235,
0.021450567990541458,
0.037427421659231186,
-0.007042077369987965,
0.036467742174863815,
0.07954659312963486,
0.054346177726984024,
-0.05352867394685745,
-0.0028323812875896692,
0.029003584757447243,
0.005064964294433594,
0.011898223310709,
-0.0030989584047347307,
-0.008210573345422745,
-0.00523823918774724,
0.011729391291737556,
0.015088262036442757,
0.014404047280550003,
-0.04215472191572189,
-0.005358199123293161,
0.03870699182152748,
-0.020846325904130936,
0.010014411993324757,
0.0019038046011701226,
0.034939367324113846,
-0.03349985182285309,
-0.0013750933576375246,
-0.006206802558153868,
0.02008213847875595,
0.007277553901076317,
-0.0015683617675676942,
0.007966211065649986,
-0.002654663287103176,
0.01853599213063717,
-0.01656332239508629,
0.07592114806175232,
0.007437500171363354,
-0.013462142087519169,
0.02943010814487934,
-0.02532482147216797,
-0.011302867904305458,
-0.0008447160944342613,
-0.03767622634768486,
0.025609171018004417,
0.04204808920621872,
-0.04620669037103653,
0.011880450882017612,
-0.008068399503827095,
-0.025946835055947304,
-0.010049954988062382,
-0.014244101010262966,
0.03531257435679436,
0.016892099753022194,
0.016376717016100883,
-0.011365069076418877,
0.03497491031885147,
-0.020099909976124763,
0.010174358263611794,
0.00063423125538975,
-0.012315860949456692,
-0.001382868504151702,
0.018926972523331642,
-0.012484692968428135,
-0.024702807888388634,
-0.0068732453510165215,
-0.018589306622743607,
-0.029661141335964203,
0.02189486287534237,
0.037711769342422485,
0.037711769342422485,
0.008250560611486435,
0.001984888454899192,
0.03788948804140091,
-0.05889575928449631,
-0.0008619325235486031,
-0.04499820992350578,
0.05886021628975868,
-0.026320042088627815,
0.033979691565036774,
-0.004547360353171825,
0.03021206706762314,
0.0028590389993041754,
-0.02971445769071579,
-0.033606480807065964,
-0.025591397657990456,
0.014901657588779926,
0.006246789358556271,
-0.04037753865122795,
0.03732078894972801,
0.005962440278381109,
0.019229091703891754,
0.03389083221554756,
0.036965351551771164,
0.08317204564809799,
0.015674730762839317,
-0.004860588349401951,
0.006335648242384195,
-0.02212589606642723,
0.010058841668069363,
0.024347372353076935,
0.0026591061614453793,
0.04012873396277428,
-0.002081522485241294,
-0.011871565133333206,
-0.000023342849090113305,
0.03788948804140091,
0.043185483664274216,
-0.01765628717839718,
-0.03147386386990547,
-0.02518264763057232,
-0.03309110179543495,
0.0267998818308115,
0.01890919916331768,
-0.007424171548336744,
0.0009407948818989098,
-0.017700716853141785,
0.010903001762926579,
0.004300776869058609,
0.000988001236692071,
0.035899046808481216,
0.017416369169950485,
0.03892025351524353,
-0.013222222216427326,
0.029590055346488953,
-0.01463508140295744,
0.05512813851237297,
-0.05598118528723717,
-0.04254569858312607,
0.018091697245836258,
0.005060521420091391,
-0.022445788607001305,
0.021592741832137108,
-0.0055048163048923016,
0.02203703671693802,
-0.03781839832663536,
-0.01774514652788639,
-0.016669953241944313,
-0.04009319096803665,
-0.018216099590063095,
0.008183916099369526,
-0.013008960522711277,
0.008055070415139198,
-0.09831362217664719,
0.014999402686953545,
-0.008063956163823605,
0.015790248289704323,
0.03671654686331749,
0.01219145767390728,
-0.054275091737508774,
0.05701194703578949,
-0.025058243423700333,
0.013630974106490612,
-0.02584020420908928,
-0.0020037710200995207,
-0.021450567990541458,
0.04243906959891319,
-0.03593458980321884,
-0.03838709741830826,
0.004191924352198839,
0.014368504285812378,
-0.021663829684257507,
-0.008908117190003395,
0.013826464302837849,
0.03504600003361702,
0.02203703671693802,
-0.06390740722417831,
0.011960424482822418,
0.0066155544482171535,
0.05754510313272476,
-0.00784625206142664,
0.03392637521028519,
-0.03309110179543495,
0.028896953910589218,
0.0237253587692976,
-0.019069146364927292,
0.01898028701543808,
0.024578405544161797,
-0.056763142347335815,
0.016163455322384834,
-0.0031145086977630854,
0.0014395161997526884,
0.03476164862513542,
0.016092369332909584,
-0.019015830010175705,
0.051289428025484085,
-0.005029420834034681,
-0.04357646405696869,
0.04460722953081131,
0.009241337887942791,
0.003705421229824424,
0.0014583986485376954,
-0.05651433765888214,
-0.01435073185712099,
-0.04247461259365082,
0.012164800427854061,
0.011853793635964394,
0.021432796493172646,
-0.012617981061339378,
0.018500449135899544,
-0.011676075868308544,
-0.005984655115753412,
-0.02752852439880371,
0.008241673931479454,
-0.00406974321231246,
0.008370519615709782,
-0.055376943200826645,
0.022001493722200394,
-0.01149835716933012,
-0.004076407756656408,
-0.0478772409260273,
0.007490815594792366,
-0.006597782485187054,
-0.028434887528419495,
0.03408632054924965,
-0.019673388451337814,
-0.015381496399641037,
0.025076016783714294,
0.011578330770134926,
0.030780766159296036,
-0.01628785952925682,
-0.03419295325875282,
0.01753188483417034,
0.019655615091323853,
0.031082885339856148,
0.025431452319025993,
0.02452509105205536,
-0.004509595222771168,
0.03159826993942261,
0.0018360496032983065,
-0.03246908634901047,
0.031082885339856148,
-0.04112395644187927,
-0.020046595484018326,
0.03152718022465706,
-0.008201687596738338,
-0.044145163148641586,
0.020206540822982788,
-0.05200029909610748,
0.014048611745238304,
0.0005159376887604594,
0.012626866810023785,
-0.03739187493920326,
-0.022730138152837753,
0.010307646356523037,
0.029981033876538277,
0.0410173237323761,
0.022818997502326965,
0.05228465050458908,
0.00008302764763357118,
-0.0347261056303978,
0.015470355749130249,
0.02050866186618805,
-0.03534811735153198,
-0.017905093729496002,
-0.015639187768101692,
-0.03291338309645653,
-0.012511350214481354,
-0.035881273448467255,
-0.0012195900781080127,
0.03314441442489624,
-0.027030915021896362,
0.02729749120771885,
-0.03110065869987011,
-0.02729749120771885,
-0.04051971435546875
] |
Sequential recommendation requires understanding the dynamic patterns of
users' behaviors, contexts, and preferences from their historical interactions.
Most existing works focus on modeling user-item interactions only from the item
level, ignoring that they are driven by latent shopping intentions (e.g.,
ballpoint pens, miniatures, etc). The detection of the underlying shopping
intentions of users based on their historical interactions is a crucial aspect
for e-commerce platforms, such as Amazon, to enhance the convenience and
efficiency of their customers' shopping experiences. Despite its significance,
the area of main shopping intention detection remains under-investigated in the
academic literature. To fill this gap, we propose a graph-regularized
stochastic Transformer method, G-STO. By considering intentions as sets of
products and user preferences as compositions of intentions, we model both of
them as stochastic Gaussian embeddings in the latent representation space.
Instead of training the stochastic representations from scratch, we develop a
global intention relational graph as prior knowledge for regularization,
allowing relevant shopping intentions to be distributionally close. Finally, we
feed the newly regularized stochastic embeddings into Transformer-based models
to encode sequential information from the intention transitions. We evaluate
our main shopping intention identification model on three different real-world
datasets, where G-STO achieves significantly superior performances to the
baselines by 18.08% in Hit@1, 7.01% in Hit@10, and 6.11% in NDCG@10 on average. | [
-0.007982924580574036,
0.005126964300870895,
-0.03189237415790558,
-0.0273700263351202,
0.02017359808087349,
-0.024695944041013718,
-0.012279153801500797,
0.0135768698528409,
-0.06606557965278625,
0.030614318326115608,
0.00272078113630414,
0.008174632675945759,
0.005785653833299875,
-0.05206596851348877,
-0.014009442180395126,
0.00480253528803587,
0.023162279278039932,
-0.0008909513708204031,
-0.002647047396749258,
-0.05607709661126137,
0.0063116224482655525,
0.0018740701489150524,
0.021785911172628403,
0.007953430525958538,
0.08148088306188583,
-0.005770907271653414,
-0.016968630254268646,
0.010145786218345165,
-0.05721751227974892,
0.048015519976615906,
-0.005938037298619747,
0.023398226127028465,
0.021314015612006187,
-0.03659168258309364,
-0.05532992631196976,
0.0029026581905782223,
0.05489735305309296,
0.04667847976088524,
-0.01356703881174326,
0.02534480206668377,
-0.02418472245335579,
0.02536446414887905,
-0.027193065732717514,
0.014156910590827465,
-0.001934286206960678,
-0.0009855765383690596,
0.015985511243343353,
0.0028289242181926966,
-0.04089774191379547,
-0.014176572673022747,
-0.03952137380838394,
-0.036807965487241745,
0.01019494142383337,
0.03409456089138985,
-0.0511615015566349,
0.03350468724966049,
0.0596163235604763,
-0.007137442473322153,
0.061307284981012344,
0.05532992631196976,
-0.025915011763572693,
0.05179069563746452,
-0.04565603658556938,
-0.021943211555480957,
0.02681948058307171,
-0.0507289282977581,
0.024636955931782722,
-0.0046747298911213875,
0.029454238712787628,
-0.004473190288990736,
-0.07066657394170761,
0.015611926093697548,
0.03560856357216835,
-0.00902994628995657,
0.017057111486792564,
-0.016290277242660522,
0.04243140667676926,
0.006557402200996876,
0.02198253571987152,
0.01911182887852192,
0.019613219425082207,
0.0614645853638649,
0.022552745416760445,
-0.0161526408046484,
0.03244291990995407,
-0.04239208251237869,
0.01082413736730814,
-0.05871185287833214,
0.019101997837424278,
0.015316990204155445,
-0.028471119701862335,
-0.002642131643369794,
-0.04148761183023453,
-0.02229713462293148,
-0.0427066795527935,
0.021196041256189346,
-0.007638833019882441,
0.011374684050679207,
-0.04903796315193176,
0.05761076137423515,
-0.01156147662550211,
-0.013527714647352695,
-0.03558890148997307,
0.013744000345468521,
0.047582950443029404,
-0.016929306089878082,
-0.041762884706258774,
0.022356120869517326,
-0.06256567686796188,
0.056588318198919296,
-0.0026937455404549837,
0.01721441000699997,
0.022670719772577286,
0.04947053641080856,
-0.04935256391763687,
-0.026642518118023872,
-0.03763378784060478,
-0.016290277242660522,
0.03413388505578041,
-0.07613271474838257,
-0.007383222226053476,
-0.014068429358303547,
-0.011443502269685268,
-0.029709849506616592,
-0.02587568573653698,
0.058043330907821655,
0.013301596976816654,
-0.01183675043284893,
0.021589288488030434,
0.010362071916460991,
-0.03145980089902878,
0.047700922936201096,
-0.04266735538840294,
0.0009487096103839576,
0.05179069563746452,
0.002796972868964076,
0.034074895083904266,
0.0031091130804270506,
-0.04180220887064934,
-0.008690769784152508,
-0.05336368829011917,
-0.03991462290287018,
-0.025108853355050087,
-0.014117585495114326,
-0.04274600371718407,
0.02143198996782303,
-0.04793687164783478,
0.09044692665338516,
-0.07098117470741272,
0.03625741973519325,
-0.020566845312714577,
-0.014559988863766193,
-0.05945902317762375,
-0.006041265092790127,
-0.012662569992244244,
0.037968046963214874,
-0.031853049993515015,
-0.0583186075091362,
-0.014392859302461147,
-0.00686708465218544,
0.011541814543306828,
0.011610632762312889,
-0.014117585495114326,
0.03433050587773323,
-0.007240669801831245,
-0.005785653833299875,
0.04785822331905365,
0.015248171985149384,
-0.0680711418390274,
0.04954918473958969,
0.011020761914551258,
0.08384037017822266,
-0.03582484647631645,
0.006380440667271614,
-0.00002071846029139124,
-0.00744220893830061,
0.08415496349334717,
-0.017873099073767662,
-0.012328309006989002,
0.009206906892359257,
-0.0028190931770950556,
0.0006875686813145876,
0.026544207707047462,
0.04003259539604187,
0.03572653606534004,
0.033661987632513046,
0.047779571264982224,
0.009433024562895298,
0.016624538227915764,
0.023594850674271584,
0.015798719599843025,
0.015828212723135948,
0.08163817971944809,
-0.0007735915714874864,
0.011286203749477863,
0.005087639670819044,
-0.06433529406785965,
-0.01029325369745493,
-0.0507289282977581,
-0.024381345137953758,
-0.011531983502209187,
-0.051712047308683395,
0.045774009078741074,
-0.03474341705441475,
0.04479089006781578,
0.008577710948884487,
-0.0018273720052093267,
-0.05041433125734329,
-0.016191966831684113,
-0.02913963980972767,
0.002488519297912717,
-0.0578860342502594,
-0.007201345171779394,
-0.02304430492222309,
0.002846128772944212,
0.014353534206748009,
-0.006400103215128183,
-0.02007528580725193,
0.015582432970404625,
-0.01850229501724243,
-0.023811137303709984,
0.038184333592653275,
0.06917223334312439,
0.00876450352370739,
0.022021859884262085,
-0.019947480410337448,
-0.009069270454347134,
-0.018649762496352196,
0.02123536542057991,
-0.03476307913661003,
-0.024224046617746353,
0.007506111636757851,
0.009477265179157257,
-0.049273911863565445,
0.009177413769066334,
0.0004052292788401246,
-0.043689798563718796,
-0.005829894449561834,
-0.04365047439932823,
-0.037771422415971756,
0.01901351660490036,
-0.004817281849682331,
-0.022631393745541573,
0.004342927131801844,
0.015130197629332542,
0.1023230031132698,
0.009998317807912827,
0.08761554211378098,
-0.011266540735960007,
0.05006040632724762,
-0.09925567358732224,
-0.025521762669086456,
-0.000553618767298758,
0.022887004539370537,
-0.009978655725717545,
0.04888066649436951,
0.04998175799846649,
-0.00010315066174371168,
-0.01838432066142559,
-0.026957117021083832,
0.0023951230105012655,
0.065908282995224,
0.00615432346239686,
0.05997024476528168,
0.007683073170483112,
0.05871185287833214,
0.08360441774129868,
-0.03716189041733742,
0.007702735718339682,
0.020684819668531418,
0.04829079285264015,
-0.06126796081662178,
-0.023889785632491112,
-0.04066179320216179,
-0.04746497422456741,
-0.007702735718339682,
0.042628031224012375,
-0.06008822098374367,
0.04872336611151695,
-0.010745488107204437,
-0.05450410395860672,
-0.03136149048805237,
-0.0070981173776090145,
-0.01901351660490036,
-0.01965254358947277,
0.02420438453555107,
-0.017597826197743416,
0.023162279278039932,
-0.046953752636909485,
-0.010165448300540447,
-0.025836361572146416,
-0.030692968517541885,
0.0011748269898816943,
-0.009870512410998344,
0.0471503771841526,
0.044633593410253525,
0.011856412515044212,
0.043453849852085114,
0.030869929119944572,
-0.045695360749959946,
-0.07908207178115845,
0.00480745080858469,
0.028058210387825966,
0.013616194948554039,
-0.07558216899633408,
-0.0060216025449335575,
0.020311234518885612,
0.04817282035946846,
-0.02874639257788658,
-0.02512851543724537,
0.06618355959653854,
-0.0163689274340868,
0.0021948127541691065,
0.03843994438648224,
-0.008253281936049461,
0.01299683004617691,
0.04026854410767555,
-0.021844899281859398,
-0.022631393745541573,
-0.046324558556079865,
-0.0534423366189003,
-0.005682426504790783,
-0.0814022347331047,
-0.006134661380201578,
-0.015906861051917076,
0.04133031517267227,
0.03000478446483612,
0.02597399801015854,
0.039029814302921295,
0.002541362075135112,
-0.023103291168808937,
-0.018767736852169037,
0.021707262843847275,
-0.022552745416760445,
-0.031125539913773537,
-0.01041122805327177,
0.0048639802262187,
0.020350558683276176,
-0.020035959780216217,
-0.03228561952710152,
0.02261173166334629,
-0.005933121778070927,
-0.02101907879114151,
0.027822261676192284,
-0.005505464971065521,
-0.013419571332633495,
0.010062220506370068,
0.06307689845561981,
-0.026229608803987503,
0.043257225304841995,
0.0011281288461759686,
-0.049588512629270554,
-0.02683914266526699,
-0.020153934136033058,
0.058357931673526764,
-0.05124014988541603,
-0.0005560765857808292,
-0.017558502033352852,
0.0013935709139332175,
0.024479657411575317,
0.018413813784718513,
-0.04730767384171486,
-0.023260589689016342,
0.019514907151460648,
-0.0031484379433095455,
0.0024098698049783707,
-0.004512515384703875,
-0.003711273428052664,
0.0051712049171328545,
-0.0192396342754364,
-0.033131103962659836,
-0.006341116037219763,
0.03444848209619522,
-0.007815794087946415,
0.01041122805327177,
0.009231485426425934,
0.007230838760733604,
0.0019858998712152243,
-0.01775512471795082,
0.05206596851348877,
0.013714507222175598,
-0.016762174665927887,
0.0007146044517867267,
-0.005923290736973286,
0.00035730222589336336,
0.04089774191379547,
0.019072504714131355,
-0.01984916813671589,
-0.03904947638511658,
0.039993271231651306,
0.03751581162214279,
-0.05120082572102547,
-0.04518413916230202,
-0.039246100932359695,
0.03399624675512314,
0.0011367311235517263,
0.0021800659596920013,
0.042942628264427185,
-0.008754672482609749,
-0.004824655596166849,
-0.06767790019512177,
-0.022021859884262085,
-0.017892761155962944,
-0.02282801829278469,
-0.013960286974906921,
-0.02904132939875126,
-0.016870317980647087,
-0.007560183294117451,
0.01773546263575554,
-0.011227216571569443,
-0.011758100241422653,
-0.03307211399078369,
-0.05163339897990227,
0.006173986010253429,
0.02113705314695835,
0.013291765935719013,
-0.04195950925350189,
0.002262402093037963,
0.04490886628627777,
-0.018571114167571068,
-0.02239544503390789,
0.06531841307878494,
0.04549873620271683,
0.041880860924720764,
-0.030378369614481926,
0.0030476681422442198,
0.030673306435346603,
0.00420283293351531,
-0.02060616947710514,
-0.03171541169285774,
0.05151542276144028,
-0.02746833860874176,
0.045891985297203064,
-0.04278532788157463,
-0.02978849969804287,
-0.01807955466210842,
-0.0031336911488324404,
0.02186456136405468,
0.007093201857060194,
0.010863462463021278,
-0.021255027502775192,
-0.05969497188925743,
0.005480887368321419,
0.010814306326210499,
0.024794256314635277,
-0.0043576741591095924,
-0.022749368101358414,
-0.015720069408416748,
-0.0036817798390984535,
-0.02662285603582859,
-0.06732397526502609,
0.02959187515079975,
-0.02843179553747177,
-0.07267214357852936,
0.03643438220024109,
-0.0591837503015995,
0.03834163397550583,
-0.0318727120757103,
0.04361115023493767,
-0.03519565239548683,
-0.011797425337135792,
0.013085311278700829,
-0.00485660694539547,
-0.01183675043284893,
0.019908154383301735,
-0.02512851543724537,
-0.030574994161725044,
-0.011630294844508171,
-0.0007152188918553293,
-0.02208084799349308,
-0.024538645520806313,
0.025403788313269615,
-0.0028657913208007812,
0.029513224959373474,
0.015120366588234901,
-0.0021051031071692705,
-0.0031287753954529762,
-0.04101571440696716,
-0.007284909952431917,
0.0010144556872546673,
0.039541035890579224,
0.000941336213145405,
0.02534480206668377,
-0.017932087182998657,
0.0055251275189220905,
0.014442014507949352,
0.029395250603556633,
0.008376171812415123,
0.004989327862858772,
-0.009482180699706078,
-0.059301722794771194,
0.006331284996122122,
-0.022749368101358414,
0.013458896428346634,
0.018354827538132668,
-0.042195457965135574,
-0.04164491221308708,
-0.02768462523818016,
0.017676476389169693,
-0.020124441012740135,
-0.005746329203248024,
0.013380246236920357,
0.060166869312524796,
0.023594850674271584,
0.05324571207165718,
-0.005372744053602219,
0.04734700173139572,
0.026386907324194908,
0.052537865936756134,
0.015395640395581722,
-0.03842028230428696,
0.025207165628671646,
-0.020547183230519295,
0.008381087332963943,
-0.005790569819509983,
0.0011459478409960866,
-0.011414009146392345,
-0.001202477142214775,
0.04329654946923256,
0.024794256314635277,
0.011551645584404469,
0.006006855517625809,
-0.03889217972755432,
0.01869891956448555,
-0.09634564071893692,
0.0078108785673975945,
0.009988486766815186,
0.014599313959479332,
0.03051600605249405,
0.0018347454024478793,
-0.005082724150270224,
0.016437746584415436,
-0.0378304086625576,
-0.00032412196742370725,
0.03676864132285118,
-0.016418082639575005,
-0.015425133518874645,
0.009732875972986221,
-0.0016037124441936612,
-0.04278532788157463,
-0.031125539913773537,
0.029277276247739792,
-0.031518787145614624,
0.04024888202548027,
-0.004962292034178972,
0.00343108456581831,
0.034704092890024185,
-0.05627371743321419,
-0.03114520199596882,
0.013645689003169537,
0.011128904297947884,
0.031086215749382973,
-0.021687600761651993,
-0.01836465857923031,
-0.015808550640940666,
-0.0570208877325058,
-0.03686695545911789,
0.011187891475856304,
-0.019406763836741447,
-0.01838432066142559,
0.03220697119832039,
0.026150958612561226,
-0.019052842631936073,
-0.01964271254837513,
0.058790501207113266,
0.005372744053602219,
0.03930508717894554,
0.07802030444145203,
0.030574994161725044,
0.008115645498037338,
-0.006695038639008999,
0.035451263189315796,
-0.03659168258309364,
0.0020768383983522654,
0.043375201523303986,
0.011895737610757351,
0.01825651526451111,
0.013321259059011936,
-0.03507767617702484,
0.018639931455254555,
-0.018875880166888237,
-0.02819584682583809,
0.018453139811754227,
0.010470215231180191,
-0.01775512471795082,
-0.014618976041674614,
-0.029178965836763382,
-0.050453655421733856,
0.010430890135467052,
-0.012436452321708202,
0.011001098901033401,
0.0636274442076683,
0.008528555743396282,
0.003671948565170169,
-0.051830023527145386,
-0.009418278001248837,
0.015670914202928543,
0.005367828533053398,
0.023516200482845306,
-0.06177918240427971,
-0.0021677769254893064,
0.024047086015343666,
0.04868404194712639,
-0.004210206214338541,
-0.01773546263575554,
0.004962292034178972,
0.05438613146543503,
-0.025521762669086456,
0.0627623051404953,
0.019711531698703766,
-0.03816467151045799,
-0.0021911258809268475,
0.06240838021039963,
-0.05776805803179741,
0.018335165455937386,
-0.0029296940192580223,
0.039678674191236496,
0.04805484414100647,
-0.08777284622192383,
-0.04085841774940491,
0.04545941203832626,
-0.021255027502775192,
0.07098117470741272,
0.02111739106476307,
-0.009157751686871052,
0.02019326016306877,
0.015995342284440994,
0.028333483263850212,
-0.02418472245335579,
-0.007206260692328215,
0.0024455080274492502,
-0.002706034341827035,
-0.02874639257788658,
-0.0367489792406559,
-0.007142357993870974,
-0.023221265524625778,
0.040209557861089706,
0.011472996324300766,
0.023909447714686394,
0.006695038639008999,
-0.05124014988541603,
0.0285104438662529,
0.011885905638337135,
0.05249854177236557,
-0.00013702217256650329,
0.005348165985196829,
-0.0006172142457216978,
-0.014668132178485394,
0.039128128439188004,
0.05686359107494354,
0.0038218742702156305,
0.03275751695036888,
0.0024491946678608656,
0.03792872279882431,
0.003281158860772848,
-0.010489877313375473,
-0.008213957771658897,
-0.008572795428335667,
0.0649251639842987,
-0.00755526777356863,
-0.01082413736730814,
0.003912812564522028,
0.04164491221308708,
-0.016221459954977036,
0.030614318326115608,
0.023162279278039932,
-0.016772005707025528,
-0.003920186311006546,
-0.018521957099437714,
0.0005056917434558272,
-0.00008871110912878066,
-0.03372097387909889,
-0.060166869312524796,
0.015592264011502266,
0.026878466829657555,
-0.03857757896184921,
0.007338981609791517,
0.016850655898451805,
-0.019593557342886925,
-0.022454433143138885,
-0.006754025816917419,
-0.0094576021656394,
-0.009241316467523575,
-0.017165252938866615,
0.03297380357980728,
-0.021058404818177223,
-0.0062477197498083115,
-0.007270163390785456,
-0.013635857030749321,
-0.0032393764704465866,
-0.04659983143210411,
-0.01499256119132042,
-0.025620074942708015,
0.0018027940532192588,
-0.024322358891367912,
-0.008735010400414467,
-0.020665157586336136,
0.0022427397780120373,
0.04514481499791145,
-0.024224046617746353,
-0.023378564044833183,
-0.011414009146392345,
-0.017774786800146103,
-0.020724143832921982,
0.01921997219324112,
0.024656618013978004,
0.014333872124552727,
-0.03128283843398094,
-0.02153030037879944,
-0.04203815758228302,
-0.014206066727638245,
0.03704391419887543,
-0.02367350086569786,
-0.004377336241304874,
0.005107302218675613,
0.037122566252946854,
0.01762731932103634,
-0.0038956082426011562,
-0.0160444974899292,
0.00755035225301981,
0.00022120172798167914,
0.032796841114759445,
0.05820063129067421,
-0.053717609494924545,
0.002111247507855296,
-0.0122496597468853,
-0.030299721285700798,
0.012672401033341885,
0.011217385530471802,
-0.002010477939620614,
0.03812534734606743,
-0.076093390583992,
-0.016850655898451805,
0.0233589019626379,
-0.009693550877273083,
0.0070882863365113735,
-0.04624590650200844,
0.048330120742321014,
-0.00755035225301981,
-0.013036155141890049,
0.04427966848015785,
-0.05080757662653923,
-0.05485802888870239,
0.025226827710866928,
-0.014677963219583035,
0.028884029015898705,
0.03633607178926468,
0.03958036005496979,
-0.01431420911103487,
-0.0049377139657735825,
0.05713886395096779,
-0.04074044153094292,
-0.01288868673145771,
0.025187503546476364,
-0.048526741564273834,
0.0027256968896836042,
-0.015670914202928543,
-0.01436336524784565,
0.03515632823109627,
-0.038715217262506485,
0.027605975046753883,
-0.011876074597239494,
0.003915270324796438,
0.02925761416554451,
0.04349317401647568,
-0.0016491817077621818,
-0.04024888202548027,
0.02976883575320244,
-0.019170816987752914,
-0.034487806260585785,
0.014353534206748009,
-0.016673695296049118,
0.059734296053647995,
-0.03462544456124306,
0.008268028497695923,
-0.010892955586314201,
0.030594656243920326,
0.017892761155962944,
-0.04203815758228302,
-0.011364853009581566,
-0.02713407762348652,
0.006326369475573301,
-0.0004147532454226166,
0.0467178039252758,
-0.03979664668440819,
0.017047280445694923,
-0.0378304086625576,
-0.033642325550317764,
0.02442067116498947,
-0.014009442180395126,
0.001974839949980378,
-0.020861780270934105,
0.009010283276438713,
0.03602147102355957,
0.053403012454509735,
0.0035638054832816124,
-0.0004602224798873067,
-0.027743611484766006,
-0.001271909917704761,
-0.02019326016306877,
0.03973766043782234,
-0.03419287130236626,
0.011482827365398407,
0.033642325550317764,
0.010322746820747852,
0.001906021498143673,
-0.013419571332633495,
-0.00016666935698594898,
0.0017745293444022536,
0.0020559472031891346,
0.016732681542634964,
-0.019514907151460648,
-0.03267886862158775,
-0.004640320781618357,
0.027212727814912796,
-0.022316796705126762,
-0.05285246670246124,
-0.028058210387825966,
-0.02524648979306221,
-0.041566260159015656,
-0.017833774909377098,
-0.025836361572146416,
-0.0011287432862445712,
-0.050532303750514984,
-0.03179406002163887,
-0.023948773741722107,
-0.004915593657642603,
0.02935592643916607,
0.060481466352939606,
-0.014147079549729824,
-0.015985511243343353,
0.00002394431794527918,
-0.05662764236330986,
-0.0032762433402240276,
-0.03877420350909233,
0.05186934769153595,
-0.03963935002684593,
-0.004328180570155382,
0.008317184634506702,
0.05768940970301628,
-0.017991073429584503,
0.02853010594844818,
-0.011404178105294704,
-0.018974192440509796,
-0.012692063115537167,
-0.029414914548397064,
-0.04015057161450386,
0.003610503626987338,
0.02377181127667427,
0.031440138816833496,
0.020035959780216217,
0.07361593097448349,
0.057296160608530045,
-0.024754930287599564,
-0.03179406002163887,
0.05356030911207199,
-0.009968824684619904,
0.04530211165547371,
0.002017851220443845,
-0.013802987523376942,
0.04475156590342522,
-0.0018494921969249845,
-0.012426621280610561,
-0.03570687398314476,
0.031833384186029434,
0.019908154383301735,
0.007324235048145056,
-0.04734700173139572,
-0.030457019805908203,
-0.050532303750514984,
-0.008150055073201656,
-0.018197529017925262,
-0.08124493807554245,
0.0507289282977581,
-0.003116486594080925,
0.02440100722014904,
0.02355552650988102,
-0.0018777569057419896,
-0.029414914548397064,
-0.03305245190858841,
0.06331285089254379,
-0.001284198951907456,
-0.009624732658267021,
-0.003138606669381261,
0.04534143954515457,
-0.015120366588234901,
-0.01952473819255829,
0.023004978895187378,
-0.00950675830245018,
-0.03759446367621422,
-0.015533276833593845,
0.004571502096951008,
-0.04117301478981972,
-0.03340637683868408,
-0.004455985967069864,
-0.0034261690452694893,
-0.006429596804082394,
0.03773209825158119,
-0.006439427845180035,
0.009054523892700672,
0.014677963219583035,
-0.026032984256744385,
0.010568526573479176,
-0.025541426613926888,
0.03781074658036232,
0.03590349853038788,
0.012977167963981628,
0.013203284703195095,
0.003241834230720997,
0.003637539455667138,
0.013085311278700829,
-0.033229414373636246,
0.007899359799921513,
-0.039541035890579224,
-0.005633270367980003,
-0.01953456923365593,
-0.013547376729547977,
0.0042052906937897205,
-0.002082982799038291,
0.038282644003629684,
-0.012574088759720325,
0.058357931673526764,
0.020026128739118576,
0.03452713042497635,
-0.02418472245335579,
-0.01614280976355076,
0.0075208586640655994,
0.07318336516618729,
0.020547183230519295,
0.030457019805908203,
-0.06594760715961456,
0.02101907879114151,
-0.01618213579058647,
0.007845288142561913,
0.03421253338456154,
0.002096500713378191,
-0.020527519285678864,
-0.007319319061934948,
-0.0036129613872617483,
-0.01795174926519394,
0.041566260159015656,
0.026760492473840714,
-0.023712825030088425,
0.014953237026929855,
-0.00554970558732748,
-0.013557207770645618,
0.04829079285264015,
-0.038046695291996,
0.016752343624830246,
-0.03690627962350845,
-0.007166936062276363,
0.008744841441512108,
-0.03859724476933479,
-0.001817540847696364,
-0.014117585495114326,
0.0019392017275094986,
-0.012338140979409218,
0.01688998006284237,
-0.009275726042687893,
0.020566845312714577,
0.02418472245335579,
-0.007599507924169302,
-0.012102192267775536,
-0.0012731387978419662,
-0.03600180894136429,
-0.08211007714271545,
-0.010568526573479176,
-0.028569431975483894,
-0.0367489792406559,
0.026445895433425903,
0.0030992820393294096,
-0.04868404194712639,
-0.03179406002163887,
-0.0016835909336805344,
-0.011010929942131042,
0.019062673673033714,
0.02006545476615429,
-0.0015975680435076356,
-0.06268365681171417,
0.033524349331855774,
0.04868404194712639,
0.009049608372151852,
0.017273396253585815,
0.03672931715846062,
-0.013911130838096142,
-0.03875454142689705,
0.015179353766143322,
-0.013252440840005875,
-0.03572653606534004,
0.006370609626173973,
-0.0030697884503751993,
-0.0004245844320394099,
0.015484120696783066,
0.01299683004617691,
-0.022100510075688362,
-0.002289437921717763,
-0.012485608458518982,
0.004367505200207233,
-0.005294094793498516,
0.028372807428240776,
-0.046127934008836746,
-0.00909384898841381,
-0.037358514964580536,
0.014510832726955414,
0.041998833417892456,
-0.0008399520884267986,
0.03897082805633545,
0.01378332544118166,
-0.03031938336789608,
0.05324571207165718,
0.015887198969721794,
-0.005141711328178644,
-0.02831382118165493,
-0.004190543666481972,
-0.02166793867945671,
0.006414849776774645,
-0.009546083398163319,
-0.00757984584197402,
0.007260332349687815,
0.00047650537453591824,
0.02884470485150814,
-0.022356120869517326,
0.03961968794465065,
-0.02778293751180172
] |
Avatars, as promising digital assistants in Vehicular Metaverses, can enable
drivers and passengers to immerse in 3D virtual spaces, serving as a practical
emerging example of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) in intelligent
vehicular environments. The immersive experience is achieved through seamless
human-avatar interaction, e.g., augmented reality navigation, which requires
intensive resources that are inefficient and impractical to process on
intelligent vehicles locally. Fortunately, offloading avatar tasks to RoadSide
Units (RSUs) or cloud servers for remote execution can effectively reduce
resource consumption. However, the high mobility of vehicles, the dynamic
workload of RSUs, and the heterogeneity of RSUs pose novel challenges to making
avatar migration decisions. To address these challenges, in this paper, we
propose a dynamic migration framework for avatar tasks based on real-time
trajectory prediction and Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL).
Specifically, we propose a model to predict the future trajectories of
intelligent vehicles based on their historical data, indicating the future
workloads of RSUs.Based on the expected workloads of RSUs, we formulate the
avatar task migration problem as a long-term mixed integer programming problem.
To tackle this problem efficiently, the problem is transformed into a Partially
Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) and solved by multiple DRL agents
with hybrid continuous and discrete actions in decentralized. Numerical results
demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the latency of
executing avatar tasks by around 25% without prediction and 30% with prediction
and enhance user immersive experiences in the AIoT-enabled Vehicular Metaverse
(AeVeM). | [
-0.04536191001534462,
-0.03702273219823837,
-0.03269199654459953,
-0.052291084080934525,
0.0008799948845990002,
0.02689083106815815,
-0.015369066037237644,
0.008983752690255642,
-0.08758152276277542,
-0.005438595078885555,
0.019437940791249275,
-0.014220918528735638,
0.011854122392833233,
-0.02846197970211506,
0.009577970020473003,
0.044757623225450516,
-0.0300532728433609,
0.012770626693964005,
-0.010086579248309135,
-0.030073415488004684,
-0.013918774202466011,
-0.015369066037237644,
-0.033114999532699585,
0.006783136632293463,
0.013586415909230709,
-0.00372644467279315,
0.027031831443309784,
0.01160233560949564,
-0.08790380507707596,
0.007105423603206873,
0.017554575577378273,
-0.004282893612980843,
0.04371018707752228,
-0.03998374566435814,
-0.026407400146126747,
-0.0030264772940427065,
0.0422196090221405,
0.0149057786911726,
-0.026044826954603195,
0.04326704517006874,
-0.03011370077729225,
0.014452562667429447,
-0.0543859489262104,
0.008288821205496788,
-0.008016891777515411,
-0.035391151905059814,
-0.005775989033281803,
-0.012609482742846012,
-0.0332157164812088,
0.015298565849661827,
0.0017524361610412598,
-0.04068874567747116,
0.046731628477573395,
0.015399280935525894,
-0.01929694041609764,
0.026528257876634598,
0.059139683842659,
-0.01618485525250435,
-0.000059484631492523476,
0.02239895425736904,
0.022721240296959877,
-0.026085112243890762,
-0.04648991674184799,
-0.020414873957633972,
-0.0423404686152935,
-0.03718387335538864,
0.034343719482421875,
0.049189068377017975,
-0.0238492451608181,
-0.01731286011636257,
-0.04886678233742714,
0.0295698419213295,
0.0018493740353733301,
-0.08661466091871262,
-0.0005517278332263231,
-0.04447561874985695,
0.0182495079934597,
0.04298504441976547,
0.021935665979981422,
-0.021794665604829788,
0.005176736507564783,
0.05196879431605339,
-0.051767367869615555,
-0.027313832193613052,
0.10103701055049896,
0.005861596670001745,
0.023023385554552078,
-0.10272901505231857,
0.04846392199397087,
-0.015006493777036667,
-0.06614942848682404,
-0.02554125338792801,
-0.0022623043041676283,
-0.010766403749585152,
-0.011763479560613632,
0.0012545277131721377,
-0.03877516835927963,
-0.02203638106584549,
-0.03968159854412079,
0.02771669067442417,
0.026628972962498665,
-0.033759575337171555,
0.006949315778911114,
-0.023426244035363197,
0.006224169861525297,
-0.03355814516544342,
-0.00247632316313684,
0.0329740010201931,
0.014442491345107555,
0.10482387989759445,
-0.008147820830345154,
-0.03202728182077408,
-0.003008852247148752,
-0.018209220841526985,
-0.026508115231990814,
-0.002033178461715579,
-0.009628327563405037,
-0.07323974370956421,
0.00021449087944347411,
0.010705974884331226,
0.04447561874985695,
0.019045153632760048,
0.0236075296998024,
-0.032530855387449265,
-0.03359843045473099,
0.023305386304855347,
-0.01008154358714819,
0.0016769000794738531,
0.05523195117712021,
-0.0031574065797030926,
0.003814570140093565,
0.018501294776797295,
-0.034585434943437576,
0.029831700026988983,
0.007744961883872747,
0.03666015714406967,
-0.024997394531965256,
-0.005035736132413149,
0.029851842671632767,
0.03343728557229042,
-0.036217015236616135,
-0.03456529229879379,
-0.08174006640911102,
0.05817282199859619,
0.017141645774245262,
0.02535996586084366,
-0.01183397974818945,
0.013374914415180683,
-0.041937608271837234,
0.02314424328505993,
-0.05245222523808479,
0.027031831443309784,
-0.015056850388646126,
0.028482122346758842,
0.017393432557582855,
0.036619871854782104,
-0.0008101240382529795,
-0.016466856002807617,
-0.004373536910861731,
-0.025239108130335808,
0.06562571227550507,
-0.023869389668107033,
0.015097136609256268,
0.025682253763079643,
0.040829747915267944,
-0.005473845172673464,
0.04677191749215126,
0.007880927063524723,
-0.07267574220895767,
0.046570487320423126,
-0.05362051725387573,
0.008757145144045353,
0.022076666355133057,
0.016275499016046524,
0.0010272901272401214,
0.013264128938317299,
0.039601027965545654,
-0.028864838182926178,
-0.04834306612610817,
0.054103948175907135,
-0.09169068187475204,
-0.011300191283226013,
0.023748531937599182,
0.04588562622666359,
0.06780114769935608,
0.040890175849199295,
0.07533460855484009,
-0.01104840449988842,
0.01283105555921793,
-0.02858283743262291,
0.0055947029031813145,
0.025460680946707726,
0.08588951081037521,
-0.010907404124736786,
-0.002847708761692047,
-0.04338790103793144,
0.0024297425989061594,
-0.021411949768662453,
0.011531835421919823,
-0.004247643519192934,
-0.0074881394393742085,
-0.04681220278143883,
-0.010917475447058678,
0.053862232714891434,
-0.005675274413079023,
0.03392071649432182,
0.005740738939493895,
-0.013314486481249332,
0.04564391076564789,
-0.07497204095125198,
0.018108507618308067,
-0.004046213813126087,
-0.0355321541428566,
0.007598925847560167,
-0.03863416612148285,
-0.010655617341399193,
0.011300191283226013,
-0.040769319981336594,
-0.0030491382349282503,
0.005337879993021488,
0.001770061207935214,
-0.007155780680477619,
-0.012891484424471855,
0.017816433683037758,
-0.025460680946707726,
-0.05108250677585602,
0.00997075717896223,
0.04286418482661247,
-0.07162830978631973,
-0.03865430876612663,
0.006073097698390484,
0.012569197453558445,
0.030496416613459587,
-0.011582192964851856,
0.04592591151595116,
-0.028260551393032074,
0.011894408613443375,
0.026266399770975113,
-0.02280181273818016,
-0.009608183987438679,
-0.05156593769788742,
-0.02658868581056595,
-0.0029257626738399267,
-0.0029584949370473623,
0.08556722849607468,
-0.0299928430467844,
-0.006168776657432318,
0.03792916238307953,
-0.003469622228294611,
-0.0017662844620645046,
0.0532982312142849,
0.010766403749585152,
-0.007634175941348076,
0.0016013639979064465,
0.020012015476822853,
0.047376204282045364,
0.02443339116871357,
-0.006118419114500284,
0.008087391965091228,
-0.005161629524081945,
0.04507990926504135,
0.009421861730515957,
-0.006601850036531687,
0.01688985899090767,
-0.021532807499170303,
0.006924137007445097,
0.0329740010201931,
0.03535086661577225,
0.01513742282986641,
-0.05692395940423012,
-0.04967249929904938,
-0.06252370029687881,
-0.020122801885008812,
-0.023486671969294548,
-0.014653991907835007,
-0.03257114067673683,
-0.03774787858128548,
-0.012871340848505497,
0.10289015620946884,
-0.01648700051009655,
0.00467568077147007,
-0.045563340187072754,
0.048947352916002274,
-0.01236776728183031,
-0.05543338134884834,
-0.03764716163277626,
-0.04338790103793144,
-0.0042854114435613155,
-0.04564391076564789,
0.03587458282709122,
-0.010373616591095924,
-0.03506886586546898,
-0.02987198531627655,
-0.020787518471479416,
0.05599738284945488,
-0.003839748678728938,
0.002847708761692047,
0.032832998782396317,
0.04536191001534462,
-0.0643768459558487,
-0.015479852445423603,
0.013455486856400967,
0.02169395051896572,
0.02022351510822773,
0.0074126035906374454,
0.026145542040467262,
-0.05071993172168732,
0.01829986460506916,
0.014291418716311455,
-0.021411949768662453,
0.01754450425505638,
0.024272248148918152,
-0.04395190253853798,
-0.03994345664978027,
-0.023345671594142914,
0.031181277707219124,
0.008278749883174896,
-0.0271929744631052,
-0.03676087409257889,
-0.03392071649432182,
0.0385737381875515,
0.014160489663481712,
-0.05442623421549797,
0.0059220255352556705,
0.030617274343967438,
0.02187523804605007,
0.03472643718123436,
0.017574718222022057,
-0.03406171873211861,
-0.014734563417732716,
-0.03639829903841019,
-0.01415041834115982,
-0.02771669067442417,
-0.017907077446579933,
0.019387584179639816,
0.019498370587825775,
0.025742681697010994,
0.04628848657011986,
-0.007145709358155727,
0.012085766531527042,
-0.024272248148918152,
-0.05382194742560387,
-0.015318709425628185,
0.010766403749585152,
-0.016517214477062225,
-0.0269512590020895,
0.02946912683546543,
0.03748602047562599,
0.019367441534996033,
0.0389363095164299,
0.0011588487541303039,
-0.019558798521757126,
-0.006808314938098192,
-0.01572156697511673,
0.03754644840955734,
-0.005121343303471804,
0.03599544242024422,
-0.05039764568209648,
-0.03921831399202347,
0.009572934359312057,
-0.014331704936921597,
-0.027756977826356888,
-0.0648602768778801,
-0.02636711299419403,
-0.03351785987615585,
0.0038699631113559008,
-0.011028261855244637,
-0.03474657982587814,
0.04123260825872421,
0.0177660770714283,
0.01092754676938057,
0.01725243218243122,
0.01682942919433117,
-0.00888303853571415,
-0.054748520255088806,
0.0384528785943985,
0.01435184758156538,
-0.09136839210987091,
-0.011652693152427673,
0.05700452998280525,
0.02952955663204193,
-0.019730012863874435,
-0.04991421476006508,
0.025400253012776375,
0.0016567572019994259,
0.061113692820072174,
0.0363781563937664,
-0.06349056214094162,
0.014664063230156898,
0.09185182303190231,
0.016386285424232483,
-0.04975307360291481,
-0.030415846034884453,
-0.03291356936097145,
0.029730984941124916,
0.007236352656036615,
0.015872640535235405,
-0.03162442147731781,
-0.017927220091223717,
-0.013233914040029049,
-0.02286224067211151,
0.05406366288661957,
0.049430783838033676,
0.03011370077729225,
-0.049309927970170975,
-0.004141892772167921,
-0.014452562667429447,
-0.055393096059560776,
0.00014060719695407897,
-0.013727416284382343,
-0.03583429753780365,
-0.05595709756016731,
-0.05821310728788376,
-0.050075359642505646,
-0.01104840449988842,
0.03373943269252777,
-0.00402103504166007,
0.0063601345755159855,
-0.03365885838866234,
-0.05482909455895424,
-0.036277443170547485,
0.0272534042596817,
0.044113047420978546,
0.05635995790362358,
-0.00440123351290822,
0.04008445888757706,
0.034162431955337524,
-0.019437940791249275,
-0.046328771859407425,
-0.008933396078646183,
0.023889532312750816,
-0.06494085490703583,
0.06844572722911835,
-0.046207912266254425,
-0.039903171360492706,
0.024574391543865204,
0.0241513904184103,
0.035753726959228516,
-0.024070817977190018,
-0.025279395282268524,
-0.05039764568209648,
-0.030899276956915855,
-0.026608828455209732,
-0.02787783369421959,
-0.035512011498212814,
-0.046852488070726395,
0.0476984903216362,
-0.008837716653943062,
-0.016809286549687386,
-0.014039631932973862,
-0.06792201101779938,
0.010066436603665352,
-0.05869653820991516,
-0.03933916985988617,
-0.005151557736098766,
-0.04129303619265556,
-0.01566113904118538,
-0.037909019738435745,
0.01423098985105753,
-0.014482776634395123,
0.02904612571001053,
0.0545068085193634,
0.018692651763558388,
-0.015691353008151054,
0.05180765315890312,
0.003381496760994196,
-0.05559452623128891,
-0.011582192964851856,
-0.002115009119734168,
0.004700859542936087,
0.00312719214707613,
-0.0007969052530825138,
0.05313708633184433,
0.04318647086620331,
0.03424300625920296,
-0.0030894239898771048,
-0.020435016602277756,
-0.04278361424803734,
-0.0649811401963234,
-0.0014767296379432082,
0.014956136234104633,
0.06812343746423721,
0.062161125242710114,
-0.04123260825872421,
-0.0025279393885284662,
0.03899674117565155,
0.050478216260671616,
0.026346970349550247,
-0.04701363295316696,
-0.04080960527062416,
-0.006838529370725155,
-0.04066860303282738,
0.023063670843839645,
-0.049430783838033676,
-0.03805002197623253,
-0.052009083330631256,
-0.007271602749824524,
0.007211173884570599,
0.021492522209882736,
0.05265365540981293,
-0.047497063875198364,
-0.027152689173817635,
-0.009034110233187675,
-0.019770300015807152,
-0.0040185172110795975,
0.042823899537324905,
0.048786211758852005,
-0.0007597666699439287,
-0.03051656112074852,
-0.047376204282045364,
0.028784267604351044,
0.08975695818662643,
0.015328780747950077,
-0.005916989874094725,
0.037042874842882156,
0.0041217501275241375,
0.014633849263191223,
-0.018269650638103485,
-0.008016891777515411,
0.04274332895874977,
-0.003958088345825672,
0.03436386212706566,
0.0005674645071849227,
0.02548082359135151,
-0.020435016602277756,
0.05740739032626152,
0.03853345289826393,
-0.04350876063108444,
0.05184793844819069,
0.011128976941108704,
-0.04431447759270668,
0.021291092038154602,
-0.030093558132648468,
-0.020062372088432312,
0.0073219602927565575,
0.018753081560134888,
0.007362246047705412,
0.004592591430991888,
0.006350063253194094,
0.002389456843957305,
-0.012085766531527042,
0.0191055815666914,
0.008107534609735012,
0.03196685388684273,
0.0011871748138219118,
0.0182495079934597,
0.03805002197623253,
-0.03146328032016754,
-0.00482423510402441,
-0.019246583804488182,
0.03408186137676239,
-0.02636711299419403,
-0.009245611727237701,
0.011239762417972088,
-0.0475776344537735,
-0.022479524835944176,
0.021834950894117355,
-0.020968804135918617,
-0.0059270611964166164,
-0.0016303195152431726,
-0.003582926234230399,
-0.035894725471735,
0.029146840795874596,
0.021895380690693855,
-0.028602980077266693,
0.017494147643446922,
0.014543205499649048,
0.055272240191698074,
-0.007478068117052317,
0.02922741137444973,
0.009487326256930828,
-0.02753540500998497,
-0.03710330277681351,
-0.04093046113848686,
0.023708244785666466,
0.010262830182909966,
0.011703050695359707,
-0.020535731688141823,
-0.015711495652794838,
0.02175438031554222,
-0.0011783621739596128,
-0.001037361565977335,
0.02068680338561535,
0.02296295575797558,
-0.0017436236375942826,
-0.008278749883174896,
-0.031140992417931557,
-0.02584339678287506,
0.020364517346024513,
-0.03430343419313431,
0.037909019738435745,
0.022479524835944176,
-0.015771925449371338,
0.0000932398033910431,
0.00019906893430743366,
-0.012569197453558445,
0.02473553456366062,
0.03361857309937477,
-0.012609482742846012,
-0.0598648302257061,
-0.018098434433341026,
0.05893825367093086,
0.013102984987199306,
0.020314158871769905,
0.0008063472341746092,
0.007024851627647877,
0.02993241511285305,
0.041937608271837234,
-0.025460680946707726,
0.008726930245757103,
-0.002802387112751603,
0.036619871854782104,
0.061637409031391144,
0.017433717846870422,
0.03325600177049637,
0.005468809511512518,
0.03494800627231598,
0.042300183326005936,
-0.038896024227142334,
-0.005352987442165613,
-0.007362246047705412,
-0.0029736021533608437,
0.023829102516174316,
0.035391151905059814,
-0.01292169839143753,
0.027676405385136604,
0.03152370825409889,
-0.0012708938447758555,
-0.008525501005351543,
0.011159190908074379,
-0.012861269526183605,
0.0133547717705369,
-0.014412276446819305,
-0.03682130202651024,
0.033296287059783936,
-0.00428037578240037,
0.004476769361644983,
0.010141972452402115,
0.044395048171281815,
0.00006617271719733253,
-0.027837548404932022,
-0.003202727995812893,
-0.02525925263762474,
0.06739828735589981,
-0.006727743428200483,
0.0001395843137288466,
-0.006551492493599653,
0.0006335585494525731,
-0.003124674316495657,
0.015882711857557297,
0.02233852446079254,
0.02787783369421959,
-0.000003309619387437124,
0.027313832193613052,
-0.017876863479614258,
-0.030999990180134773,
0.02362767420709133,
-0.01864229515194893,
0.05116307735443115,
0.007473032455891371,
0.013052627444267273,
0.001393639948219061,
0.009165039286017418,
-0.043105900287628174,
0.0041998038068413734,
0.011249834671616554,
0.04959192872047424,
0.022640669718384743,
-0.003031513188034296,
0.05789082124829292,
-0.0005495246732607484,
-0.0027268510311841965,
-0.02993241511285305,
0.030153987929224968,
-0.004335768520832062,
-0.0024536624550819397,
0.019095510244369507,
0.03351785987615585,
0.0037113374564796686,
-0.015056850388646126,
-0.013042556121945381,
-0.014331704936921597,
0.008782323449850082,
-0.00349983642809093,
0.017665361985564232,
-0.03587458282709122,
0.02729368954896927,
0.015409352257847786,
0.00452964473515749,
-0.041776467114686966,
-0.019750157371163368,
0.026508115231990814,
0.011501621454954147,
0.010534759610891342,
0.02209680899977684,
0.01148147787898779,
-0.028079263865947723,
0.005277451127767563,
0.036217015236616135,
-0.06353084743022919,
-0.0077550336718559265,
-0.038956452161073685,
-0.02642754279077053,
0.029952557757496834,
0.014311561360955238,
0.0021439646370708942,
0.015530209988355637,
0.014220918528735638,
-0.025098107755184174,
-0.04084989055991173,
0.014946064911782742,
0.00964847020804882,
-0.003489765105769038,
0.03823130950331688,
0.066914863884449,
0.032994143664836884,
0.002832601545378566,
0.000684230646584183,
-0.050599075853824615,
-0.013072771020233631,
0.011713122017681599,
-0.023043528199195862,
0.01116926223039627,
-0.058132536709308624,
-0.03450486436486244,
0.015298565849661827,
0.007145709358155727,
-0.01945808343589306,
-0.05156593769788742,
-0.0073068528436124325,
0.027092259377241135,
-0.05184793844819069,
-0.018964581191539764,
0.027515262365341187,
0.01841065101325512,
0.007034923415631056,
0.015167636796832085,
0.00920532550662756,
-0.026749828830361366,
-0.0022119469940662384,
-0.008762180805206299,
-0.04963221400976181,
0.0329740010201931,
0.010857046581804752,
0.0002613861870486289,
-0.004091535694897175,
-0.019427869468927383,
0.0267699733376503,
-0.04636905714869499,
0.03069784678518772,
0.03829173743724823,
-0.018753081560134888,
0.020827803760766983,
-0.05108250677585602,
-0.03460557758808136,
0.03472643718123436,
0.03057698905467987,
-0.03444443270564079,
0.006345027592033148,
-0.013606558553874493,
0.019669584929943085,
0.053983088582754135,
-0.02501753717660904,
0.04560362547636032,
0.052935656160116196,
-0.00002128385312971659,
0.01128004863858223,
0.018602008000016212,
0.023688102141022682,
-0.017977576702833176,
0.015540281310677528,
-0.017625076696276665,
0.027031831443309784,
-0.03758673369884491,
-0.004257714841514826,
-0.005038253962993622,
0.0384528785943985,
-0.046731628477573395,
-0.04145417734980583,
-0.0006187660619616508,
-0.05652110278606415,
0.04391161724925041,
-0.02904612571001053,
0.02542039565742016,
-0.04014488682150841,
-0.0002675234864000231,
0.009260718710720539,
-0.01584242470562458,
0.03531058132648468,
0.046973343938589096,
0.013767702504992485,
0.018491223454475403,
0.03426314890384674,
0.022459382191300392,
0.06477970629930496,
-0.01227712444961071,
-0.036740731447935104,
0.02350681647658348,
0.008520465344190598,
-0.041131891310214996,
0.04330733045935631,
0.013777773827314377,
-0.014291418716311455,
0.028381409123539925,
-0.023063670843839645,
-0.019599083811044693,
0.009391647763550282,
-0.024916822090744972,
-0.02443339116871357,
0.029247554019093513,
0.012690055184066296,
-0.0007037441246211529,
-0.03752630576491356,
0.05071993172168732,
0.019740086048841476,
-0.0236075296998024,
-0.03780830651521683,
0.009426897391676903,
0.009165039286017418,
-0.07815462350845337,
0.01510720793157816,
-0.005609809886664152,
0.0535399466753006,
0.03635801374912262,
-0.04693305864930153,
-0.03057698905467987,
0.07654318958520889,
0.014482776634395123,
0.008319036103785038,
-0.0020797590259462595,
0.035914868116378784,
0.018370365723967552,
-0.014613705687224865,
0.010685832239687443,
-0.029066268354654312,
0.020263802260160446,
-0.0055040596053004265,
0.012559125199913979,
-0.013364843092858791,
0.06421570479869843,
-0.011118904687464237,
0.02029401622712612,
-0.003638319205492735,
-0.01870272308588028,
-0.051404792815446854,
-0.004607698414474726,
-0.026165684685111046,
-0.003995856735855341,
0.02535996586084366,
0.003519979538396001,
0.02495710738003254,
-0.016295641660690308,
0.04391161724925041,
0.0334574319422245,
0.013264128938317299,
0.007956462912261486,
0.013374914415180683,
0.022419096902012825,
0.004960199818015099,
-0.01811857894062996,
-0.006007633171975613,
0.03952045738697052,
0.002759583294391632,
-0.000562743516638875,
0.020475301891565323,
-0.03762701898813248,
0.004585037473589182,
-0.011431120336055756,
-0.022479524835944176,
-0.03230928257107735,
0.006183883640915155,
-0.0011468888260424137,
-0.017927220091223717,
0.02344638668000698,
-0.023587387055158615,
0.00172473955899477,
0.022116953507065773,
0.010665688663721085,
0.031825851649045944,
-0.013959060423076153,
0.03567315265536308,
-0.04653020203113556,
0.01905522495508194,
-0.005952239967882633,
0.036861587315797806,
-0.04274332895874977,
-0.049954500049352646,
-0.038553595542907715,
0.011209548451006413,
-0.03776802122592926,
-0.01239798218011856,
0.02870369516313076,
0.03341714292764664,
0.010655617341399193,
0.05458737909793854,
0.009950614534318447,
-0.035914868116378784,
-0.007221245672553778,
-0.009391647763550282,
0.05692395940423012,
0.0014591044746339321,
-0.01689993031322956,
-0.030959704890847206,
-0.0049778250977396965,
0.015711495652794838,
-0.01011679321527481,
0.0034167468547821045,
-0.025440538302063942,
0.02243923954665661,
-0.025037679821252823,
-0.02596425451338291,
-0.0073974961414933205,
0.0021905452013015747,
-0.01642657071352005,
0.023124100640416145,
0.008374429307878017,
-0.025883683934807777,
-0.03438400477170944,
0.03859388083219528,
0.01207569520920515,
-0.01052468828856945,
0.009613219648599625,
-0.04274332895874977,
0.0027469939086586237,
-0.0272534042596817,
0.008188107050955296,
-0.036035727709531784,
0.0064356704242527485,
-0.0009605666273273528,
-0.0034091933630406857,
-0.02771669067442417,
0.028683552518486977,
0.027958406135439873,
-0.016275499016046524,
0.013435343280434608,
-0.02479596436023712,
-0.04383104667067528,
0.005458737723529339,
-0.01315334253013134,
0.017403503879904747,
-0.04810135066509247,
-0.008087391965091228,
-0.018048077821731567,
0.028159836307168007,
-0.0019035082077607512,
-0.03414228931069374,
-0.009447040967643261,
0.028562694787979126,
0.008878002874553204,
0.027978548780083656,
-0.03341714292764664,
-0.01032325904816389,
-0.005297594238072634,
-0.03414228931069374,
-0.017212145030498505,
-0.009154967963695526,
-0.009739113040268421,
-0.02618582732975483,
-0.015741711482405663,
0.06526313722133636,
0.0058313822373747826,
0.01906529627740383,
0.00005307193714543246,
-0.019327154383063316,
-0.056682243943214417,
0.019891157746315002,
-0.012609482742846012,
0.028038978576660156,
-0.048786211758852005,
0.014935992658138275,
0.0028426731005311012,
-0.03952045738697052,
-0.0008711823029443622,
0.03267185389995575,
0.012377839535474777,
0.004771359730511904,
-0.06340999156236649,
-0.04286418482661247,
-0.029146840795874596,
0.0177660770714283,
0.040648460388183594,
-0.029267698526382446,
0.03384014591574669,
-0.002253491897135973,
-0.021955808624625206,
0.003243013983592391,
0.017695575952529907,
-0.016527285799384117,
-0.002335322555154562,
0.02326510101556778,
-0.039198167622089386,
0.01163255050778389,
0.023426244035363197,
0.020304087549448013,
-0.02735411748290062,
-0.01730278879404068,
0.04431447759270668,
0.025702396407723427,
0.024755679070949554,
0.014140347018837929,
-0.04254189878702164,
-0.04238075390458107,
-0.020314158871769905,
0.07114487886428833,
-0.0014062293339520693,
0.01303248479962349,
0.03567315265536308,
0.014845349825918674,
-0.01608414016664028,
-0.007624104153364897,
-0.006808314938098192,
-0.006093240808695555,
0.0028854766860604286,
-0.006742850411683321,
-0.03555229678750038,
0.04000388830900192,
-0.027797263115644455,
0.0022043935023248196,
-0.020847946405410767,
-0.021895380690693855,
0.04262246936559677,
-0.013425271958112717,
0.023365814238786697,
0.010857046581804752
] |
Cybersecurity solutions have shown promising performance when detecting
ransomware samples that use fixed algorithms and encryption rates. However, due
to the current explosion of Artificial Intelligence (AI), sooner than later,
ransomware (and malware in general) will incorporate AI techniques to
intelligently and dynamically adapt its encryption behavior to be undetected.
It might result in ineffective and obsolete cybersecurity solutions, but the
literature lacks AI-powered ransomware to verify it. Thus, this work proposes
RansomAI, a Reinforcement Learning-based framework that can be integrated into
existing ransomware samples to adapt their encryption behavior and stay
stealthy while encrypting files. RansomAI presents an agent that learns the
best encryption algorithm, rate, and duration that minimizes its detection
(using a reward mechanism and a fingerprinting intelligent detection system)
while maximizing its damage function. The proposed framework was validated in a
ransomware, Ransomware-PoC, that infected a Raspberry Pi 4, acting as a
crowdsensor. A pool of experiments with Deep Q-Learning and Isolation Forest
(deployed on the agent and detection system, respectively) has demonstrated
that RansomAI evades the detection of Ransomware-PoC affecting the Raspberry Pi
4 in a few minutes with >90% accuracy. | [
-0.07129865884780884,
0.012884661555290222,
-0.020007457584142685,
-0.029003743082284927,
0.047685619443655014,
0.007516052573919296,
-0.02191629633307457,
0.00888140220195055,
-0.023347925394773483,
0.06829401105642319,
0.019618621096014977,
-0.04408003389835358,
0.02083815634250641,
-0.05673493072390556,
-0.024320019409060478,
-0.021333040669560432,
0.012248381972312927,
-0.01655210554599762,
-0.029657697305083275,
-0.08144378662109375,
0.014457685872912407,
0.006093260832130909,
0.006252330727875233,
-0.02635257877409458,
-0.007471866440027952,
0.015500477515161037,
0.009906519204378128,
0.001311221974901855,
-0.12258986383676529,
0.0717228502035141,
0.05196283385157585,
-0.001851396868005395,
-0.022835366427898407,
-0.04418608173727989,
-0.02258792519569397,
-0.03158421069383621,
0.0028455837164074183,
0.06977865844964981,
-0.021350715309381485,
0.032874446362257004,
0.02539815939962864,
-0.02803165093064308,
-0.04121677577495575,
-0.023560019209980965,
0.024107925593852997,
-0.006654424127191305,
-0.04712003841996193,
-0.036303285509347916,
-0.03895444795489311,
0.018681874498724937,
-0.06274423748254776,
-0.04616561904549599,
-0.011514892801642418,
-0.03131909295916557,
0.009685589000582695,
0.01246931217610836,
0.009340937249362469,
-0.020626062527298927,
0.06486516445875168,
-0.02446141466498375,
0.0026688394136726856,
0.054932136088609695,
0.022340482100844383,
0.013653499074280262,
-0.006124190986156464,
-0.058749813586473465,
0.04167631268501282,
-0.03478328511118889,
0.012716754339635372,
0.002476629801094532,
-0.08752378821372986,
0.008258379064500332,
-0.010012566111981869,
-0.0710865706205368,
-0.0009350879699923098,
-0.0014283150667324662,
0.018946992233395576,
0.03800002858042717,
0.019053038209676743,
0.04061584547162056,
0.008762099780142307,
0.049488410353660583,
-0.0428781732916832,
-0.012769777327775955,
0.03497770056128502,
-0.006212563253939152,
-0.008430704474449158,
-0.0757172703742981,
0.042453985661268234,
-0.02956932596862316,
-0.028332116082310677,
0.05404841527342796,
0.026529323309659958,
-0.02762513794004917,
-0.04294887185096741,
0.010047915391623974,
-0.08483728021383286,
-0.020802807062864304,
-0.04750887677073479,
-0.03566700592637062,
-0.01836373470723629,
-0.0311600249260664,
0.014572570100426674,
-0.007666285149753094,
-0.028120022267103195,
-0.021880947053432465,
-0.05931539461016655,
0.021138621494174004,
-0.028597231954336166,
0.18522804975509644,
-0.08731169998645782,
0.021350715309381485,
-0.025256764143705368,
0.023701414465904236,
-0.022234436124563217,
-0.0008014250779524446,
-0.017206059768795967,
-0.018946992233395576,
-0.05733586102724075,
-0.012760940007865429,
-0.03662142530083656,
-0.001480233739130199,
0.04231259226799011,
0.020679086446762085,
-0.008373262360692024,
0.0911293774843216,
0.0051476783119142056,
0.006543958559632301,
0.027253976091742516,
0.010940473526716232,
-0.04100468382239342,
0.002341862302273512,
-0.029198162257671356,
0.01574791967868805,
0.04390329122543335,
0.05959818512201309,
0.009773961268365383,
0.027466068044304848,
0.0348539799451828,
0.002626862609758973,
0.020325597375631332,
-0.05673493072390556,
-0.018399083986878395,
0.015465128235518932,
0.00519186444580555,
0.03906049579381943,
-0.011735823005437851,
0.028844673186540604,
-0.017842339351773262,
0.023984204977750778,
-0.051114458590745926,
0.055073533207178116,
0.011947916820645332,
0.014484197832643986,
0.0015542454784736037,
0.012142335064709187,
0.0003871805383823812,
0.030347000807523727,
0.04538794234395027,
0.008938844315707684,
0.034482818096876144,
-0.012106986716389656,
0.031407468020915985,
0.03386421129107475,
0.0308242104947567,
-0.021757226437330246,
0.03626793622970581,
0.007555820047855377,
-0.05242236703634262,
0.06475912034511566,
0.010056751780211926,
-0.027059556916356087,
0.02085583098232746,
0.03640932962298393,
-0.013980476185679436,
0.014881872572004795,
0.017462339252233505,
-0.01788652502000332,
-0.014386988244950771,
0.025521880015730858,
-0.0623553991317749,
0.040721893310546875,
-0.0003794479707721621,
0.01755954883992672,
0.03966142609715462,
0.03966142609715462,
0.03994421660900116,
0.003280816599726677,
0.04128747433423996,
-0.0314781628549099,
0.014378150925040245,
-0.005470236763358116,
0.02225211076438427,
-0.01803675852715969,
0.019335828721523285,
-0.0160925704985857,
-0.009561868384480476,
0.015429779887199402,
0.008969774469733238,
0.025380484759807587,
-0.006155121140182018,
-0.006004888564348221,
-0.012372102588415146,
-0.007401168812066317,
-0.005554190371185541,
-0.010454426519572735,
0.015359082259237766,
-0.0456000380218029,
0.01808978244662285,
-0.03644467890262604,
-0.055002834647893906,
-0.04418608173727989,
-0.04128747433423996,
0.03796468302607536,
0.008563262410461903,
-0.0052713993936777115,
-0.001265931292437017,
-0.0023838391061872244,
-0.04294887185096741,
0.008686983957886696,
-0.06440563499927521,
0.003051048843190074,
0.03290979191660881,
-0.02386048436164856,
-0.0361795648932457,
-0.06108283996582031,
-0.017665594816207886,
0.07059168070554733,
-0.03524281829595566,
-0.01116140466183424,
-0.023754438385367393,
0.015792105346918106,
0.036091189831495285,
0.03412932902574539,
0.02789025567471981,
-0.03110700100660324,
0.04485771059989929,
0.023984204977750778,
-0.013786057941615582,
-0.01829303801059723,
-0.010772566311061382,
-0.007113959174603224,
-0.03909584507346153,
-0.06606703251600266,
0.012522335164248943,
-0.0016481408383697271,
-0.044999103993177414,
0.09409867972135544,
0.007003494072705507,
0.05638144165277481,
0.024885600432753563,
-0.018876293674111366,
0.0017972688656300306,
0.02889769710600376,
-0.06415819376707077,
-0.013087917119264603,
-0.005947446450591087,
-0.018876293674111366,
0.009066984057426453,
0.0045909336768090725,
0.026971183717250824,
-0.005558609031140804,
-0.01334419660270214,
0.019335828721523285,
-0.06864749640226364,
0.05864376574754715,
0.046342361718416214,
0.029975837096571922,
0.004281631205230951,
-0.009402798488736153,
0.005704422947019339,
-0.005510004237294197,
-0.05139724910259247,
-0.008523494936525822,
0.02928653545677662,
-0.04620096832513809,
-0.015323732979595661,
0.03195537254214287,
0.03559630736708641,
0.0051874457858502865,
-0.0010715124662965536,
-0.020626062527298927,
0.05570981279015541,
-0.02198699489235878,
-0.0011333730071783066,
-0.024832578375935555,
-0.056947022676467896,
0.03400560840964317,
-0.05001864582300186,
0.0204316433519125,
-0.009120007045567036,
0.03460653871297836,
-0.013644661754369736,
-0.00955303106456995,
0.010003728792071342,
-0.023542344570159912,
0.011152567341923714,
-0.014563732780516148,
-0.021262342110276222,
-0.012566521763801575,
-0.026264207437634468,
-0.014342802576720715,
-0.015465128235518932,
0.024355368688702583,
0.005987213924527168,
-0.01855815388262272,
-0.0006235760520212352,
0.03317490965127945,
-0.017329780384898186,
0.012725591659545898,
-0.014440011233091354,
-0.01601303555071354,
-0.04305491968989372,
0.013335359282791615,
0.020926527678966522,
0.036868866533041,
-0.000703663332387805,
-0.01011861301958561,
0.0059518651105463505,
0.03451816737651825,
0.06355725973844528,
0.056416790932416916,
-0.027996301651000977,
0.04033305495977402,
-0.028933046385645866,
-0.0288270004093647,
0.0027306999545544386,
0.011877219192683697,
-0.026034438982605934,
-0.015933500602841377,
-0.025716299191117287,
0.03389956057071686,
-0.028102347627282143,
-0.01782466471195221,
-0.03845956549048424,
-0.01729443296790123,
-0.10116845369338989,
0.03545491024851799,
-0.014802337624132633,
-0.024302344769239426,
-0.01990141160786152,
-0.0603405125439167,
0.004365584813058376,
-0.02258792519569397,
-0.023241879418492317,
-0.020732110366225243,
-0.019760016351938248,
-0.022870715707540512,
-0.008192099630832672,
0.014166058041155338,
0.0011466288706287742,
-0.05786609277129173,
0.0107195433229208,
-0.014979081228375435,
0.009606054052710533,
-0.047827016562223434,
0.012478149496018887,
-0.006981400772929192,
-0.04270143061876297,
0.024284670129418373,
-0.01521768607199192,
-0.04945306107401848,
-0.04241864010691643,
-0.025150718167424202,
-0.04241864010691643,
-0.02112094685435295,
-0.0025141879450529814,
0.0035525609273463488,
0.010268845595419407,
0.05001864582300186,
0.020078156143426895,
0.05708841606974602,
0.016180943697690964,
-0.01716187410056591,
-0.010949310846626759,
-0.036091189831495285,
0.01722373440861702,
-0.01803675852715969,
-0.05595725402235985,
0.041393522173166275,
0.009066984057426453,
0.032008398324251175,
-0.04927631840109825,
0.03379351645708084,
-0.0002326673420611769,
0.01983071304857731,
0.04482236132025719,
0.0227823443710804,
0.04687259718775749,
0.05772469565272331,
0.01518233772367239,
-0.006384888663887978,
-0.04630701243877411,
-0.03669212386012077,
0.024213973432779312,
-0.04104003310203552,
0.004281631205230951,
-0.01418373268097639,
0.04340840503573418,
-0.07691913098096848,
-0.04164096340537071,
0.006216981913894415,
0.010931636206805706,
0.0057441904209554195,
-0.0623553991317749,
0.01048977579921484,
0.008642797358334064,
-0.05659353360533714,
0.00003779981125262566,
-0.04429212957620621,
0.022941414266824722,
0.04503445327281952,
-0.025645602494478226,
-0.022146064788103104,
-0.013565126806497574,
0.00848372746258974,
0.0024169785901904106,
-0.02433769404888153,
-0.04673120006918907,
-0.009747449308633804,
-0.05737121030688286,
0.011276287958025932,
0.024691183120012283,
0.018416758626699448,
-0.02956932596862316,
-0.006270004902034998,
0.009066984057426453,
0.006314191035926342,
0.016446059569716454,
-0.022888390347361565,
0.048816781491041183,
0.035702355206012726,
0.04598887264728546,
-0.014599081128835678,
-0.036904215812683105,
0.006168377120047808,
-0.03559630736708641,
0.02052001655101776,
-0.019671643152832985,
-0.0023440716322511435,
-0.04786236211657524,
0.006804656703025103,
-0.03400560840964317,
-0.03679816797375679,
-0.025521880015730858,
-0.010542798787355423,
0.03453584015369415,
-0.015200012363493443,
-0.024585135281085968,
-0.020732110366225243,
-0.01782466471195221,
0.016870245337486267,
-0.05263445898890495,
-0.009022797457873821,
0.0731014534831047,
-0.027306998148560524,
-0.04149956628680229,
-0.02896839566528797,
0.018151642754673958,
0.0449284091591835,
-0.0017464548582211137,
0.06111818924546242,
-0.011620939709246159,
-0.018080944195389748,
-0.009120007045567036,
0.014395825564861298,
-0.005669074133038521,
-0.06829401105642319,
0.011020008474588394,
0.010498613119125366,
0.005655818618834019,
-0.012071637436747551,
0.02829676680266857,
0.031937699764966965,
0.043267011642456055,
-0.017144199460744858,
0.0029670954681932926,
-0.03969677537679672,
0.04277212545275688,
-0.012999544851481915,
0.04036840423941612,
0.010480938479304314,
0.020590713247656822,
0.00019704230362549424,
0.02460280992090702,
0.03913119435310364,
-0.0008235180866904557,
-0.040580496191978455,
-0.019760016351938248,
-0.01196559052914381,
-0.05659353360533714,
-0.06928377598524094,
0.01949489861726761,
0.003753607627004385,
-0.02895072102546692,
0.0013697685208171606,
0.054260507225990295,
0.015774430707097054,
0.05726516246795654,
0.04188840463757515,
0.016543269157409668,
-0.04174701124429703,
-0.04270143061876297,
-0.04542329162359238,
0.012902336195111275,
0.03725770488381386,
0.05793679133057594,
0.010905125178396702,
-0.004489305894821882,
0.003934770356863737,
-0.02741304598748684,
0.02205769158899784,
-0.03708095848560333,
0.000973750778939575,
-0.0009207274997606874,
-0.0006821226561442018,
-0.03303351625800133,
-0.00618163263425231,
0.015420942567288876,
0.035013049840927124,
0.019088387489318848,
0.017577223479747772,
0.007220005616545677,
0.011894892901182175,
-0.019053038209676743,
-0.010940473526716232,
0.05578051134943962,
-0.03913119435310364,
0.0008715704898349941,
-0.010021403431892395,
-0.030612116679549217,
0.050160039216279984,
-0.026458626613020897,
-0.013865592889487743,
-0.012504661455750465,
-0.0017983735306188464,
0.04263073205947876,
0.009853496216237545,
-0.04231259226799011,
0.0011063090059906244,
-0.02179257571697235,
0.01507629081606865,
-0.019689317792654037,
-0.007935820147395134,
-0.016375361010432243,
0.0007577912765555084,
0.06557214260101318,
-0.03898979723453522,
-0.01641071029007435,
-0.019053038209676743,
-0.011285125277936459,
0.017391642555594444,
0.029781419783830643,
0.00022313970839604735,
-0.01561536081135273,
-0.00040264567360281944,
0.03906049579381943,
-0.022163739427924156,
-0.010445590130984783,
-0.03658607602119446,
-0.005015120375901461,
0.020007457584142685,
-0.029516302049160004,
0.028597231954336166,
0.0047588408924639225,
-0.021863272413611412,
0.04135817289352417,
0.03672746941447258,
0.012062800116837025,
-0.024213973432779312,
-0.02789025567471981,
-0.03506607562303543,
-0.028862347826361656,
-0.0037779100239276886,
0.014881872572004795,
0.019388852640986443,
0.007432098966091871,
-0.01762140914797783,
0.011320474557578564,
0.029251186177134514,
-0.028173046186566353,
-0.020608387887477875,
-0.0328214205801487,
0.015235360711812973,
0.028402812778949738,
-0.033616770058870316,
-0.01125861331820488,
-0.02546885795891285,
-0.008806286379694939,
-0.03161955997347832,
-0.041923753917217255,
0.03658607602119446,
-0.06847075372934341,
0.03450049087405205,
-0.010242333635687828,
0.03927258774638176,
0.026829788461327553,
-0.011620939709246159,
0.024479089304804802,
-0.028120022267103195,
-0.034217700362205505,
0.010772566311061382,
0.05539167299866676,
0.060694001615047455,
-0.037575844675302505,
0.020891180261969566,
0.026493974030017853,
0.015721408650279045,
-0.02352466993033886,
0.006557214539498091,
-0.002671048743650317,
-0.018876293674111366,
0.03184932842850685,
-0.029321882873773575,
0.03172560781240463,
-0.0038972124457359314,
0.049559108912944794,
-0.020891180261969566,
-0.02621118351817131,
-0.017860013991594315,
-0.02271164581179619,
-0.0107195433229208,
0.00176744326017797,
0.019017688930034637,
0.015942338854074478,
0.03298049047589302,
-0.00012454952229745686,
-0.017400478944182396,
0.020873505622148514,
-0.028137696906924248,
-0.0029803512152284384,
-0.009570705704391003,
0.012663731351494789,
-0.0395553819835186,
-0.006283260881900787,
-0.0059518651105463505,
0.027395371347665787,
0.0703442394733429,
0.023506995290517807,
0.004648375790566206,
-0.008589774370193481,
0.01663164049386978,
0.03980282321572304,
0.07317215204238892,
-0.010701868683099747,
0.02854420803487301,
-0.01831071265041828,
0.005487911403179169,
0.024373043328523636,
0.029746070504188538,
-0.02124466747045517,
0.01602187380194664,
0.010374891571700573,
0.05535632371902466,
-0.020555365830659866,
-0.002106571337208152,
0.0090493094176054,
0.006384888663887978,
0.0064246561378240585,
0.028773976489901543,
0.02854420803487301,
0.000799215747974813,
-0.021156296133995056,
0.00442302692681551,
0.019053038209676743,
0.010931636206805706,
0.07274796813726425,
0.02318885549902916,
-0.016048384830355644,
0.016233965754508972,
-0.03506607562303543,
-0.07458610832691193,
-0.0355432853102684,
0.06104749068617821,
0.034217700362205505,
-0.009906519204378128,
0.022499551996588707,
0.06984935700893402,
-0.01501443050801754,
-0.03792933374643326,
-0.05768934637308121,
0.01059582270681858,
-0.02050234191119671,
-0.02371908910572529,
-0.012955359183251858,
-0.0027616301085799932,
0.0032167467288672924,
0.04096933454275131,
-0.005677911452949047,
-0.03473025932908058,
-0.03973212465643883,
-0.009632566012442112,
0.0053597716614604,
-0.004487096797674894,
0.013556289486587048,
0.03161955997347832,
-0.06525400280952454,
-0.04241864010691643,
0.0167641993612051,
0.032273512333631516,
-0.020732110366225243,
-0.03062979131937027,
-0.018611177802085876,
-0.004436282441020012,
-0.00032780549372546375,
0.009897681884467602,
0.01790419965982437,
0.014484197832643986,
0.013185126706957817,
-0.00047417188761755824,
-0.004339073318988085,
0.06094144284725189,
-0.005041631869971752,
0.05662888288497925,
0.04210050031542778,
0.02955165132880211,
0.03831816837191582,
0.007171401288360357,
-0.01368001103401184,
0.00006645172106800601,
0.025451183319091797,
0.027236301451921463,
-0.012610707432031631,
-0.05100841447710991,
-0.010003728792071342,
0.020343272015452385,
0.0058988421224057674,
0.005434887949377298,
-0.03425304964184761,
-0.0038684913888573647,
0.04050980135798454,
-0.03520746901631355,
-0.013998150825500488,
0.016304664313793182,
0.0012350010219961405,
0.007604424841701984,
0.059421442449092865,
0.012920009903609753,
0.01703815348446369,
-0.008404192514717579,
0.00739233149215579,
-0.02198699489235878,
0.003877328708767891,
-0.050230737775564194,
0.020290248095989227,
-0.030117232352495193,
-0.035613980144262314,
-0.01683489792048931,
-0.028332116082310677,
0.028809325769543648,
0.023807460442185402,
-0.005487911403179169,
0.05517957732081413,
-0.040721893310546875,
-0.00888140220195055,
0.01608373410999775,
0.006773726548999548,
-0.010401403531432152,
-0.008267215453088284,
0.008094890043139458,
0.0026069788727909327,
0.050230737775564194,
-0.0025915137957781553,
0.014943732880055904,
0.07946424931287766,
-0.05698237195611,
0.0009781693806871772,
-0.012619544751942158,
0.02654699794948101,
0.004184422083199024,
0.027130253612995148,
-0.023347925394773483,
0.03331630676984787,
-0.04549399018287659,
-0.026971183717250824,
-0.017391642555594444,
0.03209676966071129,
-0.02138606272637844,
0.0050107017159461975,
-0.02158048190176487,
-0.023436298593878746,
0.0010704078013077378,
-0.05871446430683136,
0.04927631840109825,
-0.005616051144897938,
0.014713965356349945,
0.015898151323199272,
-0.023648390546441078,
0.000900291430298239,
0.039307937026023865,
0.002969304798170924,
0.032008398324251175,
0.009305588901042938,
-0.03966142609715462,
0.00424186373129487,
-0.010613496415317059,
-0.052917253226041794,
0.04111073166131973,
-0.00894326251000166,
-0.04114608094096184,
0.0435851514339447,
0.01862885244190693,
-0.023436298593878746,
-0.032945141196250916,
-0.037505146116018295,
0.029109790921211243,
-0.038636308163404465,
0.024744205176830292,
0.006650005467236042,
0.004608608316630125,
-0.008969774469733238,
-0.023560019209980965,
-0.004476049914956093,
0.012124660424888134,
0.032945141196250916,
0.018876293674111366,
0.02170420251786709,
0.016119083389639854,
-0.02050234191119671,
-0.029127465561032295,
-0.036232586950063705,
-0.03534886613488197,
-0.0211032722145319,
0.01889396831393242,
-0.05047817900776863,
0.008757681585848331,
0.004294887185096741,
0.006782563403248787,
0.03407630696892738,
-0.0008953204960562289,
0.01896466687321663,
0.021545132622122765,
-0.00043688988080248237,
0.009164193645119667,
-0.02667071856558323,
0.022428855299949646,
-0.012584196403622627,
0.037575844675302505,
-0.04485771059989929,
0.00817884411662817,
0.015226523391902447,
0.019547922536730766,
-0.010966985486447811,
-0.02446141466498375,
-0.03230886161327362,
0.013883266597986221,
-0.035013049840927124,
0.023418623954057693,
0.013070243410766125,
0.009526519104838371,
0.023560019209980965,
-0.026387928053736687,
0.03708095848560333,
0.010604660026729107,
0.002516397275030613,
0.011267450638115406,
0.008700239472091198,
0.004350119736045599,
-0.0204316433519125,
-0.013326521962881088,
-0.04330236092209816,
0.028173046186566353,
0.009650240652263165,
-0.022570250555872917,
0.0429135225713253,
-0.015482802875339985,
-0.0328390970826149,
-0.041252125054597855,
-0.003004653612151742,
-0.05708841606974602,
-0.006278842221945524,
-0.014466523192822933,
0.0017530828481540084,
0.04733213037252426,
-0.01122326496988535,
-0.04598887264728546,
0.04213584586977959,
0.008766518905758858,
0.01616326905786991,
-0.010136286728084087,
-0.00529791135340929,
0.015526989474892616,
0.02251722663640976,
-0.011992102488875389,
0.01951257325708866,
-0.04683724790811539,
-0.029922815039753914,
-0.014033499173820019,
-0.024479089304804802,
-0.012380939908325672,
-0.014820011332631111,
0.02916281297802925,
-0.010136286728084087,
0.03458886593580246,
0.04669585078954697,
-0.009685589000582695,
-0.013768383301794529,
0.018787922337651253,
-0.000038248577766353264,
0.011718149296939373,
0.0033957003615796566,
-0.011576753109693527,
-0.005982795264571905,
-0.04174701124429703,
0.04651910811662674,
0.022340482100844383,
-0.00020546528685372323,
-0.040580496191978455,
0.019618621096014977,
-0.04531724378466606,
-0.03722235560417175,
-0.0610121414065361,
-0.0328390970826149,
-0.009349774569272995,
0.007887215353548527,
-0.02446141466498375,
-0.002302094828337431,
0.014979081228375435,
-0.00029797988827340305,
0.031460490077733994,
0.024408390745520592,
0.027784207835793495,
-0.02359536848962307,
0.018416758626699448,
0.002172850538045168,
0.003106281626969576,
-0.02962234988808632,
0.0053023300133645535,
-0.01857582852244377,
-0.06475912034511566,
-0.021933970972895622,
0.026564672589302063,
0.022004669532179832,
0.023613041266798973,
0.024549787864089012,
0.0010726171312853694,
-0.029251186177134514,
0.03849491477012634,
-0.027731185778975487,
-0.014369313605129719,
-0.0448930598795414,
-0.000523052760399878,
-0.015482802875339985,
-0.03075351193547249,
0.029392581433057785,
-0.042453985661268234,
0.06263818591833115,
0.021880947053432465,
-0.03017025627195835,
0.03022328019142151,
-0.0757879689335823,
-0.015111640095710754,
0.0663498193025589,
-0.005571865011006594,
-0.05970423296093941,
-0.03199072182178497,
-0.027642812579870224,
-0.030718164518475533,
-0.05648748576641083,
0.0314958393573761,
0.03545491024851799,
0.03775258734822273,
-0.05776004493236542,
-0.00801093690097332,
-0.05585120618343353,
0.020466992631554604,
-0.017612572759389877,
0.006782563403248787,
-0.026600021868944168,
-0.0032609328627586365,
0.01286698691546917,
-0.05199817940592766,
-0.030205605551600456,
0.012566521763801575,
0.001090843928977847,
-0.002640118356794119,
-0.01484652329236269,
-0.030011186376214027,
-0.013750708661973476,
0.014272104017436504,
0.004381049890071154,
-0.04810980707406998,
-0.016198618337512016,
-0.009482333436608315,
0.034341420978307724,
-0.01621629111468792,
0.010816752910614014,
-0.007078610360622406,
-0.03778793662786484,
0.00256500206887722,
-0.0007108435966074467,
0.0074895406141877174,
-0.02842048741877079,
0.006778144743293524,
-0.029445605352520943,
-0.012504661455750465,
-0.02902141772210598,
0.0064158192835748196,
0.020343272015452385,
0.04376189410686493,
0.015297221019864082,
-0.00040540730697102845,
0.007692796643823385,
0.02251722663640976,
0.016463734209537506,
0.015261872671544552,
0.07790889590978622,
-0.017409315332770348,
-0.02359536848962307,
0.008474890142679214,
-0.030718164518475533,
-0.018858619034290314,
0.04616561904549599,
-0.01716187410056591,
0.005037213210016489,
-0.002350699622184038,
0.047897711396217346,
0.013759545981884003,
-0.006009307224303484,
-0.009606054052710533,
0.0583256259560585,
-0.027572115883231163,
0.05535632371902466,
0.026387928053736687
] |
Dataflow scheduling decisions are of vital importance to neural network (NN)
accelerators. Recent scalable NN accelerators support a rich set of advanced
dataflow techniques. The problems of comprehensively representing and quickly
finding optimized dataflow schemes thus become significantly more complicated
and challenging. In this work, we first propose comprehensive and pragmatic
dataflow representations for temporal and spatial scheduling on scalable
multi-node NN architectures. An informal hierarchical taxonomy highlights the
tight coupling across different levels of the dataflow space as the major
difficulty for fast design exploration. A set of formal tensor-centric
directives accurately express various inter-layer and intra-layer schemes, and
allow for quickly determining their validity and efficiency. We then build a
generic, optimized, and fast dataflow solver, KAPLA, which makes use of the
pragmatic directives to explore the design space with effective validity check
and efficiency estimation. KAPLA decouples the upper inter-layer level for fast
pruning, and solves the lower intra-layer schemes with a novel bottom-up cost
descending method. KAPLA achieves within only 2.2% and 7.7% energy overheads on
the result dataflow for training and inference, respectively, compared to the
exhaustively searched optimal schemes. It also outperforms random and
machine-learning-based approaches, with more optimized results and orders of
magnitude faster search speedup. | [
-0.015638237819075584,
-0.012855013832449913,
-0.029206452891230583,
-0.006044813897460699,
0.042061466723680496,
0.015264241956174374,
0.011289450339972973,
0.04425325617194176,
-0.07827816158533096,
0.016629761084914207,
0.0674583837389946,
-0.01626446284353733,
0.0348946638405323,
-0.0064188092947006226,
-0.05211586132645607,
0.013672585599124432,
0.018925920128822327,
0.00423571839928627,
0.0002826711570378393,
-0.03141563758254051,
0.00102142128162086,
-0.01805616356432438,
0.06363145262002945,
-0.031920094043016434,
0.013324682600796223,
0.026197092607617378,
0.01529903244227171,
0.019291218370199203,
-0.04999365285038948,
0.0009328147862106562,
0.012637574225664139,
0.03146782144904137,
-0.006605807226151228,
-0.013637795113027096,
-0.03559046983718872,
-0.06551012396812439,
0.03322473168373108,
0.02778005041182041,
0.016238370910286903,
0.01432490348815918,
-0.007449471857398748,
-0.038338903337717056,
-0.06276169419288635,
0.018769364804029465,
-0.024614132940769196,
-0.02974570170044899,
0.0007229858310893178,
0.012002651579678059,
-0.0023157289251685143,
-0.01130684558302164,
0.030824201181530952,
-0.07132010161876678,
0.03155479580163956,
-0.01529903244227171,
-0.009567330591380596,
0.025883980095386505,
0.012411437928676605,
0.024022698402404785,
0.05336831137537956,
0.035729631781578064,
0.020961152389645576,
-0.03701687231659889,
-0.06631030142307281,
0.020474089309573174,
0.02932821772992611,
-0.02814534865319729,
0.02652760036289692,
0.0087715033441782,
-0.011359031312167645,
-0.008432297967374325,
-0.024022698402404785,
-0.012681062333285809,
-0.061230920255184174,
-0.005483820103108883,
0.018943315371870995,
-0.03414667397737503,
0.02329210191965103,
0.04042632132768631,
0.007031988352537155,
0.015907863155007362,
-0.014594528824090958,
0.02042190358042717,
0.01729947328567505,
-0.004892385099083185,
0.03607753664255142,
-0.007975675165653229,
0.005014151334762573,
-0.06356187164783478,
0.01796918734908104,
-0.029710911214351654,
-0.0457492358982563,
-0.014759782701730728,
-0.022752853110432625,
-0.04049590229988098,
0.028284508734941483,
0.02186569944024086,
-0.00919333565980196,
-0.03238976374268532,
0.014420577324926853,
0.03058066964149475,
-0.07354668527841568,
0.04000883921980858,
0.021169893443584442,
0.006849339231848717,
0.032581109553575516,
-0.03819974511861801,
-0.023257311433553696,
0.05820416286587715,
0.00877585168927908,
0.11265097558498383,
0.0030289299320429564,
-0.055977582931518555,
0.010271834209561348,
-0.026718946173787117,
-0.022926803678274155,
-0.024944640696048737,
-0.006497087422758341,
-0.08252257853746414,
0.0208393856883049,
-0.06175277382135391,
0.04220062866806984,
0.03306817635893822,
-0.043105173856019974,
0.02939779870212078,
-0.05806500092148781,
0.037921421229839325,
0.022404950112104416,
-0.027310380712151527,
0.006801502779126167,
0.016795014962553978,
-0.011506889946758747,
-0.028597623109817505,
-0.008271392434835434,
-0.003909559454768896,
0.003724735928699374,
-0.0047706193290650845,
-0.013202916830778122,
0.03185051307082176,
-0.016255764290690422,
-0.03593837469816208,
0.047836653888225555,
-0.017777839675545692,
0.025988349691033363,
-0.08231383562088013,
0.04651462286710739,
0.006601458415389061,
-0.02357042394578457,
0.07619074732065201,
0.013837839476764202,
0.07396416366100311,
-0.04327912628650665,
0.028701992705464363,
-0.015612144954502583,
0.026162302121520042,
0.04957617074251175,
0.026666760444641113,
0.0035920978989452124,
-0.031119918450713158,
0.0020591504871845245,
-0.021587377414107323,
0.03906949982047081,
-0.025553472340106964,
-0.007040685974061489,
0.04915868490934372,
0.02659717947244644,
0.022909408435225487,
0.021970070898532867,
0.03423364832997322,
-0.04474031925201416,
0.03221581131219864,
0.04595797881484032,
0.05228981375694275,
0.013507331721484661,
0.008532320149242878,
0.0035638308618217707,
0.016281858086586,
0.05288124829530716,
0.004277031868696213,
-0.04564486816525459,
-0.0384780652821064,
-0.03858243674039841,
-0.013072453439235687,
0.033677004277706146,
0.04153961315751076,
0.04839330166578293,
-0.0023592167999595404,
0.04703648015856743,
-0.014603226445615292,
0.04237457737326622,
-0.022596295922994614,
-0.00004664753214456141,
0.05347268283367157,
0.028180139139294624,
0.029763096943497658,
-0.0012557122390717268,
-0.05799541994929314,
-0.0010388164082542062,
0.008010465651750565,
0.007623423356562853,
0.023674795404076576,
-0.07038076967000961,
-0.021326450631022453,
-0.020874176174402237,
0.012098325416445732,
-0.03649501875042915,
-0.003359437920153141,
0.007932187058031559,
-0.0020276219584047794,
0.01703854650259018,
-0.06585802882909775,
-0.0054403324611485004,
0.001082847942598164,
-0.024283625185489655,
-0.058691225945949554,
0.0016318822745233774,
-0.027919212356209755,
-0.035207778215408325,
-0.01871717907488346,
-0.023100756108760834,
-0.06884999573230743,
-0.03059806488454342,
0.02297898940742016,
0.05684734135866165,
-0.005379449110478163,
0.009175940416753292,
-0.04561007767915726,
-0.0006224201060831547,
-0.003470331896096468,
0.044531576335430145,
-0.004696690011769533,
0.0027984443586319685,
0.00523159047588706,
0.029345612972974777,
-0.07271171361207962,
0.026736341416835785,
-0.026075325906276703,
0.007332054432481527,
-0.022839829325675964,
-0.03254631906747818,
-0.0000416192488046363,
0.007023290731012821,
-0.020526273176074028,
-0.05194190889596939,
0.025692632421851158,
-0.004140045028179884,
0.002259194850921631,
0.0029180359560996294,
0.08022642135620117,
0.03813016414642334,
-0.023709585890173912,
-0.03395532816648483,
-0.011915676295757294,
0.031241685152053833,
0.019221637398004532,
-0.04387056082487106,
0.008188765496015549,
-0.015655633062124252,
-0.01601223275065422,
-0.029728306457400322,
0.04188751429319382,
0.07619074732065201,
0.04728000983595848,
-0.0026484110858291388,
0.02560565620660782,
-0.05566447228193283,
-0.0321810208261013,
0.0004090577713213861,
0.012881106697022915,
0.032668087631464005,
0.05009802430868149,
-0.012776736170053482,
0.006157882045954466,
-0.020735016092658043,
-0.062065884470939636,
0.019708702340722084,
-0.0479758158326149,
-0.034442391246557236,
0.02779744565486908,
0.03235497325658798,
0.039347823709249496,
-0.019012896344065666,
-0.035033825784921646,
-0.030284952372312546,
0.01669064350426197,
-0.05455118045210838,
-0.011933071538805962,
0.014751085080206394,
-0.0662059336900711,
-0.050480715930461884,
0.011045918799936771,
-0.053263939917087555,
0.03628627583384514,
-0.04985449090600014,
0.031728748232126236,
0.05587321147322655,
0.004518389701843262,
-0.0033616123255342245,
-0.05065466836094856,
0.059178292751312256,
0.0007083086529746652,
-0.07208549231290817,
0.02289201319217682,
0.02296159416437149,
-0.0028375834226608276,
-0.029606541618704796,
-0.00658841198310256,
-0.011585168540477753,
0.04888036474585533,
0.009489052928984165,
-0.021848304197192192,
0.012959384359419346,
0.02026534639298916,
0.029589146375656128,
-0.012672364711761475,
0.00014704334898851812,
0.030284952372312546,
0.004735828842967749,
0.010115277953445911,
-0.05357705429196358,
-0.022770248353481293,
0.04066985473036766,
0.02372698113322258,
-0.0818963572382927,
0.02913687191903591,
-0.0007469041156582534,
0.026057930663228035,
0.039278242737054825,
-0.02515338361263275,
-0.0630052238702774,
-0.02431841567158699,
-0.03590358421206474,
-0.004722782410681248,
-0.0588303878903389,
-0.036390647292137146,
-0.013289892114698887,
-0.003983488772064447,
-0.07563409954309464,
0.04251373931765556,
-0.0023179033305495977,
-0.050967782735824585,
0.01576000265777111,
-0.024544553831219673,
0.017760446295142174,
0.011793909594416618,
-0.024109674617648125,
-0.052916038781404495,
-0.0534031018614769,
-0.020717620849609375,
0.0035920978989452124,
0.005131568294018507,
0.0011633004760369658,
0.04348786920309067,
0.02473589964210987,
-0.011072011664509773,
0.1104939728975296,
-0.04425325617194176,
-0.01067192293703556,
0.008467087522149086,
-0.003059371607378125,
0.019604330882430077,
0.06098738685250282,
-0.055107828229665756,
-0.01795179210603237,
0.01915205642580986,
-0.053263939917087555,
0.02831929922103882,
-0.011924373917281628,
-0.014942431822419167,
-0.0371212437748909,
0.05009802430868149,
-0.01617748662829399,
0.030128395184874535,
-0.0008491006447002292,
0.031659167259931564,
0.044461995363235474,
-0.02162216790020466,
0.03171135485172272,
-0.012098325416445732,
-0.06481432169675827,
0.020369717851281166,
-0.018351880833506584,
0.028354089707136154,
0.04449678584933281,
-0.004044371657073498,
-0.0323723703622818,
0.031206894665956497,
-0.0037747470196336508,
-0.04915868490934372,
-0.021813515573740005,
0.041748352348804474,
0.011880885809659958,
-0.016168789938092232,
-0.012950686737895012,
-0.03245934471487999,
0.021309055387973785,
-0.0069058733060956,
0.019256427884101868,
-0.036042746156454086,
0.008162672631442547,
-0.021152500063180923,
-0.038095373660326004,
-0.0024027046747505665,
0.0019536924082785845,
0.037747468799352646,
-0.011941768229007721,
-0.014342298731207848,
-0.04237457737326622,
-0.025883980095386505,
0.06237899884581566,
0.010567552410066128,
0.03238976374268532,
-0.0552469864487648,
0.011411217041313648,
0.013742166571319103,
0.018421461805701256,
-0.0015025058528408408,
-0.0019047686364501715,
0.02558826096355915,
-0.01076759584248066,
-0.04814976826310158,
-0.03830411285161972,
0.05110694468021393,
0.033503055572509766,
-0.037329986691474915,
0.023170337080955505,
0.044949062168598175,
0.08342712372541428,
-0.01101982593536377,
-0.01856062188744545,
0.012089627794921398,
0.08022642135620117,
-0.0038769433740526438,
0.00517070759087801,
-0.04126128926873207,
-0.04821934923529625,
-0.0006452512461692095,
0.043940141797065735,
0.048671621829271317,
-0.06798023730516434,
0.0013883501524105668,
-0.033590029925107956,
-0.05288124829530716,
0.0002385037805652246,
0.013324682600796223,
-0.03084159642457962,
-0.013959606178104877,
-0.026910293847322464,
-0.00957602821290493,
-0.05225502327084541,
-0.06008283793926239,
-0.06161361187696457,
0.030024023726582527,
-0.08544496446847916,
-0.034181464463472366,
0.02628406696021557,
-0.010845874436199665,
-0.03719082474708557,
-0.013785654678940773,
0.0032768109813332558,
-0.05413369834423065,
0.018682388588786125,
0.0669713169336319,
-0.009515145793557167,
-0.08022642135620117,
0.007149405777454376,
-0.011367728933691978,
-0.02534472942352295,
-0.06808460503816605,
0.016655853018164635,
0.04686252772808075,
0.055977582931518555,
-0.0008637777646072209,
0.02567523717880249,
0.058099791407585144,
0.017169009894132614,
0.06244857981801033,
0.016325345262885094,
-0.07417290657758713,
-0.002963698236271739,
-0.08850651234388351,
0.0384780652821064,
-0.0006887391209602356,
0.0443924143910408,
0.030406717211008072,
-0.01803876832127571,
0.025275148451328278,
0.04397493228316307,
0.030980756506323814,
-0.004996756091713905,
-0.0691978931427002,
0.012959384359419346,
-0.01803876832127571,
-0.007945233955979347,
0.00397913996130228,
-0.029084686189889908,
0.001114376587793231,
-0.06397935003042221,
-0.04578402638435364,
0.054098907858133316,
-0.02788442187011242,
-0.039869677275419235,
0.02515338361263275,
0.019273823127150536,
-0.04870641231536865,
-0.04731480032205582,
-0.021987466141581535,
0.00842794869095087,
0.01729077659547329,
-0.00032697440474294126,
-0.001034467713907361,
-0.05082862079143524,
-0.002328775357455015,
0.0047619217075407505,
0.009758677333593369,
0.0068841297179460526,
0.016760224476456642,
0.003796490840613842,
-0.0425485298037529,
0.02407488413155079,
0.010358810424804688,
0.0031767887994647026,
-0.004722782410681248,
-0.009297706186771393,
-0.0008480134420096874,
-0.05434244126081467,
0.02550128661096096,
0.059769727289676666,
-0.030998151749372482,
0.028754178434610367,
-0.014090069569647312,
0.027258194983005524,
0.040809016674757004,
-0.0012274450855329633,
-0.007514703553169966,
0.00804960448294878,
-0.021152500063180923,
0.00788869895040989,
0.025640446692705154,
0.002844106638804078,
-0.03806058317422867,
-0.049193475395441055,
0.013028965331614017,
0.016673248261213303,
0.00303110433742404,
0.010210951790213585,
0.014524947851896286,
0.004874989856034517,
-0.03600795567035675,
-0.000577301427256316,
-0.024335810914635658,
-0.011663446202874184,
-0.011089405976235867,
-0.03938261419534683,
0.01796918734908104,
-0.02210923284292221,
-0.029084686189889908,
0.0013405135832726955,
-0.010350112803280354,
-0.03374658524990082,
-0.009202033281326294,
0.008575807325541973,
-0.00898459367454052,
0.027571309357881546,
-0.032076653093099594,
0.0019134662579745054,
-0.014403182081878185,
0.01558605208992958,
0.06345749646425247,
-0.00902808178216219,
0.011933071538805962,
0.0036051443312317133,
-0.011680841445922852,
-0.036042746156454086,
0.022387554869055748,
-0.008493180386722088,
0.0009034604881890118,
-0.0012307066936045885,
-0.016290554776787758,
-0.003870420390740037,
0.008880223147571087,
0.032929014414548874,
0.010471878573298454,
0.017847420647740364,
0.035190384835004807,
0.01338556595146656,
-0.003131126519292593,
-0.013089848682284355,
-0.011915676295757294,
0.06686694920063019,
-0.0009165068040601909,
-0.028615016490221024,
0.05110694468021393,
-0.02609272114932537,
-0.020648039877414703,
-0.01949995942413807,
0.029015105217695236,
-0.008227904327213764,
0.018525831401348114,
0.01669064350426197,
-0.04143524169921875,
0.0335378423333168,
-0.0029397800099104643,
-0.004079162143170834,
-0.006579714361578226,
-0.0022744154557585716,
0.003542086808010936,
0.019169451668858528,
-0.020578458905220032,
0.021048128604888916,
0.010898060165345669,
-0.008549714460968971,
-0.0013155080378055573,
0.03882597014307976,
-0.010871967300772667,
0.02016097493469715,
0.005048941355198622,
0.00701024429872632,
0.0028549786657094955,
-0.05107215419411659,
-0.02024795114994049,
0.0012437530094757676,
-0.025553472340106964,
0.04244415834546089,
-0.017186405137181282,
-0.017812630161643028,
0.039452195167541504,
0.024353206157684326,
-0.025396915152668953,
-0.004257462453097105,
-0.018838943913578987,
0.005888257175683975,
0.005949140526354313,
-0.049123894423246384,
-0.005344659090042114,
-0.008371414616703987,
-0.06119612976908684,
-0.026249276474118233,
0.02532733418047428,
0.0067710611037909985,
-0.02644062414765358,
-0.0328594334423542,
-0.01406397670507431,
0.019134661182761192,
0.025275148451328278,
0.010871967300772667,
0.04157440364360809,
0.00048026914009824395,
0.009280310943722725,
0.026075325906276703,
0.06596239656209946,
0.04268769174814224,
0.00809309259057045,
0.04331391677260399,
0.05489908531308174,
-0.00245706457644701,
-0.04091338813304901,
0.05803021043539047,
-0.0023396473843604326,
0.0037443055771291256,
0.030963363125920296,
-0.021813515573740005,
0.06728442758321762,
-0.055107828229665756,
-0.016142696142196655,
0.012307066470384598,
-0.0033181244507431984,
-0.0027071197982877493,
0.036738552153110504,
0.031815726310014725,
0.04237457737326622,
-0.03211144357919693,
-0.0330507792532444,
-0.00910635944455862,
0.04985449090600014,
0.015351217240095139,
-0.01122856792062521,
0.055212195962667465,
0.027310380712151527,
-0.02508380264043808,
-0.011106801219284534,
-0.015177265740931034,
-0.039521776139736176,
-0.026927687227725983,
0.0015112034743651748,
-0.0337291918694973,
0.008071348071098328,
-0.0011339461198076606,
-0.038930341601371765,
-0.04905431717634201,
0.014925036579370499,
-0.010080487467348576,
-0.026162302121520042,
-0.02685810811817646,
-0.01322031207382679,
0.014437972567975521,
0.011437308974564075,
0.0032398460898548365,
0.029589146375656128,
0.05100257322192192,
0.000973041052930057,
0.004661899525672197,
-0.0008621470187790692,
-0.005205498076975346,
-0.006914570927619934,
0.027501728385686874,
0.035729631781578064,
0.003152870573103428,
-0.003402925794944167,
-0.060535114258527756,
0.0022015732247382402,
-0.002075458411127329,
-0.02931082248687744,
0.023239916190505028,
0.048010606318712234,
0.052498552948236465,
0.025710027664899826,
-0.014507552608847618,
-0.047245219349861145,
-0.007666910998523235,
0.01634274050593376,
-0.02889334037899971,
0.007632120978087187,
0.012628876604139805,
-0.05159400776028633,
-0.043522659689188004,
0.035190384835004807,
0.024422787129878998,
-0.021761329844594002,
-0.016238370910286903,
-0.0020667610224336386,
0.014516250230371952,
-0.059352241456508636,
0.02339647337794304,
0.0072363815270364285,
0.01965651661157608,
-0.019204242154955864,
0.05194190889596939,
0.044357623904943466,
-0.010063093155622482,
-0.019117267802357674,
0.04616672173142433,
-0.04616672173142433,
-0.01071541104465723,
0.013542122207581997,
0.04954138025641441,
-0.005349007900804281,
0.030267557129263878,
0.015194660983979702,
-0.044183675199747086,
-0.007536447606980801,
0.01490764133632183,
-0.028093162924051285,
0.028093162924051285,
-0.03802579268813133,
-0.07417290657758713,
0.022752853110432625,
-0.004259636625647545,
0.005235939286649227,
0.012141812592744827,
0.004461855161935091,
-0.04268769174814224,
0.01752561144530773,
-0.008697574026882648,
0.0038334554992616177,
0.03924345225095749,
-0.050724249333143234,
0.006192672532051802,
0.02423143945634365,
-0.015238149091601372,
-0.019447775557637215,
0.005388146732002497,
0.017403844743967056,
0.01686459593474865,
-0.026336252689361572,
-0.0178822111338377,
0.035277359187603,
-0.03788663074374199,
0.03646022826433182,
0.011976558715105057,
0.020056605339050293,
-0.01744733192026615,
-0.0096195163205266,
0.00007413322600768879,
0.009080266579985619,
-0.016299253329634666,
-0.0007664737058803439,
0.0452621728181839,
-0.00506633659824729,
-0.0017666947096586227,
0.04522738233208656,
0.035277359187603,
-0.0031811376102268696,
-0.0036268881522119045,
-0.011898281052708626,
0.0566038079559803,
0.008801944553852081,
0.006979803089052439,
0.02136124111711979,
-0.05601237341761589,
-0.022074442356824875,
0.0398348867893219,
-0.028232324868440628,
-0.03247674182057381,
0.036321066319942474,
0.03167656436562538,
0.003226799890398979,
0.0018928095232695341,
-0.031572192907333374,
0.002254846040159464,
-0.008488832041621208,
0.014777177944779396,
-0.02094375714659691,
-0.0032202766742557287,
0.013124638237059116,
0.016490599140524864,
-0.04609714075922966,
-0.012402740307152271,
-0.00669278297573328,
-0.032320182770490646,
-0.012141812592744827,
-0.0017242940375581384,
-0.022091837599873543,
0.03200707212090492,
-0.02016097493469715,
-0.0452621728181839,
-0.06933705508708954,
0.033763982355594635,
0.02110031433403492,
0.0300936046987772,
0.00809309259057045,
0.008993291296064854,
0.029954444617033005,
-0.012950686737895012,
0.03247674182057381,
-0.04345307871699333,
-0.0039030362386256456,
0.014977222308516502,
0.030354531481862068,
-0.014559738337993622,
0.04780186340212822,
0.025379519909620285,
0.008723665960133076,
-0.006592760793864727,
0.013724771328270435,
-0.009132452309131622,
0.029693515971302986,
-0.013507331721484661,
-0.010758898220956326,
-0.042061466723680496,
0.009349891915917397,
0.021900489926338196,
0.019778283312916756,
0.0012035267427563667,
-0.03465113416314125,
-0.027519123628735542,
0.01713421940803528,
0.034094490110874176,
0.009854351170361042,
-0.021222079172730446,
-0.01583828218281269,
0.056986503303050995,
0.02407488413155079,
-0.015098988078534603,
-0.018177928403019905,
-0.041470032185316086,
-0.04888036474585533,
0.007066778838634491,
-0.03296380490064621,
0.01144600659608841,
-0.03186791017651558,
0.026544995605945587,
0.03840848430991173,
0.0051054758951067924,
0.04543612524867058,
-0.005914350040256977,
-0.015699120238423347,
-0.021900489926338196,
-0.05159400776028633,
-0.002933256793767214,
0.004883687477558851,
-0.012628876604139805,
-0.00474887527525425,
0.034877270460128784,
0.019778283312916756,
0.052150651812553406,
0.021065523847937584,
0.009262915700674057,
-0.04324433580040932,
-0.019621726125478745,
-0.06220504641532898,
-0.005118522327393293,
0.04289643466472626,
-0.013785654678940773,
0.0006278561195358634,
0.020821992307901382,
-0.013655190356075764,
-0.02939779870212078,
-0.021987466141581535,
0.05201148986816406,
-0.008032209239900112,
-0.007166800554841757,
-0.0328594334423542,
-0.03705166280269623,
-0.05413369834423065,
0.016229672357439995,
-0.06808460503816605,
-0.00008792703738436103,
0.009297706186771393,
0.013168126344680786,
-0.011898281052708626,
-0.008249648846685886,
0.0065536219626665115,
0.009115057066082954,
0.0019210765603929758,
0.009889141656458378,
0.010593644343316555,
-0.0083844605833292,
-0.04515780135989189,
0.016133999451994896,
-0.0457492358982563,
0.002237450797110796,
0.03491206094622612,
0.02659717947244644,
0.027223406359553337,
-0.005853467155247927,
0.00999351218342781,
-0.025953559204936028,
-0.01991744339466095,
-0.002928907983005047,
0.018925920128822327,
-0.04112212732434273,
0.04077422618865967,
0.004927175585180521,
0.011167684569954872,
-0.012046139687299728,
0.05100257322192192,
-0.026475414633750916,
0.009349891915917397,
0.0023070313036441803,
0.006705829408019781,
-0.021552586928009987,
0.0036660272162407637,
0.03788663074374199,
0.025483891367912292,
-0.0009453175589442253,
-0.03355523943901062,
0.007588632870465517,
0.011332938447594643,
-0.020700225606560707,
0.08029600232839584,
-0.002911512739956379,
-0.0023831352591514587,
0.02270066738128662,
-0.014211835339665413,
0.00821485836058855,
-0.017403844743967056,
-0.02779744565486908,
-0.009950024075806141,
0.009245520457625389,
0.02797139622271061,
0.009219428524374962,
0.00506633659824729,
0.02143082208931446,
-0.004294427111744881,
0.03642543777823448,
-0.04035674035549164,
-0.014803270809352398,
-0.0411917082965374,
-0.011715631932020187,
-0.015325124375522137,
0.019552145153284073,
-0.04188751429319382,
0.04616672173142433,
0.04651462286710739,
0.015507773496210575,
-0.0022167940624058247,
-0.013020267710089684,
-0.02101333811879158,
-0.038269322365522385,
-0.030145790427923203,
0.05347268283367157,
0.006183974910527468,
-0.022387554869055748,
-0.007305962033569813,
-0.010950244963169098,
-0.024005303159356117,
-0.009680399671196938,
0.01025443896651268,
-0.012924594804644585,
0.015055499970912933,
-0.04421846568584442,
0.03445978835225105,
0.04244415834546089,
-0.017473425716161728,
0.002933256793767214,
0.012907199561595917,
0.028075767681002617,
-0.05027197673916817,
0.03388574719429016,
-0.01258538942784071,
0.015412100590765476,
-0.021135104820132256,
-0.011837397702038288,
0.05093299224972725,
0.037677887827157974,
0.016047023236751556,
0.04355745017528534,
0.02042190358042717,
-0.012202695943415165,
0.0018210544949397445,
0.026840712875127792,
0.00009091682295547798,
-0.030911177396774292,
0.001123074209317565,
0.010854572057723999,
0.011993953958153725,
-0.006205718964338303,
0.026979872956871986,
0.015612144954502583,
-0.02280503883957863,
0.020961152389645576,
-0.01364649273455143,
-0.00884978100657463,
0.003633411368355155
] |
The recurrent neural network has been greatly developed for effectively
solving time-varying problems corresponding to complex environments. However,
limited by the way of centralized processing, the model performance is greatly
affected by factors like the silos problems of the models and data in reality.
Therefore, the emergence of distributed artificial intelligence such as
federated learning (FL) makes it possible for the dynamic aggregation among
models. However, the integration process of FL is still server-dependent, which
may cause a great risk to the overall model. Also, it only allows collaboration
between homogeneous models, and does not have a good solution for the
interaction between heterogeneous models. Therefore, we propose a Distributed
Computation Model (DCM) based on the consortium blockchain network to improve
the credibility of the overall model and effective coordination among
heterogeneous models. In addition, a Distributed Hierarchical Integration (DHI)
algorithm is also designed for the global solution process. Within a group,
permissioned nodes collect the local models' results from different
permissionless nodes and then sends the aggregated results back to all the
permissionless nodes to regularize the processing of the local models. After
the iteration is completed, the secondary integration of the local results will
be performed between permission nodes to obtain the global results. In the
experiments, we verify the efficiency of DCM, where the results show that the
proposed model outperforms many state-of-the-art models based on a federated
learning framework. | [
-0.020912598818540573,
-0.026475384831428528,
-0.027431488037109375,
-0.011073420755565166,
0.054376233369112015,
-0.010760514065623283,
-0.010656211525201797,
0.043841708451509476,
-0.05680995061993599,
0.06651005893945694,
0.027309801429510117,
-0.02732718549668789,
-0.02955229952931404,
-0.03071700781583786,
-0.02120812050998211,
0.058548323810100555,
0.021260272711515427,
-0.008748349733650684,
0.0489177480340004,
-0.03391560912132263,
-0.02166009694337845,
-0.010499758645892143,
-0.0024163350462913513,
0.014202487654983997,
0.01828765869140625,
0.032907355576753616,
0.0455453097820282,
-0.011968681588768959,
-0.07565388828516006,
0.07134272903203964,
0.05395902320742607,
0.0034984708763659,
-0.031534042209386826,
-0.05531495437026024,
-0.001649279147386551,
-0.0030877809040248394,
0.04269438236951828,
0.030612707138061523,
-0.018704866990447044,
0.013124697841703892,
-0.01581917330622673,
0.023016026243567467,
-0.049682632088661194,
0.0447804257273674,
0.027622709050774574,
-0.019643587991595268,
-0.02843974344432354,
-0.00012969874660484493,
-0.012090367265045643,
0.025675734505057335,
-0.01102996151894331,
-0.07078645378351212,
0.05719239264726639,
-0.02635369822382927,
-0.034332819283008575,
0.02452840842306614,
0.07023017108440399,
-0.002063228515908122,
0.0279877670109272,
0.015506265684962273,
0.024771781638264656,
-0.0012429349590092897,
-0.03852229192852974,
0.015375887975096703,
-0.025084687396883965,
0.003405033377930522,
-0.0212776567786932,
0.04690123721957207,
0.05618413910269737,
-0.04648403078317642,
-0.05503681302070618,
0.026597069576382637,
-0.033481016755104065,
-0.028404975309967995,
-0.02265096828341484,
-0.007653176784515381,
0.00018605997320264578,
0.05920890346169472,
0.04530193656682968,
0.02751840651035309,
0.03292473778128624,
-0.00015292229363694787,
0.03991298750042915,
-0.01099519431591034,
0.05976518243551254,
0.016166847199201584,
-0.036088574677705765,
-0.06876993924379349,
0.03838322311639786,
-0.0057931202463805676,
-0.028161603957414627,
-0.0008496286463923752,
-0.017870450392365456,
-0.025345442816615105,
-0.0032529260497540236,
-0.028491893783211708,
-0.0030551862437278032,
-0.015827864408493042,
-0.07023017108440399,
-0.03148189187049866,
-0.04495426267385483,
0.06950005888938904,
0.0044480557553470135,
-0.0037440157029777765,
0.02232067845761776,
-0.05771390348672867,
0.01978265680372715,
0.056844718754291534,
0.003835280193015933,
0.15172497928142548,
-0.04881344735622406,
0.003752707503736019,
-0.045336704701185226,
0.06995203346014023,
-0.0746108666062355,
0.001561274053528905,
-0.016375450417399406,
-0.031534042209386826,
0.0240764319896698,
-0.08010412007570267,
-0.0011614488903433084,
0.007322886027395725,
-0.012785715982317924,
-0.008113845251500607,
-0.014280714094638824,
0.041825197637081146,
0.006962174084037542,
-0.021590562537312508,
0.010169467888772488,
0.022442365065217018,
-0.027813930064439774,
0.025136839598417282,
-0.03598427027463913,
-0.0240764319896698,
0.030178112909197807,
0.015671411529183388,
0.03200340270996094,
0.06247704103589058,
-0.020790912210941315,
-0.026075558736920357,
0.053924255073070526,
-0.03365485370159149,
-0.01990434341132641,
0.009969555772840977,
0.03558444604277611,
0.0373402014374733,
-0.022564049810171127,
0.1060406044125557,
0.029117707163095474,
-0.0011918703094124794,
-0.029656602069735527,
0.06136448308825493,
0.013707051984965801,
0.03866136074066162,
0.017609694972634315,
-0.014889144338667393,
0.03334194794297218,
-0.00898737646639347,
-0.02810945361852646,
-0.05023891106247902,
0.07899156212806702,
-0.0016210306202992797,
0.04387647286057472,
0.033359330147504807,
0.02075614593923092,
0.056462276726961136,
0.017583617940545082,
0.010291153565049171,
-0.12112966179847717,
0.046831704676151276,
-0.008265952579677105,
0.04731844738125801,
0.0026358044706285,
0.029378462582826614,
-0.009986938908696175,
0.014489319175481796,
0.03141235560178757,
-0.060043320059776306,
-0.03709682822227478,
0.0019643588457256556,
-0.01704472303390503,
-0.017653154209256172,
0.059973787516355515,
0.021173354238271713,
0.041234150528907776,
0.02557143196463585,
0.042729150503873825,
0.027118582278490067,
0.01802690327167511,
-0.015080365352332592,
0.030769160017371178,
-0.007787900511175394,
0.09095154702663422,
-0.03334194794297218,
0.0024858699180185795,
-0.04770088940858841,
-0.0016829600790515542,
0.006749223917722702,
0.050725653767585754,
-0.046032052487134933,
0.0017535813385620713,
-0.02538021095097065,
-0.010195543989539146,
-0.011508013121783733,
0.03014334663748741,
-0.03591473773121834,
0.06331145763397217,
-0.022616202011704445,
0.04008682444691658,
-0.056775182485580444,
-0.00725769717246294,
0.014602312818169594,
-0.03667961806058884,
-0.01854841411113739,
-0.001673181657679379,
0.007648830767720938,
0.006232058629393578,
0.0024793511256575584,
0.014619696885347366,
-0.027309801429510117,
0.03521938994526863,
-0.007418496534228325,
0.02376352623105049,
-0.008843960240483284,
-0.009335050359368324,
0.006153831724077463,
0.018757019191980362,
0.025206374004483223,
-0.023972131311893463,
-0.010856124572455883,
-0.002848754869773984,
0.02291172370314598,
0.012272896245121956,
-0.012081676162779331,
0.03391560912132263,
-0.08198155462741852,
0.020912598818540573,
0.016610130667686462,
-0.051455769687891006,
0.019834809005260468,
-0.019574053585529327,
-0.002855273662135005,
-0.02746625617146492,
-0.016062544658780098,
0.06984773278236389,
0.008378946222364902,
-0.021503644064068794,
0.06567563861608505,
0.01142109464854002,
0.003131240140646696,
0.010256386362016201,
-0.02166009694337845,
0.004771827254444361,
0.011786152608692646,
-0.02094736509025097,
-0.014141645282506943,
0.016627514734864235,
-0.025693116709589958,
0.024389339610934258,
-0.057887740433216095,
0.037653107196092606,
0.00405257660895586,
-0.031794797629117966,
-0.008943917229771614,
-0.002796603599563241,
0.04196426644921303,
0.060634367167949677,
0.07294203341007233,
0.03594950586557388,
0.018322426825761795,
-0.0384179912507534,
-0.006923060864210129,
-0.07419365644454956,
0.0010658384999260306,
0.0225814338773489,
-0.02485870011150837,
-0.023867828771471977,
-0.02492823451757431,
0.0040743062272667885,
0.06501506268978119,
0.04453705623745918,
-0.007727057207375765,
0.0013494101585820317,
-0.02571050077676773,
-0.06376343220472336,
-0.017062107101082802,
-0.059521809220314026,
-0.028943870216608047,
-0.028196372091770172,
0.005632320884615183,
-0.0541328601539135,
0.0010962599189952016,
-0.059452272951602936,
-0.006223366595804691,
0.023919979110360146,
-0.006279863882809877,
0.010656211525201797,
0.025884337723255157,
0.021747015416622162,
-0.0015123824123293161,
-0.003970003686845303,
-0.038557060062885284,
0.0155844921246171,
0.0008154044626280665,
0.001992607256397605,
-0.007870472967624664,
-0.018270274624228477,
0.037131596356630325,
-0.007144703064113855,
-0.02571050077676773,
0.015958242118358612,
-0.019434982910752296,
-0.01861794851720333,
-0.03560182824730873,
-0.029587067663669586,
0.04641449451446533,
0.05208158493041992,
0.027049046009778976,
-0.011621007695794106,
-0.026510151103138924,
0.03629717975854874,
0.0649455264210701,
-0.11278548836708069,
0.038765665143728256,
-0.035375840961933136,
-0.0014982582069933414,
0.006371128372848034,
0.04259008169174194,
-0.04328542947769165,
0.01626245677471161,
-0.054515302181243896,
-0.029795672744512558,
-0.0019524075323715806,
-0.03702729567885399,
-0.0120382159948349,
-0.043702635914087296,
-0.031203752383589745,
0.0038135505747050047,
-0.04582344740629196,
-0.017887834459543228,
0.010856124572455883,
-0.0578182078897953,
-0.06682296842336655,
0.016644898802042007,
-0.02675352431833744,
-0.01441978383809328,
-0.014628388918936253,
0.00727073522284627,
0.0649455264210701,
-0.02172963321208954,
0.0009821794228628278,
-0.005302030127495527,
-0.0010962599189952016,
-0.00566274207085371,
0.02701427973806858,
-0.006205982994288206,
0.021312423050403595,
-0.02518898993730545,
-0.05441100150346756,
0.008022580295801163,
0.01015208475291729,
-0.04039973393082619,
-0.06616238504648209,
0.00010681472485885024,
-0.027935614809393883,
-0.02890910394489765,
-0.003350709332153201,
-0.03163834661245346,
-0.0012494538677856326,
0.05368088558316231,
-0.03636671230196953,
0.07648830860853195,
0.01973050646483898,
-0.0002024930145125836,
-0.028005151078104973,
-0.0024011244531720877,
0.009152521379292011,
-0.03170787915587425,
-0.02452840842306614,
0.03897427022457123,
-0.006323323119431734,
-0.00174923543818295,
0.020877830684185028,
0.0032768286764621735,
0.016106003895401955,
0.038105085492134094,
0.030612707138061523,
-0.021903470158576965,
0.017140334472060204,
0.05263786017894745,
-0.0014678366715088487,
-0.0507604219019413,
-0.014715307392179966,
-0.016453677788376808,
0.042207639664411545,
-0.035636596381664276,
-0.006953482516109943,
-0.0023967784363776445,
0.023068178445100784,
-0.02369399182498455,
-0.01428940612822771,
0.028613580390810966,
0.007496723439544439,
0.007057784590870142,
-0.0343502014875412,
-0.02590172179043293,
0.008744004182517529,
0.01588870771229267,
0.024267653003335,
0.027414103969931602,
-0.013750511221587658,
0.006205982994288206,
-0.0069013312458992004,
-0.033620089292526245,
0.0026553610805422068,
-0.015341120772063732,
-0.05510634928941727,
-0.009934787638485432,
-0.045788682997226715,
-0.019382832571864128,
0.007861780934035778,
0.015080365352332592,
0.088795967400074,
0.0244588740170002,
0.00707951420918107,
0.010204235091805458,
0.03323764726519585,
-0.060425762087106705,
-0.042172871530056,
0.019087309017777443,
0.050343211740255356,
0.007140357047319412,
0.02668398804962635,
-0.03925240784883499,
-0.062059830874204636,
-0.011959989555180073,
-0.009413276799023151,
0.02120812050998211,
-0.021190738305449486,
0.019869575276970863,
-0.0008822230738587677,
-0.003646232420578599,
-0.0013113833265379071,
-0.005901768337935209,
-0.04902205243706703,
-0.029239393770694733,
-0.013741819187998772,
-0.0585830882191658,
-0.05225542187690735,
-0.015523649752140045,
-0.012438042089343071,
0.07961737364530563,
-0.06675343215465546,
-0.05218588560819626,
0.034124214202165604,
-0.013906965032219887,
0.0005633407272398472,
-0.028874335810542107,
0.0664752945303917,
-0.05423716455698013,
0.010960427112877369,
0.06553657352924347,
0.002422854071483016,
-0.011638390831649303,
-0.017853066325187683,
0.0174445491284132,
-0.012707489542663097,
-0.06014762446284294,
-0.01455016154795885,
-0.010082549415528774,
0.009769642725586891,
-0.006983903702348471,
0.05468913912773132,
-0.0006546051590703428,
-0.013611441478133202,
0.0076401387341320515,
0.05500204488635063,
-0.06487599015235901,
-0.006258134264498949,
0.007361999712884426,
0.019295914098620415,
0.03984345495700836,
0.0687004029750824,
0.0015058635035529733,
0.0030747430864721537,
0.03567136451601982,
-0.004000425338745117,
0.004797902889549732,
-0.005614937283098698,
0.002542366972193122,
0.016062544658780098,
-0.05448053404688835,
0.06018238887190819,
-0.047944262623786926,
0.003539757104590535,
-0.02981305681169033,
-0.012855250388383865,
0.004187300335615873,
0.05006507411599159,
0.0227726548910141,
-0.011090804822742939,
-0.0006122324266470969,
0.02511945553123951,
0.018061671406030655,
0.000981092918664217,
-0.008565820753574371,
0.0027096851263195276,
-0.0638677328824997,
-0.03455880656838417,
0.02661445364356041,
0.02044323831796646,
0.07516714185476303,
0.029656602069735527,
-0.02720550075173378,
-0.010812665335834026,
0.014280714094638824,
-0.013811354525387287,
0.008057347498834133,
-0.010438915342092514,
0.022407596930861473,
0.020391087979078293,
0.03431543707847595,
-0.008170342072844505,
0.025606198236346245,
-0.028526661917567253,
0.004159051459282637,
0.06936098635196686,
0.0054932511411607265,
0.011151647195219994,
-0.05030844360589981,
-0.0343502014875412,
0.0391828753054142,
-0.020999517291784286,
-0.009647957049310207,
0.0033594011329114437,
0.010777898132801056,
0.004950010217726231,
0.008935225196182728,
-0.03775740787386894,
-0.008657085709273815,
0.007292464841157198,
0.07102981954813004,
-0.02011294849216938,
0.02421550266444683,
0.008305065333843231,
0.006258134264498949,
0.042729150503873825,
-0.052151117473840714,
-0.032976891845464706,
-0.002477178117260337,
0.02400689758360386,
-0.04443275183439255,
-0.010821357369422913,
0.0023011681623756886,
-0.012724872678518295,
-0.05500204488635063,
0.0414079874753952,
-0.06484122574329376,
-0.014080801978707314,
-0.018009519204497337,
-0.0031138563062995672,
0.016940422356128693,
-0.03548014536499977,
-0.008048655465245247,
0.024650095030665398,
-0.009691416285932064,
-0.005932189524173737,
0.05416762828826904,
-0.01496737077832222,
0.027292419224977493,
0.008639701642096043,
-0.03883519768714905,
-0.014167720451951027,
-0.011003886349499226,
0.01667097397148609,
0.013559291139245033,
-0.0016188576119020581,
-0.007196854334324598,
-0.03040410205721855,
-0.006662305444478989,
0.023381084203720093,
-0.047735657542943954,
-0.009378509595990181,
0.0440155453979969,
0.05065612122416496,
0.027935614809393883,
-0.022407596930861473,
-0.0103519968688488,
0.0028574466705322266,
-0.035045552998781204,
0.00473706005141139,
0.012099059298634529,
-0.005797465797513723,
-0.008943917229771614,
-0.003268136642873287,
-0.01854841411113739,
0.018131205812096596,
-0.02044323831796646,
0.017661845311522484,
-0.05764437094330788,
-0.00509342597797513,
0.025658350437879562,
-0.015697486698627472,
-0.005293338559567928,
0.03410683199763298,
0.0018198566976934671,
0.021312423050403595,
0.012985628098249435,
0.02141672559082508,
-0.025136839598417282,
0.019747890532016754,
-0.003893950255587697,
0.03674915432929993,
0.014863068237900734,
0.03838322311639786,
0.011203798465430737,
0.013211616314947605,
0.0053672194480896,
-0.04192949831485748,
-0.015853939577937126,
0.020408470183610916,
-0.015827864408493042,
0.028457127511501312,
0.03137759119272232,
0.024041665717959404,
0.0006518889567814767,
0.005293338559567928,
-0.04985646903514862,
-0.0067231482826173306,
-0.02199038863182068,
-0.039669618010520935,
-0.000930571521166712,
-0.027448872104287148,
-0.04106031358242035,
-0.016305916011333466,
-0.06292901933193207,
0.009204672649502754,
0.026770906522870064,
-0.023050794377923012,
0.021920854225754738,
-0.02856142818927765,
0.03664485365152359,
0.024180734530091286,
0.03468049317598343,
-0.009109062142670155,
0.004176435526460409,
-0.014767458662390709,
-0.01821812428534031,
0.04895251616835594,
0.045128099620342255,
0.03169049695134163,
-0.005315068177878857,
0.007036054972559214,
0.044884730130434036,
0.009100370109081268,
-0.07175993919372559,
0.01145586185157299,
-0.012724872678518295,
-0.023415852338075638,
0.02934369631111622,
0.010725746862590313,
0.023659223690629005,
0.016288531944155693,
-0.0020425855182111263,
0.019348064437508583,
-0.06098204106092453,
0.031846947968006134,
0.04644926264882088,
0.011490629985928535,
0.030473636463284492,
-0.041547056287527084,
-0.010517141781747341,
-0.018079053610563278,
0.026857824996113777,
0.032055553048849106,
-0.028074685484170914,
0.05969564616680145,
0.01913946121931076,
-0.0038396259769797325,
-0.04133845120668411,
-0.06007808819413185,
0.002831371035426855,
-0.02225114405155182,
-0.0008909149328246713,
-0.020026030018925667,
0.0007632533670403063,
-0.021103819832205772,
-0.025293292477726936,
-0.021381959319114685,
-0.005906114354729652,
-0.006697072647511959,
-0.017401089891791344,
0.021451493725180626,
-0.0031464507337659597,
-0.017548851668834686,
0.0326639823615551,
0.0016883924836292863,
-0.020877830684185028,
0.0004500750219449401,
0.038105085492134094,
0.045336704701185226,
-0.023919979110360146,
-0.021121202036738396,
-0.006827450357377529,
0.013437604531645775,
0.004980431869626045,
0.01292478572577238,
0.00717512471601367,
-0.039669618010520935,
-0.018652716651558876,
0.026701372116804123,
0.029430614784359932,
-0.0229638759046793,
-0.003915679641067982,
0.045336704701185226,
0.020026030018925667,
-0.03229892626404762,
0.006366782356053591,
-0.00031806749757379293,
-0.0019773966632783413,
0.017870450392365456,
-0.004715330433100462,
-0.00205019093118608,
-0.03421113267540932,
0.0025380211882293224,
0.018826553598046303,
-0.0012440214632079005,
-0.00986525323241949,
-0.03356793522834778,
0.0019176400965079665,
0.07203807681798935,
-0.02701427973806858,
-0.03807031735777855,
0.016584055498242378,
-0.004006944131106138,
-0.03262921795248985,
0.06859610229730606,
0.0499955378472805,
-0.020808296278119087,
-0.004771827254444361,
0.019817424938082695,
-0.004337234888225794,
-0.002855273662135005,
0.004137321840971708,
-0.006831796374171972,
0.03873089700937271,
-0.017488008365035057,
0.03761833906173706,
-0.04547577351331711,
0.025554047897458076,
0.0221989918500185,
-0.004541493020951748,
0.0611906461417675,
-0.029169859364628792,
-0.0559755340218544,
0.04095601290464401,
0.041164614260196686,
-0.012985628098249435,
-0.003722286084666848,
0.03040410205721855,
-0.023780910298228264,
0.04613635689020157,
0.019087309017777443,
0.05082995817065239,
0.040782175958156586,
-0.008205109275877476,
-0.023207247257232666,
-0.016479752957820892,
-0.003528892295435071,
0.006953482516109943,
0.012916093692183495,
-0.01041284017264843,
0.039982523769140244,
-0.03681869059801102,
-0.03422851860523224,
-0.023850444704294205,
0.0018372404156252742,
-0.011273333802819252,
-0.008157304488122463,
-0.00020670313097070903,
0.02981305681169033,
0.012742256745696068,
-0.0008251828257925808,
0.05121239647269249,
-0.0039504473097622395,
0.039287175983190536,
0.030351949855685234,
-0.05055181682109833,
0.0045719146728515625,
0.019417598843574524,
0.011003886349499226,
0.009178596548736095,
0.03045625239610672,
0.007618409115821123,
0.059591345489025116,
0.021103819832205772,
-0.02511945553123951,
0.04387647286057472,
-0.004498033784329891,
-0.04505856707692146,
0.05924367159605026,
-0.03567136451601982,
0.003102991497144103,
-0.025223758071660995,
-0.0373402014374733,
-0.016810044646263123,
0.005632320884615183,
-0.01132548414170742,
0.009143829345703125,
0.029308928176760674,
0.014810917899012566,
0.026527535170316696,
0.004910896997898817,
0.01187307108193636,
0.008691852912306786,
-0.04912635311484337,
-0.04450228810310364,
0.04259008169174194,
-0.04119938239455223,
-0.032055553048849106,
-0.009439351968467236,
-0.03014334663748741,
0.009995630942285061,
0.023050794377923012,
-0.04359833523631096,
-0.01933068037033081,
0.017453240230679512,
-0.0007746614282950759,
0.05364611744880676,
0.011820919811725616,
0.03240322694182396,
0.011994756758213043,
-0.02590172179043293,
0.02400689758360386,
-0.07043877989053726,
0.04551054164767265,
-0.008309411816298962,
0.01679266057908535,
0.004719675984233618,
0.005571477580815554,
0.00032648773049004376,
-0.009526271373033524,
-0.003309423103928566,
-0.009109062142670155,
-0.018565798178315163,
-0.028544045984745026,
-0.009308974258601665,
-0.030630089342594147,
-0.005932189524173737,
0.034976016730070114,
0.03249014541506767,
0.03177741542458534,
0.027501022443175316,
0.03045625239610672,
-0.02232067845761776,
0.009256823919713497,
-0.0038331071846187115,
0.022546667605638504,
0.009326358325779438,
-0.009882637299597263,
0.02558881603181362,
-0.025206374004483223,
-0.0022968221455812454,
-0.002483696909621358,
0.006740531884133816,
-0.02668398804962635,
-0.01640152744948864,
-0.04248577728867531,
0.00983048602938652,
-0.015697486698627472,
0.030247649177908897,
-0.022164225578308105,
0.001967618241906166,
0.024493642151355743,
-0.008126882836222649,
-0.03382869064807892,
-0.009873945266008377,
0.006931752897799015,
0.016557980328798294,
-0.05767913535237312,
0.004515417851507664,
0.03000427596271038,
0.00727073522284627,
-0.02134719118475914,
0.06261610984802246,
-0.0292915441095829,
0.0012016487307846546,
-0.01151670515537262,
-0.011655774898827076,
-0.05357658118009567,
-0.03980868682265282,
0.021781783550977707,
0.009187288582324982,
-0.022633586078882217,
0.014506702311336994,
-0.012742256745696068,
0.020460622385144234,
0.01802690327167511,
0.048187632113695145,
0.01913946121931076,
0.005827887449413538,
-0.05051704868674278,
-0.014193795621395111,
-0.012603187002241611,
0.025675734505057335,
0.011881763115525246,
-0.005562786012887955,
-0.04252054542303085,
-0.002052363706752658,
-0.034384969621896744,
-0.010421532206237316,
-0.04425891488790512,
0.005202074069529772,
-0.03807031735777855,
0.013924348168075085,
0.00787916500121355,
-0.04405030980706215,
-0.03255968168377876,
0.030299799516797066,
0.018531030043959618,
0.01112557202577591,
0.0009229661663994193,
-0.025032537057995796,
0.027796545997262,
-0.0013309400528669357,
-0.015471498481929302,
-0.028404975309967995,
-0.005315068177878857,
-0.01435024943202734,
-0.02037370391190052,
-0.041234150528907776,
0.05135146901011467,
0.017670536413788795,
0.004980431869626045,
0.046310193836688995,
0.022424980998039246,
-0.03424590080976486,
-0.0011136436369270086,
-0.015202051028609276,
-0.014923911541700363,
-0.02524114027619362,
0.016123387962579727,
0.004411115311086178,
0.02421550266444683,
-0.0011744865914806724,
0.000736091285943985,
0.017601002007722855,
0.006857872009277344,
0.01640152744948864,
0.01775745488703251,
-0.033359330147504807,
0.017887834459543228,
0.009517579339444637,
0.023711375892162323,
-0.008418059907853603,
-0.031846947968006134,
-0.024198118597269058,
0.0032659638673067093,
-0.016314608976244926,
0.006731840316206217,
0.02252928353846073,
0.03740973398089409,
-0.02499776892364025,
-0.016245072707533836,
-0.01174269337207079,
0.012933477759361267,
-0.01448062714189291,
-0.034663110971450806,
-0.03261183202266693,
0.015471498481929302,
0.028457127511501312,
-0.052811700850725174,
0.02023463323712349,
-0.00983048602938652,
0.01200344879180193,
0.030960381031036377,
-0.011247257702052593,
-0.0014667501673102379,
-0.0006785077857784927,
-0.011403711512684822,
0.008622318506240845,
0.0035310653038322926,
0.023085562512278557,
0.020843064412474632,
-0.05524541810154915,
-0.008287682197988033,
0.037514038383960724,
0.00836156215518713,
-0.013142081908881664,
0.012446733191609383,
-0.013646209612488747,
0.016810044646263123,
0.038105085492134094,
-0.011021269485354424,
-0.058930762112140656,
0.018061671406030655,
-0.012325047515332699,
-0.04686647281050682,
0.014697923325002193,
0.035775668919086456,
-0.009074294939637184,
0.0057931202463805676,
-0.012385890819132328,
0.028457127511501312,
0.012716180644929409,
-0.002169703831896186,
0.06014762446284294,
0.05708809196949005,
-0.009630572982132435,
0.0011516704689711332,
-0.007301156409084797,
-0.03475002944469452,
0.018131205812096596,
0.011334176175296307,
-0.03351578488945961,
-0.008631009608507156,
-0.032646600157022476,
0.031864333897829056,
-0.0010147738503292203,
-0.06247704103589058,
0.03372438997030258,
0.016757892444729805,
-0.014793533831834793,
-0.019052542746067047
] |
With the widespread digitization of finance and the increasing popularity of
cryptocurrencies, the sophistication of fraud schemes devised by cybercriminals
is growing. Money laundering -- the movement of illicit funds to conceal their
origins -- can cross bank and national boundaries, producing complex
transaction patterns. The UN estimates 2-5\% of global GDP or \$0.8 - \$2.0
trillion dollars are laundered globally each year. Unfortunately, real data to
train machine learning models to detect laundering is generally not available,
and previous synthetic data generators have had significant shortcomings. A
realistic, standardized, publicly-available benchmark is needed for comparing
models and for the advancement of the area. To this end, this paper contributes
a synthetic financial transaction dataset generator and a set of synthetically
generated AML (Anti-Money Laundering) datasets. We have calibrated this
agent-based generator to match real transactions as closely as possible and
made the datasets public. We describe the generator in detail and demonstrate
how the datasets generated can help compare different Graph Neural Networks in
terms of their AML abilities. In a key way, using synthetic data in these
comparisons can be even better than using real data: the ground truth labels
are complete, whilst many laundering transactions in real data are never
detected. | [
-0.030936378985643387,
0.00042195513378828764,
-0.027736064046621323,
-0.037119705229997635,
-0.001982911257073283,
0.0013890255941078067,
-0.023172652348876,
0.008598376996815205,
-0.034334246069192886,
0.04891345649957657,
0.014342152513563633,
-0.02004147879779339,
-0.008168705739080906,
-0.05460290610790253,
0.007734094746410847,
-0.02821018546819687,
0.009319435805082321,
-0.07728168368339539,
0.0008235378772951663,
-0.029612792655825615,
0.0177597738802433,
0.006035162135958672,
-0.008776172995567322,
-0.02601737715303898,
0.00898360088467598,
0.01720663160085678,
0.0014594029635190964,
0.000003048139660677407,
-0.023745547980070114,
0.07807188481092453,
0.0414065457880497,
0.003874455578625202,
0.04425127059221268,
-0.057763710618019104,
-0.0478861965239048,
-0.019419195130467415,
0.020248906686902046,
0.08305015414953232,
-0.027103902772068977,
-0.02990911714732647,
0.05057287961244583,
0.0065685478039085865,
-0.034156449139118195,
0.06815485656261444,
0.030541278421878815,
-0.0475701168179512,
-0.013028442859649658,
-0.02931646630167961,
-0.03943104296922684,
0.017522713169455528,
-0.015379291959106922,
-0.06246541067957878,
-0.006563609000295401,
-0.030205443501472473,
-0.03512444719672203,
0.01030224934220314,
0.056341350078582764,
0.01896483078598976,
0.014776763506233692,
-0.012850647792220116,
0.04354009032249451,
0.0239430982619524,
0.033445268869400024,
0.06886603683233261,
0.031805600970983505,
-0.025563010945916176,
-0.023429466411471367,
0.0064401403069496155,
-0.004141148645430803,
0.018727770075201988,
-0.049506109207868576,
0.04891345649957657,
0.016841163858771324,
-0.003000295488163829,
0.018925320357084274,
0.021216902881860733,
0.055630169808864594,
-0.012020936235785484,
0.019982215017080307,
0.031094418838620186,
-0.003588007530197501,
0.011556693352758884,
0.028783081099390984,
0.018164752051234245,
0.05804028362035751,
0.03587513789534569,
-0.06882652640342712,
-0.06906358897686005,
-0.009758985601365566,
-0.004215229768306017,
0.025898845866322517,
0.04405371844768524,
-0.011378898285329342,
-0.021789800375699997,
-0.055906739085912704,
0.029770832508802414,
-0.010806002654135227,
-0.03150927647948265,
-0.038048189133405685,
0.016129983589053154,
-0.03798892721533775,
-0.002985479077324271,
-0.04184115678071976,
0.012228364124894142,
-0.005610428750514984,
-0.047965217381715775,
-0.025543255731463432,
0.0177597738802433,
-0.014638477936387062,
0.14650331437587738,
-0.022935591638088226,
-0.011428285390138626,
-0.045001961290836334,
0.04733305424451828,
-0.01399643998593092,
0.03253653645515442,
-0.011724610812962055,
-0.0037658028304576874,
0.051639653742313385,
-0.03976687788963318,
-0.006049978546798229,
-0.009694782085716724,
-0.04405371844768524,
-0.017493080347776413,
-0.04843933880329132,
0.06945869326591492,
-0.03332673758268356,
0.03873961791396141,
-0.051284059882164,
0.03463057056069374,
-0.09838005900382996,
-0.004358453676104546,
-0.017384428530931473,
0.023429466411471367,
-0.010677594691514969,
0.0482022762298584,
0.03818647563457489,
0.022935591638088226,
-0.008504540659487247,
-0.011872773990035057,
-0.022560246288776398,
-0.044409312307834625,
-0.00756123848259449,
-0.04085340350866318,
0.0010322004090994596,
-0.05966019630432129,
-0.0007124158437363803,
0.08937176316976547,
-0.043144989758729935,
0.00206069671548903,
0.012455547228455544,
0.03190437704324722,
0.07898061722517014,
-0.014885416254401207,
0.02635321207344532,
-0.03731725364923477,
0.017660997807979584,
-0.033010657876729965,
0.028091654181480408,
-0.06479649990797043,
0.037119705229997635,
-0.0038250680081546307,
0.03688264265656471,
-0.014875538647174835,
0.007936583831906319,
0.034808363765478134,
0.06937967240810394,
-0.005916631780564785,
-0.03648754209280014,
0.0528249554336071,
0.026926107704639435,
0.04152507707476616,
-0.0073735653422772884,
-0.0010717104887589812,
0.015971943736076355,
0.05879097431898117,
0.014480438083410263,
-0.02811140939593315,
0.00643520150333643,
-0.025780316442251205,
-0.028941120952367783,
-0.0036571500822901726,
0.023251671344041824,
0.053338583558797836,
-0.002357022138312459,
0.05088895931839943,
0.04148556664586067,
-0.004388086497783661,
0.013245748355984688,
0.008810743689537048,
0.028506509959697723,
-0.02431844361126423,
-0.007487156894057989,
-0.015329904854297638,
-0.028407735750079155,
-0.0008766294922679663,
-0.056183308362960815,
0.019596992060542107,
-0.06542866677045822,
-0.01016396377235651,
-0.05855391174554825,
-0.058158811181783676,
0.04547608271241188,
-0.018708014860749245,
-0.00019646996224764735,
-0.008499601855874062,
-0.002069339621812105,
-0.03364281728863716,
0.006208018399775028,
-0.037455540150403976,
-0.0027410106267780066,
0.00950216967612505,
-0.02070327289402485,
0.009926903061568737,
-0.0019434011774137616,
-0.005482021253556013,
0.015320027247071266,
0.06448042392730713,
0.016564594581723213,
0.003111417405307293,
-0.03330698236823082,
0.024061627686023712,
0.028625041246414185,
-0.012445669621229172,
-0.03129196912050247,
-0.0599367655813694,
0.006993281189352274,
0.09735279530286789,
-0.029948627576231956,
-0.017384428530931473,
0.006390752736479044,
0.0022619511000812054,
-0.0163769219070673,
0.004793064668774605,
0.04618726298213005,
-0.0441722497344017,
0.011813508346676826,
-0.009679965674877167,
-0.02147371880710125,
-0.012277752161026001,
-0.0008185991318896413,
-0.02734096348285675,
-0.018530219793319702,
-0.05175818130373955,
0.018549975007772446,
-0.01922164484858513,
-0.028032390400767326,
0.044567350298166275,
0.01813511922955513,
0.08518369495868683,
-0.05084945261478424,
-0.04069536551833153,
-0.00723034143447876,
-0.029178181663155556,
-0.03836427256464958,
-0.0020878599025309086,
0.0707625225186348,
-0.049269046634435654,
0.003299090312793851,
-0.04516000300645828,
0.028348470106720924,
0.003311437088996172,
-0.0707625225186348,
0.03170682489871979,
-0.05835636332631111,
0.026708802208304405,
0.04278939962387085,
-0.005156063009053469,
0.017680753022432327,
0.0007068596896715462,
-0.005002961494028568,
0.010717104189097881,
-0.019429072737693787,
0.008257603272795677,
0.0005830820882692933,
-0.03453179448843002,
-0.020248906686902046,
0.031153684481978416,
0.051639653742313385,
0.07028840482234955,
0.007279729004949331,
-0.0029336221050471067,
0.05183720216155052,
0.05073092132806778,
0.007605687249451876,
-0.04713550582528114,
-0.034926895052194595,
0.002144655678421259,
-0.08360329270362854,
0.029434997588396072,
0.00042751122964546084,
-0.015645984560251236,
-0.03024495393037796,
0.017986956983804703,
-0.043303027749061584,
0.013077830895781517,
0.018391935154795647,
-0.0022817060817033052,
0.024555504322052002,
-0.05049385875463486,
-0.09940731525421143,
0.020999599248170853,
0.056894492357969284,
0.05428682640194893,
-0.03403791785240173,
0.00802548136562109,
0.047412075102329254,
0.04986169934272766,
-0.04053732380270958,
-0.024891339242458344,
0.03670484945178032,
0.00006474403198808432,
0.0037361702416092157,
0.004012740682810545,
-0.019152503460645676,
-0.0032546413131058216,
-0.003486762987449765,
-0.05385221540927887,
0.04192017763853073,
-0.04591069370508194,
0.03785064071416855,
0.041999198496341705,
-0.09103118628263474,
0.03937177732586861,
-0.003696660278365016,
-0.010855389758944511,
-0.02344922162592411,
0.028289204463362694,
-0.07487156987190247,
-0.019596992060542107,
-0.017384428530931473,
0.023528242483735085,
-0.05725008249282837,
0.014095215126872063,
-0.01523112878203392,
-0.026471741497516632,
0.03419595956802368,
0.019745154306292534,
0.008563806302845478,
-0.010608451440930367,
0.011418407782912254,
0.003207723144441843,
-0.043579600751399994,
-0.03401816263794899,
0.0004688733315560967,
-0.044290781021118164,
-0.028881855309009552,
0.008593439124524593,
-0.010282494127750397,
0.03067956306040287,
0.0011704856297001243,
-0.01693006232380867,
-0.022007105872035027,
-0.02684708684682846,
0.03609244152903557,
-0.007482218090444803,
0.008089685812592506,
-0.019142625853419304,
-0.0050622266717255116,
-0.024180158972740173,
-0.014668110758066177,
0.025681540369987488,
0.003471946809440851,
-0.022540491074323654,
-0.05428682640194893,
-0.02070327289402485,
-0.05578820779919624,
0.007467401679605246,
0.007531605660915375,
0.0026397660840302706,
0.010519553907215595,
-0.01790793612599373,
-0.03287237137556076,
-0.029711566865444183,
-0.02119714953005314,
0.011576448567211628,
-0.00620308006182313,
0.026037130504846573,
-0.04504147171974182,
0.04508098214864731,
0.005911692976951599,
0.02115763910114765,
0.02777557447552681,
0.002086625201627612,
-0.031311724334955215,
0.031805600970983505,
0.00756123848259449,
0.029237447306513786,
0.01666336879134178,
0.03431449085474014,
0.006316671147942543,
-0.030640054494142532,
-0.01588304527103901,
-0.02283681556582451,
0.003197845770046115,
-0.01041090115904808,
0.010060249827802181,
0.0426313579082489,
0.03453179448843002,
-0.043421559035778046,
-0.0186882596462965,
-0.015478067100048065,
-0.019152503460645676,
-0.0007716809050180018,
-0.053931236267089844,
-0.020525477826595306,
0.0039608837105333805,
-0.02147371880710125,
-0.012534567154943943,
-0.07795335352420807,
0.004064597655087709,
0.01438166294246912,
-0.05594624951481819,
0.007822992280125618,
0.027103902772068977,
-0.04211772605776787,
-0.08715920150279999,
-0.03178584575653076,
-0.033227961510419846,
0.015389169566333294,
0.017552345991134644,
0.02032792754471302,
0.07534568756818771,
0.03145001083612442,
-0.04053732380270958,
0.020031601190567017,
0.02959303744137287,
0.03281310573220253,
-0.03200314939022064,
-0.025760561227798462,
0.04998023062944412,
0.052469365298748016,
0.009625638835132122,
-0.005491898860782385,
-0.03998418524861336,
-0.006929077208042145,
-0.01054918672889471,
0.02959303744137287,
0.008040297776460648,
-0.008909518830478191,
0.01287040300667286,
0.012583955191075802,
0.005951203405857086,
0.05938362330198288,
-0.04160409793257713,
-0.02574080601334572,
-0.03998418524861336,
0.001392729696817696,
-0.04843933880329132,
-0.049387577921152115,
-0.08075857162475586,
0.011843141168355942,
-0.08486761152744293,
-0.015794146806001663,
0.03287237137556076,
-0.018056098371744156,
0.01790793612599373,
-0.03368232771754265,
0.058079794049263,
-0.009319435805082321,
-0.015359536744654179,
0.09111020714044571,
-0.026866842061281204,
-0.0016421369509771466,
0.023192407563328743,
0.013660604134202003,
-0.04306596890091896,
-0.05341760441660881,
0.0009328079177066684,
-0.01731528528034687,
-0.013186483643949032,
0.020584743469953537,
-0.013225993141531944,
-0.0005460414104163647,
-0.018994463607668877,
-0.003733700839802623,
0.038423534482717514,
-0.0233306922018528,
0.008272419683635235,
0.012623464688658714,
0.07210586220026016,
0.01677202247083187,
-0.007032791152596474,
-0.025563010945916176,
0.020940333604812622,
-0.029296711087226868,
0.011655468493700027,
-0.005694387946277857,
-0.019409317523241043,
-0.03156853839755058,
-0.03145001083612442,
-0.02740022912621498,
0.0009420680580660701,
-0.010020739398896694,
-0.03907545283436775,
-0.02246147021651268,
-0.010638084262609482,
0.0008142776787281036,
0.058869995176792145,
-0.010894900187849998,
-0.014174235053360462,
-0.01421374548226595,
-0.014203867875039577,
-0.07096007466316223,
-0.00038522310205735266,
0.022718286141753197,
0.05989725515246391,
0.025385215878486633,
-0.01890556514263153,
-0.004365861881524324,
-0.000173473876202479,
-0.00523014459758997,
-0.045120492577552795,
-0.01221848651766777,
-0.023627016693353653,
0.0414065457880497,
-0.040240999311208725,
-0.02360726334154606,
0.009467598982155323,
0.03565783053636551,
0.011724610812962055,
-0.010796125046908855,
-0.040300264954566956,
0.023370202630758286,
-0.05981823429465294,
0.0169201847165823,
0.05657840892672539,
0.002212563529610634,
0.019755031913518906,
-0.039589084684848785,
0.003378110472112894,
0.08486761152744293,
-0.0036522115115076303,
-0.008405765518546104,
0.025780316442251205,
0.011191225610673428,
0.00170140212867409,
-0.008677397854626179,
-0.029652303084731102,
-0.01725601963698864,
-0.016396675258874893,
0.03034372813999653,
-0.013413666747510433,
-0.029988138005137444,
0.046384815126657486,
0.000721675984095782,
0.036250483244657516,
-0.017137490212917328,
0.016959695145487785,
-0.022342940792441368,
-0.003412681631743908,
0.02821018546819687,
0.0630185529589653,
0.0009463894530199468,
-0.04069536551833153,
0.0006244442192837596,
0.010272616520524025,
-0.05784273147583008,
0.0006945127970539033,
-0.030758583918213844,
0.005980835761874914,
0.007650136016309261,
-0.03222045674920082,
-0.012554322369396687,
-0.012969178147614002,
0.012396282516419888,
0.028644796460866928,
0.05325956642627716,
-0.05555114895105362,
0.00833168439567089,
0.030501767992973328,
-0.012287629768252373,
-0.04535755142569542,
-0.030541278421878815,
0.00682042445987463,
0.020288417115807533,
-0.011092450469732285,
0.006835240870714188,
0.011497428640723228,
0.0003020359145011753,
0.0002528026816435158,
-0.013225993141531944,
0.01693006232380867,
0.018816666677594185,
-0.03472934663295746,
-0.0025533377192914486,
-0.02388383261859417,
-0.03919398412108421,
-0.01446068286895752,
0.0247135441750288,
-0.009112007915973663,
0.04401421174407005,
-0.0028447245713323355,
-0.043026458472013474,
0.010114575736224651,
-0.0032274783588945866,
0.0026348272804170847,
0.00497332913801074,
0.035480037331581116,
-0.030501767992973328,
-0.010272616520524025,
0.02159225009381771,
0.038482800126075745,
0.04452783986926079,
-0.018698137253522873,
-0.017572101205587387,
0.009388579055666924,
-0.015043456107378006,
-0.021394699811935425,
-0.047965217381715775,
-0.006519160233438015,
-0.025938356295228004,
-0.010894900187849998,
-0.054049767553806305,
0.012880280613899231,
-0.007808176334947348,
0.0633346289396286,
-0.007255035452544689,
-0.06345316022634506,
-0.037218477576971054,
-0.0016767083434388041,
-0.039154473692178726,
0.0020397070329636335,
0.03265506774187088,
0.009032987989485264,
0.03682337701320648,
-0.024911094456911087,
-0.007250096648931503,
0.011122082360088825,
-0.004886901006102562,
-0.020861312747001648,
0.0014791579451411963,
-0.0760173574090004,
0.027755819261074066,
-0.021612005308270454,
0.005561041180044413,
-0.029395487159490585,
0.03261555731296539,
0.006321609951555729,
-0.03652705252170563,
0.010312126018106937,
0.03670484945178032,
-0.0019779724534600973,
0.0466613844037056,
-0.005724020302295685,
0.033227961510419846,
-0.02449623867869377,
0.009541680105030537,
0.030264707282185555,
0.06862898170948029,
0.008351439610123634,
0.028664549812674522,
0.007294545415788889,
0.022066369652748108,
-0.01988343894481659,
-0.030857359990477562,
0.01790793612599373,
-0.0024224608205258846,
-0.004321413114666939,
0.0006340130348689854,
-0.014608846046030521,
0.018915442749857903,
-0.011882651597261429,
-0.0011056644143536687,
0.023370202630758286,
0.0071414439007639885,
0.023844322189688683,
-0.004476984031498432,
-0.01544843427836895,
-0.016139861196279526,
0.012998810969293118,
-0.06404580920934677,
-0.03314894437789917,
-0.0005858601653017104,
0.008504540659487247,
-0.014875538647174835,
0.029118916019797325,
0.036191217601299286,
-0.015270639210939407,
-0.033504534512758255,
-0.05231132358312607,
-0.02662978321313858,
-0.04816276580095291,
0.01038126926869154,
-0.03233898803591728,
-0.022224409505724907,
0.02092057839035988,
0.009413272142410278,
0.004099168814718723,
-0.04772815480828285,
0.005027655512094498,
-0.013433421030640602,
0.024792565032839775,
0.016367044299840927,
0.0381469652056694,
-0.003187968162819743,
0.008420581929385662,
-0.018559852614998817,
0.006262344773858786,
0.011586326174438,
0.0019359930884093046,
0.002484195167198777,
-0.020802048966288567,
0.01901421695947647,
-0.050059251487255096,
0.007418014109134674,
0.01454958040267229,
-0.0001415262813679874,
-0.002694092458114028,
-0.008835437707602978,
0.007699523586779833,
0.02838798053562641,
-0.040734875947237015,
0.03512444719672203,
0.002978071104735136,
-0.012445669621229172,
0.02064400725066662,
0.009102130308747292,
0.0033237840980291367,
0.05756616219878197,
-0.015349659137427807,
0.014658233150839806,
0.005491898860782385,
-0.04290792718529701,
-0.02279730699956417,
0.00797115545719862,
0.00874160137027502,
-0.028941120952367783,
-0.010964042507112026,
-0.011704856529831886,
0.011072695255279541,
-0.033939145505428314,
0.04310547932982445,
0.012297507375478745,
0.0038868023548275232,
-0.03227972239255905,
0.00043491937685757875,
0.04907149821519852,
-0.012583955191075802,
-0.02947450615465641,
0.012060446664690971,
0.0057536531239748,
-0.033504534512758255,
-0.0614776574075222,
0.0009457721025682986,
-0.02344922162592411,
0.03741602972149849,
0.023627016693353653,
-0.046266283839941025,
0.024338198825716972,
0.043856170028448105,
0.006059855688363314,
0.05013826861977577,
-0.03478860855102539,
-0.025879090651869774,
0.01101342961192131,
-0.006227773614227772,
0.024614769965410233,
-0.009383640252053738,
0.024792565032839775,
-0.030047403648495674,
0.013868032023310661,
-0.011280123144388199,
-0.02218490093946457,
0.022105880081653595,
0.010944287292659283,
-0.04282890632748604,
-0.01024298369884491,
-0.00036948081105947495,
-0.011704856529831886,
0.03664558380842209,
-0.017186878249049187,
0.028012635186314583,
-0.004906655754894018,
0.0010976389748975635,
-0.0077143399976193905,
0.04674040526151657,
-0.046858932822942734,
-0.016357166692614555,
-0.013719869777560234,
-0.029731322079896927,
-0.027874348685145378,
-0.007906951010227203,
0.025997621938586235,
-0.030778339132666588,
0.03587513789534569,
-0.012327139265835285,
-0.05827734246850014,
-0.02032792754471302,
0.028842346742749214,
-0.04016197845339775,
-0.02668904699385166,
-0.0036299871280789375,
0.011220857501029968,
0.03488738462328911,
0.019517971202731133,
-0.010489922016859055,
0.026965618133544922,
-0.056459881365299225,
-0.03188462182879448,
0.06258393824100494,
-0.025819826871156693,
0.009373762644827366,
-0.009813311509788036,
0.003923843149095774,
-0.03305016830563545,
-0.04496245086193085,
0.01977478712797165,
-0.002218737034127116,
0.0006148753454908729,
-0.005486960057169199,
0.038265496492385864,
-0.005200512241572142,
-0.013887787237763405,
0.01115171518176794,
-0.0015964534832164645,
0.002195277949795127,
-0.05523506924510002,
-0.022915836423635483,
-0.05582771822810173,
-0.03227972239255905,
-0.06068745627999306,
-0.005590674001723528,
0.03779137507081032,
-0.028585530817508698,
0.031133929267525673,
0.08384035527706146,
-0.03638876974582672,
0.03407742828130722,
-0.013058075681328773,
0.013156850822269917,
0.02011062204837799,
-0.028131164610385895,
-0.018095608800649643,
-0.020347682759165764,
0.018056098371744156,
0.045555103570222855,
0.025108644738793373,
-0.011122082360088825,
-0.020347682759165764,
-0.029000386595726013,
0.01764124259352684,
-0.008889764547348022,
-0.03227972239255905,
-0.019646378234028816,
0.004822697024792433,
-0.014154479838907719,
0.01595218852162361,
-0.0067414045333862305,
0.02959303744137287,
0.004318943712860346,
0.030975889414548874,
-0.0024829604662954807,
-0.01611022837460041,
-0.04701697453856468,
0.029849853366613388,
0.013808767311275005,
0.01906360499560833,
0.03751480579376221,
-0.0015865759924054146,
-0.025721050798892975,
-0.0023187468759715557,
0.020841557532548904,
-0.028071898967027664,
0.030284462496638298,
-0.02570129558444023,
0.004064597655087709,
-0.05748714134097099,
-0.007872380316257477,
-0.034334246069192886,
-0.03557881340384483,
-0.04004344716668129,
-0.01988343894481659,
0.030916623771190643,
0.01631765626370907,
-0.012840770184993744,
0.01342354342341423,
-0.03079809434711933,
-0.04610824212431908,
-0.013798889704048634,
0.025325950235128403,
0.03702092915773392,
0.014559458009898663,
-0.03765308856964111,
0.000648211978841573,
-0.023133141919970512,
-0.014895293861627579,
-0.0027508882340043783,
-0.020960088819265366,
-0.032674822956323624,
-0.014124847017228603,
0.061003535985946655,
-0.07546421885490417,
-0.002491603372618556,
0.030995644629001617,
0.007176015060395002,
-0.04195968806743622,
0.00865270383656025,
-0.017167123034596443,
-0.002975601702928543,
-0.00901323277503252,
0.005185695830732584,
-0.018935197964310646,
-0.003099070629104972,
0.049940720200538635,
0.001614973763935268,
-0.017937568947672844,
-0.030264707282185555,
0.01697945035994053,
-0.023271426558494568,
-0.016841163858771324,
-0.06080598756670952,
-0.00439549470320344,
-0.025622276589274406,
0.026214927434921265,
-0.013245748355984688,
0.005506714805960655,
0.03170682489871979,
0.002450858475640416,
-0.0291979368776083,
0.05124455317854881,
0.03261555731296539,
-0.04207821562886238,
-0.005556102376431227,
-0.027755819261074066,
0.0004028174444101751,
-0.017354795709252357,
0.029079405590891838,
-0.031035155057907104,
0.011349265463650227,
-0.028012635186314583,
-0.009378701448440552,
0.044685881584882736,
-0.008390950039029121,
0.037495050579309464,
-0.0038448229897767305,
0.004844921641051769,
0.04112997651100159,
-0.05669694021344185,
-0.02115763910114765,
-0.027261942625045776,
0.009334252215921879,
0.046542853116989136,
0.005521531216800213,
-0.017819037660956383,
-0.011477673426270485,
0.04405371844768524,
-0.013877909630537033,
-0.023547997698187828,
-0.020663762465119362,
-0.04516000300645828,
-0.010697349905967712,
0.026669291779398918,
0.026610027998685837,
-0.05132357031106949,
0.027439739555120468,
0.0000809493285487406,
0.0058672442100942135,
0.006716710515320301,
0.0376925989985466,
-0.02783484011888504,
0.012475302442908287,
-0.03437375649809837,
-0.004706636071205139,
-0.06191226840019226,
-0.005882060620933771,
-0.03775186464190483,
-0.013680359348654747,
-0.017058469355106354,
0.007452585734426975,
-0.02607664093375206,
-0.0011457918444648385,
-0.0023236856795847416,
0.02870406024158001,
-0.03870010748505592,
-0.02860528603196144,
0.0414065457880497,
0.0023323283530771732,
-0.04164360463619232,
0.024674033746123314,
0.023923343047499657,
-0.030106667429208755,
0.013769256882369518,
0.029079405590891838,
-0.0050622266717255116,
-0.04053732380270958,
0.015349659137427807,
-0.04903198778629303,
-0.05756616219878197,
0.037830885499715805,
0.010282494127750397,
-0.004919002763926983,
0.008045236580073833,
-0.03176609054207802,
-0.031529031693935394,
0.005649939179420471,
-0.036685094237327576,
0.0030570910312235355,
-0.00876629538834095,
0.043856170028448105,
-0.01621888019144535,
-0.024832073599100113,
-0.0063709975220263,
0.00920584425330162,
0.03672460466623306,
0.0075711156241595745,
0.011250490322709084,
-0.01889568753540516,
-0.02990911714732647,
0.029454752802848816,
-0.00483751343563199,
-0.003955944906920195,
-0.0034398448187857866,
-0.005714142695069313,
0.006756220944225788,
-0.026926107704639435,
-0.02607664093375206,
0.015734883025288582,
0.0013618625234812498,
0.0039608837105333805,
0.03775186464190483,
-0.03951006382703781,
-0.011546815745532513,
0.007877319119870663
] |
Disk scrubbing is a process aimed at resolving read errors on disks by
reading data from the disk. However, scrubbing the entire storage array at once
can adversely impact system performance, particularly during periods of high
input/output operations. Additionally, the continuous reading of data from
disks when scrubbing can result in wear and tear, especially on larger capacity
disks, due to the significant time and energy consumption involved. To address
these issues, we propose a selective disk scrubbing method that enhances the
overall reliability and power efficiency in data centers. Our method employs a
Machine Learning model based on Mondrian Conformal prediction to identify
specific disks for scrubbing, by proactively predicting the health status of
each disk in the storage pool, forecasting n-days in advance, and using an
open-source dataset. For disks predicted as non-healthy, we mark them for
replacement without further action. For healthy drives, we create a set and
quantify their relative health across the entire storage pool based on the
predictor's confidence. This enables us to prioritize selective scrubbing for
drives with established scrubbing frequency based on the scrub cycle. The
method we propose provides an efficient and dependable solution for managing
enterprise disk drives. By scrubbing just 22.7% of the total storage disks, we
can achieve optimized energy consumption and reduce the carbon footprint of the
data center. | [
-0.028939183801412582,
-0.004006530623883009,
-0.021750470623373985,
-0.019405433908104897,
0.004347021691501141,
0.002790491096675396,
-0.03199080377817154,
0.0254574716091156,
-0.01763385534286499,
0.02826332300901413,
0.0577554851770401,
-0.0404902808368206,
-0.02125893346965313,
-0.021648066118359566,
0.005345454439520836,
-0.009385266341269016,
0.03035235032439232,
-0.02611285261809826,
0.03526771068572998,
-0.008601880632340908,
-0.007864576764404774,
0.0032999475952237844,
-0.020112017169594765,
0.016691744327545166,
-0.01027105562388897,
0.04812956973910332,
0.036168862134218216,
-0.0045313481241464615,
-0.05017763748764992,
0.029471682384610176,
0.07987460494041443,
0.05832894518971443,
0.010040647350251675,
-0.07778558135032654,
-0.06586582958698273,
-0.0505872517824173,
0.03428464010357857,
0.006092998664826155,
0.033547334372997284,
0.027423614636063576,
-0.02771034464240074,
-0.05771452561020851,
-0.014725600369274616,
0.046941693872213364,
0.00569874607026577,
0.004236938431859016,
-0.009395506232976913,
0.007547126151621342,
0.002579284133389592,
0.011622779071331024,
-0.019047021865844727,
-0.04948129504919052,
0.033403970301151276,
-0.07221483439207077,
-0.05832894518971443,
-0.026297178119421005,
-0.005555381532758474,
0.0755327045917511,
0.04063364490866661,
-0.0036327585112303495,
0.017091117799282074,
-0.010050888173282146,
0.02775130607187748,
0.02611285261809826,
-0.0023770376574248075,
-0.0478428415954113,
-0.0034177114721387625,
-0.007721212226897478,
-0.0035226750187575817,
-0.017009194940328598,
-0.08872225880622864,
-0.03326060622930527,
0.03778683394193649,
0.014571995474398136,
-0.06656217575073242,
0.03831933066248894,
0.020214419811964035,
-0.021648066118359566,
0.00387084623798728,
-0.03649654984474182,
-0.03055715747177601,
0.03747962415218353,
-0.03618934005498886,
0.030229466035962105,
0.10101065784692764,
-0.021177010610699654,
0.013865412212908268,
-0.058451827615499496,
0.06918369978666306,
-0.006026436574757099,
-0.011028840206563473,
-0.0273416917771101,
0.048170533031225204,
0.02265162020921707,
-0.014766561798751354,
0.020992685109376907,
-0.041842006146907806,
-0.0018240595236420631,
-0.016589341685175896,
0.01676342636346817,
-0.06553813815116882,
0.02791515178978443,
0.017777219414711,
-0.016845349222421646,
0.028283802792429924,
-0.03561588376760483,
-0.057878367602825165,
0.04268171265721321,
0.028283802792429924,
0.1414804607629776,
0.011428212746977806,
-0.006389968562871218,
0.03170407563447952,
-0.024044305086135864,
-0.012974503450095654,
-0.027730824425816536,
0.01502257026731968,
-0.020890282467007637,
0.010086729191243649,
-0.010690908879041672,
0.028795819729566574,
0.03852413594722748,
-0.03154022991657257,
0.0598035529255867,
-0.005534900818020105,
0.030905328691005707,
0.028119957074522972,
-0.025170741602778435,
0.030680041760206223,
-0.005821629893034697,
0.00879132654517889,
-0.007424242328852415,
-0.0008953892393037677,
-0.009165098890662193,
0.04399247467517853,
0.02969696931540966,
0.05710010230541229,
-0.03717241436243057,
-0.020664993673563004,
0.00016496538592036813,
-0.017490491271018982,
-0.000121123950520996,
0.009159979410469532,
0.005028004292398691,
-0.0019482235657051206,
0.026440542191267014,
-0.04036739841103554,
0.041842006146907806,
-0.06070470064878464,
0.0326257050037384,
-0.018719330430030823,
0.010875235311686993,
0.0652514100074768,
0.03315820172429085,
0.050833020359277725,
-0.00863772165030241,
0.00033665099181234837,
-0.013128108344972134,
-0.023184116929769516,
-0.04554900527000427,
0.01886269636452198,
-0.003553396090865135,
0.019600000232458115,
-0.022037198767066002,
0.0363941490650177,
0.017234481871128082,
-0.0004560148809105158,
-0.012913061305880547,
-0.008427795022726059,
0.04460689425468445,
-0.037582024931907654,
-0.00628756545484066,
-0.02744409628212452,
-0.021197492256760597,
0.018668130040168762,
0.021648066118359566,
-0.0027239290066063404,
-0.028386207297444344,
0.002479440998286009,
-0.03129446133971214,
-0.016220688819885254,
-0.020470427349209785,
0.018944619223475456,
-0.010506583377718925,
0.02953312359750271,
0.017080876976251602,
-0.023122673854231834,
-0.005580982193350792,
-0.001821499434299767,
-0.0293897595256567,
0.028447648510336876,
-0.027833228930830956,
0.0045108674094080925,
-0.0043547023087739944,
-0.01957951858639717,
0.004999843426048756,
-0.009293103590607643,
-0.01387565303593874,
0.04296844080090523,
-0.07446771115064621,
-0.043623823672533035,
-0.010260814800858498,
0.03752058371901512,
0.023593729361891747,
0.05628087744116783,
-0.012943782843649387,
0.03854461759328842,
0.007920898497104645,
0.023122673854231834,
-0.052922047674655914,
0.018360918387770653,
0.02816091850399971,
-0.04903072118759155,
-0.0071631139144301414,
0.02351180650293827,
-0.025006895884871483,
0.0010630746837705374,
0.014602717012166977,
0.0028032914269715548,
0.008412434719502926,
0.07086311280727386,
-0.04243594408035278,
0.019036781042814255,
-0.04391055181622505,
-0.03864702209830284,
-0.023634690791368484,
0.027423614636063576,
0.059885475784540176,
-0.0013517241459339857,
-0.021074607968330383,
-0.03643510863184929,
-0.021484220400452614,
0.04788380116224289,
-0.025518912822008133,
0.005040804389864206,
-0.013916614465415478,
-0.03881086781620979,
-0.041063740849494934,
-0.05464242398738861,
-0.03438704088330269,
0.02637910097837448,
-0.009119017980992794,
-0.06754524260759354,
-0.038360290229320526,
0.02984033338725567,
-0.031785998493433,
-0.021504702046513557,
-0.007828735746443272,
0.025006895884871483,
0.05173416808247566,
-0.04264075309038162,
-0.007465203758329153,
-0.04180104285478592,
0.02570323832333088,
-0.007787774316966534,
-0.026358621194958687,
0.0058267503045499325,
-0.06955234706401825,
0.02136133797466755,
-0.0007008228567428887,
0.04391055181622505,
-0.026153814047574997,
-0.055379725992679596,
-0.03731577843427658,
-0.04022403433918953,
0.0045313481241464615,
0.012083594687283039,
-0.009001254104077816,
0.0316016711294651,
0.02535506710410118,
0.01696823351085186,
-0.05750971660017967,
-0.009615673683583736,
-0.04907168075442314,
-0.06041797250509262,
-0.032277531921863556,
-0.021095087751746178,
-0.032175131142139435,
-0.043009404093027115,
-0.006384848617017269,
-0.03954816982150078,
0.026194775477051735,
-0.01218599732965231,
0.016415255144238472,
-0.041166145354509354,
-0.009359665215015411,
-0.056403759866952896,
0.0166610237210989,
-0.022713061422109604,
-0.009938244707882404,
-0.025682758539915085,
-0.08388882130384445,
0.04456593468785286,
0.04890783503651619,
-0.002808411605656147,
-0.019958412274718285,
0.028017554432153702,
-0.00007848256063880399,
-0.038462694734334946,
0.006451410707086325,
-0.020675234496593475,
0.002787930890917778,
-0.01828923635184765,
0.04927648976445198,
-0.016261650249361992,
-0.0022208725567907095,
-0.05071013420820236,
0.005877951625734568,
-0.017439289018511772,
0.0009049895452335477,
0.028181400150060654,
0.018422361463308334,
0.02361421100795269,
-0.08880417793989182,
0.021177010610699654,
0.048170533031225204,
0.025068338960409164,
-0.04747419059276581,
-0.039937302470207214,
-0.027259768918156624,
0.05591222643852234,
-0.03670135885477066,
-0.10805600881576538,
0.01484848465770483,
-0.00856091920286417,
-0.04231306165456772,
-0.011080041527748108,
0.03956865146756172,
-0.04345997795462608,
0.012196238152682781,
-0.03584117069840431,
0.008622361347079277,
-0.03475569561123848,
0.03301483765244484,
-0.0007091431180015206,
-0.05075109750032425,
-0.0293897595256567,
0.05406896397471428,
-0.010061128064990044,
0.017848903313279152,
0.01109028235077858,
-0.020531870424747467,
-0.06811870634555817,
0.002261833753436804,
-0.003660919377580285,
-0.017306165769696236,
-0.001743416883982718,
0.01987648941576481,
-0.054560501128435135,
-0.04165767878293991,
0.0012474007671698928,
0.006451410707086325,
0.01818683370947838,
-0.008847649209201336,
0.00033793103648349643,
0.03219560906291008,
-0.03113061562180519,
-0.014295506291091442,
-0.02019394002854824,
-0.040244512259960175,
0.0333220474421978,
-0.09027878940105438,
0.0007321839220821857,
-0.0009120297618210316,
0.02070595510303974,
0.064596027135849,
0.027730824425816536,
-0.03911807760596275,
0.06856928020715714,
0.02193479612469673,
0.029717449098825455,
0.05800125375390053,
0.013660605996847153,
0.0307619646191597,
0.028939183801412582,
0.025273144245147705,
0.051857054233551025,
-0.043009404093027115,
-0.0021850313059985638,
0.026604387909173965,
0.0358821302652359,
0.038667503744363785,
-0.03338348865509033,
0.013455798849463463,
-0.018483802676200867,
0.01819707453250885,
-0.05714106559753418,
0.011520376428961754,
0.011817345395684242,
0.031253501772880554,
-0.02713688649237156,
-0.010905955918133259,
-0.00907293614000082,
-0.03162215277552605,
0.051037825644016266,
0.014264785684645176,
0.017101358622312546,
0.045712850987911224,
-0.005534900818020105,
-0.04235402122139931,
-0.020173458382487297,
0.0040756529197096825,
-0.0022413532715290785,
-0.01402925793081522,
-0.03000417910516262,
-0.001173158292658627,
0.00879132654517889,
-0.020368024706840515,
0.008217868395149708,
0.018371159210801125,
0.02689111791551113,
0.02750553749501705,
0.0652514100074768,
0.05275820195674896,
0.010926436632871628,
0.03287147358059883,
0.0027930510696023703,
-0.0070043886080384254,
-0.06349007040262222,
0.002300234977155924,
-0.07119080424308777,
0.03334252908825874,
0.04173960164189339,
0.041370950639247894,
0.013281713239848614,
0.007362800184637308,
-0.031110135838389397,
0.01134628988802433,
0.04395151510834694,
0.013947335071861744,
0.030475234612822533,
0.04997283220291138,
0.010445141233503819,
-0.04481170326471329,
0.0019712643697857857,
0.03334252908825874,
0.00242055905982852,
0.0348580963909626,
0.03342445194721222,
0.0015629309928044677,
0.04685977101325989,
-0.033199165016412735,
-0.0939653068780899,
-0.00020960683468729258,
-0.009784639813005924,
-0.03502194210886955,
-0.035185787826776505,
0.010537303984165192,
-0.021750470623373985,
-0.029656007885932922,
-0.02740313485264778,
-0.0036532392259687185,
-0.05644472315907478,
0.04665496200323105,
-0.0009574712603352964,
-0.024863531813025475,
-0.03072100318968296,
-0.04841630160808563,
0.03512434661388397,
0.023266039788722992,
0.042599789798259735,
0.012585370801389217,
-0.02132037654519081,
-0.029246395453810692,
0.021852873265743256,
0.03981442004442215,
-0.051652245223522186,
0.004825757350772619,
0.034632809460163116,
-0.018022987991571426,
-0.016886310651898384,
-0.0594758614897728,
-0.06693082302808762,
0.02392142079770565,
0.02265162020921707,
-0.0004518547502811998,
-0.006948066875338554,
-0.03397743031382561,
0.013773249462246895,
-0.03491954132914543,
-0.016067083925008774,
-0.00927774328738451,
-0.0666440948843956,
-0.03276906907558441,
0.0026471263263374567,
-0.0053915358148515224,
0.043009404093027115,
0.02457680180668831,
0.0031668234150856733,
-0.05345454439520836,
-0.01788986474275589,
0.03393646702170372,
-0.0321136899292469,
-0.06475987285375595,
-0.0014989288756623864,
0.011571577750146389,
-0.061810657382011414,
-0.007813375443220139,
0.0018663009395822883,
0.0019546237308532,
0.027526019141077995,
-0.029369277879595757,
-0.017664575949311256,
-0.044688817113637924,
-0.0707402303814888,
0.014315987005829811,
0.003351149382069707,
-0.02488401159644127,
0.07012581080198288,
-0.022242005914449692,
0.02166854776442051,
-0.006103239022195339,
-0.008883490227162838,
-0.019384952262043953,
0.01469487976282835,
0.06086854636669159,
0.023941900581121445,
-0.021443260833621025,
-0.010153291746973991,
0.01595444045960903,
0.00996896531432867,
0.03162215277552605,
-0.005417136941105127,
0.03496050089597702,
-0.027259768918156624,
0.010358097963035107,
0.06009028106927872,
-0.016476698219776154,
0.04243594408035278,
0.047760918736457825,
0.008028422482311726,
0.050464365631341934,
-0.02826332300901413,
0.013650365173816681,
-0.012605851516127586,
-0.013220271095633507,
0.028181400150060654,
-0.008658202365040779,
-0.022405851632356644,
-0.04235402122139931,
0.0006521812756545842,
0.056239914149045944,
-0.042558830231428146,
-0.001528369844891131,
0.010660188272595406,
0.03024994768202305,
0.006773981265723705,
-0.012861859984695911,
0.001469487906433642,
-0.005365935154259205,
-0.04032643511891365,
-0.017080876976251602,
0.01614900678396225,
-0.009646395221352577,
-0.02060355246067047,
-0.04118662327528,
-0.016527898609638214,
-0.02617429383099079,
0.00514832790941,
-0.027382653206586838,
-0.022344408556818962,
0.0427226759493351,
0.025518912822008133,
-0.0074191223829984665,
0.029860815033316612,
-0.016927272081375122,
0.02611285261809826,
0.011684221215546131,
-0.018985578790307045,
0.004833437968045473,
0.01927230879664421,
-0.05238955095410347,
-0.034161753952503204,
-0.03704952821135521,
-0.0505872517824173,
-0.022774502635002136,
0.0127287358045578,
-0.013906373642385006,
-0.0009728317381814122,
0.04968610033392906,
0.0023923981934785843,
-0.016568860039114952,
-0.011059560813009739,
0.028324764221906662,
-0.005719226785004139,
-0.022733541205525398,
0.008647962473332882,
-0.03336301073431969,
0.0019290229538455606,
-0.014756321907043457,
-0.015821317210793495,
0.03192936256527901,
-0.018371159210801125,
0.03524722903966904,
-0.01484848465770483,
0.015831556171178818,
-0.009887042455375195,
-0.0037863636389374733,
0.04493458569049835,
-0.03362925723195076,
0.015452664345502853,
0.049808986485004425,
0.003233385505154729,
0.04288652166724205,
0.013107627630233765,
0.040756531059741974,
0.006036676932126284,
0.01655862107872963,
0.00701462896540761,
0.023634690791368484,
0.010813793167471886,
0.011827586218714714,
0.04698265343904495,
0.0034407523926347494,
0.04069508984684944,
-0.00022704740695189685,
0.04677784815430641,
0.0028903342317789793,
0.022364890202879906,
-0.05013667792081833,
-0.0009024294558912516,
0.02101316675543785,
0.06430929899215698,
0.003100261092185974,
0.0546833835542202,
0.030188504606485367,
-0.013763009570538998,
-0.020583072677254677,
-0.01854524575173855,
-0.0019546237308532,
-0.020275861024856567,
-0.0244334377348423,
-0.02842716872692108,
-0.03522675111889839,
0.059312015771865845,
-0.01206311397254467,
0.023470846936106682,
0.009753918275237083,
-0.004523667506873608,
0.030802926048636436,
-0.0019456634763628244,
0.0519389770925045,
0.06779101490974426,
0.03872894495725632,
-0.0058830720372498035,
-0.011264367960393429,
-0.013803971000015736,
0.020511388778686523,
0.09888067096471786,
-0.025416510179638863,
-0.011438453570008278,
0.04329613223671913,
0.012769697234034538,
0.062384117394685745,
-0.026604387909173965,
-0.028201879933476448,
0.04595861956477165,
0.010158411227166653,
0.020265622064471245,
0.010281295515596867,
-0.015473145060241222,
0.02877533994615078,
0.00263944617472589,
0.02146374061703682,
0.023798536509275436,
0.026235736906528473,
-0.01283113844692707,
-0.006297805346548557,
0.00989216286689043,
0.04915360361337662,
0.014807523228228092,
-0.008166666142642498,
-0.04845726117491722,
0.0488668754696846,
0.03739770129323006,
-0.03700856864452362,
-0.015063531696796417,
0.008678683079779148,
0.018166352063417435,
-0.001822779537178576,
0.010465621948242188,
-0.05066917464137077,
0.008094984106719494,
0.03242089971899986,
-0.04575381428003311,
-0.03190888091921806,
-0.03737721964716911,
0.01086499448865652,
-0.027935631573200226,
-0.020152978599071503,
-0.023634690791368484,
-0.011622779071331024,
0.0003392110811546445,
0.009139498695731163,
0.04415632039308548,
-0.02095172367990017,
-0.008182027377188206,
-0.061360083520412445,
0.0358821302652359,
0.05689529702067375,
-0.031458307057619095,
0.04089989513158798,
-0.03752058371901512,
0.0475151501595974,
-0.010629466734826565,
0.047965724021196365,
-0.013271473348140717,
0.007403761614114046,
-0.0021927114576101303,
-0.0379301980137825,
-0.013988296501338482,
0.02918495237827301,
-0.04907168075442314,
-0.021279415115714073,
-0.011151723563671112,
0.0006841823342256248,
-0.018330197781324387,
-0.02059331163764,
0.022303447127342224,
0.05017763748764992,
-0.003927167970687151,
0.037336260080337524,
-0.023696133866906166,
-0.05226666480302811,
-0.022344408556818962,
0.025273144245147705,
0.05218474194407463,
-0.010598746128380299,
-0.03297387808561325,
0.009154858998954296,
0.023184116929769516,
-0.04501650854945183,
-0.021648066118359566,
-0.023225078359246254,
-0.006507732439786196,
0.01926206797361374,
-0.02682967483997345,
0.0536593496799469,
-0.009359665215015411,
0.011807105503976345,
0.022467292845249176,
0.0030669800471514463,
0.002718808827921748,
-0.013179310597479343,
-0.02433103509247303,
0.01269801426678896,
0.0017485370626673102,
0.021750470623373985,
-0.014008777216076851,
0.02457680180668831,
0.01972288452088833,
-0.04493458569049835,
0.06889697164297104,
-0.025682758539915085,
-0.06963427364826202,
0.005514420103281736,
-0.02857053279876709,
-0.006057157646864653,
0.025334587320685387,
-0.004523667506873608,
0.019149424508213997,
0.007920898497104645,
-0.019497595727443695,
-0.0059240334667265415,
0.050259560346603394,
0.01814587228000164,
-0.023143155500292778,
-0.023675652220845222,
0.030536675825715065,
-0.01604660414159298,
0.011940229684114456,
-0.005406896583735943,
0.07241964340209961,
-0.04333709552884102,
-0.018524764105677605,
0.05759163945913315,
0.03950721025466919,
-0.02566227689385414,
-0.0005721786874346435,
-0.012257680296897888,
-0.005156008061021566,
0.014295506291091442,
0.0008358673076145351,
-0.005335214082151651,
0.028078995645046234,
0.03219560906291008,
0.05054628849029541,
-0.02065475471317768,
0.0057857888750731945,
0.007767293602228165,
-0.05636280030012131,
0.05451953783631325,
0.028836781159043312,
0.0005971394712105393,
0.018268756568431854,
0.023655172437429428,
0.0006012996309436858,
0.022201044484972954,
-0.012329362332820892,
-0.05386415868997574,
0.009564472362399101,
-0.05648568272590637,
-0.004387983120977879,
-0.002808411605656147,
-0.038053080439567566,
-0.050464365631341934,
-0.0029773772694170475,
-0.06131912022829056,
0.011817345395684242,
-0.004572309087961912,
-0.009088296443223953,
-0.0045697493478655815,
-0.011028840206563473,
0.0006403409061022103,
0.0174290481954813,
-0.04501650854945183,
-0.036517031490802765,
0.03707000985741615,
-0.004997283220291138,
-0.023675652220845222,
-0.0035508358851075172,
-0.00724503630772233,
-0.012769697234034538,
-0.004771995823830366,
-0.03377262130379677,
0.01055778469890356,
-0.011561336927115917,
0.008760605938732624,
0.05533876642584801,
-0.010516823269426823,
0.029266875237226486,
0.027054963633418083,
-0.012657052837312222,
0.01290282141417265,
-0.016568860039114952,
0.04132998734712601,
-0.007542006205767393,
-0.0022387930657714605,
-0.029123511165380478,
0.041842006146907806,
-0.0042343782261013985,
-0.04927648976445198,
-0.011479414999485016,
-0.008781086653470993,
0.019958412274718285,
0.014019018039107323,
-0.0024896813556551933,
0.0021799111273139715,
0.012482967227697372,
0.05779644474387169,
0.07078119367361069,
-0.009241901338100433,
-0.005135527811944485,
-0.009441588073968887,
-0.05451953783631325,
0.033199165016412735,
0.03215464949607849,
-0.005642424337565899,
0.02355276793241501,
-0.012298641726374626,
0.024699686095118523,
0.010204493068158627,
-0.0063643679022789,
-0.02453584037721157,
0.02115653082728386,
-0.01438766997307539,
-0.006451410707086325,
-0.0068456633016467094,
0.01223719958215952,
-0.04235402122139931,
-0.009426227770745754,
-0.006497492082417011,
0.018995819613337517,
0.01334315538406372,
0.026030929759144783,
-0.026747753843665123,
-0.02601044811308384,
0.03072100318968296,
0.01707063801586628,
-0.032994356006383896,
-0.00024384795688092709,
-0.009057575836777687,
0.03139686584472656,
-0.0028263323474675417,
0.04513939470052719,
-0.05857471004128456,
-0.04231306165456772,
-0.03326060622930527,
-0.021607104688882828,
0.003276906907558441,
-0.0615239292383194,
-0.021504702046513557,
-0.024351514875888824,
-0.03934336453676224,
0.013947335071861744,
0.015606269240379333,
0.008269069716334343,
0.016835110262036324,
-0.05320877581834793,
0.025129780173301697,
-0.009119017980992794,
-0.036107417196035385,
-0.00516368867829442,
-0.0034919539466500282,
-0.01869885064661503,
0.03782779350876808,
0.02740313485264778,
-0.006830302998423576,
0.045712850987911224,
-0.03164263442158699,
0.010102089494466782,
0.013619644567370415,
-0.00659477524459362,
0.006697178818285465,
0.03522675111889839,
0.03790971636772156,
0.009410867467522621,
-0.020931243896484375,
-0.014776802621781826,
-0.052676279097795486,
-0.01190950907766819,
0.024392476305365562,
-0.033547334372997284,
0.023388924077153206,
-0.03334252908825874,
-0.022405851632356644,
-0.003279467113316059,
-0.019098224118351936,
-0.00032033046591095626,
0.021095087751746178,
-0.040613166987895966,
0.021340856328606606,
0.03055715747177601,
-0.014275025576353073,
0.026194775477051735,
-0.02576468139886856,
-0.003407471114769578,
0.028754858300089836,
-0.023675652220845222,
-0.005990595556795597,
-0.029574085026979446,
0.03676280006766319,
0.00472847418859601,
0.009078056551516056,
0.005918913055211306,
-0.016343573108315468,
-0.01717304065823555,
0.022610658779740334,
-0.050013791769742966,
0.006799581926316023,
-0.017869383096694946,
-0.017490491271018982,
0.0498909093439579,
0.008043782785534859,
-0.017930826172232628,
-0.016988715156912804,
-0.009620794095098972,
0.012155276723206043,
0.021340856328606606,
0.007787774316966534,
-0.030802926048636436,
-0.010486102662980556,
-0.04071556776762009,
0.00398604990914464,
-0.016835110262036324,
-0.026850156486034393,
-0.04976802319288254,
0.038606058806180954,
-0.03643510863184929,
-0.009062696248292923,
-0.005821629893034697,
-0.015913479030132294,
0.038708463311195374,
-0.00392460823059082,
-0.007618808653205633,
0.016333332285284996,
0.0011520376428961754,
-0.02719832770526409,
-0.002480720868334174,
-0.01285161916166544,
0.0037326018791645765,
-0.029635528102517128,
-0.015933960676193237,
0.007767293602228165,
-0.028713896870613098,
-0.0370904915034771,
0.060377009212970734,
0.01818683370947838,
-0.02142277918756008,
-0.012820898555219173,
-0.0019879047758877277,
-0.012155276723206043,
0.047146499156951904,
-0.01992768980562687,
-0.01869885064661503,
-0.0014323667855933309,
-0.04415632039308548,
-0.05566645786166191,
-0.03170407563447952,
-0.002520402194932103,
-0.012769697234034538,
0.006154440809041262,
0.03129446133971214,
0.04841630160808563,
0.014909926801919937,
0.014234064146876335,
0.05111974850296974,
0.04186248779296875,
-0.008182027377188206,
0.021443260833621025,
-0.023122673854231834,
-0.044238243252038956,
0.009211180731654167,
-0.004062852822244167,
0.034120794385671616,
-0.00018032589287031442,
-0.026706792414188385,
-0.022221526131033897,
0.0027930510696023703,
-0.012257680296897888,
0.004060292616486549,
-0.012841379269957542,
-0.00774169247597456,
-0.012913061305880547
] |
3D perceptual representations are well suited for robot manipulation as they
easily encode occlusions and simplify spatial reasoning. Many manipulation
tasks require high spatial precision in end-effector pose prediction, which
typically demands high-resolution 3D feature grids that are computationally
expensive to process. As a result, most manipulation policies operate directly
in 2D, foregoing 3D inductive biases. In this paper, we introduce Act3D, a
manipulation policy transformer that represents the robot's workspace using a
3D feature field with adaptive resolutions dependent on the task at hand. The
model lifts 2D pre-trained features to 3D using sensed depth, and attends to
them to compute features for sampled 3D points. It samples 3D point grids in a
coarse to fine manner, featurizes them using relative-position attention, and
selects where to focus the next round of point sampling. In this way, it
efficiently computes 3D action maps of high spatial resolution. Act3D sets a
new state-of-the-art in RL-Bench, an established manipulation benchmark, where
it achieves 10% absolute improvement over the previous SOTA 2D multi-view
policy on 74 RLBench tasks and 22% absolute improvement with 3x less compute
over the previous SOTA 3D policy. We quantify the importance of relative
spatial attention, large-scale vision-language pre-trained 2D backbones, and
weight tying across coarse-to-fine attentions in ablative experiments. Code and
videos are available on our project website: https://act3d.github.io/. | [
0.044168680906295776,
-0.016949312761425972,
-0.02026103436946869,
-0.015693463385105133,
0.023275071755051613,
0.07605794817209244,
-0.0005145493196323514,
0.04707108810544014,
-0.0359824039041996,
0.01608417183160782,
0.03600101172924042,
0.003446608316153288,
0.07739751785993576,
-0.016809774562716484,
-0.026958895847201347,
0.010884026065468788,
0.02796357497572899,
0.02829846739768982,
-0.07829056680202484,
-0.08536053448915482,
0.027758918702602386,
-0.004602454602718353,
-0.0572667233645916,
-0.0008442097459919751,
0.0341590978205204,
-0.000961654877755791,
0.0291915163397789,
-0.01685628667473793,
-0.06087612733244896,
0.0513874888420105,
0.028875228017568588,
0.023237861692905426,
-0.03211252763867378,
0.004625711124390364,
-0.04353610426187515,
0.0323357917368412,
0.035926587879657745,
0.0321311354637146,
-0.037954553961753845,
0.060690075159072876,
-0.019609851762652397,
0.02749844640493393,
-0.02297738939523697,
-0.06463436782360077,
0.010558435693383217,
-0.041452325880527496,
0.012121270410716534,
-0.011758469045162201,
-0.034214913845062256,
-0.02308901958167553,
-0.011442181654274464,
-0.03590798377990723,
0.04777808487415314,
0.020726162940263748,
-0.0030326431151479483,
-0.0121119674295187,
0.08357443660497665,
0.036726612597703934,
0.0385127067565918,
0.06403900682926178,
0.06485763192176819,
-0.02829846739768982,
-0.06813214719295502,
-0.007967665791511536,
0.011851495131850243,
-0.05060607194900513,
0.022102946415543556,
-0.03293115645647049,
-0.02264249511063099,
-0.027758918702602386,
-0.05388057976961136,
-0.016121381893754005,
-0.055852729827165604,
-0.05332242697477341,
0.002284947782754898,
0.0477408729493618,
0.06292269378900528,
0.032633472234010696,
0.015293451957404613,
-0.018028412014245987,
0.04919207841157913,
0.002209364203736186,
0.001873308327049017,
-0.018930763006210327,
0.09042114019393921,
-0.03788013383746147,
-0.05183401331305504,
-0.05987144634127617,
0.03147995099425316,
-0.0039140633307397366,
-0.07724867761135101,
0.04152674600481987,
-0.015674857422709465,
-0.018260978162288666,
-0.006651349365711212,
0.028800807893276215,
-0.007269971538335085,
-0.008200230076909065,
-0.020279638469219208,
0.0004485590907279402,
0.0007215318619273603,
-0.00763742346316576,
0.0073211356066167355,
-0.036149851977825165,
0.03793594613671303,
-0.023014599457383156,
-0.039889492094516754,
-0.00031832288368605077,
-0.03170321509242058,
0.058903977274894714,
-0.00020741860498674214,
-0.07002986967563629,
-0.007669982500374317,
-0.025507692247629166,
-0.06188080459833145,
-0.006595533806830645,
-0.05551783740520477,
-0.027107737958431244,
0.050754912197589874,
-0.037173137068748474,
-0.0015465549658983946,
0.024800695478916168,
0.0418616384267807,
-0.042829107493162155,
0.00492571946233511,
0.057750456035137177,
-0.04357331618666649,
0.012186388485133648,
-0.00585597800090909,
0.02917291224002838,
-0.045433834195137024,
0.042159322649240494,
-0.015432991087436676,
0.02692168578505516,
-0.003397769760340452,
0.04048485681414604,
-0.006381574552506208,
0.05224332585930824,
-0.02137734368443489,
-0.0036768473219126463,
-0.046103619039058685,
-0.015060887672007084,
-0.012605004943907261,
0.04014996439218521,
-0.03293115645647049,
0.03440096601843834,
-0.02578677050769329,
0.06653209775686264,
-0.03373117744922638,
-0.012911990284919739,
-0.037173137068748474,
0.029284542426466942,
-0.026158872991800308,
0.022549469023942947,
0.06682977825403214,
-0.026270505040884018,
-0.027814732864499092,
0.05071770027279854,
-0.012028244324028492,
0.01369340717792511,
0.0746067464351654,
-0.028986860066652298,
-0.034214913845062256,
0.034363754093647,
0.044764045625925064,
0.037731289863586426,
0.04275468736886978,
-0.010716579854488373,
-0.019442405551671982,
0.05105259642004967,
-0.02591700665652752,
-0.009749110788106918,
0.0171818770468235,
0.022549469023942947,
-0.036838240921497345,
-0.010790999978780746,
0.08268138766288757,
-0.006995545234531164,
-0.0021651769056916237,
-0.02230760268867016,
-0.011265432462096214,
-0.03862433880567551,
0.02081918902695179,
0.029005464166402817,
0.0032442770898342133,
0.05495968088507652,
0.03654056042432785,
-0.03205671161413193,
0.024056488648056984,
-0.016326040029525757,
0.0389220230281353,
0.03981507197022438,
0.009511894546449184,
-0.013572474010288715,
0.005028048064559698,
-0.08439306169748306,
-0.060206338763237,
-0.03244742006063461,
0.057750456035137177,
0.029377568513154984,
-0.05548062548041344,
-0.05161074921488762,
0.0227541271597147,
0.045322202146053314,
0.01910751312971115,
-0.008451400324702263,
-0.005139679182320833,
-0.056857407093048096,
0.03053108975291252,
-0.060578443109989166,
0.03747081756591797,
-0.0057350448332726955,
-0.01527484692633152,
-0.025414666160941124,
-0.029619434848427773,
0.028447309508919716,
0.024744879454374313,
0.022382022812962532,
-0.009786320850253105,
-0.02909849025309086,
-0.025377456098794937,
-0.0034838186111301184,
0.04130348563194275,
-0.0046722241677343845,
-0.01283756922930479,
0.025526298210024834,
0.04152674600481987,
-0.03713592514395714,
-0.017116758972406387,
0.008097901940345764,
-0.019405195489525795,
-0.02362857013940811,
0.05116422474384308,
-0.009963070042431355,
0.015070190653204918,
-0.013712012208998203,
0.043945420533418655,
-0.0017105131410062313,
-0.048708342015743256,
0.02329367585480213,
-0.0007750217337161303,
0.02465185523033142,
0.03250323608517647,
-0.011693350970745087,
0.04167558625340462,
0.06612278521060944,
-0.014260864816606045,
0.05715509131550789,
0.034010257571935654,
0.009367704391479492,
0.018930763006210327,
0.01097705215215683,
0.018698198720812798,
-0.007083919830620289,
0.016893496736884117,
0.004495474975556135,
0.049043234437704086,
-0.042270954698324203,
-0.034121885895729065,
-0.001109914854168892,
0.013488750904798508,
0.04606640711426735,
0.03622427210211754,
0.02524721994996071,
0.03203810751438141,
-0.022995993494987488,
0.00393266836181283,
0.05049443989992142,
0.0002960838901344687,
0.014456219039857388,
-0.000022765900212107226,
-0.0848395898938179,
-0.04279189929366112,
0.028224047273397446,
0.01833539828658104,
-0.026642607524991035,
0.008446748368442059,
0.02013079635798931,
0.060801707208156586,
-0.016446972265839577,
0.057862088084220886,
-0.002834963146597147,
0.024744879454374313,
0.02906128019094467,
-0.0015465549658983946,
0.017619099467992783,
0.010939842090010643,
0.015926027670502663,
-0.06913682073354721,
-0.004507103003561497,
-0.03425212204456329,
-0.01278175413608551,
-0.0645599514245987,
0.010874724015593529,
0.049154866486787796,
-0.03371257334947586,
-0.02195410430431366,
-0.03224276378750801,
0.045210570096969604,
-0.006660651881247759,
0.0003241370141040534,
-0.002760542556643486,
0.0323357917368412,
-0.009023508988320827,
-0.07029034197330475,
0.057973720133304596,
-0.059015609323978424,
0.10515643656253815,
-0.0218424741178751,
-0.0031768332701176405,
0.06109938770532608,
0.026884475722908974,
-0.01854935847222805,
0.012204993516206741,
0.0017779568443074822,
0.0756114199757576,
0.027517050504684448,
-0.062290120869874954,
-0.0448012575507164,
-0.028019391000270844,
-0.05819698050618172,
0.04081974923610687,
-0.058792345225811005,
0.023051809519529343,
0.03250323608517647,
0.02262389101088047,
0.009404915384948254,
-0.01120961643755436,
-0.04413146898150444,
-0.023702990263700485,
-0.04279189929366112,
-0.0015628344845026731,
-0.023796016350388527,
0.003976855892688036,
-0.005665275268256664,
-0.03371257334947586,
-0.03722895309329033,
-0.011618930846452713,
-0.014725994318723679,
-0.04811297729611397,
-0.004665247164666653,
0.027665892615914345,
-0.005865280982106924,
-0.02433556690812111,
0.01595393568277359,
-0.0676112025976181,
0.0026954244822263718,
-0.03763826563954353,
-0.02476348541676998,
0.04059648886322975,
0.0010651461780071259,
-0.02759147249162197,
-0.0411546416580677,
-0.026307715103030205,
0.05350847914814949,
-0.021656421944499016,
-0.0042536077089607716,
-0.021302923560142517,
-0.013284093700349331,
0.001812841510400176,
0.029824092984199524,
-0.04867113381624222,
-0.018921460956335068,
0.06124822795391083,
-0.11966847628355026,
-0.01454924512654543,
-0.017795847728848457,
-0.025972820818424225,
0.021972710266709328,
0.010130517184734344,
-0.042940739542245865,
0.00803278386592865,
0.000016324949683621526,
-0.01732141524553299,
-0.006646697875112295,
-0.01273524109274149,
0.013944577425718307,
-0.002502395771443844,
-0.02770310267806053,
0.03408467769622803,
-0.010260753333568573,
-0.018354002386331558,
0.0055443416349589825,
-0.0005787953268736601,
0.0242239348590374,
0.07029034197330475,
0.0698438212275505,
-0.020000560209155083,
0.009470033459365368,
0.033991649746894836,
0.03348931297659874,
-0.01273524109274149,
-0.013805038295686245,
0.0010413082782179117,
0.006925775669515133,
-0.04651293158531189,
0.049601390957832336,
-0.00540015147998929,
0.019386589527130127,
-0.034363754093647,
-0.04788971692323685,
-0.005214099772274494,
-0.022475048899650574,
0.024298356845974922,
0.0024791392497718334,
-0.006390877068042755,
-0.013256185688078403,
-0.02716355212032795,
0.035126566886901855,
0.006474600173532963,
-0.014391100965440273,
-0.04863392189145088,
-0.015321359969675541,
0.01137706357985735,
0.011414273642003536,
-0.06671815365552902,
-0.007004847750067711,
0.005925747565925121,
-0.06519252806901932,
-0.06835540384054184,
0.035703327506780624,
0.016940010711550713,
0.0022721567656844854,
0.0009878184646368027,
-0.10069119930267334,
0.019386589527130127,
0.03144274279475212,
0.014232957735657692,
-0.039889492094516754,
-0.05633646249771118,
0.040559276938438416,
-0.006832749582827091,
0.04301515966653824,
0.0032373000867664814,
-0.039666227996349335,
0.020502900704741478,
-0.03778710588812828,
0.05495968088507652,
0.0012884081806987524,
-0.011814285069704056,
0.0214889757335186,
-0.032298579812049866,
-0.02094942517578602,
0.004432682413607836,
-0.0069071706384420395,
-0.034363754093647,
-0.012725938111543655,
-0.005032699089497328,
0.01639115810394287,
-0.033768389374017715,
-0.050420019775629044,
0.03317302465438843,
-0.005455967038869858,
-0.021302923560142517,
0.005339684896171093,
0.034680042415857315,
-0.013246883638203144,
-0.020521506667137146,
-0.05376895144581795,
-0.059127241373062134,
0.024056488648056984,
0.014874835498631,
-0.010260753333568573,
0.02091221511363983,
0.02818683721125126,
0.006693210918456316,
-0.0473315604031086,
-0.01319106761366129,
-0.001566322986036539,
0.03322884067893028,
-0.04573151469230652,
-0.008414189331233501,
0.0066420468501746655,
0.006804842036217451,
0.0443919412791729,
0.003014038084074855,
-0.009302586317062378,
-0.08885830640792847,
0.030512483790516853,
0.0009860742138698697,
0.06377853453159332,
-0.04948975890874863,
0.018754014745354652,
-0.036131247878074646,
-0.005748998373746872,
-0.04628967121243477,
0.02035405859351158,
0.009195607155561447,
-0.0378057099878788,
-0.022121550515294075,
0.04398262873291969,
-0.009907254949212074,
-0.030493877828121185,
0.042010482400655746,
-0.006739723961800337,
-0.02669842354953289,
-0.012465465813875198,
-0.02059592679142952,
0.04331284388899803,
0.0047908322885632515,
-0.029489198699593544,
-0.0229587834328413,
-0.01125612948089838,
0.009409566409885883,
0.007953711785376072,
0.05994586646556854,
0.038884811103343964,
-0.006060635205358267,
-0.016995824873447418,
-0.025489086285233498,
0.04561988264322281,
0.017563283443450928,
0.026512371376156807,
0.017963293939828873,
0.01053052768111229,
-0.021079661324620247,
-0.016205105930566788,
0.017116758972406387,
0.021581999957561493,
-0.012400347739458084,
-0.01436319388449192,
0.03306139260530472,
0.0006064123590476811,
0.019088907167315483,
-0.02872638776898384,
0.05399221181869507,
-0.0043326797895133495,
0.01573997549712658,
0.04375936836004257,
-0.008283953182399273,
-0.014902743510901928,
0.007130432408303022,
-0.05328521504998207,
-0.04268026724457741,
0.02420533075928688,
0.03032643161714077,
0.04167558625340462,
-0.006125753279775381,
0.02091221511363983,
-0.05053165182471275,
-0.009739807806909084,
0.000995958223938942,
0.0014291098341345787,
0.013525960966944695,
-0.03585216775536537,
0.01413993164896965,
0.03088458813726902,
0.0112003143876791,
-0.005762952379882336,
0.02241923287510872,
-0.00019564502872526646,
-0.04390820860862732,
-0.029451988637447357,
0.0057257418520748615,
-0.006181568838655949,
-0.0301031693816185,
-0.029898513108491898,
-0.004528034012764692,
0.02420533075928688,
-0.026270505040884018,
-0.008902574889361858,
-0.01215848047286272,
-0.020316848531365395,
0.042829107493162155,
0.023963462561368942,
-0.03402886167168617,
0.04930371046066284,
0.04647572338581085,
-0.012074757367372513,
-0.003746616654098034,
0.023051809519529343,
-0.016381854191422462,
0.003911737818270922,
0.03713592514395714,
0.014567850157618523,
0.03700568899512291,
0.017600493505597115,
0.0044071003794670105,
-0.04684782400727272,
-0.007469976786524057,
-0.00735834613442421,
-0.03131250664591789,
-0.005772254895418882,
0.03620566800236702,
0.004674549680203199,
-0.022921573370695114,
-0.04353610426187515,
-0.0646715834736824,
-0.0038210374768823385,
0.017126061022281647,
-0.007014150265604258,
0.05637367442250252,
0.02227039262652397,
0.006846703588962555,
-0.0003139622858725488,
-0.023275071755051613,
0.019200539216399193,
-0.0013756200205534697,
0.04219653084874153,
-0.05670856684446335,
-0.04346168413758278,
0.03825223445892334,
0.022140156477689743,
-0.0288380179554224,
-0.0010436339071020484,
-0.014828323386609554,
0.04841066151857376,
-0.017265601083636284,
0.016912102699279785,
0.036149851977825165,
-0.011488694697618484,
-0.00780952163040638,
0.001085495576262474,
-0.00893978588283062,
0.018354002386331558,
-0.0029907815624028444,
0.0147725073620677,
0.002834963146597147,
0.010372384451329708,
-0.031293902546167374,
0.048819974064826965,
-0.05510852113366127,
0.02976827695965767,
-0.0064839026890695095,
0.005088514648377895,
0.027777522802352905,
-0.022028524428606033,
-0.0174330472946167,
-0.015209728851914406,
0.023219255730509758,
0.006423436105251312,
0.007753706071525812,
-0.012725938111543655,
-0.01561904326081276,
0.00988864991813898,
0.011684048920869827,
0.031628794968128204,
0.05793650820851326,
-0.01605626381933689,
0.006390877068042755,
-0.03678242862224579,
-0.000949445238802582,
-0.007790916133671999,
0.030010143294930458,
-0.013498052954673767,
0.036614980548620224,
-0.038773179054260254,
-0.010539830662310123,
0.025619322434067726,
0.015405083075165749,
-0.04122906178236008,
0.013386421836912632,
0.01205615233629942,
0.04878276214003563,
0.02761007659137249,
-0.00007805451605236158,
-0.028912438079714775,
0.034010257571935654,
-0.011004960164427757,
0.00560015719383955,
0.0407453291118145,
-0.03881039097905159,
-0.017916781827807426,
-0.023386701941490173,
-0.00313962297514081,
-0.0380103699862957,
-0.004037322476506233,
0.06582510471343994,
0.01823307015001774,
0.06552741676568985,
-0.01573067344725132,
0.010949144139885902,
-0.07162991911172867,
0.016605116426944733,
0.020726162940263748,
-0.03562890738248825,
0.02284715324640274,
0.00939561240375042,
0.0014709715032950044,
-0.013591079041361809,
0.017274903133511543,
0.003486144356429577,
-0.018502844497561455,
-0.026214689016342163,
-0.007046709302812815,
-0.03862433880567551,
0.01306083146482706,
-0.005074561107903719,
0.008456051349639893,
0.0033954440150409937,
-0.002400067402049899,
-0.007311833091080189,
-0.018140044063329697,
0.007442069239914417,
0.012763149105012417,
0.027628682553768158,
-0.018633080646395683,
-0.005525736603885889,
0.06340643018484116,
-0.04967581108212471,
-0.024521617218852043,
0.006121101789176464,
-0.006204825360327959,
-0.011516601778566837,
-0.0011884054401889443,
0.01742374524474144,
0.001898890477605164,
0.05287590250372887,
0.002679144963622093,
0.014158536680042744,
0.01437249593436718,
0.048150189220905304,
0.03460562229156494,
0.011107288300991058,
-0.006172266323119402,
0.07289506494998932,
-0.019042395055294037,
-0.03494051471352577,
0.0007314158719964325,
0.020670346915721893,
-0.0013779456494376063,
0.011386365629732609,
-0.022568074986338615,
-0.03804757818579674,
-0.0033814902417361736,
-0.0036047522444278,
0.023107625544071198,
0.006572277285158634,
-0.015060887672007084,
-0.020875005051493645,
0.06508089601993561,
-0.07140665501356125,
-0.004390820860862732,
0.002181456657126546,
0.00849326141178608,
-0.017005128785967827,
-0.02692168578505516,
0.004530359525233507,
-0.002462859731167555,
-0.044168680906295776,
0.02411230467259884,
0.0003415793471504003,
0.030028749257326126,
-0.00025494900182820857,
-0.004286166746169329,
0.03227997571229935,
-0.004179187119007111,
0.03168461099267006,
-0.004276864230632782,
0.012623609974980354,
0.04669898375868797,
-0.036373112350702286,
0.049713023006916046,
-0.01215848047286272,
0.02502395771443844,
-0.008009526878595352,
-0.008274651132524014,
0.030121775344014168,
0.021563395857810974,
-0.01306083146482706,
-0.01030726544559002,
0.06437389552593231,
-0.024707669392228127,
0.016112079843878746,
0.0373033732175827,
-0.0282798632979393,
-0.02126571349799633,
-0.00985143892467022,
0.03203810751438141,
-0.01888425089418888,
0.030047355219721794,
-0.007669982500374317,
0.04279189929366112,
-0.0002553850645199418,
0.0242239348590374,
0.003379164496436715,
-0.009028160013258457,
-0.014242259785532951,
-0.05112701654434204,
-0.013646894134581089,
-0.04163837805390358,
-0.014270167797803879,
-0.02861475571990013,
0.009749110788106918,
0.02264249511063099,
-0.0025303035508841276,
-0.037508029490709305,
-0.01977729983627796,
0.011125893332064152,
0.0036884755827486515,
0.020856399089097977,
-0.009953767992556095,
0.007204853463917971,
0.010902631096541882,
0.025749560445547104,
-0.026958895847201347,
-0.04130348563194275,
0.01955403760075569,
0.010763092897832394,
-0.035777747631073,
0.003693126840516925,
0.0035024238750338554,
0.0176377035677433,
0.021135477349162102,
0.0378057099878788,
0.009711900725960732,
-0.009907254949212074,
0.026772843673825264,
0.03531261906027794,
0.014158536680042744,
0.012177085503935814,
0.013702710159122944,
-0.012707333080470562,
0.029898513108491898,
-0.021526185795664787,
-0.0028558941558003426,
-0.028763597831130028,
0.020279638469219208,
0.03307999670505524,
-0.040670908987522125,
0.0017616773257032037,
-0.007842080667614937,
0.022921573370695114,
0.038289446383714676,
-0.03499633073806763,
-0.027126342058181763,
0.016037659719586372,
-0.008465353399515152,
0.02070755697786808,
-0.019200539216399193,
0.027070526033639908,
0.006172266323119402,
-0.07483000308275223,
-0.005572249181568623,
-0.005246658809483051,
0.0035861472133547068,
0.006116450764238834,
-0.012446860782802105,
-0.027628682553768158,
0.0572667233645916,
-0.023275071755051613,
0.0183447003364563,
0.0038745272904634476,
0.002960548270493746,
-0.005995517130941153,
-0.016605116426944733,
0.013544565998017788,
-0.0006005982286296785,
-0.0075816079042851925,
0.044168680906295776,
0.016772562637925148,
0.051424697041511536,
0.0411546416580677,
0.0013616661308333278,
-0.04517336189746857,
0.01810283400118351,
-0.00038867368130013347,
0.06322038173675537,
-0.004590826574712992,
-0.00849326141178608,
-0.009581664577126503,
0.007590910419821739,
-0.005255961325019598,
-0.044168680906295776,
0.01695861481130123,
0.04331284388899803,
0.012363137677311897,
-0.021358739584684372,
-0.022456444799900055,
-0.019609851762652397,
-0.016995824873447418,
0.03644753247499466,
-0.018409818410873413,
0.03030782751739025,
0.024130908772349358,
0.014074813574552536,
-0.013805038295686245,
-0.013805038295686245,
-0.003060550894588232,
0.0005372243467718363,
0.009972373023629189,
0.005897840019315481,
0.040670908987522125,
0.011218919418752193,
0.015107400715351105,
-0.009860741905868053,
-0.002167502650991082,
-0.014391100965440273,
0.019042395055294037,
-0.016670234501361847,
0.01458645612001419,
0.01732141524553299,
-0.021470369771122932,
-0.06452274322509766,
0.042494215071201324,
-0.006046681199222803,
-0.01545159611850977,
0.009525848552584648,
0.003097761422395706,
0.02872638776898384,
0.030828772112727165,
0.019721483811736107,
-0.01721908710896969,
-0.027107737958431244,
0.007149037905037403,
0.03393583744764328,
0.027219368144869804,
-0.03520098701119423,
0.08379770070314407,
-0.015544622205197811,
-0.02705192193388939,
-0.00044158214586786926,
-0.008474656380712986,
0.004758272785693407,
0.008567682467401028,
0.008014177903532982,
-0.026214689016342163,
-0.049601390957832336,
0.015665555372834206,
-0.006135055795311928,
0.013786433264613152,
0.015916725620627403,
-0.00872117467224598,
0.02014940232038498,
-0.0418616384267807,
0.042494215071201324,
-0.031052034348249435,
0.02558211237192154,
0.016260921955108643,
0.043833788484334946,
0.01521903183311224,
0.0031140409409999847,
0.0032024153042584658,
-0.004981535021215677,
0.0473315604031086,
0.009916556999087334,
-0.0192563533782959,
-0.033545125275850296,
0.008870015852153301,
0.045433834195137024,
-0.018707500770688057,
-0.03451259434223175,
-0.004400123376399279,
0.017609795555472374,
0.01753537543118,
-0.04342447221279144,
0.04863392189145088,
0.018028412014245987,
-0.009925859980285168,
0.029005464166402817,
0.019870324060320854,
-0.03267068415880203,
-0.0011674746638163924,
-0.02818683721125126,
-0.024930931627750397,
0.0170795489102602,
-0.012893385253846645,
-0.013963182456791401,
0.004809437319636345,
0.04941533878445625,
0.01458645612001419,
0.04539662227034569,
-0.008814200758934021,
-0.0025651883333921432,
-0.06124822795391083,
-0.0054699210450053215,
-0.020856399089097977,
-0.05395500361919403,
-0.036931268870830536,
0.03843828663229942,
0.008870015852153301,
-0.018186556175351143,
-0.008079295977950096,
0.023275071755051613,
-0.03981507197022438,
-0.002238434972241521,
-0.03544285520911217,
-0.021228501573204994,
-0.017405139282345772,
0.012195690535008907,
0.010660763829946518,
-0.054810840636491776,
0.037973158061504364,
0.012623609974980354,
-0.012577096931636333,
0.010772394947707653,
0.03676382079720497,
-0.020298244431614876,
-0.07159270346164703,
0.026084452867507935,
-0.028707781806588173,
-0.02818683721125126,
0.007963013835251331,
-0.04718272015452385,
-0.00943747442215681,
0.017228391021490097,
-0.03549867123365402,
-0.0042257001623511314,
0.04346168413758278,
-0.003525680396705866,
0.008860713802278042,
-0.028893833979964256,
-0.026791449636220932,
0.05704345926642418,
0.0024163469206541777,
0.012028244324028492,
0.03311720862984657,
-0.013070134446024895,
-0.0005215262644924223,
0.03793594613671303,
-0.007888593710958958,
-0.0029163609724491835,
-0.015535319223999977,
-0.011860798113048077,
0.03936854749917984,
0.04346168413758278,
-0.013405026867985725,
-0.002317506819963455,
-0.0019430777756497264,
0.001273291534744203,
0.020093586295843124,
-0.038847602903842926,
0.056299254298210144,
-0.026047242805361748
] |
Flaky tests are problematic because they non-deterministically pass or fail
for the same software version under test, causing confusion and wasting
developer time. While machine learning models have been used to predict
flakiness and its root causes, there is less work on providing support to fix
the problem. To address this gap, we propose a framework that automatically
generates labeled datasets for 13 fix categories and train models to predict
the fix category of a flaky test by analyzing the test code only. Though it is
unrealistic at this stage to accurately predict the fix itself, the categories
provide precise guidance about what part of the test code to look at. Our
approach is based on language models, namely CodeBERT and UniXcoder, whose
output is fine-tuned with a Feed Forward Neural Network (FNN) or a Siamese
Network-based Few Shot Learning (FSL). Our experimental results show that
UniXcoder outperforms CodeBERT, in correctly predicting most of the categories
of fixes a developer should apply. Furthermore, FSL does not appear to have any
significant effect. Given the high accuracy obtained for most fix categories,
our proposed framework has the potential to help developers to fix flaky tests
quickly and accurately.To aid future research, we make our automated labeling
tool, dataset, prediction models, and experimental infrastructure publicly
available. | [
0.0057237897999584675,
0.006354686338454485,
-0.017701687291264534,
-0.04747270792722702,
0.04319358244538307,
0.035494811832904816,
-0.04004824161529541,
0.006135243922472,
-0.035476524382829666,
-0.009728613309562206,
-0.016951926052570343,
-0.012051045894622803,
-0.0738423690199852,
-0.0015166670782491565,
-0.039792224764823914,
-0.019512087106704712,
0.004461995791643858,
0.0031384837348014116,
-0.024723844602704048,
-0.065247543156147,
-0.037195488810539246,
-0.0018115427810698748,
-0.013395130634307861,
-0.003264205763116479,
0.031581420451402664,
0.008512536995112896,
0.016302742063999176,
-0.03514736145734787,
-0.06652762740850449,
0.005659785587340593,
0.044473662972450256,
0.033080942928791046,
-0.03825612738728523,
-0.032312896102666855,
0.01193218119442463,
-0.007209597621113062,
0.03928019106388092,
0.042974140495061874,
0.005508918780833483,
0.052775900810956955,
-0.02788747288286686,
-0.03862186521291733,
0.016970213502645493,
0.01347742136567831,
0.0072050257585942745,
0.009216581471264362,
0.008096510544419289,
-0.035494811832904816,
-0.05888371542096138,
-0.09070286154747009,
-0.002287001349031925,
0.027320580556988716,
0.009957198984920979,
-0.03136197850108147,
-0.012398496270179749,
0.03770752251148224,
0.059359174221754074,
0.005632355343550444,
0.03172771632671356,
0.005399197805672884,
0.017738262191414833,
0.033190663903951645,
-0.028033768758177757,
0.03946306183934212,
0.020883603021502495,
0.0203532837331295,
-0.010661243461072445,
0.006606130860745907,
0.030776798725128174,
0.006564985495060682,
-0.07066045701503754,
0.02128591388463974,
-0.06422347575426102,
0.05306848883628845,
0.03459875285625458,
0.03935334086418152,
0.03935334086418152,
-0.007346749305725098,
-0.020847029983997345,
-0.024906713515520096,
0.03198373317718506,
0.013870589435100555,
-0.017610253766179085,
0.043047286570072174,
0.031654566526412964,
-0.02538217231631279,
-0.004608290735632181,
-0.06367487460374832,
0.011072698049247265,
-0.036464013159275055,
-0.029844168573617935,
0.029807593673467636,
0.003225346328690648,
-0.018698321655392647,
-0.036317721009254456,
-0.019054915755987167,
-0.05178840830922127,
0.011228136718273163,
-0.07300117611885071,
0.03289807587862015,
-0.027229145169258118,
0.03346496820449829,
-0.0060575250536203384,
-0.002436725189909339,
0.04227923974394798,
-0.04008481279015541,
-0.0656864270567894,
0.041255172342061996,
0.01953037455677986,
0.13437190651893616,
-0.004052827134728432,
-0.016522184014320374,
-0.0488259382545948,
-0.0020298422314226627,
0.03101452812552452,
0.02295001968741417,
-0.03626285865902901,
-0.08411958813667297,
-0.03326381370425224,
-0.026662252843379974,
0.0205178651958704,
0.03781724348664284,
-0.02635137550532818,
-0.002747601829469204,
-0.0572013221681118,
0.03456218168139458,
0.035549670457839966,
0.04754585772752762,
0.03170942887663841,
-0.016055868938565254,
-0.0032002017833292484,
-0.015406685881316662,
0.03437931090593338,
-0.0015498120337724686,
0.03953620791435242,
0.0036413725465536118,
-0.0008023363188840449,
0.03511078655719757,
-0.047143545001745224,
-0.03924361616373062,
0.017326807603240013,
-0.015699276700615883,
0.020847029983997345,
0.013102540746331215,
-0.0002151564258383587,
-0.053580522537231445,
0.01391630619764328,
0.08719178289175034,
0.014867223799228668,
0.04191350191831589,
-0.07614652067422867,
-0.021523643285036087,
-0.018241150304675102,
0.016769057139754295,
0.011840746738016605,
-0.0045351432636380196,
0.023974083364009857,
0.02220025658607483,
-0.0012629367411136627,
-0.02693655528128147,
0.0574573390185833,
-0.02543703280389309,
0.05548235774040222,
0.023535199463367462,
0.02048129215836525,
-0.004203693475574255,
0.001955552026629448,
0.015397542156279087,
-0.04279126971960068,
0.043010711669921875,
0.0371406264603138,
-0.015242104418575764,
-0.032312896102666855,
0.02689998224377632,
0.004461995791643858,
0.017966847866773605,
0.02135906182229519,
0.02717428468167782,
0.010076063685119152,
-0.05259303003549576,
-0.04816760867834091,
0.03183743730187416,
0.05961518734693527,
0.005870084743946791,
0.07292802631855011,
-0.0012617938918992877,
0.052044425159692764,
0.039828795939683914,
0.03130711615085602,
-0.016732484102249146,
0.018378302454948425,
-0.012352779507637024,
0.00976518727838993,
0.014163179323077202,
-0.0019429796375334263,
-0.022456273436546326,
-0.07098962366580963,
0.012325349263846874,
-0.020956750959157944,
-0.02225511707365513,
0.003549938090145588,
-0.043120432645082474,
-0.06356514990329742,
-0.05581152066588402,
0.002541874535381794,
0.009810904040932655,
0.043851908296346664,
0.03417815640568733,
0.02686340920627117,
-0.07248914241790771,
-0.020737307146191597,
-0.010012060403823853,
-0.04568059369921684,
-0.018698321655392647,
0.005088320933282375,
-0.01396202389150858,
0.0020561297424137592,
-0.008027934469282627,
0.0037579513154923916,
-0.011621304787695408,
0.05142267048358917,
-0.005737504921853542,
0.021743085235357285,
0.005865512881428003,
-0.02604050002992153,
-0.05625040456652641,
0.07292802631855011,
0.0013749438803642988,
-0.015379255637526512,
-0.001086925738491118,
-0.016659336164593697,
-0.025693049654364586,
-0.0032984938006848097,
-0.03606170415878296,
0.024120379239320755,
-0.025894204154610634,
-0.00441856449469924,
-0.05573837086558342,
-0.030575642362236977,
-0.00896056555211544,
-0.00592951662838459,
-0.005988948978483677,
-0.06118785962462425,
-0.061773039400577545,
0.08251034468412399,
-0.023919222876429558,
-0.010012060403823853,
0.038877882063388824,
-0.006560413632541895,
0.04235238581895828,
-0.015022661536931992,
-0.0491551011800766,
-0.006002664100378752,
0.017811408266425133,
-0.030648790299892426,
0.04560744762420654,
0.03490963205695152,
0.010112637653946877,
0.036811463534832,
-0.018506310880184174,
0.03125225752592087,
0.01663190685212612,
0.0064232624135911465,
-0.013404274359345436,
-0.04579031839966774,
0.004388848319649696,
-0.0024687270633876324,
0.011164132505655289,
0.029021259397268295,
-0.022748863324522972,
0.04637549817562103,
-0.021852806210517883,
-0.0009857764234766364,
-0.006491838023066521,
0.0326237715780735,
-0.05661614239215851,
-0.02931384928524494,
-0.029222413897514343,
-0.04143804311752319,
0.05548235774040222,
0.004546572454273701,
-0.011090985499322414,
0.004955741111189127,
0.048021312803030014,
-0.021871093660593033,
-0.03598855435848236,
0.02613193355500698,
-0.029661299660801888,
-0.025107869878411293,
-0.04831390455365181,
-0.016110731288790703,
-0.023919222876429558,
0.014976944774389267,
0.02375464141368866,
0.011539013125002384,
0.0072050257585942745,
-0.02618679404258728,
0.0143826212733984,
-0.014410051517188549,
0.020737307146191597,
-0.039719074964523315,
-0.027412014082074165,
0.026515958830714226,
0.0029944744892418385,
0.018094856292009354,
0.015379255637526512,
0.02465069852769375,
0.07205025851726532,
-0.01358714234083891,
0.02788747288286686,
0.002046986250206828,
-0.032258033752441406,
-0.05306848883628845,
-0.005056318826973438,
-0.029606439173221588,
0.013632860034704208,
0.008261092007160187,
-0.02205396257340908,
-0.05061804875731468,
-0.05054490268230438,
-0.03013675846159458,
-0.028399504721164703,
-0.10701475292444229,
0.0371406264603138,
0.0205727256834507,
-0.006619845982640982,
0.02620508149266243,
0.06202905625104904,
-0.011575587093830109,
-0.010716104879975319,
0.00595237547531724,
0.005508918780833483,
-0.026515958830714226,
-0.0407797135412693,
-0.03331867232918739,
-0.009527457877993584,
-0.046229202300310135,
0.06707622855901718,
0.015699276700615883,
-0.03818298131227493,
-0.018186289817094803,
-0.022748863324522972,
-0.05895686149597168,
-0.010834968648850918,
0.0007714772364124656,
-0.039024174213409424,
-0.016394177451729774,
0.013431704603135586,
0.016485610976815224,
-0.013294552452862263,
0.0009926339844241738,
-0.018634317442774773,
0.03843899443745613,
0.03348325565457344,
0.029057832434773445,
-0.031526558101177216,
-0.01887204684317112,
-0.014894654043018818,
0.04359589144587517,
0.06330913305282593,
-0.0030447635799646378,
-0.07841408997774124,
-0.0002794461906887591,
-0.0008669118396937847,
-0.0037830958608537912,
0.00821994710713625,
0.030923092737793922,
-0.04498569294810295,
0.00571921793743968,
-0.010002916678786278,
-0.03591540828347206,
0.12581364810466766,
0.0205544400960207,
0.025656474754214287,
0.014373477548360825,
-0.05994435399770737,
0.03428787738084793,
0.034708473831415176,
-0.02371806651353836,
0.057859648019075394,
-0.022383125498890877,
-0.010606382973492146,
0.03348325565457344,
-0.01149329636245966,
-0.05573837086558342,
0.042974140495061874,
-0.028052054345607758,
0.019146351143717766,
-0.03953620791435242,
-0.013660290278494358,
0.061041563749313354,
-0.03196544572710991,
-0.02037157118320465,
-0.03260548412799835,
0.003997966647148132,
0.03946306183934212,
-0.004413992632180452,
0.0070770177990198135,
0.03938991203904152,
-0.06246794015169144,
-0.033995285630226135,
0.019128063693642616,
-0.04260840266942978,
0.0205544400960207,
-0.03851214423775673,
0.02044471725821495,
-0.0036230855621397495,
-0.01799427717924118,
0.0037853815592825413,
0.04418107122182846,
-0.026771973818540573,
0.03843899443745613,
0.028856677934527397,
-0.03851214423775673,
0.06835631281137466,
0.007168452255427837,
-0.011612161062657833,
0.015360969118773937,
-0.018597744405269623,
-0.011164132505655289,
0.018652604892849922,
0.04333987459540367,
0.02691826969385147,
-0.010807538405060768,
0.02794233337044716,
0.01749138906598091,
-0.027393728494644165,
0.008169658482074738,
-0.012837381102144718,
-0.05873741954565048,
0.009518315084278584,
-0.009330874308943748,
0.020170414820313454,
-0.02199910208582878,
-0.0010949261486530304,
-0.020152127370238304,
0.03935334086418152,
-0.017354236915707588,
-0.0411088801920414,
-0.00012529361993074417,
-0.01960352249443531,
-0.016787344589829445,
0.037286922335624695,
-0.010341223329305649,
-0.05156896635890007,
-0.03408672288060188,
-0.01262708194553852,
-0.0164398942142725,
-0.047801870852708817,
-0.040450550615787506,
-0.03253233805298805,
0.056104108691215515,
-0.08287608623504639,
-0.006903292611241341,
0.003732806770130992,
-0.06243136525154114,
-0.051239803433418274,
-0.01892690733075142,
0.03851214423775673,
-0.02852751314640045,
0.020334996283054352,
0.052739325910806656,
-0.02450440265238285,
-0.005545492749661207,
-0.02373635396361351,
-0.004023110959678888,
-0.0024870140478014946,
-0.05965176224708557,
-0.0022927159443497658,
0.024851853027939796,
-0.010597240179777145,
-0.04674123227596283,
0.019438941031694412,
-0.000697186856996268,
0.04820418357849121,
0.00886455923318863,
0.03458046540617943,
-0.08931306004524231,
0.05559207871556282,
-0.04564402252435684,
0.029076119884848595,
0.04502226784825325,
0.0030036179814487696,
-0.013395130634307861,
0.047216691076755524,
-0.013806585222482681,
0.005742076318711042,
-0.04019453376531601,
0.0741715356707573,
0.021541930735111237,
-0.06634475290775299,
-0.0734400600194931,
0.007278173230588436,
-0.001465235254727304,
0.0008486249716952443,
-0.005225472617894411,
-0.020700734108686447,
-0.0654669851064682,
0.057859648019075394,
-0.026698825880885124,
0.021615076810121536,
-0.030118471011519432,
-0.010469231754541397,
0.04443708807229996,
-0.038000110536813736,
-0.0068392883986234665,
-0.034799907356500626,
0.05650642141699791,
-0.007607337087392807,
0.010917260311543941,
-0.0071730236522853374,
-0.0009349160827696323,
0.03946306183934212,
0.012535647489130497,
-0.026003925129771233,
0.026552531868219376,
-0.0017075362848117948,
0.013642002828419209,
0.009029140695929527,
0.028161775320768356,
-0.001614958979189396,
-0.019932685419917107,
0.021541930735111237,
0.03865843638777733,
-0.03119739703834057,
-0.007319318596273661,
0.03938991203904152,
-0.032367754727602005,
0.031581420451402664,
-0.02869209460914135,
0.015077522024512291,
0.0326969176530838,
-0.02225511707365513,
-0.012444213032722473,
-0.028820103034377098,
-0.020060693845152855,
0.02130420133471489,
0.037213776260614395,
-0.0162204522639513,
-0.012407639995217323,
-0.029606439173221588,
-0.008832557126879692,
-0.02369978092610836,
-0.0014286615187302232,
-0.011539013125002384,
0.0021567074581980705,
0.03679317608475685,
-0.006848432123661041,
0.025839343667030334,
-0.010487518273293972,
0.002459583804011345,
0.00798678956925869,
0.009884051978588104,
0.058444827795028687,
-0.0013395131099969149,
-0.073622927069664,
-0.039682503789663315,
-0.008686262182891369,
-0.015141526237130165,
-0.015196386724710464,
-0.005742076318711042,
-0.0011206420604139566,
0.03127054497599602,
0.007918213494122028,
0.013632860034704208,
-0.03611656278371811,
-0.01765597052872181,
0.028198350220918655,
-0.012636225670576096,
0.035677678883075714,
0.026570819318294525,
-0.02134077437222004,
0.02126762643456459,
0.005143181420862675,
-0.017308520153164864,
-0.0005411769961938262,
0.043047286570072174,
-0.04860649257898331,
0.004878021776676178,
-0.0102040721103549,
0.029606439173221588,
-0.03039277344942093,
-0.008457676507532597,
0.05409255623817444,
0.025784483179450035,
0.0028070341795682907,
-0.010789251886308193,
-0.039828795939683914,
0.008910275995731354,
0.014775789342820644,
-0.019896112382411957,
0.01355056930333376,
-0.039645928889513016,
0.0020778453908860683,
-0.0327700674533844,
0.008201660588383675,
0.016732484102249146,
0.014071744866669178,
0.05153239145874977,
-0.02359005995094776,
0.007301032077521086,
-0.01842401921749115,
0.017820551991462708,
0.03503763675689697,
0.010917260311543941,
-0.0050746058113873005,
-0.016138160601258278,
-0.013541425578296185,
-0.039792224764823914,
0.027320580556988716,
0.004466567654162645,
-0.015050091780722141,
0.038219552487134933,
0.008215375244617462,
0.008832557126879692,
-0.007378750946372747,
0.06630818545818329,
-0.014912940561771393,
-0.0017338236793875694,
0.0736595019698143,
0.048643067479133606,
-0.03163628280162811,
0.040487125515937805,
-0.00861311424523592,
-0.008805126883089542,
0.08404644578695297,
0.005239187739789486,
-0.0014800933422520757,
-0.011731025762856007,
-0.050362031906843185,
-0.047216691076755524,
-0.0123162055388093,
-0.025967352092266083,
-0.012983676046133041,
-0.015306108631193638,
0.005120323039591312,
0.01344999112188816,
0.032294608652591705,
0.006254108622670174,
-0.07973074167966843,
-0.017070790752768517,
-0.010304650291800499,
0.03216660022735596,
0.07775576412677765,
-0.010149211622774601,
-0.012471644207835197,
0.015260390937328339,
-0.00017658257274888456,
0.06422347575426102,
0.05025231093168259,
-0.030045323073863983,
0.04344959929585457,
-0.012928815558552742,
0.054494865238666534,
-0.025949064642190933,
0.005467773415148258,
-0.00034430742380209267,
0.025839343667030334,
0.002905326196923852,
-0.01964009553194046,
0.023516912013292313,
0.04195007309317589,
-0.007954787462949753,
-0.00983833521604538,
0.039024174213409424,
-0.07205025851726532,
-0.016714196652173996,
0.02863723412156105,
0.020005833357572556,
0.041218601167201996,
-0.004615148063749075,
-0.03748808056116104,
-0.047911591827869415,
0.05420227721333504,
0.007826779037714005,
-0.012755090370774269,
0.024156952276825905,
0.033154092729091644,
-0.006807286292314529,
-0.01892690733075142,
-0.0492648221552372,
-0.052812471985816956,
0.01892690733075142,
0.004397991579025984,
-0.03297122195363045,
0.004205979406833649,
-0.022364839911460876,
0.014894654043018818,
-0.014967801049351692,
-0.024760419502854347,
-0.029204128310084343,
-0.021651651710271835,
-0.0069672963581979275,
-0.004974028095602989,
0.008274807594716549,
0.004553430248051882,
0.017363380640745163,
-0.013294552452862263,
0.018451450392603874,
0.005865512881428003,
0.007118163164705038,
0.009664609096944332,
-0.041291747242212296,
0.010350367054343224,
0.046265773475170135,
0.02627822943031788,
0.0009429166093468666,
-0.04154776409268379,
-0.02124934084713459,
-0.027430301532149315,
-0.00033287814585492015,
0.029222413897514343,
0.020700734108686447,
0.011328714899718761,
0.017409097403287888,
0.012096762657165527,
-0.023425476625561714,
0.05489717796444893,
-0.02940528281033039,
0.028838390484452248,
0.001155501464381814,
0.03121568262577057,
-0.06407718360424042,
-0.055116619914770126,
-0.02609536051750183,
-0.01264536939561367,
0.030429348349571228,
0.019237784668803215,
-0.008402816019952297,
-0.010332080535590649,
0.017271947115659714,
-0.010514948517084122,
-0.020645873621106148,
-0.001200075726956129,
-0.005454058293253183,
0.005874656140804291,
0.0007029014523141086,
0.013376844115555286,
-0.026881694793701172,
0.005870084743946791,
0.015168956480920315,
-0.015699276700615883,
-0.008366242051124573,
-0.013806585222482681,
0.007730773184448481,
0.006660991348326206,
0.006825573276728392,
0.016503898426890373,
0.006596987601369619,
0.05976148322224617,
0.02935042232275009,
-0.0035522240214049816,
0.02792404778301716,
-0.014922084286808968,
-0.06711280345916748,
0.008201660588383675,
0.01229791808873415,
0.027613170444965363,
0.025583328679203987,
0.025985639542341232,
-0.05946889519691467,
0.01806742511689663,
0.016037583351135254,
-0.007525045890361071,
0.06689336150884628,
-0.0012549363309517503,
0.008297665975987911,
-0.008270235732197762,
0.008882845751941204,
-0.003876816015690565,
0.05679900944232941,
-0.01954866200685501,
0.009591462090611458,
-0.05464116111397743,
0.015799853950738907,
-0.01465692464262247,
0.014108318835496902,
-0.02137734740972519,
-0.001500666025094688,
0.03357468917965889,
-0.033903852105140686,
-0.012508217245340347,
-0.006391260307282209,
0.014172322116792202,
-0.0022858583834022284,
0.025126155465841293,
0.02276715077459812,
-0.009056570939719677,
-0.035567957907915115,
0.04275469481945038,
-0.017829695716500282,
-0.02369978092610836,
0.02380950190126896,
0.018168002367019653,
0.05317820981144905,
-0.034854769706726074,
-0.035549670457839966,
0.03763437271118164,
-0.018076568841934204,
-0.029953889548778534,
0.03858529031276703,
-0.017719974741339684,
0.020261850208044052,
-0.005010601598769426,
0.006414118688553572,
-0.04012138769030571,
-0.023955795913934708,
-0.033172376453876495,
-0.021688224747776985,
0.02113961987197399,
0.002756745321676135,
-0.007054159417748451,
0.017738262191414833,
-0.022748863324522972,
0.010094351135194302,
-0.015388399362564087,
-0.0067889997735619545,
0.01312082726508379,
-0.003604798810556531,
0.00028673236374743283,
-0.04370561242103577,
-0.026698825880885124,
0.0015475262189283967,
0.004199122078716755,
-0.011648735031485558,
0.013239691965281963,
0.00899713858962059,
-0.024906713515520096,
0.03708576783537865,
-0.005892943125218153,
-0.03357468917965889,
0.03381241858005524,
-0.007982217706739902,
-0.014894654043018818,
-0.049593985080718994,
0.0411454513669014,
-0.03840242326259613,
-0.02282201126217842,
0.0054860603995621204,
0.02931384928524494,
-0.02134077437222004,
0.004516856279224157,
0.005998092703521252,
-0.00012422211875673383,
-0.006894148886203766,
0.01590043120086193,
-0.008581113070249557,
0.031526558101177216,
0.005166040267795324,
0.02466898411512375,
0.03437931090593338,
0.04513198882341385,
0.05241016298532486,
-0.04414450004696846,
-0.04205979406833649,
0.0015475262189283967,
0.0037625229451805353,
0.043815333396196365,
-0.019054915755987167,
-0.010185785591602325,
0.007415324915200472,
-0.024010656401515007,
0.054458290338516235,
-0.00084062444511801,
0.0025235877837985754,
-0.01570841856300831,
-0.007913641631603241,
-0.04513198882341385,
0.0024458684492856264,
-0.01729937642812729,
-0.018579456955194473,
-0.039755649864673615,
0.015031805261969566,
0.007182167377322912,
-0.00879141129553318,
0.017628541216254234,
-0.009472597390413284,
0.012325349263846874,
0.01591871865093708,
-0.040487125515937805,
0.000703472935128957,
0.025784483179450035,
0.02527245134115219,
-0.043742187321186066,
0.007995933294296265,
-0.02031671069562435,
0.02276715077459812,
0.02048129215836525,
-0.05643327534198761,
-0.10196757316589355,
-0.023535199463367462,
0.04992314800620079,
-0.025674762204289436,
-0.005815223790705204,
0.032386042177677155,
0.013404274359345436,
0.020865315571427345,
0.018698321655392647,
-0.01108184177428484,
-0.027521735057234764,
-0.0004580288950819522,
-0.04718011990189552,
-0.00469058146700263,
-0.04275469481945038,
0.026881694793701172,
0.001149215386249125,
0.009481741115450859,
-0.0030721938237547874,
0.00595237547531724,
0.03523879498243332,
0.008302237838506699,
-0.03191058337688446,
0.025729622691869736,
-0.03017333149909973,
0.055409207940101624,
0.035604532808065414,
-0.03785381466150284,
-0.02935042232275009,
-0.0021087045315653086,
-0.006587843876332045,
0.002480156486853957,
0.046192627400159836,
0.01625702530145645,
0.014912940561771393,
-0.03253233805298805,
0.03598855435848236,
0.007689627818763256,
-0.03189229592680931,
-0.016211308538913727,
0.005449486430734396,
-0.013815728947520256,
0.018597744405269623,
0.026058785617351532,
0.012489930726587772,
-0.010743535123765469,
0.03121568262577057,
0.008498821407556534,
0.015644416213035583,
-0.007095304783433676,
-0.033940427005290985,
-0.012078476138412952,
0.060858696699142456,
-0.011621304787695408,
0.013715150766074657,
-0.011301284655928612,
-0.01758282259106636,
0.02298659272491932,
-0.016147304326295853,
-0.0017361094942316413,
0.03450731933116913,
-0.05398283153772354,
-0.011328714899718761,
0.017418241128325462,
-0.010030346922576427,
-0.033007796853780746,
0.001899548340588808,
-0.004228838253766298,
-0.005444915033876896,
-0.019237784668803215,
0.011603017337620258,
-0.033885564655065536,
0.004592289682477713,
-0.030484208837151527,
-0.026790261268615723,
0.0028070341795682907,
0.00857654120773077,
-0.06692993640899658,
-0.05153239145874977,
-0.039719074964523315,
-0.034854769706726074,
-0.017180511727929115,
-0.024028943851590157,
0.03598855435848236,
0.050215739756822586,
0.0001512952585471794,
0.005591209977865219,
0.022657429799437523,
-0.02710113860666752,
0.024723844602704048,
0.007561619859188795,
0.03500106558203697,
-0.03931676596403122,
-0.003122482681646943,
0.011886464431881905,
-0.021103044971823692,
-0.008283951319754124,
-0.005188898649066687,
-0.002320146420970559,
-0.04575374349951744,
0.00775363203138113,
-0.002343005035072565,
-0.007625623606145382,
0.019219497218728065,
0.012563077732920647,
-0.06777112931013107,
-0.01308425422757864,
-0.03331867232918739,
-0.020792167633771896,
0.009518315084278584,
0.011145845986902714,
-0.05182498320937157,
0.026643965393304825,
0.005371767561882734,
0.04999629780650139,
0.03260548412799835,
0.024943288415670395,
0.028454365208745003,
-0.018021708354353905,
-0.04571716859936714,
0.00032830642885528505,
-0.009344588965177536,
-0.000010848898455151357,
0.017418241128325462,
-0.0008669118396937847,
0.0020755594596266747,
-0.03763437271118164,
-0.05862769857048988,
0.0055180625058710575,
0.03447074443101883,
-0.014144891873002052,
-0.011977897956967354,
-0.029222413897514343,
0.007803920656442642,
-0.03946306183934212
] |
Despite its broad practical applications such as in fraud prevention,
open-set speaker identification (OSI) has received less attention in the
speaker recognition community compared to speaker verification (SV). OSI deals
with determining if a test speech sample belongs to a speaker from a set of
pre-enrolled individuals (in-set) or if it is from an out-of-set speaker. In
addition to the typical challenges associated with speech variability, OSI is
prone to the "false-alarm problem"; as the size of the in-set speaker
population (a.k.a watchlist) grows, the out-of-set scores become larger,
leading to increased false alarm rates. This is in particular challenging for
applications in financial institutions and border security where the watchlist
size is typically of the order of several thousand speakers. Therefore, it is
important to systematically quantify the false-alarm problem, and develop
techniques that alleviate the impact of watchlist size on detection
performance. Prior studies on this problem are sparse, and lack a common
benchmark for systematic evaluations. In this paper, we present the first
public benchmark for OSI, developed using the VoxCeleb dataset. We quantify the
effect of the watchlist size and speech duration on the watchlist-based speaker
detection task using three strong neural network based systems. In contrast to
the findings from prior research, we show that the commonly adopted adaptive
score normalization is not guaranteed to improve the performance for this task.
On the other hand, we show that score calibration and score fusion, two other
commonly used techniques in SV, result in significant improvements in OSI
performance. | [
-0.007855527102947235,
0.03304138407111168,
-0.037981193512678146,
-0.011334915645420551,
0.05456337332725525,
-0.040994271636009216,
0.002851664088666439,
0.04156818985939026,
-0.049152132123708725,
0.002109923865646124,
-0.005611090920865536,
-0.017227843403816223,
-0.0066564446315169334,
-0.05398945510387421,
-0.033000387251377106,
0.01464520301669836,
0.012308529578149319,
-0.04456077143549919,
0.013200155459344387,
-0.004558050539344549,
0.03539855405688286,
0.013015680946409702,
-0.08330035954713821,
0.0007487859693355858,
-0.05251366272568703,
0.059441693127155304,
0.05107886344194412,
-0.0035818745382130146,
-0.023879162967205048,
0.013097669929265976,
0.055096302181482315,
0.019861724227666855,
-0.05337454006075859,
0.013107918202877045,
-0.06284421682357788,
-0.02709721401333809,
0.05940070003271103,
0.030889183282852173,
0.016930634155869484,
0.016336217522621155,
0.006251626182347536,
-0.0028593505267053843,
-0.007112505845725536,
0.018539659678936005,
-0.00973101519048214,
-0.05403044819831848,
-0.0157008059322834,
-0.009884743951261044,
-0.01222654152661562,
0.043494921177625656,
0.03398425132036209,
-0.0024891209322959185,
0.02077384665608406,
-0.031237633898854256,
0.009715641848742962,
0.004183977842330933,
0.042101114988327026,
-0.025354957208037376,
0.03621843829751015,
-0.052390679717063904,
-0.01501415204256773,
-0.006092773750424385,
0.0062669990584254265,
0.020794343203306198,
-0.02818356081843376,
-0.03775572404265404,
0.005257515236735344,
-0.003374340943992138,
0.00582118658348918,
0.007409714628010988,
-0.04603656753897667,
0.00668206624686718,
0.025498436763882637,
0.055383261293172836,
-0.04025637358427048,
0.013200155459344387,
0.04353591427206993,
0.007988758385181427,
0.011396407149732113,
-0.004112237598747015,
0.002700497629120946,
0.026113349944353104,
0.013763826340436935,
0.04964406415820122,
0.05751496180891991,
-0.04111725464463234,
-0.06919833272695541,
-0.07440460473299026,
-0.03181155398488045,
-0.04882417619228363,
0.023756179958581924,
-0.015229371376335621,
0.028286047279834747,
0.009064857847988605,
-0.014276254922151566,
0.008501186966896057,
0.0003888050268869847,
-0.020896829664707184,
-0.043658897280693054,
-0.0410967580974102,
0.05771993473172188,
-0.0352550745010376,
0.023879162967205048,
0.051283832639455795,
0.03919052332639694,
0.03753025457262993,
-0.004970555193722248,
-0.0072354888543486595,
-0.005298509728163481,
0.17873501777648926,
-0.011293921619653702,
0.02980283461511135,
0.0202716663479805,
0.01688963919878006,
-0.006159389391541481,
0.029023943468928337,
-0.03621843829751015,
-0.034107234328985214,
-0.006518089212477207,
0.008419198915362358,
-0.007988758385181427,
0.048496223986148834,
-0.008829141035676003,
0.027568647637963295,
-0.05669507756829262,
0.06005660817027092,
0.014173769392073154,
0.06374609470367432,
-0.030561229214072227,
-0.023038780316710472,
0.0029285282362252474,
0.038063179701566696,
-0.015772545710206032,
-0.04171166941523552,
0.05066891759634018,
0.015844285488128662,
0.03039725124835968,
0.023653695359826088,
-0.029536372050642967,
0.026174841448664665,
-0.015024400316178799,
0.013148912228643894,
-0.011724361218512058,
0.06448398530483246,
0.02504749968647957,
-0.030745703727006912,
-0.01784275658428669,
0.02289530076086521,
-0.03554203361272812,
0.019175071269273758,
0.01519862562417984,
0.03090967983007431,
-0.012913195416331291,
0.01185759250074625,
0.013886809349060059,
-0.010443290695548058,
0.0008410231093876064,
0.005682830698788166,
0.021030060946941376,
0.018078474327921867,
0.0049628689885139465,
-0.09035137295722961,
0.030807195231318474,
-0.009536292403936386,
0.005508605390787125,
0.057228002697229385,
0.05181675776839256,
0.007102257572114468,
-0.053415536880493164,
0.047389376908540726,
0.034537672996520996,
0.00980275496840477,
-0.047020427882671356,
-0.026236332952976227,
0.016643673181533813,
0.03882157430052757,
0.05374348908662796,
0.02906493842601776,
-0.03423021733760834,
-0.006707687396556139,
-0.04095327854156494,
0.04156818985939026,
-0.014911666512489319,
-0.010822487995028496,
-0.01734057627618313,
-0.007640307303518057,
0.07903695851564407,
-0.05013599246740341,
0.03794019669294357,
0.017709525302052498,
0.07645431905984879,
-0.006097897887229919,
0.0127799641340971,
0.01733032800257206,
-0.00019904640794266015,
-0.03193453699350357,
-0.09551665186882019,
0.011990824714303017,
-0.009295451454818249,
-0.016049256548285484,
-0.02474004216492176,
-0.0003266730927862227,
0.021050557494163513,
-0.026994727551937103,
-0.047389376908540726,
0.025354957208037376,
-0.011293921619653702,
-0.004888566676527262,
-0.006492467597126961,
-0.04435580223798752,
-0.00003076572102145292,
-0.06292620301246643,
-0.02974134311079979,
0.024391591548919678,
-0.00431208498775959,
-0.016469448804855347,
0.006933155935257673,
0.0361364483833313,
-0.012564743869006634,
0.03390226140618324,
-0.005477859638631344,
0.02326424978673458,
0.06087649241089821,
-0.01332313846796751,
-0.057309992611408234,
-0.07920093089342117,
0.023694688454270363,
0.05460437014698982,
0.021480998024344444,
0.015219123102724552,
-0.03533706068992615,
-0.053333546966314316,
0.00022338675626087934,
0.0013784323818981647,
0.02965935505926609,
-0.030643217265605927,
0.047102417796850204,
-0.026031361892819405,
-0.006774303503334522,
-0.03884207084774971,
-0.0597696490585804,
-0.0019805356860160828,
0.03400474786758423,
-0.0298848245292902,
0.017156101763248444,
0.020907077938318253,
0.003159120911732316,
0.07309278845787048,
-0.008501186966896057,
0.046077560633420944,
-0.045052703469991684,
0.02056887559592724,
-0.05362050607800484,
-0.02026141807436943,
-0.05058693140745163,
-0.007343098986893892,
0.04464276134967804,
-0.026031361892819405,
0.019626006484031677,
-0.05468635633587837,
0.03144260495901108,
0.01755579747259617,
-0.03537805750966072,
0.05263664573431015,
-0.04011289402842522,
-0.0289214588701725,
0.056203145533800125,
-0.043945860117673874,
0.024063637480139732,
-0.003912390675395727,
0.032344479113817215,
0.02238287217915058,
0.02496551163494587,
-0.011539887636899948,
0.058252859860658646,
0.046364519745111465,
0.05234968289732933,
-0.032344479113817215,
-0.01961575821042061,
0.028429526835680008,
0.004763022065162659,
-0.03830914571881294,
0.0039713201113045216,
-0.042388077825307846,
0.000519154011271894,
-0.05329255387187004,
-0.01116069033741951,
0.03119664080440998,
-0.021030060946941376,
-0.050258975476026535,
-0.017504554241895676,
-0.0010459944605827332,
-0.04529866948723793,
0.031893543899059296,
-0.019626006484031677,
-0.00366130075417459,
-0.020435644313693047,
-0.00840382557362318,
0.017586542293429375,
-0.06087649241089821,
-0.0721089243888855,
0.02681025303900242,
0.012134304270148277,
-0.013384629972279072,
-0.06460697203874588,
0.00808099564164877,
0.022956792265176773,
0.04091228172183037,
-0.007973385974764824,
-0.04714341089129448,
-0.0015898090787231922,
-0.0458315946161747,
-0.015311360359191895,
-0.04603656753897667,
0.01343587227165699,
0.030069297179579735,
0.005795564968138933,
-0.01797598786652088,
0.037776220589876175,
-0.0421421118080616,
0.02877797931432724,
0.011468146927654743,
-0.10010801255702972,
0.06907534599304199,
0.015946771949529648,
-0.016725663095712662,
0.008644666522741318,
0.02465805411338806,
-0.0030617595184594393,
0.029167424887418747,
-0.0020330597180873156,
0.004089178517460823,
-0.040133390575647354,
-0.028736984357237816,
0.024945013225078583,
-0.0100948391482234,
0.017955491319298744,
-0.0010184514103457332,
-0.0008986712782643735,
0.00668206624686718,
0.04337193816900253,
-0.031155645847320557,
-0.058908767998218536,
-0.06440199911594391,
-0.04788130894303322,
0.015659810975193977,
0.007363595999777317,
-0.052308689802885056,
-0.03658738732337952,
-0.010658510960638523,
0.0012445604661479592,
-0.014911666512489319,
-0.005052543710917234,
0.028450023382902145,
0.03720230236649513,
0.01600826345384121,
-0.08928552269935608,
-0.015475337393581867,
0.07190395146608353,
-0.014102029614150524,
-0.02238287217915058,
-0.012011321261525154,
-0.04907014220952988,
0.0025506122037768364,
-0.019421035423874855,
-0.002172696404159069,
-0.000025941686544683762,
0.018601151183247566,
0.012165050022304058,
-0.009116101078689098,
-0.03357430920004845,
0.012861952185630798,
-0.02576489932835102,
-0.027425168082118034,
-0.021112048998475075,
0.05292360484600067,
0.0349271185696125,
0.022731322795152664,
-0.011980575509369373,
0.04898815229535103,
-0.047020427882671356,
0.021993426606059074,
0.08026678115129471,
0.026236332952976227,
0.013220652006566525,
0.010125584900379181,
0.08342333883047104,
0.023920157924294472,
-0.022956792265176773,
0.03511159494519234,
-0.014829677529633045,
-0.06669767946004868,
-0.0378992035984993,
-0.007604437414556742,
0.010099963285028934,
0.009556789882481098,
-0.016202986240386963,
0.005590593907982111,
-0.008127113804221153,
0.006451473571360111,
-0.008490938693284988,
0.00789139699190855,
-0.026687270030379295,
0.027548151090741158,
-0.04279801994562149,
-0.020087193697690964,
-0.001742256572470069,
-0.035562530159950256,
-0.03584948927164078,
0.022587843239307404,
-0.00402000080794096,
-0.012913195416331291,
-0.011027459055185318,
0.031012166291475296,
0.020907077938318253,
0.006210632156580687,
-0.03275442123413086,
-0.009679771959781647,
0.030151287093758583,
0.009085355326533318,
-0.06608276814222336,
-0.006866540294140577,
0.07600338011980057,
0.016489945352077484,
0.010556024499237537,
0.018898358568549156,
0.02818356081843376,
0.004324895795434713,
0.045913584530353546,
-0.028388533741235733,
0.00020657268760260195,
0.0002864795096684247,
0.011611627414822578,
-0.03730478510260582,
-0.003620306495577097,
0.006733309011906385,
0.01608000323176384,
-0.018447421491146088,
0.008188605308532715,
0.00486550759524107,
-0.015618816949427128,
0.03105316124856472,
0.029413389042019844,
-0.025416448712348938,
-0.022444363683462143,
-0.06776352971792221,
-0.00754294591024518,
0.009679771959781647,
-0.03855511173605919,
0.010202448815107346,
-0.07104307413101196,
0.026666773483157158,
-0.04242907091975212,
0.006784551776945591,
0.04154769331216812,
0.021562986075878143,
0.01842692494392395,
-0.05681806057691574,
0.022710826247930527,
0.011457898654043674,
-0.036894842982292175,
0.04689744487404823,
0.03500910848379135,
-0.021767957136034966,
0.01792474463582039,
0.01931855082511902,
-0.07333875447511673,
-0.04154769331216812,
-0.0038611479103565216,
-0.007886272855103016,
-0.0029003447853028774,
0.02408413402736187,
0.019585013389587402,
0.006733309011906385,
-0.027691630646586418,
0.00390982860699296,
-0.051857754588127136,
0.009772009216248989,
0.03654639422893524,
0.01072000153362751,
0.00747120613232255,
0.011068453080952168,
-0.050996873527765274,
-0.007173997350037098,
0.02678975649178028,
0.033963754773139954,
-0.026851247996091843,
-0.0003388432669453323,
-0.02715870551764965,
-0.04333094507455826,
-0.030520234256982803,
-0.007455833256244659,
0.01901109330356121,
0.0018152776174247265,
-0.004778394941240549,
-0.037120312452316284,
0.023325739428400993,
-0.05280062183737755,
0.05931871011853218,
0.02055862732231617,
-0.02709721401333809,
-0.009203214198350906,
-0.009464552626013756,
0.029905321076512337,
0.0013022086350247264,
0.022198397666215897,
-0.0025032127741724253,
0.015690557658672333,
0.005447113886475563,
0.03025377169251442,
0.06288520991802216,
-0.02681025303900242,
0.01519862562417984,
0.013374380767345428,
0.009198090061545372,
0.013630595058202744,
-0.012636483646929264,
-0.019861724227666855,
0.05997461825609207,
-0.0032180503476411104,
-0.036607883870601654,
0.00019776533008553088,
-0.0629672035574913,
0.068091481924057,
-0.02701522409915924,
0.03937499597668648,
0.00942868273705244,
0.008193730376660824,
-0.015690557658672333,
-0.025662412866950035,
-0.014952660538256168,
0.016561685130000114,
-0.042552053928375244,
-0.035931479185819626,
0.04345392808318138,
0.011355413123965263,
-0.012872201390564442,
0.04288000613451004,
-0.011580881662666798,
-0.0202716663479805,
-0.006594953592866659,
0.014727191999554634,
0.007594188675284386,
-0.03619794175028801,
-0.03218050301074982,
0.02474004216492176,
0.04156818985939026,
-0.04160918667912483,
0.029044441878795624,
0.027138207107782364,
0.026010865345597267,
0.005124283954501152,
-0.002537801628932357,
0.0057187010534107685,
0.009649026207625866,
-0.03591098263859749,
-0.06854242086410522,
-0.01761728897690773,
0.01005384512245655,
-0.013036178424954414,
-0.0069792745634913445,
0.020322909578680992,
0.007696674205362797,
0.027404669672250748,
0.017586542293429375,
0.0037227922584861517,
0.04382287710905075,
0.041219741106033325,
-0.025231974199414253,
0.014102029614150524,
-0.04706142470240593,
-0.01068925578147173,
-0.046282533556222916,
-0.04117874428629875,
-0.031524594873189926,
0.02658478543162346,
0.03031526319682598,
-0.04271603003144264,
0.018170710653066635,
-0.01508589182049036,
-0.01028443779796362,
-0.009956483729183674,
0.015977516770362854,
-0.00899824220687151,
-0.013804820366203785,
0.025436945259571075,
-0.011898587457835674,
-0.04837324097752571,
-0.01776076853275299,
-0.023592203855514526,
0.031176142394542694,
0.0403793565928936,
0.02510899119079113,
-0.04288000613451004,
-0.031975530087947845,
-0.016489945352077484,
0.037325285375118256,
0.029925817623734474,
0.029905321076512337,
-0.02164497599005699,
0.0030284516979008913,
0.005687955301254988,
0.01732007972896099,
0.038288649171590805,
-0.021993426606059074,
-0.009976981207728386,
-0.01659243181347847,
0.023756179958581924,
-0.0006104303174652159,
0.025457441806793213,
-0.01967724971473217,
-0.0167461596429348,
0.008670288138091564,
-0.061409417539834976,
0.04476574435830116,
-0.005334379617124796,
0.030561229214072227,
-0.0008410231093876064,
0.01702287048101425,
-0.000991548877209425,
0.028429526835680008,
0.013200155459344387,
0.024063637480139732,
-0.012083061039447784,
0.03054073266685009,
0.049439091235399246,
-0.03199603036046028,
-0.04206012189388275,
-0.0030053926166146994,
-0.04156818985939026,
-0.03927251324057579,
0.04620054364204407,
-0.012697975151240826,
-0.018150214105844498,
-0.034619662910699844,
0.057309992611408234,
0.015557326376438141,
-0.006466846447438002,
0.006543710362166166,
-0.06657469272613525,
-0.00946967676281929,
0.004137859214097261,
0.014214763417840004,
0.03769423067569733,
0.0044606891460716724,
0.035214077681303024,
-0.03105316124856472,
0.008414073847234249,
0.022587843239307404,
0.0615324005484581,
0.027958093211054802,
-0.003102754009887576,
0.009034112095832825,
0.02077384665608406,
-0.023735683411359787,
-0.021624477580189705,
0.04398685321211815,
0.034701649099588394,
0.004804016090929508,
-0.0033307846169918776,
0.036669377237558365,
0.029167424887418747,
-0.003387151751667261,
0.036525893956422806,
0.031114652752876282,
-0.0008602391462773085,
0.009018739685416222,
-0.014153271913528442,
0.029044441878795624,
0.02496551163494587,
-0.03771473094820976,
-0.04513469338417053,
-0.026830749586224556,
-0.022997785359621048,
-0.0058775534853339195,
-0.03603396564722061,
-0.006825546268373728,
0.04456077143549919,
0.0028542261570692062,
-0.04866020008921623,
-0.01703312061727047,
0.022587843239307404,
-0.011724361218512058,
0.05263664573431015,
0.004911626223474741,
-0.0047502112574875355,
-0.00030361380777321756,
0.019626006484031677,
-0.003599809482693672,
-0.026236332952976227,
-0.028470521792769432,
-0.012595489621162415,
-0.000808996323030442,
0.0237151850014925,
0.008818892762064934,
-0.03582899272441864,
0.0006142735364846885,
-0.0033179738093167543,
0.03765323758125305,
0.013722832314670086,
-0.019339047372341156,
0.032856907695531845,
-0.017381571233272552,
0.006236253306269646,
0.010740499012172222,
-0.008229600265622139,
0.0034614538308233023,
-0.03546004369854927,
-0.049152132123708725,
-0.013271895237267017,
-0.012872201390564442,
0.010069217532873154,
-0.018703635782003403,
-0.0028157939668744802,
0.07108406722545624,
-0.009408185258507729,
0.021235032007098198,
-0.023899659514427185,
-0.028450023382902145,
0.005126846022903919,
0.004468375351279974,
0.00024484467576257885,
-0.006348987575620413,
-0.0789959579706192,
0.007086884696036577,
0.02144000306725502,
-0.030889183282852173,
0.038350142538547516,
-0.00781965721398592,
0.005498356651514769,
0.05411243811249733,
-0.02533445879817009,
-0.009336445480585098,
0.006451473571360111,
0.009828376583755016,
-0.04328995198011398,
0.011611627414822578,
0.057842917740345,
0.01959526166319847,
-0.012390518561005592,
0.01343587227165699,
-0.047430370002985,
0.024473579600453377,
0.010202448815107346,
0.017566045746207237,
0.0022508418187499046,
0.028224555775523186,
0.044314805418252945,
-0.00013331144873518497,
-0.021911438554525375,
0.034476183354854584,
0.017893999814987183,
0.02283380925655365,
-0.03334883973002434,
-0.008106617256999016,
-0.003948260564357042,
0.01273897010833025,
0.012308529578149319,
-0.020322909578680992,
0.0026979355607181787,
-0.00521395867690444,
0.03371778875589371,
0.02562141977250576,
-0.055547237396240234,
0.014757937751710415,
-0.010904476046562195,
-0.05009499937295914,
0.023018283769488335,
0.028163064271211624,
-0.03943648934364319,
0.08010280877351761,
-0.01741231605410576,
0.015208874829113483,
-0.0721089243888855,
0.017156101763248444,
-0.028675492852926254,
0.010801990516483784,
0.016284974291920662,
0.011242679320275784,
0.013169409707188606,
-0.03736627846956253,
0.02240336872637272,
-0.022013923153281212,
0.032487958669662476,
-0.012544247321784496,
0.024945013225078583,
-0.03753025457262993,
0.015803292393684387,
0.02672826498746872,
0.01273897010833025,
-0.0016474572475999594,
-0.01910332962870598,
0.006758930627256632,
-0.0037227922584861517,
0.022362375631928444,
0.0064463489688932896,
0.014860423281788826,
0.05419442802667618,
-0.02857300639152527,
0.018754879012703896,
0.04706142470240593,
-0.02312076836824417,
0.015106389299035072,
0.05218570679426193,
-0.02078409492969513,
-0.003984130918979645,
-0.03552153706550598,
0.030807195231318474,
-0.033082377165555954,
0.0018549907254055142,
0.027363676577806473,
0.00528313685208559,
0.010996713303029537,
0.006369485054165125,
0.05386647209525108,
0.021849947050213814,
-0.025211477652192116,
-0.05189874768257141,
0.014327498152852058,
-0.07489653676748276,
0.0007077917107380927,
-0.0027619891334325075,
0.007112505845725536,
-0.04087128862738609,
0.015844285488128662,
0.02607235684990883,
0.026318322867155075,
0.00929032638669014,
0.01871388405561447,
0.005903175100684166,
-0.007337974384427071,
-0.008449943736195564,
0.00010520795331103727,
0.048865173012018204,
-0.002504493808373809,
0.05206272378563881,
0.013497363775968552,
0.04661048576235771,
0.027712127193808556,
0.06694364547729492,
-0.002521147718653083,
0.004388949368149042,
-0.012175298295915127,
-0.017053617164492607,
0.05075090751051903,
-0.015670059248805046,
-0.01797598786652088,
-0.030294766649603844,
0.0375712513923645,
-0.0314016118645668,
0.022936293855309486,
-0.013056674972176552,
0.01790424808859825,
0.017566045746207237,
0.0005037811351940036,
0.007271358743309975,
-0.0034358324483036995,
0.014440231956541538,
-0.0072252401150763035,
-0.026174841448664665,
0.04361790418624878,
0.002457094145938754,
0.00754294591024518,
0.009433806873857975,
0.008911130018532276,
0.015188377350568771,
0.037632741034030914,
-0.069854237139225,
-0.0009025144972838461,
-0.07817607372999191,
-0.02724069356918335,
-0.03502960503101349,
-0.025969870388507843,
-0.0073123532347381115,
0.007660804316401482,
0.018027231097221375,
-0.014829677529633045,
-0.00826034601777792,
0.011539887636899948,
0.009377439506351948,
-0.001780688646249473,
0.05776092782616615,
0.019789984449744225,
-0.045339662581682205,
0.04620054364204407,
0.008019504137337208,
-0.037407271564006805,
-0.002733805449679494,
0.034619662910699844,
-0.048496223986148834,
0.00026245941990055144,
0.013087420724332333,
-0.018160462379455566,
0.038432128727436066,
0.029126429930329323,
0.020281916484236717,
-0.04882417619228363,
-0.021480998024344444,
-0.0066000777296721935,
-0.03466065600514412,
0.004094302654266357,
-0.04603656753897667,
-0.016530940309166908,
-0.03779671713709831,
-0.010883978568017483,
0.019123828038573265,
0.012113806791603565,
0.01101721078157425,
-0.0019254497019574046,
-0.034189220517873764,
0.0027901725843548775,
-0.031114652752876282,
0.021972930058836937,
-0.05390746518969536,
-0.027425168082118034,
0.005939044989645481,
0.017535299062728882,
0.050832897424697876,
0.019789984449744225,
0.022300884127616882,
0.014337746426463127,
0.015444591641426086,
-0.017053617164492607,
0.05439939722418785,
-0.0010722563602030277,
-0.025129487738013268,
-0.025969870388507843,
0.05337454006075859,
0.0019011093536391854,
0.0026774383150041103,
-0.019277555868029594,
0.05419442802667618,
0.003986692987382412,
-0.003704857314005494,
0.014225011691451073,
0.00291059329174459,
-0.015383100137114525,
0.019697748124599457,
-0.01975923962891102,
-0.026851247996091843,
0.019031589850783348,
-0.008634418249130249,
0.009643902070820332,
0.0011587287299335003,
0.032037023454904556,
0.007133003324270248,
0.03576750308275223,
-0.028286047279834747,
-0.014173769392073154,
0.059072744101285934,
-0.016039008274674416,
-0.008982869796454906,
-0.007553194649517536,
-0.031073657795786858,
-0.029761841520667076,
0.045257676392793655,
-0.013097669929265976,
0.017945243045687675,
-0.029925817623734474,
-0.0039277635514736176,
-0.040420349687337875,
0.00449399696663022,
-0.012759466655552387,
-0.00840382557362318,
-0.012533998116850853,
0.004619542043656111,
0.0027901725843548775,
-0.015772545710206032,
0.02607235684990883,
0.037325285375118256,
-0.02379717491567135,
0.04529866948723793,
-0.010402296669781208,
0.026318322867155075,
0.02187044359743595,
-0.04177316278219223,
0.07719220966100693,
-0.012175298295915127,
0.026564287021756172,
-0.04907014220952988,
0.0122572872787714,
0.014675948768854141,
0.012195795774459839,
0.024637557566165924,
-0.032200999557971954,
-0.0387805812060833,
0.006487343460321426,
-0.05001300945878029,
-0.07173997163772583,
0.02650279551744461,
-0.022792814299464226,
-0.04226509481668472,
0.04154769331216812,
-0.02701522409915924,
-0.023325739428400993,
0.01461445726454258,
0.000784015457611531,
-0.05562922731041908,
0.006236253306269646,
0.01768902875483036,
-0.05411243811249733,
0.018529411405324936,
0.008342334069311619,
0.023735683411359787,
-0.02254684828221798,
0.014686197973787785,
-0.017934992909431458,
-0.012995184399187565,
-0.03921101987361908,
0.011693615466356277,
-0.02291579730808735,
-0.01688963919878006,
0.0034665779676288366,
-0.00646172184497118,
0.02077384665608406,
0.019871972501277924,
-0.03435320034623146,
-0.0004070602881256491,
-0.02416612207889557,
-0.019707996398210526,
0.0024263483937829733,
0.02877797931432724,
-0.05140681564807892,
0.009387687779963017
] |
Event logs are widely used to record the status of high-tech systems, making
log anomaly detection important for monitoring those systems. Most existing log
anomaly detection methods take a log event count matrix or log event sequences
as input, exploiting quantitative and/or sequential relationships between log
events to detect anomalies. Unfortunately, only considering quantitative or
sequential relationships may result in low detection accuracy. To alleviate
this problem, we propose a graph-based method for unsupervised log anomaly
detection, dubbed Logs2Graphs, which first converts event logs into attributed,
directed, and weighted graphs, and then leverages graph neural networks to
perform graph-level anomaly detection. Specifically, we introduce One-Class
Digraph Inception Convolutional Networks, abbreviated as OCDiGCN, a novel graph
neural network model for detecting graph-level anomalies in a collection of
attributed, directed, and weighted graphs. By coupling the graph representation
and anomaly detection steps, OCDiGCN can learn a representation that is
especially suited for anomaly detection, resulting in a high detection
accuracy. Importantly, for each identified anomaly, we additionally provide a
small subset of nodes that play a crucial role in OCDiGCN's prediction as
explanations, which can offer valuable cues for subsequent root cause
diagnosis. Experiments on five benchmark datasets show that Logs2Graphs
performs at least on par with state-of-the-art log anomaly detection methods on
simple datasets while largely outperforming state-of-the-art log anomaly
detection methods on complicated datasets. | [
0.008478316478431225,
-0.008629062213003635,
-0.032488029450178146,
-0.0011180322617292404,
0.012945877388119698,
0.002985226223245263,
-0.008693015202879906,
0.02870567888021469,
-0.01830877736210823,
0.009510697796940804,
0.021341968327760696,
-0.06395281851291656,
-0.05576685443520546,
-0.00874326378107071,
-0.00023268547374755144,
-0.010990748181939125,
-0.003199924947693944,
-0.05393963307142258,
0.048348329961299896,
-0.040308546274900436,
0.03133688122034073,
-0.01984364539384842,
0.02311437577009201,
0.028120966628193855,
0.02238348498940468,
0.010177633725106716,
0.08310211449861526,
0.02565421536564827,
-0.061687059700489044,
0.0882183387875557,
0.036946456879377365,
0.020939979702234268,
0.022931652143597603,
-0.03373054414987564,
-0.03098970837891102,
-0.03528368100523949,
0.09121499210596085,
0.043159015476703644,
0.002170969732105732,
0.014435064047574997,
-0.013923441991209984,
0.005093384999781847,
-0.007222100161015987,
0.013357002288103104,
0.01507459208369255,
-0.03811587765812874,
0.010058864019811153,
-0.04750780761241913,
-0.026841910555958748,
0.0293634794652462,
0.00876153539866209,
-0.07122516632080078,
0.01896657794713974,
-0.03394981101155281,
-0.03272556886076927,
0.03731190040707588,
0.04959084093570709,
0.0038965537678450346,
0.0615408830344677,
0.022931652143597603,
-0.023388458415865898,
0.0038440211210399866,
-0.06837469339370728,
-0.004216318018734455,
0.030788712203502655,
-0.0230778306722641,
0.03965074568986893,
-0.017769746482372284,
0.05006591975688934,
-0.033054471015930176,
-0.07396600395441055,
0.008569677360355854,
0.03362090885639191,
0.01726726070046425,
-0.011739909648895264,
0.012598704546689987,
-0.023096103221178055,
0.03701954334974289,
-0.005280675366520882,
-0.06800924986600876,
0.08368682861328125,
0.01343922782689333,
0.00712160300463438,
0.029436567798256874,
0.07791280001401901,
-0.0562053881585598,
0.027828611433506012,
-0.054524343460798264,
0.0876336321234703,
-0.007350005675107241,
0.004801029339432716,
-0.008624494075775146,
-0.014042211696505547,
-0.02355290949344635,
-0.013293049298226833,
-0.02053799107670784,
-0.004782757256180048,
-0.016198335215449333,
-0.06490297615528107,
0.03173886984586716,
-0.03363918140530586,
-0.006299352273344994,
-0.05046790838241577,
-0.0005718637839891016,
-0.021561235189437866,
-0.013777263462543488,
-0.025928299874067307,
0.034808605909347534,
-0.03151960298418999,
0.14749346673488617,
0.02395489811897278,
0.0348634198307991,
-0.033547818660736084,
-0.015704983845353127,
0.0030468949116766453,
0.0364348329603672,
-0.011465826071798801,
-0.016417602077126503,
-0.04538822919130325,
-0.0408201701939106,
-1.2044685604450933e-7,
0.028723951429128647,
-0.012900196947157383,
-0.02744489349424839,
-0.02421070821583271,
0.0794476717710495,
-0.0182174164801836,
-0.010908523574471474,
-0.026933271437883377,
0.07498924434185028,
-0.023315370082855225,
0.029125940054655075,
0.01512027345597744,
0.019697466865181923,
0.03246975690126419,
0.03742153197526932,
0.001630796818062663,
0.03528368100523949,
0.0095746498554945,
-0.012699201703071594,
-0.008592518046498299,
-0.0025649648159742355,
-0.03740326315164566,
-0.050139009952545166,
0.014042211696505547,
0.05507251247763634,
-0.02106788568198681,
0.06424517184495926,
-0.054378166794776917,
0.030076095834374428,
-0.06643784046173096,
0.04557095095515251,
0.02128715254366398,
0.012068809941411018,
0.016508962959051132,
-0.004750780761241913,
-0.000511908030603081,
-0.05185659974813461,
-0.05200277641415596,
-0.034497976303100586,
0.03866404667496681,
0.01861940510571003,
-0.0014298022724688053,
-0.009245750494301319,
-0.03477206081151962,
0.023315370082855225,
0.015613622963428497,
-0.04589984938502312,
-0.061687059700489044,
0.04480351507663727,
0.018208280205726624,
0.03181195631623268,
0.0007034809677861631,
-0.009757372550666332,
-0.0008245345088653266,
0.0461556613445282,
0.06486643105745316,
-0.0033826471772044897,
0.011657685041427612,
0.009867005981504917,
0.003652162617072463,
0.0000320656290568877,
0.013649358414113522,
-0.012635249644517899,
0.02941829524934292,
0.04885995015501976,
0.042537759989500046,
0.0021367091685533524,
0.009446744807064533,
0.04268393665552139,
-0.020336994901299477,
-0.04769052937626839,
0.06380663812160492,
-0.0562053881585598,
-0.03851786628365517,
-0.022621024399995804,
-0.038700591772794724,
-0.008044350892305374,
0.0006686495617032051,
-0.04484006017446518,
-0.054524343460798264,
-0.015312131494283676,
0.015942523255944252,
-0.028413323685526848,
0.06329501420259476,
0.004079276230186224,
0.01100902073085308,
-0.029527928680181503,
-0.0033872153144329786,
-0.04633838310837746,
-0.05266057699918747,
0.008702151477336884,
-0.06461061537265778,
-0.0007857060409151018,
-0.013695038855075836,
0.0006092647672630847,
0.004568058531731367,
0.01756875216960907,
-0.015933386981487274,
-0.05050445348024368,
0.04213577136397362,
0.024795420467853546,
0.01612524501979351,
0.0028847288340330124,
-0.013594541698694229,
-0.012735746800899506,
0.030130913481116295,
0.0024667514953762293,
-0.03968729078769684,
-0.003442032029852271,
-0.016463281586766243,
-0.014142708852887154,
0.022401757538318634,
-0.024484792724251747,
-0.03822551295161247,
-0.03484514728188515,
0.03055117465555668,
-0.02101306803524494,
0.05675355717539787,
-0.04213577136397362,
-0.007966693490743637,
-0.012534752488136292,
-0.0041934773325920105,
-0.047836706042289734,
0.036782003939151764,
-0.012269804254174232,
-0.009364519268274307,
0.0439629927277565,
0.03341991454362869,
0.04911576211452484,
-0.03422389179468155,
-0.017733203247189522,
0.017066266387701035,
-0.005084248725324869,
-0.028504684567451477,
-0.030295362696051598,
0.03420561924576759,
0.017139354720711708,
-0.021725686267018318,
-0.0326707549393177,
0.03851786628365517,
0.03369399905204773,
-0.08756054192781448,
0.0317205972969532,
0.006833815481513739,
-0.012516479939222336,
0.025160865858197212,
0.02207285724580288,
0.003238753415644169,
0.011968312785029411,
0.026403376832604408,
-0.020903434604406357,
-0.05668046697974205,
-0.04034509137272835,
-0.003670434933155775,
-0.05733826756477356,
0.05711900070309639,
-0.007409390527755022,
0.019368566572666168,
0.012087082490324974,
0.002295449376106262,
-0.053464554250240326,
-0.022876836359500885,
0.018765583634376526,
-0.0025855209678411484,
-0.046557649970054626,
-0.0014663466718047857,
-0.022273851558566093,
-0.025014687329530716,
-0.013886896893382072,
-0.02198149636387825,
0.02421070821583271,
-0.05825188010931015,
0.03422389179468155,
-0.010670984163880348,
0.0013521452201530337,
0.026604371145367622,
-0.025106048211455345,
0.02622065506875515,
-0.05960402637720108,
-0.05580339953303337,
0.010406036861240864,
0.031007979065179825,
0.04487660527229309,
-0.03742153197526932,
-0.0077108824625611305,
0.007171851582825184,
0.08047091215848923,
-0.011045564897358418,
-0.04202613607048988,
-0.018454955890774727,
0.00898080226033926,
-0.017587024718523026,
-0.06095616891980171,
-0.019459929317235947,
-0.030295362696051598,
0.005568462889641523,
-0.05083335191011429,
0.03775043413043022,
-0.03184850141406059,
0.037604257464408875,
-0.006774430628865957,
-0.12330102920532227,
0.052550941705703735,
0.013996530324220657,
0.009158956818282604,
0.012799699790775776,
0.014919278211891651,
-0.052770208567380905,
0.002686018357053399,
-0.053245287388563156,
0.016883542761206627,
-0.038262058049440384,
0.005997860804200172,
-0.012443390674889088,
-0.037604257464408875,
-0.05529177933931351,
0.03928530216217041,
-0.01844581961631775,
-0.027627617120742798,
-0.0009684283868409693,
-0.022054584696888924,
-0.09274985641241074,
-0.022365214303135872,
0.005285243503749371,
0.007158147171139717,
-0.04568058252334595,
-0.0070119695737957954,
0.02251139096915722,
0.019697466865181923,
0.0008530849008820951,
0.02189013548195362,
-0.015878571197390556,
0.005107089411467314,
0.008903145790100098,
0.04038163647055626,
-0.031885046511888504,
-0.040272001177072525,
-0.002400514669716358,
0.0082407770678401,
-0.016846999526023865,
-0.02949138544499874,
-0.006130334455519915,
0.021561235189437866,
-0.02823060005903244,
-0.013722446747124195,
-0.0042871227487921715,
-0.02123233489692211,
-0.0164815541356802,
0.026805365458130836,
-0.046082571148872375,
0.0668763741850853,
-0.03396807983517647,
-0.030222274363040924,
-0.06205250322818756,
0.0038645772729068995,
0.007455070968717337,
0.002341129817068577,
-0.04981010779738426,
0.024265525862574577,
-0.04769052937626839,
-0.0329631082713604,
-0.011566323228180408,
0.0077154505997896194,
-0.009839598089456558,
0.06157742440700531,
0.0005470250034704804,
-0.02210940234363079,
0.029253846034407616,
0.0022931653074920177,
0.006815542932599783,
-0.01748652756214142,
-0.029162485152482986,
-0.007829652167856693,
0.04579021781682968,
-0.018591998144984245,
-0.03997964784502983,
0.0257455762475729,
0.06768035143613815,
-0.018765583634376526,
-0.009286862798035145,
-0.01243425440043211,
-0.0025147160049527884,
-0.039833467453718185,
-0.05068717524409294,
-0.008144848048686981,
0.01997155137360096,
0.03950456902384758,
0.0020122297573834658,
0.029527928680181503,
0.015102000907063484,
-0.006185151170939207,
-0.02216421812772751,
-0.024959871545433998,
0.005449693650007248,
0.03711090609431267,
-0.037823524326086044,
0.0070074014365673065,
0.027042904868721962,
0.03309101611375809,
-0.026988089084625244,
0.009031051769852638,
0.042281948029994965,
0.02634856104850769,
-0.06921522319316864,
0.03298138082027435,
-0.006683069281280041,
-0.022438302636146545,
0.020647624507546425,
-0.02569076046347618,
0.08215196430683136,
-0.024704059585928917,
0.04999282956123352,
-0.008227072656154633,
-0.05214895308017731,
-0.01988019049167633,
0.0380062460899353,
-0.034589339047670364,
-0.038042791187763214,
0.04911576211452484,
-0.0023753903806209564,
0.01212362665683031,
-0.028175784274935722,
-0.02411934733390808,
-0.06457407027482986,
-0.027865156531333923,
-0.016326241195201874,
0.0016125246183946729,
-0.042537759989500046,
-0.03212258592247963,
-0.042062681168317795,
-0.046703826636075974,
-0.018034694716334343,
-0.05598612129688263,
-0.008158552460372448,
0.013448364101350307,
0.029473112896084785,
-0.029509656131267548,
0.05068717524409294,
-0.03822551295161247,
0.004033595323562622,
0.08295594155788422,
-0.034242164343595505,
-0.022346941754221916,
-0.0027431189082562923,
0.037220537662506104,
-0.02232866920530796,
-0.04904267564415932,
0.01949647255241871,
0.00954724196344614,
0.05112570896744728,
-0.04425534978508949,
-0.0038166127633303404,
0.019807100296020508,
-0.0207207128405571,
-0.02848641201853752,
-0.013941713608801365,
-0.0251243207603693,
0.046996183693408966,
0.013329594396054745,
0.02499641478061676,
0.03197640925645828,
-0.020812073722481728,
0.017102809622883797,
0.019734011963009834,
-0.020647624507546425,
0.0760124921798706,
-0.021031340584158897,
-0.016773909330368042,
-0.03331028297543526,
0.0014663466718047857,
-0.012479935772716999,
-0.04714236035943031,
-0.024375159293413162,
0.029527928680181503,
-0.031062796711921692,
-0.0321774035692215,
0.022968197241425514,
0.06197941675782204,
0.019167572259902954,
0.06943448632955551,
-0.023370185866951942,
0.01586943492293358,
-0.004337371326982975,
-0.02229212410748005,
-0.017230715602636337,
-0.0008827772689983249,
0.011694229207932949,
0.042537759989500046,
-0.01160286832600832,
-0.0009061885648407042,
-0.07513542473316193,
-0.02876049466431141,
-0.031665779650211334,
-0.038042791187763214,
-0.03663582727313042,
-0.012891060672700405,
-0.04089325666427612,
0.03089834563434124,
0.014133572578430176,
-5.576243324867391e-7,
-0.020172545686364174,
-0.022145947441458702,
0.018692495301365852,
-0.03373054414987564,
0.04418225958943367,
0.031044524163007736,
0.018948305398225784,
-0.0092640221118927,
0.014325430616736412,
-0.009894413873553276,
0.05562067776918411,
-0.03645310550928116,
-0.010689256712794304,
-0.0025124321691691875,
0.014964958652853966,
0.0033209784887731075,
0.06461061537265778,
-0.01182213518768549,
-0.028047878295183182,
-0.019587833434343338,
0.0007434514700435102,
-0.04513241723179817,
0.014508153311908245,
0.0007737148553133011,
-0.016993176192045212,
-0.0014891870087012649,
-0.033547818660736084,
0.0027225627563893795,
0.019478200003504753,
0.011575459502637386,
0.06219868361949921,
0.05752098932862282,
-0.012662657536566257,
-0.005691800732165575,
-0.0251243207603693,
-0.041806869208812714,
-0.034717243164777756,
0.014654330909252167,
0.001727868104353547,
0.011648548766970634,
0.04257430508732796,
0.010734937153756618,
-0.03320064768195152,
0.0013829796807840466,
-0.03601457178592682,
0.06490297615528107,
0.052112407982349396,
-0.013082918711006641,
-0.018281368538737297,
-0.004015323240309954,
-0.027517983689904213,
-0.03687336668372154,
-0.04637492820620537,
-0.013018966652452946,
0.01621660776436329,
0.04600948467850685,
-0.0029441136866807938,
0.04692309349775314,
-0.006673933006823063,
-0.014097028411924839,
0.026677461341023445,
0.026421649381518364,
0.015257314778864384,
-0.0301491841673851,
-0.03590494021773338,
-0.03935839235782623,
-0.027408350259065628,
0.0017724066274240613,
0.019459929317235947,
0.019770557060837746,
0.0533914640545845,
-0.005769457668066025,
-0.029674107208848,
0.01909448392689228,
0.0009901266312226653,
0.0029258413705974817,
0.02167086862027645,
0.0461556613445282,
-0.024850238114595413,
0.018628541380167007,
0.0299847349524498,
0.025416675955057144,
0.052112407982349396,
0.002957817865535617,
0.020245634019374847,
0.03162923455238342,
0.00846004392951727,
0.03325546532869339,
0.04414571449160576,
0.011465826071798801,
0.01704799383878708,
0.042720481753349304,
-0.06347773969173431,
0.0180529672652483,
0.024101074784994125,
0.07952076196670532,
0.018674222752451897,
-0.019240662455558777,
-0.06636475026607513,
0.06205250322818756,
-0.007139875087887049,
0.07115207612514496,
0.00242563895881176,
-0.004161501303315163,
0.02643992193043232,
0.015842026099562645,
-0.01665514148771763,
0.0008496588561683893,
-0.009940095245838165,
0.0007348863873630762,
0.010068000294268131,
-0.04747126251459122,
0.01681959070265293,
-0.03356609120965004,
0.015586215071380138,
-0.035375043749809265,
0.012443390674889088,
-0.008555972948670387,
0.008199664764106274,
-0.013813808560371399,
0.024155892431735992,
-0.0180529672652483,
0.05160078778862953,
-0.00985786970704794,
-0.01608870178461075,
-0.009729964658617973,
0.009031051769852638,
0.006884064059704542,
0.06947103142738342,
0.04089325666427612,
0.026823638007044792,
0.015348675660789013,
0.029601017013192177,
-0.0037686480209231377,
-0.013494044542312622,
0.02870567888021469,
-0.0185280442237854,
-0.04378027096390724,
0.008555972948670387,
-0.009295999072492123,
-0.02656782791018486,
0.00016430734831374139,
-0.04388990253210068,
0.010287267155945301,
-0.0549628771841526,
-0.0035836417227983475,
-0.014809644781053066,
-0.014206661842763424,
0.05686318874359131,
0.013987394981086254,
-0.013850352726876736,
-0.05138152092695236,
0.011438418179750443,
0.0012288077268749475,
-0.01922238990664482,
0.0277920663356781,
-0.015851162374019623,
0.018464092165231705,
-0.02185359038412571,
-0.03161096200346947,
-0.03997964784502983,
-0.026421649381518364,
0.006194286979734898,
-0.0835406482219696,
-0.009126980789005756,
-0.0025010118260979652,
-0.004198045469820499,
-0.016371920704841614,
0.009684283286333084,
-0.001963122980669141,
-0.019642651081085205,
-0.017851971089839935,
0.03303619846701622,
0.016244014725089073,
-0.024704059585928917,
0.02285856381058693,
-0.014946687035262585,
0.013813808560371399,
0.003604198107495904,
-0.015010640025138855,
0.02031872421503067,
-0.022566208615899086,
0.08003237843513489,
-0.03365745395421982,
0.027810338884592056,
0.006824679207056761,
0.02870567888021469,
-0.012415982782840729,
-0.009232046082615852,
-0.008117439225316048,
0.026823638007044792,
-0.03049635700881481,
0.04524204879999161,
0.021214062348008156,
0.0037024111952632666,
0.006002428475767374,
0.015138545073568821,
0.0502486415207386,
0.03685509413480759,
0.003761796047911048,
0.008734127506613731,
0.008720423094928265,
-0.05631502345204353,
-0.01818087138235569,
0.009218341670930386,
0.009382791817188263,
-0.010195906274020672,
-0.013530588708817959,
0.00485127791762352,
0.03943147882819176,
-0.0065551637671887875,
-0.018427547067403793,
0.017842836678028107,
-0.01036035642027855,
-0.011812998913228512,
0.03888331353664398,
0.03259766474366188,
0.012973285280168056,
-0.03866404667496681,
0.0013201688416302204,
0.025160865858197212,
0.018765583634376526,
-0.011237423866987228,
0.008318434469401836,
0.033237192779779434,
0.03045981377363205,
0.024448247626423836,
0.008277321234345436,
-0.02954620122909546,
0.047653984278440475,
0.005696368869394064,
-0.005755753256380558,
-0.035594310611486435,
-0.033328551799058914,
0.03299965336918831,
0.02870567888021469,
-0.040527813136577606,
0.006733317859470844,
0.005472533870488405,
-0.031793687492609024,
0.03623383864760399,
-0.011730773374438286,
0.007208396214991808,
0.03574048727750778,
0.008889441378414631,
-0.02766416035592556,
-0.05916549265384674,
-0.019112756475806236,
-0.004570342134684324,
-0.014599514193832874,
-0.0010523664532229304,
0.044986236840486526,
-0.004437868483364582,
0.008007805794477463,
-0.008935121819376945,
0.028943218290805817,
0.00521215470507741,
-0.04374372586607933,
0.02477714791893959,
-0.022054584696888924,
-0.0170388575643301,
-0.005774025805294514,
0.042501214891672134,
0.011566323228180408,
-0.009675147943198681,
-0.02477714791893959,
-0.04882340878248215,
-0.03793315589427948,
0.054122354835271835,
-0.017760610207915306,
-0.011027292348444462,
0.0806901827454567,
-0.0009061885648407042,
0.05470706522464752,
0.02486850880086422,
-0.0042871227487921715,
0.008181392215192318,
-0.01669168472290039,
-0.020483173429965973,
0.052733663469552994,
-0.02179877460002899,
-0.040272001177072525,
-0.030185729265213013,
0.001115748193114996,
-0.0562053881585598,
-0.01673736609518528,
-0.02399144321680069,
-0.02289510890841484,
-0.00030320486985147,
0.042501214891672134,
0.043159015476703644,
-0.041843414306640625,
0.0068018389865756035,
0.016591187566518784,
-0.008711286820471287,
-0.03687336668372154,
-0.031044524163007736,
-0.007870764471590519,
0.00932797510176897,
-0.03614247590303421,
-0.05379345640540123,
0.031263791024684906,
-0.061285071074962616,
0.022694114595651627,
0.018765583634376526,
0.00970255583524704,
-0.01791592501103878,
0.047873251140117645,
-0.0007240372360683978,
-0.013512316159904003,
0.04268393665552139,
-0.004090696107596159,
0.004565774463117123,
-0.01603388413786888,
0.05448779836297035,
-0.004627442918717861,
-0.017861107364296913,
0.0728696659207344,
-0.016362784430384636,
0.007477911654859781,
0.013347866013646126,
0.02280374802649021,
-0.009190933778882027,
0.020903434604406357,
0.0022920232731848955,
-0.053464554250240326,
-0.021122701466083527,
0.02552630938589573,
0.03745807707309723,
0.0034214756451547146,
0.0007851350237615407,
0.01621660776436329,
0.0011751330457627773,
-0.015759801492094994,
-0.013265641406178474,
0.0027933677192777395,
0.0001054936001310125,
-0.01427061390131712,
-0.011310512199997902,
0.0628199353814125,
-0.0392487570643425,
-0.0005244701751507819,
0.013612814247608185,
0.02499641478061676,
0.019788827747106552,
0.019021395593881607,
-0.037202268838882446,
0.00712160300463438,
-0.009757372550666332,
-0.010780617594718933,
-0.012196715921163559,
-0.0020202237647026777,
0.06453752517700195,
0.017468255013227463,
-0.018244825303554535,
0.017632704228162766,
0.04268393665552139,
-0.01774233765900135,
-0.04056435823440552,
-0.04242812469601631,
0.03422389179468155,
0.033365096896886826,
-0.027335261926054955,
0.03859095647931099,
-0.01956956274807453,
-0.018427547067403793,
-0.004211749881505966,
-0.02053799107670784,
-0.023826992139220238,
-0.05218549817800522,
0.035630855709314346,
-0.05313565582036972,
-0.020026367157697678,
0.013009830377995968,
0.016234878450632095,
0.0016582051757723093,
-0.0028938648756593466,
-0.005842546466737986,
0.0009136116714216769,
0.013320458121597767,
-0.04191650450229645,
0.001885466044768691,
-0.018628541380167007,
0.0021115848794579506,
-0.01905793882906437,
0.021250607445836067,
-0.028687406331300735,
-0.006212559528648853,
-0.0012345177819952369,
0.0033369665034115314,
-0.031921591609716415,
0.03089834563434124,
-0.04619220644235611,
0.03252457454800606,
0.011173470877110958,
-0.025800393894314766,
0.0029555337969213724,
-0.015248178504407406,
-0.011950040236115456,
-0.010862843133509159,
0.05419544503092766,
0.026988089084625244,
0.03457106649875641,
-0.04973701760172844,
0.0009341679397039115,
-0.017541343346238136,
-0.006230831611901522,
-0.005618711933493614,
0.02888840064406395,
-0.02468578703701496,
0.018162600696086884,
0.02198149636387825,
-0.007030241657048464,
0.014142708852887154,
0.02914421260356903,
-0.011694229207932949,
0.015595351345837116,
0.005435989238321781,
-0.01110038161277771,
0.041368335485458374,
0.059677112847566605,
-0.012534752488136292,
0.021524690091609955,
-0.00846004392951727,
0.017513936385512352,
0.022054584696888924,
0.0021778217051178217,
0.0005955605884082615,
-0.0031885046046227217,
-0.034717243164777756,
-0.02242003008723259,
-0.01103642862290144,
0.01769665814936161,
-0.034022897481918335,
-0.02490505389869213,
-0.009085867553949356,
0.018171735107898712,
-0.008231640793383121,
0.003423759713768959,
0.0019105904502794147,
-0.0019185844575986266,
-0.03665409982204437,
0.012516479939222336,
-0.030295362696051598,
0.030057823285460472,
0.015211634337902069,
-0.015092864632606506,
0.024137619882822037,
0.031007979065179825,
-0.009720828384160995,
0.010259859263896942,
-0.0025421243626624346,
0.020355267450213432,
-0.014069619588553905,
0.02826714515686035,
0.027243899181485176,
0.0037595119792968035,
-0.029162485152482986,
-0.024758875370025635,
0.0354846753180027,
0.02329709753394127,
-0.016280559822916985,
-0.002254336839541793,
-0.022036314010620117,
-0.02242003008723259,
0.031007979065179825,
0.001221955637447536,
-0.006043541245162487,
0.01094506774097681,
-0.03475378826260567,
-0.0043236673809587955,
-0.007176419720053673,
-0.006349600851535797,
-0.04524204879999161,
0.010433444753289223,
-0.0027476870454847813,
-0.027773793786764145,
0.006418121978640556,
0.022931652143597603,
0.018646813929080963,
-0.010698392987251282,
0.014782236889004707,
0.009401064366102219,
-0.024576153606176376,
-0.030313635244965553,
-0.007528160233050585,
-0.019039666280150414,
-0.020172545686364174,
-0.0014960390981286764,
0.00889400951564312,
-0.02373563125729561,
-0.014827917329967022,
0.02254793606698513,
-0.03431525453925133,
-0.00932797510176897,
-0.03701954334974289,
0.0092640221118927,
-0.011621139943599701,
0.02019081823527813,
-0.0010660706320777535,
-0.010122817009687424,
-0.01848236471414566,
-0.027810338884592056
] |
Entity resolution (ER) is the process of identifying records that refer to
the same entities within one or across multiple databases. Numerous techniques
have been developed to tackle ER challenges over the years, with recent
emphasis placed on machine and deep learning methods for the matching phase.
However, the quality of the benchmark datasets typically used in the
experimental evaluations of learning-based matching algorithms has not been
examined in the literature. To cover this gap, we propose four different
approaches to assessing the difficulty and appropriateness of 13 established
datasets: two theoretical approaches, which involve new measures of linearity
and existing measures of complexity, and two practical approaches: the
difference between the best non-linear and linear matchers, as well as the
difference between the best learning-based matcher and the perfect oracle. Our
analysis demonstrates that most of the popular datasets pose rather easy
classification tasks. As a result, they are not suitable for properly
evaluating learning-based matching algorithms. To address this issue, we
propose a new methodology for yielding benchmark datasets. We put it into
practice by creating four new matching tasks, and we verify that these new
benchmarks are more challenging and therefore more suitable for further
advancements in the field. | [
-0.03555738925933838,
0.011137510649859905,
-0.03683643043041229,
0.004875120706856251,
0.0020440088119357824,
0.06489666551351547,
-0.006218115799129009,
0.009947017766535282,
0.010901380330324173,
-0.006808442994952202,
0.024380523711442947,
-0.055530134588479996,
-0.0101142767816782,
-0.017434336245059967,
-0.05285398289561272,
0.01959887146949768,
0.03774160146713257,
-0.017296593636274338,
-0.02802087552845478,
-0.03305833786725998,
-0.02085823565721512,
-0.03461286425590515,
-0.00627222890034318,
0.04218873381614685,
0.04903653264045715,
0.04415649175643921,
0.03498673811554909,
-0.013488981872797012,
-0.08823427557945251,
0.0556875541806221,
0.06957992911338806,
0.006119727622717619,
0.020563071593642235,
-0.011019445955753326,
-0.07292511314153671,
-0.013587369583547115,
0.05808822065591812,
0.04612424969673157,
-0.022353732958436012,
0.013174140825867653,
0.045061662793159485,
0.017050623893737793,
-0.04588811844587326,
0.017522886395454407,
0.04455004259943962,
-0.020149843767285347,
-0.019903874024748802,
0.010202826000750065,
-0.01254445780068636,
-0.05431012436747551,
-0.020169520750641823,
-0.03844999521970749,
0.02400664985179901,
-0.009081203490495682,
-0.06347987800836563,
0.025147948414087296,
0.011412996798753738,
0.0006948646041564643,
0.008407246321439743,
0.008244906552135944,
0.03362898528575897,
0.01795579306781292,
-0.004926774185150862,
-0.020425328984856606,
0.05859983712434769,
-0.02001209929585457,
-0.017001429572701454,
-0.007605385035276413,
0.05155526474118233,
-0.05336559936404228,
0.01073412038385868,
0.05431012436747551,
0.06521150469779968,
0.047422971576452255,
-0.01416785828769207,
0.0008030912722460926,
0.04159840568900108,
0.017808211967349052,
0.03638384863734245,
-0.015879807993769646,
0.0278044231235981,
-0.0035518035292625427,
0.033786408603191376,
0.042700350284576416,
0.06481795012950897,
-0.03970935940742493,
-0.07654578983783722,
-0.06186631694436073,
0.004535682499408722,
-0.040299687534570694,
-0.043684229254722595,
-0.03547867760062218,
-0.009853548370301723,
-0.034101247787475586,
-0.020208876579999924,
0.03600997477769852,
0.03386511653661728,
0.008909025229513645,
-0.05002041161060333,
-0.005248995032161474,
-0.023022770881652832,
-0.038430314511060715,
0.002135017653927207,
-0.04521908238530159,
0.043644875288009644,
-0.06462118029594421,
-0.0607643723487854,
0.05781273543834686,
0.005239156074821949,
0.14797541499137878,
0.00041476651676930487,
0.02382955141365528,
-0.0005156141123734415,
-0.037977732717990875,
-0.029280241578817368,
-0.028434105217456818,
-0.05104364454746246,
-0.04793458804488182,
0.04817071929574013,
-0.018457571044564247,
0.004852983634918928,
0.0403783954679966,
-0.0010213895002380013,
-0.00846627913415432,
-0.06332245469093323,
0.06462118029594421,
-0.016588201746344566,
0.06131534278392792,
-0.02855217084288597,
0.06843862682580948,
0.025187304243445396,
-0.037052884697914124,
-0.008087486028671265,
-0.04868233576416969,
0.03970935940742493,
0.05970178171992302,
0.03447512164711952,
0.04455004259943962,
0.0063509391620755196,
0.0009230015566572547,
-0.024557622149586678,
-0.05187010392546654,
0.0021214892622083426,
-0.03101186826825142,
0.03685611113905907,
-0.001501645427197218,
-0.01321349572390318,
0.07831677049398422,
0.012554297223687172,
-0.02196018025279045,
0.013469303958117962,
0.03591158613562584,
0.031070901080965996,
0.00740860914811492,
0.01289865467697382,
-0.06548698991537094,
0.005071896594017744,
-0.04388100653886795,
-0.010222503915429115,
0.034908030182123184,
0.04124420881271362,
-0.002212498104199767,
0.05002041161060333,
0.038686126470565796,
-0.011708160862326622,
0.024892140179872513,
0.01519109308719635,
0.015141898766160011,
-0.07142961770296097,
0.042700350284576416,
0.011904936283826828,
-0.04380229488015175,
-0.040968723595142365,
-0.023199867457151413,
-0.031739939004182816,
0.01697191409766674,
0.05627788230776787,
0.021015657112002373,
0.021055011078715324,
-0.007452883757650852,
0.022550508379936218,
-0.04490423947572708,
0.008323617279529572,
0.05340495705604553,
0.03701353073120117,
-0.013115108013153076,
0.0454552136361599,
0.004983347374945879,
0.016293037682771683,
-0.0028188135474920273,
0.016371747478842735,
0.030972512438893318,
0.03852870315313339,
0.010124115273356438,
0.012918331660330296,
-0.04498295113444328,
-0.012455908581614494,
-0.017759017646312714,
0.029968956485390663,
-0.053129468113183975,
-0.006562473252415657,
-0.03919774293899536,
-0.0002645712229423225,
0.008520392701029778,
0.06454246491193771,
0.02209792286157608,
0.03961097076535225,
-0.01915612630546093,
-0.018644507974386215,
-0.06895024329423904,
-0.039768390357494354,
0.008372810669243336,
-0.008599103428423405,
-0.002654013689607382,
0.02075984887778759,
-0.02548246830701828,
-0.005681901704519987,
-0.0023022769019007683,
0.010655410587787628,
-0.009696127846837044,
0.012465748004615307,
-0.04797394201159477,
0.04828878492116928,
-0.0025974407326430082,
0.0523817203938961,
-0.0006127721862867475,
0.028355395421385765,
-0.005347382742911577,
0.04183453693985939,
0.02093694731593132,
0.01933322288095951,
0.0006462855380959809,
0.0030549445655196905,
-0.04144098609685898,
-0.044038426131010056,
0.0024068141356110573,
-0.025462789461016655,
-0.06835991889238358,
-0.031110256910324097,
0.007310221437364817,
-0.03331414610147476,
-0.05726176127791405,
-0.03789902105927467,
-0.020326942205429077,
0.06835991889238358,
-0.02347535453736782,
-0.03943387418985367,
-0.006134485825896263,
0.027686357498168945,
0.05427077040076256,
-0.0505320280790329,
-0.00046396045945584774,
-0.01657836139202118,
0.025206981226801872,
-0.04348745569586754,
0.012328004464507103,
-0.0028876850847154856,
0.0028532491996884346,
-0.0169227197766304,
-0.04022097587585449,
0.060213398188352585,
-0.021133722737431526,
-0.04187389463186264,
-0.02558085508644581,
-0.016047067940235138,
0.030618315562605858,
-0.038922253996133804,
-0.010507828556001186,
0.004961210303008556,
0.015486256219446659,
0.04785587638616562,
-0.008254745043814182,
-0.019480805844068527,
0.014886090531945229,
0.01367591880261898,
-0.04887911304831505,
0.0321531668305397,
0.015496095642447472,
0.018654346466064453,
0.006887153256684542,
0.019854679703712463,
-0.019136447459459305,
0.013292206451296806,
0.04821007326245308,
0.006154163740575314,
-0.0007145421695895493,
0.010212664492428303,
-0.019884195178747177,
0.029417984187602997,
-0.01698175258934498,
0.01145235262811184,
-0.04514037072658539,
-0.006365697365254164,
0.040260329842567444,
0.011678644455969334,
-0.034553833305835724,
-0.0030451056081801653,
-0.032723817974328995,
0.014246569015085697,
-0.06174825131893158,
-0.03595094010233879,
-0.008525311946868896,
0.04789523407816887,
-0.00004834843275602907,
-0.06954057514667511,
0.000024193432182073593,
0.027961842715740204,
0.05911145359277725,
-0.037623535841703415,
-0.03347156569361687,
-0.0009186971001327038,
0.026486024260520935,
0.022806316614151,
-0.02001209929585457,
-0.013705435208976269,
-0.04285777360200882,
0.04691135510802269,
-0.011176866479218006,
0.03150380775332451,
-0.017572080716490746,
-0.01009459886699915,
-0.008313777856528759,
-0.11279189586639404,
0.052539143711328506,
0.07162639498710632,
-0.05332624539732933,
-0.003332890337333083,
0.06308632344007492,
0.0015508393989875913,
-0.020149843767285347,
-0.0032836964819580317,
0.014758186414837837,
-0.012849460355937481,
0.03146445378661156,
-0.0016861227340996265,
-0.05895403400063515,
0.03433737903833389,
0.008564666844904423,
-0.01452205516397953,
0.018860962241888046,
-0.019884195178747177,
0.014551571570336819,
-0.0775296688079834,
-0.0071331229992210865,
0.009425561875104904,
-0.00006914056575624272,
0.03311736881732941,
-0.017719661816954613,
-0.033392854034900665,
-0.048800401389598846,
0.0013159381924197078,
-0.021822437644004822,
-0.038469672203063965,
0.044077783823013306,
0.02245211973786354,
0.0006438258569687605,
-0.04647844657301903,
-0.009076284244656563,
0.04746232554316521,
-0.02918185293674469,
-0.013961244374513626,
-0.04329067841172218,
-0.029614759609103203,
0.03341253474354744,
-0.08815556764602661,
-0.024715041741728783,
-0.021665016189217567,
0.08406262844800949,
0.046439092606306076,
-0.001256290590390563,
-0.030795414000749588,
-0.001505334977991879,
0.03284188359975815,
0.007162639405578375,
-0.05761595815420151,
0.01657836139202118,
0.06041017547249794,
0.022648895159363747,
0.034455444663763046,
0.041991960257291794,
-0.026879576966166496,
0.014423667453229427,
0.014354795217514038,
0.016716105863451958,
0.012475586496293545,
-0.0026269571390002966,
0.06851733475923538,
0.018674025312066078,
-0.005839322227984667,
-0.03821386396884918,
-0.013734951615333557,
-0.017709823325276375,
-0.04710812866687775,
-0.02922120876610279,
-0.027273127809166908,
0.046439092606306076,
-0.03105122409760952,
0.030756060034036636,
0.02491181716322899,
-0.012190261855721474,
-0.03146445378661156,
-0.0019087253604084253,
-0.04277906194329262,
-0.0303428303450346,
0.010970251634716988,
-0.041362274438142776,
0.021133722737431526,
0.003672328544780612,
0.032723817974328995,
0.04254293069243431,
-0.05336559936404228,
0.05127977579832077,
0.0057360148057341576,
0.0009525179048068821,
0.01503367256373167,
-0.018634669482707977,
-0.05084687098860741,
0.041008077561855316,
0.00766441784799099,
-0.026564734056591988,
-0.03364866226911545,
0.007492239121347666,
0.05533335730433464,
-0.005834402982145548,
-0.04718684032559395,
0.043999072164297104,
-0.0008676583529449999,
0.017631113529205322,
-0.018152568489313126,
-0.004619312006980181,
-0.014118664897978306,
0.016598040238022804,
0.021724049001932144,
-0.0007637361413799226,
0.019303707405924797,
-0.031110256910324097,
0.02375083975493908,
-0.041677117347717285,
0.022570185363292694,
-0.006331261713057756,
-0.0013786605559289455,
-0.01385301724076271,
0.018014825880527496,
-0.010921057313680649,
-0.026977963745594025,
-0.01594867929816246,
-0.0201891977339983,
0.055844977498054504,
-0.05497916042804718,
0.0015262423548847437,
-0.010360246524214745,
-0.02619086019694805,
-0.10153631865978241,
-0.019716937094926834,
0.06269277632236481,
0.0005970916245132685,
0.00487758032977581,
-0.03789902105927467,
0.0023969754111021757,
-0.04490423947572708,
-0.06725797057151794,
0.07241349667310715,
0.03301898017525673,
-0.04691135510802269,
0.019392255693674088,
0.049430083483457565,
-0.046399734914302826,
-0.018959349021315575,
-0.008623699657619,
-0.0023600799031555653,
-0.010704603977501392,
-0.022570185363292694,
-0.04018162190914154,
-0.01697191409766674,
-0.05072880536317825,
0.012485424987971783,
0.007438125554472208,
-0.012967525981366634,
0.01594867929816246,
0.0261515062302351,
0.03577384352684021,
0.07379093021154404,
-0.035793520510196686,
0.05269656330347061,
-0.010143793188035488,
-0.02085823565721512,
0.07312189042568207,
0.029575403779745102,
-0.019234836101531982,
-0.05895403400063515,
0.0032812366262078285,
0.0026121989358216524,
-0.02971314825117588,
-0.028355395421385765,
-0.01307575311511755,
-0.03638384863734245,
-0.01889047771692276,
-0.03831225261092186,
0.03746611624956131,
0.02410503663122654,
-0.02935895137488842,
-0.049075886607170105,
0.008672893978655338,
0.033078014850616455,
-0.006798604503273964,
0.06233857572078705,
0.002963935723528266,
0.03632481396198273,
-0.028138941153883934,
-0.04258228465914726,
0.05529400333762169,
0.010330730117857456,
0.018605154007673264,
0.06631344556808472,
-0.019618548452854156,
0.02745022624731064,
0.01209187414497137,
-0.00866797473281622,
-0.02205856889486313,
0.012465748004615307,
-0.019992422312498093,
0.002742562908679247,
0.003618215210735798,
0.036777399480342865,
-0.024537943303585052,
0.010832508094608784,
0.03404221683740616,
0.0201891977339983,
-0.008107163943350315,
-0.023672129958868027,
0.009710886515676975,
0.03469157591462135,
0.0286899134516716,
-0.01996290683746338,
-0.03848934918642044,
0.023239223286509514,
0.007502078078687191,
0.05706498399376869,
-0.028119264170527458,
-0.036915142089128494,
0.009612498804926872,
0.060882437974214554,
0.006129566580057144,
-0.032507363706827164,
-0.03728901594877243,
0.01300688087940216,
0.03162187337875366,
-0.004781652241945267,
0.05863919109106064,
0.04049646109342575,
-0.000006773776931368047,
-0.005015323404222727,
-0.022432442754507065,
-0.01607658341526985,
0.008471198379993439,
0.0046685063280165195,
-0.021448563784360886,
0.01661771722137928,
0.00786611344665289,
-0.039138708263635635,
0.027430547401309013,
0.016332391649484634,
-0.010989929549396038,
0.01564367674291134,
0.013626725412905216,
-0.035931263118982315,
0.01991371251642704,
0.07170510292053223,
-0.022806316614151,
0.00830885861068964,
0.00000684583801557892,
-0.031031545251607895,
-0.011373641900718212,
-0.019746452569961548,
-0.0018533822149038315,
-0.0022260264959186316,
-0.021546952426433563,
-0.02249147556722164,
-0.008717168122529984,
0.05167332664132118,
0.01901838183403015,
-0.02619086019694805,
-0.03181865066289902,
0.015220609493553638,
0.004779192619025707,
0.007590626832097769,
-0.049744926393032074,
-0.01452205516397953,
0.03412092477083206,
0.007521755527704954,
-0.05194881558418274,
0.02632860466837883,
-0.00897789653390646,
-0.03551803529262543,
0.0488397553563118,
0.03101186826825142,
-0.012682201340794563,
0.012298488058149815,
0.03701353073120117,
-0.02249147556722164,
-0.007984179072082043,
-0.006454246584326029,
0.05533335730433464,
0.018998704850673676,
0.03231059014797211,
0.010684926994144917,
-0.018123053014278412,
0.0018177165184170008,
-0.040653884410858154,
0.009686289355158806,
-0.02036629617214203,
-0.032054778188467026,
0.031247999519109726,
-0.03439641371369362,
-0.023534387350082397,
0.014423667453229427,
0.03675772249698639,
-0.04073259234428406,
0.0000998483519651927,
-0.012475586496293545,
0.03364866226911545,
-0.04348745569586754,
-0.0004242978466209024,
0.0186149924993515,
0.017129333689808846,
0.058521125465631485,
0.008136679418385029,
-0.0403783954679966,
0.01158025674521923,
0.008682732470333576,
-0.04293648153543472,
-0.03101186826825142,
-0.015604321844875813,
-0.03181865066289902,
0.025994084775447845,
0.0058098058216273785,
-0.03583287447690964,
-0.0008553598891012371,
0.017522886395454407,
-0.051476553082466125,
-0.005435931961983442,
0.05934758484363556,
0.022806316614151,
0.03284188359975815,
0.0005657304427586496,
-0.006242712493985891,
-0.006055775564163923,
0.030618315562605858,
0.06296826153993607,
-0.016912881284952164,
-0.004501246847212315,
0.012534619309008121,
0.010616054758429527,
0.029752502217888832,
-0.007211833726614714,
-0.0387648344039917,
-0.001438923180103302,
-0.0009137776796706021,
0.030598638579249382,
0.014561410062015057,
0.005086654797196388,
0.054152704775333405,
0.011649128049612045,
-0.02981153503060341,
0.04395971819758415,
-0.01367591880261898,
0.029477017000317574,
0.02040565200150013,
0.027371516451239586,
0.03685611113905907,
-0.030578961595892906,
-0.025856342166662216,
-0.03498673811554909,
-0.016234004870057106,
-0.007379093207418919,
-0.013921888545155525,
-0.004661126993596554,
-0.00358623918145895,
0.0047890315763652325,
0.006542795803397894,
-0.051437199115753174,
-0.0013257770333439112,
0.01746385358273983,
-0.005863919388502836,
-0.009897823445498943,
-0.027686357498168945,
-0.04329067841172218,
-0.00832853652536869,
0.021665016189217567,
0.011462191119790077,
-0.010576699860394001,
-0.020523717626929283,
0.008810636587440968,
0.01515173725783825,
0.03091347962617874,
0.009455077350139618,
0.015476417727768421,
-0.04699006304144859,
-0.012298488058149815,
0.012770750559866428,
-0.04647844657301903,
-0.02089759148657322,
0.00025580855435691774,
-0.0012433772208169103,
0.014266245998442173,
0.021173076704144478,
0.01871337927877903,
-0.029870567843317986,
0.004872661083936691,
-0.004368423018604517,
0.003972411621361971,
-0.0181722454726696,
0.03048057295382023,
-0.02788313291966915,
0.02351471036672592,
0.009337012656033039,
-0.01594867929816246,
-0.0011757354950532317,
-0.00199850439094007,
0.05057138577103615,
-0.022255344316363335,
0.007241350132972002,
0.043369390070438385,
-0.014059632085263729,
-0.0261515062302351,
-0.011019445955753326,
0.009218947030603886,
-0.024518266320228577,
0.006095130927860737,
-0.01089154090732336,
-0.008235068060457706,
-0.019411934539675713,
-0.002617118414491415,
0.018250957131385803,
0.011727838777005672,
-0.026053117588162422,
0.03278284892439842,
0.026210539042949677,
-0.023947617039084435,
-0.014915606938302517,
0.000692404864821583,
-0.009573142975568771,
-0.043369390070438385,
-0.03408157080411911,
-0.006719894241541624,
0.009248463436961174,
0.020917268469929695,
0.035045772790908813,
-0.0024018946569412947,
0.0005798737402074039,
0.05017783120274544,
-0.02209792286157608,
0.04856427013874054,
-0.018900316208600998,
-0.013705435208976269,
0.0014758185716345906,
0.01670626737177372,
-0.00309675931930542,
-0.010989929549396038,
0.031169287860393524,
0.0017476151697337627,
0.01207219623029232,
0.010350408032536507,
-0.002400664845481515,
0.03431770205497742,
0.0539165735244751,
-0.006931427866220474,
0.0017648331122472882,
0.008913944475352764,
0.005854080431163311,
0.009032010100781918,
0.004351205192506313,
0.04655715823173523,
-0.02575795352458954,
0.030637994408607483,
0.023908261209726334,
-0.0007471331628039479,
-0.03433737903833389,
-0.04451068863272667,
0.02636795863509178,
-0.0068723950535058975,
-0.02129114232957363,
0.0014745887601748109,
-0.02333761192858219,
-0.03132671117782593,
0.04734425991773605,
0.0014499917160719633,
0.0012790428008884192,
0.016588201746344566,
-0.015407546423375607,
-0.047147486358881,
-0.0269976407289505,
-0.008987735025584698,
0.026741832494735718,
0.023849228397011757,
-0.0060656145215034485,
-0.018959349021315575,
0.0488397553563118,
-0.06804507970809937,
0.0012765830615535378,
-0.004707861226052046,
-0.024892140179872513,
0.007738208863884211,
0.02855217084288597,
-0.09177623689174652,
-0.009076284244656563,
-0.022215988487005234,
0.006660861428827047,
-0.01060621626675129,
0.010104438289999962,
0.0032222040463238955,
0.06985541433095932,
0.030008312314748764,
-0.04242486506700516,
0.028493138030171394,
-0.014728670008480549,
-0.010045405477285385,
0.011924614198505878,
0.05537271499633789,
-0.00378055521287024,
-0.026722155511379242,
-0.04695070907473564,
-0.04329067841172218,
0.005204720422625542,
-0.05777337774634361,
-0.04927266389131546,
0.029339274391531944,
0.020917268469929695,
0.05057138577103615,
0.01385301724076271,
-0.011629450134932995,
0.01866418495774269,
-0.005578594282269478,
0.028768623247742653,
-0.029299918562173843,
-0.015112382359802723,
-0.00023351755226030946,
0.00877620093524456,
0.011973808519542217,
0.009415722452104092,
0.04077195003628731,
-0.0017353167058899999,
-0.021153399720788002,
-0.006139405537396669,
-0.019146285951137543,
0.036285459995269775,
-0.011078477837145329,
-0.004695562645792961,
-0.034278348088264465,
0.058166928589344025,
0.05025654286146164,
-0.008107163943350315,
-0.027686357498168945,
-0.02815861813724041,
-0.027686357498168945,
-0.017493369057774544,
0.03091347962617874,
0.03835160657763481,
-0.026800865307450294,
-0.030500251799821854,
0.02196018025279045,
0.013843178749084473,
0.0021879011765122414,
-0.01675545983016491,
0.0227669607847929,
-0.06064630672335625,
0.05635659396648407,
-0.07331866770982742,
0.013400432653725147,
-0.0030229685362428427,
-0.016027389094233513,
-0.03453415632247925,
-0.03408157080411911,
0.027371516451239586,
0.022806316614151,
0.04356616362929344,
0.00835313368588686,
0.013321722857654095,
0.03278284892439842,
-0.004843144677579403,
-0.008638458326458931,
-0.012150906026363373,
-0.010881702415645123,
-0.01450237724930048,
0.07449932396411896,
-0.03746611624956131,
0.012062357738614082,
-0.03541964665055275,
0.0005300648626871407,
-0.06804507970809937,
-0.02138953097164631,
-0.009204188361763954,
0.0017513047205284238,
0.0043192291632294655,
-0.026761511340737343,
0.0018140269676223397,
0.019343063235282898,
0.044668108224868774,
-0.06103985756635666,
-0.014374473132193089,
0.01289865467697382,
-0.034730929881334305,
-0.04004387930035591,
-0.02660408988595009,
0.024537943303585052,
0.022550508379936218,
0.0071036070585250854,
-0.021153399720788002,
0.01969725824892521,
-0.004988267086446285,
-0.021330498158931732,
-0.024754397571086884,
0.014098986983299255,
-0.04683264344930649,
0.010488150641322136,
0.00815635733306408,
-0.018418215215206146,
-0.0172867551445961,
0.006026259157806635,
0.00637061707675457,
-0.00029977565282024443,
0.04285777360200882,
-0.03234994411468506,
0.003952734172344208,
-0.0143449567258358,
0.026131827384233475,
-0.0607643723487854,
0.020523717626929283,
0.00120586680714041,
0.0014192454982548952,
0.014315440319478512,
-0.007059332448989153,
0.010675087571144104,
-0.023632775992155075,
0.011698322370648384,
0.006714974530041218,
0.0017377764452248812,
0.022176634520292282,
-0.01968741975724697,
-0.031385742127895355,
0.015181253664195538,
0.030008312314748764,
-0.007246269378811121,
-0.010635732673108578,
-0.027056673541665077,
0.024380523711442947,
0.018378861248493195,
0.019805485382676125,
0.014846734702587128,
-0.0033624067436903715,
-0.036560945212841034,
-0.0218814704567194,
-0.0003975486324634403,
0.004139671102166176,
0.008525311946868896,
0.002100581768900156,
-0.02107468992471695,
0.013715273700654507,
-0.027155062183737755,
-0.00513584865257144,
-0.03947322815656662,
0.014964800328016281,
-0.03752514719963074,
0.002353930613026023,
-0.03416028246283531,
-0.011127672158181667,
0.00007859502511564642,
-0.01607658341526985,
-0.06957992911338806,
0.005854080431163311,
-0.008913944475352764,
0.03898128867149353,
-0.0005792587762698531,
0.012977364473044872,
-0.0024929034989327192,
0.013016720302402973,
0.04112614318728447,
0.02258986420929432,
0.01835918426513672,
0.024026326835155487,
-0.02904411032795906,
-0.0034361975267529488,
-0.047737810760736465,
0.0034165200777351856,
0.023534387350082397,
0.015938840806484222,
0.029831213876605034,
0.010950573720037937,
-0.03551803529262543,
0.020149843767285347,
0.031700585037469864,
0.025994084775447845,
0.0198645181953907,
-0.002749942010268569,
-0.014738508500158787,
0.012219778262078762,
-0.031700585037469864,
0.021448563784360886,
0.027096029371023178,
0.010050324723124504,
-0.037229984998703,
-0.030618315562605858,
0.001699651125818491,
0.0020132625941187143,
-0.0017820509383454919,
-0.03915838524699211,
0.039807748049497604,
-0.028709590435028076,
-0.0014229350490495563,
-0.003967492375522852,
-0.00026241899468004704,
0.03679707646369934,
0.005613029934465885,
-0.015929002314805984,
-0.024616654962301254,
0.006970783229917288,
-0.028945721685886383,
-0.017454015091061592,
0.04628167301416397,
-0.03569513186812401,
-0.02262921817600727,
-0.033038657158613205,
-0.03248768672347069,
0.02054339461028576
] |
The Data Science domain has expanded monumentally in both research and
industry communities during the past decade, predominantly owing to the Big
Data revolution. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are
bringing more complexities to data engineering applications, which are now
integrated into data processing pipelines to process terabytes of data.
Typically, a significant amount of time is spent on data preprocessing in these
pipelines, and hence improving its e fficiency directly impacts the overall
pipeline performance. The community has recently embraced the concept of
Dataframes as the de-facto data structure for data representation and
manipulation. However, the most widely used serial Dataframes today (R, pandas)
experience performance limitations while working on even moderately large data
sets. We believe that there is plenty of room for improvement by taking a look
at this problem from a high-performance computing point of view. In a prior
publication, we presented a set of parallel processing patterns for distributed
dataframe operators and the reference runtime implementation, Cylon [1]. In
this paper, we are expanding on the initial concept by introducing a cost model
for evaluating the said patterns. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of
Cylon on the ORNL Summit supercomputer. | [
-0.049023889005184174,
0.013980957679450512,
-0.024550065398216248,
0.010111653245985508,
0.038845524191856384,
-0.04227643087506294,
-0.04098030924797058,
0.01740233600139618,
-0.0564575269818306,
0.0295820664614439,
0.06610219180583954,
-0.05649564787745476,
0.06675025820732117,
-0.04090406745672226,
-0.01647789776325226,
0.028609976172447205,
0.002916273195296526,
-0.01564875990152359,
-0.020795125514268875,
-0.04593607038259506,
0.015267548151314259,
-0.029334278777241707,
-0.044944919645786285,
0.020166125148534775,
0.009620842523872852,
0.02956300601363182,
-0.01478150300681591,
-0.017659654840826988,
-0.05070122331380844,
0.017878852784633636,
0.03238397464156151,
0.006566380150616169,
0.006342418026179075,
-0.022110307589173317,
-0.0341375507414341,
-0.017602473497390747,
0.01747857965528965,
0.0035571863409131765,
0.01993739791214466,
-0.0005956440581940114,
-0.014562305994331837,
0.050853706896305084,
-0.01633494347333908,
0.040103521198034286,
0.026665793731808662,
0.010550047270953655,
-0.06842759251594543,
0.006266175303608179,
-0.012113017961382866,
0.013771290890872478,
0.003926485776901245,
-0.057448677718639374,
0.03390882536768913,
-0.03510964289307594,
-0.04292449355125427,
0.004545955453068018,
0.04284825176000595,
0.04532612860202789,
0.014972109347581863,
-0.0034452052786946297,
0.012303623370826244,
-0.017640594393014908,
0.019689610227942467,
-0.0053846221417188644,
0.013552093878388405,
0.014362169429659843,
-0.05348407104611397,
0.03417567163705826,
0.03375633805990219,
-0.02824782393872738,
-0.03674885630607605,
0.002264638664200902,
0.04326758533716202,
0.018298184499144554,
-0.04814710095524788,
-0.011207638308405876,
0.047346554696559906,
-0.012532350607216358,
-0.020718883723020554,
-0.03209806606173515,
0.030859127640724182,
-0.005084417760372162,
-0.02399730682373047,
-0.011531668715178967,
0.08905117213726044,
0.03360385447740555,
-0.021976882591843605,
-0.0749463140964508,
0.026627670973539352,
-0.040141645818948746,
-0.040065400302410126,
0.03148812800645828,
0.04170461371541023,
-0.0568387396633625,
-0.04650788754224777,
0.02039485238492489,
-0.0030354021582752466,
-0.011150456964969635,
-0.025541217997670174,
0.023234883323311806,
-0.016859108582139015,
0.03686321899294853,
0.06370055675506592,
-0.004979584366083145,
-0.007509880233556032,
-0.05901164934039116,
0.00994963850826025,
0.04044661298394203,
-0.07361207157373428,
0.14188717305660248,
-0.029258035123348236,
-0.024492884054780006,
-0.014857745729386806,
-0.014705260284245014,
-0.0457073412835598,
0.012284562923014164,
0.007786259055137634,
-0.03449970483779907,
0.03190746158361435,
-0.027599763125181198,
0.036462947726249695,
0.04528800770640373,
0.003859773511067033,
0.014505123719573021,
0.006242349743843079,
0.06026964634656906,
0.005051061511039734,
-0.06747455894947052,
0.023844823241233826,
-0.006513963453471661,
-0.037015702575445175,
-0.015505805611610413,
-0.06095582991838455,
-0.03934109956026077,
0.02841936983168125,
-0.03741597756743431,
0.05439897999167442,
0.04281013086438179,
0.0041838036850094795,
-0.026684854179620743,
-0.007376456167548895,
-0.03686321899294853,
0.02586524747312069,
-0.06785576790571213,
-0.003938398323953152,
0.03846431151032448,
-0.026742035523056984,
0.07029552757740021,
-0.002806674689054489,
0.003364197677001357,
-0.04113279655575752,
0.05554261803627014,
0.06076522544026375,
0.009496948681771755,
0.006156576797366142,
0.023330185562372208,
0.010502396151423454,
0.03394694626331329,
-0.009263456799089909,
-0.014314518310129642,
0.036386702209711075,
0.0012901650043204427,
0.0410565547645092,
0.020642640069127083,
-0.008405729196965694,
0.0003055653942283243,
0.016716154292225838,
-0.016840048134326935,
-0.08874619752168655,
0.04654600843787193,
0.05184485763311386,
-0.0031664439011365175,
-0.010235547088086605,
0.021843459457159042,
-0.004600754473358393,
0.039379220455884933,
-0.0012949302326887846,
0.010712062940001488,
-0.04208582639694214,
-0.005289319436997175,
-0.029848914593458176,
0.004698440432548523,
0.04021788761019707,
0.014657609164714813,
0.020223306491971016,
0.01724032126367092,
0.0686563178896904,
0.026856400072574615,
0.045478615909814835,
-0.02230091392993927,
0.0253696721047163,
-0.03246022015810013,
0.033927883952856064,
-0.009120501577854156,
-0.042428918182849884,
-0.053407829254865646,
-0.02416885271668434,
-0.03895988687872887,
0.0039455462247133255,
0.02165285311639309,
-0.04330570623278618,
-0.03610079362988472,
-0.015029290691018105,
-0.017469048500061035,
0.012465639039874077,
-0.02841936983168125,
0.031545307487249374,
-0.03209806606173515,
0.03478561341762543,
-0.022053126245737076,
0.024511944502592087,
0.023711398243904114,
-0.038807403296232224,
-0.01445747260004282,
0.024969398975372314,
-0.0015308052534237504,
0.0016475514275953174,
0.022167488932609558,
-0.04650788754224777,
-0.040179766714572906,
-0.0024897921830415726,
-0.055085163563489914,
0.04753715917468071,
-0.034118492156267166,
-0.020966671407222748,
-0.01919403485953808,
-0.03661543130874634,
0.02531248889863491,
-0.018650807440280914,
-0.023368308320641518,
0.03068758174777031,
0.011026563122868538,
-0.0021836310625076294,
-0.028629036620259285,
0.023082397878170013,
-0.04688910022377968,
0.026151156052947044,
-0.008939426392316818,
-0.0853152871131897,
0.02294897474348545,
0.029829854145646095,
-0.037606582045555115,
-0.021500367671251297,
-0.05851607024669647,
0.03568146005272865,
0.02708512730896473,
-0.03331794589757919,
0.07608995586633682,
0.03002046048641205,
0.020852306857705116,
0.023025216534733772,
-0.04940510168671608,
0.030268248170614243,
0.03274612873792648,
0.01171274483203888,
0.0067093344405293465,
-0.011989123187959194,
0.003726349212229252,
-0.021405065432190895,
-0.02464536763727665,
-0.006328122224658728,
-0.030954429879784584,
-0.017707306891679764,
0.0600409209728241,
-0.02649424783885479,
0.039455462247133255,
0.03754940256476402,
0.013542563654482365,
0.011827108450233936,
-0.00659973593428731,
-0.02773318812251091,
0.006513963453471661,
0.017545292153954506,
-0.052759766578674316,
0.023082397878170013,
-0.029334278777241707,
0.013637865893542767,
-0.0016177692450582981,
0.03299391642212868,
0.04208582639694214,
-0.010016350075602531,
-0.02655142918229103,
0.04269576445221901,
0.01684957928955555,
0.00007441827619913965,
-0.04818522185087204,
0.004248133394867182,
-0.07608995586633682,
0.007581357378512621,
-0.08401916921138763,
-0.014981639571487904,
-0.023635156452655792,
-0.03249834105372429,
0.05523764714598656,
0.04765152558684349,
-0.037663765251636505,
-0.001319947186857462,
-0.013914245180785656,
-0.033470429480075836,
-0.005823016166687012,
-0.03497621789574623,
-0.008663047105073929,
0.05580946430563927,
0.013170881196856499,
-0.0036620197352021933,
-0.030592279508709908,
0.0033975536935031414,
0.030535096302628517,
0.03068758174777031,
-0.012417986989021301,
-0.0026136860251426697,
-0.018507851287722588,
0.008858418092131615,
-0.03535743057727814,
-0.004350584000349045,
0.07422201335430145,
0.04387752339243889,
-0.010397562757134438,
-0.017545292153954506,
-0.06072710454463959,
0.0677795261144638,
-0.014390760101377964,
-0.15797433257102966,
0.07353582978248596,
-0.005332205444574356,
-0.017592942342162132,
-0.055695101618766785,
0.02655142918229103,
-0.029277097433805466,
0.00827706977725029,
-0.03356573358178139,
-0.01631588116288185,
-0.06091770902276039,
0.0002119003765983507,
-0.0038216521497815847,
-0.02899118699133396,
-0.06030777096748352,
0.010006819851696491,
-0.030611339956521988,
0.019518064334988594,
-0.013609275221824646,
-0.0602315254509449,
-0.02298709563910961,
-0.00860110018402338,
-0.0016689946642145514,
-0.022167488932609558,
-0.025712762027978897,
0.003607220482081175,
-0.005403683055192232,
0.0015796480001881719,
0.0012425135355442762,
0.008520092815160751,
-0.017688246443867683,
0.01351397205144167,
0.04688910022377968,
-0.0009708998259156942,
-0.04383940249681473,
-0.02460724674165249,
0.0012472786474972963,
-0.0025112354196608067,
0.009411175735294819,
-0.06793200969696045,
-0.010311789810657501,
-0.025007519870996475,
-0.031087854877114296,
0.04277200996875763,
-0.004157595336437225,
-0.03604361414909363,
0.013018396683037281,
0.041895221918821335,
-0.018155230209231377,
0.059430982917547226,
0.021366942673921585,
-0.028590913861989975,
-0.010121183469891548,
-0.020261427387595177,
0.006375773809850216,
-0.016458837315440178,
-0.027390096336603165,
0.03327982500195503,
-0.01679239794611931,
-0.010302259586751461,
-0.00799116026610136,
-0.0023730460088700056,
-0.01319947186857462,
0.010206956416368484,
0.04094218835234642,
0.024359459057450294,
-0.049100130796432495,
0.07002867758274078,
0.007119137793779373,
-0.02409261092543602,
0.014695730060338974,
-0.06770328432321548,
0.052721645683050156,
-0.02830500528216362,
0.0433819480240345,
0.015515336766839027,
0.026151156052947044,
0.020623579621315002,
-0.025102823972702026,
0.015439094044268131,
0.008505797013640404,
0.0421239472925663,
0.029753612354397774,
-0.024378519505262375,
0.007948274724185467,
-0.013228063471615314,
0.04353443160653114,
0.03253646194934845,
-0.008643986657261848,
0.0034428227227181196,
-0.019422762095928192,
0.00935875903815031,
0.034633126109838486,
-0.023292064666748047,
-0.004457800183445215,
-0.011912881396710873,
-0.07082922756671906,
0.00903472863137722,
-0.01508647296577692,
-0.007781493943184614,
0.058668557554483414,
-0.010197426192462444,
-0.005603819154202938,
0.016449306160211563,
0.01419062353670597,
-0.019537124782800674,
-0.0211572777479887,
-0.014943517744541168,
-0.007900622673332691,
0.016029972583055496,
0.02228185348212719,
-0.026208339259028435,
-0.019022488966584206,
0.0027876142412424088,
0.03806403651833534,
0.05493267625570297,
0.008968017064034939,
-0.011998653411865234,
-0.03722536936402321,
-0.04143776744604111,
-0.010321320034563541,
0.002140744822099805,
-0.06869443506002426,
-0.0017642977181822062,
-0.023882944136857986,
-0.02228185348212719,
-0.06983807682991028,
-0.0444493405520916,
-0.050968069583177567,
0.046012312173843384,
-0.07967334985733032,
-0.03194558247923851,
0.015572518110275269,
0.0341375507414341,
-0.02039485238492489,
0.008486736565828323,
0.046050433069467545,
-0.04875703901052475,
0.020337671041488647,
0.053979646414518356,
0.013647397048771381,
-0.011798517778515816,
-0.01950853317975998,
0.04162837192416191,
-0.019460882991552353,
-0.08340922743082047,
-0.004076587967574596,
0.04322946444153786,
-0.00659973593428731,
-0.006938062142580748,
-0.03436627984046936,
0.03255552053451538,
-0.02880058065056801,
0.007390751503407955,
0.04650788754224777,
-0.00119962717872113,
-0.013351957313716412,
-0.0007785068009980023,
0.08440037816762924,
-0.007948274724185467,
0.003214095253497362,
-0.025579338893294334,
-0.04517364501953125,
0.016897231340408325,
-0.02460724674165249,
0.03425191715359688,
-0.04029412940144539,
-0.0259986724704504,
-0.020795125514268875,
0.014352639205753803,
0.03139282390475273,
-0.034614067524671555,
-0.02039485238492489,
0.0335085503757,
-0.05112055689096451,
0.01690676063299179,
0.04147588834166527,
-0.0035166824236512184,
-0.009139562025666237,
-0.005012940149754286,
-0.004398235585540533,
-0.010769244283437729,
-0.04795649275183678,
0.011665092781186104,
0.0336991585791111,
-0.007814849726855755,
-0.07361207157373428,
0.02540779300034046,
-0.003743027336895466,
0.017631063237786293,
-0.013018396683037281,
-0.0029019778594374657,
0.025426853448152542,
0.013228063471615314,
-0.03013482317328453,
0.025541217997670174,
0.0009744736598804593,
0.02590336836874485,
0.031030673533678055,
0.012951684184372425,
0.03143094480037689,
0.05314097926020622,
-0.011188577860593796,
0.025750882923603058,
0.006290001329034567,
-0.03846431151032448,
0.10795929282903671,
-0.00828660000115633,
-0.0040980312041938305,
0.03743503615260124,
-0.04997691884636879,
-0.011293411254882812,
0.01475291233509779,
-0.03918861225247383,
0.029067430645227432,
0.04048473387956619,
0.0055037508718669415,
-0.030325429514050484,
-0.05165425315499306,
0.042543280869722366,
-0.022529641166329384,
0.009039494208991528,
0.04037037119269371,
-0.011874759569764137,
0.02771412581205368,
-0.012713426724076271,
-0.012151138857007027,
0.0008541535935364664,
-0.01170321460813284,
0.0002565736649557948,
0.03976043313741684,
-0.01773589663207531,
-0.006652152631431818,
-0.0408659465610981,
0.026341762393712997,
-0.0638149231672287,
-0.011198108084499836,
-0.03072570264339447,
-0.002518383087590337,
0.009130031801760197,
0.0077147819101810455,
-0.003223625710234046,
-0.04048473387956619,
-0.029848914593458176,
-0.017621533945202827,
0.045440495014190674,
-0.04955758526921272,
-0.021271640434861183,
-0.002959159668534994,
-0.005894493777304888,
-0.004412531387060881,
-0.004786595702171326,
0.0010858591413125396,
0.010921729728579521,
0.016563670709729195,
-0.04044661298394203,
-0.023940125480294228,
0.0240163691341877,
0.00008554937812732533,
0.0003975924046244472,
0.037072885781526566,
0.005070122424513102,
0.017345154657959938,
-0.005956440698355436,
-0.005170190241187811,
-0.03663449361920357,
-0.0011269585229456425,
0.018965307623147964,
-0.03918861225247383,
0.0564575269818306,
-0.04700346291065216,
0.005618114955723286,
-0.006618796847760677,
0.012627653777599335,
0.010626289993524551,
-0.00798163004219532,
0.0423145554959774,
-0.012837320566177368,
0.025503095239400864,
0.026036793366074562,
0.03608173504471779,
-0.00869163777679205,
-0.01411438174545765,
0.014343108981847763,
-0.025140944868326187,
-0.0138475326821208,
0.04403000697493553,
0.012570472434163094,
-0.04223830997943878,
-0.030916308984160423,
0.028648097068071365,
-0.03598643094301224,
0.019556185230612755,
-0.01416203286498785,
0.06732207536697388,
0.004424443934112787,
-0.04204770550131798,
-0.01625869981944561,
0.04170461371541023,
-0.0006385304150171578,
0.011522138491272926,
-0.00430531520396471,
0.0543227382004261,
0.018631745129823685,
0.010540517047047615,
-0.01742139644920826,
0.005808720830827951,
-0.01025460846722126,
-0.01891765557229519,
0.001971581717953086,
-0.0381021574139595,
-0.012217850424349308,
0.02464536763727665,
-0.035967372357845306,
-0.026761095970869064,
0.021824399009346962,
-0.011970062740147114,
-0.02950582467019558,
-0.00831519067287445,
0.026036793366074562,
0.03318452090024948,
0.05794425308704376,
0.009649434126913548,
0.040027279406785965,
-0.05676249414682388,
-0.011817578226327896,
0.05375092104077339,
0.023311125114560127,
0.06324310600757599,
0.013066047802567482,
0.02899118699133396,
0.054437100887298584,
0.005651470739394426,
-0.05798237398266792,
-0.004681762307882309,
0.009053790010511875,
-0.02056639827787876,
0.051616132259368896,
-0.017097366973757744,
0.052683524787425995,
0.02464536763727665,
0.021424125880002975,
0.037072885781526566,
-0.017049714922904968,
0.006704569328576326,
0.028648097068071365,
-0.007309743668884039,
0.0471559502184391,
0.01684957928955555,
-0.006432955618947744,
-0.011226698756217957,
0.021347882226109505,
0.017707306891679764,
-0.020128004252910614,
0.029296157881617546,
0.04635540395975113,
0.00032581729465164244,
0.00555140245705843,
-0.027828490361571312,
-0.02765694446861744,
-0.06408177316188812,
-0.021443186327815056,
-0.056381285190582275,
-0.02111915498971939,
-0.020776065066456795,
-0.017659654840826988,
-0.005174955353140831,
-0.046088553965091705,
-0.004927167668938637,
-0.01411438174545765,
0.00556093268096447,
0.023273004218935966,
0.0053036147728562355,
0.00922057032585144,
-0.0396079458296299,
0.0029710724484175444,
0.023025216534733772,
-0.018488790839910507,
-0.03480467200279236,
-0.0010465466184541583,
-0.015486745163798332,
-0.014047669246792793,
-0.0038288000505417585,
0.037091948091983795,
0.0039455462247133255,
-0.008820297196507454,
-0.0652635246515274,
-0.011560259386897087,
0.006313826888799667,
0.004781830590218306,
-0.010083062574267387,
0.053217221051454544,
0.049671947956085205,
-0.011808048002421856,
0.015343790873885155,
-0.0030258717015385628,
-0.011331532150506973,
0.010559577494859695,
0.014247805811464787,
-0.005341735668480396,
0.026646733283996582,
-0.011979592964053154,
-0.03848337009549141,
0.026665793731808662,
0.009163388051092625,
-0.024855034425854683,
-0.031697794795036316,
-0.00923010054975748,
-0.011036093346774578,
-0.050891827791929245,
0.0029019778594374657,
-0.00199779006652534,
0.017640594393014908,
-0.015734532848000526,
0.0518067367374897,
0.05119679868221283,
0.006094629876315594,
0.0048795160837471485,
0.018707988783717155,
-0.035300251096487045,
0.008043576963245869,
-0.005479925312101841,
0.01903201825916767,
0.04597419127821922,
0.04620291665196419,
0.004719883669167757,
-0.04593607038259506,
-0.008744054473936558,
0.013209003023803234,
0.0011805664980784059,
0.06297625601291656,
-0.009044259786605835,
-0.038902703672647476,
0.02291085384786129,
0.0005536511307582259,
-0.02353985235095024,
0.02700888365507126,
0.01777401939034462,
-0.002146701095625758,
0.02775224857032299,
0.0035452733281999826,
-0.019022488966584206,
0.05611443519592285,
-0.04719407111406326,
-0.01997551880776882,
0.0020597372204065323,
0.005308379884809256,
0.035719580948352814,
0.01507694274187088,
0.01995645835995674,
0.03983667492866516,
-0.030592279508709908,
-0.00994963850826025,
0.02594148926436901,
0.014648078940808773,
0.0031068793032318354,
-0.005098713096231222,
0.012322683818638325,
-0.012284562923014164,
0.024226035922765732,
-0.02050921693444252,
0.029353339225053787,
0.005336970556527376,
-0.00996869895607233,
0.023902004584670067,
-0.007743372581899166,
0.02594148926436901,
0.05363655462861061,
0.02176721580326557,
0.05119679868221283,
0.020947610959410667,
-0.025503095239400864,
0.041285280138254166,
-0.014276396483182907,
-0.017936034128069878,
-0.00586590263992548,
-0.06644528359174728,
-0.024835973978042603,
0.04406813159584999,
-0.03488091751933098,
0.02106197364628315,
0.008467676118016243,
0.015381911769509315,
-0.046774737536907196,
0.0031592960003763437,
-0.06835134327411652,
0.008448615670204163,
0.03688228130340576,
0.018927184864878654,
0.026932641863822937,
0.016230110079050064,
0.041323401033878326,
0.03751128166913986,
-0.04951946437358856,
-0.03417567163705826,
0.006752220913767815,
-0.04471619054675102,
-0.014019078575074673,
-0.00018003341392613947,
-0.04746091738343239,
0.020814185962080956,
-0.023692337796092033,
-0.010569107718765736,
0.017011594027280807,
0.012742017395794392,
-0.002689928514882922,
0.05832546576857567,
0.008481970988214016,
0.03478561341762543,
0.005722947884351015,
-0.032765187323093414,
0.015753593295812607,
-0.015486745163798332,
0.041209038347005844,
0.035185884684324265,
0.035853005945682526,
0.001196053228341043,
0.026074914261698723,
0.008086463436484337,
0.028114398941397667,
0.0018345837015658617,
0.01889859512448311,
0.010321320034563541,
0.015286608599126339,
-0.0006498476723209023,
0.02954394556581974,
0.002678015735000372,
0.013056517578661442,
0.048528313636779785,
-0.03934109956026077,
0.04406813159584999,
-0.02100479230284691,
-0.06995243579149246,
0.018412549048662186,
0.03732067346572876,
-0.023768579587340355,
-0.02657048963010311,
-0.02291085384786129,
-0.011255290359258652,
-0.0075622969307005405,
0.024569125846028328,
-0.01932745799422264,
0.02464536763727665,
-0.009835274890065193,
-0.009487418457865715,
-0.013475851155817509,
0.015219897031784058,
-0.06350994855165482,
0.010407092981040478,
0.03209806606173515,
0.015534397214651108,
0.02828594483435154,
0.012093956582248211,
-0.02039485238492489,
-0.0019894512370228767,
-0.011960532516241074,
-0.009477888233959675,
-0.0063233571127057076,
0.007300213444977999,
0.001458136597648263,
0.02519812621176243,
0.025750882923603058,
0.03562428057193756,
-0.03251739963889122,
-0.043572552502155304,
-0.02228185348212719,
-0.008343782275915146,
-0.043115098029375076,
-0.029048370197415352,
0.030535096302628517,
-0.004612667486071587,
-0.024359459057450294,
0.003328458871692419,
0.0054560997523367405,
-0.02291085384786129,
0.002959159668534994,
-0.01891765557229519,
-0.008477206341922283,
0.009854335337877274,
-0.04159025102853775,
-0.033070158213377,
-0.011188577860593796,
0.03510964289307594,
-0.024893157184123993,
0.0037906786892563105,
-0.017821669578552246,
0.01078830473124981,
-0.007976865395903587,
-0.0005789660499431193,
-0.008863183669745922,
0.0032450687140226364,
-0.0022253261413425207,
0.049633827060461044,
-0.0355861596763134,
-0.03011576272547245,
-0.02464536763727665,
0.025808066129684448,
-0.036348581314086914,
-0.004372027236968279,
0.021843459457159042,
0.009130031801760197,
0.008848887868225574,
-0.028533732518553734,
0.02230091392993927,
-0.013447260484099388,
0.01143636554479599,
-0.016392124816775322,
0.008143645711243153,
-0.015696411952376366,
0.04540237411856651,
0.051501765847206116,
-0.023063337430357933,
0.026913581416010857,
-0.021252579987049103,
-0.05600007250905037,
0.0037620877847075462,
-0.04654600843787193,
-0.0028972127474844456,
-0.05352219194173813,
-0.004524512216448784,
0.01564875990152359,
0.023292064666748047,
-0.005108243320137262,
-0.03510964289307594,
0.05653376877307892,
0.044983040541410446,
-0.03194558247923851,
0.058973528444767,
0.00005833588875248097,
0.006127986125648022,
0.04220018908381462,
-0.026360822841525078,
0.005122538655996323,
-0.01566782034933567,
-0.012827790342271328,
-0.003114027203992009,
-0.022453397512435913,
0.004650788847357035,
0.028457490727305412,
0.010083062574267387,
-0.009496948681771755,
-0.016544608399271965,
0.003871686290949583,
-0.03331794589757919,
-0.004260046407580376,
-0.020871367305517197,
-0.06350994855165482,
-0.0482233427464962,
0.008481970988214016,
-0.012113017961382866,
-0.015029290691018105,
-0.0037930612452328205,
-0.028019096702337265,
0.009444531984627247,
0.02108103409409523,
-0.007057190872728825,
0.013104169629514217,
-0.0186412762850523,
0.052073586732149124,
0.005994561593979597,
0.000014928328710084315,
0.001479579834267497,
-0.004788978025317192,
-0.03852149099111557,
0.04155213013291359,
-0.021976882591843605,
-0.0528741329908371,
0.03735879436135292,
0.009125267155468464,
0.021881580352783203,
0.06560661643743515,
-0.030935369431972504,
-0.015658291056752205,
-0.013685517944395542,
-0.0008452188922092319,
-0.04094218835234642,
0.014285926707088947,
-0.007309743668884039,
0.008458145894110203,
-0.0528741329908371,
-0.012980274856090546,
0.04109467566013336,
0.029372399672865868,
0.026703914627432823,
0.030420733615756035,
0.024969398975372314,
-0.032727066427469254,
0.03911237046122551,
-0.017907442525029182,
-0.036996643990278244,
-0.0018190969713032246,
-0.006232819519937038,
0.030363552272319794,
-0.01298980601131916,
-0.017802609130740166,
-0.008929895237088203,
0.0198992770165205,
-0.029810793697834015,
0.02172909490764141,
-0.014047669246792793,
-0.013399608433246613,
-0.01875564083456993
] |
The effectiveness of ad creatives is greatly influenced by their visual
appearance. Advertising platforms can generate ad creatives with different
appearances by combining creative elements provided by advertisers. However,
with the increasing number of ad creative elements, it becomes challenging to
select a suitable combination from the countless possibilities. The industry's
mainstream approach is to select individual creative elements independently,
which often overlooks the importance of interaction between creative elements
during the modeling process. In response, this paper proposes a Cross-Element
Combinatorial Selection framework for multiple creative elements, termed CECS.
In the encoder process, a cross-element interaction is adopted to dynamically
adjust the expression of a single creative element based on the current
candidate creatives. In the decoder process, the creative combination problem
is transformed into a cascade selection problem of multiple creative elements.
A pointer mechanism with a cascade design is used to model the associations
among candidates. Comprehensive experiments on real-world datasets show that
CECS achieved the SOTA score on offline metrics. Moreover, the CECS algorithm
has been deployed in our industrial application, resulting in a significant
6.02% CTR and 10.37% GMV lift, which is beneficial to the business. | [
-0.0024899854324758053,
-0.032926056534051895,
-0.03174194321036339,
-0.01602376066148281,
0.04022173956036568,
-0.027864918112754822,
-0.031436365097761154,
0.04270455986261368,
-0.0809018462896347,
0.003576220478862524,
0.05477490276098251,
-0.045798540115356445,
0.012404567562043667,
-0.06512636691331863,
-0.015192968770861626,
0.04025993496179581,
0.004777047783136368,
-0.006460115313529968,
0.04113847389817238,
-0.025878658518195152,
-0.037356942892074585,
-0.013789218850433826,
0.004478631541132927,
0.05236847326159477,
0.036325614899396896,
0.0524066723883152,
0.002049522940069437,
-0.0021665021777153015,
-0.05007663741707802,
0.048777930438518524,
0.04243718087673187,
0.05725772678852081,
-0.005853733513504267,
-0.03130267187952995,
-0.03527519106864929,
-0.03703226521611214,
0.07425551861524582,
0.04048911854624748,
-0.013875163160264492,
0.016463028267025948,
0.02765483222901821,
-0.005013393238186836,
0.0030486206524074078,
0.02354862540960312,
0.00927239004522562,
-0.0004076366312801838,
-0.0220207329839468,
-0.03231490030884743,
0.001926575438119471,
-0.012557356618344784,
0.009873997420072556,
-0.007973683066666126,
0.031035291031003,
-0.00017830371507443488,
-0.050305821001529694,
0.04159684106707573,
0.02322394773364067,
0.015947366133332253,
0.08067265897989273,
0.06535554677248001,
0.012576455250382423,
0.0032037971541285515,
-0.031474560499191284,
-0.01099126785993576,
-0.044347044080495834,
-0.05657017603516579,
-0.010838478803634644,
0.020970307290554047,
0.03013765625655651,
-0.011287297122180462,
-0.06187959760427475,
-0.013932459056377411,
0.012385468930006027,
0.005858507938683033,
-0.04789939150214195,
0.018095962703227997,
0.05779248848557472,
0.05202469974756241,
-0.03991616144776344,
0.04545476660132408,
0.051222555339336395,
0.07635636627674103,
-0.01278654020279646,
0.022822875529527664,
0.046333301812410355,
-0.051298949867486954,
-0.03374730050563812,
-0.07242204993963242,
-0.03151275962591171,
-0.0350269079208374,
-0.05061139911413193,
0.01592826656997204,
-0.014314431697130203,
-0.05000024288892746,
-0.004531152546405792,
0.007386399433016777,
-0.004960872232913971,
0.026623506098985672,
-0.06543194502592087,
0.033995579928159714,
-0.014228487387299538,
0.0027334929909557104,
0.011058113537728786,
-0.057219527661800385,
0.04442343860864639,
-0.022249916568398476,
-0.07521045207977295,
-0.0018179519101977348,
-0.02818959392607212,
0.08334647119045258,
-0.036936771124601364,
-0.0279031153768301,
-0.021543268114328384,
0.0004064429667778313,
-0.05145173892378807,
0.01053290069103241,
-0.06760919094085693,
-0.028552468866109848,
0.036573898047208786,
-0.08097823709249496,
0.0011047370498999953,
-0.0060494947247207165,
-0.00009161379421129823,
0.005290323402732611,
-0.06581391394138336,
0.079985111951828,
-0.0262033361941576,
0.015097475610673428,
0.07899197936058044,
0.0007830442627891898,
-0.041787825524806976,
0.01798137091100216,
-0.020932110026478767,
0.020340053364634514,
0.05099337175488472,
0.025897758081555367,
0.024560851976275444,
0.027177365496754646,
0.03302155062556267,
-0.015078376978635788,
-0.001906283083371818,
0.0010653460631147027,
0.006593805737793446,
0.005944452248513699,
-0.041405852884054184,
-0.008976361714303493,
0.029564697295427322,
0.11459184437990189,
-0.002669034991413355,
0.021371379494667053,
-0.050687793642282486,
0.01485874317586422,
-0.0769675225019455,
0.04396507143974304,
-0.010819380171597004,
0.03949598968029022,
0.01914638839662075,
-0.04006895050406456,
0.049159903079271317,
0.022880172356963158,
0.0499238483607769,
-0.009640038944780827,
-0.042742758989334106,
0.015078376978635788,
0.020416447892785072,
-0.025592179968953133,
0.009463376365602016,
0.0085609657689929,
-0.0993129312992096,
0.043392114341259,
0.06195599213242531,
0.025515785440802574,
-0.013168512843549252,
0.007701526861637831,
0.007267032749950886,
0.03771981596946716,
0.04988564923405647,
-0.03592454269528389,
-0.04025993496179581,
0.06440062075853348,
-0.06042810156941414,
-0.012652849778532982,
0.05355259031057358,
0.005844184197485447,
0.006121114362031221,
0.0036573896650224924,
0.0496564656496048,
-0.017179228365421295,
-0.01730336807668209,
0.01687365025281906,
0.006140212994068861,
0.015613138675689697,
0.07715851068496704,
0.0014908877201378345,
0.015011532232165337,
-0.006154537200927734,
-0.05783068388700485,
-0.03538978099822998,
-0.03741423785686493,
-0.020149067044258118,
-0.005715268198400736,
0.021619662642478943,
0.010265519842505455,
-0.012624201364815235,
-0.019089091569185257,
0.0018430189229547977,
-0.012146735563874245,
-0.006240481045097113,
-0.017293820157647133,
-0.048816125839948654,
0.007166765164583921,
0.004731688182801008,
0.006493538152426481,
-0.016749508678913116,
-0.0028218242805451155,
0.002182019641622901,
0.002573541831225157,
0.048701535910367966,
-0.026356125250458717,
0.013741472736001015,
0.05011483281850815,
0.04003075137734413,
0.031398165971040726,
0.008981135673820972,
-0.03344172239303589,
-0.007324328646063805,
-0.005667521618306637,
0.016176549717783928,
0.029049033299088478,
-0.04213160276412964,
-0.059167589992284775,
0.007109469268471003,
-0.04224619269371033,
0.0024076225236058235,
0.034664034843444824,
-0.08189497143030167,
0.008035752922296524,
-0.0262033361941576,
0.0015732505125924945,
0.008212415501475334,
-0.008007105439901352,
-0.021906141191720963,
-0.007653780281543732,
-0.0431247316300869,
0.05389636382460594,
0.027005478739738464,
0.008054851554334164,
0.01142098754644394,
0.021256787702441216,
-0.004013102035969496,
-0.002910155337303877,
0.03428206220269203,
-0.023701414465904236,
0.03525609150528908,
0.02060743421316147,
0.0228037778288126,
0.031398165971040726,
-0.058212656527757645,
-0.017685342580080032,
0.021676957607269287,
0.02393059805035591,
0.006689298897981644,
-0.0009352365741506219,
-0.0016472578281536698,
-0.02521020546555519,
-0.01485874317586422,
0.07486667484045029,
-0.015049729496240616,
-0.02603144757449627,
0.028170496225357056,
-0.03349901735782623,
-0.05890021100640297,
-0.0004079350328538567,
-0.06352207809686661,
-0.02205893024802208,
0.046868063509464264,
0.06741820275783539,
-0.04106207937002182,
-0.0032730295788496733,
0.02797950990498066,
-0.010370561853051186,
0.009210319258272648,
0.06879330426454544,
0.029029933735728264,
-0.06443881243467331,
-0.03733784332871437,
-0.012872484512627125,
-0.024121584370732307,
-0.038350071758031845,
-0.039343200623989105,
-0.03179923817515373,
-0.0016007048543542624,
-0.027578437700867653,
-0.007940259762108326,
0.05752510577440262,
0.025553982704877853,
-0.036153726279735565,
0.025859560817480087,
0.0028265989385545254,
-0.05099337175488472,
-0.029984867200255394,
-0.01645347848534584,
0.029316414147615433,
0.04755561798810959,
-0.0710851401090622,
0.043888676911592484,
0.004036975093185902,
0.06646326929330826,
-0.03945779427886009,
-0.03546617552638054,
0.03869384527206421,
-0.04102388024330139,
0.03552347421646118,
0.0022237980738282204,
-0.05748691037297249,
0.02765483222901821,
0.061612214893102646,
-0.03454944118857384,
-0.06443881243467331,
-0.042780954390764236,
0.011115409433841705,
-0.0030319092329591513,
-0.08563830703496933,
0.02669990062713623,
-0.021390477195382118,
0.02645161747932434,
-0.04159684106707573,
0.012060792185366154,
0.010332364588975906,
0.06398044526576996,
-0.05404915288090706,
-0.026547111570835114,
-0.02773122675716877,
0.02752114273607731,
-0.03575265780091286,
0.024522654712200165,
-0.00571049377322197,
-0.019690699875354767,
-0.08479796350002289,
-0.0055672540329396725,
-0.015488998033106327,
0.01638663373887539,
-0.03758612647652626,
0.011688368394970894,
-0.0322767049074173,
-0.04159684106707573,
-0.023987893015146255,
0.01324490737169981,
0.030042162165045738,
-0.05183371156454086,
0.0012211193097755313,
-0.022135324776172638,
-0.024560851976275444,
-0.01328310463577509,
0.06688344478607178,
-0.023395834490656853,
0.02173425443470478,
0.0032682549208402634,
-0.02098940685391426,
0.012566905468702316,
0.004170665983110666,
-0.03294515609741211,
0.0010528125567361712,
0.02595505304634571,
-0.024694543331861496,
-0.0054860846139490604,
-0.030481431633234024,
0.011554677970707417,
0.026852689683437347,
-0.04614231735467911,
-0.025687672197818756,
0.014381276443600655,
0.0018119835294783115,
0.004984745290130377,
-0.01577547751367092,
0.033097945153713226,
-0.020702926442027092,
-0.022364508360624313,
-0.06963364779949188,
0.059625957161188126,
-0.016157450154423714,
-0.00552428187802434,
0.028246890753507614,
0.06333109736442566,
-0.000045508480980060995,
0.04071830213069916,
-0.019671600311994553,
-0.004614708945155144,
-0.07146711647510529,
0.029049033299088478,
-0.03514149785041809,
-0.01585187204182148,
-0.03420566767454147,
0.002353907562792301,
0.0480903796851635,
-0.004242285620421171,
0.031684644520282745,
0.018067315220832825,
0.013493189588189125,
-0.0496564656496048,
-0.005868057254701853,
-0.015966463834047318,
0.048701535910367966,
0.00875672698020935,
0.013292654417455196,
-0.019977178424596786,
-0.03202842175960541,
0.0045621879398822784,
0.0041826022788882256,
0.035829052329063416,
0.00826016254723072,
-0.03216211125254631,
-0.03128357231616974,
0.01762804575264454,
0.058136261999607086,
0.006335974205285311,
-0.016004661098122597,
0.007606033701449633,
0.06837313622236252,
-0.03042413480579853,
0.00704739848151803,
0.013053921051323414,
0.03741423785686493,
0.02007267251610756,
0.02578316628932953,
0.016482127830386162,
0.011077212169766426,
0.02549668587744236,
-0.04224619269371033,
-0.007768372073769569,
0.045836739242076874,
-0.013588682748377323,
0.01016047690063715,
-0.03754792734980583,
0.007529639173299074,
0.036191925406455994,
-0.0085609657689929,
-0.007582160644233227,
-0.05198650062084198,
-0.010170026682317257,
0.05282684043049812,
-0.014362177811563015,
-0.027311056852340698,
-0.026718998327851295,
0.0039677429012954235,
-0.02776942402124405,
-0.06027531251311302,
-0.01740841194987297,
-0.05798347294330597,
0.00024947599740698934,
-0.09068034589290619,
0.007930710911750793,
-0.0688697025179863,
-0.03579085320234299,
0.0014407536946237087,
-0.01978619210422039,
0.014104346744716167,
-0.020473742857575417,
0.01567043550312519,
-0.042398981750011444,
0.015183419920504093,
0.02627973072230816,
-0.004927449394017458,
-0.02996576763689518,
0.030653318390250206,
0.041329458355903625,
-0.04499639943242073,
-0.018659371882677078,
-0.00025723481667228043,
0.022154424339532852,
-0.00844159908592701,
-0.029316414147615433,
0.031722843647003174,
0.02532479725778103,
0.00820764061063528,
0.002609351882711053,
-0.006517411209642887,
-0.059053000062704086,
0.01602376066148281,
-0.0042876447550952435,
0.028781652450561523,
-0.01638663373887539,
0.0005120823043398559,
-0.0030701064970344305,
0.059167589992284775,
-0.011201352812349796,
0.03456854075193405,
-0.01398975495249033,
-0.016233844682574272,
0.011554677970707417,
-0.0254202913492918,
0.006971003953367472,
-0.02393059805035591,
0.027712129056453705,
-0.0010975750628858805,
0.008021429181098938,
-0.022899270057678223,
-0.058136261999607086,
0.01939466968178749,
-0.023739611729979515,
-0.03042413480579853,
-0.006054269149899483,
-0.0003542201011441648,
0.024274373427033424,
0.012566905468702316,
-0.06440062075853348,
0.03605823591351509,
0.024560851976275444,
-0.0035523471888154745,
0.010418308898806572,
-0.019919883459806442,
0.04159684106707573,
-0.02049284242093563,
0.02964109182357788,
-0.0069805532693862915,
0.033193439245224,
-0.019490163773298264,
-0.006813440006226301,
-0.0025019219610840082,
-0.005820310674607754,
0.01688319817185402,
0.0028862820472568274,
0.002692908514291048,
0.04365949332714081,
-0.011134508065879345,
0.006092466413974762,
0.02925911732017994,
0.04289554804563522,
0.04595132917165756,
0.009477701038122177,
-0.0605044960975647,
0.04996204376220703,
0.039381399750709534,
-0.0032133464701473713,
0.0006475633126683533,
-0.019089091569185257,
-0.039419595152139664,
-0.014744151383638382,
-0.027081873267889023,
-0.03617282584309578,
-0.005638873670250177,
0.03621102496981621,
-0.013961106538772583,
0.0023825555108487606,
-0.008479796350002289,
0.0031751489732414484,
0.04106207937002182,
-0.04908350855112076,
0.003327938262373209,
0.045340172946453094,
0.06627228111028671,
-0.0030175852589309216,
0.014639108441770077,
-0.006321649998426437,
0.010332364588975906,
-0.031436365097761154,
-0.01773308776319027,
-0.05924398452043533,
-0.04190241917967796,
-0.02815139666199684,
-0.0034950512927025557,
-0.021428674459457397,
0.02524840272963047,
0.013178062625229359,
0.013416795060038567,
0.001105333911255002,
0.048166774213314056,
0.05015303194522858,
-0.05496589094400406,
0.020263658836483955,
-0.03680308163166046,
-0.004755561705678701,
-0.02442716248333454,
-0.0022572206798940897,
-0.019652502611279488,
0.03538978099822998,
0.024885529652237892,
-0.035122402012348175,
-0.003996390849351883,
-0.015059278346598148,
0.047211840748786926,
-0.04851054772734642,
0.02656620927155018,
0.020053572952747345,
-0.009921744465827942,
0.03336532786488533,
-0.012519159354269505,
-0.017045537009835243,
-0.011440086178481579,
-0.00806440133601427,
0.0381590835750103,
0.0514899380505085,
0.0034473047126084566,
-0.01649167574942112,
-0.02864796109497547,
-0.016606267541646957,
-0.023949695751070976,
-0.017074184492230415,
0.0006072770920582116,
-0.06623408943414688,
0.05886201187968254,
0.03464493528008461,
-0.011640621349215508,
0.033212535083293915,
-0.01765669323503971,
-0.026929084211587906,
0.0014061374822631478,
0.012098989449441433,
0.028819849714636803,
0.04113847389817238,
0.001991033321246505,
-0.004791371524333954,
0.011277747340500355,
-0.031436365097761154,
0.01879306323826313,
-0.024522654712200165,
0.019652502611279488,
-0.007773146964609623,
-0.008078725077211857,
-0.006846862845122814,
0.06088646873831749,
-0.02752114273607731,
0.02479003556072712,
-0.014916039071977139,
0.02003447525203228,
0.017494354397058487,
-0.016759058460593224,
-0.032143011689186096,
-0.019165486097335815,
-0.003187085734680295,
-0.019709797576069832,
-0.002659485675394535,
-0.005457436665892601,
-0.021505068987607956,
0.024140682071447372,
-0.008723304606974125,
-0.009100502356886864,
0.039094917476177216,
0.00946815125644207,
0.02740655094385147,
-0.04514918848872185,
0.01448631938546896,
0.017255622893571854,
0.0623379647731781,
0.011182254180312157,
0.01053290069103241,
-0.015574941411614418,
0.04461442679166794,
0.05091697722673416,
0.022135324776172638,
0.029545597732067108,
0.03185653313994408,
-0.0018024342134594917,
0.029908472672104836,
-0.020225461572408676,
-0.04988564923405647,
0.03074881248176098,
0.012118088081479073,
0.01695004478096962,
-0.027502043172717094,
-0.034664034843444824,
0.010084082372486591,
0.018172357231378555,
-0.022211719304323196,
0.02184884622693062,
0.0024446260649710894,
-0.02417887933552265,
-0.01134459301829338,
-0.005037266761064529,
0.015107025392353535,
0.006803890690207481,
0.01184115745127201,
-0.044347044080495834,
0.030042162165045738,
0.017580298706889153,
-0.03237219527363777,
0.018057765439152718,
0.03132177144289017,
-0.014686855487525463,
0.029583794996142387,
-0.0042088632471859455,
0.004316292703151703,
-0.01223267987370491,
0.028877144679427147,
-0.045301977545022964,
-0.018038665875792503,
-0.03237219527363777,
0.02259369194507599,
-0.012796089984476566,
-0.004242285620421171,
-0.01498288381844759,
0.006813440006226301,
0.02400699257850647,
0.011163155548274517,
-0.04713544622063637,
0.033136140555143356,
-0.016014210879802704,
-0.009530222043395042,
0.00925329141318798,
0.00531897135078907,
-0.009654362685978413,
0.008183768019080162,
-0.048281364142894745,
0.003318388946354389,
-0.018210554495453835,
0.020722026005387306,
-0.00010974258475471288,
0.020206362009048462,
-0.04606592282652855,
-0.017035987228155136,
0.020626531913876534,
0.059702351689338684,
-0.018315596505999565,
-0.000262158690020442,
0.02606964483857155,
-0.05691394954919815,
0.03443485125899315,
-0.03896122798323631,
0.0016818740405142307,
0.031646449118852615,
0.02454175427556038,
0.047784801572561264,
0.02503831870853901,
-0.08227694779634476,
-0.02152416855096817,
0.07100874930620193,
0.01804821565747261,
0.004110982641577721,
-0.016711311414837837,
-0.009281939826905727,
0.009706884622573853,
-0.017542101442813873,
-0.012013045139610767,
0.009554095566272736,
0.0036311291623860598,
-0.009071854874491692,
-0.024388965219259262,
0.023739611729979515,
-0.007601259276270866,
-0.01016047690063715,
0.010284618474543095,
-0.055691637098789215,
0.010427857749164104,
0.03344172239303589,
-0.008747177198529243,
-0.005194830242544413,
0.014514966867864132,
0.028858046978712082,
0.04732643440365791,
-0.024656346067786217,
0.004254222381860018,
-0.033346228301525116,
0.05294143408536911,
-0.019308725371956825,
-0.04801398515701294,
-0.00844159908592701,
0.0022691572085022926,
0.013827416114509106,
0.014524516649544239,
0.009296263568103313,
0.0009185252711176872,
0.03199022263288498,
0.0093440106138587,
0.011277747340500355,
0.03775801509618759,
0.029851175844669342,
-0.009172121994197369,
0.01363642979413271,
0.007634681649506092,
-0.014400375075638294,
0.014705954119563103,
0.009730757214128971,
0.014066149480640888,
-0.02826598845422268,
-0.030767910182476044,
-0.019451966509222984,
-0.013197161257266998,
0.0005890736938454211,
-0.025687672197818756,
0.004516828805208206,
-0.024885529652237892,
-0.006068593356758356,
-0.021791549399495125,
0.04018354043364525,
-0.04148224741220474,
0.009921744465827942,
0.008947713300585747,
-0.009873997420072556,
0.009921744465827942,
0.023873301222920418,
0.018668921664357185,
-0.015804124996066093,
0.006025621201843023,
0.010064983740448952,
-0.0099981389939785,
-0.01459136139601469,
0.010628393851220608,
0.010953070595860481,
-0.01691184751689434,
-0.06524095684289932,
-0.022421805188059807,
0.014027952216565609,
-0.009788054041564465,
-0.0005562479491345584,
-0.011392339132726192,
-0.018105512484908104,
-0.029908472672104836,
0.0027716902550309896,
-0.010437407530844212,
0.030118556693196297,
0.03743333742022514,
-0.01957610808312893,
-0.0072622583247721195,
0.012242228724062443,
0.028590666130185127,
0.008713754825294018,
-0.031035291031003,
-0.0048988014459609985,
-0.021084899082779884,
0.0018859908450394869,
-0.008188541978597641,
-0.03353721275925636,
-0.026508914306759834,
0.02939280867576599,
-0.05595901980996132,
0.018993599340319633,
0.043812282383441925,
-0.0024076225236058235,
0.037815310060977936,
-0.029564697295427322,
0.006775242742151022,
0.002363456878811121,
-0.000349147041561082,
0.02826598845422268,
-0.007558287121355534,
0.0661194920539856,
-0.03151275962591171,
0.0015243103262037039,
0.018563879653811455,
0.030806107446551323,
-0.010857577435672283,
0.019270528107881546,
-0.053170617669820786,
-0.03867474943399429,
0.003091592574492097,
0.017503904178738594,
-0.025019219145178795,
0.007620357908308506,
-0.0169213954359293,
-0.029736584052443504,
0.02368231490254402,
0.05897660553455353,
0.02698637917637825,
-0.021046701818704605,
-0.03279236704111099,
0.03468313068151474,
0.03787260502576828,
0.019528361037373543,
-0.005137534346431494,
-0.03244858980178833,
0.027845818549394608,
0.03160824999213219,
-0.0358099527657032,
-0.011669269762933254,
0.07360616326332092,
0.018602076917886734,
-0.018993599340319633,
-0.025382094085216522,
0.030443234369158745,
-0.02198253571987152,
-0.029793880879878998,
0.016300689429044724,
-0.04365949332714081,
0.019518811255693436,
-0.015412603504955769,
-0.014123445376753807,
-0.0290108360350132,
-0.004607547074556351,
-0.008432050235569477,
-0.012108538299798965,
0.014954236336052418,
-0.031359970569610596,
0.0012724469415843487,
-0.008823572658002377,
0.041405852884054184,
-0.05653197690844536,
-0.023739611729979515,
-0.007878189906477928,
-0.005223478190600872,
-0.06497357785701752,
-0.018602076917886734,
0.026967281475663185,
0.039343200623989105,
-0.023739611729979515,
-0.012681497260928154,
-0.029106328263878822,
0.024618148803710938,
-0.006173635832965374,
-0.008828346617519855,
0.016252944245934486,
-0.008895192295312881,
-0.02148597128689289,
-0.026890886947512627,
-0.03290695697069168,
0.00950634852051735,
0.006660650949925184,
0.013454992324113846,
-0.07352976500988007,
0.036592997610569,
-0.012662398628890514,
0.037108659744262695,
-0.009759405627846718,
0.012576455250382423,
0.012843836098909378,
0.01662536710500717,
0.04438524320721626,
-0.02181064896285534,
-0.02719646506011486,
0.03949598968029022,
0.003234832314774394,
0.01662536710500717,
-0.013273555785417557,
0.007071272004395723,
0.010189125314354897,
-0.06959544867277145,
0.0641714334487915,
-0.006851637735962868,
0.03626831993460655,
-0.023854203522205353,
0.0070282998494803905,
-0.06569932401180267,
0.04343030974268913,
0.040871091187000275,
-0.0043353913351893425,
-0.013187611475586891,
-0.012204031459987164,
-0.024083387106657028,
-0.01922278292477131,
-0.011019916273653507,
-0.030576923862099648,
0.01567043550312519,
0.026547111570835114,
0.007477118168026209,
0.020187264308333397,
0.02528659999370575,
-0.04446163773536682,
-0.009687785990536213,
-0.017914526164531708,
-0.022994764149188995,
0.026871787384152412,
-0.04698265716433525,
-0.006622453685849905,
-0.012633751146495342,
-0.052712250500917435,
0.0029316414147615433,
-0.011239550076425076,
-0.010723887011408806,
0.013922909274697304,
0.004387912806123495,
0.001640095841139555,
-0.028743455186486244,
-0.0015302785905078053,
0.012967977672815323,
-0.009921744465827942,
0.005376267246901989,
0.009778504259884357,
-0.028075002133846283,
-0.0018955401610583067,
-0.03550437465310097,
0.0290108360350132,
0.021657859906554222,
-0.0076967524364590645,
-0.022498199716210365,
0.015173870138823986,
0.03432025760412216,
-0.0027860142290592194,
0.0175134539604187,
-0.019977178424596786,
-0.003948644269257784,
-0.014543615281581879,
0.013712824322283268,
0.012137186713516712,
0.04144405201077461,
0.03456854075193405,
0.01047560479491949,
-0.020836617797613144,
0.047288235276937485,
-0.0216960571706295,
-0.06875510513782501,
0.015947366133332253,
-0.04213160276412964,
-0.013655528426170349,
0.038846634328365326,
-0.015212067402899265,
-0.05702854320406914,
0.0440414659678936,
0.016157450154423714,
0.026107842102646828,
0.037146855145692825,
0.008116922341287136,
-0.044805411249399185,
-0.002509084064513445,
-0.04763201251626015,
0.04117666929960251,
-0.037108659744262695,
0.011936650611460209,
0.02939280867576599,
-0.001974322134628892,
-0.049236297607421875,
0.005586352664977312,
-0.001808402594178915,
0.028590666130185127,
-0.018468385562300682,
-0.006765693426132202,
0.03250588849186897,
-0.017752187326550484,
-0.03644020855426788,
-0.01986258663237095,
0.019480613991618156,
-0.03382369503378868,
0.029068130999803543,
-0.02247910015285015,
-0.044805411249399185,
-0.01662536710500717
] |
Machine learning (ML) models are vulnerable to membership inference attacks
(MIAs), which determine whether a given input is used for training the target
model. While there have been many efforts to mitigate MIAs, they often suffer
from limited privacy protection, large accuracy drop, and/or requiring
additional data that may be difficult to acquire. This work proposes a defense
technique, HAMP that can achieve both strong membership privacy and high
accuracy, without requiring extra data. To mitigate MIAs in different forms, we
observe that they can be unified as they all exploit the ML model's
overconfidence in predicting training samples through different proxies. This
motivates our design to enforce less confident prediction by the model, hence
forcing the model to behave similarly on the training and testing samples. HAMP
consists of a novel training framework with high-entropy soft labels and an
entropy-based regularizer to constrain the model's prediction while still
achieving high accuracy. To further reduce privacy risk, HAMP uniformly
modifies all the prediction outputs to become low-confidence outputs while
preserving the accuracy, which effectively obscures the differences between the
prediction on members and non-members. We conduct extensive evaluation on five
benchmark datasets, and show that HAMP provides consistently high accuracy and
strong membership privacy. Our comparison with seven state-of-the-art defenses
shows that HAMP achieves a superior privacy-utility trade off than those
techniques. | [
-0.07424198091030121,
0.01658071018755436,
-0.03377515450119972,
-0.04525791481137276,
0.05709703639149666,
0.009290146641433239,
-0.07503389567136765,
0.009686104021966457,
0.007196522783488035,
0.02650933712720871,
-0.049296677112579346,
-0.026667719706892967,
0.04280297830700874,
-0.019708771258592606,
-0.011225387454032898,
-0.02102532982826233,
0.01952069252729416,
-0.040941979736089706,
0.04442640393972397,
-0.030112547799944878,
0.02504429593682289,
-0.07491511106491089,
-0.01641242764890194,
0.00043709969031624496,
0.039437342435121536,
0.016036268323659897,
0.0064837997779250145,
-0.0034126564860343933,
-0.020084930583834648,
0.046049825847148895,
0.03951653465628624,
0.03646766394376755,
-0.010898723267018795,
0.013848604634404182,
-0.05373139679431915,
-0.003820987418293953,
0.007275714538991451,
0.00959701370447874,
-0.007641974836587906,
0.02601439133286476,
-0.01784777268767357,
-0.04660416767001152,
-0.007077735848724842,
-0.0005809435388073325,
0.02718246541917324,
-0.02724185772240162,
0.0008104749722406268,
-0.02811296470463276,
-0.021243106573820114,
0.00025536149041727185,
-0.0015689806314185262,
-0.010898723267018795,
0.02373763732612133,
-0.031003452837467194,
-0.027202263474464417,
0.022648753598332405,
0.05543401464819908,
-0.0021641538478434086,
0.05717622488737106,
-0.0022322090808302164,
-0.015274050645530224,
0.04660416767001152,
0.03282485529780388,
0.03432949259877205,
-0.0025366011541336775,
-0.040367841720581055,
0.055948760360479355,
0.014917689375579357,
0.015511625446379185,
-0.0025440251920372248,
-0.076380155980587,
0.01875847391784191,
0.014947386458516121,
0.010067213326692581,
-0.04074399918317795,
0.016164954751729965,
0.0044693672098219395,
0.05301867425441742,
-0.02644994482398033,
0.05784935504198074,
0.04121914878487587,
0.0061769331805408,
0.033082228153944016,
0.004224368836730719,
0.11546113342046738,
0.028568314388394356,
-0.02627176232635975,
-0.06568931043148041,
0.0134229501709342,
-0.029498815536499023,
-0.006157135125249624,
0.005459260661154985,
-0.0029795782174915075,
0.009963274002075195,
-0.023955414071679115,
0.0462082102894783,
-0.06711475551128387,
-0.03731897100806236,
-0.06925292313098907,
-0.0010598043445497751,
-0.05860167369246483,
-0.009349540807306767,
0.03320101648569107,
-0.005399866960942745,
0.01347244530916214,
-0.04700012505054474,
-0.006518446374684572,
0.05856207758188248,
0.03777432069182396,
0.111818328499794,
-0.019144533202052116,
-0.027123071253299713,
-0.01131447870284319,
0.038427650928497314,
0.007008443120867014,
-0.0004581349203363061,
-0.08433889597654343,
-0.040902383625507355,
0.001446481328457594,
-0.020906543359160423,
-0.03688341751694679,
0.05967075750231743,
0.0698072612285614,
0.03135981410741806,
-0.03916017338633537,
0.059156011790037155,
0.003368111327290535,
0.024727530777454376,
-0.02407420054078102,
-0.024252381175756454,
0.00890903826802969,
0.02330208383500576,
0.006305619142949581,
-0.04787123203277588,
0.027162667363882065,
0.013947593979537487,
0.08132962137460709,
0.007255916483700275,
-0.03417111188173294,
-0.0321517288684845,
-0.006127438507974148,
0.009463378228247166,
-0.060185499489307404,
0.017164746299386024,
0.008706109598279,
0.04632699862122536,
0.041575510054826736,
0.07527147233486176,
-0.05171201750636101,
0.006330366246402264,
-0.013264567591249943,
0.037794120609760284,
0.051632825285196304,
0.034349292516708374,
0.025064093992114067,
-0.011858919635415077,
0.018174437806010246,
-0.015887783840298653,
-0.04074399918317795,
-0.050365760922431946,
0.03850684314966202,
-0.009290146641433239,
0.03878401219844818,
0.07467753440141678,
0.008785301819443703,
0.055948760360479355,
0.024450359866023064,
-0.02369804121553898,
-0.038427650928497314,
0.047990016639232635,
-0.005805722903460264,
-0.02965719811618328,
-0.012482551857829094,
-0.03399293124675751,
-0.02981558069586754,
0.029538409784436226,
0.04173389449715614,
-0.00547410873696208,
-0.01864958554506302,
-0.019985942170023918,
-0.02607378549873829,
0.06054186448454857,
0.007909245789051056,
0.017531007528305054,
0.0342898964881897,
0.01728353463113308,
0.04696052893996239,
-0.009893981739878654,
0.05974994972348213,
-0.03969471529126167,
-0.015689805150032043,
0.02617277391254902,
0.03547776862978935,
0.005949257407337427,
0.031775567680597305,
-0.039932288229465485,
-0.025796614587306976,
-0.009616811759769917,
-0.0073301587253808975,
0.03830886259675026,
-0.012145988643169403,
-0.07032200694084167,
0.04323853179812431,
-0.009111966006457806,
-0.00385315902531147,
-0.040704403072595596,
0.011057105846703053,
0.017164746299386024,
0.01590758189558983,
-0.04858395457267761,
-0.03741795942187309,
0.017293432727456093,
-0.046287402510643005,
-0.05848288536071777,
-0.01541263610124588,
-0.021084723994135857,
-0.0020243313629180193,
-0.02276754193007946,
-0.035438172519207,
0.03385434299707413,
0.01662030629813671,
0.0011123924050480127,
0.014798901975154877,
0.012759721837937832,
-0.05329584702849388,
-0.0115322545170784,
-0.019778063520789146,
0.07051998376846313,
-0.008968431502580643,
0.015798693522810936,
-0.00588491465896368,
-0.0279545821249485,
0.03569554537534714,
-0.02229239232838154,
-0.009116915985941887,
-0.003227051580324769,
-0.013878301717340946,
0.005167242139577866,
0.017926964908838272,
0.020569978281855583,
-0.031241025775671005,
0.004204570781439543,
-0.012433057650923729,
-0.02607378549873829,
0.013363556936383247,
0.02033240534365177,
-0.02771700732409954,
0.01362092886120081,
0.011997504159808159,
0.06394709646701813,
0.04917788878083229,
-0.018906958401203156,
-0.03510161116719246,
0.0038011895958334208,
-0.04066481068730354,
0.03624988719820976,
-0.0057265316136181355,
-0.07424198091030121,
0.009621760807931423,
-0.05408775806427002,
0.03611129894852638,
0.020767956972122192,
0.006790666840970516,
0.026291560381650925,
0.02981558069586754,
0.03403252363204956,
0.05345422774553299,
0.023381276056170464,
0.06529334932565689,
0.009686104021966457,
0.01725383661687374,
0.018600091338157654,
-0.0547608882188797,
-0.008666514419019222,
0.04256540536880493,
-0.034923430532217026,
0.018570395186543465,
0.0027321050874888897,
-0.018402112647891045,
-0.04209025576710701,
0.03688341751694679,
0.02476712502539158,
0.01482859905809164,
-0.006528344936668873,
0.014026785269379616,
-0.06113579869270325,
-0.035220395773649216,
-0.019372208043932915,
-0.02728145383298397,
-0.01808534748852253,
-0.0429217666387558,
0.031142037361860275,
-0.0011241473257541656,
-0.007305411156266928,
0.00611753948032856,
0.020470989868044853,
-0.01878817193210125,
0.02587580680847168,
-0.003957097884267569,
-0.0038853303994983435,
-0.08608110249042511,
-0.014917689375579357,
-0.03494322672486305,
-0.009087218903005123,
-0.008938734419643879,
0.009418833069503307,
-0.005399866960942745,
0.05190999433398247,
0.0013994614128023386,
-0.025856008753180504,
0.010473068803548813,
0.024529552087187767,
-0.030983654782176018,
-0.0069836960174143314,
-0.04854435846209526,
-0.008191365748643875,
-0.00982963852584362,
0.005686935968697071,
-0.0010653724893927574,
-0.05412735417485237,
-0.007844902575016022,
0.030072953552007675,
-0.07147028297185898,
-0.008280456066131592,
-0.019510792568325996,
-0.06133377552032471,
-0.05179120600223541,
0.0986725464463234,
-0.028607910498976707,
-0.00035976426443085074,
-0.07103472948074341,
-0.00020524814317468554,
-0.0526227168738842,
-0.035893525928258896,
-0.006929251831024885,
-0.02130250073969364,
-0.004115480463951826,
0.047752443701028824,
-0.04426801949739456,
0.01859019324183464,
-0.06703556329011917,
-0.01111650001257658,
-0.009116915985941887,
0.049257081001996994,
0.005083101335912943,
0.014501933939754963,
-0.02049078792333603,
-0.01574919931590557,
0.0026925092097371817,
0.008834796026349068,
0.0011086802696809173,
-0.01624414511024952,
0.04771284759044647,
0.016541114076972008,
0.020352201536297798,
0.024826519191265106,
0.04367408528923988,
-0.006637233309447765,
-0.037398163229227066,
0.010522563941776752,
0.02165886200964451,
-0.014917689375579357,
-0.03389393910765648,
-0.010403776541352272,
-0.002628166228532791,
-0.04125874489545822,
-0.016867779195308685,
-0.007315310183912516,
-0.0091268140822649,
0.03636867180466652,
0.0034893732517957687,
0.023024912923574448,
0.02082735113799572,
0.014917689375579357,
-0.030944058671593666,
-0.015036476776003838,
-0.045218318700790405,
0.027420038357377052,
0.008354698307812214,
0.05567158758640289,
-0.014838498085737228,
0.009874183684587479,
0.06731273233890533,
0.016471821814775467,
-0.007161876652389765,
-0.008869442157447338,
0.05044495314359665,
0.005518653895705938,
-0.0008346036192961037,
-0.006686727982014418,
0.006567940581589937,
0.02884548529982567,
0.011898514814674854,
-0.029696794226765633,
0.01420496590435505,
0.049732230603694916,
0.02520267851650715,
-0.017273634672164917,
0.02447015792131424,
-0.08033972233533859,
-0.005662188399583101,
0.03252788633108139,
-0.04117955267429352,
-0.028568314388394356,
0.017540905624628067,
0.008696210570633411,
0.033676162362098694,
-0.048821527510881424,
-0.01308638695627451,
-0.012997296638786793,
0.029261240735650063,
-0.018511001020669937,
-0.02547984942793846,
0.020550180226564407,
-0.035319387912750244,
-0.012165786698460579,
-0.05626552551984787,
0.0029523561242967844,
-0.01742211915552616,
-0.022807138040661812,
0.025380859151482582,
-0.032646674662828445,
0.07673651725053787,
-0.01262113731354475,
-0.05218716338276863,
0.03801189735531807,
-0.029676996171474457,
0.027301251888275146,
0.03527979180216789,
-0.011185792274773121,
0.0881400853395462,
-0.011868818663060665,
0.0014143098378553987,
-0.07824115455150604,
-0.060660649091005325,
-0.02674691192805767,
-0.04129834100604057,
-0.011235286481678486,
0.012631036341190338,
-0.048821527510881424,
-0.03694280982017517,
-0.014333652332425117,
0.0067609697580337524,
0.023361478000879288,
-0.02276754193007946,
-0.039971884340047836,
0.0043530547991395,
-0.030647091567516327,
-0.009201056323945522,
0.033082228153944016,
-0.0860019102692604,
0.055711183696985245,
-0.06359073519706726,
-0.028093166649341583,
0.059393588453531265,
-0.017867570742964745,
0.03377515450119972,
-0.005424614064395428,
0.014769204892218113,
0.0034621511586010456,
0.015739301219582558,
0.07709287852048874,
0.017194444313645363,
-0.024153392761945724,
-0.025717422366142273,
0.022549765184521675,
-0.04608942195773125,
-0.011601547710597515,
0.004231792874634266,
0.013462546281516552,
0.0005948639009147882,
-0.021203510463237762,
0.0023101631086319685,
-0.013294264674186707,
0.01079973392188549,
0.07855791598558426,
-0.007815206423401833,
-0.026964688673615456,
-0.013898099772632122,
0.021955829113721848,
-0.009265399537980556,
0.01385850366204977,
0.016135258600115776,
0.023955414071679115,
0.052741505205631256,
-0.04001148045063019,
0.038229670375585556,
0.014046583324670792,
-0.030211538076400757,
-0.03145880252122879,
-0.035893525928258896,
-0.0073301587253808975,
0.017560703679919243,
-0.03714079037308693,
-0.015739301219582558,
-0.017560703679919243,
0.024984901770949364,
-0.019431602209806442,
0.07903306931257248,
-0.002354708267375827,
0.019015846773982048,
-0.026865698397159576,
-0.023282285779714584,
0.038863204419612885,
0.04913829267024994,
-0.0034497776068747044,
-0.04418882727622986,
-0.025697624310851097,
0.024489955976605415,
0.0035933121107518673,
-0.016560912132263184,
0.05092010274529457,
0.038328662514686584,
-0.04767325147986412,
0.027697209268808365,
0.04707931727170944,
-0.00010517614282434806,
-0.006939150858670473,
0.017758682370185852,
0.04260500147938728,
0.006236326415091753,
0.008854594081640244,
-0.039872895926237106,
0.022807138040661812,
-0.07305411249399185,
0.028271347284317017,
0.027895187959074974,
-0.011740132234990597,
0.038427650928497314,
-0.04858395457267761,
0.003481948981061578,
0.026885496452450752,
-0.06493698805570602,
-0.0005688791861757636,
0.01255184505134821,
-0.018897060304880142,
-0.02437116764485836,
0.015986774116754532,
-0.025064093992114067,
-0.0021295074839144945,
-0.05309786647558212,
0.03916017338633537,
0.05278110131621361,
-0.002123320708051324,
-0.0235990509390831,
0.009300045669078827,
0.023143701255321503,
-0.04664376378059387,
-0.01300719566643238,
0.009938526898622513,
-0.003709624521434307,
0.030647091567516327,
0.0054493616335093975,
-0.02835053950548172,
-0.022015223279595375,
-0.025400657206773758,
-0.031181633472442627,
0.033141620457172394,
0.017164746299386024,
-0.03456706926226616,
-0.0007046801620163023,
-0.008770452812314034,
0.04593104124069214,
0.007082685362547636,
-0.002317587146535516,
-0.027400242164731026,
-0.014798901975154877,
0.0612545870244503,
0.010245393961668015,
0.0316171869635582,
-0.01845160685479641,
-0.05004899576306343,
-0.04042723402380943,
-0.017897266894578934,
0.03787330910563469,
-0.011175893247127533,
-0.006112589966505766,
0.013492243364453316,
0.012967599555850029,
-0.002386879874393344,
-0.026826104149222374,
-0.024252381175756454,
0.012215280905365944,
0.011601547710597515,
0.029063262045383453,
0.013175477273762226,
-0.03904138505458832,
-0.07154947519302368,
-0.03496302664279938,
0.014462338760495186,
0.03137961030006409,
0.03729917109012604,
-0.02437116764485836,
0.014402944594621658,
0.05963116139173508,
0.00003333155837026425,
0.03607170656323433,
-0.0007052988512441516,
0.023183297365903854,
-0.019174229353666306,
0.017600299790501595,
0.00882489699870348,
0.02627176232635975,
0.03015214391052723,
0.009003077633678913,
0.008488333784043789,
0.021005531772971153,
-0.03603211045265198,
0.004362953826785088,
-0.0003674978215713054,
0.03500261902809143,
0.00294245732948184,
0.05634471774101257,
-0.004870274104177952,
0.025380859151482582,
-0.010047415271401405,
0.04355529695749283,
-0.011957908980548382,
-0.012462754733860493,
-0.038665223866701126,
0.04426801949739456,
-0.03828906640410423,
0.059551969170570374,
0.03947693854570389,
-0.002261905698105693,
0.010037516243755817,
-0.02413359470665455,
0.00010231473424937576,
0.029459219425916672,
-0.006587738636881113,
-0.02767741121351719,
0.029637400060892105,
-0.049296677112579346,
0.007894397713243961,
-0.021639063954353333,
0.011948009952902794,
0.033042632043361664,
-0.0028211954049766064,
0.020104728639125824,
-0.007176725193858147,
-0.018580293282866478,
-0.004400074947625399,
-0.021817244589328766,
0.02864750660955906,
-0.02183704264461994,
0.0026702366303652525,
0.01711525209248066,
-0.03981349989771843,
0.04458478465676308,
0.022807138040661812,
-0.024450359866023064,
-0.022213201969861984,
-0.0009026587940752506,
0.019906749948859215,
-0.058284904807806015,
-0.010012769140303135,
-0.013650625944137573,
0.014789002947509289,
0.03262687847018242,
-0.00338543439283967,
0.030508505180478096,
-0.018530799075961113,
0.02155987173318863,
0.03219132497906685,
0.04367408528923988,
0.010047415271401405,
-0.0057661272585392,
0.02122330851852894,
-0.015462130308151245,
0.008141870610415936,
-0.0028286196757107973,
-0.04335732012987137,
-0.03353757783770561,
0.07234138995409012,
0.030013559386134148,
-0.03466605767607689,
-0.001222518039867282,
0.012492450885474682,
-0.03710119426250458,
-0.027994176372885704,
-0.03516100347042084,
-0.005929459817707539,
-0.04700012505054474,
0.023222891613841057,
-0.037596140056848526,
-0.022252798080444336,
-0.00762217678129673,
0.03820987418293953,
-0.03579453378915787,
-0.05222675949335098,
-0.01925342157483101,
-0.04632699862122536,
0.05044495314359665,
0.004716840572655201,
0.019530590623617172,
-0.005820571444928646,
-0.03688341751694679,
-0.006013600621372461,
-0.031478602439165115,
0.01808534748852253,
-0.03280505910515785,
0.039595723152160645,
-0.030567899346351624,
0.041575510054826736,
-0.0028385184705257416,
-0.007943891920149326,
0.0022247848100960255,
-0.012215280905365944,
0.027162667363882065,
0.0027073577512055635,
-0.006310568656772375,
0.048623550683259964,
-0.017342926934361458,
0.03617069497704506,
0.014284157194197178,
-0.002628166228532791,
0.025460051372647285,
0.01597687415778637,
0.0016135257901623845,
-0.015531422570347786,
0.040070872753858566,
0.05967075750231743,
0.02413359470665455,
-0.037160586565732956,
-0.03848704323172569,
-0.024410763755440712,
0.02557883784174919,
0.007968639954924583,
-0.022371584549546242,
0.009656406939029694,
0.03640826791524887,
-0.058720458298921585,
-0.014096077531576157,
0.013244769535958767,
-0.012492450885474682,
-0.01988695189356804,
0.051434844732284546,
0.0370418019592762,
-0.01925342157483101,
0.00391255272552371,
0.005904712248593569,
0.01482859905809164,
0.019916649907827377,
-0.029597803950309753,
-0.01114619616419077,
0.02039179764688015,
0.011165994219481945,
-0.0009274061303585768,
-0.036091502755880356,
-0.006053196266293526,
0.0075231874361634254,
-0.03858603537082672,
0.04009067267179489,
-0.060423076152801514,
-0.012343967333436012,
0.015046374872326851,
0.005731481127440929,
0.01238356251269579,
0.010740340687334538,
-0.048663146793842316,
-0.03179536759853363,
0.019550388678908348,
-0.0037838665302842855,
0.03068668581545353,
0.0343690887093544,
-0.02262895740568638,
0.0014860770897939801,
-0.007275714538991451,
0.013403153046965599,
-0.0343690887093544,
0.030092749744653702,
0.007721166126430035,
0.005201888270676136,
-0.020569978281855583,
0.0031429105438292027,
0.019184129312634468,
0.029597803950309753,
0.021421287208795547,
0.0011600309517234564,
0.01397729106247425,
0.0006097122677601874,
0.026786508038640022,
-0.016204550862312317,
0.007394501473754644,
-0.0069787465035915375,
0.03359697386622429,
0.022312190383672714,
-0.04486195743083954,
-0.01114619616419077,
0.012126190587878227,
0.0024611216504126787,
0.010314686223864555,
-0.006612486205995083,
-0.024390965700149536,
0.0005459879175759852,
0.02116391435265541,
-0.04557467997074127,
0.03353757783770561,
-0.01293790340423584,
-0.019807761535048485,
0.05709703639149666,
0.023242689669132233,
0.035952918231487274,
-0.05151403695344925,
-0.061096202582120895,
0.00605814578011632,
0.002070114016532898,
0.002454934874549508,
-0.0022854157723486423,
-0.0020057710353285074,
0.0047787087969481945,
0.018402112647891045,
0.00926045048981905,
0.03630927950143814,
0.001380900852382183,
-0.018807969987392426,
-0.017224140465259552,
0.02209441363811493,
-0.006330366246402264,
-0.05963116139173508,
-0.003999168053269386,
-0.03844744712114334,
-0.0134229501709342,
-0.021718254312872887,
0.0018733727047219872,
-0.0021134219132363796,
0.00582552095875144,
0.014541530050337315,
0.02654893323779106,
-0.00026897250791080296,
0.008656615391373634,
-0.04205065965652466,
-0.024925509467720985,
0.029300836846232414,
-0.04343650862574577,
0.05832450091838837,
-0.01992654800415039,
0.07709287852048874,
0.00782015547156334,
-0.01417526975274086,
0.014600923284888268,
-0.004630225244909525,
-0.04232782870531082,
-0.05095969885587692,
0.01767949014902115,
-0.013244769535958767,
0.018313022330403328,
0.014848397113382816,
0.008305203169584274,
0.015432433225214481,
0.02276754193007946,
-0.002135694492608309,
0.01902574487030506,
0.01464051939547062,
0.0054493616335093975,
-0.02718246541917324,
-0.01755080558359623,
-0.032844655215740204,
0.006404608488082886,
-0.02447015792131424,
-0.03781391680240631,
0.009502974338829517,
-0.02674691192805767,
-0.0038605830632150173,
0.011235286481678486,
0.026766709983348846,
0.012452855706214905,
-0.013264567591249943,
0.01932271383702755,
-0.05971035361289978,
0.012254877015948296,
-0.03708139434456825,
-0.047752443701028824,
0.05713662877678871,
0.02130250073969364,
-0.010106808505952358,
-0.011888616718351841,
-0.003927400801330805,
-0.00976034626364708,
-0.020550180226564407,
0.0064837997779250145,
-0.009448530152440071,
0.0718662366271019,
-0.01590758189558983,
0.017758682370185852,
-0.01354173757135868,
0.028627708554267883,
-0.027400242164731026,
-0.032983239740133286,
-0.036289483308792114,
-0.03767533227801323,
0.0036923012230545282,
0.0036279582418501377,
0.01056215912103653,
0.039100777357816696,
0.010002870112657547,
-0.046683359891176224,
0.026766709983348846,
-0.02835053950548172,
0.007592480164021254,
0.014501933939754963,
-0.03442848101258278,
-0.015927379950881004,
0.07313330471515656,
0.01982755959033966,
0.05642390623688698,
0.00453123589977622,
-0.003915027249604464,
0.003840785240754485,
-0.03290404751896858,
-0.03537878021597862,
-0.007805307395756245,
-0.031676579266786575,
-0.003840785240754485,
0.018639687448740005,
0.011037307791411877,
-0.019035644829273224,
-0.0068401615135371685,
0.010710643604397774,
0.00732025969773531,
0.0035908373538404703,
0.034111715853214264,
-0.005187039729207754,
0.019441500306129456,
0.005201888270676136,
-0.022609159350395203,
0.0029746287036687136,
0.018164537847042084,
0.015452231280505657,
0.01597687415778637,
-0.04102117195725441,
0.01380900852382183,
-0.008968431502580643,
0.04937586933374405,
0.02835053950548172,
0.010631452314555645,
-0.012601339258253574,
0.03155779093503952,
-0.04102117195725441,
-0.010116707533597946,
-0.01106700487434864,
0.019906749948859215,
-0.0048306784592568874,
0.03888300061225891,
-0.019114835187792778,
-0.0166500024497509,
-0.0305876974016428,
-0.04062521457672119,
-0.02276754193007946,
-0.001468753907829523,
-0.0579681396484375,
0.008117123506963253,
0.03506201505661011,
-0.01758050173521042,
-0.03296343982219696,
0.026370752602815628,
-0.018025953322649002,
0.023876221850514412,
-0.02213400974869728,
0.04308014735579491,
0.009384186938405037,
0.004288712050765753,
-0.014729609712958336,
-0.03286445140838623,
0.019065340980887413,
0.013640726916491985,
-0.05289988964796066,
-0.06307598948478699,
-0.01762009784579277,
0.006196730770170689,
0.006033398676663637,
-0.04379286989569664,
0.02403460443019867,
0.034784842282533646,
0.03333960101008415,
-0.025301668792963028,
0.04593104124069214,
0.0054493616335093975,
0.04937586933374405,
0.060225095599889755,
0.03654685243964195,
-0.03904138505458832,
0.02155987173318863,
0.06707515567541122,
-0.007513288874179125,
-0.004313459154218435,
0.005904712248593569,
0.004278813023120165,
-0.015927379950881004,
-0.015937279909849167,
-0.024093998596072197,
-0.0024462733417749405,
-0.0010963066015392542,
-0.06307598948478699,
-0.03484423831105232,
-0.011750031262636185,
-0.008686312474310398,
-0.06913413852453232,
-0.02058977633714676,
0.009587114676833153,
-0.027004284784197807,
0.0018201660132035613,
0.029597803950309753,
0.05495886504650116,
0.030944058671593666,
0.016065964475274086,
0.04743567854166031,
-0.004439670592546463,
-0.02805357053875923,
-0.0035537162330001593,
-0.029696794226765633,
-0.02009483054280281,
0.021183712407946587,
0.049692634493112564,
-0.025915401056408882,
0.01912473514676094,
-0.04145672544836998,
0.0028162458911538124,
0.015580917708575726,
0.00379376532509923,
0.026806306093931198,
-0.01762009784579277,
0.010077112354338169,
-0.025222476571798325
] |
Mean decrease in impurity (MDI) is a popular feature importance measure for
random forests (RFs). We show that the MDI for a feature $X_k$ in each tree in
an RF is equivalent to the unnormalized $R^2$ value in a linear regression of
the response on the collection of decision stumps that split on $X_k$. We use
this interpretation to propose a flexible feature importance framework called
MDI+. Specifically, MDI+ generalizes MDI by allowing the analyst to replace the
linear regression model and $R^2$ metric with regularized generalized linear
models (GLMs) and metrics better suited for the given data structure. Moreover,
MDI+ incorporates additional features to mitigate known biases of decision
trees against additive or smooth models. We further provide guidance on how
practitioners can choose an appropriate GLM and metric based upon the
Predictability, Computability, Stability framework for veridical data science.
Extensive data-inspired simulations show that MDI+ significantly outperforms
popular feature importance measures in identifying signal features. We also
apply MDI+ to two real-world case studies on drug response prediction and
breast cancer subtype classification. We show that MDI+ extracts
well-established predictive genes with significantly greater stability compared
to existing feature importance measures. All code and models are released in a
full-fledged python package on Github. | [
-0.01605278253555298,
-0.0049338554963469505,
-0.03862853720784187,
-0.00020904610573779792,
0.030166301876306534,
0.00007253869262058288,
-0.03984302654862404,
0.01907920651137829,
0.02184118703007698,
0.057825274765491486,
-0.02323197014629841,
-0.03514178469777107,
0.05672831833362579,
-0.030440540984272957,
-0.048932094126939774,
-0.014887265861034393,
0.012526851147413254,
0.0022135013714432716,
-0.0008925013826228678,
-0.037414051592350006,
0.007115525659173727,
-0.039392489939928055,
0.004218874964863062,
0.043799903243780136,
0.02182159759104252,
0.04352566599845886,
-0.004742867313325405,
-0.01776677742600441,
-0.03163544088602066,
0.05488700047135353,
-0.001556062139570713,
0.019373035058379173,
-0.003364326199516654,
0.010293761268258095,
-0.06867730617523193,
-0.026346543803811073,
0.05398592725396156,
-0.004351097159087658,
0.04383908212184906,
0.0629182904958725,
-0.03619956225156784,
0.03729651868343353,
0.0561014860868454,
0.04963728040456772,
0.023467032238841057,
0.024093864485621452,
-0.05429934337735176,
-0.04376072809100151,
-0.021899951621890068,
-0.008158613927662373,
-0.05042082071304321,
-0.031086962670087814,
-0.000824553775601089,
-0.00012640708882827312,
0.017492538318037987,
0.03273239731788635,
0.032340627163648605,
0.04442673549056053,
0.01329080294817686,
-0.005176263395696878,
-0.015514098107814789,
0.04278130084276199,
-0.023055674508213997,
-0.0059695979580283165,
0.031831324100494385,
-0.04799184575676918,
0.03224268555641174,
-0.004101343918591738,
0.003986261319369078,
-0.014211462810635567,
-0.057746920734643936,
0.013016563840210438,
0.004294780548661947,
0.04568039998412132,
-0.025504237040877342,
-0.0316942073404789,
-0.011175244115293026,
-0.011802076362073421,
-0.004069512709975243,
0.025445472449064255,
0.07674777507781982,
0.0416843444108963,
-0.009735488332808018,
-0.0031219185329973698,
0.044544268399477005,
-0.033320050686597824,
0.010685531422495842,
-0.05206625536084175,
0.016395581886172295,
-0.02109682373702526,
0.013604219071567059,
0.02689502201974392,
0.028951814398169518,
0.05371169000864029,
-0.013594424352049828,
0.034671660512685776,
0.01571977697312832,
0.020607110112905502,
-0.014554261229932308,
-0.017982250079512596,
0.004451488610357046,
-0.0033178036101162434,
0.01738480105996132,
0.02158653549849987,
0.05539629980921745,
-0.04716912657022476,
-0.05049917474389076,
0.0036508082412183285,
0.011155655607581139,
0.12669846415519714,
-0.039235781878232956,
0.023623740300536156,
-0.024759873747825623,
0.014975414611399174,
0.011821664869785309,
0.015582658350467682,
-0.0562581941485405,
-0.036826394498348236,
0.011713927611708641,
-0.04266377165913582,
0.05237967148423195,
0.03688516095280647,
0.029911652207374573,
0.028540456667542458,
-0.04983316361904144,
0.06099861487746239,
-0.027521854266524315,
-0.06252651661634445,
0.04458344355225563,
0.004165006335824728,
-0.0048187728971242905,
0.038393475115299225,
0.005587622057646513,
-0.045210275799036026,
0.018364226445555687,
0.04117504507303238,
0.006728652399033308,
0.01661105453968048,
-0.0485011450946331,
-0.013809897936880589,
0.006464207544922829,
-0.09982303529977798,
-0.025367118418216705,
0.06844224780797958,
0.010734502226114273,
-0.006586635950952768,
-0.014377964660525322,
0.07087121903896332,
-0.03414276987314224,
-0.009745283052325249,
-0.04223282262682915,
0.026757901534438133,
0.021057646721601486,
0.018991058692336082,
0.05379004403948784,
0.05194872245192528,
-0.0011434791376814246,
-0.02150818146765232,
-0.03999973461031914,
-0.052928149700164795,
0.053084857761859894,
0.05860881507396698,
-0.00958857499063015,
0.06805047392845154,
0.06730611622333527,
0.05837375298142433,
-0.04481850564479828,
-0.0518311932682991,
-0.06413277238607407,
0.048932094126939774,
0.026522839441895485,
-0.03204679861664772,
-0.041214220225811005,
0.006753138266503811,
-0.02856004424393177,
0.04838361591100693,
0.015141916461288929,
-0.03821717947721481,
0.006077334750443697,
-0.02182159759104252,
-0.029088934883475304,
-0.06095943599939346,
-0.04011726379394531,
-0.006224248558282852,
0.060646019876003265,
-0.007144908420741558,
0.07710036635398865,
0.03592532500624657,
0.04117504507303238,
0.010014625266194344,
0.0074975015595555305,
-0.0015303521649912,
0.030401363968849182,
0.026091892272233963,
0.0021792214829474688,
0.059235647320747375,
-0.04591546207666397,
-0.03096943162381649,
0.031419966369867325,
-0.0173554178327322,
0.009632648900151253,
-0.05038164183497429,
0.013398539274930954,
0.05762939155101776,
0.06193886324763298,
-0.012820678763091564,
0.020029250532388687,
0.025014525279402733,
0.02722802571952343,
-0.0021816701628267765,
-0.01594504527747631,
-0.018530728295445442,
-0.029950829222798347,
-0.023290736600756645,
0.011606191284954548,
0.01245829090476036,
-0.019990073516964912,
-0.0016760417493060231,
-0.007664003875106573,
-0.034573715180158615,
0.013525865040719509,
0.024426870048046112,
-0.02407427690923214,
-0.034750014543533325,
-0.03379017487168312,
0.019862746819853783,
0.003567557083442807,
0.006576841697096825,
0.052928149700164795,
0.06025424972176552,
0.026914609596133232,
-0.01366298459470272,
0.008858902379870415,
0.006758035160601139,
-0.007752152159810066,
0.025602180510759354,
-0.04074409604072571,
-0.046855710446834564,
-0.0033520834986120462,
-0.002162081655114889,
-0.03222309425473213,
-0.04003890976309776,
-0.016082165762782097,
-0.002411835128441453,
0.04423085227608681,
-0.012497467920184135,
0.03919660672545433,
0.0828985646367073,
0.07071451097726822,
0.053829219192266464,
-0.03204679861664772,
-0.013114506378769875,
-0.006302602589130402,
-0.02150818146765232,
-0.010352526791393757,
-0.01643475890159607,
-0.005901038181036711,
-0.013222242705523968,
-0.05045999586582184,
-0.06793294847011566,
0.021860774606466293,
0.010891210287809372,
0.0370810441672802,
0.02456398867070675,
0.008330012671649456,
-0.020215339958667755,
0.04477933049201965,
0.0380408838391304,
0.018315255641937256,
0.043212249875068665,
-0.01640537567436695,
-0.0485011450946331,
-0.0010247238678857684,
-0.004213977605104446,
-0.04282047972083092,
-0.0423111766576767,
0.030264245346188545,
-0.03445618599653244,
0.00268852268345654,
-0.010479851625859737,
0.019275091588497162,
-0.002896650694310665,
0.021214354783296585,
0.04285965487360954,
0.039235781878232956,
0.00033453499781899154,
0.00921639334410429,
0.019186943769454956,
-0.034671660512685776,
-0.03778623044490814,
-0.015680599957704544,
-0.00957388337701559,
0.0009941167663782835,
-0.0016111547593027353,
0.04301636293530464,
0.006635607220232487,
-0.01914776675403118,
-0.04074409604072571,
0.04493603855371475,
0.010362320579588413,
-0.07165475934743881,
0.004189492203295231,
0.04078327491879463,
0.024955758824944496,
0.03294787183403969,
0.027521854266524315,
0.01651311293244362,
0.12293747812509537,
-0.0489712692797184,
-0.018746202811598778,
0.031576674431562424,
0.004258051980286837,
-0.009025405161082745,
-0.0147795295342803,
0.0056072105653584,
0.01974521577358246,
0.013320185244083405,
-0.015396567061543465,
0.05335909500718117,
-0.030597249045968056,
0.025778476148843765,
-0.01586669124662876,
-0.030577661469578743,
0.039960555732250214,
-0.007086142897605896,
-0.01851114071905613,
-0.10005810111761093,
0.06950002908706665,
0.010989152826368809,
0.005548445042222738,
-0.051674485206604004,
-0.029676590114831924,
-0.013427922502160072,
-0.028011566027998924,
-0.031498320400714874,
-0.04748254269361496,
0.012673764489591122,
-0.013467099517583847,
-0.004155212081968784,
0.015416155569255352,
-0.015298624522984028,
-0.03388812020421028,
-0.031243670731782913,
-0.05739432945847511,
-0.0009647340048104525,
-0.041292574256658554,
-0.026013538241386414,
0.03132202476263046,
0.024544401094317436,
-0.005254617426544428,
0.0009726918651722372,
-0.010362320579588413,
0.01643475890159607,
-0.005288897082209587,
0.05202707648277283,
0.023134028539061546,
-0.016983237117528915,
-0.033829353749752045,
-0.00824186485260725,
0.026111481711268425,
0.03406441584229469,
-0.020195752382278442,
-0.04458344355225563,
-0.014377964660525322,
-0.06444618850946426,
0.033907707780599594,
-0.041801877319812775,
-0.006728652399033308,
-0.03251692280173302,
-0.011821664869785309,
-0.010607177391648293,
0.0492846854031086,
0.03712022304534912,
0.06413277238607407,
-0.033907707780599594,
-0.027423910796642303,
0.018785379827022552,
0.006258528213948011,
-0.05751185864210129,
0.06327088177204132,
-0.0378841757774353,
0.023760860785841942,
-0.06558232754468918,
0.0006075498531572521,
-0.03361387923359871,
-0.02771773934364319,
0.02797238901257515,
0.037492405623197556,
0.008349601179361343,
0.04278130084276199,
-0.012135080993175507,
-0.03506343066692352,
0.002715456997975707,
-0.04082245007157326,
0.050264112651348114,
-0.03935331478714943,
-0.017659040167927742,
-0.016797145828604698,
0.017002824693918228,
-0.0415276363492012,
0.025465060025453568,
0.01787451282143593,
-0.05116518214344978,
-0.048109374940395355,
-0.006439722143113613,
0.00753178121522069,
0.011390717700123787,
-0.007492604199796915,
0.01630743220448494,
-0.010137053206562996,
-0.0198921300470829,
0.00906458217650652,
0.002908893395215273,
0.0421544685959816,
0.040548212826251984,
-0.014877472072839737,
0.008702194318175316,
0.027012553066015244,
-0.03006836026906967,
0.0008820950170047581,
0.033320050686597824,
0.02981370873749256,
0.03696351498365402,
0.01759047992527485,
-0.0031635439954698086,
0.022232957184314728,
-0.06452454626560211,
0.000013036687960266136,
0.05661078914999962,
-0.017649246379733086,
-0.021469004452228546,
0.022115426138043404,
0.046699002385139465,
-0.01840340346097946,
-0.0032884208485484123,
0.004598402418196201,
-0.05555300787091255,
0.018060604110360146,
-0.020900938659906387,
0.016444552689790726,
0.015807926654815674,
-0.05598395690321922,
0.02033287100493908,
0.015239858999848366,
-0.051086828112602234,
-0.010440674610435963,
0.017786365002393723,
-0.01887352764606476,
-0.051086828112602234,
-0.008707092143595219,
-0.03574902564287186,
0.009123347699642181,
-0.03365305811166763,
-0.0017311343690380454,
0.045288629829883575,
0.009848122484982014,
0.05049917474389076,
-0.015386773273348808,
0.05954906344413757,
-0.024368103593587875,
-0.0005885734572075307,
0.03721816465258598,
-0.01971583440899849,
0.02622901275753975,
0.020117398351430893,
-0.024622755125164986,
-0.030753957107663155,
-0.00753178121522069,
0.0010045231319963932,
0.034985076636075974,
0.03022506833076477,
0.0025538518093526363,
0.00593531783670187,
0.019627684727311134,
0.02597436122596264,
0.014936237595975399,
-0.006111614406108856,
-0.06342758983373642,
0.06311417371034622,
0.04050903394818306,
0.06808965653181076,
-0.02099888026714325,
-0.02738473378121853,
0.019862746819853783,
0.005925523582845926,
0.003234552452340722,
0.06820718199014664,
0.04571957886219025,
-0.008643428795039654,
0.006527870427817106,
0.0018376469379290938,
-0.05414263531565666,
0.012869649566709995,
-0.03676762804389,
0.04634641110897064,
-0.0034745116718113422,
-0.020234929397702217,
0.0047918385826051235,
0.06127285212278366,
-0.015014591626822948,
0.07145887613296509,
-0.01290882658213377,
-0.01814875192940235,
0.006268322467803955,
0.0037389565259218216,
0.015670806169509888,
0.04646394029259682,
-0.0035014457534998655,
-0.020783407613635063,
0.013907840475440025,
0.029206465929746628,
0.02699296362698078,
-0.010411292314529419,
0.002378779463469982,
-0.015994016081094742,
0.014848088845610619,
-0.009235981851816177,
0.0007278355187736452,
0.02141023986041546,
-0.009211495518684387,
0.03212515264749527,
0.03426029905676842,
-0.03809964656829834,
0.02458357810974121,
-0.05202707648277283,
0.016375992447137833,
-0.031145727261900902,
-0.0225855503231287,
0.10091999173164368,
-0.009848122484982014,
0.01625846140086651,
0.055592186748981476,
-0.020058631896972656,
-0.005910832434892654,
-0.008236967958509922,
-0.01930447481572628,
-0.016062576323747635,
-0.003846693318337202,
-0.00825655646622181,
-0.0261506587266922,
-0.029323996976017952,
0.007943140342831612,
-0.004326611757278442,
-0.03096943162381649,
0.012771707028150558,
0.004473525565117598,
-0.005259514320641756,
-0.039725493639707565,
-0.004292331635951996,
0.0450143925845623,
-0.010215407237410545,
-0.02209583669900894,
0.019931307062506676,
-0.012350554578006268,
0.004542085342109203,
0.0020090462639927864,
-0.03177256137132645,
0.023114439100027084,
-0.006092025898396969,
-0.0003265771665610373,
0.019118383526802063,
0.008672812022268772,
0.0328107513487339,
0.043133895844221115,
0.037492405623197556,
-0.022957731038331985,
0.01966686174273491,
0.008731577545404434,
-0.036650098860263824,
-0.015876485034823418,
0.01490685436874628,
0.0038932159077376127,
-0.03427989035844803,
-0.010029315948486328,
-0.00046645133988931775,
0.03304581344127655,
0.043878257274627686,
0.0013540555955842137,
-0.018138958141207695,
-0.007874580100178719,
0.04191940650343895,
-0.011361334472894669,
-0.0076003409922122955,
0.019617890939116478,
-0.005881449673324823,
-0.06099861487746239,
-0.040234796702861786,
-0.011302568949759007,
0.03545520082116127,
0.015729572623968124,
0.022272134199738503,
0.02822704054415226,
0.04705159738659859,
-0.028344571590423584,
-0.033986061811447144,
0.02025451697409153,
0.0020261863246560097,
0.008143922314047813,
0.02440728060901165,
-0.03422112390398979,
0.023369090631604195,
0.001590342028066516,
0.02150818146765232,
-0.013114506378769875,
-0.034397419542074203,
0.0316942073404789,
0.00542111974209547,
-0.0173554178327322,
0.056414902210235596,
-0.031498320400714874,
0.01618010737001896,
0.027835270389914513,
0.040979158133268356,
-0.046699002385139465,
0.03984302654862404,
0.03569026291370392,
-0.0014777081087231636,
-0.004537187982350588,
-0.012810884043574333,
-0.0381975919008255,
0.05853046104311943,
-0.04278130084276199,
0.047129951417446136,
0.006968611851334572,
0.011831458657979965,
0.028834283351898193,
-0.010949975810945034,
0.007198776584118605,
0.002588131697848439,
-0.015269242227077484,
-0.029990006238222122,
0.00141037255525589,
-0.027933211997151375,
-0.022370075806975365,
0.008491618558764458,
0.022037072107195854,
-0.010293761268258095,
-0.011057713069021702,
-0.012066520750522614,
0.039235781878232956,
-0.012957798317074776,
0.0456412248313427,
-0.00875606294721365,
-0.0038393475115299225,
0.005626799073070288,
0.009187010116875172,
-0.017286857590079308,
0.01062676589936018,
0.07341773062944412,
0.020391637459397316,
-0.0421544685959816,
0.01046026311814785,
-0.011635573580861092,
0.028912637382745743,
-0.007708077784627676,
-0.012673764489591122,
0.002600374398753047,
-0.03480877727270126,
0.022546373307704926,
0.0003871791122946888,
0.04427002742886543,
0.002058017533272505,
0.024838227778673172,
0.03800170496106148,
0.007135114166885614,
-0.03089107759296894,
0.03046013042330742,
-0.00683149229735136,
-0.00974038615822792,
0.022761845961213112,
0.029990006238222122,
0.018011633306741714,
-0.04799184575676918,
0.04783513769507408,
0.03774705529212952,
-0.019324064254760742,
-0.01776677742600441,
-0.01999986730515957,
0.005293794441968203,
-0.048540323972702026,
-0.057903628796339035,
-0.012810884043574333,
-0.02871675230562687,
0.007448530290275812,
-0.024368103593587875,
0.00028663495322689414,
0.008751166053116322,
0.03330046311020851,
0.002693419810384512,
0.04282047972083092,
-0.018785379827022552,
-0.035827379673719406,
0.026366131380200386,
0.016493523493409157,
-0.02781568095088005,
-0.010891210287809372,
-0.03545520082116127,
-0.011508248746395111,
0.010137053206562996,
0.03666968643665314,
-0.03020547889173031,
0.008486720733344555,
-0.007272233720868826,
0.003643462434411049,
-0.00950042624026537,
-0.03921619430184364,
0.012918621301651001,
-0.014133108779788017,
-0.005303588695824146,
-0.0027766709681600332,
0.010763885453343391,
0.03545520082116127,
-0.016983237117528915,
0.014152697287499905,
-0.0081635108217597,
0.029657000675797462,
0.011243803426623344,
-0.06918661296367645,
0.008951948024332523,
0.0021571845281869173,
0.018119370564818382,
0.02423098497092724,
-0.008050876669585705,
-0.03451495245099068,
0.022526783868670464,
0.027678562328219414,
-0.000007599155196658103,
-0.02248760685324669,
-0.036983102560043335,
0.00088699214393273,
0.002378779463469982,
0.009402483701705933,
-0.020391637459397316,
-0.010097876191139221,
0.021606124937534332,
0.027090907096862793,
0.02658160589635372,
0.05288897082209587,
-0.02284019999206066,
-0.03663051128387451,
0.0259939506649971,
-0.018364226445555687,
-0.00005616392445517704,
0.010812856256961823,
-0.010724708437919617,
0.06413277238607407,
-0.00445393705740571,
0.03737487271428108,
-0.017198709771037102,
-0.021371062844991684,
0.023036085069179535,
0.021038057282567024,
0.05762939155101776,
-0.005088115110993385,
-0.018080193549394608,
-0.020802995190024376,
0.03784499689936638,
-0.03236021474003792,
0.05422098934650421,
-0.02566094510257244,
0.007722769398242235,
-0.018550317734479904,
0.033750999718904495,
0.0263073667883873,
0.027796093374490738,
0.03917701542377472,
-0.04807019978761673,
-0.016219284385442734,
0.02640530839562416,
-0.012428908608853817,
-0.022017482668161392,
0.06558232754468918,
0.018041016533970833,
-0.0698917955160141,
-0.0028060537297278643,
-0.017159532755613327,
0.012095903977751732,
-0.009240878745913506,
-0.02922605350613594,
0.01761006936430931,
-0.01912817731499672,
-0.0277373269200325,
-0.013780515640974045,
0.04356484115123749,
0.024270161986351013,
0.0026322058402001858,
0.009995036758482456,
-0.031576674431562424,
-0.03320252150297165,
0.0006366265006363392,
-0.02035246044397354,
0.00011500596883706748,
-0.0022465570364147425,
-0.044387560337781906,
0.053084857761859894,
-0.014515084214508533,
0.038824424147605896,
-0.024093864485621452,
-0.022801022976636887,
0.009554294869303703,
0.001312430016696453,
-0.027580618858337402,
0.02133188582956791,
0.03433865308761597,
-0.014074343256652355,
-0.0315374992787838,
0.019206533208489418,
-0.029206465929746628,
-0.007458324544131756,
-0.010205612517893314,
0.018413197249174118,
0.04266377165913582,
-0.021547358483076096,
-0.0033765691332519054,
-0.007595444098114967,
-0.031831324100494385,
-0.011821664869785309,
0.006126306019723415,
-0.006576841697096825,
0.018579699099063873,
-0.034985076636075974,
-0.053672511130571365,
-0.006958817597478628,
0.019578713923692703,
-0.003729162272065878,
-0.022703081369400024,
0.013232037425041199,
-0.02689502201974392,
0.033417996019124985,
-0.051674485206604004,
0.03273239731788635,
-0.012948003597557545,
-0.05994083359837532,
-0.018315255641937256,
-0.012262405827641487,
0.019040029495954514,
0.007012685760855675,
0.0038638331461697817,
-0.0013503828085958958,
0.03187050297856331,
0.019059618934988976,
-0.06522972881793976,
-0.06859895586967468,
-0.04011726379394531,
0.04607217013835907,
-0.03384894132614136,
-0.019186943769454956,
0.023604152724146843,
0.022546373307704926,
0.04368237406015396,
0.009520014747977257,
-0.039901793003082275,
0.03443659842014313,
-0.007443632930517197,
-0.0062144543044269085,
-0.0039519816637039185,
0.055513832718133926,
-0.027933211997151375,
-0.028677575290203094,
0.007443632930517197,
0.023780448362231255,
0.04434838145971298,
-0.01889311522245407,
-0.02681666798889637,
0.025856830179691315,
0.02748267725110054,
-0.01253664493560791,
-0.054926175624132156,
0.011087095364928246,
-0.0985693708062172,
0.005602313205599785,
-0.02383921481668949,
0.020548345521092415,
0.01958850771188736,
0.008295733481645584,
0.038138825446367264,
-0.02184118703007698,
0.023878391832113266,
0.04058738797903061,
0.002597925951704383,
0.053829219192266464,
0.0036850881297141314,
0.050107404589653015,
-0.016522906720638275,
0.013525865040719509,
-0.00956408865749836,
0.010186024010181427,
-0.009054787456989288,
-0.04141010716557503,
-0.04732583463191986,
-0.009568986482918262,
-0.011390717700123787,
-0.006660092622041702,
-0.02174324356019497,
-0.009985242038965225,
-0.026189835742115974,
-0.010597382672131062,
0.0016050334088504314,
-0.022703081369400024,
-0.0006819249247200787,
0.014436730183660984,
-0.04399579018354416,
-0.025367118418216705,
-0.0012585616204887629,
0.016836322844028473,
0.050107404589653015,
0.06836389005184174,
-0.03902030736207962,
0.03929454833269119,
-0.04591546207666397,
-0.01630743220448494,
-0.019284887239336967,
-0.009931373409926891,
0.02771773934364319,
0.02101846970617771,
0.026522839441895485,
-0.04133175313472748,
-0.008285938762128353,
0.008285938762128353,
-0.03187050297856331,
-0.0017605171306058764,
0.054181814193725586,
0.008560177870094776,
0.02491658180952072,
-0.013212448917329311,
0.019470976665616035,
-0.009769768454134464,
0.05045999586582184,
0.010783473961055279,
0.04419167339801788,
-0.015788337215781212,
0.037394460290670395,
0.019647274166345596,
0.023369090631604195,
0.007879476994276047,
-0.033907707780599594,
-0.05661078914999962,
0.027247615158557892,
-0.02174324356019497,
0.0015805477742105722,
-0.007056760136038065,
0.0006586635718122125,
-0.01999986730515957,
0.00989709421992302,
0.012399525381624699,
-0.047952666878700256,
0.02184118703007698,
-0.003729162272065878,
-0.001406699768267572,
-0.0105386171489954,
-0.034593306481838226,
-0.011165449395775795,
-0.03426029905676842,
0.040234796702861786,
-0.008805034682154655,
0.011018536053597927,
0.009142936207354069,
0.004995069466531277,
0.040391504764556885,
-0.0030141817405819893,
-0.02207624912261963,
-0.010714913718402386,
-0.014270228333771229,
-0.02938276156783104,
-0.034495361149311066,
-0.004605747759342194,
-0.025386705994606018,
-0.06401524692773819,
-0.07463221251964569,
-0.04070492088794708,
0.010587588883936405,
-0.0047453162260353565,
-0.020959703251719475,
-0.021273119375109673,
0.00018869242921937257,
0.02664037048816681,
0.062134746462106705,
-0.03304581344127655,
-0.02605271525681019,
0.00928005576133728,
0.003660602495074272,
0.05069505795836449,
0.007002891506999731,
0.017502332106232643,
-0.030107537284493446,
-0.014074343256652355,
0.041370928287506104,
-0.021292708814144135,
-0.0007449754630215466,
0.005107703618705273,
-0.006816800683736801,
-0.004370685666799545,
-0.024466047063469887,
-0.03361387923359871,
-0.046542294323444366,
-0.041214220225811005,
-0.028422925621271133,
-0.039314135909080505,
-0.006312396842986345,
0.01320265419781208,
-0.01694406010210514,
-0.05038164183497429,
0.030577661469578743,
0.012595410458743572,
0.012095903977751732,
-0.040391504764556885,
0.025210410356521606,
0.013222242705523968,
-0.035905733704566956,
0.020646287128329277,
-0.007757049053907394,
-0.037825409322977066,
-0.041645169258117676,
0.027796093374490738,
-0.0027081111911684275,
-0.005362354218959808,
-0.0362975038588047,
-0.04019561782479286,
0.013026357628405094,
-0.0003718755906447768,
0.007037171628326178,
-0.0036557053681463003,
-0.041214220225811005,
0.026013538241386414
] |
Recent years have witnessed the widespread use of artificial intelligence
(AI) algorithms and machine learning (ML) models. Despite their tremendous
success, a number of vital problems like ML model brittleness, their fairness,
and the lack of interpretability warrant the need for the active developments
in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and formal ML model verification.
The two major lines of work in XAI include feature selection methods, e.g.
Anchors, and feature attribution techniques, e.g. LIME and SHAP. Despite their
promise, most of the existing feature selection and attribution approaches are
susceptible to a range of critical issues, including explanation unsoundness
and out-of-distribution sampling. A recent formal approach to XAI (FXAI)
although serving as an alternative to the above and free of these issues
suffers from a few other limitations. For instance and besides the scalability
limitation, the formal approach is unable to tackle the feature attribution
problem. Additionally, a formal explanation despite being formally sound is
typically quite large, which hampers its applicability in practical settings.
Motivated by the above, this paper proposes a way to apply the apparatus of
formal XAI to the case of feature attribution based on formal explanation
enumeration. Formal feature attribution (FFA) is argued to be advantageous over
the existing methods, both formal and non-formal. Given the practical
complexity of the problem, the paper then proposes an efficient technique for
approximating exact FFA. Finally, it offers experimental evidence of the
effectiveness of the proposed approximate FFA in comparison to the existing
feature attribution algorithms not only in terms of feature importance and but
also in terms of their relative order. | [
-0.04911695420742035,
0.015148484148085117,
-0.03103315643966198,
-0.060556184500455856,
0.043453969061374664,
0.011788446456193924,
-0.025766581296920776,
0.006545466370880604,
-0.04413352906703949,
0.02899448201060295,
-0.007965931668877602,
-0.03409116715192795,
0.044926345348358154,
-0.008598298765718937,
-0.024803873151540756,
0.030542364344000816,
0.05402487516403198,
-0.014497241005301476,
-0.045379385352134705,
-0.0648978054523468,
-0.013374081812798977,
0.009353362955152988,
-0.01541275717318058,
0.011495859362185001,
0.027710871770977974,
0.030202584341168404,
0.011061697266995907,
-0.006281193811446428,
-0.04692726582288742,
0.04122652858495712,
0.051080122590065,
-0.0006996145821176469,
-0.028881222009658813,
-0.016299957409501076,
-0.04515286535024643,
0.021651478484272957,
0.02066989429295063,
0.00693243695423007,
0.034563083201646805,
0.11258013546466827,
-0.03158057853579521,
-0.02208564057946205,
0.016215013340115547,
0.02355801686644554,
-0.01541275717318058,
-0.027408845722675323,
-0.03173159062862396,
-0.06293463706970215,
-0.012600140646100044,
-0.012109348550438881,
-0.010825739242136478,
0.0008742232457734644,
0.03771547973155975,
0.018980437889695168,
-0.0184802059084177,
0.02854144386947155,
0.042887672781944275,
-0.016630297526717186,
0.030202584341168404,
-0.043604981154203415,
0.015601523220539093,
0.011807323433458805,
-0.03490286320447922,
-0.024766119197010994,
0.008093348704278469,
-0.030598994344472885,
0.006498274859040976,
0.0037116145249456167,
-0.023444756865501404,
-0.0184802059084177,
-0.03118416853249073,
0.02361464686691761,
-0.03439319506287575,
0.003390712197870016,
-0.03163720667362213,
0.0032916099298745394,
0.02295396476984024,
0.0007939976640045643,
0.0014181057922542095,
0.014440611004829407,
0.03701704367995262,
0.05394936725497246,
-0.012675647623836994,
0.002406768500804901,
0.06327441334724426,
-0.013449588790535927,
0.001320183277130127,
-0.06637018173933029,
-0.050249550491571426,
-0.07199541479349136,
0.0017319294856861234,
0.01416689995676279,
-0.027559859678149223,
0.00839537475258112,
0.010976752266287804,
-0.0025105897802859545,
0.004818256013095379,
0.00024775558267720044,
-0.006149057764559984,
0.0037517272867262363,
-0.0074892970733344555,
0.04609669744968414,
-0.01823481172323227,
0.03352487087249756,
0.025709951296448708,
-0.0480598621070385,
-0.05002303048968315,
-0.00185108813457191,
-0.009070213884115219,
0.14708659052848816,
-0.04311418905854225,
0.025936469435691833,
-0.07173114269971848,
-0.015063539147377014,
0.034506455063819885,
0.005762087181210518,
-0.045681409537792206,
-0.07229743897914886,
0.021349452435970306,
-0.0003489224473014474,
-0.03629973158240318,
0.04975875839591026,
0.06886189430952072,
-0.009093809872865677,
-0.037300191819667816,
0.08162248879671097,
0.02574770338833332,
-0.010570905171334743,
0.04077348858118057,
0.004525668453425169,
-0.030410228297114372,
0.04602118954062462,
0.02472836710512638,
-0.01254351157695055,
-0.002699356060475111,
-0.019442914053797722,
0.009447745978832245,
0.01980157010257244,
-0.036847155541181564,
-0.023746782913804054,
-0.02742772176861763,
-0.056554339826107025,
-0.01625276543200016,
0.06512432545423508,
0.0020056404173374176,
-0.011231586337089539,
0.0021731704473495483,
0.05236373096704483,
-0.02752210572361946,
0.03686603158712387,
-0.040244944393634796,
0.031920358538627625,
-0.0018617062596604228,
-0.026011977344751358,
0.04579466953873634,
-0.01158080343157053,
0.024199821054935455,
-0.0005406380514614284,
0.011146641336381435,
-0.008669085800647736,
0.039036840200424194,
-0.03022146224975586,
0.012619017623364925,
0.06346318125724792,
0.03884807601571083,
0.0035511632449924946,
-0.01597905531525612,
0.01058978121727705,
-0.04798435792326927,
0.06689872592687607,
0.055081963539123535,
-0.018829423934221268,
-0.02382228896021843,
-0.037923119962215424,
-0.027106819674372673,
0.04062247648835182,
0.01445004902780056,
0.01228867657482624,
-0.04643647372722626,
-0.03592219948768616,
-0.04726704582571983,
0.009041898883879185,
0.024350835010409355,
0.010108428075909615,
0.014903088100254536,
0.002249856712296605,
0.10971088707447052,
0.015223990194499493,
0.030202584341168404,
-0.015375003218650818,
-0.019216394051909447,
0.047153785824775696,
0.06603040546178818,
-0.027861885726451874,
0.031165292486548424,
-0.04118877649307251,
-0.022765198722481728,
-0.037507835775613785,
0.0012057438725605607,
-0.0018086157506331801,
0.0015585005749017,
-0.061273492872714996,
-0.0024563195183873177,
-0.0021212596911937,
0.0492679663002491,
-0.03142956644296646,
0.02240654267370701,
0.0002493778010830283,
-0.013421273790299892,
-0.03718693181872368,
0.028220539912581444,
0.016866255551576614,
-0.05844200402498245,
-0.059046052396297455,
-0.047002773731946945,
0.016139507293701172,
-0.0004890223499387503,
0.0024987920187413692,
-0.007970650680363178,
-0.032788682729005814,
-0.012854975648224354,
0.022312160581350327,
0.0012965875212103128,
-0.007470420561730862,
0.017404239624738693,
0.0063991728238761425,
0.022331036627292633,
-0.03843278810381889,
0.011977212503552437,
0.04549264535307884,
-0.07131585478782654,
0.006304789800196886,
-0.0008765828679315746,
0.014383981004357338,
0.02910774201154709,
0.0007857391028665006,
-0.009645950980484486,
-0.020292362198233604,
0.012326430529356003,
-0.004209485370665789,
-0.021217316389083862,
-0.02265193872153759,
-0.003808357287198305,
-0.044360045343637466,
0.08955066651105881,
-0.010401015169918537,
0.0028409305959939957,
0.026540521532297134,
0.027691995725035667,
0.042434632778167725,
0.011344846338033676,
-0.016139507293701172,
0.03367588296532631,
-0.014270721934735775,
0.0037635252811014652,
0.02199125662446022,
0.027975143864750862,
-0.005077809561043978,
0.027899637818336487,
-0.020405622199177742,
0.040093932300806046,
0.01676243543624878,
0.04998527839779854,
0.05149540677666664,
-0.04341621696949005,
-0.036488499492406845,
0.03431768715381622,
-0.018650095909833908,
0.008300991728901863,
0.018725601956248283,
0.029541904106736183,
0.008989987894892693,
0.011023943312466145,
0.0055969166569411755,
-0.02472836710512638,
-0.06361419707536697,
0.0020504724234342575,
0.024388587102293968,
0.012496319599449635,
-0.007088168989866972,
-0.015846919268369675,
0.01416689995676279,
0.019386284053325653,
0.023086100816726685,
0.013572286814451218,
-0.04322744905948639,
-0.05357183516025543,
-0.019631680101156235,
-0.07550646364688873,
-0.014129146933555603,
-0.004289710894227028,
-0.012892728671431541,
-0.0483618900179863,
-0.0031311586499214172,
0.01784783974289894,
0.010042359121143818,
0.005035337060689926,
-0.02472836710512638,
0.059046052396297455,
-0.04571916162967682,
-0.055799275636672974,
-0.026068605482578278,
0.028767962008714676,
0.022274406626820564,
0.042283620685338974,
0.04149080067873001,
0.002278171479701996,
0.11650647222995758,
-0.015592084266245365,
-0.010495398193597794,
0.015903549268841743,
0.009443026967346668,
0.0019785051699727774,
-0.03998067229986191,
-0.017290979623794556,
0.02316160686314106,
0.015695905312895775,
-0.08003684878349304,
-0.024086561053991318,
-0.06954145431518555,
0.024747243151068687,
-0.02976842224597931,
-0.12322654575109482,
0.0715046226978302,
-0.0006506533245556056,
-0.04013168439269066,
-0.028428183868527412,
0.030844390392303467,
-0.047757837921381,
-0.03297744691371918,
-0.06372745335102081,
-0.02854144386947155,
-0.04039595648646355,
-0.0012800705153495073,
-0.03860267996788025,
0.0008358801132999361,
-0.00652658985927701,
0.03314733877778053,
-0.012401936575770378,
-0.06738951802253723,
-0.010910684242844582,
-0.013072056695818901,
-0.06108472868800163,
-0.04130203649401665,
-0.03595995157957077,
-0.05236373096704483,
-0.027899637818336487,
-0.029881682246923447,
0.021821368485689163,
-0.06402947753667831,
0.0009975112043321133,
0.009395835921168327,
0.005960291251540184,
-0.03626197949051857,
0.02457735314965248,
-0.03460083529353142,
-0.0055969166569411755,
-0.017951661720871925,
0.0438692532479763,
0.033600375056266785,
0.031146416440606117,
-0.022972840815782547,
0.0026498050428926945,
0.017857277765870094,
-0.04575691744685173,
-0.04885268211364746,
-0.058932796120643616,
0.01914088800549507,
-0.009853593073785305,
0.022689692676067352,
-0.03624310344457626,
0.11779008060693741,
-0.002425645012408495,
0.06678546965122223,
0.011845076456665993,
-0.021651478484272957,
0.005889504216611385,
-0.02890009805560112,
-0.0492679663002491,
0.036903783679008484,
-0.008763468824326992,
-0.02142495848238468,
0.018961559981107712,
0.03650737553834915,
-0.04232137277722359,
0.011099450290203094,
0.0005435875500552356,
-0.010250002145767212,
-0.01176013145595789,
0.058026716113090515,
0.015044663101434708,
-0.021330576390028,
-0.012232046574354172,
-0.08275508135557175,
0.03399678319692612,
-0.0032373396679759026,
-0.014317912980914116,
-0.056856367737054825,
0.036998167634010315,
-0.030901020392775536,
-0.011288216337561607,
0.016545353457331657,
-0.013090932741761208,
0.025407925248146057,
-0.02289733476936817,
0.02021685615181923,
-0.0005807508714497089,
0.02463398315012455,
0.05840424820780754,
0.0054930951446294785,
-0.011127765290439129,
0.0014393419260159135,
-0.030995402485132217,
0.0013815322890877724,
0.026030853390693665,
-0.0037800422869622707,
-0.06599264591932297,
-0.0017354688607156277,
-0.009367520920932293,
-0.024917133152484894,
0.03352487087249756,
0.038772568106651306,
0.02878683991730213,
-0.016318833455443382,
-0.009815840050578117,
0.014884211122989655,
-0.04269890487194061,
0.008527510799467564,
-0.017055021598935127,
-0.01676243543624878,
0.02865470200777054,
-0.012156540527939796,
0.037866491824388504,
-0.028352675959467888,
-0.031920358538627625,
-0.006701198406517506,
0.000869504117872566,
-0.019178641960024834,
0.008050876669585705,
-0.012788906693458557,
-0.0243319571018219,
-0.001129057607613504,
-0.011665748432278633,
0.030447980388998985,
-0.07950830459594727,
-0.05296778306365013,
-0.015365565195679665,
-0.025728827342391014,
-0.022161146625876427,
-0.003624310251325369,
-0.045530397444963455,
0.011892267502844334,
-0.08705895394086838,
-0.043189696967601776,
0.017970537766814232,
-0.01493140310049057,
0.04923021420836449,
-0.037054795771837234,
0.020046966150403023,
-0.08660591393709183,
0.032883062958717346,
0.08879560232162476,
0.019301339983940125,
0.017083337530493736,
0.010599220171570778,
-0.0003854958922602236,
-0.06889964640140533,
-0.036186471581459045,
-0.0018817626405507326,
0.025162529200315475,
0.011543050408363342,
0.019008751958608627,
-0.03127855062484741,
-0.004759266972541809,
0.035318147391080856,
0.03326059505343437,
0.03235451877117157,
-0.04643647372722626,
0.03301520273089409,
-0.017611881718039513,
0.04032045230269432,
-0.0031358778942376375,
0.0005061292322352529,
-0.007390195038169622,
0.023444756865501404,
0.02295396476984024,
0.0020398541819304228,
0.017895031720399857,
-0.047757837921381,
-0.01886717788875103,
-0.027748625725507736,
-0.033902402967214584,
0.00937223993241787,
-0.013808244839310646,
-0.007343003526329994,
-0.013289137743413448,
-0.0012859693961218,
-0.03297744691371918,
0.05240148678421974,
0.0180271677672863,
0.003442622721195221,
0.006738951895385981,
-0.021443836390972137,
-0.007687501609325409,
0.029126618057489395,
0.044360045343637466,
-0.07490240782499313,
0.02484162710607052,
0.015969617292284966,
-0.009844155050814152,
0.008272676728665829,
-0.021764738485217094,
0.01673411950469017,
-0.04043371230363846,
-0.0023654759861528873,
0.025181405246257782,
0.030334722250699997,
-0.021953504532575607,
0.02767311781644821,
-0.011005067266523838,
-0.006625691894441843,
-0.007498735561966896,
0.03076888434588909,
0.037205807864665985,
0.022180022671818733,
0.02646501548588276,
-0.007380756549537182,
-0.004870167002081871,
0.0372435636818409,
-0.03607321158051491,
0.007191990502178669,
0.052854523062705994,
-0.016035685315728188,
-0.014129146933555603,
0.014138584956526756,
-0.0047498284839093685,
0.006078270263969898,
0.023331496864557266,
-0.031561702489852905,
-0.00791402067989111,
-0.043189696967601776,
0.024860503152012825,
0.0014523196732625365,
0.029466398060321808,
-0.024218697100877762,
0.03297744691371918,
0.017055021598935127,
-0.022519802674651146,
-0.0013532174052670598,
0.0146482540294528,
0.020028090104460716,
0.011222148314118385,
-0.03139181062579155,
-0.005950853228569031,
0.026144113391637802,
0.0017567049944773316,
-0.042283620685338974,
0.008763468824326992,
-0.02580433338880539,
0.01841413788497448,
0.0035865569952875376,
-0.012939919717609882,
0.02742772176861763,
0.015554331243038177,
-0.013930942863225937,
0.0036597037687897682,
0.048626162111759186,
0.05394936725497246,
-0.02646501548588276,
0.02280295267701149,
-0.037602219730615616,
0.007418510038405657,
0.017357047647237778,
0.03341161087155342,
-0.029523026198148727,
0.012685085646808147,
0.016120629385113716,
-0.0017083337297663093,
-0.018886053934693336,
-0.003683299757540226,
0.01457274705171585,
-0.011854514479637146,
-0.021519342437386513,
-0.019726064056158066,
0.006630411371588707,
-0.0022427779622375965,
-0.0618775449693203,
-0.0012812502682209015,
0.030296968296170235,
-0.007970650680363178,
-0.0576869361102581,
0.04409577324986458,
-0.008669085800647736,
0.005931976716965437,
-0.0054223076440393925,
0.053194303065538406,
0.02961741015315056,
-0.04269890487194061,
0.03671501576900482,
-0.07233519107103348,
0.027106819674372673,
-0.016743557527661324,
0.037507835775613785,
0.010429330170154572,
0.012354744598269463,
0.038262899965047836,
-0.026691535487771034,
-0.013072056695818901,
0.01856515184044838,
0.023482510820031166,
0.02000921219587326,
-0.005606354679912329,
0.005200507584959269,
-0.03169383853673935,
0.03671501576900482,
-0.009523252956569195,
0.055799275636672974,
-0.01610175333917141,
0.0016410858370363712,
-0.0008128742920234799,
0.0570828877389431,
-0.01832919381558895,
0.0627836212515831,
-0.03061787039041519,
0.02487937919795513,
0.034978367388248444,
0.0020091796759516,
-0.02087753638625145,
0.008683242835104465,
0.005842312704771757,
-0.023746782913804054,
0.005346801597625017,
-0.02686142362654209,
0.005384554620832205,
0.018602903932332993,
0.010693603195250034,
0.0162244513630867,
0.03448757529258728,
0.01715884357690811,
-0.0250870231539011,
0.017319295555353165,
-0.019877076148986816,
-0.0033435204531997442,
0.09136281907558441,
-0.02000921219587326,
0.03528039529919624,
0.0031995864119380713,
0.0020835064351558685,
0.04167956858873367,
0.034053415060043335,
-0.0013933301670476794,
0.03881032019853592,
0.007503454573452473,
0.04636096954345703,
0.014818143099546432,
-0.0077630081214010715,
0.01485589612275362,
0.009230664931237698,
0.035016123205423355,
-0.0044360049068927765,
-0.0025341857690364122,
0.036639511585235596,
0.01929190196096897,
0.04647422954440117,
0.0036313890013843775,
-0.003501612227410078,
0.0011921762488782406,
0.008296272717416286,
-0.007555365562438965,
0.04473757743835449,
-0.018961559981107712,
-0.03843278810381889,
-0.04719153791666031,
0.06044292449951172,
0.029994942247867584,
-0.026955807581543922,
0.043604981154203415,
0.03452533110976219,
0.02157597243785858,
-0.021613724529743195,
-0.06693647801876068,
0.0035771187394857407,
0.0018345711287111044,
0.018102673813700676,
-0.04016943648457527,
-0.004110382869839668,
-0.034355439245700836,
0.0243319571018219,
-0.007088168989866972,
-0.006078270263969898,
-0.006814458407461643,
-0.004841852001845837,
0.007475140038877726,
-0.032996322959661484,
-0.028069527819752693,
0.003102843649685383,
-0.010146181099116802,
-0.014959718100726604,
-0.006451083347201347,
-0.0038555487990379333,
-0.01699839159846306,
0.015875233337283134,
-0.036280855536460876,
-0.002538904780521989,
-0.03752671182155609,
-0.024973763152956963,
0.016262205317616463,
0.002318284474313259,
-0.03314733877778053,
-0.013789367862045765,
0.011590242385864258,
0.028503689914941788,
0.024898255243897438,
0.05591253563761711,
-0.0014711961848661304,
0.02436971105635166,
0.03941437229514122,
-0.01470488402992487,
-0.017281541600823402,
0.040660228580236435,
0.032071370631456375,
0.0006518331356346607,
-0.016517039388418198,
-0.04092450439929962,
-0.029164372012019157,
0.04368048906326294,
0.0010706580942496657,
0.013845997862517834,
-0.020046966150403023,
-0.004492634441703558,
0.046549733728170395,
0.003126439405605197,
-0.038017503917217255,
0.01087293028831482,
-0.012222608551383018,
0.00833874475210905,
0.03224125877022743,
0.045530397444963455,
-0.026691535487771034,
0.016535915434360504,
0.006101866252720356,
0.04315194487571716,
0.03990516439080238,
-0.05795121192932129,
-0.01965055614709854,
0.025615567341446877,
-0.02544567734003067,
-0.005587478168308735,
-0.019329654052853584,
0.06410498917102814,
0.04794660210609436,
-0.015025786124169827,
0.040509216487407684,
-0.0003692737955134362,
-0.017913907766342163,
-0.011278778314590454,
0.0069937859661877155,
-0.011524174362421036,
0.014950280077755451,
0.018017729744315147,
-0.045228369534015656,
0.06006539240479469,
-0.013647792860865593,
0.015299497172236443,
0.07671456784009933,
-0.022519802674651146,
0.006573781371116638,
-0.01386487390846014,
0.0057668061926960945,
-0.023841165006160736,
0.0345442071557045,
-0.0032609354238957167,
0.008131102658808231,
-0.054779939353466034,
0.009273137897253036,
-0.023388126865029335,
0.0073241270147264,
-0.010504836216568947,
0.024256451055407524,
0.021859120577573776,
0.0011036921059712768,
0.028824592009186745,
-0.0417550727725029,
-0.0049975840374827385,
-0.00029760165489278734,
-0.013270260766148567,
-0.00898054987192154,
-0.0585930161178112,
0.017970537766814232,
0.0618775449693203,
-0.02899448201060295,
0.011543050408363342,
0.0031004841439425945,
-0.019480668008327484,
0.053043290972709656,
-0.034110043197870255,
-0.012147102504968643,
0.0027960985898971558,
0.026634905487298965,
-0.011590242385864258,
-0.003015539376065135,
-0.0028999201022088528,
0.03343048691749573,
-0.015658153221011162,
-0.0050306180492043495,
-0.017073899507522583,
-0.0002399394870735705,
-0.0019324935274198651,
0.008234923705458641,
0.023935548961162567,
0.03439319506287575,
0.05085360258817673,
-0.013600601814687252,
0.05870627611875534,
0.026087483391165733,
-0.02640838548541069,
-0.009174034930765629,
0.04220811277627945,
-0.03401566296815872,
-0.03295857086777687,
-0.04983426630496979,
-0.03990516439080238,
0.00042885311995632946,
-0.007876267656683922,
-0.01970718614757061,
-0.004183529876172543,
0.010174496099352837,
-0.003048573387786746,
0.008975830860435963,
-0.061122480779886246,
-0.0007863290375098586,
0.03869706392288208,
-0.045530397444963455,
-0.002553062280640006,
-0.06674771010875702,
0.047606825828552246,
-0.029523026198148727,
0.006285912822932005,
0.023709028959274292,
0.016356587409973145,
0.010561466217041016,
0.04334070906043053,
0.010089551098644733,
-0.018697287887334824,
-0.013194754719734192,
-0.03971640020608902,
0.014978594146668911,
-0.027616489678621292,
0.02671041153371334,
-0.005228822585195303,
0.007276935502886772,
-0.021462712436914444,
0.03297744691371918,
-0.01595073938369751,
0.01475207507610321,
0.008367059752345085,
0.004289710894227028,
0.04315194487571716,
-0.022217776626348495,
-0.016752995550632477,
-0.02376565895974636,
0.011514735408127308,
0.005620512180030346,
-0.01216597855091095,
0.004148136358708143,
-0.018527397885918617,
-0.013326890766620636,
-0.011788446456193924,
-0.009749772027134895,
-0.07471364736557007,
-0.006786143407225609,
-0.01700783148407936,
-0.02457735314965248,
0.03284531086683273,
0.019235271960496902,
0.07112708687782288,
-0.00002549449163780082,
0.022878458723425865,
0.04224586486816406,
0.0037328507751226425,
-0.022255530580878258,
0.039036840200424194,
0.011543050408363342,
-0.00741379102692008,
-0.002732390072196722,
-0.0029069988522678614,
-0.039942920207977295,
-0.0378476157784462,
-0.013610039837658405,
-0.06153776869177818,
-0.018159303814172745,
0.017687389627099037,
0.0146482540294528,
-0.01637546345591545,
0.06814458221197128,
-0.009985730051994324,
0.003990044817328453,
0.03864043205976486,
-0.018366947770118713,
-0.020386744290590286,
0.02529466524720192,
-0.015988493338227272,
-0.03535589948296547,
-0.006833334919065237,
0.012854975648224354,
0.018857739865779877,
0.01688513346016407,
-0.009023021906614304,
0.020990796387195587,
-0.021859120577573776,
-0.025464555248618126,
-0.0286924559623003,
0.01579972729086876,
-0.02782413177192211,
0.015818603336811066,
0.00009475176193518564,
-0.08728547394275665,
-0.0034709377214312553,
-0.020481128245592117,
0.003850829554721713,
0.029994942247867584,
0.016450971364974976,
-0.027597611770033836,
0.008319868706166744,
-0.033751387149095535,
0.013430711813271046,
0.007347722537815571,
0.018697287887334824,
-0.03118416853249073,
0.01099562831223011,
0.005365678109228611,
0.02712569758296013,
0.0075978380627930164,
-0.011137203313410282,
-0.01365723181515932,
0.00044537015492096543,
-0.07056079059839249,
0.03565792739391327,
-0.010334947146475315,
-0.043642736971378326,
-0.0014310834230855107,
0.031259674578905106,
0.017621321603655815,
-0.007673344109207392,
0.022255530580878258,
-0.04269890487194061,
0.07093831896781921,
0.01775345765054226,
0.006625691894441843,
0.04118877649307251,
-0.009268417954444885,
-0.0008989988127723336,
0.009107966907322407,
-0.0189238078892231,
-0.037205807864665985,
0.005469499621540308,
-0.017989415675401688,
-0.01769682765007019,
0.022935088723897934,
0.01949954405426979,
-0.005615793168544769,
0.019008751958608627,
-0.039791904389858246,
-0.004561062436550856,
-0.02604972943663597,
-0.00023595769016537815,
-0.013845997862517834,
-0.018857739865779877,
-0.06791806221008301,
-0.013364643789827824,
0.03409116715192795,
-0.03528039529919624,
0.043642736971378326,
0.027805255725979805,
0.04001842439174652,
-0.01135428436100483,
0.020443374291062355,
-0.04341621696949005,
-0.012043280526995659,
0.0023796334862709045,
0.013298575766384602,
0.013383520767092705,
0.011561927385628223,
0.005889504216611385,
-0.029957188293337822,
-0.034147799015045166,
0.03269429877400398,
-0.01254351157695055,
0.017253227531909943,
0.007682782597839832,
0.003912178799510002,
0.001354397158138454,
-0.012014965526759624,
-0.03433656319975853,
-0.05277901887893677,
-0.006196249276399612,
-0.027144573628902435,
0.00037104348302818835,
0.018140427768230438,
0.01832919381558895,
-0.03443094715476036,
-0.014733199030160904,
0.008975830860435963,
0.027465475723147392,
-0.01995258219540119,
0.021859120577573776,
0.01859346590936184,
-0.00013479084009304643,
-0.009872470051050186,
0.031052032485604286,
0.0184802059084177,
0.0031807096675038338,
-0.02244429662823677,
0.06255710124969482,
0.015384442172944546,
0.004832413513213396,
-0.010165057145059109,
-0.007446825038641691,
-0.012486881576478481,
-0.03431768715381622,
-0.007262778002768755,
-0.045832421630620956,
0.02514365129172802,
-0.021972380578517914
] |
Reinforcement learning has been successful across several applications in
which agents have to learn to act in environments with sparse feedback.
However, despite this empirical success there is still a lack of theoretical
understanding of how the parameters of reinforcement learning models and the
features used to represent states interact to control the dynamics of learning.
In this work, we use concepts from statistical physics, to study the typical
case learning curves for temporal difference learning of a value function with
linear function approximators. Our theory is derived under a Gaussian
equivalence hypothesis where averages over the random trajectories are replaced
with temporally correlated Gaussian feature averages and we validate our
assumptions on small scale Markov Decision Processes. We find that the
stochastic semi-gradient noise due to subsampling the space of possible
episodes leads to significant plateaus in the value error, unlike in
traditional gradient descent dynamics. We study how learning dynamics and
plateaus depend on feature structure, learning rate, discount factor, and
reward function. We then analyze how strategies like learning rate annealing
and reward shaping can favorably alter learning dynamics and plateaus. To
conclude, our work introduces new tools to open a new direction towards
developing a theory of learning dynamics in reinforcement learning. | [
-0.01276745367795229,
0.008462591096758842,
-0.039564866572618484,
-0.04947507008910179,
-0.010669604875147343,
0.009174531325697899,
-0.026749951764941216,
0.021813835948705673,
-0.04040021076798439,
0.026844877749681473,
-0.018083270639181137,
0.02693980187177658,
-0.002063438994809985,
-0.013128169812262058,
0.013536348938941956,
0.04040021076798439,
0.031021591275930405,
-0.0037827736232429743,
-0.003721072105690837,
-0.04419722408056259,
0.02819281630218029,
-0.04594384878873825,
-0.0332428440451622,
0.05125966668128967,
-0.0007178726373240352,
0.014181841164827347,
-0.01649801805615425,
0.006246085278689861,
-0.08816662430763245,
0.054297275841236115,
0.013042737729847431,
0.024566669017076492,
-0.019089478999376297,
-0.015150079503655434,
-0.05574014037847519,
-0.03350863233208656,
0.04943710193037987,
-0.02443377487361431,
-0.012330797500908375,
0.0239211767911911,
-0.008154083974659443,
-0.037685345858335495,
-0.014362199231982231,
-0.06291649490594864,
0.012539633549749851,
-0.014561542309820652,
-0.00031977961771190166,
-0.008476830087602139,
-0.0007154995109885931,
0.0019768194761127234,
-0.03331878408789635,
-0.05220891907811165,
0.04427316412329674,
0.02969263680279255,
0.00034588409471325576,
0.0015294840559363365,
0.051145754754543304,
-0.015387392602860928,
0.06325822323560715,
0.005301578436046839,
0.0029142070561647415,
0.0282118022441864,
-0.12006153166294098,
0.009957664646208286,
0.029502784833312035,
-0.0661439523100853,
0.017807988449931145,
0.012634558603167534,
0.015273481607437134,
-0.041843075305223465,
-0.06975111365318298,
-0.021832820028066635,
-0.0289522185921669,
0.038577646017074585,
0.02720559388399124,
0.017845958471298218,
0.01889013685286045,
0.048753637820482254,
-0.028667442500591278,
-0.022174552083015442,
0.02103544771671295,
0.04488068446516991,
-0.06891577690839767,
0.021870790049433708,
0.07711731642484665,
0.0021832820493727922,
0.0018273121677339077,
-0.04495662450790405,
0.013071214780211449,
0.03483758866786957,
-0.03641334921121597,
-0.001044178381562233,
0.004399788100272417,
-0.028895264491438866,
-0.009354889392852783,
0.0249084010720253,
-0.013982498086988926,
0.015463332645595074,
-0.005401249974966049,
0.011372052133083344,
-0.007546561770141125,
0.00761300977319479,
-0.06534658372402191,
-0.0008697531302459538,
0.009350142441689968,
-0.07366204261779785,
-0.05961309373378754,
-0.005719249602407217,
0.012672528624534607,
0.14853912591934204,
-0.0289522185921669,
-0.03724868968129158,
-0.04188104718923569,
-0.020105179399251938,
-0.057069096714258194,
-0.004207564052194357,
0.012406737543642521,
-0.070928193628788,
0.04370361194014549,
-0.04051412269473076,
0.05828413739800453,
0.06921953707933426,
0.041463375091552734,
0.013849602080881596,
-0.006863099988549948,
0.03489454463124275,
-0.016535988077521324,
0.014514079317450523,
0.02253526821732521,
0.025838669389486313,
-0.03440093249082565,
0.0166214220225811,
-0.0014464244013652205,
-0.05585405230522156,
-0.0027006249874830246,
-0.04093179106712341,
0.0344768725335598,
-0.038558658212423325,
0.017703570425510406,
-0.018529420718550682,
-0.02099747769534588,
-0.017703570425510406,
0.018671808764338493,
0.0006977010052651167,
0.02504129707813263,
-0.011799215339124203,
-0.05710706487298012,
0.053310051560401917,
-0.0593852736055851,
0.008044919930398464,
-0.0030684606172144413,
0.04480474442243576,
-0.02957872673869133,
0.04457692429423332,
0.041463375091552734,
0.001673058606684208,
-0.07256090641021729,
0.000251848716288805,
0.016308167949318886,
-0.04970289021730423,
0.02870541252195835,
-0.005472443997859955,
-0.023883206769824028,
0.0702826976776123,
0.03183794766664505,
0.03675507754087448,
0.03284415602684021,
-0.0061796377412974834,
-0.08535683900117874,
0.05684127286076546,
-0.016526496037840843,
-0.026351265609264374,
-0.016061361879110336,
0.04822205752134323,
-0.010897425003349781,
0.02606648951768875,
0.022231506183743477,
0.018956584855914116,
-0.020484881475567818,
0.016070853918790817,
-0.014400169253349304,
-0.03138230741024017,
-0.03574886918067932,
0.03333776816725731,
0.048260025680065155,
0.03149621561169624,
0.0631822869181633,
-0.0299394428730011,
0.02794601023197174,
-0.029407860711216927,
-0.007223816122859716,
0.042222775518894196,
0.05243673920631409,
-0.016697362065315247,
0.00917927734553814,
-0.027870070189237595,
-0.029616696760058403,
-0.0010821485193446279,
-0.0030494756065309048,
0.02342756651341915,
0.010527216829359531,
-0.048146117478609085,
0.01610882394015789,
-0.006065727211534977,
0.014865303412079811,
-0.035179320722818375,
0.020541837438941002,
-0.0008199173607863486,
0.03572988510131836,
-0.00823477003723383,
0.007290263660252094,
-0.0270537119358778,
-0.026636041700839996,
-0.01170429028570652,
-0.06356198340654373,
-0.02971162088215351,
0.03688797354698181,
0.03329979628324509,
0.009748829528689384,
-0.03998253867030144,
-0.009872231632471085,
0.009483038447797298,
0.017428286373615265,
-0.001083335024304688,
-0.012292827479541302,
0.019706493243575096,
-0.013745184987783432,
-0.06720712035894394,
-0.03474266082048416,
-0.005045280326157808,
0.025876639410853386,
0.04620964080095291,
0.005420234985649586,
-0.0064928908832371235,
0.0002634177217260003,
0.006886831019073725,
-0.006127428729087114,
-0.026218369603157043,
0.0674729123711586,
-0.032654304057359695,
-0.016403093934059143,
-0.04142540320754051,
-0.008044919930398464,
-0.036812033504247665,
-0.017447272315621376,
-0.017143510282039642,
-0.0015164318028837442,
0.06322025507688522,
0.08930572867393494,
0.000009372020031150896,
-0.039754718542099,
-0.05877774953842163,
-0.003566818544641137,
-0.00023479181982111186,
-0.05646157264709473,
0.0755605474114418,
0.03360356017947197,
-0.015074138529598713,
0.023256700485944748,
-0.016460048034787178,
0.0050405338406562805,
0.050804026424884796,
0.0420708954334259,
0.01873825490474701,
0.006421696860343218,
0.006146413739770651,
0.04066600278019905,
0.047652505338191986,
0.007631994783878326,
0.012055514380335808,
-0.021965716034173965,
-0.018187688663601875,
-0.008438860066235065,
-0.03986863046884537,
-0.03637537732720375,
-0.036698125302791595,
0.0048696682788431644,
-0.016270197927951813,
-0.036071617156267166,
-0.016336645931005478,
0.04051412269473076,
-0.05251267924904823,
0.04704498127102852,
0.013678736984729767,
-0.004124504514038563,
-0.03286314010620117,
0.0006205742247402668,
-0.04115961492061615,
-0.06804245710372925,
-0.03998253867030144,
-0.0026650279760360718,
-0.03212272375822067,
-0.036204513162374496,
0.037077825516462326,
0.03878648206591606,
0.010346858762204647,
-0.04370361194014549,
-0.016279689967632294,
0.031894903630018234,
-0.021870790049433708,
-0.0007386375800706446,
0.03783722594380379,
-0.006208115257322788,
0.0038943106774240732,
0.01290034968405962,
-0.0128244087100029,
0.01762763038277626,
0.04051412269473076,
-0.00619862275198102,
-0.0002027545269811526,
-0.0033342514652758837,
0.015662675723433495,
-0.007399427704513073,
-0.03747650980949402,
-0.019279329106211662,
0.0359577052295208,
0.029483800753951073,
-0.012511155568063259,
-0.028477592393755913,
-0.03495149686932564,
0.03096463531255722,
-0.012188409455120564,
-0.059195421636104584,
0.023313656449317932,
0.04381752386689186,
-0.03259735181927681,
0.04040021076798439,
-0.006023010704666376,
-0.055436380207538605,
0.04465286433696747,
0.00893247127532959,
0.006583069916814566,
-0.0707763060927391,
0.034666720777750015,
0.018282614648342133,
0.002679266734048724,
-0.00982476957142353,
-0.02014314942061901,
-0.011429007165133953,
-0.05023447424173355,
-0.02807890623807907,
-0.02654111571609974,
0.01989634521305561,
-0.02492738515138626,
0.009497277438640594,
-0.04848784580826759,
-0.04469083622097969,
0.013061722740530968,
0.011628350242972374,
0.010318380780518055,
0.0009783239802345634,
-0.022497298195958138,
0.00651187589392066,
0.013830617070198059,
0.06542252004146576,
-0.04867769777774811,
0.06105595827102661,
0.03557800501585007,
0.014067930169403553,
-0.0014938870444893837,
0.012083991430699825,
-0.05099387466907501,
-0.047386713325977325,
0.017200466245412827,
-0.05767661705613136,
-0.004803220741450787,
-0.03787519782781601,
-0.031913887709379196,
0.006388473324477673,
0.0299394428730011,
0.0000060394372667360585,
0.0063362643122673035,
0.009563724510371685,
0.00342917675152421,
-0.0022378640715032816,
0.008851785212755203,
-0.024205952882766724,
-0.025003325194120407,
-0.06572628021240234,
0.040969762951135635,
-0.03136332333087921,
0.012587095610797405,
0.027775144204497337,
0.009948172606527805,
0.004983578808605671,
0.03246445581316948,
-0.01712452620267868,
0.009098590351641178,
0.06003076583147049,
0.007200084626674652,
0.060372494161129,
-0.05463900789618492,
-0.008386651054024696,
0.014390676282346249,
0.01798834651708603,
-0.016963152214884758,
0.012634558603167534,
-0.014770378358662128,
0.008301218040287495,
0.0006781226838938892,
0.00645017484202981,
0.01889962889254093,
-0.011248649097979069,
-0.017798494547605515,
0.01226434949785471,
0.03007233701646328,
-0.0032440724316984415,
-0.006189130246639252,
0.03259735181927681,
-0.06982705742120743,
0.013830617070198059,
-0.02745239995419979,
-0.012368767522275448,
-0.01822565868496895,
0.012587095610797405,
-0.00012080728629371151,
-0.06637177616357803,
-0.024376818910241127,
-0.024756520986557007,
0.013393960893154144,
0.019820405170321465,
-0.009516262449324131,
0.024205952882766724,
0.014428647235035896,
-0.02443377487361431,
0.009891216643154621,
-0.003652251325547695,
-0.03362254425883293,
0.001759677892550826,
-0.03476164862513542,
0.02542099729180336,
0.011675813235342503,
0.05672736465930939,
-0.052019067108631134,
-0.00042479074909351766,
-0.0011124059092253447,
-0.0022449835669249296,
0.04085585102438927,
-0.023218730464577675,
-0.07267481833696365,
0.028154846280813217,
-0.05034838244318962,
0.019279329106211662,
0.011353067122399807,
0.02316177450120449,
0.0036427585873752832,
-0.026028519496321678,
-0.02401610277593136,
-0.020219091325998306,
0.01068858988583088,
-0.07347218692302704,
0.019184404984116554,
-0.010802499949932098,
-0.013991990126669407,
0.04681716114282608,
0.0004452590364962816,
0.04286826774477959,
-0.0546010360121727,
0.00726653216406703,
-0.03236953169107437,
0.034932512789964676,
-0.009696620516479015,
0.04818408563733101,
-0.05877774953842163,
0.03470469266176224,
0.023940162733197212,
0.027338488027453423,
-0.013991990126669407,
-0.018301598727703094,
0.014020468108355999,
-0.005932831671088934,
-0.09241928160190582,
-0.05725894495844841,
0.02843962237238884,
0.05338599160313606,
0.051791246980428696,
-0.0022817670833319426,
-0.07821845263242722,
0.027756160125136375,
-0.05118372663855553,
0.04769047349691391,
0.026028519496321678,
0.03045203909277916,
-0.04328593984246254,
-0.03020523302257061,
0.046513400971889496,
0.07111804187297821,
-0.01709604822099209,
0.007973725907504559,
0.04590588063001633,
-0.059347301721572876,
-0.01492225844413042,
-0.06003076583147049,
-0.004577773157507181,
0.0006354062934406102,
0.003554952796548605,
0.0550946481525898,
-0.06063828617334366,
0.06371386349201202,
0.02578171342611313,
-0.017162496224045753,
-0.0526265911757946,
0.01609933190047741,
-0.023446550592780113,
-0.045488208532333374,
0.02692081779241562,
-0.0008620404405519366,
-0.027110667899250984,
-0.018548404797911644,
0.03460976853966713,
-0.009350142441689968,
0.01936476305127144,
-0.01877622678875923,
-0.02604750357568264,
0.03212272375822067,
0.029749590903520584,
-0.03400224447250366,
-0.011419514194130898,
0.03688797354698181,
0.01321360282599926,
-0.003431549994274974,
0.0162512119859457,
0.011723275296390057,
0.019611569121479988,
-0.08376209437847137,
0.04924724996089935,
0.031002605333924294,
-0.05220891907811165,
0.04313405975699425,
0.0029640428256243467,
-0.009174531325697899,
0.05270253121852875,
-0.030926665291190147,
-0.05069011449813843,
-0.012387752532958984,
0.015548765659332275,
0.04894348978996277,
0.049133338034152985,
0.03952689841389656,
-0.016146793961524963,
-0.030546963214874268,
0.022971924394369125,
0.02376929670572281,
0.04670325294137001,
0.014713422395288944,
-0.009445068426430225,
0.024737535044550896,
0.014703930355608463,
0.02716762386262417,
-0.0083724120631814,
0.022952940315008163,
-0.005515160504728556,
0.007722173817455769,
-0.011419514194130898,
-0.015624705702066422,
-0.01477987039834261,
-0.016792286187410355,
0.002051573246717453,
-0.018966076895594597,
-0.021927746012806892,
0.013346497900784016,
-0.0008038987289182842,
-0.008704651147127151,
-0.002019535982981324,
0.014817840419709682,
-0.057183004915714264,
-0.0013277677353471518,
0.07233308255672455,
0.02479449100792408,
-0.007318741176277399,
-0.04579196870326996,
-0.03007233701646328,
0.0019174912013113499,
0.01687772013247013,
0.014760885387659073,
0.012378260493278503,
0.005766712594777346,
0.00932166539132595,
-0.016327152028679848,
0.002223625313490629,
0.015330437570810318,
-0.01621324196457863,
0.023465536534786224,
0.03172403946518898,
-0.018529420718550682,
-0.025857653468847275,
-0.03436296060681343,
-0.007902531884610653,
-0.013355990871787071,
-0.035160332918167114,
-0.061625510454177856,
0.07548460364341736,
0.059840913861989975,
0.02591460943222046,
-0.05323411151766777,
-0.014684945344924927,
0.036793049424886703,
-0.022345418110489845,
0.06534658372402191,
-0.04571602866053581,
0.023389596492052078,
-0.009796291589736938,
0.011628350242972374,
0.02090255357325077,
0.02242135815322399,
0.0141059011220932,
0.041235554963350296,
-0.015937959775328636,
-0.03098362125456333,
0.01621324196457863,
-0.016441063955426216,
0.020864583551883698,
0.04427316412329674,
-0.013384468853473663,
0.05995482578873634,
-0.003554952796548605,
0.009900709614157677,
0.01827312260866165,
0.01687772013247013,
-0.031268395483493805,
0.017542196437716484,
0.009872231632471085,
0.04028629884123802,
-0.03624248132109642,
-0.017039092257618904,
0.0061226822435855865,
-0.02291496843099594,
0.0011616484262049198,
0.02477550506591797,
-0.03929907828569412,
-0.01068858988583088,
-0.02893323451280594,
-0.054183363914489746,
0.014884288422763348,
-0.004739146213978529,
-0.0030708336271345615,
0.007185845635831356,
0.03664116933941841,
0.03464773669838905,
-0.016298675909638405,
-0.02304786443710327,
0.00524936942383647,
0.007575039751827717,
-0.006654263939708471,
-0.012814916670322418,
0.0076699648052453995,
0.006920055020600557,
-0.00999563466757536,
-0.0015876258257776499,
0.027091681957244873,
0.03056594915688038,
0.06933344155550003,
0.0198773592710495,
0.050917934626340866,
-0.004898145794868469,
-0.016203749924898148,
0.03440093249082565,
-0.004361818078905344,
0.008443606086075306,
-0.013783155009150505,
0.01912744902074337,
0.021623985841870308,
0.013109184801578522,
0.017010614275932312,
0.03787519782781601,
-0.006288801785558462,
0.05760067701339722,
0.031799979507923126,
-0.016526496037840843,
0.061853330582380295,
-0.04002051055431366,
-0.006977010052651167,
-0.04332391172647476,
0.02517419122159481,
0.06382777541875839,
-0.027129653841257095,
0.03601466119289398,
0.021623985841870308,
0.029142068699002266,
0.013232587836682796,
-0.04381752386689186,
-0.011856171302497387,
0.018168704584240913,
-0.0002840343222487718,
-0.04598182067275047,
-0.010536708869040012,
0.019915329292416573,
-0.00032304268097504973,
-0.06382777541875839,
0.04393143206834793,
-0.027357473969459534,
-0.02997741289436817,
0.014846318401396275,
-0.028990188613533974,
0.02075067162513733,
0.021206313744187355,
-0.002880983054637909,
-0.0018332450417801738,
0.002522640163078904,
0.01176124531775713,
-0.02971162088215351,
-0.007370950188487768,
0.04427316412329674,
0.037438541650772095,
0.0546010360121727,
-0.02175687998533249,
0.010422798804938793,
-0.013669244013726711,
-0.04590588063001633,
-0.019345777109265327,
0.02430087886750698,
0.03713478147983551,
0.04484271630644798,
0.030395083129405975,
0.04191901534795761,
0.00957321748137474,
0.011381544172763824,
-0.036698125302791595,
-0.03741955757141113,
0.018576882779598236,
0.04469083622097969,
-0.023598430678248405,
0.03430600464344025,
-0.034173112362623215,
0.00509274285286665,
0.04093179106712341,
0.0003052442043554038,
0.0033128932118415833,
-0.001378790126182139,
-0.004292997065931559,
-0.028116876259446144,
-0.04381752386689186,
0.004575399681925774,
-0.004653713200241327,
0.013318020850419998,
-0.021434133872389793,
-0.01663091406226158,
0.019089478999376297,
-0.0006994808791205287,
-0.014362199231982231,
0.02025706134736538,
0.0005481936386786401,
-0.0013301408616825938,
0.008529039099812508,
-0.04958898201584816,
0.032787200063467026,
-0.005144951865077019,
0.005496175494045019,
-0.003910922911018133,
0.009587456472218037,
0.03563496097922325,
-0.017010614275932312,
0.047652505338191986,
-0.02530708722770214,
-0.034685708582401276,
0.014912765473127365,
0.03257836401462555,
-0.0030660873744636774,
-0.0028169085271656513,
0.03650827333331108,
-0.015406377613544464,
0.03559698909521103,
-0.00892772525548935,
0.006317279301583767,
0.03174302354454994,
0.004133997019380331,
-0.015814555808901787,
0.015805063769221306,
-0.0022687148302793503,
-0.0344768725335598,
0.016289182007312775,
0.00867617316544056,
0.013061722740530968,
-0.04731077328324318,
-0.032046783715486526,
-0.008130352944135666,
-0.021111387759447098,
-0.01610882394015789,
-0.007385189179331064,
0.027509354054927826,
0.00560059305280447,
-0.008638203144073486,
0.00918876938521862,
0.04245059937238693,
0.026256339624524117,
0.028762368485331535,
0.00022529928537551314,
-0.04917130991816521,
-0.025971563532948494,
0.0051734293811023235,
-0.027490369975566864,
-0.016535988077521324,
-0.012046021409332752,
-0.025269117206335068,
0.062233030796051025,
-0.014485602267086506,
-0.05182921886444092,
-0.002182095544412732,
0.030679859220981598,
-0.045108504593372345,
-0.03432499244809151,
-0.019345777109265327,
0.0115049472078681,
0.01621324196457863,
-0.019953299313783646,
-0.011789723299443722,
0.0008525479352101684,
-0.009834261611104012,
0.01623222790658474,
-0.014903273433446884,
0.03255937993526459,
0.04746265336871147,
0.010043097659945488,
-0.04085585102438927,
-0.0071431295946240425,
-0.016554974019527435,
0.01226434949785471,
0.04332391172647476,
0.023997118696570396,
-0.024813475087285042,
-0.03489454463124275,
-0.04002051055431366,
-0.03548308089375496,
-0.01722894422709942,
-0.04541226848959923,
-0.03538815304636955,
-0.03400224447250366,
-0.01608983986079693,
0.03964081034064293,
-0.00360478856600821,
-0.002137006027624011,
0.07468723505735397,
-0.0270537119358778,
-0.006635278929024935,
-0.07172556221485138,
0.019858375191688538,
-0.015387392602860928,
0.02405407279729843,
-0.034932512789964676,
0.05665142461657524,
-0.00292607257142663,
-0.0402483306825161,
-0.03248343989253044,
0.018928106874227524,
-0.02213658206164837,
0.02088356763124466,
0.030034366995096207,
0.039071258157491684,
-0.012349782511591911,
0.0024466998875141144,
0.03872952610254288,
-0.030262188985943794,
0.05714503675699234,
-0.02443377487361431,
-0.05680330470204353,
-0.011163216084241867,
0.014675452373921871,
0.023066850379109383,
-0.027129653841257095,
-0.026484161615371704,
0.005856891628354788,
0.00837715808302164,
0.02982553094625473,
-0.03358457237482071,
0.032787200063467026,
-0.009155546315014362,
0.03848271816968918,
-0.02025706134736538,
-0.0056622945703566074,
-0.05365178361535072,
0.03872952610254288,
-0.006284055300056934,
-0.013830617070198059,
0.0017335733864456415,
-0.001211484195664525,
0.08064854145050049,
0.029749590903520584,
-0.007798113860189915,
-0.0023232968524098396,
-0.059840913861989975,
0.010403813794255257,
-0.012416230514645576,
0.022933954373002052,
-0.04996868222951889,
0.013678736984729767,
0.010318380780518055,
-0.011172709055244923,
0.008106620982289314,
-0.014286259189248085,
-0.00335323647595942,
-0.03550206497311592,
-0.0021239537745714188,
-0.05942324176430702,
0.0031871171668171883,
0.022212522104382515,
0.03058493509888649,
-0.004917130805552006,
-0.013109184801578522,
0.0160044077783823,
0.02403508871793747,
-0.01637461595237255,
-0.012140946462750435,
0.010062082670629025,
-0.08095230162143707,
0.0387674942612648,
0.03031914308667183,
0.0021559910383075476,
-0.005610085558146238,
0.03535018488764763,
-0.008918232284486294,
-0.023750312626361847,
-0.029673650860786438,
0.018149718642234802,
-0.04229871556162834,
0.00937862042337656,
0.01559622772037983,
-0.04803220555186272,
-0.03548308089375496,
0.014124886132776737,
0.033166904002428055,
0.005045280326157808,
-0.005638563074171543,
0.011438499204814434,
0.03229358792304993,
-0.01341294590383768,
-0.008192053996026516,
0.04970289021730423,
0.02468058094382286,
0.005125966854393482,
-0.011656828224658966,
-0.023864222690463066,
0.02038995549082756,
0.023199744522571564,
-0.015691153705120087,
0.013223095797002316,
-0.0026175654493272305,
-0.004430638626217842,
0.017551690340042114,
-0.05194312706589699,
-0.03426803648471832,
-0.04195698723196983,
-0.008415128104388714,
0.040324270725250244,
-0.03842576593160629,
0.005396503955125809,
0.004720160737633705,
0.026901831850409508,
0.015909481793642044,
0.006170145235955715,
0.0016932301223278046,
0.01636512391269207,
0.0016600063536316156,
-0.010669604875147343,
-0.012359275482594967,
-0.01659294404089451,
-0.0032488186843693256,
-0.02656010165810585,
-0.02164296992123127,
0.007290263660252094,
0.02430087886750698,
0.007200084626674652,
0.009606441482901573,
-0.06196724250912666,
0.01441915426403284,
-0.04043818265199661,
0.02063676156103611,
-0.004703549202531576,
-0.01713401824235916,
-0.028287742286920547,
-0.019478673115372658,
0.0006549846148118377,
-0.011429007165133953,
0.01427676621824503,
-0.016460048034787178,
0.051145754754543304,
-0.0036024153232574463,
-0.028895264491438866,
-0.0048839072696864605,
0.006312532816082239,
-0.00654984638094902,
0.00881381519138813,
0.028477592393755913,
0.002928445814177394,
0.0013704841258004308,
-0.01548231765627861,
-0.0067207119427621365,
-0.021092403680086136,
0.026484161615371704,
0.010318380780518055,
0.005481936503201723,
-0.021737895905971527,
0.02152905985713005,
0.018671808764338493,
-0.04514647647738457,
-0.01497921347618103,
-0.01951664313673973,
-0.047007013112306595,
-0.01200805138796568,
0.017798494547605515,
-0.0299394428730011,
-0.027243563905358315,
0.0005493802018463612,
-0.009639664553105831,
0.04696904122829437,
0.029996396973729134,
0.011248649097979069,
0.039830658584833145,
-0.008291726000607014,
-0.009976649656891823,
0.016013899818062782,
-0.010546201840043068,
0.038330838084220886,
-0.01923186704516411,
0.03814098984003067,
-0.039223138242959976,
0.024205952882766724,
0.021623985841870308,
-0.03155317157506943,
0.012691513635218143,
-0.024490728974342346,
0.009786799550056458,
-0.01798834651708603,
0.03800809383392334,
0.012302319519221783
] |
Personalized recommendations have a growing importance in direct marketing,
which motivates research to enhance customer experiences by knowledge graph
(KG) applications. For example, in financial services, companies may benefit
from providing relevant financial articles to their customers to cultivate
relationships, foster client engagement and promote informed financial
decisions. While several approaches center on KG-based recommender systems for
improved content, in this study we focus on interpretable KG-based recommender
systems for decision making.To this end, we present two knowledge graph-based
approaches for personalized article recommendations for a set of customers of a
large multinational financial services company. The first approach employs
Reinforcement Learning and the second approach uses the XGBoost algorithm for
recommending articles to the customers. Both approaches make use of a KG
generated from both structured (tabular data) and unstructured data (a large
body of text data).Using the Reinforcement Learning-based recommender system we
could leverage the graph traversal path leading to the recommendation as a way
to generate interpretations (Path Directed Reasoning (PDR)). In the
XGBoost-based approach, one can also provide explainable results using post-hoc
methods such as SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) and ELI5 (Explain Like I
am Five).Importantly, our approach offers explainable results, promoting better
decision-making. This study underscores the potential of combining advanced
machine learning techniques with KG-driven insights to bolster experience in
customer relationship management. | [
-0.008291970938444138,
-0.011049740016460419,
-0.042033806443214417,
-0.018506446853280067,
0.02060627192258835,
0.0021091564558446407,
-0.024059316143393517,
-0.01412948127835989,
-0.06260275095701218,
0.011852338910102844,
0.035258375108242035,
-0.01846911758184433,
0.013700184412300587,
-0.06760499626398087,
-0.015286717563867569,
0.04431094974279404,
0.03693823516368866,
-0.014652104116976261,
-0.0374048613011837,
0.00845995731651783,
-0.024115310981869698,
-0.04520687460899353,
-0.011161730624735355,
0.008767930790781975,
0.06002696603536606,
0.016117315739393234,
-0.026728425174951553,
-0.0006719436496496201,
-0.07316719740629196,
0.05651792511343956,
0.06185614690184593,
0.010275138542056084,
0.010116484947502613,
-0.03436245024204254,
-0.05830977484583855,
0.015884000808000565,
-0.002217647386714816,
0.029378868639469147,
0.03290657326579094,
0.04431094974279404,
0.015249387361109257,
0.046102799475193024,
0.020792922005057335,
-0.011563030071556568,
0.0036536934785544872,
-0.018394457176327705,
-0.020494280382990837,
-0.028184302151203156,
-0.026635099202394485,
-0.028706924989819527,
0.002790432656183839,
-0.0312640443444252,
0.03202931210398674,
-0.017050569877028465,
-0.03714355081319809,
0.009169231168925762,
-0.013438872992992401,
-0.02086758241057396,
0.052262283861637115,
0.04856659471988678,
0.01978500746190548,
0.02773633971810341,
-0.03279458358883858,
0.017190558835864067,
0.020886247977614403,
-0.07943867146968842,
0.010069821961224079,
0.01221630908548832,
-0.04800663888454437,
-0.0295095257461071,
-0.04737202823162079,
0.031170718371868134,
0.039756666868925095,
-0.015678685158491135,
0.02081158757209778,
0.015034738928079605,
0.023126060143113136,
-0.00007677481335122138,
-0.00913190096616745,
0.005730186123400927,
0.06536518782377243,
0.04072725027799606,
0.007186064030975103,
-0.02402198500931263,
0.07066607475280762,
-0.03667692467570305,
0.043004393577575684,
-0.08862189948558807,
-0.03785282373428345,
-0.017703847959637642,
-0.0038333451375365257,
-0.041100554168224335,
-0.02433929219841957,
-0.04225778952240944,
-0.014400125481188297,
0.014782760292291641,
0.0009291720925830305,
-0.00794666726142168,
-0.04132453352212906,
0.05830977484583855,
-0.0038776746951043606,
-0.03167467564344406,
-0.03382116183638573,
0.029285544529557228,
0.06913553178310394,
-0.023070065304636955,
-0.059690993279218674,
0.005851509049534798,
-0.015380043536424637,
0.08929384499788284,
0.007676023058593273,
-0.007825343869626522,
-0.03219730034470558,
-0.012701601721346378,
-0.05920569971203804,
0.02107289992272854,
-0.0152680529281497,
-0.039905987679958344,
0.07563099265098572,
-0.043937649577856064,
0.01255228091031313,
0.03492240607738495,
0.021875498816370964,
-0.03817013278603554,
-0.032309290021657944,
0.09048841148614883,
0.009687187150120735,
0.03671425208449364,
0.023275380954146385,
0.047558676451444626,
-0.02924821339547634,
0.03979399427771568,
0.010816426016390324,
-0.03206664323806763,
0.028090978041291237,
0.039905987679958344,
0.047297365963459015,
-0.005412879399955273,
0.01090041920542717,
-0.007400712464004755,
0.002040328923612833,
-0.049201205372810364,
-0.010265805758535862,
-0.03454910218715668,
0.021763507276773453,
0.0007168565643951297,
-0.009295220486819744,
0.029845496639609337,
-0.03219730034470558,
0.016378626227378845,
-0.013504200614988804,
0.03191732242703438,
-0.029621515423059464,
-0.012729599140584469,
0.03957001492381096,
0.016201307997107506,
-0.0025804501492530107,
-0.05599530413746834,
0.016173310577869415,
0.006234143860638142,
0.026691094040870667,
0.03279458358883858,
-0.028426948934793472,
0.06917286664247513,
0.028744256123900414,
0.035613011568784714,
-0.01800248958170414,
-0.027829665690660477,
-0.07779613882303238,
0.058571089059114456,
-0.047297365963459015,
-0.014092151075601578,
-0.040167298167943954,
0.035780999809503555,
-0.024731259793043137,
-0.0002785183023661375,
0.048902563750743866,
-0.014110816642642021,
-0.09004044532775879,
-0.024824583902955055,
-0.05424078553915024,
-0.004852926358580589,
0.040017977356910706,
0.004365300759673119,
0.01978500746190548,
0.011740348301827908,
0.08877122402191162,
0.012822924181818962,
0.029565520584583282,
0.0012517283903434873,
0.013158896006643772,
0.03529570624232292,
0.01356019638478756,
-0.0021161558106541634,
0.02168884687125683,
-0.003553368616849184,
0.012496285140514374,
-0.0016238638199865818,
0.000047282494051614776,
-0.034997064620256424,
0.003968667238950729,
-0.05924303084611893,
0.033354535698890686,
0.014362795278429985,
0.06917286664247513,
0.007321386132389307,
0.046326782554388046,
-0.02293941006064415,
-0.04147385433316231,
-0.011665687896311283,
-0.019952993839979172,
-0.015436038374900818,
-0.049686498939991,
-0.016341296955943108,
-0.019131729379296303,
0.00936521403491497,
0.01509073469787836,
-0.0039220042526721954,
-0.016985241323709488,
-0.024003319442272186,
0.026205802336335182,
0.0008055157959461212,
0.07036743313074112,
-0.0032197299879044294,
-0.00828263908624649,
0.015342713333666325,
-0.01881442219018936,
-0.02656043879687786,
-0.006859424524009228,
0.004288306925445795,
0.03079741634428501,
0.054950058460235596,
0.017293216660618782,
-0.024152640253305435,
0.01794649474322796,
0.010984412394464016,
-0.00415065186098218,
-0.06659708172082901,
-0.05909371003508568,
-0.04699872434139252,
-0.0006696105119772255,
-0.03318655118346214,
-0.016313297674059868,
-0.009575196541845798,
0.03751685470342636,
-0.019673015922307968,
-0.01240296009927988,
0.05692856013774872,
0.014166811481118202,
0.025813834741711617,
-0.054166123270988464,
-0.03234662115573883,
0.03197331726551056,
0.012841589748859406,
0.012197643518447876,
0.04371366649866104,
0.07966265082359314,
-0.021838167682290077,
0.014764094725251198,
-0.016873251646757126,
0.07749749720096588,
0.006882756017148495,
0.03327987715601921,
0.05424078553915024,
-0.02226746641099453,
0.004997580777853727,
0.08406761288642883,
-0.032365284860134125,
0.019206389784812927,
0.011423042044043541,
0.04625212028622627,
-0.05599530413746834,
-0.036956898868083954,
-0.03766617551445961,
-0.06674639880657196,
-0.04210846871137619,
0.01957969181239605,
-0.036751583218574524,
0.06353600323200226,
0.027624350041151047,
-0.032010648399591446,
-0.040839239954948425,
-0.015034738928079605,
0.02335004135966301,
-0.031282708048820496,
-0.01557602733373642,
-0.05782448500394821,
-0.024152640253305435,
-0.07884138822555542,
-0.00680809561163187,
-0.005762849934399128,
0.011012409813702106,
-0.007218727841973305,
0.008217310532927513,
0.03382116183638573,
0.05491272732615471,
-0.014017490670084953,
0.03313055634498596,
0.06293871998786926,
-0.011189728043973446,
-0.02598182111978531,
0.012160313315689564,
-0.03245861083269119,
0.04117521271109581,
-0.0015783676644787192,
0.027624350041151047,
-0.025608519092202187,
0.09982096403837204,
-0.05450209602713585,
0.024544607847929,
0.06760499626398087,
0.02799765206873417,
0.005963499657809734,
0.01244962215423584,
-0.03286924213171005,
0.049425188452005386,
0.04360167682170868,
-0.02656043879687786,
0.039905987679958344,
-0.05674190819263458,
0.009229892864823341,
-0.008991912007331848,
-0.13483668863773346,
0.004955584183335304,
-0.034026481211185455,
0.011703018099069595,
0.006672773510217667,
0.04390031844377518,
-0.020176975056529045,
0.0075407009571790695,
-0.035463690757751465,
-0.003798348130658269,
-0.006168815772980452,
0.0023809669073671103,
-0.0010545782279223204,
-0.03383982926607132,
0.006817428395152092,
-0.004715271294116974,
-0.02303273417055607,
-0.02124088443815708,
0.02056894078850746,
0.011133733205497265,
-0.04841727390885353,
0.0015923664905130863,
-0.013466870412230492,
-0.024731259793043137,
-0.03833811730146408,
0.058347105979919434,
0.018711764365434647,
-0.019766341894865036,
0.0011724017094820738,
0.028389619663357735,
-0.04565483704209328,
-0.007265390828251839,
0.015548028983175755,
-0.036919571459293365,
-0.008814593777060509,
-0.00155620276927948,
0.0391593836247921,
0.02112889476120472,
0.040017977356910706,
-0.0289309062063694,
-0.08055857568979263,
0.06331202387809753,
-0.047148045152425766,
-0.0025291212368756533,
-0.0030424115248024464,
0.06689572334289551,
-0.010685770772397518,
-0.031189383938908577,
-0.02299540489912033,
0.016313297674059868,
0.011665687896311283,
0.02723238244652748,
0.030032148584723473,
0.005305555183440447,
-0.011954997666180134,
-0.03466109186410904,
-0.026112476363778114,
0.05368082970380783,
-0.014344130642712116,
-0.022080814465880394,
-0.02764301560819149,
0.050395771861076355,
-0.0447215810418129,
0.0412125438451767,
-0.023014070466160774,
0.018403789028525352,
0.010919083841145039,
0.03878607973456383,
-0.0023564689327031374,
0.004134319722652435,
-0.013392210006713867,
-0.07764682173728943,
-0.016369294375181198,
0.023256715387105942,
0.027419034391641617,
0.006019494961947203,
0.0391593836247921,
-0.012290969491004944,
-0.041100554168224335,
0.024992570281028748,
-0.01443745568394661,
0.010601777583360672,
-0.017713181674480438,
-0.005380215588957071,
0.028501609340310097,
-0.03229062631726265,
0.06230410933494568,
0.03038678504526615,
-0.004285973962396383,
-0.005356884095817804,
-0.04334036633372307,
-0.039644673466682434,
-0.009659189730882645,
0.06558916717767715,
-0.058608416467905045,
0.032533273100852966,
0.03238395228981972,
-0.014241471886634827,
-0.017171893268823624,
0.026373788714408875,
0.0403166189789772,
0.00653745187446475,
-0.067791648209095,
0.03454910218715668,
0.005114237777888775,
-0.03822612762451172,
0.01668659970164299,
-0.02913622371852398,
-0.0005048326565884054,
0.022958073765039444,
0.017311882227659225,
0.0006171148852445185,
-0.04210846871137619,
0.008749266155064106,
-0.009565864689648151,
0.02474992349743843,
-0.022024819627404213,
-0.013513533398509026,
-0.013550863601267338,
-0.04416162893176079,
-0.03462376445531845,
0.038300786167383194,
-0.008464623242616653,
0.04897722601890564,
0.017843836918473244,
-0.01477342750877142,
-0.03232795372605324,
-0.04225778952240944,
-0.07921469211578369,
-0.025851165875792503,
-0.055099379271268845,
-0.017218556255102158,
-0.015678685158491135,
-0.00828263908624649,
-0.007405378855764866,
-0.027213716879487038,
0.029285544529557228,
-0.03852476924657822,
-0.014400125481188297,
0.03805813938379288,
-0.002041495405137539,
-0.003616363275796175,
0.01835712604224682,
0.04860392212867737,
-0.047707997262477875,
0.003404047805815935,
0.024320626631379128,
0.012104318477213383,
0.015520031563937664,
0.026691094040870667,
0.041361864656209946,
-0.029957488179206848,
-0.013298884965479374,
0.000211294784094207,
0.0508437342941761,
-0.04292973130941391,
0.02340603619813919,
0.007200062740594149,
0.015156062319874763,
0.05431544408202171,
0.01544537115842104,
0.030050812289118767,
-0.02077425830066204,
-0.05061975494027138,
0.052262283861637115,
0.024544607847929,
-0.007694688159972429,
-0.026672430336475372,
-0.06502921134233475,
0.026840414851903915,
-0.054688747972249985,
0.005459541920572519,
-0.008305969648063183,
-0.020736927166581154,
-0.033914487808942795,
0.0032033980824053288,
0.0514410175383091,
-0.023686014115810394,
0.032365284860134125,
0.014782760292291641,
0.004565950483083725,
-0.0429670624434948,
-0.00723272655159235,
0.035053059458732605,
0.010629775002598763,
0.03115205466747284,
-0.003912671934813261,
-0.0006042826571501791,
-0.01059244479984045,
0.008403961546719074,
-0.028072312474250793,
-0.004234645050019026,
0.000352887058397755,
-0.01273893192410469,
-0.014829423278570175,
0.010153815150260925,
0.023312712088227272,
0.011740348301827908,
-0.011171063408255577,
-0.03527704253792763,
-0.01931837946176529,
0.030106808990240097,
-0.07652691751718521,
0.01738654263317585,
0.01572534814476967,
0.012925582937896252,
0.041921816766262054,
-0.00488092377781868,
0.0008720101905055344,
0.02650444395840168,
-0.008777263574302197,
-0.02971484139561653,
-0.0004316304693929851,
-0.006761433091014624,
0.04726003482937813,
0.0006970248650759459,
0.01224430650472641,
-0.04565483704209328,
-0.032682593911886215,
0.03878607973456383,
0.010461789555847645,
0.024152640253305435,
0.0185531098395586,
0.0016063653165474534,
0.009141232818365097,
-0.02816563844680786,
-0.019617021083831787,
0.013886835426092148,
0.01916905865073204,
0.009855173528194427,
0.057787153869867325,
-0.04251910001039505,
0.03994331508874893,
-0.006906087510287762,
-0.03395181894302368,
-0.0007839342579245567,
-0.03100273385643959,
-0.015492034144699574,
0.025347206741571426,
-0.015772011131048203,
-0.0023448034189641476,
0.004871591459959745,
-0.005725519731640816,
-0.02939753420650959,
0.05394214391708374,
0.05237427353858948,
-0.025384537875652313,
-0.0030470776837319136,
-0.03165601193904877,
-0.001522372360341251,
-0.029285544529557228,
0.006980747915804386,
-0.03953268378973007,
0.016994575038552284,
0.008422627113759518,
-0.032887909561395645,
0.025179222226142883,
0.018954409286379814,
0.02504856511950493,
0.002002998720854521,
-0.02303273417055607,
0.0004812096303794533,
-0.017815839499235153,
-0.003077408531680703,
-0.05506204813718796,
0.0013030574191361666,
0.005622861906886101,
-0.012682936154305935,
-0.03374650329351425,
0.04655076190829277,
-0.00138238409999758,
-0.002226979937404394,
-0.01242162473499775,
0.021875498816370964,
0.05177699029445648,
-0.04778265953063965,
0.04199647903442383,
-0.06741834431886673,
-0.012010992504656315,
-0.003912671934813261,
0.06529052555561066,
0.043265704065561295,
0.004057326354086399,
0.006266807671636343,
0.031544022262096405,
-0.005622861906886101,
0.032570600509643555,
0.002587449736893177,
-0.028333622962236404,
-0.0028067645616829395,
0.02495524100959301,
-0.050507765263319016,
0.05028378218412399,
-0.01875842735171318,
0.03497840091586113,
-0.003639694768935442,
-0.023480696603655815,
-0.0149040836840868,
0.016266636550426483,
-0.030629431828856468,
0.048379942774772644,
-0.018422454595565796,
0.013186894357204437,
0.04815595969557762,
0.017554527148604393,
0.01173101644963026,
0.002631779294461012,
0.04438561201095581,
-0.004626611713320017,
-0.011049740016460419,
-0.05972832441329956,
-0.031189383938908577,
0.04778265953063965,
-0.0058795069344341755,
-0.05136635899543762,
0.053494181483983994,
0.031282708048820496,
0.029154887422919273,
-0.026373788714408875,
0.0006742767873220146,
-0.045804157853126526,
0.11647023260593414,
-0.008963914588093758,
-0.007125402335077524,
0.021016903221607208,
-0.0014477119548246264,
0.020475616678595543,
-0.01642528921365738,
0.013653521426022053,
-0.0017346878303214908,
0.00848795473575592,
0.02656043879687786,
0.009122568182647228,
-0.04561750590801239,
-0.020064983516931534,
-0.014381460845470428,
0.01873042806982994,
0.0005832844180986285,
0.0033690507989376783,
0.02753102406859398,
0.042855072766542435,
-0.020494280382990837,
-0.022192806005477905,
-0.0032827246468514204,
-0.021782172843813896,
-0.0029747504740953445,
0.011301718652248383,
0.054838068783283234,
0.02232346124947071,
-0.02170751243829727,
-0.06245343014597893,
0.033970482647418976,
0.025197885930538177,
-0.0005249559762887657,
0.019187724217772484,
0.003994331695139408,
0.012225640937685966,
-0.006392796989530325,
-0.03341053053736687,
-0.025403203442692757,
-0.006775431800633669,
-0.002732104156166315,
-0.022958073765039444,
-0.00430230563506484,
-0.026541773229837418,
-0.02568317949771881,
-0.0018455118406563997,
0.007895337417721748,
-0.02857626974582672,
-0.008814593777060509,
0.0026807752437889576,
-0.010676437988877296,
-0.0008848424768075347,
-0.006630777381360531,
-0.0050815739668905735,
-0.04375099763274193,
-0.01374684739857912,
-0.0058795069344341755,
-0.04546818509697914,
0.004701272118836641,
-0.012468287721276283,
0.01428813487291336,
0.007979330606758595,
0.02036362513899803,
0.004988248459994793,
0.02273409254848957,
-0.05789914354681969,
-0.02495524100959301,
0.003131070639938116,
0.0018898415146395564,
-0.03018146939575672,
0.03307455778121948,
0.003285057842731476,
0.014250804670155048,
0.03454910218715668,
-0.021371541544795036,
-0.029957488179206848,
0.017871834337711334,
0.0015772010665386915,
0.012477620504796505,
0.02258477173745632,
-0.045804157853126526,
-0.04390031844377518,
0.019878333434462547,
0.030498774722218513,
0.025403203442692757,
0.009593862108886242,
-0.004806263372302055,
0.026000486686825752,
0.0010767430067062378,
-0.012337631545960903,
0.01459610927850008,
-0.01867443323135376,
0.01288825273513794,
-0.03158134967088699,
0.018515780568122864,
-0.014726764522492886,
-0.020830253139138222,
0.0009624192607589066,
0.017955826595425606,
-0.00451462110504508,
-0.04278041049838066,
-0.010601777583360672,
0.021726178005337715,
0.02215547487139702,
-0.016434621065855026,
-0.011721683666110039,
0.036807578057050705,
0.02480592019855976,
-0.013084235601127148,
0.0625280886888504,
-0.0458788201212883,
-0.03848743811249733,
0.0026971071492880583,
-0.0004745018668472767,
-0.02924821339547634,
0.02753102406859398,
-0.013270886614918709,
-0.01040579378604889,
0.055771321058273315,
-0.035426363348960876,
0.04240711033344269,
0.0447215810418129,
0.04050327092409134,
-0.030106808990240097,
-0.004176316317170858,
-0.005506204906851053,
-0.03299989923834801,
0.006542117800563574,
-0.006934084929525852,
0.052262283861637115,
-0.034082476049661636,
0.007951333187520504,
-0.04080191254615784,
0.003278058487921953,
0.035669006407260895,
-0.06618645042181015,
0.02025163546204567,
-0.02396599017083645,
0.015762677416205406,
-0.007503370754420757,
0.028968237340450287,
-0.04214579984545708,
-0.012953580357134342,
0.006920086219906807,
-0.03425046056509018,
0.018982408568263054,
0.011852338910102844,
-0.014194809831678867,
-0.020475616678595543,
0.007153400219976902,
-0.012832256965339184,
0.05345685034990311,
-0.006794096902012825,
0.034063808619976044,
-0.032365284860134125,
0.004022329114377499,
-0.025235217064619064,
0.03529570624232292,
-0.0420711375772953,
0.024917909875512123,
0.025496527552604675,
-0.022342126816511154,
-0.025907160714268684,
0.004862258676439524,
-0.004253310151398182,
0.007008745335042477,
0.07145000994205475,
0.0058795069344341755,
0.05032111331820488,
-0.031189383938908577,
0.008865922689437866,
0.01612664759159088,
-0.027251048013567924,
-0.014362795278429985,
-0.01878642477095127,
-0.04964916780591011,
-0.017582524567842484,
-0.03497840091586113,
-0.058459095656871796,
-0.018039820715785027,
0.004295306280255318,
-0.04154851660132408,
-0.00974318291991949,
0.007955999113619328,
0.013905500061810017,
-0.002180317183956504,
-0.022640768438577652,
0.032514605671167374,
0.055883314460515976,
-0.011217725463211536,
-0.03202931210398674,
-0.006313470657914877,
0.04882790520787239,
-0.01020047813653946,
-0.012505617924034595,
0.06278940290212631,
0.003317721653729677,
-0.006579448003321886,
-0.011824341490864754,
-0.0034227129071950912,
-0.0011076570954173803,
-0.04225778952240944,
-0.02066226676106453,
-0.02749369479715824,
-0.03430645540356636,
0.008100653998553753,
0.03953268378973007,
-0.00904324185103178,
0.016621273010969162,
-0.002050827955827117,
0.018273133784532547,
-0.016695933416485786,
-0.020083649083971977,
0.012729599140584469,
0.028277628123760223,
0.00992050115019083,
-0.024563273414969444,
0.05689122900366783,
-0.005431544501334429,
-0.025291211903095245,
-0.024712594226002693,
0.00637879827991128,
-0.05681656673550606,
0.050395771861076355,
-0.0035207048058509827,
-0.0015177060849964619,
-0.018301131203770638,
0.008861256763339043,
0.01322422455996275,
-0.04240711033344269,
0.036340951919555664,
-0.0019820004235953093,
0.011432374827563763,
-0.01188033726066351,
-0.0014803758822381496,
0.023014070466160774,
-0.02878158539533615,
0.007979330606758595,
-0.009771180339157581,
-0.020736927166581154,
0.002932754112407565,
0.012038989923894405,
-0.020008988678455353,
-0.05341951921582222,
-0.02010231465101242,
-0.008749266155064106,
-0.019915662705898285,
0.010844423435628414,
0.02676575444638729,
0.005067574791610241,
-0.037274207919836044,
0.03240261599421501,
-0.0023984655272215605,
-0.0385621003806591,
0.02480592019855976,
-0.016033321619033813,
0.016117315739393234,
-0.0017883500549942255,
0.006098821759223938,
-0.02282741852104664,
-0.011647023260593414,
0.041921816766262054,
-0.031282708048820496,
0.030760087072849274,
-0.033877160400152206,
0.04949984699487686,
-0.038674090057611465,
0.010443123988807201,
0.0036630260292440653,
0.04614013060927391,
-0.005151567980647087,
0.03152535483241081,
-0.02670975960791111,
-0.024917909875512123,
-0.05009713023900986,
0.0015538696898147464,
-0.024264631792902946,
0.03626628965139389,
0.08683004975318909,
0.035575684159994125,
0.03503439575433731,
0.0018070151563733816,
0.014390792697668076,
-0.01890774816274643,
0.04479624330997467,
-0.02320072054862976,
-0.0020671598613262177,
-0.024936575442552567,
-0.0068687573075294495,
0.002767101163044572,
0.008394629694521427,
0.032365284860134125,
-0.0023308044765144587,
-0.05409146472811699,
0.02030763030052185,
-0.031338706612586975,
-0.0264484491199255,
0.0036816911306232214,
0.015678685158491135,
-0.010023158974945545,
-0.006178148556500673,
-0.010583112016320229,
-0.029696175828576088,
0.019206389784812927,
0.0194303710013628,
0.011096403002738953,
0.007237392943352461,
-0.03635961562395096,
0.014680102467536926,
-0.005072241183370352,
0.006976081524044275,
-0.02530987747013569,
-0.015856003388762474,
-0.029621515423059464,
-0.01733054593205452,
0.02480592019855976,
0.00689675472676754,
-0.0017510198522359133,
-0.018777091056108475,
-0.007312053348869085,
-0.012748263776302338,
-0.00390800554305315,
-0.015417373739182949,
0.008025993593037128,
-0.011759013868868351,
-0.04811863228678703,
0.02469392865896225,
-0.007214061450213194,
0.014829423278570175,
0.016574610024690628,
0.06510387361049652,
0.017545195296406746,
-0.01720922254025936,
-0.004355967976152897,
0.0031940655317157507,
-0.04431094974279404,
0.029266878962516785,
0.016901249065995216,
0.02913622371852398,
-0.03135737031698227,
0.021670183166861534,
0.004117988049983978,
-0.02635512314736843,
0.04214579984545708,
0.0086186109110713,
0.007769348565489054,
-0.000242500493186526,
-0.002995748771354556,
-0.026597769930958748,
0.001878175768069923,
-0.0429670624434948,
-0.05151567980647087,
0.015585359185934067,
0.01177767850458622,
0.023480696603655815,
0.005790847819298506,
0.029621515423059464,
-0.0036723585799336433,
-0.05599530413746834,
-0.003303722944110632,
0.027978986501693726,
0.00494625186547637,
-0.028482943773269653,
0.05838443711400032,
-0.007886005565524101,
-0.006266807671636343,
0.061557505279779434,
0.01686391979455948,
0.043004393577575684,
-0.016033321619033813,
0.028613600879907608,
-0.017013240605592728,
-0.02758701890707016,
-0.045692168176174164,
-0.013886835426092148,
0.02530987747013569,
-0.05532335862517357,
0.03255193680524826,
-0.031954653561115265,
-0.008436625823378563,
-0.006388131063431501
] |
The dominant theories of rational choice assume logical omniscience. That is,
they assume that when facing a decision problem, an agent can perform all
relevant computations and determine the truth value of all relevant
logical/mathematical claims. This assumption is unrealistic when, for example,
we offer bets on remote digits of pi or when an agent faces a computationally
intractable planning problem. Furthermore, the assumption of logical
omniscience creates contradictions in cases where the environment can contain
descriptions of the agent itself. Importantly, strategic interactions as
studied in game theory are decision problems in which a rational agent is
predicted by its environment (the other players). In this paper, we develop a
theory of rational decision making that does not assume logical omniscience. We
consider agents who repeatedly face decision problems (including ones like
betting on digits of pi or games against other agents). The main contribution
of this paper is to provide a sensible theory of rationality for such agents.
Roughly, we require that a boundedly rational inductive agent tests each
efficiently computable hypothesis infinitely often and follows those hypotheses
that keep their promises of high rewards. We then prove that agents that are
rational in this sense have other desirable properties. For example, they learn
to value random and pseudo-random lotteries at their expected reward. Finally,
we consider strategic interactions between different agents and prove a folk
theorem for what strategies bounded rational inductive agents can converge to. | [
-0.004342387430369854,
-0.057795338332653046,
-0.04058052971959114,
-0.004337551537901163,
0.03394605591893196,
0.00650874525308609,
-0.00007211874617496505,
0.01456488948315382,
-0.03721493482589722,
0.022727416828274727,
0.0014579396229237318,
0.018114235252141953,
0.029980847612023354,
-0.021973060443997383,
0.00213734433054924,
0.0334431529045105,
0.024893775582313538,
0.012379189021885395,
-0.06704104691743851,
-0.07164455205202103,
-0.021837662905454636,
0.03452632948756218,
-0.03172167018055916,
0.05934273824095726,
0.004990360699594021,
0.009913022629916668,
0.004528558813035488,
-0.023694541305303574,
-0.08959437906742096,
0.048704370856285095,
0.04313373565673828,
0.03050309419631958,
-0.02814331278204918,
-0.027137503027915955,
0.002298128791153431,
-0.07597727328538895,
-0.003588030580431223,
-0.08030998706817627,
0.02957465499639511,
0.056712158024311066,
-0.06630603224039078,
0.028607532382011414,
-0.039419978857040405,
-0.07671228796243668,
0.01485502626746893,
0.01250491477549076,
-0.012930450029671192,
-0.02156686782836914,
-0.01819160394370556,
-0.05992301180958748,
-0.0053433608263731,
-0.05574503540992737,
0.09207021445035934,
-0.008177034556865692,
-0.01617998629808426,
-0.009216693229973316,
0.026731310412287712,
-0.07292115688323975,
0.03468107059597969,
-0.027872517704963684,
0.030367696657776833,
-0.014922725036740303,
-0.053269196301698685,
-0.01161516085267067,
0.0026886051055043936,
-0.015038779936730862,
0.017533959820866585,
0.060348544269800186,
0.0054642511531710625,
-0.03363657742738724,
-0.03911050036549568,
0.01805620826780796,
0.0007785349152982235,
-0.022475965321063995,
-0.015909191220998764,
0.03491318225860596,
0.06139304116368294,
0.04348190128803253,
-0.01446817722171545,
0.02195371687412262,
-0.016479795798659325,
0.007263102103024721,
0.0010348227806389332,
-0.02382993884384632,
0.021238045766949654,
0.0013044086517766118,
0.03353986516594887,
-0.06584180891513824,
0.03924589604139328,
-0.020793167874217033,
0.051992591470479965,
-0.023694541305303574,
-0.010793105699121952,
-0.00757741741836071,
0.011827928014099598,
0.0548165962100029,
-0.003307564416900277,
-0.03265010938048363,
-0.017495274543762207,
-0.011808585375547409,
0.02922649122774601,
0.023945992812514305,
-0.04479718953371048,
-0.04003893956542015,
0.015773793682456017,
-0.028607532382011414,
-0.007079348433762789,
0.05191522464156151,
0.027640407904982567,
0.1613936722278595,
-0.023849280551075935,
0.0881243497133255,
-0.03419750928878784,
-0.008012623526155949,
-0.05005834624171257,
-0.039265237748622894,
-0.04738908261060715,
-0.06990373134613037,
0.024236131459474564,
-0.014178039506077766,
-0.05087072774767876,
0.04348190128803253,
0.0578727088868618,
-0.06085145100951195,
-0.05152837187051773,
0.022031087428331375,
-0.004780010785907507,
-0.0026765160728245974,
0.0012318743392825127,
0.0016658713575452566,
-0.03491318225860596,
0.06158646568655968,
-0.016827959567308426,
-0.06139304116368294,
-0.0009659152128733695,
-0.007891733199357986,
0.035841621458530426,
-0.043443214148283005,
-0.001025756006129086,
-0.019980784505605698,
-0.056712158024311066,
-0.02141212858259678,
-0.016073603183031082,
-0.012737024575471878,
-0.016537822782993317,
-0.03442961722612381,
-0.04355927184224129,
-0.009961378760635853,
-0.07694439589977264,
0.02932320348918438,
-0.035203319042921066,
0.07222483307123184,
0.002664427040144801,
0.030290327966213226,
-0.007451691199094057,
-0.019187742844223976,
-0.01203102432191372,
0.006146073807030916,
0.015270889736711979,
0.03379131853580475,
0.042321350425481796,
0.012882092967629433,
-0.026789337396621704,
-0.01059000939130783,
0.018897606059908867,
0.04731171205639839,
-0.02858818881213665,
-0.018172262236475945,
-0.026073666289448738,
0.02980676479637623,
-0.06208936870098114,
0.03646057844161987,
-0.03526134416460991,
0.05501002073287964,
0.04820146784186363,
0.06193462759256363,
0.06263095885515213,
0.03560950979590416,
0.03201180696487427,
0.02160555310547352,
0.01822061836719513,
-0.03338512405753136,
-0.017495274543762207,
0.02651854418218136,
0.06518416851758957,
0.05589977279305458,
0.08998122811317444,
0.014303766191005707,
0.033578548580408096,
-0.02201174572110176,
-0.02373322658240795,
0.01351072359830141,
-0.01652815192937851,
0.024642322212457657,
0.033230386674404144,
-0.06015511974692345,
-0.021334758028388023,
-0.02667328342795372,
-0.016885986551642418,
0.03088994510471821,
0.00028998611378483474,
-0.04495193064212799,
0.01672157645225525,
0.03655729070305824,
0.05667347460985184,
-0.008791157975792885,
0.018491413444280624,
0.0230368971824646,
0.03599635884165764,
-0.02597695402801037,
0.08665432035923004,
0.004228750243782997,
-0.016634535044431686,
0.023559143766760826,
-0.07914943993091583,
-0.01969064772129059,
-0.009501994587481022,
-0.003808051347732544,
-0.056712158024311066,
-0.07253430783748627,
-0.021973060443997383,
0.017031054943799973,
0.026944078505039215,
-0.001042076270096004,
0.04533877968788147,
0.016228342428803444,
-0.002052720868960023,
0.042166613042354584,
-0.009110309183597565,
-0.04920727387070656,
0.02121870405972004,
0.05535818636417389,
0.009922693483531475,
0.017591988667845726,
-0.019245769828557968,
0.01659584976732731,
0.005527114495635033,
0.011740886606276035,
0.03251471370458603,
0.0013418847229331732,
-0.01591886393725872,
-0.05914930999279022,
-0.006184758618474007,
0.0001347173674730584,
0.022282540798187256,
-0.0238686241209507,
-0.005348196253180504,
0.02756303735077381,
0.04502929747104645,
0.007466198410838842,
-0.032437343150377274,
-0.0373309925198555,
0.022069772705435753,
-0.008820172399282455,
-0.0004312769160605967,
0.03030966967344284,
0.022069772705435753,
-0.01646045222878456,
-0.020503031089901924,
-0.0040014758706092834,
0.07709913700819016,
0.07268904894590378,
0.06669288128614426,
0.034603700041770935,
-0.038975100964307785,
0.017572645097970963,
0.047814615070819855,
-0.03388803079724312,
-0.035628851503133774,
-0.0065039098262786865,
-0.017050398513674736,
-0.06499074399471283,
-0.02603498101234436,
0.0019052345305681229,
0.045067984610795975,
-0.059071943163871765,
0.023075582459568977,
-0.008825007826089859,
-0.022766102105379105,
0.005899457260966301,
0.03065783530473709,
0.001536518451757729,
-0.027272900566458702,
-0.01373316254466772,
-0.02715684473514557,
-0.03152824565768242,
-0.043443214148283005,
0.015125821344554424,
-0.05172180011868477,
0.03526134416460991,
0.012988477014005184,
-0.02520325407385826,
-0.06344334036111832,
0.046886175870895386,
0.04576431214809418,
0.06789211183786392,
-0.02760172262787819,
0.015580370090901852,
-0.016344398260116577,
-0.013723491691052914,
0.009279555641114712,
-0.02087053842842579,
-0.024584295228123665,
0.04785330221056938,
-0.018994318321347237,
0.0025507898535579443,
0.00008998787961900234,
0.017446918413043022,
-0.015135492198169231,
0.028414105996489525,
0.008955569006502628,
-0.039961569011211395,
-0.0027708106208592653,
-0.0033970235381275415,
0.006552265956997871,
-0.0015909192152321339,
0.045261409133672714,
-0.03477778285741806,
-0.008912049233913422,
-0.0069923074916005135,
0.009168337099254131,
-0.020019469782710075,
-0.07473935186862946,
-0.000864971661940217,
-0.024390870705246925,
0.030870601534843445,
0.02328834868967533,
0.0602324903011322,
-0.06568706780672073,
0.0018738029757514596,
-0.0451066680252552,
0.005111251026391983,
-0.05736980214715004,
0.005391716957092285,
-0.03286287933588028,
-0.029303861781954765,
0.003213269868865609,
0.022920841351151466,
0.004475366789847612,
0.017466261982917786,
0.008989418856799603,
0.028027256950736046,
-0.011073571629822254,
-0.019961442798376083,
0.0076354448683559895,
-0.04804672673344612,
-0.012553270906209946,
-0.030270984396338463,
0.015802808105945587,
0.03199246525764465,
0.001250007888302207,
-0.00254111853428185,
-0.038936417549848557,
0.051799166947603226,
0.06174120306968689,
-0.043443214148283005,
-0.005203127861022949,
-0.033423811197280884,
-0.018965303897857666,
0.008592898026108742,
0.006682827603071928,
-0.060000382363796234,
-0.014893711544573307,
0.02456495352089405,
-0.07052268832921982,
-0.005923635326325893,
-0.033327098935842514,
0.05574503540992737,
-0.007533896714448929,
-0.032205235213041306,
-0.05914930999279022,
0.07013583928346634,
0.06003906577825546,
-0.022166484966874123,
-0.009980721399188042,
0.02332703396677971,
-0.006731183733791113,
-0.021798977628350258,
-0.059806957840919495,
0.005807580426335335,
-0.02150884084403515,
-0.01761133037507534,
0.026363803073763847,
0.029632683843374252,
-0.02559010498225689,
-0.01605425961315632,
0.014526204206049442,
-0.0048066070303320885,
0.035686880350112915,
0.03338512405753136,
0.02696342021226883,
-0.015619054436683655,
-0.0270601324737072,
0.001503878040239215,
0.03895575925707817,
-0.005125757772475481,
0.004330298397690058,
-0.04611247777938843,
0.012785380706191063,
-0.001763792592100799,
0.04680880904197693,
-0.008447829633951187,
0.0035831949207931757,
-0.016837630420923233,
0.03665400296449661,
0.031218767166137695,
-0.02382993884384632,
0.019574591889977455,
-0.029168464243412018,
-0.02127673104405403,
0.005672182887792587,
-0.008689610287547112,
-0.013878230936825275,
-0.021257387474179268,
0.0017601659055799246,
0.030096903443336487,
-0.031257450580596924,
0.005580306053161621,
0.043443214148283005,
-0.03762112930417061,
-0.01937149651348591,
-0.007398499641567469,
0.06545495986938477,
-0.014642259106040001,
-0.02543536387383938,
-0.01659584976732731,
-0.03373328968882561,
0.004419757053256035,
-0.03783389553427696,
0.006257293280214071,
-0.04061921313405037,
0.007751499768346548,
-0.0002677724987734109,
0.024004021659493446,
-0.019468208774924278,
-0.010348227806389332,
-0.059071943163871765,
0.05249549821019173,
0.024874432012438774,
-0.0020418409258127213,
0.09121914952993393,
-0.014216724783182144,
-0.06882055103778839,
0.0003617648617364466,
0.05462317168712616,
0.011402393691241741,
-0.02820133976638317,
-0.06243753433227539,
-0.03653794899582863,
0.01923609897494316,
0.007011650130152702,
-0.04042578861117363,
-0.028510820120573044,
0.034062109887599945,
0.05350130796432495,
0.021779635921120644,
0.010019405744969845,
-0.08092894405126572,
0.010812447406351566,
0.007388828322291374,
0.005826923064887524,
-0.008786322548985481,
0.040851324796676636,
0.015677081421017647,
0.017621001228690147,
0.026982763782143593,
0.00524181267246604,
-0.04611247777938843,
-0.005193456541746855,
-0.025087200105190277,
-0.0562092550098896,
-0.04897516593337059,
-0.024487582966685295,
0.05059993267059326,
0.0611996129155159,
0.0031721671111881733,
-0.02102527767419815,
-0.006136402487754822,
-0.03203115239739418,
-0.021973060443997383,
0.0213734433054924,
0.014303766191005707,
0.05029045417904854,
-0.07698307931423187,
0.03518397733569145,
0.01668289117515087,
0.006025183480232954,
-0.004753415007144213,
0.014864698052406311,
-0.021876348182559013,
-0.07853047549724579,
-0.039129842072725296,
-0.013104531913995743,
0.01373316254466772,
-0.003883003257215023,
0.010648036375641823,
-0.02392665110528469,
-0.06874318420886993,
0.02597695402801037,
0.03404276818037033,
0.0027780639939010143,
-0.03526134416460991,
-0.03284353390336037,
0.030831916257739067,
-0.017079412937164307,
-0.016982698813080788,
-0.011189626529812813,
0.041779763996601105,
0.0035300031304359436,
-0.017118096351623535,
0.0058752791956067085,
0.030367696657776833,
-0.0070068142376840115,
-0.020812511444091797,
0.07005847245454788,
-0.03454567492008209,
-0.02077382616698742,
-0.025880241766572,
0.03752441704273224,
0.010415926575660706,
0.04007762297987938,
-0.0036315510515123606,
-0.046886175870895386,
0.020406318828463554,
-0.015841493383049965,
0.032785508781671524,
0.01088014617562294,
-0.029884135350584984,
0.013394668698310852,
-0.03334644064307213,
0.006547430530190468,
0.06456520408391953,
-0.047621190547943115,
-0.05121889337897301,
-0.011189626529812813,
-0.006813389249145985,
0.06139304116368294,
0.011460420675575733,
0.005295004695653915,
-0.01060935202986002,
0.004202154465019703,
0.02485509030520916,
0.019864728674292564,
0.021682923659682274,
0.019390838220715523,
0.016537822782993317,
0.030290327966213226,
-0.004475366789847612,
0.012147079221904278,
0.041973188519477844,
0.039033129811286926,
0.005280497949570417,
-0.003834647126495838,
-0.004226332530379295,
-0.023075582459568977,
-0.005096744280308485,
0.035338714718818665,
-0.012311490252614021,
0.03682808578014374,
-0.02613169327378273,
0.007978773675858974,
-0.010319214314222336,
-0.022166484966874123,
-0.009453638456761837,
-0.0081528564915061,
0.007214745972305536,
0.033423811197280884,
-0.000647973152808845,
-0.01751461811363697,
0.031470220535993576,
-0.028917010873556137,
0.0032447015400975943,
-0.012659654952585697,
-0.006165416445583105,
-0.010541653260588646,
0.025706158950924873,
-0.02013552375137806,
0.017659686505794525,
-0.008554212749004364,
-0.03419750928878784,
0.025377336889505386,
-0.03847219794988632,
0.007795020472258329,
0.01110258512198925,
-0.016257356852293015,
-0.009990392252802849,
-0.013520395383238792,
-0.03203115239739418,
0.04294031113386154,
-0.0030367698054760695,
-0.03640255331993103,
0.08564851433038712,
-0.004523722920566797,
0.00502420961856842,
0.05141231790184975,
-0.022475965321063995,
0.02702144719660282,
-0.0067070056684315205,
-0.01869450882077217,
-0.039768144488334656,
-0.016566837206482887,
-0.025880241766572,
0.0278918594121933,
0.013172230683267117,
0.004030489828437567,
0.030387040227651596,
0.031412191689014435,
0.019439194351434708,
-0.021721607074141502,
0.04023236408829689,
-0.010628693737089634,
0.010841461829841137,
-0.0017915974603965878,
-0.0281046275049448,
0.04812409728765488,
-0.05593845993280411,
-0.012089051306247711,
-0.010309543460607529,
0.012833736836910248,
0.022959526628255844,
0.005701196845620871,
-0.019884072244167328,
0.03845285624265671,
0.02543536387383938,
0.021160675212740898,
0.0040474142879247665,
0.009472981095314026,
0.0011829136637970805,
-0.003870914224535227,
-0.011566804721951485,
0.014874368906021118,
0.008665432222187519,
-0.020445004105567932,
0.01569642499089241,
0.012388859875500202,
-0.0020732723642140627,
-0.008883034810423851,
0.02686670795083046,
0.042514774948358536,
-0.034893836826086044,
-0.030870601534843445,
0.009671241044998169,
0.017911138013005257,
0.06340465694665909,
-0.013094861060380936,
0.030077559873461723,
0.052921030670404434,
0.02996150590479374,
0.015938205644488335,
-0.0005044156569056213,
-0.002190536120906472,
0.02176029235124588,
0.025764185935258865,
0.039768144488334656,
-0.009859830141067505,
-0.00834628101438284,
-0.006358840968459845,
-0.030677177011966705,
-0.008394637145102024,
0.012311490252614021,
0.04193450137972832,
-0.0023634096141904593,
0.026151036843657494,
0.013665463775396347,
0.014448834583163261,
-0.010270858183503151,
0.06684762239456177,
0.03953603282570839,
-0.022998211905360222,
0.06232148036360741,
-0.04649932682514191,
-0.030580464750528336,
-0.014796999283134937,
0.016924671828746796,
-0.0031383177265524864,
-0.008602568879723549,
-0.01139272190630436,
0.04150896891951561,
0.010812447406351566,
-0.03698282688856125,
0.004956511314958334,
0.02932320348918438,
0.030077559873461723,
-0.04518403857946396,
-0.01866549625992775,
-0.003827393753454089,
0.006474895868450403,
0.001409583375789225,
-0.020000126212835312,
0.04642195627093315,
-0.023984678089618683,
-0.0270601324737072,
0.003875749884173274,
-0.02593826875090599,
-0.02543536387383938,
0.015928534790873528,
-0.01860746741294861,
-0.029980847612023354,
0.007451691199094057,
0.002306591020897031,
-0.05063861981034279,
-0.010203159414231777,
0.03675071522593498,
0.01448751986026764,
-0.00200678245164454,
-0.006300813518464565,
0.020270921289920807,
0.008394637145102024,
-0.00362187996506691,
-0.019768016412854195,
-0.0021349266171455383,
0.057795338332653046,
0.025706158950924873,
-0.013539738021790981,
0.04058052971959114,
0.003991805016994476,
0.032785508781671524,
-0.008278582245111465,
-0.0081528564915061,
-0.006552265956997871,
0.04131554439663887,
-0.02912977896630764,
0.01161516085267067,
0.012485572136938572,
0.005430401768535376,
0.028646215796470642,
0.0032447015400975943,
-0.0185977965593338,
0.00006856759137008339,
-0.008007788099348545,
-0.013984614983201027,
0.0019136968767270446,
0.012514586560428143,
0.0012911107623949647,
-0.008554212749004364,
-0.009129651822149754,
-0.02023223601281643,
-0.013452696613967419,
0.006958458106964827,
0.001583665725775063,
0.013713819906115532,
0.023269006982445717,
0.00941495317965746,
0.012766038067638874,
-0.013878230936825275,
-0.02564813196659088,
0.008114171214401722,
0.05284366384148598,
0.019023330882191658,
-0.0009115145076066256,
0.01169253047555685,
0.018800893798470497,
0.004579332657158375,
-0.009608378633856773,
-0.04696354642510414,
-0.004523722920566797,
0.0374663881957531,
-0.01927478425204754,
0.018549440428614616,
0.0242167878895998,
-0.019922757521271706,
0.0333077535033226,
0.0007676547975279391,
-0.042321350425481796,
0.029555313289165497,
-0.006639306899160147,
-0.03338512405753136,
-0.018617140129208565,
0.015048451721668243,
-0.021721607074141502,
0.04077395424246788,
0.024158760905265808,
0.010251515544950962,
-0.05501002073287964,
0.002085361396893859,
-0.008762144483625889,
-0.03069652058184147,
0.0034042769111692905,
-0.018239961937069893,
0.010851132683455944,
-0.005793073680251837,
0.03555148467421532,
-0.02450692467391491,
0.00000509534629600239,
0.0018895188113674521,
0.014477848075330257,
0.026595912873744965,
-0.035977017134428024,
0.0729985311627388,
0.009066788479685783,
0.011334694921970367,
-0.0035179140977561474,
0.011876284144818783,
0.019410181790590286,
0.01325927209109068,
-0.011441078037023544,
-0.037698499858379364,
-0.009419788606464863,
-0.004864634480327368,
-0.00807065051048994,
0.055628981441259384,
-0.01046428270637989,
-0.011092913337051868,
-0.010000063106417656,
0.013346312567591667,
-0.05559029430150986,
0.023907307535409927,
-0.02096725068986416,
-0.004559990484267473,
0.026711968705058098,
0.01394592970609665,
0.006155745126307011,
-0.020425662398338318,
0.03056112304329872,
0.021798977628350258,
-0.002981160068884492,
-0.030967313796281815,
0.00913932267576456,
-0.020889881998300552,
0.02746632508933544,
-0.03822074458003044,
-0.04116080328822136,
0.0477372482419014,
-0.022243855521082878,
-0.00712286913767457,
0.0076209381222724915,
0.023017553612589836,
-0.024429555982351303,
0.016286369413137436,
-0.028800956904888153,
0.008791157975792885,
0.07292115688323975,
-0.024042705073952675,
-0.034661728888750076,
-0.0605032853782177,
0.037698499858379364,
-0.04793067276477814,
0.0403871051967144,
0.04383006691932678,
0.057292431592941284,
-0.010222502052783966,
-0.011798914521932602,
0.003909599501639605,
0.0038007977418601513,
0.019003989174962044,
-0.01579313725233078,
0.004760668613016605,
0.004671209491789341,
-0.0017553302459418774,
-0.006789211183786392,
0.003329324768856168,
-0.00832693837583065,
0.016547493636608124,
0.01984538696706295,
-0.02485509030520916,
-0.09098703414201736,
0.00621377257630229,
0.040116310119628906,
-0.025628790259361267,
0.0055609638802707195,
-0.017824098467826843,
-0.008360788226127625,
0.01343335397541523,
-0.043249789625406265,
0.023597829043865204,
-0.012649983167648315,
0.010280529037117958,
-0.051451005041599274,
-0.012156750075519085,
-0.05655742064118385,
0.028530161827802658,
0.00221713213250041,
-0.007988445460796356,
0.0031020506285130978,
-0.022437280043959618,
0.017853111028671265,
0.0054642511531710625,
0.0026088173035532236,
0.04483587294816971,
-0.03491318225860596,
-0.015290232375264168,
0.004028072115033865,
0.01201168168336153,
-0.01901366002857685,
0.019564921036362648,
-0.007853047922253609,
-0.013065846636891365,
-0.03512594848871231,
0.018162591382861137,
-0.018104564398527145,
0.027679093182086945,
0.013326970860362053,
-0.03429422155022621,
0.01517417747527361,
0.015290232375264168,
-0.01201168168336153,
-0.012176092714071274,
-0.0010076224571093917,
0.03346249461174011,
-0.027195530012249947,
0.0010136669734492898,
0.0016416931757703424,
-0.009709926322102547,
-0.016537822782993317,
0.052147332578897476,
-0.0193618256598711,
0.023791253566741943,
0.04247609153389931,
0.013539738021790981,
-0.02396533638238907,
-0.025125885382294655,
-0.042321350425481796,
0.052186019718647,
-0.052340757101774216,
-0.004869469907134771,
-0.0024286904372274876,
-0.04901384934782982,
-0.020561058074235916,
-0.019729332998394966,
0.005014538764953613,
0.0036242976784706116,
-0.004956511314958334,
0.004574497230350971,
0.029555313289165497,
-0.009308570064604282,
0.00718573248013854,
-0.006025183480232954,
0.035590168088674545,
0.0035106604918837547,
-0.027969229966402054,
-0.025802871212363243,
-0.00038292069802992046,
0.005004867445677519,
0.012079380452632904,
0.0019874400459229946,
0.019448867067694664,
0.034661728888750076,
-0.015348260290920734,
0.021431470289826393,
-0.009090966545045376,
-0.035628851503133774,
0.015261218883097172,
0.020019469782710075,
-0.01604458875954151,
0.005193456541746855,
0.024139417335391045,
0.026692625135183334,
0.045261409133672714,
-0.035300031304359436,
-0.005425566341727972,
0.01847207173705101,
-0.006528087891638279,
0.02642183192074299,
0.015677081421017647,
-0.053617361932992935,
0.005004867445677519,
-0.01672157645225525,
-0.012969134375452995,
0.00368957850150764,
0.0763254389166832,
0.02176029235124588,
-0.035242002457380295,
-0.07129639387130737,
-0.026847366243600845,
-0.0364992655813694,
-0.0049154083244502544,
-0.0004578728403430432,
-0.009134487248957157,
-0.038336798548698425,
0.007973938249051571,
0.002811913378536701,
-0.02833673730492592,
-0.015706095844507217,
0.03295959159731865,
0.006774704437702894,
-0.02141212858259678,
0.029768081381917,
-0.021682923659682274,
0.030387040227651596,
0.03394605591893196,
0.05570634827017784,
-0.014709957875311375,
-0.014942067675292492,
0.02106396295130253,
-0.026112351566553116,
0.053423937410116196,
0.053075771778821945,
0.04058052971959114,
0.008733130991458893,
-0.02402336336672306,
0.028414105996489525,
0.03684742748737335,
0.0010251515777781606,
0.0008994254167191684,
-0.03353986516594887,
0.02181832119822502,
0.00579790910705924,
0.003861243138089776,
-0.01090916059911251,
-0.028665559366345406,
-0.02878161333501339,
-0.010058091022074223,
-0.02460363693535328,
0.0316442996263504,
0.05655742064118385,
0.028220681473612785,
0.037505075335502625,
0.029207149520516396,
-0.028220681473612785,
0.03410079702734947,
-0.040309734642505646,
0.01274669636040926,
-0.011083242483437061,
0.04185713082551956,
-0.03630584105849266,
0.00407642824575305,
-0.007495211903005838,
0.0182496327906847,
0.005000031553208828,
0.009323076345026493,
-0.015599711798131466,
0.04642195627093315,
-0.00880566518753767,
0.007969102822244167
] |
Self-supervised learning (SSL) has shown promising results in various speech
and natural language processing applications. However, its efficacy in music
information retrieval (MIR) still remains largely unexplored. While previous
SSL models pre-trained on music recordings may have been mostly closed-sourced,
recent speech models such as wav2vec2.0 have shown promise in music modelling.
Nevertheless, research exploring the effectiveness of applying speech SSL
models to music recordings has been limited. We explore the music adaption of
SSL with two distinctive speech-related models, data2vec1.0 and Hubert, and
refer to them as music2vec and musicHuBERT, respectively. We train $12$ SSL
models with 95M parameters under various pre-training configurations and
systematically evaluate the MIR task performances with 13 different MIR tasks.
Our findings suggest that training with music data can generally improve
performance on MIR tasks, even when models are trained using paradigms designed
for speech. However, we identify the limitations of such existing
speech-oriented designs, especially in modelling polyphonic information. Based
on the experimental results, empirical suggestions are also given for designing
future musical SSL strategies and paradigms. | [
0.04586336761713028,
0.0018809085013344884,
-0.03635983169078827,
-0.03252321854233742,
0.024410013109445572,
0.01534645352512598,
-0.022667696699500084,
-0.00437998678535223,
-0.06624317914247513,
-0.010269100777804852,
-0.025835543870925903,
0.020837387070059776,
0.004606576170772314,
-0.010084309615194798,
-0.019517451524734497,
-0.005407337099313736,
0.022685296833515167,
-0.012873773463070393,
-0.11150817573070526,
-0.014290505088865757,
-0.011826625093817711,
-0.02817622944712639,
-0.057478804141283035,
-0.012213805690407753,
0.016332006081938744,
0.028880195692181587,
0.04009085148572922,
0.044525835663080215,
-0.09616172313690186,
0.022474106401205063,
0.006419287994503975,
-0.0043645878322422504,
-0.019499851390719414,
0.02752506174147129,
-0.04579297453165054,
-0.00136283366009593,
0.01300576701760292,
0.055824484676122665,
-0.026504311710596085,
0.015513645485043526,
-0.02250930480659008,
-0.027120281010866165,
-0.007858017459511757,
-0.023794041946530342,
-0.01766074076294899,
-0.029108984395861626,
-0.024797193706035614,
-0.009705928154289722,
-0.003273440757766366,
-0.017449552193284035,
-0.00039240592741407454,
0.03574386239051819,
0.019781438633799553,
-0.012803377583622932,
-0.017414353787899017,
0.030622510239481926,
0.026029134169220924,
-0.02265009842813015,
0.024937987327575684,
-0.004984957631677389,
-0.0010306498734280467,
0.023019680753350258,
-0.021717343479394913,
-0.04871442914009094,
-0.025043582543730736,
-0.03472311049699783,
-0.0014332302380353212,
-0.043153099715709686,
0.08187121897935867,
0.037943754345178604,
-0.04998156800866127,
0.0032382425852119923,
-0.0041907960548996925,
0.0249731857329607,
0.007862417958676815,
0.003295439761132002,
-0.012090612202882767,
0.02785944566130638,
0.026609905064105988,
0.011034663766622543,
0.02951376512646675,
-0.0017720138421282172,
-0.01891908049583435,
0.029478566721081734,
0.05825316533446312,
-0.016112016513943672,
-0.031995244324207306,
-0.05311421677470207,
-0.010937867686152458,
-0.008570782840251923,
-0.011879421770572662,
-0.012627385556697845,
-0.007268446497619152,
0.06462405622005463,
-0.024990784004330635,
-0.005156549159437418,
-0.003933408763259649,
-0.020696593448519707,
-0.03143206983804703,
-0.010119508020579815,
0.055296510457992554,
-0.019499851390719414,
0.03336797654628754,
-0.013648136518895626,
-0.014484095387160778,
-0.034687913954257965,
-0.03389595076441765,
-0.019323859363794327,
0.006032106466591358,
0.0922195166349411,
0.03921089321374893,
-0.023776443675160408,
0.04213235154747963,
0.011245853267610073,
-0.020397407934069633,
0.02222771942615509,
-0.034441523253917694,
-0.09595053642988205,
0.011791426688432693,
-0.023002080619335175,
0.01746715046465397,
0.03130887821316719,
-0.013296153396368027,
-0.03829573839902878,
-0.059414710849523544,
0.10700279474258423,
-0.05543730407953262,
-0.05068553611636162,
0.012372198514640331,
0.027208276093006134,
-0.01038349512964487,
0.05659884586930275,
0.0069868601858615875,
0.03417753800749779,
0.04484261944890022,
0.03514549136161804,
-0.006753671448677778,
0.01250419206917286,
0.007818419486284256,
-0.02808823436498642,
-0.06001308187842369,
-0.010876270942389965,
-0.0620545819401741,
0.06170259788632393,
0.05494452640414238,
0.0034010345116257668,
-0.019024673849344254,
0.07609869539737701,
-0.005306141916662455,
0.017009573057293892,
0.03540947660803795,
0.11650633066892624,
-0.027067484334111214,
0.0011681432370096445,
0.024128425866365433,
0.022861288860440254,
0.022298116236925125,
-0.00309744942933321,
-0.028739402070641518,
-0.014642488211393356,
0.09207872301340103,
-0.05973149463534355,
0.02842261828482151,
0.042730722576379776,
0.06853106617927551,
0.05793638154864311,
0.0006220197537913918,
-0.0014706284273415804,
-0.01920066587626934,
0.04874962940812111,
-0.0512487068772316,
-0.01425530668348074,
-0.01135144755244255,
-0.010066710412502289,
0.0005114751402288675,
-0.01886628195643425,
0.044385042041540146,
-0.02046780474483967,
-0.06919983774423599,
-0.01760794408619404,
-0.04776407778263092,
0.031238481402397156,
0.08102645725011826,
-0.001970004290342331,
0.031414471566677094,
0.029249778017401695,
0.04132279008626938,
0.01995742879807949,
0.03363196551799774,
-0.024198822677135468,
0.031097687780857086,
0.05976669490337372,
0.03850692883133888,
0.007286045700311661,
-0.00950353778898716,
-0.008847969584167004,
-0.03885890915989876,
0.031009690836071968,
0.03741578012704849,
0.013780130073428154,
-0.013340150937438011,
-0.06835507601499557,
0.039457280188798904,
0.03229442983865738,
0.012732980772852898,
0.018074320629239082,
-0.03734538331627846,
0.06057625263929367,
-0.016719186678528786,
-0.07666186988353729,
-0.011087460443377495,
-0.014167310670018196,
-0.06117462366819382,
-0.0112986508756876,
0.013577739708125591,
-0.024410013109445572,
-0.006304893177002668,
0.05040394887328148,
-0.02273809351027012,
0.008047208189964294,
0.004355788230895996,
0.020450204610824585,
0.03049931675195694,
-0.01603282056748867,
-0.039422083646059036,
-0.04723610356450081,
-0.012407396920025349,
0.03069290705025196,
0.04544099047780037,
0.023899637162685394,
0.0014156311517581344,
0.058288365602493286,
-0.046039361506700516,
-0.01763434149324894,
0.03521588817238808,
-0.008210000582039356,
0.043153099715709686,
0.010181104764342308,
-0.008016410283744335,
-0.001042199321091175,
-0.005218146368861198,
-0.021382959559559822,
0.01948225311934948,
-0.041076403111219406,
-0.005495332647114992,
-0.013428146950900555,
0.003660622052848339,
0.044807419180870056,
0.05107271671295166,
-0.007074855733662844,
-0.008073607459664345,
0.047975268214941025,
-0.035303883254528046,
-0.011386645957827568,
-0.022333314642310143,
0.042871516197919846,
0.009415541775524616,
-0.0063180928118526936,
0.04044283181428909,
-0.05948510766029358,
0.019552649930119514,
-0.037943754345178604,
0.00229888828471303,
0.019447054713964462,
-0.008698376826941967,
0.04720090329647064,
-0.002873060293495655,
0.010207503102719784,
-0.00003619511335273273,
-0.04047803208231926,
-0.016138415783643723,
0.013577739708125591,
-0.06958701461553574,
0.013736131601035595,
-0.035867054015398026,
-0.042061954736709595,
0.025518758222460747,
-0.03991485759615898,
0.038753315806388855,
-0.03403674438595772,
0.03607824444770813,
0.029443368315696716,
0.023917237296700478,
-0.008715976029634476,
-0.03892930597066879,
-0.02236851118505001,
0.015689637511968613,
-0.031273677945137024,
-0.014475296251475811,
0.0022295915987342596,
-0.0038674119859933853,
-0.06743992120027542,
-0.03430073335766792,
0.037521373480558395,
-0.001581723103299737,
0.004247993230819702,
0.012354599311947823,
0.03144967183470726,
0.02317807264626026,
-0.04160437732934952,
-0.05966109782457352,
-0.013885724358260632,
0.029161781072616577,
0.0033856353256851435,
-0.05054474249482155,
0.01718556322157383,
0.039598073810338974,
0.07039657980203629,
-0.05614126846194267,
-0.07145252823829651,
-0.027208276093006134,
0.0038608121685683727,
-0.030886497348546982,
-0.013463345356285572,
-0.003764017019420862,
0.03438872843980789,
0.06103383004665375,
0.05304381996393204,
-0.013445746153593063,
-0.028017837554216385,
0.01458969060331583,
0.019781438633799553,
-0.09193792939186096,
-0.02775385044515133,
0.010893870145082474,
-0.008034009486436844,
-0.009917117655277252,
0.028264224529266357,
0.013348951004445553,
0.004588976968079805,
-0.0004537279310170561,
-0.026838693767786026,
0.007000059355050325,
0.030569713562726974,
0.05001676827669144,
-0.029988940805196762,
-0.03590225428342819,
0.008223200216889381,
-0.02657470665872097,
-0.07145252823829651,
-0.016886379569768906,
0.02169974520802498,
-0.01914786919951439,
-0.02312527596950531,
0.023582853376865387,
0.010726678185164928,
0.0026024733670055866,
-0.011791426688432693,
-0.030516915023326874,
-0.025078780949115753,
0.000872807577252388,
-0.008715976029634476,
0.04779927432537079,
-0.022386111319065094,
-0.039175692945718765,
-0.03396634757518768,
-0.0362190380692482,
-0.014748082496225834,
0.026469113305211067,
0.03840133175253868,
0.013340150937438011,
-0.09573934227228165,
-0.06265295296907425,
-0.014836078509688377,
-0.0453001968562603,
0.02331886626780033,
-0.04090040922164917,
-0.020784588530659676,
0.0026618705596774817,
0.01609441637992859,
-0.005301742348819971,
0.004076401703059673,
0.015364052727818489,
0.011536238715052605,
0.014677685685455799,
0.05167108774185181,
0.007259646896272898,
0.0011703430209308863,
-0.005658124573528767,
0.06272334605455399,
0.010409893468022346,
0.016446400433778763,
-0.03030572645366192,
0.015416850335896015,
-0.02354765497148037,
0.04969998449087143,
0.02368844859302044,
-0.001773113734088838,
-0.0302705280482769,
0.03528628498315811,
0.011765027418732643,
-0.013551340438425541,
-0.028880195692181587,
-0.0022900886833667755,
0.018056722357869148,
0.007638028357177973,
-0.02043260633945465,
-0.024269219487905502,
-0.004826565273106098,
-0.0047429692931473255,
-0.01704477146267891,
0.00012642510409932584,
-0.03910529986023903,
0.0010718979174271226,
-0.04093560948967934,
0.02104857563972473,
0.07071336358785629,
-0.04114679992198944,
0.01995742879807949,
-0.009468339383602142,
0.02472679689526558,
-0.013876925222575665,
-0.008839170448482037,
-0.003935608547180891,
0.0023120874539017677,
0.036676615476608276,
-0.02141815796494484,
0.008245198987424374,
0.03419513627886772,
0.0011747428216040134,
-0.028598608449101448,
0.00041605476872064173,
0.08215280622243881,
0.018936678767204285,
-0.015883227810263634,
0.03396634757518768,
0.01595362462103367,
0.02604673244059086,
-0.016244009137153625,
0.00004636961966753006,
0.04339949041604996,
0.013102563098073006,
0.05036874860525131,
-0.028264224529266357,
0.008210000582039356,
-0.013832926750183105,
-0.03106248937547207,
-0.010823473334312439,
-0.05385338142514229,
-0.0009850021451711655,
0.011025863699615002,
-0.009010761976242065,
-0.03461751714348793,
-0.02354765497148037,
-0.015047268010675907,
-0.0038850109558552504,
-0.00905475951731205,
-0.0067360722459852695,
-0.024709198623895645,
0.00568452337756753,
-0.05614126846194267,
-0.0006434686947613955,
-0.11692871153354645,
-0.02620512619614601,
0.04874962940812111,
0.003502229694277048,
0.06631357222795486,
0.009424341842532158,
-0.01673678681254387,
-0.04396266117691994,
0.02449800819158554,
0.008583982475101948,
-0.010788274928927422,
-0.07645068317651749,
-0.01909507066011429,
-0.030763303861021996,
-0.06342731416225433,
0.004399786237627268,
-0.019517451524734497,
0.03977406397461891,
0.009890719316899776,
-0.010436292737722397,
0.008108805865049362,
0.017255960032343864,
-0.0016158213838934898,
0.019799036905169487,
-0.025993935763835907,
-0.08482787758111954,
0.012416196055710316,
-0.02279089204967022,
0.013885724358260632,
0.02326606772840023,
0.028862595558166504,
0.02363565005362034,
0.05269183591008186,
-0.005816516932100058,
0.005130150355398655,
0.0031942445784807205,
0.03153766691684723,
-0.023019680753350258,
-0.020344611257314682,
-0.0038344135973602533,
0.02696188911795616,
-0.00915155466645956,
-0.004214995075017214,
-0.02113657258450985,
0.006942862179130316,
-0.04526499658823013,
0.03970366716384888,
0.007167251314967871,
0.002972055459395051,
0.0158128309994936,
-0.00481336610391736,
0.02175254188477993,
-0.013956121169030666,
0.03445912525057793,
-0.052551042288541794,
-0.020819786936044693,
0.016191212460398674,
0.05399417504668236,
0.010647482238709927,
-0.01349854376167059,
0.006146500818431377,
-0.036817409098148346,
-0.059977881610393524,
0.032030440866947174,
-0.009987514466047287,
-0.034582316875457764,
-0.005587728228420019,
0.012205006554722786,
-0.009098757058382034,
0.015452048741281033,
-0.006489684339612722,
0.0738460049033165,
-0.046039361506700516,
0.03282240405678749,
0.059555504471063614,
-0.021629348397254944,
0.048221655189991,
-0.016551995649933815,
-0.05688043311238289,
-0.007598430383950472,
-0.03181925415992737,
-0.053325407207012177,
0.02439241297543049,
0.01920066587626934,
0.0010603484697639942,
-0.003704619826748967,
-0.026451513171195984,
0.01976383849978447,
-0.04223794490098953,
0.01491527445614338,
-0.00012230030552018434,
0.02601153403520584,
-0.03264641389250755,
-0.02486759051680565,
0.03391354903578758,
-0.0619489885866642,
0.03287520259618759,
0.017053570598363876,
-0.012293001636862755,
0.013868125155568123,
-0.003913609776645899,
-0.011017064563930035,
-0.044420238584280014,
-0.028317023068666458,
-0.013340150937438011,
-0.01905987225472927,
0.00652488274499774,
-0.0271906778216362,
-0.0005681223701685667,
0.019552649930119514,
-0.02770105190575123,
0.020784588530659676,
0.06166740134358406,
0.00545133464038372,
0.025571556761860847,
0.008482787758111954,
0.011571437120437622,
-0.03646542504429817,
-0.03210083767771721,
0.0317840538918972,
-0.04009085148572922,
-0.02979535050690174,
0.016921576112508774,
0.003033652435988188,
0.011061062105000019,
0.0033262381330132484,
-0.012873773463070393,
0.007915214635431767,
0.03518068790435791,
0.011527439579367638,
0.009829121641814709,
0.05480373278260231,
0.03403674438595772,
0.025993935763835907,
-0.026169927790760994,
-0.01744075119495392,
-0.008667577989399433,
-0.014994470402598381,
-0.010656281374394894,
0.03604304790496826,
-0.00019180317758582532,
-0.006010107696056366,
-0.03266401216387749,
0.010876270942389965,
-0.005402937065809965,
-0.017933527007699013,
0.06796789169311523,
-0.0056229266338050365,
-0.03238242492079735,
0.024515608325600624,
0.04808086156845093,
0.007932813838124275,
0.004159997683018446,
-0.029777752235531807,
0.06708793342113495,
0.02382924035191536,
0.007110054139047861,
0.047588083893060684,
0.02865140698850155,
0.022386111319065094,
0.04927760362625122,
-0.025184374302625656,
0.04600416123867035,
-0.007686425931751728,
0.054874129593372345,
-0.008333195000886917,
-0.008671978488564491,
-0.0423787385225296,
0.02486759051680565,
0.053888577967882156,
0.03412473946809769,
-0.04403305798768997,
0.0046505737118422985,
0.029619358479976654,
0.0014497294323518872,
-0.019887031987309456,
0.01575123332440853,
-0.010761876590549946,
-0.036254238337278366,
-0.024005232378840446,
-0.004177596885710955,
-0.05441655218601227,
0.0056493254378438,
0.0026178727857768536,
0.01771353930234909,
0.019640645012259483,
0.012548189610242844,
0.004432784393429756,
-0.015707235783338547,
0.02360045164823532,
-0.019939830526709557,
0.03910529986023903,
-0.0072376481257379055,
0.018936678767204285,
-0.03215363621711731,
-0.01524965837597847,
0.003726618830114603,
0.022403709590435028,
-0.0005175248370505869,
0.0019062072969973087,
0.039598073810338974,
0.03336797654628754,
-0.036993399262428284,
-0.020643796771764755,
0.03190724924206734,
-0.006758071482181549,
0.017423152923583984,
0.04786967113614082,
0.0796889215707779,
-0.023723646998405457,
-0.01668398827314377,
-0.02166454680263996,
0.047412093728780746,
0.0018457102123647928,
-0.013137760572135448,
0.01816231571137905,
0.014730483293533325,
0.0631457269191742,
0.04269552230834961,
-0.04156917706131935,
-0.027771448716521263,
0.04459623247385025,
0.06606718897819519,
-0.02331886626780033,
0.006533682346343994,
0.013313752599060535,
-0.02289648726582527,
0.009996313601732254,
-0.013331351801753044,
-0.003035852452740073,
-0.027648255228996277,
0.005592127796262503,
0.05783078819513321,
-0.006353291217237711,
0.014220108278095722,
0.0348639041185379,
-0.05754920095205307,
-0.034916702657938004,
-0.00950353778898716,
-0.01948225311934948,
0.02761305682361126,
0.02576514706015587,
0.0032580415718257427,
0.046602532267570496,
-0.0294081699103117,
0.006863666232675314,
0.017000773921608925,
0.017959926277399063,
-0.005442535504698753,
0.02974255383014679,
-0.03727498650550842,
0.010665081441402435,
0.02458600327372551,
0.009917117655277252,
0.020731791853904724,
-0.016024021431803703,
0.018074320629239082,
0.013419346883893013,
-0.0011505440343171358,
0.005121350754052401,
0.003016053233295679,
0.036113444715738297,
-0.0004471282591111958,
0.012424996122717857,
0.0817304253578186,
0.010999465361237526,
-0.00992591679096222,
0.02080218866467476,
-0.027736250311136246,
0.012169808149337769,
-0.008293597027659416,
-0.05008716508746147,
-0.0039312089793384075,
0.04642654210329056,
-0.01774873584508896,
0.01370973326265812,
-0.006278494838625193,
0.002265889896079898,
0.022720495238900185,
-0.04663773253560066,
-0.03840133175253868,
0.03896450623869896,
-0.011782626621425152,
-0.008539984934031963,
-0.008218800649046898,
0.05673963949084282,
0.009538736194372177,
-0.03218883275985718,
-0.011421844363212585,
-0.04779927432537079,
0.027648255228996277,
0.009767524898052216,
-0.004485582001507282,
0.019640645012259483,
0.005055353976786137,
0.011853023432195187,
0.02738426811993122,
-0.0009245050605386496,
0.05357179418206215,
-0.006538081914186478,
0.02506118081510067,
-0.05029835179448128,
-0.03320958465337753,
0.0023230870719999075,
0.010172305628657341,
-0.014202509075403214,
-0.0006781170377507806,
-0.07835138589143753,
0.0068680658005177975,
-0.0055305310525000095,
0.03731018677353859,
0.0009476038976572454,
0.00860598124563694,
-0.01035709585994482,
-0.0590275302529335,
0.030376123264431953,
-0.01349854376167059,
-0.008130804635584354,
0.018144717440009117,
-0.007514834403991699,
0.04339949041604996,
-0.04804566502571106,
0.04044283181428909,
0.0018270111177116632,
0.0051521495915949345,
-0.003891610773280263,
-0.02331886626780033,
0.021682145074009895,
-0.022966882213950157,
-0.0128121767193079,
0.0030072536319494247,
0.030147334560751915,
-0.023160474374890327,
0.03451192006468773,
0.0407596193253994,
-0.021770142018795013,
0.021488554775714874,
0.017898328602313995,
-0.008535584434866905,
-0.018232712522149086,
-0.03452952206134796,
-0.025993935763835907,
0.025641953572630882,
-0.024198822677135468,
-0.0174055527895689,
0.017484748736023903,
-0.026873892173171043,
-0.018883882090449333,
0.0234068613499403,
-0.02245650812983513,
0.05153029412031174,
0.052375052124261856,
-0.0174055527895689,
-0.031379275023937225,
0.02104857563972473,
0.037239789962768555,
0.009133955463767052,
0.007180450949817896,
-0.023160474374890327,
0.009380343370139599,
0.012222605757415295,
0.016771983355283737,
-0.010629883036017418,
0.016138415783643723,
-0.02180533856153488,
0.047306500375270844,
0.006612878292798996,
-0.03822534158825874,
0.015636838972568512,
0.0132433557882905,
-0.005561329424381256,
-0.027401866391301155,
-0.03692300245165825,
-0.016578393056988716,
-0.011404245160520077,
-0.03899970278143883,
0.0331391878426075,
0.02506118081510067,
0.013841726817190647,
-0.027296273037791252,
0.0008101105922833085,
0.0363246314227581,
-0.054029371589422226,
0.025501159951090813,
0.0348111055791378,
-0.009248349815607071,
-0.013736131601035595,
0.031097687780857086,
-0.028633806854486465,
0.009565134532749653,
-0.0211893692612648,
-0.07377561181783676,
-0.024814793840050697,
-0.004395386204123497,
0.015196860767900944,
-0.015768833458423615,
-0.010682680644094944,
-0.004386586602777243,
0.00820120144635439,
0.023952435702085495,
0.03190724924206734,
0.02085498534142971,
-0.02620512619614601,
0.0028664604760706425,
-0.008469588123261929,
0.015962423756718636,
-0.0271378792822361,
-0.006181699223816395,
0.056669242680072784,
-0.05079112946987152,
-0.009283548220992088,
0.0017632142407819629,
-0.0022526904940605164,
-0.007602830417454243,
0.02198133058845997,
-0.0422731451690197,
0.022139722481369972,
-0.0528678297996521,
0.0048353648744523525,
0.03563826531171799,
-0.02808823436498642,
0.0010823473567143083,
0.020626196637749672,
0.031097687780857086,
-0.031273677945137024,
0.0249731857329607,
-0.03102729097008705,
-0.03570866212248802,
-0.02511397935450077,
0.010392294265329838,
0.021770142018795013,
0.020626196637749672,
0.013111362233757973,
0.019323859363794327,
-0.017651941627264023,
-0.039598073810338974,
0.033596765249967575,
-0.01158903632313013,
0.0001527550775790587,
0.03822534158825874,
0.017783934250473976,
0.0010839973110705614,
0.04737689718604088,
0.023530054837465286,
0.007765622343868017,
-0.02287888713181019,
0.04156917706131935,
-0.013727332465350628,
-0.020203817635774612,
-0.035726264119148254,
-0.0436810739338398,
-0.03688780590891838,
-0.0064764851704239845,
0.021541351452469826,
0.00887436792254448,
0.033508770167827606,
0.05153029412031174,
-0.039598073810338974,
-0.026785897091031075,
-0.027454664930701256,
-0.02104857563972473,
-0.022667696699500084,
-0.0011813425226137042,
-0.02094298228621483,
0.005292942747473717,
-0.02898579090833664,
0.028105832636356354,
0.050192758440971375,
0.07370521873235703,
0.06377929449081421,
0.013639336451888084,
0.08088566362857819,
-0.051002319902181625,
-0.013401748612523079,
-0.011870622634887695,
0.025166776031255722,
0.045089006423950195,
-0.029196979478001595,
-0.031097687780857086,
0.004958558827638626,
0.006203698460012674,
-0.00936274416744709,
0.0020217017736285925,
0.008707176893949509,
-0.041780367493629456,
0.0318368524312973,
-0.02548355981707573,
0.042202748358249664,
-0.04244913533329964,
-0.004826565273106098,
0.013401748612523079,
0.008148403838276863,
-0.002189993392676115,
-0.05230465531349182,
0.017361555248498917,
-0.005310541484504938,
-0.009010761976242065,
-0.02803543582558632,
-0.049207206815481186,
-0.023917237296700478,
-0.022016528993844986,
-0.019869433715939522,
-0.02770105190575123,
-0.01771353930234909,
-0.03907009959220886,
-0.02236851118505001,
-0.01886628195643425,
-0.014906475320458412,
-0.0019513050792738795,
0.0018545098137110472,
-0.030604911968111992,
-0.00940674263983965,
-0.0256243534386158,
0.04744729399681091,
-0.02601153403520584,
-0.01863749325275421,
0.004217194858938456,
0.0332975797355175,
0.002481479197740555,
-0.04023164138197899,
-0.009688328951597214,
0.009881919249892235,
0.025571556761860847,
-0.006546881515532732,
0.005719721782952547,
0.024005232378840446,
0.0013716332614421844,
0.012495392002165318,
0.023618051782250404,
0.002807063516229391,
0.011228254064917564,
0.015091265551745892,
0.015126463957130909,
-0.06775670498609543,
0.03801415115594864,
0.009089957922697067,
-0.05343100056052208,
-0.007756822742521763,
0.03910529986023903,
-0.016604792326688766,
0.053466200828552246,
-0.013551340438425541,
-0.041639573872089386,
-0.022210119292140007,
-0.013859326019883156,
-0.027489863336086273,
-0.014299304224550724,
0.018760686740279198,
-0.051952674984931946,
-0.03356156870722771,
-0.005160949192941189,
-0.013982519507408142,
0.04698971286416054,
0.010893870145082474,
0.04051322862505913,
-0.011069861240684986,
-0.026979487389326096,
0.011219453997910023,
0.05406457185745239,
-0.018743088468909264,
0.000947053951676935,
0.017810333520174026,
0.006881265435367823,
0.02455080673098564,
-0.0026838695630431175,
-0.028581010177731514,
0.008166003040969372,
0.0011417444329708815,
-0.0348639041185379,
-0.035391878336668015,
0.019517451524734497,
0.001992003060877323
] |
The combination of diverse health data (IoT, EHR, and clinical surveys) and
scalable-adaptable Artificial Intelligence (AI), has enabled the discovery of
physical, behavioral, and psycho-social indicators of pain status. Despite the
hype and promise to fundamentally alter the healthcare system with
technological advancements, much AI adoption in clinical pain evaluation has
been hampered by the heterogeneity of the problem itself and other challenges,
such as personalization and fairness. Studies have revealed that many AI (i.e.,
machine learning or deep learning) models display biases and discriminate
against specific population segments (such as those based on gender or
ethnicity), which breeds skepticism among medical professionals about AI
adaptability. In this paper, we propose a Multi-attribute Fairness Loss (MAFL)
based CNN model that aims to account for any sensitive attributes included in
the data and fairly predict patients' pain status while attempting to minimize
the discrepancies between privileged and unprivileged groups. In order to
determine whether the trade-off between accuracy and fairness can be satisfied,
we compare the proposed model with well-known existing mitigation procedures,
and studies reveal that the implemented model performs favorably in contrast to
state-of-the-art methods. Utilizing NIH All-Of-US data, where a cohort of 868
distinct individuals with wearables and EHR data gathered over 1500 days has
been taken into consideration to analyze our suggested fair pain assessment
system. | [
-0.015226494520902634,
0.03190226852893829,
-0.025289930403232574,
-0.014628666453063488,
0.05949293076992035,
-0.008958360180258751,
-0.029637768864631653,
-0.015933018177747726,
-0.027409501373767853,
0.008745497092604637,
0.008795316331088543,
-0.0813770517706871,
0.02617761492729187,
0.006077916827052832,
-0.0014696602011099458,
0.01732794940471649,
-0.024184854701161385,
-0.01724642887711525,
0.04123200476169586,
-0.04213780537247658,
-0.004128182772547007,
0.012581558898091316,
0.029275448992848396,
-0.05967409163713455,
0.033134154975414276,
0.047645069658756256,
0.020670350641012192,
0.0006176422466523945,
-0.07166688144207001,
0.0523189976811409,
0.0612320676445961,
0.018659476190805435,
-0.029076173901557922,
-0.009003650397062302,
-0.023550795391201973,
-0.07119586318731308,
0.027029065415263176,
0.032590676099061966,
0.056413210928440094,
0.07934806495904922,
0.010933003388345242,
0.022010935470461845,
-0.00035382804344408214,
0.06478279829025269,
0.027952982112765312,
-0.06155815348029137,
-0.014175767078995705,
0.0003170299169141799,
0.040434904396533966,
-0.0006397211109288037,
-0.024909494444727898,
-0.05297117307782173,
0.008206546306610107,
-0.043659549206495285,
-0.024855146184563637,
0.03228270635008812,
0.08775388449430466,
0.008550750091671944,
0.06822483986616135,
-0.0001196646480821073,
-0.01364134531468153,
0.05771756172180176,
-0.020253682509064674,
-0.009746406227350235,
0.00625907676294446,
-0.033713869750499725,
0.019818900153040886,
0.04192041605710983,
0.011929383501410484,
0.0434059277176857,
-0.03443850949406624,
0.025996454060077667,
-0.02791674993932247,
0.026286309584975243,
-0.008564337156713009,
0.0205435398966074,
0.02394934743642807,
0.02954718843102455,
0.011721049435436726,
-0.011585179716348648,
0.042572591453790665,
0.051521893590688705,
-0.0010348762152716517,
0.023550795391201973,
0.05496393144130707,
-0.015516350045800209,
0.034257348626852036,
-0.0724639818072319,
-0.02617761492729187,
0.003432981204241514,
-0.04514506086707115,
0.05047116428613663,
-0.031992848962545395,
0.004741861950606108,
0.04550738260149956,
-0.010208363644778728,
-0.006435707677155733,
0.0035507353022694588,
-0.027427617460489273,
-0.04402187094092369,
0.03563416376709938,
0.011829745024442673,
-0.021449338644742966,
-0.01450185477733612,
0.006888607516884804,
-0.07492776215076447,
-0.03336966410279274,
0.015498234890401363,
0.011014525778591633,
0.16260917484760284,
-0.04213780537247658,
-0.0024433948565274477,
-0.0432247668504715,
-0.013822505250573158,
-0.009664883837103844,
-0.012373224832117558,
-0.027373269200325012,
-0.06547120958566666,
0.04800738766789436,
-0.0036549021024256945,
0.0017968803877010942,
0.028568925336003304,
-0.02498195879161358,
0.03224647417664528,
-0.03545300289988518,
0.06217409670352936,
-0.005865053739398718,
-0.040434904396533966,
0.02679355815052986,
0.0063179535791277885,
0.014139534905552864,
0.05880452319979668,
-0.02398557774722576,
0.02059788815677166,
0.019655855372548103,
0.0467030368745327,
0.03242763131856918,
-0.0133696049451828,
0.014365985058248043,
-0.01730983331799507,
-0.0021716549526900053,
-0.015054392628371716,
-0.03742764890193939,
0.005307986866682768,
-0.012581558898091316,
0.0113859036937356,
-0.002719663782045245,
0.04275374859571457,
-0.0016361009329557419,
0.00023621560831088573,
-0.07184804230928421,
0.05007261410355568,
0.03164864331483841,
0.0036684891674667597,
0.04771753400564194,
-0.06173931434750557,
0.06054365634918213,
-0.010914887301623821,
-0.011503657326102257,
0.017047151923179626,
0.04887695610523224,
-0.025887757539749146,
0.003485064720734954,
0.07144948840141296,
0.028260953724384308,
0.03793489560484886,
-0.013686634600162506,
0.020978324115276337,
-0.008170314133167267,
0.0598914809525013,
-0.01139496173709631,
-0.00501360185444355,
-0.008750026114284992,
0.008686619810760021,
0.017527226358652115,
0.06728281080722809,
0.08065241575241089,
0.009076113812625408,
-0.04605086147785187,
0.01620475761592388,
0.0013507739640772343,
0.05137696489691734,
0.017962010577321053,
-0.02338775061070919,
0.06876832246780396,
-0.009556188248097897,
0.05521755665540695,
0.010996409691870213,
-0.0032586148008704185,
-0.019257303327322006,
0.026847906410694122,
0.01769932731986046,
0.018152227625250816,
0.004504089243710041,
-0.014791710302233696,
-0.015407654456794262,
0.029927624389529228,
-0.05739147588610649,
0.024800797924399376,
0.002923468826338649,
-0.034692130982875824,
-0.010606915690004826,
-0.009710174053907394,
-0.019764551892876625,
0.04021751135587692,
0.008487343788146973,
0.05608712136745453,
-0.04380447790026665,
0.03271748870611191,
0.0244203619658947,
-0.050253771245479584,
0.04336969554424286,
-0.02663051337003708,
-0.02663051337003708,
-0.010507277213037014,
-0.02617761492729187,
0.008396764285862446,
-0.007572486065328121,
-0.008718322962522507,
0.003317491849884391,
-0.010425755754113197,
0.038224752992391586,
0.015842437744140625,
-0.009855101816356182,
0.01000002957880497,
-0.012318877503275871,
0.029329797253012657,
-0.0063994755037128925,
-0.011213801801204681,
-0.013795331120491028,
-0.01605983078479767,
-0.036376919597387314,
0.04673926904797554,
-0.009900392033159733,
0.02882254868745804,
-0.019818900153040886,
0.01678447052836418,
-0.07213789224624634,
-0.019818900153040886,
0.007567957043647766,
-0.044891439378261566,
-0.017110558226704597,
-0.03505445271730423,
-0.02994574047625065,
0.06923933327198029,
-0.003072925843298435,
-0.03445662558078766,
0.07826109975576401,
0.03494575619697571,
0.044782742857933044,
-0.002047107554972172,
-0.03184792026877403,
0.003562057623639703,
0.04673926904797554,
-0.021992819383740425,
-0.01086959708482027,
0.02273557521402836,
-0.0637320727109909,
0.0798553079366684,
-0.021485570818185806,
0.041521862149238586,
-0.01677541248500347,
0.008559808135032654,
0.04275374859571457,
-0.0015659014461562037,
-0.006431178655475378,
0.05612335354089737,
0.008401293307542801,
0.0713045597076416,
-0.04380447790026665,
-0.019909478724002838,
0.01726454496383667,
-0.0027966569177806377,
-0.005697480868548155,
0.0266486294567585,
-0.03523561358451843,
0.001691581099294126,
-0.012110543437302113,
0.04684796556830406,
0.012056195177137852,
-0.013125038705766201,
-0.025271814316511154,
0.0401088148355484,
-0.025253698229789734,
-0.022681226953864098,
-0.04550738260149956,
-0.016956571489572525,
-0.01617758348584175,
-0.06362337619066238,
-0.04130446910858154,
-0.024347897619009018,
-0.03768127039074898,
-0.029366029426455498,
-0.012934820726513863,
0.0071195862255990505,
0.03579720854759216,
0.008550750091671944,
-0.009664883837103844,
0.000863340450450778,
0.011250033043324947,
-0.04231896623969078,
-0.004375013057142496,
-0.005249109584838152,
0.047572605311870575,
0.009134991094470024,
0.0044791800901293755,
0.05626828223466873,
0.05079725384712219,
-0.05572480335831642,
-0.04065229371190071,
-0.012536268681287766,
0.04351462051272392,
-0.012137717567384243,
-0.044565349817276,
0.006322482600808144,
0.0612320676445961,
0.039203014224767685,
-0.019347883760929108,
-0.0017493258928880095,
-0.021829774603247643,
-0.015480118803679943,
0.009171223267912865,
-0.08768142014741898,
0.09405825287103653,
-0.07521761208772659,
-0.06177554652094841,
-0.04775376617908478,
0.02119571529328823,
-0.014248230494558811,
-0.05492769926786423,
-0.04797115549445152,
0.035942137241363525,
-0.01560693047940731,
-0.01723737083375454,
0.006802556570619345,
0.0010694098891690373,
-0.06163061782717705,
-0.01252721156924963,
-0.028061676770448685,
-0.02672109380364418,
0.0038972035981714725,
-0.024094274267554283,
-0.07862342149019241,
0.017418529838323593,
0.040434904396533966,
0.015878669917583466,
-0.02329717017710209,
0.018541721627116203,
0.02557978592813015,
0.01447468064725399,
0.0010852613486349583,
-0.00665762834250927,
-0.016431208699941635,
0.01309786457568407,
0.006825201213359833,
-0.021811658516526222,
0.01558881439268589,
-0.008238249458372593,
-0.022518182173371315,
-0.008152198046445847,
0.014311636798083782,
-0.01949281245470047,
-0.036974746733903885,
0.00780799426138401,
-0.0713045597076416,
-0.05438422039151192,
0.023822534829378128,
0.009221041575074196,
0.03514503315091133,
-0.011730107478797436,
-0.02103267051279545,
0.03130444139242172,
0.04398563876748085,
-0.022989198565483093,
-0.023206591606140137,
0.0200544074177742,
0.020163103938102722,
-0.016032656654715538,
-0.03382256254553795,
0.04565231129527092,
-0.08130458742380142,
0.02565225027501583,
-0.027989214286208153,
0.03675735741853714,
0.004458799492567778,
0.011875035241246223,
0.07365963608026505,
-0.00446559302508831,
0.03545300289988518,
0.04739144444465637,
0.006218315567821264,
-0.014583376236259937,
0.014021780341863632,
-0.06724657863378525,
0.0354711189866066,
-0.03273560479283333,
0.03347836062312126,
0.028786316514015198,
0.01679352857172489,
-0.031956616789102554,
-0.014891348779201508,
0.0015568434027954936,
-0.006616867613047361,
-0.0027558959554880857,
-0.006530816666781902,
0.016322512179613113,
-0.041521862149238586,
-0.013695692643523216,
0.010760901495814323,
0.009021765552461147,
-0.04112331196665764,
0.011567063629627228,
-0.00830165483057499,
-0.027119645848870277,
-0.02342398278415203,
0.0012522682081907988,
-0.03224647417664528,
-0.026521818712353706,
0.020760931074619293,
-0.002325640991330147,
-0.03407618775963783,
0.06307990103960037,
0.06793498247861862,
-0.03902185335755348,
-0.002026726957410574,
-0.0036096121184527874,
-0.03396749123930931,
-0.01552540808916092,
0.025996454060077667,
-0.0032382342033088207,
0.023170359432697296,
-0.007984625175595284,
0.008999121375381947,
-0.016005482524633408,
0.014519970864057541,
0.02061600238084793,
0.03398560732603073,
0.028025446459650993,
-0.008682090789079666,
-0.020978324115276337,
-0.006734621245414019,
0.02222832664847374,
-0.025217466056346893,
0.01900367997586727,
-0.07449297606945038,
-0.043188534677028656,
0.043116070330142975,
-0.04913058131933212,
-0.03300734609365463,
-0.0468841977417469,
-0.0424276627600193,
0.04630448669195175,
-0.05119580402970314,
-0.043188534677028656,
-0.011449309065937996,
0.017654037103056908,
0.03012690134346485,
-0.05159435793757439,
0.047645069658756256,
-0.05894945189356804,
-0.01943846419453621,
0.08804374188184738,
0.019221071153879166,
0.04130446910858154,
-0.06014510616660118,
0.044565349817276,
-0.020724698901176453,
-0.05391320213675499,
0.013994607143104076,
0.054746538400650024,
-0.032010965049266815,
0.0031770928762853146,
-0.02728269062936306,
-0.03775373473763466,
0.018451141193509102,
0.009465607814490795,
0.018786286935210228,
-0.03775373473763466,
0.02726457454264164,
-0.012128659524023533,
0.03617764264345169,
-0.010199305601418018,
-0.005824292544275522,
-0.02333340235054493,
0.015081566758453846,
0.015317074954509735,
-0.03610517829656601,
0.008460169658064842,
-0.006268134340643883,
-0.028768202289938927,
0.000979962176643312,
-0.04960159584879875,
-0.009474665857851505,
-0.023043546825647354,
-0.028496460989117622,
-0.016521789133548737,
-0.0007840829202905297,
-0.007767233066260815,
0.03494575619697571,
-0.01898556388914585,
0.05054362863302231,
-0.02501819096505642,
-0.050942178815603256,
0.012373224832117558,
-0.00859151128679514,
-0.014166709035634995,
-0.00977357942610979,
0.018170343711972237,
0.0009425979224033654,
-0.00839223526418209,
0.055905964225530624,
0.019710203632712364,
-0.02110513485968113,
-0.02389499917626381,
-0.019601507112383842,
0.04181171953678131,
0.022518182173371315,
0.012309819459915161,
0.02894936129450798,
0.019782667979598045,
0.0008146537002176046,
0.05235522985458374,
-0.012400398962199688,
0.04155809432268143,
-0.02775370515882969,
0.017119616270065308,
0.024601522833108902,
0.02606891840696335,
0.00026636174879968166,
-0.013786273077130318,
-0.0021852420177310705,
0.0010014749132096767,
-0.011567063629627228,
-0.025815293192863464,
-0.0024592464324086905,
-0.006893136538565159,
0.01028082799166441,
0.002273557474836707,
-0.014148592948913574,
-0.03402183949947357,
-0.024637755006551743,
0.027083413675427437,
0.028568925336003304,
0.0013507739640772343,
-0.03396749123930931,
0.04851463809609413,
0.021558035165071487,
-0.05797118693590164,
0.00805256050080061,
-0.028007330372929573,
0.019239187240600586,
0.011023583821952343,
0.0008871176978573203,
-0.022626878693699837,
-0.006571577396243811,
-0.04876825958490372,
0.052065372467041016,
-0.00557972677052021,
-0.03561604768037796,
-0.01338772103190422,
-0.007961980067193508,
-0.03628633916378021,
-0.034311696887016296,
0.03112328052520752,
-0.013804389163851738,
-0.05242769047617912,
0.0017764997901394963,
0.07358717173337936,
0.03228270635008812,
0.0011084724683314562,
-0.024945726618170738,
-0.0655074417591095,
-0.013079749420285225,
-0.004463328514248133,
0.00007274704694282264,
0.00721469521522522,
0.03340589627623558,
-0.03242763131856918,
-0.011141337454319,
0.010570683516561985,
-0.017472878098487854,
0.03242763131856918,
0.0036730181891471148,
0.031032700091600418,
0.026992833241820335,
0.020362379029393196,
0.02548920549452305,
-0.04416679963469505,
-0.025380510836839676,
-0.024076158180832863,
-0.009003650397062302,
0.05963785946369171,
-0.030942121520638466,
0.01729171723127365,
-0.043079838156700134,
0.02835153415799141,
0.0355616994202137,
0.03630445525050163,
0.04898565262556076,
-0.09217418730258942,
-0.005000014789402485,
0.01332431472837925,
0.06311613321304321,
0.042645055800676346,
0.00221920944750309,
0.03724648803472519,
0.028460228815674782,
0.020489191636443138,
-0.009538072161376476,
0.00402175122871995,
0.05467407405376434,
-0.013577939011156559,
0.011032641865313053,
-0.03659431263804436,
0.02670297771692276,
-0.0005853731418028474,
0.04666680470108986,
-0.006281721405684948,
-0.027391385287046432,
0.02164861559867859,
0.015253668650984764,
-0.021594267338514328,
0.0681886076927185,
0.013677576556801796,
0.015905844047665596,
-0.012644965201616287,
-0.00996379740536213,
-0.027373269200325012,
0.0032857886981219053,
-0.03222835808992386,
-0.04735521227121353,
-0.03067038021981716,
0.029891394078731537,
0.0033763686660677195,
0.007862342521548271,
0.003247292246669531,
0.004476915579289198,
0.030815308913588524,
0.02949284203350544,
-0.002343757078051567,
0.010235537774860859,
0.042536359280347824,
-0.005471030715852976,
0.052500154823064804,
0.0044497414492070675,
0.04065229371190071,
-0.011014525778591633,
0.011222859844565392,
0.04728274792432785,
-0.00834694504737854,
0.00016955440514720976,
0.0037794497329741716,
0.03608706220984459,
0.0377899669110775,
-0.014529028907418251,
-0.0272283423691988,
-0.004345574416220188,
0.009737348183989525,
0.025416743010282516,
0.004298020154237747,
0.018550779670476913,
0.03525372967123985,
0.003933435771614313,
0.011032641865313053,
-0.00513588497415185,
0.01894933171570301,
0.008881366811692715,
0.021811658516526222,
0.01774461753666401,
0.02663051337003708,
-0.0266486294567585,
-0.06829730421304703,
-0.0534784197807312,
0.023188475519418716,
0.04463781416416168,
-0.03173922374844551,
0.0183152724057436,
0.03541677072644234,
-0.003494122764095664,
-0.03836967796087265,
-0.02384065091609955,
-0.01566127873957157,
-0.036521848291158676,
-0.024728333577513695,
0.010788075625896454,
0.006268134340643883,
0.027481965720653534,
0.03603271394968033,
-0.007495493162423372,
-0.025253698229789734,
-0.003346930257976055,
-0.016856934875249863,
0.019891362637281418,
0.03485517576336861,
0.036974746733903885,
0.028188489377498627,
-0.01894933171570301,
-0.024855146184563637,
0.01830621436238289,
-0.007468319498002529,
-0.005937517620623112,
0.0025203879922628403,
0.008519046939909458,
-0.008754555135965347,
-0.005493675824254751,
0.03010878525674343,
0.023623257875442505,
0.0032676728442311287,
-0.05083348602056503,
-0.005819763522595167,
-0.0018919892609119415,
0.039130549877882004,
-0.02771747298538685,
0.05221030116081238,
0.00014004514378029853,
0.004692042712122202,
0.01000002957880497,
-0.01772650144994259,
0.018641360104084015,
0.018768170848488808,
0.01610512100160122,
0.03384067863225937,
-0.03065226413309574,
-0.060326267033815384,
-0.005009072832763195,
0.0024456593673676252,
-0.013786273077130318,
0.013523590750992298,
-0.00513588497415185,
0.013876852579414845,
0.024855146184563637,
-0.002538503846153617,
-0.03157617896795273,
0.014311636798083782,
-0.007640421390533447,
0.009547130204737186,
0.054819002747535706,
0.023804418742656708,
0.03001820482313633,
0.023532679304480553,
0.0015557111473754048,
-0.04793492332100868,
0.01952904276549816,
-0.015380480326712132,
0.01115945354104042,
0.0389493927359581,
0.006576106417924166,
0.03170299157500267,
-0.040434904396533966,
-0.034130536019802094,
0.0183152724057436,
-0.037047211080789566,
0.09094230085611343,
-0.03210154548287392,
-0.016041714698076248,
-0.013822505250573158,
0.006820672657340765,
0.0025135944597423077,
-0.05043493211269379,
-0.03336966410279274,
-0.05608712136745453,
0.034275464713573456,
0.0035326192155480385,
0.018804403021931648,
0.05637697875499725,
0.032608792185783386,
-0.04612332582473755,
0.016893167048692703,
-0.0008191826636902988,
-0.016539903357625008,
-0.01902179606258869,
-0.004248200915753841,
0.05992771312594414,
-0.04510882869362831,
-0.015217436477541924,
-0.009519956074655056,
0.02663051337003708,
-0.007554370444267988,
0.007436616346240044,
-0.0017912191106006503,
0.012445689179003239,
0.011422134935855865,
-0.03657619655132294,
0.03786243125796318,
-0.009719232097268105,
0.006186612416058779,
-0.009080642834305763,
-0.03938417509198189,
-0.030489221215248108,
0.02052542380988598,
-0.015996424481272697,
-0.01336054690182209,
-0.005951104685664177,
-0.03215589374303818,
0.0069565423764288425,
-0.0020833394955843687,
-0.014547144994139671,
0.02548920549452305,
-0.0035688511561602354,
-0.036431267857551575,
0.02784428559243679,
0.009746406227350235,
0.04405810311436653,
-0.010715611279010773,
-0.053152330219745636,
-0.026395006105303764,
-0.029130522161722183,
0.005788060836493969,
-0.020887743681669235,
-0.034148652106523514,
0.011911267414689064,
-0.004300284665077925,
0.01108698919415474,
-0.025416743010282516,
-0.000546876632142812,
-0.020797163248062134,
-0.03052545338869095,
0.05112333968281746,
-0.025326162576675415,
-0.05402189865708351,
-0.002515858970582485,
-0.06659439951181412,
-0.0015715626068413258,
-0.01198373083025217,
-0.026340657845139503,
-0.0289674773812294,
0.004080628044903278,
0.026576165109872818,
0.03123197704553604,
-0.008790787309408188,
0.004764507059007883,
-0.028242837637662888,
-0.033097922801971436,
-0.011657643131911755,
-0.030326176434755325,
0.009261802770197392,
0.04293490946292877,
0.044818975031375885,
-0.007527196314185858,
0.006308895535767078,
-0.0072645144537091255,
0.020235568284988403,
-0.03389502689242363,
0.002882707864046097,
0.0311957448720932,
0.011431192979216576,
0.00368660525418818,
0.008731910027563572,
0.028695737943053246,
0.006245489697903395,
-0.003743217559531331,
0.029692117124795914,
0.00916669424623251,
-0.008763613179326057,
0.027409501373767853,
0.01889498345553875,
0.06840600073337555,
0.007549841422587633,
-0.024619638919830322,
-0.01947469636797905,
-0.015054392628371716,
-0.04547115042805672,
0.0028079794719815254,
-0.019202955067157745,
0.018061647191643715,
-0.03125009313225746,
-0.014583376236259937,
-0.04949289932847023,
-0.021250063553452492,
-0.047029126435518265,
-0.01896744780242443,
-0.012898589484393597,
0.027065297588706017,
0.03905808553099632,
0.02677544206380844,
-0.014039896428585052,
-0.009565245360136032,
0.034148652106523514,
0.045905932784080505,
-0.0036707536783069372,
0.023605141788721085,
-0.0074275583028793335,
0.007599660195410252,
0.024891378358006477,
-0.006793498527258635,
-0.0311051644384861,
-0.007418500259518623,
-0.013541706837713718,
-0.03336966410279274,
-0.027445733547210693,
-0.014402216300368309,
0.004968311637639999,
0.04630448669195175,
0.02548920549452305,
0.05333349108695984,
0.015951134264469147,
0.011965615674853325,
0.02775370515882969,
0.00998191349208355,
-0.013188445009291172,
0.012989168986678123,
-0.053297258913517,
-0.04641318321228027,
-0.02177542634308338,
-0.002434337045997381,
0.005520849954336882,
0.007980096153914928,
-0.015842437744140625,
0.005575197748839855,
-0.029148638248443604,
-0.014800768345594406,
-0.021304411813616753,
-0.009302563965320587,
-0.002299599116668105,
0.0422465018928051,
-0.009008178487420082,
-0.015860553830862045,
0.00780799426138401,
0.009737348183989525,
-0.02108701877295971,
0.013750040903687477,
0.020942091941833496,
0.024873262271285057,
0.015163088217377663,
-0.002229399746283889,
-0.004080628044903278,
0.010208363644778728,
0.007717414293438196,
-0.0077536460012197495,
-0.009375028312206268,
-0.000006713887160003651,
0.0344022773206234,
0.031413137912750244,
0.009864159859716892,
0.043188534677028656,
0.02784428559243679,
0.0024841558188199997,
-0.0034510972909629345,
-0.0501813068985939,
-0.00838317722082138,
0.01086959708482027,
0.03487329185009003,
-0.035851556807756424,
0.04025374352931976,
0.010407639667391777,
-0.048659563064575195,
0.038731999695301056,
0.0026019099168479443,
0.05789872258901596,
0.024202970787882805,
-0.019076144322752953,
0.02612326666712761,
0.03219212591648102,
0.0024026338942348957,
-0.04797115549445152,
-0.025942105799913406,
-0.028206605464220047,
-0.010652205906808376,
0.006567048374563456,
0.01619569957256317,
-0.008935715071856976,
-0.019746435806155205,
-0.01838773488998413,
-0.010960177518427372,
-0.017980126664042473,
0.010126841254532337,
0.004112331196665764,
-0.021920355036854744,
-0.020181220024824142,
-0.01612323708832264,
0.018532663583755493,
-0.03269937261939049,
0.003641315270215273,
0.02721022628247738,
0.00802538637071848,
-0.011340613476932049,
-0.007336978334933519,
-0.008451111614704132,
-0.04800738766789436,
0.017654037103056908,
0.006345127709209919,
-0.040326207876205444,
0.028713854029774666,
-0.03621387481689453,
-0.02103267051279545,
0.010588799603283405,
0.02947472594678402,
-0.02949284203350544,
-0.061376992613077164,
0.03329719975590706,
0.005557081662118435,
-0.02503630705177784,
0.020760931074619293,
-0.029710233211517334,
-0.02217397838830948,
0.01116851158440113,
0.005480088759213686,
-0.01729171723127365,
0.024746449664235115,
0.02344209887087345,
-0.024021809920668602,
0.046449411660432816,
0.023804418742656708,
0.05061609297990799,
0.0044542704708874226,
0.04282621294260025,
0.038079824298620224,
-0.010960177518427372,
-0.01718302257359028,
0.014175767078995705,
0.05804365128278732,
-0.013433011248707771,
0.0011967879254370928,
0.028097908943891525,
-0.029601536691188812,
0.04626825451850891,
-0.042029108852148056,
-0.01086959708482027,
-0.018677592277526855,
-0.058768291026353836,
0.031992848962545395,
-0.013423953205347061,
0.053152330219745636,
-0.034311696887016296
] |
Muscle force and joint kinematics estimation from surface electromyography
(sEMG) are essential for real-time biomechanical analysis of the dynamic
interplay among neural muscle stimulation, muscle dynamics, and kinetics.
Recent advances in deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown the potential to
improve biomechanical analysis in a fully automated and reproducible manner.
However, the small sample nature and physical interpretability of biomechanical
analysis limit the applications of DNNs. This paper presents a novel
physics-informed low-shot learning method for sEMG-based estimation of muscle
force and joint kinematics. This method seamlessly integrates Lagrange's
equation of motion and inverse dynamic muscle model into the generative
adversarial network (GAN) framework for structured feature decoding and
extrapolated estimation from the small sample data. Specifically, Lagrange's
equation of motion is introduced into the generative model to restrain the
structured decoding of the high-level features following the laws of physics.
And a physics-informed policy gradient is designed to improve the adversarial
learning efficiency by rewarding the consistent physical representation of the
extrapolated estimations and the physical references. Experimental validations
are conducted on two scenarios (i.e. the walking trials and wrist motion
trials). Results indicate that the estimations of the muscle forces and joint
kinematics are unbiased compared to the physics-based inverse dynamics, which
outperforms the selected benchmark methods, including physics-informed
convolution neural network (PI-CNN), vallina generative adversarial network
(GAN), and multi-layer extreme learning machine (ML-ELM). | [
0.024675633758306503,
0.017791682854294777,
-0.02547506056725979,
-0.03965155780315399,
0.013146125711500645,
0.026381077244877815,
0.052975334227085114,
0.028424056246876717,
-0.058482494205236435,
0.05585326999425888,
0.04132147133350372,
-0.025528354570269585,
0.08349566161632538,
-0.002793551655486226,
0.03179941326379776,
0.04416387900710106,
-0.00610673101618886,
-0.010010597296059132,
0.02234841324388981,
-0.0540057048201561,
0.023663027212023735,
-0.020092254504561424,
-0.0037484224885702133,
-0.005502719432115555,
0.026967322453856468,
0.030857866629958153,
0.042174194008111954,
0.01634383201599121,
-0.01973695307970047,
0.06722289323806763,
0.06271057575941086,
0.01950600929558277,
-0.0440928153693676,
0.01991460472345352,
0.011902573518455029,
0.02320113591849804,
0.025368470698595047,
0.029880788177251816,
-0.03071574494242668,
0.008602717891335487,
-0.006275498773902655,
-0.011218619532883167,
0.006408736575394869,
-0.00995730236172676,
0.015162457711994648,
-0.009602001868188381,
-0.014798274263739586,
0.03583207726478577,
0.04590485244989395,
0.018475636839866638,
0.007723349146544933,
0.03268766403198242,
0.0026247838977724314,
0.0020640750881284475,
-0.021922053769230843,
-0.0006301035755313933,
0.0979919359087944,
0.026985088363289833,
0.035654425621032715,
-0.01437191292643547,
0.011014321818947792,
0.017747269943356514,
-0.03577877953648567,
-0.0187243465334177,
0.0010575747583061457,
-0.09024637937545776,
0.05741659179329872,
-0.002025214023888111,
0.03251001238822937,
-0.016263889148831367,
-0.037555284798145294,
-0.007847703993320465,
-0.0026802995707839727,
-0.006759596057236195,
-0.002258380176499486,
0.03656044229865074,
0.015988532453775406,
0.06317246705293655,
0.0166813675314188,
0.021282512694597244,
0.03652491047978401,
0.11042746156454086,
-0.06249739229679108,
-0.0026225633919239044,
0.10524006932973862,
0.033824626356363297,
0.02357420139014721,
-0.05834037438035011,
-0.0049209147691726685,
0.006541974376887083,
0.0038083794061094522,
0.05567561835050583,
-0.002791331149637699,
-0.016796840354800224,
-0.03112434223294258,
0.035316888242959976,
-0.00037500879261642694,
-0.033646974712610245,
0.00529842171818018,
0.0073058707639575005,
0.022774774581193924,
0.01991460472345352,
-0.02238394506275654,
0.0039038665127009153,
0.012506584636867046,
-0.01868881657719612,
-0.006990541238337755,
0.008149709552526474,
0.011422917246818542,
0.1263449341058731,
-0.03469511494040489,
-0.03634726256132126,
0.012142401188611984,
0.01299512293189764,
-0.02197534777224064,
-0.0022395048290491104,
-0.04906702786684036,
-0.07980053871870041,
0.08242975920438766,
-0.020021194592118263,
0.05656387284398079,
0.07095354795455933,
0.009415468201041222,
-0.0033220616169273853,
-0.03780399635434151,
0.056990232318639755,
-0.0333627350628376,
-0.03624067083001137,
0.05976157635450363,
0.0366315022110939,
0.004239181522279978,
0.01576646789908409,
0.004017118364572525,
0.030893396586179733,
-0.00014947610907256603,
0.0018009304767474532,
0.004645556677132845,
-0.03741316497325897,
0.03734210506081581,
-0.045336369425058365,
-0.021389102563261986,
-0.028992537409067154,
-0.011351857334375381,
-0.004596702754497528,
0.00496088620275259,
-0.01496704202145338,
-0.0564572811126709,
0.03425098583102226,
-0.021087097004055977,
-0.030289385467767715,
-0.04647333174943924,
0.039225198328495026,
0.0011030976893380284,
0.03448193147778511,
0.04171230271458626,
-0.000387499836506322,
-0.027287093922495842,
-0.04366645589470863,
0.023467611521482468,
-0.011085381731390953,
0.03936731815338135,
0.013776784762740135,
-0.040539808571338654,
0.06370541453361511,
0.011076499707996845,
0.002804654883220792,
0.03510370850563049,
0.0005287873791530728,
-0.029543252661824226,
0.04039768874645233,
-0.029223483055830002,
-0.034055572003126144,
-0.013341541402041912,
-0.02259712480008602,
-0.028139814734458923,
0.021584518253803253,
0.0695323497056961,
-0.013643546961247921,
-0.021158156916499138,
0.018022628501057625,
-0.053224045783281326,
-0.025386234745383263,
0.026558727025985718,
0.03473064303398132,
0.041534651070833206,
0.04267161339521408,
0.03529912605881691,
0.016246125102043152,
0.030928926542401314,
-0.01573093794286251,
0.05663493275642395,
-0.007230369374155998,
0.049990810453891754,
-0.02048308588564396,
0.00971747376024723,
0.028068754822015762,
0.008691543713212013,
-0.032936375588178635,
0.012853003107011318,
0.015428933314979076,
-0.04419940710067749,
-0.04963550716638565,
-0.004412390757352114,
-0.013936669565737247,
0.016290538012981415,
-0.026043541729450226,
0.02479998953640461,
-0.050772469490766525,
0.028317466378211975,
-0.05556903034448624,
-0.0048054419457912445,
0.040042389184236526,
-0.0943678691983223,
-0.07368936389684677,
-0.050061870366334915,
-0.016965609043836594,
0.04256502538919449,
0.03737763315439224,
0.0008993549272418022,
-0.0370933935046196,
-0.05059482157230377,
0.026896262541413307,
0.07631859183311462,
-0.018901998177170753,
-0.032456718385219574,
0.04046874865889549,
-0.02588365599513054,
0.006182232405990362,
-0.02126474678516388,
0.043844107538461685,
0.013732371851801872,
-0.018528930842876434,
0.05059482157230377,
-0.035210300236940384,
-0.025030935183167458,
0.01027707289904356,
-0.0020174419041723013,
-0.028832651674747467,
-0.00434799212962389,
0.013137243688106537,
-0.0024782223626971245,
-0.014842687174677849,
-0.0004518980858847499,
0.04814324527978897,
0.024746693670749664,
-0.007399137131869793,
0.025830360129475594,
0.0671873614192009,
0.03426875174045563,
-0.0009082374162971973,
-0.05787848308682442,
-0.029916318133473396,
0.016672484576702118,
-0.014043260365724564,
-0.05031057819724083,
0.04977762699127197,
0.04174783080816269,
-0.043879635632038116,
0.0449100099503994,
-0.016015179455280304,
0.018635522574186325,
0.025901421904563904,
0.00500973965972662,
0.006359882652759552,
0.0008016471983864903,
-0.021175920963287354,
0.07518162578344345,
0.027748985216021538,
0.0214068666100502,
-0.016619190573692322,
-0.043062444776296616,
0.005476071964949369,
-0.017045551910996437,
-0.03187047317624092,
-0.05649281293153763,
-0.034943822771310806,
0.022543828934431076,
-0.034837234765291214,
0.0692836344242096,
-0.007168191485106945,
0.018049275502562523,
0.006617475766688585,
0.04718393459916115,
0.013838962651789188,
-0.007807733025401831,
-0.040610868483781815,
-0.04100169986486435,
-0.0031199841760098934,
-0.04469682648777962,
0.01562434807419777,
-0.0058446964249014854,
0.020944977179169655,
-0.04185442253947258,
0.007749996613711119,
0.03950943797826767,
0.005356158129870892,
-0.06857303529977798,
0.0016599204391241074,
0.011946986429393291,
-0.023858442902565002,
-0.02643437124788761,
0.008225210942327976,
-0.01396331749856472,
-0.0032643252052366734,
-0.0017665106570348144,
0.014682801440358162,
0.022028643637895584,
0.05134095251560211,
-0.018493400886654854,
-0.011893690563738346,
0.05656387284398079,
-0.01891976222395897,
-0.03958049789071083,
-0.020571909844875336,
-0.0031377493869513273,
0.005791401490569115,
0.03489052876830101,
0.02558165043592453,
-0.03242119029164314,
-0.016352714970707893,
0.009353291243314743,
0.02684296853840351,
-0.0794452354311943,
0.023218899965286255,
0.06128937005996704,
-0.018351281061768532,
0.012533232569694519,
0.021531222388148308,
-0.021886523813009262,
-0.031301990151405334,
-0.004423493519425392,
-0.025297410786151886,
-0.050097398459911346,
-0.024213742464780807,
-0.04125041142106056,
0.0610051304101944,
-0.045407429337501526,
0.010490253567695618,
-0.0366315022110939,
-0.011822630651295185,
0.0004352433606982231,
-0.004454582463949919,
-0.023858442902565002,
-0.012275638990104198,
0.005973493214696646,
-0.021833227947354317,
-0.05635068938136101,
0.03467734903097153,
-0.022312883287668228,
0.0019197340589016676,
0.0009876248659566045,
-0.027393683791160583,
-0.000675626506563276,
-0.04480341821908951,
-0.0009415468666702509,
-0.08463262766599655,
0.004725499544292688,
0.00966417882591486,
-0.02881488762795925,
0.027660159394145012,
0.012559879571199417,
-0.04679310321807861,
-0.017010021954774857,
0.05553349852561951,
-0.08278506249189377,
-0.02494210936129093,
-0.0036707003600895405,
-0.0486406646668911,
0.03481946885585785,
0.034908294677734375,
0.02915242314338684,
-0.014753861352801323,
0.018333517014980316,
-0.060756418853998184,
-0.025528354570269585,
-0.0014356368919834495,
-0.007741114124655724,
-0.001226897700689733,
-0.0341799259185791,
0.04711287468671799,
-0.038301415741443634,
0.03698680177330971,
-0.02197534777224064,
0.011387387290596962,
0.04508765786886215,
0.023627497255802155,
0.005929080303758383,
-0.031408581882715225,
0.01902635209262371,
0.05205155164003372,
0.02938336879014969,
-0.0531885139644146,
-0.05293980613350868,
-0.020785091444849968,
-0.03551230579614639,
-0.026310017332434654,
0.04935126751661301,
0.02099827118217945,
0.04988421872258186,
0.018146982416510582,
0.0032954139169305563,
0.005804724991321564,
-0.03012949973344803,
0.011103146709501743,
0.0017842757515609264,
0.021513458341360092,
-0.01491374708712101,
-0.0015522199682891369,
0.01766732707619667,
-0.050879061222076416,
-0.00032698767608962953,
-0.004199210088700056,
-0.010490253567695618,
-0.033344969153404236,
0.020394260063767433,
0.00891804788261652,
-0.06857303529977798,
-0.015890823677182198,
0.05947733670473099,
-0.01565987803041935,
-0.013838962651789188,
0.030520331114530563,
0.005609309766441584,
-0.019541539251804352,
-0.018457870930433273,
0.04629568010568619,
0.011254149489104748,
0.006160025950521231,
-0.03064468502998352,
-0.029170187190175056,
0.003217692021280527,
-0.0589088574051857,
0.01610400341451168,
-0.04967103898525238,
0.004285814706236124,
-0.003084454219788313,
0.07795297354459763,
0.010392545722424984,
-0.04181889072060585,
0.0006800677510909736,
-0.05603092163801193,
-0.015926353633403778,
-0.014691684395074844,
-0.01746303029358387,
-0.013634664006531239,
-0.05521373078227043,
0.015295695513486862,
-0.06146702170372009,
0.005582662299275398,
-0.03302520141005516,
-0.07972947508096695,
0.01331489346921444,
-0.02320113591849804,
-0.005889109335839748,
0.020429790019989014,
0.0005856910138390958,
0.023023486137390137,
-0.032829783856868744,
0.0017276497092097998,
-0.05834037438035011,
-0.0044656856916844845,
0.053828056901693344,
0.01653924770653248,
-0.048463016748428345,
0.04597591236233711,
0.013634664006531239,
-0.0179338026791811,
-0.030555861070752144,
-0.004236960783600807,
0.06896386295557022,
0.038301415741443634,
-0.015553288161754608,
-0.01789827272295952,
-0.026647552847862244,
0.03929625824093819,
0.025332940742373466,
-0.009761886671185493,
-0.06580168753862381,
0.009166758507490158,
-0.0009698598878458142,
0.01789827272295952,
0.02130027674138546,
0.04714840278029442,
-0.0031954857986420393,
0.011307444423437119,
-0.017658444121479988,
0.02028767019510269,
0.008989107795059681,
0.020802855491638184,
-0.004065972287207842,
0.010250424966216087,
0.008673778735101223,
-0.050879061222076416,
-0.03636502847075462,
0.005444983020424843,
-0.051554132252931595,
0.0026314458809792995,
0.015677643939852715,
0.042422905564308167,
0.009708591736853123,
0.026132365688681602,
-0.009530941024422646,
-0.04704181104898453,
0.016725780442357063,
0.01932835765182972,
0.0218154639005661,
0.013616899028420448,
0.05340169370174408,
-0.020980507135391235,
0.03279425576329231,
0.013412601314485073,
0.020340966060757637,
-0.041534651070833206,
-0.03309626132249832,
-0.025936951860785484,
0.007510168477892876,
0.03794611617922783,
0.010961026884615421,
0.03958049789071083,
0.040539808571338654,
-0.017605150118470192,
0.03391345217823982,
0.012035811319947243,
0.04416387900710106,
-0.04974209889769554,
0.0712733194231987,
-0.010676786303520203,
-0.016148416325449944,
0.00005634847184410319,
0.03648938238620758,
-0.06537532806396484,
-0.0004965882399119437,
-0.01657477766275406,
-0.02588365599513054,
-0.027713455259799957,
0.015162457711994648,
-0.03522806614637375,
0.005769195035099983,
-0.037590812891721725,
-0.023858442902565002,
0.009264465421438217,
0.03876330703496933,
-0.02643437124788761,
-0.00024857171229086816,
-0.01124526746571064,
0.0065775043331086636,
0.027056148275732994,
-0.028903711587190628,
0.017889389768242836,
0.01355472207069397,
-0.021797697991132736,
-0.002200643764808774,
0.01820916123688221,
-0.0158375296741724,
-0.010339250788092613,
-0.032634370028972626,
-0.03950943797826767,
-0.0432756245136261,
0.008989107795059681,
0.0037861731834709644,
0.003093336708843708,
-0.006475355476140976,
-0.023378785699605942,
-0.011787100695073605,
-0.015917470678687096,
-0.03135528787970543,
0.00871374923735857,
0.05116330087184906,
0.053899116814136505,
0.03615184500813484,
-0.027091678231954575,
-0.024071622639894485,
-0.021691108122467995,
-0.011902573518455029,
0.026576492935419083,
0.026238957419991493,
0.04661545157432556,
0.034162163734436035,
0.008602717891335487,
0.03551230579614639,
-0.021904287859797478,
-0.006590827833861113,
0.019275063648819923,
0.054751839488744736,
-0.0006351000047288835,
0.037590812891721725,
-0.0051607429049909115,
-0.029578782618045807,
0.02725156396627426,
-0.013865609653294086,
-0.002822419861331582,
0.043844107538461685,
0.0016488173278048635,
-0.008873634971678257,
-0.009575353935360909,
-0.0316750593483448,
0.0032132507767528296,
-0.007519050966948271,
0.045407429337501526,
-0.0820033997297287,
0.0038927632849663496,
-0.02677190862596035,
0.01984354481101036,
0.023130076006054878,
0.005107447504997253,
-0.00798094179481268,
0.014087672345340252,
0.010952143929898739,
-0.030822336673736572,
-0.0034664024133235216,
0.012151284143328667,
0.008886958472430706,
0.006568621844053268,
-0.035725485533475876,
0.008798133581876755,
-0.02360973134636879,
0.001468946342356503,
0.015215752646327019,
0.02208193950355053,
-0.008522775955498219,
0.030111733824014664,
0.025972481817007065,
0.05603092163801193,
-0.015348990447819233,
-0.021282512694597244,
0.004372419323772192,
0.008145269006490707,
-0.04352433606982231,
-0.0034486374352127314,
-0.015135809779167175,
0.0011724922806024551,
0.005169625394046307,
-0.04959997907280922,
-0.029667608439922333,
0.029667608439922333,
0.018093688413500786,
-0.015775350853800774,
0.032527778297662735,
-0.007927646860480309,
0.049138087779283524,
-0.008993549272418022,
0.02911689318716526,
-0.008158592507243156,
0.016326067969202995,
-0.014140968210995197,
0.011422917246818542,
-0.011760452762246132,
-0.002444912912324071,
0.026558727025985718,
0.03414439782500267,
0.052300263196229935,
0.002121811266988516,
0.01746303029358387,
0.015046984888613224,
0.0051163299940526485,
-0.02510199509561062,
0.04657992348074913,
-0.014132085256278515,
-0.018475636839866638,
-0.007234810385853052,
0.05244238302111626,
0.0014822700759395957,
0.04114381968975067,
-0.03233236446976662,
0.013403719291090965,
-0.003799496917054057,
0.03819482401013374,
-0.028388526290655136,
-0.000276051985565573,
0.023591967299580574,
0.0028979212511330843,
-0.030076203867793083,
-0.01773838698863983,
0.018404576927423477,
0.031444113701581955,
-0.02432033233344555,
0.028406290337443352,
0.01858222670853138,
0.02282807044684887,
-0.03656044229865074,
-0.05031057819724083,
-0.009708591736853123,
0.004057089798152447,
-0.023734087124466896,
0.005214037839323282,
-0.01031260285526514,
-0.0005840255180373788,
0.02490657940506935,
-0.05734553188085556,
0.00862936582416296,
-0.0021329144947230816,
-0.021993113681674004,
0.018813172355294228,
0.013750136829912663,
0.06761372089385986,
-0.007345842197537422,
-0.015189104713499546,
-0.003828365122899413,
0.024746693670749664,
0.04032662883400917,
-0.02066073566675186,
-0.02197534777224064,
0.0010958806378766894,
-0.0007922095246613026,
0.04622462019324303,
-0.025084229186177254,
-0.0024982080794870853,
0.010570195503532887,
0.0017121052369475365,
0.013075065799057484,
0.02822864055633545,
0.07603435218334198,
-0.028548412024974823,
0.042884793132543564,
0.04931573569774628,
0.022881364449858665,
0.017303144559264183,
0.011742687784135342,
0.026452137157320976,
0.021087097004055977,
-0.006173349916934967,
0.005214037839323282,
-0.02687849849462509,
-0.03727104514837265,
-0.04412834718823433,
0.033682506531476974,
-0.011405152268707752,
-0.031177636235952377,
-0.007536815945059061,
0.00601346418261528,
0.033273909240961075,
-0.050026338547468185,
-0.011120911687612534,
0.029720904305577278,
0.028459586203098297,
-0.033416032791137695,
-0.006275498773902655,
0.03723551332950592,
-0.0015633230796083808,
-0.0006151143461465836,
-0.006941687315702438,
-0.018564460799098015,
0.06722289323806763,
-0.0021384661085903645,
-0.03673809394240379,
0.01303065288811922,
-0.009779651649296284,
0.024195978417992592,
-0.018866466358304024,
-0.04185442253947258,
0.049919746816158295,
-0.017338674515485764,
0.06043665111064911,
-0.042280782014131546,
-0.0449100099503994,
-0.009690826758742332,
0.02368079125881195,
-0.051483072340488434,
-0.008753720670938492,
-0.0158641766756773,
0.0086604543030262,
0.06732948124408722,
0.006293263752013445,
0.006426501553505659,
0.06331458687782288,
0.02762462943792343,
-0.005822490435093641,
-0.029205717146396637,
0.007861028425395489,
-0.011520625092089176,
0.017649563029408455,
-0.005733665078878403,
0.04263608530163765,
0.008105297572910786,
-0.025901421904563904,
0.022099703550338745,
-0.023041250184178352,
0.024675633758306503,
0.008345125243067741,
0.031444113701581955,
-0.01532234251499176,
-0.015420050360262394,
-0.014585093595087528,
0.013741254806518555,
-0.017951568588614464,
0.014380795881152153,
-0.0403621606528759,
-0.011218619532883167,
-0.03673809394240379,
0.0013934449525550008,
-0.006328793708235025,
0.020465319976210594,
0.021158156916499138,
0.012524349614977837,
0.03549453988671303,
0.0002469062164891511,
-0.03551230579614639,
0.004352433606982231,
-0.027375919744372368,
-0.026558727025985718,
-0.03474840894341469,
0.020785091444849968,
-0.013714606873691082,
0.018422340974211693,
-0.007234810385853052,
0.011040969751775265,
-0.026789672672748566,
-0.01950600929558277,
0.004114826209843159,
0.017134375870227814,
-0.005391688086092472,
0.011680510826408863,
0.013830079697072506,
0.028175344690680504,
0.031142106279730797,
-0.019008588045835495,
-0.023254431784152985,
0.025634946301579475,
-0.008389538154006004,
-0.05798507481813431,
-0.02137133665382862,
-0.056137509644031525,
-0.046828631311655045,
0.006271057296544313,
-0.025936951860785484,
-0.019523773342370987,
-0.011511743068695068,
0.026203427463769913,
0.0506303496658802,
-0.0005207376088947058,
0.022543828934431076,
0.0152512826025486,
-0.013812314718961716,
-0.018599992617964745,
-0.05059482157230377,
0.026043541729450226,
0.022312883287668228,
-0.0017620694125071168,
-0.014274206012487411,
0.05286874249577522,
-0.032225772738456726,
0.007385813165456057,
-0.0016688029281795025,
-0.019417183473706245,
-0.027020618319511414,
0.01868881657719612,
0.011849278584122658,
-0.02687849849462509,
-0.012062459252774715,
0.00006797207606723532,
0.010063892230391502,
-0.01129856240004301,
0.003930514212697744,
0.020749561488628387,
-0.013821197673678398,
0.015739820897579193,
0.04419940710067749,
0.029774198308587074,
-0.01695672608911991,
-0.026523197069764137,
-0.02901030145585537,
-0.021762168034911156,
0.02975643426179886,
-0.03370027244091034,
0.0419965423643589,
-0.04562060907483101,
0.02156675234436989,
-0.04277820512652397,
-0.03291860967874527,
-0.10232660174369812,
-0.007399137131869793,
0.021762168034911156,
-0.018369046971201897,
0.00017320908955298364,
-0.008886958472430706,
-0.003983809147030115,
-0.02364526130259037,
-0.0012646483955904841,
0.005853578913956881,
-0.0279976949095726,
-0.00971747376024723,
-0.025599416345357895,
0.03588537126779556,
-0.013119478709995747,
0.0629948154091835,
0.03298966959118843,
-0.007954294793307781,
-0.03556559979915619,
-0.0139988474547863,
0.003695127321407199,
-0.05407676845788956,
0.015873059630393982,
-0.04018450900912285,
0.00402600085362792,
0.061573609709739685,
-0.021620048210024834,
-0.0298630241304636,
0.00012407766189426184,
-0.011929221451282501,
0.01658366061747074,
0.0011319657787680626,
0.0006706300773657858,
-0.023858442902565002,
-0.028583941981196404,
-0.030591391026973724,
0.0006045663612894714,
0.012311168946325779,
-0.006888392381370068,
0.03600972518324852,
0.005937962792813778,
-0.026612022891640663,
0.012000281363725662,
0.0015522199682891369,
0.00533395167440176,
0.005960169248282909,
0.03577877953648567,
-0.017614033073186874,
0.002820199355483055,
0.03462405502796173,
0.005262891761958599,
0.004725499544292688,
-0.00017515214858576655,
-0.02197534777224064,
-0.008225210942327976,
-0.03508594259619713,
0.01596188358962536,
0.023769617080688477,
0.007034953683614731,
-0.008473921567201614,
0.034908294677734375,
0.004783235490322113,
0.027162738144397736,
0.03284754976630211,
0.026576492935419083,
0.060081347823143005,
0.04579826071858406,
-0.04505212977528572,
0.014647271484136581,
0.03187047317624092,
0.013368189334869385,
0.01126303244382143,
-0.01736532151699066,
0.02275701053440571,
0.019186237826943398,
0.025794830173254013,
-0.052264731377363205,
0.06633464246988297,
0.018386811017990112,
0.0037084510549902916,
0.00599569920450449,
-0.009264465421438217,
-0.03858565539121628,
0.033007435500621796,
-0.0116360979154706,
-0.029774198308587074,
-0.0005571004003286362,
-0.02442692406475544,
-0.019754718989133835,
-0.019683659076690674,
0.032563310116529465,
0.015855293720960617,
0.004969768691807985,
-0.03805270418524742,
-0.015455580316483974,
0.00793208833783865,
0.026114601641893387,
-0.027731219306588173,
-0.03206588700413704,
-0.04043322056531906,
-0.022916894406080246,
0.006599710322916508,
0.02289913035929203,
0.016317185014486313,
0.009406586177647114,
0.03176388144493103,
0.028797121718525887,
-0.022685950621962547,
-0.030840100720524788,
-0.04707734286785126,
-0.005063035059720278,
0.03819482401013374,
-0.0006284381379373372,
0.009761886671185493,
0.04402175545692444,
0.027571333572268486,
-0.029401132836937904,
0.0030666892416775227,
-0.010961026884615421,
-0.06132490187883377,
0.01766732707619667,
-0.03947390615940094,
-0.011032086797058582,
0.033646974712610245,
-0.06359882652759552,
-0.034055572003126144,
0.0076744952239096165,
-0.006102289538830519,
0.0057869600132107735,
0.02901030145585537,
-0.042138662189245224,
-0.01664583757519722,
0.015677643939852715,
-0.0259547159075737,
0.03224353864789009,
-0.023361021652817726,
0.06864409893751144,
0.07461314648389816,
0.004265828989446163,
-0.00699942372739315,
0.03258107602596283,
0.04018450900912285,
-0.009468764066696167,
0.00011144783638883382,
0.008318477310240269,
-0.025563886389136314,
-0.02167334221303463,
-0.04828536510467529,
-0.004030442330986261,
-0.022774774581193924,
0.0028579500503838062,
0.035618893802165985,
-0.06640569865703583,
0.027056148275732994,
-0.09287559986114502
] |
Eye-in-hand cameras have shown promise in enabling greater sample efficiency
and generalization in vision-based robotic manipulation. However, for robotic
imitation, it is still expensive to have a human teleoperator collect large
amounts of expert demonstrations with a real robot. Videos of humans performing
tasks, on the other hand, are much cheaper to collect since they eliminate the
need for expertise in robotic teleoperation and can be quickly captured in a
wide range of scenarios. Therefore, human video demonstrations are a promising
data source for learning generalizable robotic manipulation policies at scale.
In this work, we augment narrow robotic imitation datasets with broad unlabeled
human video demonstrations to greatly enhance the generalization of eye-in-hand
visuomotor policies. Although a clear visual domain gap exists between human
and robot data, our framework does not need to employ any explicit domain
adaptation method, as we leverage the partial observability of eye-in-hand
cameras as well as a simple fixed image masking scheme. On a suite of eight
real-world tasks involving both 3-DoF and 6-DoF robot arm control, our method
improves the success rates of eye-in-hand manipulation policies by 58%
(absolute) on average, enabling robots to generalize to both new environment
configurations and new tasks that are unseen in the robot demonstration data.
See video results at https://giving-robots-a-hand.github.io/ . | [
-0.0058987932279706,
0.030259164050221443,
-0.03562522679567337,
-0.015788231045007706,
0.042851004749536514,
0.011952563188970089,
0.017589833587408066,
0.03242883458733559,
-0.07210282236337662,
0.016030382364988327,
-0.022413477301597595,
-0.014693710021674633,
0.037698034197092056,
-0.043858353048563004,
-0.03200265020132065,
0.0449431873857975,
0.008107208646833897,
0.020960573107004166,
-0.030646605417132378,
-0.011148622259497643,
0.041185006499290466,
-0.021328642964363098,
-0.07520235329866409,
-0.011855702847242355,
0.033533040434122086,
-0.0006059823790565133,
0.0381629653275013,
-0.024350684136152267,
-0.02932930365204811,
0.022607197985053062,
0.012204400263726711,
0.010364053770899773,
-0.02787639945745468,
0.019362377002835274,
0.004010017029941082,
0.04932127520442009,
0.008281556889414787,
0.06392780691385269,
-0.07113421708345413,
0.006073141936212778,
0.0003314439090900123,
0.008959579281508923,
-0.022955896332859993,
-0.03382362425327301,
-0.026655958965420723,
-0.04560183733701706,
-0.004380507860332727,
-0.012485294602811337,
-0.014751826412975788,
-0.012117225676774979,
0.013056770898401737,
-0.018170995637774467,
-0.0123593769967556,
-0.004504004959017038,
-0.03200265020132065,
0.05265326797962189,
0.09693780541419983,
0.001115709776058793,
0.07876680791378021,
-0.0013427261728793383,
0.010974274016916752,
0.014935861341655254,
-0.05338940769433975,
0.016650289297103882,
-0.005186870228499174,
-0.06582627445459366,
0.06760850548744202,
-0.00820891186594963,
0.005230457056313753,
-0.021483618766069412,
-0.019236458465456963,
-0.002881594467908144,
0.026772191748023033,
-0.011565121822059155,
0.011061448603868484,
-0.0005333371227607131,
0.06935198605060577,
0.011991307139396667,
0.003312622895464301,
-0.009477782063186169,
0.011303598992526531,
-0.0017882835818454623,
0.029968582093715668,
-0.006770536303520203,
0.08128517866134644,
-0.07919299602508545,
0.04122375324368477,
-0.060363348573446274,
0.009666659869253635,
-0.03940277919173241,
-0.013231119140982628,
0.045446861535310745,
-0.00665430398657918,
-0.012049423530697823,
-0.027779540047049522,
0.04525313898921013,
0.005182026885449886,
-0.03169269487261772,
-0.0404101237654686,
-0.01987573690712452,
0.004671088885515928,
0.05261452496051788,
0.02256845496594906,
-0.024234451353549957,
0.01650499738752842,
0.020728107541799545,
-0.03887973353266716,
-0.04366463050246239,
-0.015110209584236145,
0.08903400599956512,
0.011826644651591778,
-0.05850363150238991,
-0.0027338825166225433,
0.03986770659685135,
-0.042541053146123886,
0.02979423478245735,
-0.0370781309902668,
-0.05598526448011398,
0.039034709334373474,
-0.03630324825644493,
0.06791845709085464,
0.0415337048470974,
0.07613220810890198,
0.02572610042989254,
-0.013512014411389828,
0.060518328100442886,
-0.060479581356048584,
-0.041727423667907715,
0.039712730795145035,
0.013918827287852764,
-0.001870614942163229,
0.01717333495616913,
0.009879752062261105,
0.050057411193847656,
0.007540575694292784,
0.011226111091673374,
-0.009196886792778969,
0.014393443241715431,
-0.04029389098286629,
0.01100333221256733,
-0.0325644388794899,
0.0077633545733988285,
-0.02989109419286251,
0.02617165818810463,
-0.004617815837264061,
-0.005283730570226908,
0.036806922405958176,
0.07280021160840988,
-0.03998393937945366,
0.004884181544184685,
-0.053931824862957,
0.00803456362336874,
0.009666659869253635,
0.03773678094148636,
0.058038704097270966,
-0.006247490644454956,
0.015487965196371078,
0.013124573044478893,
0.01163292396813631,
0.0011096560629084706,
0.08469466120004654,
-0.039267171174287796,
0.02516430988907814,
0.08004536479711533,
0.051180992275476456,
-0.0036080467980355024,
0.06319167464971542,
-0.040487613528966904,
-0.0012277045752853155,
0.04595053568482399,
-0.045446861535310745,
-0.045795559883117676,
0.02807012014091015,
-0.006494484376162291,
0.0006159711047075689,
-0.015042407438158989,
0.01866498403251171,
0.027895770967006683,
-0.07365258783102036,
-0.049050066620111465,
-0.040836311876773834,
-0.03225448727607727,
-0.025706728920340538,
0.04463323578238487,
0.022897779941558838,
0.052846990525722504,
0.056682657450437546,
-0.0075551047921180725,
0.038589149713516235,
-0.06458646059036255,
0.008877248503267765,
0.009114556014537811,
0.02245222218334675,
-0.0038356685545295477,
0.02326584793627262,
-0.08484964072704315,
-0.03283564746379852,
-0.025086821988224983,
0.022316617891192436,
0.036225758492946625,
-0.07772071659564972,
-0.051955875009298325,
0.012049423530697823,
-0.026346007362008095,
0.015110209584236145,
-0.013231119140982628,
0.012679015286266804,
-0.027837654575705528,
0.024292567744851112,
-0.048236437141895294,
-0.03452101722359657,
-0.01101301796734333,
-0.0573025643825531,
-0.02361454628407955,
-0.001065463526174426,
0.0005230457172729075,
-0.008712586015462875,
-0.02202603593468666,
-0.016359707340598106,
-0.04703537002205849,
-0.0561402402818203,
-0.040061429142951965,
0.009279218502342701,
-0.03603203967213631,
-0.05741879716515541,
0.021057432517409325,
0.016156300902366638,
-0.009240474551916122,
0.0207668524235487,
0.017977274954319,
-0.014897117391228676,
0.0022774282842874527,
0.03787238523364067,
-0.013521700166165829,
0.022994639351963997,
-0.028690027073025703,
0.01117768045514822,
0.00634919386357069,
0.016146615147590637,
-0.019042737782001495,
0.015865720808506012,
-0.033552415668964386,
0.006189374253153801,
0.04440077021718025,
0.03630324825644493,
0.07834062725305557,
0.004276383202522993,
0.0471516028046608,
0.011991307139396667,
-0.037678662687540054,
-0.011303598992526531,
0.010354368016123772,
-0.03651633858680725,
0.03167332336306572,
-0.008063621819019318,
0.03271941468119621,
0.004002752713859081,
-0.009119398891925812,
0.010005670599639416,
-0.06350162625312805,
0.008528551086783409,
0.0752410963177681,
0.0247187539935112,
0.02179357223212719,
-0.008015191182494164,
-0.012756504118442535,
0.028554420918226242,
0.018568122759461403,
0.008310615085065365,
-0.010364053770899773,
-0.03202202171087265,
-0.006121572107076645,
0.00988459587097168,
0.019527040421962738,
-0.003239977639168501,
-0.04843015968799591,
0.06381157785654068,
0.02483498491346836,
0.07942546159029007,
0.024079475551843643,
0.03955775499343872,
-0.018480949103832245,
0.023091500625014305,
0.04796522855758667,
-0.0005272833514027297,
-0.058464888483285904,
-0.04164993762969971,
0.04412956163287163,
-0.0629592090845108,
-0.022084152325987816,
0.0202050618827343,
-0.020708736032247543,
-0.040371380746364594,
0.017134590074419975,
0.05098726972937584,
-0.032738786190748215,
-0.03812422230839729,
0.0008808235288597643,
0.023788893595337868,
-0.005206242203712463,
-0.006199060473591089,
-0.028728770092129707,
-0.02043752744793892,
-0.0009710246813483536,
-0.008044249378144741,
0.031208394095301628,
-0.020146945491433144,
0.0348697155714035,
0.03494720160961151,
-0.03878287225961685,
0.004104455932974815,
0.060053396970033646,
-0.07237403094768524,
0.02345956861972809,
-0.02518368326127529,
0.04374212026596069,
0.04079756513237953,
0.023072127252817154,
-0.027353353798389435,
-0.0037291222251951694,
-0.00023518895613960922,
0.032622553408145905,
-0.09306339174509048,
0.030607860535383224,
0.02066999115049839,
0.01788041554391384,
-0.0123593769967556,
-0.04176617041230202,
-0.034772854298353195,
-0.0707467794418335,
-0.033087484538555145,
-0.04180491343140602,
0.04226984456181526,
0.020069457590579987,
0.009182358160614967,
-0.006620402913540602,
-0.004436202347278595,
-0.0057680318132042885,
-0.04428453743457794,
-0.036458224058151245,
-0.028457561507821083,
-0.01348295621573925,
0.002318593906238675,
-0.06264925748109818,
0.011400459334254265,
-0.03357178717851639,
-0.0017011093441396952,
0.03423043712973595,
-0.03665194287896156,
-0.009477782063186169,
0.0011520324042066932,
-0.04312221333384514,
-0.028166981413960457,
-0.01224314421415329,
-0.007017530035227537,
-0.031847674399614334,
-0.05346689745783806,
0.03293250873684883,
-0.01454841997474432,
-0.002721774857491255,
0.00004604648711392656,
-0.06660115718841553,
-0.023343335837125778,
0.04753904417157173,
-0.051374711096286774,
0.015265186317265034,
-0.05459047481417656,
-0.031518347561359406,
0.0029784548096358776,
0.0064363679848611355,
-0.022181013599038124,
-0.04877885803580284,
-0.034211065620183945,
0.005676014814525843,
-0.020166318863630295,
-0.03558648005127907,
-0.01219471450895071,
0.02123178169131279,
-0.008417162112891674,
0.04079756513237953,
0.013386095874011517,
0.011313284747302532,
-0.02537740394473076,
-0.009870066307485104,
0.026442866772413254,
0.11135061830282211,
0.044207047671079636,
0.03452101722359657,
-0.004896289203315973,
0.05594652146100998,
0.046221744269132614,
-0.018122565001249313,
-0.0651676207780838,
0.012301260605454445,
0.026675332337617874,
0.0024917316623032093,
0.033881738781929016,
-0.013298921287059784,
0.040836311876773834,
0.015584825538098812,
-0.04649295285344124,
0.0012918744469061494,
-0.058348655700683594,
0.004700147081166506,
0.037020012736320496,
0.026462238281965256,
-0.006276548840105534,
0.017134590074419975,
-0.0018621396739035845,
-0.014635593630373478,
-0.008436533622443676,
-0.047345325350761414,
0.004409566055983305,
-0.025106195360422134,
0.006247490644454956,
-0.0269659124314785,
0.025222426280379295,
0.003462756285443902,
0.04370337724685669,
-0.036574456840753555,
0.011875075288116932,
-0.013734793290495872,
0.03794987127184868,
-0.005288573447614908,
-0.048352669924497604,
0.06416027247905731,
-0.05090978369116783,
0.00263944361358881,
-0.057690005749464035,
-0.016156300902366638,
0.042192354798316956,
-0.0041722580790519714,
0.03461787849664688,
-0.04502067714929581,
0.07291644811630249,
0.0012398121180012822,
0.013521700166165829,
0.07357509434223175,
-0.02382763847708702,
0.0036806920543313026,
-0.016805265098810196,
0.010451228357851505,
0.011952563188970089,
-0.015042407438158989,
-0.008455906063318253,
-0.05114224925637245,
-0.03169269487261772,
-0.04327718913555145,
0.012378748506307602,
-0.012649957090616226,
-0.11390773206949234,
0.011109878309071064,
-0.05594652146100998,
-0.02345956861972809,
-0.017899787053465843,
0.015691371634602547,
0.013366724364459515,
-0.023847009986639023,
-0.06001465395092964,
-0.05459047481417656,
0.01021876372396946,
0.01775449700653553,
-0.012020365335047245,
-0.03221574053168297,
0.02673344872891903,
0.017677007243037224,
-0.04350965470075607,
-0.03246757760643959,
0.005535567179322243,
0.05765126273036003,
0.024989962577819824,
-0.03000732697546482,
-0.03630324825644493,
0.01629190519452095,
0.02799263224005699,
0.00886756181716919,
-0.010286565870046616,
-0.006741478107869625,
0.07035933434963226,
-0.04889508709311485,
0.022394105792045593,
0.00048430159222334623,
0.03506343439221382,
-0.001800391124561429,
0.014374070800840855,
0.006596187595278025,
0.07090175151824951,
0.021716082468628883,
0.0038671481888741255,
-0.031034046784043312,
0.0075551047921180725,
0.010160647332668304,
-0.01225282996892929,
0.014499989338219166,
-0.037698034197092056,
-0.06590376049280167,
-0.06144818663597107,
-0.0028041061013936996,
0.05180089920759201,
-0.008673841133713722,
0.005816461984068155,
0.014286897145211697,
-0.028573794290423393,
0.02144487388432026,
0.0010921000503003597,
0.00448947586119175,
0.04738406836986542,
0.004303019493818283,
-0.010548088699579239,
-0.034094832837581635,
0.006935198791325092,
0.03200265020132065,
0.01976919174194336,
-0.04257979616522789,
0.0069206696934998035,
0.007322640158236027,
0.018267856910824776,
0.019517354667186737,
0.020379411056637764,
0.030162302777171135,
-0.0030220418702811003,
0.02001134119927883,
0.002180567942559719,
0.00012728050933219492,
-0.046454209834337234,
0.048701368272304535,
-0.001354833715595305,
-0.011352029629051685,
0.037562429904937744,
0.01932363398373127,
-0.020747480913996696,
0.031828299164772034,
-0.07287770509719849,
-0.01876184344291687,
0.015449220314621925,
-0.02057313174009323,
0.08337736129760742,
0.006789908278733492,
0.00325934961438179,
-0.015468592755496502,
-0.026694703847169876,
0.02863191068172455,
0.004467681981623173,
0.026810936629772186,
0.013173003681004047,
-0.0022435272112488747,
0.022277873009443283,
-0.0269659124314785,
-0.00015921414887998253,
0.06098325550556183,
-0.013085829094052315,
-0.03227385878562927,
-0.012785562314093113,
0.00989428162574768,
-0.01617567241191864,
-0.03738808259367943,
-0.019749818369746208,
-0.006024711765348911,
-0.026578471064567566,
-0.04188240319490433,
0.006586501840502024,
-0.012010679580271244,
-0.0034022186882793903,
0.026113541796803474,
0.013415154069662094,
-0.03347492590546608,
0.042386073619127274,
0.07965792715549469,
-0.005637270398437977,
0.011923504993319511,
-0.01922677271068096,
-0.019497981294989586,
-0.024021359160542488,
-0.009531055577099323,
0.039712730795145035,
0.016814950853586197,
0.015400790609419346,
-0.03423043712973595,
-0.03800798952579498,
0.007666494231671095,
0.0012301260139793158,
-0.006286234594881535,
-0.004114142153412104,
0.044788211584091187,
0.006329821888357401,
-0.01743485778570175,
-0.016582487151026726,
-0.041843656450510025,
-0.002279849722981453,
0.003918000031262636,
-0.02111554890871048,
-0.013211747631430626,
-0.020534386858344078,
-0.009250160306692123,
0.0008602407178841531,
-0.009574642404913902,
-0.012843677774071693,
0.030239790678024292,
0.05641144886612892,
-0.0415724478662014,
-0.005932694301009178,
0.003968851640820503,
0.005719601642340422,
0.034094832837581635,
0.03087906911969185,
-0.005676014814525843,
-0.009361550211906433,
0.0018597181187942624,
0.0029397106263786554,
0.03382362425327301,
-0.006092513911426067,
0.014054432511329651,
0.002794420113787055,
-0.014422501437366009,
0.04777150973677635,
-0.045214395970106125,
0.015856033191084862,
0.018829645588994026,
0.006591344717890024,
-0.015410476364195347,
0.014412815682590008,
-0.02979423478245735,
0.0025450049433857203,
-0.019023366272449493,
-0.017221763730049133,
0.014296582899987698,
-0.023014010861516,
-0.01359918899834156,
-0.001131449593231082,
0.01753171719610691,
0.035102181136608124,
0.010257507674396038,
0.003838089993223548,
0.007889272645115852,
-0.004743733908981085,
0.014228780753910542,
0.0002539556589908898,
0.016669660806655884,
-0.022181013599038124,
-0.010770867578685284,
-0.018907133489847183,
0.039383403956890106,
0.008848190307617188,
0.06090576946735382,
-0.014490303583443165,
0.0550554059445858,
-0.008136266842484474,
-0.009361550211906433,
0.008237970061600208,
0.026365378871560097,
-0.00013583146210294217,
-0.020050086081027985,
0.014664651826024055,
0.026810936629772186,
-0.024970589205622673,
-0.0471903458237648,
-0.017986960709095,
-0.014006001874804497,
-0.05315694212913513,
0.03328120708465576,
0.05249829217791557,
-0.048120204359292984,
0.02853504940867424,
-0.0015558188315480947,
0.03045288473367691,
0.007986132986843586,
0.006121572107076645,
0.01751234568655491,
0.04374212026596069,
0.031169651076197624,
0.01664060354232788,
-0.017957903444767,
-0.02001134119927883,
0.007511517498642206,
0.037678662687540054,
-0.030627232044935226,
0.05098726972937584,
0.021289898082613945,
0.04571807011961937,
-0.0009667870472185314,
0.00009617926843930036,
0.0022411055397242308,
-0.014761512167751789,
-0.03235134482383728,
0.008300929330289364,
-0.019933853298425674,
0.020069457590579987,
0.048933833837509155,
-0.015081151388585567,
-0.0092743756249547,
-0.005220771301537752,
-0.010867727920413017,
-0.018335659056901932,
0.001440797233954072,
0.0015885091852396727,
0.035334642976522446,
-0.021270526573061943,
-0.019023366272449493,
0.06989440321922302,
0.00620874622836709,
-0.06210683658719063,
-0.011507005430758,
-0.03789175674319267,
-0.014703396707773209,
0.04854639247059822,
-0.007366226986050606,
-0.002794420113787055,
0.031518347561359406,
-0.012030051089823246,
0.013880083337426186,
0.026985283941030502,
0.028476933017373085,
0.013841339386999607,
0.018616553395986557,
0.0017810191493481398,
0.031208394095301628,
0.004375664982944727,
-0.026094170287251472,
0.008581824600696564,
0.027585819363594055,
0.01196224894374609,
0.03727184981107712,
0.021716082468628883,
-0.023052755743265152,
-0.023885754868388176,
-0.0213480144739151,
0.0505610853433609,
-0.024098847061395645,
-0.009966926649212837,
-0.01752203144133091,
0.02673344872891903,
-0.043083470314741135,
-0.0157398022711277,
0.019633585587143898,
-0.02202603593468666,
-0.05346689745783806,
0.006111885886639357,
0.02270405925810337,
0.002284692833200097,
-0.04029389098286629,
-0.0068867686204612255,
-0.0017628577770665288,
0.07051431387662888,
0.0008723482606001198,
0.011603865772485733,
-0.01966264471411705,
0.025203054770827293,
0.04234733060002327,
0.018258169293403625,
-0.05176215246319771,
0.07035933434963226,
0.017822299152612686,
0.019633585587143898,
-0.019914481788873672,
-0.010945215821266174,
-0.015255500562489033,
0.0028961235657334328,
-0.010906471870839596,
0.005458078812807798,
-0.01999196968972683,
0.05695386603474617,
0.017967589199543,
0.00743887247517705,
0.03177018463611603,
0.020592503249645233,
0.016088498756289482,
0.015662314370274544,
0.007535732816904783,
0.04091379791498184,
-0.002382763894274831,
0.021716082468628883,
-0.015691371634602547,
0.04389709606766701,
-0.0269659124314785,
-0.010441542603075504,
0.04126249626278877,
-0.004649295471608639,
0.013608874753117561,
-0.05586903169751167,
-0.01922677271068096,
-0.0032859863713383675,
-0.005007678642868996,
-0.013076143339276314,
0.0026370221748948097,
-0.01696992851793766,
0.0016345179174095392,
-0.031072789803147316,
-0.016659975051879883,
-0.020263178274035454,
0.0021902539301663637,
-0.01616598665714264,
0.0050900098867714405,
-0.021832315251231194,
0.010267193429172039,
0.030917814001441002,
-0.006639774888753891,
-0.025106195360422134,
-0.0263847503811121,
0.001593352179042995,
-0.031208394095301628,
0.00713376235216856,
-0.006077984813600779,
-0.007390442304313183,
0.02762456238269806,
-0.022665314376354218,
0.007714924402534962,
-0.028728770092129707,
-0.008857876062393188,
0.019178342074155807,
0.03738808259367943,
0.011158308945596218,
-0.013337666168808937,
-0.011661982163786888,
-0.011497319675981998,
-0.00449431873857975,
-0.05025113373994827,
0.006455740425735712,
-0.00989428162574768,
0.021716082468628883,
-0.03169269487261772,
0.003806610591709614,
-0.028283212333917618,
0.0031140593346208334,
0.028283212333917618,
-0.037136245518922806,
-0.009143614210188389,
0.0002713602443691343,
-0.00881913211196661,
0.03990644961595535,
-0.03012355975806713,
0.01697961427271366,
0.04323844611644745,
-0.03564459830522537,
0.0057244449853897095,
-0.0050900098867714405,
0.009342177771031857,
-0.0005902425618842244,
-0.018926506862044334,
0.008286399766802788,
0.05776749551296234,
-0.013250491581857204,
-0.018936192616820335,
-0.058154936879873276,
-0.022665314376354218,
0.009177515283226967,
-0.039712730795145035,
-0.00418194429948926,
0.04908880963921547,
0.01788041554391384,
0.029077468439936638,
0.014180350117385387,
0.024776868522167206,
0.027275865897536278,
-0.005211085081100464,
-0.04192114621400833,
0.013666991144418716,
-0.0024917316623032093,
0.043315935879945755,
0.0029929839074611664,
0.001973528880625963,
0.016253162175416946,
-0.022200385108590126,
-0.05873609706759453,
0.010877413675189018,
0.053195685148239136,
0.03620638698339462,
0.003724279347807169,
-0.01286305021494627,
-0.02270405925810337,
-0.033319950103759766,
-0.0269659124314785,
0.03504406288266182,
-0.022200385108590126,
0.01191381923854351,
-0.023517685011029243,
0.04281226173043251,
-0.024195708334445953,
-0.011923504993319511,
-0.028593165799975395,
-0.04412956163287163,
0.005889107473194599,
0.030840326100587845,
0.015749488025903702,
-0.05079355090856552,
0.06187437102198601,
-0.049824949353933334,
0.0009988719830289483,
-0.06140943989157677,
-0.005855206400156021,
0.015245813876390457,
-0.009594014845788479,
0.01241749245673418,
-0.01652437075972557,
-0.024331312626600266,
0.021173665300011635,
-0.00972477626055479,
-0.055559080094099045,
-0.0348309688270092,
0.01896524988114834,
-0.000394403119571507,
0.0048987106420099735,
-0.00819438323378563,
-0.021967919543385506,
0.01303739845752716,
0.010044414550065994,
0.044788211584091187,
0.01257246918976307,
-0.03878287225961685,
0.04920504242181778,
-0.001080597867257893,
-0.039131566882133484,
-0.013269864022731781,
0.030084814876317978,
0.010354368016123772,
0.0013826810754835606,
-0.031847674399614334,
-0.02551300823688507,
-0.039286546409130096,
0.023885754868388176,
-0.06125446408987045,
0.006693047937005758,
0.005293416325002909,
-0.024079475551843643,
0.019972598180174828,
-0.05935600399971008,
0.016214417293667793,
0.01196224894374609,
-0.008058778010308743,
-0.007172506768256426,
0.00820891186594963,
-0.004000331275165081,
0.01919771544635296,
0.0035959393717348576,
0.022762175649404526,
0.021212410181760788,
0.027333982288837433,
-0.04552435129880905,
-0.03215762600302696,
-0.008455906063318253,
-0.007840842939913273,
0.002600699430331588,
-0.025997309014201164,
-0.0014032638864591718,
0.019856365397572517,
0.04343216493725777,
0.008112051524221897,
0.0007403760682791471,
0.01730893924832344,
0.022859035059809685,
-0.01897493563592434,
-0.010828983969986439,
-0.0207668524235487,
0.014616222120821476,
-0.004668667446821928,
-0.01550733670592308,
-0.001115709776058793,
-0.004988306201994419,
-0.022723430767655373,
-0.02617165818810463,
0.06753101199865341,
0.012940538115799427,
0.02382763847708702,
-0.07617095112800598,
0.011371401138603687,
-0.05784498155117035,
0.0077730403281748295,
-0.005496823228895664,
-0.052304573357105255,
-0.01641782373189926,
0.03339743614196777,
-0.00008777966286288574,
-0.0074873026460409164,
0.0010212709894403815,
0.01302771270275116,
0.009453566744923592,
-0.013715420849621296,
-0.04029389098286629,
-0.030356023460626602,
-0.06055707111954689,
0.016117556020617485,
0.024098847061395645,
-0.05447424203157425,
0.053428150713443756,
0.03514092415571213,
-0.006814123596996069,
-0.0006093119154684246,
-0.002385185332968831,
-0.03463725000619888,
-0.045098163187503815,
-0.007206407841295004,
-0.0437808632850647,
-0.010741809383034706,
0.02055376023054123,
0.003985802177339792,
0.002451776759698987,
0.025977937504649162,
-0.008862718939781189,
0.00620874622836709,
0.0303172804415226,
-0.010150961577892303,
-0.03080158121883869,
0.008794916793704033,
-0.013260177336633205,
0.042541053146123886,
0.021851688623428345,
0.03299062326550484,
0.06543882936239243,
0.01219471450895071,
-0.05180089920759201,
0.029154956340789795,
0.01774480938911438,
-0.004797007422894239,
0.02450565993785858,
-0.015875406563282013,
-0.010334995575249195,
0.028573794290423393,
-0.04897257685661316,
0.009090340696275234,
-0.004457996226847172,
-0.014286897145211697,
-0.001662365160882473,
-0.01594320870935917,
0.04963122680783272,
-0.05583028867840767
] |
Existing object-search approaches enable robots to search through free
pathways, however, robots operating in unstructured human-centered environments
frequently also have to manipulate the environment to their needs. In this
work, we introduce a novel interactive multi-object search task in which a
robot has to open doors to navigate rooms and search inside cabinets and
drawers to find target objects. These new challenges require combining
manipulation and navigation skills in unexplored environments. We present
HIMOS, a hierarchical reinforcement learning approach that learns to compose
exploration, navigation, and manipulation skills. To achieve this, we design an
abstract high-level action space around a semantic map memory and leverage the
explored environment as instance navigation points. We perform extensive
experiments in simulation and the real world that demonstrate that, with
accurate perception, the decision making of HIMOS effectively transfers to new
environments in a zero-shot manner. It shows robustness to unseen subpolicies,
failures in their execution, and different robot kinematics. These capabilities
open the door to a wide range of downstream tasks across embodied AI and
real-world use cases. | [
-0.018410297110676765,
0.000013174289051676169,
-0.030592720955610275,
-0.029343241825699806,
0.019903814420104027,
0.01109889056533575,
-0.014095688238739967,
0.01885932870209217,
-0.051033422350883484,
0.03533683717250824,
-0.0008620675071142614,
0.0038240901194512844,
0.016038239002227783,
0.017531756311655045,
-0.06266919523477554,
0.04349749907851219,
0.01735604926943779,
-0.010708427987992764,
-0.047636400908231735,
-0.0451374389231205,
0.004351214040070772,
0.007726272568106651,
-0.05361047387123108,
0.01924002915620804,
0.0409204475581646,
-0.029479902237653732,
0.012846209108829498,
0.008307085372507572,
-0.0603654682636261,
0.06950228661298752,
0.011538160964846611,
0.024462461471557617,
-0.03846053406596184,
0.04666024446487427,
-0.007867814972996712,
0.008185065351426601,
-0.006491435691714287,
0.020499270409345627,
-0.01020082738250494,
0.05388379469513893,
0.03356023505330086,
-0.014027358032763004,
-0.0488077849149704,
-0.06052165478467941,
-0.01613585464656353,
0.018654335290193558,
-0.05138483643531799,
-0.008311965502798557,
-0.012904779054224491,
0.04498125612735748,
-0.0006006408366374671,
-0.03734771907329559,
0.030612243339419365,
-0.024130569770932198,
-0.044590793550014496,
0.01883004419505596,
0.04236515983939171,
0.014964466914534569,
0.028777070343494415,
0.027332359924912453,
0.014456866309046745,
-0.0030480462592095137,
-0.041271865367889404,
0.006994155701249838,
0.012690024450421333,
-0.060716886073350906,
0.05489899590611458,
-0.02805471606552601,
0.001938889268785715,
-0.008775640279054642,
-0.01768794097006321,
0.011957907117903233,
-0.05392284318804741,
-0.00853648129850626,
-0.027195697650313377,
0.00577884167432785,
0.032701216638088226,
0.02069450169801712,
0.028581839054822922,
-0.012445985339581966,
0.02532147988677025,
0.00346535281278193,
0.019923338666558266,
-0.04994012787938118,
0.10339441150426865,
-0.08949395269155502,
0.006701309233903885,
-0.09214910119771957,
0.04658215120434761,
-0.0038924210239201784,
-0.01308048702776432,
0.011040321551263332,
0.005529921967536211,
0.000813869817648083,
-0.023954860866069794,
0.009805483743548393,
0.0021621850319206715,
-0.0021865887101739645,
-0.02100687101483345,
-0.016545839607715607,
0.0252238642424345,
-0.02979227341711521,
0.017863649874925613,
0.02100687101483345,
-0.0006097923032939434,
0.0035898126661777496,
-0.036391086876392365,
-0.010093450546264648,
-0.028191376477479935,
0.06762807071208954,
-0.0022158734500408173,
0.011977430433034897,
0.01617489941418171,
0.042794667184352875,
-0.015208506025373936,
-0.035317312926054,
-0.047714490443468094,
-0.06395772099494934,
0.027859484776854515,
-0.05415711924433708,
0.018947182223200798,
0.028874685987830162,
0.05220480635762215,
-0.03900718316435814,
-0.054391395300626755,
-0.008473031222820282,
-0.02860136330127716,
0.00373379560187459,
0.03014368936419487,
0.010220350697636604,
0.021436380222439766,
0.0069892751052975655,
-0.017482949420809746,
0.04353654384613037,
0.04322417452931404,
0.013890695758163929,
0.008404701016843319,
0.02167065627872944,
-0.08855684846639633,
0.0018339526141062379,
-0.05989691615104675,
-0.027918053790926933,
-0.06583194434642792,
0.04896397143602371,
0.021748749539256096,
0.03965144604444504,
-0.060482610017061234,
0.05517232045531273,
-0.05474281311035156,
0.0298117958009243,
-0.09535089135169983,
0.023603444918990135,
-0.048573508858680725,
0.028191376477479935,
0.020596886053681374,
0.038831476122140884,
0.016994871199131012,
0.019269313663244247,
-0.011147698387503624,
0.013724748976528645,
0.10589337348937988,
-0.08098188042640686,
0.0014459306839853525,
0.06712047010660172,
0.05216576159000397,
0.023310597985982895,
-0.014818043448030949,
-0.013529518619179726,
0.0012506995117291808,
0.03998333960771561,
-0.041232816874980927,
-0.012221469543874264,
-0.020304039120674133,
0.020011192187666893,
0.01916193589568138,
-0.004834411200135946,
0.06157590448856354,
0.0029675133991986513,
-0.06282538175582886,
-0.03102222830057144,
-0.0708298608660698,
-0.0033164890483021736,
0.02315441332757473,
0.03469257429242134,
0.026336681097745895,
0.027898529544472694,
0.04259943589568138,
-0.014193303883075714,
0.03527826815843582,
-0.035161130130290985,
0.0016838685842230916,
0.01973786950111389,
-0.014398297294974327,
0.04088140279054642,
0.01432996615767479,
-0.05876457318663597,
-0.02288109064102173,
-0.005007678642868996,
0.013490471988916397,
-0.007316287141293287,
-0.015638014301657677,
-0.04361463710665703,
-0.006193708162754774,
0.03170553594827652,
-0.005012559704482555,
-0.02493101730942726,
-0.02038213051855564,
-0.039397645741701126,
0.025731464847922325,
-0.05396188795566559,
0.018986228853464127,
0.0068086860701441765,
-0.01020082738250494,
-0.059818822890520096,
-0.03894861415028572,
-0.009366214275360107,
-0.014837566763162613,
-0.013910219073295593,
-0.038811951875686646,
0.028835639357566833,
0.008497435599565506,
-0.016682501882314682,
0.06184922531247139,
0.0058618150651454926,
0.0062620388343930244,
0.014983990229666233,
0.015393976122140884,
0.025184817612171173,
0.03350166603922844,
0.004168184939771891,
0.008282680995762348,
-0.019562160596251488,
0.044590793550014496,
-0.0022536995820701122,
0.014866851270198822,
0.06325489282608032,
0.017258433625102043,
-0.056851308792829514,
-0.015686823055148125,
-0.029479902237653732,
0.013178101740777493,
0.024599123746156693,
0.0013153698528185487,
-0.0013458747416734695,
0.04380986839532852,
0.0267857126891613,
0.0025892530102282763,
0.03104175254702568,
-0.0006582950009033084,
0.04166232421994209,
-0.012680262327194214,
0.00517362542450428,
-0.02559480257332325,
-0.006110734771937132,
-0.007643299177289009,
0.07567159086465836,
0.04416128620505333,
0.019435260444879532,
-0.022646812722086906,
0.01973786950111389,
0.015062082558870316,
0.040686171501874924,
0.05021344870328903,
0.017512233927845955,
-0.019962385296821594,
0.002991917310282588,
0.029050394892692566,
0.0071454597637057304,
-0.022744428366422653,
-0.025809558108448982,
-0.016252992674708366,
-0.04408319294452667,
-0.022451581433415413,
0.06848708540201187,
0.017238909378647804,
-0.050096310675144196,
0.015686823055148125,
-0.012680262327194214,
0.005661703180521727,
0.016887493431568146,
0.003013880690559745,
-0.003401902737095952,
0.01584300771355629,
0.006774520501494408,
-0.028991824015975,
-0.022451581433415413,
-0.03385308012366295,
0.03600062429904938,
-0.056851308792829514,
0.024891970679163933,
-0.009805483743548393,
0.022100165486335754,
-0.06794043630361557,
-0.013910219073295593,
0.05263431742787361,
-0.005310287233442068,
0.001090854057110846,
-0.009234433062374592,
0.007775080390274525,
-0.040686171501874924,
-0.02405247651040554,
0.03281835466623306,
0.003555647097527981,
-0.00488321902230382,
-0.01095246709883213,
0.02014785446226597,
-0.064582459628582,
0.03951478376984596,
-0.04115472361445427,
-0.041623279452323914,
0.04380986839532852,
-0.002789364894852042,
-0.0358639620244503,
-0.02036260813474655,
-0.027469022199511528,
0.0763353779911995,
0.07235266268253326,
-0.011752914637327194,
-0.0420137420296669,
-0.01859576627612114,
-0.025341002270579338,
-0.000019208533558412455,
-0.08480840921401978,
0.016887493431568146,
-0.010034880600869656,
0.02067497745156288,
-0.0021939100697636604,
0.01854695938527584,
0.004011999815702438,
-0.031217459589242935,
-0.01295358594506979,
-0.01640917733311653,
-0.010786520317196846,
-0.005154102109372616,
-0.026297634467482567,
-0.03719153255224228,
-0.05446948856115341,
0.04529362544417381,
-0.03406783565878868,
-0.03195933997631073,
-0.027918053790926933,
-0.006486554630100727,
0.021475424990057945,
0.009527279995381832,
-0.0005692208069376647,
-0.045488856732845306,
0.028581839054822922,
0.008131377398967743,
-0.005500637460500002,
0.04833923280239105,
0.0010054403683170676,
-0.06223968788981438,
-0.017658656463027,
-0.0396319217979908,
0.041623279452323914,
-0.06188827380537987,
-0.04232611134648323,
-0.006286442745476961,
-0.002113377209752798,
0.026863805949687958,
-0.005227313842624426,
-0.08652644604444504,
-0.031510308384895325,
0.009659061208367348,
-0.07223552465438843,
0.019855007529258728,
-0.03383355587720871,
-0.0191716980189085,
-0.05177529901266098,
0.04502030089497566,
0.005056486465036869,
-0.008609693497419357,
0.010649858973920345,
-0.03178362920880318,
-0.04466888681054115,
0.0006061316817067564,
0.02766425348818302,
-0.028484223410487175,
0.002791805425658822,
0.0341264046728611,
0.054664719849824905,
0.04380986839532852,
-0.05548468977212906,
-0.007506637368351221,
-0.006476792972534895,
0.07012702524662018,
0.03559063747525215,
-0.06594908237457275,
-0.02005023881793022,
0.030690336599946022,
0.030299874022603035,
0.0002359551435802132,
-0.03201790899038315,
0.029382286593317986,
0.04744116961956024,
-0.01585276797413826,
0.03315024822950363,
-0.07840482890605927,
-0.03506351262331009,
0.00739437947049737,
0.005817888304591179,
0.0035800510086119175,
0.027195697650313377,
0.032408371567726135,
0.029597042128443718,
-0.02709808200597763,
0.0469726137816906,
-0.003909503575414419,
-0.02102639339864254,
0.030905090272426605,
-0.049744896590709686,
-0.023935338482260704,
0.0003056587593164295,
0.021709702908992767,
0.00007660534174647182,
0.004514720290899277,
0.004814887885004282,
0.034868281334638596,
0.044551748782396317,
-0.03570777550339699,
-0.018810519948601723,
0.002445270074531436,
0.01885932870209217,
0.03863624483346939,
-0.06680809706449509,
0.03287692368030548,
0.02561432681977749,
0.0055884914472699165,
-0.0005402411916293204,
-0.049471572041511536,
0.019747629761695862,
0.013129294849932194,
0.03787484019994736,
-0.02620001882314682,
-0.013519756495952606,
0.004253598395735025,
0.020948302000761032,
0.05763223394751549,
-0.018498150631785393,
-0.034848760813474655,
-0.004287763964384794,
-0.00593014620244503,
-0.05989691615104675,
-0.029089439660310745,
0.00534445233643055,
-0.004724593833088875,
-0.00768722640350461,
-0.0037240341771394014,
0.03260360285639763,
-0.008121615275740623,
-0.06095116212964058,
0.02524338662624359,
-0.017805080860853195,
-0.0017656217096373439,
0.06653477251529694,
-0.017785556614398956,
0.03170553594827652,
-0.029069917276501656,
-0.03102222830057144,
-0.013646656647324562,
0.037679608911275864,
0.020870208740234375,
0.014417819678783417,
-0.03766008839011192,
0.05298573151230812,
-0.019747629761695862,
-0.02979227341711521,
0.0051785060204565525,
0.020616408437490463,
0.03178362920880318,
0.03014368936419487,
-0.03512208163738251,
0.007228433154523373,
0.035317312926054,
0.0462307333946228,
0.036410607397556305,
0.0010469270637258887,
0.013588087633252144,
0.044044144451618195,
-0.022139212116599083,
0.007457829546183348,
-0.00819482747465372,
0.008785401470959187,
0.0012336168438196182,
0.04505934938788414,
0.018790997564792633,
0.07774104177951813,
-0.01478875894099474,
-0.016506792977452278,
0.006071688607335091,
0.023349644616246223,
-0.03572729974985123,
-0.021221624687314034,
0.019972145557403564,
0.0011292900890111923,
-0.001703391782939434,
-0.04701165854930878,
-0.08316846936941147,
0.013578326441347599,
0.013812603428959846,
-0.027000466361641884,
-0.061068300157785416,
0.04322417452931404,
-0.023291075602173805,
0.00169607053976506,
0.035180650651454926,
0.03773818165063858,
-0.006193708162754774,
0.010796282440423965,
-0.013041440397500992,
0.006232754327356815,
0.016565361991524696,
-0.0020511471666395664,
-0.029089439660310745,
0.006959990132600069,
0.03656679391860962,
0.004504958633333445,
0.005466471891850233,
0.0414670966565609,
0.029108963906764984,
0.0037264744751155376,
0.03313072398304939,
0.011957907117903233,
-0.004353654570877552,
-0.038558151572942734,
0.048534464091062546,
0.024286754429340363,
-0.0061985887587070465,
-0.018449343740940094,
-0.01399807259440422,
0.009210029616951942,
0.017238909378647804,
-0.03254503011703491,
-0.009483353234827518,
0.010874374769628048,
-0.047714490443468094,
0.043146081268787384,
0.03890956565737724,
0.02495053969323635,
-0.05692940205335617,
-0.02655143477022648,
0.012387416325509548,
0.02129971794784069,
-0.0025282432325184345,
-0.03564920648932457,
-0.004468352999538183,
0.013802842237055302,
-0.033657848834991455,
-0.02897230163216591,
0.04236515983939171,
-0.01278764009475708,
-0.021143533289432526,
0.0033726179972290993,
0.00441466411575675,
-0.010845090262591839,
-0.05236099287867546,
-0.0167898777872324,
-0.015208506025373936,
-0.01081580575555563,
-0.012758355587720871,
0.01615537703037262,
-0.019064322113990784,
-0.03600062429904938,
0.035453975200653076,
0.05236099287867546,
-0.03644965589046478,
-0.008111854083836079,
0.020167376846075058,
0.00646215071901679,
0.026004787534475327,
-0.02739092893898487,
0.00015542229812126607,
-0.018410297110676765,
-0.0176098495721817,
0.03676202520728111,
0.023896291851997375,
-0.01611633040010929,
-0.06188827380537987,
-0.08426176011562347,
-0.03666440770030022,
0.015462306328117847,
-0.024872448295354843,
-0.0009804264409467578,
0.02249062806367874,
-0.016653217375278473,
0.0006043014000169933,
-0.04103758558630943,
-0.053415242582559586,
0.002134120324626565,
0.002886980539187789,
0.000356601900421083,
0.05126769840717316,
-0.00839981995522976,
0.041271865367889404,
0.02042117714881897,
0.013900457881391048,
0.008326608687639236,
-0.0050857714377343655,
0.013021917082369328,
-0.01737557165324688,
0.000024956792913144454,
0.03781627118587494,
-0.01505232136696577,
0.0329354926943779,
0.010317966341972351,
0.012192185036838055,
0.015091367065906525,
0.002034064382314682,
0.006691547576338053,
0.022763950750231743,
0.011655298992991447,
0.01731700263917446,
0.016340846195816994,
-0.014730189926922321,
0.03254503011703491,
0.010093450546264648,
0.007164983078837395,
0.05232194811105728,
-0.03139316663146019,
-0.009527279995381832,
0.010903659276664257,
0.010210588574409485,
0.02498958632349968,
0.02524338662624359,
-0.04954966530203819,
0.015491590835154057,
-0.018185781314969063,
-0.0031114963348954916,
-0.0020511471666395664,
0.03805055096745491,
0.010796282440423965,
0.00040205413824878633,
-0.0499010793864727,
-0.018673859536647797,
0.01795150339603424,
-0.0017424379475414753,
0.02012833021581173,
0.05091628059744835,
0.034575436264276505,
0.013490471988916397,
-0.04986203461885452,
-0.004658703226596117,
0.0006509738159365952,
0.008438866585493088,
-0.01418354269117117,
0.0401785708963871,
0.012826685793697834,
-0.054625675082206726,
0.04470793157815933,
-0.0065158396027982235,
-0.032740261405706406,
-0.0015520876040682197,
0.03816768899559975,
0.04240420460700989,
0.010747474618256092,
-0.03691820800304413,
-0.0280742384493351,
-0.012250754050910473,
-0.03168601542711258,
0.017209624871611595,
0.053493332117795944,
-0.05997500568628311,
-0.0005741015775129199,
0.011479591019451618,
0.021221624687314034,
0.017463425174355507,
0.050408679991960526,
0.020635932683944702,
-0.00685749389231205,
0.0700879842042923,
0.012543600983917713,
-0.007975191809237003,
-0.05599229037761688,
0.02159256488084793,
0.009668822400271893,
-0.00854136236011982,
-0.0016069964040070772,
0.022685859352350235,
-0.02040165476500988,
-0.030085118487477303,
0.012650977820158005,
-0.010737712495028973,
-0.016087045893073082,
-0.007677464745938778,
-0.001632620464079082,
-0.026746666058897972,
-0.003406783565878868,
0.010552243329584599,
0.00449031637981534,
0.005363975651562214,
-0.043419405817985535,
0.030319396406412125,
-0.013754034414887428,
0.028171854093670845,
-0.021807318553328514,
0.0016191982431337237,
-0.015638014301657677,
-0.06614430993795395,
0.07180601358413696,
-0.05263431742787361,
-0.003809447633102536,
0.003018761519342661,
-0.0017290158430114388,
-0.00448543531820178,
0.07399260252714157,
-0.019308360293507576,
-0.00516874436289072,
0.008146019652485847,
-0.008409581147134304,
-0.015735629945993423,
0.01403711922466755,
0.042521342635154724,
-0.004607454873621464,
0.008595051243901253,
0.06141971796751022,
0.012992632575333118,
0.0023683977779000998,
-0.029421333223581314,
0.025184817612171173,
0.03994429111480713,
0.026024311780929565,
0.026336681097745895,
0.016331085935235023,
-0.057124633342027664,
0.011069606058299541,
-0.008272919803857803,
0.028171854093670845,
-0.024130569770932198,
0.016584886237978935,
-0.011294121854007244,
0.03646917641162872,
-0.08894731104373932,
-0.03631299361586571,
0.02836708538234234,
-0.009307644329965115,
-0.00012895932013634592,
0.033950697630643845,
0.015179221518337727,
-0.003101734910160303,
0.004497637506574392,
0.0029382286593317986,
-0.02623906545341015,
0.0693461000919342,
0.02165113389492035,
0.030397489666938782,
0.01953287608921528,
-0.014066403731703758,
0.014173781499266624,
-0.008009357377886772,
-0.006091211456805468,
0.10589337348937988,
-0.006232754327356815,
0.03076842799782753,
-0.04591836407780647,
-0.0013324525207281113,
-0.0265123900026083,
0.02071402408182621,
-0.02317393757402897,
0.012875493615865707,
0.0009236873593181372,
-0.009307644329965115,
0.015911338850855827,
0.013636895455420017,
0.04103758558630943,
0.012533839792013168,
-0.03752342611551285,
-0.0039583113975822926,
-0.019308360293507576,
0.037894364446401596,
-0.0005536632961593568,
-0.002308608265593648,
-0.025145770981907845,
0.06911182403564453,
-0.02682475931942463,
0.0044951969757676125,
-0.05938931554555893,
-0.038558151572942734,
0.03385308012366295,
-0.06614430993795395,
0.002823530463501811,
-0.0055884914472699165,
-0.008429104462265968,
0.020284516736865044,
0.05236099287867546,
-0.0013190304161980748,
0.0034165449906140566,
-0.020186901092529297,
0.012455746531486511,
0.04322417452931404,
0.015657538548111916,
0.013178101740777493,
-0.024813879281282425,
-0.026707621291279793,
0.058608390390872955,
0.009210029616951942,
-0.0009889677166938782,
-0.00026218933635391295,
-0.045488856732845306,
0.046152643859386444,
-0.00976155698299408,
0.0022061120253056288,
0.007975191809237003,
0.025067679584026337,
0.04994012787938118,
-0.03479018807411194,
0.009497995488345623,
-0.015657538548111916,
0.010971990413963795,
0.0069258250296115875,
0.008575527928769588,
0.008258277550339699,
-0.005539683625102043,
-0.04693356528878212,
0.016087045893073082,
0.036371562629938126,
-0.022607766091823578,
-0.008717070333659649,
0.013470948673784733,
0.015413498505949974,
-0.037289150059223175,
-0.011362452991306782,
-0.012280038557946682,
0.047675445675849915,
0.038811951875686646,
-0.015979669988155365,
0.031158890575170517,
0.01891789771616459,
-0.00900991726666689,
0.023212982341647148,
-0.02737140655517578,
0.0267857126891613,
0.06442628055810928,
-0.011059843935072422,
-0.01490589790046215,
-0.03223266080021858,
0.028874685987830162,
0.0005890489555895329,
-0.003838732372969389,
-0.014349489472806454,
0.07282121479511261,
-0.032740261405706406,
-0.04166232421994209,
-0.06926801055669785,
-0.012143377214670181,
-0.0153646906837821,
-0.020518792793154716,
-0.0365082249045372,
0.005559206940233707,
0.009190506301820278,
0.0524781309068203,
0.023330122232437134,
0.019698822870850563,
0.029987502843141556,
0.01949382945895195,
-0.007501756772398949,
0.04482506960630417,
0.0007040523341856897,
0.04209183529019356,
-0.010220350697636604,
-0.02862088568508625,
0.0004105955013073981,
-0.00976643804460764,
0.00003157253740937449,
-0.023701060563325882,
0.016838686540722847,
0.0011427123099565506,
0.004624537657946348,
-0.021455902606248856,
-0.014359250664710999,
-0.004299966152757406,
-0.005612895358353853,
-0.0027478784322738647,
-0.05122865363955498,
0.039710015058517456,
-0.014827805571258068,
0.028484223410487175,
0.007496875710785389,
-0.02044070139527321,
0.0007064926903694868,
-0.005251717753708363,
0.01983548328280449,
0.0414670966565609,
-0.020538317039608955,
-0.03557111322879791,
0.02563384920358658,
0.03525874391198158,
0.005876457318663597,
-0.00707712909206748,
0.010552243329584599,
-0.017902696505188942,
-0.025809558108448982,
0.013295240700244904,
-0.027234744280576706,
-0.021163055673241615,
0.03734771907329559,
0.04326322302222252,
-0.03846053406596184,
0.0073358104564249516,
-0.004219433292746544,
0.014700905419886112,
0.022334443405270576,
-0.025419095531105995,
-0.05337619408965111,
-0.015481829643249512,
-0.05607038363814354,
0.020225945860147476,
0.0055884914472699165,
-0.013314764015376568,
0.051658160984516144,
-0.07274312525987625,
-0.016536077484488487,
-0.014076165854930878,
-0.0019828162621706724,
0.002845493843778968,
-0.0012421581195667386,
-0.02377915382385254,
-0.035512544214725494,
-0.03234979882836342,
0.007828769274055958,
0.015745392069220543,
0.03209599852561951,
-0.029948458075523376,
0.008814685977995396,
0.053727611899375916,
-0.013451425358653069,
0.014808282256126404,
-0.010073927231132984,
0.04451270028948784,
0.05025249719619751,
-0.0198159608989954,
-0.05575801432132721,
0.0493544340133667,
0.0018900815630331635,
0.05993596091866493,
0.014066403731703758,
-0.05548468977212906,
-0.019942861050367355,
-0.043419405817985535,
-0.015608729794621468,
-0.003467793110758066,
-0.01127459853887558,
0.010171542875468731,
-0.028269469738006592,
0.04482506960630417,
0.01735604926943779,
-0.005773961078375578,
0.00959561113268137,
0.028425654396414757,
0.0022927457466721535,
0.014857090078294277,
-0.05013535916805267,
-0.0036190974060446024,
0.04420033097267151,
-0.007941027171909809,
-0.049159202724695206,
-0.003907063044607639,
-0.00270883203484118,
0.01618466153740883,
-0.013148817233741283,
0.04560599476099014,
0.04954966530203819,
0.03291597217321396,
-0.0033506546169519424,
-0.004724593833088875,
-0.05696844682097435,
0.01795150339603424,
-0.048534464091062546,
-0.04142804816365242,
-0.02532147988677025,
0.03828482702374458,
0.02705903723835945,
0.00915145967155695,
0.005080890376120806,
0.019249791279435158,
0.016692262142896652,
-0.0016362810274586082,
-0.0066525014117360115,
-0.009976311586797237,
-0.03693773224949837,
0.001024353434331715,
0.040334753692150116,
-0.07207933813333511,
0.03166649118065834,
0.017434140667319298,
0.00671107042580843,
0.01613585464656353,
-0.019376691430807114,
0.002789364894852042,
0.00197549513541162,
-0.025360524654388428,
-0.029987502843141556,
-0.00488321902230382,
0.03506351262331009,
-0.01740485616028309,
-0.02891373261809349,
0.013988311402499676,
0.03947573900222778,
0.002002339344471693,
0.03697677701711655,
0.004029082600027323,
-0.0009127056109718978,
-0.04626978188753128,
-0.01023011188954115,
0.001940109534189105,
0.005442067980766296,
0.004648941569030285,
0.044317469000816345,
0.03371641784906387,
0.004297525621950626,
0.05025249719619751,
0.011694345623254776,
0.005798364989459515,
0.021104486659169197,
-0.013373333029448986,
-0.00016503132064826787,
-0.0016082165529951453,
-0.024228185415267944,
0.005700749345123768,
0.017736749723553658,
-0.03236932307481766,
0.02799614518880844,
-0.03356023505330086,
-0.00004148661901126616,
-0.030338920652866364
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.