text
stringlengths 481
13.8k
| embedding
sequencelengths 1.02k
1.02k
|
|---|---|
Recently, utilizing reinforcement learning (RL) to generate molecules with
desired properties has been highlighted as a promising strategy for drug
design. A molecular docking program - a physical simulation that estimates
protein-small molecule binding affinity - can be an ideal reward scoring
function for RL, as it is a straightforward proxy of the therapeutic potential.
Still, two imminent challenges exist for this task. First, the models often
fail to generate chemically realistic and pharmacochemically acceptable
molecules. Second, the docking score optimization is a difficult exploration
problem that involves many local optima and less smooth surfaces with respect
to molecular structure. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel RL
framework that generates pharmacochemically acceptable molecules with large
docking scores. Our method - Fragment-based generative RL with Explorative
Experience replay for Drug design (FREED) - constrains the generated molecules
to a realistic and qualified chemical space and effectively explores the space
to find drugs by coupling our fragment-based generation method and a novel
error-prioritized experience replay (PER). We also show that our model performs
well on both de novo and scaffold-based schemes. Our model produces molecules
of higher quality compared to existing methods while achieving state-of-the-art
performance on two of three targets in terms of the docking scores of the
generated molecules. We further show with ablation studies that our method,
predictive error-PER (FREED(PE)), significantly improves the model performance. | [
-0.029332976788282394,
-0.011317447759211063,
-0.029448460787534714,
-0.032508790493011475,
-0.016552729532122612,
0.001919924165122211,
-0.04850334674119949,
0.004066004883497953,
-0.06736576557159424,
0.04311408847570419,
0.03493395820260048,
-0.01447401475161314,
0.04261365532875061,
-0.035145681351423264,
-0.026214905083179474,
0.06316983699798584,
-0.0031661908142268658,
0.015609608963131905,
-0.046424634754657745,
-0.04242118448019028,
-0.0006754620699211955,
-0.025675978511571884,
0.039226122200489044,
0.03630052134394646,
0.06189951300621033,
0.0024925332982093096,
0.005153480917215347,
0.005591358058154583,
-0.05119797959923744,
0.1019340232014656,
0.06628791242837906,
0.03002588264644146,
-0.017428485676646233,
0.019805533811450005,
-0.03968805819749832,
0.027042541652917862,
0.004602524917572737,
0.04580871760845184,
0.04446140304207802,
0.0245788786560297,
0.001980072120204568,
-0.023866727948188782,
-0.0157347172498703,
-0.02338554337620735,
0.02534877322614193,
0.0030892014037817717,
-0.05735713616013527,
-0.017842303961515427,
0.0022134464234113693,
0.016033051535487175,
-0.027254262939095497,
0.03349040821194649,
0.033586643636226654,
-0.03381761163473129,
-0.029025020077824593,
-0.007025286555290222,
0.03699342533946037,
0.011529169045388699,
-0.002099165227264166,
0.014849338680505753,
0.006476736627519131,
-0.0485418438911438,
-0.06028273329138756,
0.018025152385234833,
0.004167053382843733,
-0.040073003619909286,
0.015686599537730217,
-0.026657594367861748,
-0.01732262410223484,
0.024290168657898903,
-0.06001327186822891,
0.03164266049861908,
-0.04754098132252693,
-0.0003011911176145077,
-0.002622452797368169,
-0.01764020510017872,
0.0028413916006684303,
0.05077453702688217,
0.004491852596402168,
-0.0028582329396158457,
0.04519280418753624,
0.031315457075834274,
0.012924602255225182,
0.016648966819047928,
0.05770358815789223,
-0.031199971213936806,
0.035569123923778534,
-0.06744275242090225,
-0.01486858632415533,
-0.046655602753162384,
-0.02991039864718914,
0.04861883446574211,
-0.00579826720058918,
0.025752969086170197,
0.007328432518988848,
-0.011115350760519505,
0.0011325868545100093,
0.018496712669730186,
-0.020305965095758438,
-0.024501889944076538,
-0.010326208546757698,
-0.04284462332725525,
-0.004419675096869469,
0.048580337315797806,
-0.03297073021531105,
-0.03589632734656334,
-0.029044266790151596,
0.0044629815965890884,
-0.014608746394515038,
0.14581800997257233,
-0.019863275811076164,
0.007419857662171125,
0.009589997120201588,
0.05281475558876991,
-0.04292161390185356,
-0.016600849106907845,
-0.039765045046806335,
-0.009739164263010025,
-0.026407377794384956,
-0.02948695607483387,
0.039052896201610565,
0.030718786641955376,
0.004573653917759657,
-0.02223070152103901,
-0.03801353648304939,
0.03782106190919876,
-0.006722140591591597,
0.013059333898127079,
0.029756419360637665,
0.07025286555290222,
-0.07006039470434189,
-0.0025382456369698048,
0.03589632734656334,
0.0069916038773953915,
0.03651224449276924,
0.07722041010856628,
0.0003554746799636632,
-0.04596269875764847,
-0.036281272768974304,
0.017486227676272392,
0.0061158486641943455,
-0.04765646532177925,
-0.03849472105503082,
0.003856689902022481,
0.07414083182811737,
0.022018980234861374,
-0.021845754235982895,
0.04738700017333031,
0.024848341941833496,
-0.002608017297461629,
-0.06917501240968704,
0.009695857763290405,
0.03081502392888069,
0.013963960111141205,
-0.016648966819047928,
-0.005865633022040129,
-0.021711023524403572,
-0.007482411339879036,
0.0335673950612545,
-0.018756553530693054,
0.05362314730882645,
-0.020421449095010757,
0.04573172703385353,
0.06147607043385506,
0.027350500226020813,
0.08699806779623032,
-0.018641069531440735,
0.00025081716012209654,
-0.0790681540966034,
0.05593283101916313,
0.0023217129055410624,
-0.009166555479168892,
0.0044726054184138775,
0.04068892076611519,
-0.008666124194860458,
0.0027764318510890007,
0.04103537276387215,
-0.00719370087608695,
-0.020228976383805275,
-0.02889028750360012,
-0.04603968560695648,
0.05735713616013527,
0.04122784733772278,
0.04430742561817169,
0.03210459649562836,
0.015388264320790768,
0.04511581361293793,
-0.028928782790899277,
0.035395894199609756,
0.012453041970729828,
0.0004715603427030146,
0.03235481306910515,
0.011288576759397984,
-0.015744341537356377,
0.03116147592663765,
-0.025252537801861763,
-0.04565474018454552,
0.003909619990736246,
-0.014368155039846897,
-0.0034524952061474323,
-0.007463164161890745,
-0.07098426669836044,
0.006890554912388325,
-0.0009328955202363431,
0.012327934615314007,
0.00035427173133939505,
0.023116080090403557,
0.013944712467491627,
0.02608017437160015,
-0.05250680074095726,
-0.0025671166367828846,
-0.044730864465236664,
-0.04646312817931175,
-0.03606955334544182,
-0.006005176343023777,
-0.0034308419562876225,
-0.04380699247121811,
0.0027451547794044018,
-0.034260302782058716,
-0.019526448100805283,
-0.03603105992078781,
0.01717826910316944,
0.061822522431612015,
-0.03583858534693718,
0.06259241700172424,
0.02373199537396431,
-0.02763921022415161,
0.017592087388038635,
0.018410099670290947,
-0.007227384019643068,
-0.0018020340939983726,
0.028178134933114052,
0.013434657827019691,
0.02979491464793682,
-0.01624477282166481,
-0.01156766340136528,
0.01953607052564621,
-0.034202560782432556,
-0.02282737009227276,
0.008598757907748222,
0.011933363974094391,
-0.019160747528076172,
-0.012587773613631725,
-0.019786287099123,
0.07768234610557556,
0.037724826484918594,
-0.012751376256346703,
0.0826866626739502,
0.07864471524953842,
0.04419194161891937,
-0.012760999612510204,
-0.04215171933174133,
-0.016995418816804886,
0.011740890331566334,
-0.03889891505241394,
0.02919824607670307,
0.021537795662879944,
-0.0689440444111824,
0.0005735111772082746,
-0.05242981016635895,
-0.004311408847570419,
-0.026214905083179474,
0.05189088359475136,
0.018054023385047913,
-0.022500164806842804,
-0.017486227676272392,
0.0425751619040966,
0.022634895518422127,
0.01701466739177704,
0.03843697905540466,
-0.009445642121136189,
-0.023154575377702713,
-0.0017442920943722129,
0.015715470537543297,
-0.023539522662758827,
-0.05947434529662132,
0.025098558515310287,
0.00858913455158472,
0.06243843585252762,
0.02444414794445038,
0.008771984837949276,
-0.018025152385234833,
0.000761473726015538,
0.02971792407333851,
-0.02534877322614193,
-0.044268928468227386,
-0.029583193361759186,
-0.03570385277271271,
-0.04346054047346115,
0.05115948244929314,
0.008266741409897804,
-0.027312004938721657,
-0.023289306089282036,
-0.016822192817926407,
0.026830820366740227,
0.0431525819003582,
-0.049773674458265305,
0.005495121236890554,
0.005957058165222406,
0.0169280543923378,
-0.07691245526075363,
-0.016677837818861008,
0.025310279801487923,
0.023289306089282036,
0.0034549012780189514,
0.01681256853044033,
-0.039052896201610565,
0.07256254553794861,
-0.024655869230628014,
-0.02613791637122631,
0.039341606199741364,
0.02378973737359047,
-0.004850334953516722,
-0.032759007066488266,
0.012837989255785942,
-0.0010080805514007807,
0.045462265610694885,
-0.07806729525327682,
-0.027138778939843178,
-0.012905355542898178,
-0.016629720106720924,
-0.007049345877021551,
-0.10416671633720398,
0.0227696280926466,
0.04680958017706871,
-0.011259705759584904,
0.057395629584789276,
0.03578084334731102,
-0.05431605130434036,
0.035569123923778534,
-0.015715470537543297,
-0.0184293482452631,
-0.07645051926374435,
0.00089139339979738,
-0.08299461752176285,
-0.025752969086170197,
-0.06563349813222885,
0.03608880192041397,
0.02761996164917946,
-0.03050706721842289,
-0.005220846738666296,
-0.0100374985486269,
-0.03168115392327309,
-0.01732262410223484,
-0.01447401475161314,
-0.023808984085917473,
0.010345456190407276,
0.03793654590845108,
0.027850931510329247,
-0.061399079859256744,
0.0010688300244510174,
-0.03166190907359123,
-0.02744673565030098,
-0.0009996597655117512,
0.04099687933921814,
-0.039052896201610565,
0.029025020077824593,
-0.0145317567512393,
0.0017875985940918326,
0.0115387924015522,
-0.00567797152325511,
-0.03033383935689926,
-0.02685006707906723,
0.03564611077308655,
-0.03312470763921738,
0.07437179982662201,
-0.02702329494059086,
0.026715336367487907,
0.019468706101179123,
0.06455564498901367,
0.02205747552216053,
0.022808121517300606,
0.011894868686795235,
-0.0014363343361765146,
0.017110902816057205,
0.011789008043706417,
-0.020787149667739868,
0.0003467532224021852,
-0.06420919299125671,
0.03795579448342323,
0.02823587879538536,
0.01429116539657116,
-0.05843498557806015,
0.015532620251178741,
0.035626865923404694,
0.016004180535674095,
-0.011317447759211063,
-0.038687195628881454,
0.028543835505843163,
0.005216034594923258,
-0.00566353602334857,
-0.040842898190021515,
-0.010441693477332592,
0.01984402909874916,
-0.01162540540099144,
-0.014551004394888878,
0.04011150076985359,
0.016523858532309532,
0.02613791637122631,
0.007958783768117428,
-0.03699342533946037,
0.037243641912937164,
-0.027254262939095497,
0.016764450818300247,
0.010181853547692299,
0.01222207397222519,
-0.0077614979818463326,
-0.0796840712428093,
0.0008240276365540922,
0.0185737032443285,
0.0038085714913904667,
-0.019228113815188408,
0.008935587480664253,
0.003931273240596056,
0.025618236511945724,
0.00022314907982945442,
-0.034972455352544785,
-0.052237335592508316,
-0.00421036034822464,
-0.024463394656777382,
0.019035639241337776,
0.0042512607760727406,
0.02648436836898327,
0.023039091378450394,
-0.0368586964905262,
0.01714939810335636,
-0.012510783970355988,
-0.01749585010111332,
-0.025810711085796356,
-0.0856892466545105,
-0.005913751665502787,
0.04465387761592865,
-0.013425033539533615,
-0.05497046187520027,
-0.07822127640247345,
0.006462301127612591,
0.01653348281979561,
0.018718058243393898,
-0.03322094306349754,
0.01604267582297325,
0.025752969086170197,
0.005990740843117237,
-0.04261365532875061,
-0.04038096219301224,
-0.0015590362017974257,
0.03300922363996506,
-0.037070415914058685,
-0.013213313184678555,
0.028081899508833885,
-0.008863409981131554,
-0.039765045046806335,
0.03050706721842289,
-0.06455564498901367,
-0.02032521180808544,
0.06813565641641617,
0.003130102064460516,
-0.02835136279463768,
-0.008391848765313625,
0.03816751763224602,
-0.05112098902463913,
0.032932233065366745,
-0.0242709219455719,
0.05173690617084503,
-0.03529965877532959,
0.004775751382112503,
0.037724826484918594,
-0.015051435679197311,
-0.03302847221493721,
0.0007139567751437426,
-0.0008047802839428186,
-0.002564710797742009,
-0.004749285988509655,
-0.0021954020485281944,
-0.015465253964066505,
0.011692771688103676,
0.033644385635852814,
0.03272051364183426,
-0.09053958207368851,
0.0212875809520483,
0.019747791811823845,
0.009339781478047371,
-0.010422445833683014,
0.04777194932103157,
0.005639476701617241,
-0.0071167116984725,
0.00581270270049572,
0.0736788958311081,
-0.0059185633435845375,
0.05974380671977997,
-0.0003070555394515395,
-0.0008625223417766392,
0.012250944972038269,
-0.09000065922737122,
0.008055020123720169,
0.02061392366886139,
-0.0227696280926466,
0.0024299791548401117,
-0.06024423986673355,
0.054624009877443314,
0.015282404609024525,
0.059666816145181656,
-0.05735713616013527,
-0.005119797773659229,
0.0003596850438043475,
-0.011586911045014858,
0.029987387359142303,
0.016004180535674095,
0.024829095229506493,
-0.012376053258776665,
-0.02636888436973095,
-0.007973219268023968,
0.02396296337246895,
-0.05269927158951759,
-0.012010352686047554,
-0.07002189755439758,
0.0200749970972538,
-0.018467841669917107,
0.011105727404356003,
0.003563167527318001,
0.034375786781311035,
-0.005572110880166292,
0.010922877117991447,
-0.018554454669356346,
0.0073717390187084675,
-0.04919625446200371,
-0.01084588747471571,
0.025560494512319565,
-0.013886970467865467,
0.038032785058021545,
-0.00579826720058918,
-0.030641797930002213,
0.04226720333099365,
0.04403796046972275,
-0.04249817132949829,
-0.021980484947562218,
-0.0024059200659394264,
0.009349405765533447,
-0.011789008043706417,
0.0075545888394117355,
0.0004751692176796496,
0.026041679084300995,
0.04249817132949829,
-0.010432069189846516,
-0.0035318906884640455,
-0.0028822922613471746,
0.006192838307470083,
0.06744275242090225,
-0.033471159636974335,
-0.017072409391403198,
0.016947301104664803,
0.014676112681627274,
-0.002320509869605303,
-0.01972854509949684,
-0.008132009766995907,
0.03283599764108658,
-0.04961969703435898,
0.02301984280347824,
-0.02619565837085247,
-0.011798632331192493,
-0.021229838952422142,
0.016774075105786324,
-0.0005326105747371912,
-0.02174951694905758,
-0.009599621407687664,
0.013963960111141205,
-0.032277822494506836,
0.016889559105038643,
0.03410632163286209,
0.031912121921777725,
0.0071744536980986595,
0.015802083536982536,
-0.042998604476451874,
0.0003470539813861251,
-0.0010796566493809223,
-0.004908076953142881,
0.015109177678823471,
-0.0005091528291814029,
-0.011442556045949459,
0.00322874472476542,
-0.0006008785567246377,
0.008723866194486618,
-0.045577749609947205,
-0.025675978511571884,
-0.0116831474006176,
-0.001273934729397297,
-0.01355014182627201,
0.006423806771636009,
-0.05447002872824669,
-0.011817879043519497,
-0.030430076643824577,
-0.03601181134581566,
0.04888829588890076,
0.017428485676646233,
0.0035703852772712708,
-0.06132208928465843,
0.006929049734026194,
0.013030462898314,
-0.000495018030051142,
0.012424170970916748,
-0.03759009391069412,
-0.05889692157506943,
0.013136323541402817,
0.007126335054636002,
-0.024020705372095108,
-0.03708966448903084,
0.003197467653080821,
0.03477998077869415,
0.016206277534365654,
0.0011043172562494874,
-0.027042541652917862,
0.028024157509207726,
0.035877078771591187,
-0.01084588747471571,
-0.04226720333099365,
0.01162540540099144,
-0.01812138967216015,
-0.01933397352695465,
-0.00431622052565217,
-0.018929779529571533,
-0.020421449095010757,
-0.006885743234306574,
-0.020286718383431435,
0.0533536821603775,
-0.019256984815001488,
0.031373199075460434,
0.0437300018966198,
0.005249717738479376,
-0.03631976991891861,
-0.010749651119112968,
-0.0024973449762910604,
-0.02355876937508583,
-0.0012715287739410996,
-0.05447002872824669,
-0.022153712809085846,
0.022307690232992172,
-0.03379836678504944,
-0.009989379905164242,
0.0629773661494255,
0.03631976991891861,
0.03564611077308655,
-0.030584055930376053,
0.029563946649432182,
0.007631578482687473,
0.01939171552658081,
-0.005730901379138231,
-0.009209861978888512,
0.040303971618413925,
0.007766310125589371,
0.05269927158951759,
0.010220348834991455,
0.0057357135228812695,
0.032508790493011475,
0.009715105406939983,
0.03422180563211441,
-0.014849338680505753,
-0.03050706721842289,
0.005615417379885912,
0.002392687601968646,
0.029352225363254547,
0.01825612224638462,
0.001053191488608718,
0.043537531048059464,
-0.04357602447271347,
0.023212317377328873,
0.01914150081574917,
-0.0026681653689593077,
0.02690781094133854,
0.052121851593256,
0.03181588649749756,
0.04542377218604088,
-0.04800291731953621,
-0.017871174961328506,
-0.045770224183797836,
0.02710028365254402,
0.038206011056900024,
-0.000010892426871578209,
0.01995951309800148,
0.029583193361759186,
-0.004624178167432547,
-0.015253533609211445,
-0.03972655162215233,
-0.03481847420334816,
-0.03056480921804905,
0.020575428381562233,
0.00641418294981122,
0.0012462666491046548,
-0.04361451789736748,
0.020113492384552956,
-0.017572840675711632,
0.02097962237894535,
-0.007862546481192112,
-0.027600714936852455,
0.018891284242272377,
0.025502752512693405,
-0.014493262395262718,
0.033952344208955765,
-0.022442422807216644,
-0.03988053277134895,
-0.008940398693084717,
0.0055288043804466724,
0.005244905594736338,
-0.007212948519736528,
0.001983680995181203,
-0.020228976383805275,
0.025906946510076523,
-0.03350965306162834,
0.020094243809580803,
-0.004203142132610083,
0.011461802758276463,
0.005389261059463024,
0.027542972937226295,
0.024309417232871056,
-0.033297933638095856,
-0.0035535439383238554,
0.0024396029766649008,
-0.028255125507712364,
-0.0023385542444884777,
0.0057116542011499405,
-0.004573653917759657,
0.029448460787534714,
-0.016061922535300255,
0.005432567559182644,
0.016466116532683372,
-0.0712922215461731,
0.0016119664069265127,
0.038744937628507614,
0.002699442207813263,
-0.013771486468613148,
0.014704983681440353,
-0.004147806204855442,
0.017909668385982513,
0.01129820104688406,
-0.06674984842538834,
0.036531489342451096,
-0.034606754779815674,
0.024136189371347427,
-0.007771121803671122,
0.027235014364123344,
0.030603302642703056,
0.0015951249515637755,
0.011933363974094391,
-0.0002363816456636414,
0.07637352496385574,
-0.0010201100958511233,
-0.02234618552029133,
0.018641069531440735,
-0.0029568758327513933,
-0.007169642020016909,
0.01196223497390747,
0.005572110880166292,
0.057511113584041595,
-0.023212317377328873,
0.05851197615265846,
0.00504762027412653,
-0.04026547819375992,
0.00354392034932971,
0.04361451789736748,
0.018073271960020065,
0.025560494512319565,
0.0008883859845809639,
-0.015311275608837605,
0.01675482653081417,
0.010653413832187653,
0.020267469808459282,
0.03375986963510513,
-0.025964688509702682,
-0.02767770364880562,
-0.012395299971103668,
0.0007795181008987129,
-0.0017539156833663583,
0.022846616804599762,
-0.04769495874643326,
0.046963561326265335,
-0.05951283872127533,
0.012241321615874767,
0.0018260932993143797,
-0.03855246305465698,
0.03033383935689926,
-0.0098931435495615,
0.07171566784381866,
-0.03872568905353546,
0.0006977168377488852,
0.028601577505469322,
0.016706708818674088,
-0.0006628310075029731,
0.00437396252527833,
0.03375986963510513,
-0.010894006118178368,
-0.016408374533057213,
-0.03306696563959122,
-0.024136189371347427,
0.00024284755636472255,
-0.0036305333487689495,
-0.008387037552893162,
0.04361451789736748,
0.03435653820633888,
0.013973583467304707,
0.010393574833869934,
-0.016581600531935692,
-0.01972854509949684,
-0.002291638869792223,
0.02948695607483387,
-0.022249948233366013,
0.07321695983409882,
-0.05543239787220955,
-0.013415410183370113,
0.034318044781684875,
0.007646013982594013,
0.010990242473781109,
0.0031710027251392603,
0.004135776776820421,
0.048041410744190216,
0.01695692539215088,
0.011692771688103676,
0.0017960193799808621,
-0.0497351810336113,
0.020344460383057594,
0.030949756503105164,
-0.015725092962384224,
-0.011817879043519497,
-0.05000464245676994,
0.012876484543085098,
-0.010624542832374573,
0.03171965107321739,
-0.029467709362506866,
-0.05358465015888214,
0.01817913167178631,
0.014858962036669254,
-0.0029544697608798742,
-0.02767770364880562,
0.046848077327013016,
-0.0022242730483412743,
-0.03807127848267555,
-0.024290168657898903,
-0.025194795802235603,
0.015638479962944984,
0.012645515613257885,
0.006178402807563543,
-0.006847248412668705,
0.05531691387295723,
-0.03152717649936676,
-0.0013629536842927337,
-0.04777194932103157,
-0.015859825536608696,
-0.04380699247121811,
0.011635029688477516,
0.006082165986299515,
-0.006000364664942026,
-0.028794052079319954,
0.004737256560474634,
-0.0007151597528718412,
-0.04519280418753624,
0.026561357080936432,
0.010047121904790401,
-0.021306827664375305,
-0.009027011692523956,
0.030064377933740616,
0.046001192182302475,
-0.03889891505241394,
-0.020459944382309914,
-0.016427623108029366,
0.026349635794758797,
0.002109991852194071,
-0.008199376054108143,
0.03930310904979706,
-0.003337011206895113,
-0.018949026241898537,
-0.03824450448155403,
-0.02067166566848755,
-0.05712616443634033,
0.04326806589961052,
0.0088345380499959,
-0.037724826484918594,
0.011461802758276463,
0.006106225308030844,
-0.01447401475161314,
0.008921151980757713,
-0.03014136664569378,
-0.018438970670104027,
-0.0503510944545269,
0.035992562770843506,
-0.0011043172562494874,
0.0035824149381369352,
-0.0071167116984725,
0.04669409617781639,
-0.03445277363061905,
-0.004056381061673164,
-0.010528306476771832,
-0.0392453670501709,
-0.0713307186961174,
-0.02086413837969303,
0.02588769979774952,
-0.05527842044830322,
0.0059666819870471954,
0.031180724501609802,
0.02174951694905758,
0.0009810138726606965,
-0.013444281183183193,
-0.03481847420334816,
0.02912125736474991,
-0.0022471293341368437,
-0.018025152385234833,
-0.0431525819003582,
-0.00863244105130434,
0.03787880390882492,
-0.013011216185986996,
0.01610041782259941,
-0.025849204510450363,
0.05489347130060196,
0.03110373392701149,
0.01383885182440281,
-0.0011410076403990388,
0.016485365107655525,
-0.029621688649058342,
0.012279815971851349,
0.029390718787908554,
0.033471159636974335,
0.01199110597372055,
0.018496712669730186,
-0.04638613760471344,
-0.016004180535674095,
0.016138911247253418,
-0.011057608760893345,
0.03472223877906799,
-0.040534939616918564,
0.027196520939469337,
-0.04284462332725525,
0.04919625446200371,
0.007299561519175768,
-0.041073866188526154,
-0.009161743335425854,
0.023058338090777397,
0.056125301867723465,
-0.00036840650136582553,
-0.012837989255785942,
-0.020459944382309914,
-0.03181588649749756,
-0.023116080090403557,
0.021595537662506104,
-0.007342868018895388,
-0.03939934819936752,
0.014223799109458923,
-0.019074134528636932,
0.006592221092432737,
0.03639676049351692,
-0.052660778164863586,
0.05115948244929314,
0.08499634265899658,
-0.013203688897192478,
-0.021114354953169823,
-0.01507068332284689,
-0.022750379517674446,
0.009296474978327751,
-0.011635029688477516,
-0.007872170768678188,
-0.000317581434501335,
-0.011606158688664436,
0.04088139533996582,
-0.010970995761454105,
0.003541514277458191,
-0.0005232876283116639,
0.024944579228758812,
-0.057395629584789276,
-0.012000729329884052,
-0.03909138962626457,
0.005153480917215347,
-0.01959381252527237,
0.004082846455276012,
-0.03300922363996506,
-0.0287748035043478,
-0.011423308402299881,
-0.026638347655534744,
0.02492533251643181,
0.05135195702314377,
-0.009450454264879227,
-0.006621092092245817,
0.0006074947887100279,
0.0010592063190415502,
-0.04365301504731178,
0.031142229214310646,
0.01228943932801485,
-0.01800590567290783,
-0.025695227086544037,
0.013049710541963577,
-0.010807393118739128,
-0.07306297868490219,
0.005596170201897621,
0.012096965685486794,
-0.045693233609199524,
-0.024309417232871056,
0.011404060758650303,
-0.025425763800740242,
-0.0006357643869705498,
-0.03861020505428314,
-0.009941261261701584,
-0.025906946510076523,
0.02602243237197399,
-0.025445010513067245,
0.007097464054822922,
0.023539522662758827,
0.007467975839972496,
-0.02858233079314232,
-0.012501160614192486,
0.022885112091898918,
0.029044266790151596,
-0.013271055184304714,
0.05597132444381714,
0.008694995194673538,
-0.005187163595110178,
0.027119530364871025,
0.0009172570426017046,
0.026946304365992546,
0.009344593621790409,
-0.01345390547066927,
0.008310047909617424,
-0.007015662733465433,
-0.0170916561037302,
0.00567797152325511,
0.013290302827954292,
-0.008613193407654762,
0.05535540729761124,
-0.030314592644572258,
0.0022760003339499235,
-0.011124974116683006
] |
Easy-to-use programming interfaces paired with cloud-scale processing engines
have enabled big data system users to author arbitrarily complex analytical
jobs over massive volumes of data. However, as the complexity and scale of
analytical jobs increase, they encounter a number of unforeseen problems,
hotspots with large intermediate data on temporary storage, longer job recovery
time after failures, and worse query optimizer estimates being examples of
issues that we are facing at Microsoft.
To address these issues, we propose Phoebe, an efficient learning-based
checkpoint optimizer. Given a set of constraints and an objective function at
compile-time, Phoebe is able to determine the decomposition of job plans, and
the optimal set of checkpoints to preserve their outputs to durable global
storage. Phoebe consists of three machine learning predictors and one
optimization module. For each stage of a job, Phoebe makes accurate predictions
for: (1) the execution time, (2) the output size, and (3) the start/end time
taking into account the inter-stage dependencies. Using these predictions, we
formulate checkpoint optimization as an integer programming problem and propose
a scalable heuristic algorithm that meets the latency requirement of the
production environment.
We demonstrate the effectiveness of Phoebe in production workloads, and show
that we can free the temporary storage on hotspots by more than 70% and restart
failed jobs 68% faster on average with minimum performance impact. Phoebe also
illustrates that adding multiple sets of checkpoints is not cost-efficient,
which dramatically reduces the complexity of the optimization. | [
-0.04680222272872925,
-0.02431335672736168,
-0.02355976216495037,
0.01210710033774376,
0.019434820860624313,
-0.00723847933113575,
-0.03202779218554497,
0.030560264363884926,
-0.07440759986639023,
0.0546158142387867,
0.05878041684627533,
0.020704032853245735,
0.00017460971139371395,
-0.016688164323568344,
0.0026003988459706306,
-0.005929603241384029,
-0.012483897618949413,
-0.015329710207879543,
0.031789813190698624,
-0.027367400005459785,
-0.011492324993014336,
-0.046484917402267456,
-0.004246409051120281,
0.05088749900460243,
0.032087285071611404,
-0.00006650507566519082,
0.02605852484703064,
0.02046605572104454,
-0.09503230452537537,
-0.0061675808392465115,
0.019930606707930565,
0.02827964723110199,
-0.037997059524059296,
-0.042042672634124756,
-0.03494301438331604,
-0.023678751662373543,
0.052077386528253555,
0.002729303203523159,
0.029291050508618355,
-0.019533978775143623,
-0.055448733270168304,
0.013812604360282421,
-0.046207278966903687,
-0.0002610624360386282,
0.040971774607896805,
-0.030421443283557892,
-0.0371839664876461,
-0.004561233334243298,
-0.0052355024963617325,
0.006831934209913015,
0.006593957077711821,
-0.02470998652279377,
0.019206758588552475,
-0.06203277409076691,
-0.026891445741057396,
0.02964801713824272,
0.03347548842430115,
0.046484917402267456,
0.051879070699214935,
-0.020525550469756126,
-0.03500250726938248,
0.004563712514936924,
-0.03069908358156681,
0.00472980085760355,
-0.0005760416388511658,
-0.025344593450427055,
-0.022032741457223892,
0.018978698179125786,
-0.023619256913661957,
-0.020624708384275436,
-0.0723847895860672,
-0.020922180265188217,
0.035756103694438934,
0.02084285393357277,
-0.002345068845897913,
-0.02990582585334778,
0.06417457014322281,
-0.01707487739622593,
-0.032860711216926575,
-0.02800200693309307,
-0.024947963654994965,
0.013049094006419182,
-0.03294003754854202,
-0.00032319064484909177,
0.11050083488225937,
-0.0404759906232357,
-0.02036689966917038,
-0.06171547248959541,
0.040694136172533035,
-0.02411504276096821,
-0.02933071367442608,
-0.03230543062090874,
-0.0031705531291663647,
-0.015904823318123817,
0.00030800720560364425,
0.010292522609233856,
-0.04934064671397209,
0.010054544545710087,
0.00824988353997469,
0.06584041565656662,
-0.02003967948257923,
0.01360437460243702,
0.007213689852505922,
-0.04569166153669357,
0.008924152702093124,
-0.056321315467357635,
-0.024769481271505356,
0.05644030496478081,
0.04529502987861633,
0.10582061856985092,
0.025602402165532112,
-0.02857711911201477,
-0.024928132072091103,
0.022072402760386467,
-0.03496284410357475,
-0.04533469304442406,
-0.0045488388277590275,
-0.013068925589323044,
0.054020870476961136,
-0.0133267343044281,
0.016479935497045517,
0.028200320899486542,
-0.01037184800952673,
0.04616761580109596,
-0.038453180342912674,
0.017957378178834915,
0.0329003743827343,
-0.007674770895391703,
-0.00038268501521088183,
-0.0061477492563426495,
-0.012027774006128311,
0.0013237493112683296,
-0.04065447300672531,
-0.035557787865400314,
0.04930098354816437,
-0.0067179035395383835,
0.07444725930690765,
0.03764009103178978,
-0.028438298031687737,
-0.0011706752702593803,
-0.0014514141948893666,
-0.0033068943303078413,
-0.001913734944537282,
-0.060961876064538956,
0.0039018376264721155,
-0.010391679592430592,
0.026098188012838364,
0.02121965028345585,
-0.0054933116771280766,
0.024670323356986046,
-0.0623500794172287,
0.027268243953585625,
0.0040009948424994946,
0.09281118214130402,
-0.04842840135097504,
0.0035052087623625994,
-0.00622707512229681,
0.001201661885716021,
-0.03589492291212082,
-0.004992567468434572,
-0.0005608581705018878,
-0.056717947125434875,
0.0233614481985569,
-0.00723847933113575,
-0.005081809125840664,
0.00325731560587883,
0.04775413125753403,
-0.0020785839296877384,
-0.10272690653800964,
0.0432722233235836,
0.02558257058262825,
-0.005964308511465788,
-0.0014861192321404815,
0.020783359184861183,
-0.03278138488531113,
0.001491077127866447,
0.03050076961517334,
0.03591475635766983,
-0.04834907501935959,
-0.04089244827628136,
0.01038176380097866,
0.05029255524277687,
0.03280121833086014,
-0.00056550616864115,
0.0523153655230999,
0.05425884574651718,
0.03000498376786709,
-0.001246282714419067,
0.06429356336593628,
-0.02857711911201477,
0.018780382350087166,
0.019732292741537094,
0.07393164187669754,
-0.027823524549603462,
0.008730796165764332,
-0.0393257662653923,
-0.09233523160219193,
-0.0026227091439068317,
-0.032483913004398346,
-0.03359447419643402,
-0.028021838515996933,
-0.06631636619567871,
-0.038175541907548904,
0.015299963764846325,
-0.01110561192035675,
0.00196207407861948,
0.034010935574769974,
-0.0000538392887392547,
0.058542437851428986,
-0.0699256882071495,
0.03758059814572334,
0.006807145196944475,
-0.050173569470644,
-0.004858705215156078,
-0.026415491476655006,
-0.00733267841860652,
0.0017092230264097452,
-0.0031085796654224396,
-0.03385228291153908,
-0.05465547367930412,
0.020009933039546013,
0.02276650443673134,
0.01481409277766943,
0.023044144734740257,
-0.022845830768346786,
-0.009142298251390457,
-0.012027774006128311,
-0.015478446148335934,
0.033158183097839355,
0.042716942727565765,
0.019504230469465256,
-0.050173569470644,
-0.0069360495544970036,
-0.005121471825987101,
0.003882006276398897,
-0.017887968569993973,
0.005889940541237593,
-0.007055038120597601,
-0.05620232969522476,
-0.01966288313269615,
0.040119022130966187,
-0.02286566235125065,
-0.009454643353819847,
-0.020277656614780426,
0.044739749282598495,
0.005974224302917719,
-0.01779872551560402,
0.042042672634124756,
0.0266534686088562,
0.007912748493254185,
-0.026375828310847282,
-0.011551819741725922,
-0.011740217916667461,
0.0049132416024804115,
0.013237493112683296,
0.026911277323961258,
0.01727319322526455,
-0.03906795755028725,
-0.016043642535805702,
0.006217159330844879,
0.011323757469654083,
-0.012711958959698677,
-0.013227577321231365,
0.044541437178850174,
0.018125945702195168,
0.026970772072672844,
0.03236492723226547,
0.04362918809056282,
-0.02867627702653408,
0.03514133021235466,
0.0234407726675272,
-0.03242442011833191,
0.03371346369385719,
-0.06516614556312561,
-0.019028276205062866,
-0.07631141692399979,
-0.02770453505218029,
-0.01302926242351532,
-0.029291050508618355,
-0.00902330968528986,
-0.06599906831979752,
-0.013128419406712055,
0.04335154965519905,
0.02625683881342411,
-0.047436825931072235,
-0.051125477999448776,
-0.014258812181651592,
-0.05485378950834274,
0.018512658774852753,
-0.009137340821325779,
-0.07048097252845764,
-0.06238974258303642,
0.00726326834410429,
0.05878041684627533,
0.03726329281926155,
0.05096682533621788,
-0.030342118814587593,
0.037878070026636124,
-0.00964799989014864,
-0.000004362338131613797,
-0.09170062094926834,
0.005870108958333731,
0.04255829006433487,
0.023916728794574738,
-0.07595445215702057,
-0.016985636204481125,
-0.02326229028403759,
0.01394150871783495,
-0.01914726383984089,
0.006846807897090912,
0.07131389528512955,
0.004065447021275759,
0.010560247115790844,
-0.04220132529735565,
0.007203774061053991,
0.04581064730882645,
0.02423403225839138,
0.01824493333697319,
-0.07052063196897507,
-0.03694599121809006,
0.03391177952289581,
0.008482902310788631,
-0.11050083488225937,
0.024630660191178322,
0.04485873878002167,
-0.015418952330946922,
0.011849291622638702,
0.05104615166783333,
0.005820530466735363,
0.008458113297820091,
-0.04148739203810692,
-0.02308380790054798,
-0.07274175435304642,
-0.010421426966786385,
0.01109569612890482,
-0.03637087717652321,
-0.04549334570765495,
0.040971774607896805,
0.03686666488647461,
0.015656929463148117,
-0.03738228231668472,
-0.030262792482972145,
-0.033059027045965195,
0.0063758110627532005,
0.03950424864888191,
0.011998026631772518,
0.0016931099817156792,
-0.012067437171936035,
-0.00812593661248684,
0.0014191881055012345,
0.001126674236729741,
-0.005146261304616928,
-0.03791773319244385,
0.03716413676738739,
0.0322459377348423,
0.018800213932991028,
-0.008591976016759872,
-0.011065948754549026,
-0.016707995906472206,
0.004995046183466911,
0.01839366927742958,
-0.08979680389165878,
-0.0284581296145916,
0.02770453505218029,
0.013564711436629295,
0.024095211178064346,
0.039623238146305084,
-0.02827964723110199,
-0.005121471825987101,
0.022925155237317085,
-0.012384740635752678,
0.08087265491485596,
0.03765992447733879,
-0.00782350730150938,
-0.024690154939889908,
0.000028856307835667394,
0.020228078588843346,
-0.00010055164602817968,
-0.04430345818400383,
0.035260315984487534,
-0.02480914443731308,
0.0002996408147737384,
0.022944986820220947,
-0.005126429721713066,
0.0017315334407612681,
0.011224600486457348,
0.014863671734929085,
-0.022726841270923615,
-0.033059027045965195,
0.012860694900155067,
0.005448690615594387,
-0.03831436112523079,
-0.012930105440318584,
-0.023678751662373543,
-0.009494306519627571,
-0.05076850950717926,
0.01944473572075367,
0.013792773708701134,
-0.011194853112101555,
-0.03871098905801773,
0.02740706317126751,
0.010699067264795303,
-0.015835411846637726,
0.06508681923151016,
-0.02625683881342411,
-0.014893419109284878,
0.001667081261985004,
-0.041646044701337814,
0.033832453191280365,
0.03379279002547264,
-0.009558758698403835,
-0.03234509378671646,
-0.01709470897912979,
0.04287559539079666,
0.036232057958841324,
0.061239518225193024,
-0.027248412370681763,
-0.02433318831026554,
-0.06100153923034668,
-0.008091231808066368,
-0.06699063628911972,
0.046286605298519135,
0.006470010615885258,
0.02395639196038246,
0.02288549207150936,
-0.005014877766370773,
-0.016916226595640182,
0.010262775234878063,
-0.01553794089704752,
-0.01124443206936121,
0.04148739203810692,
0.002271940466016531,
-0.00816064141690731,
-0.03946458548307419,
-0.027645040303468704,
-0.010550331324338913,
0.055647049099206924,
-0.008046610280871391,
-0.02645515464246273,
-0.007426877971738577,
-0.008096189238131046,
0.013832435943186283,
0.01669808104634285,
-0.022528527304530144,
-0.059216707944869995,
-0.0022025303915143013,
-0.04767480492591858,
-0.027545884251594543,
0.03147251158952713,
-0.04755581542849541,
-0.03938525915145874,
0.026812119409441948,
-0.054972779005765915,
-0.0025681727565824986,
0.01630145125091076,
-0.01732277125120163,
-0.018175523728132248,
-0.03022312931716442,
0.04374817758798599,
-0.05628165602684021,
0.016281619668006897,
0.061834461987018585,
0.04489840194582939,
-0.030937060713768005,
0.005423901602625847,
0.014714935794472694,
-0.009836398996412754,
-0.014724851585924625,
0.042320314794778824,
-0.005468522198498249,
0.023103639483451843,
0.02740706317126751,
-0.024650491774082184,
0.023500267416238785,
0.01919684372842312,
0.001005826285108924,
0.00591473001986742,
0.0035349559038877487,
0.011065948754549026,
-0.03436790406703949,
0.03888947144150734,
-0.022548358887434006,
0.0045091756619513035,
-0.002895391546189785,
0.03645020350813866,
0.0725434422492981,
-0.00336638861335814,
-0.010461090132594109,
0.04430345818400383,
-0.010966791771352291,
-0.05897873267531395,
-0.04862671345472336,
0.0049529047682881355,
-0.008552312850952148,
0.03690632805228233,
0.025602402165532112,
-0.057868171483278275,
-0.008477944880723953,
0.04949929937720299,
-0.027565715834498405,
0.009429854340851307,
0.0014613299863412976,
-0.03581559658050537,
0.005230545066297054,
-0.06282602995634079,
-0.00007247000758070499,
0.0424393005669117,
-0.012870610691606998,
0.008651469834148884,
-0.04370851442217827,
-0.021457629278302193,
0.03869115933775902,
-0.0029325755313038826,
0.00010101644875248894,
0.05568671226501465,
0.02219139225780964,
0.026871614158153534,
-0.007526034954935312,
0.04089244827628136,
0.049380309879779816,
0.030659420415759087,
0.012523560784757137,
-0.004387708380818367,
0.013634121976792812,
-0.03910761699080467,
0.021001504734158516,
0.012612801976501942,
-0.025899874046444893,
0.040198348462581635,
-0.03407043218612671,
-0.0310957133769989,
0.09931589663028717,
0.00239960546605289,
-0.008091231808066368,
0.024372851476073265,
-0.01702529937028885,
0.03077840991318226,
0.03089739941060543,
-0.025701558217406273,
-0.04005952924489975,
-0.02443234622478485,
0.006693114060908556,
-0.024075379595160484,
0.0017811120487749577,
0.0015208242693915963,
-0.0007504964014515281,
0.02710959129035473,
-0.012434318661689758,
0.003165595233440399,
-0.005770951975136995,
-0.019801702350378036,
-0.029608353972434998,
0.020585045218467712,
0.02655431069433689,
0.0013225098373368382,
-0.06881512701511383,
-0.03252357617020607,
-0.023381279781460762,
0.014873587526381016,
-0.022449200972914696,
-0.023222627118229866,
0.020704032853245735,
-0.012533476576209068,
-0.0646505281329155,
-0.0041769989766180515,
-0.01510164886713028,
0.002989591099321842,
0.052553340792655945,
-0.01008429192006588,
-0.014357969164848328,
0.006286569405347109,
-0.024293525144457817,
-0.016390692442655563,
-0.03839368745684624,
-0.02201290987432003,
0.017154203727841377,
-0.004295988008379936,
-0.0424393005669117,
0.011204768903553486,
-0.037679754197597504,
-0.025066953152418137,
-0.005686668213456869,
0.013634121976792812,
0.018205270171165466,
-0.0007337636197917163,
0.00295736500993371,
-0.04283593222498894,
-0.014942997135221958,
0.012920189648866653,
-0.03216661140322685,
-0.05441749840974808,
0.05421918258070946,
0.0018666351679712534,
0.0412890799343586,
-0.01794746145606041,
-0.012830947525799274,
-0.014586031436920166,
0.019861197099089622,
-0.0017464070115238428,
-0.030619759112596512,
0.02133863978087902,
0.01989094354212284,
-0.002462818054482341,
-0.021993078291416168,
0.01669808104634285,
0.014060498215258121,
-0.004516612738370895,
0.002649977570399642,
-0.02643532305955887,
0.06627670675516129,
-0.011065948754549026,
-0.003832427551969886,
0.06790288537740707,
-0.032483913004398346,
0.03135352209210396,
-0.025999030098319054,
0.0076400660909712315,
-0.034903351217508316,
-0.03593458607792854,
-0.01627170480787754,
-0.0032771469559520483,
-0.009330697357654572,
0.027783861383795738,
-0.011373336426913738,
-0.03313835337758064,
0.04707986116409302,
-0.013515133410692215,
-0.01732277125120163,
0.023044144734740257,
-0.04015868529677391,
-0.021596448495984077,
0.02104116789996624,
-0.007035207003355026,
-0.05929603427648544,
0.021874088793992996,
0.023976223543286324,
-0.03226576745510101,
0.01602381095290184,
0.050728850066661835,
0.01303917821496725,
-0.05271199345588684,
0.000825484108645469,
0.05318794772028923,
0.06476951390504837,
-0.01037184800952673,
-0.032761555165052414,
0.014754598960280418,
-0.0295290295034647,
0.037481438368558884,
0.045215703547000885,
-0.007764012552797794,
0.014705020003020763,
0.05965299904346466,
0.056995585560798645,
-0.012414487078785896,
-0.014843840152025223,
0.01959347166121006,
0.01594448648393154,
0.012622717767953873,
0.029866162687540054,
0.012642549350857735,
-0.010128912515938282,
0.008691132999956608,
0.0019149744184687734,
0.03266239911317825,
-0.002555778017267585,
-0.010897381231188774,
0.07416962087154388,
-0.021279145032167435,
0.0500149168074131,
-0.004645517095923424,
-0.004256324842572212,
-0.03284088149666786,
0.04335154965519905,
0.023579593747854233,
-0.03631138429045677,
-0.009028267115354538,
-0.0023351532872766256,
0.03278138488531113,
0.023599425330758095,
-0.01816560886800289,
-0.023123471066355705,
0.010976707562804222,
-0.014923165552318096,
-0.07793759554624557,
-0.011184937320649624,
-0.007952411659061909,
0.01869114115834236,
0.0006222117226570845,
-0.009405065327882767,
-0.05695592239499092,
-0.037778910249471664,
0.028517624363303185,
-0.006063465960323811,
-0.009092719294130802,
0.028993578627705574,
-0.023619256913661957,
-0.02403571642935276,
0.009454643353819847,
-0.016559259966015816,
-0.024769481271505356,
0.028358973562717438,
0.005319786258041859,
0.03726329281926155,
0.0019050586270168424,
0.04747648909687996,
-0.012662380933761597,
-0.018056534230709076,
-0.016836900264024734,
-0.015220637433230877,
0.016519596800208092,
0.006826976779848337,
-0.023242458701133728,
0.042320314794778824,
0.018304428085684776,
0.0070699118077754974,
-0.0014675272395834327,
-0.015478446148335934,
0.0026797247119247913,
0.030837904661893845,
0.01154190395027399,
0.018274681642651558,
0.02413487434387207,
-0.056797273457050323,
-0.06786321848630905,
-0.010203280486166477,
0.024154705926775932,
0.010619740933179855,
0.0003067677316721529,
-0.00031683838460594416,
0.01774914748966694,
-0.039424922317266464,
0.005086767021566629,
-0.020823022350668907,
0.016707995906472206,
-0.002674766816198826,
0.0005295616574585438,
0.04553300887346268,
0.0007480175117962062,
0.00934557057917118,
0.024848805740475655,
0.0032944995909929276,
-0.023520098999142647,
0.004987609572708607,
-0.005374322645366192,
0.014804176986217499,
0.01931583136320114,
0.007476456463336945,
0.00843828171491623,
0.008557270281016827,
0.03791773319244385,
-0.010342100635170937,
0.0216361116617918,
-0.027446726337075233,
-0.050728850066661835,
0.06108086556196213,
-0.03230543062090874,
-0.02635599672794342,
0.038096215575933456,
-0.0023078848607838154,
-0.022469032555818558,
0.025503244251012802,
0.04981660097837448,
0.01640060916543007,
0.04335154965519905,
-0.036549363285303116,
-0.0295290295034647,
0.022409537807106972,
0.0083093773573637,
-0.02992565743625164,
0.005116513930261135,
-0.024967795237898827,
0.029588522389531136,
-0.0445811003446579,
0.001118617714382708,
0.0022521091159433126,
-0.01842341758310795,
-0.008790289983153343,
-0.001766238478012383,
0.03656919300556183,
-0.027089759707450867,
-0.013921678066253662,
-0.04533469304442406,
-0.027764029800891876,
-0.0038448222912847996,
0.0030986641068011522,
0.008279629983007908,
-0.023182963952422142,
0.043589524924755096,
0.023678751662373543,
0.006058508064597845,
0.024571165442466736,
0.03496284410357475,
-0.008086273446679115,
0.037203799933195114,
-0.01964305154979229,
0.010173534043133259,
-0.01697572134435177,
-0.026911277323961258,
-0.04545368254184723,
0.03214678168296814,
-0.007704518269747496,
0.018185438588261604,
0.014804176986217499,
0.013336650095880032,
-0.034804195165634155,
0.017491338774561882,
-0.0567576102912426,
-0.000332796509610489,
-0.0022521091159433126,
-0.0013882014900445938,
-0.008225093595683575,
0.0037134389858692884,
0.031234532594680786,
0.019831448793411255,
0.0002709781692828983,
-0.053425926715135574,
0.044739749282598495,
-0.002575609600171447,
-0.046564243733882904,
-0.020426392555236816,
-0.020525550469756126,
0.02161628007888794,
0.003698565298691392,
-0.02905307337641716,
0.015964316204190254,
0.001519584795460105,
0.0030986641068011522,
0.04065447300672531,
-0.03020329773426056,
0.013624206185340881,
0.036688182502985,
-0.033653970807790756,
0.03448688983917236,
-0.02990582585334778,
0.029985152184963226,
-0.04089244827628136,
0.03087756782770157,
-0.054972779005765915,
0.01941498927772045,
0.014536452479660511,
0.004526528529822826,
-0.02623700723052025,
-0.011006454937160015,
0.00899852067232132,
0.00047285613254643977,
0.0029201810248196125,
0.0345463864505291,
-0.03680717200040817,
0.04509671777486801,
0.03666834905743599,
-0.04239964112639427,
0.03226576745510101,
-0.004139814991503954,
-0.03771941736340523,
-0.012523560784757137,
0.024491840973496437,
0.018106114119291306,
-0.03867132589221001,
0.000557449646294117,
0.008547354489564896,
0.00843828171491623,
0.0007604121346957982,
-0.02036689966917038,
0.03272189199924469,
-0.013128419406712055,
0.005052061751484871,
-0.003103621769696474,
-0.025086784735322,
-0.06052558496594429,
-0.014149739407002926,
0.04295492172241211,
0.042320314794778824,
-0.012702043168246746,
0.016678249463438988,
0.019206758588552475,
-0.005513142794370651,
-0.00114526622928679,
-0.021199820563197136,
-0.04569166153669357,
0.009960345923900604,
-0.009836398996412754,
-0.005691626109182835,
0.0027416979428380728,
0.04410514235496521,
-0.04549334570765495,
-0.017739232629537582,
-0.04632626473903656,
-0.060684237629175186,
-0.02653447911143303,
-0.001347299083136022,
0.02123948186635971,
-0.027367400005459785,
-0.006593957077711821,
0.015121480450034142,
-0.02191375195980072,
-0.008939025923609734,
-0.008626680821180344,
-0.029588522389531136,
0.025899874046444893,
0.00012665789108723402,
-0.036251891404390335,
-0.033653970807790756,
-0.05223603919148445,
0.0070897433906793594,
0.010203280486166477,
0.02566189505159855,
-0.02740706317126751,
0.023916728794574738,
-0.015994064509868622,
0.0455726720392704,
0.026950940489768982,
0.059018395841121674,
-0.03167082369327545,
0.013267239555716515,
0.004261282738298178,
0.00593951903283596,
-0.008864657953381538,
-0.03377296030521393,
-0.009529011324048042,
-0.020386729389429092,
0.016737744212150574,
0.005468522198498249,
0.040495820343494415,
-0.028953917324543,
0.010699067264795303,
-0.004576107021421194,
0.016985636204481125,
-0.0031532004941254854,
0.040971774607896805,
-0.031135376542806625,
0.013078841380774975,
0.002694598166272044,
0.03069908358156681,
0.04680222272872925,
-0.0006990585825406015,
-0.033356498926877975,
-0.019930606707930565,
-0.03119487129151821,
0.019276168197393417,
0.0008211459498852491,
0.007352510001510382,
0.027942512184381485,
0.011591481976211071,
-0.03708481043577194,
-0.02875560149550438,
0.031135376542806625,
0.039702560752630234,
-0.05060986056923866,
0.011333673261106014,
-0.02964801713824272,
-0.025899874046444893,
0.07301940023899078,
-0.01750125363469124,
-0.022845830768346786,
0.03139318525791168,
-0.0052355024963617325,
0.011194853112101555,
0.03627172112464905,
0.033554814755916595,
0.01622212678194046,
0.01569659262895584,
-0.009519095532596111,
-0.02016858384013176,
-0.011760049499571323,
0.0003138946776743978,
-0.033158183097839355,
-0.028339141979813576,
-0.029370376840233803,
-0.029945489019155502,
0.01625187322497368,
-0.01376302633434534,
0.05695592239499092,
0.049459636211395264,
0.0031854265835136175,
0.011403083801269531,
-0.00857214443385601,
-0.018562236800789833,
-0.007015375420451164,
-0.0010870113037526608,
0.07234513014554977,
-0.02905307337641716,
0.011888953857123852,
0.03317801654338837,
-0.002488846890628338,
-0.1001884862780571,
0.03107588179409504,
0.01395142450928688,
-0.001600150135345757,
-0.004385229200124741,
-0.03815570846199989,
-0.016043642535805702,
0.05770951882004738,
-0.04065447300672531,
-0.02209223434329033,
-0.01906793937087059,
-0.016033727675676346,
-0.009241455234587193,
0.0038150751497596502,
0.004229056648910046,
-0.002041399944573641,
-0.027585547417402267,
-0.006479926407337189,
0.05259300395846367,
0.013782857917249203,
-0.012315330095589161,
0.04529502987861633,
0.030242960900068283,
-0.0340505987405777,
0.07710467278957367,
-0.014615778811275959,
0.0033961357548832893,
0.012236004695296288,
0.029231557622551918,
0.00776897044852376,
0.036033745855093,
-0.018264764919877052,
-0.005785825662314892,
0.017729315906763077,
-0.006212201435118914,
0.00992068275809288,
-0.008983646519482136,
-0.0017724358476698399,
0.0007814830751158297
] |
There is a widespread intuition that model-based control methods should be
able to surpass the data efficiency of model-free approaches. In this paper we
attempt to evaluate this intuition on various challenging locomotion tasks. We
take a hybrid approach, combining model predictive control (MPC) with a learned
model and model-free policy learning; the learned policy serves as a proposal
for MPC. We find that well-tuned model-free agents are strong baselines even
for high DoF control problems but MPC with learned proposals and models
(trained on the fly or transferred from related tasks) can significantly
improve performance and data efficiency in hard multi-task/multi-goal settings.
Finally, we show that it is possible to distil a model-based planner into a
policy that amortizes the planning computation without any loss of performance.
Videos of agents performing different tasks can be seen at
https://sites.google.com/view/mbrl-amortization/home. | [
0.0007804578635841608,
0.018421897664666176,
-0.03794701397418976,
-0.027124032378196716,
-0.004926454741507769,
0.04150395467877388,
-0.06558461487293243,
0.01457013189792633,
-0.07167135179042816,
0.04915041849017143,
0.02896907553076744,
-0.021512819454073906,
0.041313741356134415,
-0.054057855159044266,
0.020200366154313087,
-0.00008448025619145483,
-0.003968268632888794,
0.03056684322655201,
-0.030661949887871742,
-0.012420752085745335,
-0.008212342858314514,
-0.04546033591032028,
-0.0431017242372036,
0.012182989157736301,
-0.004921699408441782,
-0.0342949703335762,
-0.01126046758145094,
0.006586042232811451,
-0.032982517033815384,
0.043634314090013504,
0.03674868866801262,
0.03163202479481697,
-0.02120848186314106,
0.03011033870279789,
-0.031327687203884125,
-0.02545017935335636,
0.04549837484955788,
-0.014674748294055462,
-0.025697452947497368,
0.07433430105447769,
-0.013248168863356113,
-0.006966463290154934,
-0.021170441061258316,
-0.061552152037620544,
0.004167989827692509,
0.024251852184534073,
-0.03903121501207352,
0.0232437364757061,
-0.004907433409243822,
-0.0041988990269601345,
0.0249556303024292,
-0.04462340846657753,
0.08726862818002701,
-0.027200115844607353,
-0.04496578499674797,
0.00700450548902154,
0.06486181914806366,
0.023909471929073334,
0.018764276057481766,
0.02602081000804901,
-0.01579699106514454,
-0.027999000623822212,
-0.05325897037982941,
0.0007293387898243964,
0.016120348125696182,
-0.041960459202528,
0.02172205038368702,
-0.020599808543920517,
0.00826940592378378,
-0.04146591201424599,
-0.059231583029031754,
0.02347198873758316,
-0.052422042936086655,
-0.008212342858314514,
0.017023848369717598,
-0.0013017538003623486,
0.03998227044939995,
0.04401473328471184,
0.03596882522106171,
0.04348214343190193,
0.022425830364227295,
0.03231678158044815,
-0.00824087392538786,
0.00014421826926991343,
0.1275171935558319,
-0.024689335376024246,
0.039944227784872055,
-0.06626937538385391,
0.03463735058903694,
-0.00046809640480205417,
-0.024632273241877556,
0.03237384557723999,
-0.03463735058903694,
0.025697452947497368,
-0.03644435107707977,
-0.004332046490162611,
-0.0402485653758049,
0.004341557156294584,
-0.02556430548429489,
-0.014665237627923489,
0.0038161003030836582,
0.049416713416576385,
0.003074278822168708,
0.002384765539318323,
0.048351533710956573,
-0.07330716401338577,
-0.05466652661561966,
-0.011888163164258003,
0.0006235341425053775,
0.11146341264247894,
0.015454611741006374,
-0.03889806941151619,
-0.015663843601942062,
0.010328435339033604,
-0.034618329256772995,
-0.00024846260203048587,
-0.056454505771398544,
-0.07292674481868744,
0.06413901597261429,
-0.07399192452430725,
0.016072796657681465,
0.06413901597261429,
0.025202905759215355,
0.01185012049973011,
-0.009824377484619617,
0.014161179773509502,
0.0010307036573067307,
0.013476421125233173,
0.04245500639081001,
-0.005202259868383408,
-0.0006835693493485451,
-0.012896278873085976,
-0.007332618813961744,
-0.034865602850914,
0.020200366154313087,
0.0034142802469432354,
-0.0029411313589662313,
-0.030947264283895493,
-0.014246773906052113,
-0.011678931303322315,
0.003250223584473133,
-0.052764423191547394,
-0.026686547324061394,
0.037224214524030685,
0.05382959917187691,
-0.0022064431104809046,
0.0023645556066185236,
0.054514359682798386,
-0.0362921841442585,
0.010594730265438557,
-0.024480104446411133,
0.03781386837363243,
0.014703279361128807,
0.05413393676280975,
0.0320504866540432,
0.005711073521524668,
-0.049644965678453445,
0.03168908506631851,
-0.010509136132895947,
-0.029558727517724037,
0.07170939445495605,
0.003340573748573661,
0.023966535925865173,
0.08483392745256424,
0.08993156999349594,
-0.008863814175128937,
0.036254141479730606,
0.0013695163652300835,
-0.039145343005657196,
0.03269720450043678,
-0.08399700373411179,
-0.015359506011009216,
-0.010252351872622967,
-0.017908329144120216,
0.03452322632074356,
0.009562837891280651,
0.08551868796348572,
-0.00983388815075159,
-0.049074336886405945,
-0.01823168620467186,
-0.00463638361543417,
-0.010318925604224205,
-0.004679180681705475,
0.06771497428417206,
0.0391073003411293,
0.04485166072845459,
0.01925882324576378,
0.02687675878405571,
0.03174614906311035,
-0.05131882056593895,
0.004617362283170223,
0.004291626624763012,
-0.0014384676469489932,
0.018136581405997276,
-0.007170939818024635,
-0.017042869701981544,
-0.028759842738509178,
0.041427869349718094,
-0.018669171258807182,
0.0652041956782341,
-0.024194788187742233,
-0.06817147880792618,
0.004398620221763849,
0.017252102494239807,
0.03284937143325806,
-0.02387143112719059,
-0.0018735744524747133,
0.0008113671210594475,
0.01894497685134411,
-0.06273145973682404,
0.027656622231006622,
-0.0049502309411764145,
-0.03332489728927612,
-0.057177308946847916,
-0.022197578102350235,
-0.01808902807533741,
-0.007094855420291424,
0.03480853885412216,
-0.010052630677819252,
-0.046069007366895676,
0.015835031867027283,
-0.02200736664235592,
-0.03925946727395058,
-0.026553399860858917,
-0.024137726053595543,
0.010195287875831127,
0.04009639471769333,
-0.0071328976191580296,
0.028835928067564964,
0.007375416345894337,
0.018127070739865303,
0.033420003950595856,
0.021931283175945282,
0.022616039961576462,
-0.04519404098391533,
0.052079662680625916,
0.03903121501207352,
0.0005620128940790892,
0.03016740083694458,
0.047210272401571274,
0.002739032730460167,
-0.025602346286177635,
0.013286210596561432,
-0.0023122476413846016,
0.058394655585289,
0.0388219840824604,
-0.00613904744386673,
0.046639639884233475,
0.01694776490330696,
-0.005677786655724049,
-0.036025889217853546,
-0.019382460042834282,
-0.02109435573220253,
0.02177911438047886,
-0.0057586259208619595,
0.04937867075204849,
0.03237384557723999,
-0.013695163652300835,
-0.0037209950387477875,
-0.05710122361779213,
0.049873221665620804,
0.009938503615558147,
0.018307769671082497,
0.03948771953582764,
0.014218242838978767,
0.00048592864186502993,
0.037395402789115906,
0.0555795393884182,
-0.038308415561914444,
0.05238400027155876,
-0.058090317994356155,
-0.037224214524030685,
-0.016843149438500404,
0.009672209620475769,
0.005311631131917238,
-0.05904136970639229,
0.013447890058159828,
0.006215131375938654,
0.02533605322241783,
0.0035949803423136473,
0.015245379880070686,
0.002967285457998514,
0.019220780581235886,
0.04945475608110428,
-0.017708607017993927,
-0.0009040947770699859,
-0.037281278520822525,
-0.01748986542224884,
-0.03701498359441757,
0.026325147598981857,
-0.0029292432591319084,
0.0019984000828117132,
-0.025754515081644058,
0.01989602856338024,
0.07323107868432999,
0.025697452947497368,
-0.046411387622356415,
0.030757054686546326,
0.03684379532933235,
0.00011018840450560674,
0.011269978247582912,
0.03471343591809273,
-0.002198121277615428,
0.001052102423273027,
-0.02624906413257122,
0.018364833667874336,
0.0038874291349202394,
0.016339091584086418,
-0.013048447668552399,
-0.01989602856338024,
0.04637334495782852,
-0.005354428663849831,
-0.016843149438500404,
-0.023909471929073334,
-0.012582431547343731,
0.02541213668882847,
0.06478573381900787,
0.027009906247258186,
-0.06014459207653999,
-0.02868375927209854,
0.029178306460380554,
0.052193790674209595,
-0.07517123222351074,
0.00002416640563751571,
0.033039581030607224,
-0.03724323585629463,
0.04466145113110542,
0.00952955149114132,
-0.05143294855952263,
0.019705818966031075,
-0.03241188824176788,
-0.04816132411360741,
-0.058660950511693954,
-0.01860259659588337,
0.013333762995898724,
-0.00895891897380352,
-0.04036268964409828,
-0.0015074190450832248,
-0.04241696372628212,
-0.02075197733938694,
-0.03497973084449768,
-0.04055289924144745,
0.03431399166584015,
0.013076978735625744,
0.06775301694869995,
-0.03975401446223259,
0.013504953123629093,
0.004184633493423462,
0.0012862992007285357,
-0.034618329256772995,
0.0012256695190444589,
0.011678931303322315,
-0.0012981874169781804,
-0.00826940592378378,
0.03005327470600605,
-0.0015311953611671925,
-0.0038565199356526136,
0.014351390302181244,
-0.05736751854419708,
0.012715579010546207,
0.0289120115339756,
-0.06878015398979187,
-0.06280753761529922,
0.03406671807169914,
-0.03769974038004875,
0.08125796914100647,
-0.023890452459454536,
-0.0459168404340744,
0.01763252355158329,
0.036101970821619034,
0.006685902830213308,
0.006058207713067532,
0.02556430548429489,
-0.01620594412088394,
-0.03471343591809273,
-0.01074689906090498,
0.0036425329744815826,
0.00020759704057127237,
-0.0493406318128109,
0.03794701397418976,
-0.003276377683505416,
-0.0002447475562803447,
-0.05090035870671272,
-0.0014146913308650255,
-0.0025678430683910847,
0.04690593481063843,
0.03562644496560097,
-0.017594480887055397,
-0.04599292203783989,
0.035873718559741974,
0.013714184053242207,
0.004441417753696442,
-0.024461083114147186,
0.021512819454073906,
-0.006562266033142805,
0.01415166910737753,
0.0374334454536438,
-0.03056684322655201,
-0.008754443377256393,
0.019648754969239235,
0.023681219667196274,
-0.0003839876444544643,
-0.02670556865632534,
0.003942114766687155,
0.017080912366509438,
0.01086102519184351,
0.0009926615748554468,
-0.00042202978511340916,
-0.0087164007127285,
-0.012059352360665798,
-0.005140441469848156,
-0.023091567680239677,
0.003523651510477066,
-0.0034998750779777765,
0.02988208644092083,
-0.03650141507387161,
-0.008264650590717793,
-0.001826021820306778,
-0.01669098064303398,
-0.04401473328471184,
0.005154707469046116,
-0.011498230509459972,
0.04416690021753311,
0.025431158021092415,
-0.022654082626104355,
0.058204445987939835,
0.012021309696137905,
-0.04222675412893295,
-0.05892724543809891,
0.027865853160619736,
0.07189960777759552,
0.012687047012150288,
0.021398693323135376,
-0.04469949007034302,
0.05455240234732628,
-0.0057015628553926945,
0.0019627355504781008,
0.03503679484128952,
-0.03271622210741043,
-0.03975401446223259,
-0.011897672899067402,
-0.025887662544846535,
0.022882334887981415,
0.005316386464983225,
0.021531840786337852,
-0.006143802311271429,
-0.019686797633767128,
-0.03560742363333702,
0.006376810371875763,
-0.021855197846889496,
-0.05965004488825798,
0.0294826440513134,
-0.06809539347887039,
-0.03326783329248428,
-0.017071401700377464,
0.004584075417369604,
0.03452322632074356,
-0.030490759760141373,
0.03062390722334385,
-0.054514359682798386,
0.041313741356134415,
0.01086102519184351,
-0.012354178354144096,
-0.01983896642923355,
0.011469699442386627,
-0.01723308116197586,
-0.024194788187742233,
-0.019239801913499832,
-0.0026700813323259354,
0.007532340008765459,
0.01955365017056465,
-0.03884100541472435,
0.0021351140458136797,
0.007342129480093718,
0.052307914942502975,
0.02392849326133728,
-0.010138224810361862,
-0.042036544531583786,
-0.00013002677587792277,
-0.03633022680878639,
0.02993914857506752,
-0.04158003628253937,
0.03437105566263199,
-0.03760463744401932,
0.010509136132895947,
0.0013041314668953419,
0.016671959310770035,
0.009453467093408108,
0.00028323548031039536,
-0.009391648694872856,
-0.00804115366190672,
-0.10705053061246872,
0.023966535925865173,
0.0012791663175448775,
-0.01060424093157053,
0.029007116332650185,
0.03846058249473572,
-0.015292932279407978,
0.024993672966957092,
0.009035003371536732,
0.0008797240443527699,
-0.03903121501207352,
0.00010483873484190553,
0.03851764649152756,
-0.011441167443990707,
0.004122814629226923,
-0.019220780581235886,
-0.05192749574780464,
0.03591176122426987,
-0.041199617087841034,
0.013961458578705788,
0.029159285128116608,
0.011517251841723919,
-0.049644965678453445,
0.005368694197386503,
0.007337374147027731,
0.022026387974619865,
-0.015302442945539951,
0.05938374996185303,
0.0190020389854908,
-0.00804115366190672,
0.00824087392538786,
0.0033358184155076742,
0.01740426942706108,
-0.05873703584074974,
0.02284429408609867,
0.01648174785077572,
-0.036767710000276566,
0.08011670410633087,
-0.024708356708288193,
-0.019011549651622772,
0.08102972060441971,
-0.04127570241689682,
-0.031670063734054565,
-0.01700482703745365,
-0.023662198334932327,
0.02647731639444828,
0.034960709512233734,
0.008721156045794487,
-0.00212203711271286,
-0.03271622210741043,
0.008169545792043209,
0.026629485189914703,
0.03855568915605545,
-0.017908329144120216,
-0.007850942201912403,
0.03231678158044815,
-0.009662698954343796,
0.022654082626104355,
-0.010404519736766815,
-0.03062390722334385,
-0.00462925061583519,
0.021113377064466476,
-0.003449944779276848,
-0.028341379016637802,
-0.06626937538385391,
0.03769974038004875,
-0.050329726189374924,
0.007865208201110363,
-0.008497659116983414,
-0.010727877728641033,
0.00437959935516119,
-0.003973023965954781,
0.005478065460920334,
0.01126046758145094,
-0.03302055969834328,
0.01834581233561039,
0.03284937143325806,
0.004063373897224665,
-0.005772891920059919,
0.0012446906184777617,
0.014018521644175053,
0.054970864206552505,
-0.0190020389854908,
0.02533605322241783,
0.016567343845963478,
0.02404261939227581,
0.01551167480647564,
-0.014655726961791515,
-0.025107799097895622,
-0.026952842250466347,
0.008811506442725658,
0.02195030450820923,
0.045003827661275864,
0.002384765539318323,
-0.03633022680878639,
-0.014465516433119774,
0.009967035613954067,
0.035017773509025574,
-0.051965538412332535,
0.01536901667714119,
0.024632273241877556,
0.020219387486577034,
-0.030205443501472473,
-0.008526190184056759,
-0.027637600898742676,
-0.023491010069847107,
-0.014427474699914455,
0.04066702723503113,
-0.03532210737466812,
-0.05082427337765694,
0.012943831272423267,
0.0011400748044252396,
0.0022932265419512987,
-0.026287104934453964,
0.002299170708283782,
0.0391073003411293,
0.0212655458599329,
-0.017813222482800484,
-0.005887018050998449,
-0.00046631318400613964,
0.031118454411625862,
-0.004298759624361992,
-0.0030005723237991333,
0.01983896642923355,
-0.014085095375776291,
0.04717222973704338,
0.013286210596561432,
0.015178806148469448,
-0.039944227784872055,
0.009263256564736366,
0.005777647253125906,
0.04169416427612305,
0.0001139034575317055,
-0.021969323977828026,
-0.004557921551167965,
0.0016108460258692503,
-0.026496337726712227,
-0.006058207713067532,
-0.022539956495165825,
-0.007603669073432684,
0.020371556282043457,
0.04504187032580376,
-0.014379921369254589,
0.058660950511693954,
0.021132398396730423,
-0.025488220155239105,
0.017680075019598007,
-0.008854303508996964,
0.032906435430049896,
-0.027599558234214783,
-0.0059107947163283825,
-0.016710001975297928,
0.04070506989955902,
-0.0008910177857615054,
0.05352526530623436,
0.021931283175945282,
-0.02172205038368702,
0.03788995370268822,
0.00804115366190672,
0.0010390253737568855,
-0.017413780093193054,
0.024879546836018562,
0.052307914942502975,
-0.024118704721331596,
-0.014465516433119774,
0.0481993667781353,
-0.03551232069730759,
0.0007180450484156609,
-0.010100183077156544,
0.041960459202528,
0.004912188742309809,
0.001829588203690946,
-0.020885124802589417,
0.009938503615558147,
0.018897423520684242,
0.03842254355549812,
0.03844156116247177,
-0.03326783329248428,
0.05987829715013504,
0.02137967199087143,
-0.030890202149748802,
-0.019040081650018692,
0.0038042119704186916,
0.019296865910291672,
-0.034732457250356674,
0.006571776233613491,
0.06782910227775574,
-0.017527906224131584,
-0.013257678598165512,
-0.005944081582129002,
-0.018298260867595673,
-0.03016740083694458,
-0.03735736384987831,
0.0038303660694509745,
-0.017984412610530853,
0.009063535369932652,
-0.00937262736260891,
-0.01680510677397251,
0.0026653259992599487,
-0.0289120115339756,
-0.032297760248184204,
0.004405753221362829,
0.0002557440893724561,
0.006643105298280716,
0.028227252885699272,
-0.026553399860858917,
-0.01224956288933754,
0.06432922929525375,
0.0013433623826131225,
-0.01185012049973011,
0.013000894337892532,
-0.012059352360665798,
0.011165362782776356,
0.043862566351890564,
-0.03986814245581627,
0.002171967411413789,
-0.02472737804055214,
-0.01459866389632225,
0.006723945029079914,
0.0012518235016614199,
0.008397798053920269,
-0.007422968745231628,
0.0357215516269207,
0.026971863582730293,
0.016215454787015915,
0.02132260799407959,
-0.010109693743288517,
0.0025155353359878063,
0.0291973277926445,
0.028702780604362488,
0.0011050046887248755,
0.010176267474889755,
-0.03532210737466812,
-0.0408191941678524,
0.06992141902446747,
0.008664092980325222,
-0.006300726439803839,
0.012962852604687214,
-0.0095010194927454,
0.02541213668882847,
-0.033039581030607224,
-0.0402485653758049,
0.010537667199969292,
0.01797490194439888,
0.0033049092162400484,
0.0032549789175391197,
0.04359627142548561,
-0.011403125710785389,
0.00002386920095887035,
0.04435711354017258,
0.028322359547019005,
0.04184633120894432,
-0.0010770675726234913,
-0.045726630836725235,
0.04644943028688431,
-0.002772319596260786,
0.026895780116319656,
0.034618329256772995,
-0.016443707048892975,
0.05603604391217232,
0.02885494939982891,
0.009634166955947876,
-0.026838716119527817,
-0.05607408657670021,
0.03307762369513512,
0.012877257540822029,
-0.023262755945324898,
0.034504204988479614,
-0.05421002209186554,
-0.003212181618437171,
0.02318667247891426,
0.0371481291949749,
0.0180034339427948,
0.017936859279870987,
-0.028170190751552582,
-0.05630233883857727,
0.008364511653780937,
0.03197440132498741,
0.000706156890373677,
-0.0014753210125491023,
0.025583326816558838,
0.02172205038368702,
-0.03838450089097023,
0.0009427312761545181,
-0.008554722182452679,
-0.012163967825472355,
0.037794847041368484,
-0.05268833786249161,
0.023376883938908577,
-0.006039186846464872,
0.013923415914177895,
-0.02046666108071804,
0.01514076441526413,
0.0010675570229068398,
0.02234974503517151,
-0.02273016795516014,
0.005363938864320517,
-0.002791340695694089,
-0.017984412610530853,
-0.005487576127052307,
0.010223819874227047,
-0.014960063621401787,
0.003017215756699443,
0.03222167491912842,
-0.024194788187742233,
-0.025488220155239105,
0.018336301669478416,
-0.030985306948423386,
-0.028417464345693588,
-0.010395009070634842,
-0.009415424428880215,
-0.009814866818487644,
0.03574057295918465,
0.008754443377256393,
-0.008944653905928135,
-0.026971863582730293,
-0.04032464697957039,
0.029748938977718353,
0.03821330890059471,
0.0036758198402822018,
0.00833122432231903,
0.023262755945324898,
-0.009448711760342121,
0.019049592316150665,
-0.008074440062046051,
0.012896278873085976,
0.04416690021753311,
-0.009767314419150352,
-0.02529801055788994,
-0.012734600342810154,
-0.03414280340075493,
0.03442811965942383,
0.03844156116247177,
-0.004091905429959297,
-0.03378140181303024,
0.013676142320036888,
0.004733866546303034,
0.03425693139433861,
0.01196424663066864,
0.05166120082139969,
0.0499112606048584,
-0.05436218902468681,
-0.015949159860610962,
-0.0334390252828598,
0.01831728033721447,
0.008312202990055084,
0.015692375600337982,
-0.035246025770902634,
0.04348214343190193,
-0.03383846580982208,
-0.028550611808896065,
-0.007831921800971031,
-0.043291933834552765,
0.010784940794110298,
0.01063277292996645,
0.03222167491912842,
0.030814116820693016,
0.004736244212836027,
-0.007765348069369793,
0.031213559210300446,
0.01312453206628561,
0.06988337635993958,
0.049987345933914185,
-0.035360150039196014,
-0.005016804672777653,
0.045384250581264496,
0.06874211132526398,
0.015777969732880592,
0.026039831340312958,
0.00551610765978694,
0.005045336205512285,
-0.003264489583671093,
-0.00987192988395691,
0.0204095970839262,
0.02409968338906765,
-0.011308019980788231,
-0.03777582570910454,
-0.010575709864497185,
-0.08711645752191544,
0.008193321526050568,
-0.011193893849849701,
-0.034218888729810715,
0.044927746057510376,
-0.03990618512034416,
0.019268333911895752,
-0.014218242838978767,
0.0062436629086732864,
0.0391073003411293,
-0.04838957637548447,
-0.015159784816205502,
-0.01680510677397251,
0.030776076018810272,
-0.023909471929073334,
0.05637842416763306,
0.03986814245581627,
-0.018250707536935806,
-0.014845937490463257,
-0.02233072556555271,
-0.021132398396730423,
-0.016443707048892975,
0.01731867529451847,
-0.07513318955898285,
-0.03614001348614693,
0.058546822518110275,
0.012496836483478546,
-0.03187929838895798,
-0.019192250445485115,
-0.016957275569438934,
-0.006433873437345028,
-0.014779363758862019,
-0.0362921841442585,
-0.03669162467122078,
0.017451822757720947,
0.0011656343704089522,
-0.012896278873085976,
0.012668026611208916,
-0.003937359433621168,
0.034504204988479614,
-0.04390060901641846,
-0.02902613766491413,
-0.013010405004024506,
0.012373199686408043,
0.035645466297864914,
0.0331537090241909,
-0.0001462243963032961,
-0.0459168404340744,
-0.059954382479190826,
0.02761857956647873,
0.017898818477988243,
0.026382211595773697,
-0.04462340846657753,
0.006329257972538471,
0.044433195143938065,
-0.032183632254600525,
-0.008930387906730175,
0.007494297809898853,
0.04298759624361992,
0.001709517790004611,
0.02925438992679119,
-0.02432793565094471,
0.0013362294994294643,
0.00814101379364729,
-0.011697951704263687,
0.00935836136341095,
0.009448711760342121,
-0.009786335751414299,
0.02058078721165657,
0.0003135502920486033,
-0.021303586661815643,
-0.04949279874563217,
-0.03925946727395058,
0.012297115288674831,
0.02739032730460167,
-0.0005522051360458136,
-0.021075334399938583,
0.030186422169208527,
0.061894528567790985,
-0.04112353175878525,
-0.033305875957012177,
0.017252102494239807,
-0.015701884403824806,
0.03362923488020897,
-0.011041725054383278,
-0.026553399860858917,
-0.005064357537776232,
-0.01720454916357994,
0.010908578522503376,
-0.004964496940374374,
0.05493282154202461,
0.035417214035987854,
-0.013343273662030697,
-0.024860525503754616,
-0.01760399155318737,
-0.009158640168607235,
0.00789849553257227,
-0.043862566351890564,
-0.007461010944098234,
-0.03806114196777344,
0.011346062645316124,
-0.01103221531957388,
-0.03589273989200592,
0.019572671502828598,
0.017394758760929108,
0.02619200013577938,
0.011916694231331348,
-0.03735736384987831,
-0.028056064620614052,
-0.017195038497447968,
0.009577103890478611,
0.10309414565563202,
-0.0691605731844902,
0.027085989713668823,
-0.0072280028834939,
-0.013533484190702438,
-0.008022132329642773,
0.004046730697154999,
-0.001957980450242758,
-0.0037281278055161238,
0.0006663314998149872,
-0.04207458719611168,
-0.01386635284870863,
0.044433195143938065,
-0.04759069159626961,
-0.0388219840824604,
0.010328435339033604,
-0.01063277292996645,
-0.03216461464762688,
0.0646335631608963,
-0.05481869727373123,
-0.013771248050034046,
-0.027352284640073776,
-0.03231678158044815,
0.04390060901641846,
0.07726354897022247,
0.018612107262015343,
0.0453462079167366,
0.03459930792450905,
-0.005349673330783844,
0.023852409794926643,
-0.026743611320853233,
0.006314991973340511,
0.015150274150073528,
-0.022539956495165825,
-0.014465516433119774,
0.027884874492883682,
-0.04504187032580376,
-0.0015644822269678116,
-0.007361150346696377,
-0.024004578590393066,
0.036539457738399506,
-0.04949279874563217,
0.02312960848212242,
-0.01972484029829502
] |
In the last years, XAI research has mainly been concerned with developing new
technical approaches to explain deep learning models. Just recent research has
started to acknowledge the need to tailor explanations to different contexts
and requirements of stakeholders. Explanations must not only suit developers of
models, but also domain experts as well as end users. Thus, in order to satisfy
different stakeholders, explanation methods need to be combined. While
multi-modal explanations have been used to make model predictions more
transparent, less research has focused on treating explanation as a process,
where users can ask for information according to the level of understanding
gained at a certain point in time. Consequently, an opportunity to explore
explanations on different levels of abstraction should be provided besides
multi-modal explanations. We present a process-based approach that combines
multi-level and multi-modal explanations. The user can ask for textual
explanations or visualizations through conversational interaction in a
drill-down manner. We use Inductive Logic Programming, an interpretable machine
learning approach, to learn a comprehensible model. Further, we present an
algorithm that creates an explanatory tree for each example for which a
classifier decision is to be explained. The explanatory tree can be navigated
by the user to get answers of different levels of detail. We provide a
proof-of-concept implementation for concepts induced from a semantic net about
living beings. | [
-0.022757509723305702,
0.01859743706882,
-0.045515019446611404,
-0.04209228977560997,
0.09539947658777237,
0.020973321050405502,
-0.017650723457336426,
0.014819690026342869,
0.0024964986369013786,
-0.001219802419655025,
0.04081786796450615,
-0.03306210786104202,
-0.00999509822577238,
-0.013927595689892769,
-0.012380084954202175,
0.014846999198198318,
0.05436313897371292,
0.014846999198198318,
-0.02009943127632141,
-0.05410825461149216,
-0.0038050555158406496,
-0.00629017548635602,
-0.07195013761520386,
0.016494642943143845,
0.060079824179410934,
0.02550661563873291,
0.017186470329761505,
-0.02377704530954361,
-0.11214900016784668,
0.07981513440608978,
-0.008024297654628754,
0.02891113981604576,
0.002341747749596834,
-0.027327217161655426,
-0.046097610145807266,
-0.019316572695970535,
0.009089348837733269,
-0.04405853897333145,
0.0321153961122036,
0.08869966864585876,
-0.014892513863742352,
0.003083642339333892,
0.014209788292646408,
-0.013017294928431511,
-0.03508297726511955,
-0.032151807099580765,
-0.015447797253727913,
-0.037285901606082916,
-0.031132271513342857,
-0.04405853897333145,
0.005056718364357948,
-0.053634896874427795,
0.03910650312900543,
0.010932707227766514,
-0.02303059957921505,
0.020590994507074356,
-0.0177326500415802,
-0.030822770670056343,
0.06259225308895111,
0.006918282713741064,
0.014637629501521587,
0.012871647253632545,
-0.01766892895102501,
-0.013181149028241634,
0.03830543905496597,
-0.024996846914291382,
0.008311042562127113,
0.009767523035407066,
-0.06080806255340576,
-0.011151179671287537,
-0.00895735528320074,
-0.011497093364596367,
0.0034636929631233215,
0.0115972263738513,
0.021719766780734062,
-0.011724668554961681,
0.021610530093312263,
0.011506196111440659,
-0.025379173457622528,
-0.03440935164690018,
0.035028357058763504,
0.028947550803422928,
-0.020081225782632828,
-0.036757927387952805,
0.06277431547641754,
-0.030476855114102364,
0.03719487413764,
-0.0674714595079422,
0.020190462470054626,
-0.05774945393204689,
0.0034773473162204027,
-0.02665359526872635,
-0.03171486407518387,
-0.015648063272237778,
0.007678383495658636,
-0.037285901606082916,
0.016567466780543327,
0.008074363693594933,
-0.07220502197742462,
-0.07530004531145096,
0.027254393324255943,
0.01779637113213539,
0.007195924408733845,
0.035956863313913345,
0.03553812578320503,
-0.02073664218187332,
-0.025779705494642258,
0.004244275391101837,
-0.04158252105116844,
0.11680974066257477,
-0.027545688673853874,
0.036594074219465256,
-0.043039001524448395,
-0.036011483520269394,
-0.022029269486665726,
0.012452908791601658,
-0.05188712105154991,
-0.07864995300769806,
0.017705341801047325,
-0.04241999611258507,
-0.003816434182226658,
0.0034227294381707907,
0.026926685124635696,
-0.03051326796412468,
-0.04886492341756821,
0.08360198140144348,
0.03242489695549011,
-0.02239338867366314,
0.055237025022506714,
0.03147818520665169,
-0.011751977726817131,
0.04802744835615158,
-0.01471045333892107,
0.03493732586503029,
0.02441425621509552,
0.043257471174001694,
0.021228203549981117,
-0.02015404962003231,
0.022903157398104668,
0.013536166399717331,
-0.019098101183772087,
-0.0024828442838042974,
-0.04140045866370201,
0.019243748858571053,
0.010432042181491852,
0.004742664750665426,
-0.025706881657242775,
0.061645541340112686,
-0.03379034996032715,
0.01441915798932314,
-0.03251592814922333,
0.03062250465154648,
-0.019189132377505302,
-0.005602898541837931,
0.019680693745613098,
0.011096561327576637,
-0.01430992130190134,
-0.0032179118134081364,
-0.012817028909921646,
0.016967998817563057,
0.035738393664360046,
0.0024441564455628395,
0.005693928804248571,
0.02729080431163311,
0.05312512814998627,
-0.048500802367925644,
-0.06579650938510895,
-0.01935298554599285,
-0.03533785790205002,
0.055710382759571075,
-0.014728659763932228,
0.0387059710919857,
-0.017313912510871887,
0.021792590618133545,
0.002225684467703104,
0.012835235334932804,
0.027491070330142975,
0.03460961952805519,
-0.0923408642411232,
-0.005684825591742992,
-0.06728940457105637,
-0.04103634133934975,
0.0027741403318941593,
-0.01480148360133171,
0.018633848056197166,
0.0016988480929285288,
0.0811987891793251,
0.004517365712672472,
0.0019958335906267166,
-0.05723968520760536,
-0.007523632608354092,
0.016330787912011147,
0.015984874218702316,
-0.026107413694262505,
0.0002188987855333835,
-0.05884181335568428,
-0.002960751997306943,
0.02902037464082241,
-0.012971780262887478,
-0.04023527726531029,
-0.05429031327366829,
-0.04558784142136574,
-0.03954344615340233,
0.031023036688566208,
0.038888029754161835,
0.027199774980545044,
-0.012416496872901917,
-0.025415586307644844,
0.012389187701046467,
-0.054035428911447525,
0.013317693956196308,
0.007350675296038389,
-0.021974651142954826,
-0.05268818512558937,
-0.020645612850785255,
-0.0195714570581913,
0.013335900381207466,
-0.010486660525202751,
0.021027937531471252,
-0.04110916331410408,
0.05199635773897171,
-0.006435823626816273,
0.012279951944947243,
-0.030986623838543892,
0.021865414455533028,
0.036466632038354874,
-0.0013882080093026161,
-0.007969679310917854,
-0.010313702747225761,
0.019316572695970535,
0.016676701605319977,
0.05101323127746582,
0.024741964414715767,
-0.04140045866370201,
0.0012141130864620209,
0.013199355453252792,
0.025251731276512146,
-0.050066519528627396,
-0.00831559393554926,
-0.01485610194504261,
0.008429381065070629,
-0.021519500762224197,
-0.041436873376369476,
-0.049483928829431534,
0.048573628067970276,
-0.00869791954755783,
0.06222813203930855,
0.01588474027812481,
0.00316784530878067,
-0.017313912510871887,
0.004296617582440376,
0.016622085124254227,
0.011069252155721188,
-0.004337581340223551,
-0.003982563968747854,
0.04613402113318443,
0.07872277498245239,
-0.01808766834437847,
0.0026649043429642916,
-0.05039422586560249,
0.04864645004272461,
0.023067010566592216,
0.053744133561849594,
0.0458427257835865,
-0.009585462510585785,
-0.06251943111419678,
0.09634619206190109,
0.009089348837733269,
0.032898254692554474,
0.00581681914627552,
0.039871156215667725,
-0.03424549847841263,
-0.036248158663511276,
0.029511937871575356,
0.022320564836263657,
-0.04129122570157051,
0.020590994507074356,
0.008848119527101517,
0.0355745367705822,
-0.000198274792637676,
0.002435053465887904,
-0.011451578699052334,
-0.011679153889417648,
0.04635249450802803,
0.0009245238034054637,
-0.016103213652968407,
-0.024377843365073204,
-0.023285483941435814,
-0.07413486391305923,
-0.021319234743714333,
-0.023740632459521294,
-0.0017216055421158671,
-0.05024857819080353,
0.010559484362602234,
0.017978431656956673,
0.0458427257835865,
-0.005944261327385902,
0.01641271449625492,
0.08178138732910156,
-0.06281072646379471,
-0.048974160104990005,
-0.023230865597724915,
0.024960435926914215,
0.05814998596906662,
0.05833204835653305,
0.04846439138054848,
-0.015019956044852734,
0.15249352157115936,
-0.04529654607176781,
0.03761361166834831,
-0.011733771301805973,
0.019553251564502716,
-0.019953783601522446,
0.021555911749601364,
-0.03357187658548355,
0.06554162502288818,
0.042165111750364304,
-0.057603806257247925,
0.02401372417807579,
-0.02164694294333458,
-0.014601217582821846,
-0.030331207439303398,
-0.120887890458107,
0.013508857227861881,
-0.007933267392218113,
0.029511937871575356,
0.016276169568300247,
-0.018278831616044044,
0.008911840617656708,
0.017759960144758224,
-0.019880959764122963,
-0.014910719357430935,
-0.030367620289325714,
0.0213556457310915,
-0.024159371852874756,
-0.016785938292741776,
-0.014683145098388195,
0.021209998056292534,
-0.05257894843816757,
-0.02009943127632141,
-0.0010405870852991939,
-0.03863314539194107,
-0.055419087409973145,
-0.05578320473432541,
-0.014400951564311981,
-0.0670345202088356,
-0.041764579713344574,
0.03663048520684242,
0.01033190917223692,
0.003104124218225479,
0.0010388803202658892,
-0.003588859224691987,
0.00098596909083426,
0.024559903889894485,
0.014974440447986126,
-0.0035797562450170517,
-0.011032840237021446,
0.01692248322069645,
0.02348574995994568,
0.0370856374502182,
0.0999145656824112,
-0.04394930228590965,
-0.05785869061946869,
0.020354315638542175,
-0.08534976094961166,
0.0055619352497160435,
-0.01166094746440649,
-0.0031814996618777514,
0.0022370631340891123,
-0.0036776133347302675,
-0.010941809974610806,
0.05469084531068802,
0.031077653169631958,
0.021392058581113815,
0.028710873797535896,
-0.013363209553062916,
0.004394474904984236,
-0.06241019070148468,
-0.010696029290556908,
0.050867583602666855,
-0.03586583212018013,
-0.009521741420030594,
-0.043039001524448395,
0.02912961132824421,
-0.08061619848012924,
0.05960646644234657,
0.01669490896165371,
-0.002197237452492118,
-0.003720852779224515,
0.01522932481020689,
-0.002594355959445238,
-0.008816258981823921,
-0.022757509723305702,
-0.06688886880874634,
0.04988446086645126,
0.041254810988903046,
0.034573208540678024,
-0.03471885621547699,
0.044022124260663986,
-0.002055003074929118,
-0.03189692273736,
0.005270638968795538,
0.01704082265496254,
-0.013536166399717331,
0.006180939264595509,
-0.029093198478221893,
0.015902947634458542,
-0.0006650881841778755,
0.03207898512482643,
0.010550380684435368,
-0.004651634953916073,
-0.0003624133241828531,
-0.03511938825249672,
-0.013481548056006432,
0.01384566817432642,
0.005011203233152628,
-0.045515019446611404,
0.00495203398168087,
0.03979833051562309,
-0.018897835165262222,
0.012498423457145691,
0.021428469568490982,
-0.005120439454913139,
-0.03511938825249672,
-0.0339542031288147,
0.007223233114928007,
0.006704362109303474,
-0.040089625865221024,
-0.02015404962003231,
-0.009030179120600224,
0.05669350549578667,
-0.013235767371952534,
0.00953084509819746,
-0.025998178869485855,
0.02303059957921505,
-0.03663048520684242,
-0.0749359279870987,
0.023922692984342575,
0.0025351864751428366,
-0.046024784445762634,
-0.08032490313053131,
0.014992646872997284,
0.015757299959659576,
0.061973247677087784,
-0.02090049535036087,
-0.019316572695970535,
0.031405363231897354,
-0.0006190042477101088,
-0.0355745367705822,
-0.03775925934314728,
0.0026011832524091005,
0.024541698396205902,
-0.06543239206075668,
-0.033298786729574203,
0.02228415198624134,
-0.035155799239873886,
0.008215460926294327,
-0.021737972274422646,
0.032789018005132675,
-0.056001678109169006,
0.0010292083024978638,
0.04161893203854561,
0.016394509002566338,
0.0030449547339230776,
0.0002500481205061078,
-0.0133814150467515,
-0.06441285461187363,
-0.0005336636095307767,
0.029293464496731758,
0.00359113491140306,
0.04744485393166542,
0.001539545482955873,
-0.013172046281397343,
0.017841886729002,
-0.013135634362697601,
0.012999089434742928,
0.03182410076260567,
-0.03419088199734688,
0.040562983602285385,
0.006545059382915497,
0.05039422586560249,
-0.04099992662668228,
0.017759960144758224,
0.029912469908595085,
-0.0533071905374527,
0.027891602367162704,
-0.006153630558401346,
-0.008361108601093292,
-0.020427139475941658,
-0.04445907101035118,
-0.02643512189388275,
-0.01482879277318716,
-0.0029106854926794767,
0.0026171135250478983,
-0.0036980952136218548,
-0.04110916331410408,
-0.0161123163998127,
0.0011959071271121502,
0.047991033643484116,
0.019243748858571053,
-0.017577899619936943,
-0.01922554336488247,
-0.013863874599337578,
0.007273299619555473,
0.03562915697693825,
0.009248651564121246,
0.01698620431125164,
-0.018442684784531593,
0.04318464919924736,
0.013335900381207466,
0.0008955079829320312,
-0.006463132333010435,
0.024851199239492416,
-0.017059028148651123,
0.04187381640076637,
-0.026071002706885338,
0.009712904691696167,
0.032898254692554474,
0.03344443440437317,
0.015802813693881035,
0.0014030004385858774,
-0.023212658241391182,
0.03801414370536804,
0.010067922063171864,
-0.061864010989665985,
0.02625306136906147,
0.013117427937686443,
-0.005885091610252857,
-0.02037252113223076,
0.00984944961965084,
0.03602968901395798,
0.03632098436355591,
-0.013727329671382904,
0.005220572464168072,
-0.0036912679206579924,
-0.017486870288848877,
0.03673972189426422,
0.022775715216994286,
0.017832783982157707,
-0.021264616400003433,
-0.018579229712486267,
0.023868074640631676,
-0.007737553212791681,
0.02170156128704548,
-0.009521741420030594,
-0.0031564664095640182,
0.03450038284063339,
-0.011242209002375603,
-0.015247531235218048,
0.01566626876592636,
0.0032657026313245296,
0.008097121492028236,
0.04915621876716614,
-0.02710874378681183,
-0.021719766780734062,
0.01565716601908207,
0.028710873797535896,
0.012680483981966972,
-0.030313001945614815,
0.01710454374551773,
0.011442475020885468,
0.023303689435124397,
0.01641271449625492,
0.018269728869199753,
-0.015629857778549194,
0.007842237129807472,
-0.0004659599799197167,
0.057094037532806396,
-0.016276169568300247,
0.026034589856863022,
-0.02015404962003231,
-0.010641410946846008,
-0.019025277346372604,
0.052142005413770676,
0.01606680080294609,
0.02752748318016529,
0.08717036247253418,
-0.0353560671210289,
-0.02878369763493538,
-0.02987605705857277,
0.036011483520269394,
0.03235207498073578,
-0.021228203549981117,
0.03402702882885933,
-0.02465093322098255,
0.0029789579566568136,
-0.010896295309066772,
-0.009922273457050323,
0.006394859869033098,
-0.00990406796336174,
0.026981301605701447,
0.026562564074993134,
0.039470624178647995,
-0.0037936766166239977,
0.0195714570581913,
0.02100973203778267,
0.025488410145044327,
-0.013253972865641117,
-0.025087878108024597,
-0.06481338292360306,
0.01589384488761425,
0.0017170540522783995,
0.091685451567173,
0.006331138778477907,
0.042165111750364304,
-0.011797492392361164,
0.013108325190842152,
-0.012025067582726479,
0.05148658901453018,
0.022320564836263657,
-0.007391639053821564,
-0.03493732586503029,
-0.0031132271979004145,
-0.022375183179974556,
0.03632098436355591,
-0.028255723416805267,
0.06761711090803146,
-0.03408164530992508,
-0.009685595519840717,
-0.0018410824704915285,
0.030549680814146996,
-0.007509978022426367,
0.034463971853256226,
0.017632517963647842,
0.013226663693785667,
0.03409985080361366,
-0.007842237129807472,
-0.033025696873664856,
-0.008811707608401775,
0.03681254759430885,
-0.00783313438296318,
0.004779076669365168,
0.019717106595635414,
-0.02872907929122448,
-0.0005057856324128807,
0.02222953550517559,
-0.0020743468776345253,
0.1101827546954155,
0.021155379712581635,
-0.0033635597210377455,
-0.01166094746440649,
-0.021956443786621094,
-0.016603877767920494,
0.06200965866446495,
-0.02090049535036087,
0.009448917582631111,
0.004653910640627146,
-0.001508822781033814,
0.03856032341718674,
-0.0008556823595426977,
-0.0015463727759197354,
-0.00027778383810073137,
-0.008625095710158348,
0.03672151640057564,
-0.006790840532630682,
-0.01922554336488247,
0.02625306136906147,
0.0031337090767920017,
0.021901827305555344,
0.006931937299668789,
0.029803233221173286,
-0.010777955874800682,
0.033298786729574203,
0.02465093322098255,
0.0003077953006140888,
-0.01263496931642294,
0.024851199239492416,
0.04922904446721077,
-0.03142356872558594,
0.05461801961064339,
-0.012680483981966972,
0.0011435648193582892,
-0.05010293051600456,
0.04220152273774147,
-0.0010787058854475617,
0.0022461661137640476,
-0.007346123922616243,
0.00915306992828846,
-0.0009432987426407635,
-0.011606329120695591,
-0.0214102640748024,
0.004524192772805691,
-0.002564771333709359,
0.021847208961844444,
-0.03468244522809982,
0.008920943364501,
-0.006945591885596514,
-0.022211328148841858,
0.008188151754438877,
0.016157831996679306,
-0.014400951564311981,
0.027163362130522728,
0.035319652408361435,
-0.018861424177885056,
-0.015966668725013733,
0.010614101774990559,
-0.005056718364357948,
-0.005307050887495279,
0.05123170465230942,
-0.00563020771369338,
-0.0073233661241829395,
0.014291715808212757,
-0.037795670330524445,
0.02678103558719158,
-0.0006593987927772105,
-0.01074154395610094,
0.011524402536451817,
-0.013854771852493286,
-0.059387996792793274,
-0.02561585232615471,
0.009831244125962257,
0.044531892985105515,
0.0352468304336071,
0.012835235334932804,
0.022302359342575073,
0.01853371597826481,
0.02683565393090248,
-0.030495062470436096,
-0.024195782840251923,
0.02798263356089592,
0.04773614928126335,
0.04147328436374664,
0.014255303889513016,
-0.03277081251144409,
-0.033134933561086655,
0.04901057109236717,
0.023813458159565926,
-0.0031883269548416138,
0.014783278107643127,
0.00509313028305769,
0.02457810938358307,
-0.047991033643484116,
-0.03772284835577011,
0.007682934869080782,
0.0070821368135511875,
-0.03206077963113785,
0.03604789450764656,
0.03724949061870575,
-0.0013404173078015447,
0.013763741590082645,
0.00823366641998291,
-0.02090049535036087,
0.003907464444637299,
-0.03852391242980957,
-0.010341011919081211,
0.01601218245923519,
-0.0033840415999293327,
0.017359428107738495,
0.03109586052596569,
0.015429590828716755,
0.05509137734770775,
-0.01572088710963726,
0.052142005413770676,
-0.04201946407556534,
0.007746655959635973,
0.029220640659332275,
0.0021323785185813904,
-0.006362999323755503,
0.020882289856672287,
-0.01790560781955719,
0.02170156128704548,
0.03954344615340233,
-0.02084587886929512,
0.026398710906505585,
0.05738533288240433,
0.012543939054012299,
-0.006918282713741064,
-0.00654961122199893,
-0.011351445689797401,
-0.009376093745231628,
0.026344092562794685,
0.013317693956196308,
0.06517750769853592,
-0.06783558428287506,
-0.010049715638160706,
-0.02729080431163311,
-0.023995516821742058,
0.009803934954106808,
-0.03402702882885933,
-0.022648273035883904,
-0.04780897498130798,
0.007837685756385326,
0.015165603719651699,
0.03419088199734688,
-0.03240669146180153,
-0.0058213709853589535,
0.017523281276226044,
-0.056001678109169006,
-0.0060626002959907055,
-0.007050276268273592,
0.0056893774308264256,
-0.003472795942798257,
0.010140745900571346,
-0.017769062891602516,
0.05920593440532684,
-0.032952871173620224,
0.00009607935498934239,
-0.014255303889513016,
0.0392521508038044,
-0.041655343025922775,
0.04722638055682182,
-0.02095511369407177,
0.011369651183485985,
0.02494223043322563,
-0.029967088252305984,
-0.0338449664413929,
-0.006617883685976267,
-0.0068955253809690475,
0.02809186838567257,
0.0025351864751428366,
0.01928016170859337,
0.021501295268535614,
-0.00008363384404219687,
0.05032140389084816,
0.03845108672976494,
-0.02672641910612583,
-0.02204747498035431,
0.028528813272714615,
-0.02556123398244381,
0.018397171050310135,
-0.03841467574238777,
-0.030768152326345444,
-0.029948880895972252,
0.002191548002883792,
-0.0569848008453846,
-0.017814578488469124,
0.01652195118367672,
-0.008934598416090012,
0.007996988482773304,
-0.023704221472144127,
0.013973110355436802,
0.05713044852018356,
-0.033480845391750336,
0.010222673416137695,
-0.0392521508038044,
0.060662414878606796,
-0.0068864221684634686,
-0.018752187490463257,
0.021847208961844444,
0.03637560084462166,
-0.032570548355579376,
0.0015327181899920106,
0.009976891800761223,
-0.00027422799030318856,
0.01267138123512268,
-0.013172046281397343,
-0.027836984023451805,
-0.02002660743892193,
-0.022411594167351723,
0.018788598477840424,
-0.008916391991078854,
0.002528359182178974,
0.04820950701832771,
0.04824591800570488,
-0.0031086758244782686,
-0.013882080093026161,
0.03823261335492134,
0.020864084362983704,
0.018060358241200447,
-0.020518170669674873,
0.04289335384964943,
0.008729780092835426,
-0.01986275427043438,
-0.015575239434838295,
0.006481338292360306,
-0.05159582570195198,
0.02457810938358307,
-0.013754637911915779,
-0.018497303128242493,
-0.030021706596016884,
0.006608780473470688,
-0.013982213102281094,
-0.015557033009827137,
0.0027991735842078924,
0.05170505866408348,
0.03841467574238777,
-0.02925705350935459,
-0.009767523035407066,
0.02896575815975666,
-0.015247531235218048,
0.030367620289325714,
0.002283716108649969,
0.015083677135407925,
-0.006613331846892834,
-0.00539808114990592,
-0.021464882418513298,
-0.005566486623138189,
-0.01975351758301258,
0.006836355663836002,
-0.04784538596868515,
-0.005734892096370459,
0.02532455511391163,
0.006686156149953604,
-0.04340312257409096,
0.0030699879862368107,
0.003324872115626931,
0.014746866188943386,
0.032097190618515015,
0.006281072273850441,
-0.012279951944947243,
0.013035501353442669,
-0.04012604057788849,
-0.0025260834954679012,
-0.025652263313531876,
0.0005444734124466777,
-0.012480217963457108,
0.03834185004234314,
-0.025124289095401764,
0.006144527345895767,
-0.031860511749982834,
0.004847349599003792,
0.010523072443902493,
0.017541488632559776,
-0.004970239941030741,
0.024632727727293968,
-0.049775224179029465,
-0.05141376331448555,
-0.028983963653445244,
-0.032679781317710876,
0.013108325190842152,
0.032570548355579376,
0.03011273592710495,
0.029511937871575356,
0.016085008159279823,
0.04063580930233002,
-0.0054891109466552734,
-0.017632517963647842,
-0.0021357922814786434,
-0.014437363483011723,
-0.01258035097271204,
-0.045405782759189606,
0.029639380052685738,
0.020427139475941658,
0.01697710156440735,
0.03501015156507492,
-0.006813598331063986,
-0.017832783982157707,
0.0351375937461853,
-0.0075919050723314285,
-0.00014835050387773663,
0.0041054547764360905,
0.023358307778835297,
-0.0050521669909358025,
0.016139624640345573,
0.007509978022426367,
-0.008311042562127113,
0.03298928588628769,
0.0428205281496048,
-0.005830473732203245,
0.02561585232615471,
0.017423149198293686,
-0.010541277937591076,
-0.038778796792030334,
-0.0011185315670445561,
-0.010441144928336143,
0.016312582418322563,
-0.018551921471953392,
-0.002103931736201048,
0.02119179256260395,
0.00347507162950933,
0.011014634743332863,
0.007742104586213827,
0.006463132333010435,
-0.02002660743892193,
-0.03357187658548355,
-0.02827392891049385,
-0.007896855473518372,
-0.016512848436832428,
-0.051668647676706314,
-0.01116938516497612,
0.03637560084462166,
-0.021665148437023163,
-0.035210419446229935,
0.02031790465116501,
0.053234364837408066,
-0.02689027227461338,
-0.03943421319127083,
-0.010832574218511581,
-0.01471045333892107,
-0.00652230205014348,
0.03291646018624306,
0.02188361994922161,
0.0014746865490451455,
-0.02113717421889305,
-0.01836075820028782,
-0.02337651327252388,
0.05567396804690361,
0.007273299619555473,
0.021555911749601364,
0.008843568153679371,
-0.004974791314452887,
0.002199513139203191,
-0.010022406466305256,
0.005334360059350729,
-0.00820635724812746,
0.017186470329761505,
0.0037140254862606525,
-0.004697149619460106,
-0.003725404152646661,
0.007587353233247995,
-0.01767803356051445,
0.00532525684684515,
0.024213990196585655,
0.06339331716299057,
-0.006217351648956537,
0.04478677734732628,
0.01991737261414528,
-0.014819690026342869,
0.017186470329761505,
0.016895174980163574,
0.009194033220410347,
0.02355857379734516,
-0.0463889054954052,
0.08360198140144348,
-0.023212658241391182,
0.007692038081586361,
0.001117962645366788,
-0.026125621050596237,
0.015502414666116238,
-0.05534626170992851,
0.02435963787138462,
-0.04110916331410408,
-0.03109586052596569,
-0.005593795794993639
] |
Understanding the functional (dis)-similarity of source code is significant
for code modeling tasks such as software vulnerability and code clone
detection. We present DISCO(DIS-similarity of COde), a novel self-supervised
model focusing on identifying (dis)similar functionalities of source code.
Different from existing works, our approach does not require a huge amount of
randomly collected datasets. Rather, we design structure-guided code
transformation algorithms to generate synthetic code clones and inject
real-world security bugs, augmenting the collected datasets in a targeted way.
We propose to pre-train the Transformer model with such automatically generated
program contrasts to better identify similar code in the wild and differentiate
vulnerable programs from benign ones. To better capture the structural features
of source code, we propose a new cloze objective to encode the local tree-based
context (e.g., parents or sibling nodes). We pre-train our model with a much
smaller dataset, the size of which is only 5% of the state-of-the-art models'
training datasets, to illustrate the effectiveness of our data augmentation and
the pre-training approach. The evaluation shows that, even with much less data,
DISCO can still outperform the state-of-the-art models in vulnerability and
code clone detection tasks. | [
-0.01789737679064274,
0.0098357442766428,
-0.025720011442899704,
-0.032209765166044235,
0.04099758714437485,
-0.010074743069708347,
0.009504822082817554,
0.01472603902220726,
-0.05110909789800644,
0.08662808686494827,
0.019708257168531418,
-0.06416214257478714,
-0.020884869620203972,
-0.04743218421936035,
0.005910638719797134,
0.019395720213651657,
0.03373568132519722,
0.018081223592162132,
0.022116634994745255,
-0.06151476502418518,
-0.009013034403324127,
0.0011823575478047132,
-0.045336343348026276,
0.036438215523958206,
-0.0005213748663663864,
0.012271699495613575,
0.03864436224102974,
-0.007556057535111904,
-0.05390355363488197,
0.048976488411426544,
0.011150240898132324,
0.014974230900406837,
-0.031308919191360474,
-0.026437008753418922,
-0.040409281849861145,
-0.003688403870910406,
-0.004115845076739788,
0.058058466762304306,
-0.03755967319011688,
0.07239843159914017,
-0.027650389820337296,
-0.03559252247214317,
0.01721714809536934,
-0.0037090866826474667,
0.021031945943832397,
0.0037366633769124746,
-0.008098402060568333,
-0.048314645886421204,
-0.007822633720934391,
-0.030003614723682404,
0.00622777221724391,
-0.020811330527067184,
0.006590867880731821,
0.0015718805370852351,
-0.03664044290781021,
0.0810391753911972,
0.02549939602613449,
-0.04739541560411453,
0.06464014202356339,
-0.011563893407583237,
-0.028698310256004333,
0.004108950961381197,
0.0071515971794724464,
0.028367388993501663,
0.021050330251455307,
0.02130771428346634,
0.027374621480703354,
-0.05405063182115555,
0.06261783838272095,
0.022116634994745255,
-0.05232248082756996,
-0.03524321690201759,
-0.03307383880019188,
0.06129414960741997,
0.03235683962702751,
0.007386000361293554,
0.008420132100582123,
0.013834387063980103,
0.0030840113759040833,
-0.012878390029072762,
0.0033758662175387144,
0.00999201275408268,
-0.021748943254351616,
0.009440476074814796,
0.01376084890216589,
-0.0031046939548105,
-0.0013949291314929724,
-0.0753767266869545,
0.038166362792253494,
-0.025315551087260246,
-0.0023509266320616007,
-0.04526280611753464,
0.02458016760647297,
0.017345840111374855,
-0.06118384376168251,
0.0426521971821785,
-0.05360940098762512,
-0.022374019026756287,
-0.06879505515098572,
0.006158830132335424,
0.0139263104647398,
0.008512054570019245,
0.01111347135156393,
0.003971066791564226,
-0.010589511133730412,
-0.03897528350353241,
-0.03167660906910896,
0.051513560116291046,
-0.021160637959837914,
0.12964797019958496,
0.0012283188989385962,
0.015397075563669205,
-0.017777876928448677,
-0.0012179776094853878,
0.016334688290953636,
-0.010221820324659348,
-0.007942133583128452,
-0.06864798069000244,
0.02226371131837368,
-0.09471729397773743,
0.019248642027378082,
0.0372103676199913,
0.0019889804534614086,
-0.050888486206531525,
-0.04158589243888855,
0.044674500823020935,
-0.007091847248375416,
0.00922445673495531,
0.0034448085352778435,
0.04515250027179718,
-0.03741259500384331,
0.032889991998672485,
0.011913199909031391,
0.006765521131455898,
0.07920072227716446,
0.0016293323133140802,
0.01502938475459814,
0.02421247586607933,
-0.026032548397779465,
0.023109402507543564,
0.01520403753966093,
0.012464737519621849,
-0.011232971213757992,
0.034893911331892014,
0.01876145228743553,
0.02132609859108925,
-0.016877032816410065,
0.09670282900333405,
-0.04515250027179718,
-0.021473174914717674,
-0.02066425420343876,
0.007813441567122936,
0.007781268563121557,
0.018108800053596497,
0.039747435599565506,
0.03248553350567818,
0.0028220312669873238,
0.04092404991388321,
-0.03305545449256897,
-0.052579864859580994,
0.0652652159333229,
-0.020829714834690094,
-0.006241560913622379,
0.032889991998672485,
0.02002079412341118,
-0.03114345856010914,
-0.0030679248739033937,
-0.017152801156044006,
-0.05004279315471649,
0.048939719796180725,
0.031621456146240234,
0.05489632114768028,
0.027429776266217232,
0.06478721648454666,
0.0024060802534222603,
0.02066425420343876,
0.04489511623978615,
-0.059382155537605286,
0.0032264916226267815,
0.0005578567506745458,
-0.05952922999858856,
0.009946051053702831,
0.02617962472140789,
-0.001682188012637198,
0.06607414036989212,
0.07136889547109604,
0.05199155956506729,
0.04184327647089958,
0.030242614448070526,
-0.028992464765906334,
-0.0060715037398040295,
0.004908679518848658,
0.03434237465262413,
-0.0032172994688153267,
-0.0072802891954779625,
-0.03364375978708267,
-0.0777299553155899,
-0.002645079744979739,
0.018127184361219406,
0.01226250734180212,
-0.012584236450493336,
-0.03246714547276497,
0.014680077321827412,
0.0209400225430727,
-0.004361738916486502,
0.009357744827866554,
-0.006273733917623758,
0.05144002288579941,
0.0319523811340332,
-0.10008558630943298,
-0.0008652237593196332,
-0.01047001127153635,
-0.013053043745458126,
-0.011444393545389175,
0.01424804050475359,
-0.03871789947152138,
-0.02879023365676403,
-0.008181132376194,
-0.05500662699341774,
-0.008967072702944279,
-0.011628239415585995,
-0.009440476074814796,
0.049233872443437576,
-0.04364496469497681,
-0.036530137062072754,
-0.03831344097852707,
0.03208107128739357,
0.01819152943789959,
0.0010490694548934698,
0.008305228315293789,
-0.056146472692489624,
-0.006816078443080187,
-0.009422090835869312,
-0.05702893063426018,
0.01786060817539692,
-0.08030379563570023,
0.014772000722587109,
-0.0038929323200136423,
-0.05147679150104523,
0.02715400792658329,
-0.014523808844387531,
0.038092825561761856,
-0.00931178405880928,
-0.06504460424184799,
0.04511573165655136,
-0.011177817359566689,
-0.035831522196531296,
0.017309071496129036,
-0.02290717139840126,
0.004522603936493397,
-0.014284809119999409,
-0.007312461733818054,
0.017943337559700012,
0.05294755473732948,
0.01963471807539463,
-0.003660827176645398,
-0.0026565701700747013,
-0.008640746586024761,
-0.01145358569920063,
-0.057470161467790604,
0.014606539160013199,
-0.03235683962702751,
-0.04702772572636604,
0.05622000992298126,
-0.05699216201901436,
0.06438275426626205,
0.05758046731352806,
-0.016922995448112488,
0.007459538523107767,
-0.021013561636209488,
0.01669318787753582,
-0.003150655422359705,
-0.0960409864783287,
-0.03566606342792511,
0.03441591188311577,
0.007873191498219967,
0.0375964418053627,
0.005129294469952583,
0.04412296414375305,
0.026933392509818077,
0.015249999240040779,
-0.03820313140749931,
-0.00810299813747406,
0.019781794399023056,
0.008075421676039696,
0.009256630204617977,
-0.03186045587062836,
0.0379825159907341,
0.005060352385044098,
-0.034158527851104736,
-0.02160186693072319,
-0.045704036951065063,
-0.07390596717596054,
0.018182337284088135,
0.004442171193659306,
-0.009394514374434948,
0.0022796865087002516,
-0.009587552398443222,
-0.03772513195872307,
-0.009523206390440464,
-0.05633031576871872,
-0.02939692512154579,
0.018880952149629593,
0.028569618239998817,
-0.020480409264564514,
0.01145358569920063,
0.03465491160750389,
0.042027123272418976,
-0.04537311568856239,
-0.0077399034053087234,
0.022484326735138893,
-0.013429926708340645,
-0.041732970625162125,
0.02549939602613449,
-0.004968429449945688,
-0.019248642027378082,
-0.0036723173689097166,
-0.0017109138425439596,
-0.02489270456135273,
-0.0024359552189707756,
-0.001962552545592189,
-0.009964436292648315,
-0.12332368642091751,
0.03805605694651604,
0.048314645886421204,
0.008277651853859425,
-0.004258325789123774,
-0.009219860658049583,
-0.0364198312163353,
0.005069544538855553,
-0.047616031020879745,
-0.025444243103265762,
-0.010056358762085438,
-0.02029656246304512,
0.033551838248968124,
-0.024322783574461937,
-0.05607293173670769,
0.08052440732717514,
-0.007294077426195145,
-0.03930620476603508,
0.003757346188649535,
0.039122361689805984,
-0.057764314115047455,
0.003288539592176676,
0.02220855839550495,
-0.031161842867732048,
0.0008893534541130066,
-0.045336343348026276,
-0.043350812047719955,
-0.011692585423588753,
0.0009956392459571362,
-0.015498191118240356,
-0.002851906232535839,
-0.007344634737819433,
0.013678118586540222,
-0.0056348699145019054,
-0.015746382996439934,
-0.036824289709329605,
0.03504098579287529,
0.044343579560518265,
0.005037371534854174,
-0.045667268335819244,
-0.0036194617860019207,
-0.012345237657427788,
-0.02230048179626465,
-0.016454188153147697,
-0.011665008030831814,
0.0018855672096833587,
0.045042190700769424,
0.018568413332104683,
-0.016426611691713333,
0.10192404687404633,
-0.0031920205801725388,
-0.0019774900283664465,
0.01442269328981638,
-0.0008497117669321597,
0.036438215523958206,
-0.02950723096728325,
-0.025297164916992188,
0.060043998062610626,
-0.06335321813821793,
0.013687310740351677,
-0.002323349704965949,
0.00864993967115879,
0.0016201400430873036,
0.012051084078848362,
0.003720576874911785,
0.004835141357034445,
-0.0471380315721035,
0.020204640924930573,
0.04195358604192734,
-0.04930741339921951,
-0.00906818825751543,
-0.04261542856693268,
0.04982217773795128,
0.02222694270312786,
-0.053535863757133484,
-0.014477847144007683,
0.008976265788078308,
-0.05791138857603073,
-0.02777908183634281,
0.04151235520839691,
-0.055815547704696655,
0.03794574737548828,
-0.0537564754486084,
-0.05015310272574425,
0.0014592751394957304,
0.03989451378583908,
-0.020223025232553482,
0.0225946344435215,
-0.0015638372860848904,
-0.004423786886036396,
0.037191979587078094,
0.045924652367830276,
0.04912356659770012,
0.015507383272051811,
-0.04393911734223366,
-0.00776288378983736,
0.0023520756512880325,
0.06309583783149719,
-0.011049125343561172,
0.05471247434616089,
0.06706690788269043,
0.04673357307910919,
0.0069080013781785965,
0.006407022010535002,
-0.0006779309478588402,
0.011894815601408482,
0.01729987934231758,
0.006590867880731821,
0.02424924448132515,
0.02617962472140789,
0.012795659713447094,
-0.023385170847177505,
-0.05916154012084007,
-0.018255876377224922,
0.01306223589926958,
-0.02849608100950718,
-0.03263260796666145,
0.00399404764175415,
-0.0216202512383461,
-0.03629113733768463,
0.0041939797811210155,
-0.03110668994486332,
-0.042063891887664795,
-0.0607793815433979,
-0.03893851488828659,
0.015479806810617447,
-0.01291515864431858,
-0.013613772578537464,
-0.08111271262168884,
0.02059071697294712,
-0.11552862823009491,
-0.013797618448734283,
0.03399306535720825,
-0.033588606864213943,
-0.014670885168015957,
-0.018586797639727592,
0.015470613725483418,
-0.03860759362578392,
0.054234474897384644,
0.027264313772320747,
-0.006930982228368521,
-0.015792343765497208,
-0.02389993891119957,
0.02913954108953476,
0.03228330239653587,
-0.013310426846146584,
-0.02877184934914112,
0.022980710491538048,
0.03533513844013214,
-0.04283604398369789,
0.018237492069602013,
-0.026455393061041832,
-0.007850210182368755,
0.021050330251455307,
0.012041891925036907,
-0.029544001445174217,
0.0023647150956094265,
0.002454339759424329,
0.03573960065841675,
-0.01651853509247303,
-0.03697136789560318,
-0.061367686837911606,
0.019248642027378082,
-0.024028630927205086,
0.06313260644674301,
0.01372408028692007,
0.025278780609369278,
0.01672995649278164,
0.029360154643654823,
-0.05897769331932068,
-0.021142253652215004,
0.005267178639769554,
-0.0003682658716570586,
-0.06541229039430618,
-0.06011753901839256,
-0.02130771428346634,
0.07092766463756561,
-0.011122663505375385,
-0.02586708776652813,
-0.02287040278315544,
0.01197754591703415,
0.023973476141691208,
0.005216621328145266,
0.01864195242524147,
-0.0652652159333229,
0.03178691864013672,
0.03079415112733841,
0.0193773340433836,
0.019726641476154327,
-0.028073236346244812,
0.017116032540798187,
-0.018237492069602013,
-0.08250994235277176,
0.021436406299471855,
0.02459855191409588,
-0.02744816057384014,
-0.002847309922799468,
0.016408227384090424,
0.021418021991848946,
0.03963712975382805,
-0.007652576547116041,
-0.023421939462423325,
0.005363697651773691,
0.027264313772320747,
0.06298553198575974,
0.000912334187887609,
-0.018687913194298744,
0.018651144579052925,
-0.002957617398351431,
0.03592344745993614,
-0.01655530370771885,
-0.008548824116587639,
0.0017959425458684564,
-0.020370101556181908,
0.03165822476148605,
0.037191979587078094,
-0.014698462560772896,
-0.002769175684079528,
-0.02612447179853916,
-0.005970388650894165,
-0.014827154576778412,
0.029066001996397972,
0.0018683316884562373,
-0.035574138164520264,
0.002932338509708643,
-0.02193279005587101,
-0.001339775393716991,
0.01657368801534176,
-0.013852772302925587,
0.025646472349762917,
-0.018917720764875412,
0.019046412780880928,
-0.04349788650870323,
-0.09530559927225113,
-0.020167870447039604,
-0.036474984139204025,
0.011582277715206146,
-0.03132730349898338,
-0.03697136789560318,
0.029727846384048462,
0.03141922503709793,
0.015801535919308662,
0.013567810878157616,
0.010525165125727654,
0.018917720764875412,
0.028073236346244812,
0.025922240689396858,
0.005680831614881754,
-0.023826399818062782,
-0.0015316642820835114,
-0.028643157333135605,
0.006885020527988672,
0.0026358873583376408,
0.012326853349804878,
0.010948010720312595,
-0.005161467473953962,
-0.03178691864013672,
-0.004757007118314505,
-0.02099517732858658,
-0.037798672914505005,
-0.01615084335207939,
0.016022151336073875,
-0.015452229417860508,
-0.035813137888908386,
-0.01422046311199665,
-0.03524321690201759,
0.009081976488232613,
0.01442269328981638,
-0.032595839351415634,
0.01731826364994049,
0.04228450730443001,
0.006066907662898302,
-0.010525165125727654,
0.012722121551632881,
0.000938187469728291,
0.0025439646560698748,
0.031161842867732048,
-0.05037371814250946,
-0.002943828934803605,
0.0161692276597023,
0.023421939462423325,
-0.015801535919308662,
-0.027117237448692322,
-0.014615731313824654,
0.02323809452354908,
-0.045704036951065063,
0.012768082320690155,
0.023716092109680176,
0.022539479658007622,
0.013512657955288887,
0.019506026059389114,
-0.021031945943832397,
0.00890272669494152,
-0.04022543504834175,
0.03305545449256897,
0.018724681809544563,
-0.011067509651184082,
-0.009040611796081066,
0.012979504652321339,
0.003288539592176676,
0.040078356862068176,
-0.013806810602545738,
0.027687160298228264,
0.029305001720786095,
-0.009412898682057858,
-0.034562986344099045,
-0.01177531573921442,
-0.027962928637862206,
-0.045005422085523605,
-0.0011243312619626522,
-0.046365879476070404,
-0.003201212966814637,
0.008856765925884247,
0.0031943186186254025,
0.03138245642185211,
0.056403856724500656,
-0.03754128888249397,
-0.03070222958922386,
-0.01846729777753353,
0.04474803805351257,
0.011370855383574963,
0.018044453114271164,
-0.016408227384090424,
0.004088268149644136,
-0.007418173365294933,
0.0212341770529747,
0.0457775741815567,
0.04254189133644104,
-0.007326250430196524,
0.04607172682881355,
0.001520173973403871,
0.05004279315471649,
-0.01959794946014881,
-0.001066879485733807,
0.030904458835721016,
0.011729354038834572,
-0.0074963076040148735,
0.0161692276597023,
0.024322783574461937,
-0.043424349278211594,
-0.023403555154800415,
-0.004662786144763231,
0.008001883514225483,
-0.03728390485048294,
0.007050482090562582,
-0.021748943254351616,
-0.022741710767149925,
0.025352319702506065,
0.012749698013067245,
-0.053241707384586334,
-0.04548342153429985,
0.0079880952835083,
0.027245929464697838,
-0.02393670752644539,
0.03316576033830643,
0.023348402231931686,
-0.022135019302368164,
-0.023697707802057266,
-0.025352319702506065,
0.009559975005686283,
-0.007124020252376795,
-0.0026037143543362617,
-0.028312234207987785,
-0.0186971053481102,
0.021068714559078217,
-0.03579475358128548,
-0.05110909789800644,
0.002884079236537218,
-0.056771546602249146,
-0.060411691665649414,
0.014477847144007683,
0.014431886374950409,
0.017226340249180794,
0.0022750901989638805,
-0.06813321262598038,
-0.03897528350353241,
0.009872512891888618,
0.020480409264564514,
0.025591319426894188,
0.008061633445322514,
-0.0356476791203022,
-0.002472724299877882,
0.03971066698431969,
0.04066666588187218,
0.006737944204360247,
-0.01881660521030426,
0.01681268773972988,
-0.016794303432106972,
-0.000822134898044169,
0.00539587065577507,
0.0047478144988417625,
-0.027999697253108025,
0.01077335700392723,
0.0061910031363368034,
0.02913954108953476,
-0.006076099816709757,
-0.03176853433251381,
0.05346232280135155,
-0.022190174087882042,
0.013843580149114132,
0.00639323377981782,
-0.05986015498638153,
0.008075421676039696,
-0.020112717524170876,
-0.007680153474211693,
-0.02522362768650055,
0.014036618173122406,
-0.0028105408418923616,
0.03871789947152138,
-0.020553946495056152,
-0.02875346504151821,
0.0023739072494208813,
-0.016114074736833572,
0.012483121827244759,
0.02481916733086109,
0.028863772749900818,
-0.005294755566865206,
-0.0098357442766428,
0.054124169051647186,
-0.03937974572181702,
-0.00032058090437203646,
-0.0021567395888268948,
-0.02092163823544979,
0.04118143394589424,
-0.004010133910924196,
0.014781192876398563,
-0.006728752050548792,
0.016435803845524788,
0.08390717208385468,
-0.01895448938012123,
-0.025094935670495033,
-0.004138825926929712,
-0.04787341505289078,
-0.0013271360658109188,
-0.005758965853601694,
0.010203435085713863,
0.002677252748981118,
-0.04393911734223366,
-0.02358740009367466,
0.003954980056732893,
0.022355634719133377,
0.031547918915748596,
0.010690626688301563,
-0.030040385201573372,
-0.030187461525201797,
0.04585111141204834,
0.019910486415028572,
-0.010561934672296047,
0.048645567148923874,
0.014836346730589867,
0.06280168145895004,
-0.009127938188612461,
-0.03801928833127022,
0.06144122779369354,
0.022392403334379196,
-0.01718037948012352,
-0.008479882031679153,
0.01879822090268135,
-0.013190927915275097,
0.02652893215417862,
-0.04250512272119522,
0.022465942427515984,
-0.00980816688388586,
0.043056659400463104,
-0.005919830873608589,
-0.013999848626554012,
-0.0004153763293288648,
0.045630499720573425,
-0.03835020959377289,
-0.015093730762600899,
0.016895418986678123,
-0.005492389667779207,
0.035574138164520264,
0.0008548824116587639,
0.00212111952714622,
-0.0014202079037204385,
-0.013071428053081036,
-0.03733905777335167,
0.03737582638859749,
-0.023973476141691208,
-0.004798372276127338,
-0.013981464318931103,
0.00023727583175059408,
-0.05276371166110039,
-0.014753615483641624,
-0.02684146910905838,
-0.012317660264670849,
0.013521850109100342,
-0.0061910031363368034,
0.025646472349762917,
-0.027043700218200684,
0.03893851488828659,
0.03368052840232849,
-0.045961420983076096,
-0.01996564120054245,
-0.0036240580957382917,
-0.02652893215417862,
-0.03011392243206501,
0.014073386788368225,
-0.012850813567638397,
-0.009302591904997826,
-0.012161391787230968,
-0.014799577184021473,
-0.014450270682573318,
0.0036838077940046787,
0.01817314513027668,
0.017934145405888557,
0.007689345628023148,
-0.007909960113465786,
-0.019432488828897476,
-0.005749773699790239,
0.04835141450166702,
-0.03015069104731083,
0.0535726323723793,
0.027595236897468567,
-0.016261151060461998,
-0.0013753954553976655,
0.024469859898090363,
-0.044637732207775116,
-0.033202528953552246,
-0.014854731038212776,
-0.04423326998949051,
-0.016215188428759575,
-0.02198794297873974,
-0.055447857826948166,
0.035574138164520264,
0.04393911734223366,
-0.024947859346866608,
0.0562935471534729,
0.017125224694609642,
0.042027123272418976,
-0.02943369373679161,
-0.02154671400785446,
0.058757077902555466,
-0.011545509099960327,
-0.02485593594610691,
-0.009495628997683525,
0.013457504101097584,
0.009206072427332401,
-0.017612416297197342,
0.023734478279948235,
0.010359704494476318,
0.05331524834036827,
0.029911693185567856,
-0.025940624997019768,
-0.017658377066254616,
-0.005538351368159056,
-0.055815547704696655,
-0.045630499720573425,
-0.04228450730443001,
-0.029249846935272217,
0.03237522393465042,
0.03340476006269455,
-0.007657172624021769,
-0.0017361926147714257,
-0.03960036113858223,
0.010727395303547382,
-0.004269815981388092,
0.015792343765497208,
-0.016233572736382484,
0.019836949184536934,
0.009890897199511528,
0.006802290212363005,
-0.01294273603707552,
0.019745025783777237,
-0.03197076544165611,
-0.01877983659505844,
-0.03706328943371773,
-0.013034658506512642,
0.04118143394589424,
-0.04813079908490181,
-0.003757346188649535,
0.05037371814250946,
-0.0001822657504817471,
-0.02910277061164379,
0.012418775819242,
-0.027245929464697838,
-0.014174502342939377,
-0.008498266339302063,
0.009261226281523705,
-0.01718037948012352,
0.0015569430543109775,
0.025756780058145523,
0.05721277743577957,
0.03371729701757431,
-0.0098357442766428,
-0.0000321191328112036,
-0.03274291753768921,
0.027374621480703354,
-0.053830016404390335,
-0.010093128308653831,
-0.027613621205091476,
-0.0037159807980060577,
0.03893851488828659,
0.051881249994039536,
0.05735985189676285,
0.02388155460357666,
-0.015249999240040779,
0.03500421717762947,
0.036199215799570084,
-0.012694544158875942,
0.04552019014954567,
-0.0066919829696416855,
0.017989300191402435,
0.041144661605358124,
0.006613848265260458,
0.006669002119451761,
-0.012400391511619091,
-0.054197706282138824,
0.03741259500384331,
0.018439721316099167,
0.0020854994654655457,
0.00982655119150877,
-0.0013259869301691651,
-0.012207353487610817,
0.004853526130318642,
-0.03599698469042778,
-0.015268383547663689,
-0.02220855839550495,
0.008603977970778942,
0.0065495022572577,
-0.006912597455084324,
-0.0007302120793610811,
-0.017088456079363823,
0.029893307015299797,
0.03314737603068352,
-0.017777876928448677,
-0.01805364526808262,
-0.07386919111013412,
-0.020701022818684578,
0.00872807390987873,
-0.00007820622704457492,
0.00980816688388586,
0.005864677019417286,
-0.009982820600271225,
-0.011665008030831814,
-0.011407624930143356,
0.008663727901875973,
0.04221097007393837,
0.006324291229248047,
-0.005607293453067541,
-0.004173296969383955,
-0.006590867880731821,
-0.0027484928723424673,
-0.002677252748981118,
-0.04912356659770012,
0.008700496517121792,
0.06151476502418518,
-0.006912597455084324,
-0.013751656748354435,
0.04158589243888855,
0.012143007479608059,
0.010580318979918957,
-0.02426763065159321,
-0.000860627565998584,
-0.0185040682554245,
0.0053039477206766605,
0.007275692652910948,
0.012841620482504368,
-0.02064586989581585,
0.01968987286090851,
0.009559975005686283,
-0.04941771924495697,
-0.03461814299225807,
0.020149486139416695,
0.0432405024766922,
-0.052579864859580994,
-0.011288125067949295,
0.03338637575507164,
0.007395192515105009,
0.0319523811340332,
-0.009936858899891376,
-0.009872512891888618,
0.006361060775816441,
-0.005873869638890028,
-0.04809403046965599,
0.010948010720312595,
0.012372814118862152,
-0.03274291753768921,
0.027429776266217232,
-0.0271723922342062,
0.01749291643500328,
0.005786542780697346,
0.01836618408560753,
0.04250512272119522,
0.005009794607758522,
-0.05952922999858856,
-0.00967028271406889,
-0.007551461458206177,
-0.002996684517711401,
0.004752411041408777,
-0.013512657955288887,
0.0017247023060917854,
-0.02948884665966034,
-0.034250449389219284,
0.01688622497022152,
-0.0017315965378656983,
0.015691228210926056,
0.01747453212738037,
-0.05077817663550377,
0.015461421571671963,
-0.00925203412771225
] |
Social recommendation which aims to leverage social connections among users
to enhance the recommendation performance. With the revival of deep learning
techniques, many efforts have been devoted to developing various neural
network-based social recommender systems, such as attention mechanisms and
graph-based message passing frameworks. However, two important challenges have
not been well addressed yet: (i) Most of existing social recommendation models
fail to fully explore the multi-type user-item interactive behavior as well as
the underlying cross-relational inter-dependencies. (ii) While the learned
social state vector is able to model pair-wise user dependencies, it still has
limited representation capacity in capturing the global social context across
users. To tackle these limitations, we propose a new Social Recommendation
framework with Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks (SR-HGNN). In particular, we
first design a relation-aware reconstructed graph neural network to inject the
cross-type collaborative semantics into the recommendation framework. In
addition, we further augment SR-HGNN with a social relation encoder based on
the mutual information learning paradigm between low-level user embeddings and
high-level global representation, which endows SR-HGNN with the capability of
capturing the global social contextual signals. Empirical results on three
public benchmarks demonstrate that SR-HGNN significantly outperforms
state-of-the-art recommendation methods. Source codes are available at:
https://github.com/xhcdream/SR-HGNN. | [
-0.01116618700325489,
-0.012774248607456684,
-0.03178384155035019,
-0.0023382536601275206,
0.030635224655270576,
-0.040595363825559616,
0.02229955606162548,
-0.000017594589735381305,
-0.03127516806125641,
0.028830256313085556,
-0.0010106794070452452,
0.017623048275709152,
-0.014382311142981052,
0.003624293254688382,
-0.0036407019942998886,
0.04210497438907623,
0.03691979497671127,
-0.014497173018753529,
0.014070543460547924,
-0.03344113007187843,
0.04643689841032028,
-0.015350430272519588,
-0.020182820037007332,
0.01793481595814228,
0.06839186698198318,
-0.006296875886619091,
0.03155411779880524,
0.0016644673887640238,
-0.06747297197580338,
0.052639421075582504,
-0.002395684365183115,
-0.020281273871660233,
0.059662386775016785,
-0.025007007643580437,
0.008274136111140251,
0.03806841000914574,
0.05844813585281372,
0.03938111290335655,
-0.03330985829234123,
0.02922406792640686,
0.05309886857867241,
0.03475383296608925,
-0.050867270678281784,
0.005607706494629383,
0.01268400065600872,
-0.018394261598587036,
0.008532574400305748,
0.015924738720059395,
-0.01399670448154211,
-0.02666429616510868,
0.028223130851984024,
0.022660549730062485,
-0.025417227298021317,
0.020625857636332512,
-0.047651149332523346,
0.053656768053770065,
0.02976555936038494,
-0.01160922460258007,
0.025564907118678093,
0.07744952291250229,
-0.011510771699249744,
0.04965301975607872,
-0.024268612265586853,
-0.004184243269264698,
0.010534447617828846,
-0.03833094984292984,
0.040628183633089066,
-0.005049807485193014,
0.03352317214012146,
-0.05326295644044876,
-0.07370831817388535,
0.027058107778429985,
0.07265815883874893,
-0.06169707700610161,
-0.015227364376187325,
0.034360021352767944,
0.04630562663078308,
0.05936703085899353,
0.027698049321770668,
-0.024908553808927536,
0.030733678489923477,
0.009533511474728584,
0.006108175031840801,
-0.003685826202854514,
0.06356768310070038,
-0.02738628350198269,
-0.0002833081525750458,
-0.04902948811650276,
0.006218934431672096,
0.010206271894276142,
-0.012733226642012596,
0.009221743792295456,
0.0014716640580445528,
-0.06428966671228409,
-0.009796052239835262,
-0.021593976765871048,
0.04771678149700165,
-0.02103607915341854,
-0.04269568994641304,
0.044041212648153305,
-0.00068199064116925,
0.03987337648868561,
0.00557488901540637,
-0.013701345771551132,
0.013455213978886604,
-0.04269568994641304,
-0.009861687198281288,
0.02997887320816517,
-0.03823249787092209,
0.09070783108472824,
-0.011067734099924564,
0.00755214923992753,
-0.03839658573269844,
0.05044064298272133,
-0.030438318848609924,
-0.005488742608577013,
-0.07397086173295975,
0.008909977041184902,
0.0328996405005455,
-0.05516637861728668,
0.013701345771551132,
0.023825574666261673,
-0.012134306132793427,
-0.049357663840055466,
-0.03194792941212654,
0.009796052239835262,
-0.013488031923770905,
-0.023415353149175644,
0.03560709208250046,
0.03931547701358795,
-0.046633802354335785,
0.011075938120484352,
-0.023037951439619064,
-0.02891230210661888,
0.014382311142981052,
-0.014382311142981052,
0.03573836013674736,
-0.006543008144944906,
-0.01290551945567131,
-0.049095120280981064,
-0.031390029937028885,
-0.019592104479670525,
-0.0607125498354435,
-0.029355337843298912,
0.03662443533539772,
-0.004988274537026882,
-0.021150939166545868,
0.0653398334980011,
-0.04692916199564934,
-0.0035586580634117126,
-0.023677894845604897,
0.03659161925315857,
-0.03728078678250313,
0.044172484427690506,
-0.021840108558535576,
0.01288911048322916,
0.011010303162038326,
-0.04368021711707115,
-0.039545200765132904,
-0.017409734427928925,
0.06491320580244064,
-0.02799340896308422,
-0.017163602635264397,
0.03718233481049538,
-0.027681641280651093,
0.030618816614151,
0.04686352610588074,
0.004323718138039112,
-0.05470693111419678,
0.046600986272096634,
-0.02919124998152256,
0.037969958037137985,
0.0001971619640244171,
0.044041212648153305,
-0.005685648415237665,
0.016868242993950844,
0.07981239259243011,
-0.08407867699861526,
-0.05227842926979065,
0.002200830029323697,
-0.03596808388829231,
0.011863560415804386,
0.011732290498912334,
0.023579442873597145,
0.025548497214913368,
0.0435817651450634,
0.05260660499334335,
0.04719170182943344,
0.04551800340414047,
-0.004975968040525913,
0.01619548350572586,
0.01923111081123352,
0.04968583956360817,
-0.051884617656469345,
0.019050613045692444,
-0.03266991674900055,
-0.021528342738747597,
-0.03342472016811371,
0.026418164372444153,
0.01244607288390398,
-0.049226392060518265,
-0.04010310024023056,
0.02887948416173458,
-0.020921217277646065,
0.0479465052485466,
-0.007269097492098808,
0.02878103032708168,
-0.017754318192601204,
-0.02387480065226555,
-0.024990597739815712,
0.01865680329501629,
-0.02042895369231701,
-0.07088600844144821,
-0.04433657228946686,
0.00470522278919816,
0.018197355791926384,
0.024022478610277176,
0.016014985740184784,
0.003776074619963765,
0.021626794710755348,
-0.005743079353123903,
0.008339771069586277,
0.1046881303191185,
0.002102377125993371,
0.009738621301949024,
0.003312526037916541,
-0.030717268586158752,
0.015612971037626266,
-0.006128686014562845,
-0.04128453508019447,
0.027599597349762917,
0.004746244754642248,
0.007572660222649574,
0.002364917891100049,
0.009746825322508812,
0.03239096701145172,
-0.01708155870437622,
-0.04207215830683708,
-0.05572427809238434,
-0.004885719623416662,
-0.019313154742121696,
0.017655866220593452,
0.011174391023814678,
-0.0038847827818244696,
0.04715888574719429,
0.01549810916185379,
-0.025663359090685844,
0.021019669249653816,
0.031800247728824615,
0.032653506845235825,
-0.056282173842191696,
-0.004026308655738831,
-0.03583681210875511,
0.029355337843298912,
-0.02476087585091591,
0.016466228291392326,
0.009238152764737606,
-0.010353950783610344,
0.042137790471315384,
-0.03495073691010475,
-0.009755030274391174,
0.005058011971414089,
0.002295180456712842,
0.02912561595439911,
-0.0240717064589262,
0.04161271080374718,
0.07357704639434814,
0.00117630569729954,
0.04095635935664177,
0.04128453508019447,
0.027255011722445488,
-0.08073128014802933,
-0.04975147545337677,
-0.030914174392819405,
-0.04072663560509682,
-0.037838686257600784,
0.028961528092622757,
-0.06766988337039948,
0.04512419179081917,
0.008085435256361961,
0.006780935451388359,
-0.025548497214913368,
0.0029269191436469555,
0.003456102916970849,
-0.03475383296608925,
-0.04115326330065727,
-0.07108291238546371,
-0.033539582043886185,
-0.045714911073446274,
0.012388641946017742,
-0.06038437411189079,
0.019247518852353096,
-0.013865433633327484,
-0.0021085303742438555,
0.039578020572662354,
0.058940399438142776,
-0.0010014494182541966,
0.05644626170396805,
0.08512884378433228,
-0.06333795934915543,
0.018066085875034332,
-0.01336496602743864,
-0.00898381695151329,
-0.02928970381617546,
-0.06005619838833809,
0.0240060705691576,
0.007322425954043865,
0.08388177305459976,
-0.01311062928289175,
-0.03665725514292717,
0.03521328046917915,
0.013988499529659748,
-0.013028585352003574,
0.02366148680448532,
-0.000581486732698977,
0.004709324799478054,
0.031455665826797485,
-0.0016849783714860678,
0.03383494168519974,
-0.0609750896692276,
-0.03409748151898384,
0.011715881526470184,
-0.06911385804414749,
-0.0018316319910809398,
-0.010132432915270329,
0.04128453508019447,
0.022086242213845253,
0.024334246292710304,
0.004996479023247957,
-0.017655866220593452,
0.00557488901540637,
-0.023300493136048317,
0.03432720527052879,
-0.031767431646585464,
0.004524725954979658,
-0.03345753625035286,
0.04249878600239754,
0.020478179678320885,
-0.03672288730740547,
-0.0479465052485466,
-0.015793466940522194,
-0.014357698149979115,
-0.002112632617354393,
0.03580399602651596,
0.004578054416924715,
-0.003585322294384241,
-0.020757129415869713,
0.00366531522013247,
0.05848095566034317,
0.0097878472879529,
0.0007886478560976684,
0.012339415960013866,
0.021265801042318344,
0.029388155788183212,
0.06904821842908859,
-0.044139664620161057,
-0.013323943130671978,
0.03370366990566254,
0.009024838916957378,
0.014300267212092876,
0.02213546819984913,
-0.06333795934915543,
-0.05050627887248993,
0.01461203396320343,
-0.06839186698198318,
-0.0433848612010479,
-0.04715888574719429,
0.011305661872029305,
0.03823249787092209,
-0.009960140101611614,
-0.06865441054105759,
0.012437868863344193,
-0.02966710552573204,
0.014136179350316525,
-0.007999288849532604,
0.023382537066936493,
0.010198067873716354,
0.007900835946202278,
0.03547582030296326,
0.03842940554022789,
0.041481439024209976,
0.009344810619950294,
-0.043056685477495193,
-0.008151070214807987,
0.02220110222697258,
0.03718233481049538,
0.044927287846803665,
-0.0034581541549414396,
-0.018574759364128113,
0.007158338092267513,
0.013734163716435432,
-0.03199715539813042,
0.011002099141478539,
-0.026106396690011024,
0.016901060938835144,
0.01882089115679264,
-0.0010096537880599499,
-0.006908103823661804,
0.01676158607006073,
0.01872243732213974,
-0.06622590869665146,
-0.002818210981786251,
0.010616491548717022,
0.01222455408424139,
-0.028551308438181877,
-0.03836376965045929,
0.006608643103390932,
-0.03586963191628456,
0.019690556451678276,
0.0027341158129274845,
0.021610386669635773,
-0.0016839528689160943,
-0.05260660499334335,
-0.032653506845235825,
0.013849024660885334,
0.030323456972837448,
-0.021462706848978996,
0.005427209660410881,
0.06251751631498337,
-0.025942308828234673,
0.02602435275912285,
0.02577822096645832,
0.08611337095499039,
-0.01331573911011219,
-0.05733233690261841,
0.060745369642972946,
0.008069026283919811,
-0.025794629007577896,
-0.01660570316016674,
-0.04883258044719696,
0.04817622900009155,
-0.022069832310080528,
0.06442093849182129,
-0.03321140632033348,
-0.0195756945759058,
-0.027255011722445488,
0.0019126504193991423,
-0.00644455524161458,
-0.03639471158385277,
0.02540081925690174,
-0.014792530797421932,
-0.01644982025027275,
-0.03724797070026398,
0.010583674535155296,
-0.019690556451678276,
0.0018562452169135213,
0.008852546103298664,
-0.039742108434438705,
-0.03747769445180893,
-0.026861201971769333,
-0.09136418253183365,
0.002252107486128807,
-0.03754333034157753,
-0.047585513442754745,
0.018164539709687233,
-0.02121657505631447,
-0.008036208339035511,
0.004085790365934372,
0.015678606927394867,
-0.004344229120761156,
-0.028534898534417152,
0.04456629231572151,
0.0020316143054515123,
-0.03862630948424339,
0.004967763554304838,
0.026713522151112556,
-0.04430375248193741,
0.0021782678086310625,
-0.003981184680014849,
-0.008224910125136375,
0.005176975391805172,
0.011157982051372528,
0.048405952751636505,
-0.03826531395316124,
-0.017475368455052376,
0.03004450909793377,
0.01837785355746746,
-0.07994366437196732,
0.04817622900009155,
0.007679317146539688,
0.011888173408806324,
0.05857940763235092,
0.07948421686887741,
0.028452854603528976,
-0.0036796729546040297,
-0.031833067536354065,
0.012101488187909126,
0.01026370283216238,
-0.0010465736268088222,
-0.03083213046193123,
-0.016310345381498337,
0.010698536410927773,
-0.014669464901089668,
0.01865680329501629,
0.009238152764737606,
-0.01841067150235176,
-0.006009722128510475,
-0.007523433770984411,
0.06159862503409386,
0.012273780070245266,
0.008819729089736938,
0.003160744672641158,
0.014521786011755466,
0.030274230986833572,
0.00569385290145874,
0.01837785355746746,
0.03764178231358528,
-0.01672876812517643,
-0.05408339574933052,
0.04601026698946953,
0.006551212631165981,
0.03007732518017292,
-0.009147904813289642,
-0.05040782690048218,
-0.01399670448154211,
-0.0013086015824228525,
-0.03508200868964195,
0.009812461212277412,
0.014907392673194408,
0.032177653163671494,
-0.013455213978886604,
-0.013496235944330692,
-0.03662443533539772,
0.022923089563846588,
-0.05411621555685997,
0.01995309814810753,
0.013266513124108315,
0.0026500208768993616,
0.06760424375534058,
-0.0023095381911844015,
-0.011518975719809532,
-0.0012645029928535223,
-0.022398008033633232,
-0.027714459225535393,
0.020609449595212936,
-0.04374585300683975,
0.019001387059688568,
0.031045444309711456,
-0.006830161903053522,
-0.030668042600154877,
-0.0390201210975647,
0.027172967791557312,
-0.0041001481004059315,
0.012470685876905918,
0.010632900521159172,
0.0002833081525750458,
0.020707901567220688,
-0.04646971449255943,
-0.04026718810200691,
0.023989662528038025,
-0.034294385462999344,
0.002982298843562603,
0.015760650858283043,
-0.07534919679164886,
-0.03984056040644646,
-0.02226673811674118,
-0.030979810282588005,
0.011904582381248474,
0.01669595204293728,
-0.0479465052485466,
0.0038211988285183907,
0.008229011669754982,
-0.047552693635225296,
-0.04459911212325096,
0.0031381824519485235,
-0.001410130993463099,
0.004692916292697191,
0.057890236377716064,
0.06711198389530182,
0.02530236542224884,
-0.03079931251704693,
-0.003796585602685809,
0.016023190692067146,
-0.02932252176105976,
-0.020379725843667984,
0.02039613574743271,
-0.004779062233865261,
-0.021774474531412125,
0.031390029937028885,
0.0019290592754259706,
-0.012134306132793427,
-0.021068895235657692,
0.008015697821974754,
0.013955682516098022,
0.014513581059873104,
0.013488031923770905,
-0.03165256977081299,
-0.0476839654147625,
0.0009619657648727298,
-0.016786199063062668,
0.02738628350198269,
0.031931519508361816,
-0.037083882838487625,
-0.01676158607006073,
-0.037116698920726776,
-0.015440678223967552,
-0.009098677895963192,
0.025564907118678093,
0.05926857516169548,
-0.07705571502447128,
-0.005763590335845947,
0.008229011669754982,
0.0031053649727255106,
0.013447009958326817,
-0.02425220236182213,
-0.005094931460916996,
0.0564790815114975,
-0.012347619980573654,
0.02083917334675789,
-0.001706514973193407,
-0.04653535038232803,
0.03106185421347618,
0.048274680972099304,
-0.060515645891427994,
0.01657288521528244,
0.009574533440172672,
0.04368021711707115,
0.01919829286634922,
-0.031455665826797485,
-0.006173809990286827,
0.05119544640183449,
0.009976549074053764,
0.10363796353340149,
0.04102199524641037,
-0.06858877092599869,
0.017311280593276024,
0.02643457241356373,
-0.012528116814792156,
0.012848088517785072,
0.020921217277646065,
-0.03001169115304947,
0.045616455376148224,
-0.03652598336338997,
-0.03849503770470619,
-0.0351148284971714,
-0.03166897967457771,
-0.004307309165596962,
0.039610836654901505,
0.016203688457608223,
0.036230623722076416,
-0.04112044721841812,
0.037149518728256226,
-0.04263005405664444,
0.050900090485811234,
-0.005349268205463886,
0.03724797070026398,
-0.025548497214913368,
0.00405707536265254,
0.03987337648868561,
-0.00513185141608119,
0.013783389702439308,
0.0040386151522397995,
-0.019592104479670525,
0.02169243060052395,
0.012093284167349339,
-0.0019516213797032833,
0.011518975719809532,
0.008442326448857784,
0.022808227688074112,
0.0029638390988111496,
0.0007045527454465628,
-0.007765463553369045,
0.023284083232283592,
-0.005501049570739269,
0.02714015170931816,
0.0005445669521577656,
-0.01110055111348629,
0.01529299933463335,
0.00958273746073246,
0.03370366990566254,
-0.0035791690461337566,
-0.006994249764829874,
-0.04243315011262894,
0.05811996012926102,
0.037871506065130234,
-0.030700860545039177,
0.02339894510805607,
0.012864497490227222,
0.003142284695059061,
-0.0014962771674618125,
-0.03665725514292717,
0.007494718302041292,
-0.0349835567176342,
-0.017590230330824852,
-0.00743318535387516,
-0.017180010676383972,
0.021987788379192352,
-0.005447720643132925,
-0.01578526385128498,
0.003517635865136981,
-0.02994605526328087,
-0.02755037136375904,
-0.002668480621650815,
0.01708155870437622,
0.03839658573269844,
-0.003060240764170885,
-0.009049451909959316,
-0.019526468589901924,
0.024022478610277176,
0.008397202007472515,
0.016203688457608223,
0.009681190364062786,
-0.0011845100671052933,
0.015350430272519588,
0.01698310486972332,
0.04975147545337677,
0.0017239493317902088,
0.03659161925315857,
-0.08644154667854309,
-0.034425657242536545,
0.029273293912410736,
0.008360282517969608,
-0.020954035222530365,
0.04955456778407097,
0.01793481595814228,
0.023710712790489197,
0.011215412989258766,
-0.009500693529844284,
-0.004110403824597597,
0.006149196997284889,
-0.016343161463737488,
0.010403177700936794,
0.011601019650697708,
-0.02745191752910614,
-0.007568557746708393,
-0.027747277170419693,
0.01314344722777605,
0.002048023045063019,
-0.017032332718372345,
-0.00008524883014615625,
0.06517574191093445,
-0.017885589972138405,
-0.04217061027884483,
-0.002555670216679573,
-0.017442552372813225,
-0.025630541145801544,
-0.022594913840293884,
0.015005845576524734,
-0.012511707842350006,
-0.016203688457608223,
-0.034294385462999344,
-0.029142023995518684,
0.000352019997080788,
-0.015760650858283043,
0.01065751351416111,
-0.01160922460258007,
0.004984172061085701,
0.014086952432990074,
-0.027599597349762917,
-0.017180010676383972,
0.020002324134111404,
-0.0003915036504622549,
0.0654711052775383,
-0.04003746435046196,
-0.05920294299721718,
0.027944182977080345,
0.0328340046107769,
-0.021987788379192352,
-0.003847863059490919,
-0.03137362003326416,
-0.0014429485891014338,
0.07036092132329941,
-0.016211891546845436,
0.036099355667829514,
0.03593526780605316,
-0.0008630001684650779,
-0.046732254326343536,
-0.008647436276078224,
0.0006050743977539241,
-0.04879976436495781,
0.021118123084306717,
0.0019413658883422613,
0.02257850579917431,
-0.049292027950286865,
-0.0028715396765619516,
0.00784340500831604,
0.021298618987202644,
0.03662443533539772,
-0.04420530050992966,
0.016138052567839622,
-0.02346458099782467,
0.0004909819690510631,
0.02485932782292366,
0.04643689841032028,
-0.028928710147738457,
0.014784326776862144,
-0.04368021711707115,
-0.02492496371269226,
0.03317859023809433,
-0.016581090167164803,
-0.007539842277765274,
-0.018509123474359512,
-0.028108270838856697,
0.03636189550161362,
0.021774474531412125,
0.02390761859714985,
-0.022315964102745056,
0.01612984761595726,
-0.0005373881431296468,
-0.012183532118797302,
-0.002434655325487256,
-0.039545200765132904,
0.03987337648868561,
0.033605217933654785,
-0.022004198282957077,
0.0039278557524085045,
-0.02124939300119877,
0.024301428347826004,
0.01464485190808773,
0.007720339111983776,
-0.00009306865104008466,
0.012117897160351276,
-0.00547233410179615,
0.006182014476507902,
0.016901060938835144,
-0.038888849318027496,
-0.03583681210875511,
0.01546529121696949,
-0.029273293912410736,
-0.0438443087041378,
0.01307781133800745,
-0.025876672938466072,
-0.036164987832307816,
-0.0020367419347167015,
-0.020609449595212936,
0.010550856590270996,
0.01307781133800745,
0.005484640598297119,
0.051851801574230194,
0.0021372458431869745,
0.02732064761221409,
0.06678380817174911,
-0.04436938837170601,
-0.01007500197738409,
-0.021643204614520073,
0.037018246948719025,
0.02976555936038494,
-0.006161503493785858,
0.009722212329506874,
0.03997183218598366,
0.03774023428559303,
0.025909490883350372,
0.02339894510805607,
-0.025515679270029068,
-0.046600986272096634,
0.015366839244961739,
-0.028141086921095848,
0.028108270838856697,
0.028255948796868324,
0.021840108558535576,
0.0010440096957609057,
-0.007539842277765274,
0.04121889919042587,
-0.01508788950741291,
0.0014737151795998216,
0.007269097492098808,
0.016121642664074898,
0.005275428295135498,
0.05083445459604263,
0.005968700163066387,
0.05559300631284714,
-0.004766755737364292,
-0.04709324985742569,
0.028600534424185753,
-0.0012798862298950553,
0.0006496858550235629,
0.0027628312818706036,
-0.058054324239492416,
-0.004889821633696556,
-0.003041780786588788,
0.01311062928289175,
0.02428502030670643,
-0.04092353954911232,
0.03225969523191452,
0.003312526037916541,
0.007158338092267513,
0.004290900658816099,
-0.016433410346508026,
-0.016170870512723923,
-0.018230173736810684,
-0.005927678197622299,
-0.00040124639053829014,
-0.022365190088748932,
0.0027648822870105505,
0.06622590869665146,
-0.034852284938097,
-0.006399430800229311,
-0.023415353149175644,
-0.0026131009217351675,
-0.04253160208463669,
-0.007051680702716112,
0.009295583702623844,
0.007162440102547407,
-0.05910448729991913,
0.0017906100256368518,
0.005755385849624872,
-0.020822763442993164,
0.016211891546845436,
-0.017278464511036873,
0.012364028953015804,
0.021052487194538116,
-0.030766494572162628,
-0.012109692208468914,
-0.012396846897900105,
0.02172524854540825,
0.009303787723183632,
0.036000899970531464,
-0.024219384416937828,
0.0025905389338731766,
0.028009817004203796,
-0.017147192731499672,
-0.009796052239835262,
0.004327820148319006,
-0.06212370842695236,
0.013594688847661018,
-0.014488968066871166,
-0.021118123084306717,
-0.018640393391251564,
0.04450066015124321,
0.011650246568024158,
0.02997887320816517,
0.03931547701358795,
-0.06583209335803986,
0.048471588641405106,
-0.035443004220724106,
0.0217580646276474,
-0.009517102502286434,
0.02495778165757656,
-0.00404066639021039,
-0.00743318535387516,
-0.025860264897346497,
0.007408571895211935,
0.004614974372088909,
0.003827352076768875,
0.0350491926074028,
-0.013044994324445724,
-0.06593054533004761,
0.006936819292604923,
-0.047519877552986145,
0.03390057384967804,
-0.03774023428559303,
0.027058107778429985,
-0.009180721826851368,
0.05122826620936394,
-0.024399882182478905,
0.01394747756421566,
-0.0018931650556623936,
0.008803320117294788,
0.03652598336338997,
0.016646724194288254,
-0.04217061027884483,
0.009016633965075016,
-0.037838686257600784,
0.012913723476231098,
0.01827939972281456,
-0.004315513651818037,
-0.027698049321770668,
0.0008819728391245008,
-0.04381148889660835,
0.01590832881629467,
0.004820084199309349,
0.02077353745698929,
-0.012273780070245266,
-0.007716237101703882,
-0.03760896250605583,
0.042367514222860336,
-0.026204850524663925,
0.013405987992882729,
-0.022447235882282257,
0.04066099971532822,
0.0024182465858757496,
-0.0002671557303983718,
0.04269568994641304,
0.006817855406552553,
0.008548983372747898,
0.037969958037137985,
-0.011904582381248474,
-0.005578991025686264,
-0.014021317474544048,
0.017475368455052376,
0.01698310486972332,
0.04939047992229462,
0.034392841160297394,
0.0009327376028522849,
0.033129360526800156,
-0.04466474801301956,
0.05477256700396538,
0.023645076900720596,
-0.024498334154486656,
0.01219173613935709,
-0.04098917543888092,
0.016753382980823517,
0.011699472554028034,
-0.017590230330824852,
-0.030881356447935104,
0.025450045242905617,
-0.006448657251894474,
0.006173809990286827,
-0.02213546819984913,
0.015022254548966885,
-0.04263005405664444,
-0.0651429295539856,
-0.001418335479684174,
0.020740719512104988,
-0.018952161073684692,
0.009960140101611614,
0.044172484427690506,
-0.0013475725427269936,
-0.019428016617894173,
0.06363331526517868,
0.030471136793494225,
-0.008409508503973484,
-0.046666618436574936,
-0.04952175170183182,
-0.015112502500414848,
-0.021528342738747597,
-0.04824186488986015,
0.020609449595212936,
0.03232533112168312,
-0.015924738720059395,
-0.022906681522727013,
0.007256790529936552,
0.04679789021611214,
-0.03984056040644646
] |
For effective planning and management of water resources and implementation
of the related strategies, it is important to ensure proper estimation of
evaporation losses, especially in regions that are prone to drought. Changes in
climatic factors, such as changes in temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours,
humidity, and solar radiation can have a significant impact on the evaporation
process. As such, evaporation is a highly non-linear, non-stationary process,
and can be difficult to be modeled based on climatic factors, especially in
different agro-climatic conditions. The aim of this study, therefore, is to
investigate the feasibility of several machines learning (ML) models
(conditional random forest regression, Multivariate Adaptive Regression
Splines, Bagged Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Model Tree M5, K-
nearest neighbor, and the weighted K- nearest neighbor) for modeling the
monthly pan evaporation estimation. This study proposes the development of
newly explored ML models for modeling evaporation losses in three different
locations over the Iraq region based on the available climatic data in such
areas. The evaluation of the performance of the proposed model based on various
evaluation criteria showed the capability of the proposed weighted K- nearest
neighbor model in modeling the monthly evaporation losses in the studies areas
with better accuracy when compared with the other existing models used as a
benchmark in this study. | [
-0.04746360331773758,
-0.01836196333169937,
-0.017055543139576912,
-0.013514692895114422,
0.01691138558089733,
-0.02805650234222412,
-0.025443661957979202,
-0.008104311302304268,
-0.05827535688877106,
0.013550732284784317,
0.00984770618379116,
-0.046778857707977295,
-0.03758886456489563,
-0.009316128678619862,
-0.014406662434339523,
0.03477780893445015,
0.04461650550365448,
-0.02097480371594429,
0.044075917452573776,
-0.031047753989696503,
-0.042526233941316605,
-0.05211265757679939,
-0.021875783801078796,
0.009451275691390038,
0.024812975898385048,
0.05315779149532318,
0.017181679606437683,
-0.02252448908984661,
-0.056473396718502045,
0.07085303217172623,
0.09925190359354019,
-0.00044570330646820366,
0.0250832699239254,
-0.014451711438596249,
-0.005860871635377407,
-0.028741247951984406,
0.029858462512493134,
0.035606712102890015,
-0.020596392452716827,
0.041084665805101395,
-0.006248292978852987,
-0.017776325345039368,
-0.006266312673687935,
0.031552303582429886,
-0.011802831664681435,
-0.055139947682619095,
-0.03238120302557945,
-0.06620397418737411,
0.005968989338725805,
-0.02630860172212124,
-0.04173337295651436,
-0.10350453108549118,
0.008617869578301907,
0.01681227795779705,
-0.0389583557844162,
0.02645275928080082,
-0.003953047562390566,
0.09045834839344025,
-0.002804298885166645,
-0.01656000316143036,
0.05423896759748459,
0.05160810798406601,
-0.007536693941801786,
-0.02097480371594429,
-0.010253147222101688,
-0.08634988218545914,
-0.0032930802553892136,
0.012884007766842842,
-0.028867384418845177,
-0.002349304035305977,
-0.017190689221024513,
0.022776762023568153,
0.0010530197760090232,
0.012361438944935799,
-0.030507167801260948,
0.001049078069627285,
-0.007257390301674604,
0.008739501237869263,
-0.013073213398456573,
0.05978900194168091,
-0.009167466312646866,
0.050779204815626144,
-0.008158369921147823,
0.006869968958199024,
0.04933764040470123,
0.04331909492611885,
-0.021407274529337883,
-0.06389746814966202,
0.04223791882395744,
0.015866249799728394,
0.0029732324182987213,
0.052400968968868256,
-0.015983376652002335,
0.0043900227174162865,
0.0006470159278251231,
0.045193132013082504,
-0.0002550898352637887,
0.0033696633763611317,
-0.05467143654823303,
-0.030381029471755028,
0.003367410972714424,
0.03515622019767761,
0.00418955460190773,
0.009640481323003769,
-0.0019663877319544554,
-0.07146569341421127,
-0.0499863438308239,
0.032777637243270874,
0.017488012090325356,
0.11121691018342972,
-0.03369663283228874,
0.021929841488599777,
0.07189816981554031,
-0.00028057064628228545,
-0.02261458709836006,
0.0009178728796541691,
0.020091842859983444,
-0.05405877158045769,
0.011361352168023586,
0.03456157445907593,
0.04724736511707306,
0.06011335551738739,
0.03477780893445015,
0.02775016985833645,
-0.015875259414315224,
0.06998808681964874,
0.03499404340982437,
-0.02911965921521187,
0.06285233050584793,
0.011199175380170345,
0.0032930802553892136,
0.015704073011875153,
0.008189903572201729,
-0.007586247753351927,
-0.007635801564902067,
0.013784986920654774,
-0.0009432129445485771,
0.04184148833155632,
0.019929667934775352,
-0.02492109313607216,
0.010235127061605453,
-0.05838347226381302,
-0.048292502760887146,
-0.03609323874115944,
0.0340750478208065,
-0.012983115389943123,
0.020560352131724358,
0.03084953874349594,
0.011649665422737598,
0.002624102868139744,
-0.012739850208163261,
0.06360915303230286,
0.046959053725004196,
0.02519138716161251,
-0.00045302376383915544,
0.013541722670197487,
-0.002344799228012562,
0.006752841640263796,
-0.05164414644241333,
-0.04605807363986969,
-0.028723226860165596,
-0.01814572699368,
0.015460808761417866,
-0.0012365943985059857,
0.015370710752904415,
-0.04191356897354126,
-0.033029910176992416,
0.0019776499830186367,
-0.09507136046886444,
0.04025576636195183,
-0.013514692895114422,
-0.027047405019402504,
0.005959979724138975,
-0.031516265124082565,
-0.002005805727094412,
-0.003522830083966255,
0.014109339565038681,
0.026885230094194412,
-0.03874212130904198,
0.051175639033317566,
-0.0446525439620018,
-0.022146077826619148,
0.01330746803432703,
0.013739937916398048,
0.03906647115945816,
-0.022938938811421394,
0.05546430125832558,
-0.007942134514451027,
0.037048280239105225,
-0.015271603129804134,
0.015127446502447128,
0.012217282317578793,
0.005856366828083992,
-0.00769887026399374,
0.07625890523195267,
-0.015253583900630474,
-0.0028583575040102005,
0.02778620831668377,
-0.02787630632519722,
0.028218679130077362,
-0.07297934591770172,
-0.07254686951637268,
-0.0034169647842645645,
0.04378760606050491,
0.03903043270111084,
0.008937717415392399,
0.07741215825080872,
-0.03169646114110947,
0.004040893167257309,
-0.017713258042931557,
-0.0700962096452713,
0.006644723936915398,
-0.09752202779054642,
0.038597963750362396,
0.00048005316057242453,
0.00913593266159296,
0.045625604689121246,
-0.013793996535241604,
0.008180893957614899,
-0.05456332117319107,
-0.0098296869546175,
0.020308079198002815,
0.06180719658732414,
-0.024074172601103783,
-0.02787630632519722,
-0.04576975852251053,
0.003989086952060461,
-0.016037436202168465,
-0.018470080569386482,
-0.038237571716308594,
0.043859682977199554,
0.0031782053411006927,
0.017235739156603813,
-0.024470604956150055,
0.016442876309156418,
0.014433692209422588,
0.01647891476750374,
-0.021857762709259987,
0.015073387883603573,
-0.039643097668886185,
-0.0018503867322579026,
-0.034327320754528046,
-0.08368297666311264,
-0.028326796367764473,
0.0421658419072628,
-0.04504897817969322,
-0.005122068803757429,
0.06195135414600372,
0.031245971098542213,
0.05049089342355728,
-0.030038658529520035,
-0.009613451547920704,
-0.0004121981328353286,
0.052220772951841354,
-0.007739413995295763,
-0.020272038877010345,
0.05063505098223686,
0.022974977269768715,
-0.03870607912540436,
0.007572732865810394,
0.034183163195848465,
-0.019172843545675278,
-0.000049201928050024435,
0.01958729512989521,
0.0013931395951658487,
0.048148345202207565,
0.055284105241298676,
-0.014487750828266144,
0.020398177206516266,
-0.004565713927149773,
-0.031245971098542213,
-0.017262768000364304,
-0.002975484821945429,
-0.04742756113409996,
0.03324614465236664,
-0.03232714533805847,
0.005748249590396881,
-0.013586771674454212,
0.01124422438442707,
-0.012352429330348969,
-0.017109600827097893,
0.009604441933333874,
0.015749122947454453,
0.05326591059565544,
-0.0031061270274221897,
-0.017235739156603813,
-0.0613747276365757,
-0.030363010242581367,
-0.027425816282629967,
-0.0007663957076147199,
0.011550557799637318,
-0.02818264067173004,
-0.036904122680425644,
0.03319208696484566,
0.015857240185141563,
-0.01130729354918003,
-0.021461332216858864,
-0.005604092497378588,
0.025822073221206665,
0.008077281527221203,
-0.046959053725004196,
-0.014568839222192764,
0.014343594200909138,
0.04422007501125336,
0.009460285305976868,
-0.015893278643488884,
0.04065219685435295,
0.0210829209536314,
0.006960066966712475,
-0.05481559410691261,
0.0336245559155941,
0.004910338670015335,
0.019010668620467186,
-0.049625951796770096,
0.03355247899889946,
0.06487052887678146,
0.018992649391293526,
0.00046147045213729143,
-0.02953410893678665,
0.008757521398365498,
-0.009325138293206692,
0.06851048022508621,
-0.0560409277677536,
0.059104256331920624,
-0.06112245097756386,
-0.04151713848114014,
-0.042526233941316605,
0.02807452157139778,
0.02216409705579281,
-0.026326622813940048,
-0.03657976910471916,
-0.011559567414224148,
-0.028597090393304825,
-0.0054509262554347515,
0.04083239287137985,
-0.019244922325015068,
-0.029624206945300102,
-0.01976749114692211,
-0.0006526470533572137,
0.040039531886577606,
-0.06577150523662567,
-0.10523440688848495,
-0.014821113087236881,
-0.032939810305833817,
0.002975484821945429,
-0.053950656205415726,
-0.028957482427358627,
0.027642052620649338,
-0.02216409705579281,
-0.006996105890721083,
0.0009922037133947015,
-0.012667772360146046,
0.027011366561055183,
0.008960241451859474,
0.01046037208288908,
-0.002144331345334649,
-0.0012489828513935208,
0.01837998256087303,
0.02528148517012596,
0.012974104844033718,
0.03488592803478241,
-0.06764554232358932,
-0.03787717968225479,
0.012361438944935799,
-0.061014335602521896,
0.02111895941197872,
-0.04598599672317505,
0.008653908036649227,
0.0423460379242897,
-0.017839394509792328,
0.03942686319351196,
0.07503357529640198,
0.032579418271780014,
0.02344348654150963,
0.016136543825268745,
0.016415847465395927,
-0.004869794473052025,
0.018578197807073593,
-0.034345339983701706,
0.029606187716126442,
0.0019089503912255168,
0.05488767474889755,
-0.002635365119203925,
0.013010144233703613,
-0.03921062871813774,
-0.009811666794121265,
-0.012947076000273228,
-0.012829948216676712,
0.002137573901563883,
0.04688697308301926,
-0.019010668620467186,
-0.029948560521006584,
-0.03524632006883621,
-0.03205685317516327,
0.0044575962238013744,
-0.006086116656661034,
-0.0031038743909448385,
0.02917371690273285,
0.08216933161020279,
0.0038764644414186478,
-0.049409717321395874,
0.0031714478973299265,
0.017560090869665146,
0.0249030739068985,
-0.031227950006723404,
-0.014343594200909138,
-0.02805650234222412,
-0.021749645471572876,
-0.051031481474637985,
0.012415497563779354,
0.00907286349684,
0.05045485496520996,
0.0024146251380443573,
-0.008347575552761555,
-0.010307205840945244,
-0.005761764012277126,
-0.049517836421728134,
0.06649228930473328,
-0.00452742213383317,
-0.05445520207285881,
-0.020668471232056618,
-0.013127272017300129,
0.015037348493933678,
0.008374604396522045,
-0.015154475346207619,
0.04166129231452942,
-0.0022490702103823423,
0.028813324868679047,
-0.029678266495466232,
0.06663644313812256,
0.06447409838438034,
0.001155506237410009,
0.010640568099915981,
-0.008014213293790817,
0.041264861822128296,
-0.041012588888406754,
0.0009021057630889118,
0.019965706393122673,
0.040940508246421814,
-0.01937106065452099,
-0.0012129436945542693,
-0.005847357213497162,
0.013821026310324669,
0.007861046120524406,
-0.007509664632380009,
-0.017136631533503532,
0.0017546575982123613,
0.02110094018280506,
-0.007987183518707752,
-0.04638242721557617,
-0.010604528710246086,
0.002696181181818247,
-0.029822422191500664,
0.024812975898385048,
0.02805650234222412,
0.01681227795779705,
0.00597349414601922,
-0.04339117556810379,
0.06047374755144119,
0.024776937440037727,
0.019028687849640846,
0.015028338879346848,
0.015848230570554733,
-0.043823644518852234,
0.011027989909052849,
-0.02666899375617504,
-0.06822217255830765,
-0.02657889574766159,
-0.0074691204354166985,
0.024254368618130684,
0.02674107253551483,
0.01479408424347639,
-0.05272532254457474,
0.03863400220870972,
-0.014226466417312622,
-0.0005783162196166813,
-0.03888627514243126,
-0.053806498646736145,
0.018560178577899933,
0.01246054656803608,
0.011496499180793762,
-0.008509751409292221,
-0.019064726307988167,
-0.018578197807073593,
0.01656000316143036,
-0.017857413738965988,
-0.03488592803478241,
-0.017433954402804375,
0.03513820096850395,
0.011983027681708336,
-0.025443661957979202,
0.015514867380261421,
0.02261458709836006,
-0.027606012299656868,
0.0210829209536314,
-0.00635190587490797,
-0.03088557906448841,
0.009081874042749405,
0.07726800441741943,
0.015343681909143925,
0.0060050287283957005,
0.01833493262529373,
-0.03802133724093437,
0.013595781289041042,
-0.00597349414601922,
0.025479700416326523,
0.023317350074648857,
-0.05773476883769035,
-0.009505334310233593,
-0.020632430911064148,
0.053662341088056564,
-0.022668644785881042,
-0.006595170125365257,
0.00591493071988225,
0.018704334273934364,
0.03261546045541763,
0.023245271295309067,
0.006275322288274765,
0.006347400601953268,
0.01971343159675598,
0.004856279585510492,
0.01692940481007099,
-0.0047526671551167965,
0.04440027102828026,
-0.050851285457611084,
0.08642195910215378,
-0.0016059960471466184,
-0.015785161405801773,
0.07067283242940903,
-0.031570322811603546,
0.004775191657245159,
0.06505072116851807,
-0.01046037208288908,
-0.02353358455002308,
-0.005000436212867498,
-0.041120704263448715,
0.009892755188047886,
0.011550557799637318,
-0.013127272017300129,
0.005194147117435932,
-0.02110094018280506,
0.01971343159675598,
0.00562661699950695,
-0.031300030648708344,
-0.021317176520824432,
-0.010937891900539398,
0.02634464204311371,
-0.00727090472355485,
0.046923015266656876,
0.01270381174981594,
-0.04440027102828026,
-0.008036737330257893,
0.05402273312211037,
0.006518587004393339,
-0.005599587690085173,
0.015082397498190403,
0.03084953874349594,
-0.010928881354629993,
-0.006815910339355469,
-0.017533062025904655,
0.007176301907747984,
-0.028200659900903702,
-0.0069105131551623344,
-0.003675996558740735,
-0.028326796367764473,
-0.02919173613190651,
0.0207225289195776,
0.023966055363416672,
-0.006906008347868919,
0.0265068169683218,
0.028200659900903702,
-0.07124946266412735,
-0.03650769218802452,
0.021335195749998093,
0.024632779881358147,
0.02221815474331379,
0.06995204836130142,
-0.023245271295309067,
-0.0028538526967167854,
-0.005761764012277126,
0.03450751677155495,
0.014280525967478752,
-0.018668295815587044,
0.020055804401636124,
0.0642218217253685,
-0.027245620265603065,
0.00487429928034544,
-0.0014359360793605447,
-0.05272532254457474,
-0.0360211618244648,
0.019208883866667747,
0.03259744122624397,
-0.010685617104172707,
-0.012911036610603333,
-0.023191213607788086,
-0.002770512131974101,
0.011046009138226509,
0.006599674932658672,
0.041048627346754074,
-0.06750138849020004,
0.007243875414133072,
0.012775889597833157,
0.01403726078569889,
0.030020637437701225,
0.007987183518707752,
0.06454617530107498,
0.014685966074466705,
0.013433604501187801,
0.04724736511707306,
-0.026921268552541733,
0.05157206952571869,
-0.041192784905433655,
0.05027465894818306,
-0.0003978387685492635,
0.025659896433353424,
0.048220425844192505,
0.009451275691390038,
0.03456157445907593,
0.002756997477263212,
-0.04321097955107689,
-0.007915104739367962,
0.004263885784894228,
0.031245971098542213,
0.012118174694478512,
-0.018812453374266624,
0.014343594200909138,
0.01332548726350069,
-0.011892929673194885,
-0.021713607013225555,
-0.0013694888912141323,
-0.027353739365935326,
-0.02540762349963188,
0.012199263088405132,
-0.04598599672317505,
0.06357311457395554,
0.0010062814690172672,
-0.012802919372916222,
-0.017406923696398735,
0.0010721656726673245,
-0.022596566006541252,
-0.02796640433371067,
0.028705207630991936,
-0.0147220054641366,
0.024776937440037727,
0.0016465401276946068,
0.01926294155418873,
-0.07085303217172623,
0.02111895941197872,
0.06378935277462006,
0.03903043270111084,
0.005117563530802727,
-0.017055543139576912,
0.005982504226267338,
0.04378760606050491,
-0.014433692209422588,
-0.038489844650030136,
0.026002269238233566,
-0.00660868501290679,
0.011965008452534676,
-0.010090970434248447,
-0.03733659163117409,
0.05881594493985176,
-0.003088107332587242,
-0.01524457335472107,
-0.008135844953358173,
0.02115499973297119,
0.027497895061969757,
0.019911646842956543,
0.005833842325955629,
0.03176853805780411,
0.0034169647842645645,
-0.060762058943510056,
-0.01837998256087303,
0.06681664288043976,
0.02778620831668377,
0.013721918687224388,
0.012082135304808617,
0.06263609975576401,
0.01665010116994381,
-0.03519226238131523,
-0.012874997220933437,
0.02113698050379753,
0.03490394726395607,
0.01703752391040325,
0.005266225431114435,
-0.02629058249294758,
-0.004340468905866146,
0.03504810482263565,
-0.028344815596938133,
0.0250832699239254,
0.011190165765583515,
0.0207225289195776,
0.007852036505937576,
-0.006734821945428848,
0.021713607013225555,
0.025876132771372795,
-0.038273610174655914,
-0.0040589128620922565,
-0.0033201095648109913,
0.029714304953813553,
-0.021209057420492172,
0.043931763619184494,
-0.07748424261808395,
0.04468858614563942,
0.032543379813432693,
-0.001574461697600782,
0.023083096370100975,
-0.005086029414087534,
-0.012316389940679073,
0.010514430701732635,
-0.007788968272507191,
-0.001087932731024921,
0.011046009138226509,
0.030417069792747498,
0.03393089026212692,
-0.04937367886304855,
-0.014406662434339523,
0.03205685317516327,
-0.0145418094471097,
0.04832854121923447,
0.061879273504018784,
0.016271689906716347,
0.010802744887769222,
0.00669878302142024,
-0.02924579568207264,
0.03805737569928169,
0.03492196649312973,
0.005689685698598623,
-0.05996919795870781,
0.004239108879119158,
-0.03355247899889946,
-0.02773215062916279,
-0.019118785858154297,
0.032561399042606354,
0.016244661062955856,
-0.021893803030252457,
0.04504897817969322,
0.056401319801807404,
-0.026885230094194412,
0.008388119749724865,
0.049445755779743195,
-0.027425816282629967,
0.031372107565402985,
-0.004076932556927204,
0.021587470546364784,
-0.00015964230988174677,
-0.021191038191318512,
-0.02636266127228737,
-0.02807452157139778,
-0.014442701824009418,
0.012136193923652172,
-0.010045921429991722,
0.0718621239066124,
-0.06306856870651245,
-0.03766094520688057,
0.050995443016290665,
-0.027443837374448776,
-0.03189467638731003,
0.05139187350869179,
0.01055947970598936,
-0.016280699521303177,
0.01391112431883812,
0.05733833834528923,
-0.009280089288949966,
0.047932110726833344,
0.012325399555265903,
-0.012929056771099567,
0.021947860717773438,
0.03805737569928169,
-0.01827186532318592,
-0.011793822050094604,
0.028741247951984406,
0.0756102055311203,
-0.002876377198845148,
-0.02535356394946575,
0.02951608970761299,
0.009937804192304611,
-0.018488099798560143,
-0.01685732789337635,
0.010000872425734997,
-0.002136447699740529,
0.0034417419228702784,
-0.0012962842592969537,
0.011433430016040802,
-0.048184383660554886,
0.07124946266412735,
0.03441741690039635,
-0.021767664700746536,
0.020668471232056618,
-0.002102660946547985,
-0.0027592498809099197,
-0.030128754675388336,
0.0012929056538268924,
-0.045157093554735184,
0.04739152267575264,
0.02931787446141243,
-0.024758918210864067,
0.025497721508145332,
0.015541897155344486,
-0.025389602407813072,
0.021875783801078796,
0.018668295815587044,
-0.031570322811603546,
-0.011325312778353691,
-0.05330194905400276,
-0.024668820202350616,
-0.02086668647825718,
-0.01392914354801178,
0.04061615839600563,
-0.003588150953873992,
0.01674019917845726,
-0.003380925627425313,
-0.006455518305301666,
-0.006014038342982531,
0.0036399574019014835,
-0.020650450140237808,
-0.04576975852251053,
0.02818264067173004,
-0.045301251113414764,
-0.006960066966712475,
-0.00915395189076662,
-0.04191356897354126,
-0.012118174694478512,
-0.005414886865764856,
-0.04919348284602165,
-0.02931787446141243,
-0.003883221885189414,
0.002770512131974101,
0.03888627514243126,
-0.027461856603622437,
0.01827186532318592,
-0.031372107565402985,
-0.05481559410691261,
0.02528148517012596,
-0.003101621987298131,
0.012965095229446888,
-0.03211091086268425,
0.006036562845110893,
-0.04079635441303253,
0.012217282317578793,
-0.018488099798560143,
0.004381013102829456,
0.032651498913764954,
-0.04591391608119011,
0.03162438049912453,
0.01540675014257431,
-0.007919610477983952,
0.0038314154371619225,
0.020416196435689926,
0.04522917419672012,
0.007644811179488897,
-0.023119134828448296,
-0.015019329264760017,
0.05420292913913727,
-0.017082571983337402,
0.01698346436023712,
0.039607059210538864,
0.018938589841127396,
0.02652483806014061,
0.03092161752283573,
-0.02261458709836006,
-0.0031128842383623123,
0.024380506947636604,
0.013001134619116783,
0.041336942464113235,
0.005495975259691477,
-0.017893454059958458,
-0.026921268552541733,
-0.03931874781847,
-0.05492371320724487,
-0.02101084217429161,
0.030381029471755028,
-0.003257041098549962,
0.04886912927031517,
0.03084953874349594,
0.028903422877192497,
-0.028633128851652145,
0.0590682178735733,
0.03917459025979042,
-0.0391385518014431,
-0.013803006149828434,
-0.032579418271780014,
0.05773476883769035,
0.03209289163351059,
0.01532566174864769,
-0.015695063397288322,
-0.03903043270111084,
-0.04169733449816704,
-0.011784812435507774,
0.002136447699740529,
-0.014685966074466705,
-0.0034597613848745823,
0.045445408672094345,
-0.015559916384518147,
0.01461388822644949,
-0.024885054677724838,
0.016163572669029236,
0.013379545882344246,
0.012334410101175308,
0.012676781974732876,
0.0009037950658239424,
-0.055248066782951355,
0.005545529071241617,
0.0011346711544319987,
-0.012902026996016502,
-0.021983901038765907,
0.031155873090028763,
-0.03202081099152565,
-0.009032320231199265,
0.03193071484565735,
-0.022920919582247734,
0.04007557034492493,
0.015767142176628113,
-0.026182465255260468,
0.031408146023750305,
-0.032993871718645096,
0.0019821550231426954,
0.017614150419831276,
0.004815735388547182,
0.011658675037324429,
0.04025576636195183,
0.01806464046239853,
0.00280880369246006,
0.03092161752283573,
-0.020524313673377037,
0.03657976910471916,
0.038453806191682816,
0.01182085182517767,
0.0004772375978063792,
-0.013073213398456573,
0.0035003055818378925,
0.011712733656167984,
0.08015114068984985,
-0.01332548726350069,
0.0022997502237558365,
-0.004977911710739136,
0.03189467638731003,
0.013550732284784317,
-0.009604441933333874,
-0.0035633740480989218,
0.025389602407813072,
0.020524313673377037,
0.00010720248974394053,
0.007383527234196663,
-0.02805650234222412,
-0.008068271912634373,
0.04868893325328827,
0.024650799110531807,
-0.008243963122367859,
0.008906182833015919,
0.03769698366522789,
0.005667161196470261,
0.026831170544028282,
0.002196137560531497,
-0.001738890539854765,
0.014667946845293045,
-0.032777637243270874,
-0.034255240112543106,
-0.005004941485822201,
0.004887814167886972,
-0.02113698050379753,
0.01949719712138176,
-0.03492196649312973,
0.011361352168023586,
-0.04155317693948746,
-0.0305972658097744,
-0.04173337295651436,
-0.016055455431342125,
-0.04014764726161957,
-0.02492109313607216,
0.06130264699459076,
-0.02385793812572956,
0.029624206945300102,
0.0024596741423010826,
0.020199961960315704,
0.030110735446214676,
-0.0009882618905976415,
-0.004955387208610773,
-0.007036650087684393,
0.004802220966666937,
0.00038066384149715304,
-0.014875171706080437,
0.010262156836688519,
0.024470604956150055,
-0.018632257357239723,
0.0020148155745118856,
-0.015388729982078075,
-0.0025587817654013634,
0.0022456913720816374,
0.023263292387127876,
-0.00018174447177443653,
0.00591493071988225,
0.02502921223640442,
-0.02393001690506935,
-0.004016116261482239,
0.02374982088804245,
-0.017217718064785004,
-0.015713082626461983,
0.006779870949685574,
-0.013100242242217064,
-0.015226554125547409,
-0.0012073125690221786,
0.0002317206672159955,
0.02245241031050682,
0.015794171020388603,
0.005842852406203747,
0.07726800441741943,
0.0036579768639057875,
0.024200310930609703,
-0.025605838745832443,
0.015046358108520508,
-0.01843404211103916,
-0.028272738680243492,
0.015289622358977795,
0.012442527338862419,
0.023659722879529,
-0.03263347968459129,
0.010136019438505173,
0.028921442106366158,
-0.03791321814060211,
0.029930539429187775,
-0.01967739313840866,
0.008153865113854408,
-0.025659896433353424
] |
Prime factorization is a difficult problem with classical computing, whose
exponential hardness is the foundation of Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)
cryptography. With programmable quantum devices, adiabatic quantum computing
has been proposed as a plausible approach to solve prime factorization, having
promising advantage over classical computing. Here, we find there are certain
hard instances that are consistently intractable for both classical simulated
annealing and un-configured adiabatic quantum computing (AQC). Aiming at an
automated architecture for optimal configuration of quantum adiabatic
factorization, we apply a deep reinforcement learning (RL) method to configure
the AQC algorithm. By setting the success probability of the worst-case problem
instances as the reward to RL, we show the AQC performance on the hard
instances is dramatically improved by RL configuration. The success probability
also becomes more evenly distributed over different problem instances, meaning
the configured AQC is more stable as compared to the un-configured case.
Through a technique of transfer learning, we find prominent evidence that the
framework of AQC configuration is scalable -- the configured AQC as trained on
five qubits remains working efficiently on nine qubits with a minimal amount of
additional training cost. | [
0.008726412430405617,
0.013294041156768799,
-0.024530671536922455,
0.002126650884747505,
-0.006392042618244886,
0.040515173226594925,
0.03592556342482567,
0.026148464530706406,
-0.00469072163105011,
0.07420747727155685,
-0.00852418877184391,
-0.01874530129134655,
0.021312668919563293,
-0.005688654258847237,
0.03622450307011604,
0.029999516904354095,
-0.023282157257199287,
0.024143807590007782,
-0.04339906573295593,
-0.04353974387049675,
-0.03594315052032471,
-0.026324313133955002,
-0.043188050389289856,
-0.011685040779411793,
-0.005429279524832964,
0.06977613270282745,
0.02099614590406418,
-0.002142037730664015,
-0.10030319541692734,
0.05961216986179352,
0.00911767315119505,
0.007407559547573328,
-0.03585522621870041,
-0.04223847761750221,
0.001248514512553811,
-0.006941564846783876,
-0.00350155564956367,
0.001467224326916039,
-0.027731088921427727,
0.036118995398283005,
0.0351870059967041,
-0.0008913250640034676,
-0.049307528883218765,
-0.022385336458683014,
0.06115962564945221,
-0.07610663026571274,
-0.040480006486177444,
0.005679861642420292,
-0.010120001621544361,
0.00008806093683233485,
-0.023581096902489662,
-0.004532459191977978,
0.0061414605006575584,
0.020626865327358246,
-0.003398245433345437,
-0.005205074325203896,
-0.02474168874323368,
0.015676770359277725,
0.018463946878910065,
0.029964348301291466,
0.05686895549297333,
0.0002001634711632505,
-0.0291378665715456,
0.005798558704555035,
0.023510757833719254,
-0.025462660938501358,
0.0034641881939023733,
0.003798297606408596,
0.02978849969804287,
-0.0013771026860922575,
-0.10621165484189987,
-0.034430865198373795,
-0.02206881158053875,
-0.026658421382308006,
0.05292997881770134,
0.01401501428335905,
0.062425725162029266,
0.0024376804940402508,
-0.016344988718628883,
0.06003420427441597,
-0.0019343182211741805,
0.057255819439888,
0.005798558704555035,
-0.04114822298288345,
0.06108928471803665,
-0.022737031802535057,
-0.010207924991846085,
-0.0552159920334816,
0.011122330091893673,
0.03805331513285637,
-0.07301171869039536,
0.03372747451066971,
0.0046511562541127205,
-0.0054952222853899,
0.02757282741367817,
0.02641223557293415,
-0.0673142746090889,
0.00604474451392889,
-0.015685562044382095,
-0.028364138677716255,
-0.030474305152893066,
-0.026588082313537598,
0.03247896209359169,
-0.001366112264804542,
0.03268997743725777,
-0.07920154184103012,
-0.08131170272827148,
0.023229403421282768,
0.004994058050215244,
0.11022096872329712,
-0.06534478813409805,
-0.015861408784985542,
-0.0062865340150892735,
0.04427830129861832,
-0.0693541020154953,
-0.01985313929617405,
0.0014936013612896204,
-0.014832703396677971,
-0.019712461158633232,
0.0036048658657819033,
0.021207161247730255,
0.08750152587890625,
0.020152078941464424,
-0.00912646483629942,
-0.04572024941444397,
0.05746683478355408,
0.006510739214718342,
0.05563802644610405,
-0.009935361333191395,
-0.0353628545999527,
-0.048217277973890305,
0.01132455375045538,
-0.04026898741722107,
-0.06056174635887146,
0.010392564348876476,
0.017268186435103416,
0.009293519891798496,
-0.026904607191681862,
0.021171992644667625,
-0.05187489837408066,
0.012599445879459381,
-0.04772490635514259,
-0.01820017583668232,
-0.026676006615161896,
-0.007618576288223267,
0.027080455794930458,
-0.005983198061585426,
0.06967062503099442,
-0.025638509541749954,
0.053738877177238464,
-0.06158166006207466,
0.08285915851593018,
-0.026517745107412338,
0.020240003243088722,
0.02639465220272541,
0.018358439207077026,
0.009319896809756756,
0.018587039783596992,
0.003963154274970293,
-0.02370418980717659,
0.011491608805954456,
-0.00455004395917058,
-0.0208730511367321,
0.0506087988615036,
0.03900288790464401,
0.007051469292491674,
0.04185161367058754,
0.0023805303499102592,
-0.08525067567825317,
0.05841641128063202,
0.04698634892702103,
0.015571261756122112,
0.001460630097426474,
-0.00885829795151949,
0.009838646277785301,
0.025198891758918762,
0.026183634996414185,
-0.006611851509660482,
-0.006062329281121492,
-0.05736132711172104,
-0.05159354209899902,
0.00877477042376995,
0.0417461022734642,
0.09896675497293472,
0.07793544232845306,
0.0038004957605153322,
0.050890155136585236,
-0.007455917540937662,
0.006712963338941336,
0.026078127324581146,
0.010181548073887825,
0.010928898118436337,
0.0386863648891449,
0.060807932168245316,
0.010726673528552055,
-0.04906134307384491,
0.030403966084122658,
0.019536614418029785,
0.006515135522931814,
0.020275171846151352,
-0.01043652556836605,
-0.028188291937112808,
0.015641599893569946,
-0.024917535483837128,
-0.006651416886597872,
-0.010893728584051132,
0.03196900337934494,
-0.021347839385271072,
0.05518082156777382,
-0.012898385524749756,
-0.02152368612587452,
0.008853902108967304,
-0.028276216238737106,
-0.06590750068426132,
-0.00509956618770957,
0.0034180281218141317,
0.008519792929291725,
-0.018376022577285767,
-0.03590798005461693,
-0.02426690049469471,
-0.04283635690808296,
-0.027819013223052025,
0.05328167602419853,
-0.06720876693725586,
-0.006840452551841736,
-0.038229163736104965,
-0.011280592530965805,
0.02031034044921398,
0.01600208692252636,
0.026025371626019478,
-0.012186205014586449,
0.030034687370061874,
-0.004323640838265419,
0.06379733234643936,
0.01654721237719059,
-0.020697204396128654,
0.02688702382147312,
0.03210968151688576,
0.021119238808751106,
0.008339549414813519,
-0.037174079567193985,
0.031107353046536446,
-0.02359868213534355,
-0.01326766423881054,
0.0076053873635828495,
0.015377829782664776,
-0.006967941764742136,
0.06794732064008713,
0.06337530165910721,
0.029577484354376793,
-0.046001605689525604,
-0.021594025194644928,
-0.001366112264804542,
0.014410670846700668,
-0.04691600799560547,
-0.015861408784985542,
0.017997952178120613,
-0.027977274730801582,
-0.0169956237077713,
0.015641599893569946,
0.04473550617694855,
0.012660992331802845,
0.00337406643666327,
0.08039730042219162,
-0.03981178626418114,
0.015430583618581295,
0.027361810207366943,
-0.019009072333574295,
0.0215588565915823,
0.017338525503873825,
0.024389993399381638,
-0.04624779149889946,
-0.050468120723962784,
0.02305355668067932,
-0.00804060883820057,
-0.08630575984716415,
-0.03295375034213066,
0.004699514247477055,
0.03151180222630501,
0.002756403526291251,
-0.0005407298449426889,
-0.026025371626019478,
0.023581096902489662,
-0.024425163865089417,
-0.026676006615161896,
-0.010137585923075676,
-0.042660508304834366,
-0.030157780274748802,
-0.08342187106609344,
0.004426951054483652,
-0.026623252779245377,
-0.0024200959596782923,
0.0020991747733205557,
-0.010418941266834736,
-0.02090822160243988,
0.0181474220007658,
-0.01403259951621294,
-0.027836598455905914,
0.014674440957605839,
0.022983217611908913,
-0.017487995326519012,
-0.047091856598854065,
0.01183451060205698,
-0.006295326631516218,
-0.03086116723716259,
0.012854423373937607,
-0.014472217299044132,
0.009777099825441837,
0.009188011288642883,
-0.010445318184792995,
0.02817070670425892,
-0.030667735263705254,
-0.02584952488541603,
-0.02213915064930916,
-0.009785891510546207,
-0.02806519903242588,
0.03696306422352791,
-0.003154257545247674,
-0.02869824878871441,
-0.025058213621377945,
0.034483619034290314,
0.011157499626278877,
-0.09277693927288055,
0.01651204377412796,
0.045544400811195374,
-0.017769349738955498,
0.000004185813850199338,
-0.0024992269463837147,
-0.0674901232123375,
0.0007902129436843097,
0.014454632066190243,
0.01186088752001524,
-0.10487521439790726,
0.01927284337580204,
0.032725147902965546,
-0.04702151566743851,
-0.020679621025919914,
0.04069102182984352,
0.0002346459950786084,
-0.014041392132639885,
0.014489801600575447,
-0.0022343574091792107,
0.015193190425634384,
0.025058213621377945,
0.022965632379055023,
-0.06006937474012375,
-0.022824954241514206,
-0.03198659047484398,
-0.006937168538570404,
0.000729765510186553,
0.001021012314595282,
-0.003145465161651373,
0.0247944425791502,
0.007921912707388401,
0.02695736289024353,
-0.09137015789747238,
-0.0276079960167408,
-0.001922228722833097,
-0.000619861064478755,
-0.042766015976667404,
0.0016826370265334845,
-0.08637610077857971,
-0.06784181296825409,
0.04674016311764717,
-0.023475589230656624,
0.010269471444189548,
0.02815312333405018,
-0.018903564661741257,
-0.016274649649858475,
0.057537175714969635,
0.0041368030942976475,
0.1027650535106659,
-0.02213915064930916,
0.01872771792113781,
-0.005147924181073904,
0.0014782147482037544,
-0.019571783021092415,
-0.04139440879225731,
-0.046071942895650864,
0.026289142668247223,
-0.044383808970451355,
0.014964588917791843,
0.023862453177571297,
0.0182353463023901,
0.047689735889434814,
0.011113537475466728,
0.01990589313209057,
-0.006462381221354008,
-0.05240244045853615,
0.08405491709709167,
0.021189576014876366,
-0.023352496325969696,
-0.038299500942230225,
-0.006154648959636688,
-0.019624536857008934,
-0.01765505038201809,
0.010550826787948608,
-0.008963806554675102,
0.04582575708627701,
-0.05574353411793709,
0.04385627061128616,
0.053140997886657715,
-0.042168136686086655,
-0.002927854424342513,
0.04410245642066002,
-0.03560904040932655,
-0.04807659983634949,
-0.04251983016729355,
0.042695678770542145,
-0.009838646277785301,
0.0052358475513756275,
-0.03291857987642288,
-0.053176164627075195,
-0.020662035793066025,
-0.003483970882371068,
0.006994318682700396,
-0.06931892782449722,
0.04012830927968025,
-0.04670499265193939,
-0.007658141665160656,
-0.025198891758918762,
0.015333867631852627,
0.0330592580139637,
-0.02859274111688137,
0.01436670869588852,
-0.0011891660979017615,
0.04955371469259262,
-0.02857515588402748,
0.028452062979340553,
-0.013654528185725212,
0.06984647363424301,
0.04892066493630409,
0.025234060361981392,
0.02094339020550251,
-0.01976521499454975,
0.014445840381085873,
0.0047170985490083694,
0.038827043026685715,
-0.021664364263415337,
-0.005723823327571154,
-0.0330592580139637,
-0.028751002624630928,
-0.06590750068426132,
-0.054864298552274704,
0.006827264092862606,
-0.0320393443107605,
-0.02808278426527977,
0.024565842002630234,
-0.016195518895983696,
0.03451878949999809,
-0.03351645916700363,
-0.0033388969022780657,
-0.07983458787202835,
0.011720210313796997,
0.030456719920039177,
0.008827525191009045,
0.009319896809756756,
-0.04455965757369995,
0.036048658192157745,
-0.017980366945266724,
0.017514372244477272,
0.023827282711863518,
0.04751389101147652,
-0.043891437351703644,
0.015474545769393444,
0.033956076949834824,
-0.0017145093297585845,
-0.07135875523090363,
-0.009372650645673275,
0.00508637772873044,
-0.0038488537538796663,
-0.03142387792468071,
-0.00608430989086628,
0.03692789375782013,
0.022455675527453423,
0.01096406765282154,
0.010577203705906868,
-0.09552015364170074,
-0.018534285947680473,
-0.0276079960167408,
0.013074232265353203,
0.025515416637063026,
0.025462660938501358,
0.010920105502009392,
-0.003765326226130128,
-0.010313432663679123,
0.018358439207077026,
-0.025234060361981392,
-0.013628151267766953,
0.04083169996738434,
-0.03643552213907242,
-0.0066602095030248165,
0.030931506305933,
0.04948337748646736,
0.011201460845768452,
0.00484458776190877,
0.042660508304834366,
-0.03365713730454445,
0.06548546254634857,
-0.014472217299044132,
0.010797012597322464,
-0.03974144533276558,
-0.06021004915237427,
0.0011149805504828691,
-0.025181306526064873,
0.03316476568579674,
0.05307065695524216,
0.0181474220007658,
-0.020081739872694016,
-0.03977661579847336,
0.000305809109704569,
0.042590171098709106,
-0.04920202121138573,
-0.02148851752281189,
-0.027185963466763496,
-0.013636943884193897,
-0.05634141340851784,
-0.027361810207366943,
0.01160590909421444,
0.04937786981463432,
0.033305443823337555,
-0.042203307151794434,
0.01930801197886467,
0.011175083927810192,
-0.008124136365950108,
0.014612894505262375,
0.03946009278297424,
-0.014094145968556404,
0.028979603201150894,
0.0009836447425186634,
-0.04287152737379074,
0.05739649757742882,
-0.006167837418615818,
-0.05437192693352699,
-0.0204510185867548,
-0.015500922687351704,
0.0287158340215683,
-0.026869438588619232,
-0.04445414990186691,
-0.02099614590406418,
0.01017275545746088,
0.09573116898536682,
-0.005820539314299822,
-0.0014254606794565916,
0.0033235102891921997,
0.0049369074404239655,
0.0441376231610775,
-0.023475589230656624,
-0.004391781520098448,
0.006981130223721266,
-0.017874859273433685,
-0.05110117048025131,
0.013452303595840931,
0.005424883216619492,
-0.03596073389053345,
-0.030579812824726105,
0.060245219618082047,
-0.008260417729616165,
-0.007860366255044937,
-0.034923236817121506,
0.0031740404665470123,
0.01932559721171856,
-0.013126987032592297,
0.016723060980439186,
-0.019044242799282074,
-0.0287158340215683,
0.06112445518374443,
0.050432950258255005,
0.0018573851557448506,
0.00797466654330492,
-0.024354824796319008,
0.006422815844416618,
-0.02150610089302063,
0.007983459159731865,
0.014885458163917065,
0.015087681822478771,
0.0025783581659197807,
-0.02801244519650936,
-0.006972338072955608,
0.01922008953988552,
0.012968724593520164,
-0.0353628545999527,
-0.005552372429519892,
-0.023370081558823586,
-0.01809466816484928,
-0.010462903417646885,
-0.04695117846131325,
-0.032777901738882065,
-0.013434719294309616,
-0.016177933663129807,
-0.041042715311050415,
0.06319945305585861,
-0.027326641604304314,
0.017364902421832085,
-0.016257066279649734,
0.01761108823120594,
-0.013742451556026936,
-0.01400622259825468,
0.02912028133869171,
0.0038884191308170557,
-0.032267943024635315,
0.015360245481133461,
0.048217277973890305,
0.0022343574091792107,
-0.005767785012722015,
0.0118872644379735,
0.00008380213694181293,
0.013619358651340008,
0.011219046078622341,
0.028627909719944,
0.04772490635514259,
0.0242844857275486,
-0.012836839072406292,
-0.026799099519848824,
0.009460574947297573,
0.013575396500527859,
-0.004919323138892651,
-0.022772200405597687,
0.02032792568206787,
-0.050890155136585236,
0.01821776106953621,
-0.0181474220007658,
-0.013935883529484272,
-0.017426447942852974,
0.0017947396263480186,
0.035046327859163284,
-0.02753765694797039,
-0.028856510296463966,
0.0037323548458516598,
-0.013944676145911217,
-0.024601010605692863,
-0.023246988654136658,
-0.018956318497657776,
-0.013557812198996544,
0.026166049763560295,
-0.019501443952322006,
0.003923588432371616,
0.052578285336494446,
0.042168136686086655,
0.01543937623500824,
0.001804630970582366,
-0.017329731956124306,
0.00994415394961834,
0.0362948440015316,
-0.012740123085677624,
0.019606953486800194,
0.03481772914528847,
-0.01988830789923668,
0.057502005249261856,
-0.0006237077177502215,
0.037701621651649475,
-0.0004275282844901085,
0.039846956729888916,
0.05169904977083206,
0.008137324824929237,
-0.006260157097131014,
-0.004024700727313757,
-0.01015517022460699,
0.029559899121522903,
0.043891437351703644,
0.020521357655525208,
0.044383808970451355,
0.010902521200478077,
-0.0006770113832317293,
-0.006119479425251484,
0.022842539474368095,
0.007108619436621666,
-0.0021991878747940063,
0.04582575708627701,
0.04132407158613205,
-0.024108638986945152,
-0.039354585111141205,
-0.05831090360879898,
0.008981390856206417,
0.03618933632969856,
-0.04663465544581413,
0.004193953704088926,
0.02368660643696785,
-0.022332582622766495,
-0.011192668229341507,
-0.02192813530564308,
-0.00989140011370182,
-0.007785630878061056,
-0.02039826475083828,
-0.023405250161886215,
-0.024038299918174744,
-0.059752847999334335,
0.002628914313390851,
-0.016942869871854782,
-0.019360767677426338,
-0.03791263699531555,
-0.006611851509660482,
0.022174321115016937,
-0.03756094351410866,
-0.05134735628962517,
0.03365713730454445,
-0.06059691309928894,
0.02157643996179104,
0.008326360955834389,
-0.04343423619866371,
-0.048217277973890305,
-0.025058213621377945,
0.01867496408522129,
0.014771156944334507,
0.026570498943328857,
-0.033375781029462814,
0.03318234905600548,
0.032144851982593536,
-0.028874095529317856,
-0.0008226347854360938,
0.007517463993281126,
0.027185963466763496,
-0.0051215472631156445,
0.021594025194644928,
0.033885739743709564,
0.01825292967259884,
-0.015096474438905716,
0.013944676145911217,
0.01591416262090206,
-0.02433723956346512,
-0.005811747163534164,
0.02317664958536625,
-0.028469646349549294,
-0.0712180808186531,
-0.004611590411514044,
0.040022801607847214,
0.04403211548924446,
0.005288601852953434,
0.01401501428335905,
-0.002391520654782653,
0.00006374457734636962,
0.020064154639840126,
-0.00455004395917058,
0.0013858950696885586,
-0.021875381469726562,
0.026095710694789886,
0.02417897805571556,
0.05908462777733803,
-0.0057062385603785515,
-0.007952685467898846,
-0.004130208864808083,
-0.005701842717826366,
-0.01809466816484928,
-0.010585996322333813,
0.011772964149713516,
0.01349626574665308,
-0.07575493305921555,
0.012951139360666275,
-0.00046489579835906625,
0.03374506160616875,
0.03752577304840088,
0.010665127076208591,
-0.0053677330724895,
-0.009856230579316616,
-0.03256688639521599,
0.016661513596773148,
-0.008814336732029915,
-0.030456719920039177,
-0.0007896634051576257,
0.047091856598854065,
0.005833727773278952,
0.05890878289937973,
0.017795728519558907,
0.0224908459931612,
0.012001565657556057,
-0.016731852665543556,
-0.04385627061128616,
-0.012537899427115917,
0.02855757065117359,
-0.053809214383363724,
0.026728760451078415,
0.023458003997802734,
0.013039063662290573,
-0.0044555263593792915,
-0.0373147577047348,
-0.010076039470732212,
-0.009979323484003544,
-0.005873293615877628,
-0.0012056517880409956,
0.05278930440545082,
-0.02926095947623253,
0.04501685872673988,
-0.001876068883575499,
0.04185161367058754,
-0.017435241490602493,
-0.006277741864323616,
-0.044383808970451355,
-0.039952464401721954,
0.03458912670612335,
0.002332172356545925,
-0.023018386214971542,
0.00577657762914896,
0.0024684537202119827,
-0.029858838766813278,
0.02637706696987152,
-0.017444033175706863,
-0.008093363605439663,
0.03362196683883667,
-0.024935120716691017,
-0.03358679637312889,
0.024477917701005936,
-0.011456439271569252,
-0.04508719965815544,
0.03145904839038849,
0.002681668382138014,
-0.017839688807725906,
0.010629957541823387,
-0.020556528121232986,
-0.0010391465621069074,
0.006923980079591274,
0.0009819961851462722,
0.017444033175706863,
0.019958646968007088,
0.0014001826057210565,
0.03268997743725777,
-0.02648257464170456,
-0.004484101198613644,
0.006387646310031414,
0.017496787011623383,
0.00134852749761194,
-0.02815312333405018,
-0.00438298936933279,
0.036154165863990784,
-0.00796147808432579,
-0.02210398204624653,
0.006651416886597872,
0.002077193930745125,
-0.02699253149330616,
-0.01718026213347912,
0.01981796883046627,
0.01263461448252201,
-0.003554309718310833,
-0.032848238945007324,
0.00686243362724781,
0.0005346850957721472,
0.02861032448709011,
-0.024618595838546753,
0.05746683478355408,
-0.0051215472631156445,
0.041570257395505905,
-0.015887785702943802,
-0.021629193797707558,
0.00645358907058835,
-0.01987072266638279,
-0.022719446569681168,
0.0018244137754663825,
-0.01816500723361969,
0.000776474887970835,
-0.023774528875947,
0.018340853974223137,
0.04086686670780182,
-0.0073196361772716045,
0.03353404253721237,
0.003756533842533827,
-0.021629193797707558,
0.013373172841966152,
-0.01703079231083393,
-0.0051567163318395615,
-0.01127179991453886,
-0.015729524195194244,
-0.029049942269921303,
0.02926095947623253,
0.002650895155966282,
-0.02926095947623253,
0.02314147911965847,
-0.04582575708627701,
0.01653842069208622,
0.014982174150645733,
0.005543580278754234,
-0.008664865978062153,
-0.02688702382147312,
-0.016670305281877518,
-0.018305683508515358,
-0.01589657925069332,
-0.021805042400956154,
0.012441183440387249,
0.021189576014876366,
-0.03508149832487106,
0.0077460650354623795,
0.00535454461351037,
-0.0061106872744858265,
0.006488758604973555,
0.0055963341146707535,
-0.03251413255929947,
0.0431177131831646,
-0.00276079960167408,
-0.02542749233543873,
-0.02264910750091076,
0.03618933632969856,
-0.03021053411066532,
0.003993927501142025,
-0.002156325150281191,
0.00646677752956748,
0.05901429057121277,
0.008365926332771778,
0.005271017085760832,
-0.010366187430918217,
-0.008475830778479576,
0.02310631051659584,
0.024601010605692863,
-0.012107073329389095,
-0.028434477746486664,
-0.001343032345175743,
-0.04470033571124077,
0.024442749097943306,
-0.03896772116422653,
-0.005336959846317768,
-0.03216243535280228,
0.03311201184988022,
-0.03622450307011604,
-0.009363858960568905,
-0.006985526531934738,
0.026640838012099266,
-0.043188050389289856,
0.02477685734629631,
-0.0016298829577863216,
-0.04663465544581413,
-0.042695678770542145,
-0.0007011903799138963,
-0.012493937276303768,
-0.03374506160616875,
0.003556507872417569,
-0.03200417384505272,
0.030949091538786888,
-0.033903323113918304,
-0.036118995398283005,
-0.04353974387049675,
0.03977661579847336,
-0.014349124394357204,
-0.03511666879057884,
-0.008695639669895172,
0.03682238608598709,
0.06207403168082237,
-0.03024570271372795,
-0.01014637853950262,
-0.027344224974513054,
-0.0010501369833946228,
-0.027871767058968544,
-0.03376264497637749,
-0.024583425372838974,
-0.027854181826114655,
-0.012441183440387249,
-0.0055655608884990215,
-0.012660992331802845,
0.027836598455905914,
-0.0018233146984130144,
0.04065585136413574,
0.04568507894873619,
-0.021945718675851822,
-0.008418680168688297,
-0.045931264758110046,
-0.008990183472633362,
0.023440420627593994,
-0.003426820505410433,
0.020028986036777496,
-0.05342235043644905,
-0.007258089724928141,
-0.02533956803381443,
-0.05999903380870819,
0.03029845654964447,
-0.04139440879225731,
-0.02869824878871441,
-0.008023024536669254,
-0.014067769050598145,
-0.010401356965303421,
0.011667455546557903,
-0.01934318244457245,
-0.044348642230033875,
0.016063634306192398,
0.011403685435652733,
-0.0074163516983389854,
-0.027836598455905914,
0.01827051490545273,
-0.006765717640519142,
0.009469366632401943,
-0.0065810782834887505,
-0.02213915064930916,
-0.010418941266834736,
-0.027309056371450424,
0.03265480697154999,
0.005772181320935488,
-0.02250842936336994,
0.011201460845768452,
-0.013461096212267876,
-0.0010127694113180041,
-0.005688654258847237,
0.019747629761695862,
-0.015878994017839432,
-0.06094861030578613,
-0.026676006615161896,
0.011025614105165005,
-0.029559899121522903,
0.040515173226594925,
-0.02472410351037979,
0.020591696724295616,
-0.03418467938899994,
0.001991468481719494,
-0.038791872560977936,
0.04146474972367287,
0.029507145285606384,
-0.01234446745365858,
-0.025216475129127502,
0.013399549759924412,
0.06042106822133064,
0.058135055005550385,
-0.03244379162788391,
0.017523163929581642,
-0.024425163865089417,
-0.012221374548971653,
0.017910027876496315,
-0.021769871935248375,
-0.002071698661893606,
0.011333346366882324,
0.0093286894261837,
0.020275171846151352,
0.022438092157244682,
-0.0068052830174565315,
0.00883192103356123,
0.002927854424342513,
-0.0062557607889175415,
0.027256302535533905,
-0.004097237717360258,
0.012291712686419487,
0.02150610089302063
] |
In the genome biology research, regulatory genome modeling is an important
topic for many regulatory downstream tasks, such as promoter classification,
transaction factor binding sites prediction. The core problem is to model how
regulatory elements interact with each other and its variability across
different cell types. However, current deep learning methods often focus on
modeling genome sequences of a fixed set of cell types and do not account for
the interaction between multiple regulatory elements, making them only perform
well on the cell types in the training set and lack the generalizability
required in biological applications. In this work, we propose a simple yet
effective approach for pre-training genome data in a multi-modal and
self-supervised manner, which we call GeneBERT. Specifically, we simultaneously
take the 1d sequence of genome data and a 2d matrix of (transcription factors x
regions) as the input, where three pre-training tasks are proposed to improve
the robustness and generalizability of our model. We pre-train our model on the
ATAC-seq dataset with 17 million genome sequences. We evaluate our GeneBERT on
regulatory downstream tasks across different cell types, including promoter
classification, transaction factor binding sites prediction, disease risk
estimation, and splicing sites prediction. Extensive experiments demonstrate
the effectiveness of multi-modal and self-supervised pre-training for
large-scale regulatory genomics data. | [
0.03255224600434303,
-0.0014385785907506943,
-0.021052161231637,
-0.006369474809616804,
0.0019149008439853787,
0.026315201073884964,
0.008791669271886349,
-0.000030471006539301015,
-0.017959270626306534,
-0.010158692486584187,
0.01261933520436287,
-0.04757241532206535,
0.018984537571668625,
-0.00277249445207417,
-0.006916284095495939,
0.031287748366594315,
-0.019838927313685417,
-0.03557678312063217,
-0.017121968790888786,
-0.04911031574010849,
0.048460979014635086,
-0.04432573541998863,
-0.0041758292354643345,
0.02347862720489502,
0.0543733574450016,
0.007369110826402903,
0.03998543694615364,
0.011816209182143211,
-0.03690963238477707,
0.0358160138130188,
0.006924828048795462,
0.010209956206381321,
0.028861282393336296,
-0.034397728741168976,
-0.0560479611158371,
-0.02175275981426239,
0.004081846680492163,
0.028143594041466713,
-0.026964537799358368,
0.01745518110692501,
0.004434282425791025,
0.0067795817740261555,
0.014669870026409626,
0.005151969380676746,
0.03998543694615364,
-0.005758586339652538,
-0.021701496094465256,
-0.014114516787230968,
0.01339682936668396,
-0.03530338034033775,
-0.0023474355693906546,
0.06278055161237717,
-0.0043702032417058945,
-0.032347191125154495,
-0.08140624314546585,
0.06127682700753212,
0.014951818622648716,
0.020283211022615433,
0.044120680540800095,
0.021735671907663345,
-0.015165416523814201,
0.014780940487980843,
0.005369838792830706,
-0.06619811058044434,
0.009936551563441753,
-0.011893103830516338,
-0.02178693562746048,
-0.007095706183463335,
-0.014131604693830013,
0.04459913820028305,
-0.033970531076192856,
-0.04347134381532669,
-0.05789344385266304,
0.038413356989622116,
0.024281753227114677,
0.025426635518670082,
0.03311614319682121,
0.006040534935891628,
0.043983977288007736,
-0.020539527758955956,
0.06278055161237717,
0.019052889198064804,
-0.0487343855202198,
0.09364110231399536,
0.06811194121837616,
0.02045408822596073,
0.029681496322155,
-0.06582217663526535,
-0.030587149783968925,
-0.03998543694615364,
-0.016335930675268173,
0.038515884429216385,
-0.018010534346103668,
0.009107793681323528,
-0.05720993131399155,
0.04124993085861206,
0.005404014606028795,
0.0045197210274636745,
-0.03991708531975746,
-0.001443918445147574,
-0.0036332919262349606,
0.0016180004458874464,
-0.003233864903450012,
0.02301725745201111,
-0.018523167818784714,
-0.04148916155099869,
0.015549891628324986,
0.02552916295826435,
0.0066813272424042225,
0.12412572652101517,
-0.022299569100141525,
-0.02059078961610794,
-0.014669870026409626,
-0.03578183799982071,
-0.08373018354177475,
-0.013020898215472698,
-0.08215811103582382,
-0.06305395811796188,
0.03687545657157898,
-0.03475657105445862,
0.0065403529442846775,
0.004395834635943174,
-0.015925822779536247,
-0.05365566909313202,
-0.08140624314546585,
0.023188134655356407,
-0.04934954643249512,
-0.020385736599564552,
-0.005254496354609728,
-0.022538797929883003,
-0.0043061235919594765,
0.02563168853521347,
-0.011363382451236248,
-0.013670234009623528,
0.04213849827647209,
-0.023393187671899796,
0.035064149647951126,
0.011995630338788033,
0.020078156143426895,
-0.06421592831611633,
-0.0028835651464760303,
0.023786207661032677,
0.003101434325799346,
0.04822175204753876,
0.007399014197289944,
-0.0009569164249114692,
0.0008826912962831557,
0.14367416501045227,
0.0016425640787929296,
0.009082161821424961,
-0.07422937452793121,
0.023324837908148766,
-0.0065189930610358715,
0.005660331342369318,
0.008398650214076042,
0.04213849827647209,
0.023786207661032677,
0.012388649396598339,
0.006493361201137304,
-0.004750406369566917,
0.033799655735492706,
0.005818393547087908,
0.003291536122560501,
0.03195417299866676,
0.031219396740198135,
0.057278282940387726,
0.030262481421232224,
-0.021974900737404823,
-0.02281220257282257,
0.04254860430955887,
-0.00847554486244917,
0.01917250268161297,
-0.03176620602607727,
0.010406466200947762,
-0.044154856353998184,
0.049622949212789536,
0.012063981965184212,
0.013789848424494267,
-0.028827106580138206,
0.0011032306356355548,
-0.036294471472501755,
-0.0032445446122437716,
0.03595271706581116,
0.051912713795900345,
0.04336882010102272,
0.10984033346176147,
0.053894899785518646,
-0.016421368345618248,
0.01364460214972496,
-0.024059612303972244,
0.007941551506519318,
0.0065189930610358715,
0.03540590777993202,
-0.02675948292016983,
-0.00006257736822590232,
-0.04015631228685379,
-0.03226175159215927,
-0.02115468680858612,
0.004199325107038021,
-0.039438627660274506,
-0.001148086041212082,
-0.01399490237236023,
0.01770295388996601,
0.04600033909082413,
-0.004746134392917156,
0.012892739847302437,
-0.001823053928092122,
-0.003861841280013323,
-0.010252675972878933,
-0.05690234899520874,
-0.027596784755587578,
-0.06319066137075424,
-0.06934226304292679,
-0.03803742676973343,
0.012029806151986122,
-0.021496443077921867,
0.014738221652805805,
0.005848296917974949,
-0.0036097962874919176,
0.009705866686999798,
0.01475530955940485,
0.05143425613641739,
0.04784582182765007,
0.0029156047385185957,
0.002083642641082406,
-0.016985265538096428,
0.006728318519890308,
-0.032415542751550674,
-0.005062258802354336,
-0.0005521493148989975,
-0.011149784550070763,
0.043027061969041824,
0.02954479306936264,
-0.0729307010769844,
-0.02855370193719864,
-0.0015037257689982653,
0.029989076778292656,
-0.006587344221770763,
0.021598970517516136,
0.014798028394579887,
-0.01540464535355568,
0.006006359122693539,
-0.03139027580618858,
-0.022436272352933884,
0.07949241250753403,
0.038481708616018295,
-0.038481708616018295,
0.06226791813969612,
0.046307917684316635,
0.018420640379190445,
-0.020419912412762642,
-0.004295444115996361,
0.01794218271970749,
-0.003033083165064454,
-0.005527900997549295,
-0.026144323870539665,
-0.001180125749669969,
-0.007322119083255529,
0.020898370072245598,
-0.055261921137571335,
0.03684128075838089,
0.03544008359313011,
0.002355979522690177,
0.0278531014919281,
0.037148863077163696,
-0.046068690717220306,
0.0732724592089653,
0.02048826403915882,
-0.008560984395444393,
0.06014903262257576,
0.030262481421232224,
-0.036021068692207336,
-0.0023239399306476116,
0.0037123230285942554,
0.015806209295988083,
0.010090341791510582,
0.032244663685560226,
-0.02510196715593338,
0.03289400041103363,
0.039643678814172745,
0.02069331705570221,
-0.008556712418794632,
-0.034636955708265305,
-0.031885821372270584,
-0.04128410667181015,
0.010432097129523754,
-0.012286122888326645,
-0.013499356806278229,
-0.04661550000309944,
-0.06684744358062744,
0.0005278526223264635,
0.007283671759068966,
-0.04094235226511955,
0.06021738052368164,
-0.010209956206381321,
-0.012516808696091175,
-0.02281220257282257,
0.0020686909556388855,
-0.003731546690687537,
-0.02517031878232956,
-0.021376829594373703,
-0.05912376195192337,
0.018249763175845146,
0.04822175204753876,
-0.022658413276076317,
0.0027489985805004835,
-0.03554261103272438,
0.10156983882188797,
-0.050648219883441925,
-0.006728318519890308,
0.03892599046230316,
0.0029284204356372356,
-0.030228305608034134,
-0.009261583909392357,
0.004613704048097134,
0.048563506454229355,
0.018198499456048012,
-0.03262059763073921,
0.002603752538561821,
-0.039541151374578476,
-0.0016980994259938598,
-0.06811194121837616,
-0.0712902694940567,
0.07081181555986404,
0.0006231704610399902,
0.0699915960431099,
0.0032744482159614563,
0.04118157923221588,
0.05919211357831955,
0.0207274928689003,
0.005587708204984665,
-0.05317721143364906,
0.011542804539203644,
0.016583703458309174,
0.013858200050890446,
0.0030651227571070194,
-0.03554261103272438,
-0.011722225695848465,
-0.03711468726396561,
-0.03885764256119728,
-0.01992436684668064,
0.0074374619871377945,
-0.054065775126218796,
-0.04131828248500824,
-0.011346294544637203,
-0.017284302040934563,
-0.010773853398859501,
0.029168862849473953,
-0.04770911857485771,
-0.006591616198420525,
0.0007534648757427931,
-0.004242044407874346,
0.007018811069428921,
-0.018676957115530968,
-0.02440136857330799,
-0.0061644213274121284,
-0.052869632840156555,
-0.0381399542093277,
0.02411087602376938,
0.05427083000540733,
0.00010666520392987877,
-0.04883691295981407,
-0.041728388518095016,
0.037456441670656204,
-0.0805860310792923,
-0.027237942442297935,
-0.011995630338788033,
-0.007125609554350376,
0.011995630338788033,
-0.011876015923917294,
-0.0580301433801651,
0.024213401600718498,
-0.009124881587922573,
0.024862738326191902,
0.06841952353715897,
0.011576979421079159,
-0.03368004038929939,
-0.004145925864577293,
0.0038532973267138004,
0.04487254470586777,
-0.039643678814172745,
0.029818197712302208,
-0.05157095938920975,
-0.013123424723744392,
-0.01193582359701395,
0.020112331956624985,
0.06818029284477234,
0.0012506128987297416,
-0.046239566057920456,
0.05775674059987068,
0.025119055062532425,
-0.026212673634290695,
-0.022555885836482048,
-0.03704633563756943,
0.024333016946911812,
0.009210320189595222,
-0.00863787904381752,
0.04593198746442795,
0.03800325095653534,
0.012790213339030743,
0.014763852581381798,
-0.0005393334431573749,
-0.026810746639966965,
-0.018164323642849922,
0.008308939635753632,
-0.028792930766940117,
0.04463331401348114,
-0.037456441670656204,
0.04114740341901779,
0.020385736599564552,
0.00032787202508188784,
-0.007322119083255529,
-0.015396101400256157,
0.01847190409898758,
0.05492016673088074,
0.04374475032091141,
-0.04483836889266968,
0.021957814693450928,
-0.00786038488149643,
0.011303574778139591,
-0.0018871331121772528,
0.008701958693563938,
0.033013615757226944,
0.03772984817624092,
0.01531920675188303,
-0.02214577980339527,
-0.0057414984330534935,
0.003174057463183999,
-0.007783489767462015,
0.001530425506643951,
0.03834500536322594,
0.021496443077921867,
-0.047367360442876816,
0.007565620355308056,
-0.027596784755587578,
-0.004002815578132868,
-0.007689506746828556,
0.01879657246172428,
0.006839388981461525,
-0.004434282425791025,
0.026315201073884964,
0.00469914311543107,
0.020214859396219254,
-0.016412824392318726,
-0.049588773399591446,
-0.029681496322155,
-0.05451006069779396,
-0.02228248119354248,
-0.02496526576578617,
0.01681438833475113,
-0.06137935072183609,
0.024726036936044693,
-0.07997087389230728,
-0.000635986274573952,
0.036021068692207336,
0.03010869026184082,
-0.01105580199509859,
0.0030992983374744654,
0.040532246232032776,
-0.042890358716249466,
-0.0590212382376194,
-0.016276123002171516,
0.04357387125492096,
-0.03190290927886963,
0.03487618640065193,
-0.006446369923651218,
-0.03373130410909653,
-0.03451734036207199,
0.007108521647751331,
0.028690403327345848,
0.011414645239710808,
-0.015541347675025463,
-0.0041865091770887375,
0.011944367550313473,
0.033833831548690796,
0.01572931371629238,
-0.013473724946379662,
-0.04230937361717224,
0.027596784755587578,
0.0057201385498046875,
-0.022829290479421616,
-0.0273575559258461,
0.032244663685560226,
-0.002524721436202526,
-0.036191944032907486,
-0.026639869436621666,
-0.037183038890361786,
-0.01205543801188469,
0.05710740387439728,
-0.02351280301809311,
-0.010261219926178455,
-0.01886492408812046,
-0.012448457069694996,
-0.004532536957412958,
0.07026500254869461,
-0.013362654484808445,
0.021308477967977524,
0.019582610577344894,
0.07915065437555313,
-0.021052161231637,
-0.03176620602607727,
-0.053006332367658615,
0.030057428404688835,
0.0019661642145365477,
0.06213121488690376,
0.032449718564748764,
-0.008569528348743916,
0.07778363674879074,
0.0329965278506279,
-0.006664239335805178,
-0.001289060339331627,
-0.002021699445322156,
-0.001451394404284656,
-0.018147235736250877,
0.0038874729070812464,
0.0012698365608230233,
-0.02344445139169693,
0.003970775753259659,
0.012251947075128555,
0.004797397647053003,
-0.0027148230001330376,
-0.036157768219709396,
-0.02245336025953293,
0.05683399736881256,
-0.031663678586483,
0.03991708531975746,
0.019685138016939163,
0.011226680129766464,
0.002132770139724016,
0.00807398185133934,
-0.017532074823975563,
0.03183455765247345,
-0.015353381633758545,
-0.005113522056490183,
-0.0014524623984470963,
-0.05662894621491432,
0.004848661366850138,
0.01274749357253313,
-0.038481708616018295,
0.003033083165064454,
-0.02940809167921543,
0.0273575559258461,
-0.0038703850004822016,
-0.029288476333022118,
-0.014422097243368626,
-0.007740770000964403,
0.03489327430725098,
0.018728220835328102,
-0.03684128075838089,
0.009945095516741276,
-0.03480783477425575,
-0.04538517817854881,
0.045009247958660126,
0.0069718193262815475,
0.003641835879534483,
-0.050750743597745895,
-0.03145862743258476,
-0.023102695122361183,
-0.012995266355574131,
0.016694772988557816,
-0.013277214951813221,
0.024879826232790947,
-0.043847277760505676,
-0.043881453573703766,
0.025443723425269127,
-0.009381198324263096,
0.007424646057188511,
0.001558193122036755,
0.04893944039940834,
0.022009076550602913,
-0.02573421597480774,
0.012995266355574131,
-0.037456441670656204,
0.0034303744323551655,
0.019856015220284462,
-0.009218864142894745,
0.07299905270338058,
-0.027613872662186623,
-0.06448932737112045,
0.017215950414538383,
0.030433358624577522,
-0.029527705162763596,
0.02245336025953293,
0.030484622344374657,
0.01656661555171013,
-0.024093788117170334,
0.0027981260791420937,
-0.09664855897426605,
0.019702225923538208,
-0.02563168853521347,
-0.024213401600718498,
0.03253515809774399,
0.002578120678663254,
-0.03690963238477707,
-0.01600271835923195,
0.0032958080992102623,
-0.014362289570271969,
0.06855622678995132,
0.039575327187776566,
-0.033013615757226944,
0.03998543694615364,
0.007313575129956007,
0.05433918163180351,
0.037148863077163696,
-0.017925094813108444,
-0.04357387125492096,
0.021479355171322823,
0.0036332919262349606,
0.006869292818009853,
0.05324556306004524,
0.07347750663757324,
-0.012132332660257816,
-0.0023986988235265017,
-0.05016975849866867,
0.04569275677204132,
0.0032829921692609787,
0.0005040898686274886,
-0.0315098911523819,
-0.037388090044260025,
-0.027562610805034637,
0.038550060242414474,
0.035200852900743484,
0.05785926803946495,
-0.013208864256739616,
0.007240952458232641,
0.004741862416267395,
-0.007142697460949421,
-0.06643734127283096,
-0.0070828902535140514,
0.009953639470040798,
-0.027477171272039413,
0.036294471472501755,
-0.03154406696557999,
-0.049588773399591446,
0.02334192581474781,
-0.03352624922990799,
-0.006036262959241867,
-0.0008362338412553072,
0.0364653505384922,
0.003998543601483107,
-0.059465520083904266,
-0.008449913933873177,
0.013277214951813221,
0.004639335907995701,
-0.013405373319983482,
0.006484817247837782,
0.017566250637173653,
0.0018486855551600456,
0.011662418954074383,
0.010919099673628807,
0.03142445161938667,
0.03574766218662262,
-0.018095972016453743,
0.02274385280907154,
-0.000136702336021699,
-0.03113395906984806,
0.02891254611313343,
0.018711132928729057,
0.03027956932783127,
-0.039609503000974655,
0.055022694170475006,
0.02573421597480774,
0.0046820552088320255,
0.021872375160455704,
0.06260967254638672,
-0.0007267651963047683,
-0.001733343000523746,
0.008236316032707691,
0.03660205379128456,
0.010064709931612015,
0.038276657462120056,
-0.04757241532206535,
-0.013285758905112743,
-0.018488992005586624,
0.049417898058891296,
0.0014321706257760525,
0.026212673634290695,
0.019411733373999596,
-0.043983977288007736,
0.003310759784653783,
-0.010158692486584187,
-0.0032936721108853817,
-0.016720404848456383,
-0.03776402398943901,
-0.014063253998756409,
-0.015985630452632904,
0.02182111144065857,
0.0013424596982076764,
0.00971441064029932,
0.024230489507317543,
0.0007593387854285538,
-0.038276657462120056,
0.01290128380060196,
-0.00802271906286478,
0.02446972019970417,
0.018010534346103668,
0.0004528264980763197,
0.0053185755386948586,
0.03318449482321739,
-0.008420010097324848,
-0.016489719972014427,
-0.008467000909149647,
-0.03762732073664665,
0.009039442054927349,
-0.005993543192744255,
-0.0056005241349339485,
0.020744580775499344,
-0.016335930675268173,
0.0336458645761013,
0.018113059923052788,
0.02221413142979145,
0.02115468680858612,
-0.03991708531975746,
-0.009740041568875313,
-0.03373130410909653,
-0.010782397352159023,
0.012175052426755428,
-0.0022641324903815985,
0.014054710045456886,
0.011235224083065987,
0.004222820978611708,
0.0653095468878746,
0.016831476241350174,
-0.060354083776474,
-0.020009806379675865,
0.031356099992990494,
-0.024230489507317543,
0.006446369923651218,
-0.025187406688928604,
-0.009808393195271492,
0.023991260677576065,
-0.0037016430869698524,
-0.003844753373414278,
-0.01936046965420246,
0.0477432943880558,
-0.06025155633687973,
-0.04480419307947159,
0.02393999695777893,
-0.021547706797719002,
0.00010346124327043071,
0.038618411868810654,
-0.0064976331777870655,
-0.021205950528383255,
0.0069931792095303535,
-0.010714045725762844,
0.05136590451002121,
-0.044018153101205826,
0.05433918163180351,
-0.04039554297924042,
0.0029049247968941927,
0.060764189809560776,
-0.029835285618901253,
0.039677854627370834,
-0.01900162547826767,
-0.025853831321001053,
0.01390946377068758,
0.020437000319361687,
-0.019292118027806282,
0.013157600536942482,
-0.030894730240106583,
0.02125721424818039,
0.017532074823975563,
0.017224494367837906,
0.012773125432431698,
-0.000997499912045896,
0.030877642333507538,
-0.05659477040171623,
-0.011833296157419682,
0.011226680129766464,
-0.022162867709994316,
0.031253572553396225,
-0.006762493867427111,
0.043061237782239914,
-0.011756401509046555,
0.018010534346103668,
0.03793489933013916,
0.01896744966506958,
-0.009663146920502186,
0.00854816846549511,
0.022555885836482048,
0.017583338543772697,
0.03262059763073921,
0.012696229852735996,
-0.005835481453686953,
-0.024281753227114677,
-0.0018006261670961976,
-0.016583703458309174,
-0.04254860430955887,
0.017532074823975563,
-0.013661690056324005,
-0.009586251340806484,
-0.016335930675268173,
0.005254496354609728,
0.043847277760505676,
0.04695725440979004,
-0.021735671907663345,
0.016447000205516815,
-0.013738585636019707,
-0.040498070418834686,
-0.03540590777993202,
-0.0024328744038939476,
0.015481540001928806,
0.0153362937271595,
0.05912376195192337,
0.01221777219325304,
-0.01999271847307682,
-0.03253515809774399,
-0.014080340974032879,
0.028229033574461937,
-0.016694772988557816,
-0.01568659394979477,
0.03458569198846817,
0.019856015220284462,
-0.006484817247837782,
-0.0028707492165267467,
-0.053929075598716736,
-0.01946299523115158,
0.056423891335725784,
0.006608704105019569,
-0.005429646000266075,
-0.021496443077921867,
0.032876912504434586,
-0.009107793681323528,
0.014678413979709148,
0.035029973834753036,
0.000088108929048758,
-0.005429646000266075,
-0.05908958613872528,
0.029989076778292656,
0.028502438217401505,
0.018728220835328102,
0.020573701709508896,
-0.02563168853521347,
0.022402096539735794,
-0.07286234945058823,
0.05451006069779396,
-0.0030117235146462917,
0.03896016627550125,
-0.01314905658364296,
0.05160513520240784,
-0.05563785508275032,
-0.02002689242362976,
-0.04114740341901779,
-0.026451902464032173,
-0.0049853636883199215,
0.0060747102834284306,
0.018078884109854698,
-0.015874559059739113,
0.018659869208931923,
0.016686229035258293,
0.007856112904846668,
0.028639141470193863,
0.023153958842158318,
0.04347134381532669,
-0.05700487643480301,
0.0007726886542513967,
0.03332119435071945,
0.03147571533918381,
0.01117541640996933,
0.014550255611538887,
0.029134687036275864,
-0.017617514356970787,
0.009304303675889969,
-0.002445690333843231,
0.019018713384866714,
-0.035269204527139664,
0.020146507769823074,
-0.045009247958660126,
0.014011990278959274,
-0.023769119754433632,
-0.04148916155099869,
-0.018642781302332878,
-0.01572931371629238,
0.06759931147098541,
0.038515884429216385,
0.02739173173904419,
0.012038350105285645,
-0.02188946306705475,
-0.01590019091963768,
-0.01061151921749115,
0.003146289847791195,
0.011713681742548943,
0.021735671907663345,
-0.0040775747038424015,
0.07149532437324524,
0.0031761934515088797,
0.005331391468644142,
0.005506541114300489,
-0.041660040616989136,
-0.07101687043905258,
-0.014003446325659752,
0.028604965656995773,
0.011730769649147987,
-0.012260491028428078,
-0.007706594653427601,
0.03926774859428406,
0.061960335820913315,
-0.029698584228754044,
-0.015182504430413246,
0.019292118027806282,
0.007108521647751331,
-0.029869461432099342,
-0.03561095893383026,
-0.03332119435071945,
0.03544008359313011,
-0.03318449482321739,
0.05990980193018913,
-0.008766037411987782,
-0.02460642158985138,
0.002060147002339363,
0.004763222299516201,
-0.020881282165646553,
0.004152333829551935,
0.011944367550313473,
0.05235699564218521,
0.019873103126883507,
0.020710404962301254,
-0.013439549133181572,
0.02235083281993866,
-0.0018166459631174803,
0.004647879861295223,
-0.01468695793300867,
-0.011448821052908897,
0.02267550118267536,
-0.008979635313153267,
-0.020009806379675865,
0.012448457069694996,
0.012072525918483734,
-0.012345930561423302,
-0.006181509234011173,
-0.040771473199129105,
0.00341115053743124,
0.012192140333354473,
-0.004105342086404562,
0.019907278940081596,
-0.001578484894707799,
-0.02602470852434635,
-0.003928056452423334,
0.015584067441523075,
0.0271866787225008,
-0.044018153101205826,
0.06052496284246445,
-0.008979635313153267,
-0.025409547612071037,
0.04904196411371231,
-0.03998543694615364,
0.030928904190659523,
0.020009806379675865,
-0.02182111144065857,
0.012850020080804825,
0.020539527758955956,
-0.034038882702589035,
-0.028297385200858116,
0.003703779075294733,
-0.027442995458841324,
0.05584290623664856,
-0.015891646966338158,
-0.029185950756072998,
-0.023068521171808243,
0.0008186120539903641,
-0.007125609554350376,
0.026503166183829308,
-0.006826573051512241,
-0.014199956320226192,
-0.005989271216094494,
0.021052161231637,
0.014883467927575111,
0.014319570735096931,
-0.018488992005586624,
0.016549527645111084,
-0.04121575504541397,
-0.0031676494982093573,
0.009159057401120663,
0.029989076778292656,
0.012029806151986122,
0.025477899238467216,
-0.018676957115530968,
0.010833661071956158,
0.029322652146220207,
0.016634967178106308,
0.029596056789159775,
-0.0011779897613450885,
0.03162950277328491,
0.011576979421079159,
0.009022355079650879,
-0.03321867063641548,
-0.006950459908694029,
-0.009347022511065006,
-0.055261921137571335,
0.01024413201957941,
-0.0240425243973732,
0.018420640379190445,
0.04572693258523941,
0.0009713342296890914,
-0.0467521995306015,
-0.018779484555125237,
0.04135245829820633,
0.011850384064018726,
-0.0012730405433103442,
0.011858928017318249,
-0.0037187309935688972,
-0.028673317283391953,
-0.00898817926645279,
0.04815340042114258,
0.013388285413384438,
0.06790688633918762,
0.03998543694615364,
0.03574766218662262,
-0.008509720675647259,
0.04904196411371231,
0.03690963238477707,
0.0027596785221248865,
-0.017301389947533607,
0.01205543801188469,
-0.006843660958111286,
0.02446972019970417,
-0.030911818146705627,
0.021991988644003868,
0.017532074823975563,
-0.02609306015074253,
0.00519896112382412,
-0.029391003772616386,
-0.010184324346482754,
0.009047986008226871
] |
Our goal is to recover time-delayed latent causal variables and identify
their relations from measured temporal data. Estimating causally-related latent
variables from observations is particularly challenging as the latent variables
are not uniquely recoverable in the most general case. In this work, we
consider both a nonparametric, nonstationary setting and a parametric setting
for the latent processes and propose two provable conditions under which
temporally causal latent processes can be identified from their nonlinear
mixtures. We propose LEAP, a theoretically-grounded framework that extends
Variational AutoEncoders (VAEs) by enforcing our conditions through proper
constraints in causal process prior. Experimental results on various datasets
demonstrate that temporally causal latent processes are reliably identified
from observed variables under different dependency structures and that our
approach considerably outperforms baselines that do not properly leverage
history or nonstationarity information. This demonstrates that using temporal
information to learn latent processes from their invertible nonlinear mixtures
in an unsupervised manner, for which we believe our work is one of the first,
seems promising even without sparsity or minimality assumptions. | [
0.0017414992908015847,
-0.010430014692246914,
-0.03739241138100624,
-0.024751117452979088,
-0.030919916927814484,
0.041302479803562164,
-0.02076512575149536,
0.020423468202352524,
-0.039594195783138275,
-0.02141047641634941,
0.05842326954007149,
0.0004095726471859962,
-0.02924959547817707,
-0.012603330425918102,
0.031925905495882034,
0.01406486053019762,
-0.026459401473402977,
-0.00664806691929698,
0.04316261038184166,
-0.013637790456414223,
-0.015649767592549324,
-0.013125305064022541,
0.00042499465052969754,
0.014055370353162289,
0.06745818257331848,
0.025320546701550484,
0.031451381742954254,
-0.01662728562951088,
-0.06772391498088837,
0.06085282564163208,
0.08746407181024551,
0.02936348132789135,
-0.03154628723859787,
-0.05584186315536499,
-0.028813034296035767,
-0.04027751088142395,
0.033102720975875854,
0.023555319756269455,
-0.018136268481612206,
0.010467976331710815,
-0.041302479803562164,
0.0020214677788317204,
-0.010857085697352886,
-0.06434531509876251,
-0.011720717884600163,
-0.01451091282069683,
0.022131752222776413,
-0.010354091413319111,
-0.015488429926335812,
0.017528878524899483,
-0.0019384264014661312,
-0.04893280938267708,
-0.018079325556755066,
0.009628071449697018,
0.01120823249220848,
0.02175213396549225,
0.05360211431980133,
-0.028224626556038857,
0.06066301837563515,
-0.027104752138257027,
-0.00023488886654376984,
0.05060312896966934,
-0.08852700889110565,
0.0004466447571758181,
0.03143240138888359,
-0.04756618291139603,
0.012347088195383549,
-0.006875837687402964,
-0.006097620353102684,
-0.01034460123628378,
-0.054171543568372726,
-0.04532643407583237,
0.024219652637839317,
0.0283574927598238,
0.06343422830104828,
0.02253035083413124,
-0.0061260913498699665,
0.07140621542930603,
-0.011360079981386662,
0.002942042425274849,
0.04046731814742088,
0.01804136298596859,
-0.0008677839068695903,
0.0594482384622097,
0.05455116182565689,
-0.057929765433073044,
-0.012954477220773697,
-0.07129233330488205,
0.05048924311995506,
-0.029648195952177048,
0.012014921754598618,
0.0014876294881105423,
-0.012347088195383549,
-0.025700164958834648,
-0.010363581590354443,
0.028262589126825333,
0.025282584130764008,
0.0041900379583239555,
-0.07827731221914291,
-0.01214778795838356,
-0.021847037598490715,
-0.009946001693606377,
-0.03319762647151947,
0.02583303116261959,
-0.01020224392414093,
-0.06905258446931839,
-0.04175802320241928,
0.054285429418087006,
0.0016608304576948285,
0.1609581857919693,
-0.020024869590997696,
-0.0037795754615217447,
-0.01444447971880436,
-0.03879699856042862,
-0.038834959268569946,
0.02913570962846279,
-0.052918802946805954,
-0.07030532509088516,
0.02558627910912037,
-0.018971428275108337,
0.02264423668384552,
0.06886277347803116,
0.0008749017142690718,
-0.019721174612641335,
-0.0032884441316127777,
0.09923224151134491,
-0.0046076178550720215,
-0.0011744443327188492,
-0.004591009579598904,
-0.00399548327550292,
-0.009590108878910542,
-0.007018194999545813,
-0.028053797781467438,
0.010221225209534168,
0.019778117537498474,
-0.03418463468551636,
0.017025884240865707,
0.007374086882919073,
0.0150044159963727,
-0.03648132458329201,
-0.00031704065622761846,
-0.015051868744194508,
-0.03807572275400162,
-0.04965408518910408,
0.042782992124557495,
-0.008598356507718563,
0.030464375391602516,
0.022720159962773323,
-0.04263114556670189,
0.015289130620658398,
-0.026383478194475174,
0.018297605216503143,
-0.044073693454265594,
0.038360435515642166,
0.036652155220508575,
-0.04046731814742088,
-0.02188500016927719,
-0.0300088319927454,
0.0353994145989418,
-0.058764923363924026,
0.06089078634977341,
-0.010676766745746136,
0.05288083851337433,
0.03348233923316002,
0.03407074883580208,
0.007378832437098026,
-0.000640012847725302,
-0.03363418951630592,
-0.02116372436285019,
0.045554205775260925,
0.042137641459703445,
-0.02647838182747364,
-0.002132980851456523,
-0.005281440913677216,
0.0042920601554214954,
-0.004697777330875397,
0.02812972106039524,
0.01639002375304699,
-0.008128578774631023,
0.009832115843892097,
-0.0016050739213824272,
0.017946459352970123,
-0.004505595657974482,
0.051400329917669296,
0.04635140299797058,
-0.004420181270688772,
0.06810353696346283,
-0.061232443898916245,
0.02399188093841076,
-0.0654841735959053,
0.017196713015437126,
0.006069148890674114,
0.08655299246311188,
-0.0042778244242072105,
-0.009765682741999626,
-0.03196386620402336,
0.011464474722743034,
0.026326535269618034,
-0.0303694698959589,
0.06810353696346283,
-0.02623162977397442,
-0.04597178474068642,
-0.006942271254956722,
0.018886014819145203,
-0.015374544076621532,
0.011578360572457314,
0.00412834994494915,
-0.005703766364604235,
0.010192753747105598,
-0.049616120755672455,
-0.02034754492342472,
-0.03249533474445343,
0.0037273778580129147,
-0.0353994145989418,
0.008114342577755451,
-0.025396469980478287,
-0.02924959547817707,
0.016295118257403374,
0.00911084096878767,
0.002666819142177701,
0.02564322203397751,
0.02818666398525238,
0.06066301837563515,
0.03221061825752258,
0.022663217037916183,
0.017500407993793488,
-0.023726148530840874,
-0.0436561144888401,
0.03200183063745499,
-0.01792747713625431,
0.05307064950466156,
0.022909969091415405,
0.018942957744002342,
-0.023726148530840874,
-0.031812019646167755,
0.011018423363566399,
0.004009719006717205,
0.030350489541888237,
0.07197564095258713,
-0.05018555000424385,
-0.005774944555014372,
0.0013903522631153464,
-0.043314456939697266,
0.007910298183560371,
-0.009229471907019615,
0.0014223826583474874,
0.013723203912377357,
0.07744214683771133,
0.07057105749845505,
0.029382461681962013,
0.0208220686763525,
0.007464246358722448,
-0.001817423035390675,
0.0002019688399741426,
-0.08290865272283554,
0.050375357270240784,
-0.03779100999236107,
-0.03667113557457924,
-0.007658800575882196,
0.028205646201968193,
0.024428442120552063,
0.0554242841899395,
-0.026098763570189476,
0.010458486154675484,
0.0021638248581439257,
-0.05189383402466774,
0.01768072508275509,
0.03955623507499695,
0.032988838851451874,
0.011303137056529522,
0.010059886611998081,
-0.01020224392414093,
-0.011018423363566399,
0.001463903347030282,
0.0157921239733696,
-0.023479396477341652,
-0.013248681090772152,
0.020499393343925476,
0.021315572783350945,
-0.022549331188201904,
-0.02063225954771042,
-0.012612820602953434,
-0.028926920145750046,
0.020195698365569115,
0.009253198280930519,
0.010211734101176262,
0.03775304928421974,
-0.024333538487553596,
-0.030938897281885147,
-0.001750989817082882,
0.022966912016272545,
0.04411165416240692,
-0.06666098535060883,
0.022834045812487602,
0.008883070200681686,
0.007919788360595703,
-0.04802172631025314,
-0.023517359048128128,
0.012432501651346684,
-0.0024722646921873093,
-0.03150832653045654,
0.007644565310329199,
0.00984160602092743,
0.024808060377836227,
-0.0029301794711500406,
0.004709640517830849,
0.0264214389026165,
0.006505710072815418,
-0.016522889956831932,
-0.026193667203187943,
-0.04080897569656372,
0.022435445338487625,
0.04414961859583855,
-0.024276595562696457,
0.006771442946046591,
-0.00787233654409647,
0.03602578490972519,
-0.01028765831142664,
-0.004693032242357731,
-0.010183262638747692,
0.021771114319562912,
0.01693097874522209,
-0.038948845118284225,
-0.008503451943397522,
0.018183721229434013,
-0.021087801083922386,
-0.007421539165079594,
-0.0034521545749157667,
0.0036182375624775887,
0.02516869828104973,
-0.03207775205373764,
-0.008826127275824547,
-0.042365409433841705,
0.032172657549381256,
0.003914814442396164,
-0.01781359314918518,
-0.030825011432170868,
0.02382105402648449,
-0.02801583707332611,
-0.0720895305275917,
-0.022454427555203438,
-0.0368989072740078,
0.019474422559142113,
-0.017073336988687515,
0.03887292370200157,
-0.07159602642059326,
-0.06639525294303894,
-0.008807145990431309,
0.02152436226606369,
0.02942042425274849,
0.0010214106878265738,
-0.0779736116528511,
0.021296590566635132,
0.00999345351010561,
0.04931242763996124,
-0.020195698365569115,
0.007957750000059605,
-0.015165754593908787,
0.00023073679767549038,
0.03363418951630592,
0.04597178474068642,
-0.05720848962664604,
-0.02488398551940918,
0.04122655466198921,
-0.05773995444178581,
-0.03714565932750702,
-0.04942631348967552,
-0.052273452281951904,
-0.03837941959500313,
0.021182704716920853,
-0.011008933186531067,
0.02588997408747673,
0.016086328774690628,
-0.030578261241316795,
0.019208690151572227,
0.01326766237616539,
-0.010543900541961193,
0.05303268879652023,
0.0005489637842401862,
0.030578261241316795,
-0.1110004112124443,
-0.01863926276564598,
0.015431487001478672,
0.050679054111242294,
-0.046313442289829254,
-0.0153650538995862,
-0.00017942900012712926,
0.0462375171482563,
0.02188500016927719,
0.00893052201718092,
-0.005836632568389177,
-0.0515521764755249,
-0.045250508934259415,
-0.05029943585395813,
0.018193211406469345,
0.000053976989875081927,
-0.013011420145630836,
-0.003857871750369668,
0.029762079939246178,
0.003843636019155383,
-0.024504365399479866,
-0.02175213396549225,
0.0002480865514371544,
0.007919788360595703,
-0.012242692522704601,
0.05261510610580444,
-0.010686256922781467,
0.009685013443231583,
0.07402558624744415,
-0.02659226767718792,
0.023384492844343185,
-0.029629213735461235,
-0.033691130578517914,
-0.04547828063368797,
0.015013907104730606,
0.018307095393538475,
-0.0674961507320404,
0.012375558726489544,
0.04893280938267708,
-0.00241650827229023,
-0.03141342103481293,
-0.003516215132549405,
0.019854040816426277,
-0.014045880176126957,
-0.044073693454265594,
0.037885915488004684,
0.04836338013410568,
0.016285628080368042,
0.01132211834192276,
-0.003988365642726421,
0.0961952954530716,
0.017538368701934814,
0.02270117960870266,
-0.020461430773139,
0.02051837369799614,
-0.0176997072994709,
0.03657623007893562,
-0.03743037208914757,
-0.03733546659350395,
-0.029515329748392105,
-0.013694733381271362,
-0.004958765115588903,
0.030521318316459656,
-0.0048258984461426735,
0.007692017592489719,
-0.014026898890733719,
-0.008944758214056492,
0.004477124195545912,
0.017642764374613762,
-0.020385507494211197,
-0.07649310678243637,
0.06609155982732773,
-0.03997381404042244,
-0.06210556626319885,
-0.0060501680709421635,
-0.02902182564139366,
-0.027218637987971306,
-0.015773143619298935,
-0.023669205605983734,
-0.025434430688619614,
0.009125077165663242,
0.0442255400121212,
0.03714565932750702,
-0.07117844372987747,
-0.03090093657374382,
0.02630755305290222,
-0.038417380303144455,
-0.012479954399168491,
-0.015203716233372688,
0.04794580116868019,
0.051096633076667786,
-0.04893280938267708,
-0.030976859852671623,
0.044908855110406876,
-0.012081354856491089,
0.07349412143230438,
0.009447752498090267,
-0.044908855110406876,
-0.0031342243310064077,
-0.028148703277111053,
0.008247209712862968,
-0.018136268481612206,
0.03443138673901558,
-0.019854040816426277,
-0.009642306715250015,
0.005760708823800087,
0.03650030866265297,
0.047604143619537354,
0.038948845118284225,
-0.016437476500868797,
-0.04016362503170967,
-0.032988838851451874,
-0.004088015295565128,
0.019607288762927055,
0.04255522042512894,
-0.006448767147958279,
-0.014548874460160732,
-0.02382105402648449,
0.07019143551588058,
-0.02116372436285019,
0.043200571089982986,
-0.019265633076429367,
-0.0059173014014959335,
-0.011046894825994968,
0.02051837369799614,
-0.00890205055475235,
-0.0009057457209564745,
-0.044073693454265594,
-0.05033739656209946,
-0.04198579117655754,
-0.010373071767389774,
-0.027617236599326134,
-0.018724676221609116,
-0.003886343212798238,
0.06013154983520508,
-0.0036751804873347282,
-0.0012408775510266423,
-0.015782633796334267,
-0.011075366288423538,
0.014425498433411121,
0.03384297713637352,
-0.0156877301633358,
0.008949503302574158,
0.03543737530708313,
-0.08275680989027023,
0.0574362613260746,
0.014425498433411121,
-0.012963967397809029,
0.04156821221113205,
-0.02216971293091774,
0.02068920247256756,
0.023574301972985268,
-0.017500407993793488,
-0.029591253027319908,
0.017652254551649094,
-0.0051770457066595554,
-0.0009199813939630985,
0.08154202997684479,
-0.014482441358268261,
-0.038948845118284225,
-0.023270606994628906,
0.028680168092250824,
0.046617135405540466,
0.06373792886734009,
-0.026990866288542747,
-0.019664231687784195,
0.03361520916223526,
0.003361995331943035,
0.010306638665497303,
-0.007174787577241659,
0.025984877720475197,
0.010268677026033401,
-0.003917186986654997,
0.05253918468952179,
-0.001016072346828878,
0.013163267634809017,
-0.014036389999091625,
0.022207675501704216,
-0.024902965873479843,
-0.02594691701233387,
0.04756618291139603,
-0.02034754492342472,
0.029989851638674736,
-0.014349575154483318,
-0.02253035083413124,
-0.011663774959743023,
0.014937982894480228,
0.06711652874946594,
-0.02482704259455204,
0.012460973113775253,
-0.042782992124557495,
-0.000052012164815096185,
-0.007995711639523506,
-0.008470235392451286,
0.0422135628759861,
0.029856985434889793,
0.02902182564139366,
0.000875494908541441,
-0.022264618426561356,
0.006239977199584246,
-0.014615307562053204,
0.03763916343450546,
0.03864515200257301,
0.05694275721907616,
-0.0004030479467473924,
0.022036846727132797,
-0.05041332170367241,
-0.04282095283269882,
-0.01857282966375351,
0.016019895672798157,
-0.04976797103881836,
0.04847726598381996,
0.04813561215996742,
0.02188500016927719,
-0.01620970480144024,
-0.02888895943760872,
-0.009243707172572613,
0.016010405495762825,
0.02076512575149536,
-0.0247700996696949,
-0.009917530231177807,
0.0006649253191426396,
-0.0016952332807704806,
-0.020385507494211197,
0.0038341456092894077,
-0.01441600825637579,
0.024390481412410736,
-0.019123276695609093,
0.007203258574008942,
0.03367215022444725,
0.011436003260314465,
-0.0436561144888401,
-0.02311875857412815,
-0.0011821553343906999,
0.0741015076637268,
-0.02718067541718483,
0.06210556626319885,
0.020138755440711975,
-0.03141342103481293,
-0.027636218816041946,
-0.0016893018037080765,
0.00955214723944664,
0.05466504767537117,
-0.0011584291933104396,
-0.028053797781467438,
0.0005296862800605595,
-0.019075823947787285,
-0.01574467308819294,
0.0015943972393870354,
-0.03792387619614601,
0.005233988165855408,
-0.019892003387212753,
0.000734917470254004,
-0.011132309213280678,
0.01686454564332962,
0.015716200694441795,
-0.012565367855131626,
0.04039139673113823,
0.042479295283555984,
-0.013561866246163845,
-0.047680068761110306,
0.01968321204185486,
-0.0083088967949152,
0.009300650097429752,
-0.014558364637196064,
-0.028926920145750046,
0.008280426263809204,
0.017253655940294266,
0.02406780607998371,
0.06115652248263359,
0.02983800508081913,
0.0385502465069294,
0.02818666398525238,
0.06742022186517715,
-0.02051837369799614,
-0.004227999597787857,
0.04597178474068642,
0.011587850749492645,
-0.003993110731244087,
0.0025908953975886106,
0.0014164510648697615,
0.0038270277436822653,
0.012840591371059418,
-0.018183721229434013,
0.038778018206357956,
-0.030881954357028008,
0.0184494536370039,
0.004182919859886169,
-0.017187222838401794,
0.06237129867076874,
0.01581110619008541,
-0.03613967075943947,
0.009248453192412853,
0.01043950580060482,
0.027256598696112633,
0.00708937318995595,
0.023422453552484512,
0.031109726056456566,
0.02913570962846279,
-0.00467405142262578,
-0.025491373613476753,
-0.029989851638674736,
0.008166540414094925,
0.01809830591082573,
0.010183262638747692,
-0.01981608010828495,
0.034886930137872696,
-0.04339038208127022,
-0.031698133796453476,
-0.01211931649595499,
-0.02264423668384552,
-0.03672807663679123,
0.08344011753797531,
-0.042023755609989166,
0.013742185197770596,
-0.01992996409535408,
-0.002028585644438863,
0.016114799305796623,
0.024959908798336983,
0.0353994145989418,
-0.00329556199721992,
-0.007616093847900629,
0.018316587433218956,
0.061763908714056015,
0.024428442120552063,
-0.008655299432575703,
0.00996498204767704,
-0.035000815987586975,
-0.024485385045409203,
0.011882055550813675,
0.008873580023646355,
0.02471315674483776,
-0.007426284719258547,
0.0241247471421957,
0.027788065373897552,
0.012859572656452656,
0.0422135628759861,
-0.012100336141884327,
-0.018411491066217422,
-0.001510169357061386,
0.04004973918199539,
-0.012565367855131626,
0.024162709712982178,
-0.056221481412649155,
-0.0010997069766744971,
0.04251725971698761,
0.029989851638674736,
0.011122818104922771,
0.02647838182747364,
0.006439276970922947,
0.014748173765838146,
-0.027693159878253937,
0.013637790456414223,
0.03232450410723686,
0.033767055720090866,
0.034943871200084686,
-0.013020910322666168,
0.01017377246171236,
0.012498934753239155,
0.005532938055694103,
0.05679091066122055,
-0.051741983741521835,
0.005447523668408394,
-0.0039717573672533035,
-0.01703537441790104,
0.03875903785228729,
-0.001191052608191967,
0.04487089067697525,
-0.01970219425857067,
0.02194194309413433,
0.004031072836369276,
-0.03657623007893562,
0.008883070200681686,
-0.018477924168109894,
0.004816408269107342,
0.02771214209496975,
-0.001633545383810997,
-0.0013025655644014478,
0.038113683462142944,
0.0032267561182379723,
0.03549432009458542,
0.03154628723859787,
0.012242692522704601,
-0.021296590566635132,
0.022188693284988403,
-0.016760151833295822,
0.009794154204428196,
0.011075366288423538,
0.0335962250828743,
-0.05811957269906998,
0.013780146837234497,
0.0008120274287648499,
0.04134044051170349,
0.0036158650182187557,
-0.0028756093233823776,
-0.007649310398846865,
0.0007687272154726088,
-0.007848610170185566,
0.003924305085092783,
0.006818895228207111,
0.03135647624731064,
-0.014112313278019428,
-0.03650030866265297,
-0.012745686806738377,
0.029553290456533432,
0.010733709670603275,
-0.03184998035430908,
-0.03951827436685562,
0.01529862079769373,
0.002868491457775235,
0.00713682547211647,
-0.03454527258872986,
0.03608272597193718,
-0.0435042679309845,
0.03625355660915375,
0.0008891374454833567,
-0.04642732813954353,
-0.00713682547211647,
-0.031755078583955765,
-0.026193667203187943,
0.002628857269883156,
0.015497920103371143,
-0.018373530358076096,
-0.02524462155997753,
-0.02135353349149227,
-0.008399056270718575,
-0.0009549774695187807,
-0.020537354052066803,
0.008683769963681698,
-0.018667733296751976,
-0.004344257991760969,
0.008176030591130257,
0.0006512827822007239,
-0.012650782242417336,
-0.005651568528264761,
-0.01773766800761223,
-0.024257615208625793,
0.03913865610957146,
-0.02175213396549225,
-0.07679679989814758,
-0.01880059950053692,
-0.08237718790769577,
0.006396569777280092,
-0.05713256448507309,
0.005267205182462931,
-0.03232450410723686,
-0.018069835379719734,
0.0038649896159768105,
0.02782602794468403,
0.026516344398260117,
0.06032136082649231,
0.04817357286810875,
-0.006866347510367632,
-0.0017426855629310012,
-0.030464375391602516,
0.01663677580654621,
-0.029040805995464325,
-0.030027814209461212,
0.020708182826638222,
0.027731122449040413,
-0.0389108844101429,
0.0077869221568107605,
0.005907811224460602,
-0.047148603945970535,
0.014681740663945675,
0.03183100000023842,
-0.012888044118881226,
0.030881954357028008,
-0.02689596265554428,
-0.014453969895839691,
0.04380796104669571,
0.018259644508361816,
-0.000909897789824754,
-0.002365496940910816,
0.03291291370987892,
-0.017025884240865707,
-0.015659257769584656,
-0.009134567342698574,
0.015317601151764393,
-0.06825538724660873,
0.025624239817261696,
0.009656542912125587,
0.01441600825637579,
-0.003720259992405772,
0.013039891608059406,
-0.005988480057567358,
0.026326535269618034,
-0.0350387766957283,
0.008565139956772327,
-0.02924959547817707,
-0.00423037214204669,
0.02281506545841694,
-0.053336381912231445,
0.04380796104669571,
0.016181234270334244,
0.02913570962846279,
0.02346041612327099,
-0.012071864679455757,
-0.005006217397749424,
-0.030711127445101738,
0.009737211279571056,
-0.0064630028791725636,
0.07041920721530914,
-0.034241579473018646,
0.04437738656997681,
-0.00963756162673235,
-0.025908954441547394,
-0.01964525133371353,
0.01610530912876129,
-0.037715084850788116,
0.008674279786646366,
0.008773929439485073,
-0.025130735710263252,
0.03112870641052723,
0.029856985434889793,
0.03238144889473915,
0.010695748031139374,
-0.006733480840921402,
0.015887029469013214,
0.00563258770853281,
-0.019910983741283417,
0.008114342577755451,
0.009447752498090267,
-0.007198513485491276,
0.004194783046841621,
-0.05458912253379822,
0.021847037598490715,
0.009120331145823002,
-0.03147036209702492,
0.03944234922528267,
-0.004225627053529024,
-0.0008138068951666355,
0.002488872967660427,
-0.0613083690404892,
0.022796083241701126,
-0.03213469684123993,
-0.029040805995464325,
0.005774944555014372,
0.016845565289258957,
-0.0034568998962640762,
0.013410018756985664,
0.035171642899513245,
0.03657623007893562,
0.022359522059559822,
0.0122047308832407,
0.009642306715250015,
-0.000571207026951015,
0.005898320581763983,
-0.0047499751672148705,
0.027465390041470528,
-0.05447523668408394,
0.015583334490656853,
0.022131752222776413,
0.05060312896966934,
0.033994827419519424,
0.02087901160120964,
-0.03156526759266853,
-0.004856742452830076,
-0.0008630386437289417,
0.005627842620015144,
-0.00412834994494915,
0.00754966028034687,
-0.014862059615552425,
0.021771114319562912,
-0.009243707172572613,
-0.004631344228982925,
0.0435042679309845,
0.002980004297569394,
0.0224734079092741,
-0.03887292370200157,
-0.010335110127925873,
0.01597244292497635,
0.023479396477341652,
-0.015896519646048546,
0.0013251054333522916,
0.02564322203397751,
-0.022321561351418495,
-0.03796183690428734,
-0.026990866288542747,
0.00436323881149292,
0.04168209806084633,
0.018848052248358727,
0.011132309213280678,
-0.0094952043145895,
-0.003800929058343172,
0.042023755609989166,
-0.016893018037080765,
-0.029230615124106407,
-0.013846579939126968,
-0.011217722669243813,
-0.015089830383658409,
-0.008375330828130245,
-0.02676309645175934,
-0.009049152955412865,
0.06658506393432617,
0.02801583707332611,
-0.022492388263344765,
0.001334595843218267,
-0.06157410144805908,
-0.012555877678096294,
0.03126157447695732,
0.0133530767634511,
0.04096082225441933,
0.006121346261352301,
-0.014994925819337368,
-0.024865003302693367,
-0.02175213396549225,
0.013277152553200722,
0.014871549792587757,
-0.01840200088918209,
-0.01786104403436184,
0.018904995173215866,
0.020556334406137466,
-0.03779100999236107,
-0.03236246854066849,
0.008185521699488163,
-0.02323264442384243,
-0.010040906257927418,
0.04965408518910408,
-0.0031887944787740707,
-0.0267061535269022,
0.014577345922589302,
-0.0016394768608734012,
0.04361815005540848,
0.009504695422947407,
-0.010069377720355988,
0.05637332797050476,
0.01244199275970459,
-0.004054798744618893,
-0.042251527309417725,
-0.011132309213280678,
-0.041074708104133606,
-0.015412505716085434,
0.006629086099565029,
-0.06062505394220352,
0.0335962250828743,
-0.0005495569203048944,
-0.007563896011561155,
0.03733546659350395,
-0.03913865610957146,
0.05052720755338669,
-0.07987170666456223,
0.02966717630624771,
-0.04399776831269264
] |
Twitter is a social network that offers a rich and interesting source of
information challenging to retrieve and analyze. Twitter data can be accessed
using a REST API. The available operations allow retrieving tweets on the basis
of a set of keywords but with limitations such as the number of calls per
minute and the size of results. Besides, there is no control on retrieved
results and finding tweets which are relevant to a specific topic is a big
issue. Given these limitations, it is important that the query keywords cover
unambiguously the topic of interest in order to both reach the relevant answers
and decrease the number of API calls. In this paper, we introduce a new
crawling algorithm called "SmartTwitter Crawling" (STiC) that retrieves a set
of tweets related to a target topic. In this algorithm, we take an initial
keyword query and enrich it using a set of additional keywords that come from
different data sources. STiC algorithm relies on a DFS search in Twittergraph
where each reached tweet is considered if it is relevant with the query
keywords using a scoring, updated throughout the whole crawling process. This
scoring takes into account the tweet text, hashtags and the users who have
posted the tweet, replied to the tweet, been mentioned in the tweet or
retweeted the tweet. Given this score, STiC is able to select relevant tweets
in each iteration and continue by adding the related valuable tweets. Several
experiments have been achieved for different kinds of queries, the results
showedthat the precision increases compared to a simple BFS search. | [
-0.004198724403977394,
0.050059303641319275,
-0.023160772398114204,
-0.03507488593459129,
0.05463138967752457,
0.003748190589249134,
-0.041716087609529495,
0.009152509272098541,
-0.06300798058509827,
-0.00045470535405911505,
0.03827868029475212,
-0.030869904905557632,
0.0227602981030941,
-0.012439737096428871,
-0.049491968005895615,
0.025296635925769806,
0.05616654083132744,
-0.06077199801802635,
0.048857882618904114,
-0.0671795904636383,
-0.03293902426958084,
0.022560060024261475,
-0.057568199932575226,
0.013340804725885391,
0.05112723633646965,
-0.013349148444831371,
-0.004668030422180891,
0.010095293633639812,
-0.06040489673614502,
0.09084095060825348,
0.01317394059151411,
0.0169117022305727,
0.06304135173559189,
-0.07468848675489426,
-0.021358637139201164,
-0.006895669270306826,
0.03564222529530525,
0.0734870582818985,
-0.03704388439655304,
-0.02394503355026245,
0.02896765060722828,
-0.004044374916702509,
0.004713918082416058,
0.012114351615309715,
-0.036309681832790375,
0.025029651820659637,
0.011880741454660892,
-0.017804427072405815,
-0.015685249119997025,
0.004380189348012209,
0.04104863107204437,
-0.019306205213069916,
0.030586235225200653,
0.003541695885360241,
-0.02815001644194126,
0.043518222868442535,
0.028250135481357574,
-0.02332763560116291,
0.01580205373466015,
-0.020841358229517937,
0.05766832083463669,
0.023160772398114204,
-0.015543414279818535,
-0.013382520526647568,
0.011622101999819279,
-0.05913672596216202,
-0.019840171560645103,
-0.011930800974369049,
-0.006974929943680763,
-0.03684365004301071,
-0.014508855529129505,
0.02507971227169037,
-0.0244956873357296,
-0.022893788293004036,
-0.033956896513700485,
-0.0010376876452937722,
0.026147643104195595,
-0.0015977261355146766,
0.00955298449844122,
0.023210830986499786,
-0.04121549427509308,
0.0298687182366848,
-0.04001406952738762,
0.00643262080848217,
0.06394241750240326,
-0.013849740847945213,
0.012756779789924622,
-0.0515277124941349,
0.027299007400870323,
-0.002183837117627263,
-0.023828228935599327,
-0.022259704768657684,
0.02396172098815441,
0.005977915599942207,
0.0009339189273305237,
0.01938963681459427,
0.012923643924295902,
-0.012623287737369537,
-0.036009326577186584,
0.0024883646983653307,
-0.026464685797691345,
-0.051260728389024734,
-0.004061060957610607,
-0.035441987216472626,
0.04158259555697441,
-0.03500813990831375,
-0.06457650661468506,
0.01258157193660736,
0.02127520553767681,
0.11226633191108704,
-0.005281256511807442,
0.020824670791625977,
-0.013924829661846161,
0.05476488173007965,
-0.03085321933031082,
0.018922416493296623,
0.008660259656608105,
-0.04812368005514145,
0.008868840523064137,
-0.005986258387565613,
-0.014959389343857765,
0.005026788450777531,
-0.06597816199064255,
0.012673347257077694,
-0.02930138073861599,
-0.020707866176962852,
-0.00005595822221948765,
-0.03988058120012283,
0.003197538200765848,
-0.008468366228044033,
-0.022510001435875893,
-0.009603043086826801,
0.03021913394331932,
0.052195169031620026,
0.03774471580982208,
0.029801972210407257,
0.06017128378152847,
0.012214470654726028,
-0.0033247722312808037,
-0.017011821269989014,
0.03681027516722679,
-0.03233831003308296,
-0.04942522197961807,
0.007342031225562096,
-0.05479825288057327,
0.005206167697906494,
0.0012692119926214218,
0.012356305494904518,
-0.04008081555366516,
0.05806879326701164,
-0.0028700667899101973,
-0.009252628311514854,
-0.0032747129444032907,
0.026097584515810013,
-0.016920045018196106,
-0.04208318889141083,
-0.027265634387731552,
-0.02516314387321472,
0.027966465801000595,
0.03457429260015488,
0.030736412853002548,
-0.007367060985416174,
0.020123841241002083,
0.03911300376057625,
0.062307149171829224,
-0.012539856135845184,
0.009603043086826801,
-0.01828833296895027,
-0.031570736318826675,
0.04278402030467987,
0.05529884621500969,
0.010111979208886623,
-0.03015238791704178,
0.013949859887361526,
0.01164713129401207,
0.01942300982773304,
0.01448382530361414,
-0.06103897839784622,
-0.04932510107755661,
0.030402684584259987,
-0.049191609025001526,
0.00864357315003872,
-0.039613597095012665,
0.012823525816202164,
0.0036167846992611885,
0.08510082215070724,
0.09224261343479156,
0.05559920147061348,
0.05533221736550331,
-0.015618503093719482,
-0.012957016937434673,
-0.015334833413362503,
0.01168884802609682,
-0.03944673389196396,
0.026815101504325867,
0.03263866528868675,
-0.03020244836807251,
0.01002854760736227,
-0.0031579078640788794,
-0.02928469330072403,
-0.075222447514534,
-0.01254819892346859,
-0.039079632610082626,
0.0006768435123376548,
0.017203714698553085,
0.03170422837138176,
0.07161817699670792,
0.0012254100292921066,
-0.027315694838762283,
-0.02756599150598049,
-0.029201261699199677,
0.011355118826031685,
-0.06481011211872101,
-0.008168010041117668,
0.00040229951264336705,
0.032755471765995026,
0.04932510107755661,
0.005827737506479025,
-0.04118212312459946,
0.005735962186008692,
0.027966465801000595,
0.003635557135567069,
0.048624273389577866,
-0.021625619381666183,
-0.012464767321944237,
-0.055766064673662186,
-0.016227558255195618,
-0.03667678311467171,
-0.036877021193504333,
0.05022617056965828,
0.02454574592411518,
-0.042283426970243454,
-0.03594258055090904,
0.014258558861911297,
0.003817022079601884,
-0.022493313997983932,
-0.01372459251433611,
-0.013224000111222267,
-0.05463138967752457,
-0.0035145804286003113,
0.02693190611898899,
0.006465993821620941,
-0.051294103264808655,
0.02336100861430168,
0.010762750171124935,
0.02090810239315033,
-0.012364648282527924,
-0.03283890336751938,
-0.0371440052986145,
0.039580222219228745,
-0.032755471765995026,
-0.002527994802221656,
0.028483744710683823,
0.028600549325346947,
0.03373997285962105,
-0.015343177132308483,
0.02838362567126751,
-0.045553967356681824,
-0.018939103931188583,
-0.06137270852923393,
0.061105724424123764,
-0.00791771337389946,
-0.033606480807065964,
-0.007880168966948986,
-0.03891276568174362,
0.0418829508125782,
0.07495546340942383,
-0.016636375337839127,
-0.0011711791157722473,
-0.014508855529129505,
-0.04545385017991066,
-0.0007248170441016555,
-0.0018136069411411881,
-0.05353008210659027,
-0.054531268775463104,
-0.05539896339178085,
-0.007091735024005175,
-0.0526290163397789,
-0.019005849957466125,
-0.006032146513462067,
-0.016177499666810036,
-0.010178725235164165,
0.023678051307797432,
0.06367543339729309,
-0.023511186242103577,
-0.011430207639932632,
-0.03520837798714638,
0.003420719178393483,
0.03023581951856613,
-0.030569549649953842,
-0.062307149171829224,
0.015309804119169712,
-0.033973582088947296,
0.03490802273154259,
0.023077338933944702,
0.013474296778440475,
0.019940290600061417,
-0.0395134799182415,
-0.01089624222368002,
-0.019639933481812477,
0.012431394308805466,
0.0008530939812771976,
0.0314539298415184,
0.040848392993211746,
-0.0017896201461553574,
0.012147724628448486,
0.024979593232274055,
0.028316879644989967,
-0.013916486874222755,
-0.053396593779325485,
-0.029484931379556656,
0.015476668253540993,
-0.006407591048628092,
0.019206086173653603,
0.03817856311798096,
0.030002210289239883,
0.04665527120232582,
-0.013090508058667183,
-0.029201261699199677,
-0.0659114196896553,
0.04538710415363312,
0.0018104781629517674,
-0.061472825706005096,
0.04572083055973053,
-0.035108260810375214,
-0.019055908545851707,
-0.001418347004801035,
0.06180655583739281,
0.0320880152285099,
0.005189481191337109,
0.0003214745956938714,
0.00031156704062595963,
-0.04071490094065666,
-0.035175006836652756,
0.05019279569387436,
-0.03590920940041542,
-0.006215697154402733,
0.03744436055421829,
0.015476668253540993,
0.0032392542343586683,
-0.01728714630007744,
0.0006142694037407637,
0.003452006261795759,
-0.015860456973314285,
0.025847287848591805,
-0.02960173599421978,
0.003560468088835478,
0.0599043034017086,
0.03504151478409767,
-0.0006705861305817962,
0.0009761564433574677,
-0.016536256298422813,
-0.005201996304094791,
0.008835467509925365,
0.06424277275800705,
0.009427836164832115,
-0.03774471580982208,
-0.029501616954803467,
0.02336100861430168,
0.01762087456882,
0.04154922440648079,
-0.07155143469572067,
0.010796123184263706,
-0.016961760818958282,
-0.02392834797501564,
0.02002372220158577,
-0.010796123184263706,
-0.002039916580542922,
-0.01632767729461193,
0.019990349188447,
0.0022714410442858934,
-0.02095816284418106,
-0.006958243437111378,
0.0320880152285099,
-0.035108260810375214,
0.01632767729461193,
0.034207191318273544,
-0.013524355366826057,
-0.013966546393930912,
0.02064112015068531,
0.011713877320289612,
-0.019523128867149353,
0.0622737742960453,
0.05256227031350136,
-0.06430952250957489,
0.020724551752209663,
0.052195169031620026,
0.04325123876333237,
0.026531431823968887,
0.06647875905036926,
-0.045854322612285614,
0.006278271321207285,
-0.009277657605707645,
-0.08136305958032608,
0.06257413327693939,
-0.005573269445449114,
0.006007116753607988,
-0.05583281069993973,
-0.02060774713754654,
-0.04575420543551445,
-0.06751331686973572,
0.016886672005057335,
-0.0014423336833715439,
0.01798797771334648,
0.020407510921359062,
-0.01508453767746687,
-0.05029291659593582,
-0.04732273146510124,
-0.006916527170687914,
-0.019656620919704437,
-0.027899719774723053,
-0.04101525619626045,
0.015101224184036255,
0.032121386379003525,
0.027716169133782387,
0.06424277275800705,
-0.00909410696476698,
-0.011446894146502018,
0.020257331430912018,
-0.01885567232966423,
-0.09744878113269806,
0.00227561267092824,
0.00854345504194498,
0.003798249876126647,
-0.010420679114758968,
0.03614281862974167,
0.029101142659783363,
-0.009978488087654114,
-0.031570736318826675,
-0.02721557579934597,
0.009945115074515343,
0.02247662842273712,
0.016369393095374107,
-0.002010715426877141,
0.026181016117334366,
-0.05082688108086586,
0.017470696941018105,
0.007041675504297018,
-0.043518222868442535,
-0.011029733344912529,
-0.01463400386273861,
-0.018471883609890938,
-0.030886590480804443,
0.008334874175488949,
-0.047689832746982574,
0.03372328355908394,
0.009319374337792397,
-0.04728935658931732,
0.04164934158325195,
-0.017704308032989502,
0.013599444180727005,
0.009961801581084728,
-0.0242620762437582,
0.011154881678521633,
0.021725738421082497,
-0.02394503355026245,
-0.038111817091703415,
-0.039313241839408875,
0.05523210018873215,
-0.030419372022151947,
-0.020223958417773247,
0.023477815091609955,
-0.03487464785575867,
-0.05653364211320877,
0.013999919407069683,
0.009986831806600094,
-0.02184254303574562,
-0.029084457084536552,
-0.024979593232274055,
-0.015593473799526691,
0.019906917586922646,
-0.026080898940563202,
0.030686354264616966,
-0.00805954821407795,
0.009961801581084728,
0.006274099461734295,
0.017887858673930168,
0.012648317962884903,
0.03292233496904373,
0.04148247838020325,
-0.026731669902801514,
0.04164934158325195,
-0.013883113861083984,
0.025563618168234825,
-0.008885527029633522,
0.03437405452132225,
-0.039012886583805084,
-0.019055908545851707,
0.05316298082470894,
-0.010645945556461811,
-0.007796736899763346,
0.0371440052986145,
0.005247883964329958,
-0.04158259555697441,
-0.020424196496605873,
0.04211656376719475,
-0.07322007417678833,
-0.04268389940261841,
0.04982569441199303,
0.014108381234109402,
0.004063147120177746,
-0.00710424967110157,
-0.004580426495522261,
0.0431511215865612,
-0.008660259656608105,
0.032455116510391235,
0.04428580030798912,
0.06888160109519958,
0.00110130466055125,
-0.012715063989162445,
0.0209414754062891,
-0.03434068337082863,
-0.060805369168519974,
-0.01735389232635498,
-0.02179248444736004,
0.05656701326370239,
-0.0037335897795856,
0.0030056440737098455,
0.0382453091442585,
0.019072595983743668,
0.018772238865494728,
0.026481373235583305,
-0.01182233914732933,
0.0010100507643073797,
-0.010128665715456009,
0.0188056118786335,
0.019439697265625,
0.000954255519900471,
0.007425463758409023,
-0.042316798120737076,
-0.020240645855665207,
0.015593473799526691,
-0.005577440839260817,
-0.012973703444004059,
-0.003879596246406436,
0.054531268775463104,
0.009778250940144062,
0.06631189584732056,
-0.03584246337413788,
-0.032738786190748215,
-0.06244064122438431,
0.019589874893426895,
-0.02184254303574562,
0.033389557152986526,
0.03368991240859032,
0.009244284592568874,
0.0031871090177446604,
-0.0004666987224482,
-0.0060696909204125404,
-0.002909697126597166,
-0.04939184710383415,
0.03110351413488388,
0.024145271629095078,
-0.060571759939193726,
-0.011855712160468102,
0.010746064595878124,
-0.01702016405761242,
-0.0011962087592110038,
0.03590920940041542,
-0.008793751709163189,
-0.005665044765919447,
0.051561083644628525,
-0.002665658015757799,
-0.03138718381524086,
0.0024028467014431953,
-0.01092127151787281,
0.024579118937253952,
0.03352304920554161,
0.015209686011075974,
0.023728109896183014,
0.008472537621855736,
0.006257412955164909,
-0.05289600044488907,
-0.024879474192857742,
-0.019072595983743668,
-0.0024967079516500235,
0.03168753907084465,
0.00485575245693326,
0.039346612989902496,
-0.012765122577548027,
-0.006474336609244347,
-0.007529753725975752,
0.012114351615309715,
0.019272832199931145,
0.009594700299203396,
0.010262157768011093,
-0.027432499453425407,
-0.04285076633095741,
-0.03704388439655304,
0.01524305809289217,
0.004672201815992594,
0.007821766659617424,
-0.040548037737607956,
-0.016319332644343376,
-0.03627631068229675,
0.014608973637223244,
-0.039079632610082626,
0.024579118937253952,
0.021024908870458603,
-0.06440963596105576,
0.02756599150598049,
0.016886672005057335,
-0.0013557728379964828,
-0.009945115074515343,
-0.029384812340140343,
-0.01390814408659935,
0.021709052845835686,
-0.04328461363911629,
0.027899719774723053,
0.008568484336137772,
-0.053396593779325485,
-0.04331798478960991,
0.0777587890625,
-0.016302647069096565,
0.005552411079406738,
0.034540921449661255,
0.03524174913764,
0.02815001644194126,
-0.0569007433950901,
-0.020524315536022186,
-0.01420849934220314,
0.001337000634521246,
0.023444442078471184,
0.013324118219316006,
-0.02988540567457676,
0.0259974654763937,
-0.04602118954062462,
0.0015580959152430296,
-0.005385546945035458,
-0.012573229148983955,
-0.011889085173606873,
-0.017203714698553085,
0.056066423654556274,
-0.03190446272492409,
-0.04685550928115845,
0.011572042480111122,
0.021158399060368538,
0.05793530121445656,
-0.004359330981969833,
0.017771054059267044,
-0.015459981746971607,
0.054264288395643234,
0.038111817091703415,
0.08243098855018616,
-0.00010357322753407061,
0.03300577029585838,
-0.033339496701955795,
-0.010737720876932144,
0.04825717210769653,
0.04692225530743599,
0.0028220934327691793,
0.007175167091190815,
0.002217210130766034,
0.019790111109614372,
0.03253854811191559,
-0.0049016401171684265,
0.03130375221371651,
0.04118212312459946,
0.011196598410606384,
0.03834542632102966,
0.02245994098484516,
-0.0221262127161026,
0.006011288147419691,
-0.03744436055421829,
0.016586316749453545,
0.009870026260614395,
0.048624273389577866,
0.012139381840825081,
-0.03430731222033501,
0.03490802273154259,
0.0017426895210519433,
0.005523209925740957,
-0.023678051307797432,
0.03415713086724281,
0.007287800312042236,
0.013040449470281601,
-0.022827044129371643,
0.03227156400680542,
0.001709316740743816,
0.004964214283972979,
-0.00421123905107379,
-0.010120322927832603,
-0.016869986429810524,
-0.053096234798431396,
-0.005623328499495983,
-0.034507546573877335,
0.0032100528478622437,
0.00020440883236005902,
0.0074755228124558926,
0.008893869817256927,
-0.060538385063409805,
0.01168884802609682,
0.05029291659593582,
0.054331034421920776,
0.006666230969130993,
0.02301059477031231,
-0.004127806983888149,
0.022510001435875893,
0.013849740847945213,
0.007079219911247492,
-0.02215958572924137,
-0.01420849934220314,
-0.012314588762819767,
-0.0027699482161551714,
-0.005556582938879728,
0.07575641572475433,
-0.007938571274280548,
-0.013574414886534214,
-0.0009208826231770217,
-0.053663574159145355,
0.002185923047363758,
0.025196516886353493,
0.006745491176843643,
0.012439737096428871,
0.027649423107504845,
0.01030387356877327,
-0.008172181434929371,
0.02511308528482914,
-0.002196351997554302,
0.05166120454668999,
-0.016094066202640533,
0.012815182097256184,
0.02452906034886837,
-0.04194969683885574,
-0.029701855033636093,
0.006974929943680763,
-0.028600549325346947,
0.02092478983104229,
-0.03701051324605942,
-0.0054856655187904835,
0.007746677380055189,
-0.048857882618904114,
0.01497607585042715,
0.013490982353687286,
0.0012692119926214218,
0.027265634387731552,
0.010604229755699635,
0.030569549649953842,
0.017771054059267044,
0.018138155341148376,
0.03168753907084465,
-0.003358145011588931,
0.013265715911984444,
0.03142055869102478,
-0.01968999393284321,
0.010378962382674217,
-0.021041594445705414,
0.033356182277202606,
0.0023131570778787136,
-0.03911300376057625,
0.006766349542886019,
0.007788393646478653,
0.02122514508664608,
-0.05022617056965828,
-0.06434289366006851,
-0.007183510344475508,
-0.007150137331336737,
-0.008430820889770985,
0.022643491625785828,
-0.005836080759763718,
-0.021041594445705414,
0.022776983678340912,
0.04965883120894432,
0.013299088925123215,
0.009920085780322552,
-0.00007913020090200007,
-0.08223075419664383,
0.07976116240024567,
0.024378880858421326,
-0.043484851717948914,
-0.008405791595578194,
-0.05950382724404335,
0.08316519111394882,
-0.04695563018321991,
-0.008852154016494751,
0.011805652640759945,
0.055165354162454605,
0.019506443291902542,
-0.020123841241002083,
-0.05746808275580406,
-0.010203755460679531,
0.005022617056965828,
-0.030285879969596863,
0.01790454424917698,
-0.006983273196965456,
0.006486851722002029,
0.03554210811853409,
0.003410290228202939,
-0.009469551965594292,
-0.015643533319234848,
-0.06387567520141602,
0.012589915655553341,
0.015777023509144783,
0.0442524254322052,
0.017871171236038208,
-0.04068152979016304,
-0.001260868739336729,
-0.011813996359705925,
0.06010453775525093,
0.00471808947622776,
0.03023581951856613,
-0.011538669466972351,
-0.012823525816202164,
0.008626886643469334,
-0.00881878100335598,
-0.05536559224128723,
-0.06324158608913422,
0.019306205213069916,
0.010045234113931656,
0.014200156554579735,
0.03265535458922386,
0.011738907545804977,
-0.030886590480804443,
0.029835345223546028,
0.009978488087654114,
-0.008030346594750881,
-0.019906917586922646,
-0.017554130405187607,
-0.02543012797832489,
0.005802707746624947,
-0.08016163110733032,
-0.007404605392366648,
-0.016394423320889473,
-0.011221627704799175,
-0.054297659546136856,
0.018788926303386688,
0.027265634387731552,
0.04628816992044449,
0.023811543360352516,
0.0061239218339324,
0.011096479371190071,
0.01692838780581951,
-0.010962988249957561,
-0.007679931819438934,
-0.013082165271043777,
0.040481291711330414,
-0.03197120875120163,
-0.038679156452417374,
0.010937958024442196,
0.056099794805049896,
0.027048710733652115,
-0.0005428306176327169,
0.025279948487877846,
-0.005973743740469217,
-0.028216762468218803,
0.0023736453149467707,
-0.030552862212061882,
0.059103354811668396,
0.01406666450202465,
0.0031182775273919106,
0.024595804512500763,
0.0034040326718240976,
0.03644317388534546,
0.008293158374726772,
-0.007133450824767351,
0.061139099299907684,
0.009135822765529156,
-0.0033560593146830797,
0.05209505185484886,
-0.008877183310687542,
0.02124183252453804,
0.005569097585976124,
-0.07956092059612274,
-0.028216762468218803,
0.020774612203240395,
0.00926931481808424,
0.010529140941798687,
-0.008710319176316261,
-0.02721557579934597,
-0.018421825021505356,
-0.010837839916348457,
0.0013432580744847655,
-0.02184254303574562,
0.06314147263765335,
0.031287066638469696,
-0.021875916048884392,
-0.017487384378910065,
0.009311030618846416,
-0.022977221757173538,
-0.030419372022151947,
0.03647654876112938,
0.01822158694267273,
-0.02694859355688095,
0.002603083848953247,
0.009819966740906239,
0.010846182703971863,
-0.0032913992181420326,
0.02512977086007595,
0.005735962186008692,
-0.013257373124361038,
-0.01629430428147316,
-0.01792123168706894,
-0.03704388439655304,
-0.040848392993211746,
-0.005143593531101942,
0.02035745047032833,
-0.03560885414481163,
-0.020207272842526436,
-0.04545385017991066,
-0.00823475606739521,
-0.019790111109614372,
-0.014767494983971119,
0.003001472447067499,
-0.019906917586922646,
0.017454011365771294,
0.002922212006524205,
-0.009069077670574188,
-0.027699481695890427,
0.04158259555697441,
-0.029968837276101112,
0.003222567727789283,
0.007145965937525034,
-0.040247682482004166,
-0.025213204324245453,
0.01910596899688244,
0.0002904482535086572,
-0.04151584953069687,
-0.04368508607149124,
0.010595886036753654,
0.032138075679540634,
0.0850340723991394,
0.0436183400452137,
-0.025797229260206223,
0.06013791263103485,
-0.029751913622021675,
0.007767535746097565,
0.041382357478141785,
-0.062040165066719055,
-0.0008953315555118024,
-0.013257373124361038,
-0.03412375971674919,
-0.0018605375662446022,
0.020707866176962852,
0.0014120895648375154,
0.013274058699607849,
-0.030269192531704903,
0.029151201248168945,
-0.00724191265180707,
-0.01151364017277956,
-0.018705492839217186,
0.015952231362462044,
0.003418633481487632,
-0.031003396958112717,
-0.02479604259133339,
0.015793710947036743,
-0.055432338267564774,
0.07101746648550034,
0.000014739141079189721,
-0.0436183400452137,
0.03232162445783615,
-0.012514825910329819,
-0.04522024095058441,
0.0037064743228256702,
-0.01002854760736227,
-0.046154677867889404,
-0.014875956811010838,
-0.01855531521141529,
0.005698417779058218,
0.003132878104224801,
0.010061920620501041,
0.01586879976093769,
-0.02776622772216797,
-0.0061280932277441025,
-0.005656701512634754,
-0.04461952671408653,
-0.017537442967295647,
-0.023978406563401222,
-0.0014558914117515087,
-0.004223753698170185,
0.06380892544984818,
0.0017426895210519433,
-0.031871091574430466,
-0.019556501880288124,
-0.03150399029254913,
-0.01855531521141529,
-0.0005099791451357305,
0.005118563771247864,
-0.0122478436678648,
0.033089201897382736,
-0.008968958631157875,
-0.0001736432168399915,
0.013157254084944725,
0.029201261699199677,
-0.026130957528948784,
0.02417864464223385,
-0.03173759952187538,
0.055432338267564774,
0.010270500555634499,
-0.020390823483467102,
0.04625479876995087,
-0.023127399384975433,
-0.013574414886534214,
0.03107014298439026,
0.0025968265254050493,
-0.0459878146648407,
0.002054517390206456,
-0.002246411284431815,
-0.022543374449014664,
-0.04388532415032387,
0.004476136062294245,
-0.0031871090177446604,
0.015192999504506588,
-0.04748959466814995,
0.011196598410606384,
-0.011872398667037487,
0.016477854922413826,
0.013374177739024162,
0.01553507149219513,
-0.0018261217046529055,
0.02179248444736004,
0.04241691902279854,
0.023411069065332413,
-0.006136436481028795,
0.03200458362698555,
0.05236203223466873,
0.009327717125415802,
-0.019005849957466125,
-0.025530245155096054,
-0.0024049323983490467,
-0.019022535532712936,
0.0107877803966403,
-0.0024007607717067003,
-0.022042781114578247,
-0.05052652582526207
] |
Representation learning on temporal interaction graphs (TIG) is to model
complex networks with the dynamic evolution of interactions arising in a broad
spectrum of problems. Existing dynamic embedding methods on TIG discretely
update node embeddings merely when an interaction occurs. They fail to capture
the continuous dynamic evolution of embedding trajectories of nodes. In this
paper, we propose a two-module framework named ConTIG, a continuous
representation method that captures the continuous dynamic evolution of node
embedding trajectories. With two essential modules, our model exploit
three-fold factors in dynamic networks which include latest interaction,
neighbor features and inherent characteristics. In the first update module, we
employ a continuous inference block to learn the nodes' state trajectories by
learning from time-adjacent interaction patterns between node pairs using
ordinary differential equations. In the second transform module, we introduce a
self-attention mechanism to predict future node embeddings by aggregating
historical temporal interaction information. Experiments results demonstrate
the superiority of ConTIG on temporal link prediction, temporal node
recommendation and dynamic node classification tasks compared with a range of
state-of-the-art baselines, especially for long-interval interactions
prediction. | [
0.0011457883520051837,
-0.019030394032597542,
-0.031826067715883255,
-0.04382427781820297,
0.032714154571294785,
0.01293160580098629,
0.0016662923153489828,
0.03233354538679123,
-0.04157688096165657,
0.02158590406179428,
-0.0010415742872282863,
0.0119257140904665,
-0.01204352080821991,
-0.04723162576556206,
-0.0293611790984869,
0.019320381805300713,
-0.0009849361376836896,
0.010140481404960155,
0.003851389279589057,
-0.005165392532944679,
0.022637106478214264,
-0.01607615128159523,
0.01207070704549551,
0.0021522468887269497,
0.05415506660938263,
0.012233824469149113,
0.016212083399295807,
-0.020335335284471512,
-0.08141384273767471,
0.05973731353878975,
-0.02490263059735298,
0.049624018371105194,
0.027440017089247704,
-0.014417788945138454,
-0.05571374669671059,
-0.0521976538002491,
0.05042148381471634,
0.06531956046819687,
0.01773451454937458,
0.022818349301815033,
0.020063472911715508,
0.01293160580098629,
-0.020661570131778717,
-0.05263263359665871,
0.0035364816430956125,
-0.012378818355500698,
0.01236975658684969,
-0.03795204311609268,
0.007920268923044205,
0.01667425036430359,
0.010285475291311741,
-0.0456729456782341,
-0.02040783315896988,
0.011971023865044117,
-0.041178148239851,
0.04976901039481163,
0.05165392905473709,
-0.007566847372800112,
0.06970561295747757,
0.0655733048915863,
-0.018260115757584572,
0.01767108030617237,
-0.07365668565034866,
-0.006597203202545643,
0.04038068279623985,
-0.08387872576713562,
0.004528780933469534,
-0.026533806696534157,
0.014599030837416649,
-0.02870870940387249,
-0.05556875094771385,
-0.02727689780294895,
0.011644789017736912,
-0.08547365665435791,
0.044150516390800476,
-0.034490324556827545,
0.02977803535759449,
0.02205713279545307,
0.04723162576556206,
-0.04251933842897415,
0.017988253384828568,
0.06173097342252731,
-0.01037609577178955,
0.03670147433876991,
0.04643416032195091,
-0.009569569490849972,
0.038640763610601425,
-0.05324885621666908,
0.021694649010896683,
0.027748126536607742,
-0.07224300503730774,
-0.010394220240414143,
-0.03633899241685867,
-0.03708208352327347,
-0.034363456070423126,
-0.02307208813726902,
0.005301324184983969,
0.006968749221414328,
-0.0655733048915863,
0.023325826972723007,
-0.0013966950355097651,
0.004422300960868597,
-0.014318105764687061,
-0.006425023544579744,
0.04277307540178299,
-0.008223849348723888,
0.016175834462046623,
0.06122349575161934,
-0.024340780451893806,
0.10069797188043594,
-0.015468992292881012,
0.01070233155041933,
-0.008328063413500786,
0.061658479273319244,
-0.0713367909193039,
0.005568655673414469,
-0.010956069454550743,
-0.027983741834759712,
0.03236979618668556,
-0.03719082847237587,
0.020788440480828285,
0.01515181828290224,
0.020480329170823097,
0.005681931972503662,
-0.005446317605674267,
0.05564124882221222,
-0.016175834462046623,
-0.013565952889621258,
0.013973746448755264,
0.035614024847745895,
-0.0007085423567332327,
-0.00035313842818140984,
0.021386537700891495,
-0.015994593501091003,
0.051218945533037186,
-0.011381988413631916,
0.05071147158741951,
-0.006357057951390743,
-0.03416408970952034,
0.019302256405353546,
-0.0009577499004080892,
-0.006483927369117737,
-0.07778900116682053,
0.03824203088879585,
0.014952452853322029,
0.03637523949146271,
-0.01701861061155796,
0.057562410831451416,
0.008228380233049393,
0.026660677045583725,
-0.025283237919211388,
-0.012705054134130478,
-0.0069778114557266235,
0.011708223260939121,
0.014952452853322029,
0.007643875200301409,
-0.0433168038725853,
-0.04284557327628136,
-0.010466717183589935,
-0.04168562591075897,
0.10374283790588379,
0.003833265043795109,
-0.001891711843200028,
0.05361133813858032,
-0.03488905727863312,
0.004861812572926283,
0.05451754853129387,
-0.03998195379972458,
-0.061295993626117706,
0.026533806696534157,
-0.015142756514251232,
-0.006021760404109955,
-0.011744472198188305,
0.018939772620797157,
-0.002550979144871235,
0.021223420277237892,
0.0016934785526245832,
-0.06104225665330887,
-0.001599459326826036,
0.04686914384365082,
-0.017843259498476982,
0.011572292074561119,
-0.0030108802020549774,
0.04541920870542526,
0.04509297385811806,
0.051690176129341125,
0.06901689618825912,
0.01915726438164711,
-0.003708661301061511,
-0.018414171412587166,
0.011191683821380138,
0.027748126536607742,
0.08308126777410507,
-0.013475331477820873,
-0.0020672897808253765,
-0.01565929502248764,
-0.039474476128816605,
-0.0032623533625155687,
0.015940221026539803,
0.004553701728582382,
-0.0608610138297081,
-0.034725937992334366,
-0.04882655292749405,
-0.026026329025626183,
0.005627559497952461,
-0.01284098532050848,
0.03405534476041794,
-0.01731765829026699,
-0.009089278988540173,
-0.02836434915661812,
0.02763938158750534,
-0.04893529787659645,
-0.03019489161670208,
-0.029633043333888054,
0.0033733639866113663,
-0.01808793656527996,
0.0005482566193677485,
-0.010684207081794739,
0.011073877103626728,
-0.029107442125678062,
0.02620757184922695,
0.05524251610040665,
0.05944732576608658,
-0.04295431822538376,
0.004943371284753084,
0.01797012984752655,
0.0027956555131822824,
-0.03507029637694359,
-0.05118269845843315,
-0.04313556104898453,
0.04248309135437012,
0.014290919527411461,
0.04027193784713745,
-0.019465375691652298,
-0.058686111122369766,
0.010312661528587341,
0.07764400541782379,
-0.09504322707653046,
-0.012025396339595318,
0.021694649010896683,
0.015913033857941628,
0.01512463204562664,
-0.02557322569191456,
0.006633451674133539,
0.03940197825431824,
-0.011445422656834126,
0.009941115975379944,
0.09221585094928741,
0.010566400364041328,
0.020480329170823097,
0.010357972234487534,
-0.04099690541625023,
0.027784375473856926,
0.003060721792280674,
0.012152265757322311,
0.030575500801205635,
0.0250294990837574,
0.02888995036482811,
-0.005278668832033873,
-0.017526086419820786,
0.05368383601307869,
0.015333060175180435,
-0.02426828444004059,
0.0634346455335617,
0.023525191470980644,
0.010357972234487534,
0.09620317071676254,
-0.008758512325584888,
0.03090173564851284,
0.0281831081956625,
0.024775760248303413,
0.003563667880371213,
-0.0334753692150116,
-0.04407801851630211,
0.019175387918949127,
0.0006870198994874954,
0.026533806696534157,
-0.04831907898187637,
0.05676494911313057,
-0.022745851427316666,
0.028128735721111298,
-0.034200336784124374,
0.014245609752833843,
-0.0011016106000170112,
-0.03209793195128441,
0.00913912057876587,
-0.004259183537214994,
-0.018522916361689568,
-0.02544635534286499,
-0.07184427231550217,
0.024340780451893806,
0.0026098827365785837,
-0.02455827035009861,
0.0004958663485012949,
0.04146813601255417,
-0.012750363908708096,
-0.021930264309048653,
-0.03922073543071747,
-0.0024173131678253412,
-0.08431370556354523,
-0.011807906441390514,
0.028781205415725708,
0.03014051914215088,
0.010475778952240944,
-0.005310386419296265,
-0.020570950582623482,
0.030883612111210823,
0.06937938183546066,
-0.01851385459303856,
-0.0698506087064743,
-0.017172666266560555,
0.007956516928970814,
0.04400552064180374,
0.030339885503053665,
0.006089725997298956,
-0.009057561866939068,
0.008962409570813179,
-0.01743546687066555,
-0.012723177671432495,
-0.067168228328228,
0.009596755728125572,
-0.007639343850314617,
-0.04998650401830673,
-0.002260992070659995,
-0.007381074596196413,
0.03729957342147827,
0.025935709476470947,
-0.01886727660894394,
0.054300058633089066,
0.029034944251179695,
-0.028799330815672874,
-0.016121461987495422,
-0.03314913436770439,
0.018939772620797157,
0.013167220167815685,
0.008971471339464188,
-0.032242923974990845,
0.005464441608637571,
-0.04266433045268059,
-0.026497557759284973,
0.005047585349529982,
-0.010502965189516544,
0.0633259043097496,
0.014943390153348446,
0.007924799807369709,
-0.009275051765143871,
0.003201184095814824,
-0.004143641795963049,
0.046361666172742844,
0.027621258050203323,
0.0008541021961718798,
-0.016937050968408585,
0.018305426463484764,
0.02847309410572052,
0.09424576163291931,
-0.027965618297457695,
0.0027775312773883343,
-0.017589522525668144,
-0.007961048744618893,
0.023652061820030212,
0.0008382435771636665,
-0.030503002926707268,
-0.027131905779242516,
0.02923431061208248,
-0.06618952751159668,
-0.07691904157400131,
-0.06274592876434326,
-0.02876308187842369,
-0.02461264282464981,
0.03624837100505829,
-0.015224315226078033,
0.025555100291967392,
0.006565486080944538,
-0.02325332909822464,
-0.0024127820506691933,
0.0030154113192111254,
0.03157233074307442,
-0.004118721000850201,
0.03499780222773552,
0.04317180812358856,
-0.06713198125362396,
-0.08097885549068451,
0.017353907227516174,
0.009687377139925957,
-0.03987320885062218,
0.06220220401883125,
0.006076132878661156,
0.01367469783872366,
0.005015868227928877,
0.008468525484204292,
0.05973731353878975,
-0.0739104300737381,
-0.022945217788219452,
-0.039293233305215836,
0.03445407748222351,
-0.032061684876680374,
-0.006347995717078447,
0.0169008020311594,
0.056257471442222595,
0.016393326222896576,
0.008477587252855301,
-0.032061684876680374,
0.028871826827526093,
0.005224296357482672,
0.009723625145852566,
0.007884020917117596,
-0.026606304571032524,
-0.0501677431166172,
0.04233809560537338,
-0.026841918006539345,
0.04951527342200279,
0.018758531659841537,
-0.014408727176487446,
-0.026443185284733772,
0.011472608894109726,
0.018903525546193123,
-0.01295879203826189,
-0.0011129382764920592,
-0.003923885989934206,
-0.03860451281070709,
-0.003280477598309517,
0.03838702291250229,
0.06361588835716248,
-0.0025147306732833385,
-0.005514283198863268,
0.04621667042374611,
0.030176768079400063,
0.0027367519214749336,
-0.032768525183200836,
-0.04621667042374611,
0.02011784538626671,
-0.017816074192523956,
0.05890360102057457,
-0.05303136631846428,
-0.032116055488586426,
-0.011735409498214722,
0.006166753824800253,
-0.001959677552804351,
-0.01762576960027218,
-0.011690099723637104,
-0.0413956381380558,
-0.002988225081935525,
0.0021386537700891495,
-0.014046243391931057,
-0.0018883135635405779,
0.011101063340902328,
0.006008167285472155,
-0.05332135409116745,
0.021495282649993896,
-0.013149096630513668,
-0.027313146740198135,
0.05451754853129387,
-0.03677397221326828,
-0.07111930102109909,
0.04371553286910057,
0.02082468941807747,
0.0008410754380747676,
-0.017725452780723572,
0.03238791972398758,
-0.03024926409125328,
0.05357509106397629,
0.020897185429930687,
-0.021495282649993896,
-0.018849153071641922,
-0.02573634311556816,
0.028636211529374123,
-0.00978706032037735,
0.010385158471763134,
-0.009651128202676773,
0.0207521915435791,
0.05147268623113632,
0.002122795209288597,
0.029288683086633682,
0.04686914384365082,
-0.011055752635002136,
-0.002487544436007738,
-0.013130972161889076,
-0.07115554809570312,
-0.0028205763082951307,
0.0027276899199932814,
0.0196828655898571,
0.02289084531366825,
0.03606712818145752,
0.006628920789808035,
-0.008563677780330181,
0.009324893355369568,
0.05190766602754593,
0.03113734908401966,
-0.010566400364041328,
0.015142756514251232,
0.025192616507411003,
0.023398322984576225,
0.005124613177031279,
0.012686929665505886,
0.011662913486361504,
-0.0195197481662035,
0.015758978202939034,
-0.03084736317396164,
0.07532411068677902,
0.011807906441390514,
0.017598584294319153,
0.03157233074307442,
0.04016319289803505,
0.03285914659500122,
0.015369309112429619,
0.013031288981437683,
0.02106030285358429,
-0.014019057154655457,
-0.04639791324734688,
-0.0015054401010274887,
-0.023742683231830597,
0.009469886310398579,
-0.00889444351196289,
-0.0030244733206927776,
0.03590400889515877,
0.01596740633249283,
0.018178557977080345,
-0.006968749221414328,
-0.024068918079137802,
0.03998195379972458,
0.0012267808197066188,
0.019592244178056717,
-0.005849580746144056,
0.038930751383304596,
-0.048500318080186844,
0.03053925186395645,
0.023180833086371422,
0.024993252009153366,
0.020425956696271896,
-0.009542383253574371,
-0.012351632118225098,
-0.00757590914145112,
-0.02432265691459179,
0.004666977562010288,
0.0003726785653270781,
0.01802450232207775,
0.017662018537521362,
0.013991870917379856,
-0.03418221324682236,
-0.02158590406179428,
0.00898959580808878,
-0.011218870989978313,
-0.041431888937950134,
0.05190766602754593,
0.0008473056368529797,
-0.026551930233836174,
0.0013049413682892919,
-0.033076636493206024,
-0.0206978190690279,
-0.010928883217275143,
0.00713186664506793,
0.0036928027402609587,
0.00756231602281332,
0.0038242030423134565,
-0.012550998479127884,
0.03304038941860199,
-0.0124603770673275,
0.01323065534234047,
0.01076576579362154,
-0.010611710138618946,
0.026261944323778152,
0.016266455873847008,
0.02419578656554222,
-0.02473951317369938,
-0.007843241095542908,
0.005428193602710962,
0.047485366463661194,
0.0520889088511467,
0.05183516815304756,
-0.01719985157251358,
0.002770734718069434,
-0.016991423442959785,
-0.04980526119470596,
-0.025935709476470947,
0.04632541537284851,
-0.015142756514251232,
0.03528779000043869,
-0.015595861710608006,
0.01709110662341118,
0.03488905727863312,
0.021277792751789093,
-0.01153604406863451,
0.06328965723514557,
0.01993660442531109,
-0.006887190509587526,
-0.013339400291442871,
-0.00978706032037735,
-0.06568204611539841,
0.042374346405267715,
0.0007091087172739208,
0.05303136631846428,
0.03207980841398239,
0.08177632093429565,
0.007526068016886711,
0.019139138981699944,
-0.04570919647812843,
-0.0588311031460762,
-0.01370188407599926,
0.028962448239326477,
-0.06811068952083588,
0.02432265691459179,
0.03102860413491726,
0.000872792792506516,
0.00939739029854536,
-0.06785695254802704,
-0.005174454767256975,
0.06796569377183914,
0.001539423014037311,
0.014417788945138454,
0.00425465265288949,
0.00014251556422095746,
-0.007272329181432724,
0.04396927356719971,
-0.020317211747169495,
0.0435342937707901,
-0.0017908960580825806,
0.04705038294196129,
0.034725937992334366,
0.00007858533354010433,
-0.108890101313591,
0.08184882253408432,
-0.02301771566271782,
0.11193496733903885,
0.017870446667075157,
0.0013989604776725173,
0.005808801390230656,
0.015604923479259014,
-0.013683759607374668,
-0.028618087992072105,
-0.037807051092386246,
0.04436800628900528,
0.02200276032090187,
-0.03048487938940525,
0.02176714688539505,
-0.012940668500959873,
-0.010484840720891953,
0.006597203202545643,
0.03423658385872841,
0.039039496332407,
0.025718217715620995,
-0.023942047730088234,
-0.022691478952765465,
-0.010575462132692337,
0.025718217715620995,
-0.017761701717972755,
0.004488001111894846,
-0.03142733871936798,
-0.016456760466098785,
0.038169533014297485,
0.049370281398296356,
-0.0017070716712623835,
0.015668358653783798,
-0.01120980829000473,
0.028255604207515717,
-0.04661540314555168,
-0.0018815170042216778,
0.013783442787826061,
0.009705500677227974,
0.01618489809334278,
0.017770763486623764,
0.03084736317396164,
-0.008405091241002083,
0.013275965116918087,
-0.012804736383259296,
0.013058475218713284,
-0.005192579235881567,
-0.007580440491437912,
-0.046832893043756485,
-0.022220250219106674,
0.032242923974990845,
-0.014028118923306465,
-0.015459929592907429,
-0.05527876317501068,
-0.011391050182282925,
0.024485774338245392,
-0.030231140553951263,
0.004216138739138842,
-0.01665612682700157,
0.008001827634871006,
-0.0521976538002491,
-0.048500318080186844,
-0.04389677569270134,
-0.051110200583934784,
0.018776655197143555,
-0.021132800728082657,
-0.025246988981962204,
-0.006860004272311926,
-0.027911245822906494,
0.01201633457094431,
0.0669507384300232,
0.026950662955641747,
0.006311747245490551,
0.00115711591206491,
-0.0071001495234668255,
0.002997287083417177,
0.015342122875154018,
-0.050203993916511536,
-0.003516091965138912,
-0.023053962737321854,
0.043933022767305374,
-0.0434255488216877,
0.000108391119283624,
0.011880403384566307,
0.002929321490228176,
-0.011327615939080715,
0.007920268923044205,
-0.010874510742723942,
-0.03024926409125328,
-0.06676949560642242,
-0.02977803535759449,
-0.0015530161326751113,
-0.010131419636309147,
-0.010965132154524326,
0.025790715590119362,
0.0069007836282253265,
0.011046690866351128,
-0.005623028613626957,
-0.00512914452701807,
-0.028581839054822922,
0.014127802103757858,
0.00990486703813076,
0.003443595254793763,
0.05687369406223297,
-0.03586776182055473,
-0.027983741834759712,
0.05564124882221222,
0.018296364694833755,
0.007195301353931427,
-0.012469439767301083,
-0.0004123252001591027,
0.05995480343699455,
-0.05698243901133537,
0.0033960191067308187,
-0.004333945922553539,
0.053828828036785126,
0.04016319289803505,
-0.003880841191858053,
0.02716815285384655,
0.0371183305978775,
-0.05107395350933075,
0.03715457767248154,
-0.01661081612110138,
-0.06419586390256882,
0.012877233326435089,
0.01630270481109619,
0.007784337271004915,
0.04262808337807655,
0.0649208277463913,
-0.027095656841993332,
-0.05060272291302681,
0.02609882690012455,
-0.00468510203063488,
0.02247398905456066,
-0.02408704161643982,
-0.020335335284471512,
0.005808801390230656,
-0.008513836190104485,
-0.016982361674308777,
0.0016232472844421864,
-0.025591349229216576,
0.012079769745469093,
-0.007816054858267307,
-0.02272772789001465,
-0.010140481404960155,
-0.004372459836304188,
0.025428231805562973,
-0.06687824428081512,
0.01236975658684969,
0.008495711721479893,
-0.026841918006539345,
0.014997763559222221,
0.011381988413631916,
0.07416416704654694,
0.03740831837058067,
-0.010430468246340752,
0.01411874033510685,
0.009732687845826149,
-0.029379304498434067,
-0.0002601103624328971,
-0.03719082847237587,
-0.007911207154393196,
0.016338953748345375,
-0.022510237991809845,
0.017390156164765358,
0.007684654556214809,
0.03758956119418144,
0.010394220240414143,
-0.023271454498171806,
-0.026896290481090546,
-0.0054870969615876675,
-0.003778892569243908,
-0.006384244188666344,
0.0455642007291317,
0.05527876317501068,
0.030647996813058853,
0.015351184643805027,
0.003221574006602168,
-0.012315384112298489,
-0.008912567980587482,
-0.04465799033641815,
0.02609882690012455,
-0.010684207081794739,
0.00709108728915453,
0.029687415808439255,
-0.0004502727242652327,
0.029034944251179695,
-0.004188952501863241,
0.010602648369967937,
0.010720455087721348,
-0.016039904206991196,
0.014580907300114632,
0.03189856559038162,
0.0074445088393986225,
-0.02544635534286499,
0.01933850534260273,
0.016212083399295807,
0.005260544829070568,
-0.021694649010896683,
-0.019972851499915123,
-0.01749890111386776,
0.014435913413763046,
-0.011572292074561119,
-0.007847771979868412,
-0.02912556566298008,
-0.007924799807369709,
-0.04266433045268059,
0.03516091778874397,
0.02343457192182541,
0.005763490684330463,
0.008337125182151794,
0.009714563377201557,
-0.0031762635335326195,
-0.015523364767432213,
-0.0014963779831305146,
-0.024358903989195824,
0.04313556104898453,
0.027911245822906494,
-0.04270058125257492,
0.041069403290748596,
0.023887675255537033,
-0.005432724487036467,
0.048971548676490784,
-0.017779825255274773,
-0.02865433692932129,
-0.027711879462003708,
0.0017637097043916583,
-0.01642957329750061,
-0.02954242192208767,
0.009705500677227974,
-0.025011375546455383,
-0.0023946580477058887,
0.0392569862306118,
0.07641156762838364,
-0.016927989199757576,
0.028744958341121674,
-0.003346177749335766,
0.020897185429930687,
0.043860528618097305,
0.03459906950592995,
0.005505221430212259,
0.057562410831451416,
0.02312646061182022,
-0.026551930233836174,
-0.020498452708125114,
0.020425956696271896,
-0.0030312698800116777,
0.023380199447274208,
-0.010720455087721348,
0.00981424655765295,
0.0025056686718016863,
0.005609435494989157,
-0.001737656188197434,
0.015024949796497822,
0.06676949560642242,
0.015523364767432213,
-0.007811523973941803,
0.013176282867789268,
-0.012406004592776299,
-0.031409211456775665,
-0.06589953601360321,
0.05274137854576111,
-0.005568655673414469,
0.05179892107844353,
0.00005847881766385399,
0.039836958050727844,
0.0012856844114139676,
0.009741749614477158,
0.0031241565011441708,
-0.027331270277500153,
-0.06691449135541916,
0.007616688963025808,
-0.006764851976186037,
-0.016810182482004166,
-0.04447675123810768,
-0.00687812827527523,
0.007843241095542908,
0.012723177671432495,
-0.0014329433906823397,
-0.009275051765143871,
-0.0026597240939736366,
0.001163346110843122,
-0.026606304571032524,
0.030176768079400063,
-0.03932948037981987,
0.0369008406996727,
-0.015704605728387833,
0.016574567183852196,
-0.02792936936020851,
0.002834169426932931,
-0.027856873348355293,
0.018106060102581978,
-0.023797055706381798,
0.0016504336381331086,
-0.005781615152955055,
-0.011771658435463905,
0.003198918653652072,
-0.05303136631846428,
-0.028799330815672874,
-0.0081830695271492,
0.01067514531314373,
-0.005613966379314661,
0.01838698610663414,
-0.0032487602438777685,
0.024884505197405815,
-0.019773485139012337,
0.01571366935968399,
0.0052197654731571674,
-0.016393326222896576,
0.031064853072166443,
0.07575909048318863,
-0.048246581107378006,
0.04045318067073822,
-0.0020197138655930758,
-0.020027223974466324,
-0.010240164585411549,
-0.0004434761649463326,
-0.011880403384566307,
0.02758500911295414,
-0.0026574586518108845,
-0.004166297148913145,
-0.013085661455988884,
-0.003355239750817418,
-0.032714154571294785,
0.0240145456045866,
0.03695521503686905,
-0.009157244116067886,
0.0158858485519886,
0.02289084531366825,
-0.004839157219976187,
0.0031762635335326195,
-0.007272329181432724,
0.023942047730088234,
-0.01507025957107544,
-0.05589498579502106,
-0.01601271703839302,
-0.0021964246407151222,
-0.04523796588182449,
0.004009976051747799,
-0.013937498442828655,
0.03565027192234993,
0.0011916651856154203,
0.004596746526658535,
-0.023923924192786217,
0.00686453515663743,
0.009134589694440365,
0.052813876420259476,
-0.007625750731676817,
0.005156330764293671,
-0.02787499688565731,
0.023869551718235016,
-0.011463547125458717,
-0.0014816521434113383,
-0.00031660686363466084,
-0.022165877744555473,
0.005206172354519367,
0.003652023384347558,
-0.017299534752964973,
-0.01857728883624077,
-0.009089278988540173,
-0.015251501463353634,
0.009143651463091373,
0.01804262585937977,
0.037227075546979904,
-0.007122804876416922,
0.015215253457427025,
-0.019954727962613106,
-0.024050792679190636,
-0.023090211674571037,
-0.04821033403277397,
0.0006745595019310713,
-0.020135968923568726,
0.01844135858118534,
-0.01556867454200983,
-0.02888995036482811,
-0.033892225474119186,
0.023833302780985832,
-0.0079429242759943,
-0.013828753493726254,
-0.007421853952109814,
0.056148726493120193,
-0.009179899469017982,
-0.023525191470980644,
-0.021314041689038277,
0.0868510976433754,
-0.015867723152041435,
-0.04193936288356781,
0.03168107569217682,
0.022220250219106674,
-0.02116904780268669,
0.015931159257888794,
0.012560060247778893,
0.0065247067250311375,
-0.014000932686030865,
-0.012279135175049305,
-0.052523888647556305,
-0.025301361456513405,
-0.003110563149675727,
0.02361581288278103,
0.005092896055430174,
-0.025065748021006584,
0.016529256477952003,
-0.02124154567718506,
-0.04164937883615494,
-0.012822860851883888
] |
Humans have mental models that allow them to plan, experiment, and reason in
the physical world. How should an intelligent agent go about learning such
models? In this paper, we will study if models of the world learned in an
open-ended physics environment, without any specific tasks, can be reused for
downstream physics reasoning tasks. To this end, we build a benchmark
Open-ended Physics ENvironment (OPEn) and also design several tasks to test
learning representations in this environment explicitly. This setting reflects
the conditions in which real agents (i.e. rolling robots) find themselves,
where they may be placed in a new kind of environment and must adapt without
any teacher to tell them how this environment works. This setting is
challenging because it requires solving an exploration problem in addition to a
model building and representation learning problem. We test several existing
RL-based exploration methods on this benchmark and find that an agent using
unsupervised contrastive learning for representation learning, and
impact-driven learning for exploration, achieved the best results. However, all
models still fall short in sample efficiency when transferring to the
downstream tasks. We expect that OPEn will encourage the development of novel
rolling robot agents that can build reusable mental models of the world that
facilitate many tasks. | [
-0.013758267275989056,
-0.02320021577179432,
-0.03871198743581772,
-0.044897425919771194,
0.006830960512161255,
0.026341108605265617,
-0.015588848851621151,
0.012987496331334114,
-0.038654178380966187,
0.00387794291600585,
0.019847359508275986,
-0.00942749623209238,
0.0636657103896141,
0.0071344515308737755,
-0.01575263775885105,
0.024144409224390984,
0.01908622309565544,
0.048558589071035385,
-0.0514875203371048,
-0.024741757661104202,
0.012255263514816761,
-0.025300566107034683,
-0.08270375430583954,
0.013950959779322147,
0.017621757462620735,
-0.012939322739839554,
0.006339593790471554,
0.015357617288827896,
-0.07102657109498978,
0.06987041234970093,
0.0811622142791748,
0.023739755153656006,
-0.016648659482598305,
0.06782787293195724,
-0.03765217587351799,
-0.014692827127873898,
0.031466737389564514,
-0.03553255647420883,
-0.060929469764232635,
0.03458835929632187,
0.019885899499058723,
-0.042585112154483795,
0.0014415831537917256,
-0.03075377456843853,
-0.025589605793356895,
-0.06058262288570404,
-0.00035738496808335185,
-0.004684844054281712,
-0.02778630517423153,
0.009576832875609398,
-0.013854613527655602,
-0.0376136377453804,
0.06362716853618622,
-0.032854124903678894,
-0.059580620378255844,
0.0016643842682242393,
0.07002457231283188,
0.00984178576618433,
0.025454720482230186,
0.009572016075253487,
-0.007775155361741781,
-0.02768995799124241,
-0.05283636972308159,
-0.004749877844005823,
0.023238753899931908,
-0.05514868348836899,
0.014952962286770344,
0.0013885926455259323,
0.026475993916392326,
-0.035320594906806946,
-0.0027169687673449516,
0.006618998479098082,
-0.034299321472644806,
0.04219972714781761,
-0.00902765803039074,
0.026591608300805092,
0.09233839809894562,
0.010925683192908764,
0.02676503174006939,
-0.022294558584690094,
0.04293195903301239,
0.02372048608958721,
-0.013180188834667206,
-0.014201460406184196,
0.06085239350795746,
-0.027612879872322083,
0.0032540999818593264,
-0.07037141919136047,
0.03913591057062149,
0.011946954764425755,
-0.0012910418445244431,
0.03183285519480705,
0.00010101318912347779,
0.008830148726701736,
0.00607945816591382,
-0.0013596887001767755,
-0.016455966979265213,
-0.006325141526758671,
0.01977028325200081,
-0.023046061396598816,
0.007649905048310757,
0.03219896927475929,
0.019808821380138397,
0.04042695462703705,
-0.010694451630115509,
-0.011243625544011593,
0.0000812170110293664,
-0.0011236399877816439,
-0.002230419311672449,
0.125404492020607,
-0.002678430173546076,
-0.009350419044494629,
-0.034106627106666565,
0.0019437888404354453,
-0.004164573736488819,
0.0010218741372227669,
-0.03551328554749489,
-0.03404882177710533,
0.08601807057857513,
-0.05626630410552025,
0.04273926839232445,
0.026976995170116425,
0.043471500277519226,
-0.030406925827264786,
-0.04524427279829979,
0.010848606005311012,
-0.026784300804138184,
-0.01349813211709261,
0.004720974247902632,
0.026610877364873886,
0.016272908076643944,
-0.005665168631821871,
-0.02857634425163269,
0.003540730569511652,
0.043972499668598175,
-0.04894397407770157,
0.015155290253460407,
0.038654178380966187,
-0.019577590748667717,
-0.02537764422595501,
-0.044396426528692245,
-0.02065666951239109,
-0.02857634425163269,
-0.017939701676368713,
0.04034987464547157,
0.002199106849730015,
0.003759918501600623,
0.0534529872238636,
-0.02306533046066761,
0.010896778665482998,
-0.007808876223862171,
0.05699853599071503,
-0.07010164856910706,
0.0009080648887902498,
-0.01275626476854086,
-0.04343296214938164,
-0.012303436174988747,
0.017621757462620735,
-0.012708091177046299,
0.016870256513357162,
0.044858887791633606,
-0.029212230816483498,
0.02352779358625412,
0.04701704904437065,
0.04366419091820717,
0.006999566685408354,
0.059310849756002426,
-0.0002774475433398038,
-0.049290820956230164,
0.029385654255747795,
-0.06250955164432526,
0.0028036804869771004,
-0.019047684967517853,
0.04493596404790878,
-0.009176995605230331,
-0.009480486623942852,
0.038422949612140656,
0.053337372839450836,
-0.01871047168970108,
-0.012004762887954712,
-0.014172556810081005,
0.003290229942649603,
0.04701704904437065,
0.034761782735586166,
0.05557261034846306,
0.016725735738873482,
0.052797831594944,
-0.0018281730590388179,
-0.010174180381000042,
-0.007442760281264782,
0.006392584182322025,
-0.015502137131989002,
-0.01209147460758686,
0.03701629117131233,
0.0405811071395874,
-0.07395550608634949,
-0.06177731603384018,
0.035320594906806946,
-0.05503306910395622,
0.04659312218427658,
-0.0015716508496552706,
-0.06320324540138245,
0.026553070172667503,
0.013604112900793552,
0.007471663877367973,
-0.02214040420949459,
0.003933342173695564,
-0.048751283437013626,
0.04497450217604637,
-0.07846451550722122,
0.014259268529713154,
-0.06856010109186172,
-0.05090944096446037,
0.008006386458873749,
-0.061160698533058167,
0.0005317117320373654,
-0.004692070186138153,
0.018353991210460663,
-0.06035139039158821,
-0.03435713052749634,
-0.01580081135034561,
-0.012024031952023506,
0.049714747816324234,
0.023335101082921028,
-0.022911176085472107,
-0.00870971567928791,
0.03507009148597717,
-0.013960594311356544,
0.0050340997986495495,
-0.04008010774850845,
0.01398949883878231,
0.049444977194070816,
0.052643679082393646,
-0.04381834715604782,
-0.019885899499058723,
0.045552581548690796,
0.008647089824080467,
-0.021889904513955116,
0.04605358466506004,
-0.003083085175603628,
0.037767793983221054,
-0.001859485637396574,
-0.02907734550535679,
-0.06775079667568207,
0.061430469155311584,
0.0260713379830122,
-0.009157726541161537,
0.045090120285749435,
0.07299204170703888,
0.0044945599511265755,
-0.014721731655299664,
-0.004694478586316109,
-0.03009861893951893,
-0.016282543540000916,
-0.015531040728092194,
0.023489253595471382,
0.07383988797664642,
-0.014259268529713154,
-0.02302679233253002,
-0.004022462759166956,
0.021465979516506195,
0.06019723787903786,
0.012717725709080696,
0.022198213264346123,
-0.01607058010995388,
0.011233991011977196,
0.035821594297885895,
0.00599756371229887,
0.009649093262851238,
0.027304572984576225,
-0.006156535353511572,
-0.014924058690667152,
-0.004395804833620787,
-0.006209526211023331,
0.02797899767756462,
-0.05233537033200264,
0.0015343165723606944,
-0.027863381430506706,
0.006686440669000149,
0.003278186544775963,
0.012688822112977505,
-0.04952205345034599,
0.038326602429151535,
0.007457212079316378,
-0.020675938576459885,
-0.0005859066150151193,
-0.025685952976346016,
-0.02454906515777111,
-0.004427117295563221,
0.0074812984094023705,
0.03900102525949478,
0.012563571333885193,
-0.050870902836322784,
0.04285488277673721,
0.036746520549058914,
0.006065006367862225,
-0.05561114847660065,
-0.027073340490460396,
0.05287490785121918,
0.007996751926839352,
-0.02316167578101158,
-0.011099106632173061,
-0.0052749658934772015,
-0.0040730442851781845,
-0.08077682554721832,
0.022390905767679214,
-0.022988252341747284,
0.0003540730394888669,
-0.007987117394804955,
-0.05326029658317566,
0.04042695462703705,
-0.04913666844367981,
-0.01324763149023056,
-0.04724827781319618,
-0.018180567771196365,
0.030002271756529808,
0.05672876536846161,
-0.030734503641724586,
-0.059542082250118256,
-0.04713266342878342,
0.028190959244966507,
-0.008478484116494656,
-0.07938943803310394,
0.022159673273563385,
0.022063327953219414,
-0.0020678348373621702,
0.04921374469995499,
0.018190201371908188,
-0.03593720868229866,
0.021697212010622025,
-0.06077531352639198,
-0.030252771452069283,
-0.020502515137195587,
0.013642651028931141,
-0.001234438386745751,
-0.04801905155181885,
-0.049021054059267044,
-0.0062336125411093235,
-0.01851777918636799,
-0.00022445702052209526,
0.002376143354922533,
-0.02269921451807022,
0.011378510855138302,
0.0027555073611438274,
0.013922056183218956,
-0.06574679166078568,
0.008786792866885662,
0.02171648107469082,
-0.01889353059232235,
0.03279631584882736,
0.0011019620578736067,
-0.04162164777517319,
-0.0537998341023922,
0.00222801067866385,
0.05075528845191002,
0.03181358426809311,
-0.0338175892829895,
-0.0028735315427184105,
-0.0178240854293108,
0.023084599524736404,
-0.009282976388931274,
-0.050832364708185196,
0.013064572587609291,
0.028614884242415428,
-0.08023729175329208,
0.04250803589820862,
0.033143166452646255,
-0.01898987777531147,
0.010906413197517395,
0.021755019202828407,
-0.02801753580570221,
0.04963767156004906,
0.01810348965227604,
-0.035262785851955414,
0.0007334370166063309,
-0.01141704898327589,
-0.019625764340162277,
-0.00027398508973419666,
-0.027612879872322083,
0.014413422904908657,
-0.00197389698587358,
0.0008147293119691312,
0.012496129609644413,
0.02287263795733452,
-0.008348416537046432,
0.054300837218761444,
0.012226358987390995,
0.014047306030988693,
-0.035359133034944534,
0.018652664497494698,
0.0028060891199856997,
-0.03148600459098816,
-0.034665439277887344,
0.02108059450984001,
-0.003769553266465664,
0.029366385191679,
-0.0016740188002586365,
-0.04713266342878342,
-0.020271284505724907,
0.03372124210000038,
-0.035686708986759186,
-0.021870635449886322,
-0.028595613315701485,
0.03127404302358627,
0.03042619675397873,
-0.0015463598538190126,
0.02125401794910431,
-0.029115885496139526,
-0.033701974898576736,
-0.011918051168322563,
0.0032251959200948477,
-0.017978239804506302,
0.006618998479098082,
0.014345980249345303,
0.060505542904138565,
-0.01213001273572445,
-0.03451128304004669,
0.002931339433416724,
-0.00204976974055171,
-0.024992259219288826,
-0.02190917357802391,
0.005684438161551952,
0.00654192129150033,
0.03187139332294464,
-0.06917671859264374,
0.03736313804984093,
0.01819983683526516,
-0.014750635251402855,
-0.0564204566180706,
-0.03969471901655197,
0.040041565895080566,
0.007645087316632271,
0.04320172965526581,
-0.04447350278496742,
0.02217894420027733,
-0.002059404505416751,
-0.024067332968115807,
0.019057320430874825,
-0.03038765676319599,
-0.003169796895235777,
-0.015290174633264542,
-0.023701217025518417,
-0.05202706158161163,
-0.04366419091820717,
0.013594478368759155,
-0.037999022752046585,
-0.03811464086174965,
-0.04250803589820862,
0.0015535858692601323,
-0.021562326699495316,
-0.06543847918510437,
0.004764330107718706,
-0.04643896967172623,
-0.012804437428712845,
0.031139159575104713,
0.010415046475827694,
0.019394531846046448,
-0.013054938055574894,
0.010328334756195545,
-0.03246873989701271,
0.03094646707177162,
0.01266955304890871,
0.036052826792001724,
-0.05880984663963318,
0.03620697930455208,
0.0356481708586216,
-0.0030927197076380253,
-0.05460914596915245,
0.004292232450097799,
0.02250652015209198,
0.005130446050316095,
-0.028595613315701485,
-0.017159296199679375,
0.03611063212156296,
0.03663090616464615,
0.02884611487388611,
-0.01083897054195404,
-0.05715268850326538,
0.05121774971485138,
-0.06624779105186462,
0.045552581548690796,
-0.01349813211709261,
0.007775155361741781,
-0.07511165738105774,
0.01638852432370186,
0.015213098376989365,
0.04613066092133522,
-0.04570673778653145,
-0.003981515299528837,
0.0356481708586216,
-0.007938943803310394,
-0.0564204566180706,
0.027728496119379997,
0.009557563811540604,
0.011474857106804848,
-0.04312465339899063,
0.028769036754965782,
-0.033278048038482666,
0.028402920812368393,
0.009234803728759289,
0.034337859600782394,
-0.012968226335942745,
-0.019201839342713356,
0.012968226335942745,
0.002731420798227191,
0.0028735315427184105,
0.04986890032887459,
0.014336345717310905,
0.023123137652873993,
-0.020695209503173828,
0.017034044489264488,
0.006310689728707075,
0.02478029578924179,
-0.009268524125218391,
0.04339442402124405,
0.0027844111900776625,
0.015550310723483562,
0.0006009607459418476,
0.04674727842211723,
0.052913445979356766,
0.0054676588624715805,
0.028056073933839798,
0.01704367995262146,
0.025069335475564003,
-0.02907734550535679,
0.04890543594956398,
0.026668686419725418,
-0.023084599524736404,
0.04663166031241417,
-0.04794197157025337,
0.0006714140181429684,
0.059811849147081375,
-0.05480183660984039,
-0.05349152535200119,
0.002712151501327753,
-0.03135112300515175,
0.041698724031448364,
0.05711415037512779,
0.03950202837586403,
-0.05653607100248337,
-0.04177580401301384,
0.04848151281476021,
0.027131149545311928,
0.04015718400478363,
-0.011147279292345047,
0.0023074964992702007,
0.0326807014644146,
0.004089904949069023,
0.04088941588997841,
0.0066671716049313545,
0.005698889959603548,
0.02431783266365528,
-0.00728378864005208,
0.049907438457012177,
-0.024279294535517693,
-0.0272274948656559,
-0.015347982756793499,
-0.004884762689471245,
-0.007818510755896568,
-0.05117921158671379,
0.011176183819770813,
0.0015620162012055516,
-0.022525791078805923,
-0.02900026924908161,
-0.019606493413448334,
-0.04574527591466904,
0.03264216333627701,
0.05010013282299042,
-0.018190201371908188,
0.017525412142276764,
-0.023932447656989098,
-0.008550743572413921,
-0.015502137131989002,
0.02603279985487461,
0.016041677445173264,
0.005433937534689903,
-0.0042079295963048935,
-0.05645899474620819,
-0.057037074118852615,
-0.03468470647931099,
0.025127142667770386,
-0.019481243565678596,
-0.010742624290287495,
0.010058565065264702,
0.0022171717137098312,
0.011783165857195854,
-0.02950127050280571,
-0.037536561489105225,
0.03358635678887367,
-0.011648280546069145,
-0.016089851036667824,
0.07387842983007431,
0.0037334233056753874,
0.028730498626828194,
0.01838289387524128,
-0.04589942842721939,
-0.0009369688341394067,
-0.004952205345034599,
0.04011864587664604,
-0.006609363481402397,
-0.03715117648243904,
0.0038249525241553783,
0.030137157067656517,
-0.004487333819270134,
-0.033701974898576736,
0.020907171070575714,
0.056381918489933014,
0.029443463310599327,
-0.005564005114138126,
-0.025069335475564003,
-0.018209470435976982,
0.025300566107034683,
0.020618131384253502,
-0.0255703367292881,
0.030599620193243027,
0.027497265487909317,
0.020463977009058,
-0.00024237143225036561,
0.01903804950416088,
-0.035821594297885895,
-0.0020582000724971294,
0.006903219968080521,
0.04782635718584061,
0.03769071400165558,
-0.039848875254392624,
0.02204405888915062,
0.02032909169793129,
-0.03323950991034508,
-0.00004139884913456626,
0.005130446050316095,
-0.023643407970666885,
0.024028794839978218,
-0.017342353239655495,
0.027863381430506706,
0.01958722434937954,
0.010598105378448963,
-0.008974667638540268,
0.04998451843857765,
0.0371319055557251,
-0.03672724962234497,
-0.0031216235365718603,
-0.002772368025034666,
-0.00896021630614996,
0.0491752065718174,
0.0020967386662960052,
0.02537764422595501,
-0.004708930850028992,
-0.0051063597202301025,
0.037632908672094345,
0.0346461683511734,
-0.0015692421002313495,
0.04609212279319763,
0.018999511376023293,
0.034530553966760635,
-0.054262299090623856,
-0.009417861700057983,
-0.013180188834667206,
-0.007067008875310421,
-0.018170932307839394,
0.010906413197517395,
0.024741757661104202,
-0.01898987777531147,
0.016234369948506355,
-0.012024031952023506,
0.003916481509804726,
-0.011243625544011593,
0.009220351465046406,
0.04659312218427658,
-0.0021111906971782446,
0.01607058010995388,
0.040504030883312225,
-0.022159673273563385,
-0.022101866081357002,
0.023547062650322914,
0.012862245552241802,
-0.03797975555062294,
-0.033008281141519547,
-0.005732611287385225,
0.012746630236506462,
0.0036250336561352015,
-0.001380162313580513,
-0.00789558794349432,
-0.019943706691265106,
0.010848606005311012,
-0.03988741338253021,
0.010212719440460205,
-0.011147279292345047,
0.022217482328414917,
-0.03352855145931244,
0.019336724653840065,
-0.03940568119287491,
-0.0017763868672773242,
0.012862245552241802,
0.03936714306473732,
0.022005518898367882,
0.004357266239821911,
-0.0245876032859087,
-0.03801829367876053,
0.06250955164432526,
-0.005636265035718679,
-0.0326807014644146,
0.020598862320184708,
-0.016195831820368767,
-0.01347886212170124,
0.0603899285197258,
-0.015762273222208023,
0.012235993519425392,
-0.012881514616310596,
-0.004990743938833475,
0.04597650468349457,
-0.007900405675172806,
0.07495750486850739,
-0.007389769423753023,
0.029790310189127922,
0.0363033264875412,
0.008069011382758617,
0.03437639772891998,
-0.012467225082218647,
0.0163403507322073,
0.03965618088841438,
0.023431446403265,
-0.01681244745850563,
0.023489253595471382,
-0.0405811071395874,
0.0001386485091643408,
0.031196966767311096,
0.001764343585819006,
-0.0058723133988678455,
0.022005518898367882,
-0.01275626476854086,
0.03032984957098961,
-0.03576378524303436,
-0.023277292028069496,
0.019211474806070328,
0.026321839541196823,
0.02320021577179432,
-0.02946273237466812,
0.011850608512759209,
0.014596480876207352,
-0.018671933561563492,
0.0308501198887825,
0.010126007720828056,
0.027111878618597984,
0.015222732909023762,
-0.013122380711138248,
0.00405377522110939,
0.007298240438103676,
0.015328713692724705,
-0.016003139317035675,
-0.0346461683511734,
0.06694148480892181,
-0.0069658453576266766,
0.031042812392115593,
-0.008488118648529053,
-0.02718895673751831,
0.03676578775048256,
0.05353006348013878,
0.0015909200301393867,
-0.010376508347690105,
-0.009273341856896877,
0.01788189262151718,
0.033509280532598495,
0.02528129704296589,
0.033374395221471786,
0.036380402743816376,
-0.027034802362322807,
-0.04308611527085304,
0.004571637138724327,
0.022795559838414192,
-0.011156913824379444,
0.032333854585886,
-0.050601132214069366,
0.03379831835627556,
-0.05218121409416199,
0.021600864827632904,
-0.01060773991048336,
-0.001653545186854899,
-0.007153721060603857,
-0.0682903379201889,
0.026109876111149788,
-0.027266032993793488,
-0.029559077695012093,
-0.006084275897592306,
0.055765300989151,
-0.010993124917149544,
0.0245876032859087,
-0.039020296186208725,
-0.04273926839232445,
-0.005983111914247274,
-0.04528281092643738,
-0.002748281229287386,
-0.0009658727212809026,
0.022101866081357002,
0.02603279985487461,
0.032160431146621704,
0.038365140557289124,
-0.012072204612195492,
-0.02296898327767849,
-0.006084275897592306,
-0.017573585733771324,
0.02154305763542652,
0.014500134624540806,
-0.002519458532333374,
0.0244141798466444,
-0.032584354281425476,
0.012322705239057541,
-0.008454397320747375,
-0.008054560050368309,
0.017766278237104416,
0.0010339174186810851,
0.0033552637323737144,
0.04774928092956543,
-0.011638646014034748,
-0.019327089190483093,
-0.015338348224759102,
-0.01950051262974739,
0.0027169687673449516,
0.01694733276963234,
-0.007389769423753023,
-0.024568334221839905,
-0.012804437428712845,
-0.05275929346680641,
0.011609742417931557,
0.019423436373472214,
-0.049290820956230164,
-0.03266143426299095,
0.005178619641810656,
-0.0001206588203785941,
0.01862375997006893,
-0.030445465818047523,
0.0272274948656559,
0.04362565279006958,
0.006252882070839405,
0.03557109460234642,
-0.04963767156004906,
0.026321839541196823,
0.04308611527085304,
0.02435637265443802,
0.0027434639632701874,
0.06220124289393425,
-0.025724491104483604,
-0.056381918489933014,
0.03289266303181648,
-0.028961731120944023,
-0.04528281092643738,
-0.025994261726737022,
0.015723733231425285,
0.022776290774345398,
0.0025074153672903776,
0.0326807014644146,
0.02412514016032219,
-0.038230255246162415,
-0.0074812984094023705,
0.0488283596932888,
-0.027497265487909317,
0.013584843836724758,
0.03372124210000038,
0.020675938576459885,
-0.04589942842721939,
0.024664681404829025,
0.007144086062908173,
-0.043972499668598175,
0.015164924785494804,
-0.040272798389196396,
0.014471231028437614,
0.0004446989041753113,
0.0318521223962307,
0.000260888016782701,
-0.019693205133080482,
-0.061700239777565,
0.009326332248747349,
0.06308762729167938,
-0.015771906822919846,
0.01972210966050625,
-0.0184792410582304,
0.021735750138759613,
-0.004730608779937029,
0.021870635449886322,
0.0049859266728162766,
-0.031428199261426926,
-0.011108741164207458,
0.02537764422595501,
0.03880833461880684,
0.01456757728010416,
0.014471231028437614,
0.026784300804138184,
-0.03356708958745003,
-0.028826845809817314,
0.00010470145207364112,
-0.02399025484919548,
0.017255641520023346,
0.006479295901954174,
-0.016658294945955276,
-0.03474251553416252,
0.03254581615328789,
0.030406925827264786,
-0.060235776007175446,
0.010241623036563396,
-0.004301866982132196,
0.01903804950416088,
0.013440323993563652,
-0.017891528084874153,
-0.04200703278183937,
-0.035455480217933655,
0.010415046475827694,
-0.00711999973282218,
-0.0033432203345000744,
0.018267279490828514,
0.05649753287434578,
0.02547398954629898,
-0.03273851051926613,
-0.010405411943793297,
0.022795559838414192,
-0.033701974898576736,
0.044858887791633606,
-0.02092644013464451,
0.004275371786206961,
-0.06293347477912903,
0.03243020176887512,
0.03890467807650566,
0.03472324460744858,
0.005930121522396803,
0.05372275784611702,
0.03379831835627556,
-0.049830362200737,
0.031100621446967125,
0.0068213255144655704,
0.030117888003587723,
0.027998266741633415,
0.00011531460768310353,
-0.022448712959885597,
0.03607209399342537,
0.032488010823726654,
0.026784300804138184,
0.01290078368037939,
-0.004720974247902632,
-0.025319837033748627,
-0.030021540820598602,
-0.010126007720828056,
-0.0514875203371048,
-0.02273775264620781,
-0.037170443683862686,
-0.004990743938833475,
0.02570522204041481,
-0.005462841596454382,
0.04613066092133522,
0.06289493292570114,
0.05507160723209381,
-0.030965736135840416,
0.010376508347690105,
-0.03138966113328934,
-0.045783814042806625,
-0.02894246205687523,
-0.0048679024912416935,
-0.024202218279242516,
0.012823707424104214,
-0.01283334195613861,
0.032488010823726654,
-0.030040809884667397,
0.053838372230529785,
0.026398915797472,
0.005785601679235697,
-0.04636189341545105,
-0.017795180901885033,
0.004699295852333307,
0.01931745558977127,
-0.01690879464149475,
-0.05896400287747383,
-0.014211094938218594,
0.014692827127873898,
0.008839783258736134,
0.025493260473012924,
0.03125477582216263,
0.02626403048634529,
0.0630105510354042,
-0.02214040420949459,
-0.025782298296689987,
-0.0029530173633247614,
-0.018315453082323074,
-0.005101542454212904,
0.06805910170078278,
-0.05811615288257599,
0.01690879464149475,
0.015367251820862293,
-0.03524351492524147,
0.002028091810643673,
-0.016475236043334007,
-0.01019345037639141,
0.003550365101546049,
-0.024626141414046288,
0.010039296001195908,
-0.010154911316931248,
0.014721731655299664,
-0.027169687673449516,
-0.03358635678887367,
-0.007110364735126495,
-0.017400162294507027,
0.0046752095222473145,
0.019712476059794426,
-0.040735263377428055,
-0.04046549275517464,
-0.025685952976346016,
-0.02023274637758732,
0.03886613994836807,
0.03088865801692009,
0.0007822124171070755,
0.05237390846014023,
0.00040254733175970614,
-0.021196210756897926,
0.026649417355656624,
-0.022313827648758888,
-0.011783165857195854,
-0.009071014821529388,
0.015107116661965847,
-0.013324708677828312,
-0.0033841675613075495,
0.0029120701365172863,
-0.03404882177710533,
-0.017515776678919792,
-0.04115918651223183,
0.022005518898367882,
-0.05052405595779419,
0.05719122663140297,
-0.03306608647108078
] |
Food-choices and eating-habits directly contribute to our long-term health.
This makes the food recommender system a potential tool to address the global
crisis of obesity and malnutrition. Over the past decade,
artificial-intelligence and medical researchers became more invested in
researching tools that can guide and help people make healthy and thoughtful
decisions around food and diet. In many typical (Recommender System) RS
domains, smart nudges have been proven effective in shaping users' consumption
patterns. In recent years, knowledgeable nudging and incentifying choices
started getting attention in the food domain as well. To develop smart nudging
for promoting healthier food choices, we combined Machine Learning and RS
technology with food-healthiness guidelines from recognized health
organizations, such as the World Health Organization, Food Standards Agency,
and the National Health Service United Kingdom. In this paper, we discuss our
research on, persuasive visualization for making users aware of the healthiness
of the recommended recipes. Here, we propose three novel nudging technology,
the WHO-BubbleSlider, the FSA-ColorCoading, and the DRCI-MLCP, that encourage
users to choose healthier recipes. We also propose a Topic Modeling based
portion-size recommendation algorithm. To evaluate our proposed smart-nudges,
we conducted an online user study with 96 participants and 92250 recipes.
Results showed that, during the food decision-making process, appropriate
healthiness cues make users more likely to click, browse, and choose healthier
recipes over less healthy ones. | [
-0.01282199751585722,
0.027564551681280136,
-0.029082704335451126,
-0.03961832821369171,
0.07451757043600082,
-0.03961832821369171,
0.005843977443873882,
-0.038081880658864975,
-0.021528517827391624,
-0.02044934779405594,
0.00735298590734601,
-0.013407309539616108,
0.01361765619367361,
0.011130079627037048,
-0.004719080403447151,
0.018263572826981544,
0.019351888447999954,
-0.013928603380918503,
-0.026558546349406242,
-0.04437398910522461,
-0.027509678155183792,
-0.023997804149985313,
0.03478949889540672,
0.010252110660076141,
0.057104531675577164,
0.035429686307907104,
0.0041429135017097,
0.004435569979250431,
-0.020961496978998184,
0.05542175844311714,
0.020979788154363632,
0.030216747894883156,
-0.01433100551366806,
-0.06083589792251587,
-0.067201167345047,
-0.039764653891325,
0.029283905401825905,
0.05249519646167755,
0.035905253142118454,
0.060104258358478546,
0.002784806303679943,
-0.03775264322757721,
-0.007810261100530624,
0.012895161285996437,
0.009090632200241089,
-0.028040118515491486,
-0.04144742712378502,
-0.014943755231797695,
0.03775264322757721,
-0.033253055065870285,
0.035996705293655396,
-0.014102368615567684,
0.04265463352203369,
-0.010617931373417377,
-0.0453982874751091,
0.02809499017894268,
-0.02376002073287964,
0.000995716778561473,
0.04199615865945816,
0.06727433204650879,
-0.012886016629636288,
-0.02271743305027485,
0.01859281212091446,
0.00029251325759105384,
-0.02657683752477169,
-0.027564551681280136,
-0.014925464056432247,
0.07631009072065353,
0.005546748638153076,
0.01949821598827839,
-0.046861566603183746,
0.012044630013406277,
-0.0011797701008617878,
0.027674296870827675,
-0.05326341837644577,
0.014834009110927582,
0.0335640013217926,
-0.022680852562189102,
-0.021235862746834755,
-0.04558119550347328,
0.0444837361574173,
0.05249519646167755,
-0.004426424391567707,
-0.00851446483284235,
0.06394536793231964,
-0.011056914925575256,
0.024564824998378754,
-0.07865133881568909,
-0.009529615752398968,
-0.013306709006428719,
-0.043386273086071014,
-0.009063195437192917,
-0.0071380664594471455,
-0.00839100033044815,
0.009419869631528854,
0.012117793783545494,
-0.007206657901406288,
-0.0025790324434638023,
-0.0072843944653868675,
0.03475291654467583,
-0.03177148476243019,
-0.009803981520235538,
-0.028735175728797913,
-0.03186293691396713,
0.02535133995115757,
-0.06892052292823792,
-0.028716884553432465,
-0.007860560901463032,
-0.051690392196178436,
0.08947961777448654,
-0.03045453131198883,
0.01022467389702797,
-0.026796329766511917,
-0.022077249363064766,
-0.05154406651854515,
0.021528517827391624,
-0.021912628784775734,
-0.09284516423940659,
0.01603206992149353,
0.021912628784775734,
0.013425600714981556,
0.08787000924348831,
0.0030431668274104595,
0.0063012526370584965,
-0.03800871595740318,
0.037972137331962585,
-0.019845744594931602,
-0.05560467019677162,
0.03328963741660118,
0.016818583011627197,
0.016489345580339432,
0.06101880595088005,
-0.004741944372653961,
-0.013014052994549274,
0.056702129542827606,
0.056628964841365814,
0.06306739896535873,
-0.00492028146982193,
0.03830137476325035,
0.025424502789974213,
-0.006223516073077917,
-0.025113556534051895,
-0.015529067255556583,
0.002457854337990284,
-0.010334420017898083,
-0.003587324172258377,
-0.03274090588092804,
0.002933420706540346,
-0.029247324913740158,
-0.00039925845339894295,
-0.08457762748003006,
0.0028876932337880135,
-0.009319269098341465,
0.045727524906396866,
0.05223912373185158,
0.04027680307626724,
0.042800962924957275,
0.01073682215064764,
-0.014038349501788616,
0.009575343690812588,
0.01068194955587387,
-0.03848428279161453,
-0.008400145918130875,
0.05494619160890579,
0.06939609348773956,
0.009694235399365425,
-0.02602810598909855,
-0.011797701008617878,
-0.03928908705711365,
0.04967838153243065,
-0.050483185797929764,
0.023796603083610535,
-0.03961832821369171,
0.052348870784044266,
-0.008267536759376526,
0.017925189808011055,
0.08757735043764114,
0.01650763675570488,
-0.035338230431079865,
-0.0020154407247900963,
-0.07557845115661621,
0.02328445576131344,
0.031003260985016823,
-0.006260097958147526,
-0.03122275322675705,
0.05286101624369621,
0.058421485126018524,
0.0022257871460169554,
0.018986068665981293,
0.005281528923660517,
0.009621070697903633,
-0.0016782000893726945,
-0.028259608894586563,
-0.015337011776864529,
0.004328110255300999,
-0.008052617311477661,
-0.017376458272337914,
-0.04806877300143242,
0.030107000842690468,
0.014111514203250408,
0.008171508088707924,
-0.04770295321941376,
0.000931698305066675,
0.004026308655738831,
-0.03720391169190407,
-0.023723440244793892,
0.061530955135822296,
-0.04389842227101326,
-0.047812700271606445,
-0.0501173660159111,
0.018044080585241318,
0.024436788633465767,
-0.04598359763622284,
0.0027527969796210527,
-0.039764653891325,
-0.024912355467677116,
0.003219217760488391,
0.03330792859196663,
-0.030308201909065247,
0.06028716638684273,
0.022205285727977753,
-0.003143767360597849,
0.03206413984298706,
-0.04660549387335777,
0.005254092626273632,
0.01167880930006504,
-0.02147364430129528,
0.01370911207050085,
0.008811693638563156,
-0.015227265655994415,
0.0019662834238260984,
-0.029155869036912918,
-0.0007379279122687876,
-0.01872999407351017,
0.033161599189043045,
0.008400145918130875,
0.007362131495028734,
-0.0435326024889946,
-0.04473980888724327,
-0.0006636207108385861,
0.01949821598827839,
0.020504221320152283,
-0.010489894077181816,
0.024272169917821884,
0.06756699085235596,
0.01049903966486454,
-0.03065573237836361,
-0.007183793932199478,
0.04773953557014465,
0.01834588311612606,
-0.022095538675785065,
-0.03511874005198479,
-0.01673627458512783,
0.04141084477305412,
-0.020504221320152283,
0.06460384279489517,
0.07104228436946869,
-0.03394811227917671,
0.035813797265291214,
-0.012675669975578785,
0.01839160919189453,
0.003360972972586751,
0.03672834858298302,
0.052092794328927994,
0.0036421972326934338,
-0.0020977500826120377,
0.060104258358478546,
-0.011047769337892532,
0.08113891631364822,
0.00424580043181777,
0.022205285727977753,
-0.029448525980114937,
-0.03224705159664154,
-0.04287412762641907,
-0.0672377496957779,
-0.022077249363064766,
0.03178977593779564,
-0.04433740675449371,
0.03197268396615982,
-0.005190073978155851,
-0.023302746936678886,
-0.0009019754361361265,
0.02090662345290184,
0.025278175249695778,
0.001497576362453401,
-0.02108953334391117,
-0.042618051171302795,
-0.008290399797260761,
-0.05469011887907982,
0.013462183065712452,
-0.039106179028749466,
-0.057177696377038956,
0.00025321615976281464,
-0.019607963040471077,
0.05260494351387024,
0.05059293285012245,
0.0036879247054457664,
0.0510684996843338,
0.024070968851447105,
0.01893119513988495,
-0.06186019256711006,
-0.048471175134181976,
-0.0071334936656057835,
0.0397280715405941,
0.011834283359348774,
0.00006426860636565834,
-0.0009248391725122929,
0.04334969073534012,
-0.09730817377567291,
-0.012181811966001987,
0.015364447608590126,
0.0207968782633543,
-0.04576410725712776,
-0.05498277395963669,
-0.004046885762363672,
0.05249519646167755,
0.0003389552584849298,
-0.024290461093187332,
0.001462137559428811,
-0.061348047107458115,
-0.01882144808769226,
-0.04408133402466774,
-0.10199066996574402,
0.013754839077591896,
-0.06127488240599632,
0.025936651974916458,
0.00291970232501626,
0.0012872298248112202,
0.03998414799571037,
0.028223028406500816,
-0.011093497276306152,
-0.03252141550183296,
-0.021601682528853416,
0.012693960219621658,
-0.004273237194865942,
-0.03197268396615982,
-0.023229582235217094,
0.021418772637844086,
-0.04459347948431969,
0.03859402984380722,
-0.00477852625772357,
-0.03263116255402565,
-0.01836417429149151,
-0.023961221799254417,
-0.0017685119528323412,
-0.004627625457942486,
-0.003525592153891921,
0.08999176323413849,
0.013498765416443348,
-0.012136084958910942,
0.0012174953008070588,
0.01154162734746933,
-0.02546108514070511,
0.0520196296274662,
0.03367374837398529,
-0.02288205362856388,
-0.015638813376426697,
-0.005130628123879433,
0.026650000363588333,
0.0026636281982064247,
0.015885742381215096,
-0.06855470687150955,
-0.05629972741007805,
-0.003605615347623825,
-0.007503886707127094,
0.042800962924957275,
0.0013363868929445744,
0.048471175134181976,
0.06072615087032318,
-0.04934914410114288,
-0.010133218951523304,
0.0026567692402750254,
0.003982867114245892,
-0.011139225214719772,
-0.0002259225439047441,
0.04133768007159233,
0.029576562345027924,
-0.018291009590029716,
-0.06394536793231964,
0.033820077776908875,
-0.018537938594818115,
-0.011459317058324814,
-0.024162422865629196,
-0.006955156568437815,
-0.007787397131323814,
0.04002073034644127,
0.023723440244793892,
-0.017449622973799706,
-0.018428191542625427,
0.029960673302412033,
-0.03436880558729172,
-0.02641221694648266,
0.026796329766511917,
-0.032210469245910645,
0.008541901595890522,
-0.034295644611120224,
0.047629788517951965,
-0.019315306097269058,
-0.025589121505618095,
-0.08947961777448654,
0.008903148584067822,
0.01370911207050085,
0.0079245800152421,
0.009749107994139194,
0.02902783267199993,
0.028552265837788582,
-0.0008671081741340458,
-0.03175319358706474,
0.010032618418335915,
-0.03639910742640495,
0.017998352646827698,
0.02469286322593689,
0.015620522201061249,
0.011751974001526833,
-0.008381854742765427,
0.03925250470638275,
-0.02725360356271267,
0.014962045475840569,
0.03244825080037117,
-0.049897875636816025,
-0.013718256726861,
0.0364173986017704,
0.05117824301123619,
-0.02961314469575882,
-0.0020863183308392763,
0.04305703565478325,
-0.02299179881811142,
-0.00674023712053895,
0.0189129039645195,
-0.03471633791923523,
-0.0028099564369767904,
0.08296801894903183,
-0.028607139363884926,
-0.039691489189863205,
0.008061762899160385,
-0.03539310395717621,
-0.04269121587276459,
0.048654086887836456,
-0.012748833745718002,
0.010919732972979546,
0.032484833151102066,
-0.04605676233768463,
-0.020467638969421387,
0.03191781044006348,
-0.005217510275542736,
-0.04265463352203369,
0.05922628939151764,
0.005080327857285738,
-0.0397280715405941,
0.01353534683585167,
-0.056043654680252075,
0.01687345653772354,
-0.043642349541187286,
0.01315123587846756,
0.024107551202178,
-0.06646952778100967,
-0.034954119473695755,
-0.028223028406500816,
0.018126390874385834,
-0.04986129328608513,
-0.012026338838040829,
0.083260677754879,
-0.012684815563261509,
0.03895984962582588,
0.007837697863578796,
0.04122793674468994,
-0.014276132918894291,
-0.003877694020047784,
0.007631923537701368,
0.0013192390324547887,
-0.060689568519592285,
-0.007613632827997208,
-0.011998902074992657,
-0.03961832821369171,
-0.014916318468749523,
0.00849160086363554,
0.03568575903773308,
0.02469286322593689,
0.04773953557014465,
-0.010041764006018639,
0.011706246063113213,
0.05893363431096077,
0.027308477088809013,
-0.018236136063933372,
-0.005834831856191158,
-0.009648507460951805,
0.03714904189109802,
-0.013873730786144733,
0.030692314729094505,
-0.0454348661005497,
-0.03643568977713585,
-0.016452763229608536,
-0.05308051034808159,
0.02403438650071621,
-0.02686949260532856,
0.006200652103871107,
-0.002149193547666073,
-0.026832910254597664,
-0.009794835932552814,
-0.007956589572131634,
0.009858854115009308,
0.06186019256711006,
-0.07960247248411179,
0.0010265829041600227,
-0.017138676717877388,
0.017906898632645607,
0.028918085619807243,
-0.038740359246730804,
-0.012145230546593666,
0.018044080585241318,
0.021802883595228195,
0.04773953557014465,
0.007952016778290272,
-0.03413102403283119,
-0.019607963040471077,
-0.005738804116845131,
-0.006753955502063036,
0.030107000842690468,
0.021912628784775734,
0.03557601198554039,
-0.013626801781356335,
0.0028876932337880135,
-0.0326494537293911,
0.025900069624185562,
-0.05242203176021576,
-0.005702222231775522,
0.034405387938022614,
0.03200926631689072,
0.03336280211806297,
0.010819132439792156,
-0.027674296870827675,
0.011120934039354324,
-0.003527878550812602,
-0.046312835067510605,
0.021235862746834755,
-0.041191354393959045,
-0.006891137920320034,
0.029210742563009262,
0.026741456240415573,
-0.022497940808534622,
-0.021034661680459976,
0.036838091909885406,
0.00017547937750350684,
-0.010252110660076141,
-0.05553150549530983,
0.034295644611120224,
0.05081242322921753,
-0.0444837361574173,
-0.029850928112864494,
0.023705149069428444,
-0.015446757897734642,
0.009831417351961136,
0.008669938892126083,
0.005267810542136431,
0.009566198103129864,
-0.011870864778757095,
-0.005267810542136431,
-0.011139225214719772,
-0.05545834079384804,
0.0017285003559663892,
0.01386458519846201,
-0.06014084070920944,
-0.016809437423944473,
-0.021528517827391624,
-0.00118891557212919,
-0.030820351094007492,
-0.0032352223061025143,
0.023778311908245087,
0.03224705159664154,
-0.013965185731649399,
-0.03603328764438629,
0.004216077737510204,
-0.014952899888157845,
-0.048215102404356,
-0.040423132479190826,
0.025205010548233986,
-0.011148369871079922,
-0.0397280715405941,
-0.0054781571961939335,
0.02875346690416336,
-0.0017204980831593275,
-0.03008871152997017,
-0.014843154698610306,
-0.00841386429965496,
0.02943023480474949,
0.013160381466150284,
0.008935158140957355,
-0.0425814688205719,
-0.013361582532525063,
0.00007695084786973894,
0.011916592717170715,
0.01779715158045292,
-0.039581745862960815,
-0.0046962168999016285,
-0.07499314099550247,
0.03678321838378906,
-0.008880285546183586,
0.0010042907670140266,
0.03950858116149902,
-0.032576289027929306,
0.0013100935611873865,
0.04609334468841553,
0.012099502608180046,
0.07327378541231155,
-0.006356125697493553,
-0.0025721732527017593,
0.0014747126260772347,
0.042032741010189056,
0.022278450429439545,
0.012684815563261509,
-0.06518916040658951,
-0.019461633637547493,
0.008665366098284721,
-0.023869767785072327,
0.05637289211153984,
-0.048105355352163315,
0.07843185216188431,
0.01997378282248974,
0.00335868657566607,
-0.05128799006342888,
0.003662774572148919,
-0.029064415022730827,
0.08311434835195541,
-0.014120659790933132,
0.0016907751560211182,
0.029100995510816574,
-0.03669176623225212,
0.005423284135758877,
-0.005725086200982332,
0.0073164040222764015,
-0.041776664555072784,
-0.013288418762385845,
-0.009749107994139194,
-0.04265463352203369,
0.06065298616886139,
-0.021546809002757072,
0.024930646643042564,
0.062299177050590515,
0.017129531130194664,
0.00841386429965496,
-0.0025676004588603973,
-0.013270127587020397,
-0.031149588525295258,
0.05403164401650429,
-0.009159223176538944,
0.010489894077181816,
-0.011861720122396946,
-0.01650763675570488,
0.04594701528549194,
0.00794744398444891,
-0.001235786359757185,
0.02968630939722061,
0.009547906927764416,
0.03658201918005943,
-0.014367587864398956,
0.006607627030462027,
-0.007997743785381317,
-0.004021735861897469,
-0.0028876932337880135,
0.028552265837788582,
-0.0036170470993965864,
-0.0006784821162000299,
0.04912964999675751,
0.01764167845249176,
0.0011700530303642154,
0.04609334468841553,
0.013087217696011066,
0.03994756564497948,
0.08077310025691986,
0.04675181955099106,
0.02004694566130638,
-0.016608236357569695,
-0.07338353246450424,
0.04463006183505058,
0.01531872060149908,
-0.0033106727059930563,
-0.010663658380508423,
0.049239397048950195,
-0.041008442640304565,
-0.017385603860020638,
-0.020028656348586082,
0.015730267390608788,
0.002105752471834421,
0.011651373468339443,
-0.06892052292823792,
-0.0011369005078449845,
-0.005267810542136431,
0.03422247990965843,
-0.031734902411699295,
0.024455079808831215,
-0.0034661462996155024,
-0.017001492902636528,
0.022497940808534622,
0.007613632827997208,
0.0011100356932729483,
-0.044227659702301025,
-0.04492272064089775,
-0.04141084477305412,
0.04912964999675751,
-0.019790872931480408,
-0.04521537572145462,
-0.00291970232501626,
-0.00284882471896708,
0.0033381092362105846,
0.00480139022693038,
0.03811846300959587,
-0.002094320487231016,
0.022168703377246857,
-0.04020363837480545,
-0.013901167549192905,
-0.006731091532856226,
0.026137853041291237,
-0.014678535051643848,
-0.00839100033044815,
0.0004915708559565246,
0.02972288988530636,
-0.005354693159461021,
0.031350791454315186,
-0.03517360985279083,
0.02761942520737648,
0.03530164808034897,
-0.016388744115829468,
0.008089198730885983,
-0.05384873226284981,
-0.022443069145083427,
0.0018668262055143714,
0.012840288691222668,
0.03158857300877571,
-0.008999176323413849,
0.0016244702273979783,
0.014303569681942463,
-0.01282199751585722,
-0.03895984962582588,
0.0021354753989726305,
-0.019406761974096298,
0.03213730454444885,
-0.011578208766877651,
0.02496722713112831,
0.03661860153079033,
0.0359235443174839,
-0.012282412499189377,
-0.021967502310872078,
0.013937748968601227,
-0.019370179623365402,
-0.01782458834350109,
0.004172636661678553,
0.02269914373755455,
0.0071152024902403355,
-0.00626924354583025,
-0.027765752747654915,
0.019644543528556824,
-0.012639087624847889,
0.05951894447207451,
-0.038557447493076324,
-0.03292381763458252,
0.011898301541805267,
0.009429015219211578,
-0.008061762899160385,
0.007183793932199478,
-0.022644270211458206,
-0.030491113662719727,
0.05893363431096077,
-0.026851201429963112,
0.02990579977631569,
0.07352986186742783,
-0.018062371760606766,
-0.019626252353191376,
0.00671737315133214,
-0.006036032922565937,
-0.027564551681280136,
0.01039843913167715,
0.021912628784775734,
0.035045575350522995,
-0.043386273086071014,
-0.00494314543902874,
-0.008903148584067822,
0.0080480445176363,
-0.02562570385634899,
-0.023503948003053665,
-0.016544217243790627,
-0.044227659702301025,
0.01272139698266983,
0.011093497276306152,
-0.011761119589209557,
-0.027564551681280136,
0.010096637532114983,
-0.03811846300959587,
-0.018803156912326813,
0.02006523683667183,
0.00424580043181777,
-0.02271743305027485,
0.020577386021614075,
-0.027838915586471558,
-0.0397280715405941,
-0.007668505888432264,
-0.003285522572696209,
0.035338230431079865,
-0.05571441352367401,
0.03191781044006348,
-0.02535133995115757,
-0.00775996083393693,
0.00033381092362105846,
-0.0020337316673249006,
0.08216321468353271,
-0.004975154530256987,
-0.05099533498287201,
-0.018949486315250397,
-0.004266378004103899,
-0.015126665122807026,
0.019534798339009285,
0.01721183955669403,
0.003354113781824708,
-0.0189129039645195,
-0.009246105328202248,
0.009054049849510193,
-0.008386427536606789,
-0.001801664475351572,
0.04181324690580368,
-0.0283876471221447,
0.0044973017647862434,
0.011294698342680931,
-0.03738682344555855,
-0.031241044402122498,
-0.0002810813602991402,
-0.028643721714615822,
-0.002976861782371998,
-0.011459317058324814,
0.038740359246730804,
-0.004602475091814995,
-0.03943541646003723,
0.017138676717877388,
-0.02895466797053814,
-0.026723165065050125,
-0.024089260026812553,
-0.0003601042553782463,
0.022022375836968422,
-0.015455903485417366,
0.0036147607024759054,
0.020357893779873848,
-0.025296466425061226,
-0.009026613086462021,
0.022369904443621635,
-0.004581897985190153,
0.03727707639336586,
0.014769989997148514,
0.037039294838905334,
-0.035246774554252625,
0.03350912779569626,
0.044886138290166855,
0.05121482536196709,
0.03338109329342842,
0.002233789535239339,
0.037716060876846313,
-0.004163491073995829,
0.009858854115009308,
0.015922322869300842,
0.032960399985313416,
0.026979239657521248,
-0.015657104551792145,
-0.0032695180270820856,
0.023577110841870308,
0.030619150027632713,
0.004458433482795954,
-0.01587659679353237,
0.031936101615428925,
-0.0643477737903595,
-0.004769380670040846,
-0.07345669716596603,
-0.021967502310872078,
-0.041959576308727264,
-0.01777886040508747,
0.04155717417597771,
-0.02791208028793335,
0.029539979994297028,
-0.01830015517771244,
0.00815321784466505,
0.0021023228764533997,
0.001273511559702456,
-0.004476724658161402,
0.03253970667719841,
0.013727402314543724,
-0.0024304178077727556,
0.04038655012845993,
0.011175806634128094,
0.04642258211970329,
-0.035338230431079865,
-0.029009541496634483,
-0.02147364430129528,
0.020394476130604744,
-0.041484009474515915,
0.011971465311944485,
0.031259335577487946,
0.0010574490297585726,
-0.04854433983564377,
0.03199097514152527,
0.04755662381649017,
-0.02022985741496086,
0.024948937818408012,
0.001504435553215444,
0.048763830214738846,
0.0071197752840816975,
-0.016013778746128082,
0.012236685492098331,
-0.007037465926259756,
0.033710330724716187,
-0.008125781081616879,
0.0015204402152448893,
-0.03200926631689072,
0.0690302699804306,
-0.04020363837480545,
-0.018583666533231735,
-0.011120934039354324,
-0.01361765619367361,
0.00643386272713542,
0.01073682215064764,
-0.016745418310165405,
-0.052934180945158005,
0.008642502129077911,
0.027564551681280136,
-0.0031780628487467766,
0.017056366428732872,
0.0063332621939480305,
-0.013654238544404507,
0.019717708230018616,
-0.021510226652026176,
0.022479651495814323,
0.0031026124488562346,
0.01968112587928772,
0.014367587864398956,
-0.008583055809140205,
-0.025040391832590103,
0.02886321395635605,
-0.0013901167549192905,
-0.004254946019500494,
0.0236502755433321,
0.020924914628267288,
0.016763709485530853,
-0.02959485352039337,
-0.007984025403857231,
0.004190927371382713,
0.001049446640536189,
-0.0021640551276504993,
0.0010888866381719708,
0.040349967777729034,
-0.000772223575040698,
-0.017056366428732872,
0.03961832821369171,
0.022461360320448875,
0.048654086887836456,
0.003219217760488391,
-0.07371276617050171,
-0.012922598049044609,
-0.007750815246254206,
-0.004072036128491163,
-0.010060055181384087,
-0.03162515535950661,
-0.023613693192601204,
0.006013169419020414,
0.011367862112820148,
0.03175319358706474,
-0.010489894077181816,
-0.0036970702931284904,
0.005469012074172497,
-0.008651647716760635,
-0.043569184839725494,
0.02705240249633789,
-0.01575770415365696,
0.042252231389284134,
-0.03475291654467583,
0.010334420017898083,
-0.022443069145083427,
-0.027857206761837006,
0.013425600714981556,
0.01825442723929882,
-0.007787397131323814,
0.028808340430259705,
0.05275127291679382,
0.006072615273296833,
-0.03147882595658302,
0.02165655605494976,
0.016242416575551033,
0.00013482474605552852,
0.011505044996738434,
-0.01822699047625065,
0.006401853170245886,
-0.04689814895391464,
0.01689174771308899,
0.025497667491436005,
-0.017568513751029968,
0.0482516847550869,
0.003809102810919285,
-0.020577386021614075,
0.03833795711398125,
-0.01909581385552883,
-0.028515683487057686,
-0.0017033502226695418,
0.012776270508766174,
0.008377281948924065,
0.020303020253777504,
0.012026338838040829,
-0.03133250027894974,
-0.01859281212091446,
-0.028351064771413803,
0.021894337609410286,
0.00021334747725632042,
0.057945918291807175,
0.037789225578308105,
-0.036106452345848083,
-0.01661738194525242,
0.06383562088012695,
0.017001492902636528,
0.028698593378067017,
-0.028698593378067017,
0.0265036728233099,
-0.023888058960437775,
-0.0031712038908153772,
-0.0063378349877893925,
0.006100051570683718,
0.00951132457703352,
-0.047922443598508835,
0.024656280875205994,
0.007586196064949036,
0.028698593378067017,
-0.03208243101835251
] |
Nowadays, using vibration data in conjunction with pattern recognition
methods is one of the most common fault detection strategies for structures.
However, their performances depend on the features extracted from vibration
data, the features selected to train the classifier, and the classifier used
for pattern recognition. Deep learning facilitates the fault detection
procedure by automating the feature extraction and selection, and
classification procedure. Though, deep learning approaches have challenges in
designing its structure and tuning its hyperparameters, which may result in a
low generalization capability. Therefore, this study proposes an ensemble deep
learning framework based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) and
Dempster-Shafer theory (DST), called CNN-DST. In this framework, several CNNs
with the proposed structure are first trained, and then, the outputs of the
CNNs selected by the proposed technique are combined by using an improved
DST-based method. To validate the proposed CNN-DST framework, it is applied to
an experimental dataset created by the broadband vibrational responses of
polycrystalline Nickel alloy first-stage turbine blades with different types
and severities of damage. Through statistical analysis, it is shown that the
proposed CNN-DST framework classifies the turbine blades with an average
prediction accuracy of 97.19%. The proposed CNN-DST framework is benchmarked
with other state-of-the-art classification methods, demonstrating its high
performance. The robustness of the proposed CNN-DST framework with respect to
measurement noise is investigated, showing its high noise-resistance. Further,
bandwidth analysis reveals that most of the required information for detecting
faulty samples is available in a small frequency range. | [
-0.0013820920139551163,
0.03407388553023338,
-0.030778126791119576,
-0.017976056784391403,
0.08568970859050751,
0.033790379762649536,
-0.025533264502882957,
0.010259375907480717,
-0.033949851989746094,
0.03908839821815491,
0.04901111125946045,
-0.0800904631614685,
0.002511686412617564,
-0.04114381596446037,
0.008948160335421562,
0.011951552703976631,
0.03357774764299393,
-0.014547404833137989,
0.07041581720113754,
-0.022219788283109665,
0.01474231481552124,
-0.010914983227849007,
-0.029555507004261017,
0.0018638308392837644,
-0.04507746174931526,
0.02159961871802807,
0.03969084843993187,
-0.03485352545976639,
-0.08044484257698059,
0.035650886595249176,
0.03880489245057106,
0.0037830339279025793,
-0.03299301862716675,
-0.009098772890865803,
-0.0043655503541231155,
-0.0052315727807581425,
0.03269179165363312,
0.07162071764469147,
-0.022609608247876167,
-0.002268048468977213,
0.01771026849746704,
-0.06917548179626465,
-0.010073324665427208,
-0.02702167071402073,
0.032514601945877075,
-0.05156266316771507,
-0.03396756947040558,
0.00718067679554224,
0.016850890591740608,
0.0466013066470623,
-0.03402072563767433,
-0.01931384950876236,
-0.017524218186736107,
0.0008184022735804319,
0.010277094319462776,
0.04504202678799629,
0.03774174302816391,
0.048656728118658066,
0.05811874195933342,
0.021032605320215225,
0.06417868286371231,
0.03579264134168625,
-0.06584428250789642,
0.00490376865491271,
-0.014095567166805267,
-0.027925346046686172,
0.058437686413526535,
-0.07413683086633682,
0.028953056782484055,
-0.013307065702974796,
-0.032603196799755096,
-0.011233927682042122,
-0.010321392677724361,
0.013129874132573605,
0.02004033513367176,
0.035562291741371155,
-0.022255225107073784,
0.04125013202428818,
0.004868330433964729,
-0.006352307740598917,
0.04362449422478676,
0.07874380797147751,
-0.057126469910144806,
-0.021723652258515358,
0.07760978490114212,
0.017479920759797096,
-0.02269820310175419,
-0.059713464230298996,
0.036962103098630905,
-0.025302914902567863,
-0.04925917834043503,
0.013812060467898846,
0.005625823512673378,
0.013413380831480026,
-0.003809612710028887,
-0.011118752881884575,
-0.01055174134671688,
-0.02101488597691059,
-0.032337408512830734,
0.0011949337786063552,
0.013714605942368507,
-0.008040054701268673,
0.03520790860056877,
0.004039961379021406,
0.014494247734546661,
-0.061875198036432266,
-0.031362857669591904,
0.06343448162078857,
0.005289159715175629,
0.13686254620552063,
-0.03267407417297363,
-0.0030521198641508818,
0.023406969383358955,
0.01647878997027874,
0.017727987840771675,
-0.0066092349588871,
-0.008181807585060596,
-0.029590945690870285,
0.01561055239289999,
-0.024115733802318573,
-0.006480771116912365,
0.11411118507385254,
0.0010731146903708577,
-0.0038804891519248486,
-0.02461186982691288,
0.042384155094623566,
-0.006241563241928816,
-0.00031423766631633043,
0.016062390059232712,
0.05850856378674507,
-0.04273853823542595,
0.0023677186109125614,
0.0036988682113587856,
-0.021422427147626877,
0.006573796737939119,
0.019916299730539322,
0.0004864454676862806,
-0.0417817048728466,
0.0062947203405201435,
-0.03635965287685394,
0.01597379520535469,
-0.033949851989746094,
-0.006028933450579643,
0.03141601383686066,
0.061839759349823,
-0.015982653945684433,
-0.007419885136187077,
0.0737115740776062,
-0.018321579322218895,
-0.0382024422287941,
-0.024877656251192093,
0.022591888904571533,
-0.00131896766833961,
-0.007938169874250889,
0.022290663793683052,
0.0045981137081980705,
-0.012235058471560478,
-0.008345709182322025,
-0.026330625638365746,
-0.04692025110125542,
0.008545049466192722,
-0.059748902916908264,
-0.013457678258419037,
-0.017648251727223396,
0.012111023999750614,
0.04443957656621933,
0.01584090106189251,
0.03986803814768791,
-0.06789970397949219,
0.04741638898849487,
0.011357961222529411,
-0.006365596782416105,
0.06141449883580208,
0.02080225758254528,
-0.02485993690788746,
0.0528738796710968,
0.014441089704632759,
0.0032337410375475883,
-0.014538545161485672,
0.0458216667175293,
-0.06382430344820023,
0.028988495469093323,
0.06421412527561188,
-0.0022525442764163017,
0.046530432999134064,
0.04206521064043045,
0.04589254409074783,
-0.007659093476831913,
0.02062506601214409,
-0.014946085400879383,
-0.010817527770996094,
-0.03058321587741375,
0.09490365535020828,
-0.01408670749515295,
0.010179639793932438,
-0.044971149414777756,
-0.03334740176796913,
-0.034375108778476715,
-0.04256134852766991,
-0.016806593164801598,
-0.027092548087239265,
-0.031451452523469925,
0.034251075237989426,
-0.03591667488217354,
0.0009828578913584352,
0.027677278965711594,
0.06506463885307312,
0.027305176481604576,
-0.011198488995432854,
-0.03845050930976868,
0.014866349287331104,
0.002768613863736391,
-0.0451483391225338,
0.026720445603132248,
-0.01631045714020729,
-0.009674644097685814,
0.013200750574469566,
-0.03332968056201935,
0.026879917830228806,
-0.004396558739244938,
0.02253873087465763,
-0.010897263884544373,
0.009834116324782372,
-0.014547404833137989,
-0.04061224311590195,
-0.038734015077352524,
0.02787218987941742,
-0.0010725610191002488,
-0.0375291146337986,
0.015052399598062038,
-0.0011528508039191365,
-0.03713929280638695,
0.009019036777317524,
0.02105032466351986,
-0.004412062931805849,
-0.03219565749168396,
-0.021121202036738396,
0.0064409030601382256,
-0.04341186583042145,
-0.040222421288490295,
0.0011617103591561317,
-0.021953999996185303,
-0.041498199105262756,
0.006569366902112961,
0.020323840901255608,
-0.007202825974673033,
0.024665027856826782,
0.016416773200035095,
0.015619412064552307,
0.014405651949346066,
-0.01783430390059948,
-0.013528554700314999,
0.005634682718664408,
0.06789970397949219,
0.030618654564023018,
-0.004890479613095522,
0.02579905092716217,
0.0040288870222866535,
0.04125013202428818,
-0.05992609262466431,
0.02105032466351986,
-0.0205010324716568,
0.0019623935222625732,
0.012970401905477047,
-0.041958898305892944,
0.024877656251192093,
-0.004082044120877981,
0.012624879367649555,
0.01535362470895052,
-0.05613419786095619,
-0.021953999996185303,
0.007056642789393663,
-0.033949851989746094,
-0.028740426525473595,
0.016611682251095772,
-0.05748085305094719,
0.053228262811899185,
0.008372288197278976,
0.01910122111439705,
0.06910460442304611,
-0.0021739155054092407,
0.0016478790203109384,
0.01431705616414547,
0.005683410447090864,
0.006059941835701466,
-0.01748877950012684,
-0.036536842584609985,
0.008779828436672688,
-0.01344881858676672,
-0.060174159705638885,
-0.023442408069968224,
-0.030476901680231094,
-0.041994333267211914,
0.0354028195142746,
-0.028120256960392,
0.02004033513367176,
-0.014272757805883884,
-0.07817679643630981,
-0.0014828696148470044,
-0.004002308007329702,
-0.034676335752010345,
-0.011898394674062729,
-0.0006306902505457401,
0.036572281271219254,
-0.025001689791679382,
-0.008806406520307064,
0.043447304517030716,
0.0021429071202874184,
0.04490027204155922,
-0.019632793962955475,
-0.04752270132303238,
0.019154377281665802,
-0.026401501148939133,
0.004033316858112812,
-0.02354872226715088,
0.06421412527561188,
-0.003641281044110656,
-0.031504612416028976,
0.008456454612314701,
-0.04082487151026726,
-0.00963920634239912,
0.024080295115709305,
-0.1036214679479599,
0.040860310196876526,
-0.010206217877566814,
-0.0327095128595829,
0.03635965287685394,
0.025196600705385208,
-0.05135003477334976,
-0.006175116170197725,
0.010693494230508804,
0.026454659178853035,
-0.018286140635609627,
-0.02829744853079319,
-0.01003788597881794,
0.04465220496058464,
-0.049330055713653564,
-0.02135154977440834,
-0.03664315864443779,
-0.011340242810547352,
-0.008638075552880764,
0.010126481764018536,
-0.08306727558374405,
-0.038060687482357025,
-0.02193628065288067,
-0.054078780114650726,
-0.0027951926458626986,
-0.025639578700065613,
-0.03862769901752472,
-0.0695652961730957,
0.0009346840670332313,
0.008195096626877785,
-0.001970145618543029,
0.010197358205914497,
-0.0015426715835928917,
-0.04068312048912048,
0.03201846405863762,
-0.00425702054053545,
0.0008327990653924644,
-0.04210064932703972,
0.02071366086602211,
-0.02592308446764946,
-0.015592833049595356,
-0.02452327497303486,
-0.03006936050951481,
0.016833173111081123,
-0.00785843376070261,
-0.054504040628671646,
0.007871722802519798,
0.05783523619174957,
0.00938227865844965,
0.07116001844406128,
0.028864460065960884,
0.02427520602941513,
-0.03969084843993187,
-0.04731007292866707,
-0.0027287458069622517,
-0.051739856600761414,
-0.029094809666275978,
0.03487124666571617,
-0.045609038323163986,
-0.012102165259420872,
0.03834419324994087,
-0.018711399286985397,
-0.0006074339034967124,
0.0895170345902443,
0.010277094319462776,
0.02702167071402073,
-0.0007862863130867481,
0.034552302211523056,
-0.01306785736232996,
-0.024328364059329033,
-0.010374549776315689,
-0.007960318587720394,
0.06942354887723923,
-0.06368254870176315,
0.006179546006023884,
0.032603196799755096,
0.025143444538116455,
-0.024505555629730225,
-0.02461186982691288,
0.06860846281051636,
-0.026330625638365746,
-0.005298019386827946,
-0.05067670717835426,
-0.01995173841714859,
-0.024115733802318573,
0.02177680842578411,
-0.014538545161485672,
0.05305107310414314,
0.0170280821621418,
-0.026454659178853035,
0.03223109617829323,
-0.019118940457701683,
0.03728104755282402,
-0.016806593164801598,
0.01927841268479824,
-0.020749099552631378,
0.005173985380679369,
-0.01825070194900036,
-0.0225741695612669,
0.02342468872666359,
0.033028457313776016,
0.007512910757213831,
0.011473136022686958,
0.0820041298866272,
-0.006804145406931639,
-0.016762295737862587,
-0.036324214190244675,
0.0002440533135086298,
0.019792266190052032,
0.010542881675064564,
0.026206592097878456,
0.020731380209326744,
-0.03258547931909561,
-0.01918981596827507,
0.058225058019161224,
-0.015681428834795952,
-0.06605691462755203,
0.006520639173686504,
0.005213853437453508,
-0.013989252038300037,
-0.05595700815320015,
0.021670494228601456,
-0.024009419605135918,
-0.03566860780119896,
0.006454192567616701,
-0.000012917314052174333,
-0.06042223051190376,
-0.028368325904011726,
-0.03345371410250664,
0.019296132028102875,
-0.06382430344820023,
-0.020111210644245148,
-0.019349288195371628,
-0.004279169719666243,
-0.01986314356327057,
-0.04918830096721649,
0.04291572794318199,
-0.05482298508286476,
-0.02588764764368534,
0.08228763192892075,
-0.005705559626221657,
-0.004345616325736046,
-0.003588123479858041,
0.05184616893529892,
-0.028332887217402458,
-0.019579637795686722,
0.002775258617475629,
0.04986162856221199,
0.015849759802222252,
-0.0548938624560833,
0.038698576390743256,
0.045219216495752335,
0.009222806431353092,
-0.03286898508667946,
-0.018357018008828163,
-0.050393201410770416,
-0.009497452527284622,
-0.009364559315145016,
0.015016961842775345,
0.02719886228442192,
0.053015634417533875,
-0.026277467608451843,
0.007911590859293938,
0.02872270718216896,
0.07760978490114212,
-0.01961507461965084,
-0.0187645573168993,
0.04918830096721649,
-0.022645046934485435,
-0.004726577550172806,
-0.0897296667098999,
0.01864052377641201,
-0.005435342900454998,
-0.008890572935342789,
-0.02851007878780365,
-0.041533637791872025,
0.0846974328160286,
0.022060316056013107,
0.00759264687076211,
-0.043270111083984375,
-0.0005775328609161079,
-0.007907161489129066,
-0.04387256130576134,
0.03380809724330902,
-0.0026445798575878143,
-0.0225741695612669,
0.022184349596500397,
-0.018162107095122337,
0.015451080165803432,
-0.018144387751817703,
-0.0019657157827168703,
0.017630532383918762,
-0.011650326661765575,
0.039797164499759674,
-0.018357018008828163,
-0.009674644097685814,
-0.032089341431856155,
0.01986314356327057,
0.05014513432979584,
0.030955318361520767,
-0.007907161489129066,
0.019420165568590164,
-0.0014729026006534696,
0.013005840592086315,
0.015433360822498798,
-0.030423743650317192,
0.001002238248474896,
0.000583623826969415,
0.003860555123537779,
0.03258547931909561,
0.008483032695949078,
-0.02973269857466221,
-0.014405651949346066,
0.022308383136987686,
-0.005320168565958738,
0.03639509156346321,
-0.01728500984609127,
-0.04227784276008606,
-0.010950421914458275,
0.024044858291745186,
-0.02482450008392334,
-0.035385098308324814,
0.017568515613675117,
-0.0013809845549985766,
0.008155228570103645,
-0.027588684111833572,
0.0198277048766613,
-0.02872270718216896,
-0.002163948491215706,
-0.001138454070314765,
0.011118752881884575,
-0.013581711798906326,
-0.021298393607139587,
-0.027907628566026688,
-0.02190084382891655,
0.007291421294212341,
-0.008863993920385838,
-0.0016246226150542498,
-0.012403390370309353,
0.0022724783048033714,
-0.007557208184152842,
0.008491892367601395,
0.0088772838935256,
-0.008443164639174938,
0.023956261575222015,
0.0198277048766613,
-0.018994905054569244,
0.024718184024095535,
-0.003997878637164831,
-0.04578622803092003,
-0.017816584557294846,
-0.026507817208766937,
0.0019778977148234844,
-0.008531760424375534,
0.04692025110125542,
-0.03664315864443779,
-0.020554188638925552,
0.05383071303367615,
0.030175676569342613,
-0.009949291124939919,
0.002908152062445879,
0.0003554900176823139,
0.008926010690629482,
-0.009050045162439346,
0.011836377903819084,
-0.026117995381355286,
0.030689530074596405,
0.002318990882486105,
0.017763426527380943,
0.0022525442764163017,
-0.03067181259393692,
-0.028120256960392,
-0.07527086138725281,
0.013909515924751759,
0.021794527769088745,
0.005395474843680859,
0.025781331583857536,
-0.011597169563174248,
0.024842217564582825,
0.04688481613993645,
0.024594150483608246,
0.06538358330726624,
0.04373081028461456,
0.0368557870388031,
-0.01497266348451376,
-0.029218843206763268,
0.005639112554490566,
0.016204142943024635,
0.00034330811467953026,
-0.014565124176442623,
0.06315097212791443,
-0.0026180013082921505,
0.01910122111439705,
0.022184349596500397,
0.0472746342420578,
0.03317020833492279,
-0.029201123863458633,
0.010303673334419727,
0.06577340513467789,
0.008970309048891068,
0.03972628712654114,
-0.010011307895183563,
0.024682745337486267,
0.0247004646807909,
-0.009559470228850842,
-0.026791322976350784,
-0.027127986773848534,
-0.03862769901752472,
-0.034286513924598694,
-0.028244290500879288,
-0.016957206651568413,
-0.017001504078507423,
-0.01910122111439705,
-0.008319131098687649,
0.014689157716929913,
-0.004400988575071096,
0.04298660531640053,
0.014680298045277596,
-0.01652308739721775,
0.006804145406931639,
-0.029413754120469093,
0.0017076809890568256,
-0.005550517234951258,
0.01101243868470192,
-0.024629589170217514,
0.03441054746508598,
0.05935908108949661,
0.04213608801364899,
0.036076147109270096,
0.03451686352491379,
0.022521013393998146,
0.04266766086220741,
0.0023920824751257896,
-0.05290931835770607,
0.057339102029800415,
0.020093491300940514,
0.028740426525473595,
-0.02680904231965542,
-0.004549386445432901,
0.021209796890616417,
0.0027708287816494703,
-0.0030056072864681482,
-0.01584090106189251,
0.03809612616896629,
0.013183032162487507,
-0.0020465594716370106,
0.03076040744781494,
0.04220696538686752,
0.030512340366840363,
-0.08576058596372604,
-0.047806210815906525,
0.049117423593997955,
0.03643053025007248,
-0.053901590406894684,
0.04461676627397537,
0.03295757994055748,
0.029201123863458633,
-0.018605085089802742,
-0.006330158561468124,
-0.04188802093267441,
0.0027154565323144197,
0.030352868139743805,
-0.048904795199632645,
-0.013103296048939228,
0.04202977195382118,
-0.007286991458386183,
-0.03923014923930168,
-0.00005007730214856565,
-0.018232982605695724,
-0.02583448961377144,
0.043695371598005295,
-0.025515545159578323,
0.02774815633893013,
-0.03503071889281273,
-0.0107820900157094,
-0.03735192492604256,
0.03552685305476189,
0.022007158026099205,
-0.024381520226597786,
-0.030618654564023018,
-0.045219216495752335,
-0.0033467004541307688,
0.02211347222328186,
0.030441462993621826,
0.013280486688017845,
-0.008487462997436523,
-0.0226273275911808,
-0.02452327497303486,
-0.010640337131917477,
0.05524824187159538,
0.027429211884737015,
0.026755884289741516,
0.03549141436815262,
0.061733443289995193,
-0.007659093476831913,
0.0226273275911808,
-0.054752107709646225,
0.0012746697757393122,
0.0017708054510876536,
0.012722334824502468,
-0.04883391782641411,
-0.033152490854263306,
-0.027482368052005768,
0.02902393229305744,
0.012252777814865112,
0.013874078169465065,
-0.02409801445901394,
0.000012943270121468231,
0.039832599461078644,
-0.02321205846965313,
-0.02275136113166809,
-0.01204900722950697,
0.02680904231965542,
-0.024328364059329033,
0.06141449883580208,
0.01748877950012684,
0.00531573873013258,
-0.008075492456555367,
-0.02007577195763588,
-0.015583973377943039,
0.017355887219309807,
0.02198943868279457,
-0.007716680411249399,
-0.011995850130915642,
0.001046536024659872,
-0.01821526512503624,
-0.016797734424471855,
0.005997925065457821,
0.017187554389238358,
-0.014946085400879383,
0.06180432066321373,
-0.031699519604444504,
-0.0424550324678421,
0.016744576394557953,
0.04358905553817749,
-0.022680485621094704,
-0.04720376059412956,
0.020997166633605957,
-0.01830385997891426,
0.018020354211330414,
-0.0024851078633219004,
0.0048417518846690655,
0.008695662021636963,
-0.014751174487173557,
-0.023832228034734726,
0.011676905676722527,
0.028899898752570152,
-0.02245013602077961,
0.041321009397506714,
0.02588764764368534,
0.05269668996334076,
-0.03845050930976868,
-0.02236154116690159,
0.007508480921387672,
0.04755814000964165,
0.020217526704072952,
0.03795437514781952,
-0.014529685489833355,
-0.04709744453430176,
-0.003127426141873002,
-0.04202977195382118,
0.01872911863029003,
0.00725598307326436,
-0.00008527330646757036,
-0.01563713140785694,
0.00023297885491047055,
-0.039832599461078644,
0.0032558899838477373,
-0.03643053025007248,
-0.008691232651472092,
-0.0010775445261970162,
-0.017781145870685577,
0.010596038773655891,
0.05103109031915665,
-0.03442826867103577,
0.1065274029970169,
-0.047629017382860184,
-0.016921767964959145,
-0.0000757908055675216,
-0.04057680442929268,
-0.003340055700391531,
-0.0047974539920687675,
0.0015526385977864265,
-0.025090286508202553,
-0.006463052239269018,
-0.044581327587366104,
0.013998111709952354,
-0.013723465614020824,
0.014582842588424683,
-0.011942693032324314,
-0.019260693341493607,
-0.0057675763964653015,
0.014272757805883884,
-0.0007281454163603485,
-0.05078302323818207,
0.02092629112303257,
-0.009834116324782372,
-0.012589440681040287,
-0.0452546551823616,
-0.00014438321522902697,
-0.01703694276511669,
0.0007951459265314043,
-0.05960714817047119,
-0.038060687482357025,
0.03219565749168396,
0.05251949653029442,
0.05514192953705788,
-0.015858620405197144,
-0.006919319741427898,
0.0535472072660923,
-0.010277094319462776,
0.0014097781386226416,
-0.04950724542140961,
0.05889838561415672,
-0.012208479456603527,
0.01101243868470192,
0.0020842126104980707,
0.02765955962240696,
0.02211347222328186,
0.022467855364084244,
-0.0330461747944355,
0.02159961871802807,
-0.013546274043619633,
-0.010002448223531246,
0.002912581665441394,
0.03214249759912491,
0.010480864904820919,
0.018268421292304993,
0.04082487151026726,
0.006427614018321037,
0.01002016756683588,
0.034888964146375656,
0.00836342852562666,
0.02875814586877823,
0.014751174487173557,
0.01961507461965084,
-0.028899898752570152,
-0.025232039391994476,
0.04986162856221199,
-0.013608290813863277,
-0.010728931985795498,
0.0030056072864681482,
0.03834419324994087,
0.02689763717353344,
-0.004482939373701811,
-0.0010764370672404766,
0.009621486999094486,
-0.052165113389492035,
0.0368557870388031,
-0.04851497337222099,
0.043943438678979874,
0.018162107095122337,
0.028775865212082863,
-0.024452397599816322,
-0.007109800353646278,
-0.0030432604253292084,
0.011561731807887554,
-0.006192835513502359,
-0.011862956918776035,
0.022432416677474976,
0.06028047576546669,
-0.02135154977440834,
0.03582808002829552,
-0.04468764364719391,
0.007566067855805159,
-0.018286140635609627,
0.00950631219893694,
-0.05680752545595169,
-0.011145331896841526,
0.04291572794318199,
-0.009692363440990448,
-0.013918375596404076,
0.03354230895638466,
0.012332513928413391,
0.0012702400563284755,
-0.024168891832232475,
-0.0010587179567664862,
-0.01931384950876236,
-0.001842789351940155,
-0.06024503707885742,
0.014113285578787327,
-0.0063035800121724606,
0.012491986155509949,
-0.02820885367691517,
0.02583448961377144,
0.002376578049734235,
0.015238450840115547,
0.011712344363331795,
0.021971719339489937,
-0.027925346046686172,
0.020430155098438263,
-0.006135248113423586,
-0.03433967009186745,
-0.01294382382184267,
-0.015938356518745422,
-0.005754286888986826,
0.05616963654756546,
-0.020430155098438263,
-0.004338971804827452,
-0.015442220494151115,
-0.026419220492243767,
0.03494212031364441,
-0.05705559253692627,
-0.0013488687109202147,
-0.016930626705288887,
0.043447304517030716,
0.0041662100702524185,
0.03364862501621246,
0.019809985533356667,
0.04103750362992287,
0.039371903985738754,
-0.017825443297624588,
0.04298660531640053,
0.029041651636362076,
0.017657112330198288,
-0.00035632061189971864,
-0.025267478078603745,
-0.04362449422478676,
0.02415117248892784,
-0.019296132028102875,
-0.00017719129391480237,
-0.04621148854494095,
0.020908571779727936,
0.0026335055008530617,
0.0243638027459383,
-0.011792080476880074,
-0.012040147557854652,
0.004748726263642311,
-0.004396558739244938,
0.030565496534109116,
0.0021096838172525167,
0.0013145378325134516,
0.0006832939106971025,
0.013998111709952354,
-0.010968140326440334,
0.014201881363987923,
-0.014653719030320644,
0.023814508691430092,
-0.0013743399176746607,
-0.01294382382184267,
-0.0006323513807728887,
0.010755511000752449,
0.006507350131869316,
0.014830910600721836,
-0.028740426525473595,
-0.013227329589426517,
-0.024434678256511688,
-0.017054662108421326,
0.028669551014900208,
-0.0126868961378932,
0.03478264808654785,
-0.035987548530101776,
-0.023867666721343994,
0.01580546237528324,
0.00744646368548274,
-0.02266276627779007,
-0.01196927111595869,
0.0194378849118948,
-0.010356830433011055,
0.029254281893372536,
0.009710082784295082,
-0.0042614503763616085,
0.021511022001504898,
-0.02765955962240696,
0.07413683086633682,
0.013121014460921288,
-0.0487276054918766,
0.0021207581739872694,
-0.04323467239737511,
-0.020306121557950974,
0.013156453147530556,
0.019331568852066994,
-0.03409160301089287,
0.004425352439284325,
-0.0590401366353035,
-0.035048436373472214,
0.011384540237486362,
0.03146917372941971,
-0.01973911002278328,
0.02214891090989113,
-0.0031783687882125378,
0.067439004778862,
-0.006994626019150019,
-0.008841845206916332,
0.005909329280257225,
-0.011499714106321335,
0.0016201927792280912,
-0.0003399857960175723,
-0.020554188638925552,
-0.005165126174688339,
0.006002354901283979,
0.0486212894320488,
-0.0007635836955159903,
0.0011882890248671174,
-0.04734551161527634,
-0.008722241036593914,
-0.018392454832792282,
-0.025178881362080574,
0.03639509156346321,
0.0024319502990692854,
0.01791404001414776,
-0.026401501148939133
] |
Search systems control the exposure of ranked content to searchers. In many
cases, creators value not only the exposure of their content but, moreover, an
understanding of the specific searches where the content is surfaced. The
problem of identifying which queries expose a given piece of content in the
ranking results is an important and relatively under-explored search
transparency challenge. Exposing queries are useful for quantifying various
issues of search bias, privacy, data protection, security, and search engine
optimization.
Exact identification of exposing queries in a given system is computationally
expensive, especially in dynamic contexts such as web search. We explore the
feasibility of approximate exposing query identification (EQI) as a retrieval
task by reversing the role of queries and documents in two classes of search
systems: dense dual-encoder models and traditional BM25 models. We then propose
how this approach can be improved through metric learning over the retrieval
embedding space. We further derive an evaluation metric to measure the quality
of a ranking of exposing queries, as well as conducting an empirical analysis
focusing on various practical aspects of approximate EQI. Overall, our work
contributes a novel conception of transparency in search systems and
computational means of achieving it. | [
-0.034653183072805405,
0.021022291854023933,
-0.023326104506850243,
-0.04227496311068535,
0.04277412220835686,
0.047765716910362244,
-0.01230619940906763,
0.024305224418640137,
-0.08239970356225967,
-0.007444194983690977,
-0.02461239881813526,
0.0002641285245772451,
0.023690873757004738,
-0.03878084942698479,
-0.02910483442246914,
0.06435316801071167,
0.03474917635321617,
0.02065752074122429,
0.044233206659555435,
-0.035728294402360916,
-0.02900884300470352,
-0.05164380371570587,
-0.04246694967150688,
0.04427160322666168,
0.018651284277439117,
0.07387559860944748,
0.011135094799101353,
0.001510677277110517,
-0.050261516124010086,
0.03254135698080063,
0.027952928096055984,
0.032906126230955124,
-0.04177580401301384,
0.0072858077473938465,
-0.08600901067256927,
-0.04035511985421181,
0.03895363584160805,
0.030371932312846184,
-0.021137481555342674,
0.008096941746771336,
0.027012204751372337,
0.002143025863915682,
-0.03547871485352516,
-0.00223901798017323,
-0.028356095775961876,
-0.02330690622329712,
-0.005413960199803114,
-0.03874245285987854,
0.04384923726320267,
-0.03148544207215309,
0.015445144847035408,
-0.032291773706674576,
0.01812332682311535,
-0.025380337610840797,
-0.074797123670578,
0.04361885413527489,
0.02144465781748295,
-0.010088779963552952,
0.055944252759218216,
-0.005029991269111633,
0.06231813505291939,
0.0031221462413668633,
-0.04396442696452141,
-0.015781117603182793,
0.04089267551898956,
-0.013467705808579922,
0.02044633775949478,
-0.003914081957191229,
-0.04200618714094162,
0.017470579594373703,
-0.05540669709444046,
0.05387082323431969,
0.03281013295054436,
0.050645485520362854,
0.01149026583880186,
-0.005423559341579676,
0.009258447214961052,
0.006042709108442068,
0.0006044508772902191,
0.057902492582798004,
0.028989644721150398,
0.044348396360874176,
0.05724974721670151,
0.03993275389075279,
0.0820157378911972,
-0.05444677546620369,
-0.03926080837845802,
-0.07533467561006546,
0.020311949774622917,
0.01410125382244587,
-0.03929920494556427,
-0.054638758301734924,
0.02968078851699829,
-0.048725638538599014,
0.036745812743902206,
0.024919575080275536,
0.015310755930840969,
-0.012718966230750084,
-0.07345323264598846,
0.021867021918296814,
-0.017700960859656334,
-0.0524885356426239,
0.011912631802260876,
-0.02376766875386238,
-0.005361164454370737,
-0.015406748279929161,
-0.015867510810494423,
-0.01951521448791027,
0.014821195043623447,
0.17723999917507172,
0.031562235206365585,
0.0392032153904438,
-0.023902056738734245,
0.00027987724752165377,
0.0035685100592672825,
0.03762894123792648,
-0.07314605265855789,
-0.009963990189135075,
0.04008634015917778,
-0.028452087193727493,
-0.03346288204193115,
-0.01762416772544384,
0.051029451191425323,
0.0066522592678666115,
-0.0495319738984108,
0.06442996114492416,
0.0039044825825840235,
-0.02826010249555111,
0.053909219801425934,
0.017240198329091072,
0.038876838982105255,
0.010232768021523952,
-0.016798634082078934,
-0.035171542316675186,
0.008922474458813667,
0.034307610243558884,
0.07245491445064545,
0.03693779930472374,
0.005615543574094772,
-0.04515473172068596,
-0.02303812839090824,
-0.021521450951695442,
-0.03872325271368027,
-0.008754488080739975,
-0.004490035120397806,
0.008548105135560036,
-0.0036429038736969233,
0.0008453312912024558,
-0.015022778883576393,
0.008452112786471844,
-0.007650578394532204,
0.006215495057404041,
-0.0003470717929303646,
0.03079429641366005,
0.03275253623723984,
-0.00815453752875328,
0.007257010322064161,
0.00002409179251117166,
0.010655133984982967,
0.009637616574764252,
0.023345302790403366,
-0.06105103716254234,
0.016539456322789192,
0.013352515175938606,
0.04937838762998581,
-0.006412278860807419,
0.023402897641062737,
-0.06147340312600136,
-0.0434652678668499,
0.03784012421965599,
0.026263466104865074,
-0.004367644898593426,
-0.05951516330242157,
0.013189327903091908,
0.0018574490677565336,
0.03304051607847214,
0.0531412810087204,
-0.024401217699050903,
-0.09030946344137192,
-0.033923644572496414,
-0.033635664731264114,
0.022884540259838104,
-0.006095504388213158,
0.011471067555248737,
0.02184782363474369,
0.005418759770691395,
0.056942570954561234,
-0.00664266012609005,
-0.01111589651554823,
0.03125505894422531,
-0.005039590410888195,
0.007343403063714504,
0.04684419184923172,
-0.0014734802534803748,
0.025821901857852936,
-0.08309084922075272,
-0.0025101960636675358,
-0.023518089205026627,
0.022769348695874214,
-0.08286046236753464,
-0.017844948917627335,
-0.0073338039219379425,
0.0036453036591410637,
-0.03261815011501312,
0.018017735332250595,
-0.0003236736811231822,
0.051375024020671844,
0.008413716219365597,
-0.04162221774458885,
-0.0332132987678051,
-0.03067910671234131,
0.011144693940877914,
-0.040393516421318054,
-0.0017158605623990297,
0.009364038705825806,
-0.00808254349976778,
-0.018142525106668472,
0.009877596981823444,
-0.004962796811014414,
-0.014206845313310623,
-0.027780141681432724,
-0.008735289797186852,
0.06677217036485672,
0.007309806067496538,
0.008663295768201351,
-0.044732365757226944,
0.0015250761061906815,
-0.020926298573613167,
0.030755899846553802,
-0.001012717722915113,
-0.03789772093296051,
0.020350346341729164,
-0.0028461685869842768,
-0.022769348695874214,
0.01799853704869747,
-0.05701936408877373,
0.010607138276100159,
-0.0012622973881661892,
0.02010076679289341,
-0.0038996830116957426,
-0.030621511861681938,
-0.025687512010335922,
0.04239015653729439,
0.0013174929190427065,
0.06761690229177475,
-0.0016234680078923702,
-0.04454037919640541,
0.015377949923276901,
-0.0013534900499507785,
0.02802972123026848,
0.0070122298784554005,
-0.011989425867795944,
-0.016558654606342316,
0.010424752719700336,
-0.05417799577116966,
0.02138706110417843,
0.02240457944571972,
-0.021367862820625305,
0.012565379031002522,
-0.06082065775990486,
0.04523152485489845,
-0.02630186267197132,
-0.010943111032247543,
0.039663977921009064,
-0.03029513731598854,
-0.0057883295230567455,
0.05863203480839729,
-0.06588904559612274,
-0.03883844241499901,
0.017547374591231346,
0.024055644869804382,
-0.03329009562730789,
0.004535631276667118,
-0.04553869739174843,
-0.00340052368119359,
-0.03997115045785904,
-0.021079886704683304,
-0.01149026583880186,
0.011336678639054298,
-0.06347004324197769,
-0.03238776698708534,
0.030026359483599663,
0.006637860555201769,
0.03684180602431297,
-0.026167472824454308,
-0.0013246923917904496,
0.051029451191425323,
-0.005025191698223352,
0.012488584965467453,
0.029143230989575386,
-0.028740063309669495,
-0.014120452105998993,
-0.03603547066450119,
-0.012776562012732029,
0.037187378853559494,
0.04361885413527489,
-0.02123347483575344,
-0.054485172033309937,
0.05072227865457535,
-0.06738652288913727,
-0.051259834319353104,
0.03551711514592171,
-0.03202299773693085,
0.07418277114629745,
-0.02950800210237503,
0.04089267551898956,
-0.021463856101036072,
0.10098379105329514,
-0.006186697166413069,
-0.048341672867536545,
0.04296610876917839,
0.004110865760594606,
0.004163661506026983,
-0.0718405619263649,
0.010290363803505898,
0.047765716910362244,
0.04035511985421181,
0.012622973881661892,
-0.016645047813653946,
-0.02371007204055786,
0.04603785648941994,
-0.016817832365632057,
-0.07268529385328293,
0.04119985178112984,
-0.0033789253793656826,
-0.07041987776756287,
0.009368838742375374,
0.05237334221601486,
0.025322742760181427,
0.014965184032917023,
-0.03609306737780571,
-0.010213569737970829,
-0.029258422553539276,
-0.030832694843411446,
0.02150225266814232,
-0.037398561835289,
-0.0161362886428833,
0.05072227865457535,
0.02059992589056492,
-0.022596564143896103,
-0.020427139475941658,
-0.005725934635847807,
-0.07041987776756287,
0.009244048967957497,
0.050261516124010086,
-0.03298291936516762,
-0.00026397855253890157,
0.024977169930934906,
0.006057107821106911,
0.02708899788558483,
0.0011867035645991564,
-0.013112533837556839,
-0.010213569737970829,
0.004187659826129675,
0.010664733126759529,
-0.07495070993900299,
-0.05963035300374031,
0.02196301519870758,
0.034326810389757156,
0.04688258841633797,
0.01616508699953556,
-0.04335007816553116,
0.011413472704589367,
0.04358045756816864,
-0.05344845727086067,
-0.02607148140668869,
-0.034768372774124146,
0.03457638993859291,
-0.02787613496184349,
0.014955584891140461,
-0.04511633142828941,
0.03822409361600876,
-0.008951272815465927,
0.039663977921009064,
0.005543549545109272,
0.00702662905678153,
-0.017816152423620224,
-0.008317723870277405,
-0.01826731488108635,
0.052565328776836395,
-0.030045557767152786,
0.016059495508670807,
0.04438679292798042,
-0.018132926896214485,
-0.05421639233827591,
-0.012584577314555645,
0.01652025803923607,
-0.013986063189804554,
0.048725638538599014,
0.015195565298199654,
-0.012824557721614838,
0.027338577434420586,
-0.03515234217047691,
-0.07122620940208435,
0.030103152617812157,
0.03513314574956894,
-0.03515234217047691,
-0.023729272186756134,
0.04212137684226036,
-0.02647464908659458,
-0.003184541128575802,
-0.015809915959835052,
-0.02010076679289341,
0.049416784197092056,
-0.005557948257774115,
-0.030103152617812157,
0.012315799482166767,
-0.044233206659555435,
0.049915943294763565,
0.0116246547549963,
-0.0009707211283966899,
-0.004727615974843502,
-0.004933998920023441,
0.024746788665652275,
0.03507554903626442,
-0.00027567759389057755,
-0.06481393426656723,
0.059937529265880585,
0.05344845727086067,
0.0014698805753141642,
-0.05460036173462868,
0.02059992589056492,
0.02432442270219326,
-0.016529856249690056,
-0.025994686409831047,
0.026225067675113678,
0.030659908428788185,
0.010626336559653282,
0.06496752053499222,
-0.0844731330871582,
0.0796351283788681,
0.02557232230901718,
0.011778242886066437,
-0.0138804716989398,
0.05264212191104889,
0.009013667702674866,
-0.005269971676170826,
-0.019831988960504532,
-0.04054710268974304,
-0.03486436605453491,
-0.036745812743902206,
0.034154023975133896,
0.005615543574094772,
0.014379631727933884,
-0.030659908428788185,
-0.006738652475178242,
0.00029592594364658,
0.002332610310986638,
0.008538505993783474,
0.02420923300087452,
-0.0310822743922472,
-0.0012694968609139323,
-0.08347481489181519,
-0.034326810389757156,
0.08286046236753464,
-0.0537172332406044,
-0.000722341297660023,
-0.0664265975356102,
0.015617930330336094,
-0.04972396045923233,
-0.025437932461500168,
0.06631141155958176,
0.014888389967381954,
-0.06869201362133026,
0.01820972003042698,
0.029469605535268784,
-0.02371007204055786,
-0.04116145521402359,
0.005644341465085745,
-0.011250285431742668,
0.0332132987678051,
-0.009867997840046883,
-0.0232493095099926,
0.016472261399030685,
0.031063076108694077,
0.01016557402908802,
0.010491947643458843,
-0.037820927798748016,
0.0012994944117963314,
-0.03171582147479057,
0.051835786551237106,
-0.00917685404419899,
-0.005063588265329599,
0.011192690581083298,
0.005053989123553038,
-0.028471285477280617,
0.029028041288256645,
0.01748017966747284,
-0.016616249457001686,
-0.06492912024259567,
-0.0025917894672602415,
-0.012949347496032715,
-0.030083954334259033,
0.0011579059064388275,
-0.008908076211810112,
-0.03649623319506645,
-0.06070546433329582,
-0.006949834991246462,
0.03317490220069885,
0.01981278881430626,
0.01698102056980133,
0.022826945409178734,
-0.0023290107492357492,
-0.012008624151349068,
0.022788546979427338,
0.019476817920804024,
-0.03647703677415848,
-0.016539456322789192,
0.03542112186551094,
-0.027837738394737244,
0.019889583811163902,
-0.05636661872267723,
0.038320086896419525,
-0.028644071891903877,
-0.0159923005849123,
-0.0007187415612861514,
0.029143230989575386,
-0.022538967430591583,
0.023268509656190872,
0.05544509366154671,
0.0033885245211422443,
-0.025937091559171677,
0.011605456471443176,
0.044348396360874176,
-0.014120452105998993,
0.016289876773953438,
0.04008634015917778,
0.017556972801685333,
0.006133901420980692,
-0.018564891070127487,
-0.014629211276769638,
0.024689193814992905,
0.03367406129837036,
-0.018075330182909966,
-0.0038924836553633213,
0.00888407789170742,
0.01455241721123457,
0.023556485772132874,
-0.07675535976886749,
-0.0784064307808876,
0.03446120023727417,
0.06335484981536865,
0.029719185084104538,
-0.0015202764188870788,
-0.017412984743714333,
0.0027573758270591497,
0.01652025803923607,
-0.04987754672765732,
0.03553631156682968,
0.018305711448192596,
0.04273572564125061,
-0.028394492343068123,
-0.02319171465933323,
0.00955602340400219,
0.007866560481488705,
0.004444438964128494,
-0.02094549685716629,
0.02202061004936695,
0.030775098130106926,
0.006028309930115938,
-0.018747275695204735,
0.004259653855115175,
-0.017864147201180458,
-0.011787842027842999,
0.012632573023438454,
0.002191022038459778,
0.003287732833996415,
0.061511799693107605,
-0.04622984305024147,
-0.03382765129208565,
-0.026493847370147705,
-0.011365476064383984,
-0.0335012786090374,
0.002493397332727909,
-0.056328222155570984,
0.022673357278108597,
-0.019448019564151764,
-0.02409404143691063,
-0.0011081099510192871,
0.02094549685716629,
-0.021079886704683304,
-0.022903738543391228,
-0.0033909243065863848,
0.05851684510707855,
0.007189815863966942,
-0.03323249891400337,
-0.015617930330336094,
-0.0368226058781147,
0.017355389893054962,
0.012152612209320068,
-0.005980313755571842,
0.03691859915852547,
-0.03152383863925934,
0.03762894123792648,
-0.007151418831199408,
0.016875429078936577,
0.013899669982492924,
0.02630186267197132,
0.0011465068673714995,
-0.019678400829434395,
0.05701936408877373,
-0.0005312568391673267,
0.037916917353868484,
-0.008399317041039467,
-0.0008165336330421269,
-0.0066042630933225155,
0.02720418944954872,
0.033251699060201645,
-0.009637616574764252,
0.040623899549245834,
-0.02342209592461586,
0.0062922886572778225,
0.03181181475520134,
-0.03799371048808098,
0.025073161348700523,
-0.008197734132409096,
0.03670741617679596,
0.011384674347937107,
-0.0044756364077329636,
-0.04381084069609642,
0.029354413971304893,
0.009215250611305237,
0.051375024020671844,
0.04381084069609642,
0.01709621027112007,
0.045922666788101196,
0.00013971365115139633,
0.007180216256529093,
-0.003328529419377446,
0.0033909243065863848,
-0.014542818069458008,
0.0016222681151703,
-0.009690412320196629,
-0.011087099090218544,
0.019524812698364258,
-0.009220050647854805,
-0.009963990189135075,
0.050415102392435074,
0.013899669982492924,
-0.015214763581752777,
-0.024919575080275536,
0.008716091513633728,
-0.0027141794562339783,
0.06615782529115677,
-0.0057403333485126495,
0.002469399245455861,
0.0007871360285207629,
0.027741745114326477,
0.017720159143209457,
0.010203970596194267,
-0.0038828845135867596,
0.02397885173559189,
0.011087099090218544,
0.02059992589056492,
-0.021022291854023933,
-0.004981995094567537,
0.03703378885984421,
0.0022354184184223413,
0.01593470573425293,
0.007765769027173519,
0.036688219755887985,
-0.009527225978672504,
0.030391130596399307,
-0.00040586700197309256,
0.004624424036592245,
-0.004206858109682798,
0.02831769920885563,
-0.011240686289966106,
-0.0037796928081661463,
0.03279093652963638,
-0.0035061149392277002,
-0.01351570151746273,
-0.04826487600803375,
0.014130051247775555,
-0.009824801236391068,
0.010347958654165268,
-0.019592007622122765,
0.03102467767894268,
-0.02624426782131195,
-0.007775368168950081,
0.016347471624612808,
0.016597051173448563,
0.015886709094047546,
-0.00933524128049612,
0.008260129019618034,
-0.03194620460271835,
-0.028740063309669495,
0.010405554436147213,
-0.012536580674350262,
-0.019188839942216873,
-0.00962801743298769,
-0.045077934861183167,
0.01103910245001316,
0.009983188472688198,
0.0116246547549963,
-0.014216444455087185,
0.0033309292048215866,
0.04262053593993187,
-0.008845681324601173,
0.008917675353586674,
-0.04139183461666107,
0.042198169976472855,
0.016568252816796303,
0.03670741617679596,
-0.001533475355245173,
0.011768643744289875,
0.006676257587969303,
-0.019908782094717026,
0.021540649235248566,
0.00798175111413002,
-0.023614080622792244,
-0.0005444557755254209,
-0.008408916182816029,
0.03722577542066574,
0.020580727607011795,
-0.033866047859191895,
0.06446836143732071,
0.00020038371440023184,
-0.02557232230901718,
0.018948860466480255,
0.03455718979239464,
0.03484516963362694,
0.008994469419121742,
-0.046421825885772705,
-0.005778730381280184,
0.0832444354891777,
0.008020148612558842,
0.02488117851316929,
0.019582407549023628,
0.01188383437693119,
0.012008624151349068,
0.03935680165886879,
-0.02150225266814232,
0.008480911143124104,
0.00834652129560709,
0.03586268424987793,
0.01934242807328701,
0.04070069268345833,
0.017988938838243484,
-0.053064487874507904,
0.008778486400842667,
-0.005164380185306072,
0.020465536043047905,
-0.013438907451927662,
-0.004696418531239033,
0.006249092053622007,
0.00514998147264123,
-0.009733608923852444,
-0.011442270129919052,
-0.010146375745534897,
0.04688258841633797,
-0.04177580401301384,
0.002795772859826684,
-0.01669304259121418,
-0.007482592016458511,
-0.017499377951025963,
-0.0076553779654204845,
-0.024708392098546028,
0.020196758210659027,
0.012239005416631699,
0.015445144847035408,
0.08055665343999863,
0.018132926896214485,
0.012191008776426315,
0.031101472675800323,
0.0362466536462307,
-0.025265146046876907,
0.047765716910362244,
0.00605230825021863,
-0.007573784328997135,
0.0009665214456617832,
-0.0377633310854435,
0.04734335094690323,
-0.0651978999376297,
-0.032963719218969345,
0.008144938386976719,
0.022500570863485336,
0.013784479349851608,
-0.04987754672765732,
0.02781853824853897,
0.01278616115450859,
-0.02708899788558483,
-0.02138706110417843,
0.0007589383167214692,
-0.04972396045923233,
-0.039433594793081284,
0.04361885413527489,
0.0006977432640269399,
0.02223179303109646,
0.028048919513821602,
-0.009157655760645866,
-0.01596350222826004,
0.05106784775853157,
0.02088790200650692,
0.027568958699703217,
-0.019323229789733887,
0.003047752194106579,
0.0004121664969716221,
-0.06097424402832985,
-0.029258422553539276,
0.05701936408877373,
0.020235154777765274,
0.03607386723160744,
0.028010522946715355,
-0.06074386462569237,
-0.012315799482166767,
0.005370763596147299,
0.015195565298199654,
0.020849505439400673,
0.020926298573613167,
0.04791930690407753,
0.035785891115665436,
0.005644341465085745,
-0.0027213788125663996,
0.004120464902371168,
-0.021751832216978073,
0.005121183581650257,
0.02691621147096157,
0.00010139175719814375,
-0.007631379645317793,
-0.03785932436585426,
-0.03536352515220642,
-0.01727859489619732,
-0.02219339646399021,
-0.02234698459506035,
-0.048111289739608765,
0.02219339646399021,
0.0025557922199368477,
0.026282664388418198,
-0.014763600192964077,
0.050760675221681595,
0.011807040311396122,
0.01742258481681347,
0.00919125322252512,
-0.02472759038209915,
0.0434652678668499,
-0.02635945752263069,
0.00626349076628685,
-0.007309806067496538,
0.04488595202565193,
0.047765716910362244,
-0.03722577542066574,
-0.01963040418922901,
-0.015896307304501534,
-0.021521450951695442,
0.04204458370804787,
-0.0019042452331632376,
-0.0018322510877624154,
-0.015195565298199654,
-0.002007436938583851,
0.06312447041273117,
-0.003983676433563232,
0.007496990729123354,
0.013986063189804554,
0.010338359512388706,
-0.028759263455867767,
-0.030583113431930542,
0.039663977921009064,
-0.023172516375780106,
-0.018200119957327843,
-0.010127176530659199,
0.0057403333485126495,
-0.04626823961734772,
-0.011183091439306736,
0.051029451191425323,
-0.026897013187408447,
0.025034764781594276,
-0.04054710268974304,
-0.014312436804175377,
-0.07644818723201752,
-0.026263466104865074,
0.03885764256119728,
-0.011941429227590561,
0.013467705808579922,
0.03622745722532272,
0.01185503602027893,
0.026033084839582443,
0.03219578415155411,
0.015838712453842163,
-0.025322742760181427,
0.024861980229616165,
-0.011279082857072353,
-0.021137481555342674,
-0.02365247718989849,
0.06350843608379364,
-0.015617930330336094,
-0.03686100244522095,
-0.013986063189804554,
0.015713922679424286,
-0.023671675473451614,
-0.005769131239503622,
-0.005121183581650257,
-0.020619124174118042,
-0.003671701531857252,
-0.010184772312641144,
-0.029699986800551414,
0.0025605917908251286,
0.027568958699703217,
-0.00020953296916559339,
0.009167254902422428,
-0.0043844436295330524,
-0.022942135110497475,
-0.03714898228645325,
-0.04477076232433319,
0.008682494051754475,
0.009340041317045689,
0.007760969456285238,
-0.016453063115477562,
0.03282933309674263,
-0.022366182878613472,
-0.004322048742324114,
-0.033021315932273865,
0.0031701424159109592,
-0.007367401383817196,
-0.014562016353011131,
-0.052565328776836395,
0.013755681924521923,
0.00818813405930996,
0.0011045102728530765,
-0.02371007204055786,
0.010395955294370651,
0.025879496708512306,
0.0143316350877285,
0.017048213630914688,
-0.03705298900604248,
-0.012296600267291069,
-0.005730734206736088,
0.03885764256119728,
-0.002197021385654807,
-0.02382526360452175,
-0.07172536849975586,
-0.005845924839377403,
0.0054283589124679565,
0.01931362971663475,
0.010645534843206406,
-0.022596564143896103,
-0.03889603912830353,
-0.017585771158337593,
0.005178778897970915,
-0.029853573068976402,
0.027108196169137955,
0.005236374214291573,
0.02810651622712612,
-0.004679619800299406,
0.008159336633980274,
-0.008231330662965775,
-0.005241174250841141,
0.016529856249690056,
-0.015185966156423092,
0.05410120263695717,
-0.029795978218317032,
-0.013400510884821415,
-0.013630892150104046,
-0.005721135064959526,
-0.0028269703034311533,
-0.00843291450291872,
-0.020062370225787163,
0.0026733826380223036,
-0.025130758062005043,
-0.0008789285784587264,
-0.02735777571797371,
-0.02219339646399021,
-0.01230619940906763,
-0.017662564292550087,
-0.008173735812306404,
-0.008240929804742336,
-0.03135105222463608,
-0.03613146394491196,
-0.012507783249020576,
0.040508706122636795,
-0.018132926896214485,
-0.03244536370038986,
0.018689680844545364,
0.005701936781406403,
0.046997781842947006,
-0.018603287637233734,
0.012085418216884136,
0.00395487854257226,
-0.005956315901130438,
0.004826007876545191,
-0.028740063309669495,
-0.0036237055901437998,
0.019774392247200012,
0.0355939082801342,
0.005341965705156326,
-0.03357807174324989,
0.005178778897970915,
-0.00033597269793972373,
-0.03762894123792648,
0.011327079497277737,
0.0301799476146698,
0.006820245645940304,
-0.00301895453594625,
-0.01931362971663475,
-0.00626349076628685,
0.03542112186551094,
0.025533923879265785,
-0.002937361365184188,
-0.0033309292048215866,
-0.026762625202536583,
-0.03789772093296051,
-0.0015370750334113836,
-0.0007547386339865625,
0.05083746835589409,
-0.0010673132492229342,
0.009244048967957497,
0.020081568509340286,
-0.02539953589439392,
0.009685613214969635,
0.0038540868554264307,
0.0069402358494699,
-0.016337871551513672,
0.0008729290566407144,
0.009340041317045689,
-0.011922230944037437,
-0.014744401909410954,
-0.017691362649202347,
-0.026993006467819214,
0.02094549685716629,
-0.015157167799770832,
0.009292044676840305,
-0.04672900214791298,
-0.016001898795366287,
-0.059822339564561844
] |
We consider the problem of distributed downlink beam scheduling and power
allocation for millimeter-Wave (mmWave) cellular networks where multiple base
stations (BSs) belonging to different service operators share the same
unlicensed spectrum with no central coordination or cooperation among them. Our
goal is to design efficient distributed beam scheduling and power allocation
algorithms such that the network-level payoff, defined as the weighted sum of
the total throughput and a power penalization term, can be maximized. To this
end, we propose a distributed scheduling approach to power allocation and
adaptation for efficient interference management over the shared spectrum by
modeling each BS as an independent Q-learning agent. As a baseline, we compare
the proposed approach to the state-of-the-art non-cooperative game-based
approach which was previously developed for the same problem. We conduct
extensive experiments under various scenarios to verify the effect of multiple
factors on the performance of both approaches. Experiment results show that the
proposed approach adapts well to different interference situations by learning
from experience and can achieve higher payoff than the game-based approach. The
proposed approach can also be integrated into our previously developed Lyapunov
stochastic optimization framework for the purpose of network utility
maximization with optimality guarantee. As a result, the weights in the payoff
function can be automatically and optimally determined by the virtual queue
values from the sub-problems derived from the Lyapunov optimization framework. | [
-0.0022152806632220745,
-0.037912771105766296,
-0.02989909052848816,
0.058810871094465256,
0.046206191182136536,
0.04465940222144127,
-0.041697464883327484,
0.045580893754959106,
-0.04406701400876045,
0.023909399285912514,
-0.024765070527791977,
-0.0477529801428318,
0.032235730439424515,
-0.04360627010464668,
-0.012793914414942265,
0.013954006135463715,
0.016866575926542282,
0.029652263969182968,
0.005919756833463907,
0.0011323231738060713,
0.04271768778562546,
-0.04798335209488869,
0.00694409292191267,
0.018232356756925583,
-0.044264476746320724,
-0.019055116921663284,
-0.018150081858038902,
-0.007252627518028021,
-0.10136400908231735,
0.03396352380514145,
-0.0170475821942091,
0.036925461143255234,
-0.02264234982430935,
-0.029866181313991547,
-0.022708170115947723,
-0.009190226905047894,
0.02425495907664299,
-0.02785864658653736,
-0.020058883354067802,
0.006339364219456911,
-0.04215821251273155,
-0.008721253834664822,
-0.020042428746819496,
-0.027875101193785667,
0.0556514710187912,
-0.0000737912705517374,
-0.0581197515130043,
-0.00928895827382803,
-0.033930614590644836,
-0.014143240638077259,
0.04100634902715683,
-0.056243859231472015,
0.02297145314514637,
-0.0035831190180033445,
-0.015377380885183811,
0.003375372150912881,
0.0346546433866024,
0.04515305906534195,
-0.005171045195311308,
0.017146313562989235,
0.01857791654765606,
-0.04758842661976814,
0.009445282630622387,
0.00000600598605160485,
0.03817605599761009,
-0.032021813094615936,
-0.018923474475741386,
0.04304679110646248,
0.013978688977658749,
-0.0002371862210566178,
-0.04758842661976814,
0.0170475821942091,
-0.0216879490762949,
-0.02193477563560009,
0.0070469374768435955,
0.03643180429935455,
0.020634815096855164,
0.040117766708135605,
0.019993063062429428,
0.016002677381038666,
-0.005047631449997425,
-0.0099553931504488,
-0.04143418371677399,
-0.007894380018115044,
0.057494454085826874,
0.026196671649813652,
0.004878965672105551,
-0.08142030984163284,
-0.00811652559787035,
-0.004418219905346632,
-0.04071015492081642,
0.027332080528140068,
-0.022362612187862396,
-0.012234438210725784,
0.0020383873488754034,
0.00538084888830781,
0.0020281029865145683,
-0.030902858823537827,
-0.021457575261592865,
-0.012933784164488316,
-0.025489099323749542,
0.0365634448826313,
0.028599129989743233,
0.001141579239629209,
-0.018232356756925583,
-0.025900477543473244,
-0.03445718064904213,
0.046996038407087326,
0.04867446795105934,
0.10537907481193542,
0.01773870177567005,
0.016101408749818802,
-0.022609438747167587,
0.032893937081098557,
-0.058613408356904984,
-0.03797859326004982,
-0.02376130223274231,
-0.06266138702630997,
-0.015204600989818573,
0.0013431553961709142,
-0.03113323077559471,
0.008984536863863468,
-0.027101708576083183,
-0.07569389790296555,
-0.022296790033578873,
0.030623119324445724,
0.025900477543473244,
0.002879659179598093,
0.03113323077559471,
-0.03072185069322586,
-0.04933267831802368,
-0.062299370765686035,
-0.045087236911058426,
-0.00854024663567543,
-0.021424666047096252,
0.01642228476703167,
0.0036407120060175657,
0.017343776300549507,
0.030787670984864235,
-0.03442427143454552,
0.07970897108316422,
-0.00694409292191267,
0.01636469177901745,
0.02362966164946556,
0.019877877086400986,
0.06315504014492035,
0.010251587256789207,
0.04307970404624939,
-0.029701629653573036,
0.024616973474621773,
-0.021325934678316116,
0.049694690853357315,
0.013501488603651524,
0.035971056669950485,
-0.008433287963271141,
-0.018939930945634842,
0.01165027916431427,
-0.01890701986849308,
0.014521710574626923,
-0.014299564994871616,
-0.0016784300096333027,
-0.011518636718392372,
0.00912440661340952,
0.04768715798854828,
0.006215950474143028,
0.031166141852736473,
0.013921095989644527,
0.005582425277680159,
-0.06068676337599754,
0.045087236911058426,
-0.009519331157207489,
-0.0354774035513401,
-0.030294016003608704,
0.015895718708634377,
0.03541158139705658,
0.037715308368206024,
0.019598137587308884,
-0.02848394401371479,
0.0052492073737084866,
0.001928343321196735,
-0.04614036902785301,
0.019877877086400986,
-0.010152855888009071,
0.05802102014422417,
0.03259774297475815,
0.033733151853084564,
0.021967686712741852,
-0.026344768702983856,
-0.05525654926896095,
-0.017343776300549507,
0.015648892149329185,
0.046996038407087326,
0.06127915158867836,
-0.03226863965392113,
0.06331959366798401,
-0.07595718652009964,
-0.004767892882227898,
0.0365634448826313,
0.034226808696985245,
-0.04350753873586655,
-0.009889572858810425,
0.019466497004032135,
0.018956385552883148,
-0.010309180244803429,
0.04929976537823677,
-0.02905987575650215,
0.1093941405415535,
-0.04482395201921463,
-0.004586885683238506,
-0.03129778429865837,
-0.017179224640130997,
0.005602994002401829,
-0.024057496339082718,
-0.01754123903810978,
-0.016084954142570496,
0.007943745702505112,
0.055124904960393906,
-0.005479580257087946,
-0.04870738089084625,
-0.022461341693997383,
-0.0031820235308259726,
0.014488800428807735,
0.06812451034784317,
0.019367765635252,
-0.01084397453814745,
-0.04215821251273155,
-0.011674962006509304,
0.011732554994523525,
-0.02761181816458702,
-0.026608051732182503,
0.025900477543473244,
0.021836044266819954,
0.0028056108858436346,
0.029668718576431274,
0.08122284710407257,
-0.049530141055583954,
0.039953216910362244,
0.06503093242645264,
0.005689383950084448,
-0.010276270098984241,
-0.03304203227162361,
-0.04209239035844803,
-0.016866575926542282,
-0.02297145314514637,
0.044889774173498154,
-0.003081235336139798,
0.010539553128182888,
0.024649882689118385,
0.06746630370616913,
-0.024616973474621773,
-0.04781879857182503,
-0.051142748445272446,
-0.017343776300549507,
0.02409040741622448,
-0.0011683189077302814,
0.017261501401662827,
0.010630056262016296,
-0.0545654296875,
0.02537391148507595,
-0.024073950946331024,
0.052097149193286896,
0.0583830364048481,
0.008885805495083332,
0.023070184513926506,
-0.03063957579433918,
-0.00041626504389569163,
0.012933784164488316,
0.027842191979289055,
-0.06799286603927612,
0.002610205439850688,
-0.07826091349124908,
-0.022790446877479553,
-0.03909754380583763,
0.003914279863238335,
0.014011599123477936,
-0.02562073990702629,
-0.024238504469394684,
0.00912440661340952,
0.0018049293430522084,
0.014316020533442497,
0.06720302253961563,
0.002103179693222046,
0.014102103188633919,
-0.00945350993424654,
-0.02479797974228859,
-0.006668468005955219,
-0.001858408679254353,
-0.049233946949243546,
-0.011469271965324879,
0.046996038407087326,
-0.03052438795566559,
-0.0575602762401104,
0.019301945343613625,
0.04548216238617897,
0.05627676844596863,
0.01819944754242897,
-0.010876884683966637,
-0.0398215726017952,
0.04182910919189453,
0.045251790434122086,
0.0043318304233253,
0.027545997872948647,
0.011864196509122849,
-0.010737014934420586,
-0.020996829494833946,
0.0005527917528524995,
0.00009911684173857793,
0.022856267169117928,
-0.01849563978612423,
-0.02662450633943081,
0.04574544355273247,
-0.020305711776018143,
-0.043803732842206955,
-0.02214869298040867,
-0.05459833890199661,
0.0736534595489502,
0.04870738089084625,
0.017607059329748154,
-0.019433585926890373,
0.0005337654147297144,
0.02711816318333149,
0.04182910919189453,
-0.06463600695133209,
0.01931839995086193,
0.0020877530332654715,
0.009782614186406136,
0.020865188911557198,
0.02794092334806919,
-0.06335250288248062,
0.050023794174194336,
-0.03922918811440468,
0.06522839516401291,
-0.038373518735170364,
-0.06262847781181335,
0.028286481276154518,
0.0010125087574124336,
-0.022658804431557655,
0.016545699909329414,
-0.014069192111492157,
0.000522966671269387,
-0.021490486338734627,
0.0002769100829027593,
0.0047720069997012615,
0.012793914414942265,
-0.06647899001836777,
-0.024649882689118385,
-0.11479144543409348,
0.022461341693997383,
0.04406701400876045,
0.03672799840569496,
0.0009096637950278819,
-0.019795600324869156,
-0.0050435177981853485,
0.026772603392601013,
0.03735329583287239,
-0.038044411689043045,
-0.03129778429865837,
0.002092895330861211,
-0.06509675830602646,
0.039953216910362244,
0.04321134462952614,
-0.029421890154480934,
-0.030787670984864235,
0.0287801381200552,
-0.06098295748233795,
0.009387689642608166,
-0.005339710973203182,
0.001997249433770776,
0.029224427416920662,
0.009017447009682655,
0.01542674656957388,
-0.027101708576083183,
0.06453727930784225,
0.005183386616408825,
-0.08879223465919495,
0.027875101193785667,
0.01770579069852829,
-0.019927242770791054,
-0.05015543848276138,
0.030080098658800125,
0.009313641116023064,
0.05887668952345848,
0.010992070659995079,
-0.019170302897691727,
-0.007396610453724861,
0.05104401707649231,
0.025061262771487236,
-0.010498414747416973,
0.03131423890590668,
0.033025577664375305,
0.022444887086749077,
-0.00019013464043382555,
-0.03890008479356766,
-0.002058956306427717,
0.05361102893948555,
-0.030623119324445724,
0.03755075857043266,
-0.022313246503472328,
-0.02239552140235901,
-0.04196074977517128,
-0.02060190588235855,
0.0008335585007444024,
0.03184080496430397,
0.022132238373160362,
-0.0063599334098398685,
-0.0052780043333768845,
-0.013468577526509762,
-0.046798575669527054,
0.011189533397555351,
-0.011428133584558964,
0.016488106921315193,
-0.023991676047444344,
-0.011543319560587406,
-0.001658889465034008,
0.04327716678380966,
0.05140603333711624,
-0.060061465948820114,
0.025324545800685883,
0.029718084260821342,
-0.056243859231472015,
-0.019417131319642067,
0.0016660885885357857,
0.03072185069322586,
0.023333467543125153,
0.015517249703407288,
0.02752954326570034,
0.02835230343043804,
-0.0553881898522377,
-0.01636469177901745,
-0.014225516468286514,
0.028335846960544586,
0.03295975923538208,
-0.003105918178334832,
-0.06407653540372849,
-0.0491023063659668,
0.03679381683468819,
0.04324425384402275,
0.04686439782381058,
-0.06127915158867836,
-0.013114791363477707,
0.03524703159928322,
-0.062299370765686035,
-0.045087236911058426,
-0.0035214119125157595,
-0.0038278899155557156,
-0.018298177048563957,
0.014793220907449722,
-0.05650714412331581,
-0.018051350489258766,
0.010646511800587177,
-0.06127915158867836,
-0.004173449240624905,
-0.057362813502550125,
0.009017447009682655,
0.04001903533935547,
-0.012415445409715176,
-0.0031326578464359045,
-0.07194211333990097,
0.00444701686501503,
-0.019499408081173897,
0.023415744304656982,
0.015295105054974556,
0.024271413683891296,
-0.06851943582296371,
-0.008564929477870464,
0.028681406751275063,
-0.04087470844388008,
-0.04929976537823677,
-0.012143935076892376,
-0.0008078473038040102,
-0.0020497003570199013,
-0.017771610990166664,
0.019005751237273216,
0.01480144914239645,
-0.016496334224939346,
0.013526171445846558,
0.0037229880690574646,
-0.09622998535633087,
-0.004800803493708372,
-0.02948771044611931,
0.037583667784929276,
-0.018857654184103012,
0.0321863628923893,
-0.01617545820772648,
0.007182693108916283,
-0.0045004962012171745,
0.01757415011525154,
0.0422898530960083,
-0.006269429810345173,
-0.0210132859647274,
0.021901866421103477,
-0.023744847625494003,
-0.006874158047139645,
0.03146233409643173,
-0.019894331693649292,
0.010630056262016296,
0.008359239436686039,
-0.01795261912047863,
0.008149435743689537,
0.0002933653013315052,
-0.02106265164911747,
0.0029701627790927887,
0.03669508546590805,
0.004673275630921125,
0.009799068793654442,
-0.04436320811510086,
0.03557613492012024,
0.051603496074676514,
-0.05301864072680473,
0.03527994081377983,
0.07707613706588745,
0.07009913772344589,
0.02068418078124523,
-0.02122720330953598,
-0.01156800240278244,
0.03055729903280735,
0.003480273997411132,
-0.019844966009259224,
0.017755156382918358,
0.059765271842479706,
-0.021375300362706184,
-0.029635807499289513,
0.015105869621038437,
0.06473474204540253,
-0.0024168568197637796,
0.023201826959848404,
0.04288224130868912,
-0.02993200160562992,
0.047917529940605164,
-0.005442555993795395,
-0.01025981456041336,
0.036760907620191574,
-0.028171295300126076,
-0.074772410094738,
-0.04785171151161194,
0.008926943875849247,
0.01013640034943819,
0.045251790434122086,
-0.019334854558110237,
-0.010292724706232548,
0.01737668737769127,
0.016545699909329414,
0.0017031127354130149,
-0.012777459807693958,
0.024139773100614548,
-0.013723633252084255,
0.026048574596643448,
-0.00970033835619688,
0.002221451373770833,
-0.01111548487097025,
0.0354774035513401,
-0.0354774035513401,
-0.020931009203195572,
-0.008795302361249924,
-0.009766158647835255,
-0.0073061068542301655,
0.019877877086400986,
-0.023810667917132378,
-0.07306107133626938,
0.006590305827558041,
0.049069393426179886,
0.006183039862662554,
0.027480177581310272,
-0.014752083458006382,
-0.021704403683543205,
-0.015377380885183811,
0.006804223638027906,
0.04018358886241913,
-0.010786380618810654,
0.027101708576083183,
0.015500794164836407,
-0.0425531379878521,
0.017343776300549507,
-0.0023613206576555967,
0.0010140514932572842,
0.016603292897343636,
-0.014546393416821957,
0.010481960140168667,
-0.022444887086749077,
-0.031034499406814575,
0.014529937878251076,
-0.0159615408629179,
0.04548216238617897,
0.030573753640055656,
0.046996038407087326,
-0.009766158647835255,
0.024946076795458794,
-0.012423672713339329,
0.039953216910362244,
-0.004422334022819996,
-0.031001588329672813,
0.025225816294550896,
-0.013024287298321724,
-0.009190226905047894,
-0.007877925410866737,
-0.02774346061050892,
0.017771610990166664,
-0.03266356512904167,
0.028500398620963097,
-0.07727359980344772,
-0.017179224640130997,
0.03653053566813469,
0.006133674178272486,
-0.002383946441113949,
0.006520371418446302,
-0.026427045464515686,
0.024205593392252922,
0.03699127957224846,
0.03672799840569496,
0.0036509966012090445,
0.00561944954097271,
0.041697464883327484,
0.07661539316177368,
-0.016759617254137993,
0.02280690148472786,
0.006409298628568649,
0.0012269405415281653,
0.002517645014449954,
0.03992030397057533,
-0.02239552140235901,
0.01072056032717228,
-0.02226388081908226,
0.025225816294550896,
-0.01129649206995964,
-0.0018923475872725248,
0.024403056129813194,
-0.03249901160597801,
-0.03880135342478752,
0.015624208375811577,
-0.029701629653573036,
-0.011099029332399368,
0.00487073790282011,
-0.007988997735083103,
0.001236196607351303,
0.011337630450725555,
-0.0354774035513401,
0.014348930679261684,
0.015155235305428505,
-0.015558388084173203,
0.014085647650063038,
-0.04439611732959747,
0.020223435014486313,
-0.022741081193089485,
0.07464076578617096,
-0.004874852020293474,
0.03063957579433918,
0.0037003622855991125,
0.02466633915901184,
0.02973453886806965,
0.022165149450302124,
-0.008355125784873962,
0.009239592589437962,
0.005874504800885916,
0.026673872023820877,
-0.007158010266721249,
-0.009749704040586948,
0.00373738631606102,
0.0406443327665329,
0.02807256393134594,
0.021375300362706184,
0.019663959741592407,
0.024616973474621773,
-0.01256354246288538,
-0.008614295162260532,
0.016981761902570724,
-0.0060020326636731625,
0.03705710172653198,
0.050649091601371765,
0.028418123722076416,
0.029125696048140526,
-0.024123316630721092,
0.004718527663499117,
0.005973236169666052,
0.007795649114996195,
0.027710549533367157,
-0.03814314305782318,
0.027249803766608238,
0.010498414747416973,
-0.034391358494758606,
-0.0257852915674448,
-0.01249772123992443,
-0.010210448876023293,
0.021951232105493546,
-0.019960151985287666,
0.016010906547307968,
-0.01940067671239376,
-0.010621828958392143,
0.0071950345300138,
0.00776273850351572,
0.045547980815172195,
-0.011205988004803658,
-0.016200140118598938,
0.023251192644238472,
-0.01102498173713684,
-0.0012886475306004286,
0.03317367658019066,
0.026608051732182503,
0.04176328703761101,
0.02927379310131073,
-0.00870479829609394,
-0.016652658581733704,
-0.03537867218255997,
0.03880135342478752,
-0.013608447276055813,
0.018709557130932808,
0.06871689856052399,
0.006154243368655443,
0.01729441061615944,
-0.00552483182400465,
-0.029635807499289513,
0.010802836157381535,
0.000060646394558716565,
0.01392932329326868,
0.028056109324097633,
0.016430513933300972,
-0.010375001467764378,
-0.013435667380690575,
0.009198454208672047,
-0.012160389684140682,
0.01328757032752037,
0.04564671218395233,
-0.008910488337278366,
-0.010243359953165054,
-0.06187153607606888,
0.014316020533442497,
0.016134319826960564,
0.017360230907797813,
-0.0038155484944581985,
-0.0020167899783700705,
-0.0011744896182790399,
-0.010687650181353092,
-0.029997821897268295,
-0.0406443327665329,
-0.008696570992469788,
0.06565622985363007,
0.04436320811510086,
0.011156623251736164,
0.011962927877902985,
0.04021649807691574,
-0.004961241502314806,
0.02051962912082672,
-0.024699248373508453,
0.024649882689118385,
0.01841336488723755,
0.0055207181721925735,
0.04215821251273155,
0.0354774035513401,
-0.008235825225710869,
-0.04100634902715683,
-0.043803732842206955,
0.011099029332399368,
-0.008091842755675316,
0.022494252771139145,
-0.008976309560239315,
0.01140345074236393,
0.03610270097851753,
0.027644729241728783,
-0.0017144257435575128,
0.029783904552459717,
0.042980972677469254,
-0.019548771902918816,
0.031528156250715256,
0.0510111078619957,
0.0011148395715281367,
0.024699248373508453,
-0.03679381683468819,
-0.07055988162755966,
0.019252579659223557,
0.006162470672279596,
0.016948852688074112,
0.0425531379878521,
-0.027430811896920204,
-0.011205988004803658,
-0.055289458483457565,
0.006487460806965828,
0.002303727436810732,
-0.028121929615736008,
0.021177837625145912,
0.0009749703458510339,
0.007820331491529942,
-0.035971056669950485,
0.015138780698180199,
0.008778846822679043,
0.015747621655464172,
-0.046963129192590714,
-0.022379066795110703,
-0.00017509356257505715,
0.00011287235975032672,
0.004103514365851879,
0.029668718576431274,
0.01729441061615944,
-0.00802190788090229,
-0.013040742836892605,
0.012259121052920818,
0.012283803895115852,
0.011897106654942036,
0.021210746839642525,
0.04370500147342682,
-0.046173278242349625,
-0.03511538729071617,
0.02993200160562992,
0.02160567231476307,
0.020700637251138687,
0.02981681562960148,
-0.0545654296875,
-0.01749187335371971,
-0.02130947820842266,
0.0017956732772290707,
-0.002468279330059886,
0.00035224403836764395,
0.029800359159708023,
0.051438942551612854,
-0.008441515266895294,
0.016446968540549278,
0.005956781096756458,
0.008844668045639992,
-0.017426053062081337,
0.02371193654835224,
-0.002774757333099842,
-0.03636598214507103,
-0.022411976009607315,
-0.03715583309531212,
0.029240883886814117,
0.04614036902785301,
-0.038998816162347794,
0.013501488603651524,
-0.00916554406285286,
-0.0022605324629694223,
0.023744847625494003,
0.005064086522907019,
0.052097149193286896,
0.00551249086856842,
-0.021836044266819954,
0.03906463459134102,
-0.05361102893948555,
-0.01642228476703167,
-0.0327458381652832,
0.04837827757000923,
-0.005150476470589638,
0.026427045464515686,
0.01021867711097002,
-0.003305437508970499,
0.008688343688845634,
-0.0014994797529652715,
-0.05851467698812485,
0.008482653647661209,
-0.02989909052848816,
0.012579997070133686,
0.019252579659223557,
-0.010103490203619003,
-0.01754123903810978,
0.05387431010603905,
0.034687552601099014,
0.01353439874947071,
-0.011148395016789436,
0.010399684309959412,
-0.012637590058147907,
0.04482395201921463,
-0.03402934595942497,
-0.0022420205641537905,
0.007943745702505112,
-0.009494648315012455,
0.02106265164911747,
-0.04735805466771126,
0.041401274502277374,
0.023810667917132378,
0.011107257567346096,
-0.07622046768665314,
-0.01231671404093504,
-0.036958370357751846,
0.053051553666591644,
0.022296790033578873,
0.02446887642145157,
0.038208965212106705,
0.0063475919887423515,
-0.02889532409608364,
-0.026065031066536903,
-0.043968282639980316,
0.009790841490030289,
-0.017672879621386528,
0.022691715508699417,
0.023530930280685425,
-0.00334246177226305,
-0.03606978803873062,
0.029833270236849785,
-0.019104482606053352,
-0.04423156753182411,
-0.02682196907699108,
-0.007051051594316959,
-0.005977349821478128,
-0.004570430610328913,
0.008297532796859741,
-0.01716277003288269,
0.0222309697419405,
0.01795261912047863,
0.034687552601099014,
-0.040446870028972626,
-0.042684778571128845,
0.0012259121285751462,
0.028121929615736008,
0.002455937908962369,
-0.011099029332399368,
0.006010260432958603,
-0.037090010941028595,
0.0638461634516716,
-0.012324941344559193,
-0.02056899480521679,
0.02512708492577076,
0.013608447276055813,
-0.005714066792279482,
0.012473038397729397,
0.015805216506123543,
0.02905987575650215,
-0.02736499160528183,
0.04100634902715683,
-0.0005774745368398726,
-0.009527558460831642,
-0.04212530329823494,
0.011321174912154675,
-0.012004065327346325,
0.050352901220321655,
0.02835230343043804,
0.01129649206995964,
0.029783904552459717,
-0.01405273750424385,
-0.00970033835619688,
0.017656425014138222,
0.03893299400806427,
-0.000326789915561676,
0.014793220907449722,
-0.003330120351165533,
0.017360230907797813,
0.010983843356370926,
0.017985528334975243,
0.042980972677469254,
0.011954699642956257,
-0.05611221864819527,
-0.012185072526335716,
-0.03616851940751076,
0.03620143234729767,
-0.05818557366728783,
-0.025571374222636223,
0.007260855287313461,
0.026427045464515686,
0.0845797061920166,
-0.0011220386950299144,
-0.005997919011861086,
0.030261104926466942,
-0.04126963019371033,
0.06019310653209686,
-0.02998136729001999,
-0.05828430503606796,
0.022494252771139145,
-0.04150000587105751,
-0.0192361231893301,
0.013797681778669357,
-0.024534696713089943,
-0.014422979205846786,
-0.017804522067308426,
0.04133545234799385,
0.005689383950084448,
-0.014497027732431889,
-0.01631532609462738,
0.020058883354067802,
-0.020585449412465096,
0.004928331356495619,
-0.02343219891190529,
-0.017426053062081337,
-0.041730377823114395,
0.05012252554297447,
0.05443378910422325,
-0.039492469280958176,
-0.01508941501379013,
0.03541158139705658,
-0.029043421149253845,
0.016965307295322418,
-0.010309180244803429,
-0.00933009572327137,
-0.0003697276988532394,
0.022856267169117928,
0.06447146087884903,
0.04643656313419342,
0.03511538729071617,
0.02060190588235855,
0.0192361231893301,
0.01969686895608902,
-0.011962927877902985,
-0.00761875556781888,
-0.0054590110667049885,
0.005331483669579029,
-0.019828511402010918,
0.007894380018115044,
-0.033321771770715714,
-0.03105095401406288,
-0.04834536463022232,
-0.01219329982995987,
0.05216297134757042,
-0.06677518784999847,
-0.034226808696985245,
0.004422334022819996,
-0.005746977403759956,
-0.011872423812747002,
0.01808425970375538,
0.08109120279550552,
0.0170475821942091,
-0.003716817358508706,
-0.00444701686501503,
0.037583667784929276,
-0.027792826294898987,
0.024978987872600555,
0.012522404082119465,
-0.005582425277680159,
-0.013814137317240238,
0.0037476709112524986,
0.009873117320239544,
0.0007132298778742552,
-0.0016012962441891432,
0.02409040741622448,
0.04212530329823494,
-0.032071176916360855,
-0.036464713513851166,
-0.0023530931212008,
0.009107951074838638,
-0.022987909615039825
] |
Many modern machine learning applications, such as multi-task learning,
require finding optimal model parameters to trade-off multiple objective
functions that may conflict with each other. The notion of the Pareto set
allows us to focus on the set of (often infinite number of) models that cannot
be strictly improved. But it does not provide an actionable procedure for
picking one or a few special models to return to practical users. In this
paper, we consider \emph{optimization in Pareto set (OPT-in-Pareto)}, the
problem of finding Pareto models that optimize an extra reference criterion
function within the Pareto set. This function can either encode a specific
preference from the users, or represent a generic diversity measure for
obtaining a set of diversified Pareto models that are representative of the
whole Pareto set. Unfortunately, despite being a highly useful framework,
efficient algorithms for OPT-in-Pareto have been largely missing, especially
for large-scale, non-convex, and non-linear objectives in deep learning. A
naive approach is to apply Riemannian manifold gradient descent on the Pareto
set, which yields a high computational cost due to the need for
eigen-calculation of Hessian matrices. We propose a first-order algorithm that
approximately solves OPT-in-Pareto using only gradient information, with both
high practical efficiency and theoretically guaranteed convergence property.
Empirically, we demonstrate that our method works efficiently for a variety of
challenging multi-task-related problems. | [
-0.0031129089184105396,
0.0132828988134861,
-0.03323322534561157,
-0.004991910886019468,
0.03764931112527847,
0.022738521918654442,
-0.0530969612300396,
0.027881965041160583,
-0.05704546347260475,
0.008684972301125526,
0.030548935756087303,
-0.04114754870533943,
0.04585804045200348,
-0.06868315488100052,
-0.02715460956096649,
0.004597926512360573,
-0.005442178808152676,
-0.008793209679424763,
0.018028028309345245,
-0.04215199127793312,
-0.009455623105168343,
-0.021578216925263405,
-0.020539136603474617,
0.06286431103944778,
0.01095362938940525,
0.022426798939704895,
0.0025912043638527393,
-0.005035205744206905,
-0.03186510503292084,
0.00017277401639148593,
0.03243659809231758,
0.021456990391016006,
-0.0010287968907505274,
0.0219765305519104,
-0.050741713494062424,
-0.03082602471113205,
0.07529862225055695,
0.017958756536245346,
0.031207019463181496,
0.054239947348833084,
0.004550302401185036,
-0.02100672386586666,
-0.0016581976087763906,
-0.05226569622755051,
0.017707645893096924,
-0.006520223803818226,
0.006455281283706427,
0.025734534487128258,
0.01277201808989048,
0.0023509173188358545,
0.012416999787092209,
-0.0034462802577763796,
0.04568485915660858,
0.009161217138171196,
-0.030064033344388008,
0.005147772841155529,
0.06348775327205658,
-0.003400820540264249,
0.0437798798084259,
-0.004058904014527798,
0.014815540984272957,
-0.022357527166604996,
-0.06650108844041824,
-0.009282443672418594,
0.02549208328127861,
-0.007338498719036579,
0.03158801421523094,
0.02303292788565159,
-0.0004681269347202033,
-0.020106187090277672,
-0.03844594210386276,
-0.01715346984565258,
-0.04118218272924423,
0.0073471576906740665,
-0.020833542570471764,
-0.011178763583302498,
0.04035091772675514,
-0.007784436922520399,
-0.016538681462407112,
-0.040766552090644836,
-0.07564498484134674,
0.04249835014343262,
0.00352421123534441,
0.0017296343576163054,
0.049841176718473434,
-0.01591523364186287,
0.01579400710761547,
-0.029700355604290962,
0.011213399469852448,
-0.007312521804124117,
-0.056803010404109955,
-0.0016062436625361443,
-0.05340868607163429,
0.07592207193374634,
0.012624815106391907,
0.013698531314730644,
0.014469181187450886,
0.03461866453289986,
-0.01930955983698368,
0.052334968000650406,
-0.012720064260065556,
0.008299646899104118,
0.041043639183044434,
0.01853024959564209,
0.02902495302259922,
-0.02292902022600174,
0.023050246760249138,
0.018807338550686836,
0.0039939614944159985,
0.09109263122081757,
0.013828416354954243,
0.020712317898869514,
-0.0263579823076725,
0.008230375126004219,
-0.042775437235832214,
-0.012598838657140732,
-0.039207931607961655,
-0.07432881742715836,
0.027431698516011238,
-0.046308308839797974,
-0.00297003542073071,
0.0309299323707819,
-0.00663712015375495,
-0.03271368518471718,
-0.09393278509378433,
-0.025370856747031212,
-0.011334625072777271,
0.026877522468566895,
0.038411304354667664,
0.004758118186146021,
0.02369101159274578,
-0.008585394360125065,
-0.004385781474411488,
-0.00842520222067833,
0.00920451246201992,
0.02362173981964588,
0.05964316055178642,
-0.02014082297682762,
-0.08430398255586624,
0.027535606175661087,
0.010875698179006577,
-0.03809957951307297,
0.007520337589085102,
0.007321180775761604,
-0.004203942138701677,
-0.024349095299839973,
-0.005251680966466665,
0.010338841006159782,
0.004801413044333458,
0.03965819999575615,
-0.02194189466536045,
0.041078273206949234,
-0.032020967453718185,
0.048732828348875046,
0.027535606175661087,
0.0076502226293087006,
-0.040905095636844635,
0.008412213996052742,
0.02815905399620533,
0.00917853508144617,
0.06885633617639542,
0.0263406652957201,
-0.01280665397644043,
0.06830215454101562,
0.05978170409798622,
0.05524438992142677,
0.03872302919626236,
0.00831263605505228,
-0.08146382868289948,
0.04197880998253822,
-0.039104025810956955,
-0.005333941429853439,
0.0034289623145014048,
0.04648148640990257,
-0.016703203320503235,
0.03340640664100647,
0.051365163177251816,
-0.02287706546485424,
-0.022357527166604996,
0.019621284678578377,
-0.028834454715251923,
-0.004494018852710724,
0.017569102346897125,
-0.014053549617528915,
0.035605788230895996,
0.019794464111328125,
0.06754016876220703,
-0.030167941004037857,
0.014192094095051289,
0.0013637917581945658,
-0.020816225558519363,
0.060301244258880615,
0.06979150325059891,
0.011317307129502296,
0.009706733748316765,
-0.06646645069122314,
-0.03266173228621483,
0.009048650041222572,
-0.01539569441229105,
0.011732938699424267,
-0.04305252432823181,
-0.06314139813184738,
-0.011620371602475643,
0.016530022025108337,
0.01194075495004654,
-0.017638374119997025,
-0.02632334642112255,
-0.02996012382209301,
0.03602142259478569,
-0.0615827776491642,
0.014166116714477539,
-0.0710730329155922,
-0.07176575809717178,
-0.02117990329861641,
-0.048802100121974945,
-0.026721660047769547,
0.0016213968629017472,
-0.00975002907216549,
-0.01833975315093994,
-0.023916145786643028,
-0.0015488778008148074,
0.048975277692079544,
0.015819985419511795,
-0.024349095299839973,
-0.009628803469240665,
-0.002580380765721202,
0.04495750367641449,
-0.0009167711832560599,
-0.005221374332904816,
0.021508945152163506,
0.013516692444682121,
-0.06657035648822784,
-0.03633314371109009,
-0.03340640664100647,
0.011074854992330074,
-0.018045347183942795,
-0.05008362978696823,
-0.0024396718945354223,
0.023361969739198685,
-0.042671531438827515,
-0.013473397120833397,
-0.028643956407904625,
0.000680813507642597,
0.024106644093990326,
0.06009342893958092,
0.02803782746195793,
-0.027778057381510735,
0.0528545081615448,
0.011672326363623142,
0.04163245111703873,
-0.011005583219230175,
-0.05219642445445061,
-0.045234594494104385,
0.020764270797371864,
-0.011230717413127422,
-0.0017664351034909487,
0.04048946499824524,
-0.05787672474980354,
-0.03262709453701973,
-0.05385895073413849,
0.08721340447664261,
0.049806542694568634,
-0.0221150740981102,
0.026271391659975052,
0.03158801421523094,
-0.00965477991849184,
0.05548684298992157,
-0.005372906569391489,
-0.008546428754925728,
0.04478432610630989,
-0.008265011012554169,
-0.02360442280769348,
-0.0043749576434493065,
-0.028522731736302376,
0.04031628370285034,
-0.05195397511124611,
0.01365523599088192,
-0.009472941048443317,
0.054170675575733185,
-0.03179583325982094,
-0.016902359202504158,
-0.012243819423019886,
0.01922297105193138,
-0.018010711297392845,
0.0015748548321425915,
-0.054032132029533386,
0.02102404087781906,
-0.0307394340634346,
-0.01276335958391428,
0.02024473249912262,
-0.005827504210174084,
-0.008117808029055595,
0.0026020281948149204,
-0.006541871000081301,
0.06272576749324799,
-0.002083570696413517,
-0.04291398078203201,
-0.014235388487577438,
0.030427711084485054,
0.011447192169725895,
-0.014980061911046505,
-0.013915006071329117,
0.05351259186863899,
0.029717672616243362,
-0.03247123211622238,
0.005511450581252575,
-0.02997744269669056,
0.011568417772650719,
-0.011369260959327221,
-0.025180358439683914,
-0.020106187090277672,
0.030064033344388008,
-0.01930955983698368,
-0.004554631654173136,
0.021283810958266258,
-0.0010807508369907737,
0.08118674159049988,
0.02814173512160778,
-0.024089325219392776,
-0.032973453402519226,
-0.00215284270234406,
-0.0007084140670485795,
-0.05742646008729935,
-0.04599658399820328,
-0.03803030773997307,
-0.017352627590298653,
0.015283127315342426,
0.033025410026311874,
-0.005113136954605579,
0.02098940499126911,
-0.006199840921908617,
-0.0006743192789144814,
-0.010996924713253975,
-0.006238806527107954,
-0.03169192373752594,
0.03451475501060486,
-0.011992708779871464,
-0.031189702451229095,
-0.04152854159474373,
-0.009949185885488987,
0.0019125556573271751,
-0.025232313200831413,
0.0701032280921936,
0.04963336139917374,
0.01655600033700466,
-0.018270481377840042,
-0.02978694438934326,
-0.019950326532125473,
-0.005485473666340113,
0.07993984967470169,
0.0009746782016009092,
0.004327333066612482,
0.020798906683921814,
0.026773614808917046,
0.051572978496551514,
0.0067799934186041355,
-0.010754472576081753,
0.01533508114516735,
-0.06324530392885208,
-0.016478069126605988,
0.03595215082168579,
-0.0702764093875885,
-0.0618252269923687,
-0.012962516397237778,
-0.07474444806575775,
0.037268318235874176,
-0.013793779537081718,
0.010823744349181652,
0.003913865890353918,
-0.0076112570241093636,
-0.08333417028188705,
0.009360373951494694,
0.026998749002814293,
0.03409912437200546,
-0.048767462372779846,
0.024487638846039772,
0.027708785608410835,
-0.012416999787092209,
-0.06085542216897011,
0.00006179681804496795,
-0.04031628370285034,
-0.04322570562362671,
-0.007135012187063694,
0.009801982901990414,
0.014676997438073158,
-0.02021009474992752,
0.007178307510912418,
-0.010044435039162636,
-0.033094681799411774,
0.007360146380960941,
0.031120430678129196,
-0.02907690778374672,
0.0004827390075661242,
-0.0264272540807724,
0.01635684259235859,
0.030652843415737152,
0.017750941216945648,
-0.008819187059998512,
-0.026150166988372803,
0.009940526448190212,
-0.020573774352669716,
-0.033891309052705765,
-0.012503589503467083,
0.04741666093468666,
-0.0011960237752646208,
-0.0077887666411697865,
-0.0077498010359704494,
0.02187262289226055,
-0.010858380235731602,
0.05004899576306343,
-0.0037558393087238073,
-0.007827731780707836,
-0.012581520713865757,
0.06040515378117561,
0.042706165462732315,
0.011274011805653572,
-0.023465877398848534,
-0.047035664319992065,
0.021595535799860954,
-0.03442816808819771,
-0.04114754870533943,
-0.004355474840849638,
0.07696115225553513,
0.005706278141587973,
0.014841518364846706,
-0.0005541756981983781,
0.06490783393383026,
0.017889484763145447,
-0.01639147847890854,
0.004342486150562763,
0.03349299356341362,
0.0073038628324866295,
0.06064760312438011,
-0.058569446206092834,
0.030635526403784752,
0.023517832159996033,
-0.011732938699424267,
0.022599978372454643,
-0.013057765550911427,
-0.02481668069958687,
-0.004468041937798262,
-0.030150622129440308,
-0.003844594117254019,
0.02741437964141369,
-0.018841974437236786,
-0.03188242018222809,
-0.007901333272457123,
-0.028817137703299522,
-0.022426798939704895,
-0.0025717217940837145,
-0.05098416656255722,
-0.006303748581558466,
-0.0619637705385685,
-0.06754016876220703,
0.05455167219042778,
0.0054984623566269875,
-0.014945426024496555,
-0.013326194137334824,
0.027864648029208183,
-0.05915825814008713,
-0.015681441873311996,
0.016651248559355736,
0.04571949690580368,
-0.09039991348981857,
-0.00019983337551821023,
0.018893929198384285,
0.0065938252955675125,
-0.015040675178170204,
0.00037125442759133875,
0.0132828988134861,
-0.013568646274507046,
-0.08146382868289948,
0.05112271010875702,
0.04308716207742691,
0.07197356969118118,
0.025925032794475555,
-0.025821125134825706,
-0.06698598712682724,
0.002777372719720006,
-0.017413239926099777,
0.04121682047843933,
-0.07141939550638199,
0.04758983850479126,
-0.047104936093091965,
0.0019363678293302655,
0.05382431671023369,
-0.008477156981825829,
0.04125145450234413,
-0.0037428508512675762,
0.00818708073347807,
0.010053093545138836,
-0.01533508114516735,
0.004037256818264723,
0.02116258442401886,
-0.025301584973931313,
-0.04592731222510338,
-0.016330866143107414,
-0.03764931112527847,
0.05219642445445061,
-0.0309472493827343,
0.03671414032578468,
-0.014148798771202564,
-0.04055873677134514,
0.0018573545385152102,
0.05884653329849243,
-0.016902359202504158,
0.013915006071329117,
-0.010979606769979,
-0.03344104066491127,
-0.046239037066698074,
0.04121682047843933,
0.020920133218169212,
0.025803806260228157,
-0.043572064489126205,
0.06573909521102905,
0.03351031243801117,
0.05524438992142677,
-0.01686772331595421,
0.0008626524358987808,
-0.0023682352621108294,
0.0025565684773027897,
0.016226958483457565,
-0.00663712015375495,
0.004987581633031368,
-0.040039196610450745,
0.06095932796597481,
-0.018668795004487038,
-0.032817594707012177,
0.03861911967396736,
0.0013367324136197567,
-0.014685656875371933,
0.04028164595365524,
-0.05981634184718132,
-0.03179583325982094,
-0.003037142800167203,
-0.032973453402519226,
0.00679731136187911,
0.04772838205099106,
-0.014867495745420456,
-0.02549208328127861,
0.002649652538821101,
0.04509604722261429,
0.03001207858324051,
-0.02097208797931671,
-0.007381793577224016,
0.017958756536245346,
-0.0037839810829609632,
-0.06695135682821274,
-0.00968941580504179,
0.05372040718793869,
0.02031400427222252,
-0.03276563808321953,
-0.030341120436787605,
0.008827845565974712,
-0.05548684298992157,
-0.03189973905682564,
0.011507805436849594,
-0.04499214142560959,
-0.016599293798208237,
-0.056006383150815964,
0.015906574204564095,
-0.02116258442401886,
0.04048946499824524,
-0.053997498005628586,
-0.04565022513270378,
-0.011386578902602196,
0.02731047198176384,
0.06674353778362274,
-0.01944810338318348,
0.02034864015877247,
0.003009001025930047,
-0.010797767899930477,
-0.03352763131260872,
-0.017837530001997948,
-0.02821100689470768,
0.019707873463630676,
-0.015118606388568878,
0.021266493946313858,
0.004318674094974995,
-0.07460590451955795,
0.014278683811426163,
-0.026219438761472702,
0.027033384889364243,
0.053304776549339294,
0.021734079346060753,
0.005121795926243067,
-0.02187262289226055,
-0.0065115648321807384,
0.004403099417686462,
-0.08160237222909927,
-0.007823402062058449,
0.054205313324928284,
0.0132828988134861,
-0.01050336193293333,
-0.02907690778374672,
-0.02192457765340805,
0.032973453402519226,
0.003039307426661253,
0.03318127244710922,
-0.003991797100752592,
0.023206107318401337,
0.00527332816272974,
-0.035675060003995895,
0.03454939275979996,
-0.017040902748703957,
-0.014841518364846706,
0.03844594210386276,
0.0053815655410289764,
-0.022322891280055046,
0.024435685947537422,
-0.010763131082057953,
0.006784323137253523,
-0.007806084584444761,
-0.04855964705348015,
0.03408180549740791,
0.011222057975828648,
0.0008951236377470195,
0.005632676649838686,
-0.015534237958490849,
-0.006403326988220215,
0.03681804984807968,
-0.048836734145879745,
0.027674149721860886,
0.012849949300289154,
0.00527332816272974,
0.05001435801386833,
0.0063730208203196526,
-0.03157069906592369,
-0.005801526829600334,
-0.05368577316403389,
-0.028678594157099724,
0.03262709453701973,
0.020521819591522217,
-0.001719892956316471,
0.05441312864422798,
0.008901447057723999,
0.006173864006996155,
0.041736356914043427,
-0.014209412038326263,
0.018201209604740143,
-0.018287798389792442,
0.002647487912327051,
0.032817594707012177,
0.02360442280769348,
0.01235638651996851,
0.01628757081925869,
0.042567621916532516,
0.005710607394576073,
0.056733738631010056,
0.04142463579773903,
-0.03503429517149925,
0.029700355604290962,
0.01012236624956131,
0.04928700253367424,
-0.027968555688858032,
-0.002314116572961211,
0.0012339068343862891,
-0.0011592230293899775,
-0.0016116555780172348,
0.010139684192836285,
0.045407772064208984,
-0.01009638886898756,
-0.00297003542073071,
0.021664807572960854,
0.017413239926099777,
0.010373476892709732,
0.034895751625299454,
0.08319562673568726,
-0.0011700467439368367,
0.040870457887649536,
-0.02460886538028717,
-0.005918423645198345,
0.0034571040887385607,
0.018028028309345245,
0.014408568851649761,
-0.02545744739472866,
-0.003926854580640793,
0.053200867027044296,
0.008710949681699276,
-0.01053799781948328,
-0.0010574798798188567,
-0.015057993121445179,
0.011680984869599342,
-0.02821100689470768,
-0.02284242957830429,
0.002135524759069085,
-0.02031400427222252,
0.0005457873339764774,
-0.016010483726859093,
0.013819756917655468,
-0.026877522468566895,
-0.04852500930428505,
0.018201209604740143,
-0.010312863625586033,
0.00230329274199903,
0.03851521387696266,
0.028488095849752426,
-0.004775436129420996,
0.008910106495022774,
-0.01951737515628338,
-0.04166708514094353,
-0.002682123798877001,
-0.010182978585362434,
0.01672917976975441,
-0.007697847206145525,
0.01190611906349659,
-0.0035588471218943596,
0.013915006071329117,
-0.04689712077379227,
-0.0074900309555232525,
0.04745129495859146,
0.02299829199910164,
-0.01283263135701418,
0.0019309560302644968,
0.0037839810829609632,
0.021422354504466057,
0.04824792221188545,
-0.012668110430240631,
0.03169192373752594,
0.022374844178557396,
-0.01277201808989048,
0.03001207858324051,
0.04222126305103302,
-0.033077362924814224,
-0.004413922782987356,
0.05822308734059334,
-0.008749915286898613,
-0.04163245111703873,
0.016902359202504158,
-0.006628461182117462,
-0.010598610155284405,
0.004836048930883408,
-0.007979264482855797,
0.0012988493544980884,
-0.01934419572353363,
-0.004400934558361769,
-0.015577533282339573,
0.00805719569325447,
-0.017976075410842896,
-0.036540962755680084,
0.03245391696691513,
-0.017447875812649727,
0.016530022025108337,
0.06293357908725739,
-0.017785577103495598,
0.03453207388520241,
0.028574684634804726,
0.027795376256108284,
0.010754472576081753,
-0.017413239926099777,
0.05167688429355621,
-0.020833542570471764,
0.017499830573797226,
0.006238806527107954,
-0.052438877522945404,
0.00768052926287055,
-0.011724280193448067,
0.013421443291008472,
0.02455691061913967,
-0.030427711084485054,
-0.009117922745645046,
0.04506141319870949,
0.045303866267204285,
-0.003439785912632942,
0.012183207087218761,
0.030479663982987404,
-0.015040675178170204,
0.0010737153934314847,
0.016919678077101707,
0.004788424354046583,
-0.007775777950882912,
-0.005411872174590826,
0.052715964615345,
-0.050741713494062424,
-0.032142192125320435,
0.018859291449189186,
-0.00207815901376307,
0.026808250695466995,
-0.04135536402463913,
0.07190430164337158,
0.004325168207287788,
0.006221488118171692,
0.011377920396625996,
0.008273670449852943,
-0.015889257192611694,
-0.009845278225839138,
0.019777145236730576,
-0.0032795944716781378,
0.07301265001296997,
-0.00810049008578062,
0.025734534487128258,
-0.041874904185533524,
-0.012070639990270138,
0.0022794806864112616,
0.03506893292069435,
-0.012451635673642159,
0.001943944487720728,
0.01413148082792759,
-0.03349299356341362,
-0.015716077759861946,
0.00619118195027113,
0.0036540960427373648,
0.032124873250722885,
0.009135240688920021,
-0.008239034563302994,
0.004537313710898161,
-0.026721660047769547,
0.02027936838567257,
0.025128405541181564,
0.002775208093225956,
0.014625043608248234,
-0.007823402062058449,
-0.02272120490670204,
0.0065115648321807384,
0.005732255056500435,
0.030635526403784752,
-0.007451065815985203,
-0.014209412038326263,
-0.01450381800532341,
-0.05167688429355621,
-0.019205652177333832,
-0.03335445001721382,
0.00924780685454607,
-0.0013497209874913096,
-0.04987581446766853,
-0.013456079177558422,
0.012945198453962803,
-0.012598838657140732,
0.007091717328876257,
0.023396605625748634,
-0.012079298496246338,
0.04651612415909767,
-0.016365502029657364,
0.021959213539958,
-0.03273100405931473,
0.03271368518471718,
0.030115986242890358,
0.03896547853946686,
0.005892446264624596,
0.058500174432992935,
-0.00962014403194189,
-0.00426672026515007,
-0.05572929605841637,
-0.04478432610630989,
0.013118377886712551,
0.007892674766480923,
0.014304660260677338,
0.05694155395030975,
-0.00196992140263319,
0.0028617980424314737,
0.016988949850201607,
0.01937883161008358,
0.04544240981340408,
0.001982910092920065,
-0.011577077209949493,
0.010312863625586033,
-0.0174565352499485,
0.02552671916782856,
-0.012235160917043686,
-0.02637530118227005,
0.003706050105392933,
0.041840266436338425,
-0.024020053446292877,
0.000012971580872545019,
0.010970947332680225,
0.008083172142505646,
0.032090239226818085,
-0.02556135505437851,
-0.054239947348833084,
-0.06781725585460663,
0.025145722553133965,
0.012460294179618359,
-0.03330249711871147,
0.04651612415909767,
0.029353994876146317,
0.006909878458827734,
-0.016633929684758186,
-0.01927492395043373,
0.03538065403699875,
-0.013880370184779167,
0.015274467878043652,
-0.015135924331843853,
0.03872302919626236,
-0.06799042969942093,
0.034012533724308014,
-0.021283810958266258,
-0.0175950787961483,
-0.014824200421571732,
-0.030341120436787605,
-0.025959668681025505,
0.031328245997428894,
0.039935287088155746,
-0.02287706546485424,
0.03002939745783806,
0.014148798771202564,
0.0309472493827343,
-0.0032059932127594948,
0.016452090814709663,
0.01849561370909214,
0.033752765506505966,
0.013473397120833397,
-0.010996924713253975,
-0.011386578902602196,
-0.011533781886100769,
0.05656055733561516,
0.030150622129440308,
0.04069728031754494,
-0.011724280193448067,
0.011516463942825794,
-0.031137747690081596,
-0.01009638886898756,
-0.016988949850201607,
0.04322570562362671,
-0.07481372356414795,
0.02116258442401886,
0.00794029887765646,
-0.01616634428501129,
0.009776006452739239,
0.012841290794312954,
0.016244275495409966,
-0.018634159117937088,
0.04149390757083893,
0.007953287102282047,
0.04946018382906914,
-0.020677682012319565,
-0.012529566884040833,
0.016296230256557465,
0.02119722031056881,
0.015066652558743954,
0.027951236814260483,
-0.049667999148368835,
0.03160533308982849,
-0.029423266649246216,
0.009698075242340565,
0.057634275406599045,
0.04239444062113762,
0.019846417009830475,
-0.028574684634804726,
0.010486043989658356,
0.013975618407130241,
-0.023413924500346184,
-0.019049789756536484,
0.0006721545360051095,
0.0618598647415638,
0.05455167219042778,
-0.046342942863702774,
0.013508033007383347,
0.04017774015665054,
-0.038134217262268066,
0.04935627430677414,
-0.023950781673192978,
-0.01226113736629486,
-0.007282215170562267,
-0.02372564747929573,
0.009100604802370071,
0.050672441720962524,
-0.008511792868375778,
0.03321590647101402,
0.0028617980424314737,
0.040143102407455444,
0.01403623167425394,
-0.015854621306061745,
-0.026773614808917046,
-0.037337590008974075,
-0.007961946539580822,
0.011265353299677372,
0.015534237958490849,
-0.030393075197935104,
-0.04651612415909767,
-0.01842634193599224,
0.02919813245534897,
-0.01368987187743187,
0.0026020281948149204,
-0.0046325623989105225,
0.0350169762969017,
0.001097527681849897,
0.03257514163851738,
0.0027817024383693933,
-0.027102656662464142,
0.0042645554058253765,
0.06927196681499481,
-0.010018457658588886,
0.017473852261900902,
-0.015854621306061745,
-0.046135127544403076,
-0.023483196273446083,
-0.009732711128890514,
-0.0526813305914402,
-0.025734534487128258,
-0.0018108123913407326,
-0.04024701192975044,
-0.002569556934759021,
0.04831719398498535,
-0.018131935968995094,
-0.005572063848376274,
0.03865375742316246,
-0.0023660706356167793,
-0.0026669707149267197,
0.042636893689632416,
-0.017092857509851456,
-0.04689712077379227,
-0.006005013361573219,
-0.03934647515416145,
0.04156317934393883,
0.02912886068224907,
0.004818730987608433,
0.03349299356341362,
0.00615654606372118,
-0.047970835119485855,
0.009412327781319618,
-0.01659063622355461,
-0.01450381800532341,
0.0011787057155743241,
0.020504500716924667,
0.0014341461937874556,
0.05105343833565712,
-0.02455691061913967,
0.03326785936951637,
0.03844594210386276,
-0.044541873037815094,
0.014425886794924736,
-0.02561330795288086,
-0.008031218312680721,
0.009524894878268242
] |
When predicting trajectories of road agents, motion predictors usually
approximate the future distribution by a limited number of samples. This
constraint requires the predictors to generate samples that best support the
task given task specifications. However, existing predictors are often
optimized and evaluated via task-agnostic measures without accounting for the
use of predictions in downstream tasks, and thus could result in sub-optimal
task performance.
In this paper, we propose a task-informed motion prediction model that better
supports the tasks through its predictions, by jointly reasoning about
prediction accuracy and the utility of the downstream tasks, which is commonly
used to evaluate the task performance. The task utility function does not
require the full task information, but rather a specification of the utility of
the task, resulting in predictors that serve a wide range of downstream tasks.
We demonstrate our approach on two use cases of common decision making tasks
and their utility functions, in the context of autonomous driving and parallel
autonomy. Experiment results show that our predictor produces accurate
predictions that improve the task performance by a large margin in both tasks
when compared to task-agnostic baselines on the Waymo Open Motion dataset. | [
0.001986454939469695,
-0.04731030762195587,
-0.020329203456640244,
-0.03205006569623947,
-0.019795628264546394,
0.027087818831205368,
-0.04065840691328049,
0.03535822778940201,
-0.10678612440824509,
-0.017136646434664726,
0.07832879573106766,
0.011827576905488968,
0.005317963194102049,
-0.01684318110346794,
-0.07238832861185074,
-0.007581209763884544,
0.019795628264546394,
0.0406939797103405,
-0.0017596854595467448,
-0.002062044572085142,
-0.020471489056944847,
-0.010111244395375252,
-0.010724855586886406,
-0.003194779623299837,
0.029969122260808945,
-0.0017997035756707191,
0.006656346842646599,
0.003628309117630124,
-0.048306312412023544,
0.05044061318039894,
0.03263699635863304,
0.04965803772211075,
-0.00671415077522397,
0.010591461323201656,
-0.03194335103034973,
-0.004984478931874037,
0.07968051731586456,
0.031071843579411507,
-0.05883552506566048,
0.053072914481163025,
-0.03752810135483742,
-0.006225040182471275,
0.014699988067150116,
-0.049515750259160995,
-0.000470768689410761,
-0.01949326880276203,
-0.07217489928007126,
-0.0021098440047353506,
0.022125571966171265,
0.02639417164027691,
0.01976005733013153,
-0.07384676486253738,
0.052752770483493805,
-0.0004471468855626881,
-0.020791634917259216,
0.023761868476867676,
0.015491457656025887,
0.002696776296943426,
0.011889827437698841,
0.032619211822748184,
0.0022321215365082026,
0.003101404057815671,
-0.020151345059275627,
-0.003388200420886278,
0.0035705051850527525,
-0.030751699581742287,
0.01855061948299408,
0.012556795962154865,
0.039662398397922516,
-0.02146749570965767,
-0.06872444599866867,
0.06779958307743073,
-0.01195207703858614,
-0.00879953894764185,
-0.035002510994672775,
-0.03311721608042717,
0.015269135124981403,
0.013908518478274345,
0.036105234175920486,
-0.010057887062430382,
-0.00629173731431365,
0.06221483275294304,
-0.035838447511196136,
0.0031769939232617617,
0.05748379975557327,
-0.02241014502942562,
0.0570213682949543,
-0.05748379975557327,
0.025362592190504074,
-0.01642521284520626,
-0.037919387221336365,
0.023228293284773827,
-0.012218864634633064,
0.039128825068473816,
-0.015384742990136147,
0.037172384560108185,
0.029560048133134842,
0.014780024066567421,
-0.023441722616553307,
-0.014033019542694092,
0.024597803130745888,
0.03322393074631691,
0.002147638937458396,
0.0048777638003230095,
0.09540318697690964,
-0.0658431425690651,
0.012272221967577934,
-0.017563506960868835,
0.04076512157917023,
0.08558541536331177,
0.03767038881778717,
-0.023779654875397682,
0.020862778648734093,
-0.02363736741244793,
-0.0771193578839302,
0.010795998387038708,
-0.04581629857420921,
-0.029595620930194855,
0.04823517054319382,
-0.03020033799111843,
0.052325911819934845,
0.06143225356936455,
0.02511359192430973,
-0.0061894687823951244,
-0.030289268121123314,
0.019937915727496147,
-0.0028701883275061846,
0.0056914654560387135,
0.02564716711640358,
-0.032138995826244354,
0.03411322087049484,
0.06242826208472252,
-0.03784824535250664,
0.0271767470985651,
0.0167364664375782,
-0.009213060140609741,
0.03100070171058178,
0.023566223680973053,
-0.048413027077913284,
-0.019742270931601524,
-0.050582900643348694,
-0.09775091707706451,
-0.09106344729661942,
0.006589649710804224,
0.04834188520908356,
0.02447330206632614,
0.000998229719698429,
0.045176006853580475,
-0.049942608922719955,
0.0013194861821830273,
-0.006723043508827686,
0.017092181369662285,
-0.01491341833025217,
0.008990736678242683,
0.04190341383218765,
0.020702704787254333,
-0.033366214483976364,
0.04414442926645279,
0.015162419527769089,
-0.0554206445813179,
0.035945162177085876,
-0.014077483676373959,
-0.029506690800189972,
0.04891103133559227,
0.0599738173186779,
-0.012378937564790249,
0.033828649669885635,
-0.02548709325492382,
-0.053855493664741516,
0.02337058074772358,
-0.015989460051059723,
0.0035460498183965683,
0.011863148771226406,
0.046385444700717926,
0.03930668160319328,
0.017999259755015373,
0.02602066844701767,
0.02417094260454178,
-0.0282438974827528,
-0.0027145622298121452,
-0.038915395736694336,
0.025238092988729477,
0.009897814132273197,
0.0012238874332979321,
0.06225040182471275,
0.029008688405156136,
0.04037383198738098,
0.033882007002830505,
0.04677673056721687,
0.00797694455832243,
0.019048623740673065,
0.04407328739762306,
0.047772739082574844,
0.002029807772487402,
0.008728396147489548,
-0.02941776253283024,
-0.029435547068715096,
-0.0015695994952693582,
-0.058693237602710724,
0.000620280799921602,
-0.003650541417300701,
-0.03493136912584305,
-0.01364173088222742,
0.057199228554964066,
-0.0003343180287629366,
0.02835061214864254,
0.017083289101719856,
0.02618074044585228,
0.04859088733792305,
-0.09319774806499481,
0.043895427137613297,
-0.05097418650984764,
-0.049195606261491776,
-0.02712338976562023,
-0.027905967086553574,
-0.010956071317195892,
0.025504879653453827,
0.046278730034828186,
-0.01663864403963089,
-0.07267289608716965,
-0.028208326548337936,
0.02666095830500126,
0.016336284577846527,
0.02792375162243843,
-0.017127754166722298,
0.023086007684469223,
0.02495351806282997,
-0.007083206437528133,
-0.03535822778940201,
-0.0022098892368376255,
-0.002481123199686408,
-0.020258059725165367,
0.021076207980513573,
-0.011213965713977814,
0.0028057147283107042,
-0.017447898164391518,
0.013543909415602684,
0.012129935435950756,
-0.013659517280757427,
-0.007012063171714544,
-0.0036105234175920486,
-0.0447135753929615,
0.01025353092700243,
-0.026251884177327156,
0.09462061524391174,
0.020595990121364594,
-0.010733747854828835,
0.020062414929270744,
0.007972498424351215,
-0.007874676026403904,
0.008937379345297813,
-0.057626087218523026,
-0.017261147499084473,
0.005642554257065058,
0.004273045342415571,
0.0492667481303215,
0.027852609753608704,
-0.03795496001839638,
-0.011347359046339989,
-0.050582900643348694,
0.05833752080798149,
0.05182790756225586,
-0.0038573017809540033,
0.07932479679584503,
-0.005651447456330061,
-0.014806702733039856,
0.06367327272891998,
-0.00686088390648365,
0.04346856847405434,
0.02072049118578434,
-0.0249001607298851,
-0.023495079949498177,
-0.026162955909967422,
-0.04318399354815483,
-0.02438437193632126,
-0.0334729328751564,
0.011027214117348194,
0.0107070691883564,
0.022321216762065887,
-0.006932027172297239,
0.009204166941344738,
-0.026198526844382286,
0.02474008873105049,
-0.029008688405156136,
-0.0682620108127594,
-0.06715929508209229,
0.038915395736694336,
0.033152785152196884,
-0.036852240562438965,
0.00011442680261097848,
0.018675120547413826,
0.03952011466026306,
-0.006611882243305445,
-0.017634650692343712,
0.027745893225073814,
0.005313516594469547,
-0.05072518438100815,
-0.0029680102597922087,
0.006923133973032236,
-0.022961506620049477,
-0.004699905402958393,
0.025291450321674347,
0.05332191661000252,
0.01476223859935999,
0.031765490770339966,
0.0025856150314211845,
0.010627033188939095,
0.03592737391591072,
-0.006932027172297239,
-0.021752068772912025,
0.003292601788416505,
0.0024744535330682993,
-0.055029354989528656,
-0.023761868476867676,
-0.010831570252776146,
0.01020017359405756,
0.018043724820017815,
-0.021485282108187675,
-0.022819219157099724,
-0.007692371495068073,
-0.02484680339694023,
0.00898184347897768,
-0.09341117739677429,
-0.04048054665327072,
0.008501626551151276,
0.031391989439725876,
0.034362222999334335,
0.03110741637647152,
-0.027479106560349464,
0.0044397879391908646,
-0.049302320927381516,
-0.01881740801036358,
-0.06993388384580612,
-0.024651160463690758,
-0.048199597746133804,
-0.006789740640670061,
-0.05926238372921944,
0.030822843313217163,
-0.035322658717632294,
-0.02856404148042202,
-0.007412244565784931,
0.001985343173146248,
0.029613405466079712,
0.03094734437763691,
-0.0195466261357069,
-0.04489143565297127,
-0.03258363902568817,
0.018906336277723312,
-0.011889827437698841,
0.09277088940143585,
0.0009943390032276511,
-0.03395314887166023,
0.0031658776570111513,
0.006242826115339994,
0.03841739147901535,
0.001380625064484775,
-0.016549713909626007,
-0.0133838364854455,
-0.03566058725118637,
0.05268162861466408,
-0.00037739306571893394,
-0.02427765727043152,
-0.07448705285787582,
0.007847997359931469,
-0.10123693943023682,
0.04933788999915123,
-0.029506690800189972,
-0.03327728807926178,
0.02687438763678074,
-0.02305043488740921,
-0.03242356702685356,
0.05634550750255585,
0.03514479845762253,
-0.021325210109353065,
-0.030662769451737404,
0.021840998902916908,
-0.001478447113186121,
-0.01855061948299408,
-0.05179233476519585,
0.04211684316396713,
0.007994730025529861,
-0.04165441170334816,
-0.010831570252776146,
-0.012707975693047047,
-0.01801704615354538,
0.041938986629247665,
-0.0011460743844509125,
-0.012734654359519482,
-0.02532702125608921,
0.050476185977458954,
0.01594499684870243,
-0.02543373592197895,
0.009915599599480629,
-0.05983152985572815,
0.015598172321915627,
0.030609412118792534,
0.05602536350488663,
-0.03952011466026306,
-0.013890733011066914,
-0.008065873757004738,
-0.016096176579594612,
0.01865733601152897,
0.06442027539014816,
0.020435918122529984,
-0.013392729684710503,
0.047772739082574844,
0.017092181369662285,
-0.05677236616611481,
0.027194533497095108,
-0.0006236156332306564,
0.01054699718952179,
-0.04104969650506973,
-0.024242086336016655,
0.008728396147489548,
0.03838181868195534,
-0.009862242266535759,
-0.017074396833777428,
0.005687018856406212,
-0.025771666318178177,
-0.0015918317949399352,
-0.044749148190021515,
0.01700325310230255,
0.06491827964782715,
0.0012672403827309608,
0.04304170608520508,
0.027959324419498444,
-0.026002882048487663,
-0.034255508333444595,
-0.039342254400253296,
-0.04240141808986664,
0.0677284374833107,
0.0032103422563523054,
0.06449142098426819,
-0.02564716711640358,
-0.0029502245597541332,
0.030822843313217163,
-0.024704517796635628,
0.03062719851732254,
-0.015927210450172424,
-0.06310412287712097,
-0.01595388911664486,
-0.054282352328300476,
-0.024348801001906395,
-0.023512866348028183,
0.0417611263692379,
-0.04492700472474098,
0.03286821395158768,
-0.049515750259160995,
-0.026429742574691772,
-0.024811232462525368,
-0.03518037125468254,
0.037065669894218445,
-0.0548870712518692,
-0.02077384851872921,
0.044962577521800995,
-0.006318415980786085,
-0.02098727971315384,
-0.03656766563653946,
0.031391989439725876,
-0.006780847441405058,
0.01986677199602127,
0.010440281592309475,
-0.004882210399955511,
-0.03156984597444534,
-0.01149853877723217,
-0.018301619216799736,
0.0032303512562066317,
0.0008809543796814978,
0.0005852649337612092,
0.021716497838497162,
0.024242086336016655,
-0.030431553721427917,
0.013792910613119602,
0.018675120547413826,
0.05716365575790405,
0.022534646093845367,
0.004606530070304871,
-0.03624752163887024,
-0.035696160048246384,
-0.03205006569623947,
0.02066713385283947,
-0.01436205767095089,
0.05453135445713997,
-0.05872881039977074,
0.027194533497095108,
-0.01245008036494255,
0.024099798873066902,
0.011783111840486526,
-0.004308617208153009,
-0.036425378173589706,
-0.008670591749250889,
-0.1025175228714943,
-0.015589280053973198,
-0.00036460949922911823,
-0.033312857151031494,
0.0000885122935869731,
0.01653192937374115,
0.013472765684127808,
0.040302690118551254,
0.02687438763678074,
-0.0025189181324094534,
0.006505167111754417,
-0.020382560789585114,
-0.004484252072870731,
0.027514677494764328,
0.0385596789419651,
0.023299437016248703,
0.00043102845665998757,
-0.02013355866074562,
-0.014824489131569862,
0.03681666776537895,
0.0621081180870533,
0.03110741637647152,
-0.008199267089366913,
0.048519741743803024,
0.005451356992125511,
0.051650047302246094,
-0.02093392051756382,
0.010742641054093838,
0.020951706916093826,
0.012227757833898067,
0.03183663636445999,
0.023512866348028183,
0.00480662053450942,
-0.04866202920675278,
0.03518037125468254,
0.005117872264236212,
-0.014619952067732811,
0.053286343812942505,
-0.005420231726020575,
-0.06527399271726608,
0.0372079536318779,
-0.04613644257187843,
-0.048626456409692764,
-0.009728848934173584,
-0.022321216762065887,
-0.005286837927997112,
-0.010733747854828835,
-0.01943991146981716,
-0.01903083734214306,
-0.030449340119957924,
0.02479344606399536,
0.044322285801172256,
0.0029480012599378824,
-0.009177488274872303,
0.02452665939927101,
0.027372391894459724,
-0.018639549612998962,
-0.019671127200126648,
0.010724855586886406,
-0.005989378318190575,
-0.002381077967584133,
0.0236907247453928,
-0.011649718508124352,
-0.03656766563653946,
-0.01343719381839037,
-0.030858414247632027,
-0.0236907247453928,
-0.01710996776819229,
0.01309037022292614,
0.008319322019815445,
-0.007372226566076279,
0.03084062784910202,
0.019457697868347168,
0.008723949082195759,
-0.010644818656146526,
-0.00791914016008377,
0.03809724748134613,
-0.010369138792157173,
0.031125200912356377,
-0.010031207464635372,
-0.0012083248002454638,
-0.031285274773836136,
-0.0031547616235911846,
0.05161447823047638,
-0.006972045172005892,
-0.020489275455474854,
-0.022979291155934334,
-0.017972581088542938,
-0.033206142485141754,
-0.00515344412997365,
0.015446992591023445,
0.026767672970891,
0.05474478378891945,
-0.0062606120482087135,
-0.044855862855911255,
-0.03279706835746765,
-0.023815225809812546,
0.0003262587997596711,
-0.03279706835746765,
0.006109432317316532,
0.04407328739762306,
-0.004366421140730381,
0.005340195260941982,
-0.021182922646403313,
-0.06431356072425842,
-0.0002519196132197976,
-0.005860430654138327,
0.020044630393385887,
-0.07761736214160919,
-0.029915764927864075,
0.050369467586278915,
-0.03678109496831894,
0.03464679419994354,
-0.050689615309238434,
-0.019475484266877174,
0.03550051525235176,
0.002983572892844677,
-0.013045906089246273,
0.019404340535402298,
0.04763045161962509,
0.013784018345177174,
0.01542031392455101,
0.00373057764954865,
0.03937782719731331,
-0.012699082493782043,
0.00961324106901884,
-0.02452665939927101,
0.004735477268695831,
-0.021182922646403313,
-0.0060071637853980064,
0.00006054824552848004,
0.014299807138741016,
-0.028012681752443314,
-0.011880934238433838,
0.03841739147901535,
0.01282358355820179,
-0.04080069437623024,
-0.014717773534357548,
-0.010555889457464218,
-0.011062785983085632,
0.046385444700717926,
-0.024082012474536896,
-0.028848616406321526,
-0.009577669203281403,
0.008888468146324158,
0.012165507301688194,
0.008995183743536472,
0.02819054014980793,
0.023352794349193573,
-0.0062872907146811485,
-0.032299067825078964,
-0.027905967086553574,
0.07139232009649277,
-0.0018819631077349186,
0.05150776356458664,
0.0033815307542681694,
-0.051650047302246094,
0.008123677223920822,
0.027479106560349464,
-0.005291284527629614,
0.011116143316030502,
0.004233027342706919,
0.04393099993467331,
-0.03742138668894768,
0.021965499967336655,
0.010502532124519348,
-0.017714686691761017,
0.021645354107022285,
0.025202520191669464,
0.048982173204422,
0.01269018929451704,
0.007839104160666466,
-0.022374574095010757,
0.028119396418333054,
0.02591395378112793,
0.07100103050470352,
-0.006656346842646599,
-0.023246079683303833,
0.02278364822268486,
0.01149853877723217,
0.009079665876924992,
-0.009782206267118454,
0.03475351259112358,
0.035642802715301514,
0.026411956176161766,
-0.021111778914928436,
0.043895427137613297,
0.00006159038457553834,
-0.014148627407848835,
0.01906641013920307,
0.014557701535522938,
-0.023299437016248703,
0.0024188729003071785,
0.0015318045625463128,
-0.007607888430356979,
-0.008937379345297813,
0.047666024416685104,
-0.028759686276316643,
-0.02623409777879715,
-0.036532092839479446,
-0.024615587666630745,
0.003597184084355831,
0.010422496125102043,
0.03221013769507408,
0.015704886987805367,
-0.006153896916657686,
-0.00869282428175211,
0.04112083837389946,
-0.0016196221113204956,
-0.03852410614490509,
-0.002354399301111698,
-0.011854255571961403,
-0.014406521804630756,
-0.0023232740350067616,
-0.04955131933093071,
-0.0010510314023122191,
-0.003101404057815671,
-0.043432995676994324,
-0.022552432492375374,
0.009595454670488834,
-0.006131664849817753,
-0.02326386421918869,
-0.00019203138072043657,
0.04457128793001175,
0.02650088630616665,
0.01949326880276203,
0.033312857151031494,
-0.031712133437395096,
0.0008803985547274351,
0.012352258898317814,
-0.003506031585857272,
0.043859854340553284,
-0.03486022725701332,
-0.002647865330800414,
0.01903083734214306,
0.002208777703344822,
0.03153427690267563,
-0.013143728487193584,
-0.005878216587007046,
0.03455786779522896,
-0.01876405067741871,
0.0065763103775680065,
0.003775042248889804,
0.02162756957113743,
0.0065763103775680065,
-0.0341310054063797,
0.005984931718558073,
-0.017563506960868835,
-0.05840866267681122,
0.03566058725118637,
-0.02522030659019947,
-0.003650541417300701,
0.025149162858724594,
0.0220900010317564,
0.04222355782985687,
0.008025855757296085,
0.03427329286932945,
0.00898184347897768,
0.027319034561514854,
0.058586522936820984,
-0.022232286632061005,
0.040195975452661514,
-0.011320680379867554,
-0.05157890543341637,
0.018959693610668182,
-0.016816502436995506,
-0.04090740904211998,
0.029453333467245102,
-0.04144098237156868,
0.013490552082657814,
0.02251685969531536,
0.006305076647549868,
0.0047843880020082,
0.038701966404914856,
-0.036336448043584824,
-0.025985097512602806,
0.016238462179899216,
0.020115774124860764,
0.016558608040213585,
0.020169131457805634,
0.01025353092700243,
0.012298901565372944,
-0.05189904943108559,
0.012103256769478321,
-0.009012969210743904,
0.04140540957450867,
-0.028421755880117416,
-0.03373971953988075,
0.023174935951828957,
-0.02114735171198845,
0.013846267946064472,
-0.0015106839127838612,
0.01897748000919819,
-0.030182553455233574,
0.03491358458995819,
-0.010146815329790115,
-0.0031391989905387163,
-0.010813784785568714,
-0.014086376875638962,
-0.006674132775515318,
-0.0031881099566817284,
0.005518053658306599,
-0.003948454279452562,
0.025415951386094093,
-0.023174935951828957,
-0.04211684316396713,
-0.0004904998349957168,
-0.028492899611592293,
-0.02273029088973999,
0.037172384560108185,
0.023281650617718697,
-0.003526040818542242,
0.028332825750112534,
-0.0038995430804789066,
0.0015951666282489896,
-0.04482029005885124,
-0.003797274548560381,
0.006042735651135445,
0.026838816702365875,
0.010876034386456013,
0.0015384742291644216,
-0.022018857300281525,
0.0003579398326110095,
0.048306312412023544,
-0.0056647867895662785,
-0.0004904998349957168,
-0.003179216990247369,
-0.020631562918424606,
-0.034522294998168945,
0.0175368282943964,
-0.021236279979348183,
0.015651529654860497,
-0.001252789399586618,
-0.04346856847405434,
-0.011658611707389355,
0.0008398246136493981,
0.007647906895726919,
0.02749689295887947,
-0.007754621561616659,
0.004408662673085928,
0.03555387258529663,
-0.01933319680392742,
-0.008457162417471409,
-0.057305943220853806,
-0.022054428234696388,
0.004486475605517626,
0.014682202599942684,
-0.010778212919831276,
0.06385112553834915,
-0.0046421014703810215,
0.004691012669354677,
-0.03180106356739998,
-0.022552432492375374,
-0.0045620654709637165,
-0.021556425839662552,
0.0027078925631940365,
0.023708511143922806,
-0.008137017488479614,
0.014210877940058708,
0.001745234476402402,
0.03068055585026741,
0.0904942974448204,
-0.03887982293963432,
-0.0305204838514328,
0.028172753751277924,
0.01839054748415947,
0.06804858148097992,
0.013579481281340122,
-0.007883569225668907,
-0.005331302527338266,
0.004833299200981855,
-0.0305204838514328,
-0.02294372022151947,
-0.004012927878648043,
-0.035856232047080994,
0.01705661043524742,
-0.037492528557777405,
-0.019831199198961258,
-0.06918687373399734,
0.019617769867181778,
0.026216313242912292,
-0.03509144112467766,
0.028599614277482033,
-0.017794722691178322,
0.03763481602072716,
0.004497591871768236,
-0.023388365283608437,
0.03884425014257431,
-0.034308865666389465,
0.03735024109482765,
-0.029755692929029465,
0.055883076041936874,
-0.030662769451737404,
0.03185442090034485,
-0.023192722350358963,
-0.005095640197396278,
-0.007247725501656532,
-0.06712371855974197,
-0.02468673139810562,
0.0020664911717176437,
0.04197455942630768,
-0.043859854340553284,
-0.018799621611833572,
0.00018397218082100153,
0.02203664369881153,
-0.05214805155992508,
-0.020542632788419724,
-0.0015807156451046467,
0.02872411534190178,
0.0011649718508124352,
-0.010609247721731663,
-0.007327761966735125,
0.0017585739260539412,
0.03174770623445511,
0.002959117293357849,
-0.006709704175591469,
0.006060521584004164,
0.023708511143922806,
-0.011418502777814865,
-0.007038741838186979,
-0.01253011729568243,
0.014193091541528702,
0.018995266407728195,
0.03487801179289818,
0.02441994473338127,
-0.033988721668720245,
-0.010244637727737427,
-0.010386924259364605,
-0.009084112010896206,
0.02441994473338127,
0.013864054344594479,
-0.012779118493199348,
0.023779654875397682,
-0.03357964754104614,
-0.004495368339121342,
0.027532463893294334,
-0.005740376655012369,
-0.0022176706697791815,
-0.015989460051059723,
-0.022125571966171265,
0.017999259755015373,
-0.012734654359519482,
0.04329070821404457,
0.033882007002830505,
-0.026572030037641525,
-0.014824489131569862,
-0.02977347932755947,
-0.027354605495929718,
0.007376672700047493,
-0.02385079674422741,
0.01046696025878191,
-0.018141545355319977,
0.05054732784628868,
0.012601260095834732,
-0.03302828595042229,
0.03877310827374458,
0.042792707681655884,
-0.027905967086553574,
0.03340178728103638,
-0.03429108113050461,
0.0035482728853821754,
-0.021556425839662552,
-0.030218124389648438,
-0.0441800020635128,
0.0736333355307579,
-0.003628309117630124,
-0.021165138110518456,
0.020844992250204086,
0.0639934167265892,
0.041512127965688705,
0.03742138668894768,
-0.07377561926841736,
-0.026323027908802032,
-0.018728477880358696,
-0.009844456799328327,
-0.02634081430733204,
-0.020311417058110237,
-0.05431792512536049,
0.0036171930842101574,
-0.031036272644996643,
-0.07032517343759537,
0.007888015359640121,
0.011374037712812424,
0.03078727051615715,
-0.008274856954813004,
-0.0010482523357495666,
-0.03550051525235176,
-0.006202808115631342,
-0.003076948458328843,
0.08885800093412399,
0.0046687801368534565,
0.04208127409219742,
-0.02454444393515587,
-0.01317040715366602,
0.0035482728853821754,
-0.018621763214468956,
-0.014335379004478455,
-0.018728477880358696,
0.02612738311290741,
-0.007643460296094418,
0.0020042406395077705,
0.022712504491209984,
-0.03916439786553383,
-0.03210342302918434,
0.002885750960558653,
-0.0084304828196764,
0.01733229123055935,
0.03231685236096382,
0.007799086160957813,
-0.043788712471723557,
0.013970769010484219,
-0.04350413754582405,
0.04727473482489586,
0.011187287047505379,
0.013615052215754986,
0.032192353159189224,
0.020382560789585114,
-0.042685989290475845,
0.023495079949498177,
-0.005749269388616085,
-0.03503808379173279,
0.002046481939032674,
-0.005331302527338266,
-0.03534044325351715,
0.023566223680973053,
0.00810589175671339,
0.014646630734205246,
0.014095270074903965,
-0.04446457326412201,
0.034522294998168945,
-0.0341310054063797,
0.01716332510113716,
-0.01036024559289217
] |
Due to the proliferation of renewable energy and its intrinsic intermittency
and stochasticity, current power systems face severe operational challenges.
Data-driven decision-making algorithms from reinforcement learning (RL) offer a
solution towards efficiently operating a clean energy system. Although RL
algorithms achieve promising performance compared to model-based control
models, there has been limited investigation of RL robustness in
safety-critical physical systems. In this work, we first show that several
competition-winning, state-of-the-art RL agents proposed for power system
control are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Specifically, we use an
adversary Markov Decision Process to learn an attack policy, and demonstrate
the potency of our attack by successfully attacking multiple winning agents
from the Learning To Run a Power Network (L2RPN) challenge, under both
white-box and black-box attack settings. We then propose to use adversarial
training to increase the robustness of RL agent against attacks and avoid
infeasible operational decisions. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the
first to highlight the fragility of grid control RL algorithms, and contribute
an effective defense scheme towards improving their robustness and security. | [
-0.009721175767481327,
-0.04157483950257301,
-0.016760949045419693,
-0.011764980852603912,
0.009406744502484798,
0.034045953303575516,
-0.040736354887485504,
-0.003380139358341694,
-0.04730448126792908,
0.000040191014704760164,
0.014682207256555557,
-0.007079077418893576,
0.024385914206504822,
-0.010882825590670109,
-0.0011398143833503127,
0.024054015055298805,
0.0035242538433521986,
0.03310265764594078,
-0.010245228186249733,
-0.03626444190740585,
0.011834855191409588,
-0.002308015013113618,
-0.01677841879427433,
0.09097553789615631,
-0.020647672936320305,
0.01083042100071907,
-0.006201289128512144,
0.011223460547626019,
-0.07064229249954224,
0.05100778862833977,
0.056108567863702774,
0.03469228371977806,
0.003517703153192997,
0.031792525202035904,
-0.022743884474039078,
-0.006009136792272329,
0.020176025107502937,
0.05062348395586014,
-0.029207199811935425,
0.049819935113191605,
-0.03153049945831299,
-0.0559338815510273,
-0.024036547169089317,
-0.0179575365036726,
0.03242138773202896,
0.006502619478851557,
-0.04209889471530914,
-0.0023560533300042152,
0.0036094123497605324,
0.030657077208161354,
-0.03282316401600838,
-0.09733404219150543,
-0.010481052100658417,
-0.011284600012004375,
-0.02379198931157589,
0.0034085256047546864,
0.057925283908843994,
-0.005921794567257166,
-0.015477020293474197,
0.04744423180818558,
0.03509405627846718,
-0.005921794567257166,
-0.04206395521759987,
0.007838953286409378,
0.012717010453343391,
-0.06267669051885605,
0.04653587192296982,
0.0067428103648126125,
-0.0022577934432774782,
0.011153586208820343,
-0.07427572458982468,
0.015974869951605797,
-0.0361945666372776,
-0.033382151275873184,
-0.009930796921253204,
0.03668368235230446,
-0.027110988274216652,
0.009529023431241512,
-0.0077210417948663235,
0.02499731071293354,
0.008411044254899025,
0.051811333745718,
-0.04426497593522072,
-0.03668368235230446,
0.057401228696107864,
0.004480649717152119,
0.017651839181780815,
-0.07039773464202881,
0.050868041813373566,
-0.02349502593278885,
-0.024875029921531677,
0.035041652619838715,
0.007742877583950758,
-0.02365224063396454,
0.006227491889148951,
0.008533323183655739,
-0.0014204009203240275,
-0.023774519562721252,
-0.03098897822201252,
0.008961299434304237,
-0.02302337810397148,
-0.037172798067331314,
0.009869657456874847,
0.017022976651787758,
0.006397808901965618,
-0.053383491933345795,
-0.12751947343349457,
0.023739583790302277,
-0.002701054560020566,
0.15959149599075317,
-0.0003815758100245148,
-0.0002063457213807851,
0.008515855297446251,
0.03982799872756004,
-0.07902713119983673,
-0.007179521024227142,
0.0040090023539960384,
-0.00770794041454792,
0.005672869738191366,
-0.008821552619338036,
-0.035268742591142654,
0.05911313369870186,
0.028316309675574303,
-0.007048507686704397,
-0.03982799872756004,
0.03366164490580559,
0.032002147287130356,
0.009258262813091278,
0.014725878834724426,
0.098801389336586,
-0.03982799872756004,
-0.014498788863420486,
-0.01811475120484829,
-0.049819935113191605,
0.025643641129136086,
0.03308518975973129,
-0.01173877902328968,
-0.035565704107284546,
0.01534600742161274,
0.013747647404670715,
0.020333241671323776,
-0.035635579377412796,
-0.0360548198223114,
0.024054015055298805,
-0.010987636633217335,
0.03432544693350792,
0.0049217273481190205,
0.026639340445399284,
-0.04014243185520172,
0.014961701817810535,
-0.03647406026721001,
0.07490459084510803,
0.02097957395017147,
0.03331227973103523,
0.02728567272424698,
0.000980961020104587,
0.008559525944292545,
0.005738376174122095,
0.004773246124386787,
-0.05275462940335274,
0.0448589026927948,
-0.012140552513301373,
0.016123352572321892,
0.0651572123169899,
0.01818462647497654,
0.0257659200578928,
0.041015852242708206,
-0.012079413048923016,
-0.07280837744474411,
0.0606154203414917,
-0.011616500094532967,
-0.015407146885991096,
-0.0033124492038041353,
0.0336441770195961,
0.005087677389383316,
0.04402041807770729,
0.03850039839744568,
-0.03490190580487251,
-0.01556436251848936,
0.01200953871011734,
-0.049959681928157806,
-0.005044006276875734,
0.03801128268241882,
0.03252619877457619,
-0.009022438898682594,
0.014271699823439121,
0.013634102419018745,
-0.04758397862315178,
0.008786615915596485,
0.0028953906148672104,
-0.009895860217511654,
0.007240660488605499,
0.008306234143674374,
-0.04248319938778877,
0.008708007633686066,
-0.03553076833486557,
-0.035740386694669724,
-0.010393709875643253,
0.055270083248615265,
-0.00795686524361372,
0.0024564967025071383,
-0.011668904684484005,
-0.006520087830722332,
-0.010288899764418602,
0.026621872559189796,
0.033591773360967636,
0.03308518975973129,
0.009432947263121605,
-0.0046640681102871895,
-0.023826925083994865,
-0.0003400882997084409,
-0.05285944044589996,
-0.061873145401477814,
0.008402310311794281,
-0.03327734023332596,
0.0038823564536869526,
0.010970167815685272,
0.002366970991715789,
-0.04629131406545639,
-0.010804218240082264,
0.017153989523649216,
0.05939263105392456,
-0.010909028351306915,
-0.011494221165776253,
-0.04220370575785637,
0.0013013973366469145,
-0.061803270131349564,
0.01303144171833992,
-0.024525662884116173,
-0.014131952077150345,
-0.06372480094432831,
-0.019582100212574005,
0.06309593468904495,
0.01811475120484829,
0.05789034441113472,
0.042692821472883224,
0.013022707775235176,
0.06218757852911949,
0.024385914206504822,
-0.0472695454955101,
-0.005965465679764748,
-0.05278956517577171,
-0.00338232284411788,
-0.027110988274216652,
0.07350711524486542,
-0.016691075637936592,
-0.05460628122091293,
0.10131683945655823,
0.06054554507136345,
0.0017435667105019093,
-0.058833640068769455,
-0.045033589005470276,
-0.04964525252580643,
-0.003035138128325343,
-0.03584519773721695,
-0.020560331642627716,
0.02456059865653515,
-0.04660574719309807,
0.01811475120484829,
0.005423944443464279,
0.054885778576135635,
0.017739180475473404,
0.04213383048772812,
0.06596075743436813,
-0.04423004016280174,
0.03554823622107506,
0.03654393553733826,
0.06641493737697601,
0.01870867796242237,
0.014044609852135181,
-0.05184627324342728,
-0.030639609321951866,
-0.03664874657988548,
-0.0011130658676847816,
0.004323434084653854,
-0.024455789476633072,
0.0004915722529403865,
-0.006568125914782286,
0.02901504561305046,
-0.03263100981712341,
0.005410843063145876,
-0.0381859689950943,
0.028997577726840973,
-0.007974334061145782,
0.022377045825123787,
-0.02849099412560463,
-0.007367306388914585,
-0.03105885162949562,
-0.07769953459501266,
0.010472318157553673,
-0.03444772586226463,
-0.010751812718808651,
-0.0030285874381661415,
-0.029870999976992607,
0.04318193718791008,
0.0292421355843544,
0.01139814406633377,
-0.04901638627052307,
-0.020368177443742752,
0.04692017659544945,
-0.019337542355060577,
-0.0029172261711210012,
-0.022307172417640686,
0.05694705247879028,
-0.04660574719309807,
-0.014987904578447342,
0.005865022074431181,
0.02204514667391777,
0.000894164782948792,
-0.000141248558065854,
0.017739180475473404,
0.02946922555565834,
-0.04157483950257301,
-0.07462508976459503,
-0.03448266163468361,
0.02885783091187477,
0.011782449670135975,
-0.00774724455550313,
-0.015835123136639595,
0.013232328929007053,
0.0037578940391540527,
0.02658693678677082,
-0.06697392463684082,
0.01832437328994274,
0.023390214890241623,
-0.04105078801512718,
-0.03189733624458313,
0.007052874658256769,
-0.09034667164087296,
-0.0009973376290872693,
-0.039199136197566986,
0.03752216696739197,
-0.05188120901584625,
-0.012935365550220013,
0.040491797029972076,
-0.00011211177479708567,
-0.032386451959609985,
0.04213383048772812,
0.0030045683961361647,
-0.04674549400806427,
-0.024054015055298805,
-0.025626173242926598,
-0.04174952581524849,
-0.02522439882159233,
-0.019197793677449226,
-0.041330281645059586,
-0.008376107551157475,
0.004511219449341297,
-0.0002762193907983601,
0.05415210500359535,
0.0009110873215831816,
0.011756246909499168,
0.028368715196847916,
0.008210157975554466,
0.04597688466310501,
-0.036928240209817886,
-0.02766997739672661,
-0.015407146885991096,
-0.05638806149363518,
-0.034430257976055145,
0.056632619351148605,
-0.03553076833486557,
-0.0769309252500534,
0.015625502914190292,
-0.054221976548433304,
-0.014752081595361233,
-0.02992340363562107,
-0.02297097258269787,
0.029451757669448853,
0.0024128255899995565,
-0.008249461650848389,
0.026709215715527534,
0.03891964256763458,
0.02538161538541317,
-0.0084809185937047,
-0.012717010453343391,
-0.030744420364499092,
0.005734009202569723,
-0.06341036409139633,
0.03825584053993225,
-0.02885783091187477,
0.019372478127479553,
-0.016533860936760902,
0.007607497274875641,
-0.027914535254240036,
0.06498252600431442,
0.032089486718177795,
-0.04576726257801056,
0.04817790538072586,
0.04793334752321243,
0.05278956517577171,
-0.033609241247177124,
-0.043146997690200806,
0.00648078415542841,
0.015904996544122696,
-0.033591773360967636,
0.027827193960547447,
-0.011537891812622547,
0.007917561568319798,
-0.027006177231669426,
0.013887394219636917,
0.01677841879427433,
-0.03294544294476509,
0.02948669344186783,
-0.04810803011059761,
0.04220370575785637,
-0.04136522114276886,
-0.0722493901848793,
-0.016656139865517616,
-0.03388873487710953,
0.012682073749601841,
-0.029608972370624542,
-0.024595536291599274,
-0.05418704077601433,
0.0028167827986180782,
0.015573096461594105,
-0.05439666286110878,
-0.01652512513101101,
-0.025416551157832146,
-0.05561945214867592,
-0.036019884049892426,
0.0301679614931345,
0.06424885243177414,
0.007319268304854631,
-0.017625635489821434,
0.006205656565725803,
-0.001004980062134564,
-0.0474092923104763,
-0.006253694649785757,
0.021538563072681427,
0.048911578953266144,
0.03626444190740585,
-0.012000804767012596,
-0.06907013803720474,
-0.03787153586745262,
-0.003417259780690074,
0.01144181564450264,
0.02076995186507702,
-0.007087811827659607,
0.014856891706585884,
0.04381079971790314,
-0.01151168905198574,
-0.026027945801615715,
0.05355817824602127,
0.026324909180402756,
-0.0582047775387764,
0.006039706524461508,
-0.012568528763949871,
-0.005729641765356064,
0.009118515066802502,
-0.06176833435893059,
-0.013101315125823021,
-0.06253694742918015,
0.012708275578916073,
0.015861324965953827,
0.0076642693020403385,
0.03409835696220398,
-0.025713514536619186,
0.025713514536619186,
0.005506919696927071,
0.03561810776591301,
0.019739314913749695,
0.0070048365741968155,
-0.015206259675323963,
0.02531174197793007,
0.029870999976992607,
-0.036718618124723434,
-0.015651704743504524,
-0.00853769015520811,
0.01568664237856865,
-0.016760949045419693,
-0.036019884049892426,
-0.007620598655194044,
0.061174407601356506,
0.0028560867067426443,
0.012682073749601841,
0.004956664517521858,
-0.0802149847149849,
0.04227357730269432,
-0.07231926172971725,
0.023826925083994865,
0.006821418181061745,
-0.007223191671073437,
-0.06910507380962372,
0.020787419751286507,
-0.013511823490262032,
0.041784461587667465,
-0.01723259687423706,
-0.051706526428461075,
-0.037557102739810944,
-0.016009807586669922,
-0.0004367105138953775,
-0.04195914790034294,
0.040945976972579956,
-0.020560331642627716,
0.0038321346510201693,
0.011599031277000904,
0.0090486416593194,
0.07553344964981079,
0.009057375602424145,
0.041784461587667465,
-0.01140687894076109,
0.015302336774766445,
-0.017180191352963448,
0.030744420364499092,
-0.017223862931132317,
0.027617573738098145,
0.026551999151706696,
0.0042622946202754974,
0.012289034202694893,
0.004533055238425732,
0.01986159384250641,
0.0024106421042233706,
-0.006389074958860874,
0.009782315231859684,
0.036404188722372055,
0.017791585996747017,
-0.0033452024217694998,
0.057540975511074066,
0.017975004389882088,
-0.011188522912561893,
-0.03287556767463684,
0.007052874658256769,
0.03850039839744568,
-0.042588010430336,
0.052475135773420334,
0.03979306295514107,
-0.01629803702235222,
-0.0026137123350054026,
-0.01371270976960659,
-0.014787018299102783,
0.05757591500878334,
-0.049400694668293,
-0.059357691556215286,
-0.005895591806620359,
0.004764511715620756,
0.037172798067331314,
0.037172798067331314,
-0.016996772959828377,
0.004369288682937622,
-0.020368177443742752,
0.08825045824050903,
0.011992070823907852,
-0.010280165821313858,
0.006240593269467354,
-0.006218757480382919,
0.018533993512392044,
-0.0189532358199358,
-0.0024543129839003086,
-0.0009689514408819377,
-0.011345739476382732,
0.008022371679544449,
0.032386451959609985,
0.024036547169089317,
-0.02485756203532219,
0.025276804342865944,
0.0019815738778561354,
-0.0005813708994537592,
-0.02227223664522171,
-0.02318059466779232,
-0.0036640011239796877,
-0.017940068617463112,
-0.005729641765356064,
-0.0013865558430552483,
0.019424883648753166,
-0.02644718810915947,
0.04241332411766052,
0.04555764049291611,
0.005655400920659304,
0.010961433872580528,
-0.03500671312212944,
-0.013747647404670715,
-0.026761619374155998,
-0.00988712627440691,
-0.006310467142611742,
0.02574845217168331,
-0.010987636633217335,
0.002185736084356904,
-0.014385243877768517,
-0.005030904896557331,
-0.04195914790034294,
-0.01991399936378002,
0.013380809687077999,
0.03046492487192154,
0.012175489217042923,
-0.007563826162368059,
-0.022184893488883972,
0.02545148879289627,
-0.01458613108843565,
-0.003480582730844617,
-0.024805156514048576,
0.023757051676511765,
0.007620598655194044,
0.024875029921531677,
-0.03030771017074585,
-0.011013839393854141,
0.03664874657988548,
-0.023285403847694397,
0.03584519773721695,
-0.054885778576135635,
0.00843288004398346,
0.05680730193853378,
0.0022337741684168577,
0.042692821472883224,
-0.01886589452624321,
0.0012031374499201775,
0.030063152313232422,
0.03476215526461601,
-0.023774519562721252,
-0.015354741364717484,
0.05698198825120926,
-0.00196410552598536,
0.030971510335803032,
-0.06183820962905884,
0.050588544458150864,
-0.008210157975554466,
-0.0048605878837406635,
0.033294808119535446,
0.003415076294913888,
-0.041784461587667465,
0.013913596980273724,
-0.008004903793334961,
0.004279762972146273,
-0.005747110582888126,
0.008349904790520668,
0.044754091650247574,
-0.017975004389882088,
-0.03895457834005356,
-0.003635615110397339,
-0.019791720435023308,
-0.0022949136327952147,
-0.007022304926067591,
-0.029277073219418526,
-0.003594127483665943,
-0.02099704183638096,
-0.03916420042514801,
0.009467883966863155,
0.0560736283659935,
0.019302604719996452,
0.015555628575384617,
0.013660305179655552,
0.0020940268877893686,
-0.0000015225161860143999,
0.047234609723091125,
-0.007074710447341204,
-0.010280165821313858,
-0.010577128268778324,
0.013171189464628696,
0.0381859689950943,
0.012096880935132504,
-0.02152109332382679,
0.0013843723572790623,
0.01684829220175743,
0.037172798067331314,
-0.008494019508361816,
0.017101584002375603,
0.016315504908561707,
0.0033626710064709187,
0.01879602111876011,
0.038675084710121155,
0.012891693972051144,
0.020735016092658043,
-0.0007800741586834192,
0.0021551663521677256,
0.02553883008658886,
-0.03205455094575882,
0.051811333745718,
0.021695777773857117,
0.04311206191778183,
0.06917494535446167,
-0.04000268131494522,
-0.0007931754807941616,
-0.03105885162949562,
0.019582100212574005,
0.018446652218699455,
-0.006904393434524536,
0.025102119892835617,
0.06466808915138245,
-0.01249865535646677,
-0.014926765114068985,
-0.026866430416703224,
0.027076052501797676,
0.015992339700460434,
0.006354137789458036,
-0.013966002501547337,
-0.0016747848130762577,
-0.023582367226481438,
0.006135782692581415,
-0.02211502008140087,
-0.0067995828576385975,
-0.011572828516364098,
-0.015616768039762974,
0.017678041011095047,
-0.01834184117615223,
-0.01007054466754198,
0.030901635065674782,
-0.007218824699521065,
-0.03044745698571205,
0.011756246909499168,
-0.02213248796761036,
0.0007538715144619346,
-0.02665681019425392,
-0.026045415550470352,
0.05614350363612175,
0.014350307174026966,
-0.020420582965016365,
0.013162454590201378,
0.04492877796292305,
0.030255304649472237,
-0.004598561674356461,
0.010376241989433765,
0.018062347546219826,
-0.01818462647497654,
0.0023975407239049673,
0.04402041807770729,
0.02031577378511429,
0.04024723917245865,
-0.008895792998373508,
0.026010477915406227,
0.025137057527899742,
0.07190001755952835,
0.006598695646971464,
0.00572090782225132,
-0.06505239754915237,
-0.044509533792734146,
-0.030412519350647926,
0.02068261057138443,
-0.02099704183638096,
-0.05879870429635048,
-0.0018592950655147433,
0.039513565599918365,
0.02749529480934143,
-0.04576726257801056,
0.016717279329895973,
0.03022036701440811,
-0.006642366759479046,
0.029154794290661812,
0.042238641530275345,
-0.0011398143833503127,
-0.0004997606156393886,
0.02031577378511429,
0.00962509959936142,
0.005126981530338526,
-0.01382625475525856,
0.02394920401275158,
-0.009188389405608177,
-0.00022900007024873048,
-0.0004345269699115306,
-0.0037840965669602156,
0.011546625755727291,
0.035565704107284546,
-0.018743615597486496,
0.02431604079902172,
-0.02864820882678032,
-0.004247009754180908,
0.026115288957953453,
0.030971510335803032,
-0.02281375788152218,
0.010515988804399967,
-0.009170920588076115,
-0.02599301002919674,
0.07427572458982468,
-0.007869523018598557,
0.011118649505078793,
0.031233536079525948,
-0.040491797029972076,
0.02856086753308773,
-0.020106151700019836,
0.016970571130514145,
0.01235017366707325,
0.030971510335803032,
0.029818594455718994,
0.006830152589827776,
0.00795686524361372,
-0.01068193931132555,
-0.004015553276985884,
0.02545148879289627,
-0.015520691871643066,
0.0034674815833568573,
0.04279762879014015,
-0.04922600835561752,
-0.015485755167901516,
-0.04115559905767441,
0.0335044302046299,
-0.01932007260620594,
0.023966673761606216,
0.006122681312263012,
-0.05963718891143799,
0.025171993300318718,
0.014490054920315742,
-0.011808652430772781,
0.011136118322610855,
-0.010114215314388275,
0.0044675483368337154,
-0.00727559719234705,
0.013424481265246868,
-0.011983336880803108,
0.048771828413009644,
-0.05502552539110184,
-0.020490456372499466,
0.017975004389882088,
-0.006956798490136862,
-0.03560063987970352,
0.021398814395070076,
-0.007284331135451794,
-0.007952498272061348,
-0.003653083462268114,
-0.02097957395017147,
0.0074590155854821205,
-0.0031901702750474215,
0.04349636659026146,
0.0213638786226511,
-0.021381346508860588,
0.0028189662843942642,
-0.03993280977010727,
-0.055200207978487015,
0.0448589026927948,
0.055270083248615265,
-0.0123851103708148,
-0.039653316140174866,
-0.017145255580544472,
-0.03135581314563751,
-0.016629936173558235,
0.005292931571602821,
-0.023757051676511765,
0.0013439765898510814,
-0.0023778886534273624,
0.019599568098783493,
0.038605209439992905,
0.012437514960765839,
0.014559928327798843,
0.0515318401157856,
-0.03525127097964287,
0.015407146885991096,
-0.03916420042514801,
-0.010900294408202171,
-0.00647641671821475,
0.029364414513111115,
-0.019215263426303864,
-0.006506986450403929,
-0.011310801841318607,
-0.0034259939566254616,
-0.02220236323773861,
-0.019302604719996452,
-0.021643372252583504,
-0.022411983460187912,
-0.02288363128900528,
-0.013005238957703114,
-0.010009405203163624,
-0.02234211005270481,
0.008638134226202965,
-0.000516410160344094,
0.00959016289561987,
-0.018429184332489967,
-0.010393709875643253,
0.001311223371885717,
0.02637731470167637,
0.07088685035705566,
-0.02038564719259739,
-0.031320877373218536,
-0.013948533684015274,
0.0009776856750249863,
0.045033589005470276,
-0.02492743544280529,
0.05998655781149864,
0.016795886680483818,
0.014874360524117947,
-0.0023516861256211996,
0.030866699293255806,
-0.05911313369870186,
-0.007223191671073437,
0.026272503659129143,
-0.011022573336958885,
0.055794134736061096,
-0.000873421027790755,
0.003792830742895603,
0.010943965055048466,
-0.015878794714808464,
0.019355010241270065,
-0.01352929137647152,
0.020700078457593918,
0.027093520388007164,
0.030866699293255806,
-0.017782852053642273,
0.009895860217511654,
-0.014018407091498375,
-0.009799784049391747,
-0.020735016092658043,
-0.014944233931601048,
-0.052405260503292084,
-0.002677035517990589,
0.0028691880870610476,
-0.035128992050886154,
0.005974199622869492,
0.03362670913338661,
0.011852323077619076,
-0.008852122351527214,
0.0015132019761949778,
-0.016498923301696777,
0.013171189464628696,
-0.00045663543278351426,
0.0107168760150671,
0.005052740685641766,
0.017669307067990303,
0.04615156725049019,
0.0004350728413555771,
-0.016289303079247475,
0.00329498085193336,
0.053907547146081924,
-0.027320610359311104,
-0.04492877796292305,
-0.023582367226481438,
-0.018464120104908943,
0.0006610705167986453,
0.04174952581524849,
-0.006196922156959772,
-0.02615022473037243,
-0.03877989202737808,
0.029434287920594215,
-0.013232328929007053,
-0.01673474721610546,
-0.00763369956985116,
-0.03214189410209656,
0.04510346055030823,
-0.03759204223752022,
0.016105882823467255,
-0.0017162723233923316,
0.04052673652768135,
0.015747781842947006,
0.022848693653941154,
-0.012489920482039452,
-0.010708142071962357,
-0.0008706916123628616,
-0.00448938412591815,
0.012367641553282738,
0.04241332411766052,
0.0007975425687618554,
0.023757051676511765,
-0.03523380309343338,
-0.00568160368129611,
-0.06644987314939499,
-0.017215128988027573,
-0.006472049746662378,
-0.042622946202754974,
0.025294272229075432,
-0.018970705568790436,
0.044579409062862396,
0.0033692216966301203,
-0.05121741071343422,
-0.003321183379739523,
-0.03411582484841347,
0.012489920482039452,
0.00010078460036311299,
-0.008441613987088203,
-0.03801128268241882,
0.0023342177737504244,
-0.02962644211947918,
-0.05733135715126991,
-0.015835123136639595,
0.06508733332157135,
-0.03794141113758087,
0.016918165609240532,
-0.04492877796292305,
-0.010140418075025082,
-0.035653047263622284,
0.03668368235230446,
-0.02272641472518444,
0.006983001250773668,
-0.05705185979604721,
0.006939330138266087,
0.0006763553828932345,
0.007223191671073437,
-0.0360548198223114,
0.022691478952765465,
-0.0012216976610943675,
0.049051325768232346,
-0.00041132670594379306,
-0.019197793677449226,
-0.019494757056236267,
-0.003216373035684228,
0.03331227973103523,
-0.01382625475525856,
0.010219026356935501,
0.007079077418893576,
-0.012655870988965034,
-0.08741197735071182,
0.013048910535871983,
0.044649284332990646,
-0.003736058482900262,
0.0030504229944199324,
0.0123851103708148,
-0.006327935494482517,
0.008847755379974842,
-0.05282450467348099,
-0.02674415148794651,
-0.04597688466310501,
0.010708142071962357,
-0.02955656684935093,
0.027530230581760406,
0.015634236857295036,
0.009459150023758411,
0.02719833143055439,
0.015660438686609268,
0.06023111566901207,
0.05083310231566429,
0.014193091541528702,
0.029836062341928482,
0.010839154943823814,
-0.02622010000050068,
0.008349904790520668,
-0.014131952077150345,
-0.0013385177589952946,
0.002764377510175109,
0.020962104201316833,
-0.0315130315721035,
0.02773985266685486,
-0.02992340363562107,
0.005672869738191366,
-0.017171457409858704,
-0.03105885162949562,
0.04220370575785637,
-0.008061676286160946,
0.04293737933039665,
-0.002366970991715789
] |
There is a growing interest in integrating machine learning techniques and
optimization to solve challenging optimization problems. In this work, we
propose a deep reinforcement learning methodology for the job shop scheduling
problem (JSSP). The aim is to build up a greedy-like heuristic able to learn on
some distribution of JSSP instances, different in the number of jobs and
machines. The need for fast scheduling methods is well known, and it arises in
many areas, from transportation to healthcare. We model the JSSP as a Markov
Decision Process and then we exploit the efficacy of reinforcement learning to
solve the problem. We adopt an actor-critic scheme, where the action taken by
the agent is influenced by policy considerations on the state-value function.
The procedures are adapted to take into account the challenging nature of JSSP,
where the state and the action space change not only for every instance but
also after each decision. To tackle the variability in the number of jobs and
operations in the input, we modeled the agent using two incident LSTM models, a
special type of deep neural network. Experiments show the algorithm reaches
good solutions in a short time, proving that is possible to generate new greedy
heuristics just from learning-based methodologies. Benchmarks have been
generated in comparison with the commercial solver CPLEX. As expected, the
model can generalize, to some extent, to larger problems or instances
originated by a different distribution from the one used in training. | [
0.002757652662694454,
0.05175776779651642,
-0.02508286014199257,
0.003480571787804365,
0.03258822485804558,
0.03937879204750061,
0.0367470420897007,
0.022174939513206482,
-0.03973618894815445,
0.027389705181121826,
0.020859062671661377,
-0.05019821226596832,
-0.009105533361434937,
-0.049483414739370346,
0.013061282224953175,
0.06186239421367645,
0.014531489461660385,
0.04058095067739487,
0.018162330612540245,
-0.03437521681189537,
0.005243195220828056,
0.03211710974574089,
0.03648711368441582,
0.05962052941322327,
0.0170414000749588,
-0.0171551164239645,
0.012127173133194447,
0.01001527439802885,
-0.11540715396404266,
0.054064612835645676,
0.02685360610485077,
0.06277213245630264,
-0.018422257155179977,
-0.05237509310245514,
0.0288842786103487,
-0.0005234057316556573,
0.028786806389689445,
0.013702974654734135,
-0.028526879847049713,
-0.00406134407967329,
0.04262786731123924,
-0.003990270663052797,
-0.05244007334113121,
-0.05175776779651642,
0.04298526421189308,
-0.02808825485408306,
0.01702515408396721,
0.03127234801650047,
-0.051140446215867996,
0.05231011286377907,
0.005612777546048164,
-0.012005332857370377,
0.0679706558585167,
-0.03509001433849335,
-0.06377934664487839,
-0.015489966608583927,
0.002388070337474346,
0.010721947997808456,
0.018211066722869873,
0.038663994520902634,
-0.010429531335830688,
-0.056566398590803146,
-0.08538569509983063,
0.0014864519471302629,
0.02667490765452385,
-0.07232441753149033,
0.0071032908745110035,
-0.02862435206770897,
0.06036781892180443,
-0.036227189004421234,
-0.058873243629932404,
-0.03746183589100838,
0.012330240570008755,
0.025472750887274742,
0.017853667959570885,
-0.013467417098581791,
0.0030338240321725607,
-0.004211613908410072,
-0.008618172258138657,
-0.009844698011875153,
0.04009358957409859,
0.008991816081106663,
-0.00879687163978815,
-0.06069272384047508,
0.10689457505941391,
-0.011168695986270905,
0.024498026818037033,
-0.06452663242816925,
0.054486993700265884,
-0.004349699709564447,
-0.026171300560235977,
-0.008285141550004482,
0.012841969728469849,
0.015465598553419113,
-0.013654238544404507,
0.008406981825828552,
0.0052472567185759544,
-0.023360850289463997,
-0.0022601380478590727,
-0.02729223296046257,
-0.028218219056725502,
-0.028072010725736618,
-0.04019106179475784,
-0.007229192648082972,
0.006246346980333328,
-0.01985185034573078,
-0.05724870413541794,
-0.012370853684842587,
-0.026951078325510025,
0.0914289802312851,
-0.034310232847929,
-0.0321008637547493,
0.04106831178069115,
0.017739951610565186,
-0.07609334588050842,
-0.012655148282647133,
-0.06452663242816925,
-0.04311522841453552,
0.037201911211013794,
-0.017431288957595825,
0.014474630355834961,
0.05988045781850815,
0.02570018544793129,
-0.018227312713861465,
-0.030135173350572586,
0.05276498198509216,
0.014507121406495571,
0.03437521681189537,
0.03411528840661049,
-0.02667490765452385,
-0.030265135690569878,
-0.020907798781991005,
-0.0014803599333390594,
-0.03882645070552826,
0.018227312713861465,
0.025602713227272034,
0.02771461196243763,
0.009901557117700577,
-0.04113329201936722,
-0.018877128139138222,
-0.01873091794550419,
-0.055461715906858444,
0.028591861948370934,
-0.021882520988583565,
0.07108976691961288,
0.03853403404355049,
-0.02587888389825821,
0.0801221951842308,
-0.04431738704442978,
0.054357029497623444,
-0.07648323476314545,
0.03063878044486046,
-0.027617139741778374,
0.018909618258476257,
0.01899084448814392,
0.033855363726615906,
-0.02862435206770897,
-0.011989087797701359,
0.02686985209584236,
0.0026561189442873,
0.055884093046188354,
-0.015774261206388474,
-0.007241376675665379,
0.02306843362748623,
-0.010981874540448189,
-0.007814026437699795,
0.024205610156059265,
-0.010884402319788933,
-0.08869975805282593,
0.030752496793866158,
-0.058710791170597076,
-0.02600884810090065,
-0.031597256660461426,
-0.024400554597377777,
0.021931257098913193,
-0.009243618696928024,
0.04363508149981499,
-0.017073890194296837,
-0.019949322566390038,
-0.022922225296497345,
-0.03304309397935867,
0.03179220110177994,
0.03206837177276611,
0.05598156526684761,
0.028916770592331886,
0.035804808139801025,
0.030492572113871574,
-0.06836054474115372,
0.051367878913879395,
-0.0062544699758291245,
-0.0325394868850708,
0.017658723518252373,
0.0522451288998127,
-0.017073890194296837,
-0.01764247938990593,
-0.03970370069146156,
-0.03853403404355049,
0.02435181848704815,
0.005385342054069042,
0.039898645132780075,
0.015311267226934433,
-0.04568199813365936,
0.005036066751927137,
-0.03262071684002876,
0.03302685171365738,
-0.03557737544178963,
0.0068555488251149654,
-0.03473261371254921,
0.04214050620794296,
-0.06875043362379074,
-0.0102914460003376,
0.028705580160021782,
-0.03908637538552284,
-0.02326337806880474,
-0.022451110184192657,
-0.01444213930517435,
0.034147780388593674,
0.021151479333639145,
-0.03967120870947838,
-0.06069272384047508,
-0.004002454690635204,
0.04048347845673561,
0.031532276421785355,
-0.04223797842860222,
-0.0020316874142736197,
-0.01263890229165554,
-0.004621809348464012,
-0.0026398736517876387,
0.021655086427927017,
0.027259740978479385,
0.009332968853414059,
0.008512577041983604,
0.005417833104729652,
0.02228865586221218,
0.005450323689728975,
0.042692847549915314,
-0.03258822485804558,
0.02638249099254608,
-0.051010482013225555,
-0.04633181169629097,
0.018812146037817,
-0.030508816242218018,
-0.05412959307432175,
-0.015863610431551933,
0.03112614154815674,
0.03154852241277695,
-0.008593804202973843,
0.01733381673693657,
0.046006906777620316,
0.013134386390447617,
-0.030232645571231842,
-0.013020669110119343,
-0.052472565323114395,
-0.060952652245759964,
-0.05965302139520645,
0.026642417535185814,
0.049970775842666626,
-0.009901557117700577,
0.017561251297593117,
0.007529731839895248,
0.023831967264413834,
0.03567484766244888,
0.044479839503765106,
-0.0019403070909902453,
-0.027454685419797897,
0.0017687153303995728,
0.05461695417761803,
0.031288594007492065,
0.02839691750705242,
0.006006727926433086,
-0.032442014664411545,
-0.044414859265089035,
0.010470145381987095,
-0.003929350525140762,
-0.015579315833747387,
-0.07628829032182693,
-0.0057386793196201324,
-0.00046680073137395084,
0.06559883058071136,
0.048086315393447876,
-0.03401781618595123,
0.05373970419168472,
0.06195986643433571,
0.00861004926264286,
-0.029322903603315353,
-0.00977159384638071,
-0.04568199813365936,
-0.04967835918068886,
-0.02210995741188526,
0.005791476462036371,
-0.024221856147050858,
0.00438219029456377,
-0.0070911068469285965,
0.05231011286377907,
0.04158816486597061,
0.04165314510464668,
0.0003954733838327229,
-0.03859901428222656,
0.00233527272939682,
-0.004605564288794994,
-0.005758985877037048,
-0.01733381673693657,
0.024757953360676765,
-0.007960234768688679,
-0.030135173350572586,
-0.031174877658486366,
-0.040386006236076355,
0.005300053860992193,
0.010600107721984386,
0.0141659677028656,
0.02937163971364498,
0.05071806535124779,
0.022142447531223297,
-0.014498998410999775,
-0.03405030816793442,
0.05630647391080856,
0.05130289867520332,
0.023766985163092613,
-0.02331211417913437,
-0.041913069784641266,
0.0033363942056894302,
0.01666775532066822,
-0.06585875898599625,
0.038923922926187515,
0.02087530866265297,
0.014263439923524857,
0.0008985723834484816,
0.040386006236076355,
-0.02100527100265026,
-0.001096562948077917,
0.02813699096441269,
0.019331997260451317,
-0.06592373549938202,
-0.0003771973424591124,
0.00956040434539318,
-0.014628961682319641,
-0.04100332781672478,
0.06069272384047508,
0.022808508947491646,
-0.05487688258290291,
0.015920469537377357,
-0.015018850564956665,
0.044414859265089035,
0.05341479554772377,
0.014823906123638153,
-0.05110795423388481,
-0.049775831401348114,
0.01856846548616886,
-0.017008908092975616,
-0.02105400711297989,
0.0009072027169167995,
-0.046006906777620316,
0.008049583993852139,
-0.02154136821627617,
0.002903860993683338,
-0.03687700256705284,
-0.009730980731546879,
0.022434864193201065,
-0.03827410563826561,
0.013426803052425385,
0.004910164978355169,
-0.0422704704105854,
-0.034277744591236115,
0.012240891344845295,
0.003147541545331478,
0.052342601120471954,
-0.005084802862256765,
0.011412376537919044,
-0.019494451582431793,
0.038306597620248795,
-0.02282475307583809,
0.017415042966604233,
0.0533498153090477,
-0.010494513437151909,
-0.011534216813743114,
0.000009193549885821994,
-0.0380791611969471,
0.0029810266569256783,
-0.04210801422595978,
0.052959926426410675,
-0.0029465050902217627,
0.0356423556804657,
-0.059490568935871124,
0.0022946593817323446,
-0.035869792103767395,
0.048931073397397995,
0.0038542156107723713,
-0.06244722753763199,
-0.041490692645311356,
0.05835339054465294,
0.003344516735523939,
-0.027617139741778374,
-0.03382287174463272,
-0.010072133503854275,
-0.011647935025393963,
-0.010055887512862682,
0.025618959218263626,
0.00045233219861984253,
0.021021516993641853,
-0.02660992555320263,
-0.06465660035610199,
-0.008545068092644215,
-0.02607382833957672,
0.09948668628931046,
-0.035122502595186234,
-0.0211352352052927,
-0.05786602944135666,
-0.004593380261212587,
0.008390736766159534,
0.022516092285513878,
0.03827410563826561,
-0.04353760927915573,
0.039476264268159866,
-0.017967386171221733,
-0.015433107502758503,
-0.043992478400468826,
-0.023409586399793625,
0.01777244172990322,
0.011672303080558777,
-0.10371048003435135,
-0.01977062225341797,
0.0034744797740131617,
-0.0034176211338490248,
0.019137052819132805,
-0.02277601696550846,
0.058028485625982285,
0.019218280911445618,
0.015165058895945549,
-0.008272957988083363,
-0.012728252448141575,
0.03395283594727516,
0.06624864786863327,
-0.03180844709277153,
0.008691276423633099,
0.014149722643196583,
0.05438952147960663,
0.021720068529248238,
0.012833847664296627,
-0.051855240017175674,
-0.0005137600237503648,
0.01102248765528202,
-0.03492755815386772,
-0.024774199351668358,
0.007984602823853493,
0.00249569583684206,
-0.027016060426831245,
-0.020859062671661377,
0.000052892661187797785,
0.0015057433629408479,
-0.0020956534426659346,
-0.07323415577411652,
-0.033725399523973465,
-0.0451621450483799,
-0.012005332857370377,
0.05130289867520332,
-0.014360912144184113,
0.0014783291844651103,
-0.014653329737484455,
-0.01691143587231636,
0.029257923364639282,
-0.016147904098033905,
0.04889858141541481,
-0.0030784988775849342,
-0.09227373450994492,
0.017057644203305244,
0.011087469756603241,
-0.03470012545585632,
-0.01591234654188156,
0.011517971754074097,
0.0032998421229422092,
-0.038501542061567307,
-0.015424984507262707,
0.009885311126708984,
0.01618039421737194,
0.04616935923695564,
0.04662422835826874,
0.008666908368468285,
-0.05318736284971237,
-0.0005259440513327718,
-0.049775831401348114,
0.015433107502758503,
-0.013637993484735489,
0.039411284029483795,
0.017431288957595825,
-0.007529731839895248,
0.016651511192321777,
0.04542207345366478,
-0.018292292952537537,
-0.016342848539352417,
0.027178514748811722,
-0.005624961573630571,
-0.01444213930517435,
-0.046494267880916595,
0.02129768766462803,
0.007245437707751989,
0.00980408489704132,
0.042335450649261475,
-0.03749432787299156,
0.049775831401348114,
-0.008313571102917194,
-0.015530579723417759,
-0.0389564111828804,
0.03804667294025421,
0.00827701948583126,
-0.038858938962221146,
0.0057264952920377254,
0.05347977951169014,
0.030427590012550354,
0.017317570745944977,
-0.021882520988583565,
0.005320360884070396,
0.06576128304004669,
-0.02508286014199257,
0.020436683669686317,
0.008151117712259293,
0.02466048114001751,
0.004686790984123945,
0.015384371392428875,
0.058515846729278564,
0.044414859265089035,
0.0055924709886312485,
-0.017366306856274605,
-0.0021443895529955626,
0.001218403223901987,
-0.0602053627371788,
0.023035943508148193,
0.033368002623319626,
-0.047468990087509155,
0.010754439048469067,
0.03283190727233887,
-0.0723893940448761,
0.02381572127342224,
-0.02344207838177681,
-0.014369035139679909,
-0.014336544089019299,
-0.031093649566173553,
0.027016060426831245,
0.011550462804734707,
-0.017561251297593117,
-0.005844274070113897,
0.02033921144902706,
0.03185718134045601,
-0.03457016125321388,
-0.02764962986111641,
0.005718372296541929,
-0.00928423274308443,
0.026821115985512733,
-0.02162259630858898,
0.006161058787256479,
0.006741831079125404,
-0.04175061732530594,
-0.013231858611106873,
0.01886088214814663,
-0.016253499314188957,
-0.04408995062112808,
-0.016261622309684753,
-0.014775170013308525,
-0.06901036202907562,
-0.028786806389689445,
-0.028169482946395874,
0.007952111773192883,
-0.003689731005579233,
-0.019218280911445618,
-0.018893372267484665,
0.034635141491889954,
-0.04805382341146469,
-0.016943927854299545,
0.06667102128267288,
-0.023360850289463997,
0.020729100331664085,
-0.004006515722721815,
-0.004642116371542215,
0.0064291078597307205,
-0.02253233641386032,
-0.011859124526381493,
0.03395283594727516,
0.03211710974574089,
-0.01013711467385292,
0.01016960572451353,
-0.03902139514684677,
0.02459549903869629,
-0.0074200755916535854,
-0.011469235643744469,
0.029582830145955086,
0.020063038915395737,
0.00989343412220478,
-0.02680486999452114,
0.0008046537986956537,
0.014206581749022007,
-0.011834756471216679,
-0.04100332781672478,
0.03681202232837677,
-0.03986615315079689,
0.01985185034573078,
-0.06650856882333755,
-0.005393465049564838,
-0.016878945752978325,
-0.010730070993304253,
0.008342000655829906,
-0.014125354588031769,
0.017122626304626465,
0.06605370342731476,
0.014978236518800259,
-0.0008787733386270702,
-0.02210995741188526,
-0.017236344516277313,
0.023961929604411125,
0.020729100331664085,
0.03619469702243805,
0.009544158354401588,
0.008041460998356342,
0.0064291078597307205,
0.06475406885147095,
-0.07219444960355759,
0.017301326617598534,
0.008780625648796558,
0.027129778638482094,
0.0391838476061821,
-0.038501542061567307,
-0.028721824288368225,
0.013808569870889187,
0.012135296128690243,
0.03668205812573433,
0.0014996513491496444,
0.013662361539900303,
0.05292743444442749,
-0.019738132134079933,
-0.0008990800706669688,
0.00022121633810456842,
-0.004047129303216934,
-0.01629411242902279,
0.006124506704509258,
0.0013270442141219974,
-0.040256042033433914,
0.03356294706463814,
0.0019636598881334066,
-0.0004510630387812853,
0.06959519535303116,
0.005446262191981077,
0.012841969728469849,
-0.04756646230816841,
0.026268772780895233,
0.0032815660815685987,
0.058515846729278564,
-0.011826633475720882,
0.008256712928414345,
-0.00040841891313903034,
-0.024270592257380486,
0.00009391858475282788,
0.021963749080896378,
0.01081129815429449,
0.0009965522913262248,
0.04395998641848564,
0.03234454244375229,
0.009552281349897385,
-0.03304309397935867,
0.04061343893408775,
-0.007659695111215115,
0.007444443646818399,
0.01899084448814392,
0.03521997481584549,
0.013759833760559559,
-0.05029568448662758,
-0.0006878901622258127,
0.023945685476064682,
0.040808383375406265,
0.03218208998441696,
0.06426671147346497,
-0.004357822239398956,
0.0132805947214365,
-0.03258822485804558,
-0.02893301472067833,
-0.014872642233967781,
0.06127756088972092,
0.026934834197163582,
-0.03648711368441582,
0.015278776176273823,
0.048378732055425644,
-0.02764962986111641,
0.00980408489704132,
-0.009999029338359833,
-0.0475989505648613,
0.006437230389565229,
-0.0440574586391449,
0.004837060812860727,
-0.015433107502758503,
-0.031239857897162437,
0.00558840949088335,
-0.020485419780015945,
0.05279747396707535,
-0.03255573287606239,
-0.037689272314310074,
0.025229068472981453,
0.022987207397818565,
-0.011071223765611649,
0.01653779298067093,
-0.022386128082871437,
0.00013567427231464535,
0.021833784878253937,
-0.03039509989321232,
-0.004152724519371986,
-0.0052107046358287334,
-0.026236282661557198,
0.005096986889839172,
0.05624149367213249,
-0.018113594502210617,
0.016237253323197365,
-0.006027034483850002,
-0.019559433683753014,
-0.004853306338191032,
0.03460265323519707,
-0.0057264952920377254,
0.02386445738375187,
0.040938347578048706,
0.03713693097233772,
0.02020924724638462,
-0.004055251833051443,
-0.02815323695540428,
0.034212760627269745,
0.008220160380005836,
-0.01175352931022644,
-0.018519729375839233,
-0.03133733198046684,
-0.0670609101653099,
-0.04577947035431862,
0.026561189442873,
0.016765227541327477,
-0.014677697792649269,
-0.01583111844956875,
0.0012539399322122335,
0.03973618894815445,
-0.030996177345514297,
-0.025294050574302673,
0.008699399419128895,
0.008309509605169296,
-0.011168695986270905,
0.007229192648082972,
0.010437654331326485,
-0.011461112648248672,
0.025748921558260918,
0.013776078820228577,
0.0012712007155641913,
0.003714099060744047,
0.0211352352052927,
-0.006356003228574991,
-0.0008909573662094772,
0.01959192380309105,
-0.007700308226048946,
0.02912795916199684,
0.02253233641386032,
0.05715123191475868,
-0.0369744747877121,
0.06650856882333755,
0.00018111056124325842,
-0.04681917279958725,
0.02570018544793129,
-0.005531550385057926,
0.002485542558133602,
0.047468990087509155,
0.023100925609469414,
0.013386189937591553,
0.00900806114077568,
0.03590228036046028,
0.0193644892424345,
0.04194556176662445,
0.008504454046487808,
-0.013873551040887833,
-0.0075216093100607395,
0.009194882586598396,
0.004666484426707029,
0.006632174830883741,
-0.01764247938990593,
0.050945501774549484,
-0.011404254473745823,
-0.02001430280506611,
-0.011769775301218033,
-0.038728978484869,
0.020534155890345573,
0.021687576547265053,
0.016261622309684753,
-0.0017666846979409456,
-0.005836151540279388,
0.015749892219901085,
0.018974600359797478,
-0.0014803599333390594,
0.06231726333498955,
-0.005584347993135452,
-0.01985185034573078,
-0.0030297627672553062,
-0.011599198915064335,
-0.0006635221070609987,
0.02129768766462803,
-0.03148353844881058,
0.01227338146418333,
0.012086560018360615,
-0.008008970879018307,
0.016123535111546516,
0.05279747396707535,
-0.010583862662315369,
-0.03908637538552284,
0.009276109747588634,
0.028981750831007957,
-0.023604530841112137,
0.03999611735343933,
0.016302235424518585,
0.005324421916157007,
-0.024514272809028625,
0.008869975805282593,
-0.0063275741413235664,
0.02813699096441269,
0.01602606289088726,
0.010202095843851566,
-0.010356427170336246,
0.014880764298141003,
0.039898645132780075,
0.01569303311407566,
-0.01959192380309105,
0.04607188701629639,
-0.002314966171979904,
-0.02490416169166565,
-0.020193003118038177,
-0.03612971678376198,
0.017187608405947685,
0.03944377228617668,
-0.0411657840013504,
0.009625385515391827,
-0.03742934763431549,
0.004398435819894075,
0.037884216755628586,
0.028770562261343002,
0.032442014664411545,
0.06849050521850586,
-0.030053945258259773,
0.00879687163978815,
-0.03749432787299156,
0.039281319826841354,
-0.03668205812573433,
0.05474691838026047,
-0.017106380313634872,
0.03479759767651558,
-0.0009843682637438178,
0.0316459946334362,
-0.014482753351330757,
-0.014255317859351635,
-0.02178504876792431,
0.010332059115171432,
-0.04415493085980415,
0.023604530841112137,
-0.012606412172317505,
0.02025798335671425,
0.033725399523973465,
0.033660419285297394,
0.026723643764853477,
-0.018698427826166153,
-0.010478267446160316,
0.011233678087592125,
0.006014850456267595,
0.03492755815386772,
-0.03502503037452698,
-0.005905194208025932,
0.035934772342443466,
0.028218219056725502,
0.042205486446619034,
-0.029209187254309654,
0.04308273643255234,
-0.0075094252824783325,
-0.014117231592535973,
-0.013142509385943413,
-0.03980117291212082,
-0.013386189937591553,
0.03590228036046028,
0.05549420416355133,
-0.020794082432985306,
0.06234975531697273,
0.00980408489704132,
-0.024709217250347137,
-0.0057874154299497604,
-0.017138872295618057,
-0.04022355005145073,
-0.029582830145955086,
-0.013979146257042885,
-0.03590228036046028,
0.023003453388810158,
-0.06127756088972092,
0.04370006173849106,
0.010315814055502415,
-0.010031519457697868,
-0.04987330362200737,
0.014255317859351635,
-0.008959325030446053,
-0.01050263550132513,
0.06868544965982437,
-0.007578467950224876,
0.005226949695497751,
0.03180844709277153,
-0.015733646228909492,
-0.0367470420897007,
-0.012866337783634663,
-0.0062788380309939384,
-0.011729161255061626,
-0.011347395367920399,
-0.018828390166163445,
-0.0052472567185759544,
-0.02851063571870327,
0.05370721220970154,
-0.0027779594529420137,
0.023702003061771393,
0.0010011213598772883,
0.017301326617598534,
0.012655148282647133,
-0.0010498574702069163,
-0.0017301326151937246,
0.036779530346393585,
-0.017057644203305244,
-0.0062057338654994965,
-0.00783433299511671,
0.008260773494839668,
-0.033189304172992706,
0.029355395585298538,
-0.01678147353231907,
0.020989026874303818,
-0.00438219029456377,
0.014174090698361397,
0.010283323004841805,
-0.007306357845664024,
-0.013751710765063763,
-0.02271103672683239,
0.020241739228367805,
0.021687576547265053,
-0.029712792485952377,
-0.05084802582859993,
0.025683939456939697,
0.020745346322655678,
-0.015278776176273823,
0.055526696145534515,
-0.016415953636169434,
-0.00007183502020779997,
0.023247133940458298,
0.00511323194950819,
0.0025180333759635687,
-0.04597441479563713,
0.04776140674948692,
-0.011347395367920399,
0.0008955263765528798,
0.01657840609550476,
0.005129477474838495,
-0.020956534892320633,
-0.004162877798080444,
-0.03353045508265495,
0.012890705838799477,
-0.010242709890007973,
-0.023344606161117554,
0.005482814274728298,
-0.009779716841876507,
-0.02435181848704815,
-0.02826695516705513,
-0.01783742383122444,
0.002241862006485462,
-0.007147965487092733,
0.05370721220970154,
-0.0001562348334118724,
0.0030338240321725607,
-0.04077589511871338,
0.010478267446160316,
-0.02924167737364769,
0.022516092285513878,
-0.026463717222213745,
0.0071398429572582245,
-0.022483600303530693,
0.0162697434425354,
0.023539550602436066,
-0.023360850289463997,
-0.028900524601340294,
0.03723440319299698,
-0.05029568448662758,
0.016285989433526993,
-0.04152318090200424,
-0.012411467730998993,
-0.04776140674948692,
0.011517971754074097,
0.015749892219901085,
-0.03778674453496933,
-0.03309183195233345,
-0.006270715035498142,
0.008666908368468285,
-0.05023070424795151,
-0.0035699214786291122,
-0.02375073917210102,
0.01492950040847063,
0.008037399500608444,
-0.018665937706828117,
0.017967386171221733,
0.021037762984633446,
-0.046364303678274155,
-0.0060473415069282055,
-0.025748921558260918,
0.008025215938687325,
-0.016237253323197365,
0.03609722480177879,
-0.00683930329978466,
-0.04945092648267746,
-0.017723705619573593,
-0.021525124087929726,
0.016196640208363533,
0.04993828758597374,
-0.029826510697603226,
0.03466763347387314,
-0.0074119530618190765,
0.00406743586063385,
0.023945685476064682,
0.0016407830407842994,
-0.024156874045729637,
-0.015855487436056137,
-0.0009691382292658091,
-0.013288717716932297,
0.037396855652332306,
-0.0005929562612436712,
0.02771461196243763,
0.030378853902220726,
-0.025180332362651825,
0.038663994520902634,
-0.03424525260925293,
0.007330725900828838,
0.010616353712975979
] |
In recent years, transformer models have revolutionized Natural Language
Processing (NLP) and shown promising performance on Computer Vision (CV) tasks.
Despite their effectiveness, transformers' attention operations are hard to
accelerate due to the complicated data movement and quadratic computational
complexity, prohibiting the real-time inference on resource-constrained
edge-computing platforms.
To tackle this challenge, we propose Energon, an algorithm-architecture
co-design approach that accelerates various transformers using dynamic sparse
attention. With the observation that attention results only depend on a few
important query-key pairs, we propose a Mix-Precision Multi-Round Filtering
(MP-MRF) algorithm to dynamically identify such pairs at runtime. We adopt low
bitwidth in each filtering round and only use high-precision tensors in the
attention stage to reduce overall complexity. By this means, we significantly
mitigate the computational cost with negligible accuracy loss. To enable such
an algorithm with lower latency and better energy efficiency, we also propose
an Energon co-processor architecture. Elaborated pipelines and specialized
optimizations jointly boost the performance and reduce power consumption.
Extensive experiments on both NLP and CV benchmarks demonstrate that Energon
achieves $168\times$ and $8.7\times$ geo-mean speedup and up to $10^4\times$
and $10^3\times$ energy reduction compared with Intel Xeon 5220 CPU and NVIDIA
V100 GPU. Compared to state-of-the-art attention accelerators SpAtten and
$A^3$, Energon also achieves $1.7\times, 1.25\times$ speedup and $1.6 \times,
1.5\times $ higher energy efficiency. | [
-0.03525037690997124,
0.01460037287324667,
-0.027936644852161407,
-0.01660487800836563,
0.03434744477272034,
0.0012054111575707793,
-0.010880302637815475,
0.02596825733780861,
-0.02690730430185795,
0.037923045456409454,
0.06569716334342957,
-0.01843782514333725,
0.023223351687192917,
-0.024956976994872093,
0.003485308727249503,
0.01067262887954712,
0.026365546509623528,
-0.026094667613506317,
0.01083515677601099,
-0.02239265665411949,
-0.0002602977037895471,
-0.03077184408903122,
-0.0019999893847852945,
-0.0250833872705698,
0.01258684042841196,
0.029182687401771545,
0.008081221021711826,
0.028207523748278618,
0.001573355053551495,
-0.002003375208005309,
0.04355732724070549,
0.010239223018288612,
-0.02439716085791588,
-0.011602646671235561,
-0.02067708969116211,
-0.011431089602410793,
0.042184874415397644,
-0.011927701532840729,
-0.01121438667178154,
0.021435551345348358,
-0.014537167735397816,
-0.038825977593660355,
-0.056234460324048996,
-0.02566126175224781,
0.00131489138584584,
-0.011602646671235561,
-0.01175614446401596,
-0.022808004170656204,
0.02273576892912388,
-0.04471307992935181,
0.04706069454550743,
-0.04453249275684357,
0.03288469836115837,
0.04001784324645996,
-0.03487114608287811,
0.04619388282299042,
0.03494337946176529,
0.031205249950289726,
0.06519152224063873,
0.08899275213479996,
0.02170643024146557,
-0.002446939470246434,
-0.028640929609537125,
-0.03382374718785286,
0.0016286594327539206,
-0.01739945448935032,
-0.008785505779087543,
0.04041513428092003,
0.026817012578248978,
-0.0004119616642128676,
-0.07714631408452988,
-0.020388152450323105,
-0.027701882645487785,
-0.026636425405740738,
-0.012767425738275051,
-0.032631877809762955,
0.013778707012534142,
0.02956191822886467,
0.017354309558868408,
0.022175952792167664,
0.016388174146413803,
0.05746244639158249,
-0.009471732191741467,
-0.0036026895977556705,
0.051972635090351105,
-0.023747051134705544,
-0.040667954832315445,
-0.043087806552648544,
0.006663620937615633,
-0.0018363333074375987,
-0.06948947161436081,
-0.027033714577555656,
-0.05092523619532585,
-0.06172427535057068,
0.006672650575637817,
0.02158001996576786,
0.005525929853320122,
-0.047132931649684906,
-0.022501008585095406,
-0.02013533189892769,
-0.02892986685037613,
-0.007413052953779697,
-0.012568781152367592,
-0.044171322137117386,
0.06168815866112709,
-0.013155685737729073,
-0.06085745990276337,
0.010537189431488514,
0.018492000177502632,
0.09115978330373764,
0.001398412394337356,
-0.05890713259577751,
0.02530008926987648,
-0.009182794950902462,
0.0037855326663702726,
0.012036052532494068,
-0.023855403065681458,
-0.03889821097254753,
-0.020839616656303406,
-0.0006726825959049165,
0.024234633892774582,
0.005864528473466635,
0.03167477250099182,
0.026347488164901733,
0.007584609556943178,
0.053056150674819946,
-0.006410800851881504,
-0.019485222175717354,
-0.011656822636723518,
0.025408441200852394,
0.0008464966085739434,
0.026401665061712265,
-0.014455904252827168,
-0.04496590048074722,
0.05876266583800316,
0.012604898773133755,
0.016659053042531013,
0.0204062107950449,
-0.006790031213313341,
-0.03190953657031059,
0.026889245957136154,
0.019701926037669182,
-0.006790031213313341,
-0.05341732129454613,
-0.023349761962890625,
0.024776391685009003,
-0.03496143966913223,
0.08603113889694214,
-0.007151203230023384,
-0.00720989378169179,
-0.034708619117736816,
0.01316471491008997,
-0.0045959120616316795,
0.02203148417174816,
0.0018216606695204973,
-0.004009007941931486,
-0.03709235042333603,
0.03194565325975418,
0.008957062847912312,
0.03055514022707939,
0.030428729951381683,
-0.00787354726344347,
-0.028315875679254532,
-0.0066591063514351845,
0.04669952392578125,
-0.009218912571668625,
0.0695255845785141,
0.04269051551818848,
-0.07115086168050766,
0.05038347840309143,
0.05150311067700386,
0.06941723823547363,
0.05356178805232048,
0.00609929021447897,
-0.04366568103432655,
0.024884741753339767,
0.008189572021365166,
0.005250536371022463,
-0.009887080639600754,
0.015575537458062172,
-0.005941277369856834,
0.01910599321126938,
0.020532621070742607,
0.01934075355529785,
0.007589124143123627,
0.041751470416784286,
-0.007101541850715876,
0.014293377287685871,
0.009426586329936981,
0.052189335227012634,
-0.006573328282684088,
0.03288469836115837,
0.015638742595911026,
-0.06269943714141846,
0.043485093861818314,
-0.07389576733112335,
-0.030049500986933708,
0.01538592204451561,
0.007033822126686573,
-0.012288873083889484,
-0.07606279850006104,
0.037706345319747925,
-0.006022540852427483,
0.013489769771695137,
-0.006126378197222948,
-0.004929996095597744,
0.031169133260846138,
-0.029688328504562378,
0.03284858167171478,
-0.04980560019612312,
0.027015656232833862,
-0.01163876336067915,
-0.04467696323990822,
-0.03727293759584427,
0.013101509772241116,
0.0012291130842640996,
0.008194087073206902,
-0.013173744082450867,
-0.006433374248445034,
0.0019356554839760065,
-0.03763410821557045,
0.03059125877916813,
0.044749196618795395,
0.005841955076903105,
-0.01180129125714302,
-0.03943996876478195,
-0.05970171093940735,
-0.022988589480519295,
0.025498734787106514,
-0.0008532685460522771,
-0.03144001215696335,
0.022573241963982582,
-0.010446896776556969,
-0.029923090711236,
-0.008920945227146149,
-0.05287556350231171,
0.026582250371575356,
-0.032361000776290894,
-0.01678546331822872,
-0.0017381396610289812,
-0.011178269982337952,
-0.0018735791090875864,
-0.029507743194699287,
-0.010157959535717964,
0.04814421012997627,
-0.0036410640459507704,
-0.033263929188251495,
0.07635173201560974,
-0.020243683829903603,
0.00823020376265049,
-0.021995367482304573,
-0.04001784324645996,
-0.002925492124632001,
0.00872230064123869,
-0.03463638201355934,
0.011810320429503918,
0.00012746827269438654,
-0.021074378862977028,
-0.053272850811481476,
-0.011024771258234978,
0.030428729951381683,
-0.025896023958921432,
-0.009408527053892612,
0.056595634669065475,
-0.04258216544985771,
0.026491956785321236,
0.030266202986240387,
0.014880280941724777,
0.028695106506347656,
0.007440140470862389,
-0.006582357455044985,
-0.06544434279203415,
-0.03767022863030434,
-0.07017569243907928,
0.005200874991714954,
-0.018997641280293465,
-0.028514519333839417,
0.025011152029037476,
0.06241049990057945,
0.0022133064921945333,
0.04243769496679306,
-0.014248230494558811,
0.0160992369055748,
0.016758374869823456,
0.03194565325975418,
-0.026094667613506317,
0.011584588326513767,
-0.025498734787106514,
-0.04265439882874489,
-0.03497949615120888,
-0.009760670363903046,
-0.010970596224069595,
-0.018853172659873962,
0.016848668456077576,
0.04525483772158623,
-0.05341732129454613,
-0.005006744991987944,
-0.0752682164311409,
0.021814782172441483,
-0.018510058522224426,
-0.07765195518732071,
0.021995367482304573,
0.048830438405275345,
-0.0011010098969563842,
-0.06472200155258179,
-0.019322695210576057,
-0.018329473212361336,
0.05558435246348381,
-0.01740848459303379,
-0.0012652302393689752,
0.05226157233119011,
0.02786440961062908,
0.03853704035282135,
0.005471753887832165,
-0.008713271468877792,
0.053670141845941544,
0.01646040752530098,
-0.013769677840173244,
0.008826137520372868,
-0.004735866095870733,
0.04395461827516556,
0.0032279735896736383,
-0.11824767291545868,
0.014410758391022682,
-0.003781018080189824,
0.03163865581154823,
0.04651893675327301,
0.03163865581154823,
0.0011450276942923665,
0.0031918564345687628,
-0.04319615662097931,
-0.03615330532193184,
-0.02239265665411949,
0.024252692237496376,
-0.03781469538807869,
0.004376951605081558,
-0.020929910242557526,
0.033932097256183624,
-0.016027001664042473,
0.03302916884422302,
-0.014031527563929558,
-0.050527945160865784,
-0.02454162947833538,
-0.00958008412271738,
-0.0222120713442564,
-0.032595761120319366,
-0.030446790158748627,
-0.01758004166185856,
-0.03835645318031311,
-0.06035182252526283,
0.0010118455393239856,
0.010103783570230007,
0.010483013466000557,
-0.011033800430595875,
0.008225689642131329,
-0.031096898019313812,
-0.0256973784416914,
-0.004097043536603451,
-0.02632942982017994,
0.01089836098253727,
-0.008726815693080425,
-0.013941234908998013,
0.013200832530856133,
0.013381417840719223,
-0.1275659054517746,
-0.021200789138674736,
-0.016225647181272507,
0.003968376200646162,
0.02430686727166176,
0.009589113295078278,
-0.019124051555991173,
0.04651893675327301,
-0.02974250353872776,
0.025769613683223724,
0.007891605608165264,
-0.04341286048293114,
0.05619834363460541,
-0.01804053597152233,
-0.059557244181632996,
0.05497036129236221,
-0.024956976994872093,
-0.009282117709517479,
0.01094350777566433,
-0.023530347272753716,
0.06111028045415878,
0.028478402644395828,
0.033805686980485916,
-0.06526375561952591,
-0.023205293342471123,
0.03252352774143219,
0.030970487743616104,
-0.08769252896308899,
-0.02315111830830574,
-0.05099746957421303,
-0.002187347272410989,
0.029146570712327957,
0.029670270159840584,
0.02499309368431568,
0.03915103152394295,
-0.010609423741698265,
-0.06298837810754776,
0.004758439492434263,
-0.022013425827026367,
-0.01573806442320347,
-0.00043002027086913586,
-0.023783167824149132,
-0.008261806331574917,
-0.03210818022489548,
0.017345279455184937,
-0.0026636426337063313,
-0.02027980051934719,
-0.008586861193180084,
-0.02641972340643406,
-0.02566126175224781,
0.03660476952791214,
0.021742546930909157,
-0.04778303951025009,
-0.03875374421477318,
0.0033024654258042574,
-0.043810147792100906,
-0.03624359890818596,
0.05540376529097557,
-0.025679320096969604,
0.032902758568525314,
0.02018950879573822,
-0.014239201322197914,
0.05038347840309143,
-0.016993137076497078,
0.0034040450118482113,
0.014365611597895622,
0.026582250371575356,
-0.058076437562704086,
0.03853704035282135,
-0.05731797590851784,
-0.06111028045415878,
-0.010600394569337368,
-0.0034063023049384356,
0.05572881922125816,
-0.06703349947929382,
0.02409016340970993,
0.012135375291109085,
-0.020117273554205894,
-0.014473962597548962,
0.0034469340462237597,
-0.013065393082797527,
-0.007097027264535427,
0.00318508455529809,
-0.002053036354482174,
0.009914168156683445,
-0.0864645466208458,
-0.046627290546894073,
0.004758439492434263,
-0.05576493963599205,
-0.055114828050136566,
0.014997662045061588,
0.03319169580936432,
-0.008315982297062874,
-0.03340839967131615,
0.015331746079027653,
-0.03720070421695709,
0.02242877334356308,
0.029579976573586464,
0.006582357455044985,
-0.027033714577555656,
0.0477469228208065,
0.027701882645487785,
-0.052153218537569046,
-0.046952344477176666,
0.006708767730742693,
0.020659031346440315,
-0.0501667745411396,
-0.02862287126481533,
0.057534679770469666,
0.03886209428310394,
0.0395844392478466,
0.008984150364995003,
-0.016613906249403954,
-0.08603113889694214,
-0.009887080639600754,
-0.013255007565021515,
0.005426607560366392,
-0.05991841480135918,
0.018221121281385422,
-0.03767022863030434,
-0.024704156443476677,
0.0253903828561306,
0.01637011580169201,
0.020966026932001114,
0.0032031431328505278,
-0.02203148417174816,
-0.009742611087858677,
0.008212145417928696,
-0.029327156022191048,
0.021291082724928856,
-0.03548513725399971,
-0.0411013588309288,
-0.029182687401771545,
-0.03813974931836128,
0.04507425054907799,
0.02381928451359272,
-0.05580105632543564,
-0.019629690796136856,
0.021995367482304573,
0.0007516889600083232,
0.003934516105800867,
-0.0015180505579337478,
0.0016094722086563706,
0.036044955253601074,
-0.029941149055957794,
-0.0038035912439227104,
0.02472221478819847,
-0.02511950396001339,
0.022663535550236702,
0.004920966923236847,
-0.013327241875231266,
-0.012595869600772858,
-0.018690643832087517,
0.010185047052800655,
-0.007837429642677307,
0.022266246378421783,
-0.006139921955764294,
-0.011413031257689,
0.012993158772587776,
0.04539930447936058,
0.0027245902456343174,
0.07743524760007858,
0.03526843339204788,
-0.002137686125934124,
0.021688371896743774,
0.008731329813599586,
0.00035383558133617043,
0.03228876739740372,
-0.06786419451236725,
-0.0018837370444089174,
-0.000016815301933092996,
0.020984085276722908,
0.004681690596044064,
0.01740848459303379,
-0.024144340306520462,
-0.03185535967350006,
-0.017697421833872795,
0.025065328925848007,
-0.04355732724070549,
0.049769483506679535,
-0.012315960600972176,
-0.025462618097662926,
0.012668103910982609,
-0.0652998760342598,
-0.017471689730882645,
0.0024514540564268827,
-0.03376957029104233,
0.0035146537702530622,
-0.026726718991994858,
0.011024771258234978,
-0.028767339885234833,
-0.00030078846612013876,
-0.033083345741033554,
-0.02130914106965065,
-0.0098238755017519,
-0.050852999091148376,
0.006762943230569363,
-0.000059572197642410174,
0.036135245114564896,
-0.027214301750063896,
0.00028216553619131446,
-0.03951220214366913,
0.06602221727371216,
0.028821516782045364,
0.024649981409311295,
-0.002796824788674712,
0.012948011979460716,
-0.019394930452108383,
-0.02714206650853157,
0.041968170553445816,
-0.009516878984868526,
0.03543096035718918,
0.01437464077025652,
0.0057065156288445,
-0.018726762384176254,
0.03720070421695709,
0.011828378774225712,
-0.0273587703704834,
0.03534066677093506,
0.02744906209409237,
0.03194565325975418,
-0.015286600217223167,
-0.016722258180379868,
-0.0532006174325943,
-0.0005527622997760773,
-0.015855444595217705,
-0.008857740089297295,
0.03720070421695709,
-0.03032037988305092,
-0.0042166817001998425,
-0.01650555431842804,
-0.038789860904216766,
0.03449191525578499,
0.007814856246113777,
0.06634727120399475,
-0.0933990478515625,
-0.017390426248311996,
0.029778622090816498,
0.01440172828733921,
-0.018997641280293465,
-0.016261763870716095,
0.01870870403945446,
0.03702011704444885,
0.023385878652334213,
-0.02203148417174816,
-0.013065393082797527,
0.05060017853975296,
-0.014519109390676022,
0.033625103533267975,
-0.02641972340643406,
0.029309097677469254,
0.00209818291477859,
0.02018950879573822,
0.007385964971035719,
-0.009408527053892612,
-0.053092267364263535,
0.04431578889489174,
-0.05554823577404022,
-0.005340829025954008,
0.02158001996576786,
-0.0056884572841227055,
0.03346257284283638,
0.02103826217353344,
-0.010537189431488514,
-0.035051729530096054,
0.0038916270714253187,
-0.000585211324505508,
-0.006704253144562244,
-0.06985063850879669,
0.0064378888346254826,
0.012207609601318836,
-0.031566422432661057,
-0.009950284846127033,
0.00903832633048296,
0.016451379284262657,
0.02121884748339653,
-0.029670270159840584,
-0.006519152317196131,
0.011512354016304016,
0.011322738602757454,
0.011936730705201626,
-0.008266321383416653,
0.003390501020476222,
0.0179863590747118,
0.037525758147239685,
0.03311946243047714,
0.039728906005620956,
0.0392955020070076,
0.042907219380140305,
0.04554377496242523,
-0.032180413603782654,
-0.009995431639254093,
0.012252756394445896,
0.000935096584726125,
-0.014618432149291039,
0.03512396663427353,
0.018374620005488396,
0.03441968187689781,
0.022862179204821587,
-0.04727739840745926,
0.020839616656303406,
-0.046627290546894073,
-0.010176017880439758,
0.04601329565048218,
-0.02027980051934719,
0.05554823577404022,
-0.02309694141149521,
-0.009345321916043758,
-0.01919628493487835,
0.024740273132920265,
0.01704731211066246,
-0.03943996876478195,
0.057354092597961426,
0.018175974488258362,
0.0002017483493546024,
0.03544902056455612,
-0.020117273554205894,
-0.005417578388005495,
-0.029309097677469254,
-0.02530008926987648,
-0.014780959114432335,
-0.0034333900548517704,
-0.005426607560366392,
-0.006112833973020315,
-0.029417449608445168,
-0.009516878984868526,
-0.050130657851696014,
-0.029128512367606163,
-0.0010756150586530566,
0.01682158000767231,
0.026708660647273064,
0.03692982345819473,
-0.0033859864342957735,
0.05822090804576874,
0.03306528553366661,
-0.029814738780260086,
0.009318234398961067,
0.00008330937271239236,
0.0035169110633432865,
-0.019774161279201508,
-0.002023691078647971,
0.08436974883079529,
0.011033800430595875,
-0.02865898795425892,
-0.00622570002451539,
0.023566465824842453,
-0.017390426248311996,
0.0038848549593240023,
0.02333170361816883,
0.04095689207315445,
0.020297858864068985,
0.002226850250735879,
0.003882597666233778,
0.04597717896103859,
-0.038103632628917694,
0.021110495552420616,
-0.011385943740606308,
0.06515540927648544,
0.04139029607176781,
-0.04984172061085701,
-0.014564256183803082,
0.007571065332740545,
0.06605833768844604,
0.01785994879901409,
-0.02351228892803192,
-0.013552974909543991,
0.017552953213453293,
-0.009562025777995586,
-0.028460344299674034,
-0.002392763737589121,
0.047132931649684906,
-0.0417153537273407,
0.025263972580432892,
0.04395461827516556,
0.026582250371575356,
-0.011972847394645214,
-0.007173776626586914,
0.02203148417174816,
-0.0392955020070076,
-0.0023205294273793697,
0.014889311045408249,
0.035954661667346954,
0.005015774630010128,
0.01153041236102581,
-0.03032037988305092,
-0.013227920047938824,
0.013580062426626682,
-0.04355732724070549,
0.00036004322464577854,
-0.010464955121278763,
-0.026708660647273064,
-0.0038690536748617887,
-0.012361107394099236,
-0.01514213066548109,
0.0042166817001998425,
-0.01464551966637373,
0.018997641280293465,
0.022049542516469955,
-0.03046484850347042,
0.02974250353872776,
0.044929780066013336,
-0.025065328925848007,
0.005702001042664051,
-0.00017734103312250227,
-0.01668614149093628,
0.03113301657140255,
0.020984085276722908,
0.01785092055797577,
0.051430877298116684,
-0.03127748519182205,
-0.02027980051934719,
0.06728632003068924,
0.000781034177634865,
0.018762879073619843,
-0.033263929188251495,
0.023313645273447037,
-0.04269051551818848,
0.0021309140138328075,
-0.008347584865987301,
0.030157851055264473,
-0.030880196020007133,
0.0010457054013386369,
0.02874928154051304,
-0.04016231372952461,
-0.009169250726699829,
0.028207523748278618,
-0.0031196221243590117,
0.012036052532494068,
0.03478085249662399,
0.05377849191427231,
0.0474579855799675,
0.003686210373416543,
-0.03602689504623413,
0.011394972912967205,
-0.05432024970650673,
-0.05262274295091629,
0.028297817334532738,
-0.00516024325042963,
0.005936762783676386,
0.022410714998841286,
-0.015151160769164562,
-0.014347553253173828,
-0.023891519755125046,
-0.017200810834765434,
0.012027023360133171,
-0.019322695210576057,
0.017164694145321846,
-0.021291082724928856,
-0.0020586797036230564,
0.02892986685037613,
0.0060676876455545425,
-0.03781469538807869,
-0.027340712025761604,
0.0426182821393013,
-0.018239179626107216,
-0.06479423493146896,
0.035232316702604294,
-0.008622978813946247,
-0.009169250726699829,
0.021074378862977028,
-0.03369733691215515,
-0.04857761785387993,
0.049769483506679535,
0.022898297756910324,
0.07205379009246826,
0.015277570113539696,
0.005647825077176094,
0.01199993584305048,
-0.02396375499665737,
0.037706345319747925,
-0.02717818319797516,
0.01660487800836563,
-0.015945738181471825,
0.01074486318975687,
-0.04449637606739998,
0.035864368081092834,
0.0014875766355544329,
0.059412773698568344,
-0.028514519333839417,
-0.004961598664522171,
-0.04778303951025009,
-0.02333170361816883,
0.004063183441758156,
-0.015322716906666756,
-0.018943464383482933,
-0.01916016824543476,
0.011611675843596458,
0.023403936997056007,
0.0386815071105957,
-0.023981813341379166,
-0.031747009605169296,
-0.0010925449896603823,
0.0225190669298172,
0.010726804845035076,
-0.00661847461014986,
-0.042546048760414124,
-0.008595890365540981,
-0.011882554739713669,
0.019214343279600143,
-0.022139836102724075,
0.012072170153260231,
-0.022717710584402084,
0.008889342658221722,
-0.012117316946387291,
0.011602646671235561,
-0.03871762380003929,
-0.03467249870300293,
0.050527945160865784,
-0.03638806566596031,
0.024704156443476677,
-0.005801323335617781,
-0.001181709230877459,
-0.010428838431835175,
-0.039909493178129196,
0.017020225524902344,
0.00720989378169179,
0.038067515939474106,
0.012948011979460716,
0.020984085276722908,
0.010040578432381153,
0.047132931649684906,
0.01242431253194809,
0.01370647270232439,
-0.037381287664175034,
-0.0049661132507026196,
-0.01816694624722004,
-0.016758374869823456,
0.000045534463424701244,
0.0250833872705698,
0.0002301059867022559,
0.016135353595018387,
-0.04167923331260681,
-0.015855444595217705,
0.014708724804222584,
0.04167923331260681,
0.010437867604196072,
0.02387346141040325,
-0.01083515677601099,
-0.0021907330956310034,
-0.04424355551600456,
0.04951666295528412,
0.023783167824149132,
-0.01047398429363966,
-0.043087806552648544,
0.03962055593729019,
-0.01682158000767231,
-0.03609912842512131,
0.0014988633338361979,
0.010925449430942535,
0.003397272899746895,
-0.0033024654258042574,
-0.02215789444744587,
0.06020735204219818,
-0.008835166692733765,
0.04738575220108032,
-0.01646943762898445,
-0.007846458815038204,
0.03785081207752228,
-0.0024198514875024557,
0.03210818022489548,
-0.07364294677972794,
0.03915103152394295,
-0.036947883665561676,
0.0420042909681797,
-0.01686672680079937,
0.011331767775118351,
-0.00953493732959032,
-0.0008905144059099257,
-0.0025101446080952883,
-0.02396375499665737,
0.026221077889204025,
-0.017020225524902344,
0.001068278681486845,
0.0045755961909890175,
-0.04240157827734947,
0.004771983250975609,
-0.027105949819087982,
-0.009832904674112797,
0.006672650575637817,
0.0225190669298172,
-0.004997715819627047,
-0.07873547077178955,
0.08465868979692459,
0.009363381192088127,
-0.009941255673766136,
0.04796362668275833,
0.012957041151821613,
0.005381460767239332,
0.037923045456409454,
-0.0029751532711088657,
-0.0059728799387812614,
-0.0023859916254878044,
-0.009471732191741467,
-0.03418491780757904,
0.00012182496720924973,
0.004094786010682583,
0.02889375016093254,
0.015241453424096107,
-0.03391404077410698,
-0.018049564212560654,
0.0023385880049318075,
-0.040342897176742554,
-0.017932184040546417,
-0.029977265745401382,
-0.0767851397395134,
-0.005340829025954008,
-0.02557096816599369,
-0.06147145479917526,
0.01772451028227806,
-0.031078839674592018,
0.043629564344882965,
0.007413052953779697,
0.023078883066773415,
-0.006297934800386429,
0.01074486318975687,
0.008293408900499344,
0.04893878847360611,
-0.026221077889204025,
0.025805730372667313,
0.03817586600780487,
0.01780577376484871,
-0.023259468376636505,
0.010663599707186222,
0.0022979560308158398,
-0.0646858811378479,
0.018139857798814774,
-0.04547153785824776,
0.04471307992935181,
0.03593660145998001,
-0.037345170974731445,
-0.009227941744029522,
0.009760670363903046,
-0.022175952792167664,
-0.0574263297021389,
0.021507784724235535,
-0.011557499878108501,
0.006392742041498423,
-0.04572435840964317,
-0.010130871087312698,
0.09022073447704315,
-0.03306528553366661,
0.049552783370018005,
0.007720049005001783,
0.006356624886393547,
-0.0589432492852211,
0.012577810324728489,
0.0015902849845588207,
0.015873504802584648,
0.010528160259127617,
0.014275318942964077,
0.015268540941178799,
0.012027023360133171,
0.008898371830582619,
0.017056342214345932,
-0.036044955253601074,
0.029146570712327957,
0.017282074317336082,
-0.03010367602109909,
-0.032722171396017075,
-0.02427075058221817
] |
Single-cell sequencing has a significant role to explore biological processes
such as embryonic development, cancer evolution, and cell differentiation.
These biological properties can be presented by a two-dimensional scatter plot.
However, single-cell sequencing data generally has very high dimensionality.
Therefore, dimensionality reduction should be used to process the high
dimensional sequencing data for 2D visualization and subsequent biological
analysis. The traditional dimensionality reduction methods, which do not
consider the structure characteristics of single-cell sequencing data, are
difficult to reveal the data structure in the 2D representation. In this paper,
we develop a 2D feature representation method based on graph convolutional
networks (GCN) for the visualization of single-cell data, termed single-cell
sequencing graph embedding networks (SGEN). This method constructs the graph by
the similarity relationship between cells and adopts GCN to analyze the
neighbor embedding information of samples, which makes the similar cell closer
to each other on the 2D scatter plot. The results show SGEN achieves obvious 2D
distribution and preserves the high-dimensional relationship of different
cells. Meanwhile, similar cell clusters have spatial continuity rather than
relying heavily on random initialization, which can reflect the trajectory of
cell development in this scatter plot. | [
0.03157350420951843,
-0.013346288353204727,
-0.021116795018315315,
-0.03275984153151512,
0.050537947565317154,
0.005863893311470747,
0.04901265725493431,
0.021116795018315315,
-0.03377670422196388,
-0.005961342249065638,
-0.035047776997089386,
-0.0007854184950701892,
0.008719575591385365,
0.05799492076039314,
0.02113374136388302,
0.053554631769657135,
0.00307388324290514,
-0.021371008828282356,
-0.05087690055370331,
-0.02648920565843582,
-0.003495456650853157,
-0.053690213710069656,
-0.05955410376191139,
-0.005529176909476519,
0.018794963136315346,
0.04060661420226097,
0.027743332087993622,
0.0338953360915184,
-0.106702521443367,
0.07795927673578262,
0.0066477227956056595,
-0.0072154696099460125,
0.01339713204652071,
-0.07036671787500381,
-0.029641471803188324,
-0.0017117144307121634,
0.03155655786395073,
0.0021544722840189934,
-0.0163121297955513,
0.01938813179731369,
0.014930895529687405,
0.006596879567950964,
0.015464747324585915,
0.033098794519901276,
0.035793475806713104,
-0.0006837325054220855,
-0.03042106330394745,
-0.03942027688026428,
-0.016329078003764153,
-0.005605441052466631,
-0.047148413956165314,
0.011880314908921719,
-0.026624785736203194,
-0.04325044900178909,
-0.015083424746990204,
0.014032669365406036,
0.07307834178209305,
0.042504750192165375,
0.09172078222036362,
0.02886187843978405,
0.002885340480133891,
0.0005619211005978286,
-0.042945392429828644,
-0.0257265605032444,
0.035047776997089386,
-0.07409520447254181,
0.030149901285767555,
-0.009617801755666733,
0.012236216105520725,
-0.0024023319128900766,
-0.03942027688026428,
-0.024167373776435852,
0.015363060869276524,
-0.016583293676376343,
0.00932121742516756,
0.0026713761035352945,
0.02459106594324112,
0.02974315732717514,
0.0052368296310305595,
-0.018422115594148636,
0.1098208874464035,
0.009575432166457176,
-0.09734740853309631,
0.06328259408473969,
0.09327996522188187,
-0.04362329840660095,
0.03840341418981552,
-0.035352837294340134,
0.043962251394987106,
0.03708149865269661,
-0.04104725271463394,
0.06345207244157791,
0.0015454154927283525,
-0.04036934673786163,
-0.005406306125223637,
-0.006334190722554922,
0.06724834442138672,
0.020811736583709717,
-0.019964352250099182,
0.03484440594911575,
-0.040742192417383194,
-0.002461648778989911,
-0.010143179446458817,
-0.003084475640207529,
-0.012541274540126324,
-0.03006516396999359,
0.0055376505479216576,
0.03609853237867355,
-0.002815431449562311,
0.10426205396652222,
0.00012042112211929634,
0.010931245982646942,
-0.008304357528686523,
-0.022099759429693222,
-0.027184059843420982,
-0.022760719060897827,
-0.05504602566361427,
0.002936183474957943,
-0.005291909445077181,
-0.05626625940203667,
0.028133129701018333,
-0.015074950642883778,
-0.0029277096036821604,
-0.026879001408815384,
-0.0445723682641983,
0.03179382532835007,
0.015430851839482784,
-0.05213102698326111,
-0.032980162650346756,
-0.006414692383259535,
-0.03721708059310913,
-0.01706630177795887,
0.031658243387937546,
-0.01395640429109335,
0.06179119646549225,
-0.01201589684933424,
0.06575695425271988,
-0.00032862587249837816,
-0.01932034082710743,
-0.02616719901561737,
-0.022489555180072784,
0.005711364094167948,
0.021371008828282356,
-0.018862754106521606,
0.033607225865125656,
-0.008846682496368885,
-0.04064050689339638,
0.1079227477312088,
-0.03336995840072632,
0.02521812915802002,
-0.08073869347572327,
0.022794613614678383,
0.028455134481191635,
-0.026336675509810448,
0.008088274858891964,
-0.006190135609358549,
0.02121848054230213,
-0.06687549501657486,
0.04406393691897392,
-0.054808758199214935,
0.06090991944074631,
-0.016905298456549644,
-0.016235865652561188,
0.011854893527925014,
-0.022557346150279045,
-0.02182859554886818,
0.02818397246301174,
-0.0003837058029603213,
-0.03508167341351509,
0.04108114913105965,
0.010465185157954693,
0.026743419468402863,
0.010270287282764912,
0.021659119054675102,
-0.045589227229356766,
0.024557171389460564,
0.01625281386077404,
-0.017328990623354912,
0.00023541369591839612,
0.02767554111778736,
-0.05541887506842613,
-0.008495018817484379,
0.013295445591211319,
0.05741870030760765,
0.011609152890741825,
0.0307430699467659,
0.05809660628437996,
0.032336149364709854,
0.012134530581533909,
0.006859568413347006,
0.05216492339968681,
-0.006228268146514893,
0.0853484570980072,
-0.03238699212670326,
0.009295796044170856,
-0.05213102698326111,
-0.013888614252209663,
-0.012736172415316105,
0.0024913072120398283,
-0.03304795175790787,
-0.07511206716299057,
-0.015227479860186577,
0.017456097528338432,
0.043826669454574585,
0.03494609147310257,
0.008414517156779766,
0.01599859818816185,
-0.01950676552951336,
0.017964528873562813,
-0.03616632521152496,
-0.011465097777545452,
-0.03647138178348541,
-0.07823043316602707,
-0.028844930231571198,
0.0034064813517034054,
-0.011210882104933262,
0.012075213715434074,
0.030132953077554703,
-0.019303394481539726,
0.0033196245785802603,
0.011041405610740185,
0.03270899876952171,
0.06090991944074631,
-0.034471556544303894,
0.003919148351997137,
0.044640157371759415,
0.02747217006981373,
0.007935745641589165,
0.007007860578596592,
-0.01906612701714039,
-0.03426818549633026,
0.029895685613155365,
0.057249221950769424,
-0.07063788175582886,
-0.028133129701018333,
-0.03965754434466362,
0.0652485191822052,
0.0033132690005004406,
-0.00303575093857944,
0.0004162770928815007,
0.04325044900178909,
0.01421061996370554,
-0.07192590087652206,
0.006872279569506645,
0.054808758199214935,
0.015795227140188217,
-0.038437310606241226,
0.027455221861600876,
0.050978586077690125,
0.03069222718477249,
-0.012634486891329288,
-0.02015077695250511,
-0.012948018498718739,
0.00530038308352232,
-0.0020580824930220842,
0.011787103489041328,
0.0011249014642089605,
-0.02560792677104473,
-0.012880227528512478,
-0.004796190187335014,
0.0019246195442974567,
-0.018354324623942375,
-0.04335213452577591,
0.012210794724524021,
0.02240481786429882,
-0.04321655258536339,
0.06629927456378937,
0.01801537163555622,
-0.015422377735376358,
0.061011604964733124,
0.025709612295031548,
-0.02182859554886818,
-0.020049091428518295,
-0.0225912407040596,
-0.04538585618138313,
-0.0004104513500351459,
0.012617538683116436,
-0.03894574195146561,
0.04423341527581215,
-0.01994740590453148,
0.027404379099607468,
-0.042877599596977234,
-0.07240043580532074,
-0.019252551719546318,
-0.07829822599887848,
-0.027319641783833504,
0.004652135074138641,
-0.06131666153669357,
-0.048402540385723114,
-0.016481606289744377,
-0.0022858167067170143,
-0.001187396002933383,
-0.007190048228949308,
0.0345054529607296,
0.005427490919828415,
-0.008435701951384544,
-0.06040148809552193,
0.00024309311993420124,
-0.007499343249946833,
-0.06284195184707642,
-0.05294451490044594,
-0.004364024382084608,
0.053046200424432755,
0.04436899349093437,
0.016337551176548004,
0.02855682000517845,
0.009389008395373821,
0.050232887268066406,
-0.06707887351512909,
0.0019076719181612134,
0.0002495808876119554,
0.02309967204928398,
0.02716711163520813,
-0.02967536635696888,
0.011710838414728642,
-0.008965316228568554,
0.03477661311626434,
-0.016015546396374702,
-0.025387607514858246,
-0.04355550557374954,
0.055249396711587906,
-0.033353012055158615,
-0.03006516396999359,
-0.002741285366937518,
0.01825263909995556,
0.04586039111018181,
-0.06697718054056168,
0.011643048375844955,
-0.0019405080238357186,
0.08690764009952545,
0.02540455386042595,
-0.02948894165456295,
-0.021760806441307068,
-0.015710487961769104,
-0.009761856868863106,
0.050232887268066406,
-0.0068044885993003845,
0.06758730113506317,
0.0031692138873040676,
-0.04938550293445587,
0.011693891137838364,
0.03725097328424454,
-0.010439763776957989,
0.01154983602464199,
-0.03406481444835663,
-0.008329778909683228,
-0.021438799798488617,
0.05321567878127098,
0.03211583197116852,
0.022608188912272453,
0.0007022689678706229,
-0.007533238269388676,
-0.027319641783833504,
-0.04606376215815544,
-0.023811474442481995,
-0.012202320620417595,
-0.010804138146340847,
-0.036301903426647186,
0.008694153279066086,
-0.0027688252739608288,
0.0017678536241874099,
-0.02853987365961075,
-0.03860678896307945,
0.07517985254526138,
-0.04562312364578247,
-0.02967536635696888,
-0.02609940804541111,
0.0015750739257782698,
0.02057446911931038,
-0.03989481180906296,
-0.048402540385723114,
0.009278847835958004,
-0.023828420788049698,
-0.0029255913104861975,
-0.0313531868159771,
-0.006575695239007473,
0.021862491965293884,
0.029590629041194916,
-0.0017614982789382339,
0.03336995840072632,
-0.01737136021256447,
0.028878826647996902,
-0.0451824814081192,
0.004114046227186918,
-0.007999299094080925,
0.05189375951886177,
0.03399702161550522,
0.03420039266347885,
0.005423253867775202,
0.029844842851161957,
-0.013761506415903568,
-0.03404786437749863,
0.0006959136226214468,
-0.007745084352791309,
0.010126231238245964,
0.016074862331151962,
0.017557784914970398,
0.016354499384760857,
0.0665026530623436,
0.004022952634841204,
-0.039555858820676804,
0.020421940833330154,
-0.011439676396548748,
0.01006691437214613,
0.014676680788397789,
0.000332862779032439,
-0.002357844263315201,
-0.05040236562490463,
0.014507204294204712,
-0.03243783488869667,
0.048470329493284225,
-0.03708149865269661,
-0.00812640693038702,
-0.023743683472275734,
0.007706951815634966,
0.0012276467168703675,
-0.029539786279201508,
0.018354324623942375,
0.02308272384107113,
-0.03128539398312569,
0.021286271512508392,
-0.007863718084990978,
0.035556208342313766,
-0.006859568413347006,
-0.0671805590391159,
0.03779330104589462,
0.01483768317848444,
-0.026845106855034828,
0.017142565920948982,
-0.059079572558403015,
0.016464659944176674,
-0.02303188107907772,
-0.03281068429350853,
-0.020676154643297195,
-0.0023324228823184967,
-0.01110072247684002,
0.005266488064080477,
-0.026895949617028236,
0.005829997826367617,
0.02647225745022297,
-0.05748648941516876,
0.03286152705550194,
-0.0055249398574233055,
0.00008215646812459454,
-0.07497648149728775,
0.008956842124462128,
-0.008571282960474491,
-0.029692314565181732,
-0.028573768213391304,
-0.030285483226180077,
-0.029760105535387993,
0.014083512127399445,
-0.04243696108460426,
-0.019422028213739395,
0.014947842806577682,
-0.0024955440312623978,
-0.059384629130363464,
0.00233030435629189,
0.015888439491391182,
-0.023235252127051353,
0.001543296966701746,
0.03175992891192436,
-0.016464659944176674,
-0.04870759695768356,
0.021913334727287292,
0.011210882104933262,
-0.015269848518073559,
-0.06453672051429749,
-0.0023493703920394182,
0.00498685147613287,
0.05728311836719513,
-0.007914560846984386,
0.009939807467162609,
-0.007880665361881256,
-0.03274289518594742,
0.0005952868377789855,
-0.006406218744814396,
-0.0571136400103569,
0.012448062188923359,
0.02962452359497547,
-0.0023790288250893354,
0.022879352793097496,
-0.03945416957139969,
0.04799579456448555,
-0.03721708059310913,
-0.0038873713929206133,
-0.018794963136315346,
-0.015990125015378,
0.024319903925061226,
-0.028692401945590973,
0.062028463929891586,
0.059452418237924576,
-0.034098707139492035,
-0.012964965775609016,
0.02686205320060253,
-0.004999562166631222,
0.008812787011265755,
-0.01251585315912962,
0.05199544504284859,
0.04165736958384514,
0.009541536681354046,
-0.03521725535392761,
0.031895510852336884,
-0.010778716765344143,
0.015481694601476192,
0.0228962991386652,
0.05826608091592789,
0.04379277303814888,
-0.001973344013094902,
0.007817111909389496,
0.009948281571269035,
0.012659908272325993,
-0.020218567922711372,
-0.06440114229917526,
-0.009999124333262444,
0.019981300458312035,
-0.03174298256635666,
0.004558922722935677,
0.00600794842466712,
0.02032025344669819,
-0.012109109200537205,
-0.017354412004351616,
-0.013617451302707195,
0.09890659153461456,
-0.01769336499273777,
0.004724162630736828,
0.0028281421400606632,
0.013185285963118076,
-0.0007107428391464055,
0.018337376415729523,
-0.010304181836545467,
0.00027645882801152766,
-0.03401396796107292,
-0.03643748536705971,
0.010473659262061119,
-0.019540661945939064,
0.03128539398312569,
0.005330041516572237,
-0.05026678368449211,
-0.022574294358491898,
-0.0332343764603138,
0.04216579720377922,
-0.03118370845913887,
-0.01624434068799019,
0.029946530237793922,
0.030387168750166893,
-0.00218836753629148,
-0.030031267553567886,
0.002923472784459591,
-0.011041405610740185,
0.003552654990926385,
0.04653829708695412,
0.011270198971033096,
-0.024082636460661888,
-0.017913684248924255,
-0.06263858079910278,
-0.008672969415783882,
-0.0228962991386652,
-0.029031354933977127,
-0.009405955672264099,
0.013507291674613953,
0.041318412870168686,
0.02496391534805298,
-0.03935248404741287,
-0.006342664826661348,
0.013168337754905224,
-0.004436051938682795,
0.06406218558549881,
0.002487070392817259,
-0.013015809468925,
-0.0005124021554365754,
-0.015210531651973724,
-0.019371185451745987,
0.012337902560830116,
-0.013278498314321041,
-0.014820735901594162,
0.06341817229986191,
0.012304007075726986,
0.0175747312605381,
0.024235164746642113,
0.014583468437194824,
-0.025946879759430885,
0.006109634414315224,
0.023862317204475403,
-0.0016523976810276508,
-0.015668118372559547,
-0.0014511441113427281,
-0.0520971305668354,
-0.03589516133069992,
0.017100196331739426,
0.0008240803726948798,
0.012837858870625496,
-0.011312568560242653,
-0.014651259407401085,
0.012770067900419235,
-0.012702276930212975,
0.01901528425514698,
0.019879614934325218,
0.02691289596259594,
-0.031726036220788956,
0.028692401945590973,
0.05006341263651848,
0.05948631465435028,
-0.025116443634033203,
-0.024879176169633865,
-0.02282850816845894,
-0.014413991943001747,
-0.008003536611795425,
0.07646787911653519,
0.01537153497338295,
0.008685680106282234,
-0.009727961383759975,
0.00018377626838628203,
-0.05674079433083534,
-0.008359436877071857,
0.037420451641082764,
0.02045583538711071,
0.022421764209866524,
0.007927271537482738,
-0.07924729585647583,
0.04067440330982208,
0.005097011104226112,
0.10656693577766418,
-0.0027455221861600876,
0.011185460723936558,
0.024421589449048042,
-0.002506136428564787,
-0.038301728665828705,
-0.014947842806577682,
0.0015846069436520338,
0.010346551425755024,
0.009829647839069366,
-0.0702989250421524,
-0.03813225403428078,
0.00487669138237834,
-0.0351494625210762,
-0.018659383058547974,
0.02347251959145069,
-0.011380359530448914,
-0.011626100167632103,
-0.05036846920847893,
0.023252200335264206,
-0.031048128381371498,
-0.0015475339023396373,
-0.016142653301358223,
-0.010804138146340847,
-0.06253689527511597,
0.031590454280376434,
-0.003616208676248789,
0.02540455386042595,
0.051351435482501984,
0.022625137120485306,
-0.04430120438337326,
0.02748911827802658,
0.009075475856661797,
-0.03230225667357445,
0.02735353633761406,
0.018981387838721275,
-0.00321582006290555,
-0.002923472784459591,
0.026268886402249336,
-0.02064226008951664,
0.015363060869276524,
0.007914560846984386,
0.015727436169981956,
0.009397481568157673,
-0.02377757802605629,
-0.03392923250794411,
-0.009355112910270691,
0.019337289035320282,
-0.03697981312870979,
0.0006572517449967563,
-0.017117144539952278,
0.005609678104519844,
0.050097305327653885,
-0.016778191551566124,
0.013930982910096645,
0.00023435447656083852,
0.01141425408422947,
0.006736698094755411,
-0.02660783939063549,
-0.031404029577970505,
-0.027845019474625587,
0.008609415031969547,
-0.038742370903491974,
-0.008147591724991798,
-0.0010099750943481922,
-0.0024849518667906523,
0.0023387782275676727,
0.024811385199427605,
-0.022625137120485306,
-0.004056848119944334,
-0.02203196845948696,
0.026573942974209785,
0.026184147223830223,
0.060638755559921265,
-0.0076391613110899925,
0.0074951061978936195,
-0.007918797433376312,
0.020557520911097527,
-0.021235428750514984,
0.010456711053848267,
-0.028150076046586037,
0.02326914854347706,
-0.04741957411170006,
0.03562399744987488,
0.004306826274842024,
0.015252901241183281,
0.015202058479189873,
0.010414342395961285,
0.009338164702057838,
0.026624785736203194,
-0.01994740590453148,
0.040877774357795715,
-0.00282390508800745,
0.02955673262476921,
0.012634486891329288,
0.01371066365391016,
-0.03118370845913887,
0.005749496165663004,
-0.03330216929316521,
0.06568916141986847,
0.022099759429693222,
-0.03023464046418667,
-0.006152003537863493,
0.04236917197704315,
0.016668030992150307,
-0.019150864332914352,
-0.024319903925061226,
0.0028133129235357046,
0.030522750690579414,
-0.02872629649937153,
-0.0014405518304556608,
-0.004707214888185263,
-0.00066254788544029,
-0.019032230600714684,
-0.027963653206825256,
-0.0009358290699310601,
-0.017862841486930847,
-0.0298109482973814,
-0.003203109372407198,
-0.018964439630508423,
-0.016727348789572716,
-0.0008505610749125481,
-0.011210882104933262,
-0.0010920653585344553,
-0.013236128725111485,
0.0407760888338089,
-0.02967536635696888,
-0.02372673526406288,
0.045521438121795654,
-0.001966988667845726,
0.04158957675099373,
-0.053995270282030106,
-0.04196242615580559,
-0.0014511441113427281,
0.015515590086579323,
0.03664086014032364,
-0.00480042677372694,
-0.0071942852810025215,
0.04114893823862076,
-0.0013420435134321451,
0.021625224500894547,
0.02377757802605629,
0.019913509488105774,
0.02221839316189289,
-0.02038804441690445,
-0.030709175392985344,
-0.018337376415729523,
-0.002355725970119238,
0.011083775199949741,
-0.004512316547334194,
0.06474009156227112,
-0.02347251959145069,
0.0022540397476404905,
0.022760719060897827,
0.023997897282242775,
-0.0114481495693326,
0.012998861260712147,
-0.014363148249685764,
0.0005767503171227872,
-0.03599684685468674,
-0.02201502025127411,
0.05552056059241295,
-0.005800339393317699,
-0.021676067262887955,
0.012744646519422531,
-0.0219641774892807,
-0.020659206435084343,
-0.02359115332365036,
-0.01957455649971962,
-0.009363587014377117,
0.009914386086165905,
0.034979987889528275,
0.030014319345355034,
0.03438681736588478,
-0.014507204294204712,
-0.02152353897690773,
-0.0633842796087265,
-0.07585775852203369,
0.02621804177761078,
-0.01487157866358757,
-0.04399614781141281,
0.019116969779133797,
0.0003310091560706496,
-0.01794758066534996,
-0.03775940462946892,
-0.024760542437434196,
0.012668381445109844,
-0.02853987365961075,
-0.012185373343527317,
0.023065775632858276,
-0.010897350497543812,
0.045284170657396317,
0.005342752207070589,
-0.012702276930212975,
0.018489906564354897,
0.004368261434137821,
-0.04047103226184845,
-0.014151303097605705,
0.01699851080775261,
-0.013278498314321041,
0.010380446910858154,
-0.046267133206129074,
-0.03616632521152496,
-0.023625049740076065,
0.024879176169633865,
-0.037047602236270905,
0.06687549501657486,
0.0073595247231423855,
0.02559097856283188,
-0.0021269323769956827,
-0.03738655522465706,
0.04755515605211258,
-0.009490693919360638,
0.048097480088472366,
0.026184147223830223,
0.022472606971859932,
0.03125150129199028,
-0.01016860082745552,
0.011888789013028145,
0.05280893296003342,
0.014388570562005043,
-0.03304795175790787,
-0.03545452281832695,
-0.04135230928659439,
-0.05579172447323799,
-0.015396956354379654,
0.02704847790300846,
0.0005444438429549336,
0.010753295384347439,
0.002143880119547248,
0.007096835877746344,
0.033793650567531586,
-0.00822385586798191,
0.028590716421604156,
0.08100984990596771,
-0.035352837294340134,
0.011219356209039688,
0.005855419207364321,
0.06592642515897751,
0.045013006776571274,
0.0048343222588300705,
-0.012007422745227814,
0.012465009465813637,
-0.037420451641082764,
0.0016598122892901301,
-0.02874324470758438,
-0.0364035926759243,
-0.03606463596224785,
-0.03403091803193092,
-0.009626275859773159,
-0.017083249986171722,
0.05965579301118851,
0.03143792599439621,
0.0016958260675892234,
-0.007660346105694771,
-0.021743858233094215,
-0.01781199872493744,
-0.05816439539194107,
-0.034657981246709824,
-0.03208193555474281,
-0.027828071266412735,
0.04806358739733696,
0.019964352250099182,
-0.023794526234269142,
-0.004965666681528091,
-0.07755252718925476,
-0.00735528813675046,
-0.05253777280449867,
-0.01260906457901001,
-0.0026078224182128906,
0.002936183474957943,
-0.0006662551895715296,
0.0073510510846972466,
0.026946792379021645,
-0.019167812541127205,
0.0006471890956163406,
-0.013897087424993515,
-0.0074951061978936195,
0.005393595434725285,
-0.02372673526406288,
0.0020782079081982374,
-0.033844493329524994,
-0.0077832164242863655,
-0.04762294888496399,
0.01806621439754963,
-0.03111591935157776,
-0.0034615611657500267,
0.008236566558480263,
-0.004294115584343672,
0.004897876176983118,
0.008363674394786358,
-0.023133566603064537,
0.061147186905145645,
0.0022582767996937037,
-0.015176637098193169,
0.0128632802516222,
0.03145487233996391,
0.009244953282177448,
0.0047029778361320496,
-0.006702802609652281,
-0.009770330972969532,
-0.009727961383759975,
-0.012465009465813637,
0.006156240589916706,
-0.0024764779955148697,
-0.005478333681821823,
0.00960085354745388,
0.023370834067463875,
0.011931158602237701,
0.025319816544651985,
0.0633842796087265,
0.016473133116960526,
0.04260643571615219,
-0.03650527819991112,
-0.027404379099607468,
-0.0008113696239888668,
0.010939720086753368,
0.026523100212216377,
-0.012583643198013306,
0.015456273220479488,
-0.0019373303512111306,
0.011651521548628807,
-0.015388482250273228,
-0.03982701897621155,
0.0313870795071125,
0.01718493551015854,
0.010397394187748432,
0.016862928867340088,
-0.03087865188717842,
-0.02609940804541111,
-0.032336149364709854,
-0.015227479860186577,
0.007401893846690655,
-0.013185285963118076,
-0.021947229281067848,
-0.0034615611657500267,
-0.029522838070988655,
0.02121848054230213,
0.011160039342939854,
0.03942027688026428,
0.004321655258536339,
0.021693015471100807,
0.03996260091662407,
0.014600415714085102,
0.004482658114284277,
0.030844755470752716,
0.03352248668670654,
0.00258028251118958,
-0.0005126669420860708,
-0.04674166813492775,
0.012066739611327648,
0.01857464388012886,
-0.017422202974557877,
0.043453820049762726,
-0.0172527264803648,
0.021845543757081032,
-0.004397919867187738,
-0.024997809901833534,
-0.003266663057729602,
-0.0029255913104861975,
0.03023464046418667,
0.030319377779960632,
0.02008298598229885,
-0.04565701633691788,
-0.0053808847442269325,
-0.05924904718995094,
-0.03213277831673622,
0.029099145904183388,
-0.022472606971859932,
0.015193584375083447,
-0.00046155916061252356,
-0.05257166549563408,
-0.01299038715660572,
0.002444701036438346,
0.027777228504419327,
-0.017710313200950623,
-0.020811736583709717,
0.020099934190511703,
0.018710225820541382,
-0.06809572875499725,
0.0031798062846064568,
0.02372673526406288,
0.007486632559448481,
0.012210794724524021,
0.03986091539263725,
0.044945213943719864,
-0.011905737221240997,
0.06318090856075287,
0.025557084009051323,
-0.01732051745057106,
-0.04782631993293762,
0.04179294779896736,
-0.023930108174681664,
0.018422115594148636,
-0.05999474599957466,
-0.006906174588948488,
-0.007995062507689,
-0.002609940944239497,
0.026828158646821976,
-0.021760806441307068,
-0.007855243980884552,
0.005444438196718693
] |
Automating arrhythmia detection from ECG requires a robust and trusted system
that retains high accuracy under electrical disturbances. Many machine learning
approaches have reached human-level performance in classifying arrhythmia from
ECGs. However, these architectures are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which
can misclassify ECG signals by decreasing the model's accuracy. Adversarial
attacks are small crafted perturbations injected in the original data which
manifest the out-of-distribution shifts in signal to misclassify the correct
class. Thus, security concerns arise for false hospitalization and insurance
fraud abusing these perturbations. To mitigate this problem, we introduce the
first novel Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), robust against
adversarial attacked ECG signals and retaining high accuracy. Our architecture
integrates a new class-weighted objective function for adversarial perturbation
identification and new blocks for discerning and combining out-of-distribution
shifts in signals in the learning process for accurately classifying various
arrhythmia types. Furthermore, we benchmark our architecture on six different
white and black-box attacks and compare them with other recently proposed
arrhythmia classification models on two publicly available ECG arrhythmia
datasets. The experiment confirms that our model is more robust against such
adversarial attacks for classifying arrhythmia with high accuracy. | [
0.017391936853528023,
-0.007297667674720287,
-0.014019563794136047,
-0.022263141348958015,
0.028550924733281136,
0.028422975912690163,
-0.0544697530567646,
-0.00017350238340441138,
-0.04949801787734032,
0.022372812032699585,
-0.008494905196130276,
-0.06784956902265549,
0.039664216339588165,
-0.02206207811832428,
-0.012995971366763115,
0.015646345913410187,
-0.010281623341143131,
-0.06309717893600464,
0.029739022254943848,
-0.058015771210193634,
0.002269953954964876,
-0.03564295917749405,
0.015344751067459583,
-0.03333987668156624,
0.01593879982829094,
0.0550181083381176,
0.026960700750350952,
0.036849334836006165,
-0.045842330902814865,
0.04222319647669792,
0.041455503553152084,
0.006772162392735481,
-0.04368547350168228,
0.024292048066854477,
-0.039883557707071304,
-0.003939004149287939,
0.015893103554844856,
0.1207108199596405,
-0.0460251122713089,
-0.012511592358350754,
0.026357511058449745,
-0.03754391893744469,
0.006836136803030968,
0.02688758634030819,
0.03617303445935249,
-0.014458246529102325,
-0.0204901322722435,
-0.01672477275133133,
0.01521680224686861,
0.05132586136460304,
-0.00979724433273077,
0.021349219605326653,
-0.011213823221623898,
-0.0073799206875264645,
0.00505398865789175,
0.036794502288103104,
0.032206613570451736,
-0.008165893144905567,
0.08298411965370178,
0.045220863074064255,
0.051618315279483795,
0.06971397250890732,
-0.018680566921830177,
0.02076430805027485,
-0.011634227819740772,
-0.04299089312553406,
0.026357511058449745,
0.027198320254683495,
0.0009202052606269717,
0.029483124613761902,
-0.06814202666282654,
-0.03577090799808502,
-0.028148798272013664,
0.028989607468247414,
-0.014896929264068604,
-0.014193208888173103,
0.011396607384085655,
0.05772331729531288,
0.01864400878548622,
0.048876550048589706,
0.01114070974290371,
0.05589547008275986,
-0.07808549702167511,
0.014110956341028214,
0.05136241763830185,
0.01134177204221487,
-0.01420234888792038,
-0.07530717551708221,
-0.026741359382867813,
-0.019466539844870567,
-0.008216159418225288,
0.06108655035495758,
-0.030360490083694458,
0.002210548846051097,
0.029391732066869736,
-0.00021948409266769886,
0.012319669127464294,
-0.025443589314818382,
-0.06338962912559509,
-0.02390819974243641,
-0.011424025520682335,
-0.02794773504137993,
-0.018735401332378387,
0.007544426247477531,
-0.008330399170517921,
-0.028587481006979942,
-0.040431909263134,
0.04745083302259445,
0.00026046778657473624,
0.16421350836753845,
-0.06386487185955048,
0.017922010272741318,
0.015509257093071938,
0.01639576070010662,
-0.06496157497167587,
-0.01620383746922016,
-0.04160173237323761,
-0.01518938411027193,
-0.023944757878780365,
0.0007796897552907467,
-0.0186714269220829,
0.04693903774023056,
-0.015353890135884285,
0.08678603917360306,
-0.043758586049079895,
0.0639745444059372,
0.03121957741677761,
0.017172595486044884,
-0.00731137627735734,
0.05563957244157791,
-0.0103912940248847,
0.005652607884258032,
0.040834035724401474,
-0.01913752779364586,
0.06039196997880936,
0.036977287381887436,
-0.004724977072328329,
0.004706698469817638,
-0.0060638729482889175,
0.002353349234908819,
-0.02401787042617798,
-0.04054158180952072,
-0.042479097843170166,
0.01970415934920311,
0.013398096896708012,
0.004080662038177252,
0.025845715776085854,
0.0775005891919136,
-0.04675625264644623,
0.04310056194663048,
-0.02155028097331524,
0.05545679107308388,
0.027637002989649773,
0.0015730883460491896,
0.007841451093554497,
0.012292250990867615,
-0.0025612665340304375,
-0.04225975647568703,
0.023542631417512894,
-0.07256540656089783,
0.05995328724384308,
-0.020563246682286263,
0.013032528571784496,
0.008572588674724102,
-0.002476728754118085,
0.03973732888698578,
0.021458890289068222,
-0.02772839553654194,
-0.050887178629636765,
0.061049990355968475,
0.02239109016954899,
-0.025114577263593674,
0.004030396230518818,
0.020307347178459167,
0.020672917366027832,
0.06463256478309631,
0.06196391582489014,
-0.011954099871218204,
-0.0482916422188282,
0.009733269922435284,
-0.06763023138046265,
0.01970415934920311,
0.06013606861233711,
-0.03187759965658188,
0.030854007229208946,
0.034838706254959106,
0.024730730801820755,
-0.023670580238103867,
0.05534711852669716,
0.009358561597764492,
0.021404054015874863,
0.00035700079752132297,
0.04441661015152931,
-0.05596858635544777,
0.0012075194390490651,
-0.020106283947825432,
-0.004734116140753031,
-0.03783637285232544,
0.013151338323950768,
-0.02452966757118702,
-0.030945399776101112,
-0.030397046357393265,
0.02707037143409252,
-0.031585145741701126,
0.022080356255173683,
0.036575160920619965,
0.053190261125564575,
-0.02745421789586544,
-0.018826793879270554,
-0.01223741564899683,
-0.07852417975664139,
0.034217242151498795,
-0.036191314458847046,
-0.015134548768401146,
-0.0006528830854222178,
-0.005533798132091761,
0.04130927473306656,
-0.011551974341273308,
0.02818535640835762,
0.045001521706581116,
0.021422332152724266,
0.026193005964159966,
0.07442981004714966,
-0.026924142614006996,
-0.03672138601541519,
0.0015331042231991887,
-0.01330670528113842,
0.03136580437421799,
-0.02246420457959175,
0.00718342699110508,
-0.07984022796154022,
-0.02650373987853527,
0.0623294822871685,
0.0031301830895245075,
0.0238533653318882,
-0.006214669905602932,
0.024438275024294853,
0.029263783246278763,
0.0068772635422647,
-0.06675286591053009,
-0.03273668885231018,
-0.011551974341273308,
-0.034783873707056046,
-0.024401718750596046,
0.051618315279483795,
-0.017638694494962692,
-0.0033678028266876936,
0.10170124471187592,
0.02644890360534191,
0.013855057768523693,
-0.07793927192687988,
-0.024547945708036423,
-0.030451882630586624,
0.005698303692042828,
-0.06594861298799515,
-0.036300983279943466,
-0.003543732687830925,
-0.08144873380661011,
0.04105337709188461,
-0.004156060516834259,
0.053080592304468155,
0.015308193862438202,
-0.06927528977394104,
0.07084723562002182,
-0.04017601162195206,
-0.017794061452150345,
0.05209355801343918,
0.05743085965514183,
0.030616387724876404,
-0.01832413673400879,
0.015481838956475258,
-0.020252512767910957,
-0.011469721794128418,
-0.0168344434350729,
0.013014249503612518,
0.007361642085015774,
0.040285684168338776,
-0.0029405441600829363,
0.039152421057224274,
0.004443945828825235,
0.006438580807298422,
-0.008133905939757824,
0.05585891380906105,
0.011679924093186855,
-0.01083911582827568,
-0.029154112562537193,
-0.04065125063061714,
0.004409673623740673,
-0.08656669408082962,
0.013434654101729393,
0.013452932238578796,
-0.039773888885974884,
-0.0213309396058321,
-0.012877161614596844,
0.027637002989649773,
0.015381308272480965,
-0.02474900893867016,
-0.039773888885974884,
-0.001316047739237547,
-0.009056967683136463,
-0.02531564049422741,
-0.017035506665706635,
-0.0031484614592045546,
0.07209017127752304,
-0.0516548752784729,
-0.02699725702404976,
0.020910536870360374,
0.025388754904270172,
0.008874182589352131,
-0.01043698936700821,
0.007571843918412924,
-0.022921165451407433,
-0.008385234512388706,
-0.0067173270508646965,
-0.02840469777584076,
0.016414040699601173,
-0.016953254118561745,
-0.01709948107600212,
0.04675625264644623,
0.015034017153084278,
0.0035711503587663174,
0.01902785710990429,
-0.05710184946656227,
0.0003135894949082285,
-0.018954742699861526,
-0.03721490502357483,
0.017391936853528023,
-0.0030981956515461206,
-0.08612801134586334,
-0.03827505558729172,
-0.02953796088695526,
0.020307347178459167,
-0.031128184869885445,
-0.017903732135891914,
0.019119249656796455,
0.01001658570021391,
-0.022701824083924294,
0.021239548921585083,
-0.012804048135876656,
-0.025699486956000328,
0.005351013503968716,
-0.017200013622641563,
-0.07771992683410645,
0.0013800222659483552,
-0.027637002989649773,
0.02065463736653328,
-0.020508410409092903,
0.01223741564899683,
-0.009285448119044304,
-0.028825100511312485,
0.0008830771548673511,
-0.009577902965247631,
-0.012146024033427238,
-0.021349219605326653,
0.004747825209051371,
0.01498832181096077,
0.015527535229921341,
-0.03750735893845558,
0.00349575188010931,
-0.06170801445841789,
0.011844429187476635,
-0.033138811588287354,
-0.022756658494472504,
0.016039332374930382,
-0.04284466430544853,
-0.03885996341705322,
0.009943472221493721,
0.009733269922435284,
0.012109466828405857,
0.007041769102215767,
-0.01891818642616272,
0.03092712163925171,
-0.005383000709116459,
0.013224451802670956,
0.008554310537874699,
0.006260366179049015,
-0.06090376526117325,
-0.0032969736494123936,
-0.011095013469457626,
0.06046508252620697,
-0.07165148854255676,
-0.0020209101494401693,
-0.004373116884380579,
-0.010272483341395855,
0.03116474114358425,
0.03182276710867882,
0.012904578819870949,
-0.051106519997119904,
0.004980875179171562,
0.057686757296323776,
-0.005236773286014795,
-0.03860406577587128,
-0.002602393040433526,
-0.04726804792881012,
0.00017464479606132954,
-0.025242526084184647,
0.03940831869840622,
0.030305655673146248,
0.07267507910728455,
-0.06675286591053009,
-0.0021648528054356575,
0.007151439785957336,
0.013407235965132713,
0.02873370796442032,
-0.04423382505774498,
0.006703617982566357,
-0.03301086276769638,
-0.015628067776560783,
0.02312222681939602,
-0.03514944016933441,
0.024493111297488213,
-0.020581524819135666,
-0.006287783849984407,
-0.017848897725343704,
-0.008718816563487053,
0.01551839616149664,
-0.05885658040642738,
-0.01024506613612175,
0.021239548921585083,
-0.04759705811738968,
-0.03617303445935249,
0.021970685571432114,
0.06587550044059753,
-0.031420640647411346,
-0.01372710894793272,
0.024950072169303894,
0.010628913529217243,
-0.003125613322481513,
0.00976982619613409,
-0.007599261589348316,
0.019283754751086235,
-0.007841451093554497,
-0.01772094890475273,
-0.044160712510347366,
-0.016605963930487633,
-0.003525454318150878,
0.03070778027176857,
-0.050777509808540344,
-0.01593879982829094,
-0.0017752936109900475,
-0.00280574057251215,
0.004297718405723572,
-0.040431909263134,
-0.01364485640078783,
-0.008631994016468525,
-0.029739022254943848,
0.0064568594098091125,
0.020417017862200737,
-0.014668448828160763,
-0.011606809683144093,
-0.0499732568860054,
0.028331583365797997,
-0.03469248116016388,
0.011689063161611557,
0.021075041964650154,
0.018790237605571747,
0.019393425434827805,
-0.03959110379219055,
0.05293436348438263,
-0.007434755563735962,
0.019119249656796455,
0.04035879671573639,
-0.048766881227493286,
-0.0036214161664247513,
0.01432115864008665,
0.06101343408226967,
-0.0499732568860054,
-0.0656927153468132,
0.017757505178451538,
0.04138239100575447,
-0.01158853154629469,
0.008705107495188713,
-0.00790085643529892,
-0.0027691838331520557,
0.01953965239226818,
0.020106283947825432,
-0.0024424565490335226,
-0.027435939759016037,
0.029062720015645027,
-0.022482482716441154,
-0.007261110469698906,
0.015646345913410187,
0.010519242845475674,
-0.004629014991223812,
0.010363875888288021,
-0.040907151997089386,
0.04057813808321953,
-0.03227972611784935,
-0.06938496232032776,
-0.03907930478453636,
-0.002558981766924262,
-0.004194902256131172,
-0.0022836627904325724,
-0.019777273759245872,
0.018196187913417816,
-0.019576210528612137,
0.0017867175629362464,
0.01832413673400879,
0.07329654693603516,
0.0034660494420677423,
0.04525741934776306,
-0.0415651760995388,
0.02284805104136467,
0.012612123973667622,
0.005721151828765869,
0.000854517100378871,
0.010702027007937431,
0.03116474114358425,
0.011725619435310364,
0.015463560819625854,
-0.0024812982883304358,
0.01349862851202488,
-0.004082946572452784,
-0.00047066985280252993,
-0.02789290063083172,
0.038201943039894104,
-0.027362825348973274,
0.012630402110517025,
0.033595774322748184,
0.03408929333090782,
0.020727751776576042,
-0.03973732888698578,
-0.031128184869885445,
0.04675625264644623,
-0.03513116389513016,
0.022829772904515266,
0.014823815785348415,
0.010181091725826263,
-0.027655281126499176,
-0.02027079090476036,
-0.010592356324195862,
0.01953965239226818,
-0.03372372314333916,
-0.044160712510347366,
-0.011076735332608223,
-0.013215312734246254,
-0.012136884965002537,
0.010930507443845272,
-0.031749650835990906,
0.005753139033913612,
-0.011268658563494682,
0.07903597503900528,
-0.012566427700221539,
-0.01690755784511566,
0.0025909689720720053,
0.011250380426645279,
0.03467420116066933,
-0.04558642953634262,
-0.012475036084651947,
0.005707443226128817,
-0.013544324785470963,
-0.00403268076479435,
-0.0059222145937383175,
0.011972378939390182,
-0.01283146534115076,
-0.0021362928673624992,
-0.0029588225297629833,
0.015171105973422527,
-0.022135192528367043,
-0.04313712194561958,
0.0047889514826238155,
-0.013114781118929386,
0.008622854016721249,
0.009495650418102741,
0.005241342820227146,
-0.039152421057224274,
0.017574720084667206,
0.07413735240697861,
0.0020666061900556087,
0.006886402610689402,
0.026869308203458786,
-0.04262532293796539,
-0.048364754766225815,
-0.0018392681377008557,
-0.002757759764790535,
-0.028313305228948593,
0.008988423272967339,
-0.014604474417865276,
0.01729140430688858,
0.047304604202508926,
0.008207020349800587,
0.02127610519528389,
0.016624242067337036,
0.006689909379929304,
-0.0016279236879199743,
-0.033138811588287354,
0.007631248794496059,
-0.04788951575756073,
-0.035844020545482635,
-0.015527535229921341,
0.028770266100764275,
0.025790879502892494,
-0.02644890360534191,
-0.003111904487013817,
-0.09197711199522018,
-0.025023184716701508,
0.02301255613565445,
0.009897775948047638,
0.02515113539993763,
-0.038201943039894104,
-0.034838706254959106,
0.02482212334871292,
0.03513116389513016,
0.06306061893701553,
-0.012109466828405857,
-0.01964932307600975,
0.031018514186143875,
0.0555664598941803,
-0.0017330247210338712,
-0.01268523745238781,
0.030104592442512512,
0.0002060608530882746,
0.0012429340276867151,
-0.05041193962097168,
0.033321596682071686,
0.0018438376719132066,
0.011396607384085655,
-0.012228276580572128,
0.007389059755951166,
0.0054058488458395,
0.04810885712504387,
-0.01745591126382351,
0.04127271845936775,
0.018881630152463913,
0.031000236049294472,
0.034217242151498795,
-0.03716006875038147,
-0.00807907059788704,
-0.006438580807298422,
-0.025809157639741898,
-0.018205327913165092,
0.003900162409991026,
-0.06185424327850342,
-0.013544324785470963,
-0.032023828476667404,
-0.01237450446933508,
-0.009422536008059978,
0.013681412674486637,
-0.007617540191859007,
0.0415651760995388,
-0.025790879502892494,
0.03900619223713875,
-0.02076430805027485,
0.029629351571202278,
-0.018525199964642525,
-0.007686084136366844,
0.013544324785470963,
0.02964763157069683,
0.029940085485577583,
0.031292691826820374,
0.01693497598171234,
0.023396404460072517,
-0.004980875179171562,
0.021312661468982697,
-0.02655857428908348,
-0.030177704989910126,
0.023999592289328575,
0.022135192528367043,
0.002520140027627349,
-0.016843583434820175,
0.000486663484480232,
-0.01283146534115076,
0.019886944442987442,
-0.009038688614964485,
0.02867887355387211,
0.004555901512503624,
0.026814471930265427,
-0.016605963930487633,
0.017574720084667206,
0.04467250779271126,
-0.01162508875131607,
-0.057906098663806915,
-0.03324848413467407,
0.014997460879385471,
0.027417661622166634,
-0.014357714913785458,
0.05531056225299835,
0.04862065240740776,
-0.023615745827555656,
-0.014641030691564083,
-0.034729037433862686,
-0.015207663178443909,
-0.017684390768408775,
0.01069288793951273,
-0.025333918631076813,
0.002028906950727105,
0.003102765418589115,
0.022299697622656822,
-0.01181701198220253,
-0.036008529365062714,
0.02363402396440506,
-0.00562975974753499,
-0.005775987170636654,
-0.03544189780950546,
0.0023419251665472984,
0.04723149165511131,
-0.017611278221011162,
-0.015317332930862904,
-0.002974816132336855,
0.009660155512392521,
-0.013562602922320366,
0.0056617469526827335,
-0.007690654136240482,
0.0074576037004590034,
-0.042917780578136444,
0.035953693091869354,
0.017812341451644897,
0.005510949995368719,
-0.0019420842872932553,
0.009888636879622936,
0.01999661512672901,
0.03750735893845558,
-0.030726058408617973,
0.013379818759858608,
0.005721151828765869,
0.006699048448354006,
0.0014519935939460993,
0.025790879502892494,
-0.009833801537752151,
0.07757370173931122,
0.04171140119433403,
0.02707037143409252,
0.005236773286014795,
-0.06869038194417953,
-0.014439968392252922,
0.017958568409085274,
0.006013607140630484,
0.0027874622028321028,
-0.06784956902265549,
0.006434011273086071,
0.040285684168338776,
0.027143483981490135,
-0.04368547350168228,
0.01069288793951273,
0.01173475943505764,
-0.008037944324314594,
0.05132586136460304,
0.036063361912965775,
0.02520596981048584,
0.030945399776101112,
0.004793521016836166,
0.00012587847595568746,
0.004373116884380579,
-0.04328334704041481,
0.026814471930265427,
0.03138408437371254,
-0.014906068332493305,
0.0013388957595452666,
-0.03014114871621132,
-0.024840401485562325,
0.02632095478475094,
0.000710003194399178,
0.06532714515924454,
-0.016551127657294273,
-0.017355378717184067,
0.006370036397129297,
0.024566223844885826,
-0.012950275093317032,
-0.008088209666311741,
0.009294587187469006,
-0.02138577587902546,
0.037872929126024246,
-0.014193208888173103,
0.007238262332975864,
0.02392647974193096,
0.03856750950217247,
-0.012219137512147427,
-0.021367497742176056,
0.009047828614711761,
0.026869308203458786,
0.016523711383342743,
-0.00976982619613409,
0.048474423587322235,
-0.011021899990737438,
0.003973275888711214,
-0.020471854135394096,
0.04843786731362343,
-0.02403615042567253,
0.03586230054497719,
-0.0003510031965561211,
-0.027435939759016037,
-0.04068781062960625,
-0.012913718819618225,
0.0275090541690588,
0.015225941315293312,
0.006712757516652346,
-0.03430863469839096,
-0.07230950891971588,
-0.00564346881583333,
0.03732457756996155,
-0.01959448866546154,
-0.007279389072209597,
0.039335206151008606,
0.007731780409812927,
0.00586737971752882,
0.03911586478352547,
-0.013781944289803505,
0.05176454409956932,
-0.05735774710774422,
-0.03981044515967369,
-0.007681514602154493,
-0.016852721571922302,
-0.01634092628955841,
-0.014229766093194485,
-0.027435939759016037,
-0.026741359382867813,
-0.04964424669742584,
0.042698439210653305,
-0.01462275255471468,
-0.014887790195643902,
0.007695223670452833,
0.007050908636301756,
0.005826252978295088,
-0.02632095478475094,
-0.032023828476667404,
-0.016267811879515648,
-0.015317332930862904,
0.03458280861377716,
0.016304370015859604,
-0.04273499548435211,
-0.024493111297488213,
-0.04390481486916542,
-0.04514775052666664,
-0.02089225873351097,
-0.015061435289680958,
-0.01279490813612938,
0.05856412276625633,
0.01274921279400587,
0.01723656989634037,
0.0031050501856952906,
-0.0073296548798680305,
-0.005296178162097931,
-0.017684390768408775,
0.01432115864008665,
-0.05373861640691757,
-0.015737736597657204,
0.025333918631076813,
0.03098195791244507,
0.01672477275133133,
-0.00541955791413784,
-0.02284805104136467,
0.010290762409567833,
-0.036063361912965775,
-0.03582574427127838,
-0.004462224431335926,
-0.014147513546049595,
-0.02246420457959175,
-0.025059742853045464,
-0.017309684306383133,
-0.05472565069794655,
-0.013909893110394478,
0.004082946572452784,
-0.020124563947319984,
0.009066106751561165,
0.010884811170399189,
-0.010628913529217243,
0.05885658040642738,
0.01223741564899683,
-0.013370679691433907,
-0.013352400623261929,
-0.026119891554117203,
0.005753139033913612,
0.025004906579852104,
-0.009267169050872326,
0.03860406577587128,
-0.004852925892919302,
0.014705006033182144,
-0.00945909321308136,
-0.017136037349700928,
-0.05030227079987526,
-0.03617303445935249,
0.016496293246746063,
-0.0216051172465086,
0.06697220355272293,
-0.01847950369119644,
0.01069288793951273,
0.02228141948580742,
-0.01821446605026722,
-0.014293740503489971,
-0.020252512767910957,
0.027143483981490135,
0.02745421789586544,
0.03860406577587128,
-0.019100971519947052,
0.038092270493507385,
-0.02363402396440506,
0.004041820298880339,
-0.013078223913908005,
-0.04975391551852226,
-0.0516548752784729,
0.01913752779364586,
0.01718173362314701,
-0.017190873622894287,
-0.0005132243386469781,
0.03368716686964035,
-0.01742849312722683,
-0.001034445478580892,
-0.0024150388780981302,
-0.006735605653375387,
0.03981044515967369,
0.016459735110402107,
0.004724977072328329,
-0.0060638729482889175,
-0.0002598965656943619,
0.005424127448350191,
0.034838706254959106,
0.004455369897186756,
-0.005533798132091761,
0.013041667640209198,
-0.012100327759981155,
-0.029574517160654068,
-0.04350268840789795,
-0.020965371280908585,
-0.004624445457011461,
0.05406762659549713,
-0.024072706699371338,
0.0002546129690017551,
-0.007018921431154013,
0.028953049331903458,
-0.01737365871667862,
0.014705006033182144,
0.05827166885137558,
-0.06561960279941559,
0.014631891623139381,
-0.023761972784996033,
-0.014184069819748402,
-0.011570253409445286,
-0.005309887230396271,
-0.001982068410143256,
0.016441456973552704,
0.024511389434337616,
0.013334122486412525,
-0.007941982708871365,
0.013681412674486637,
0.04310056194663048,
0.042917780578136444,
-0.03328504040837288,
0.02970246598124504,
-0.043027449399232864,
-0.008961005136370659,
-0.012630402110517025,
0.03092712163925171,
-0.008435500785708427,
-0.003258132142946124,
0.04927867650985718,
-0.0499732568860054,
0.03823849931359291,
-0.05944148823618889,
-0.013443793170154095,
-0.026741359382867813,
-0.01851605996489525,
-0.02138577587902546,
0.003705953946337104,
0.03418068587779999,
-0.02683275192975998,
0.0448918491601944,
-0.01330670528113842,
-0.046061672270298004,
-0.010446129366755486,
0.046171341091394424,
-0.04357580095529556,
-0.021404054015874863,
-0.02593710832297802,
-0.007151439785957336,
0.005839962046593428,
0.02105676382780075,
-0.0030045188032090664,
-0.030104592442512512,
-0.011296076700091362,
-0.004711268004029989,
0.00225624511949718,
-0.012100327759981155,
-0.05081406608223915,
0.031694814562797546,
-0.031859323382377625,
0.027216598391532898,
0.025443589314818382,
-0.009221473708748817,
-0.035515010356903076,
-0.005218494683504105,
0.022482482716441154,
-0.044380053877830505,
-0.008682259358465672,
-0.022098634392023087,
0.021861014887690544,
-0.06799580156803131,
0.011725619435310364,
-0.0235791876912117,
-0.07249229401350021,
-0.008869613520801067,
-0.014613613486289978,
-0.003557441523298621,
-0.00043097135494463146,
-0.025078020989894867,
-0.0538848452270031,
0.01134177204221487,
-0.007050908636301756,
-0.017794061452150345,
0.008618284948170185,
0.006438580807298422,
0.017711808905005455,
0.008462917990982533,
0.007526148110628128,
0.03683105856180191,
-0.038823407143354416,
0.04076092317700386,
0.03381511569023132,
0.015353890135884285,
-0.0030090883374214172,
0.0004835218715015799,
-0.017958568409085274,
-0.04024912789463997,
-0.0021328656002879143,
0.01358088105916977,
-0.03224316984415054,
0.017337100580334663,
-0.07238262891769409,
0.030890565365552902,
-0.02913583442568779,
-0.011725619435310364,
0.06338962912559509,
-0.020928815007209778,
-0.004210895858705044,
-0.023432960733771324
] |
Python has become a dominant programming language for emerging areas like
Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), and Data Science (DS). An attractive
feature of Python is that it provides easy-to-use programming interface while
allowing library developers to enhance performance of their applications by
harnessing the computing power offered by High Performance Computing (HPC)
platforms. Efficient communication is key to scaling applications on parallel
systems, which is typically enabled by the Message Passing Interface (MPI)
standard and compliant libraries on HPC hardware. mpi4py is a Python-based
communication library that provides an MPI-like interface for Python
applications allowing application developers to utilize parallel processing
elements including GPUs. However, there is currently no benchmark suite to
evaluate communication performance of mpi4py -- and Python MPI codes in general
-- on modern HPC systems. In order to bridge this gap, we propose OMB-Py --
Python extensions to the open-source OSU Micro-Benchmark (OMB) suite -- aimed
to evaluate communication performance of MPI-based parallel applications in
Python. To the best of our knowledge, OMB-Py is the first communication
benchmark suite for parallel Python applications. OMB-Py consists of a variety
of point-to-point and collective communication benchmark tests that are
implemented for a range of popular Python libraries including NumPy, CuPy,
Numba, and PyCUDA. Our evaluation reveals that mpi4py introduces a small
overhead when compared to native MPI libraries. We plan to publicly release
OMB-Py to benefit the Python HPC community. | [
-0.049723029136657715,
0.0207354873418808,
-0.02905777283012867,
0.008058923296630383,
0.042032815515995026,
-0.015152180567383766,
0.006175874266773462,
0.036098357290029526,
-0.05966061353683472,
0.03831060975790024,
-0.010754009708762169,
-0.023474466055631638,
0.03809991851449013,
-0.0217713825404644,
-0.03105933591723442,
0.021033965051174164,
0.0001552747271489352,
-0.034272368997335434,
-0.03690600395202637,
-0.006052971351891756,
0.04234885051846504,
-0.04828330874443054,
-0.022280551493167877,
-0.019752262160182,
-0.01761023886501789,
-0.0016526059480383992,
0.037046466022729874,
0.009920025244355202,
0.030936433002352715,
0.018786596134305,
0.009920025244355202,
0.007979914546012878,
0.021508019417524338,
0.03651973977684975,
-0.024211885407567024,
-0.06152171269059181,
0.0346059650182724,
-0.015793031081557274,
0.011315851472318172,
-0.07149441540241241,
-0.047756582498550415,
0.006110033486038446,
0.01855834759771824,
0.001035896479152143,
-0.00532872136682272,
0.030497493222355843,
0.011473869904875755,
0.0024185548536479473,
0.02730201557278633,
-0.027407361194491386,
0.04248931258916855,
0.008585650473833084,
0.032709747552871704,
0.0009656662004999816,
0.03613347187638283,
-0.01293114759027958,
0.056851401925086975,
0.028969984501600266,
0.05853692814707756,
-0.056289561092853546,
0.005218986887484789,
0.04234885051846504,
0.02294773980975151,
-0.0187514815479517,
-0.01155287865549326,
0.007984303869307041,
-0.027214229106903076,
0.038872454315423965,
0.04529852420091629,
-0.031182238832116127,
-0.01817208155989647,
0.004189674276858568,
-0.0004954526084475219,
0.05204062908887863,
-0.03146316111087799,
-0.029128003865480423,
0.0910184234380722,
0.03206011652946472,
-0.004147975239902735,
-0.026231005787849426,
0.05274293199181557,
0.01919042132794857,
0.025985198095440865,
-0.0012882865266874433,
0.05463914945721626,
-0.013352529145777225,
-0.058396466076374054,
-0.06296143680810928,
0.019541572779417038,
-0.01820719614624977,
0.02549358643591404,
-0.00622854707762599,
0.013115502893924713,
0.023808060213923454,
0.026160774752497673,
-0.010516982525587082,
-0.0017546593444421887,
-0.018944615498185158,
-0.002666555577889085,
0.017873603850603104,
-0.010595991276204586,
0.014862480573356152,
0.0336051844060421,
-0.006540193688124418,
-0.013931929133832455,
-0.04480690881609917,
0.002045456552878022,
0.014072390273213387,
-0.012738014571368694,
0.10197434574365616,
-0.023474466055631638,
0.0006304263952188194,
-0.0022429791279137135,
0.010007813572883606,
-0.021718710660934448,
-0.0034895665012300014,
-0.015986165031790733,
0.03929383307695389,
-0.005043411161750555,
-0.03121735341846943,
0.0573781281709671,
0.05291850492358208,
-0.029338695108890533,
-0.05678117275238037,
-0.0553765669465065,
0.005903732031583786,
-0.009331846609711647,
0.024246999993920326,
-0.013054050505161285,
-0.020875947549939156,
-0.014081168919801712,
0.0067903888411819935,
-0.01978737860918045,
-0.04919630289077759,
0.057448357343673706,
-0.01955913007259369,
0.03683577477931976,
0.08209918439388275,
-0.012272738851606846,
-0.0009327457519248128,
-0.06475230306386948,
-0.0027587327640503645,
0.010350185446441174,
0.0033556900452822447,
-0.008001861162483692,
-0.016714803874492645,
0.022631702944636345,
0.05755370482802391,
-0.014502550475299358,
0.027196671813726425,
-0.006254883017390966,
-0.004143585916608572,
0.004121638834476471,
0.002631440293043852,
0.002174943685531616,
0.010631106793880463,
0.023000411689281464,
0.02493174560368061,
-0.03862664848566055,
0.014344532042741776,
-0.010394079610705376,
-0.011631888337433338,
0.07479523122310638,
0.02451036311686039,
0.04326184466481209,
-0.005960794165730476,
0.016249528154730797,
-0.04178700968623161,
-0.09073750674724579,
0.025774508714675903,
0.027600495144724846,
-0.04881003499031067,
-0.03007611259818077,
0.028934869915246964,
-0.03939918056130409,
0.04905584082007408,
-0.015292640775442123,
0.02531801164150238,
-0.04066332429647446,
-0.024650823324918747,
-0.03813503682613373,
0.022298110648989677,
0.02194695919752121,
0.04726497083902359,
0.03817015141248703,
-0.016047615557909012,
0.06808824092149734,
0.04758100584149361,
-0.0004178152303211391,
0.015187295153737068,
0.03128758445382118,
-0.03527315333485603,
0.054884955286979675,
0.011930366978049278,
0.0237202737480402,
-0.02231566794216633,
-0.06190798059105873,
0.03578232228755951,
0.0016076146857813,
0.01917286217212677,
-0.041190050542354584,
-0.08385493606328964,
-0.015520889312028885,
-0.03123491071164608,
-0.01788238249719143,
0.01647777669131756,
0.027565380558371544,
0.019822493195533752,
0.05495518445968628,
-0.041435856372117996,
-0.011825021356344223,
-0.028232567012310028,
-0.07065165042877197,
0.02809210680425167,
-0.025950083509087563,
-0.004064576700329781,
0.011122718453407288,
0.008129153400659561,
-0.05776439607143402,
-0.05017952620983124,
0.00751463882625103,
-0.013089166022837162,
0.01156165823340416,
-0.0015483578899875283,
-0.012483430095016956,
-0.014379647560417652,
0.013027714565396309,
0.03602812811732292,
0.005719377193599939,
0.021033965051174164,
0.05551702529191971,
-0.00242294417694211,
-0.007707771845161915,
-0.032499056309461594,
0.03500978648662567,
0.02809210680425167,
0.04684358835220337,
-0.01344031747430563,
-0.06619202345609665,
0.031322699040174484,
-0.018716366961598396,
0.01857590489089489,
0.02449280582368374,
-0.028811967000365257,
0.01148264855146408,
0.03936406597495079,
0.0001320932642556727,
0.07774490863084793,
-0.007611205335706472,
0.030883759260177612,
-0.0030001492705196142,
-0.03641439229249954,
-0.003474203636869788,
0.031515832990407944,
-0.028197452425956726,
0.020050741732120514,
0.013967044651508331,
-0.012079605832695961,
-0.03026924468576908,
-0.035694532096385956,
0.018646135926246643,
0.03996102139353752,
-0.024843957275152206,
0.09874375909566879,
-0.03855641558766365,
0.03623881936073303,
0.08139687776565552,
0.039855677634477615,
-0.020314104855060577,
0.012237624265253544,
-0.03395633399486542,
0.00424893107265234,
0.008326675742864609,
-0.031954772770404816,
0.02078815922141075,
-0.015292640775442123,
0.06081940978765488,
0.03504490479826927,
0.001770022208802402,
0.013861699029803276,
-0.04719473794102669,
-0.038661763072013855,
0.022807279601693153,
0.005008296109735966,
0.029233349487185478,
-0.06074918061494827,
0.005578916985541582,
-0.05755370482802391,
0.015362870879471302,
-0.023878291249275208,
-0.028021877631545067,
0.0026029092259705067,
-0.06447138637304306,
0.053515464067459106,
0.0010918611660599709,
0.01876903884112835,
-0.0375380776822567,
0.0004178152303211391,
0.0011258790036663413,
-0.0006984619540162385,
-0.03476398065686226,
0.031164681538939476,
-0.01610906794667244,
-0.027758512645959854,
-0.05260246992111206,
-0.03890756890177727,
0.01206204853951931,
0.04975814372301102,
0.010797903873026371,
-0.0006617007893510163,
0.07444408535957336,
-0.08350379019975662,
-0.0059256786480546,
-0.006996690295636654,
0.019453784450888634,
0.06654317677021027,
0.05418265238404274,
-0.012088384479284286,
-0.0006051873788237572,
-0.04965279996395111,
0.061311025172472,
0.03162117674946785,
-0.08624276518821716,
0.06383931636810303,
0.02094617672264576,
-0.007918463088572025,
-0.06840427964925766,
0.021402673795819283,
-0.03204255923628807,
-0.050109297037124634,
-0.024756168946623802,
-0.03516780585050583,
-0.04168166220188141,
-0.02135000191628933,
-0.005798386409878731,
-0.06977377086877823,
-0.05116274952888489,
-0.014607896097004414,
0.008690995164215565,
0.04838865250349045,
-0.011026152409613132,
-0.04066332429647446,
0.03402656316757202,
0.05182993784546852,
0.018856827169656754,
-0.05579794570803642,
0.006206599995493889,
-0.010613549500703812,
0.028109664097428322,
-0.010165831074118614,
0.0011587993940338492,
0.0217362679541111,
-0.017698027193546295,
0.008502251468598843,
0.052707817405462265,
0.001490198541432619,
-0.021683594211935997,
-0.014906374737620354,
-0.003125246847048402,
0.018488118425011635,
-0.0007593647460453212,
-0.007330283988267183,
0.005017074756324291,
-0.0032788757234811783,
-0.07627007365226746,
0.03939918056130409,
-0.028408143669366837,
-0.0315685048699379,
0.0050346325151622295,
-0.03592278063297272,
0.028952427208423615,
0.033324260264635086,
-0.000018929251382360235,
-0.02751270681619644,
-0.07999227195978165,
0.038486186414957047,
0.00706253107637167,
0.015441879630088806,
-0.02531801164150238,
0.038451071828603745,
-0.05302385240793228,
-0.03982056304812431,
0.03304333984851837,
-0.03831060975790024,
-0.02133244462311268,
0.015283862128853798,
0.044771794229745865,
0.016776254400610924,
-0.04765123501420021,
0.013747574761509895,
0.0009140908368863165,
-0.024440133944153786,
-0.00805453397333622,
-0.041190050542354584,
-0.035466283559799194,
0.03795946016907692,
0.011342188343405724,
-0.010631106793880463,
-0.006434848066419363,
0.02942648157477379,
-0.010920806787908077,
-0.010060485452413559,
0.026424137875437737,
0.013975823298096657,
0.05186505243182182,
-0.034535735845565796,
0.006052971351891756,
-0.02040189318358898,
0.0133437504991889,
-0.023088200017809868,
-0.010034149512648582,
-0.018330099061131477,
-0.02138511650264263,
0.009472307749092579,
0.0006715769413858652,
-0.03901291266083717,
-0.053094081580638885,
0.012167394161224365,
-0.08364424854516983,
-0.002925529610365629,
0.012887254357337952,
0.006843061652034521,
0.02231566794216633,
0.01976981945335865,
-0.01593349128961563,
0.006531415041536093,
0.039504524320364,
0.01254488155245781,
0.0037748769391328096,
-0.048177964985370636,
-0.010850576683878899,
-0.03341205045580864,
0.052707817405462265,
-0.040277060121297836,
0.0326395183801651,
0.005495518445968628,
0.0022517580073326826,
0.0050346325151622295,
-0.0066630966030061245,
-0.04726497083902359,
0.01164944563060999,
-0.02431723102927208,
0.04923141747713089,
-0.0040974970906972885,
-0.05474449321627617,
0.00508730486035347,
0.015196073800325394,
0.005188261158764362,
0.0029277242720127106,
-0.042980924248695374,
-0.007277611643075943,
0.06369885057210922,
-0.045193176716566086,
-0.0015549419913440943,
0.0003001246659550816,
-0.0038319390732795,
-0.006755273789167404,
0.024211885407567024,
0.03897779807448387,
-0.04624663293361664,
0.018347658216953278,
0.007347841747105122,
0.09804145246744156,
-0.02705620974302292,
0.04589547961950302,
0.024088982492685318,
-0.023404236882925034,
-0.08013273775577545,
0.013291077688336372,
0.013089166022837162,
-0.010121936909854412,
0.0053770048543810844,
0.020682813599705696,
-0.0030111228115856647,
0.03701135143637657,
-0.0010572947794571519,
0.0033315483015030622,
0.005082915537059307,
0.03859153017401695,
0.058045316487550735,
0.0553765669465065,
-0.05081159994006157,
0.017891161143779755,
-0.005056579131633043,
0.0257218349725008,
0.00960398931056261,
-0.03585255146026611,
0.013580777682363987,
0.01583692617714405,
-0.015406765043735504,
-0.010639885440468788,
-0.02791653200984001,
0.038029689341783524,
-0.027179112657904625,
-0.018312541767954826,
0.06896612048149109,
-0.0014166762121021748,
0.03537849709391594,
0.07339063286781311,
-0.03978544473648071,
0.00920894369482994,
-0.019102632999420166,
-0.03680066019296646,
0.04877492040395737,
-0.03141048550605774,
0.0653141513466835,
0.0034895665012300014,
-0.012615111656486988,
-0.06419046223163605,
-0.002958450000733137,
0.0040799397975206375,
0.04424506798386574,
0.0007527807028964162,
0.024001194164156914,
0.009226500988006592,
-0.011956702917814255,
0.0020761822815984488,
-0.012720457278192043,
0.023492025211453438,
0.016056394204497337,
0.026002757251262665,
0.005456014070659876,
0.016793813556432724,
0.026160774752497673,
0.0005108154728077352,
0.0118513572961092,
-0.02391340583562851,
-0.021701153367757797,
0.03939918056130409,
-0.03255172818899155,
-0.03799457475543022,
0.03820526599884033,
-0.03474642336368561,
-0.040206827223300934,
-0.022895067930221558,
-0.0118513572961092,
-0.016890378668904305,
0.03992590680718422,
-0.0018358631059527397,
-0.030936433002352715,
-0.049126073718070984,
0.031550947576761246,
-0.003722204128280282,
0.0012882865266874433,
-0.024668380618095398,
0.009042146615684032,
0.003695867722854018,
-0.04010148346424103,
-0.0012619501212611794,
-0.012606333009898663,
-0.025054648518562317,
0.03395633399486542,
0.049161188304424286,
-0.01876903884112835,
-0.056078869849443436,
-0.048353537917137146,
0.019085075706243515,
-0.054884955286979675,
-0.0012871890794485807,
-0.02236833982169628,
0.0058905635960400105,
0.03680066019296646,
0.005666704848408699,
-0.006390954367816448,
-0.015608676709234715,
-0.05477960780262947,
0.003417141502723098,
0.018154524266719818,
0.0020926424767822027,
0.04066332429647446,
-0.017970168963074684,
-0.02294773980975151,
0.02136755920946598,
0.006461184471845627,
-0.034886885434389114,
0.0266875009983778,
0.018031621351838112,
-0.027758512645959854,
-0.0247210543602705,
0.00919138640165329,
0.006584087386727333,
0.03443038836121559,
-0.009129934944212437,
-0.07163487374782562,
0.06261028349399567,
-0.023772945627570152,
-0.03701135143637657,
-0.013747574761509895,
0.022473685443401337,
0.0034083626233041286,
0.03996102139353752,
0.04870469123125076,
-0.04863446205854416,
-0.022895067930221558,
-0.0002621289750095457,
-0.02628367766737938,
-0.0006156121962703764,
-0.00889290776103735,
0.023597368970513344,
-0.0069132917560637,
0.005403341259807348,
0.01187769416719675,
0.03197233006358147,
-0.008489083498716354,
-0.0021475099492818117,
0.02609054371714592,
-0.008436410687863827,
0.004850277677178383,
0.0256867203861475,
-0.007475133985280991,
-0.01502927765250206,
0.0011697729350998998,
0.07275855541229248,
-0.029988324269652367,
0.01668846793472767,
-0.00760681601241231,
0.022421013563871384,
0.0036870890762656927,
0.010824239812791348,
-0.003493955824524164,
0.033306702971458435,
-0.0277058407664299,
0.0003785850421991199,
0.03968010097742081,
0.05892319604754448,
0.0415763184428215,
-0.006908902432769537,
-0.030199015513062477,
0.01583692617714405,
-0.01659190095961094,
-0.026178332045674324,
0.03025168739259243,
-0.005657925736159086,
0.011535321362316608,
0.0005826917476952076,
0.01247465144842863,
-0.01836521551012993,
-0.000024433136786683463,
-0.036098357290029526,
-0.045790135860443115,
0.0034061679616570473,
-0.0069396281614899635,
-0.03989079222083092,
0.07802582532167435,
-0.008756836876273155,
0.04248931258916855,
-0.020875947549939156,
0.018646135926246643,
0.049933720380067825,
0.040241941809654236,
-0.012764351442456245,
-0.0027082546148449183,
-0.0014682515757158399,
0.035325825214385986,
-0.03276241943240166,
-0.03813503682613373,
0.001191719900816679,
-0.007720939815044403,
-0.023772945627570152,
0.04586036503314972,
0.019014844670891762,
0.017355654388666153,
0.029180675745010376,
0.0018720756052061915,
0.008862181566655636,
-0.022877508774399757,
-0.014546443708240986,
0.014414762146770954,
-0.010815461166203022,
0.029689844697713852,
0.025423357263207436,
-0.0061495378613471985,
0.021016407757997513,
0.04824819415807724,
-0.001643827185034752,
-0.009472307749092579,
0.008058923296630383,
-0.008787562139332294,
0.0075409747660160065,
-0.019752262160182,
0.03102422133088112,
-0.012606333009898663,
-0.04628174751996994,
-0.049126073718070984,
-0.05906365439295769,
-0.008971916511654854,
-0.011746012605726719,
-0.04645732045173645,
-0.029215792194008827,
-0.019717147573828697,
-0.008265224285423756,
-0.04642220586538315,
-0.004332329612225294,
0.033131130039691925,
-0.0077999490313231945,
0.017048398032784462,
-0.032305922359228134,
-0.0027499538846313953,
0.03841595724225044,
-0.016196856275200844,
-0.023667600005865097,
-0.0019017040031030774,
0.015345313586294651,
-0.0021398284006863832,
-0.014063610695302486,
0.03616858646273613,
-0.012632668949663639,
-0.035308267921209335,
-0.05751859024167061,
0.00133218034170568,
0.008291561156511307,
0.024440133944153786,
-0.012904811650514603,
0.0018325709970667958,
0.020454565063118935,
-0.020911062136292458,
0.01770680584013462,
0.03439527377486229,
0.004529852420091629,
0.043226730078458786,
0.025581374764442444,
-0.009516200982034206,
-0.01688160002231598,
-0.02705620974302292,
-0.029321135953068733,
0.03221813589334488,
-0.03634416311979294,
-0.016565565019845963,
-0.0014539860421791673,
-0.0026094934437423944,
0.05193528160452843,
-0.07809605449438095,
0.0017678275471553206,
0.033078454434871674,
-0.00001749755574564915,
-0.008629543706774712,
-0.027758512645959854,
0.04891538247466087,
0.013264741748571396,
-0.008173047564923763,
-0.017153743654489517,
-0.04779169708490372,
-0.01998051069676876,
0.0050346325151622295,
0.01472201943397522,
0.01095592137426138,
0.030602838844060898,
0.01375635340809822,
-0.02252635918557644,
-0.029128003865480423,
-0.0032788757234811783,
0.004363055340945721,
0.00038928419235162437,
-0.020665256306529045,
-0.030497493222355843,
0.0031647514551877975,
0.007172266021370888,
-0.014256744645535946,
-0.004145780578255653,
0.05165436118841171,
-0.01413384173065424,
0.027565380558371544,
0.03486932814121246,
-0.004916118923574686,
-0.01817208155989647,
-0.004488152917474508,
0.03404412046074867,
0.02233322523534298,
0.013492990285158157,
-0.008958748541772366,
0.015635013580322266,
-0.005153146106749773,
0.0015516499988734722,
-0.02254391647875309,
0.004977570381015539,
0.007589258253574371,
0.025756951421499252,
0.005135588347911835,
-0.009946361184120178,
0.04765123501420021,
-0.018435444682836533,
-0.00104412657674402,
-0.034500617533922195,
0.028917312622070312,
0.0008723916253075004,
0.0015790836187079549,
0.04708939418196678,
-0.013809026218950748,
-0.010209725238382816,
0.022473685443401337,
0.004060187377035618,
-0.005851059220731258,
-0.010315070860087872,
-0.0003566380764823407,
0.04136562719941139,
-0.017144963145256042,
0.02649436891078949,
-0.003978983499109745,
-0.039258718490600586,
0.02214009128510952,
0.06608667969703674,
-0.005135588347911835,
0.00957765243947506,
-0.003316185437142849,
0.02017364464700222,
-0.04982837662100792,
-0.02275460585951805,
-0.007128372322767973,
-0.018435444682836533,
0.04185723885893822,
0.0037946291267871857,
-0.003680504858493805,
-0.019295765087008476,
0.048142846673727036,
0.041260283440351486,
-0.005258491262793541,
-0.004169922322034836,
0.026634829118847847,
0.013984601944684982,
0.005767660681158304,
-0.033289145678281784,
-0.010113158263266087,
0.009042146615684032,
0.008203772827982903,
0.025054648518562317,
-0.001022728276439011,
0.008616375736892223,
0.01762779802083969,
0.014256744645535946,
-0.00128609174862504,
0.032727304846048355,
0.003893390530720353,
-0.02593252621591091,
0.03297311067581177,
0.022596588358283043,
0.047545891255140305,
0.015327756293118,
0.0009245156543329358,
-0.0286715067923069,
0.03506246209144592,
0.014204071834683418,
-0.027582937851548195,
-0.01196548156440258,
-0.014388426207005978,
-0.00676844222471118,
0.0014759330078959465,
0.022859951481223106,
0.03416702523827553,
0.025247780606150627,
0.07837697863578796,
0.0030089279171079397,
-0.01820719614624977,
0.035518959164619446,
-0.003919726703315973,
-0.049547452479600906,
-0.021191982552409172,
0.058396466076374054,
0.00360588519833982,
-0.027618052437901497,
0.020507238805294037,
0.018909499049186707,
-0.018119409680366516,
-0.02728445827960968,
-0.015301419422030449,
-0.016372431069612503,
0.030918875709176064,
0.03834572434425354,
-0.019682032987475395,
-0.006851840298622847,
-0.03799457475543022,
0.009103598073124886,
0.04888026788830757,
0.07367154955863953,
0.019524013623595238,
-0.032147906720638275,
-0.02098129317164421,
-0.03739761561155319,
0.0014408178394660354,
0.00385827524587512,
0.038240380585193634,
0.008528588339686394,
-0.003647584468126297,
0.025159994140267372,
-0.005899342242628336,
0.008919243700802326,
-0.00999025534838438,
0.004946844652295113,
0.0034149468410760164,
-0.04593059420585632,
-0.02034921944141388,
-0.010350185446441174,
-0.00385827524587512,
-0.0021025186870247126,
-0.013633450493216515,
-0.010323849506676197,
-0.006781610194593668,
-0.057062093168497086,
0.01217617280781269,
-0.011684561148285866,
-0.03258684277534485,
0.009042146615684032,
-0.05976595729589462,
-0.029970766976475716,
-0.015310198068618774,
-0.02055991068482399,
0.016179297119379044,
0.019611801952123642,
0.023386679589748383,
0.05214597284793854,
-0.038486186414957047,
0.0061495378613471985,
-0.003748540533706546,
0.02135000191628933,
-0.016907937824726105,
0.02888219803571701,
0.026002757251262665,
-0.0296722874045372,
-0.042594656348228455,
0.043437421321868896,
0.016600679606199265,
0.03658996894955635,
-0.026406580582261086,
0.04607105627655983,
0.04326184466481209,
-0.020103413611650467,
0.030146341770887375,
0.0010112060699611902,
0.0017436858033761382,
0.043191615492105484,
0.015424322336912155,
-0.01689915731549263,
0.03476398065686226,
-0.000030211360353860073,
-0.003906558733433485,
0.02825012430548668,
-0.04038240388035774,
-0.03446550294756889,
0.024229442700743675,
-0.04649243876338005,
-0.0454389825463295,
-0.019102632999420166,
-0.02709132619202137,
0.029760075733065605,
0.01610906794667244,
-0.020085856318473816,
-0.020472122356295586,
0.05284827575087547,
0.041822124272584915,
-0.027547823265194893,
0.03144560381770134,
-0.02256147377192974,
-0.011026152409613132,
0.04863446205854416,
-0.015476995147764683,
-0.030321918427944183,
0.06380419433116913,
-0.008989473804831505,
0.02092861942946911,
-0.014651789329946041,
-0.013870477676391602,
0.0007044973899610341,
0.027354689314961433,
-0.013413981534540653,
-0.028636392205953598,
-0.016082732006907463,
0.019243093207478523,
-0.06678898632526398,
-0.053058966994285583,
-0.03722204267978668,
-0.0022649262100458145,
0.023614928126335144,
-0.01709229126572609,
0.04213815927505493,
0.04291069507598877,
-0.015046834945678711,
-0.03179675340652466,
-0.0029145560692995787,
-0.024668380618095398,
0.039048027247190475,
0.017864825204014778,
0.10520493984222412,
-0.030304361134767532,
-0.028952427208423615,
0.010525761172175407,
-0.05688651651144028,
-0.0020575274247676134,
0.012632668949663639,
-0.01998051069676876,
-0.0038955851923674345,
0.0063163344748318195,
0.011315851472318172,
-0.03673043102025986,
0.08729622513055801,
-0.06359350681304932,
-0.0066235922276973724,
-0.011781127192080021,
-0.016951831057667732,
-0.0021453152876347303,
-0.0009064094047062099,
-0.0632423534989357,
-0.01452010776847601,
-0.05284827575087547,
-0.06412023305892944,
0.03999613597989082,
0.053480349481105804,
0.01065744273364544,
-0.0015275083715096116,
0.015073170885443687,
-0.04431529715657234,
0.04526340588927269,
-0.02131488546729088,
-0.04368322715163231,
0.04396414756774902,
-0.007194213103502989,
0.06879054754972458,
-0.006720158737152815,
-0.019488899037241936,
-0.016565565019845963,
0.03939918056130409,
-0.009121156297624111,
-0.027723398059606552,
-0.00424893107265234,
-0.029303578659892082,
-0.005319942720234394
] |
As more and more AI agents are used in practice, it is time to think about
how to make these agents fully autonomous so that they can learn by themselves
in a self-motivated and self-supervised manner rather than being retrained
periodically on the initiation of human engineers using expanded training data.
As the real-world is an open environment with unknowns or novelties, detecting
novelties or unknowns, characterizing them, accommodating or adapting to them,
gathering ground-truth training data, and incrementally learning the
unknowns/novelties are critical to making the agent more and more knowledgeable
and powerful over time. The key challenge is how to automate the process so
that it is carried out on the agent's own initiative and through its own
interactions with humans and the environment. Since an AI agent usually has a
performance task, characterizing each novelty becomes critical and necessary so
that the agent can formulate an appropriate response to adapt its behavior to
accommodate the novelty and to learn from it to improve the agent's adaptation
capability and task performance. The process goes continually without
termination. This paper proposes a theoretic framework for this learning
paradigm to promote the research of building Self-initiated Open world Learning
(SOL) agents. An example SOL agent is also described. | [
-0.017116401344537735,
-0.014790255576372147,
-0.01571521908044815,
-0.02817017026245594,
0.015358055010437965,
0.022711971774697304,
-0.013718763366341591,
-0.0005366046680137515,
-0.03780444338917732,
0.006410636939108372,
0.00752334063872695,
-0.02672319859266281,
0.025422755628824234,
-0.012674745172262192,
-0.01779409684240818,
0.06223812699317932,
0.015422160737216473,
0.018700744956731796,
-0.04949011653661728,
-0.01915864646434784,
-0.029781987890601158,
-0.05194447562098503,
-0.06729337573051453,
0.07363074272871017,
0.01579764112830162,
0.03368331864476204,
0.050882142037153244,
0.03390311077237129,
-0.10454833507537842,
0.04883074015378952,
0.016099857166409492,
0.0006874263635836542,
0.04875747486948967,
0.0448378287255764,
-0.03247445449233055,
-0.011548304930329323,
0.028298383578658104,
0.010568393394351006,
0.0018934274557977915,
0.023444615304470062,
0.04326264187693596,
-0.03544166684150696,
-0.01747356541454792,
-0.051688052713871,
-0.01882895641028881,
-0.04923369362950325,
-0.04381212592124939,
-0.021759534254670143,
-0.08542631566524506,
0.03328036516904831,
-0.013773711398243904,
-0.06201833486557007,
0.06234802305698395,
-0.031064115464687347,
0.000361743092071265,
-0.0046568699181079865,
0.0630074068903923,
-0.0800047516822815,
-0.004826293792575598,
-0.03245614096522331,
0.02425052411854267,
0.01732703670859337,
-0.06491228193044662,
0.032053183764219284,
0.0172446146607399,
-0.06150548532605171,
0.0494534857571125,
0.016099857166409492,
0.03963605314493179,
0.020697198808193207,
0.0023604880552738905,
0.009487742558121681,
-0.031155696138739586,
0.003832645248621702,
0.027803849428892136,
-0.006644167471677065,
0.02745584212243557,
0.0025276225060224533,
0.004272231832146645,
-0.03879351168870926,
0.015788482502102852,
0.029562195762991905,
0.028847867622971535,
-0.009171790443360806,
0.007802661042660475,
-0.03835392743349075,
0.049600016325712204,
-0.06586471945047379,
0.04150429740548134,
-0.014185824431478977,
-0.0354599803686142,
0.014735307544469833,
-0.012693061493337154,
0.005014033988118172,
0.030697792768478394,
0.002701625693589449,
-0.019176963716745377,
0.00550398975610733,
-0.06417963653802872,
-0.023737672716379166,
0.02377430535852909,
-0.01563279703259468,
0.020147716626524925,
0.003241950646042824,
-0.013718763366341591,
-0.00292141898535192,
-0.03780444338917732,
0.005188037175685167,
-0.04428834468126297,
0.1519504189491272,
0.000289909599814564,
0.024195576086640358,
-0.03194328770041466,
0.004297416191548109,
-0.037456437945365906,
0.028683021664619446,
-0.001553434762172401,
-0.06209160014986992,
-0.0018487819470465183,
-0.028609758242964745,
0.035716407001018524,
0.04538730904459953,
0.05194447562098503,
-0.07546235620975494,
-0.06798938661813736,
0.027107836678624153,
0.02401241473853588,
-0.009478584863245487,
0.024195576086640358,
0.0058657331392169,
0.021906062960624695,
-0.010568393394351006,
-0.008278880268335342,
0.06176190823316574,
0.010641657747328281,
0.02170458622276783,
0.006488480605185032,
0.034361016005277634,
-0.022363964468240738,
0.00578788947314024,
-0.016859974712133408,
-0.0006931501557119191,
-0.03304225578904152,
0.008439145982265472,
0.05351966246962547,
-0.0021132207475602627,
-0.009107683785259724,
0.01484520360827446,
-0.07132291793823242,
0.05707298591732979,
-0.025734128430485725,
0.061798542737960815,
-0.05886796489357948,
0.0016244096914306283,
0.006831907667219639,
0.010311967693269253,
0.00013257712998893112,
0.0018888483755290508,
-0.012802958488464355,
-0.027895430102944374,
0.06648746132850647,
-0.03392142802476883,
0.01698818802833557,
0.04868420958518982,
0.05945407971739769,
-0.034361016005277634,
0.012418319471180439,
-0.012180210091173649,
-0.024378737434744835,
0.04535067826509476,
-0.040258802473545074,
-0.002358198631554842,
0.01915864646434784,
-0.013938556425273418,
0.059820402413606644,
0.00011032592010451481,
0.06824581325054169,
0.03245614096522331,
-0.043372537940740585,
-0.010376074351370335,
-0.012564849108457565,
0.04410518333315849,
0.05688982456922531,
0.06198170408606529,
0.029727039858698845,
0.024360420182347298,
0.09267949312925339,
-0.011557462625205517,
-0.01479941327124834,
0.0007881649071350694,
0.0010468799155205488,
-0.02736426144838333,
0.01555953174829483,
0.014652884565293789,
0.008178140968084335,
-0.06403310596942902,
-0.06282424181699753,
0.02945229783654213,
-0.0448378287255764,
0.015092471614480019,
-0.02919587306678295,
-0.0850599929690361,
-0.017610935494303703,
0.04659617319703102,
-0.008228510618209839,
-0.008617728017270565,
-0.039049938321113586,
-0.032437823712825775,
0.029818620532751083,
0.001721713924780488,
0.053263235837221146,
-0.03430606797337532,
-0.051834579557180405,
-0.035551562905311584,
-0.03168686479330063,
-0.012903696857392788,
-0.008072823286056519,
0.007770607713609934,
-0.029965149238705635,
-0.06223812699317932,
-0.05179794877767563,
-0.023426299914717674,
0.030844321474432945,
-0.018004732206463814,
-0.010412706062197685,
-0.025404438376426697,
0.0357530377805233,
-0.009309160523116589,
0.01756514608860016,
-0.04340917244553566,
-0.01595332846045494,
0.05993029847741127,
0.030917586758732796,
-0.0007149004959501326,
0.012555690482258797,
0.025239594280719757,
0.06113916262984276,
-0.019909607246518135,
0.02122836746275425,
-0.012802958488464355,
0.028664706274867058,
-0.05483842268586159,
-0.017116401344537735,
-0.06223812699317932,
0.05714625120162964,
-0.01149335689842701,
-0.020147716626524925,
0.04857431352138519,
0.07304462790489197,
0.05905112624168396,
-0.0060488940216600895,
0.002687888452783227,
-0.003530429443344474,
0.0035235609393566847,
-0.07297136634588242,
0.02959882654249668,
0.05747593939304352,
-0.026155399158596992,
0.0012489294167608023,
0.003844092832878232,
0.050002969801425934,
0.04080828279256821,
0.05275038629770279,
0.048317886888980865,
-0.054875053465366364,
0.019341807812452316,
0.05355629324913025,
0.01828863099217415,
-0.006877698004245758,
0.011035453528165817,
0.013746237382292747,
-0.0007000186596997082,
0.0470723919570446,
0.028444912284612656,
-0.009126000106334686,
-0.047768402844667435,
0.024763375520706177,
-0.014249930158257484,
-0.026704883202910423,
0.029983464628458023,
-0.018865589052438736,
-0.0712130218744278,
0.03273088112473488,
-0.0347822867333889,
-0.009432794526219368,
-0.048794105648994446,
-0.06454595923423767,
0.007079174742102623,
-0.05699972063302994,
0.024470318108797073,
0.017986416816711426,
0.030679477378726006,
-0.06967446953058243,
-0.0012306133285164833,
0.062054965645074844,
0.021887745708227158,
-0.01819705218076706,
-0.0038166185840964317,
-0.008567358367145061,
-0.043922021985054016,
0.029324086382985115,
-0.044654667377471924,
0.018957169726490974,
0.02817017026245594,
-0.012903696857392788,
0.023572828620672226,
-0.017381984740495682,
-0.011758940294384956,
0.0008557055843994021,
-0.0009770498145371675,
0.006717431824654341,
-0.0054307254031300545,
0.022968396544456482,
0.003077105851843953,
0.0233164019882679,
0.07590194046497345,
0.05747593939304352,
0.002331869211047888,
-0.030752742663025856,
-0.0365772619843483,
-0.015339738689363003,
0.008558200672268867,
-0.05084551125764847,
-0.005668834783136845,
0.03247445449233055,
0.023261453956365585,
0.008681834675371647,
0.01850842498242855,
-0.04091817885637283,
0.004141729325056076,
-0.05751257389783859,
-0.0020182058215141296,
-0.03071611002087593,
0.020550670102238655,
-0.020532354712486267,
-0.030551264062523842,
-0.020697198808193207,
0.06711021065711975,
-0.02472674287855625,
-0.01827031560242176,
0.0019437967566773295,
-0.04044196009635925,
0.002545938827097416,
-0.011127034202218056,
-0.012693061493337154,
0.000010275979548168834,
0.020935308188199997,
0.024360420182347298,
0.006012261845171452,
0.05564432963728905,
0.0011035454226657748,
-0.022455545142292976,
-0.010028067976236343,
-0.04080828279256821,
0.014579620212316513,
-0.0019437967566773295,
-0.05945407971739769,
-0.030862638726830482,
-0.03751138597726822,
0.025880657136440277,
0.02936071716248989,
-0.036742109805345535,
-0.03238287568092346,
0.008539884351193905,
-0.04278642311692238,
-0.0106874480843544,
0.007985821925103664,
0.002239143941551447,
0.031100748106837273,
0.02194269560277462,
-0.0190670657902956,
0.0365772619843483,
0.03439764678478241,
0.007779765874147415,
-0.01786736212670803,
-0.00034600269282236695,
0.021045206114649773,
0.008004138246178627,
-0.03516692295670509,
0.04989307373762131,
0.03481891751289368,
0.004753029439598322,
0.008402513340115547,
0.05971050634980202,
-0.030221574008464813,
0.01930517517030239,
-0.004785082768648863,
-0.03963605314493179,
-0.032199714332818985,
0.029653776437044144,
0.036265891045331955,
-0.024635162204504013,
-0.029488930478692055,
-0.016631023958325386,
0.03401301056146622,
0.015706060454249382,
0.005073561333119869,
-0.03934299573302269,
-0.0006902882596477866,
0.01970813050866127,
0.010046384297311306,
-0.014964258298277855,
0.04531404748558998,
0.02305997721850872,
-0.0033976377453655005,
-0.02928745374083519,
-0.033481840044260025,
0.004411892034113407,
-0.04549720883369446,
0.004908716306090355,
-0.007582867983728647,
-0.014890993945300579,
-0.003262556390836835,
0.06359352171421051,
0.038097500801086426,
0.017015662044286728,
0.0022128145210444927,
-0.009313739836215973,
0.028188487514853477,
0.008892469108104706,
0.0027222312055528164,
0.0009759050444699824,
0.06502217799425125,
-0.0031091589480638504,
-0.003970015794038773,
-0.02985525317490101,
0.0020010345615446568,
-0.020697198808193207,
-0.03161359950900078,
-0.008668096736073494,
0.040588490664958954,
0.01812378689646721,
0.04252999648451805,
-0.07461981475353241,
-0.03522187098860741,
-0.03663221001625061,
-0.012876222841441631,
0.0095335328951478,
-0.01073323842138052,
0.0012615218292921782,
-0.022638706490397453,
-0.020129401236772537,
-0.031393807381391525,
-0.013059383258223534,
-0.04857431352138519,
-0.0677695944905281,
0.00268330960534513,
-0.03952615708112717,
-0.016850817948579788,
-0.04458140209317207,
-0.07333768904209137,
0.03335363045334816,
-0.05520474165678024,
-0.008993208408355713,
0.09868717938661575,
-0.029067659750580788,
0.003988332115113735,
-0.03791433945298195,
0.030844321474432945,
-0.01923191174864769,
0.05329986661672592,
0.041211239993572235,
0.04315274581313133,
-0.0400756411254406,
-0.013270018622279167,
0.018297789618372917,
-0.0513949915766716,
-0.05923428758978844,
0.005838258657604456,
0.03392142802476883,
0.026796463876962662,
-0.04084491729736328,
-0.0017835308099165559,
0.03388479724526405,
0.021100154146552086,
0.00833840761333704,
-0.01852674037218094,
-0.06945467740297318,
0.05036929249763489,
-0.07491287589073181,
0.005412409082055092,
0.028426596894860268,
0.0026718620210886,
-0.02020266465842724,
0.012592323124408722,
-0.010467654094099998,
0.009606797248125076,
0.003482349682599306,
0.03454417735338211,
-0.016539443284273148,
-0.03853708505630493,
-0.015165735967457294,
0.0233164019882679,
0.05311670899391174,
0.0037822758313268423,
-0.020294245332479477,
-0.007042542565613985,
-0.030368104577064514,
0.09663577377796173,
0.018645795062184334,
-0.03199823573231697,
-0.02928745374083519,
-0.013709605671465397,
-0.006039735861122608,
-0.010595867410302162,
0.034763969480991364,
0.016246385872364044,
-0.026063818484544754,
0.04787830263376236,
-0.034031324088573456,
-0.008347565308213234,
0.032602667808532715,
-0.008713887073099613,
-0.02177784964442253,
0.01892053708434105,
0.05304344370961189,
0.018865589052438736,
-0.008690992370247841,
0.03615599498152733,
0.026851411908864975,
0.03791433945298195,
0.01778493821620941,
0.00439128652215004,
0.021118469536304474,
-0.03513029217720032,
0.02650340460240841,
0.046889230608940125,
0.009927329607307911,
0.03280414640903473,
-0.02163132093846798,
-0.019195279106497765,
0.03919646516442299,
-0.03192497417330742,
-0.00789882056415081,
0.008462040685117245,
-0.05472852289676666,
0.07018731534481049,
0.041137974709272385,
0.0033014779910445213,
-0.04571700096130371,
-0.03919646516442299,
0.017336193472146988,
0.020459089428186417,
-0.024616846814751625,
-0.03520355746150017,
-0.01844431832432747,
0.06187180429697037,
0.0011905469000339508,
0.029104292392730713,
0.011072086170315742,
0.005943576339632273,
0.010110490024089813,
-0.005160562694072723,
0.01803220622241497,
-0.0037204590626060963,
-0.01308685727417469,
-0.02018434926867485,
-0.006992173381149769,
-0.002062851330265403,
-0.042163677513599396,
0.000014291570550994948,
-0.00500487582758069,
-0.03326204791665077,
0.0006416360847651958,
-0.0030473421793431044,
-0.019891291856765747,
0.04315274581313133,
0.025239594280719757,
-0.010522603057324886,
0.02514801360666752,
-0.03154033422470093,
0.0029145502485334873,
-0.02545938640832901,
0.00949690118432045,
0.007962927222251892,
0.015266474336385727,
-0.0030107100028544664,
-0.0046614487655460835,
-0.024378737434744835,
-0.02833501622080803,
0.007266914937645197,
0.002520754002034664,
0.033390261232852936,
0.03712674602866173,
-0.01937844045460224,
0.03776780888438225,
-0.021045206114649773,
-0.052237533032894135,
-0.01763840951025486,
-0.038573719561100006,
0.008539884351193905,
0.02897607907652855,
-0.000536890875082463,
0.0269613079726696,
-0.020843729376792908,
0.04227357357740402,
-0.00600310368463397,
0.008681834675371647,
0.01124608889222145,
-0.036430735141038895,
0.006140474695712328,
-0.015467951074242592,
-0.01961654983460903,
0.004297416191548109,
-0.010669131763279438,
0.033225417137145996,
0.03518524020910263,
0.02536780759692192,
0.030056729912757874,
0.011484198272228241,
0.033060573041439056,
0.0013450890546664596,
0.062128230929374695,
-0.035881251096725464,
0.04970991238951683,
0.024158943444490433,
0.03556987643241882,
0.0031091589480638504,
-0.020166032016277313,
-0.0072898101061582565,
-0.027565740048885345,
0.009016103111207485,
0.01740030013024807,
0.028371648862957954,
-0.012308423407375813,
0.015449635684490204,
0.016063224524259567,
-0.014176665805280209,
0.013599708676338196,
0.032346244901418686,
0.007143281400203705,
0.017262930050492287,
-0.0368703193962574,
0.020843729376792908,
-0.011163666844367981,
-0.042969584465026855,
0.026540037244558334,
0.03146706894040108,
0.009405320510268211,
-0.028041958808898926,
-0.02313324250280857,
0.0034594545140862465,
-0.009199264459311962,
0.04436160996556282,
0.0006736892974004149,
0.03177844360470772,
0.028994396328926086,
-0.033152151852846146,
0.07322779297828674,
0.020880360156297684,
-0.01787651889026165,
0.030514633283019066,
0.02802364155650139,
0.02338966727256775,
-0.03230961039662361,
0.008810047060251236,
0.018215367570519447,
0.011127034202218056,
0.018774008378386497,
0.0145246721804142,
0.00037347685429267585,
-0.010751553811132908,
-0.027327630668878555,
-0.012674745172262192,
0.012418319471180439,
-0.02355451136827469,
0.062201496213674545,
0.00550398975610733,
-0.02210753969848156,
0.02897607907652855,
-0.025972237810492516,
-0.02959882654249668,
-0.024452000856399536,
0.00925879180431366,
-0.019982870668172836,
0.0053437240421772,
0.028829550370573997,
0.027400894090533257,
-0.0112094571813941,
-0.04088154807686806,
-0.006749485153704882,
-0.029946833848953247,
0.0024932799860835075,
-0.007216545753180981,
-0.023646092042326927,
0.0030725267715752125,
0.020074451342225075,
0.021484792232513428,
-0.019854659214615822,
0.014991732314229012,
-0.02712615206837654,
0.07007741928100586,
0.011804730631411076,
-0.01588006317615509,
0.022931763902306557,
-0.01460709422826767,
-0.02849986031651497,
-0.027565740048885345,
0.0256974957883358,
-0.0007893096772022545,
-0.02251049503684044,
0.01500089094042778,
-0.00973501056432724,
0.04428834468126297,
0.03406795859336853,
-0.00435236468911171,
0.00818272028118372,
-0.005151404999196529,
-0.001029136241413653,
0.004858347121626139,
-0.007147860247641802,
0.06388657540082932,
-0.02282186783850193,
0.023682724684476852,
0.057659100741147995,
0.017290404066443443,
0.034196168184280396,
-0.05985703319311142,
-0.012867064215242863,
-0.01413087546825409,
-0.016466179862618446,
-0.044654667377471924,
0.03329868242144585,
-0.07861272990703583,
0.010824818164110184,
0.02641182392835617,
-0.016859974712133408,
0.03861035034060478,
-0.002346751047298312,
-0.020935308188199997,
0.044654667377471924,
-0.015852589160203934,
-0.020843729376792908,
0.014057611115276814,
0.029269136488437653,
-0.03923309966921806,
-0.008933681063354015,
0.010568393394351006,
-0.007216545753180981,
0.0034869287628680468,
0.027510792016983032,
0.0069784363731741905,
0.013306651264429092,
-0.005169720854610205,
-0.02928745374083519,
0.00018616604211274534,
0.016713446006178856,
0.023444615304470062,
-0.03959942236542702,
-0.006561744958162308,
0.05890459567308426,
0.008219352923333645,
0.043299272656440735,
-0.034361016005277634,
0.0071341232396662235,
0.03956278786063194,
0.0018304658588021994,
-0.0009593060240149498,
0.023664409294724464,
0.013434863649308681,
0.015577848069369793,
0.07461981475353241,
-0.02186943031847477,
-0.008315511979162693,
0.06135895475745201,
-0.024470318108797073,
-0.018654953688383102,
0.02337135188281536,
0.0005151404766365886,
0.018453476950526237,
0.02624697983264923,
-0.02633856050670147,
0.034361016005277634,
-0.05754920467734337,
-0.002520754002034664,
-0.011859678663313389,
0.015541215427219868,
0.015568690374493599,
-0.04718228802084923,
-0.055021584033966064,
-0.05626707896590233,
0.0005056962254457176,
-0.0173178780823946,
0.04348243400454521,
-0.018883904442191124,
-0.011758940294384956,
-0.006483901292085648,
-0.020697198808193207,
0.0558641217648983,
0.028554808348417282,
0.017656726762652397,
0.010788186453282833,
0.008109455928206444,
0.042017146944999695,
-0.005600149277597666,
0.002900813240557909,
-0.022766919806599617,
-0.018023047596216202,
0.01380118541419506,
-0.002202511765062809,
0.05344639718532562,
0.0200378205627203,
-0.02714446932077408,
0.04220030829310417,
-0.06238465756177902,
0.0027153627015650272,
-0.0347822867333889,
-0.02937903441488743,
-0.013416547328233719,
0.00011304471991024911,
0.02218080498278141,
0.025715813040733337,
0.003077105851843953,
0.010440180078148842,
0.02337135188281536,
-0.009606797248125076,
0.0011315919691696763,
0.026778146624565125,
-0.02058730274438858,
0.004899558145552874,
-0.029269136488437653,
-0.03681537136435509,
-0.0018384791910648346,
0.007733975537121296,
-0.04359233379364014,
0.001091525424271822,
0.011264405213296413,
-0.012628954835236073,
-0.01176809798926115,
-0.01205199770629406,
0.0046156588941812515,
0.03692527115345001,
0.01732703670859337,
-0.002319276798516512,
-0.046962495893239975,
0.0344892293214798,
0.00886041671037674,
0.0300933625549078,
-0.013379915617406368,
0.015156577341258526,
-0.03525850549340248,
0.007697343360632658,
0.028151854872703552,
-0.017583461478352547,
-0.015422160737216473,
-0.001528250053524971,
-0.028829550370573997,
0.00716159725561738,
0.004443945363163948,
-0.005444462411105633,
-0.010678289458155632,
-0.05275038629770279,
0.05157815292477608,
0.03758464753627777,
-0.020697198808193207,
0.026283612474799156,
0.004592763725668192,
0.04666943848133087,
-0.01129187922924757,
-0.0036517735570669174,
-0.009936487302184105,
0.01157577894628048,
0.03712674602866173,
-0.01604490913450718,
0.02864638902246952,
-0.047988198697566986,
-0.01332496665418148,
-0.05099203810095787,
-0.018847273662686348,
-0.04318937659263611,
0.027712268754839897,
-0.02985525317490101,
-0.03390311077237129,
0.03262098506093025,
-0.01875569298863411,
0.02251049503684044,
0.013947715051472187,
0.02001950331032276,
0.015312264673411846,
-0.02234564907848835,
-0.017858203500509262,
0.03502039611339569,
0.04699912667274475,
-0.017913151532411575,
-0.003344978904351592,
0.0081369299441576,
-0.031576965004205704,
-0.05018613114953041,
0.03357342258095741,
-0.028225120157003403,
0.0077568707056343555,
0.014726148918271065,
0.0029168399050831795,
0.03287741169333458,
0.015834273770451546,
0.034599125385284424,
-0.0469258651137352,
0.012665587477385998,
0.024800008162856102,
-0.016218911856412888,
-0.009277107194066048,
-0.025990555062890053,
0.019524969160556793,
0.018389370292425156,
0.004095938988029957,
-0.026796463876962662,
0.006305319257080555,
-0.029031027108430862,
0.0045813159085810184,
-0.008654359728097916,
-0.041614193469285965,
0.013352441601455212,
0.02824343554675579,
-0.0426032617688179,
0.04527741298079491,
-0.020092768594622612,
0.00861314870417118,
0.009945645928382874,
0.02234564907848835,
0.04403191804885864,
0.03199823573231697,
0.021429844200611115,
-0.0105775510892272,
0.03350015729665756,
-0.05370282381772995,
0.02370104193687439,
0.002564254915341735,
0.023902518674731255,
0.006030577700585127,
-0.04494772478938103,
-0.037236642092466354,
0.0470723919570446,
0.015339738689363003,
0.026430141180753708,
-0.0006233199965208769,
0.005806205794215202,
-0.028701338917016983,
0.011539146304130554,
-0.028554808348417282,
0.014011820778250694,
0.008159825578331947,
0.0016942397924140096,
-0.019488336518406868,
0.001902585499919951,
0.018013890832662582,
-0.008599411696195602,
0.045533839613199234,
0.03926973044872284,
-0.00010395821300335228,
-0.017455248162150383,
-0.018169576302170753,
0.0076378160156309605,
-0.010037225671112537,
-0.029104292392730713,
0.02122836746275425,
-0.011667359620332718,
-0.011594095267355442,
0.009753325954079628,
-0.021814482286572456,
0.018233682960271835,
0.02058730274438858,
0.025917289778590202,
-0.05604728311300278,
-0.012583164498209953,
-0.02267533913254738,
0.0513949915766716,
-0.0018075706902891397,
0.0025299121625721455,
-0.04934358969330788,
0.0005471936892718077,
0.012619797140359879,
-0.031174011528491974,
-0.04095481336116791,
0.04124787077307701,
0.008081981912255287,
-0.022400597110390663,
-0.02897607907652855,
0.01787651889026165,
-0.041870616376399994,
-0.0449843555688858,
0.03831729292869568,
-0.05619381368160248,
0.021649636328220367,
0.016328807920217514,
-0.02864638902246952,
0.0001996169303311035,
-0.01859084703028202,
-0.0007715659448876977,
-0.027107836678624153,
0.009936487302184105,
-0.004794240929186344,
0.0189938023686409,
0.021686268970370293,
0.006657904479652643,
-0.04340917244553566,
0.014158349484205246,
0.009936487302184105,
-0.03285909444093704,
-0.0010812226682901382,
0.007202808745205402,
-0.06535186618566513,
-0.029085977002978325,
-0.01740945875644684,
0.0314304381608963,
-0.009918170981109142,
-0.01994623988866806,
0.04366559535264969,
0.010284493677318096,
-0.037145063281059265,
-0.017180508002638817,
-0.0009060748852789402,
0.0365772619843483,
-0.014854362234473228,
0.018169576302170753,
-0.02490990422666073,
0.014396458864212036,
0.020166032016277313,
-0.01233589742332697,
0.014771939255297184,
-0.0344892293214798,
0.040991444140672684,
-0.0100555419921875,
0.024635162204504013,
-0.008956575766205788
] |
We consider the classical problem of scheduling task graphs corresponding to
complex applications on distributed computing systems. A number of heuristics
have been previously proposed to optimize task scheduling with respect to
metrics such as makespan and throughput. However, they tend to be slow to run,
particularly for larger problem instances, limiting their applicability in more
dynamic systems. Motivated by the goal of solving these problems more rapidly,
we propose, for the first time, a graph convolutional network-based scheduler
(GCNScheduler). By carefully integrating an inter-task data dependency
structure with network settings into an input graph and feeding it to an
appropriate GCN, the GCNScheduler can efficiently schedule tasks of complex
applications for a given objective. We evaluate our scheme with baselines
through simulations. We show that not only can our scheme quickly and
efficiently learn from existing scheduling schemes, but also it can easily be
applied to large-scale settings where current scheduling schemes fail to
handle. We show that it achieves better makespan than the classic HEFT
algorithm, and almost the same throughput as throughput-oriented HEFT
(TP-HEFT), while providing several orders of magnitude faster scheduling times
in both cases. For example, for makespan minimization, GCNScheduler schedules
50-node task graphs in about 4 milliseconds while HEFT takes more than 1500
seconds; and for throughput maximization, GCNScheduler schedules 100-node task
graphs in about 3.3 milliseconds, compared to about 6.9 seconds for TP-HEFT. | [
-0.025134816765785217,
0.0010081613436341286,
-0.030768482014536858,
0.020303666591644287,
0.0332883857190609,
0.008265919983386993,
0.005320684518665075,
0.04677066206932068,
-0.060285039246082306,
0.013193370774388313,
0.02243836037814617,
-0.030094368383288383,
-0.038296088576316833,
-0.031410496681928635,
-0.0012228344567120075,
0.052484579384326935,
0.015271889045834541,
0.005051841493695974,
0.004112896975129843,
-0.05848740041255951,
0.00714239664375782,
-0.0008275951258838177,
0.08622237294912338,
-0.00489133782684803,
0.005774106364697218,
-0.004746885038912296,
0.049467116594314575,
0.03224511444568634,
-0.06554954499006271,
0.00727882469072938,
0.012880389578640461,
0.051970966160297394,
0.017687464132905006,
-0.056561361998319626,
0.00418512336909771,
-0.036434248089790344,
0.06018873676657677,
0.04580764099955559,
-0.04417050629854202,
-0.027702869847416878,
-0.022695166990160942,
0.03672315552830696,
-0.025375571101903915,
-0.0006856500403955579,
0.02812017872929573,
-0.0403505302965641,
-0.018136871978640556,
-0.015023108571767807,
0.0021487378980964422,
0.010224060155451298,
0.04953131824731827,
-0.03736516833305359,
0.05492422729730606,
-0.003591261338442564,
-0.032309312373399734,
0.02569657750427723,
0.025792879983782768,
0.018088722601532936,
0.0496918223798275,
0.039259105920791626,
-0.023144574835896492,
-0.01433294452726841,
-0.07164867222309113,
-0.015608945861458778,
0.05598355084657669,
-0.05049433931708336,
-0.02133088745176792,
0.05900101363658905,
0.07299689948558807,
-0.04702746495604515,
-0.06805340200662613,
-0.042725976556539536,
-0.034636612981557846,
-0.020143164321780205,
0.039708517491817474,
-0.046899065375328064,
0.01591390185058117,
-0.0364021472632885,
-0.021362988278269768,
-0.022871719673275948,
0.026322541758418083,
0.019083842635154724,
-0.04815099015831947,
-0.04365689679980278,
0.11113248020410538,
-0.03913070261478424,
0.012358753941953182,
-0.05376860499382019,
0.02001476101577282,
0.017222004011273384,
-0.02876219153404236,
-0.011451910249888897,
-0.022101303562521935,
-0.03250191733241081,
0.012230351567268372,
0.01991845853626728,
0.018217124044895172,
-0.016234908252954483,
-0.02645094320178032,
-0.014790378510951996,
-0.04461991786956787,
-0.04063943400979042,
0.0015227750409394503,
-0.022293908521533012,
0.03128209337592125,
-0.004674658644944429,
-0.02208525314927101,
0.008530749939382076,
0.014421221800148487,
0.08031585067510605,
0.019886359572410583,
0.010047506541013718,
0.02609783597290516,
-0.003163921181112528,
-0.07755519449710846,
-0.026723798364400864,
-0.05181046575307846,
-0.021186435595154762,
-0.00675317645072937,
-0.014774329029023647,
0.04208396375179291,
0.04587184265255928,
-0.030014116317033768,
-0.010721620172262192,
-0.04561503604054451,
0.024460703134536743,
-0.03264636918902397,
-0.01810477115213871,
-0.031201841309666634,
-0.02876219153404236,
0.010240110568702221,
0.0047950358130037785,
-0.0022972035221755505,
-0.024669356644153595,
0.047252170741558075,
-0.00895608402788639,
0.034219302237033844,
0.027028756216168404,
-0.02430019900202751,
-0.04677066206932068,
-0.018987540155649185,
-0.008699278347194195,
0.01800847053527832,
-0.07665637880563736,
0.03816768527030945,
0.02222970686852932,
-0.046289149671792984,
0.09238570183515549,
-0.03800718113780022,
0.07203388214111328,
-0.06227527931332588,
0.015946002677083015,
0.0003769319737330079,
0.026996655389666557,
-0.05020543187856674,
-0.002816832857206464,
0.008627052418887615,
-0.021459290757775307,
-0.008354196324944496,
-0.003234141506254673,
0.055245235562324524,
-0.02227785810828209,
-0.028585636988282204,
-0.014726177789270878,
-0.035728033632040024,
0.016355285421013832,
0.03187595680356026,
0.01548856869339943,
-0.07742679119110107,
0.02117038518190384,
0.021764246746897697,
0.01735040731728077,
-0.0012890420621261,
0.03269452229142189,
-0.01397983729839325,
0.05925781652331352,
0.019485101103782654,
-0.007379139307886362,
-0.01779981516301632,
0.0219729021191597,
-0.04067153483629227,
0.019854258745908737,
0.0492745116353035,
0.026386741548776627,
0.009766625240445137,
0.042276568710803986,
0.014629875309765339,
-0.03088083490729332,
0.01614663191139698,
0.016884947195649147,
-0.009774650447070599,
0.01810477115213871,
0.06574214994907379,
-0.064779132604599,
0.0006209471612237394,
-0.10008985549211502,
-0.001629108446650207,
-0.00940549373626709,
0.03139444440603256,
-0.025824980810284615,
-0.05181046575307846,
0.026033634319901466,
0.027686819434165955,
-0.022614914923906326,
0.014324919320642948,
-0.0160744059830904,
0.04808678850531578,
-0.023272978141903877,
0.00812146719545126,
-0.0023894929327070713,
-0.02831278182566166,
0.03617744520306587,
-0.06327039748430252,
-0.042822279036045074,
0.012358753941953182,
-0.02157164365053177,
0.05546994134783745,
0.020078962668776512,
-0.04677066206932068,
-0.0021066057961434126,
-0.006480320822447538,
0.05601565167307854,
0.06985103338956833,
-0.01013578288257122,
0.013771182857453823,
-0.02690035291016102,
0.04661015793681145,
-0.011845143511891365,
0.003653456224128604,
0.020351817831397057,
-0.04365689679980278,
-0.0005186263006180525,
0.03431560471653938,
-0.0009835843229666352,
0.024059444665908813,
-0.05768488720059395,
0.021346937865018845,
-0.013570553623139858,
-0.016628142446279526,
-0.009397468529641628,
-0.025873132050037384,
0.00028037920128554106,
-0.051328953355550766,
-0.005685829557478428,
0.047155868262052536,
0.029388153925538063,
-0.035535428673028946,
0.034604512155056,
0.03457241132855415,
-0.022855669260025024,
-0.07517974823713303,
-0.058166395872831345,
-0.018778886646032333,
0.0034789089113473892,
-0.012374804355204105,
0.02534347027540207,
-0.007206598296761513,
-0.007162459660321474,
0.018778886646032333,
0.004843187052756548,
0.03999742120504379,
0.02861773781478405,
-0.036145344376564026,
0.025921283289790154,
-0.042629677802324295,
0.01006355695426464,
0.02499036304652691,
0.03537492826581001,
-0.034636612981557846,
0.00542099867016077,
-0.017189903184771538,
-0.07132766395807266,
-0.029259750619530678,
-0.0042252494022250175,
-0.03243771567940712,
-0.053094491362571716,
0.021459290757775307,
-0.019838208332657814,
0.059418320655822754,
0.007038069423288107,
0.0015107373474165797,
0.011235230602324009,
-0.025166917592287064,
0.0018778885714709759,
-0.05864790454506874,
-0.032309312373399734,
-0.023658186197280884,
-0.03396249935030937,
-0.024605154991149902,
-0.027590516954660416,
-0.04815099015831947,
0.004650583025068045,
0.00012313612387515604,
0.05068694055080414,
0.019886359572410583,
0.019677704200148582,
-0.012150099501013756,
-0.03913070261478424,
0.021796347573399544,
-0.014373070560395718,
-0.013634755276143551,
0.009614147245883942,
0.03710836172103882,
0.04025422781705856,
-0.06291729211807251,
-0.033127881586551666,
-0.013915635645389557,
0.034026701003313065,
0.02519901841878891,
-0.049114007502794266,
0.03152284771203995,
-0.020592574030160904,
-0.011259306222200394,
-0.024717507883906364,
0.00573398033156991,
0.02781522087752819,
0.005493225529789925,
-0.011500061489641666,
-0.019083842635154724,
-0.0219729021191597,
0.04988442361354828,
-0.033416785299777985,
-0.07498714327812195,
0.015705248340964317,
-0.024878012016415596,
0.06696197390556335,
0.0020183289889246225,
0.03073638118803501,
-0.03194015473127365,
0.001965162344276905,
0.010336412116885185,
-0.006809352431446314,
-0.037686172872781754,
-0.01048889011144638,
0.0002798776258714497,
-0.0002505356096662581,
-0.027125056833028793,
0.06631996482610703,
-0.012639634311199188,
0.00872335396707058,
-0.00374775193631649,
-0.01674049347639084,
-0.02348163165152073,
0.06278888881206512,
0.002459713025018573,
-0.056111954152584076,
-0.03521442413330078,
0.01840972900390625,
0.002636266639456153,
-0.006271666381508112,
0.0009484741603955626,
0.021411139518022537,
0.012198250740766525,
-0.02133088745176792,
-0.014886680990457535,
0.0005527332541532815,
-0.019549300894141197,
-0.0003633894957602024,
-0.014565674588084221,
-0.02574472874403,
0.016467638313770294,
-0.0642976239323616,
0.022293908521533012,
0.028697989881038666,
-0.04291858151555061,
0.04025422781705856,
-0.030447475612163544,
-0.040157925337553024,
-0.03486131504178047,
-0.023401381447911263,
-0.023465583100914955,
0.051682062447071075,
0.006147276144474745,
-0.022245757281780243,
0.0036654940340667963,
-0.012816187925636768,
-0.0003731701581273228,
0.011275356635451317,
-0.07383151352405548,
0.025263218209147453,
0.0026503107510507107,
0.05668976530432701,
0.013321774080395699,
-0.03646634891629219,
-0.008611002005636692,
0.04853619635105133,
0.02378658950328827,
-0.04323958978056908,
-0.040061622858047485,
0.029949914664030075,
0.016612092033028603,
-0.04860039800405502,
-0.017526960000395775,
-0.0228396188467741,
-0.03653055056929588,
-0.010657419450581074,
0.002720530843362212,
-0.027638668194413185,
0.04998072609305382,
-0.015665121376514435,
-0.05617615580558777,
0.010850022546947002,
0.03457241132855415,
0.06343090534210205,
-0.048921406269073486,
-0.01071359496563673,
-0.0496918223798275,
-0.04738057404756546,
0.016612092033028603,
-0.017815865576267242,
0.03929120674729347,
-0.026194138452410698,
0.0019611497409641743,
-0.03540702909231186,
-0.009036336094141006,
0.03232536464929581,
-0.03380199521780014,
0.033769894391298294,
0.01991845853626728,
-0.035984840244054794,
-0.052580881863832474,
0.018377628177404404,
0.05270928144454956,
0.00757976807653904,
0.05104004964232445,
0.010649394243955612,
0.041666656732559204,
-0.0055855149403214455,
-0.008514699526131153,
0.028184378519654274,
0.015753399580717087,
-0.013971812091767788,
0.0010813910048455,
-0.012126023881137371,
0.009509820491075516,
0.022566763684153557,
0.04079993814229965,
0.027895472943782806,
-0.04856829717755318,
-0.02052837237715721,
-0.011973545886576176,
-0.04391370341181755,
-0.037300966680049896,
-0.02998201549053192,
-0.02182844839990139,
-0.03511812165379524,
-0.019501151517033577,
-0.0032642357982695103,
-0.019886359572410583,
-0.046289149671792984,
-0.06320619583129883,
-0.027574466541409492,
-0.05428221449255943,
-0.012591484002768993,
0.024861961603164673,
-0.011211154982447624,
-0.0020414013415575027,
-0.01251925714313984,
0.019806107506155968,
-0.003272261004894972,
0.02198895253241062,
0.07903182506561279,
-0.041666656732559204,
-0.08326911181211472,
-0.01765536330640316,
0.04773367941379547,
-0.01058519259095192,
-0.04667435958981514,
0.02690035291016102,
0.022342059761285782,
-0.0064361821860075,
-0.016868896782398224,
0.06310989707708359,
0.009854902513325214,
0.0452619306743145,
-0.012101948261260986,
-0.024829860776662827,
-0.06452232599258423,
-0.01895543932914734,
-0.03524652495980263,
-0.03152284771203995,
0.0138594601303339,
0.07858241349458694,
0.021202486008405685,
0.002168800914660096,
0.028794292360544205,
-0.021844498813152313,
-0.02227785810828209,
-0.016836795955896378,
-0.04250127449631691,
0.050173331052064896,
0.023754488676786423,
-0.043175388127565384,
-0.006412106566131115,
0.03383409604430199,
0.01871468499302864,
0.028858492150902748,
-0.018891237676143646,
0.06063814461231232,
0.005926584359258413,
-0.0368194580078125,
-0.031057387590408325,
0.037750374525785446,
-0.02308037504553795,
-0.0125272823497653,
-0.015600920654833317,
0.07967383414506912,
0.008322096429765224,
-0.024059444665908813,
-0.04336798936128616,
-0.008514699526131153,
0.03913070261478424,
-0.012053797952830791,
-0.008029177784919739,
0.0018758822698146105,
0.02479775995016098,
-0.009269065223634243,
-0.04336798936128616,
-0.01544041745364666,
0.03348098695278168,
-0.0010623312555253506,
-0.05209936946630478,
0.017414607107639313,
0.007591805886477232,
-0.041570354253053665,
0.01669234223663807,
0.02081727795302868,
-0.006424144376069307,
0.0010011392878368497,
0.009622172452509403,
-0.025680527091026306,
0.016058355569839478,
-0.04057523235678673,
-0.037044160068035126,
-0.0027827259618788958,
-0.003173952689394355,
0.0036775318440049887,
0.0023152600042521954,
-0.03142654523253441,
-0.021298788487911224,
-0.03232536464929581,
0.01956535130739212,
-0.02701270580291748,
-0.046192850917577744,
0.014758278615772724,
0.001976196886971593,
0.00635191798210144,
-0.018843086436390877,
-0.025166917592287064,
-0.01621885783970356,
-0.047701578587293625,
0.005994798149913549,
0.01815292239189148,
-0.02564842626452446,
-0.03746147081255913,
-0.021507441997528076,
0.0032863051164895296,
-0.057010769844055176,
-0.004951526876538992,
0.012936566025018692,
0.012422955594956875,
0.02168399468064308,
0.018297376111149788,
-0.03954801335930824,
-0.01982215791940689,
0.00032928254222497344,
-0.0006149282562546432,
0.04009372368454933,
0.003785871434956789,
-0.002881034277379513,
0.032871074974536896,
-0.018827036023139954,
-0.006604710593819618,
-0.005232407711446285,
-0.010721620172262192,
0.026370691135525703,
0.013851434923708439,
-0.017591161653399467,
0.0020323731005191803,
-0.009437593631446362,
0.023256927728652954,
0.03604904189705849,
0.03174755349755287,
0.00947771966457367,
0.024428602308034897,
-0.011724766343832016,
-0.02998201549053192,
-0.025215068832039833,
-0.02027156576514244,
-0.032213013619184494,
-0.007339013274759054,
0.009317216463387012,
-0.054892126470804214,
0.0074232774786651134,
-0.03237351402640343,
-0.017125701531767845,
-0.020399969071149826,
0.0030696254689246416,
0.03380199521780014,
-0.05225987359881401,
0.03466871380805969,
0.05563044175505638,
-0.041923463344573975,
0.0039764693938195705,
-0.05030173435807228,
-0.026627497747540474,
-0.0032702547032386065,
0.04455571621656418,
0.0004258353146724403,
0.008189680986106396,
0.01433294452726841,
0.027542365714907646,
0.04696326330304146,
-0.026370691135525703,
0.029035046696662903,
0.030367223545908928,
0.01840972900390625,
0.006721075624227524,
-0.020512321963906288,
-0.04815099015831947,
0.04067153483629227,
-0.024781709536910057,
0.02604968473315239,
-0.009493770077824593,
0.009678348898887634,
0.028794292360544205,
-0.00450211763381958,
-0.014750253409147263,
-0.02168399468064308,
-0.05164996162056923,
-0.02324087731540203,
0.014244667254388332,
-0.04622495174407959,
-0.0006906657363288105,
0.010617293417453766,
-0.041666656732559204,
-0.03258217126131058,
0.03916280344128609,
-0.020480221137404442,
0.039002303034067154,
-0.04625704884529114,
0.007009981665760279,
-0.028505384922027588,
0.06404081732034683,
0.0037638023495674133,
0.05360810086131096,
0.004461991600692272,
-0.021844498813152313,
-0.01111485343426466,
0.02897084504365921,
0.03858499228954315,
0.03929120674729347,
0.03153889626264572,
0.051425255835056305,
0.009244989603757858,
-0.027991775423288345,
0.029965965077280998,
-0.014076138846576214,
-0.025166917592287064,
0.029917815700173378,
-0.011195105500519276,
0.008891882374882698,
-0.008085353299975395,
-0.048407793045043945,
0.04632125049829483,
0.02444465272128582,
-0.015592895448207855,
0.03177965432405472,
-0.017173852771520615,
0.041120946407318115,
-0.024813810363411903,
-0.005689841695129871,
-0.029051097109913826,
0.02988571487367153,
0.016018228605389595,
-0.026627497747540474,
0.010023430921137333,
0.07299689948558807,
-0.027702869847416878,
0.005023753270506859,
0.0029853612650185823,
-0.047348473221063614,
-0.033320486545562744,
-0.0359206385910511,
0.006572610232979059,
0.001008662860840559,
-0.009549946524202824,
-0.01784796640276909,
0.017189903184771538,
0.015592895448207855,
-0.002279146807268262,
-0.03434770554304123,
0.011411784216761589,
-0.004927451256662607,
0.01368290651589632,
0.04843989387154579,
0.011500061489641666,
0.015873776748776436,
0.06461862474679947,
-0.02413969673216343,
-0.0021346937865018845,
0.00925301481038332,
-0.0026302477344870567,
0.010191959328949451,
-0.033577289432287216,
0.07800460606813431,
0.005360810086131096,
-0.011893294751644135,
-0.06965842843055725,
-0.010946325026452541,
-0.0031940157059580088,
-0.034219302237033844,
-0.013514378108084202,
0.03919490426778793,
0.010577167384326458,
0.014854580163955688,
-0.024621205404400826,
0.016114531084895134,
0.01626700907945633,
0.016724443063139915,
-0.021058032289147377,
0.0006084078340791166,
-0.005802194122225046,
-0.04808678850531578,
-0.03434770554304123,
0.01345820166170597,
0.04843989387154579,
-0.006729100830852985,
-0.02816832810640335,
-0.014902731403708458,
0.024268098175525665,
-0.03964431583881378,
0.007347038481384516,
-0.005529338493943214,
0.04506932571530342,
-0.02574472874403,
0.030720330774784088,
0.015103360638022423,
0.006488346029073,
0.02267911657691002,
0.005007702857255936,
0.011716741137206554,
-0.004554281011223793,
0.01845787838101387,
0.024910110980272293,
-0.016034279018640518,
-0.0035892550367861986,
0.008165605366230011,
-0.03283897414803505,
-0.0017153789522126317,
0.03791087865829468,
-0.0022911846172064543,
0.03033512271940708,
-0.023208776488900185,
-0.06940162926912308,
0.02802387624979019,
-0.008771505206823349,
-0.02917950041592121,
0.004718796815723181,
0.007664032280445099,
-0.004128947388380766,
0.03489341586828232,
0.014357020147144794,
0.036594752222299576,
0.02503851428627968,
0.02439650148153305,
-0.03871339559555054,
-0.00935734249651432,
0.0034267453011125326,
0.010344437323510647,
-0.008225793950259686,
0.001408416428603232,
0.06760399043560028,
-0.012158124707639217,
0.016772594302892685,
0.020801227539777756,
0.015448442660272121,
0.01141980942338705,
-0.013145220465958118,
-0.004092833958566189,
-0.006616748403757811,
0.007162459660321474,
-0.0038239911664277315,
0.025520024821162224,
-0.02670774795114994,
-0.0037497582379728556,
-0.016981249675154686,
-0.043528493493795395,
-0.01262358482927084,
0.048760902136564255,
-0.002513882936909795,
0.00047047529369592667,
0.0031920094043016434,
0.051425255835056305,
0.04195556044578552,
0.008755454793572426,
0.026595396921038628,
0.02494221180677414,
-0.006761201657354832,
-0.03531072661280632,
0.01576944813132286,
0.002602159744128585,
-0.005396923515945673,
0.004173085559159517,
0.04311118647456169,
-0.036851558834314346,
-0.044491514563560486,
0.02338533103466034,
-0.03672315552830696,
0.015063234604895115,
0.02861773781478405,
0.006456245202571154,
0.000028291840862948447,
0.027783120051026344,
0.017013350501656532,
-0.02519901841878891,
-0.034925516694784164,
-0.031603097915649414,
-0.03662685304880142,
-0.03088083490729332,
-0.010480865836143494,
-0.026370691135525703,
0.00520431948825717,
0.0038721421733498573,
-0.039708517491817474,
0.0017324325162917376,
0.04808678850531578,
-0.01217417512089014,
0.08397532254457474,
0.027526315301656723,
0.01760721206665039,
0.08712118864059448,
-0.05617615580558777,
0.03386619687080383,
-0.04542243480682373,
0.020785177126526833,
-0.005790156312286854,
0.028344882652163506,
0.007451365701854229,
0.00444995379075408,
0.030270922929048538,
0.02081727795302868,
0.0004153022891841829,
-0.0008953074575401843,
-0.015207687392830849,
0.012864339165389538,
-0.06734718382358551,
0.014878655783832073,
-0.01551264338195324,
0.017671413719654083,
0.02298407256603241,
0.08705698698759079,
0.03569593280553818,
-0.0001736695849103853,
-0.005513288080692291,
0.019725855439901352,
0.018794937059283257,
-0.013835384510457516,
-0.0035992865450680256,
-0.037236765027046204,
0.08108626306056976,
0.015079285018146038,
0.0036213556304574013,
-0.003057587891817093,
0.016018228605389595,
-0.008514699526131153,
0.0004892842844128609,
-0.01714175194501877,
0.018698634579777718,
-0.03134629502892494,
-0.018634432926774025,
0.03537492826581001,
0.014405171386897564,
0.044331010431051254,
-0.02258281409740448,
-0.029356053099036217,
0.007824535481631756,
-0.024011293426156044,
-0.019453000277280807,
0.01926039531826973,
0.01368290651589632,
-0.01765536330640316,
0.029596807435154915,
-0.0039202929474413395,
0.05925781652331352,
-0.02871404029428959,
-0.015897851437330246,
-0.04949921742081642,
-0.04067153483629227,
-0.04988442361354828,
-0.00940549373626709,
0.06895221769809723,
-0.04815099015831947,
-0.02524716965854168,
0.014541598968207836,
-0.023160625249147415,
-0.013618704862892628,
0.013835384510457516,
0.010609268210828304,
-0.019854258745908737,
0.00315589620731771,
-0.03662685304880142,
-0.031217891722917557,
-0.05646505951881409,
0.05685026943683624,
-0.03303157910704613,
-0.018778886646032333,
-0.02027156576514244,
0.010167883709073067,
-0.031763602048158646,
-0.023449532687664032,
0.011973545886576176,
-0.014469372108578682,
-0.018875187262892723,
0.012711861170828342,
0.02998201549053192,
-0.02192475087940693,
-0.05039803683757782,
0.015520668588578701,
-0.020785177126526833,
0.009052385576069355,
0.029083197936415672,
-0.021748196333646774,
0.022117353975772858,
-0.0034608524292707443,
-0.0031579022761434317,
-0.004401803016662598,
-0.004839174449443817,
0.0103123364970088,
-0.02986966446042061,
-0.0228396188467741,
0.02274331822991371,
0.022117353975772858,
0.003537091426551342,
0.05306239053606987,
0.014044038951396942,
-0.048760902136564255,
-0.0425654761493206,
-0.015472518280148506,
0.021507441997528076,
-0.03877759724855423,
0.047059565782547,
0.014533573761582375,
0.043528493493795395,
0.020159214735031128,
0.010031456127762794,
0.011492036283016205,
-0.013827359303832054,
-0.00414901040494442,
0.03383409604430199,
-0.03630584478378296,
-0.01855418086051941,
0.027526315301656723,
-0.006303767208009958,
-0.03194015473127365,
-0.03224511444568634,
-0.026515144854784012,
-0.01397983729839325,
0.023610034957528114,
0.044331010431051254,
0.016066379845142365,
0.028730090707540512,
0.0058342949487268925,
-0.005308646708726883,
0.0028589649591594934,
0.02036786824464798,
-0.011981571093201637,
-0.024075495079159737,
-0.0020845364779233932,
0.027397913858294487,
0.014469372108578682,
-0.03454031050205231,
0.02121853642165661,
0.02956470660865307,
-0.05980353057384491,
0.020913580432534218,
0.008907932788133621,
0.009951204061508179,
-0.022406259551644325,
-0.038296088576316833,
0.04975602403283119,
0.03916280344128609,
-0.003432764206081629,
0.01815292239189148,
0.03697995841503143,
-0.045582935214042664,
0.000028307515094638802,
-0.018217124044895172,
-0.027494214475154877,
0.02041601948440075,
-0.04038263112306595,
0.03611324355006218,
0.041474051773548126,
-0.053897008299827576,
-0.012784088030457497,
0.0190677922219038,
0.02656329609453678,
-0.01270383596420288,
0.0021226562093943357,
0.010825947858393192,
-0.011580312624573708,
-0.03585643693804741,
-0.02847328595817089,
0.023722387850284576,
0.055919349193573,
-0.0058342949487268925,
0.0008822665549814701,
0.03425140306353569,
0.004618482198566198,
0.04596814513206482,
0.010874098166823387,
-0.0314907468855381,
-0.005200306884944439,
-0.0337056927382946,
-0.016579991206526756,
0.0031940157059580088,
-0.00912461243569851,
0.06888801604509354,
0.00573398033156991,
-0.009557971730828285,
-0.00231325370259583,
-0.011748841032385826,
0.0001184338761959225,
0.00687756622210145
] |
Machine learning algorithms based on parametrized quantum circuits are prime
candidates for near-term applications on noisy quantum computers. In this
direction, various types of quantum machine learning models have been
introduced and studied extensively. Yet, our understanding of how these models
compare, both mutually and to classical models, remains limited. In this work,
we identify a constructive framework that captures all standard models based on
parametrized quantum circuits: that of linear quantum models. In particular, we
show using tools from quantum information theory how data re-uploading
circuits, an apparent outlier of this framework, can be efficiently mapped into
the simpler picture of linear models in quantum Hilbert spaces. Furthermore, we
analyze the experimentally-relevant resource requirements of these models in
terms of qubit number and amount of data needed to learn. Based on recent
results from classical machine learning, we prove that linear quantum models
must utilize exponentially more qubits than data re-uploading models in order
to solve certain learning tasks, while kernel methods additionally require
exponentially more data points. Our results provide a more comprehensive view
of quantum machine learning models as well as insights on the compatibility of
different models with NISQ constraints. | [
-0.005674740299582481,
0.01590544730424881,
-0.03741823881864548,
0.023112323135137558,
0.002106123836711049,
-0.005984761752188206,
0.03242195397615433,
0.029762059450149536,
0.0040752096101641655,
0.045002531260252,
-0.015626877546310425,
-0.007359639275819063,
0.0373104065656662,
0.007498924620449543,
-0.010801326483488083,
0.022339515388011932,
-0.022752877324819565,
-0.04212697222828865,
-0.046296536922454834,
-0.008914239704608917,
0.010576673783361912,
-0.04334908351302147,
-0.013721819035708904,
-0.00047542236279696226,
0.02735377661883831,
0.025898022577166557,
-0.013569054193794727,
-0.015788627788424492,
-0.08748894929885864,
0.011807773262262344,
-0.023885130882263184,
0.022069932892918587,
-0.022123849019408226,
-0.02841413952410221,
-0.019032619893550873,
-0.062184009701013565,
0.03021136485040188,
-0.008932212367653847,
-0.10114786773920059,
0.015725726261734962,
0.04119241610169411,
0.02791091613471508,
-0.012679427862167358,
0.017855437472462654,
-0.005912872962653637,
-0.03443484380841255,
-0.03605234995484352,
-0.045182254165410995,
0.000870531250257045,
-0.03889196366071701,
-0.02248329482972622,
-0.03486618027091026,
0.05362921580672264,
0.002105000661686063,
0.006771048065274954,
-0.012149246409535408,
0.015725726261734962,
0.045182254165410995,
0.06768352538347244,
-0.004803085699677467,
0.002549814060330391,
-0.01693885214626789,
-0.07519592344760895,
-0.0214409027248621,
-0.03572884947061539,
-0.030229337513446808,
0.0219261534512043,
-0.012993942014873028,
0.06638951599597931,
-0.014090250246226788,
-0.05873333662748337,
-0.024747798219323158,
0.027084192261099815,
0.004250438883900642,
-0.01852939836680889,
0.03231411799788475,
0.011762842535972595,
0.04665597900748253,
-0.0035719862207770348,
0.01643562875688076,
0.016893921419978142,
0.03175697848200798,
0.027659304440021515,
0.021710487082600594,
0.07476459443569183,
-0.02530493773519993,
-0.03680718317627907,
-0.051831990480422974,
0.045182254165410995,
-0.008801912888884544,
-0.030301226302981377,
0.05632505565881729,
0.004122386686503887,
-0.005571399815380573,
0.002464445773512125,
0.010801326483488083,
-0.019499899819493294,
-0.019553815945982933,
-0.00753936218097806,
0.015114668756723404,
0.021602652966976166,
0.010558701120316982,
0.05751122534275055,
0.018349675461649895,
0.03224223107099533,
-0.10294508934020996,
-0.05165226757526398,
0.06966046988964081,
0.013596013188362122,
0.10524553805589676,
-0.05485133081674576,
-0.0013894801959395409,
-0.0701996386051178,
-0.01126860547810793,
-0.035279542207717896,
-0.009660088457167149,
-0.08295994251966476,
-0.08727328479290009,
0.01227505225688219,
-0.02625746838748455,
0.019877316430211067,
0.05787067115306854,
0.020686067640781403,
0.03497401252388954,
-0.06836646795272827,
0.08396638929843903,
0.006712638307362795,
0.02467590942978859,
0.041947249323129654,
0.01802617497742176,
-0.01261652447283268,
-0.0060251993127167225,
0.012391871772706509,
-0.06175267696380615,
-0.025502633303403854,
-0.02519710548222065,
0.031092004850506783,
0.019985150545835495,
0.00467278715223074,
-0.051292821764945984,
0.02744363807141781,
-0.06311856955289841,
-0.03235006332397461,
-0.02958233654499054,
-0.005364718846976757,
-0.023669462651014328,
-0.032529786229133606,
0.026419218629598618,
0.004883960820734501,
-0.011708925478160381,
-0.04489469900727272,
0.027533499523997307,
0.007117013912647963,
0.018322717398405075,
0.04539792239665985,
0.028773583471775055,
-0.040221910923719406,
-0.013308457098901272,
0.01751396432518959,
-0.044067975133657455,
0.020614178851246834,
-0.018322717398405075,
0.01316467858850956,
0.0602070614695549,
0.010352020151913166,
0.03567492961883545,
0.0711701363325119,
0.0026217030826956034,
-0.028342250734567642,
0.028665751218795776,
0.018304744735360146,
0.035387374460697174,
-0.021135374903678894,
0.011214688420295715,
0.013542096130549908,
0.04104863479733467,
0.02841413952410221,
-0.022860711440443993,
-0.049567487090826035,
-0.006335220765322447,
-0.0010182406986132264,
-0.008819885551929474,
0.0328892320394516,
0.07519592344760895,
0.05140065774321556,
0.007341667078435421,
0.06193239986896515,
0.04374447464942932,
0.02406485378742218,
0.016291851177811623,
0.056109387427568436,
0.019859343767166138,
0.01451259758323431,
0.01799921505153179,
0.012751316651701927,
-0.027012303471565247,
0.0038685284089297056,
0.001689392258413136,
-0.0012412089854478836,
0.037993352860212326,
-0.00026396752218715847,
-0.06024300679564476,
0.021225236356258392,
0.010028519667685032,
-0.004713224712759256,
-0.04751864820718765,
-0.004227973520755768,
-0.00019249973411206156,
0.0027924394235014915,
0.0019522365182638168,
0.006618283689022064,
0.021063486114144325,
-0.005126586649566889,
-0.050178542733192444,
0.050034765154123306,
-0.022213710471987724,
-0.02841413952410221,
-0.07397381216287613,
-0.03443484380841255,
-0.008038092404603958,
-0.009426449425518513,
0.009489351883530617,
0.09180229157209396,
-0.01648954674601555,
-0.05819417163729668,
-0.013389332219958305,
-0.01921234279870987,
-0.002498143818229437,
0.023974992334842682,
0.014009375125169754,
0.0834631621837616,
0.03605234995484352,
0.006604804657399654,
0.03006758727133274,
-0.06908535957336426,
-0.021728459745645523,
0.03957490995526314,
-0.01589646190404892,
0.011376438662409782,
0.0005574207752943039,
-0.022141821682453156,
-0.007737056817859411,
-0.010828285478055477,
-0.012005467899143696,
-0.019374093040823936,
-0.03867629915475845,
0.02129712514579296,
0.032116424292325974,
0.06915725022554398,
0.03112795017659664,
-0.039431132376194,
-0.010513770394027233,
-0.020039066672325134,
-0.03393162414431572,
-0.038029298186302185,
-0.023723380640149117,
0.003239499405026436,
-0.017801521345973015,
-0.07864660024642944,
-0.03932330012321472,
0.04094080254435539,
0.013155692256987095,
0.010127367451786995,
0.058913059532642365,
-0.01530337706208229,
0.01530337706208229,
0.05567805469036102,
-0.01263449713587761,
0.014108221977949142,
0.02021878957748413,
0.012472746893763542,
-0.0011659502051770687,
-0.015231488272547722,
0.019014649093151093,
-0.007274271454662085,
-0.0648079589009285,
0.010540729388594627,
-0.014656376093626022,
-0.039682745933532715,
-0.03432701155543327,
-0.013443248346447945,
0.006505957338958979,
-0.025322910398244858,
0.008981635794043541,
-0.016741158440709114,
-0.03986246883869171,
-0.033230703324079514,
-0.04061730206012726,
-0.039754632860422134,
0.019032619893550873,
0.026113690808415413,
-0.008905253373086452,
-0.029887864366173744,
-0.01119671668857336,
-0.01177182886749506,
-0.029420586302876472,
-0.04050946980714798,
-0.022177765145897865,
0.05477944016456604,
0.051760103553533554,
-0.051149044185876846,
-0.032601676881313324,
0.034129317849874496,
0.05050204321742058,
-0.0207759290933609,
-0.01638171263039112,
0.02841413952410221,
0.04198319464921951,
0.008545808494091034,
0.024819687008857727,
0.02016487345099449,
-0.027066219598054886,
0.03506387397646904,
-0.05208360403776169,
-0.039646800607442856,
0.036321934312582016,
0.04151591658592224,
0.009116427972912788,
-0.04532603174448013,
0.0005731465062126517,
0.04708731546998024,
0.02895330637693405,
-0.07192497700452805,
0.013685873709619045,
0.028090639039874077,
-0.0405813567340374,
0.008626683615148067,
0.0796530470252037,
-0.010657548904418945,
0.011277591809630394,
-0.00899511482566595,
-0.02456807531416416,
-0.0769212618470192,
0.02728188782930374,
0.04007813334465027,
-0.02636530250310898,
-0.023220157250761986,
0.024388354271650314,
-0.020973624661564827,
-0.048525094985961914,
-0.014431722462177277,
-0.0019219083478674293,
-0.026634884998202324,
0.00793475192040205,
-0.004668293986469507,
-0.0513647124171257,
-0.06484390795230865,
0.010882201604545116,
0.023184211924672127,
0.0158695038408041,
0.0010525003308430314,
-0.008271731436252594,
-0.01066653523594141,
0.034758344292640686,
0.03355420380830765,
-0.06700057536363602,
-0.0007548347930423915,
0.031541310250759125,
0.04550575464963913,
-0.02692244201898575,
0.009731977246701717,
-0.0757710412144661,
-0.05104121193289757,
0.009606171399354935,
-0.08720139414072037,
-0.0012232367880642414,
-0.02728188782930374,
-0.040832970291376114,
-0.028665751218795776,
-0.01369486004114151,
-0.006326234433799982,
0.04169563576579094,
-0.04047352448105812,
0.030498921871185303,
-0.0213510412722826,
-0.01852939836680889,
-0.006744089536368847,
-0.017774563282728195,
-0.015537017025053501,
0.02296854555606842,
-0.04201913997530937,
0.033104900270700455,
0.0436725877225399,
-0.031056061387062073,
0.009129907004535198,
-0.0021038774866610765,
-0.038640353828668594,
0.029151001945137978,
-0.07799959927797318,
0.012769289314746857,
0.004389723762869835,
0.014701306819915771,
0.0027362762484699488,
0.021782375872135162,
0.04816564917564392,
0.05025043338537216,
-0.004892947152256966,
-0.031451452523469925,
0.052874382585287094,
0.02571829967200756,
-0.007817932404577732,
0.017109589651226997,
-0.05427621677517891,
-0.015123655088245869,
0.04604492336511612,
-0.02526899427175522,
-0.02032662369310856,
-0.005369212012737989,
0.03409337252378464,
-0.009390505030751228,
-0.017406132072210312,
-0.02735377661883831,
0.004387477412819862,
-0.013613984920084476,
0.032673563808202744,
-0.010477825999259949,
-0.06243562325835228,
0.044067975133657455,
0.020506346598267555,
-0.038640353828668594,
-0.003933677915483713,
-0.020057039335370064,
0.043564751744270325,
-0.029402613639831543,
-0.04496658965945244,
0.058337949216365814,
0.040832970291376114,
-0.0337698720395565,
0.006627270020544529,
-0.06861808151006699,
0.067719466984272,
0.021710487082600594,
0.002898026490584016,
-0.032080478966236115,
-0.023939047008752823,
0.01643562875688076,
-0.023741351440548897,
0.023130295798182487,
0.0028328769840300083,
-0.03709473833441734,
0.0013703845907002687,
0.04830942675471306,
0.0054006632417440414,
-0.011547175236046314,
-0.04147997125983238,
0.024298492819070816,
-0.027245942503213882,
-0.015617892146110535,
-0.05963195115327835,
-0.01860128715634346,
-0.04985504224896431,
-0.03792146220803261,
-0.10215431451797485,
-0.007404570002108812,
0.0654190182685852,
-0.007319201715290546,
0.02676069177687168,
-0.021009569987654686,
0.058805227279663086,
-0.025502633303403854,
0.0327993705868721,
0.07221253216266632,
0.03777768462896347,
-0.03447078913450241,
0.029348697513341904,
0.01648954674601555,
-0.024765770882368088,
-0.06401718407869339,
-0.015024807304143906,
0.004681773018091917,
0.04061730206012726,
-0.055102940648794174,
-0.03608829155564308,
0.029168974608182907,
-0.0427020825445652,
0.018960731104016304,
0.006654228549450636,
-0.054527830332517624,
-0.03558506816625595,
-0.024532131850719452,
0.03389567881822586,
0.033697981387376785,
-0.018259814009070396,
-0.0001397764281136915,
-0.0052254339680075645,
0.024370381608605385,
0.04608086869120598,
0.0043268208391964436,
0.004852509591728449,
-0.006775541231036186,
-0.0603867843747139,
-0.03867629915475845,
-0.025412771850824356,
0.023669462651014328,
0.009740963578224182,
-0.03576479107141495,
0.0230763778090477,
-0.01594139263033867,
0.06829457730054855,
0.043996088206768036,
-0.004861495457589626,
-0.03463254123926163,
-0.0603867843747139,
0.0525149367749691,
-0.048381317406892776,
0.019499899819493294,
0.037490129470825195,
-0.005468059331178665,
-0.014431722462177277,
-0.014521583914756775,
0.06843835860490799,
0.008343620225787163,
-0.011547175236046314,
-0.028593862429261208,
0.013757763430476189,
-0.0010637330124154687,
-0.04536197707056999,
0.00738659780472517,
0.0020847818814218044,
0.01152920350432396,
0.03330259397625923,
-0.0438523069024086,
0.030013669282197952,
-0.0036214098799973726,
-0.02357960119843483,
0.03303300961852074,
0.011115841567516327,
-0.021764403209090233,
0.003897733287885785,
-0.05377299338579178,
-0.02573627233505249,
0.04101269319653511,
-0.002498143818229437,
-0.09022073447704315,
-0.02582613378763199,
0.007737056817859411,
-0.0003844378225039691,
0.010990035720169544,
-0.010468839667737484,
-0.011924592778086662,
-0.02907911315560341,
0.05237115919589996,
0.05219143629074097,
-0.0030305718537420034,
0.014925959520041943,
0.030786477029323578,
0.03885602205991745,
-0.011556161567568779,
0.022249655798077583,
-0.04101269319653511,
-0.01973353885114193,
-0.042486418038606644,
0.0214409027248621,
-0.010603631846606731,
-0.046332478523254395,
-0.037597961723804474,
0.035944513976573944,
-0.011547175236046314,
0.00274526234716177,
0.011475286446511745,
0.03817307576537132,
0.009372532367706299,
-0.009273684583604336,
-0.0030597769655287266,
-0.013730804435908794,
-0.06858213245868683,
0.007853876799345016,
0.04593709111213684,
-0.009318615309894085,
0.001748925307765603,
-0.006326234433799982,
-0.02088376320898533,
-0.025880051776766777,
0.0006470012594945729,
0.031074034050107002,
0.02350771240890026,
0.017136547714471817,
-0.04227074980735779,
0.04065324738621712,
0.007211368530988693,
0.007566320244222879,
0.010621604509651661,
0.027641331776976585,
0.05060987547039986,
0.010846257209777832,
-0.017163505777716637,
0.00033585657365620136,
-0.033230703324079514,
0.01586051657795906,
0.00520296860486269,
-0.06081812083721161,
0.059344395995140076,
-0.01701074093580246,
0.0020690562669187784,
0.00037320517003536224,
0.02523304894566536,
0.006941784638911486,
-0.026059772819280624,
0.009417463093996048,
-0.012787261046469212,
-0.021045513451099396,
-0.012868136167526245,
0.03517170622944832,
0.043528806418180466,
0.002354365773499012,
0.02305840700864792,
0.013263526372611523,
0.011034966446459293,
-0.030858365818858147,
0.05165226757526398,
-0.03542331978678703,
0.00549052469432354,
0.0404016338288784,
-0.014943932183086872,
-0.0011125950841233134,
-0.011663994751870632,
-0.015995308756828308,
-0.002439734060317278,
-0.009507324546575546,
0.00930064357817173,
0.017873410135507584,
0.017891382798552513,
0.035926543176174164,
-0.009237740188837051,
-0.0037067781668156385,
-0.0008901883848011494,
-0.01179878693073988,
-0.017316270619630814,
0.02244734950363636,
-0.012185190804302692,
-0.02406485378742218,
-0.013775735162198544,
-0.01758585311472416,
-0.022051960229873657,
0.0007728070486336946,
0.004196522291749716,
-0.018834926187992096,
0.005607344210147858,
0.024514159187674522,
-0.02516116015613079,
-0.02025473490357399,
-0.0025340882129967213,
-0.014638403430581093,
0.04216291755437851,
0.006267824675887823,
0.05743933469057083,
-0.020686067640781403,
0.02401093579828739,
0.03411134332418442,
0.020596208050847054,
0.05431216210126877,
0.009116427972912788,
-0.019068565219640732,
0.06261534243822098,
-0.03342840075492859,
0.005688219331204891,
0.028899390250444412,
0.0003473700489848852,
0.03508184850215912,
0.008231294341385365,
0.03341042622923851,
0.04708731546998024,
0.03889196366071701,
0.007000194396823645,
0.025502633303403854,
-0.012625510804355145,
0.006380151491612196,
0.04618870094418526,
-0.011520217172801495,
0.04493064433336258,
0.0018264306709170341,
-0.04209102690219879,
-0.014350847341120243,
0.022734906524419785,
0.02305840700864792,
-0.02189020998775959,
0.009660088457167149,
0.010028519667685032,
0.035800736397504807,
-0.009116427972912788,
-0.02016487345099449,
-0.028108611702919006,
0.0351896807551384,
-0.028342250734567642,
-0.03899979963898659,
-0.011655009351670742,
-0.008276225067675114,
0.012158231809735298,
-0.042917750775814056,
-0.015114668756723404,
0.005162531044334173,
-0.0461527556180954,
0.005755615420639515,
-0.017684701830148697,
-0.030462976545095444,
-0.02194412611424923,
-0.02347176894545555,
0.011277591809630394,
0.0077550290152430534,
0.008343620225787163,
-0.046332478523254395,
-0.016848990693688393,
-0.003634889144450426,
0.00934557430446148,
0.016642309725284576,
0.026041802018880844,
0.03071458823978901,
0.02016487345099449,
-0.019032619893550873,
0.0037090247496962547,
0.013973429799079895,
-0.008199842646718025,
0.06362178921699524,
0.04198319464921951,
0.021045513451099396,
-0.035225626081228256,
0.010253173299133778,
-0.004825551062822342,
-0.009965617209672928,
0.019302204251289368,
0.032062508165836334,
0.005697205662727356,
0.00877046212553978,
-0.0360703207552433,
-0.015375266782939434,
0.051220934838056564,
0.06326234340667725,
-0.03452470526099205,
0.0459730364382267,
0.006717131473124027,
-0.020021094009280205,
-0.005683726631104946,
0.006860909517854452,
-0.001645584823563695,
0.005539948586374521,
0.02295057289302349,
0.028791556134819984,
0.019589761272072792,
0.017064658924937248,
-0.009471380151808262,
0.026527052745223045,
-0.0011816759360954165,
-0.021530764177441597,
-0.006115060765296221,
0.0029474501498043537,
0.0033630586694926023,
-0.010990035720169544,
-0.02463996596634388,
-0.01636373996734619,
0.023417850956320763,
0.00843797530978918,
-0.02021878957748413,
0.011493259109556675,
-0.003129419405013323,
-0.04996287450194359,
0.012769289314746857,
0.021566709503531456,
0.012760302983224392,
0.032026562839746475,
0.015554988756775856,
0.009624144062399864,
0.055498331785202026,
-0.02237546071410179,
0.010423908941447735,
0.016291851177811623,
-0.02406485378742218,
-0.04834537208080292,
0.00738659780472517,
0.019877316430211067,
-0.059847619384527206,
0.030750533565878868,
0.06175267696380615,
0.011987496167421341,
-0.008105488494038582,
0.011169757694005966,
-0.0036730801220983267,
-0.022734906524419785,
0.012490718625485897,
0.008303183130919933,
0.047878094017505646,
0.009035552851855755,
0.026149634271860123,
0.03015744872391224,
0.023345962166786194,
-0.002356612356379628,
-0.01071146596223116,
0.02575424499809742,
-0.03461456671357155,
0.0012052644742652774,
-0.0101004084572196,
0.0106755206361413,
-0.008132446557283401,
0.013146706856787205,
-0.05380893871188164,
0.051688212901353836,
-0.023435823619365692,
-0.015707753598690033,
0.02744363807141781,
-0.017424102872610092,
-0.021135374903678894,
0.04320530593395233,
-0.05373705178499222,
0.004964835941791534,
0.025951940566301346,
-0.043492864817380905,
0.0011827992275357246,
-0.013551082462072372,
-0.0029272313695400953,
0.020146900787949562,
0.04101269319653511,
0.008500877767801285,
-0.01205938495695591,
0.038101185113191605,
0.039718687534332275,
0.04255830496549606,
-0.002430747728794813,
-0.04888454079627991,
0.0038348303642123938,
0.013820665888488293,
0.016831019893288612,
-0.006793513428419828,
-0.004454873502254486,
0.014171125367283821,
-0.053377605974674225,
-0.04611681401729584,
-0.012697399593889713,
0.02462199330329895,
-0.005234419833868742,
0.0005680918111465871,
-0.008150419220328331,
-0.014925959520041943,
0.02911505661904812,
-0.04759053885936737,
-0.003935924265533686,
-0.005948817357420921,
0.0384606309235096,
-0.014584487304091454,
0.06178862228989601,
0.005814025178551674,
0.04834537208080292,
-0.03448876366019249,
-0.08353505283594131,
0.01422504149377346,
-0.028827501460909843,
-0.012337954714894295,
0.04331314191222191,
-0.00849638506770134,
-0.004441394004970789,
-0.005984761752188206,
0.004176303278654814,
0.02634732984006405,
-0.021620625630021095,
0.03709473833441734,
0.008294196799397469,
-0.02510724402964115,
-0.011115841567516327,
-0.0043021091260015965,
0.00644754758104682,
-0.01638171263039112,
0.008083023130893707,
0.03387770429253578,
0.034848205745220184,
0.0060251993127167225,
-0.014961904846131802,
0.008774954825639725,
0.012167218141257763,
0.02897127903997898,
-0.0214409027248621,
0.007530375849455595,
-0.008963663130998611,
0.013272511772811413,
-0.002473431872203946,
-0.02036256715655327,
0.01978745497763157,
-0.0011726898374035954,
0.008828871883451939,
-0.03871224448084831,
-0.016273878514766693,
-0.0017815000610426068,
-0.01559093315154314,
-0.006276811007410288,
0.02949247509241104,
0.02898925170302391,
0.004063976928591728,
0.017199451103806496,
0.017127562314271927,
-0.019481927156448364,
-0.0208657905459404,
0.02686852589249611,
-0.003046297701075673,
-0.007045125123113394,
-0.023974992334842682,
0.01579761505126953,
0.022141821682453156,
0.011008007451891899,
-0.025520605966448784,
-0.040257856249809265,
-0.03461456671357155,
0.02562844008207321,
-0.013802694156765938,
-0.0064026168547570705,
-0.0492439866065979,
-0.05765500292181969,
-0.04658409208059311,
0.009336587972939014,
-0.016534477472305298,
0.00644754758104682,
0.013524123467504978,
0.03436295688152313,
0.0067081451416015625,
0.008806406520307064,
-0.007629223167896271,
-0.0037247503641992807,
-0.018250826746225357,
0.03019339218735695,
0.021656570956110954,
-0.04126430302858353,
-0.041336193680763245,
0.02354365773499012,
0.008649148978292942,
0.0038528027944266796,
0.011250632815063,
0.0003524247440509498,
0.030409060418605804,
-0.0016500778729096055,
-0.02298651821911335,
-0.023274073377251625,
0.002805918687954545,
-0.014638403430581093,
-0.0009457900305278599,
-0.017199451103806496,
0.00018463686865288764,
0.06484390795230865,
-0.008415509946644306,
0.03558506816625595,
-0.021027540788054466,
0.009696032851934433,
0.028863444924354553,
-0.01744207553565502,
-0.002217327244579792,
-0.02456807531416416,
-0.029833948239684105,
0.022824767976999283,
0.004043757915496826,
-0.003053037216886878,
0.0031069540418684483,
0.03867629915475845,
0.010343033820390701,
-0.03907168656587601,
0.023256100714206696,
-0.01747802086174488,
0.003129419405013323,
0.007602265104651451,
-0.012823205441236496,
0.03402148187160492,
-0.0027587416116148233,
-0.012778274714946747,
0.010073450393974781,
-0.07814337313175201,
-0.005773587618023157,
0.015015820972621441,
0.005876928102225065,
0.01177182886749506,
0.004293123260140419,
-0.0319187305867672,
-0.03066067211329937,
-0.006950770504772663,
-0.04342097416520119,
-0.0038662818260490894,
-0.007445007562637329,
-0.008415509946644306,
0.009687046520411968,
0.010612618178129196,
-0.0013692614156752825,
0.034686457365751266,
-0.022231683135032654,
0.016633324325084686,
0.003888747189193964,
-0.0030148462392389774,
0.020542290061712265,
0.03493806719779968,
-0.009507324546575546,
-0.008294196799397469,
0.021081458777189255,
0.019445981830358505,
0.013497165404260159,
0.01702871359884739,
0.008348113857209682,
-0.02634732984006405,
0.005045711528509855,
0.03057081066071987,
-0.039179522544145584,
0.06326234340667725,
-0.007121507078409195,
-0.0018140746979042888,
0.0036708335392177105,
-0.021207263693213463,
0.00007687352626817301,
-0.007907792925834656,
0.02244734950363636,
-0.04230669513344765,
0.008662628009915352,
0.02357960119843483,
0.050178542733192444,
0.09575618803501129,
0.00491541251540184,
0.0692291334271431,
-0.018403591588139534,
-0.025376828387379646,
0.04690759256482124,
-0.024927521124482155,
-0.01646258868277073,
-0.010010547004640102,
-0.02562844008207321,
-0.024208631366491318,
0.03673529624938965,
0.008909747004508972,
0.01646258868277073,
0.0557858869433403,
-0.015006834641098976,
0.0007121507078409195,
-0.06372962892055511,
-0.00017677400319371372,
-0.039646800607442856
] |
Driving styles summarize different driving behaviors that reflect in the
movements of the vehicles. These behaviors may indicate a tendency to perform
riskier maneuvers, consume more fuel or energy, break traffic rules, or drive
carefully. Therefore, this paper presents a driving style recognition using
Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Inference System with Multiple Experts Decision-Making
for classifying drivers into calm, moderate and aggressive. This system
receives as input features longitudinal and lateral kinematic parameters of the
vehicle motion. The type-2 fuzzy sets are more robust than type-1 fuzzy sets
when handling noisy data, because their membership function are also fuzzy
sets. In addition, a multiple experts approach can reduce the bias and
imprecision while building the fuzzy rulebase, which stores the knowledge of
the fuzzy system. The proposed approach was evaluated using descriptive
statistics analysis, and compared with clustering algorithms and a type-1 fuzzy
inference system. The results show the tendency to associate lower kinematic
profiles for the driving styles classified with the type-2 fuzzy inference
system when compared to other algorithms, which is in line with the more
conservative approach adopted in the aggregation of the experts' opinions. | [
-0.017255723476409912,
-0.014346007257699966,
-0.021491385996341705,
-0.07572629302740097,
0.03294609114527702,
0.046886950731277466,
-0.03184113651514053,
0.014760365709662437,
-0.051822416484355927,
-0.030294198542833328,
0.06622367352247238,
-0.005036755930632353,
0.01438283920288086,
-0.020957324653863907,
-0.05705254152417183,
0.04331425949931145,
-0.02780804969370365,
0.010460246354341507,
0.03296450898051262,
-0.020920492708683014,
-0.0020510738249868155,
0.01800156757235527,
-0.03322233259677887,
0.029041916131973267,
-0.008103007450699806,
0.03353540226817131,
0.03500867635011673,
-0.009180339053273201,
-0.06998052448034286,
0.048249728977680206,
-0.004364574793726206,
0.023277731612324715,
-0.021159900352358818,
-0.06335078924894333,
-0.05425332114100456,
-0.05911512300372124,
0.029373403638601303,
0.02167554572224617,
0.027476562187075615,
0.09951967000961304,
0.047107942402362823,
-0.012044016271829605,
-0.028415774926543236,
-0.01262411754578352,
0.0013328526401892304,
-0.006155523471534252,
-0.028839340433478355,
-0.02198861725628376,
0.010754900984466076,
-0.051454100757837296,
-0.014005312696099281,
-0.015708785504102707,
0.029483899474143982,
0.00028875598218292,
0.017255723476409912,
0.05115944519639015,
-0.020386431366205215,
0.025432394817471504,
0.027752801775932312,
0.028323695063591003,
0.027587058022618294,
-0.037494827061891556,
-0.06780744343996048,
0.002220270223915577,
-0.03670294210314751,
-0.01317659579217434,
0.11270546913146973,
-0.011841440573334694,
-0.01235708687454462,
-0.011666489765048027,
-0.009981431998312473,
-0.020441679283976555,
0.027531810104846954,
-0.03055202215909958,
0.005216311197727919,
0.023167235776782036,
-0.005032151937484741,
0.08456593751907349,
-0.054658468812704086,
0.000028792870580218732,
0.004187321290373802,
0.053921833634376526,
-0.03237519785761833,
0.002522981958463788,
-0.01826860010623932,
0.015450962819159031,
0.029299739748239517,
-0.07727322727441788,
0.04961250722408295,
-0.032780349254608154,
0.035082340240478516,
-0.017025524750351906,
0.027513394132256508,
0.04839705675840378,
0.005133439786732197,
0.024751005694270134,
0.04858121648430824,
-0.003443778259679675,
-0.02613219991326332,
-0.04718160256743431,
0.021178316324949265,
0.010589158162474632,
0.023498723283410072,
-0.011104803532361984,
0.11521003395318985,
-0.03327757865190506,
-0.014152639545500278,
0.05384816974401474,
0.016463838517665863,
0.11521003395318985,
0.006910576485097408,
0.0635349452495575,
0.033553820103406906,
0.05278004705905914,
-0.01715443655848503,
-0.005819432903081179,
0.04780774563550949,
-0.07940947264432907,
0.07675758004188538,
0.024493182078003883,
0.016712453216314316,
0.07786253839731216,
-0.009511826559901237,
0.014207887463271618,
-0.05804700031876564,
0.023811792954802513,
0.058488983660936356,
-0.009530242532491684,
-0.007200627122074366,
-0.05469530075788498,
-0.009502618573606014,
0.025432394817471504,
0.014613037928938866,
0.023388227447867393,
0.03132549300789833,
-0.003648655489087105,
0.050938453525304794,
-0.01659275032579899,
0.02057058922946453,
-0.013434418477118015,
-0.005593837704509497,
-0.03342490643262863,
-0.02184128947556019,
0.05001765862107277,
0.006717209238559008,
0.004240266978740692,
0.006735625211149454,
0.020846828818321228,
-0.015883736312389374,
0.03771581873297691,
-0.029723305255174637,
0.023756545037031174,
0.007324934937059879,
-0.01112321950495243,
0.04029404744505882,
0.020496927201747894,
-0.032467279583215714,
0.02451159805059433,
0.01500898040831089,
-0.11668331176042557,
-0.01120609138160944,
-0.005662897601723671,
0.0016574334586039186,
0.031822722405195236,
0.02057058922946453,
0.03285401314496994,
-0.017338594421744347,
0.006777061149477959,
0.008347018621861935,
0.029244491830468178,
-0.03637145459651947,
-0.04213564097881317,
0.031104499474167824,
0.015404922887682915,
-0.003671675454825163,
0.02020227164030075,
0.06902289390563965,
0.02513773925602436,
0.034935012459754944,
0.017117604613304138,
-0.040073055773973465,
-0.03552432358264923,
0.03878394141793251,
0.007426222320646048,
0.0886911004781723,
0.047734081745147705,
0.02681358903646469,
-0.014097391627728939,
0.09399489313364029,
-0.03132549300789833,
0.02955756150186062,
0.03863661363720894,
0.05278004705905914,
-0.02224643900990486,
-0.005805620923638344,
0.055026788264513016,
0.02429060824215412,
-0.013158179819583893,
-0.03417995944619179,
0.01615997590124607,
-0.0023664466571062803,
-0.06515555083751678,
0.0010779071599245071,
-0.011215299367904663,
0.07370053976774216,
-0.005533985793590546,
0.017651665955781937,
0.03421679139137268,
0.008029344491660595,
-0.018876325339078903,
-0.005013735964894295,
-0.0024309023283421993,
-0.040183551609516144,
0.03222787007689476,
-0.016730869188904762,
-0.030515190213918686,
0.060330577194690704,
-0.004981508012861013,
0.08309265971183777,
-0.03263302147388458,
0.04714477062225342,
0.046113479882478714,
-0.01763324998319149,
0.0029442464001476765,
-0.053148362785577774,
0.005543193779885769,
-0.024916749447584152,
0.04471386969089508,
-0.0802934393286705,
-0.04195148125290871,
-0.04581882432103157,
0.01820414327085018,
0.016031064093112946,
-0.028563102707266808,
0.012697781436145306,
-0.017817409709095955,
-0.014051351696252823,
-0.03848928585648537,
0.030165288597345352,
0.02252267859876156,
0.014613037928938866,
-0.023259315639734268,
-0.05609491094946861,
-0.02366446517407894,
0.045671496540308,
-0.020220687612891197,
0.016362551599740982,
0.02346189133822918,
0.004880220629274845,
-0.011850648559629917,
-0.007283498998731375,
-0.023388227447867393,
0.014861652627587318,
0.0006859932909719646,
0.02298307605087757,
0.024548429995775223,
0.025948040187358856,
-0.01999969594180584,
0.0028820924926549196,
-0.04592932015657425,
0.060698892921209335,
0.016730869188904762,
-0.011795400641858578,
0.051932912319898605,
-0.07329539209604263,
0.01669403724372387,
0.06184068322181702,
0.012522830627858639,
0.033774808049201965,
-0.06975953280925751,
-0.04968617111444473,
-0.008296375162899494,
0.006035820115357637,
-0.050091322511434555,
0.02119673229753971,
0.006855328567326069,
-0.0045579420402646065,
-0.03893126919865608,
-0.0005867198924534023,
0.031196579337120056,
-0.04246712848544121,
0.030110040679574013,
0.0997406616806984,
-0.026426855474710464,
-0.031362324953079224,
-0.04158316180109978,
0.012117680162191391,
-0.018830284476280212,
-0.04139900207519531,
-0.0046270014718174934,
-0.00976044125854969,
-0.04261445626616478,
-0.02834211103618145,
-0.016362551599740982,
-0.026647845283150673,
-0.013314714655280113,
0.016187598928809166,
-0.006054236087948084,
-0.012495206668972969,
-0.009281626902520657,
-0.010856188833713531,
0.020846828818321228,
0.047844577580690384,
-0.04298277199268341,
0.02209911122918129,
-0.02828686311841011,
0.004765121266245842,
0.04114117845892906,
-0.017624041065573692,
-0.018222559243440628,
-0.08323998749256134,
0.03703442960977554,
-0.08095641434192657,
-0.04817606508731842,
-0.021491385996341705,
0.012578077614307404,
0.017752952873706818,
0.006160127464681864,
0.019668210297822952,
-0.01606789603829384,
-0.0070210718549788,
-0.02346189133822918,
-0.028415774926543236,
0.031030837446451187,
-0.026629429310560226,
0.016233639791607857,
0.00623379135504365,
-0.007679441478103399,
-0.04382990673184395,
-0.020128607749938965,
-0.03633462265133858,
0.006252207327634096,
-0.04309326782822609,
-0.00820889975875616,
-0.0024792440235614777,
0.026095367968082428,
-0.03537699580192566,
0.011592825874686241,
-0.004120563622564077,
0.004551035817712545,
0.00921256747096777,
0.01647304557263851,
-0.04430871829390526,
-0.03637145459651947,
0.00762419356033206,
-0.013102931901812553,
0.026997748762369156,
-0.012753029353916645,
0.004811160732060671,
-0.09031170606613159,
0.0010312919039279222,
-0.014714325778186321,
-0.03390372171998024,
-0.02156504988670349,
-0.018968405202031136,
-0.046702791005373,
0.02419852837920189,
-0.015285219065845013,
0.03801047429442406,
0.028857756406068802,
0.020183855667710304,
-0.014097391627728939,
-0.04184098541736603,
0.01957613043487072,
0.015018188394606113,
0.02672150917351246,
-0.004355366807430983,
-0.01637175865471363,
0.012053224258124828,
-0.005685917567461729,
-0.04423505440354347,
0.022743670269846916,
0.046260807663202286,
0.0045579420402646065,
-0.023332979530096054,
0.056021250784397125,
0.022743670269846916,
-0.05001765862107277,
0.027587058022618294,
0.037237003445625305,
-0.002030355855822563,
0.005593837704509497,
-0.009438162669539452,
0.06073572486639023,
-0.026574181392788887,
0.08522891253232956,
-0.007734689395874739,
-0.0036256355233490467,
0.021693961694836617,
0.019557714462280273,
0.004981508012861013,
0.0039939540438354015,
0.029318155720829964,
-0.04508218914270401,
0.018765829503536224,
-0.021914953365921974,
0.009898561052978039,
-0.01862771064043045,
0.026426855474710464,
-0.05384816974401474,
-0.03616888076066971,
0.03605838492512703,
-0.05856264755129814,
-0.014806404709815979,
-0.00749067822471261,
-0.006348890718072653,
-0.03243044763803482,
0.04482436552643776,
0.020036527886986732,
0.05546877160668373,
-0.00781756080687046,
0.010036679916083813,
-0.003054741770029068,
-0.00011200624430784956,
0.006850724574178457,
0.0014652172103524208,
-0.00729731097817421,
0.06044107303023338,
0.013462042436003685,
-0.00046500214375555515,
0.03231995180249214,
0.034143127501010895,
-0.020699501037597656,
-0.036021552979946136,
0.03941008448600769,
0.06519237905740738,
0.005704333074390888,
-0.014088183641433716,
0.04382990673184395,
0.012320254929363728,
0.02817636728286743,
-0.013922440819442272,
-0.012753029353916645,
-0.022191191092133522,
0.04504535719752312,
-0.038968101143836975,
0.019226226955652237,
0.036979179829359055,
-0.01773453690111637,
-0.022062281146645546,
-0.01773453690111637,
-0.041804153472185135,
-0.01254124566912651,
0.04055187106132507,
-0.028360527008771896,
-0.009926184080541134,
0.023001492023468018,
-0.0067310212180018425,
-0.058746807277202606,
0.014613037928938866,
-0.03804730623960495,
0.03338807448744774,
-0.011961144395172596,
0.013204219751060009,
0.020644253119826317,
0.03918909281492233,
-0.026629429310560226,
-0.047844577580690384,
0.012274214997887611,
-0.02760547399520874,
-0.01790028065443039,
0.049096859991550446,
-0.024382686242461205,
0.04014671966433525,
-0.009493410587310791,
0.013204219751060009,
-0.019649794325232506,
-0.023811792954802513,
-0.01144549809396267,
0.041546329855918884,
-0.00363484350964427,
-0.05042280629277229,
-0.016942651942372322,
0.005317599046975374,
-0.046002984046936035,
0.003959424328058958,
0.01580086536705494,
-0.014005312696099281,
-0.02882092446088791,
0.01926305890083313,
0.015082644298672676,
0.011712529696524143,
0.04246712848544121,
-0.03160173073410988,
0.018756620585918427,
-0.006975032389163971,
0.07237458974123001,
0.0059989881701767445,
-0.030828261747956276,
-0.0249351654201746,
-0.00991697609424591,
0.016730869188904762,
-0.0566842220723629,
-0.0008948989561758935,
-0.00902380421757698,
-0.03289084509015083,
0.00024027029576245695,
-0.012927980162203312,
0.027108244597911835,
0.01194272842258215,
0.018029192462563515,
0.010276087559759617,
0.030202120542526245,
0.03154648095369339,
-0.029170827940106392,
0.06530287861824036,
-0.010625990107655525,
-0.04876537248492241,
-0.04195148125290871,
-0.016730869188904762,
-0.0034115505404770374,
-0.0016873592976480722,
0.009042220190167427,
-0.020920492708683014,
0.00805696751922369,
0.00842068251222372,
-0.017854241654276848,
0.0024746402632445097,
-0.001338607631623745,
0.03574531525373459,
0.005971364211291075,
-0.02362763322889805,
-0.024677341803908348,
0.0034898181911557913,
-0.015487794764339924,
-0.004523411858826876,
0.017513547092676163,
-0.0272924043238163,
0.013913232833147049,
-0.020294351503252983,
-0.02813953533768654,
-0.005796412937343121,
-0.021822873502969742,
-0.022835748270154,
0.0085265738889575,
-0.04482436552643776,
-0.00040284841088578105,
0.061582859605550766,
-0.0006388024776242673,
-0.014410462230443954,
-0.0033470946364104748,
0.021233564242720604,
-0.0233513955026865,
0.006390326656401157,
0.010911436751484871,
0.03863661363720894,
-0.002578229643404484,
-0.02692408487200737,
0.028047455474734306,
-0.01516551524400711,
0.01763324998319149,
0.03688710182905197,
0.017357010394334793,
0.017670081928372383,
0.018130479380488396,
0.014005312696099281,
-0.026205863803625107,
-0.02036801539361477,
0.0032734309788793325,
0.016399383544921875,
0.013996104709804058,
-0.02922607585787773,
0.04139900207519531,
0.01883949339389801,
0.02235693484544754,
0.0419883131980896,
-0.04335109144449234,
0.04088335856795311,
-0.019557714462280273,
0.014447294175624847,
-0.018029192462563515,
-0.05742086097598076,
-0.06581851840019226,
-0.0886911004781723,
0.031030837446451187,
-0.016657205298542976,
0.04386673867702484,
-0.04246712848544121,
-0.023332979530096054,
-0.0018220257479697466,
-0.02173079364001751,
-0.007661025505512953,
0.016298094764351845,
0.030975589528679848,
0.0150918522849679,
-0.001765626948326826,
-0.02545081079006195,
-0.035082340240478516,
0.022191191092133522,
0.02042326331138611,
-0.001117041101679206,
0.011546785943210125,
-0.01915256306529045,
0.01847117394208908,
0.014346007257699966,
-0.017228098586201668,
0.053037870675325394,
-0.019078899174928665,
-0.011841440573334694,
-0.07896749675273895,
0.00784518476575613,
0.05679471790790558,
0.007757709361612797,
0.03522966802120209,
0.016988692805171013,
0.03856294974684715,
0.015579873695969582,
-0.036132048815488815,
-0.029981128871440887,
-0.002953454153612256,
0.006219979375600815,
-0.04592932015657425,
0.03904176503419876,
0.0013420606264844537,
0.07049616426229477,
0.0419883131980896,
0.06898605823516846,
0.0067908731289207935,
-0.010543118230998516,
-0.002879790496081114,
0.02692408487200737,
0.0015204648952931166,
0.012283422984182835,
0.010009055957198143,
0.013738281093537807,
0.018609294667840004,
0.00005701024201698601,
-0.03826829418540001,
-0.0215282179415226,
-0.007361766882240772,
-0.007891224697232246,
0.0020395638421177864,
0.005580025725066662,
-0.010810148902237415,
0.008323999121785164,
0.004403708502650261,
0.014944524504244328,
0.008494346402585506,
0.02955756150186062,
0.012983228079974651,
0.01794632151722908,
-0.03500867635011673,
-0.014171055518090725,
0.0038788546808063984,
-0.00010776194540085271,
0.002633477561175823,
-0.022080695256590843,
0.0026449875440448523,
0.003255015006288886,
0.023738129064440727,
0.0556160993874073,
-0.0017944019054993987,
0.034253623336553574,
0.018508005887269974,
-0.031214995309710503,
0.0056444816291332245,
0.012670157477259636,
-0.016095519065856934,
0.051932912319898605,
-0.00415739556774497,
-0.014032935723662376,
0.017200475558638573,
0.0735163763165474,
0.005142647307366133,
-0.0041228653863072395,
0.0897223949432373,
0.004132073372602463,
-0.027642305940389633,
0.015773240476846695,
0.028507854789495468,
-0.051932912319898605,
-0.018075231462717056,
-0.03279876708984375,
0.01317659579217434,
0.03941008448600769,
-0.011270547285676003,
-0.00029364769579842687,
0.011565201915800571,
0.007799144834280014,
-0.05163825675845146,
-0.017937112599611282,
0.00462009571492672,
-0.0013834964483976364,
0.04132533818483353,
-0.03197005018591881,
-0.015174723230302334,
-0.02581912837922573,
0.026574181392788887,
-0.017624041065573692,
-0.018857909366488457,
-0.012900357134640217,
0.051932912319898605,
0.01999969594180584,
0.00991697609424591,
-0.0011763173388317227,
-0.04224613681435585,
-0.03918909281492233,
0.01789107359945774,
-0.0035911058075726032,
0.027568642050027847,
0.030459942296147346,
-0.03782631456851959,
-0.01259649358689785,
-0.03185955435037613,
0.023075155913829803,
-0.022762086242437363,
-0.01175856962800026,
-0.03390372171998024,
-0.011399459093809128,
-0.05473213270306587,
-0.009686777368187904,
0.041546329855918884,
0.02255951054394245,
0.004576358012855053,
0.05421648919582367,
0.02939181961119175,
-0.01872899755835533,
0.0016804533079266548,
-0.07123280316591263,
0.029483899474143982,
0.03290925920009613,
-0.02114148437976837,
0.0107641089707613,
-0.04821289703249931,
-0.07793620228767395,
0.01093906071037054,
-0.029207659885287285,
0.053664010018110275,
-0.0566842220723629,
0.001388100441545248,
0.022283270955085754,
-0.031159747391939163,
0.029060332104563713,
0.007766916882246733,
0.03499026224017143,
0.016767701134085655,
0.037863146513700485,
0.026371607556939125,
-0.03112291544675827,
0.007974096573889256,
0.027089828625321388,
-0.026574181392788887,
0.022854164242744446,
0.01696106791496277,
-0.04891270026564598,
0.024161696434020996,
-0.017412258312106133,
0.021951785311102867,
-0.021454554051160812,
0.015386506915092468,
0.056242238730192184,
-0.05263271927833557,
0.027900129556655884,
-0.0035289519000798464,
-0.047218434512615204,
-0.017136020585894585,
0.027384482324123383,
-0.03941008448600769,
0.012845109216868877,
0.009613113477826118,
0.01333313062787056,
0.011371835134923458,
0.01988920010626316,
-0.014659077860414982,
0.05609491094946861,
-0.024732589721679688,
0.009530242532491684,
0.006892160512506962,
0.008176671341061592,
0.01790028065443039,
0.01748592220246792,
0.04003622382879257,
0.04780774563550949,
-0.0634981170296669,
0.03274351730942726,
-0.020644253119826317,
0.016353342682123184,
-0.025782298296689987,
0.020441679283976555,
-0.02907874807715416,
-0.06010958552360535,
0.019539298489689827,
0.006928992457687855,
-0.023811792954802513,
-0.007974096573889256,
-0.00011711378465406597,
-0.015174723230302334,
0.018277807161211967,
0.02891300432384014,
0.01600344106554985,
0.018434341996908188,
0.0011176165426149964,
-0.00022084724332671613,
0.020349599421024323,
0.03878394141793251,
0.046997446566820145,
-0.021380890160799026,
-0.00398935005068779,
-0.02891300432384014,
-0.02567180246114731,
0.011362627148628235,
0.0061509194783866405,
-0.03060727007687092,
0.009953808039426804,
0.011878272518515587,
-0.03417995944619179,
-0.016049480065703392,
-0.023609217256307602,
-0.004834180697798729,
0.015147099271416664,
-0.02430902235209942,
-0.003869646694511175,
0.0014801800716668367,
0.03605838492512703,
0.012421542778611183,
-0.00003611248030210845,
-0.03379322588443756,
0.011335003189742565,
-0.02561655454337597,
0.02834211103618145,
0.006620525848120451,
-0.03793681040406227,
0.000280555133940652,
-0.01336075458675623,
-0.004359970800578594,
-0.017550379037857056,
0.001337456633336842,
0.003931800369173288,
0.021159900352358818,
-0.019557714462280273,
0.031141331419348717,
0.01800156757235527,
-0.005409678444266319,
0.007168399635702372,
0.0049354685470461845,
-0.007002656348049641,
-0.04184098541736603,
-0.041435834020376205,
0.02357238531112671,
0.055395107716321945,
0.033148668706417084,
-0.0027439731638878584,
0.03322233259677887,
0.036242544651031494,
-0.038599781692028046,
-0.039704736322164536,
-0.022817332297563553,
0.012163719162344933,
0.048839036375284195,
-0.04014671966433525,
0.007794540841132402,
0.021583465859293938,
0.034566693007946014,
-0.0043921987526118755,
0.010975892655551434,
0.055395107716321945,
0.014640661887824535,
0.008093799464404583,
0.03837879002094269,
-0.0036670714616775513,
0.02777121774852276,
-0.002444714307785034,
0.004115959629416466,
0.012504414655268192,
0.030110040679574013,
-0.044161390513181686,
-0.011776985600590706,
-0.0472552664577961,
-0.06327712535858154,
-0.04644496738910675,
-0.016141559928655624,
0.042172472923994064,
0.005340618547052145,
0.039594244211912155,
-0.016261262819170952,
-0.014373631216585636,
0.015736408531665802,
0.031086083501577377,
0.0005870076711289585,
-0.01825939118862152,
0.0031191976740956306,
-0.03327757865190506,
0.023056739941239357,
-0.004528015851974487,
0.016565125435590744,
-0.030349446460604668,
-0.0034598922356963158,
0.007568946108222008,
0.005593837704509497,
-0.04077286273241043,
0.015257595106959343,
-0.009834105148911476,
-0.025377146899700165,
-0.020920492708683014,
0.029483899474143982,
0.005078191868960857,
-0.04202514514327049,
-0.025377146899700165,
-0.019484050571918488,
0.006137107498943806,
-0.01235708687454462,
-0.023848624899983406,
0.0592992827296257,
0.0027600869070738554,
0.026242695748806,
-0.004640813451260328,
0.05307470262050629,
-0.0028820924926549196,
-0.010561534203588963,
0.016730869188904762,
0.013462042436003685,
0.023848624899983406,
0.0004719081334769726,
-0.012789861299097538,
0.05060696601867676,
-0.006873744539916515,
-0.05911512300372124,
-0.04401406645774841,
0.05079112574458122,
-0.028581518679857254,
-0.03184113651514053,
0.005598441697657108,
-0.02351713925600052,
-0.0021143786143511534,
-0.010368166491389275,
-0.031564898788928986,
0.00759656960144639,
-0.05042280629277229,
0.008508157916367054,
-0.01837909407913685,
-0.006408742628991604,
0.028986668214201927,
0.01748592220246792,
0.028360527008771896,
0.02865518257021904,
-0.026279527693986893,
0.027826465666294098,
-0.0010773317189887166,
-0.0330750048160553,
0.003869646694511175,
-0.019760290160775185,
-0.028857756406068802,
0.0325409434735775,
0.02320406772196293,
0.008236522786319256,
-0.02587437629699707,
-0.020275935530662537,
-0.017596418038010597,
0.01044183038175106,
0.03362748399376869,
-0.02635319158434868,
-0.03338807448744774,
0.0070855277590453625,
-0.0048387846909463406,
0.0038074927870184183,
-0.00421034125611186,
-0.023130403831601143,
0.01530363503843546,
0.014336799271404743,
0.06961220502853394,
0.0020487718284130096,
0.011509953998029232,
-0.0031122916843742132,
0.00226976303383708,
-0.012762237340211868,
0.022946244105696678,
-0.04780774563550949,
0.03069934993982315,
-0.06441891193389893,
-0.03165697678923607,
-0.021325642243027687,
-0.05163825675845146,
0.016399383544921875,
-0.021638713777065277,
-0.039483748376369476,
-0.012633325532078743,
-0.010303710587322712,
-0.049096859991550446,
-0.030312614515423775,
0.007509094197303057,
-0.016077104955911636,
0.04743942618370056,
-0.01778978481888771,
-0.0070210718549788,
-0.03401421755552292,
-0.03642670437693596,
0.006763249170035124,
0.02377496100962162,
-0.004636209458112717,
0.04173048958182335,
-0.011003516614437103,
-0.009286231361329556,
0.002790012862533331,
0.004889428615570068,
-0.04320376366376877,
-0.01175856962800026,
0.002433204324916005,
0.015137892216444016,
0.004647719673812389,
0.03705284371972084,
-0.057015709578990936,
-0.0037637550849467516,
-0.025911208242177963,
0.04791824147105217,
0.00631205877289176,
0.015239179134368896,
0.012550453655421734,
-0.013056891970336437,
-0.008043156005442142,
0.04607664793729782,
-0.02272525429725647,
-0.009824897162616253,
0.003169841365888715,
-0.00997222401201725,
-0.024106448516249657,
0.002182287396863103,
-0.012504414655268192,
0.004852596670389175,
-0.02057058922946453,
-0.004065315704792738,
0.030294198542833328,
0.01506422832608223,
0.004504995886236429,
-0.015312843024730682
] |
Current maritime communications mainly rely on satellites having meager
transmission resources, hence suffering from poorer performance than modern
terrestrial wireless networks. With the growth of transcontinental air traffic,
the promising concept of aeronautical ad hoc networking relying on commercial
passenger airplanes is potentially capable of enhancing satellite-based
maritime communications via air-to-ground and multi-hop air-to-air links. In
this article, we conceive space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) for
supporting ubiquitous maritime communications, where the low-earth-orbit
satellite constellations, passenger airplanes, terrestrial base stations,
ships, respectively, serve as the space-, air-, ground- and sea-layer. To meet
heterogeneous service requirements, and accommodate the time-varying and
self-organizing nature of SAGINs, we propose a deep learning (DL) aided
multi-objective routing algorithm, which exploits the quasi-predictable network
topology and operates in a distributed manner. Our simulation results based on
real satellite, flight, and shipping data in the North Atlantic region show
that the integrated network enhances the coverage quality by reducing the
end-to-end (E2E) delay and by boosting the E2E throughput as well as improving
the path-lifetime. The results demonstrate that our DL-aided multi-objective
routing algorithm is capable of achieving near Pareto-optimal performance. | [
-0.06739576160907745,
0.005285313818603754,
-0.02655927464365959,
-0.039536893367767334,
-0.005317346192896366,
0.038585081696510315,
-0.012657297775149345,
0.032233551144599915,
-0.09811007231473923,
0.0009712622268125415,
0.005408866796642542,
-0.07080032676458359,
0.023063188418745995,
-0.04001280292868614,
-0.033203668892383575,
0.003246692940592766,
0.026303017511963844,
-0.01541206706315279,
0.0032947412692010403,
-0.05469270423054695,
-0.004507388919591904,
-0.010909253731369972,
-0.034027356654405594,
0.05414358153939247,
-0.005079392809420824,
-0.00020763733482453972,
0.011009926907718182,
0.023465879261493683,
-0.08559005707502365,
0.04041549190878868,
0.05385071411728859,
0.018166836351156235,
0.02489360049366951,
-0.006182215642184019,
0.011888524517416954,
-0.03730379045009613,
0.03666314855217934,
0.02337435819208622,
0.00782501045614481,
0.02531459555029869,
-0.005019904114305973,
-0.001234383904375136,
0.01627236045897007,
0.03880472853779793,
0.0015810182085260749,
-0.0009764102869667113,
-0.06798149645328522,
0.07753624022006989,
0.0038987770676612854,
-0.038987770676612854,
-0.03880472853779793,
-0.064027801156044,
0.03358805552124977,
-0.022166287526488304,
-0.07435132563114166,
0.06856722384691238,
0.07420489192008972,
0.030714308843016624,
0.0333867110311985,
0.007985170930624008,
0.022312719374895096,
0.000605751876719296,
0.00917036272585392,
-0.01688554883003235,
0.0027296014595776796,
-0.04488169774413109,
0.029213372617959976,
-0.0006761083495803177,
0.010186241939663887,
-0.018368182703852654,
-0.03406396135687828,
-0.01737060770392418,
-0.02412482723593712,
-0.007921107113361359,
0.01985996775329113,
0.0026380810886621475,
-0.014679902233183384,
0.042648594826459885,
0.024161435663700104,
-0.028115125373005867,
0.000235665516811423,
0.039683327078819275,
-0.018450550734996796,
-0.0250400323420763,
0.054363228380680084,
0.010360131040215492,
0.04352719336748123,
-0.07621834427118301,
0.08046489953994751,
-0.011192968115210533,
-0.030641093850135803,
0.01382876094430685,
-0.011073991656303406,
-0.017224173992872238,
0.018313270062208176,
-0.03799934685230255,
-0.006900652311742306,
-0.03633367270231247,
-0.01696791686117649,
0.029268283396959305,
-0.06889669597148895,
0.005166337359696627,
0.006479657720774412,
0.05421679839491844,
0.01045165117830038,
-0.02820664457976818,
-0.035400163382291794,
0.037065837532281876,
-0.011851916089653969,
0.09686539322137833,
0.032160334289073944,
0.016080167144536972,
-0.029286587610840797,
0.000848281430080533,
-0.02709009498357773,
-0.029945537447929382,
-0.009165787138044834,
-0.03715736046433449,
0.043270934373140335,
0.04956755042076111,
0.016025254502892494,
-0.007847890257835388,
-0.03563811630010605,
-0.0790005698800087,
-0.028920505195856094,
0.02476547099649906,
-0.005344802513718605,
-0.03618723899126053,
0.01745297573506832,
-0.04477187246084213,
-0.032306768000125885,
-0.022221198305487633,
-0.031190216541290283,
0.03344162181019783,
0.03331349417567253,
0.013435222208499908,
-0.06011072173714638,
0.001442593289539218,
-0.0007110005826689303,
0.018743416294455528,
0.06724932789802551,
-0.05066579952836037,
-0.014258908107876778,
-0.009710334241390228,
0.016217447817325592,
0.08112385123968124,
-0.00558733195066452,
0.04433257505297661,
-0.08141671866178513,
-0.028151733800768852,
-0.045613862574100494,
0.053411416709423065,
0.008859192952513695,
0.007545872591435909,
0.04440578818321228,
0.002750193700194359,
0.03477782383561134,
-0.02502172812819481,
0.016656747087836266,
0.012950163334608078,
-0.014149082824587822,
-0.04275842010974884,
-0.0020649333018809557,
0.02419804409146309,
0.016995374113321304,
0.010085568763315678,
0.028353078290820122,
-0.04363701492547989,
-0.05688919872045517,
0.0463460274040699,
-0.014231451787054539,
-0.0009563901694491506,
-0.04301467537879944,
0.033203668892383575,
0.029542846605181694,
-0.012364431284368038,
0.07878091931343079,
-0.014798879623413086,
-0.050848837941884995,
0.06673680990934372,
-0.08939731121063232,
-0.03232507035136223,
0.012282063253223896,
0.04378344863653183,
0.03032992221415043,
0.030091969296336174,
0.056230250746011734,
-0.0043678199872374535,
0.0018727401038631797,
-0.016858091577887535,
-0.008213972672820091,
-0.021397514268755913,
0.031208520755171776,
-0.002969843102619052,
-0.014542621560394764,
-0.036919403821229935,
-0.007362831383943558,
0.011906828731298447,
-0.022038158029317856,
-0.041403915733098984,
-0.06102592870593071,
-0.037486832588911057,
-0.024564126506447792,
0.013215572573244572,
0.012428496032953262,
-0.04495491459965706,
0.025552548468112946,
0.035766247659921646,
0.023612311109900475,
-0.022532368078827858,
-0.03571133315563202,
-0.023337749764323235,
-0.023539096117019653,
0.03314875811338425,
0.00910172238945961,
0.004116138443350792,
-0.018093619495630264,
-0.039060987532138824,
-0.02496681734919548,
-0.051544394344091415,
0.00744977593421936,
0.023044884204864502,
0.004004025831818581,
0.028536120429635048,
-0.032709456980228424,
-0.02172698825597763,
-0.010350978933274746,
-0.021763596683740616,
-0.010396738536655903,
-0.002124421764165163,
-0.012529168277978897,
-0.00128929631318897,
-0.013490134850144386,
-0.01598864607512951,
-0.006433897186070681,
-0.07709694653749466,
-0.01573238894343376,
-0.004020041786134243,
-0.04103783145546913,
-0.006342376582324505,
-0.04363701492547989,
-0.009774398989975452,
-0.026119975373148918,
-0.032233551144599915,
0.04901842772960663,
-0.033002324402332306,
-0.0039719934575259686,
0.051544394344091415,
0.0386216901242733,
0.027529392391443253,
0.014725662767887115,
-0.013352854177355766,
0.01938406005501747,
0.0016862668562680483,
-0.050153281539678574,
-0.001716011087410152,
0.01668420247733593,
-0.020390788093209267,
-0.02385026589035988,
-0.032306768000125885,
0.040928006172180176,
0.015091745182871819,
0.027620913460850716,
0.05626685917377472,
-0.008781400509178638,
-0.03206881508231163,
0.014258908107876778,
0.00968287792056799,
-0.009865919128060341,
-0.012712209485471249,
-0.1128997951745987,
-0.0336429700255394,
-0.027328047901391983,
0.03971993550658226,
-0.013416917994618416,
-0.031080391258001328,
0.029634365811944008,
-0.014954464510083199,
0.032782673835754395,
0.02621149644255638,
0.015631716698408127,
-0.07058067619800568,
0.010469955392181873,
-0.032434895634651184,
-0.06626090407371521,
-0.014057562686502934,
-0.056779373437166214,
0.021214472129940987,
-0.035345252603292465,
0.03777970001101494,
-0.03735870495438576,
0.025973543524742126,
-0.012611537240445614,
0.0008780256612226367,
0.06142861768603325,
0.019274236634373665,
-0.009499836713075638,
-0.050372932106256485,
0.018853241577744484,
-0.048103220760822296,
-0.027803955599665642,
0.024527518078684807,
0.035473380237817764,
0.050519365817308426,
0.007916530594229698,
-0.016153384000062943,
-0.05612042546272278,
0.026394538581371307,
0.0012995923170819879,
0.016775723546743393,
0.0312817357480526,
0.013746391981840134,
0.016080167144536972,
-0.05289889872074127,
0.014048410579562187,
0.04766392335295677,
0.013334549963474274,
0.009197819046676159,
-0.07468079775571823,
-0.024252956733107567,
0.00042585673509165645,
0.026303017511963844,
-0.0672859400510788,
0.004328923765569925,
-0.018221748992800713,
0.014487708918750286,
0.04059853404760361,
0.035473380237817764,
-0.021873420104384422,
0.032087117433547974,
-0.01896306686103344,
0.0014254332054406404,
-0.0044364603236317635,
-0.010442499071359634,
0.021836811676621437,
0.0113394008949399,
-0.008415318094193935,
0.008744792081415653,
0.027126703411340714,
0.024088218808174133,
0.027364656329154968,
-0.08485788851976395,
-0.031556300818920135,
-0.00466983811929822,
-0.038035955280065536,
-0.0050336322747170925,
-0.04964076727628708,
0.03162951394915581,
-0.020701957866549492,
0.005971718579530716,
0.0009546741493977606,
0.00809957180172205,
0.04345397651195526,
-0.009774398989975452,
0.07065389305353165,
-0.06849400699138641,
-0.0023497911170125008,
0.0015524179907515645,
-0.06417423486709595,
-0.04737105593085289,
0.03728548809885979,
-0.05564451962709427,
-0.06424745172262192,
-0.0032787250820547342,
-0.05476592108607292,
0.04656567424535751,
0.00006828294135630131,
-0.05081222951412201,
-0.009563901461660862,
-0.002590032760053873,
-0.020171137526631355,
0.019146107137203217,
0.018111923709511757,
-0.02357570454478264,
-0.026083366945385933,
0.02178190089762211,
0.04953094199299812,
-0.05385071411728859,
0.009765246883034706,
0.02531459555029869,
0.003647095523774624,
0.027273135259747505,
-0.04089139774441719,
-0.0031986446119844913,
0.002558000385761261,
0.053557850420475006,
0.0054500512778759,
-0.04462543874979019,
0.04330754280090332,
0.0902026891708374,
0.03627876192331314,
0.023813657462596893,
-0.010652996599674225,
-0.007065389305353165,
0.03228846192359924,
-0.030915655195713043,
0.04026905819773674,
-0.004910079762339592,
0.05187387019395828,
-0.02833477407693863,
-0.01562256459146738,
0.009499836713075638,
0.061831310391426086,
-0.003219236619770527,
0.012584080919623375,
0.028316469863057137,
-0.01821259781718254,
-0.03627876192331314,
-0.02434447593986988,
0.007458928041160107,
0.007399439811706543,
-0.02998214401304722,
0.03715736046433449,
-0.04191642999649048,
0.00013456385931931436,
0.030146881937980652,
-0.05220334231853485,
0.0007373127155005932,
0.02447260543704033,
-0.0005791537114419043,
-0.018249206244945526,
0.01513750571757555,
0.025113249197602272,
0.002069509355351329,
0.00774264195933938,
0.02868255227804184,
0.0926920548081398,
-0.022440848872065544,
-0.0005396854830905795,
-0.010579779744148254,
0.03571133315563202,
-0.02421634830534458,
0.03618723899126053,
-0.05073901265859604,
-0.037889525294303894,
-0.02123277634382248,
0.0050153280608356,
0.040378883481025696,
-0.010982470586895943,
0.021525641903281212,
-0.025113249197602272,
-0.022459153085947037,
-0.028737464919686317,
-0.01716011017560959,
-0.02937810868024826,
-0.035619813948869705,
0.017279086634516716,
-0.04524777829647064,
-0.010021504014730453,
-0.03415548428893089,
-0.05194708704948425,
0.052642643451690674,
-0.039902977645397186,
-0.017974643036723137,
0.024252956733107567,
-0.05710884928703308,
-0.009929983876645565,
-0.03219694271683693,
0.02509494498372078,
0.005582755897194147,
0.058024052530527115,
0.06955564767122269,
0.02683383598923683,
-0.047004975378513336,
0.0350157767534256,
0.02696196548640728,
-0.04187982156872749,
-0.005184641573578119,
0.017690930515527725,
0.009600509889423847,
0.014881247654557228,
-0.10111194849014282,
0.054106973111629486,
-0.0009306499850936234,
-0.0002848578442353755,
-0.0226788017898798,
-0.029872320592403412,
-0.10726212710142136,
-0.03774309158325195,
-0.021251080557703972,
0.019530493766069412,
0.06076966971158981,
0.038987770676612854,
0.013709784485399723,
-0.0451013445854187,
0.015110049396753311,
-0.01355419959872961,
0.03259963542222977,
0.013545047491788864,
-0.04070835933089256,
0.026248104870319366,
-0.005326498299837112,
0.008538871072232723,
-0.017352303490042686,
0.005404290743172169,
-0.05644989758729935,
-0.02103143185377121,
-0.009042234160006046,
0.04166017100214958,
0.025259682908654213,
-0.00343888602219522,
0.03109869547188282,
0.02970758266746998,
0.01764516904950142,
-0.03497916832566261,
0.005431747063994408,
0.10111194849014282,
0.022788627073168755,
0.01117466390132904,
0.018221748992800713,
-0.002124421764165163,
0.04942111670970917,
0.01517411321401596,
-0.018322421237826347,
-0.0010244585573673248,
0.07332629710435867,
-0.01628151349723339,
-0.023282837122678757,
0.007202670443803072,
0.06369832903146744,
0.010332674719393253,
0.012822034768760204,
-0.010991622693836689,
0.011366857215762138,
-0.025113249197602272,
0.010058112442493439,
0.057548146694898605,
0.029323196038603783,
-0.003416005987673998,
-0.006941836792975664,
-0.07907378673553467,
0.03439343720674515,
-0.012346127070486546,
-0.038511864840984344,
-0.054033756256103516,
0.028499512001872063,
-0.006383561063557863,
-0.01117466390132904,
-0.006072391290217638,
-0.006218824069947004,
-0.007527568377554417,
0.03648010641336441,
-0.003340501571074128,
0.004303755704313517,
-0.018432246521115303,
-0.007687729317694902,
0.03728548809885979,
-0.03979315236210823,
-0.016437098383903503,
-0.04169677942991257,
-0.011403465643525124,
-0.020793477073311806,
-0.010607236064970493,
-0.01010387297719717,
-0.054985567927360535,
-0.031025480479002,
0.038914553821086884,
-0.030384834855794907,
-0.05758475512266159,
-0.016089320182800293,
-0.0019024842185899615,
0.004470780957490206,
0.024033306166529655,
-0.009838463738560677,
-0.022861843928694725,
-0.006621514447033405,
0.008882072754204273,
0.05055597424507141,
-0.016327273100614548,
0.011696331202983856,
-0.00387132097966969,
-0.028572726994752884,
-0.0142039954662323,
-0.0208117812871933,
0.030696004629135132,
-0.01606186293065548,
0.030696004629135132,
-0.014185691252350807,
0.0332585833966732,
-0.017700081691145897,
0.02419804409146309,
-0.006136455573141575,
-0.004891775548458099,
0.002789089921861887,
-0.0007041365024633706,
-0.028938809409737587,
0.0246739499270916,
-0.0008980457787401974,
0.01965862326323986,
-0.035949286073446274,
0.008840888738632202,
0.031483083963394165,
-0.010781125165522099,
-0.02544272318482399,
-0.009280188009142876,
0.025735588744282722,
-0.031116999685764313,
0.0014574653469026089,
-0.015805605798959732,
-0.04605315998196602,
0.017224173992872238,
0.0463460274040699,
0.019146107137203217,
0.035125602036714554,
-0.035674724727869034,
-0.006218824069947004,
0.050153281539678574,
0.04378344863653183,
0.0540703646838665,
-0.006630666553974152,
-0.03331349417567253,
0.027474481612443924,
0.05286229029297829,
-0.0072163986042141914,
-0.023703832179307938,
-0.011055687442421913,
0.030037056654691696,
0.04480848088860512,
-0.038987770676612854,
-0.013737240806221962,
0.016318120062351227,
-0.017416367307305336,
0.031904079020023346,
-0.017956338822841644,
-0.015229025855660439,
0.016931308433413506,
0.00023466450511477888,
-0.021873420104384422,
-0.006076966878026724,
-0.040305666625499725,
-0.0033519414719194174,
0.01227291114628315,
-0.016656747087836266,
-0.01485379133373499,
0.033899225294589996,
-0.018386486917734146,
-0.0014528892934322357,
0.010323522612452507,
-0.025680677965283394,
0.013728088699281216,
-0.08807941526174545,
0.013178965076804161,
-0.004589757416397333,
-0.01238273549824953,
-0.00225941464304924,
0.027840564027428627,
-0.01876172050833702,
0.0069235325790941715,
0.028499512001872063,
0.07021459937095642,
0.023667223751544952,
0.007481808308511972,
-0.0024481758009642363,
0.037340398877859116,
0.015155809931457043,
-0.01938406005501747,
0.04371023178100586,
0.008369557559490204,
-0.02013452909886837,
0.052789077162742615,
-0.009929983876645565,
-0.002692993264645338,
-0.03538186103105545,
0.007111149840056896,
-0.001230951864272356,
0.0034640543162822723,
0.030842438340187073,
0.033478230237960815,
0.0060266307555139065,
0.014872095547616482,
-0.039902977645397186,
-0.007069965358823538,
-0.03360636159777641,
0.003988009877502918,
0.028462903574109077,
-0.028645943850278854,
-0.0010633548954501748,
0.041550345718860626,
-0.035546597093343735,
-0.03807256370782852,
-0.0040406337939202785,
-0.028792377561330795,
-0.029945537447929382,
-0.007477232255041599,
-0.01572323776781559,
-0.024051610380411148,
-0.028774073347449303,
-0.010890950448811054,
-0.02357570454478264,
0.016391336917877197,
-0.04466204717755318,
0.006928108632564545,
0.041550345718860626,
0.032929107546806335,
0.004074954427778721,
0.014322971925139427,
0.006946412846446037,
0.03194068372249603,
0.04067175090312958,
0.003239828860387206,
0.006717611104249954,
-0.02158055454492569,
0.008918681181967258,
-0.005257857963442802,
0.018578680232167244,
0.032654546201229095,
0.008387861773371696,
-0.0059579904191195965,
-0.02937810868024826,
0.019896576181054115,
0.00494668772444129,
-0.00029315188294276595,
-0.007898226380348206,
0.04817643761634827,
0.02957945503294468,
0.0026152008213102818,
0.0038919129874557257,
-0.0016679627588018775,
-0.02469225414097309,
-0.027968691661953926,
0.016235752031207085,
-0.0015444098971784115,
0.011577354744076729,
-0.0451013445854187,
0.017846515402197838,
-0.005486659239977598,
0.045540645718574524,
-0.021489033475518227,
-0.039756543934345245,
0.006781675852835178,
-0.009289340116083622,
0.017324848100543022,
-0.010771973058581352,
0.017709234729409218,
0.026742316782474518,
-0.01998809725046158,
0.019127802923321724,
0.034375134855508804,
0.01219969429075718,
-0.0047682225704193115,
-0.0004756210546474904,
-0.04707819223403931,
0.026357930153608322,
0.01834987848997116,
0.02970758266746998,
0.024179739877581596,
0.06805471330881119,
0.005097697023302317,
-0.024161435663700104,
-0.018981369212269783,
-0.01340776588767767,
-0.04191642999649048,
0.016848940402269363,
-0.03324027732014656,
-0.03426530957221985,
0.022093070670962334,
0.019567102193832397,
0.0031963565852493048,
0.031153608113527298,
0.022239502519369125,
0.04546742886304855,
0.02730974368751049,
0.005797829478979111,
0.03810917213559151,
0.0200613122433424,
0.0019711246713995934,
-0.020720262080430984,
0.008017203770577908,
0.0058893500827252865,
0.00989337544888258,
0.016601834446191788,
-0.0032146607991307974,
0.026925357058644295,
-0.07215483486652374,
-0.022495761513710022,
0.03130004182457924,
-0.008470230735838413,
-0.01248340867459774,
-0.032800979912281036,
-0.005697156768292189,
0.007042509503662586,
0.05066579952836037,
-0.027291439473628998,
0.012291215360164642,
-0.04597994312644005,
-0.008062964305281639,
-0.007051661144942045,
-0.020775172859430313,
-0.015878822654485703,
0.015741541981697083,
0.015146657824516296,
0.002715873531997204,
-0.01938406005501747,
0.022989971563220024,
0.0645403191447258,
0.010277762077748775,
0.014560925774276257,
0.017398063093423843,
-0.01703198067843914,
-0.024911904707551003,
0.04041549190878868,
-0.024161435663700104,
-0.012767122127115726,
0.02738296054303646,
-0.041953038424253464,
-0.023118101060390472,
-0.028810681775212288,
-0.055827558040618896,
-0.023667223751544952,
0.000646364176645875,
0.023118101060390472,
0.007458928041160107,
-0.014725662767887115,
0.010744516737759113,
-0.002789089921861887,
0.029085243120789528,
-0.02709009498357773,
0.005363106727600098,
-0.07398524135351181,
-0.03159290552139282,
-0.00744977593421936,
-0.005120576824992895,
0.0028806105256080627,
0.03880472853779793,
-0.039060987532138824,
-0.022294415161013603,
0.03259963542222977,
-0.01766347326338291,
0.04923807829618454,
-0.0019722688011825085,
0.016052711755037308,
0.018359029665589333,
-0.040232449769973755,
0.0003700863744597882,
-0.03680958226323128,
-0.006040358915925026,
0.026852140203118324,
0.05992768332362175,
-0.02282523550093174,
0.023594006896018982,
-0.0032535570207983255,
0.04532099515199661,
0.014597534202039242,
-0.0265409704297781,
-0.04597994312644005,
0.020994823426008224,
-0.03294741362333298,
-0.01492700818926096,
0.01217223796993494,
-0.0018487159395590425,
-0.010250305756926537,
-0.011211272329092026,
0.06186791881918907,
0.017754994332790375,
0.005752068944275379,
-0.014634141698479652,
0.024289565160870552,
0.027419568970799446,
0.01047910749912262,
-0.023703832179307938,
0.03735870495438576,
0.05121492221951485,
0.03109869547188282,
-0.014377884566783905,
-0.0050610885955393314,
-0.010323522612452507,
0.0025305442977696657,
-0.0109001025557518,
0.00753214443102479,
-0.003228388726711273,
-0.00015472699305973947,
-0.015265634283423424,
0.02449090965092182,
0.01248340867459774,
0.02013452909886837,
-0.023777049034833908,
0.01841394230723381,
-0.0017034269403666258,
0.04242894425988197,
-0.026522666215896606,
0.0020054448395967484,
-0.021196167916059494,
-0.0012320958776399493,
-0.014405340887606144,
0.046638891100883484,
-0.061684876680374146,
-0.01141261775046587,
-0.04806661233305931,
0.007097421679645777,
-0.050592582672834396,
-0.0007281606667675078,
0.06889669597148895,
-0.0018910442013293505,
0.018185140565037727,
0.025131553411483765,
0.03884133696556091,
-0.05139796435832977,
-0.007692305371165276,
-0.002519104164093733,
0.0488353855907917,
-0.001134855323471129,
-0.04762731492519379,
-0.024051610380411148,
-0.04242894425988197,
0.042502161115407944,
-0.01813938096165657,
-0.0059579904191195965,
-0.0038347127847373486,
-0.039536893367767334,
-0.02626640908420086,
-0.03316706046462059,
-0.007939411327242851,
-0.011376009322702885,
0.057950835675001144,
0.002773073734715581,
-0.0015764421550557017,
-0.013911129906773567,
-0.00637898501008749,
0.02123277634382248,
0.023465879261493683,
0.012565776705741882,
-0.01013132929801941,
-0.01834072545170784,
0.006928108632564545,
-0.02013452909886837,
0.016592683270573616,
-0.01055232435464859,
-0.002558000385761261,
0.015897126868367195,
0.019255932420492172,
0.009266459383070469,
0.045613862574100494,
-0.0199331846088171,
0.006182215642184019,
0.015192417427897453,
-0.006351528689265251,
0.01047910749912262,
-0.003443462075665593,
0.005234977696090937,
0.042026255279779434,
-0.07091015577316284,
0.018798328936100006,
-0.007445199880748987,
0.018359029665589333,
0.028645943850278854,
-0.05322837457060814,
0.015668325126171112,
0.00996659230440855,
-0.012767122127115726,
0.0608062781393528,
-0.01876172050833702,
0.028627639636397362,
-0.03032992221415043,
-0.0333867110311985,
-0.006484233774244785,
-0.019127802923321724,
-0.008076692000031471,
-0.03012857772409916,
-0.006067815236747265,
0.045064736157655716,
0.001820115721784532,
0.021818507462739944,
-0.005335650406777859,
0.004589757416397333,
-0.04125748202204704,
0.04316110908985138,
-0.0333867110311985,
-0.06003750488162041,
-0.022166287526488304,
0.011751243844628334,
0.041001223027706146,
-0.06025715544819832,
-0.032032206654548645,
-0.0028600182849913836,
0.008584631606936455,
0.03971993550658226,
-0.002692993264645338,
-0.01888985000550747,
0.005408866796642542,
-0.0218002051115036,
0.03157460317015648,
-0.011147207580506802,
0.02275201864540577,
-0.005280737765133381,
-0.023282837122678757,
-0.01965862326323986,
0.012776274234056473,
-0.005271586123853922,
-0.002404703525826335,
0.030220098793506622,
-0.03701092675328255,
0.00746350409463048,
-0.023044884204864502,
0.004141306504607201,
-0.008639543317258358,
0.018999673426151276,
-0.0017434671754017472,
-0.014588382095098495,
0.009856767021119595,
0.01910949870944023,
-0.03459478169679642,
-0.0020706532523036003,
-0.013654871843755245,
0.024783775210380554,
-0.01998809725046158,
-0.013197269290685654,
0.01867935247719288,
0.03241659328341484,
-0.011604811064898968,
0.031263433396816254,
0.016308968886733055,
-0.04557725414633751,
-0.03648010641336441,
0.035821158438920975,
-0.012144782580435276,
0.003669975558295846,
-0.046858541667461395,
0.01585136540234089,
0.0009878503624349833,
-0.02482038363814354,
0.013810456730425358,
-0.015448675490915775,
-0.015494436025619507,
0.01938406005501747
] |
Data packet routing in aeronautical ad-hoc networks (AANETs) is challenging
due to their high-dynamic topology. In this paper, we invoke deep learning (DL)
to assist routing in AANETs. We set out from the single objective of minimizing
the end-to-end (E2E) delay. Specifically, a deep neural network (DNN) is
conceived for mapping the local geographic information observed by the
forwarding node into the information required for determining the optimal next
hop. The DNN is trained by exploiting the regular mobility pattern of
commercial passenger airplanes from historical flight data. After training, the
DNN is stored by each airplane for assisting their routing decisions during
flight relying solely on local geographic information. Furthermore, we extend
the DL-aided routing algorithm to a multi-objective scenario, where we aim for
simultaneously minimizing the delay, maximizing the path capacity, and
maximizing the path lifetime. Our simulation results based on real flight data
show that the proposed DL-aided routing outperforms existing position-based
routing protocols in terms of its E2E delay, path capacity as well as path
lifetime, and it is capable of approaching the Pareto front that is obtained
using global link information. | [
-0.06240496039390564,
-0.01626698672771454,
-0.019061367958784103,
-0.03714163601398468,
0.010564343072474003,
0.03654596954584122,
0.0037360633723437786,
0.041521549224853516,
-0.0740029588341713,
-0.01420842856168747,
-0.009644562378525734,
-0.061669133603572845,
0.012692979536950588,
-0.015671318396925926,
-0.0077393013052642345,
-0.0058953589759767056,
0.015986671671271324,
-0.012745538726449013,
0.052033331245183945,
-0.05049160495400429,
0.008689741604030132,
-0.025035565719008446,
-0.011816997081041336,
0.038788482546806335,
-0.01063442137092352,
0.024685174226760864,
0.01578519679605961,
0.014751537702977657,
-0.08640686422586441,
0.042747922241687775,
0.03463632985949516,
0.010827138088643551,
0.012219949625432491,
-0.028539493680000305,
-0.001606332021765411,
0.0008896692306734622,
0.04800381511449814,
0.01313973031938076,
-0.010800858028233051,
0.045480985194444656,
0.029993625357747078,
0.007581624202430248,
-0.036160536110401154,
0.024439899250864983,
0.01774739660322666,
-0.023160964250564575,
-0.031833186745643616,
0.026524735614657402,
0.0170203298330307,
-0.04068060591816902,
-0.015557440929114819,
-0.06646951287984848,
0.009478125721216202,
-0.030361536890268326,
-0.08087065815925598,
0.08717773109674454,
0.05553726106882095,
0.0266824122518301,
-0.0020497979130595922,
-0.018553299829363823,
0.04348374903202057,
0.0014574150554835796,
0.002923589898273349,
-0.0035871462896466255,
-0.03358514979481697,
0.007892598398029804,
0.045480985194444656,
-0.02202218770980835,
0.01603047177195549,
-0.032446373254060745,
-0.052593961358070374,
0.008339349180459976,
-0.05981205403804779,
0.020462939515709877,
0.0029761488549411297,
-0.023248562589287758,
-0.027978865429759026,
0.04253768548369408,
0.041977059096097946,
-0.038227856159210205,
0.00915401242673397,
0.04768846184015274,
-0.01390183437615633,
-0.052839234471321106,
0.07806751877069473,
0.01830802485346794,
0.05280419811606407,
-0.061564017087221146,
0.06107346713542938,
-0.045936498790979385,
-0.05869079381227493,
0.01846570149064064,
-0.0036769346334040165,
-0.009986194781959057,
-0.001412521000020206,
-0.011291407980024815,
0.00440180953592062,
-0.04940538480877876,
-0.021233804523944855,
0.06524313986301422,
-0.05536206439137459,
0.016827614977955818,
0.013087171129882336,
0.06727541983127594,
0.053960490971803665,
-0.050001055002212524,
-0.016503501683473587,
0.04485027864575386,
0.0013862415216863155,
0.09432574361562729,
-0.0027987626381218433,
0.00748526630923152,
-0.02501804567873478,
0.032288696616888046,
-0.033620189875364304,
-0.03530207648873329,
-0.04607665538787842,
-0.05767465755343437,
0.018746014684438705,
0.01334120612591505,
0.019762154668569565,
0.003449179232120514,
-0.02074325457215309,
-0.015636278316378593,
-0.006635563913732767,
0.03463632985949516,
0.0002874316123779863,
-0.02277553267776966,
0.014348585158586502,
-0.025858988985419273,
-0.03253397345542908,
-0.016853895038366318,
-0.0386483259499073,
0.018553299829363823,
0.01605674996972084,
0.020322782918810844,
-0.0339881032705307,
-0.010117592290043831,
0.04765342175960541,
-0.010967294685542583,
0.07074430584907532,
-0.029555633664131165,
-0.004511307459324598,
-0.03665108606219292,
0.0343034565448761,
0.0628955066204071,
0.011554202996194363,
0.052734117954969406,
-0.03213101997971535,
0.016915213316679,
-0.05448608100414276,
0.057149067521095276,
-0.004423709120601416,
0.03186822682619095,
0.03598534315824509,
-0.021444039419293404,
-0.012999572791159153,
-0.03197334334254265,
-0.014147109352052212,
-0.007292550522834063,
0.035039279609918594,
-0.07067423313856125,
-0.002531588077545166,
0.03439105302095413,
-0.012272507883608341,
0.040470369160175323,
0.0244574174284935,
-0.01545232255011797,
-0.09292417019605637,
0.04576130211353302,
-0.03791250288486481,
-0.028627092018723488,
-0.02207474783062935,
0.08080058544874191,
-0.00475658243522048,
0.02571883238852024,
0.018237946555018425,
-0.001560342963784933,
-0.006223852280527353,
0.0787683054804802,
-0.0487046018242836,
-0.026419617235660553,
-0.0069859568029642105,
0.05592269077897072,
-0.0005666508805006742,
0.0032630329951643944,
0.03444361314177513,
-0.03728179633617401,
0.015434803441166878,
0.0023169724736362696,
-0.0009980719769373536,
-0.008878077380359173,
0.067450612783432,
-0.023563915863633156,
-0.009180291555821896,
-0.06885218620300293,
-0.012920734472572803,
-0.013954393565654755,
-0.002100166864693165,
-0.005396049469709396,
-0.047618381679058075,
-0.04138139262795448,
-0.0006016901461407542,
0.016205666586756706,
-0.020410381257534027,
-0.03626565635204315,
0.01624070666730404,
0.01918400637805462,
0.018605858087539673,
-0.019551917910575867,
-0.023213524371385574,
-0.009951155632734299,
-0.042747922241687775,
0.004020757507532835,
0.003657225053757429,
0.0016107119154185057,
0.007042895536869764,
-0.056903790682554245,
0.011256368830800056,
-0.05332978442311287,
0.03213101997971535,
0.03847312927246094,
-0.005426708608865738,
0.011011093854904175,
-0.05637820437550545,
-0.037316832691431046,
0.022057227790355682,
0.012044752947986126,
-0.014698978513479233,
-0.01356896199285984,
0.005636944435536861,
-0.011598002165555954,
0.010730779729783535,
0.002932349918410182,
-0.013796716928482056,
-0.025561155751347542,
-0.026962727308273315,
0.02796134538948536,
-0.06559353321790695,
-0.017353203147649765,
-0.03882352262735367,
-0.031430233269929886,
-0.04572626203298569,
-0.022547777742147446,
0.023160964250564575,
-0.020533017814159393,
-0.0017147348262369633,
0.04176682233810425,
0.021338922902941704,
0.006346489768475294,
0.025245802477002144,
-0.015268366783857346,
0.04916011169552803,
0.005242752376943827,
-0.062229763716459274,
-0.0385432094335556,
-0.017703596502542496,
-0.014821616001427174,
-0.013858035206794739,
-0.04428965225815773,
0.045340828597545624,
0.02759343385696411,
0.032954443246126175,
0.037632185965776443,
-0.02202218770980835,
-0.03079952858388424,
0.020673176273703575,
0.02932787872850895,
0.006403428502380848,
-0.012780577875673771,
-0.0976194366812706,
-0.03358514979481697,
-0.012841896153986454,
0.028697170317173004,
0.029468035325407982,
-0.05150774121284485,
-0.013630280271172523,
-0.009118973277509212,
0.042187295854091644,
0.02903004363179207,
0.014190908521413803,
-0.02659481391310692,
0.020515499636530876,
-0.04253768548369408,
-0.06265023350715637,
0.005470507778227329,
-0.04176682233810425,
-0.003884980222210288,
-0.059987250715494156,
0.011422805488109589,
-0.02627946063876152,
0.02170683443546295,
-0.012710499577224255,
-0.026507215574383736,
0.07204075902700424,
0.03486408293247223,
-0.016608620062470436,
-0.053960490971803665,
0.05266403779387474,
-0.030519213527441025,
-0.027120403945446014,
0.00537852942943573,
0.013043371960520744,
0.042082175612449646,
0.019201526418328285,
-0.0268926490098238,
-0.061318740248680115,
0.011808237992227077,
-0.012395145371556282,
0.038332972675561905,
0.008663462474942207,
0.030098741874098778,
0.02708536386489868,
-0.059391580522060394,
0.020024949684739113,
0.009688361547887325,
-0.011133731342852116,
0.019762154668569565,
-0.036160536110401154,
-0.035950303077697754,
0.016529779881238937,
0.02759343385696411,
-0.08164152503013611,
0.02932787872850895,
0.005987337324768305,
0.012885695323348045,
0.03197334334254265,
0.029468035325407982,
-0.03470640629529953,
0.010897216387093067,
-0.02815406210720539,
-0.02070821449160576,
-0.05077191814780235,
-0.000971245055552572,
-0.011457844637334347,
0.04096091911196709,
-0.027067843824625015,
0.011615521274507046,
0.020165106281638145,
0.016389623284339905,
0.0014147110050544143,
-0.048284128308296204,
-0.03286684677004814,
-0.0018450370989739895,
-0.0345662496984005,
-0.023809190839529037,
-0.05052664130926132,
0.016810094937682152,
-0.03104480355978012,
0.005825280677527189,
0.0009482505265623331,
0.006981576792895794,
0.027365678921341896,
-0.0022578437346965075,
0.0484943650662899,
-0.05658843740820885,
-0.0075422050431370735,
0.0015231136931106448,
-0.07477382570505142,
-0.020638136193156242,
0.025999145582318306,
0.027418237179517746,
-0.017922591418027878,
-0.011028613895177841,
-0.057919930666685104,
0.04418453201651573,
-0.011729399673640728,
-0.029503075405955315,
-0.026664892211556435,
0.02512316405773163,
0.0010577483335509896,
0.04516563192009926,
-0.01027526892721653,
-0.0005400976515375078,
-0.03304204344749451,
0.01645970158278942,
0.016074270009994507,
-0.04250264912843704,
0.0006657463381998241,
0.032551493495702744,
0.008461986668407917,
0.005093835294246674,
-0.025683792307972908,
-0.04232745245099068,
-0.036510929465293884,
0.03248141333460808,
0.03013378195464611,
-0.02983594685792923,
0.014935493469238281,
0.06114354357123375,
0.00495805824175477,
-0.00748526630923152,
-0.039033759385347366,
-0.007310070097446442,
0.028784768655896187,
-0.01832554303109646,
0.04583137854933739,
-0.01030154898762703,
0.01618814840912819,
-0.08780843764543533,
-0.054205767810344696,
0.038227856159210205,
0.021496599540114403,
-0.016047989949584007,
-0.017195526510477066,
0.042642805725336075,
-0.02694520726799965,
-0.038998719304800034,
-0.007388908416032791,
0.04982585832476616,
0.001035848748870194,
-0.030379056930541992,
0.007572864647954702,
-0.04011997580528259,
-0.017887553200125694,
0.009241610765457153,
-0.04022509604692459,
0.014935493469238281,
-0.011168770492076874,
0.006079315207898617,
-0.0011343967635184526,
0.016573579981923103,
0.01631954498589039,
-0.009758439846336842,
0.01832554303109646,
0.06142386049032211,
0.03570502623915672,
-0.02125132456421852,
-0.0012000954011455178,
-0.013087171129882336,
0.05739434063434601,
-0.027225520461797714,
0.014383625239133835,
-0.014436183497309685,
-0.038227856159210205,
-0.016398383304476738,
-0.0017694836715236306,
0.04527075216174126,
-0.06244000047445297,
0.0016413712874054909,
-0.019814712926745415,
-0.0345662496984005,
0.023528877645730972,
-0.013936874456703663,
-0.029958585277199745,
-0.026875128969550133,
0.02943299524486065,
-0.05105223134160042,
-0.008764199912548065,
-0.01651226170361042,
-0.043869178742170334,
0.025806430727243423,
-0.029800908640027046,
-0.04464004561305046,
0.028679652139544487,
-0.046847518533468246,
-0.01509317010641098,
-0.03829793259501457,
0.04856444522738457,
0.0041893841698765755,
0.04243256896734238,
0.08556592464447021,
0.033462513238191605,
-0.022057227790355682,
0.004809141159057617,
-0.0063902889378368855,
-0.01827298477292061,
-0.03749202936887741,
0.006364009343087673,
0.025701312348246574,
0.03309459984302521,
-0.07638563215732574,
0.032691650092601776,
-0.013043371960520744,
0.025298360735177994,
-0.001489169429987669,
-0.05024632811546326,
-0.0885092243552208,
-0.05925142392516136,
0.008917496539652348,
0.014471222646534443,
0.025841468945145607,
0.06632936000823975,
0.012920734472572803,
-0.0344611331820488,
0.030957205221056938,
0.003030897816643119,
0.05932150408625603,
-0.020533017814159393,
-0.06468251347541809,
0.0217593926936388,
-0.00444779871031642,
-0.004747822415083647,
-0.011554202996194363,
-0.03277924656867981,
-0.012368866242468357,
-0.005089455749839544,
0.0004891811986453831,
0.059286464005708694,
0.05322466790676117,
-0.007682362571358681,
-0.007415188010782003,
0.03211349993944168,
0.0075422050431370735,
-0.006114354357123375,
-0.001571292756125331,
0.0386483259499073,
0.037316832691431046,
-0.0018910261569544673,
-0.009355488233268261,
-0.003030897816643119,
0.016766296699643135,
0.024527497589588165,
0.001548298168927431,
0.0051901936531066895,
0.04642704874277115,
-0.0036418952513486147,
0.0030812667682766914,
0.003878410439938307,
0.07025375962257385,
0.032901883125305176,
0.0015515831764787436,
-0.009408046491444111,
-0.023966867476701736,
-0.017834993079304695,
0.025175724178552628,
0.08949032425880432,
0.004421519115567207,
-0.028224140405654907,
-0.017870033159852028,
-0.052383724600076675,
0.040925879031419754,
-0.01897377148270607,
-0.0639466866850853,
-0.08122105151414871,
0.0009197811014018953,
-0.011230089701712132,
0.03861328586935997,
0.006451607681810856,
-0.022460179403424263,
-0.036090459674596786,
0.02871469035744667,
-0.015969151630997658,
0.011799477972090244,
-0.008624043315649033,
0.013472603633999825,
0.007603523787111044,
-0.032604049891233444,
-0.04390421882271767,
-0.020918451249599457,
-0.014953013509511948,
-0.01867593638598919,
-0.005120114888995886,
0.017975151538848877,
-0.06033764034509659,
-0.02943299524486065,
0.016792574897408485,
-0.037421952933073044,
-0.06594392657279968,
0.012342587113380432,
0.01776491478085518,
-0.03745699301362038,
0.002160390606150031,
-0.008996335789561272,
-0.008851798251271248,
-0.00614939397200942,
-0.01785251311957836,
0.04516563192009926,
-0.005269031971693039,
0.013945633545517921,
-0.0005781481158919632,
-0.024282222613692284,
0.0005600809818133712,
-0.013052131980657578,
0.0535750612616539,
-0.025000527501106262,
0.058165207505226135,
-0.010967294685542583,
0.00920657068490982,
-0.014655179344117641,
0.04775853827595711,
-0.0195869579911232,
0.001949060009792447,
-0.009075174108147621,
0.028627092018723488,
-0.007734921295195818,
-0.01398067269474268,
-0.007069175131618977,
0.011764438822865486,
-0.02592906728386879,
-0.01042418647557497,
0.017300644889473915,
-0.012211189605295658,
-0.018430661410093307,
-0.008282409980893135,
0.02542099915444851,
-0.02612178400158882,
0.031482793390750885,
0.0014114259975031018,
-0.021373961120843887,
0.008251750841736794,
0.056132927536964417,
0.027278080582618713,
0.01583775505423546,
-0.004136824980378151,
-0.02146155945956707,
0.02785622887313366,
0.0394892692565918,
0.029713310301303864,
-0.025403479114174843,
-0.03433849662542343,
0.008641562424600124,
0.03707155957818031,
0.018746014684438705,
-0.01653853990137577,
0.009609523229300976,
0.04358886554837227,
0.027330638840794563,
-0.054416004568338394,
-0.00791887752711773,
0.007629803381860256,
-0.02876725047826767,
0.026156824082136154,
-0.005387289449572563,
-0.011659320443868637,
0.02221490442752838,
0.014287266880273819,
-0.038332972675561905,
-0.017870033159852028,
-0.053855374455451965,
-0.006223852280527353,
-0.018658416345715523,
-0.020305262878537178,
0.002301642671227455,
0.04369398206472397,
-0.029152682051062584,
-0.031640470027923584,
-0.009259129874408245,
-0.005869079381227493,
0.0037513929419219494,
-0.057464420795440674,
0.03552982956171036,
-0.011326447129249573,
0.009276649914681911,
0.0015439182752743363,
0.018956251442432404,
-0.0013106880942359567,
0.017274364829063416,
0.03369027003645897,
0.08472497761249542,
-0.004182814154773951,
0.004443418700248003,
0.004467508289963007,
0.031325116753578186,
0.014585101045668125,
-0.04635696858167648,
0.049790818244218826,
-0.024772770702838898,
-0.004524447023868561,
0.056903790682554245,
-0.015828995034098625,
0.010827138088643551,
-0.04166170582175255,
-0.008961295709013939,
0.02314344421029091,
0.0020804572850465775,
0.03547727316617966,
0.011002333834767342,
0.04835420846939087,
0.03549479320645332,
-0.060652993619441986,
-0.032901883125305176,
-0.015364725142717361,
0.014523781836032867,
0.018343063071370125,
-0.025648754090070724,
0.01768607646226883,
0.02836429700255394,
-0.039349112659692764,
-0.014392384327948093,
0.004018567502498627,
-0.02202218770980835,
-0.050001055002212524,
-0.01138776633888483,
-0.014112070202827454,
-0.021426519379019737,
-0.013358726166188717,
-0.0005989526980556548,
-0.0011108546750620008,
0.02785622887313366,
-0.0443597286939621,
-0.02217986434698105,
0.00813349336385727,
0.013323687016963959,
-0.00024089505313895643,
-0.011291407980024815,
0.015084410086274147,
-0.012482743710279465,
0.03286684677004814,
-0.0345662496984005,
0.013507642783224583,
-0.03265661001205444,
0.023774152621626854,
-0.010319068096578121,
0.009889837354421616,
0.025403479114174843,
0.012745538726449013,
-0.004020757507532835,
-0.04485027864575386,
0.010240229777991772,
0.025946587324142456,
0.01560124009847641,
0.013709118589758873,
0.04527075216174126,
0.06562857329845428,
0.03805265948176384,
-0.03237629681825638,
-0.0006487742066383362,
-0.012692979536950588,
-0.023704074323177338,
-0.015960391610860825,
0.039033759385347366,
0.05028136819601059,
-0.04996601492166519,
-0.01969207637012005,
-0.003085646778345108,
0.011799477972090244,
-0.015697598457336426,
-0.04267784580588341,
0.006780100986361504,
-0.0048529403284192085,
0.0194292813539505,
-0.02708536386489868,
0.019727114588022232,
0.010205190628767014,
-0.02365151420235634,
0.04124123230576515,
0.02750583551824093,
0.005006237421184778,
0.008689741604030132,
0.03516191989183426,
-0.041871942579746246,
0.03724675625562668,
0.005987337324768305,
0.018658416345715523,
0.009775958955287933,
0.011002333834767342,
-0.014593860134482384,
-0.0034469892270863056,
-0.03174559026956558,
-0.007108594290912151,
-0.03053673356771469,
0.030554253607988358,
-0.02967827022075653,
-0.05466127768158913,
0.02903004363179207,
0.02860957197844982,
0.0025688172318041325,
0.009276649914681911,
0.02116372622549534,
0.007086694706231356,
0.03449617326259613,
-0.008304310031235218,
0.022600336000323296,
0.021338922902941704,
-0.04996601492166519,
-0.011256368830800056,
0.02491292916238308,
0.016740016639232635,
0.011230089701712132,
0.02151411771774292,
0.024790290743112564,
0.005255891941487789,
-0.06194945052266121,
-0.0025972865987569094,
0.027383198961615562,
0.03186822682619095,
-0.015767676755785942,
-0.007169913034886122,
0.007117353845387697,
-0.027821188792586327,
0.03665108606219292,
-0.011046133004128933,
0.019043849781155586,
-0.05206837132573128,
-0.04271288216114044,
-0.0395943857729435,
0.01776491478085518,
-0.043448708951473236,
0.010415426455438137,
0.0026235661935061216,
-0.0036835044156759977,
0.012973293662071228,
-0.0030002384446561337,
0.05718410760164261,
0.001029826351441443,
-0.004590145777910948,
0.04625185206532478,
-0.014024471864104271,
-0.028399337083101273,
0.036055419594049454,
0.008645942434668541,
-0.027435757219791412,
0.025456037372350693,
-0.009259129874408245,
0.007923257537186146,
-0.026927687227725983,
-0.0632108598947525,
-0.03293692320585251,
-0.01253530289977789,
0.03997981920838356,
-0.02105860784649849,
-0.03602037951350212,
0.028627092018723488,
0.010441705584526062,
-0.008794859983026981,
-0.04775853827595711,
0.03983966261148453,
-0.05890103057026863,
-0.02552611567080021,
-0.009250369854271412,
-0.012465224601328373,
-0.014287266880273819,
0.011326447129249573,
-0.040610525757074356,
-0.03309459984302521,
0.037421952933073044,
-0.02344127930700779,
0.06293054670095444,
0.020217664539813995,
0.02328360266983509,
0.03044913522899151,
-0.02967827022075653,
-0.0040995958261191845,
-0.07596515864133835,
0.013166009448468685,
-0.011992193758487701,
0.04733806848526001,
-0.025964107364416122,
0.012701739557087421,
0.02831173874437809,
0.04940538480877876,
0.001583337550982833,
-0.028486935421824455,
-0.029555633664131165,
0.05536206439137459,
-0.020059987902641296,
-0.005864699836820364,
0.018833613023161888,
0.010319068096578121,
0.015163248404860497,
0.011510403826832771,
0.02359895594418049,
0.0054398481734097,
-0.0028469415847212076,
-0.007296930067241192,
0.033357396721839905,
0.007472126744687557,
0.008593383245170116,
-0.040049899369478226,
0.03444361314177513,
0.032183580100536346,
-0.0006411093636415899,
0.0031338257249444723,
0.02662985399365425,
-0.026139304041862488,
-0.033304836601018906,
-0.03481152653694153,
-0.037421952933073044,
0.02272297441959381,
0.004747822415083647,
0.0034010002855211496,
-0.01539976429194212,
0.05602781102061272,
0.03109736181795597,
-0.0586557574570179,
0.029135162010788918,
-0.0052077132277190685,
0.04576130211353302,
-0.025140684098005295,
-0.0007391098188236356,
0.000005534769115911331,
0.009215330705046654,
0.006556725595146418,
0.06236992031335831,
-0.03412825986742973,
-0.029187720268964767,
-0.02973083034157753,
-0.012973293662071228,
-0.045235712081193924,
-0.0007051655557006598,
0.05728922411799431,
0.00720495218411088,
0.02028774283826351,
0.030256418511271477,
0.00971464067697525,
-0.06247503682971001,
-0.034531209617853165,
0.021794432774186134,
0.06937777996063232,
-0.0004604380519594997,
-0.03400562331080437,
-0.012780577875673771,
-0.0266824122518301,
0.03941919282078743,
-0.03861328586935997,
-0.0037251135800033808,
0.0010134016629308462,
-0.012605381198227406,
-0.02268793433904648,
-0.02314344421029091,
-0.0344085730612278,
0.02004246786236763,
0.03213101997971535,
0.0030243280343711376,
0.010800858028233051,
-0.010897216387093067,
-0.01174691878259182,
0.04257272556424141,
-0.017142968252301216,
0.018500739708542824,
-0.005054416134953499,
-0.01857081800699234,
-0.005212093237787485,
-0.017694836482405663,
0.036090459674596786,
-0.004598905798047781,
-0.011965914629399776,
-0.020217664539813995,
0.001495739328674972,
0.0007166627910919487,
0.057359304279088974,
0.01042418647557497,
0.030046183615922928,
0.03270917013287544,
0.0001115508348448202,
-0.012964533641934395,
-0.022968249395489693,
-0.02126884274184704,
0.017221806570887566,
-0.06587384641170502,
0.033409953117370605,
-0.020638136193156242,
0.013682839460670948,
0.008124733343720436,
-0.0868273377418518,
0.016170628368854523,
0.007472126744687557,
0.007310070097446442,
0.027155442163348198,
-0.030063703656196594,
0.003344061318784952,
0.0011639611329883337,
-0.04600657522678375,
-0.0170991700142622,
-0.010827138088643551,
-0.010047513991594315,
-0.00875106081366539,
0.025596193969249725,
0.04663728177547455,
0.012263748794794083,
-0.012106071226298809,
0.0018527020001783967,
-0.0108796963468194,
0.003891550237312913,
0.04215225577354431,
0.003939729183912277,
-0.061108507215976715,
-0.03794754296541214,
0.020270224660634995,
0.03696644306182861,
-0.06317582726478577,
-0.008461986668407917,
-0.021391481161117554,
0.02648969553411007,
0.04894987493753433,
-0.031114881858229637,
-0.011650561355054379,
-0.012246228754520416,
-0.01293825451284647,
0.0069859568029642105,
0.026139304041862488,
0.01039790641516447,
-0.015075650997459888,
-0.033252276480197906,
-0.008361248299479485,
0.018833613023161888,
-0.030431615188717842,
0.01857081800699234,
0.027050325646996498,
-0.029205240309238434,
-0.012193669565021992,
-0.004905499517917633,
0.022705454379320145,
-0.013998192735016346,
-0.007353869266808033,
0.040820762515068054,
-0.017029089853167534,
0.02389678917825222,
0.036090459674596786,
-0.011422805488109589,
0.0066793630830943584,
-0.02866213209927082,
0.049440424889326096,
-0.016389623284339905,
-0.009302929043769836,
0.05066680163145065,
-0.015224567614495754,
-0.007196192163974047,
0.011685600504279137,
-0.0004927398986183107,
-0.017817474901676178,
-0.028697170317173004,
0.022249942645430565,
0.003344061318784952,
0.03428593650460243,
-0.04194201901555061,
0.026857608929276466,
-0.009854798205196857,
-0.01640714332461357,
0.03237629681825638,
0.0030527974013239145,
-0.011957154609262943,
0.012640420347452164
] |
Background: Deep learning models have shown great success in automating tasks
in sleep medicine by learning from carefully annotated Electroencephalogram
(EEG) data. However, effectively utilizing a large amount of raw EEG remains a
challenge.
Objective: In this paper, we aim to learn robust vector representations from
massive unlabeled EEG signals, such that the learned vectorized features (1)
are expressive enough to replace the raw signals in the sleep staging task; and
(2) provide better predictive performance than supervised models in scenarios
of fewer labels and noisy samples.
Methods: We propose a self-supervised model, named Contrast with the World
Representation (ContraWR), for EEG signal representation learning, which uses
global statistics from the dataset to distinguish signals associated with
different sleep stages. The ContraWR model is evaluated on three real-world EEG
datasets that include both at-home and in-lab EEG recording settings.
Results: ContraWR outperforms 4 recent self-supervised learning methods on
the sleep staging task across 3 large EEG datasets. ContraWR also beats
supervised learning when fewer training labels are available (e.g., 4% accuracy
improvement when less than 2% data is labeled). Moreover, the model provides
informative representative feature structures in 2D projection.
Conclusions: We show that ContraWR is robust to noise and can provide
high-quality EEG representations for downstream prediction tasks. The proposed
model can be generalized to other unsupervised physiological signal learning
tasks. Future directions include exploring task-specific data augmentations and
combining self-supervised with supervised methods, building upon the initial
success of self-supervised learning in this paper. | [
0.0530112162232399,
0.02669179067015648,
-0.019718412309885025,
-0.02347591146826744,
0.04160331189632416,
-0.008877516724169254,
0.05111554265022278,
0.011746418662369251,
-0.0007997381617315114,
-0.03224341198801994,
-0.008970608003437519,
-0.03220956027507782,
0.0065629309974610806,
-0.06749959290027618,
-0.0001638352550799027,
0.005598167423158884,
0.023425135761499405,
-0.0019496262539178133,
-0.049558378756046295,
-0.007967761717736721,
0.02147868275642395,
0.0009637056500650942,
0.008610937744379044,
-0.04871209338307381,
0.02584550715982914,
0.03180334344506264,
0.06577317416667938,
0.0064571453258395195,
-0.04184027016162872,
-0.008082009851932526,
0.02669179067015648,
-0.0020067503210157156,
0.0014323353534564376,
0.023205101490020752,
-0.08909675478935242,
-0.015520844608545303,
0.04779810830950737,
0.03165101259946823,
0.028942905366420746,
0.02252807468175888,
0.0068083531223237514,
-0.00605516042560339,
-0.020175404846668243,
-0.04833972826600075,
0.019904594868421555,
-0.06428371369838715,
-0.0576150007545948,
0.004578395280987024,
0.027588851749897003,
-0.034934595227241516,
-0.02215570956468582,
-0.0547376349568367,
0.04674871638417244,
-0.03737189248204231,
-0.027622703462839127,
0.04959223046898842,
0.047358039766550064,
-0.01900753378868103,
0.09485148638486862,
0.027775034308433533,
-0.0018406672170385718,
0.0211909469217062,
-0.08469608426094055,
0.024576080963015556,
-0.04021540656685829,
-0.02460993267595768,
0.008894442580640316,
-0.010747804306447506,
0.02234189212322235,
-0.024457601830363274,
-0.03166794031858444,
-0.007540388498455286,
0.007536157034337521,
0.058969054371118546,
0.014860743656754494,
0.011974915862083435,
-0.012389594689011574,
0.05226648598909378,
0.04163716360926628,
0.0021231144201010466,
0.021631013602018356,
0.008056621998548508,
0.015140016563236713,
0.006588319316506386,
0.03984304144978523,
-0.02736881747841835,
-0.008759037591516972,
-0.04779810830950737,
-0.03344513475894928,
0.03513770177960396,
-0.02545621618628502,
0.028570540249347687,
0.020260034129023552,
0.009706875309348106,
-0.006744881626218557,
-0.04590243101119995,
0.004210261628031731,
-0.015343124978244305,
-0.055719323456287384,
-0.026556385681033134,
-0.026759494096040726,
0.001357227680273354,
-0.024356046691536903,
-0.013388209976255894,
0.013887517154216766,
-0.015757804736495018,
-0.024085236713290215,
0.015554696321487427,
0.023594392463564873,
0.12673945724964142,
-0.020649325102567673,
-0.004085435066372156,
-0.010900135152041912,
-0.003911946900188923,
-0.03193875029683113,
-0.002543082693591714,
-0.0276565533131361,
-0.04857669025659561,
0.03209108114242554,
0.004182757809758186,
0.022121857851743698,
0.07914446294307709,
0.010113091208040714,
0.0564640536904335,
-0.03916601464152336,
0.08855513483285904,
0.010764730162918568,
-0.015080776996910572,
-0.020852431654930115,
0.0860501378774643,
-0.02574395202100277,
-0.006601013708859682,
-0.035780876874923706,
-0.012025692500174046,
0.018872128799557686,
0.009055236354470253,
-0.016443293541669846,
0.015038463287055492,
-0.02460993267595768,
-0.018381284549832344,
-0.031786419451236725,
-0.004963454324752092,
-0.032751183956861496,
0.028062770143151283,
0.044243715703487396,
0.014505304396152496,
0.03666101396083832,
0.03308969736099243,
-0.042991217225790024,
-0.02213878370821476,
-0.0262178722769022,
0.06577317416667938,
0.004136212170124054,
0.043295878916978836,
0.005285042338073254,
0.013438986614346504,
0.012093394994735718,
-0.07806121557950974,
-0.00596630061045289,
-0.033292803913354874,
0.07738418877124786,
-0.01639251783490181,
0.03214185684919357,
-0.0026932982727885246,
0.03403753414750099,
0.060492366552352905,
0.006110168993473053,
0.01311739906668663,
-0.06885364651679993,
0.04326202720403671,
-0.050032299011945724,
0.005687027238309383,
0.032074157148599625,
0.013083547353744507,
0.01645175740122795,
0.04972763732075691,
0.039301417768001556,
-0.021021690219640732,
-0.054297566413879395,
0.050506215542554855,
-0.04035080969333649,
0.018008919432759285,
0.05372209474444389,
0.009207567200064659,
0.06394520401954651,
0.007066469639539719,
0.05869824439287186,
-0.00256635551340878,
0.021021690219640732,
-0.024829966947436333,
-0.015351587906479836,
0.025608547031879425,
0.06265885382890701,
-0.02479611523449421,
-0.025693176314234734,
-0.050878580659627914,
-0.0077054137364029884,
0.023442061617970467,
0.01695106364786625,
0.03496844694018364,
-0.057242635637521744,
-0.016180945560336113,
0.03798121586441994,
-0.01633327640593052,
-0.021207870915532112,
-0.02462685853242874,
0.05121709406375885,
-0.007548851426690817,
-0.020886283367872238,
-0.017518075183033943,
-0.04454837739467621,
-0.030567770823836327,
-0.06692412495613098,
-0.013633632101118565,
-0.012220337986946106,
-0.04102783650159836,
0.022680405527353287,
-0.02393290586769581,
0.04647790640592575,
0.0036644088104367256,
-0.02328973077237606,
0.03551006689667702,
0.05815662071108818,
-0.025049999356269836,
-0.04837357997894287,
0.007540388498455286,
-0.008234341628849506,
-0.012939679436385632,
-0.0027525380719453096,
0.012863514013588428,
0.00964763481169939,
-0.01415832806378603,
0.06617939472198486,
0.008247035555541515,
0.010587010532617569,
0.014471452683210373,
0.029535304754972458,
-0.02156331017613411,
-0.013142786920070648,
-0.0612032450735569,
0.005784349516034126,
-0.060289256274700165,
-0.05693797394633293,
-0.03703337907791138,
0.03107554093003273,
-0.03808277100324631,
-0.014691486954689026,
0.056701015681028366,
0.03402061015367508,
0.024474527686834335,
-0.049456823617219925,
-0.007823893800377846,
-0.030923210084438324,
0.0211909469217062,
-0.01668025366961956,
-0.020835507661104202,
0.012998919002711773,
-0.054873041808605194,
0.007265346124768257,
0.013015844859182835,
0.06685642153024673,
-0.0124996118247509,
-0.026437904685735703,
0.07223878055810928,
-0.007747727911919355,
0.03210800513625145,
0.03214185684919357,
-0.02576087787747383,
0.0364917553961277,
-0.02450837939977646,
0.03561162203550339,
-0.006854898761957884,
-0.04972763732075691,
0.004096013493835926,
0.01728111505508423,
-0.04454837739467621,
0.014843817800283432,
-0.04996459558606148,
0.0032137627713382244,
0.0019453949062153697,
0.021631013602018356,
0.020547769963741302,
0.060763176530599594,
0.05196182429790497,
0.012567314319312572,
-0.0032645396422594786,
0.048881351947784424,
-0.027385743334889412,
-0.03437604755163193,
-0.02098783850669861,
0.03886135295033455,
-0.051081690937280655,
-0.022748108953237534,
-0.01843206025660038,
0.050032299011945724,
-0.026657938957214355,
0.044243715703487396,
-0.01477611530572176,
0.03041543997824192,
-0.013642095029354095,
-0.004189104773104191,
0.0220541562885046,
0.013675945810973644,
0.045767027884721756,
-0.038725946098566055,
0.011653327383100986,
0.015656249597668648,
0.03808277100324631,
-0.054399121552705765,
-0.009478378109633923,
-0.0009446642943657935,
0.01296506728976965,
0.047188784927129745,
-0.01663793995976448,
-0.03412216156721115,
0.060864731669425964,
-0.021021690219640732,
-0.0029154475778341293,
-0.0056150928139686584,
-0.012838125228881836,
-0.01040929090231657,
0.0026806038804352283,
-0.06499459594488144,
0.029518378898501396,
-0.013413597829639912,
-0.03696567565202713,
0.05825817584991455,
0.004967685788869858,
-0.005716647021472454,
0.0008029117598198354,
-0.017721181735396385,
-0.009156790561974049,
-0.029535304754972458,
-0.0038527068682014942,
0.05463607981801033,
-0.004081203602254391,
-0.06689026951789856,
0.008843665942549706,
-0.050404664129018784,
-0.021495608612895012,
0.004726495128124952,
-0.011983378790318966,
-0.06431756913661957,
-0.037574999034404755,
0.03855669125914574,
0.013142786920070648,
-0.05436526983976364,
-0.029992297291755676,
-0.008902905508875847,
-0.018685946241021156,
0.0007262172875925899,
-0.01415832806378603,
-0.025405438616871834,
0.007713876664638519,
-0.029230641201138496,
0.01063778717070818,
-0.006232880055904388,
-0.024119088426232338,
-0.04244959354400635,
0.004595321137458086,
-0.007680025417357683,
-0.03618709370493889,
-0.011957990005612373,
-0.036728717386722565,
-0.05720878392457962,
-0.04674871638417244,
0.010121554136276245,
-0.03251422196626663,
0.04278810694813728,
0.06871824711561203,
0.0033745565451681614,
0.02906138449907303,
-0.045462366193532944,
0.006812584586441517,
0.011213259771466255,
0.017907364293932915,
-0.017264189198613167,
0.018482837826013565,
-0.014386824332177639,
0.038252025842666626,
-0.03231111541390419,
-0.013092010281980038,
-0.024389898404479027,
0.034934595227241516,
0.0099861491471529,
0.06384365260601044,
-0.03855669125914574,
0.02044621668756008,
0.00022175279445946217,
0.019227568060159683,
-0.0005580183933489025,
-0.11211567372083664,
6.48762465971231e-7,
-0.06323432177305222,
0.06313277035951614,
0.014835354872047901,
0.02186797372996807,
0.045767027884721756,
0.04265270382165909,
0.01481842901557684,
-0.05348513647913933,
0.00717225531116128,
-0.018296655267477036,
0.018178176134824753,
-0.019430676475167274,
0.0034909206442534924,
-0.06093243137001991,
0.023594392463564873,
0.02841820940375328,
-0.02726726420223713,
0.003186258487403393,
-0.01939682476222515,
-0.0114586828276515,
0.04380364716053009,
0.020784730091691017,
0.03266655281186104,
-0.03383442759513855,
0.006520616821944714,
-0.00722303194925189,
-0.043769799172878265,
-0.07718107849359512,
0.012279577553272247,
0.07379594445228577,
0.033783648163080215,
0.004768809303641319,
0.03727033734321594,
-0.015503918752074242,
-0.01416679099202156,
-0.01602015271782875,
-0.02956915646791458,
0.0364917553961277,
0.02613324299454689,
0.012643479742109776,
-0.03166794031858444,
-0.019515303894877434,
-0.0220541562885046,
0.0029789188411086798,
0.012431909330189228,
-0.03686412051320076,
-0.03286966308951378,
-0.03628864884376526,
-0.01633327640593052,
-0.0211909469217062,
-0.06888750195503235,
-0.026759494096040726,
-0.014843817800283432,
-0.025354662910103798,
0.05825817584991455,
0.01585935801267624,
-0.019447602331638336,
-0.08164945989847183,
-0.025811655446887016,
-0.08469608426094055,
-0.010231571272015572,
0.011543311178684235,
0.0012017230037599802,
0.008462837897241116,
-0.028299730271100998,
0.001946452772244811,
-0.013430523686110973,
0.03676256909966469,
-0.007218800950795412,
0.021224796772003174,
-0.012448834255337715,
0.027876587584614754,
0.02271425724029541,
-0.04695182293653488,
-0.05825817584991455,
-0.0013297233963385224,
0.03337743133306503,
-0.010070777498185635,
0.008441681042313576,
-0.045868583023548126,
0.0331912487745285,
0.01711185835301876,
0.01861824281513691,
-0.0505739189684391,
-0.10074162483215332,
0.04075702652335167,
-0.02975533716380596,
0.007802736479789019,
-0.03437604755163193,
-0.004220840521156788,
-0.02222341299057007,
-0.024863818660378456,
0.048982907086610794,
0.0021939906291663647,
0.007832356728613377,
-0.009884594939649105,
-0.020767804235219955,
-0.00008363663800992072,
0.009292195551097393,
0.043939054012298584,
0.024389898404479027,
0.003911946900188923,
-0.042246486991643906,
-0.018212027847766876,
-0.01046006754040718,
0.09315892308950424,
0.05351898819208145,
0.0062963515520095825,
-0.0062667313031852245,
0.05351898819208145,
0.05443297326564789,
-0.025033075362443924,
0.013455912470817566,
-0.029619932174682617,
0.0069268327206373215,
-0.024288345128297806,
0.022291114553809166,
0.03896290436387062,
0.026573311537504196,
0.027419595047831535,
-0.040147703140974045,
0.001642848365008831,
0.012516537681221962,
-0.021055540069937706,
-0.001676699728704989,
-0.009952297434210777,
0.0188213512301445,
0.029129087924957275,
0.03659331053495407,
-0.032615777105093,
0.05622709542512894,
-0.04512385278940201,
0.0037976985331624746,
0.03285273537039757,
-0.002538851462304592,
0.036525607109069824,
-0.003613631706684828,
-0.009952297434210777,
-0.016130169853568077,
-0.025049999356269836,
-0.0267933439463377,
0.001958089182153344,
-0.010891672223806381,
0.019312195479869843,
0.03544236347079277,
0.014107550494372845,
-0.012084932066500187,
-0.0036834501661360264,
0.056023985147476196,
-0.010476993396878242,
0.000186579127330333,
0.027605777606368065,
-0.020852431654930115,
0.0006839031120762229,
-0.0291629396378994,
-0.0116364024579525,
0.016240185126662254,
-0.010096165351569653,
-0.01639251783490181,
-0.0387936495244503,
0.0017697910079732537,
-0.014953834936022758,
0.007328817620873451,
0.002617132617160678,
-0.01130635105073452,
-0.015182331204414368,
-0.04163716360926628,
0.017433445900678635,
-0.005835126619786024,
0.009072162210941315,
-0.02024310827255249,
0.011856435798108578,
-0.027775034308433533,
0.05727648735046387,
0.05290966108441353,
0.007168023847043514,
0.0034909206442534924,
-0.012795810587704182,
0.021631013602018356,
-0.020293885841965675,
0.03051699325442314,
-0.011060928925871849,
0.027436520904302597,
0.023222027346491814,
-0.018465911969542503,
0.022545000538229942,
0.038252025842666626,
0.05852898582816124,
0.020412364974617958,
0.05131864920258522,
0.054297566413879395,
-0.014750726521015167,
-0.010036925785243511,
-0.04089243337512016,
-0.04079087823629379,
-0.00005768614209955558,
-0.016223261132836342,
0.0226296279579401,
0.05964608117938042,
0.019159864634275436,
-0.0037553843576461077,
-0.010680101811885834,
-0.017103394493460655,
-0.04454837739467621,
0.019532229751348495,
0.055550068616867065,
-0.07846743613481522,
0.004963454324752092,
0.0370672307908535,
0.005564315710216761,
0.0612032450735569,
0.011331739835441113,
-0.019159864634275436,
0.08598243445158005,
-0.01844898611307144,
0.02851976454257965,
0.01548699289560318,
-0.009943834505975246,
0.018838277086615562,
0.018465911969542503,
-0.024102162569761276,
0.03285273537039757,
0.002297660568729043,
0.03784581273794174,
0.0030318116769194603,
-0.027825811877846718,
-0.03336050733923912,
0.09505459666252136,
-0.0010462183272466063,
0.010307736694812775,
-0.012093394994735718,
0.01126403734087944,
0.06468993425369263,
-0.007599628530442715,
-0.018872128799557686,
-0.003067778656259179,
-0.011763344518840313,
-0.023712871596217155,
-0.003438027808442712,
-0.02357746660709381,
-0.003719417145475745,
0.0029535305220633745,
-0.008775962516665459,
-0.007582702673971653,
-0.028536688536405563,
0.022561926394701004,
-0.007206106558442116,
-0.004811123479157686,
0.03784581273794174,
-0.006804121658205986,
0.027690405026078224,
-0.0047941976226866245,
-0.008416292257606983,
0.003895021043717861,
0.0017539231339469552,
0.0693952739238739,
0.030009223148226738,
-0.005826663691550493,
0.061338648200035095,
0.03513770177960396,
0.035476215183734894,
-0.03869209438562393,
0.023340506479144096,
0.02611631713807583,
0.018110472708940506,
0.01434451062232256,
-0.016900287941098213,
0.044819191098213196,
-0.013379747048020363,
0.011729493737220764,
-0.026268647983670235,
0.01775503344833851,
-0.011831047013401985,
-0.01824587769806385,
0.00850515253841877,
0.014860743656754494,
0.05341743305325508,
0.008733648806810379,
-0.06384365260601044,
0.0026023227255791426,
-0.02718263491988182,
0.030635472387075424,
-0.06110168993473053,
0.023526689037680626,
-0.014573006890714169,
-0.010096165351569653,
0.0024203716311603785,
-0.05280810967087746,
-0.02357746660709381,
0.008500920608639717,
0.001099111046642065,
0.006245574448257685,
-0.017204949632287025,
-0.0009044657927006483,
0.0028477448504418135,
-0.008238572627305984,
-0.009630709886550903,
-0.02092013508081436,
-0.02252807468175888,
-0.001804700237698853,
-0.003990228287875652,
0.024914594367146492,
0.035476215183734894,
-0.043194323778152466,
0.028011992573738098,
0.024119088426232338,
0.05395905300974846,
-0.030838580802083015,
-0.0022870819084346294,
0.00030836465884931386,
-0.0032497297506779432,
0.025997838005423546,
0.03173564374446869,
0.003653830150142312,
-0.006089011672884226,
-0.018753649666905403,
-0.009664560668170452,
0.0010832432890310884,
0.012042618356645107,
-0.007421908900141716,
0.03886135295033455,
0.018872128799557686,
0.010587010532617569,
0.010155405849218369,
0.002841397887095809,
-0.0021252301521599293,
0.03366516903042793,
-0.026353277266025543,
0.04485303908586502,
0.04668101295828819,
-0.0488475002348423,
0.003643251722678542,
0.013413597829639912,
0.0029810345731675625,
0.013608243316411972,
-0.018195101991295815,
-0.0006421178113669157,
0.020090777426958084,
-0.016011688858270645,
-0.05511000007390976,
0.00893675722181797,
0.04420986399054527,
-0.03200645372271538,
-0.012626553885638714,
0.04170486330986023,
-0.01040082797408104,
-0.04153560847043991,
-0.03696567565202713,
0.016130169853568077,
-0.005928217899054289,
-0.017323428764939308,
-0.012778885662555695,
0.0418064184486866,
0.009969223290681839,
0.045462366193532944,
-0.057547297328710556,
-0.028841352090239525,
0.0008457548683509231,
-0.017907364293932915,
0.02098783850669861,
-0.026844121515750885,
-0.006626402027904987,
0.04492074251174927,
-0.030940135940909386,
-0.024762263521552086,
-0.016959527507424355,
-0.0276565533131361,
0.024372972548007965,
-0.0008663830230943859,
0.005962069146335125,
0.005331587977707386,
0.031684864312410355,
0.036999527364969254,
-0.06614553928375244,
0.035679325461387634,
0.014310658909380436,
-0.023729797452688217,
0.05033696070313454,
0.006626402027904987,
0.07589472830295563,
-0.05680256709456444,
0.02318817563354969,
0.01767040602862835,
0.024728411808609962,
-0.00853477232158184,
0.005065008532255888,
0.02386520244181156,
-0.026539459824562073,
0.018567467108368874,
-0.009554543532431126,
0.012880438938736916,
0.025997838005423546,
0.03363131731748581,
-0.004320278763771057,
-0.04668101295828819,
-0.043769799172878265,
0.025202332064509392,
0.02044621668756008,
0.0008589780190959573,
0.02906138449907303,
-0.0075023057870566845,
0.004199683200567961,
-0.02576087787747383,
-0.036153241991996765,
0.023543614894151688,
-0.06127094477415085,
-0.022477297112345695,
-0.009706875309348106,
-0.00031127376132644713,
-0.004777271766215563,
0.06624709814786911,
0.014437601901590824,
-0.01927834562957287,
-0.010104628279805183,
-0.019887669011950493,
-0.004950760398060083,
-0.004269501660019159,
0.0014376245671883225,
0.038624390959739685,
0.004030426498502493,
0.006089011672884226,
-0.03713493421673775,
0.010561621747910976,
-0.023797500878572464,
0.013862128369510174,
-0.03696567565202713,
-0.06485918909311295,
-0.023814426735043526,
-0.00489575183019042,
-0.011864898726344109,
-0.01610478013753891,
-0.039199866354465485,
-0.016087854281067848,
0.013438986614346504,
0.0073838261887431145,
-0.003886558348312974,
-0.007337280549108982,
-0.029535304754972458,
0.04485303908586502,
-0.02603168971836567,
0.005687027238309383,
-0.03430834412574768,
0.0441083125770092,
0.012914290651679039,
0.014539155177772045,
0.013650557957589626,
0.004734957590699196,
-0.002615016885101795,
0.010756267234683037,
-0.010163867846131325,
-0.007307660300284624,
-0.029789188876748085,
-0.009622246958315372,
0.009309121407568455,
0.013269729912281036,
0.013845202513039112,
-0.0035014990717172623,
0.0046334038488566875,
-0.02936604805290699,
0.019346047192811966,
-0.008407829329371452,
0.017204949632287025,
-0.0007034734007902443,
-0.002500768518075347,
0.02195260114967823,
-0.00836128368973732,
0.042144931852817535,
0.07061392068862915,
-0.007756190840154886,
-0.0021961063612252474,
-0.007548851426690817,
0.02774118259549141,
-0.04729033634066582,
0.010705489665269852,
0.021783344447612762,
-0.005420447792857885,
-0.04028310999274254,
-0.0031291344203054905,
0.027673479169607162,
-0.0196845605969429,
0.0015201373025774956,
0.0052215708419680595,
0.02168179117143154,
-0.017331892624497414,
-0.004330857191234827,
-0.007595397066324949,
-0.021258648484945297,
0.01804277114570141,
0.03126172348856926,
0.057648852467536926,
0.0036474831867963076,
0.03154946118593216,
0.014369898475706577,
-0.04749344661831856,
-0.05504229664802551,
-0.0031291344203054905,
-0.04441297426819801,
0.012524999678134918,
0.032818883657455444,
0.0026107854209840298,
0.02747037261724472,
0.017103394493460655,
0.029619932174682617,
0.004005038179457188,
-0.014073699712753296,
0.016070928424596786,
0.05026925727725029,
0.003960608039051294,
-0.04911831021308899,
-0.015935523435473442,
-0.006135557312518358,
-0.020869357511401176,
0.0027208023238927126,
0.003025464480742812,
-0.013532077893614769,
0.009554543532431126,
0.00774349644780159,
-0.03278503566980362,
-0.058393582701683044,
0.02034466154873371,
0.0036305575631558895,
0.03143097832798958,
0.021631013602018356,
0.013193564489483833,
-0.02195260114967823,
0.05199567601084709,
-0.033309731632471085,
0.02975533716380596,
0.027334965765476227,
0.012093394994735718,
0.04336358234286308,
-0.04431141912937164,
-0.029789188876748085,
-0.060966283082962036,
-0.02386520244181156,
0.0011001689126715064,
0.0011847972637042403,
-0.025591621175408363,
0.024271419271826744,
0.057445742189884186,
0.017822736874222755,
0.02374672330915928,
0.010950911790132523,
-0.048508986830711365,
0.012025692500174046,
0.01543621625751257,
-0.005835126619786024,
-0.0019305848982185125,
-0.005526232998818159,
-0.06807506829500198,
-0.001546583604067564,
-0.0005397704080678523,
-0.014302195981144905,
-0.0006140846526250243,
-0.03598398715257645,
0.003101630136370659,
-0.013498226180672646,
-0.0188213512301445,
-0.05043851211667061,
-0.037574999034404755,
0.0038759796880185604,
0.009918445721268654,
-0.02576087787747383,
-0.006588319316506386,
-0.013811351731419563,
-0.011560236103832722,
-0.007142635062336922,
-0.03430834412574768,
0.023526689037680626,
-0.021326351910829544,
0.0005749440751969814,
0.019803041592240334,
0.05328202620148659,
0.005758961196988821,
-0.015156942419707775,
-0.023797500878572464,
0.014767652377486229,
0.020953986793756485,
-0.016942601650953293,
0.046037837862968445,
0.025134628638625145,
-0.0012112436816096306,
-0.04901675879955292,
-0.035780876874923706,
-0.022443445399403572,
-0.03963993117213249,
-0.02584550715982914,
-0.005792812444269657,
-0.015368513762950897,
-0.0013805003836750984,
-0.021207870915532112,
-0.002515578642487526,
0.013286655768752098,
0.005577010102570057,
-0.03258192539215088,
-0.026014763861894608,
-0.0029873817693442106,
0.01833050698041916,
-0.016358666121959686,
0.04610554128885269,
0.0011118053225800395,
-0.05595628544688225,
0.016054002568125725,
-0.01315971277654171,
-0.022409595549106598,
0.019836891442537308,
0.039199866354465485,
-0.001144598820246756,
-0.007197643630206585,
0.031126318499445915,
0.019921520724892616,
-0.02868902124464512,
0.003351283725351095,
0.007925448007881641,
0.04441297426819801,
-0.03153253346681595,
0.04397290572524071,
0.03479918837547302,
-0.03554391860961914,
-0.015275422483682632,
0.012795810587704182,
0.01563086174428463,
0.022088006138801575,
-0.008894442580640316,
-0.038624390959739685,
0.008014307357370853,
-0.015935523435473442,
-0.024728411808609962,
-0.020547769963741302,
0.03442682325839996,
-0.04729033634066582
] |
In recent decades, biomedical signals have been used for communication in
Human-Computer Interfaces (HCI) for medical applications; an instance of these
signals are the myoelectric signals (MES), which are generated in the muscles
of the human body as unidimensional patterns. Because of this, the methods and
algorithms developed for pattern recognition in signals can be applied for
their analyses once these signals have been sampled and turned into
electromyographic (EMG) signals. Additionally, in recent years, many
researchers have dedicated their efforts to studying prosthetic control
utilizing EMG signal classification, that is, by logging a set of MES in a
proper range of frequencies to classify the corresponding EMG signals. The
feature classification can be carried out on the time domain or by using other
domains such as the frequency domain (also known as the spectral domain), time
scale, and time-frequency, amongst others. One of the main methods used for
pattern recognition in myoelectric signals is the Support Vector Machines (SVM)
technique whose primary function is to identify an n-dimensional hyperplane to
separate a set of input feature points into different classes. This technique
has the potential to recognize complex patterns and on several occasions, it
has proven its worth when compared to other classifiers such as Artificial
Neural Network (ANN), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Principal
Component Analysis(PCA). The key concepts underlying the SVM are (a) the
hyperplane separator; (b) the kernel function; (c) the optimal separation
hyperplane; and (d) a soft margin (hyperplane tolerance). | [
0.0068580349907279015,
0.01641029864549637,
-0.018333451822400093,
-0.03614075481891632,
0.05196140706539154,
0.053267702460289,
-0.017190445214509964,
-0.0027282461524009705,
0.007307073101401329,
0.015657365322113037,
0.0001856817543739453,
-0.03075229935348034,
0.02463812567293644,
-0.014351073652505875,
0.01331692561507225,
0.00671289162710309,
-0.006658462807536125,
-0.012201134115457535,
-0.0232774056494236,
-0.00864965096116066,
-0.037846192717552185,
-0.02233397215604782,
-0.03410874679684639,
-0.05664229020476341,
-0.012836136855185032,
0.022533543407917023,
0.0437970794737339,
-0.028375573456287384,
-0.06357289850711823,
-0.010214480571448803,
0.017154159024357796,
-0.0034562319051474333,
-0.040313635021448135,
-0.004785202909260988,
-0.0243659820407629,
-0.04542994499206543,
-0.03429017588496208,
0.030353154987096786,
0.027867570519447327,
-0.025381987914443016,
0.05130826309323311,
-0.00947969127446413,
0.019721386954188347,
-0.0455750897526741,
0.0055698854848742485,
0.0022610651794821024,
-0.05493685230612755,
-0.02256982959806919,
0.039660487323999405,
-0.006454354617744684,
0.014732075855135918,
-0.018097592517733574,
-0.030861157923936844,
-0.0015704991528764367,
0.014269430190324783,
0.018850525841116905,
0.05406599119305611,
0.036050040274858475,
0.022968973964452744,
-0.004197825212031603,
-0.029246434569358826,
0.014142429456114769,
-0.04699024185538292,
0.011602416634559631,
0.025635987520217896,
-0.058855731040239334,
0.03719304874539375,
-0.027486570179462433,
0.03458046168088913,
0.021009536460042,
-0.0107496976852417,
0.002105716150254011,
-0.0021726181730628014,
-0.003905270015820861,
-0.014269430190324783,
0.03817276656627655,
0.024311553686857224,
0.06415347009897232,
0.00592820905148983,
0.011030913330614567,
0.042019072920084,
0.058601729571819305,
0.012690993957221508,
0.019576242193579674,
0.01797059178352356,
0.025799274444580078,
0.022043684497475624,
-0.07953869551420212,
0.006141388788819313,
0.0031818198040127754,
-0.0911501795053482,
0.036703187972307205,
-0.007846825756132603,
0.02915572002530098,
0.02122725173830986,
-0.0359048992395401,
0.08498157560825348,
0.0016351334052160382,
-0.01560293696820736,
0.006749177351593971,
0.04314393550157547,
-0.029282720759510994,
-0.004181949887424707,
-0.06894320994615555,
0.015203791670501232,
-0.02735956944525242,
-0.025817418470978737,
0.02124539390206337,
0.009788121096789837,
0.11865489184856415,
-0.048006244003772736,
0.005334027111530304,
0.07540210336446762,
-0.011339344084262848,
-0.03369145840406418,
-0.019521813839673996,
-0.02775871381163597,
-0.09847993403673172,
-0.014242216013371944,
0.019249670207500458,
0.040531352162361145,
0.11415544152259827,
-0.018297165632247925,
0.022025540471076965,
-0.0903518944978714,
0.047135382890701294,
0.005057347472757101,
0.007148322183638811,
0.04089421033859253,
0.0304801557213068,
0.042127929627895355,
0.02146310918033123,
0.05758572369813919,
0.03383660316467285,
0.007819611579179764,
0.05232426896691322,
0.032439593225717545,
0.04386965185403824,
0.018097592517733574,
0.05217912420630455,
-0.029881438240408897,
-0.0021488056518137455,
-0.04336164891719818,
0.003755590645596385,
0.015693651512265205,
-0.0013074263697490096,
0.007982897572219372,
0.05061883106827736,
-0.030135439708828926,
-0.0067763919942080975,
-0.03046201355755329,
-0.016047438606619835,
0.03773733600974083,
-0.005914601497352123,
0.06618548184633255,
-0.008527186699211597,
-0.034943319857120514,
-0.049566540867090225,
0.012591207399964333,
0.01469578966498375,
0.020410818979144096,
-0.005696886219084263,
0.0033881959971040487,
0.07122921943664551,
0.01805223524570465,
0.028067143633961678,
-0.04807881638407707,
-0.03458046168088913,
-0.04807881638407707,
0.044595371931791306,
-0.0931096225976944,
-0.020029816776514053,
0.05881944298744202,
-0.007157393731176853,
-0.008713151328265667,
0.044776801019907,
0.04927625134587288,
-0.017997806891798973,
-0.0295911505818367,
-0.027940142899751663,
-0.03751961886882782,
0.06077888235449791,
-0.021571967750787735,
0.049348823726177216,
0.06662091612815857,
0.034489747136831284,
0.06415347009897232,
-0.03262102231383324,
0.04633709415793419,
-0.0631374642252922,
0.03995077684521675,
0.012908709235489368,
0.07257179915904999,
0.02302340418100357,
0.020156817510724068,
0.02732328325510025,
-0.003964234609156847,
0.049131110310554504,
0.013180852867662907,
-0.023005260154604912,
-0.04815138876438141,
-0.043252792209386826,
0.05395713448524475,
0.03552389517426491,
0.006631248164921999,
-0.002033144235610962,
0.010051194578409195,
-0.05312255769968033,
-0.014033571816980839,
-0.04336164891719818,
-0.01583879627287388,
0.005764922592788935,
-0.022678688168525696,
-0.03303831070661545,
-0.004388325847685337,
-0.03868076950311661,
0.048695676028728485,
-0.020900677889585495,
0.036739472299814224,
0.011139770969748497,
0.06270203739404678,
0.05718657746911049,
0.007048536092042923,
-0.02846628800034523,
-0.018705381080508232,
0.033818457275629044,
-0.043942224234342575,
-0.010223552584648132,
0.010359624400734901,
0.055045709013938904,
0.021372394636273384,
0.05174369364976883,
0.048877108842134476,
-0.023839836940169334,
-0.03046201355755329,
-0.012881494127213955,
0.05232426896691322,
-0.03272988274693489,
-0.056787434965372086,
0.011484486982226372,
-0.007896718569099903,
-0.006504247430711985,
-0.013153638690710068,
0.02353140525519848,
0.0014616413973271847,
0.002029742579907179,
-0.009833479300141335,
0.06527833640575409,
-0.003551482455804944,
-0.024982841685414314,
-0.02391240745782852,
-0.005438349209725857,
-0.006000780500471592,
0.031224016100168228,
-0.009252904914319515,
0.025853704661130905,
0.04158364236354828,
-0.056787434965372086,
-0.02505541406571865,
-0.055227138102054596,
-0.006853499449789524,
-0.010994628071784973,
-0.0023245655465871096,
0.027522854506969452,
-0.012836136855185032,
0.01615629717707634,
0.06161345914006233,
-0.00006651233707088977,
0.009171261452138424,
-0.09369019418954849,
-0.006930606905370951,
-0.00865872297435999,
0.022460972890257835,
-0.00282576447352767,
0.040349919348955154,
-0.04651852324604988,
0.03329231217503548,
-0.04738938435912132,
0.02775871381163597,
-0.021771540865302086,
-0.05715029314160347,
0.03528803959488869,
0.06934235244989395,
0.015367078594863415,
-0.009915121830999851,
-0.04194650053977966,
-0.00281896092928946,
0.0027032995130866766,
-0.019122669473290443,
-0.00015421507123392075,
-0.0025445488281548023,
-0.06937864422798157,
-0.02193482592701912,
-0.0006928339134901762,
0.027450283989310265,
-0.03211302310228348,
-0.031967878341674805,
0.017807304859161377,
0.028085285797715187,
-0.02935529313981533,
-0.04376079514622688,
0.010568268597126007,
-0.0010075006866827607,
0.036957189440727234,
0.003093373030424118,
-0.0026738173328340054,
0.07253551483154297,
0.061141740530729294,
-0.03004472516477108,
-0.04996568337082863,
0.0107496976852417,
0.013462068513035774,
-0.015276364050805569,
-0.005755851045250893,
0.027649855241179466,
0.04927625134587288,
0.05377570539712906,
0.01895938254892826,
-0.0014151501236483455,
-0.03463489189743996,
-0.01897752657532692,
0.0032453201711177826,
-0.045030802488327026,
0.03441717475652695,
-0.008527186699211597,
-0.030171725898981094,
0.02006610296666622,
0.04786110296845436,
-0.005043739918619394,
-0.018378809094429016,
0.020483391359448433,
0.015094934031367302,
-0.03929762914776802,
-0.01017819531261921,
0.03543318063020706,
-0.002372190821915865,
-0.012790779583156109,
0.01787080615758896,
-0.05007454380393028,
0.015639223158359528,
0.03225816413760185,
-0.011284914799034595,
-0.07097522169351578,
-0.04927625134587288,
-0.03231259435415268,
0.007366037927567959,
-0.004315754398703575,
0.014614146202802658,
-0.033546313643455505,
-0.07946611940860748,
0.0010177061194553971,
-0.034435320645570755,
0.012228348292410374,
-0.036449186503887177,
-0.04767967388033867,
-0.028974290937185287,
0.014831861481070518,
-0.04230935871601105,
0.01433293055742979,
-0.04470422863960266,
0.005996244959533215,
-0.0131173525005579,
0.005660600494593382,
0.028067143633961678,
-0.00023543312272522599,
0.020918821915984154,
-0.013307853601872921,
0.003297481220215559,
0.050473686307668686,
0.029028719291090965,
-0.01411521527916193,
-0.016083724796772003,
0.03730190545320511,
-0.018242735415697098,
-0.06324632465839386,
0.05101797357201576,
0.02166268229484558,
-0.015403364785015583,
0.011557059362530708,
0.05606171488761902,
0.004206896759569645,
0.03608632832765579,
-0.04561137780547142,
-0.011366558261215687,
0.017662161961197853,
0.014351073652505875,
0.0016725532477721572,
-0.019739529117941856,
-0.047353100031614304,
0.0737692341208458,
-0.02891986258327961,
-0.0029323543421924114,
0.0378824807703495,
-0.028049001470208168,
0.013598141260445118,
-0.03766476362943649,
-0.00218509160913527,
0.032185591757297516,
0.021045822650194168,
0.038100194185972214,
0.03363702818751335,
0.007334287744015455,
-0.02572670392692089,
0.0007098428905010223,
0.011484486982226372,
-0.03430831804871559,
-0.0173628032207489,
0.006658462807536125,
-0.004953025374561548,
-0.0035446789115667343,
0.018396951258182526,
-0.03325602784752846,
0.0011106886668130755,
-0.020646676421165466,
-0.04582909122109413,
0.023603977635502815,
-0.03773733600974083,
0.04220050200819969,
0.03499775007367134,
-0.06524204462766647,
-0.03256659582257271,
0.0079420767724514,
0.045720234513282776,
0.007252644281834364,
-0.009039725176990032,
0.0619400329887867,
0.002388065680861473,
-0.026506850495934486,
-0.002496923552826047,
-0.0107496976852417,
-0.05823886767029762,
0.02706928178668022,
-0.018569309264421463,
-0.02621656283736229,
0.027395853772759438,
-0.03508846461772919,
0.033981744199991226,
-0.007370573468506336,
-0.005411135032773018,
-0.04510337486863136,
-0.0339273177087307,
0.04176507145166397,
0.03187716379761696,
-0.047752246260643005,
-0.07649067789316177,
-0.020283818244934082,
0.02391240745782852,
-0.01184734608978033,
0.06164974346756935,
0.0011622827732935548,
-0.043506793677806854,
0.012790779583156109,
-0.013616284355521202,
-0.016990872099995613,
-0.009361762553453445,
-0.038753341883420944,
0.03929762914776802,
-0.036739472299814224,
0.0433979369699955,
-0.06901577860116959,
-0.007883111946284771,
0.024982841685414314,
0.02616213448345661,
-0.009121367707848549,
0.048260245472192764,
0.045720234513282776,
-0.004712631460279226,
-0.017154159024357796,
-0.002130662789568305,
0.04274478927254677,
0.05217912420630455,
-0.049784254282712936,
0.01322621013969183,
0.0096157630905509,
0.03730190545320511,
-0.026760851964354515,
0.018251808360219002,
-0.007592824753373861,
0.016582656651735306,
0.02984515205025673,
-0.00042295752791687846,
-0.009534120559692383,
-0.005030132830142975,
0.009561334736645222,
0.0002464889839757234,
-0.006681141443550587,
0.0214993953704834,
0.02549084462225437,
-0.005415670573711395,
-0.019993530586361885,
0.029083149507641792,
0.04151106998324394,
-0.05152597650885582,
-0.002392601454630494,
0.005338563118129969,
-0.01096741296350956,
-0.01988467387855053,
0.052759699523448944,
0.09855250269174576,
0.04905853793025017,
0.012482349760830402,
-0.006408996880054474,
-0.004789738915860653,
0.05776715278625488,
-0.021590109914541245,
0.016673371195793152,
0.011293986812233925,
-0.05584400147199631,
-0.017072515562176704,
0.001847179140895605,
0.026470564305782318,
0.00007384747732430696,
0.003710233373567462,
-0.01872352510690689,
-0.0022032344713807106,
0.06651205569505692,
0.033764030784368515,
-0.004503987263888121,
0.025817418470978737,
0.013607212342321873,
0.026561278849840164,
-0.012446063570678234,
-0.010785983875393867,
0.08382043242454529,
-0.02369469217956066,
0.023132260888814926,
0.014958862215280533,
-0.02351326309144497,
-0.04430508241057396,
-0.03871705383062363,
-0.0749666690826416,
0.005891922861337662,
-0.023386262357234955,
-0.02075553499162197,
-0.012609350495040417,
-0.013652569614350796,
-0.0005856771022081375,
0.026361705735325813,
-0.020447105169296265,
-0.04996568337082863,
-0.01795244961977005,
0.047135382890701294,
0.020193103700876236,
-0.042127929627895355,
0.008867367170751095,
0.024003122001886368,
0.0010664652800187469,
-0.028557002544403076,
0.010731554590165615,
0.006009852048009634,
0.012464206665754318,
0.025654131546616554,
-0.012527707032859325,
-0.022043684497475624,
-0.014514359645545483,
-0.043252792209386826,
-0.009325476363301277,
-0.024130122736096382,
-0.033092740923166275,
0.025363843888044357,
-0.014450859278440475,
-0.0011118226684629917,
0.03681204468011856,
0.02890171855688095,
0.01670965738594532,
0.01728115975856781,
-0.03389102965593338,
0.03147801756858826,
0.02278754487633705,
-0.017662161961197853,
-0.02420269511640072,
-0.04343422129750252,
-0.0051163118332624435,
-0.06117802858352661,
-0.016936443746089935,
0.025127986446022987,
0.06545976549386978,
-0.019721386954188347,
0.010559196583926678,
0.039442773908376694,
0.010078408755362034,
0.022007398307323456,
0.021354252472519875,
-0.03002658300101757,
0.017462588846683502,
-0.0018811970949172974,
0.041003067046403885,
-0.011321200989186764,
-0.041692499071359634,
0.005910065956413746,
0.027885714545845985,
0.003909805789589882,
-0.012554921209812164,
-0.007973826490342617,
-0.03868076950311661,
0.020864391699433327,
0.01943109929561615,
-0.01919524185359478,
0.05718657746911049,
-0.019140811637043953,
0.05664229020476341,
0.04858681932091713,
0.036467328667640686,
0.033818457275629044,
0.03247588127851486,
0.014505288563668728,
0.010903912596404552,
-0.008967152796685696,
-0.014995148405432701,
0.0006894320831634104,
0.005148062016814947,
-0.023894265294075012,
0.040277350693941116,
0.018179235979914665,
0.0081870062276721,
-0.01988467387855053,
0.005334027111530304,
-0.010450338944792747,
0.021789683029055595,
0.015294507145881653,
0.03733818978071213,
-0.0002934055228251964,
0.02307783253490925,
-0.0351066067814827,
0.04288993403315544,
0.0005525095039047301,
-0.0015387489693239331,
-0.028847290202975273,
0.025400130078196526,
-0.008332150056958199,
-0.029010577127337456,
-0.003685286734253168,
-0.03046201355755329,
-0.00959762092679739,
0.005873780231922865,
0.0321493074297905,
0.009407119825482368,
-0.027903856709599495,
-0.024257123470306396,
0.028557002544403076,
0.033818457275629044,
0.015548508614301682,
-0.0384630523622036,
0.0024946555495262146,
-0.0027486570179462433,
0.009239297360181808,
-0.04927625134587288,
0.006658462807536125,
0.02955486625432968,
-0.002442494733259082,
0.05671486258506775,
0.018260879442095757,
-0.02463812567293644,
-0.006676605436950922,
-0.020483391359448433,
-0.0619400329887867,
0.006749177351593971,
0.014977005310356617,
0.024474838748574257,
-0.036449186503887177,
-0.0022701367270201445,
0.026089562103152275,
0.020374532788991928,
0.013280639424920082,
0.007515716832131147,
0.04132964089512825,
0.0006871642544865608,
-0.016029296442866325,
-0.03889848664402962,
0.03686647489666939,
-0.017997806891798973,
-0.06531462073326111,
-0.041039351373910904,
0.01320806797593832,
-0.012681921944022179,
-0.03029872663319111,
0.042563360184431076,
-0.008604293689131737,
0.015630152076482773,
-0.03795505315065384,
-0.011674988083541393,
-0.015675509348511696,
0.01915895566344261,
0.011502630077302456,
0.06328260898590088,
0.0028280322439968586,
-0.011538916267454624,
0.024220839142799377,
-0.07649067789316177,
0.004054949153214693,
-0.017190445214509964,
-0.007892183028161526,
0.05580771341919899,
-0.013053852133452892,
0.031314730644226074,
0.01852395199239254,
-0.02616213448345661,
-0.01119420025497675,
0.02351326309144497,
0.028194144368171692,
-0.006046138238161802,
-0.021753396838903427,
-0.048441678285598755,
0.0015455525135621428,
-0.010713412426412106,
-0.001942429575137794,
0.01818830706179142,
-0.010314267128705978,
-0.01921338401734829,
-0.020193103700876236,
0.015085862949490547,
0.003000390250235796,
-0.016401227563619614,
0.03585046902298927,
0.03231259435415268,
-0.037410762161016464,
-0.005996244959533215,
0.0282122865319252,
-0.042127929627895355,
0.027667999267578125,
0.039406485855579376,
0.020392674952745438,
-0.005501849576830864,
-0.02396683767437935,
-0.019068241119384766,
0.0570051483809948,
0.027940142899751663,
-0.06208517402410507,
0.005497314035892487,
-0.007474895566701889,
0.034888893365859985,
0.0014208197826519608,
-0.0609603114426136,
0.01645565591752529,
0.008386578410863876,
-0.021626396104693413,
0.01694551482796669,
0.0455750897526741,
-0.03614075481891632,
0.044849373400211334,
-0.012382563203573227,
0.0035855004098266363,
0.01251863595098257,
-0.017580518499016762,
-0.0246562696993351,
0.003966502379626036,
0.03396360203623772,
0.010023979470133781,
-0.07195494323968887,
-0.023603977635502815,
0.030879300087690353,
0.009085082449018955,
0.07387809455394745,
-0.06386318057775497,
-0.009007974527776241,
-0.027486570179462433,
0.052759699523448944,
-0.002354047726839781,
0.0005516590899787843,
0.034217603504657745,
-0.0032521237153559923,
0.029935866594314575,
-0.008785723708570004,
0.006118709687143564,
0.012527707032859325,
0.043470509350299835,
-0.0325484536588192,
0.007901255041360855,
0.022061826661229134,
-0.0004717166884802282,
-0.010767840780317783,
0.07373294979333878,
0.05631571635603905,
-0.040966782718896866,
0.022098112851381302,
0.019612528383731842,
0.011012770235538483,
-0.0212091077119112,
0.014886290766298771,
0.015285435132682323,
-0.021989256143569946,
0.02730513922870159,
0.009960479103028774,
0.027395853772759438,
-0.013280639424920082,
-0.018650952726602554,
-0.026379849761724472,
-0.04448651522397995,
0.0029323543421924114,
0.011266771703958511,
-0.031986020505428314,
0.00010772376845125109,
-0.007139250636100769,
-0.000280223524896428,
0.01921338401734829,
-0.004717167001217604,
-0.02166268229484558,
0.01639215461909771,
-0.021372394636273384,
0.007982897572219372,
-0.0005975834210403264,
0.018451379612088203,
-0.02690599486231804,
0.022279541939496994,
0.004000520333647728,
-0.014877218753099442,
-0.043905939906835556,
-0.01388842798769474,
-0.03251216560602188,
0.003680750960484147,
-0.008259577676653862,
-0.010912984609603882,
0.010023979470133781,
0.03258473798632622,
0.047570813447237015,
0.006966892629861832,
-0.0353061817586422,
0.013081067241728306,
-0.009307333268225193,
0.031133301556110382,
0.01613815315067768,
-0.015539436601102352,
0.0049031320959329605,
-0.007515716832131147,
-0.03548761084675789,
-0.05813001096248627,
0.03777362033724785,
0.03361888602375984,
0.007180072367191315,
0.011121628805994987,
0.06426233053207397,
-0.03501589223742485,
0.013643498532474041,
-0.023658405989408493,
-0.0031795520335435867,
0.03280245512723923,
0.018904954195022583,
0.01309921033680439,
0.05127197504043579,
0.02440226823091507,
0.0025445488281548023,
-0.009080546908080578,
-0.04974796995520592,
0.011266771703958511,
0.007461288012564182,
-0.019104525446891785,
0.01875980943441391,
-0.011239557527005672,
0.020936964079737663,
-0.00290967570617795,
0.027704285457730293,
-0.01738094538450241,
0.040095917880535126,
-0.013380425982177258,
-0.020392674952745438,
-0.007647253572940826,
0.03998706117272377,
0.019086383283138275,
0.013026637956500053,
-0.004565219860523939,
-0.0004073659365531057,
0.003229445079341531,
0.03499775007367134,
0.017208587378263474,
0.022243257611989975,
-0.0564245730638504,
0.021190965548157692,
0.0005156566621735692,
-0.012600278481841087,
-0.03704790398478508,
-0.021009536460042,
-0.01152077317237854,
0.00023118086392059922,
-0.012736351229250431,
0.016718728467822075,
0.024728840216994286,
-0.0546465665102005,
0.03574161231517792,
0.01595672406256199,
0.0429987907409668,
0.014641360379755497,
0.03135101869702339,
0.005157133564352989,
-0.03204045072197914,
0.05373941734433174,
0.0032067664433270693,
-0.02148125320672989,
-0.04386965185403824,
0.013570926152169704,
-0.026706421747803688,
-0.034925177693367004,
0.010840412229299545,
0.06164974346756935,
-0.008685937151312828,
0.02601698972284794,
-0.014450859278440475,
-0.008386578410863876,
-0.014459931291639805,
-0.01795244961977005,
-0.02667013742029667,
-0.009198475629091263,
-0.05061883106827736,
-0.017644019797444344,
-0.02594441920518875,
-0.042091645300388336,
-0.020501533523201942,
0.021045822650194168,
-0.032403308898210526,
0.039914488792419434,
-0.02240654267370701,
-0.013244353234767914,
0.012890566140413284,
0.0009173529106192291,
-0.030389441177248955,
0.013235282152891159,
0.04205535724759102,
-0.013081067241728306,
-0.036285899579524994,
0.029446007683873177,
-0.017916163429617882,
0.056134287267923355,
-0.0077470396645367146,
-0.020265676081180573,
-0.0024901197757571936,
-0.009139510802924633,
-0.02304154634475708,
-0.010432195849716663,
0.011974346823990345,
0.030407583341002464,
-0.0059418161399662495,
-0.01815202087163925,
0.031967878341674805,
0.043905939906835556,
0.0050618830136954784,
0.06146831437945366,
-0.054791707545518875,
-0.0005108374170958996,
0.0022281811106950045,
-0.029899582266807556,
0.0008022585534490645,
0.003401803085580468,
0.03024429827928543,
0.030661584809422493,
-0.0057014222256839275,
0.012600278481841087,
-0.04082163795828819,
0.015203791670501232,
-0.012237419374287128,
0.04274478927254677,
0.006957821547985077,
-0.0162742268294096,
0.0005567618063651025,
0.021735254675149918,
-0.040313635021448135,
-0.023186689242720604,
-0.04760710150003433,
-0.009012510068714619,
-0.01738094538450241,
0.009833479300141335,
0.015711795538663864,
-0.0168638713657856,
-0.032639168202877045,
-0.037592191249132156,
0.028629574924707413,
-0.04702652618288994,
-0.005048275925219059,
0.007552003022283316,
-0.04568394646048546,
-0.021390538662672043,
-0.02598070353269577,
0.008803866803646088,
0.042127929627895355,
-0.0024470302741974592,
0.02599884755909443,
-0.048223961144685745,
-0.026960423216223717,
0.006073352415114641,
-0.011729417368769646,
-0.004302146844565868,
0.005102704744786024,
-0.012790779583156109,
-0.025345701724290848,
0.02598070353269577,
-0.014097072184085846,
-0.016219796612858772,
-0.024021266028285027,
0.04815138876438141,
-0.004771595820784569,
-0.03233073651790619,
0.022442828863859177,
0.03383660316467285,
0.013434854336082935,
0.005510921124368906,
-0.02213439904153347,
-0.00689432118088007,
-0.014977005310356617,
0.026942281052470207,
-0.003145533846691251,
-0.0007262849831022322,
0.004726238548755646,
-0.019757673144340515,
-0.019612528383731842,
0.005030132830142975,
-0.038753341883420944,
-0.015339864417910576,
0.05156226456165314,
0.024692554026842117,
-0.015648294240236282,
0.012509563937783241,
0.004345236346125603,
0.027504712343215942,
0.001159447943791747,
0.010141909122467041,
0.025817418470978737,
0.012473277747631073,
0.028012715280056,
-0.03773733600974083,
-0.004170610569417477,
0.02917386405169964,
0.014124286361038685,
-0.005456492304801941,
-0.00006814236985519528,
-0.06810863316059113,
-0.04183764383196831
] |
For Bayesian optimization (BO) on high-dimensional data with complex
structure, neural network-based kernels for Gaussian processes (GPs) have been
used to learn flexible surrogate functions by the high representation power of
deep learning. However, existing methods train neural networks by maximizing
the marginal likelihood, which do not directly improve the BO performance. In
this paper, we propose a meta-learning method for BO with neural network-based
kernels that minimizes the expected gap between the true optimum value and the
best value found by BO. We model a policy, which takes the current evaluated
data points as input and outputs the next data point to be evaluated, by a
neural network, where neural network-based kernels, GPs, and mutual
information-based acquisition functions are used as its layers. With our model,
the neural network-based kernel is trained to be appropriate for the
acquisition function by backpropagating the gap through the acquisition
function and GP. Our model is trained by a reinforcement learning framework
from multiple tasks. Since the neural network is shared across different tasks,
we can gather knowledge on BO from multiple training tasks, and use the
knowledge for unseen test tasks. In experiments using three text document
datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed method achieves better BO
performance than the existing methods. | [
0.01978801190853119,
-0.037055037915706635,
-0.03082164190709591,
-0.016904419288039207,
0.06575283408164978,
0.02838699147105217,
-0.08502283692359924,
0.03632982447743416,
-0.042787689715623856,
-0.008439258672297001,
0.03527653589844704,
-0.06661618500947952,
0.02186005562543869,
-0.03451678529381752,
-0.00010272531653754413,
0.028559662401676178,
0.008996120654046535,
0.02407023496925831,
0.02084130048751831,
-0.026608487591147423,
0.03698597103357315,
-0.04599935933947563,
-0.007152865640819073,
0.02287881076335907,
-0.006621904671192169,
0.057326529175043106,
0.0238975640386343,
-0.003442613407969475,
-0.08757835626602173,
0.043202098459005356,
0.023224150761961937,
0.034016042947769165,
-0.03272101655602455,
0.002805891679599881,
-0.018061310052871704,
0.0137704536318779,
0.025175323709845543,
0.011024996638298035,
-0.021773720160126686,
0.003805220825597644,
0.050799593329429626,
0.03389517217874527,
-0.013347411528229713,
-0.0392652191221714,
-0.004757065791636705,
-0.01031704805791378,
-0.028956802561879158,
-0.005939857102930546,
0.027040163055062294,
-0.030597170814871788,
0.01491871103644371,
0.00811981875449419,
0.028041651472449303,
0.01234592404216528,
-0.023345019668340683,
0.04979810491204262,
0.05000530928373337,
0.0011860288213938475,
0.03878173977136612,
-0.013295610435307026,
0.02084130048751831,
0.0014666180359199643,
-0.021186640486121178,
-0.029457546770572662,
0.0482095368206501,
-0.06499308347702026,
0.017569199204444885,
-0.010092576965689659,
-0.008680997416377068,
-0.002874959958717227,
-0.03733130916953087,
-0.01901099644601345,
-0.012337290681898594,
0.03351529687643051,
-0.008529910817742348,
0.008814817294478416,
0.03291095048189163,
0.01226822193711996,
0.0012486218474805355,
0.0038721307646483183,
0.03418871387839317,
0.02778264507651329,
0.0007036313181743026,
-0.0234831552952528,
0.05256082862615585,
0.011206299997866154,
0.09165337681770325,
-0.04109552130103111,
0.014435234479606152,
0.0019328277558088303,
-0.07093294709920883,
-0.013874055817723274,
-0.015704359859228134,
0.04672457277774811,
0.03201306611299515,
0.023120548576116562,
0.0005676535074599087,
0.004675047472119331,
-0.04078471660614014,
0.009220591746270657,
0.03342896327376366,
-0.05166294425725937,
0.03272101655602455,
-0.011266734451055527,
0.03296275436878204,
-0.02918127365410328,
-0.03225480392575264,
-0.06661618500947952,
-0.01671448163688183,
0.09441609680652618,
0.007998949848115444,
0.02714376524090767,
-0.014271196909248829,
0.018838325515389442,
-0.0826745256781578,
0.023552224040031433,
-0.04292582720518112,
-0.0666852593421936,
0.0012917894637212157,
-0.04682817682623863,
0.03916161507368088,
0.058086276054382324,
0.02025422267615795,
-0.06292104721069336,
-0.06495855003595352,
0.038298264145851135,
-0.058707889169454575,
0.02225719764828682,
0.036675162613391876,
-0.029889222234487534,
0.022136326879262924,
0.027661776170134544,
0.012803499586880207,
-0.032790083438158035,
-0.014176229014992714,
0.0519392155110836,
0.013338778167963028,
0.024242905899882317,
-0.011404871009290218,
-0.02840425819158554,
0.0003126950468868017,
-0.03964509069919586,
-0.00917742494493723,
-0.021272975951433182,
0.03774571791291237,
0.008698264136910439,
-0.0020903893746435642,
0.08129315823316574,
-0.014754674397408962,
0.03398150950670242,
-0.03653702884912491,
0.06917170435190201,
-0.04637923091650009,
0.046690039336681366,
0.04983263835310936,
-0.0014720140025019646,
-0.03025183081626892,
0.01719795912504196,
-0.013131573796272278,
-0.00566358445212245,
0.07922111451625824,
-0.014271196909248829,
-0.01627417281270027,
0.08364147692918777,
0.07459355145692825,
0.049141958355903625,
-0.021704651415348053,
0.013891322538256645,
-0.12577301263809204,
0.04209700971841812,
-0.05843161791563034,
0.016697214916348457,
0.021169373765587807,
0.02227446436882019,
-0.0631973147392273,
0.030700773000717163,
0.07134735584259033,
-0.0388508103787899,
-0.0029418696649372578,
-0.030096426606178284,
-0.03199579939246178,
0.04634469747543335,
0.030528102070093155,
0.04845127463340759,
0.0342923142015934,
-0.009160157293081284,
0.01918366551399231,
0.030804375186562538,
0.005939857102930546,
-0.0388508103787899,
0.008849350735545158,
-0.01563529297709465,
0.03854000195860863,
-0.02023695409297943,
0.037676651030778885,
0.006203179247677326,
-0.05718839168548584,
0.0023547906894236803,
0.021549249067902565,
-0.01530721876770258,
0.0013468280667439103,
-0.04472159966826439,
-0.043202098459005356,
0.0037706869188696146,
0.01571299321949482,
0.0612979419529438,
0.005577249452471733,
0.028732331469655037,
-0.021739186719059944,
-0.03513839840888977,
0.0405084453523159,
-0.05169747769832611,
-0.05501274764537811,
-0.03284188359975815,
-0.021825522184371948,
-0.013735919259488583,
-0.004191570449620485,
0.01029978133738041,
-0.021756453439593315,
-0.03121878392994404,
-0.03123605065047741,
-0.0003666545089799911,
0.06758314371109009,
-0.03040723316371441,
-0.029043138027191162,
0.023379553109407425,
0.04226968064904213,
-0.06855009496212006,
0.04088831692934036,
-0.014271196909248829,
-0.0018777891527861357,
0.04637923091650009,
0.010895493440330029,
-0.021169373765587807,
-0.03083890862762928,
0.008607612922787666,
-0.008430625312030315,
-0.021203909069299698,
0.019563540816307068,
0.0030756890773773193,
0.0006027271156199276,
-0.02066863141953945,
-0.03475852310657501,
0.005836254917085171,
0.04637923091650009,
-0.018095843493938446,
-0.02270613983273506,
0.046897243708372116,
0.01328697707504034,
0.013252442702651024,
-0.043616507202386856,
-0.04126819223165512,
-0.013796353712677956,
0.06191955506801605,
-0.014305731281638145,
0.002027796348556876,
0.03040723316371441,
-0.005240542348474264,
0.04409998655319214,
-0.07293591648340225,
0.04979810491204262,
0.03223753720521927,
0.042994894087314606,
0.06523482501506805,
-0.008055067621171474,
0.017905905842781067,
0.10615767538547516,
0.039506956934928894,
-0.045032404363155365,
0.029129473492503166,
0.009341461583971977,
-0.06761767715215683,
0.016300072893500328,
0.01920093409717083,
0.0009799037361517549,
-0.04662097245454788,
0.03151232376694679,
-0.03591541573405266,
0.036502495408058167,
0.03232387453317642,
0.05003984272480011,
0.033964239060878754,
0.00029785619699396193,
-0.006876593455672264,
-0.021721919998526573,
-0.022015457972884178,
-0.01923546753823757,
-0.043029431253671646,
0.027903513982892036,
0.006945661269128323,
-0.016679948195815086,
-0.015160448849201202,
0.022119060158729553,
0.004644830245524645,
0.04803686589002609,
0.02025422267615795,
-0.040542978793382645,
-0.0050031207501888275,
0.048313140869140625,
0.006250663660466671,
-0.015764795243740082,
-0.01001487486064434,
0.017854105681180954,
-0.006047775968909264,
0.012863934971392155,
0.028905002400279045,
0.009522764943540096,
0.0494527630507946,
-0.007416187785565853,
-0.00846084300428629,
-0.022326264530420303,
0.029889222234487534,
-0.018544785678386688,
-0.012881201691925526,
0.015479888767004013,
0.0409228540956974,
0.02776537835597992,
0.007809012662619352,
-0.017621001228690147,
-0.061574216932058334,
0.010239346884191036,
0.03857453539967537,
-0.05169747769832611,
0.00480455020442605,
-0.0302345622330904,
-0.005771503783762455,
0.034171443432569504,
0.036019016057252884,
-0.03468945622444153,
-0.00360233336687088,
-0.034171443432569504,
-0.04030124098062515,
-0.030096426606178284,
-0.047518856823444366,
-0.01295890286564827,
-0.0012583344941958785,
0.002348315669223666,
0.041786205023527145,
-0.002529619261622429,
-0.014789207838475704,
-0.0014191337395459414,
-0.02391483075916767,
0.02066863141953945,
-0.02372489497065544,
-0.05266442894935608,
-0.07010412961244583,
-0.07597491890192032,
0.03249654173851013,
-0.01776777021586895,
0.0020742015913128853,
0.0008590345387347043,
0.018941927701234818,
0.026884760707616806,
0.023655826225876808,
-0.00673414021730423,
-0.0013306401669979095,
-0.016360508278012276,
0.04040484130382538,
-0.033014554530382156,
0.013071139343082905,
0.017215225845575333,
-0.08785463124513626,
-0.06906810402870178,
0.017854105681180954,
-0.0743863508105278,
0.0306489709764719,
-0.030476301908493042,
0.03923068568110466,
0.032997287809848785,
0.032392941415309906,
0.008672364056110382,
0.03368796780705452,
0.058535218238830566,
0.03184039518237114,
-0.01778503693640232,
0.013304243795573711,
-0.013917223550379276,
0.02678115852177143,
-0.04485973343253136,
0.04641376808285713,
0.02042689174413681,
-0.020582295954227448,
-0.02759270742535591,
-0.019287267699837685,
-0.004675047472119331,
0.05781000480055809,
0.009358728304505348,
-0.0363643579185009,
-0.025192592293024063,
0.04188980534672737,
-0.0009340381948277354,
-0.012535860762000084,
0.01563529297709465,
-0.027679042890667915,
-0.014469767920672894,
0.011568907648324966,
0.0490383543074131,
-0.024847250431776047,
-0.03066623955965042,
0.020116085186600685,
-0.030597170814871788,
-0.00596575764939189,
0.013183374889194965,
0.009246492758393288,
-0.016593612730503082,
-0.029474813491106033,
-0.01840665005147457,
-0.03517293184995651,
-0.022119060158729553,
-0.013710019178688526,
0.02469184808433056,
-0.02469184808433056,
-0.02204999327659607,
0.0003709712764248252,
-0.009453697130084038,
0.02553793229162693,
0.011076797731220722,
-0.010601954534649849,
0.017206592485308647,
-0.027851713821291924,
-0.035207465291023254,
-0.024018432945013046,
0.019649876281619072,
-0.018095843493938446,
0.02229173108935356,
0.015566224232316017,
0.016377774998545647,
-0.012682630680501461,
-0.04558495059609413,
-0.04765699431300163,
0.04658643528819084,
0.0014191337395459414,
0.019080063328146935,
-0.023604024201631546,
0.01899372972548008,
-0.003442613407969475,
-0.010973195545375347,
0.003727519419044256,
-0.017405161634087563,
-0.03702050447463989,
0.0010808078804984689,
-0.04168260097503662,
0.00909972283989191,
0.015246784314513206,
-0.0007101064547896385,
-0.05539261922240257,
0.020944902673363686,
-0.028870468959212303,
0.01226822193711996,
-0.04264955595135689,
-0.06029645726084709,
-0.0012291964376345277,
-0.059329502284526825,
-0.03225480392575264,
0.052180953323841095,
-0.020064285025000572,
0.01737062819302082,
-0.009419162757694721,
0.009755870327353477,
-0.016075601801276207,
0.013554615899920464,
0.034033309668302536,
0.0384364016354084,
-0.06071086600422859,
-0.03698597103357315,
-0.011819279752671719,
-0.025019921362400055,
-0.0563250407576561,
0.002024558838456869,
-0.014236663468182087,
0.04928009212017059,
-0.05501274764537811,
0.08909785747528076,
0.003990841563791037,
0.015816595405340195,
0.037089571356773376,
-0.027868980541825294,
-0.04119912534952164,
-0.003503047861158848,
-0.01410716027021408,
0.014685605652630329,
-0.021963657811284065,
0.036019016057252884,
-0.047104448080062866,
0.02142838016152382,
0.021721919998526573,
-0.0045239608734846115,
-0.015255417674779892,
0.017223859205842018,
0.009358728304505348,
-0.024450108408927917,
-0.019926147535443306,
-0.06765221059322357,
-0.0017234650440514088,
0.0001601246913196519,
0.017413796856999397,
-0.005749919917434454,
0.0022598220966756344,
0.037262242287397385,
0.0023029895965009928,
0.026280414313077927,
-0.049349162727594376,
-0.0388508103787899,
0.04454892873764038,
0.028473326936364174,
0.04938369616866112,
0.058742422610521317,
0.01071419008076191,
-0.001502231345511973,
0.01410716027021408,
0.0300273597240448,
0.0055254483595490456,
0.015816595405340195,
-0.008279538713395596,
0.0251407902687788,
-0.005193058401346207,
0.003004462691023946,
-0.020150620490312576,
0.0972478911280632,
0.03220300376415253,
0.016895785927772522,
0.019701676443219185,
-0.0002294625883223489,
0.0035138397943228483,
-0.00602187542244792,
0.04796779900789261,
0.03895441070199013,
-0.0091946916654706,
0.020910369232296944,
0.01073145680129528,
-0.07252150774002075,
0.0400940366089344,
-0.04734618589282036,
-0.05269896611571312,
-0.020478693768382072,
-0.01695621944963932,
0.03574274480342865,
-0.0100235091522336,
-0.01902826316654682,
-0.05822441354393959,
-0.029509348794817924,
0.007830596528947353,
0.044617995619773865,
-0.01153437327593565,
-0.007985999807715416,
-0.00024484103778377175,
0.029923757538199425,
-0.021324777975678444,
0.03936881944537163,
0.02817978709936142,
-0.008961586281657219,
0.029492080211639404,
-0.02900860458612442,
-0.0158424973487854,
-0.04548134654760361,
-0.040128570050001144,
0.0005606387858279049,
-0.028887735679745674,
-0.05021251365542412,
-0.02634948305785656,
0.014245296828448772,
0.002428175648674369,
-0.06084899976849556,
-0.01142213772982359,
0.004346973728388548,
-0.039334286004304886,
0.010342949070036411,
0.036847833544015884,
-0.013822254724800587,
0.027506373822689056,
0.015203616581857204,
0.024829983711242676,
0.024864517152309418,
-0.00889251846820116,
-0.004614613018929958,
0.0113271689042449,
0.018009508028626442,
-0.01121493335813284,
-0.028231587260961533,
-0.0005382456001825631,
0.030752573162317276,
-0.019270000979304314,
0.020323289558291435,
0.010472451336681843,
0.03857453539967537,
-0.015410820953547955,
-0.04496333748102188,
0.010740090161561966,
0.010809158906340599,
-0.009263759478926659,
0.0022921976633369923,
0.028835933655500412,
-0.004176462069153786,
-0.01213871967047453,
-0.012000583112239838,
0.00018642992654349655,
0.032358407974243164,
0.0007095668697729707,
0.03489666059613228,
-0.01763826794922352,
0.02918127365410328,
0.010593320243060589,
-0.0183893833309412,
0.024432841688394547,
0.021929124370217323,
-0.0011644450714811683,
0.035397402942180634,
0.03940335288643837,
0.0030843226704746485,
0.009781770408153534,
0.00354621559381485,
0.023379553109407425,
0.03895441070199013,
-0.011189033277332783,
0.028317922726273537,
0.03999043256044388,
-0.018734723329544067,
0.011094064451754093,
0.015643926337361336,
0.003992999903857708,
0.035259269177913666,
-0.004172145389020443,
0.003060580464079976,
-0.013856789097189903,
-0.011991949751973152,
0.027022896334528923,
0.04800233244895935,
-0.018044043332338333,
-0.005240542348474264,
0.005659267771989107,
-0.014858276583254337,
0.029112206771969795,
0.010930027812719345,
-0.02738550305366516,
0.028905002400279045,
-0.013804988004267216,
-0.0010505906539037824,
0.0163173396140337,
-0.00990263931453228,
0.0048995185643434525,
-0.028093451634049416,
0.00474843243137002,
-0.050316113978624344,
0.05784453824162483,
0.007550007198005915,
0.030994312837719917,
0.008417675271630287,
-0.023431355133652687,
0.041164591908454895,
0.0329282209277153,
-0.044203586876392365,
0.03791838884353638,
-0.025365261361002922,
0.05221548676490784,
-0.028645996004343033,
-0.03270374611020088,
-0.000815866980701685,
0.008266588672995567,
-0.020495960488915443,
0.0259696077555418,
0.03874720633029938,
-0.019701676443219185,
-0.019494472071528435,
0.029543882235884666,
0.0388508103787899,
-0.002661280333995819,
-0.009211958386003971,
0.06599457561969757,
0.029267609119415283,
0.06126340851187706,
0.026090476661920547,
0.006160011515021324,
-0.0058189877308905125,
0.006449234206229448,
0.034585852175951004,
-0.02327595092356205,
0.009013387374579906,
0.042822226881980896,
-0.019649876281619072,
-0.02020242065191269,
0.000467558711534366,
0.005434796679764986,
0.001704039634205401,
-0.05480554327368736,
-0.007683826610445976,
0.007152865640819073,
0.014625171199440956,
0.019667143002152443,
-0.042580485343933105,
0.05204281583428383,
-0.01980527862906456,
-0.03171952813863754,
0.014055359177291393,
-0.042753156274557114,
0.0947614386677742,
0.024467376992106438,
-0.023621292784810066,
-0.005154207348823547,
0.01420212909579277,
-0.022809742018580437,
0.001738573657348752,
-0.02510625682771206,
-0.0158424973487854,
0.0041829370893538,
0.05041971802711487,
0.017603732645511627,
0.004877935163676739,
-0.00940189603716135,
-0.03660609573125839,
-0.01655907742679119,
0.0028641680255532265,
0.029699284583330154,
-0.019080063328146935,
0.049107421189546585,
-0.012095551937818527,
0.010748723521828651,
-0.004826134070754051,
-0.020737698301672935,
-0.0018842642894014716,
0.028421524912118912,
0.026038676500320435,
0.022153595462441444,
0.035811811685562134,
-0.04334023594856262,
-0.006867959629744291,
0.04427265375852585,
0.040957387536764145,
-0.016118768602609634,
-0.021808253601193428,
-0.014694239012897015,
0.00033023188007064164,
-0.031166981905698776,
-0.05718839168548584,
0.0010813475819304585,
0.01471150666475296,
-0.035811811685562134,
-0.028905002400279045,
0.029699284583330154,
0.015453988686203957,
0.0006782703567296267,
0.05304430425167084,
-0.0329282209277153,
0.040750183165073395,
0.016895785927772522,
0.03178859502077103,
0.02080676704645157,
0.014038092456758022,
0.031961265951395035,
0.02552066557109356,
-0.004342657048255205,
0.06906810402870178,
-0.017361994832754135,
0.014081260189414024,
-0.017905905842781067,
-0.07763255387544632,
0.004770015832036734,
0.027005629613995552,
-0.01940813846886158,
0.030372699722647667,
0.008288173004984856,
0.01942540518939495,
0.014314364641904831,
0.04113005846738815,
0.0034210295416414738,
0.031546857208013535,
-0.011681143194437027,
-0.017905905842781067,
0.03275554999709129,
0.032997287809848785,
-0.04233874753117561,
-0.03356710076332092,
-0.011499839834868908,
0.040750183165073395,
-0.026850225403904915,
0.006501035299152136,
0.03957602381706238,
0.015048213303089142,
0.025779670104384422,
0.0029720868915319443,
0.053424179553985596,
-0.02388029731810093,
0.016913052648305893,
0.0011687618680298328,
0.049521829932928085,
-0.01876925677061081,
-0.01859658770263195,
-0.007144232280552387,
-0.00012511848763097078,
-0.0022965145763009787,
0.01349418144673109,
-0.01236319076269865,
-0.016550444066524506,
0.022619804367423058,
-0.014271196909248829,
0.008775966241955757,
0.023016946390271187,
-0.002628904767334461,
-0.010040775872766972,
-0.0035548489540815353,
-0.004856351297348738,
0.016809450462460518,
0.014780574478209019,
-0.023448621854186058,
0.03489666059613228,
-0.04109552130103111,
-0.025088990107178688,
-0.020185153931379318,
-0.018665654584765434,
0.05214641988277435,
-0.0075586405582726,
-0.00019964999228250235,
0.03356710076332092,
0.004782966338098049,
-0.016101501882076263,
0.05535808578133583,
0.030579904094338417,
-0.02550339698791504,
0.04192433878779411,
-0.01763826794922352,
-0.01582522876560688,
0.006889543496072292,
-0.03182312846183777,
-0.0030756890773773193,
0.0036109669599682093,
-0.029958290979266167,
0.021825522184371948,
-0.030700773000717163,
0.006574420258402824,
0.017664168030023575,
0.022533468902111053,
0.04140632972121239,
0.0461374931037426,
-0.03296275436878204,
0.04130272567272186,
-0.03985229507088661,
0.06948251277208328,
-0.002948344685137272,
0.012414991855621338,
-0.022913344204425812,
0.04924555867910385,
0.02432923950254917,
-0.03132238611578941,
-0.02798984944820404,
0.0010721744038164616,
-0.017819570377469063,
0.004990170709788799,
-0.004059909377247095,
0.041786205023527145,
-0.0036735597532242537,
0.03660609573125839,
-0.005378678906708956,
0.05542715638875961,
0.0388508103787899,
-0.027126498520374298,
-0.015410820953547955,
0.028473326936364174,
0.04672457277774811,
0.042580485343933105,
-0.03102884627878666,
-0.011957415379583836,
0.01164660882204771,
0.02817978709936142,
0.021169373765587807,
-0.016593612730503082,
0.008918419480323792,
-0.022723406553268433,
0.0330490879714489,
-0.06640898436307907,
-0.020582295954227448,
-0.030907977372407913,
-0.008085285313427448,
0.01121493335813284,
-0.05214641988277435,
0.059951115399599075,
0.006621904671192169,
0.021411113440990448,
0.01071419008076191,
-0.008188887499272823,
0.03819466382265091,
-0.05497821047902107,
-0.005106722936034203,
0.019960682839155197,
-0.0038332799449563026,
-0.014996412210166454,
0.07659652829170227,
0.008659414015710354,
-0.043409302830696106,
-0.032807350158691406,
-0.006565786898136139,
-0.04026670381426811,
0.03203033283352852,
-0.00405127601698041,
0.003725360846146941,
-0.03342896327376366,
0.014875543303787708,
0.007683826610445976,
0.01859658770263195,
-0.047518856823444366,
0.05653224512934685,
0.05394218862056732,
0.010161644779145718,
-0.017344728112220764,
-0.008089601993560791,
-0.011603442020714283,
0.009591832756996155,
-0.016602246090769768,
0.019131865352392197,
-0.019874347373843193,
-0.01716342382133007,
0.0018497301498427987,
-0.02346588857471943,
0.0063197314739227295,
0.03985229507088661,
0.0077010937966406345,
0.023966632783412933,
0.058328013867139816,
0.0021562199108302593,
-0.04793326556682587,
0.019908880814909935,
0.009419162757694721,
0.05939856916666031,
0.019908880814909935,
0.03517293184995651,
0.07265964895486832,
0.0040620677173137665,
0.012423625215888023,
0.010843692347407341,
0.04427265375852585,
0.0230687465518713,
-0.01154300756752491,
0.010446551255881786,
0.018130376935005188,
0.02574513666331768,
0.037676651030778885,
0.0490383543074131,
-0.019926147535443306,
0.0028015749994665384,
-0.012052384205162525,
-0.010912761092185974,
0.010325681418180466,
-0.021549249067902565,
0.007152865640819073,
0.007265101186931133,
0.04796779900789261,
0.0045973458327353,
-0.04026670381426811,
0.0380219928920269,
-0.001323085860349238,
-0.009367361664772034,
0.013036604970693588,
0.010308414697647095,
0.011292635463178158,
0.017094356939196587,
-0.02617681212723255,
-0.019149132072925568,
0.02652215212583542,
-0.015911564230918884,
-0.0038375966250896454,
-0.008754381909966469,
0.019459938630461693,
0.015566224232316017,
0.026815691962838173,
-0.054632872343063354,
-0.007588858250528574,
0.030787108466029167,
-0.006151378154754639,
-0.03455131873488426,
0.030338164418935776,
-0.01776777021586895,
-0.013347411528229713,
0.00010346726048737764,
-0.005452063400298357,
0.028697798028588295,
0.03857453539967537,
0.004254163708537817,
0.011888347566127777,
-0.03940335288643837,
-0.009850838221609592,
-0.014651072211563587,
-0.01603243313729763,
0.0654420331120491,
-0.028853200376033783,
-0.01092139445245266,
-0.026712089776992798,
-0.01859658770263195,
-0.018216712400317192,
-0.005348461214452982,
-0.017102990299463272,
-0.03372250124812126,
0.020357824862003326,
-0.018268514424562454,
-0.017733236774802208,
-0.018890127539634705,
-0.017310194671154022,
-0.009384628385305405,
0.03660609573125839,
-0.011197666637599468,
0.013969024643301964,
0.009988974779844284,
-0.015566224232316017,
-0.018700189888477325,
-0.03406784310936928,
-0.03916161507368088,
0.034637656062841415,
0.009885372593998909,
0.02386303059756756,
0.04948729649186134,
0.01041201688349247,
0.0041678287088871,
0.0367787666618824,
-0.0007316902629099786,
-0.017888639122247696,
-0.035259269177913666,
0.04472159966826439,
0.005749919917434454,
0.006043459288775921,
-0.04620656371116638,
0.0066780224442481995,
0.016878517344594002,
-0.009781770408153534,
0.015177716501057148,
-0.02695382758975029,
0.01939086988568306,
-0.03171952813863754
] |
Although expected utility theory has proven a fruitful and elegant theory in
the finite realm, attempts to generalize it to infinite values have resulted in
many paradoxes. In this paper, we argue that the use of John Conway's surreal
numbers shall provide a firm mathematical foundation for transfinite decision
theory. To that end, we prove a surreal representation theorem and show that
our surreal decision theory respects dominance reasoning even in the case of
infinite values. We then bring our theory to bear on one of the more venerable
decision problems in the literature: Pascal's Wager. Analyzing the wager
showcases our theory's virtues and advantages. To that end, we analyze two
objections against the wager: Mixed Strategies and Many Gods. After formulating
the two objections in the framework of surreal utilities and probabilities, our
theory correctly predicts that (1) the pure Pascalian strategy beats all mixed
strategies, and (2) what one should do in a Pascalian decision problem depends
on what one's credence function is like. Our analysis therefore suggests that
although Pascal's Wager is mathematically coherent, it does not deliver what it
purports to, a rationally compelling argument that people should lead a
religious life regardless of how confident they are in theism and its
alternatives. | [
0.0048654465936124325,
-0.02182302623987198,
-0.05025014653801918,
0.021177373826503754,
0.009232819080352783,
0.018862253054976463,
-0.002612583339214325,
-0.005202107597142458,
-0.028242647647857666,
0.03386904299259186,
0.01119744498282671,
0.05471436679363251,
0.013927629217505455,
-0.013770828023552895,
0.0010336191626265645,
-0.021306505426764488,
0.02820575423538685,
0.02728339470922947,
-0.06891870498657227,
0.0012129027163609862,
-0.03027183935046196,
0.05589498579502106,
-0.02779991552233696,
0.005801641382277012,
0.031636931002140045,
0.02029190957546234,
0.02857469767332077,
-0.006687106564640999,
-0.06840217858552933,
0.012839244678616524,
0.03929251432418823,
0.04312952980399132,
0.0017086709849536419,
-0.016713155433535576,
-0.02492215484380722,
-0.053312379866838455,
0.019646257162094116,
-0.0284271202981472,
0.022671597078442574,
0.043793629854917526,
-0.03176606073975563,
-0.0016614000778645277,
0.02759699709713459,
0.006894637364894152,
0.0446053072810173,
-0.03713419288396835,
-0.002893903059884906,
-0.026379482820630074,
-0.014665516093373299,
-0.01109598483890295,
0.0015737758949398994,
-0.04264990612864494,
0.08692315965890884,
-0.003883133642375469,
-0.0270804762840271,
-0.01992296613752842,
0.037761397659778595,
-0.07489559054374695,
0.0283164381980896,
-0.005916936323046684,
-0.012590207159519196,
-0.00508220074698329,
-0.040546923875808716,
-0.0003236905322410166,
-0.03907115012407303,
-0.022099733352661133,
0.01857632026076317,
0.03733711317181587,
0.06264665722846985,
-0.035141896456480026,
-0.029644634574651718,
0.03445935249328613,
-0.006267433054745197,
0.02233954705297947,
-0.016445670276880264,
0.014508714899420738,
0.04670828580856323,
-0.012903809547424316,
-0.015384957194328308,
0.034256432205438614,
-0.007185180671513081,
0.014010640792548656,
-0.04390431195497513,
-0.010155178606510162,
-0.013678591698408127,
0.04335089772939682,
0.012129027396440506,
-0.054751262068748474,
0.014711634255945683,
-0.011594058945775032,
0.012719337828457355,
-0.045232512056827545,
-0.05050840601325035,
-0.008338130079209805,
0.011363469064235687,
0.046560708433389664,
-0.004099888261407614,
-0.018456414341926575,
0.015569428913295269,
-0.010007601231336594,
0.027043581008911133,
0.017838433384895325,
-0.032559290528297424,
-0.02811351791024208,
0.06301560252904892,
-0.04763064533472061,
-0.007005320396274328,
0.014628621749579906,
0.053570639342069626,
0.1184309646487236,
-0.01596604287624359,
0.04235474765300751,
-0.04892195016145706,
-0.05467747151851654,
-0.033647675067186356,
-0.0638272762298584,
-0.03947698697447777,
-0.06478653103113174,
0.06142914295196533,
-0.011280456557869911,
-0.055415358394384384,
0.02475612983107567,
0.04346157982945442,
-0.05139387398958206,
-0.04556456208229065,
0.03167382627725601,
-0.027781469747424126,
-0.023335695266723633,
-0.0004732857341878116,
0.004217488691210747,
-0.04534319415688515,
-0.016657812520861626,
-0.04386742040514946,
-0.04659760370850563,
0.002016508486121893,
0.004286665935069323,
-0.039255622774362564,
-0.03731866553425789,
0.014942224137485027,
0.0008681709296070039,
-0.08109384775161743,
-0.05493573471903801,
0.011464929208159447,
-0.012082910165190697,
0.0013973746681585908,
0.03316804766654968,
-0.017165111377835274,
-0.007323534693568945,
-0.050988033413887024,
-0.004418102093040943,
0.0030068920459598303,
0.04073139652609825,
-0.007913844659924507,
-0.02374153397977352,
0.047335490584373474,
0.013531014323234558,
0.026803767308592796,
0.000891229894477874,
0.051615238189697266,
0.014766976237297058,
-0.046560708433389664,
0.0070791095495224,
-0.05482504889369011,
0.025346439331769943,
0.01434269081801176,
0.060359206050634384,
0.003477295394986868,
-0.04383052513003349,
0.006668659392744303,
0.011391140520572662,
-0.025032836943864822,
-0.003484213026240468,
0.018447190523147583,
0.07858502864837646,
0.01720200479030609,
0.07769956439733505,
0.053681325167417526,
0.014038312248885632,
0.007175956852734089,
0.03110196255147457,
-0.04412567988038063,
-0.044863566756248474,
0.0154218515381217,
0.0036317906342446804,
0.07570727169513702,
0.012110580690205097,
0.11953779309988022,
-0.0006202867953106761,
0.021638553589582443,
-0.012424183078110218,
-0.028131965547800064,
0.03545549884438515,
-0.009509527124464512,
0.017386477440595627,
0.00293540908023715,
-0.050065673887729645,
-0.05700181797146797,
-0.017220452427864075,
-0.022837622091174126,
0.0104503333568573,
0.0022424866911023855,
-0.07308776676654816,
0.05951063707470894,
0.0016441058833152056,
0.018982158973813057,
0.016703931614756584,
0.025217309594154358,
0.044310152530670166,
-0.00351418973878026,
-0.031065069139003754,
0.007088332902640104,
-0.05102492868900299,
-0.021288057789206505,
-0.014139771461486816,
-0.12942548096179962,
-0.0023197343107312918,
-0.031636931002140045,
-0.010800830088555813,
0.003465765854343772,
-0.05939995497465134,
0.012848468497395515,
0.05054530128836632,
0.04335089772939682,
-0.01730346493422985,
0.033075813204050064,
0.010348874144256115,
0.006004560273140669,
0.027929047122597694,
-0.021490976214408875,
0.004293583799153566,
-0.0016614000778645277,
-0.0008007233846001327,
-0.016242751851677895,
0.023852217942476273,
-0.021859921514987946,
-0.02820575423538685,
0.00299997441470623,
0.0036963557358831167,
0.016501011326909065,
-0.028611592948436737,
-0.03837015479803085,
-0.0541609525680542,
0.019904518499970436,
0.008481095544993877,
0.010155178606510162,
-0.014333466999232769,
-0.01791222207248211,
-0.010136730968952179,
0.009555644355714321,
0.009638656862080097,
-0.015947595238685608,
-0.022671597078442574,
0.008743967860937119,
-0.009574091993272305,
0.010588686913251877,
0.061244674026966095,
0.02636103518307209,
0.023704640567302704,
0.021970603615045547,
0.008550272323191166,
0.03206121549010277,
0.03608270362019539,
0.05323859304189682,
0.056190140545368195,
-0.008642508648335934,
0.053164802491664886,
-0.019185077399015427,
-0.043018847703933716,
-0.0469665452837944,
0.012580984272062778,
0.004231324419379234,
-0.02676687389612198,
-0.03855462744832039,
0.03599046915769577,
0.052795860916376114,
-0.05678045377135277,
0.026139669120311737,
0.009666327387094498,
0.0009892305824905634,
0.03558462858200073,
0.017727749422192574,
0.0394400916993618,
-0.015495640225708485,
-0.011308128014206886,
-0.014305796474218369,
-0.02805817686021328,
0.03706040605902672,
0.04530629888176918,
-0.0689924955368042,
-0.06390106678009033,
0.02641637623310089,
-0.05464057996869087,
0.012138251215219498,
0.015145143494009972,
0.04231785610318184,
0.03134177625179291,
-0.020144332200288773,
0.04135860130190849,
-0.004683280363678932,
-0.008301235735416412,
-0.004549538251012564,
0.008707073517143726,
0.006175197195261717,
0.041321706026792526,
-0.07471112161874771,
0.023095881566405296,
0.05025014653801918,
-0.02918345481157303,
-0.049918096512556076,
0.00397536950185895,
0.0356215238571167,
0.006350445095449686,
-0.01853020302951336,
0.005667899269610643,
0.04560145363211632,
0.005437309388071299,
0.06080193817615509,
-0.02733873575925827,
-0.015412627719342709,
-0.00508220074698329,
0.029533952474594116,
-0.011898437514901161,
-0.057112500071525574,
-0.055009521543979645,
0.021232716739177704,
0.022929858416318893,
0.006498022936284542,
0.031065069139003754,
-0.04858990013599396,
-0.02115892805159092,
-0.03104662150144577,
0.009154418483376503,
-0.013060610741376877,
-0.030714571475982666,
0.016233528032898903,
-0.010883842594921589,
0.0010935724712908268,
0.002025732072070241,
0.0030299511272460222,
-0.04371984302997589,
0.0036825204733759165,
0.05216865614056587,
-0.017165111377835274,
-0.04110034182667732,
-0.002320887055248022,
-0.016501011326909065,
-0.009288160130381584,
-0.08581633120775223,
-0.028593145310878754,
0.03814879059791565,
0.0010826195357367396,
0.05548914894461632,
-0.026785319671034813,
-0.013881511054933071,
0.039144936949014664,
0.013678591698408127,
0.048626795411109924,
-0.0939330905675888,
-0.004478055518120527,
0.002981527242809534,
0.01997830718755722,
-0.03615649417042732,
-0.036377858370542526,
-0.00717134540900588,
-0.055931881070137024,
-0.009629433043301105,
-0.002589524257928133,
-0.01454560924321413,
0.03366612270474434,
-0.023981347680091858,
-0.05493573471903801,
0.03896046802401543,
0.07939670979976654,
-0.03973524644970894,
0.0016452587442472577,
0.02816885896027088,
0.007586407009512186,
0.024627000093460083,
-0.015200484544038773,
0.0010520663345232606,
-0.053459957242012024,
-0.04364605247974396,
-0.027006687596440315,
0.01935110241174698,
0.01632576435804367,
-0.013032940216362476,
-0.01372470986098051,
0.00872552115470171,
0.008024527691304684,
0.015550981275737286,
0.02744941972196102,
0.00793229229748249,
-0.06275734305381775,
-0.03523413464426994,
0.05205797031521797,
0.0392187274992466,
0.05036082863807678,
-0.009924588724970818,
-0.03239326551556587,
0.008642508648335934,
0.045896608382463455,
0.004787045996636152,
-0.012608654797077179,
0.004388125613331795,
0.0441625751554966,
0.04689275845885277,
-0.009168253280222416,
-0.01632576435804367,
0.00012523912300821394,
0.003189058043062687,
-0.000863559078425169,
-0.015255826525390148,
-0.021952155977487564,
-0.0039822873659431934,
-0.013632473535835743,
0.0688818097114563,
0.0016590942395851016,
0.005234390497207642,
0.04844232276082039,
-0.019277313724160194,
-0.04984430968761444,
0.013392659835517406,
0.09208837151527405,
-0.027375631034374237,
-0.0015241991495713592,
-0.021859921514987946,
0.019037500023841858,
0.01796756312251091,
0.0008987240726128221,
0.027707679197192192,
-0.018004458397626877,
0.050028782337903976,
0.006747059989720583,
-0.0018401072593405843,
-0.022118180990219116,
-0.016002938151359558,
-0.043682947754859924,
-0.0179767869412899,
0.04076829180121422,
-0.03752158582210541,
0.07201783359050751,
-0.02687755599617958,
-0.03161848336458206,
-0.012027568183839321,
0.0520210787653923,
0.01750638335943222,
-0.053570639342069626,
-0.043277107179164886,
-0.004088358487933874,
0.05072977393865585,
0.009740117006003857,
-0.030400969088077545,
-0.0357322096824646,
0.014610175043344498,
0.0566328763961792,
-0.006276656407862902,
-0.038997359573841095,
-0.015283497050404549,
-0.03270686790347099,
0.035141896456480026,
0.01014595478773117,
0.012073686346411705,
0.019092842936515808,
0.012285828590393066,
0.04530629888176918,
0.050028782337903976,
-0.0000484959346067626,
-0.005649452097713947,
-0.012424183078110218,
-0.014296572655439377,
-0.04253922030329704,
-0.002086838474497199,
-0.03597202152013779,
-0.003998428583145142,
0.011796978302299976,
-0.02305898815393448,
-0.03150780126452446,
-0.033241838216781616,
-0.010828500613570213,
-0.0053773559629917145,
0.02877761796116829,
0.037816740572452545,
0.025088179856538773,
-0.018705451861023903,
0.0807986930012703,
0.038333263248205185,
0.014139771461486816,
-0.00012877004337497056,
-0.00829201191663742,
0.04235474765300751,
-0.0742683857679367,
0.0009892305824905634,
-0.03119419887661934,
-0.04073139652609825,
-0.02326190657913685,
-0.010773159563541412,
-0.0296077411621809,
-0.10714127868413925,
0.033186495304107666,
0.06541373580694199,
-0.011649400927126408,
-0.07345671206712723,
-0.0068577430211007595,
-0.01601216197013855,
0.0015437992988154292,
-0.014241230674088001,
0.0012521030148491263,
0.012839244678616524,
-0.017128216102719307,
-0.003920027986168861,
0.028869852423667908,
-0.007609466090798378,
-0.030050473287701607,
-0.029589293524622917,
0.04209648817777634,
-0.03172916918992996,
-0.025143520906567574,
0.0012682443484663963,
0.022265758365392685,
0.04803648218512535,
0.02722805365920067,
-0.032356370240449905,
-0.049290891736745834,
0.029257243499159813,
0.0017121299169957638,
0.010127507150173187,
0.0396614596247673,
-0.0322456881403923,
-0.016085950657725334,
-0.014462597668170929,
-0.01874234527349472,
0.026434823870658875,
-0.03717108815908432,
-0.05700181797146797,
-0.024331843480467796,
-0.005077589303255081,
0.011483375914394855,
0.02429495006799698,
0.01199989765882492,
0.034975871443748474,
-0.031378671526908875,
0.04187512397766113,
0.003207505214959383,
0.02543867565691471,
0.01451793871819973,
0.03027183935046196,
0.03244860842823982,
-0.035547737032175064,
-0.018188929185271263,
0.0104226628318429,
-0.012940703891217709,
-0.0234279315918684,
-0.030050473287701607,
0.010044495575129986,
-0.036008916795253754,
0.003733250079676509,
-0.04397810250520706,
0.023759981617331505,
0.024424079805612564,
-0.05781349539756775,
0.011990673840045929,
-0.014969894662499428,
0.026379482820630074,
0.012968375347554684,
0.00013972305168863386,
0.01611362025141716,
0.03888667747378349,
0.0831599310040474,
0.010035271756350994,
-0.01626119762659073,
0.023759981617331505,
0.009601762518286705,
-0.050323937088251114,
-0.004122946877032518,
-0.018447190523147583,
0.029995132237672806,
0.01920352503657341,
0.013337318785488605,
-0.0035510840825736523,
-0.031212646514177322,
0.0296077411621809,
-0.03152624890208244,
0.0012820797273889184,
0.035437051206827164,
-0.005511098075658083,
-0.012691667303442955,
-0.0492171049118042,
0.004217488691210747,
0.014536386355757713,
0.0010111365700140595,
0.00704221474006772,
0.02106669172644615,
-0.00030120802694000304,
-0.0022782280575484037,
0.048110272735357285,
-0.005690958350896835,
-0.00897916965186596,
-0.0038485450204461813,
-0.002619500970467925,
-0.03530792146921158,
-0.05261138826608658,
-0.009979929774999619,
-0.027246499434113503,
0.03717108815908432,
-0.021859921514987946,
0.0104226628318429,
0.07600242644548416,
-0.013687815517187119,
-0.013374213129281998,
0.020255014300346375,
-0.01729424111545086,
-0.014398031868040562,
0.047556858509778976,
-0.03228258341550827,
-0.016648588702082634,
-0.07068963348865509,
0.00008430942398263142,
-0.030032025650143623,
-0.018041351810097694,
0.03335252031683922,
0.018401073291897774,
-0.03602736443281174,
0.00022641044051852077,
-0.0031198810320347548,
0.012691667303442955,
0.012802350334823132,
-0.0025249591562896967,
-0.015550981275737286,
-0.008232058957219124,
-0.057997968047857285,
-0.016537906602025032,
-0.023704640567302704,
0.016002938151359558,
-0.0012682443484663963,
0.006069125607609749,
0.02276383340358734,
0.025420228019356728,
0.038997359573841095,
0.016565576195716858,
0.00998915359377861,
0.0343855619430542,
0.011409587226808071,
0.0116862952709198,
0.0005286273080855608,
-0.005022247787564993,
0.029017429798841476,
0.036949723958969116,
0.023593956604599953,
0.009933811612427235,
-0.0007067580008879304,
-0.012654772959649563,
0.016233528032898903,
0.021749237552285194,
0.038997359573841095,
-0.005880041979253292,
-0.0015899172285571694,
-0.00766019569709897,
0.0196647047996521,
-0.005428085569292307,
-0.01564321666955948,
0.014351913705468178,
-0.03073301911354065,
-0.0027786081191152334,
0.023593956604599953,
0.008347353897988796,
-0.004846999421715736,
0.05390268936753273,
-0.005755523219704628,
-0.0334816500544548,
-0.012138251215219498,
0.01402908843010664,
0.024682341143488884,
-0.044088784605264664,
-0.008268953301012516,
-0.010404215194284916,
-0.0037217207718640566,
-0.03984593227505684,
0.0520210787653923,
0.02475612983107567,
-0.03659922629594803,
-0.056153248995542526,
0.03604580834507942,
0.00929277203977108,
-0.05508331209421158,
0.009601762518286705,
-0.008748579770326614,
0.018908370286226273,
0.006419622339308262,
0.002552629914134741,
0.030622337013483047,
0.005658675450831652,
0.004505726043134928,
0.029736870899796486,
0.007964574731886387,
0.04217027872800827,
-0.009288160130381584,
-0.01914818398654461,
-0.007918456569314003,
-0.006032231263816357,
-0.0392187274992466,
-0.02429495006799698,
-0.007563347928225994,
0.01497911848127842,
0.027062028646469116,
0.0416906513273716,
-0.014398031868040562,
0.01667626015841961,
0.0322456881403923,
0.004088358487933874,
0.004561068024486303,
0.032356370240449905,
0.027929047122597694,
-0.0220812875777483,
0.02058706432580948,
0.021435635164380074,
0.002665619133040309,
0.06644678115844727,
-0.01464706938713789,
0.005077589303255081,
-0.006894637364894152,
-0.00766019569709897,
-0.01905594766139984,
-0.019443338736891747,
0.02285606972873211,
0.05545225366950035,
0.027320289984345436,
0.01214747503399849,
-0.019627811387181282,
-0.014933000318706036,
-0.008762415498495102,
-0.03634096682071686,
0.03814879059791565,
0.03290978819131851,
0.00409297039732337,
-0.04659760370850563,
-0.0066548241302371025,
-0.027818363159894943,
-0.009177477099001408,
-0.0258998554199934,
0.008375024423003197,
-0.033536992967128754,
0.0167408250272274,
0.019996754825115204,
0.004883893765509129,
0.04312952980399132,
-0.046044185757637024,
0.03147090598940849,
0.06301560252904892,
-0.03401662036776543,
-0.020937561988830566,
0.061133988201618195,
-0.007337369956076145,
0.007088332902640104,
-0.022099733352661133,
-0.04217027872800827,
-0.01983072981238365,
0.0011247021611779928,
0.003894663183018565,
-0.004307419061660767,
-0.044863566756248474,
-0.00009713598410598934,
0.055157098919153214,
0.00014988341717980802,
-0.010985301807522774,
0.01359557919204235,
0.004939235281199217,
-0.0333709679543972,
-0.013715486042201519,
0.021343398839235306,
-0.054492998868227005,
0.02923879772424698,
0.01580924168229103,
-0.02388911135494709,
-0.06991485506296158,
0.006608705967664719,
-0.03154469653964043,
-0.022542467340826988,
0.012830020859837532,
-0.020771536976099014,
0.035861339420080185,
0.007355817127972841,
-0.00763252517208457,
0.0012509501539170742,
0.03777984529733658,
-0.04058381915092468,
0.005243613850325346,
0.03078836016356945,
-0.016980638727545738,
0.04763064533472061,
0.00801069289445877,
0.005372744053602219,
-0.016085950657725334,
-0.00998915359377861,
-0.004720174707472324,
-0.0035810607951134443,
-0.004676362965255976,
-0.025457123294472694,
0.022671597078442574,
-0.03311270847916603,
-0.03154469653964043,
0.030179603025317192,
-0.009454185143113136,
-0.02285606972873211,
-0.028648486360907555,
0.04338779300451279,
0.005926160141825676,
0.012783902697265148,
-0.003179834457114339,
-0.003177528502419591,
0.017875326797366142,
0.03903425484895706,
0.00047616809024475515,
0.0008422295213676989,
0.06526616215705872,
0.054345421493053436,
0.04150617867708206,
-0.0068162367679178715,
0.010976077988743782,
-0.04571213945746422,
0.0420227013528347,
-0.026028985157608986,
-0.008573331870138645,
0.06714777648448944,
-0.04788890480995178,
-0.014499492011964321,
-0.0015714700566604733,
0.03733711317181587,
-0.003020727541297674,
0.02728339470922947,
-0.007355817127972841,
-0.013392659835517406,
0.0284271202981472,
-0.046671390533447266,
-0.023022092878818512,
-0.010090612806379795,
0.024848366156220436,
-0.005534157156944275,
-0.0006669812137261033,
0.017017534002661705,
0.0684390738606453,
-0.011474152095615864,
0.04729859530925751,
0.00970322173088789,
-0.011243562214076519,
0.010514898225665092,
-0.023778429254889488,
0.010856171138584614,
0.013918405398726463,
-0.027578549459576607,
-0.047593750059604645,
0.011206667870283127,
0.03237481787800789,
0.02446097508072853,
-0.0017962951678782701,
-0.0023681579623371363,
-0.04442083463072777,
0.025088179856538773,
0.012562536634504795,
-0.003205199260264635,
0.006581034976989031,
0.0342748798429966,
0.04135860130190849,
0.04242853820323944,
-0.06286802142858505,
0.014969894662499428,
-0.03047475777566433,
0.05010256916284561,
-0.04722480848431587,
0.0033435532823204994,
-0.11894748359918594,
0.01698986254632473,
0.01125278603285551,
0.017626291140913963,
0.002610277384519577,
0.028334883973002434,
0.025567805394530296,
-0.022616256028413773,
-0.03525258228182793,
-0.003606425831094384,
0.00482855224981904,
-0.021804578602313995,
0.029829107224941254,
0.038739100098609924,
0.002086838474497199,
0.006894637364894152,
-0.005884653888642788,
-0.01616896316409111,
-0.04021487385034561,
0.00965710449963808,
-0.008388860151171684,
0.0018862251890823245,
0.0245532114058733,
-0.04633934423327446,
0.022524019703269005,
0.011455705389380455,
-0.01905594766139984,
-0.014444150030612946,
0.03182140365242958,
0.02918345481157303,
-0.020808430388569832,
0.01076393574476242,
0.03995661437511444,
0.010330426506698132,
-0.038185685873031616,
0.03947698697447777,
-0.017312688753008842,
0.05242691561579704,
0.01214747503399849,
0.021306505426764488,
0.01323585957288742,
-0.006770119071006775,
-0.0320243239402771,
0.01152949407696724,
-0.0641593262553215,
-0.04906952753663063,
-0.02506973221898079,
-0.05633771792054176,
-0.010385768488049507,
0.004542620852589607,
0.03252239525318146,
0.019554022699594498,
-0.005464980378746986,
-0.012580984272062778,
0.027504760771989822,
-0.007222075015306473,
-0.014933000318706036,
0.004720174707472324,
0.005137542728334665,
0.003564919577911496,
0.00039632635889574885,
0.001752483076415956,
0.009777011349797249,
0.041838228702545166,
-0.002649477683007717,
0.02322501316666603,
0.015246602706611156,
0.013577132485806942,
0.01181542593985796,
-0.01480387058109045,
0.004722480662167072,
-0.03104662150144577,
0.015080578625202179,
0.05080356076359749,
0.003207505214959383,
-0.0564115084707737,
-0.015587875619530678,
0.021509423851966858,
0.011981450021266937,
-0.027357183396816254,
0.003200587583705783,
0.012027568183839321,
-0.008407306857407093,
-0.012184369377791882,
-0.0258445143699646,
-0.009168253280222416,
0.021490976214408875,
-0.0021698507480323315,
0.000029202046789578162,
-0.027117369696497917,
0.03892357274889946,
0.019480234012007713,
-0.0418013334274292,
-0.06412243098020554,
-0.005990725010633469,
-0.06585647165775299,
-0.036949723958969116,
0.028242647647857666,
-0.02883295901119709,
-0.017368029803037643,
0.012562536634504795,
0.028962088748812675,
-0.03532636910676956,
-0.007830832153558731,
0.03896046802401543,
-0.01977538876235485,
-0.055009521543979645,
0.03980903699994087,
-0.03320494294166565,
-0.0032928234431892633,
0.020052095875144005,
0.017644736915826797,
-0.0013973746681585908,
0.0054603684693574905,
0.020660853013396263,
-0.008172105066478252,
0.041321706026792526,
0.034164197742938995,
-0.0053542968817055225,
0.010311979800462723,
0.00048250932013615966,
0.04176443815231323,
0.01951712742447853,
0.014305796474218369,
-0.02115892805159092,
-0.002601053798571229,
0.000038767924706917256,
0.022228864952921867,
-0.007687866687774658,
-0.002360087353736162,
-0.004122946877032518,
0.0012140556937083602,
-0.003491130890324712,
0.009481855668127537,
0.023280354216694832,
0.02383377030491829,
-0.013226635754108429,
0.033186495304107666,
0.04984430968761444,
0.013023716397583485,
0.009218983352184296,
0.022892963141202927,
-0.029257243499159813,
-0.005967665929347277,
0.04331400245428085,
-0.05976889654994011,
0.028740722686052322,
-0.004920788109302521,
0.04412567988038063,
-0.008997617289423943,
0.025494016706943512,
-0.011963003315031528,
0.03665456920862198,
0.006876190192997456,
-0.0319136381149292
] |
We propose HASHTAG, the first framework that enables high-accuracy detection
of fault-injection attacks on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) with provable bounds
on detection performance. Recent literature in fault-injection attacks shows
the severe DNN accuracy degradation caused by bit flips. In this scenario, the
attacker changes a few weight bits during DNN execution by tampering with the
program's DRAM memory. To detect runtime bit flips, HASHTAG extracts a unique
signature from the benign DNN prior to deployment. The signature is later used
to validate the integrity of the DNN and verify the inference output on the
fly. We propose a novel sensitivity analysis scheme that accurately identifies
the most vulnerable DNN layers to the fault-injection attack. The DNN signature
is then constructed by encoding the underlying weights in the vulnerable layers
using a low-collision hash function. When the DNN is deployed, new hashes are
extracted from the target layers during inference and compared against the
ground-truth signatures. HASHTAG incorporates a lightweight methodology that
ensures a low-overhead and real-time fault detection on embedded platforms.
Extensive evaluations with the state-of-the-art bit-flip attack on various DNNs
demonstrate the competitive advantage of HASHTAG in terms of both attack
detection and execution overhead. | [
-0.02238638885319233,
-0.01692192070186138,
-0.022235384210944176,
-0.04213020205497742,
0.1046459823846817,
0.029275959357619286,
-0.013628139160573483,
0.04194144532084465,
-0.012844803743064404,
0.020404456183314323,
0.021159479394555092,
-0.021838998422026634,
0.04394225403666496,
-0.004926515743136406,
-0.05013342946767807,
0.0028077363967895508,
-0.013514885678887367,
-0.04760410636663437,
0.025859488174319267,
-0.07233106344938278,
0.05813665688037872,
-0.018894413486123085,
-0.043300483375787735,
-0.005516376346349716,
0.006493185181170702,
0.0488121435046196,
-0.019035980105400085,
0.015487379394471645,
-0.011410263366997242,
0.023783179000020027,
0.020461084321141243,
0.03172978013753891,
-0.047037843614816666,
-0.03616553172469139,
-0.015751637518405914,
-0.0038907204288989305,
0.036146655678749084,
0.11302672326564789,
-0.059042684733867645,
0.010409859009087086,
0.027935797348618507,
-0.05168122425675392,
-0.04080891236662865,
0.03680729866027832,
0.0000552256969967857,
-0.018554653972387314,
0.005577721633017063,
-0.02025345340371132,
-0.05371978133916855,
-0.006974511314183474,
0.011334761045873165,
-0.037581197917461395,
-0.004584396257996559,
0.01896047778427601,
0.035731393843889236,
0.05972220376133919,
0.043640244752168655,
0.0028454873245209455,
0.06942422688007355,
0.0028738006949424744,
-0.00972090195864439,
0.0279169213026762,
0.00945192575454712,
0.018535777926445007,
-0.0016138585051521659,
-0.01358094997704029,
0.022141005843877792,
-0.020781967788934708,
0.03035186603665352,
0.002588308183476329,
-0.08342988044023514,
-0.05417279526591301,
0.01179721113294363,
-0.04303622618317604,
-0.01635565422475338,
-0.01026829332113266,
0.023575548082590103,
0.0256707314401865,
0.012080344371497631,
0.027841418981552124,
-0.005204929504543543,
0.043073978275060654,
-0.023953057825565338,
0.016195211559534073,
0.022008877247571945,
-0.002141193952411413,
-0.0008871502941474319,
-0.08040979504585266,
0.0020963645074516535,
-0.07957927137613297,
-0.05832541361451149,
-0.0028572846204042435,
0.0011195553233847022,
0.006328024435788393,
-0.033428579568862915,
0.0653848648071289,
-0.07225555926561356,
-0.046584829688072205,
-0.03846834599971771,
0.0019111483125016093,
-0.05568283796310425,
0.022348636761307716,
-0.019139796495437622,
0.012354039587080479,
0.01545906625688076,
-0.015185371041297913,
-0.021499238908290863,
0.06976398825645447,
0.01329781673848629,
0.13847094774246216,
0.012382353655993938,
-0.025406474247574806,
-0.02872856892645359,
0.04903864860534668,
0.014958864077925682,
-0.01863015629351139,
-0.014864486642181873,
-0.019017105922102928,
-0.0493784099817276,
-0.03737356513738632,
-0.02746390923857689,
0.032447051256895065,
0.02648238092660904,
0.07942826300859451,
-0.014732358045876026,
0.036373160779476166,
0.0038907204288989305,
-0.028917325660586357,
-0.012335164472460747,
0.014458662830293179,
0.010796807706356049,
-0.004959547892212868,
0.0572306327521801,
0.0027180775068700314,
0.02174462005496025,
-0.006865977309644222,
0.0373169407248497,
0.017997825518250465,
-0.00497370446100831,
-0.004695290233939886,
0.0024443822912871838,
0.0016256558010354638,
-0.03575026988983154,
0.023386791348457336,
0.004825059324502945,
-0.019932568073272705,
-0.00794188305735588,
0.03437235578894615,
-0.03743019327521324,
0.02704864740371704,
-0.03941212594509125,
0.017658066004514694,
-0.004367327783256769,
0.012769301421940327,
0.004572599194943905,
0.03743019327521324,
0.05054869130253792,
-0.017176739871501923,
0.005403122864663601,
-0.05088845267891884,
0.05798565596342087,
-0.07251981645822525,
0.0279169213026762,
0.02042333222925663,
0.0004553723556455225,
0.05251174792647362,
0.024104062467813492,
-0.018809475004673004,
-0.018196018412709236,
0.0552675761282444,
0.06980174034833908,
0.0055116573348641396,
0.025595230981707573,
0.02954021841287613,
-0.03750569373369217,
0.07093427330255508,
0.03265468031167984,
-0.009164073504507542,
-0.026501255109906197,
-0.017554251477122307,
-0.051907729357481,
0.03673179820179939,
0.013722516596317291,
-0.02538760006427765,
0.0072482069954276085,
0.036429788917303085,
0.05624910444021225,
0.0021329359151422977,
0.057834651321172714,
-0.017658066004514694,
-0.005978826899081469,
0.034579984843730927,
0.03922336921095848,
-0.019762689247727394,
0.01078737061470747,
-0.06629089266061783,
-0.04971816763281822,
-0.06583787500858307,
0.019932568073272705,
-0.059684451669454575,
-0.010258855298161507,
0.006134550087153912,
0.002618981059640646,
-0.010589176788926125,
-0.023462293669581413,
-0.021442610770463943,
0.04054465517401695,
0.028256680816411972,
0.019168108701705933,
0.025991616770625114,
-0.02729402855038643,
0.0027605474460870028,
-0.05462580919265747,
-0.004320139065384865,
-0.008739374577999115,
-0.013637576252222061,
-0.0005152432131581008,
-0.022650646045804024,
-0.015308061614632607,
0.02774704061448574,
0.016346216201782227,
-0.002536400454118848,
-0.01240122877061367,
0.023179160431027412,
-0.002859644126147032,
-0.006998105905950069,
0.0010239980183541775,
0.02042333222925663,
-0.04065791144967079,
0.014958864077925682,
-0.018413087353110313,
-0.05462580919265747,
-0.012967495247721672,
0.036543041467666626,
0.003246592590585351,
-0.011268696747720242,
-0.023047031834721565,
-0.0008293439750559628,
-0.0155723188072443,
0.014751233160495758,
0.007932445034384727,
0.009853031486272812,
-0.030540620908141136,
-0.018328147009015083,
0.034221351146698,
0.049227405339479446,
-0.021140603348612785,
0.054021790623664856,
-0.015430753119289875,
0.02838880941271782,
-0.008687466382980347,
-0.0440555065870285,
0.0022815808188170195,
0.03137114644050598,
-0.03609003126621246,
0.03274906054139137,
-0.017686380073428154,
-0.037184812128543854,
0.036599669605493546,
-0.037581197917461395,
0.0726708248257637,
0.006814069580286741,
-0.03656191751360893,
0.01277873944491148,
-0.03431572765111923,
0.01680866628885269,
0.05262500047683716,
0.017894010990858078,
0.021706869825720787,
0.0008340628701262176,
0.010655241087079048,
-0.002515165600925684,
-0.06727241724729538,
-0.017488187178969383,
0.026633385568857193,
-0.007399211172014475,
-0.0056154727935791016,
0.027256278321146965,
-0.0027888608165085316,
0.007597404066473246,
-0.01090062316507101,
-0.016629349440336227,
0.006129831075668335,
-0.006139269098639488,
0.03191853687167168,
-0.04499928280711174,
-0.06270454078912735,
-0.005950513295829296,
-0.05998646095395088,
-0.02457595057785511,
-0.05254950001835823,
0.002173046348616481,
-0.051718976348638535,
-0.0014805500395596027,
0.05824991315603256,
-0.016714289784431458,
-0.0086969044059515,
-0.045829806476831436,
-0.020914096385240555,
-0.0460185632109642,
-0.07950376719236374,
-0.04129967838525772,
0.004254074301570654,
0.02151811309158802,
-0.020630963146686554,
0.008413771167397499,
0.020612087100744247,
0.05013342946767807,
-0.0005400173831731081,
-0.0005096395616419613,
0.025651857256889343,
-0.015024928376078606,
-0.02457595057785511,
-0.01144801452755928,
-0.020121324807405472,
0.0025057278107851744,
-0.06281778961420059,
0.0036996055860072374,
-0.008654434233903885,
-0.035353884100914,
-0.0024078108835965395,
0.0282000545412302,
-0.07470937818288803,
0.039374373853206635,
-0.002798298606649041,
-0.0032796247396618128,
0.008479835465550423,
-0.007790878415107727,
-0.05658886581659317,
-0.029955480247735977,
-0.04616956785321236,
0.015109868720173836,
-0.0642523318529129,
-0.052813757210969925,
-0.05964670330286026,
-0.025765109807252884,
-0.04869889095425606,
0.04401775449514389,
-0.011259258724749088,
0.006781036965548992,
-0.008687466382980347,
0.010287168435752392,
-0.05934469401836395,
-0.014817297458648682,
-0.014373722486197948,
-0.03860047459602356,
-0.06953748315572739,
-0.036316536366939545,
-0.022310886532068253,
-0.004700009245425463,
0.0010251776548102498,
0.010438173078000546,
0.017289992421865463,
0.025632981210947037,
0.00418801000341773,
-0.045490048825740814,
-0.00490292115136981,
-0.018365899100899696,
-0.0038081398233771324,
-0.0029445840045809746,
0.00043266272405162454,
-0.05658886581659317,
0.002918630139902234,
-0.003782185958698392,
-0.029238209128379822,
-0.03208841383457184,
-0.006738567259162664,
-0.017318306490778923,
-0.07897525280714035,
0.046245068311691284,
-0.026557883247733116,
0.07852224260568619,
-0.039147865027189255,
-0.004114867188036442,
0.015062679536640644,
-0.024538200348615646,
0.04269646853208542,
-0.03495749831199646,
-0.04586755856871605,
0.045490048825740814,
-0.028237804770469666,
-0.013326129876077175,
0.03021973744034767,
-0.024198440834879875,
-0.015260872431099415,
-0.02221650816500187,
0.010004035197198391,
0.01154239196330309,
-0.03627878427505493,
0.0076209986582398415,
0.012731550261378288,
0.00513414666056633,
-0.024217315018177032,
-0.05738163739442825,
0.03944987431168556,
-0.027652664110064507,
-0.01851690374314785,
-0.044508520513772964,
0.04858563467860222,
-0.09249013662338257,
-0.02965347096323967,
0.044735025614500046,
-0.026746638119220734,
0.015241997316479683,
-0.051605723798274994,
-0.004723603371530771,
-0.01800726354122162,
0.031125763431191444,
0.022575143724679947,
0.0039992546662688255,
-0.02342454344034195,
-0.034240227192640305,
0.0011714630527421832,
0.0120614692568779,
0.009956846944987774,
0.021027348935604095,
-0.024141814559698105,
0.005332339555025101,
0.010749619454145432,
0.004131383262574673,
-0.016601035371422768,
0.013637576252222061,
0.04224345460534096,
0.019970320165157318,
0.01352432370185852,
0.0041620563715696335,
-0.006960354745388031,
0.004357889760285616,
0.038336217403411865,
-0.02914383076131344,
0.054890066385269165,
0.0015265591209754348,
0.029408089816570282,
-0.05103945732116699,
-0.05545633286237717,
-0.03558038920164108,
0.03448560833930969,
0.013146812096238136,
-0.07844673842191696,
0.042771968990564346,
-0.01733718253672123,
-0.009475519880652428,
-0.04662258177995682,
0.02659563347697258,
-0.0521719865500927,
-0.05677761882543564,
0.023971933871507645,
-0.025632981210947037,
-0.02619924768805504,
-0.006384650710970163,
-0.061572007834911346,
0.047151096165180206,
-0.04088441655039787,
-0.010353232733905315,
0.022650646045804024,
-0.000024958475478342734,
-0.0023110737092792988,
-0.015751637518405914,
0.020970722660422325,
-0.029275959357619286,
0.025708483532071114,
0.08622346073389053,
-0.01898879185318947,
-0.028426561504602432,
0.024481574073433876,
0.07776721566915512,
-0.012514482252299786,
-0.05908043682575226,
-0.0017719411989673972,
0.019687186926603317,
0.04114867374300957,
-0.008720498532056808,
0.05866517499089241,
-0.021706869825720787,
-0.020857470110058784,
-0.03206954151391983,
-0.009834155440330505,
-0.02087634615600109,
0.01848858967423439,
-0.024255067110061646,
0.017091799527406693,
0.055871594697237015,
0.04118642583489418,
0.016223525628447533,
0.047566358000040054,
-0.007328427862375975,
0.0384305976331234,
-0.006332742981612682,
-0.010155039839446545,
-0.002042097272351384,
-0.04960491508245468,
-0.03374946117401123,
-0.013731954619288445,
-0.03846834599971771,
-0.014779546298086643,
-0.020121324807405472,
-0.04499928280711174,
-0.05058644339442253,
0.11702834069728851,
0.034410107880830765,
0.0030248051043599844,
0.01615746133029461,
0.011768897995352745,
0.042092449963092804,
0.005285150837153196,
0.010032348334789276,
-0.038109712302684784,
0.04541454464197159,
0.02221650816500187,
0.03656191751360893,
-0.05364428088068962,
-0.05296476185321808,
0.006233646534383297,
-0.03601452708244324,
0.004367327783256769,
0.01531749963760376,
0.018394211307168007,
-0.043640244752168655,
0.010287168435752392,
0.0448860302567482,
0.04688683897256851,
0.004709446802735329,
-0.040922168642282486,
0.014373722486197948,
-0.007059451192617416,
0.018224332481622696,
0.012712675146758556,
-0.006177019793540239,
-0.004747197963297367,
0.015997018665075302,
0.03052174486219883,
0.043073978275060654,
-0.019970320165157318,
0.0003356306697241962,
-0.008451522327959538,
0.048434630036354065,
-0.0314277708530426,
0.04258321598172188,
-0.05885392799973488,
-0.01561006996780634,
-0.04511253535747528,
0.004695290233939886,
-0.035674769431352615,
0.0008358324412256479,
-0.06126999855041504,
0.02370767667889595,
0.020121324807405472,
-0.027256278321146965,
-0.006271397694945335,
0.012014280073344707,
0.00008125329622998834,
0.0028855979908257723,
-0.009758653119206429,
0.002590667689219117,
-0.004138461779803038,
-0.0056768180802464485,
-0.018394211307168007,
0.04103542119264603,
0.012882554903626442,
-0.046358320862054825,
-0.012750426307320595,
0.008984756655991077,
0.020045822486281395,
-0.027898045256733894,
0.024217315018177032,
-0.03252255171537399,
-0.000991555629298091,
0.040997669100761414,
0.018894413486123085,
0.010088975541293621,
0.02140486054122448,
-0.006054328754544258,
-0.05220973864197731,
-0.034070346504449844,
-0.012476731091737747,
-0.011334761045873165,
-0.0050020175985991955,
-0.031012509018182755,
0.019404053688049316,
0.021385984495282173,
-0.006582844071090221,
-0.02999323047697544,
0.017931761220097542,
0.01456247828900814,
0.024896835908293724,
0.01699742302298546,
-0.010730743408203125,
-0.03288118913769722,
-0.02561410516500473,
-0.007540777791291475,
-0.01508155558258295,
0.0246892049908638,
-0.03792095556855202,
0.013505447655916214,
-0.037241436541080475,
-0.026104869320988655,
0.003402315778657794,
0.008314674720168114,
0.028181178495287895,
-0.0373169407248497,
0.005204929504543543,
-0.00805041752755642,
-0.0016928998520597816,
0.04564105346798897,
0.025293221697211266,
0.00921598169952631,
-0.005955232307314873,
-0.03214504197239876,
0.01098556350916624,
0.04424426332116127,
0.04182819277048111,
-0.02993660420179367,
0.06644189357757568,
-0.012948619201779366,
-0.011146005243062973,
0.010523112490773201,
0.04673583433032036,
-0.01551569253206253,
-0.025689607486128807,
0.014364284463226795,
0.027596037834882736,
-0.03548601269721985,
0.06742342561483383,
0.026293624192476273,
0.006672502961009741,
0.004086554050445557,
-0.03223941847681999,
0.00907441508024931,
0.022650646045804024,
-0.03680729866027832,
-0.0460185632109642,
0.009395299479365349,
-0.05285150930285454,
0.0036547761410474777,
-0.04590531066060066,
-0.010164477862417698,
0.026633385568857193,
0.007432243321090937,
0.013571511954069138,
0.02255626767873764,
0.02331129088997841,
0.015185371041297913,
0.0021034427918493748,
0.025519728660583496,
-0.03150327503681183,
0.04379124939441681,
0.026916516944766045,
-0.024557076394557953,
0.034976374357938766,
0.03863822668790817,
0.0026048242580145597,
0.005143584217876196,
0.030955882743000984,
0.027784792706370354,
0.03661854565143585,
-0.01621408760547638,
0.05360652878880501,
0.009673713706433773,
0.012731550261378288,
0.013911271467804909,
0.032975565642118454,
-0.018620718270540237,
-0.02589723840355873,
0.039261121302843094,
0.02463257685303688,
-0.036373160779476166,
-0.015874328091740608,
0.000145695565151982,
0.020555460825562477,
0.042998477816581726,
-0.01404340099543333,
-0.0757664144039154,
-0.060024213045835495,
0.025746233761310577,
-0.0011850298615172505,
-0.020744217559695244,
0.006445996463298798,
0.055871594697237015,
-0.014732358045876026,
-0.01995144411921501,
-0.016563285142183304,
-0.015109868720173836,
-0.03744906932115555,
0.015260872431099415,
-0.048774391412734985,
-0.03265468031167984,
0.010079537518322468,
0.03826071694493294,
-0.03437235578894615,
-0.0325414277613163,
-0.01978156343102455,
-0.03714706003665924,
-0.012448417954146862,
0.01629902794957161,
0.013835770078003407,
-0.00044829404214397073,
-0.01056086365133524,
-0.027652664110064507,
-0.0221598818898201,
0.009400018490850925,
0.008630840107798576,
-0.006903728004544973,
-0.006469590589404106,
0.004209245089441538,
0.025236595422029495,
0.011372512206435204,
0.015128743834793568,
-0.039827387779951096,
-0.017403246834874153,
0.000674800481647253,
-0.0022155162878334522,
0.0603262223303318,
0.029691221192479134,
0.05960895121097565,
0.029219333082437515,
0.007573809940367937,
-0.001880475552752614,
0.0022591659799218178,
-0.05081294849514961,
0.03456111252307892,
-0.007035857066512108,
0.006582844071090221,
-0.025010088458657265,
-0.05409729480743408,
0.011806649155914783,
-0.00024788890732452273,
0.0009709105361253023,
0.028879573568701744,
-0.015581756830215454,
-0.002951662288978696,
0.053682032972574234,
-0.04915190115571022,
-0.010891186073422432,
-0.002819533459842205,
-0.05964670330286026,
-0.0003102666523773223,
0.05066194385290146,
0.051718976348638535,
0.00839017704129219,
-0.010249417275190353,
0.028520938009023666,
-0.00697923032566905,
-0.015147619880735874,
0.018026139587163925,
-0.004039365332573652,
-0.010655241087079048,
-0.00323007651604712,
0.009494395926594734,
-0.03873260319232941,
0.010390983894467354,
0.00792772602289915,
-0.005629629362374544,
0.02202775329351425,
-0.07176479697227478,
-0.0586274228990078,
0.013335567899048328,
0.03826071694493294,
-0.00535121513530612,
0.007106640376150608,
0.014694606885313988,
-0.0331076942384243,
0.04556554928421974,
-0.0009620626224204898,
0.0139584606513381,
0.06893346458673477,
-0.04990692436695099,
-0.0018273880705237389,
-0.0009355188813060522,
0.016893606632947922,
0.023405667394399643,
0.06991499662399292,
0.04080891236662865,
-0.012693800032138824,
-0.0044664242304861546,
0.005978826899081469,
-0.012269100174307823,
0.017667504027485847,
-0.010409859009087086,
0.031012509018182755,
0.006294992286711931,
-0.045490048825740814,
-0.011344199068844318,
-0.041677188128232956,
0.033371951431035995,
0.005237962119281292,
-0.01376026775687933,
0.008805438876152039,
-0.010928936302661896,
-0.03986513614654541,
0.03778882697224617,
-0.0006901368615217507,
0.021083977073431015,
0.03639203682541847,
0.016987985000014305,
0.03986513614654541,
0.006436558440327644,
-0.005337058566510677,
0.02123497985303402,
-0.003298500319942832,
-0.033371951431035995,
0.024085186421871185,
-0.004353171214461327,
0.004874608013778925,
0.01211809553205967,
0.012420103885233402,
-0.02359442226588726,
-0.00758796650916338,
-0.0021128805819898844,
-0.0282000545412302,
-0.005865573417395353,
0.009621805511415005,
-0.017091799527406693,
-0.0139584606513381,
0.047906115651130676,
0.03744906932115555,
-0.00823445338755846,
-0.020215701311826706,
0.004492378327995539,
0.03869485482573509,
-0.04269646853208542,
-0.04284747317433357,
-0.021329358220100403,
-0.011268696747720242,
-0.031295642256736755,
-0.014921112917363644,
-0.015402439050376415,
0.0403936505317688,
0.03484424576163292,
0.009584054350852966,
0.0017023376422002912,
-0.04979367181658745,
0.0022296730894595385,
-0.02608599327504635,
0.02451932430267334,
-0.05043543875217438,
0.02342454344034195,
-0.003744435030966997,
0.04654707759618759,
0.013458258472383022,
0.015308061614632607,
0.028577566146850586,
0.004435751587152481,
-0.02106510102748871,
-0.017488187178969383,
-0.02151811309158802,
-0.008064573630690575,
-0.019460679963231087,
0.030899256467819214,
0.0035957901272922754,
-0.010541988536715508,
0.0194984320551157,
0.04458402097225189,
0.042771968990564346,
0.039487626403570175,
-0.020045822486281395,
0.008937567472457886,
0.0322582945227623,
-0.03299444168806076,
0.007469994481652975,
-0.04575430601835251,
0.015411877073347569,
0.038392845541238785,
-0.012665485963225365,
0.029294835403561592,
0.025104466825723648,
0.049416158348321915,
-0.008003228344023228,
-0.023669924587011337,
-0.0038553287740796804,
-0.03172978013753891,
0.01641228049993515,
-0.016091397032141685,
-0.0009243115200661123,
0.059155937284231186,
0.041337430477142334,
-0.026048243045806885,
0.0009319797391071916,
-0.02297152951359749,
-0.01078737061470747,
-0.019687186926603317,
0.010004035197198391,
-0.010088975541293621,
0.052058733999729156,
0.014864486642181873,
0.05590934306383133,
0.0030531182419508696,
0.04469727352261543,
-0.022065505385398865,
-0.035561513155698776,
-0.05088845267891884,
-0.026463504880666733,
-0.008168389089405537,
-0.030276363715529442,
0.0025340409483760595,
0.017252242192626,
-0.02895507588982582,
-0.024821333587169647,
0.02550085261464119,
-0.01702573522925377,
-0.01179721113294363,
0.024557076394557953,
-0.04454627260565758,
-0.011627331376075745,
-0.004546645097434521,
0.015789387747645378,
0.035674769431352615,
-0.012816490605473518,
0.01803557761013508,
-0.009173511527478695,
-0.027010895311832428,
0.02025345340371132,
-0.02850206382572651,
-0.01733718253672123,
-0.06587562710046768,
-0.0270675215870142,
0.010891186073422432,
-0.03784545511007309,
-0.0014203842729330063,
0.022745024412870407,
0.00513414666056633,
0.03091813251376152,
0.04062015935778618,
-0.03933662176132202,
-0.002151811495423317,
0.018054451793432236,
-0.016506658867001534,
-0.007819191552698612,
0.027558285742998123,
-0.01713898964226246,
0.03448560833930969,
-0.008083449676632881,
0.023462293669581413,
-0.008899816311895847,
0.01601589471101761,
0.03288118913769722,
0.026048243045806885,
-0.03486311808228493,
0.01349600963294506,
-0.03658079355955124,
-0.0244060717523098,
0.004249355755746365,
0.03191853687167168,
0.00667722150683403,
-0.02561410516500473,
-0.005535251460969448,
-0.04435751587152481,
0.02631250023841858,
-0.024066312238574028,
-0.0364675410091877,
0.0631197988986969,
-0.02797354757785797,
-0.020744217559695244,
0.029974354431033134,
0.002058613346889615,
-0.03639203682541847,
0.035221755504608154,
-0.017856258898973465,
-0.031163513660430908,
0.0026897641364485025,
0.03546713665127754,
0.02648238092660904,
0.03682617470622063,
-0.018441401422023773,
-0.001465213717892766,
0.010362670756876469,
0.04579205811023712,
-0.003121542278677225,
-0.04197919741272926,
-0.015978142619132996,
0.02191450074315071,
-0.030502870678901672,
-0.04869889095425606,
0.044508520513772964,
-0.0030318833887577057,
0.006049610208719969,
-0.0018144111381843686,
0.04031815007328987,
-0.016733163967728615,
-0.010664679110050201,
-0.00271099922247231,
-0.0008376020123250782,
-0.005143584217876196,
0.030389616265892982,
0.017346620559692383,
0.008371300995349884,
-0.023349041119217873,
0.03918561711907387,
-0.00081872649025172,
-0.032560303807258606,
0.023613298311829567,
-0.028822947293519974,
0.0033952374942600727,
0.01154239196330309,
-0.0204799585044384,
-0.010155039839446545,
-0.006021296605467796,
-0.032900065183639526,
-0.07191579788923264,
-0.00805041752755642,
0.006059047766029835,
-0.02210325561463833,
0.025632981210947037,
0.005761757958680391,
0.05024668201804161,
-0.015468503348529339,
0.04182819277048111,
0.03380608931183815,
0.005101114045828581,
-0.019479556009173393,
-0.02918158285319805,
0.002432584995403886,
-0.007880537770688534,
0.02261289581656456,
0.019460679963231087,
-0.04609406366944313,
-0.00401105172932148,
-0.03661854565143585,
0.028426561504602432,
-0.008852627128362656,
0.021763496100902557,
0.0249723382294178,
0.00615814421325922,
-0.03743019327521324,
-0.024877959862351418
] |
Graph neural networks, a popular class of models effective in a wide range of
graph-based learning tasks, have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial
attacks. While the majority of the literature focuses on such vulnerability in
node-level classification tasks, little effort has been dedicated to analysing
adversarial attacks on graph-level classification, an important problem with
numerous real-life applications such as biochemistry and social network
analysis. The few existing methods often require unrealistic setups, such as
access to internal information of the victim models, or an impractically-large
number of queries. We present a novel Bayesian optimisation-based attack method
for graph classification models. Our method is black-box, query-efficient and
parsimonious with respect to the perturbation applied. We empirically validate
the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method on a wide range of
graph classification tasks involving varying graph properties, constraints and
modes of attack. Finally, we analyse common interpretable patterns behind the
adversarial samples produced, which may shed further light on the adversarial
robustness of graph classification models. | [
-0.00716189993545413,
-0.022708464413881302,
-0.019098401069641113,
0.005826842039823532,
0.08517753332853317,
0.03593427315354347,
-0.028314875438809395,
0.012809902429580688,
-0.041291140019893646,
-0.0019162865355610847,
0.002971647772938013,
-0.004337898921221495,
0.025819439440965652,
-0.05702902004122734,
-0.044252391904592514,
0.039361339062452316,
0.031292762607336044,
-0.04774600267410278,
0.03345547243952751,
-0.04831163212656975,
0.02086184173822403,
-0.04019314795732498,
-0.007777440827339888,
0.035468459129333496,
-0.008239096961915493,
0.03716535493731499,
0.04458511620759964,
0.02878069132566452,
-0.045050930231809616,
0.0370655357837677,
0.01919821836054325,
0.01608724147081375,
0.022974643856287003,
-0.005860114470124245,
-0.0014712671982124448,
0.020163118839263916,
0.04252222180366516,
0.057894106954336166,
0.003576790913939476,
0.022375738248229027,
0.000796979758888483,
-0.03110976330935955,
0.0327567495405674,
0.025486715137958527,
0.02462163195014,
-0.007590283174067736,
-0.013433761894702911,
-0.02254210226237774,
-0.004011412616819143,
-0.019031856209039688,
-0.02696734108030796,
-0.007157741114497185,
-0.009041794575750828,
0.005032461602240801,
-0.02643498033285141,
0.015313656069338322,
0.05200487747788429,
-0.004741327837109566,
0.03019477054476738,
0.03072712942957878,
-0.005781092680990696,
0.0012435587123036385,
0.0033833947964012623,
0.018316498026251793,
0.025336990132927895,
0.011246096342802048,
0.06894056499004364,
-0.029213232919573784,
-0.012344088405370712,
0.021860016509890556,
-0.03769771382212639,
-0.03407101333141327,
-0.014357073232531548,
-0.0042131273075938225,
-0.0004367012297734618,
0.025070808827877045,
0.016827553510665894,
-0.02590262144804001,
-0.032457299530506134,
-0.007311626337468624,
0.02487117424607277,
0.02656807005405426,
-0.04661473631858826,
0.02192656137049198,
0.03457010164856911,
-0.023257460445165634,
-0.013084400445222855,
-0.056696295738220215,
0.006296815816313028,
-0.009807062335312366,
-0.04445202648639679,
0.015446746721863747,
-0.04428566247224808,
-0.0032315889839082956,
0.0017156120156869292,
-0.0038658457342535257,
0.04498438537120819,
-0.024305542930960655,
-0.06285170465707779,
0.03763116896152496,
0.025087445974349976,
-0.04415257275104523,
0.037897348403930664,
0.016935689374804497,
-0.007349058054387569,
-0.028198422864079475,
-0.07373180240392685,
0.014016030356287956,
-0.008180869743227959,
0.13708259165287018,
0.02192656137049198,
0.03783080354332924,
0.003678688080981374,
0.027183610945940018,
-0.028348147869110107,
-0.000003261449819547124,
-0.04911017417907715,
-0.022891461849212646,
-0.02904687076807022,
-0.027932241559028625,
-0.01413248386234045,
0.021194566041231155,
0.005169710610061884,
0.0020379391498863697,
-0.08125138282775879,
0.02836478501558304,
-0.02179347164928913,
0.0023249140940606594,
-0.04754636436700821,
0.04624874144792557,
-0.006612904369831085,
0.020678842440247536,
0.06900711357593536,
-0.033239200711250305,
0.03899534046649933,
0.02049584500491619,
0.048411451280117035,
0.015188884921371937,
-0.033239200711250305,
-0.011162915267050266,
0.016744373366236687,
-0.026850886642932892,
0.031675394624471664,
-0.020778659731149673,
-0.013234126381576061,
0.024155816063284874,
0.048810720443725586,
0.07532887905836105,
-0.0069539472460746765,
0.03320593014359474,
-0.011878273449838161,
0.08091865479946136,
0.05263705551624298,
0.027283430099487305,
-0.021826744079589844,
0.03939460963010788,
0.020928386598825455,
-0.0541343167424202,
0.024006091058254242,
-0.013500306755304337,
0.05044107139110565,
-0.04431893676519394,
0.009466019459068775,
0.018832219764590263,
-0.05636357143521309,
0.06105498969554901,
0.0505741611123085,
0.010688782669603825,
-0.04990871250629425,
0.048910535871982574,
0.07739177346229553,
-0.014273891225457191,
-0.028863871470093727,
0.07419762015342712,
-0.04099169000983238,
0.0508403405547142,
0.04967580363154411,
-0.03197484835982323,
-0.03476973623037338,
0.0005578338168561459,
-0.05390140786767006,
0.024954356253147125,
0.010855144821107388,
0.011961454525589943,
-0.0108884172514081,
0.04767945781350136,
0.06052263081073761,
0.0010106514673680067,
0.01750132255256176,
0.024588359519839287,
0.004487624857574701,
-0.016902416944503784,
-0.008043620735406876,
-0.08145102113485336,
0.032324209809303284,
-0.03510246053338051,
-0.013209172524511814,
-0.02320755086839199,
0.019913576543331146,
-0.05603084713220596,
-0.014115847647190094,
-0.036100633442401886,
-0.001167655922472477,
-0.028581054881215096,
0.04761291295289993,
0.015338610857725143,
0.011379186064004898,
-0.017068779096007347,
-0.0365331768989563,
0.004587442614138126,
-0.03909515589475632,
0.012044635601341724,
-0.09649017453193665,
-0.025852711871266365,
-0.050108347088098526,
0.0005370385479182005,
0.016669509932398796,
-0.012801584787666798,
-0.00437533063814044,
-0.017917226999998093,
0.017168596386909485,
0.04441875219345093,
0.02475472167134285,
-0.0011822126107290387,
0.0013683305587619543,
0.002073290990665555,
-0.020262936130166054,
-0.019397852942347527,
-0.00932461116462946,
0.0438198484480381,
-0.014698116108775139,
-0.005273687187582254,
0.04325421527028084,
-0.023889636620879173,
0.013400489464402199,
-0.007353216875344515,
0.0062469071708619595,
-0.0045957607217133045,
0.014856159687042236,
-0.036998990923166275,
-0.04688091576099396,
-0.03006168082356453,
0.007340739481151104,
-0.005423413589596748,
0.060189906507730484,
0.03703226521611214,
-0.028331512585282326,
0.02668452449142933,
0.003753551049157977,
0.03656645119190216,
-0.029712319374084473,
-0.018333133310079575,
0.004974234849214554,
0.0362669974565506,
-0.07559506595134735,
-0.04728018492460251,
0.039993513375520706,
0.007182695437222719,
0.035302095115184784,
-0.036466632038354874,
0.07166890799999237,
0.04305458068847656,
-0.061121534556150436,
0.06953947246074677,
-0.0017946341540664434,
-0.0023207550402730703,
0.022525465115904808,
-0.016353420913219452,
-0.021693654358386993,
0.001234200899489224,
-0.013982756994664669,
-0.020579025149345398,
-0.028597692027688026,
0.01226090732961893,
-0.03500264510512352,
-0.016669509932398796,
0.04618219658732414,
-0.03160884976387024,
0.03235748037695885,
-0.024338815361261368,
0.023556912317872047,
-0.010148105211555958,
-0.015313656069338322,
0.006825016345828772,
0.05187178775668144,
-0.034803006798028946,
-0.018499495461583138,
-0.006721039768308401,
-0.06800893694162369,
-0.006558836437761784,
-0.04055914655327797,
0.002291641663759947,
-0.010006696917116642,
-0.01736823096871376,
0.00800618901848793,
0.027266792953014374,
-0.02773260697722435,
-0.01721850596368313,
0.0381302572786808,
-0.03603408858180046,
-0.05443376675248146,
-0.01969730481505394,
-0.008434572257101536,
0.07213472574949265,
-0.05067398026585579,
-0.008455367758870125,
0.04644837602972984,
0.12031326442956924,
-0.01452343538403511,
-0.05180524289608002,
0.024272270500659943,
0.006521405186504126,
-0.031941574066877365,
-0.03640008717775345,
-0.042322587221860886,
0.02565307728946209,
0.030377769842743874,
-0.030294587835669518,
0.010954962112009525,
-0.024721449241042137,
-0.031575579196214676,
-0.010830190032720566,
-0.1019468605518341,
-0.015513291582465172,
-0.003967742435634136,
0.018632585182785988,
-0.04441875219345093,
0.052670326083898544,
-0.06927329301834106,
0.004757964052259922,
-0.017534594982862473,
0.02513735368847847,
-0.024837901815772057,
-0.02864759974181652,
0.00278864917345345,
-0.013899575918912888,
-0.042056407779455185,
0.028098605573177338,
-0.04208968207240105,
-0.008534389548003674,
-0.009025158360600471,
-0.035967543721199036,
-0.03407101333141327,
0.01698559895157814,
-0.035302095115184784,
-0.031176308169960976,
-0.04744654893875122,
-0.049309808760881424,
0.020312845706939697,
0.01418239250779152,
0.0008130961214192212,
0.0275995172560215,
-0.019381215795874596,
-0.004940962418913841,
-0.016037331894040108,
0.02307446114718914,
0.023806456476449966,
-0.006013999693095684,
-0.011046461760997772,
0.005785251501947641,
0.0630180686712265,
-0.06125462427735329,
-0.03019477054476738,
0.04678110033273697,
-0.04618219658732414,
-0.0019121274817734957,
-0.00033766363048925996,
0.00810184795409441,
-0.03926151990890503,
-0.005531548988074064,
-0.04225604236125946,
0.018432950600981712,
-0.03165876120328903,
0.0021814266219735146,
-0.012510450556874275,
-0.01983039453625679,
-0.03019477054476738,
-0.011004870757460594,
-0.04974234849214554,
0.04032623767852783,
-0.05623048171401024,
0.017667684704065323,
0.036599721759557724,
-0.02502090111374855,
-0.031442489475011826,
0.04298803582787514,
-0.017834046855568886,
-0.04638183116912842,
0.011420777067542076,
0.025070808827877045,
0.04681437090039253,
0.003647495061159134,
0.0064423829317092896,
-0.02969568409025669,
0.01172022894024849,
-0.026900796219706535,
0.026634616777300835,
-0.05363522842526436,
0.00006436794501496479,
-0.017601139843463898,
0.013600124046206474,
0.0011614173417910933,
-0.017201868817210197,
0.026534797623753548,
-0.017068779096007347,
0.04391966760158539,
0.009366201236844063,
-0.08271536976099014,
-0.02295800670981407,
-0.029396232217550278,
0.02513735368847847,
-0.05583121255040169,
-0.055931027978658676,
-0.022891461849212646,
-0.016977280378341675,
0.049842167645692825,
-0.02773260697722435,
0.01548001915216446,
0.054500311613082886,
0.01179509237408638,
-0.004283830989152193,
-0.019081763923168182,
0.021860016509890556,
-0.01725177839398384,
-0.05686265975236893,
0.028597692027688026,
0.007636032998561859,
-0.0009851772338151932,
-0.0004632152267731726,
0.001803991966880858,
0.07240090519189835,
-0.027649426832795143,
-0.011229460127651691,
-0.05829337611794472,
-0.026135528460144997,
0.015812743455171585,
0.0032711001113057137,
0.0014806251274421811,
-0.01969730481505394,
-0.024139180779457092,
-0.0313759446144104,
-0.004071719013154507,
0.004882735665887594,
0.024688176810741425,
0.00774000957608223,
-0.0070828781463205814,
-0.00603063590824604,
-0.031825121492147446,
-0.0362669974565506,
0.004928485490381718,
-0.0487109012901783,
-0.01750132255256176,
-0.06927329301834106,
-0.05699574947357178,
0.022226013243198395,
-0.011637047864496708,
0.0330229327082634,
0.005689593032002449,
0.07060419023036957,
-0.03566809371113777,
-0.017950499430298805,
0.03939460963010788,
-0.0373317152261734,
-0.04139095917344093,
-0.01826658844947815,
0.04501765966415405,
-0.012003045529127121,
-0.020579025149345398,
0.009474337100982666,
0.011953136883676052,
-0.018848856911063194,
-0.055664848536252975,
0.009557518176734447,
-0.0077108959667384624,
0.006542200222611427,
0.0034000310115516186,
-0.01049746572971344,
-0.03902861103415489,
0.047479819506406784,
-0.019747214391827583,
0.0001330249069724232,
0.005494117271155119,
0.011096370406448841,
-0.016694463789463043,
-0.025885986164212227,
-0.016137151047587395,
0.03057740442454815,
-0.022109558805823326,
-0.012560359202325344,
-0.05702902004122734,
0.00370988086797297,
-0.020645570009946823,
-0.03357192501425743,
0.021078113466501236,
0.041657138615846634,
0.009881924837827682,
0.009366201236844063,
-0.003986458294093609,
0.07512924820184708,
0.04914344474673271,
0.03240739181637764,
-0.07499615848064423,
-0.019381215795874596,
-0.005810205824673176,
0.02954595722258091,
-0.03799716755747795,
0.0025328670162707567,
0.0743972510099411,
0.07067073881626129,
0.0095325643196702,
-0.012427269481122494,
-0.01231913361698389,
-0.00880888756364584,
-0.052404146641492844,
-0.01944776065647602,
-0.0038284140173345804,
0.009216475300490856,
-0.012768312357366085,
0.051272884011268616,
0.027915606275200844,
0.0007429119432345033,
-0.09302984178066254,
-0.00366413127630949,
0.04202313721179962,
-0.031409215182065964,
0.07672632485628128,
0.024421995505690575,
-0.009191521443426609,
-0.03709881007671356,
0.008825523778796196,
0.005984886549413204,
-0.025303717702627182,
-0.04564983397722244,
-0.0007860622135922313,
0.02408927120268345,
0.004462670534849167,
0.014199028722941875,
-0.008900387212634087,
-0.0273333378136158,
0.014440254308283329,
-0.010530738160014153,
0.07419762015342712,
-0.03703226521611214,
-0.012410633265972137,
0.034303922206163406,
0.00010196193761657923,
-0.012560359202325344,
-0.02009657397866249,
-0.016503147780895233,
0.03047758713364601,
-0.0006711682071909308,
-0.003874163841828704,
0.05965754762291908,
-0.01081355381757021,
-0.005955772940069437,
-0.001550289336591959,
0.002019223291426897,
0.008975249715149403,
-0.02370663732290268,
-0.033621836453676224,
0.02292473427951336,
0.04398621246218681,
-0.02941286750137806,
0.004136184696108103,
-0.002628525486215949,
-0.0549328550696373,
0.0033064521849155426,
0.051106519997119904,
0.004753804765641689,
0.018499495461583138,
0.006538041401654482,
0.00940779224038124,
-0.04521729424595833,
-0.030361132696270943,
0.028564419597387314,
-0.015546564012765884,
0.023806456476449966,
-0.034536827355623245,
0.035302095115184784,
0.015346928499639034,
0.0057145473547279835,
-0.008343072608113289,
0.02463826723396778,
0.023523639887571335,
-0.005789410788565874,
-0.021477382630109787,
-0.024022726342082024,
0.0003745752910617739,
0.00040160916978493333,
-0.020828569307923317,
-0.015130657702684402,
0.039993513375520706,
0.011736865155398846,
-0.03215784579515457,
0.01076364517211914,
0.0108884172514081,
0.01954757794737816,
-0.00470389612019062,
0.05742829293012619,
-0.0024226519744843245,
0.00927470251917839,
-0.023656729608774185,
0.01763441227376461,
0.0868411585688591,
-0.008783933706581593,
-0.002112802118062973,
0.03267357125878334,
0.008567661978304386,
-0.04398621246218681,
-0.0006493331165984273,
0.007062082644551992,
0.007245081476867199,
0.049808893352746964,
-0.04661473631858826,
0.010198013857007027,
0.020778659731149673,
-0.023806456476449966,
-0.017451412975788116,
0.0062843384221196175,
-0.03224102780222893,
0.07486306875944138,
-0.038063712418079376,
0.04458511620759964,
0.02437208779156208,
-0.00515723368152976,
-0.011553866788744926,
-0.00958247296512127,
-0.014032666571438313,
-0.0006436144467443228,
0.018965311348438263,
-0.059823907911777496,
0.011088051833212376,
-0.03962751850485802,
0.008118484169244766,
-0.05583121255040169,
0.003397951368242502,
0.0011104688746854663,
0.05712883919477463,
-0.03553500398993492,
0.046049103140830994,
-0.02097829431295395,
0.00825573317706585,
-0.004379489459097385,
0.004733009729534388,
-0.007353216875344515,
-0.006529723294079304,
0.010655510239303112,
-0.0215106550604105,
0.013101036660373211,
0.05326923355460167,
-0.0058725918643176556,
0.03230757266283035,
-0.0013444159412756562,
0.03460337221622467,
-0.001550289336591959,
-0.034037742763757706,
0.007702577859163284,
0.018566040322184563,
-0.00603063590824604,
0.004159059375524521,
0.046847645193338394,
-0.034936096519231796,
0.019780486822128296,
0.02126111090183258,
0.0002439548261463642,
-0.016137151047587395,
0.01191986445337534,
-0.00008103666914394125,
0.023290732875466347,
0.06960601359605789,
0.010930008254945278,
-0.01580442488193512,
-0.035701364278793335,
-0.013866303488612175,
0.024438632652163506,
-0.024288905784487724,
0.022891461849212646,
0.01698559895157814,
0.002256289590150118,
-0.02723352052271366,
-0.005523230880498886,
0.0003233668685425073,
-0.04448529705405235,
-0.018183406442403793,
-0.02969568409025669,
0.0001058610578184016,
-0.017334958538413048,
-0.0028531146235764027,
0.012735039927065372,
-0.016403330489993095,
-0.006084703840315342,
-0.0319083034992218,
0.0008921182015910745,
-0.007307467050850391,
-0.008060256950557232,
0.021943196654319763,
0.0002032740303548053,
-0.012859811075031757,
0.009649017825722694,
0.0049575986340641975,
-0.029911953955888748,
0.024039363488554955,
-0.034270647913217545,
0.01828322559595108,
-0.004144502803683281,
0.007394807413220406,
0.006675290409475565,
0.016711100935935974,
-0.005839319434016943,
-0.0022750054486095905,
0.006359201855957508,
0.031159672886133194,
0.013808077201247215,
0.054367221891880035,
-0.005727024748921394,
0.04122459515929222,
0.05393468216061592,
0.05263705551624298,
0.05094015970826149,
0.05479976534843445,
0.05806046724319458,
0.015513291582465172,
0.009956788271665573,
-0.046348556876182556,
-0.022375738248229027,
0.0027408201713114977,
-0.005485799163579941,
-0.019514305517077446,
-0.0061762030236423016,
-0.00419441144913435,
0.03633354231715202,
0.0033480427227914333,
0.013084400445222855,
-0.0038658457342535257,
0.019747214391827583,
0.020046666264533997,
0.0037327557802200317,
0.005606411956250668,
0.026152165606617928,
-0.01497261319309473,
0.014290527440607548,
0.020961659029126167,
-0.0012622744543477893,
-0.037797532975673676,
0.04055914655327797,
0.03110976330935955,
-0.034303922206163406,
0.007170218508690596,
-0.004803713411092758,
0.030377769842743874,
0.04105823487043381,
-0.019281398504972458,
0.042056407779455185,
-0.043487124145030975,
-0.04365348815917969,
-0.03536863997578621,
0.01172022894024849,
-0.027033885940909386,
-0.023174278438091278,
0.004928485490381718,
-0.0026971499901264906,
0.0427551306784153,
0.006508927792310715,
0.023939546197652817,
0.042588766664266586,
0.010156422853469849,
-0.011553866788744926,
-0.05227105692028999,
0.004745486658066511,
-0.0018216680036857724,
-0.013001219369471073,
0.031442489475011826,
0.0738648921251297,
0.02189328894019127,
0.00035481975646689534,
0.0167776457965374,
0.03378819674253464,
0.00008240136230597273,
-0.033888015896081924,
0.019248126074671745,
-0.042588766664266586,
-0.011429094709455967,
0.022092923521995544,
0.048777446150779724,
-0.021943196654319763,
-0.04095841571688652,
-0.01146236713975668,
-0.055797938257455826,
-0.02021302841603756,
0.030494222417473793,
-0.06265206634998322,
0.010697100311517715,
0.024205725640058517,
-0.007037128321826458,
0.044651661068201065,
0.038562797009944916,
0.01751795783638954,
-0.006646176800131798,
-0.020179755985736847,
-0.02671779692173004,
0.038695886731147766,
-0.03252384439110756,
0.0011302243219688535,
-0.02111138589680195,
-0.011778456158936024,
-0.05133942887187004,
-0.023290732875466347,
0.0224422849714756,
-0.004333739634603262,
0.003870004788041115,
0.025220535695552826,
-0.025486715137958527,
-0.005539867095649242,
0.00001952808270289097,
-0.021227838471531868,
-0.0111545966938138,
-0.010846827179193497,
-0.01841631531715393,
0.017434775829315186,
-0.03199148550629616,
-0.010930008254945278,
-0.006978901568800211,
-0.008534389548003674,
-0.04185677319765091,
-0.026601344347000122,
-0.00875066127628088,
0.025702986866235733,
-0.013383853249251842,
0.03746480494737625,
0.0053527094423770905,
-0.0021273589227348566,
0.06651167571544647,
-0.025453442707657814,
0.06308460980653763,
-0.07486306875944138,
0.01561310887336731,
-0.013949484564363956,
0.03862934187054634,
0.019996756687760353,
-0.02294137142598629,
-0.007215967867523432,
0.03909515589475632,
0.021028203889727592,
-0.03553500398993492,
-0.0001270462671527639,
-0.018482860177755356,
-0.01548001915216446,
-0.028431329876184464,
-0.006034795194864273,
0.02606898359954357,
-0.029130050912499428,
-0.009832016192376614,
-0.004683100618422031,
0.010564010590314865,
-0.003745232941582799,
-0.00997342448681593,
-0.014897750690579414,
0.04824508726596832,
-0.03127612546086311,
-0.024421995505690575,
-0.016727736219763756,
0.014889432117342949,
-0.0023061984684318304,
0.016711100935935974,
0.027316702529788017,
0.018981946632266045,
0.03640008717775345,
-0.04315439984202385,
0.017168596386909485,
-0.05872591584920883,
-0.013392170891165733,
0.02994522638618946,
-0.05949118360877037,
0.07932157814502716,
0.011495639570057392,
0.0484447218477726,
0.010547374375164509,
-0.018948674201965332,
0.009241430088877678,
-0.0419565886259079,
0.02452181465923786,
0.013749849982559681,
0.004354535136371851,
-0.04591601341962814,
0.036899175494909286,
0.01023960392922163,
0.013841349631547928,
-0.004720532335340977,
-0.05699574947357178,
-0.008022825233638287,
-0.011470685712993145,
0.030943401157855988,
-0.05726192891597748,
0.01656969264149666,
0.04238913208246231,
-0.015138976275920868,
0.0035206438042223454,
-0.024904446676373482,
-0.0008063376299105585,
-0.0242223609238863,
0.008892068639397621,
0.006995537783950567,
0.018349770456552505,
-0.01864922232925892,
0.006808380130678415,
0.06624549627304077,
0.010896735824644566,
-0.020063301548361778,
0.011046461760997772,
0.0060971807688474655,
-0.0068749249912798405,
-0.04145750403404236,
-0.04139095917344093,
-0.025220535695552826,
0.03510246053338051,
-0.008725706487894058,
0.012144452892243862,
-0.05796065181493759,
0.03783080354332924,
0.020396027714014053,
0.03889552131295204,
0.03590099886059761,
-0.01289308350533247,
0.04092514514923096,
0.012044635601341724,
-0.00499087106436491,
-0.02931305021047592,
0.0248878113925457,
0.0013007457600906491,
0.03420410305261612,
-0.012718403711915016,
0.0026118892710655928,
-0.004181934054940939,
0.014955976977944374,
0.025320352986454964,
0.005810205824673176,
-0.02981213666498661,
-0.030028408393263817,
-0.029995135962963104,
-0.0033376452047377825,
-0.03353865444660187,
-0.00008558564150007442,
0.00719517283141613,
-0.007107832469046116,
0.024288905784487724,
-0.056463390588760376,
0.04135768488049507,
0.021976469084620476,
-0.043753303587436676,
0.018333133310079575,
-0.04025969281792641,
0.00021120223391335458,
-0.0007923007942736149,
-0.005593934562057257,
-0.07319944351911545,
0.0017915148055180907,
-0.02240901254117489,
0.009316292591392994,
-0.01721850596368313,
0.03553500398993492,
0.0038637660909444094,
0.009682290256023407,
-0.022991279140114784,
-0.0167776457965374,
-0.02696734108030796,
-0.010713736526668072,
-0.004612396936863661,
-0.04611564800143242,
-0.026734434068202972,
0.011861637234687805,
-0.005951614119112492,
0.007228445261716843,
0.032839931547641754,
0.0489770844578743,
-0.008958613499999046,
0.0027387405280023813,
-0.00014335758169181645,
-0.019115036353468895,
0.015064112842082977,
-0.011828364804387093,
0.0332891121506691,
0.0005152034573256969,
-0.02866423688828945,
-0.020579025149345398,
-0.010913372039794922,
-0.04338730871677399,
0.015704607591032982,
-0.00280528562143445,
-0.04395293816924095,
-0.015014204196631908,
-0.008392981253564358,
0.008472003974020481,
-0.03683263063430786,
-0.014756342396140099,
-0.06654495000839233,
-0.006920674815773964,
-0.012851493433117867,
-0.007927167229354382,
0.01270176749676466,
0.017301686108112335,
0.03510246053338051,
0.0041195484809577465,
-0.04099169000983238,
0.03703226521611214,
0.01725177839398384,
0.05393468216061592,
0.06558004766702652,
0.02385636419057846,
-0.00027033884543925524,
-0.002863512374460697,
-0.027383247390389442,
-0.030810311436653137,
-0.003718198975548148,
0.03327247500419617,
-0.026983976364135742,
-0.0038242549635469913,
-0.061420988291502,
0.04701400548219681,
-0.009898561052978039,
-0.006434064824134111,
0.014090892858803272,
-0.01586265303194523,
-0.0383964367210865,
-0.03586772829294205
] |
The reconstruction of missing information in epidemic spreading on contact
networks can be essential in the prevention and containment strategies. The
identification and warning of infectious but asymptomatic individuals (i.e.,
contact tracing), the well-known patient-zero problem, or the inference of the
infectivity values in structured populations are examples of significant
epidemic inference problems. As the number of possible epidemic cascades grows
exponentially with the number of individuals involved and only an almost
negligible subset of them is compatible with the observations (e.g., medical
tests), epidemic inference in contact networks poses incredible computational
challenges. We present a new generative neural networks framework that learns
to generate the most probable infection cascades compatible with observations.
The proposed method achieves better (in some cases, significantly better) or
comparable results with existing methods in all problems considered both in
synthetic and real contact networks. Given its generality, clear Bayesian and
variational nature, the presented framework paves the way to solve fundamental
inference epidemic problems with high precision in small and medium-sized real
case scenarios such as the spread of infections in workplaces and hospitals. | [
-0.05313314497470856,
0.0243220292031765,
-0.02625380828976631,
-0.022721409797668457,
0.0523972287774086,
0.012850935570895672,
-0.03219633176922798,
0.025701871141791344,
-0.003875058377161622,
0.013044113293290138,
0.005671153776347637,
0.009658899158239365,
0.003571493085473776,
-0.030006980523467064,
0.011195124126970768,
-0.010404014028608799,
-0.001168841845355928,
-0.027964813634753227,
0.10685501992702484,
-0.03250909596681595,
0.016852479428052902,
-0.021580740809440613,
-0.0013143002288416028,
-0.02704491838812828,
0.029455043375492096,
0.03635425865650177,
-0.012096621096134186,
-0.017901159822940826,
-0.05960920825600624,
0.11671629548072815,
0.03243550285696983,
0.015886589884757996,
0.01508628111332655,
-0.04776095598936081,
0.006301281973719597,
0.0046270727179944515,
0.027964813634753227,
0.03519519045948982,
-0.041616056114435196,
0.01983294077217579,
0.010450009256601334,
0.004838648717850447,
0.02816719003021717,
-0.03374175354838371,
0.018830254673957825,
-0.011645873077213764,
-0.01340287271887064,
-0.030098969116806984,
-0.033245012164115906,
0.03572872653603554,
0.029123881831765175,
-0.035158392041921616,
-0.006982004269957542,
-0.03407291695475578,
-0.03521358594298363,
0.04183683171868324,
0.05166131258010864,
-0.023880477994680405,
0.07005921751260757,
-0.000965889950748533,
0.00396704813465476,
0.059020474553108215,
0.004999630153179169,
0.028553545475006104,
0.029123881831765175,
-0.0034841028973460197,
-0.01852668821811676,
0.006149499211460352,
0.007188980933278799,
-0.008366446942090988,
-0.06336238235235214,
-0.0029183675069361925,
0.03786288574337959,
0.00717058265581727,
-0.008168669417500496,
0.038856372237205505,
0.02586745284497738,
0.03663022443652153,
0.04500127211213112,
-0.010689182206988335,
0.056812725961208344,
0.03848841413855553,
0.010569595731794834,
0.03751332685351372,
0.07881661504507065,
-0.027909619733691216,
0.01340287271887064,
-0.0664532259106636,
0.061117835342884064,
0.002621701220050454,
0.01716524362564087,
-0.0008773500449024141,
0.007225776556879282,
0.008398642763495445,
0.0013257989194244146,
0.0027918817941099405,
0.008807996287941933,
0.0005996566615067422,
-0.05320673808455467,
-0.01167347002774477,
0.023733295500278473,
-0.02007211185991764,
-0.0060161142610013485,
0.012906129471957684,
-0.008739003911614418,
-0.017229637131094933,
0.013494862243533134,
0.007805310655385256,
-0.012804940342903137,
0.18721707165241241,
0.008108875714242458,
-0.05442099645733833,
-0.014019202440977097,
0.09118001163005829,
-0.018094338476657867,
0.01679728552699089,
-0.033281806856393814,
-0.008578022010624409,
0.03144201636314392,
-0.04102732613682747,
0.024395620450377464,
0.0205872543156147,
-0.026033032685518265,
-0.000462247320683673,
-0.005519371014088392,
0.03856200724840164,
0.022997379302978516,
-0.02553628943860531,
0.021212782710790634,
0.017064055427908897,
0.011848249472677708,
-0.04511165991425514,
0.024358823895454407,
-0.04739299789071083,
0.05718068405985832,
-0.03331860154867172,
0.02310776710510254,
0.020035317167639732,
0.0048662456683814526,
-0.05467857047915459,
0.023549316450953484,
-0.017275631427764893,
-0.00037083274219185114,
-0.03359457105398178,
0.007423554081469774,
-0.005634357687085867,
-0.0028654735069721937,
0.05085180327296257,
-0.04216799512505531,
-0.03705337643623352,
-0.06468702852725983,
0.021543944254517555,
0.031350027769804,
0.06218491494655609,
-0.009658899158239365,
-0.028829514980316162,
-0.01707325503230095,
-0.013182098045945168,
0.0392979234457016,
0.006333478260785341,
0.024726781994104385,
-0.01852668821811676,
0.015656616538763046,
0.0472458153963089,
0.005142213776707649,
0.005344591103494167,
0.01010964810848236,
-0.043860603123903275,
-0.0528755746781826,
0.021930301561951637,
0.011461894027888775,
0.013623647391796112,
-0.02941824682056904,
0.03561834245920181,
-0.02853514812886715,
0.0682930201292038,
-0.0009193202131427824,
-0.020513663068413734,
0.0018570383545011282,
0.06303121894598007,
-0.018535887822508812,
0.021359965205192566,
-0.0304117351770401,
0.01909702457487583,
0.0575486421585083,
0.0322699211537838,
0.08808916062116623,
-0.0032311317045241594,
0.03341059386730194,
-0.0014833309687674046,
-0.0033530178479850292,
0.00788350123912096,
0.05037346109747887,
-0.004546581767499447,
0.039371512830257416,
-0.038341231644153595,
-0.042830318212509155,
-0.0011809153947979212,
0.015353050082921982,
0.0032449301797896624,
-0.045921165496110916,
-0.03907714784145355,
0.015693411231040955,
-0.03874598443508148,
-0.002679194789379835,
0.0374397337436676,
0.025720268487930298,
-0.022463839501142502,
-0.0010504053207114339,
-0.05589282885193825,
-0.025481095537543297,
-0.07241414487361908,
-0.041800037026405334,
-0.032913848757743835,
0.01950177736580372,
-0.005850533489137888,
-0.024965954944491386,
0.012381789274513721,
-0.00046799666597507894,
0.02268461510539055,
0.002437722170725465,
0.03245390206575394,
0.10972509533166885,
-0.03335539996623993,
0.03845161944627762,
0.0028102798387408257,
-0.008582621812820435,
0.0035254983231425285,
-0.034220099449157715,
-0.014506747014820576,
-0.0031230440363287926,
-0.00024003515136428177,
0.030154163017868996,
-0.020642448216676712,
0.016245348379015923,
-0.04249915853142738,
0.014847108162939548,
-0.025205127894878387,
0.03444087505340576,
-0.0327482670545578,
-0.0012924526818096638,
0.015113878063857555,
-0.061301812529563904,
0.01881185546517372,
-0.011737862601876259,
0.008233061991631985,
-0.03892996534705162,
0.1071493923664093,
0.013927212916314602,
0.02283179759979248,
-0.02859034202992916,
-0.014791914261877537,
0.045773983001708984,
-0.004555780906230211,
-0.08632296323776245,
0.019244207069277763,
-0.024358823895454407,
0.013494862243533134,
-0.012151814997196198,
-0.009346134960651398,
0.023567713797092438,
0.027486467733979225,
-0.045921165496110916,
0.03429369255900383,
0.00487544434145093,
-0.002759685507044196,
0.07969971746206284,
0.043860603123903275,
-0.004815651103854179,
0.024082856252789497,
0.037678904831409454,
-0.015270260162651539,
-0.030558917671442032,
-0.030282948166131973,
0.011241119354963303,
-0.03692459315061569,
0.004555780906230211,
-0.02807520143687725,
0.024781975895166397,
0.041616056114435196,
0.020384876057505608,
-0.013761632144451141,
-0.0010693781077861786,
0.017790772020816803,
-0.049048811197280884,
-0.007947893813252449,
-0.03383374586701393,
-0.041616056114435196,
-0.02704491838812828,
0.012694553472101688,
0.0021157588344067335,
0.007349962368607521,
-0.05202927067875862,
0.015546228736639023,
-0.0037876684218645096,
0.01482870988547802,
-0.018729066476225853,
-0.010275228880345821,
-0.0006473762332461774,
0.005036426242440939,
-0.055230505764484406,
-0.026161817833781242,
0.014019202440977097,
0.015261060558259487,
-0.005119216628372669,
-0.026787348091602325,
0.03284025937318802,
0.059020474553108215,
-0.0037163763772696257,
-0.029307860881090164,
0.0332266129553318,
0.016337338835000992,
-0.004033740144222975,
-0.031184446066617966,
0.0350848026573658,
0.012620961293578148,
0.021599138155579567,
-0.06384072452783585,
-0.003755472134798765,
-0.014019202440977097,
0.014460751786828041,
0.039040349423885345,
-0.0360230952501297,
0.02535231038928032,
-0.041763242334127426,
0.019685756415128708,
0.041100915521383286,
0.02016410231590271,
0.047466591000556946,
-0.027762435376644135,
-0.0035254983231425285,
-0.032398708164691925,
-0.03171798586845398,
-0.01928100362420082,
-0.03992345184087753,
-0.011655071750283241,
-0.029602225869894028,
0.038893166929483414,
-0.05280198156833649,
0.00944732315838337,
-0.007110789883881807,
-0.10082051157951355,
-0.006775028072297573,
0.025002751499414444,
-0.011967835947871208,
-0.006181695498526096,
-0.063656747341156,
-0.01998012326657772,
0.04183683171868324,
-0.017487207427620888,
0.0009331186884082854,
-0.005211206153035164,
-0.0035231984220445156,
-0.0028447757940739393,
0.027725640684366226,
0.00469146529212594,
-0.012666956521570683,
0.004723661579191685,
-0.006839420646429062,
0.011517087928950787,
0.02067924290895462,
-0.02216947264969349,
-0.031147649511694908,
0.021083997562527657,
-0.023641305044293404,
-0.0035530950408428907,
0.00714758550748229,
-0.014147987589240074,
0.011609077453613281,
0.03778929263353348,
-0.007478747516870499,
0.041616056114435196,
-0.04882803559303284,
-0.030982069671154022,
0.030209356918931007,
0.025205127894878387,
0.03944510594010353,
0.010983548127114773,
-0.042830318212509155,
0.03639105334877968,
-0.07123668491840363,
0.03841482102870941,
0.004252215381711721,
0.015877390280365944,
-0.0212863739579916,
0.04032820463180542,
0.04684106260538101,
0.09795043617486954,
-0.004132628906518221,
0.057806212455034256,
0.004268313758075237,
-0.06913932412862778,
-0.02629060484468937,
-0.0166133064776659,
0.028939902782440186,
-0.04029140993952751,
-0.002423923695459962,
-0.03214113786816597,
0.06450305134057999,
0.023549316450953484,
0.00012648558185901493,
-0.031055660918354988,
0.05026307329535484,
0.05254441127181053,
-0.022003892809152603,
-0.01459873653948307,
-0.0026125023141503334,
-0.05736466124653816,
0.02680574543774128,
-0.019998520612716675,
0.010983548127114773,
0.016815682873129845,
0.012151814997196198,
0.004440793767571449,
0.030430132523179054,
0.033373795449733734,
-0.061596181243658066,
-0.004921439103782177,
0.020752834156155586,
-0.00858722161501646,
-0.009953266009688377,
0.02629060484468937,
0.05769582465291023,
0.012722150422632694,
-0.06336238235235214,
0.023567713797092438,
0.011581480503082275,
0.010128045454621315,
-0.001793795614503324,
-0.0264377873390913,
0.05456818267703056,
0.04183683171868324,
0.024634793400764465,
-0.047650568187236786,
0.0013729435158893466,
-0.025812258943915367,
0.007492545992136002,
-0.020458469167351723,
-0.04242556542158127,
-0.0268977340310812,
-0.055230505764484406,
-0.013881217688322067,
-0.029344655573368073,
-0.01889464631676674,
-0.012574966996908188,
0.030154163017868996,
0.00804448314011097,
-0.05530409887433052,
-0.011885046027600765,
0.0010498303454369307,
-0.041800037026405334,
0.02732088603079319,
-0.001992722973227501,
-0.014773515984416008,
0.011563082225620747,
0.020035317167639732,
-0.017763175070285797,
-0.047466591000556946,
0.05585603415966034,
0.061596181243658066,
0.008720606565475464,
0.014791914261877537,
-0.021267976611852646,
-0.06240568682551384,
-0.02353091910481453,
0.037458132952451706,
-0.025370709598064423,
0.02325494959950447,
0.021451955661177635,
-0.0005355514585971832,
0.021691128611564636,
-0.041100915521383286,
-0.04669388011097908,
0.015261060558259487,
-0.0008739004260860384,
0.024781975895166397,
-0.03583911433815956,
-0.054053038358688354,
0.06799864768981934,
-0.016162557527422905,
0.003044852986931801,
0.015224264934659004,
0.024340426549315453,
-0.013117705471813679,
-0.04047538712620735,
-0.05206606537103653,
-0.001890384592115879,
0.05029986798763275,
0.016079766675829887,
-0.028222383931279182,
0.019593767821788788,
-0.05464177206158638,
-0.006894614081829786,
-0.022960582748055458,
0.01375243254005909,
-0.011931040324270725,
0.0015661214711144567,
0.021599138155579567,
0.03166279196739197,
0.007727119605988264,
0.015546228736639023,
-0.03911394253373146,
0.018167929723858833,
-0.005344591103494167,
0.006696837022900581,
0.004277512431144714,
0.02301577664911747,
0.019023431465029716,
-0.005045624915510416,
-0.03157080337405205,
-0.02789122238755226,
0.03374175354838371,
-0.007000402081757784,
-0.04459651932120323,
-0.0002457844966556877,
-0.003640485228970647,
-0.006273685023188591,
0.024726781994104385,
0.021267976611852646,
0.035765524953603745,
0.03863559663295746,
-0.009392129257321358,
-0.02492915838956833,
0.013136102817952633,
-0.08463035523891449,
0.05482575297355652,
-0.03166279196739197,
-0.023972468450665474,
0.051771700382232666,
-0.013623647391796112,
-0.010082051157951355,
0.04908560588955879,
-0.003723275614902377,
0.012620961293578148,
0.013540856540203094,
-0.0012786543229594827,
-0.004231517668813467,
0.033281806856393814,
-0.03453286364674568,
-0.0011711415136232972,
0.016300542280077934,
-0.004834048915654421,
-0.009760087355971336,
0.04073295742273331,
-0.00027826830046251416,
-0.01904183067381382,
0.02147035300731659,
-0.03142361715435982,
-0.015969380736351013,
-0.019814541563391685,
-0.02895830012857914,
0.018968237563967705,
0.03234351426362991,
0.005082421004772186,
-0.050962191075086594,
0.02774403803050518,
0.025554688647389412,
-0.02768884412944317,
0.000514566374476999,
-0.027725640684366226,
-0.009806082583963871,
0.0003889431827701628,
-0.05166131258010864,
-0.04985831677913666,
-0.0551937110722065,
-0.02816719003021717,
0.009203551337122917,
0.03951869532465935,
-0.007285569794476032,
0.03341059386730194,
0.005496373865753412,
-0.0022180972155183554,
-0.0645398423075676,
-0.020568855106830597,
0.0318099744617939,
0.0196489617228508,
0.04157926142215729,
0.03738453984260559,
0.042315177619457245,
-0.0010222335113212466,
-0.010578794404864311,
-0.025113137438893318,
0.034128110855817795,
0.048864830285310745,
-0.02540750429034233,
-0.03166279196739197,
-0.001838640426285565,
-0.017514804378151894,
0.041800037026405334,
-0.05486254766583443,
-0.020844824612140656,
0.03653823584318161,
0.01721123792231083,
0.03841482102870941,
-0.02704491838812828,
-0.008246860466897488,
-0.011498689651489258,
0.015822196379303932,
0.01216101460158825,
-0.04496447741985321,
0.009502517059445381,
-0.003764671040698886,
0.0259594414383173,
0.029786204919219017,
-0.05924125015735626,
-0.004530483856797218,
0.03812045603990555,
-0.010505203157663345,
-0.014396359212696552,
-0.006747431121766567,
-0.026235410943627357,
-0.04157926142215729,
0.03751332685351372,
-0.05872610583901405,
0.022390248253941536,
-0.010054454207420349,
0.032582685351371765,
0.00006909993680892512,
-0.013172898441553116,
-0.040217816829681396,
0.043014299124479294,
-0.050925396382808685,
0.028829514980316162,
0.018223123624920845,
-0.00769492331892252,
0.000021200708943069912,
-0.009019572287797928,
-0.038856372237205505,
-0.015877390280365944,
-0.001011309796012938,
-0.021451955661177635,
0.01651211827993393,
0.02386208064854145,
-0.006356475409120321,
-0.035342372953891754,
-0.02686093933880329,
-0.025977838784456253,
0.0706479474902153,
0.0369429886341095,
0.002566507551819086,
-0.03720055893063545,
0.06060269474983215,
0.03217793256044388,
0.01725723408162594,
-0.0017788473051041365,
0.01470912341028452,
0.0025734067894518375,
0.021819913759827614,
0.06384072452783585,
0.04481729120016098,
0.03863559663295746,
0.023420531302690506,
-0.02277660369873047,
0.02807520143687725,
0.030577315017580986,
-0.037826091051101685,
0.03396252915263176,
0.02095521241426468,
-0.02798321098089218,
0.02161753736436367,
0.027431273832917213,
-0.00470296386629343,
0.028277577832341194,
0.0009520914754830301,
0.01946498267352581,
-0.023990865796804428,
-0.0010331572266295552,
0.0072211772203445435,
-0.016410930082201958,
0.013936411589384079,
-0.011001946404576302,
-0.008688409812748432,
-0.01781836897134781,
0.04529563710093498,
0.031607598066329956,
-0.003582991659641266,
0.027431273832917213,
0.032490696758031845,
-0.0019041829509660602,
-0.050741419196128845,
-0.05103578418493271,
0.010394815355539322,
-0.03607828915119171,
0.006181695498526096,
-0.03355777636170387,
-0.01711924932897091,
0.0318099744617939,
0.04415496811270714,
0.008113475516438484,
0.015537029132246971,
-0.02759685553610325,
-0.025462698191404343,
0.024763578549027443,
-0.019520174711942673,
0.04650989919900894,
-0.02871912717819214,
0.017146846279501915,
0.006637043785303831,
-0.026971327140927315,
0.0683298110961914,
-0.0050410255789756775,
0.01768038608133793,
-0.027799231931567192,
0.0019363793544471264,
0.006595648359507322,
0.008191666565835476,
0.014120390638709068,
0.018094338476657867,
-0.06281044334173203,
0.007630530279129744,
0.012096621096134186,
0.007970891892910004,
-0.026492981240153313,
0.02419324219226837,
0.0098244808614254,
-0.010532800108194351,
0.033373795449733734,
-0.04084334522485733,
-0.00781450979411602,
0.025554688647389412,
0.014488348737359047,
0.00027237521135248244,
-0.04478049650788307,
-0.038010068237781525,
0.006655441597104073,
0.042646341025829315,
-0.016530515626072884,
0.0012372590135782957,
0.03626226633787155,
-0.006259886547923088,
0.018305914476513863,
-0.039224330335855484,
0.027449671179056168,
0.018876248970627785,
-0.0203480813652277,
0.03204914927482605,
-0.02914227917790413,
0.014883903786540031,
0.041432078927755356,
-0.04787134379148483,
0.04426535591483116,
-0.020090511068701744,
0.03142361715435982,
-0.00862861704081297,
0.01185744907706976,
-0.0003110395628027618,
-0.003557694610208273,
0.07278210669755936,
-0.031110854819417,
0.019612165167927742,
0.04805532470345497,
-0.00470296386629343,
0.058873292058706284,
-0.019961725920438766,
-0.05272839218378067,
0.045406024903059006,
0.010238433256745338,
-0.02465319074690342,
-0.02483716979622841,
0.007846705615520477,
0.025793859735131264,
0.043529439717531204,
0.02798321098089218,
0.027817629277706146,
0.012308197095990181,
-0.028700729832053185,
-0.049527157098054886,
-0.002734388457611203,
-0.0008204315090551972,
-0.02480037324130535,
-0.0037163763772696257,
0.007188980933278799,
0.00814107246696949,
-0.050925396382808685,
-0.011765459552407265,
0.028185587376356125,
0.05048384517431259,
0.00011901143443537876,
0.02329174615442753,
-0.026419389992952347,
-0.012519773095846176,
-0.0043396055698394775,
0.015270260162651539,
0.02507634274661541,
-0.05199247598648071,
0.003651983803138137,
-0.03620707243680954,
-0.029160676524043083,
-0.011452694423496723,
0.027192100882530212,
0.04275672882795334,
-0.009944066405296326,
0.028222383931279182,
-0.031055660918354988,
0.015739405527710915,
-0.009203551337122917,
0.00009206138201989233,
-0.0013924912782385945,
-0.025241922587156296,
-0.03528717905282974,
0.04794493690133095,
-0.01946498267352581,
-0.013338480144739151,
0.012059825472533703,
-0.03388893976807594,
-0.02489236369729042,
-0.0365014411509037,
-0.005293996538966894,
0.019207410514354706,
-0.03271147236227989,
-0.0036220871843397617,
0.028332771733403206,
0.015343851409852505,
-0.03681420534849167,
0.0322699211537838,
0.0034036121796816587,
-0.002403226215392351,
0.0678146705031395,
-0.029363052919507027,
-0.05500973016023636,
-0.006742831785231829,
-0.0580269880592823,
-0.019391389563679695,
-0.02216947264969349,
-0.0005482000415213406,
-0.014874705113470554,
0.030430132523179054,
0.02746807038784027,
0.05456818267703056,
0.018839452415704727,
0.02020089700818062,
0.050741419196128845,
-0.020145704969763756,
0.015675013884902,
-0.023641305044293404,
-0.0039739469066262245,
-0.019005034118890762,
0.013614448718726635,
-0.009796883910894394,
0.017146846279501915,
-0.02301577664911747,
0.006825622171163559,
0.021157588809728622,
-0.023880477994680405,
-0.028847912326455116,
0.0035898908972740173,
-0.0012867033947259188,
0.018986636772751808,
0.00745115103200078,
0.011894244700670242,
0.003182837273925543,
0.0035783923231065273,
-0.005666554439812899,
-0.009916470386087894,
0.007037198171019554,
-0.01979614421725273,
0.02932625822722912,
-0.020108908414840698,
0.011351506225764751,
-0.01811273582279682,
0.00576774263754487,
0.04018102213740349,
-0.015969380736351013,
-0.03434888646006584,
-0.003707177471369505,
0.02255582995712757,
-0.030761294066905975,
-0.0645766407251358,
-0.0019363793544471264,
-0.039408307522535324,
-0.02516833133995533,
0.020053714513778687,
-0.020660845562815666,
0.05015268549323082,
-0.009438124485313892,
-0.03532397374510765,
0.02480037324130535,
0.010983548127114773,
-0.012115019373595715,
-0.013678841292858124,
0.047834549099206924,
0.02859034202992916,
0.02656657248735428,
-0.04073295742273331,
0.05581923946738243,
-0.021691128611564636,
0.0043626027181744576,
-0.041284896433353424,
0.0166133064776659,
-0.038341231644153595,
-0.0002571394434198737,
0.009539312683045864,
-0.053537897765636444,
-0.018213924020528793,
0.02577546238899231,
0.017146846279501915,
-0.03004377707839012,
0.02264781855046749,
0.015886589884757996,
0.03727415204048157,
0.0020950613543391228,
0.011609077453613281,
-0.011434297077357769,
-0.04099052771925926,
0.062111321836709976,
0.012436982244253159,
-0.0009359933319501579,
0.008844791911542416,
-0.0068440199829638,
-0.022960582748055458,
-0.02216947264969349,
-0.03819404914975166,
0.028976697474718094,
-0.02110239490866661,
0.03252749145030975,
0.0007991589372977614,
0.0254994947463274,
0.03480883315205574,
0.016107363626360893,
0.02989659272134304,
0.009668097831308842,
0.04901201277971268,
0.01431356929242611,
0.02329174615442753,
0.0029344656504690647,
0.014147987589240074,
0.04985831677913666,
0.019612165167927742,
-0.02798321098089218,
0.037310946732759476,
-0.061632975935935974,
0.039702676236629486,
0.03250909596681595,
-0.006480661686509848,
0.0038934561889618635,
0.004677666816860437,
-0.0411745086312294,
0.014331966638565063,
0.015104678459465504,
-0.007865103892982006,
-0.031276434659957886,
-0.013154501095414162,
0.018931442871689796,
0.024266835302114487,
-0.023972468450665474,
0.022463839501142502,
0.015454239211976528,
-0.00023888527357485145,
-0.029914990067481995,
0.0022675415966659784,
-0.031000467017292976,
-0.0603451244533062,
0.031184446066617966,
0.024689985439181328,
0.0004978932556696236,
0.03966588154435158,
-0.023972468450665474,
0.0027205899823457003,
-0.00780071085318923,
0.041763242334127426,
0.03766050934791565,
0.021028803661465645,
-0.05857892334461212,
-0.03762371093034744,
0.02516833133995533,
-0.006301281973719597,
-0.0031345428433269262,
-0.0491224005818367,
-0.034680046141147614,
0.018968237563967705,
-0.00018541637109592557,
0.006517457310110331,
-0.0378996804356575,
-0.003504800610244274,
0.01513227540999651,
0.0336865596473217,
0.006729033309966326,
0.000059397920267656446,
-0.022519033402204514,
0.03427529335021973,
0.02704491838812828,
-0.020900018513202667,
0.050042297691106796,
-0.005983917973935604,
0.00574474548920989,
-0.05795339494943619,
-0.014966694638133049,
-0.016061369329690933,
-0.004990431480109692,
-0.015472636558115482,
0.004295910242944956,
0.04150566831231117,
0.02137836441397667,
-0.015941783785820007,
-0.048165712505578995,
-0.05821096524596214,
-0.013191296719014645,
-0.004199321381747723,
0.03561834245920181,
0.026235410943627357,
0.008752802386879921,
0.0005668853991664946,
-0.05534089356660843,
0.07245094329118729,
-0.022022290155291557,
0.004893842153251171,
0.025241922587156296,
0.032950643450021744,
-0.03550795465707779,
0.02189350500702858,
-0.015675013884902,
-0.01370643824338913,
-0.011655071750283241,
-0.022390248253941536,
-0.0173032283782959,
-0.01401000376790762,
-0.04934317618608475,
0.018370306119322777,
0.004056737758219242,
-0.012216207571327686,
0.04776095598936081,
-0.04533243551850319,
-0.019961725920438766,
-0.013347678817808628
] |
A good data visualization is not only a distortion-free graphical
representation of data but also a way to reveal underlying statistical
properties of the data. Despite its common use across various stages of data
analysis, selecting a good visualization often is a manual process involving
many iterations. Recently there has been interest in reducing this effort by
developing models that can recommend visualizations, but they are of limited
use since they require large training samples (data and visualization pairs)
and focus primarily on the design aspects rather than on assessing the
effectiveness of the selected visualization.
In this paper, we present VizAI, a generative-discriminative framework that
first generates various statistical properties of the data from a number of
alternative visualizations of the data. It is linked to a discriminative model
that selects the visualization that best matches the true statistics of the
data being visualized. VizAI can easily be trained with minimal supervision and
adapts to settings with varying degrees of supervision easily. Using
crowd-sourced judgements and a large repository of publicly available
visualizations, we demonstrate that VizAI outperforms the state of the art
methods that learn to recommend visualizations. | [
0.02925865352153778,
0.014774812385439873,
-0.02602565288543701,
0.0007875387091189623,
0.04057415574789047,
-0.024021193385124207,
-0.004574695602059364,
0.01731271669268608,
-0.014249449595808983,
0.00693478574976325,
0.026122644543647766,
-0.03254014998674393,
0.008268398232758045,
-0.01902620680630207,
-0.002885452937334776,
0.01922018826007843,
0.022032897919416428,
-0.024877939373254776,
-0.02995374985039234,
-0.0859331488609314,
-0.0009375701192766428,
-0.030875153839588165,
-0.03937794640660286,
-0.005063686985522509,
0.06672912836074829,
0.02314828336238861,
0.03388184309005737,
0.004914160817861557,
-0.05243926867842674,
0.07384172827005386,
0.04830102622509003,
-0.016270074993371964,
0.046134915202856064,
-0.029969913884997368,
-0.025556867942214012,
-0.0006526619545184076,
0.016464054584503174,
0.07144930958747864,
0.006942868232727051,
0.06385175883769989,
-0.013392704539000988,
-0.0505964569747448,
0.04199667647480965,
0.008292646147310734,
0.00806229468435049,
-0.05825866758823395,
-0.07119067013263702,
-0.05198664590716362,
-0.006053793244063854,
-0.014896049164235592,
0.0004695428069680929,
-0.02038406766951084,
0.02505575306713581,
-0.008745266124606133,
-0.06724640727043152,
0.04910927638411522,
0.02790079452097416,
-0.0136190140619874,
0.06763436645269394,
-0.01871907338500023,
-0.03127928078174591,
0.03688853606581688,
-0.029630448669195175,
0.01855742186307907,
-0.00011220784654142335,
-0.05599556863307953,
0.014516171999275684,
0.021418627351522446,
-0.002642977749928832,
0.0219844039529562,
-0.02419900894165039,
0.0065427846275269985,
-0.006785259582102299,
0.06175030767917633,
-0.039313286542892456,
0.05625420808792114,
0.05240693688392639,
-0.03575698658823967,
-0.043871816247701645,
0.013982727192342281,
0.05179266631603241,
0.014580831862986088,
-0.0554136261343956,
0.016779271885752678,
0.04639355465769768,
0.00520513067021966,
0.0007562190294265747,
-0.03462543338537216,
-0.0015134483110159636,
-0.0439041443169117,
-0.03989522531628609,
0.010790139436721802,
0.017054077237844467,
0.02961428463459015,
0.015308257192373276,
-0.005184924695640802,
0.03281495347619057,
-0.015348670072853565,
-0.04432443529367447,
0.043128225952386856,
-0.019478827714920044,
-0.007553097326308489,
0.020222418010234833,
0.0005081872805021703,
0.034528445452451706,
-0.07338911294937134,
-0.04552064463496208,
-0.03789076581597328,
-0.013554354198276997,
0.09873583167791367,
-0.025039589032530785,
0.0003710373130161315,
-0.05085509642958641,
-0.010200116783380508,
-0.00425139581784606,
0.03194204345345497,
-0.03973357379436493,
-0.03511038422584534,
0.024991093203425407,
-0.08890751004219055,
-0.021467123180627823,
0.032750293612480164,
-0.002853123005479574,
0.018347278237342834,
-0.047686755657196045,
0.06453068554401398,
0.02237236313521862,
-0.02607414871454239,
0.06039244681596756,
0.049432575702667236,
0.000720858050044626,
0.04736345633864403,
0.023714058101177216,
0.03163490816950798,
0.026914728805422783,
0.03233000263571739,
-0.0068054660223424435,
0.008126954548060894,
0.026009488850831985,
0.010693148709833622,
0.0005460740067064762,
-0.06388408690690994,
-0.05832332745194435,
0.008672523312270641,
0.010555746033787727,
0.0005521358689293265,
-0.0023600903805345297,
0.07979045063257217,
-0.07144930958747864,
0.008963493630290031,
-0.026429777964949608,
0.03831105679273605,
0.00851895660161972,
0.020109262317419052,
0.02883836440742016,
0.013522024266421795,
0.023455418646335602,
-0.026914728805422783,
0.03229767456650734,
-0.028725208714604378,
0.057062458246946335,
-0.039313286542892456,
0.010386014357209206,
0.014112046919763088,
0.04739578813314438,
0.011064943857491016,
-0.0041826944798231125,
0.015292092226445675,
-0.04736345633864403,
0.04267560690641403,
0.013255301862955093,
0.012309649027884007,
-0.009448443539440632,
0.026429777964949608,
-0.02256634272634983,
0.06307584047317505,
0.019268682226538658,
-0.007456107065081596,
-0.0708027109503746,
-0.0038937448989599943,
-0.06262321770191193,
-0.0363389253616333,
0.0372764952480793,
0.02019008807837963,
0.03941027447581291,
0.04067114740610123,
0.10849949717521667,
-0.014572749845683575,
0.009828321635723114,
0.02303512766957283,
0.03553067520260811,
0.0056132972240448,
0.04755743592977524,
-0.012681444175541401,
0.009957641363143921,
-0.03789076581597328,
-0.013772581703960896,
-0.015712382271885872,
-0.0353366956114769,
0.004671685863286257,
-0.06983280926942825,
-0.03365553542971611,
0.03588630631566048,
0.02588016912341118,
-0.0281755980104208,
0.03287961333990097,
-0.012455134652554989,
-0.01910703256726265,
-0.02104683220386505,
-0.057450417429208755,
0.002703596604987979,
-0.01601143553853035,
-0.05124305561184883,
0.004550448153167963,
-0.005839607212692499,
-0.0009082710603252053,
0.0028793909586966038,
0.006752929650247097,
-0.03384951502084732,
0.02314828336238861,
0.002948092296719551,
-0.012164164334535599,
0.04516501724720001,
0.0007658170070499182,
-0.018201792612671852,
-0.0052819144912064075,
0.015801290050148964,
-0.01071739662438631,
0.006263938266783953,
0.02015775814652443,
0.004429210443049669,
-0.0362742654979229,
0.03824639692902565,
-0.021030668169260025,
0.01371600478887558,
-0.027997784316539764,
0.012228824198246002,
-0.022970467805862427,
-0.020254747942090034,
-0.04707248508930206,
0.02093367837369442,
-0.06579156219959259,
-0.04726646840572357,
0.003026896622031927,
0.11444821953773499,
0.037535134702920914,
0.03494873642921448,
0.006106329616159201,
0.08295879513025284,
0.027383513748645782,
0.00822798628360033,
0.015752794221043587,
-0.012511711567640305,
0.024894103407859802,
-0.02793312445282936,
0.014790977351367474,
0.03027704916894436,
-0.039280954748392105,
-0.030810493975877762,
-0.03085898980498314,
0.008842255920171738,
0.04687850549817085,
-0.015413329936563969,
0.058969929814338684,
-0.042546287178993225,
0.0015477989800274372,
0.07933782786130905,
-0.026947058737277985,
0.025427548214793205,
0.036629896610975266,
-0.05722410976886749,
-0.019430331885814667,
0.012333896942436695,
-0.04455074667930603,
-0.019624313339591026,
-0.001304313656874001,
0.0320228710770607,
0.0069630746729671955,
0.03879600390791893,
0.003546197433024645,
0.019785962998867035,
-0.028725208714604378,
0.01587403193116188,
0.038343384861946106,
-0.03973357379436493,
-0.044259775429964066,
0.0233907587826252,
-0.03769678622484207,
-0.054540716111660004,
-0.0007526829140260816,
-0.009294875897467136,
-0.01813713274896145,
-0.007617757190018892,
-0.021467123180627823,
0.0008648275979794562,
-0.01653679646551609,
-0.055510617792606354,
-0.009311040863394737,
0.03061651438474655,
-0.026445943862199783,
-0.012568289414048195,
0.0077026234939694405,
-0.012398556806147099,
0.06488631665706635,
0.01087904628366232,
0.0028005866333842278,
-0.0017680471064522862,
0.09692535549402237,
-0.0015144586795940995,
-0.02743200957775116,
0.011032613925635815,
0.04623190686106682,
0.0071206833235919476,
-0.05909924954175949,
0.007633922155946493,
0.08185957372188568,
0.03058418445289135,
-0.04261094704270363,
-0.003445166163146496,
-0.015744712203741074,
0.02096600830554962,
-0.016940921545028687,
-0.08315277099609375,
0.01836344227194786,
-0.05945487692952156,
0.004643396940082312,
-0.03420514613389969,
0.013724086806178093,
0.02225920744240284,
0.02007693238556385,
-0.03047102876007557,
-0.047331128269433975,
-0.02937180921435356,
0.03666222468018532,
0.04801005497574806,
-0.000943126855418086,
-0.030147729441523552,
0.007153013721108437,
-0.07933782786130905,
0.0032936192583292723,
-0.030325544998049736,
-0.00988489855080843,
-0.04400113597512245,
-0.03478708490729332,
-0.008688688278198242,
-0.03808474540710449,
-0.016213497146964073,
-0.047298796474933624,
0.02179042249917984,
-0.0018054286483675241,
0.0009102916810661554,
0.016431724652647972,
-0.05185732617974281,
-0.02256634272634983,
0.015849784016609192,
0.03882833570241928,
0.011469068937003613,
-0.04241696745157242,
0.027577493339776993,
-0.00842196587473154,
0.027997784316539764,
-0.044259775429964066,
-0.04516501724720001,
0.03963658586144447,
-0.05463770776987076,
-0.013352291658520699,
-0.020141592249274254,
-0.008256275206804276,
-0.00098151876591146,
0.026138808578252792,
0.005193007178604603,
0.0038028168492019176,
-0.012996661476790905,
0.0449710376560688,
-0.07099668681621552,
-0.018153296783566475,
-0.024312162771821022,
-0.024732453748583794,
-0.007553097326308489,
0.0007006518426351249,
-0.007763242349028587,
0.02311595343053341,
-0.010078879073262215,
0.04610258713364601,
-0.038117073476314545,
0.032200682908296585,
0.012244989164173603,
0.03789076581597328,
0.015259762294590473,
0.025427548214793205,
-0.02179042249917984,
-0.08664441108703613,
-0.00620736088603735,
-0.07144930958747864,
0.07519958913326263,
0.02735118381679058,
0.07112600654363632,
-0.042319975793361664,
0.08425199240446091,
-0.028903024271130562,
-0.0021358008962124586,
0.020448727533221245,
0.005580966826528311,
0.015768960118293762,
-0.056868478655815125,
0.04907694831490517,
-0.032313838601112366,
0.01260870136320591,
0.01319064199924469,
0.012826928868889809,
-0.0029137416277080774,
-0.021143821999430656,
-0.0119459368288517,
0.063043512403965,
-0.001500314217992127,
-0.007245962042361498,
-0.015090029686689377,
-0.011978266760706902,
0.031958211213350296,
-0.023374592885375023,
-0.001245715538971126,
0.01894538290798664,
0.045585304498672485,
0.026639923453330994,
-0.051340047270059586,
0.02458696812391281,
-0.033138252794742584,
-0.006506413221359253,
-0.05205130577087402,
-0.013408869504928589,
0.05327984690666199,
0.036209605634212494,
-0.013958479277789593,
-0.04393647611141205,
0.024845607578754425,
0.03263713791966438,
-0.02754516340792179,
0.0063851759769022465,
0.010450674220919609,
-0.029468799009919167,
-0.049788206815719604,
-0.03672688454389572,
0.03650057688355446,
-0.020561883226037025,
-0.01645597256720066,
-0.029969913884997368,
-0.00893116369843483,
-0.07746268808841705,
-0.04141473397612572,
0.0033986917696893215,
-0.0670524314045906,
0.003707847325131297,
-0.08651509135961533,
-0.05900225788354874,
0.037729114294052124,
0.014233284629881382,
-0.017070243135094643,
0.006724640727043152,
0.01601143553853035,
-0.041188426315784454,
-0.0224531888961792,
0.007957221940159798,
-0.047525107860565186,
-0.017151067033410072,
-0.0036330842413008213,
0.030568018555641174,
-0.027722978964447975,
-0.06265554577112198,
0.004162488039582968,
0.0006476104026660323,
0.011485233902931213,
0.02607414871454239,
0.009965724311769009,
0.030050739645957947,
-0.002826854819431901,
0.017458202317357063,
-0.03643591329455376,
-0.007104518357664347,
0.03989522531628609,
-0.024328328669071198,
0.02693089284002781,
-0.0027318852953612804,
0.011840864084661007,
0.0006728682201355696,
0.01225307211279869,
0.02225920744240284,
0.032701797783374786,
0.00965050607919693,
0.0400892049074173,
0.005568843334913254,
-0.027674483135342598,
0.01537291705608368,
-0.001581139280460775,
0.010604241862893105,
-0.015720464289188385,
0.011040696874260902,
-0.01750669814646244,
0.019090868532657623,
0.028143268078565598,
0.02568618766963482,
0.023067457601428032,
0.04513268545269966,
-0.07416503131389618,
-0.045779287815093994,
0.014483842067420483,
-0.026154974475502968,
0.028644384816288948,
-0.04422744736075401,
0.016601458191871643,
0.00965050607919693,
0.05049946531653404,
0.010014219209551811,
-0.0009688897989690304,
-0.015122359618544579,
0.03646824508905411,
0.021370133385062218,
-0.01794315315783024,
-0.030794329941272736,
0.01899387687444687,
0.0011062923585996032,
0.0020580068230628967,
0.0026328747626394033,
-0.002007491188123822,
0.019446497783064842,
-0.02007693238556385,
0.059325557202100754,
0.007730912417173386,
-0.021644938737154007,
0.04351618513464928,
0.00871293619275093,
-0.011517563834786415,
0.00425947830080986,
-0.0344637855887413,
-0.025734683498740196,
0.03283112123608589,
0.004174611996859312,
0.049432575702667236,
0.01225307211279869,
0.02696322463452816,
-0.03892532363533974,
-0.018460432067513466,
-0.020303241908550262,
-0.0036148985382169485,
-0.013214888982474804,
0.03478708490729332,
-0.01891305297613144,
0.012293484061956406,
-0.01723189279437065,
-0.012544041499495506,
-0.014346439391374588,
0.058581966906785965,
0.009351453743875027,
0.009214051067829132,
-0.013918067328631878,
-0.002325739711523056,
-0.037761446088552475,
-0.04122075438499451,
-0.014095881953835487,
-0.05276256799697876,
-0.049432575702667236,
-0.014596996828913689,
0.009448443539440632,
0.01636706478893757,
0.007856191135942936,
-0.01836344227194786,
0.014596996828913689,
0.01564772240817547,
0.0631728321313858,
-0.018298782408237457,
0.010183951817452908,
-0.013505859300494194,
0.009771743789315224,
-0.02798161841928959,
0.00432817917317152,
0.03498106449842453,
-0.004124096129089594,
0.00248536909930408,
-0.021111492067575455,
0.00047560466919094324,
0.005528430920094252,
0.040832795202732086,
-0.021612608805298805,
0.02781996876001358,
0.023600902408361435,
0.01021628174930811,
0.0037543217185884714,
-0.018605917692184448,
-0.03970124572515488,
-0.03520737588405609,
0.014944544993340969,
0.030066903680562973,
0.0277068130671978,
0.006651898380368948,
-0.004966696724295616,
-0.057256437838077545,
0.003784631146118045,
-0.0015114276902750134,
0.03485174477100372,
0.05596323683857918,
-0.04817170649766922,
0.02140246331691742,
-0.005019233096390963,
0.037211835384368896,
0.05117839574813843,
-0.02693089284002781,
0.02330993302166462,
0.036823876202106476,
-0.012697609141469002,
0.06356079131364822,
0.003501743543893099,
-0.03595096617937088,
-0.015688134357333183,
-0.01960814744234085,
-0.004837376996874809,
0.015631556510925293,
-0.009270628914237022,
0.04280492663383484,
0.012107586488127708,
-0.027949288487434387,
-0.007233838550746441,
0.001803408027626574,
-0.01188935898244381,
0.05919623747467995,
-0.04335453733801842,
0.06375476717948914,
0.02549220807850361,
-0.036015626043081284,
-0.019753633067011833,
-0.004809088073670864,
-0.01645597256720066,
0.0032370416447520256,
-0.012835011817514896,
-0.021580278873443604,
-0.043095894157886505,
0.047686755657196045,
0.015300174243748188,
0.005168759264051914,
0.052083637565374374,
0.030632678419351578,
-0.043645504862070084,
0.005617338232696056,
-0.03237849846482277,
0.0021135739516466856,
0.07713939249515533,
-0.01295624952763319,
0.05715944617986679,
0.0010062713408842683,
-0.024489978328347206,
0.025152742862701416,
0.07720404863357544,
0.02494259923696518,
0.004801005590707064,
0.009496938437223434,
0.017054077237844467,
-0.003186526009812951,
0.0014538399409502745,
0.036629896610975266,
0.014039304107427597,
0.018605917692184448,
0.030438698828220367,
0.030729670077562332,
0.013061322271823883,
-0.017328882589936256,
0.008357306011021137,
0.012980496510863304,
0.01700558327138424,
0.01770067773759365,
0.006979239638894796,
0.037179503589868546,
0.0430312342941761,
0.030988309532403946,
-0.012228824198246002,
-0.055348966270685196,
0.029097003862261772,
0.07791531085968018,
-0.03588630631566048,
0.018298782408237457,
0.03229767456650734,
-0.033202916383743286,
0.0021964197512716055,
-0.007585427258163691,
0.006785259582102299,
-0.019785962998867035,
0.016682282090187073,
-0.0030107316561043262,
-0.008906915783882141,
0.006106329616159201,
0.03283112123608589,
0.003505784785374999,
-0.016940921545028687,
-0.049820538610219955,
0.009561599232256413,
0.025734683498740196,
0.008680606260895729,
0.05146936699748039,
0.025071918964385986,
-0.042934246361255646,
-0.007076229900121689,
0.023875707760453224,
-0.010887129232287407,
-0.05357081815600395,
0.004748469218611717,
-0.023665564134716988,
0.030826659873127937,
-0.011000283993780613,
0.017716841772198677,
0.013069404289126396,
0.0272056981921196,
-0.04451841488480568,
-0.046328894793987274,
-0.010887129232287407,
-0.010579993948340416,
0.000053483425290323794,
0.0129158366471529,
-0.002729864791035652,
0.04855966567993164,
0.02314828336238861,
-0.00851895660161972,
-0.004906078334897757,
0.021386297419667244,
0.00999805424362421,
0.049982186406850815,
0.025346724316477776,
-0.0841873288154602,
-0.013562437146902084,
-0.009011988528072834,
-0.0014750564005225897,
-0.0022166259586811066,
-0.017490532249212265,
0.010038466192781925,
0.035078056156635284,
-0.0023742346093058586,
-0.02524973265826702,
0.0064296298660337925,
0.012576371431350708,
0.032394666224718094,
-0.014055469073355198,
0.028660548850893974,
-0.010248611681163311,
-0.06252622604370117,
0.03139243274927139,
-0.04345152527093887,
-0.02397269755601883,
0.023164447396993637,
-0.037567466497421265,
0.044453755021095276,
0.007783448789268732,
0.014984956942498684,
0.00864019338041544,
0.012729939073324203,
0.05489634722471237,
-0.0005172800738364458,
0.029080839827656746,
-0.038699015974998474,
-0.03785843402147293,
-0.0005597132258117199,
0.00922213401645422,
-0.008413883857429028,
0.0015508298529312015,
-0.023762553930282593,
0.0015791186597198248,
0.03595096617937088,
-0.011444821953773499,
0.047137144953012466,
0.022598672658205032,
-0.0032330004032701254,
0.02381104789674282,
0.011760039255023003,
-0.005548636894673109,
-0.004299890715628862,
0.03692086413502693,
0.027254194021224976,
0.07319512963294983,
-0.037535134702920914,
0.011760039255023003,
0.014079716987907887,
0.03937794640660286,
-0.017458202317357063,
-0.01750669814646244,
0.002448997925966978,
0.005197048187255859,
-0.023665564134716988,
-0.051695678383111954,
0.013004744425415993,
-0.02568618766963482,
0.002263100352138281,
-0.027852298691868782,
-0.0061790719628334045,
0.03941027447581291,
0.021531783044338226,
-0.04432443529367447,
-0.027836134657263756,
0.023633234202861786,
-0.03905464708805084,
0.03093981370329857,
0.004223106894642115,
-0.015065781772136688,
-0.04170570522546768,
-0.013449281454086304,
-0.04991752654314041,
0.02101450227200985,
-0.032394666224718094,
0.018492761999368668,
-0.017652181908488274,
-0.0229219738394022,
-0.04374249652028084,
-0.0003692692844197154,
-0.027528999373316765,
0.05211596563458443,
0.024522308260202408,
0.022129887714982033,
-0.011816617101430893,
-0.01728038676083088,
-0.013061322271823883,
0.006583197042346001,
-0.02668841928243637,
-0.04112376645207405,
-0.03226534277200699,
-0.039280954748392105,
-0.07623414695262909,
-0.02494259923696518,
0.0016569127328693867,
-0.011137686669826508,
-0.05366780608892441,
-0.05525197833776474,
0.005083893425762653,
-0.013198724016547203,
0.011073026806116104,
0.024263668805360794,
-0.025427548214793205,
-0.0031339898705482483,
0.011614554561674595,
-0.03089131973683834,
0.020319407805800438,
-0.03892532363533974,
0.0021701515652239323,
0.0013457364402711391,
0.0005243522464297712,
0.020998338237404823,
-0.011040696874260902,
-0.00785215012729168,
-0.002382317092269659,
-0.01284309383481741,
0.012244989164173603,
-0.011283171363174915,
-0.01891305297613144,
-0.0224855188280344,
0.023358428850769997,
0.02922632358968258,
0.02731885388493538,
0.02082052268087864,
-0.01437876932322979,
0.013756416738033295,
-0.025734683498740196,
-0.02596099302172661,
0.03333223611116409,
0.03769678622484207,
-0.01461316179484129,
-0.0038998068775981665,
-0.024102019146084785,
0.02054571732878685,
-0.0007516726036556065,
-0.014006974175572395,
-0.0007077240152284503,
0.029323313385248184,
-0.021467123180627823,
-0.002149945357814431,
-0.028547393158078194,
-0.020416397601366043,
-0.044615406543016434,
-0.041188426315784454,
0.017328882589936256,
-0.0005187955684959888,
0.007767283357679844,
0.01766834780573845,
0.03556300327181816,
0.017910823225975037,
0.04076813533902168,
-0.042546287178993225,
-0.017264222726225853,
-0.007767283357679844,
0.0014194892719388008,
0.022938137874007225,
0.017151067033410072,
0.005241502076387405,
-0.0363389253616333,
-0.033914174884557724,
-0.014661656692624092,
0.03695319592952728,
-0.031101465225219727,
0.011064943857491016,
0.013804911635816097,
0.009028153494000435,
-0.004522159229964018,
0.017797667533159256,
0.018541257828474045,
-0.015235514380037785,
0.014023139141499996,
0.029323313385248184,
0.027027884498238564,
0.009141309186816216,
0.011727709323167801,
0.0315217562019825,
0.007153013721108437,
0.025573033839464188,
0.016714612022042274,
0.01852509193122387,
-0.021580278873443604,
0.04105910658836365,
-0.026720749214291573,
-0.00969091895967722,
-0.0009037246345542371,
-0.016746941953897476,
-0.007916809991002083,
-0.004360509570688009,
0.023762553930282593,
-0.03273412957787514,
0.01087904628366232,
0.0009481784072704613,
-0.04047716408967972,
0.018153296783566475,
0.061847299337387085,
0.0243606586009264,
0.01774917170405388,
-0.014839472249150276,
-0.00011359703057678416,
-0.036629896610975266,
0.029323313385248184,
-0.0034350629430264235,
0.021725762635469437,
-0.04600559547543526,
0.025847839191555977,
0.0038007961120456457,
-0.010297106578946114,
0.0726778507232666,
-0.0023277602158486843,
-0.05163101851940155,
-0.0055567193776369095,
0.007294457405805588,
0.02229153737425804,
-0.004635314457118511,
0.026979388669133186,
0.008013799786567688,
0.018848393112421036,
-0.0015659845666959882,
-0.05618954822421074,
0.06171797960996628,
0.02096600830554962,
0.018735237419605255,
0.029161663725972176,
-0.05211596563458443,
0.003004669677466154,
-0.00556480186060071,
0.026607593521475792,
-0.02735118381679058,
-0.03229767456650734,
-0.008858420886099339,
-0.027221864089369774,
0.0373411551117897,
0.007088353391736746,
-0.021822752431035042,
-0.00135988078545779,
-0.0029137416277080774,
-0.0070075285620987415,
-0.011533728800714016,
0.009949558414518833,
-0.004796964582055807,
0.005548636894673109,
-0.008175449445843697,
-0.011202346533536911,
0.007557138334959745,
-0.00918172113597393,
-0.0045019532553851604,
0.0018397793173789978,
0.03653290495276451,
-0.02035173773765564,
0.004489829298108816,
-0.00698328111320734,
-0.03129544481635094,
-0.011048778891563416,
0.03617727383971214,
-0.021256977692246437,
0.004039229825139046,
-0.008009758777916431,
0.005766864400357008,
0.004449416883289814,
0.011485233902931213,
-0.013570519164204597,
-0.03553067520260811,
0.027836134657263756,
-0.01462932676076889,
-0.0009128174860961735,
0.014750564470887184,
-0.021467123180627823,
-0.07170794904232025,
0.012980496510863304,
-0.002139842137694359,
0.02330993302166462,
0.014532336965203285,
0.05337683856487274,
-0.06094205752015114,
-0.02179042249917984,
-0.024764783680438995,
0.05596323683857918,
-0.0008491677581332624,
0.029323313385248184,
0.054961007088422775,
0.013392704539000988,
-0.016973251476883888,
0.03708251565694809,
0.0036169192753732204,
-0.023681728169322014,
-0.014475759118795395,
0.02070736698806286,
-0.01755519211292267,
0.03960425406694412,
-0.049400247633457184,
0.006369011010974646,
0.019947612658143044,
-0.0391516350209713,
0.029274819418787956,
0.0029177828691899776,
0.00045640874304808676,
0.014241366647183895
] |
Variational quantum circuits are used in quantum machine learning and
variational quantum simulation tasks. Designing good variational circuits or
predicting how well they perform for given learning or optimization tasks is
still unclear. Here we discuss these problems, analyzing variational quantum
circuits using the theory of neural tangent kernels. We define quantum neural
tangent kernels, and derive dynamical equations for their associated loss
function in optimization and learning tasks. We analytically solve the dynamics
in the frozen limit, or lazy training regime, where variational angles change
slowly and a linear perturbation is good enough. We extend the analysis to a
dynamical setting, including quadratic corrections in the variational angles.
We then consider hybrid quantum-classical architecture and define a large-width
limit for hybrid kernels, showing that a hybrid quantum-classical neural
network can be approximately Gaussian. The results presented here show limits
for which analytical understandings of the training dynamics for variational
quantum circuits, used for quantum machine learning and optimization problems,
are possible. These analytical results are supported by numerical simulations
of quantum machine learning experiments. | [
-0.031020421534776688,
-0.01679905131459236,
-0.03824145346879959,
-0.015183587558567524,
0.03384527564048767,
0.05879226326942444,
-0.02130998857319355,
0.026818452402949333,
-0.06221739947795868,
0.05674424394965172,
0.021716061979532242,
-0.01991521753370762,
0.0023658147547394037,
-0.0037142408546060324,
-0.015845661982893944,
0.0884179174900055,
-0.013488675467669964,
0.01202328223735094,
0.00884973630309105,
-0.02637706883251667,
-0.01788485422730446,
-0.036334678530693054,
-0.0790252760052681,
-0.04943493753671646,
0.0010466303210705519,
0.011608382686972618,
0.004360867664217949,
-0.0074549647979438305,
-0.045515451580286026,
0.003235340118408203,
-0.03151477128267288,
0.002849129494279623,
-0.014936412684619427,
-0.011334724724292755,
-0.03686433658003807,
-0.024964643642306328,
0.0024187806993722916,
0.02266944944858551,
-0.07093913108110428,
-0.0003133821883238852,
0.04290246218442917,
-0.012129214592278004,
-0.0012259422801434994,
-0.01959742046892643,
-0.027206869795918465,
-0.038771115243434906,
-0.01799078658223152,
-0.0133827431127429,
0.024946987628936768,
-0.0352400466799736,
0.02069205231964588,
-0.027118593454360962,
0.06949139386415482,
-0.004864044487476349,
0.026659555733203888,
0.03661716356873512,
0.025794442743062973,
0.05028239265084267,
0.12556473910808563,
0.0007580759120173752,
0.051624197512865067,
0.002796163549646735,
-0.0865817591547966,
-0.027665909379720688,
0.016887327656149864,
-0.05780356377363205,
0.008748218417167664,
-0.01708153635263443,
0.03592860698699951,
0.025794442743062973,
-0.0745055079460144,
-0.019721008837223053,
-0.03250347077846527,
-0.01968569867312908,
0.03169132396578789,
0.00300802756100893,
0.026182860136032104,
0.05981627106666565,
0.0030720282811671495,
0.04233749210834503,
-0.007719794753938913,
0.01131706964224577,
-0.02872522920370102,
-0.008103798143565655,
0.04964679852128029,
0.0034339625854045153,
-0.00040800374699756503,
-0.0372527539730072,
0.03313906118273735,
-0.005808604881167412,
-0.08714672923088074,
0.054272498935461044,
-0.020038804039359093,
-0.017646506428718567,
0.028654607012867928,
0.03446321189403534,
-0.0169491209089756,
-0.013638745993375778,
-0.018184995278716087,
0.03207974135875702,
0.04505641385912895,
-0.01933259144425392,
0.017443470656871796,
0.020550809800624847,
0.029961101710796356,
-0.06588970869779587,
-0.013109086081385612,
-0.012959015555679798,
0.06571315228939056,
0.08933599293231964,
-0.0239936001598835,
0.005486395210027695,
-0.032944854348897934,
0.03252112492918968,
-0.04657477140426636,
-0.007353446912020445,
-0.027171559631824493,
-0.06507756561040878,
-0.02067439630627632,
-0.06052248552441597,
0.050600189715623856,
0.07379929721355438,
-0.009939953684806824,
-0.03898297995328903,
-0.06214677542448044,
0.0745055079460144,
-0.0021285712718963623,
0.008253868669271469,
0.02295193448662758,
0.05338973179459572,
0.05197730287909508,
0.016534220427274704,
0.005203909706324339,
-0.01017830055207014,
0.006761993281543255,
-0.04742222651839256,
0.06818490475416183,
0.003102924907580018,
0.02002114988863468,
-0.016516564413905144,
0.021769028156995773,
-0.031550083309412,
-0.02568851225078106,
-0.012102731503546238,
0.028689919039607048,
-0.02872522920370102,
-0.021433575078845024,
0.03324499353766441,
-0.004709560424089432,
0.0171168465167284,
-0.020868605002760887,
0.03912422060966492,
-0.05197730287909508,
0.026553623378276825,
0.07923714071512222,
-0.010787409730255604,
-0.04632759839296341,
0.0318855345249176,
-0.001483048079535365,
-0.04608042165637016,
0.026112239807844162,
0.011325896717607975,
-0.04290246218442917,
0.036970268934965134,
0.03679371625185013,
0.03320968523621559,
0.043749917298555374,
0.011564243584871292,
-0.05610865354537964,
0.033951207995414734,
-0.008540768176317215,
0.03520473837852478,
-0.009392637759447098,
0.016975603997707367,
-0.048163753002882004,
0.00576005270704627,
0.02462919056415558,
0.016066353768110275,
-0.04724567383527756,
-0.011537761427462101,
-0.04046602547168732,
0.0045683179050683975,
-0.0008077315287664533,
0.11094611883163452,
0.08135578036308289,
0.02192792482674122,
0.05921599268913269,
0.002383470069617033,
0.02598865143954754,
-0.006638405844569206,
0.035681430250406265,
0.02364049293100834,
0.012349906377494335,
-0.012711840681731701,
0.020780328661203384,
-0.04879934340715408,
-0.006859097629785538,
-0.01659601368010044,
-0.019879907369613647,
0.0003594515728764236,
-0.015527866780757904,
-0.0776834711432457,
0.03442790359258652,
0.0077286227606236935,
-0.00542460149154067,
0.007582966238260269,
-0.03866518288850784,
-0.01961507648229599,
0.0027586459182202816,
-0.0009693881729617715,
0.0266772098839283,
-0.02372876927256584,
-0.009569191373884678,
-0.073163703083992,
-0.012120386585593224,
-0.03042014129459858,
-0.04156065732240677,
-0.0010471820132806897,
-0.050600189715623856,
-0.034357279539108276,
-0.014318476431071758,
-0.028124947100877762,
0.07422302663326263,
-0.018414514139294624,
-0.023446284234523773,
-0.014989378862082958,
-0.042796529829502106,
-0.060699038207530975,
-0.010063540190458298,
-0.003636998822912574,
-0.006470680236816406,
0.015483728609979153,
0.01661366969347,
0.010390164330601692,
-0.04004229977726936,
-0.022740069776773453,
0.045833248645067215,
-0.021133435890078545,
0.029643306508660316,
-0.004374109208583832,
-0.006735510192811489,
-0.023552216589450836,
0.005124460905790329,
-0.008364214561879635,
-0.0133827431127429,
-0.034304313361644745,
-0.033668722957372665,
0.03654654324054718,
0.02704797312617302,
0.020391911268234253,
-0.046539463102817535,
0.01995052769780159,
-0.0030278898775577545,
-0.023781735450029373,
-0.02235165238380432,
0.001566910883411765,
-0.004850802943110466,
-0.004393971525132656,
-0.027630597352981567,
-0.014583306387066841,
0.020727362483739853,
0.08368628472089767,
0.014918757602572441,
0.07161003351211548,
-0.002778508234769106,
-0.01182907447218895,
0.03753523901104927,
0.003411893267184496,
-0.036723095923662186,
0.0132150175049901,
-0.004471213556826115,
0.03478100895881653,
-0.008589319884777069,
-0.017108019441366196,
-0.0005009701126255095,
-0.04526827856898308,
-0.03479866310954094,
0.007733036298304796,
-0.017796577885746956,
-0.06977388262748718,
-0.0017986372113227844,
-0.013029636815190315,
-0.009092497639358044,
-0.009145462885499,
0.015404279343783855,
-0.033297959715127945,
-0.04540951922535896,
-0.0021440195851027966,
-0.0533544197678566,
-0.014230199158191681,
0.01266770251095295,
0.027471700683236122,
-0.007216617930680513,
0.012191008776426315,
0.05141233280301094,
-0.011899695731699467,
-0.03259174898266792,
-0.031232286244630814,
0.040395405143499374,
0.00044248680933378637,
0.0024430567864328623,
-0.0006532473489642143,
0.029555030167102814,
0.01859106682240963,
-0.03749993070960045,
-0.008434835821390152,
0.0657837763428688,
0.02808963693678379,
0.019703352823853493,
-0.011705487035214901,
-0.02436436153948307,
0.017443470656871796,
0.032662369310855865,
-0.021716061979532242,
-0.01469806581735611,
-0.011493622325360775,
0.06641937047243118,
0.036034535616636276,
0.009860504418611526,
0.00003875897527905181,
0.0322209857404232,
0.013038464821875095,
-0.08403939008712769,
-0.01453034020960331,
-0.005941019859164953,
-0.03749993070960045,
0.033315617591142654,
0.03817083314061165,
-0.035646118223667145,
0.011255275458097458,
-0.008915944024920464,
-0.0016033250140026212,
-0.09357327222824097,
0.023163799196481705,
0.02261648327112198,
0.018520446494221687,
0.00317575316876173,
0.03647591918706894,
-0.021786682307720184,
-0.072810597717762,
0.014133094809949398,
-0.01927962526679039,
0.025794442743062973,
-0.01182024646550417,
-0.04738691821694374,
-0.05727390572428703,
-0.062747061252594,
0.011431829072535038,
0.011917350813746452,
0.0548727810382843,
0.0008463526028208435,
0.04537421092391014,
-0.016251735389232635,
0.004021002445369959,
0.001990638906136155,
-0.013718195259571075,
-0.016622496768832207,
0.05211854726076126,
0.035999227315187454,
-0.012252802029252052,
-0.011511278338730335,
-0.07563545554876328,
-0.024434981867671013,
0.007525586057454348,
-0.07577669620513916,
-0.00978988315910101,
-0.030843868851661682,
-0.04611573368310928,
-0.020833294838666916,
0.006077848840504885,
-0.005583499558269978,
0.018132029101252556,
-0.013073774985969067,
0.03665247559547424,
0.039088908582925797,
-0.017319882288575172,
-0.032574091106653214,
-0.04191376268863678,
-0.06447727978229523,
0.0406072698533535,
-0.0718218982219696,
-0.016269391402602196,
0.03728806599974632,
-0.0027145077474415302,
0.028636952862143517,
0.046821948140859604,
-0.05264820531010628,
-0.058686330914497375,
-0.024540914222598076,
-0.01198797207325697,
-0.001961949048563838,
-0.022510550916194916,
-0.020409567281603813,
0.03045545145869255,
0.0385945625603199,
0.014274338260293007,
0.0017820852808654308,
0.009057186543941498,
0.036334678530693054,
0.029484407976269722,
-0.022881314158439636,
0.021716061979532242,
-0.02298724465072155,
-0.05727390572428703,
0.01521007064729929,
-0.047139741480350494,
-0.02805432677268982,
-0.01573973149061203,
0.042796529829502106,
-0.06197022274136543,
0.023905321955680847,
-0.026924384757876396,
-0.03781772777438164,
-0.050176460295915604,
0.028213223442435265,
-0.001305391313508153,
-0.026112239807844162,
0.014653927646577358,
0.007790416479110718,
0.000787317578215152,
0.032344572246074677,
-0.023499250411987305,
0.025547269731760025,
-0.02842508815228939,
-0.005022942554205656,
0.0493290051817894,
0.029890481382608414,
-0.028177913278341293,
0.02134529873728752,
-0.008068487979471684,
0.055331818759441376,
0.005799777340143919,
0.011414173990488052,
-0.022139789536595345,
0.005292186513543129,
-0.01231459528207779,
-0.021380610764026642,
0.04915245249867439,
0.02402891032397747,
-0.03848863020539284,
0.005892467685043812,
-0.007662415038794279,
-0.005698258988559246,
-0.01283542811870575,
0.012950187548995018,
-0.001543738297186792,
-0.05610865354537964,
-0.049223072826862335,
-0.014989378862082958,
-0.02162778377532959,
-0.072810597717762,
-0.007088616956025362,
-0.05455498397350311,
-0.018432168290019035,
0.046892568469047546,
-0.014989378862082958,
0.03047310747206211,
-0.031920842826366425,
0.049223072826862335,
-0.04812844097614288,
0.03689964860677719,
0.05416656658053398,
0.01922665908932686,
-0.07824844121932983,
-0.007331377360969782,
0.02704797312617302,
-0.018432168290019035,
-0.01931493543088436,
-0.028990058228373528,
-0.0013638745294883847,
0.05314255505800247,
-0.051553577184677124,
-0.023552216589450836,
0.0379236564040184,
0.05617927387356758,
0.031214630231261253,
-0.03781772777438164,
-0.03509880602359772,
-0.05685017630457878,
-0.03954795002937317,
0.041101619601249695,
0.04032478481531143,
0.03580501675605774,
0.011626037769019604,
-0.0716453492641449,
0.003595067420974374,
0.00031062355265021324,
-0.0081391092389822,
-0.006519232410937548,
-0.01892651803791523,
-0.015995733439922333,
-0.038382697850465775,
-0.012914877384901047,
0.012923704460263252,
-0.0027851290069520473,
-0.04576262831687927,
0.02371111325919628,
-0.010654994286596775,
0.059710342437028885,
0.04205500707030296,
-0.0019862251356244087,
-0.05550837144255638,
-0.05208323523402214,
0.033297959715127945,
-0.024417327716946602,
0.043785229325294495,
0.03757055103778839,
0.0057468111626803875,
-0.04600980132818222,
-0.04120755195617676,
0.007905175909399986,
-0.032273951917886734,
0.0022532620932906866,
-0.024505604058504105,
0.014645099639892578,
-0.019721008837223053,
-0.02000349387526512,
-0.02305786684155464,
0.054272498935461044,
0.02462919056415558,
0.03206208720803261,
-0.03179725632071495,
0.039053600281476974,
-0.02192792482674122,
-0.04099568724632263,
0.05875695124268532,
0.05049425736069679,
-0.004120313562452793,
0.04071320220828056,
-0.006413300056010485,
-0.055967409163713455,
0.01696677692234516,
-0.032980166375637054,
-0.06536004692316055,
-0.012605908326804638,
-0.025953341275453568,
0.010248921811580658,
-0.009692778810858727,
-0.006263229995965958,
-0.01198797207325697,
-0.03813552111387253,
0.05639113858342171,
0.02123936638236046,
0.030596693977713585,
-0.0009098014561459422,
0.004519765730947256,
0.022104479372501373,
0.006585439667105675,
0.012641219422221184,
-0.04540951922535896,
-0.025247128680348396,
-0.032644711434841156,
-0.0034074794966727495,
0.0030940973665565252,
-0.0256708562374115,
-0.02025066874921322,
-0.016401804983615875,
-0.014962895773351192,
0.005499636754393578,
-0.030261242762207985,
0.0575563907623291,
0.006744337733834982,
-0.013479847460985184,
-0.005371635314077139,
-0.028177913278341293,
-0.013603434897959232,
0.043749917298555374,
0.03608750179409981,
-0.0053274971432983875,
0.06197022274136543,
-0.0009991815313696861,
-0.015077655203640461,
-0.04675132408738136,
-0.004983217921108007,
0.030172966420650482,
0.021539507433772087,
-0.00999291893094778,
-0.007821313105523586,
0.04526827856898308,
-0.020180046558380127,
0.008337731473147869,
-0.01001057494431734,
0.024805745109915733,
0.015086483210325241,
-0.006929718889296055,
-0.02498229779303074,
-0.01199680007994175,
-0.00927787832915783,
-0.024946987628936768,
-0.007883106358349323,
-0.04357336461544037,
0.03686433658003807,
-0.005349566228687763,
0.025547269731760025,
0.0164459440857172,
0.012349906377494335,
0.053636904805898666,
-0.001185114262625575,
0.06186429038643837,
-0.03541659936308861,
-0.002835888182744384,
-0.0071195135824382305,
0.036369990557432175,
0.04862279072403908,
-0.002906509442254901,
0.01079623680561781,
0.02226337604224682,
0.040783822536468506,
0.0016121526714414358,
0.056956108659505844,
-0.005614396184682846,
-0.031620703637599945,
0.02568851225078106,
-0.013267983682453632,
0.019826941192150116,
0.009869331493973732,
-0.0412781722843647,
0.01186438463628292,
-0.004700732883065939,
-0.022210409864783287,
0.032256294041872025,
0.016922637820243835,
0.01689615473151207,
-0.028919437900185585,
-0.017037397250533104,
0.025812098756432533,
-0.01284425612539053,
-0.008637872524559498,
0.0036105159670114517,
-0.015713248401880264,
0.012235146947205067,
-0.012782461941242218,
-0.06465383619070053,
0.007768346928060055,
0.017858371138572693,
-0.007362274453043938,
0.0015779455425217748,
0.01797313056886196,
0.047563470900058746,
-0.03493990749120712,
-0.014733376912772655,
0.008787943050265312,
-0.011449484154582024,
0.002120847115293145,
-0.007949314080178738,
0.05307193472981453,
-0.004850802943110466,
-0.012182180769741535,
-0.0040386575274169445,
0.034374937415122986,
0.048552170395851135,
0.03937139734625816,
-0.025088230147957802,
0.05723859369754791,
-0.013488675467669964,
-0.007410826627165079,
0.025776788592338562,
0.008960082195699215,
-0.0014400131767615676,
-0.0036480333656072617,
0.04166658967733383,
0.01566910929977894,
0.011935005895793438,
0.008492215536534786,
0.02159247361123562,
-0.040112920105457306,
0.037641171365976334,
0.04028947278857231,
0.0010091126896440983,
0.02535306103527546,
0.00020138116087764502,
-0.043079014867544174,
0.00856725126504898,
0.009216084145009518,
0.01780540496110916,
-0.005623224191367626,
0.02164543978869915,
0.03852393850684166,
0.04290246218442917,
-0.007900762371718884,
0.019367901608347893,
-0.018820585682988167,
-0.019809285178780556,
0.014486202038824558,
-0.031302906572818756,
-0.007830141112208366,
-0.014742203988134861,
0.01350633054971695,
-0.03317437320947647,
-0.03382762148976326,
-0.01855575665831566,
-0.03176194801926613,
-0.004182107280939817,
-0.06507756561040878,
0.006731096189469099,
-0.008832081221044064,
-0.032291606068611145,
-0.006369161885231733,
0.003983485046774149,
-0.009419120848178864,
-0.0019442937336862087,
-0.0031404425390064716,
0.001700429362244904,
0.02161012962460518,
-0.005530533380806446,
0.017461124807596207,
0.02198089100420475,
-0.019509144127368927,
-0.019120726734399796,
-0.0075608971528708935,
-0.012914877384901047,
-0.019191348925232887,
-0.006969443056732416,
0.05911006033420563,
-0.008050832897424698,
0.003753965487703681,
0.010019402019679546,
0.0352400466799736,
-0.049576178193092346,
0.01760236918926239,
0.02168074995279312,
0.021468887105584145,
0.029555030167102814,
-0.05790949612855911,
-0.024223119020462036,
0.04300839453935623,
0.061440564692020416,
-0.009216084145009518,
0.006232332903891802,
-0.007759519387036562,
0.022422274574637413,
-0.026553623378276825,
-0.0025158850476145744,
0.006585439667105675,
-0.005402532406151295,
-0.0271009374409914,
-0.03479866310954094,
0.03589329496026039,
-0.008108212612569332,
0.008417180739343166,
0.02632410265505314,
-0.003937139641493559,
-0.022404618561267853,
0.005698258988559246,
-0.02503526397049427,
0.014088956639170647,
-0.02095688134431839,
-0.001213804236613214,
-0.0010416647419333458,
0.014318476431071758,
0.03937139734625816,
-0.036405298858881,
0.013082602992653847,
-0.044773928821086884,
-0.04643353074789047,
0.02090391516685486,
0.0014973930083215237,
-0.043432123959064484,
0.014918757602572441,
0.006024882663041353,
-0.008721735328435898,
0.027312802150845528,
-0.02125702239573002,
0.014406752772629261,
-0.003003613790497184,
-0.03880642354488373,
-0.02740107849240303,
0.014477374032139778,
0.02941378764808178,
-0.040748510509729385,
0.012217490933835506,
0.023746425285935402,
0.02231634221971035,
-0.01890886388719082,
-0.0023084350395947695,
0.009886987507343292,
0.02092157118022442,
-0.004603628534823656,
0.06313547492027283,
0.03116166591644287,
-0.019385557621717453,
-0.004784595686942339,
0.0236581489443779,
0.0267654862254858,
-0.024593880400061607,
-0.011264103464782238,
-0.02535306103527546,
-0.014547995291650295,
0.018732309341430664,
0.0005903502460569143,
-0.011731970123946667,
-0.016657808795571327,
0.014274338260293007,
-0.015430762432515621,
0.07394053786993027,
0.04290246218442917,
-0.04668070375919342,
0.010566717945039272,
-0.01788485422730446,
-0.011634865775704384,
-0.008907116018235683,
-0.016604842618107796,
0.032309260219335556,
0.014848136343061924,
0.04939962550997734,
0.01963273249566555,
-0.026606589555740356,
0.014918757602572441,
-0.008050832897424698,
0.017831888049840927,
-0.010107679292559624,
-0.01996818371117115,
0.0246645025908947,
-0.013479847460985184,
0.006519232410937548,
-0.03516942635178566,
-0.05144764482975006,
0.0073711019940674305,
0.03153242543339729,
-0.0040386575274169445,
-0.009057186543941498,
0.00016510496789123863,
0.03813552111387253,
-0.04456206411123276,
-0.07824844121932983,
-0.019032450392842293,
0.03216801956295967,
-0.0022311927750706673,
-0.0036767234560102224,
0.004179900512099266,
-0.009207257069647312,
0.051588885486125946,
-0.036687783896923065,
0.02397594414651394,
-0.021115779876708984,
0.005737983621656895,
-0.009816366247832775,
0.027877772226929665,
-0.03169132396578789,
0.004638939164578915,
-0.04978804290294647,
-0.03983043506741524,
0.036299366503953934,
-0.021874958649277687,
-0.014742203988134861,
0.031002767384052277,
0.028460398316383362,
-0.02741873450577259,
-0.05593210086226463,
0.0011161481961607933,
0.03785303607583046,
0.004978804383426905,
0.07379929721355438,
0.003429548814892769,
-0.021151090040802956,
-0.007340205367654562,
0.014751031994819641,
0.028972404077649117,
-0.036052193492650986,
-0.047845955938100815,
0.020074116066098213,
0.050847362726926804,
0.01957976631820202,
-0.015254208818078041,
0.027277491986751556,
-0.040819134563207626,
0.05642644688487053,
-0.034657422453165054,
-0.014053646475076675,
0.00542018748819828,
0.006770820822566748,
0.03352747857570648,
-0.0008706286898814142,
0.026641899719834328,
-0.0161104928702116,
0.018396858125925064,
-0.03285657614469528,
-0.025141196325421333,
-0.00016317391418851912,
-0.016419460996985435,
-0.005914537236094475,
-0.001990638906136155,
-0.029325509443879128,
0.03760586306452751,
0.030861524865031242,
0.007141582667827606,
-0.02169840596616268,
-0.03382762148976326,
0.008938012644648552,
-0.03714682534337044,
-0.021910270676016808,
-0.016481254249811172,
-0.016887327656149864,
0.010151817463338375,
0.05511995404958725,
-0.046504151076078415,
-0.042831841856241226,
-0.04802250862121582,
0.032609403133392334,
0.028636952862143517,
0.0005109012126922607,
0.019085416570305824,
-0.047139741480350494,
-0.06567784398794174,
0.03728806599974632,
-0.025423681363463402,
0.0025489889085292816,
0.008668769150972366,
-0.013824126683175564,
0.010372509248554707,
-0.014512685127556324,
0.036687783896923065,
0.019509144127368927,
-0.033651068806648254,
-0.0009594570728950202,
0.031620703637599945,
-0.05035301297903061,
-0.012111559510231018,
0.040077608078718185,
0.02598865143954754,
0.014645099639892578,
0.027824806049466133,
-0.010425474494695663,
0.024946987628936768,
-0.010266576893627644,
-0.05310724675655365,
-0.001431185519322753,
0.003131614997982979,
0.01553669385612011,
-0.01642828807234764,
0.007106272038072348,
-0.006581025663763285,
0.02123936638236046,
0.01963273249566555,
-0.01016947254538536,
-0.016066353768110275,
0.0032220985740423203,
0.0007702139555476606,
-0.02838977798819542,
-0.036970268934965134,
-0.014133094809949398,
-0.02169840596616268,
0.022775381803512573,
0.00982519332319498,
0.013930059038102627,
-0.029201922938227654,
0.09971732646226883,
0.015192415565252304,
-0.04505641385912895,
0.03827676549553871,
0.0066781300120055676,
0.013629917986690998,
0.0019398798467591405,
-0.023216765373945236,
0.008443663828074932,
-0.018485134467482567,
-0.031249942258000374,
-0.006536887492984533,
-0.05173012986779213,
0.018502790480852127,
0.032273951917886734,
-0.0007746277842670679,
-0.0009776641381904483,
-0.008911529555916786,
-0.0273481123149395,
-0.010187127627432346,
0.008028763346374035,
-0.0062544019892811775,
-0.02946675382554531,
0.010937479324638844,
-0.02777184173464775,
0.021716061979532242,
0.00005224185952101834,
-0.013700539246201515,
0.012764806859195232,
-0.001417944091372192,
0.0012524252524599433,
-0.03845331817865372,
0.0021263642702251673,
-0.005870398599654436,
0.04590386897325516,
-0.01590745709836483,
-0.005446670576930046,
0.010407819412648678,
0.02062143012881279,
0.011211137287318707,
-0.04502110183238983,
-0.006735510192811489,
-0.045162346214056015,
0.02434670552611351,
0.017725955694913864,
-0.023093177005648613,
0.03476335480809212,
0.02198089100420475,
-0.021221712231636047,
0.020091770216822624,
0.011246448382735252,
0.0055128782987594604,
-0.020550809800624847,
-0.019050106406211853,
-0.0012160111218690872,
-0.007816899567842484,
0.03133821859955788,
0.03207974135875702,
0.06126401200890541,
0.01068147737532854,
0.05815667286515236,
-0.0359109491109848,
-0.014459718950092793,
0.023817045614123344,
-0.03522239252924919,
-0.02674783207476139,
0.01965038664638996,
-0.0006157297757454216,
-0.004555076360702515,
0.028142603114247322,
-0.0006471783271990716,
0.018732309341430664,
0.021451231092214584,
-0.009772227145731449,
0.04353805631399155,
0.008673182688653469,
-0.009419120848178864,
0.003343479009345174
] |
Benefiting from expanding cloud infrastructure, deep neural networks (DNNs)
today have increasingly high performance when trained in the cloud. Researchers
spend months of effort competing for an extra few percentage points of model
accuracy. However, when these models are actually deployed on edge devices in
practice, very often, the performance can abruptly drop over 10% without
obvious reasons. The key challenge is that there is not much visibility into ML
inference execution on edge devices, and very little awareness of potential
issues during the edge deployment process. We present ML-EXray, an end-to-end
framework, which provides visibility into layer-level details of the ML
execution, and helps developers analyze and debug cloud-to-edge deployment
issues. More often than not, the reason for sub-optimal edge performance does
not only lie in the model itself, but every operation throughout the data flow
and the deployment process. Evaluations show that ML-EXray can effectively
catch deployment issues, such as pre-processing bugs, quantization issues,
suboptimal kernels, etc. Using ML-EXray, users need to write less than 15 lines
of code to fully examine the edge deployment pipeline. Eradicating these
issues, ML-EXray can correct model performance by up to 30%, pinpoint
error-prone layers, and guide users to optimize kernel execution latency by two
orders of magnitude. Code and APIs will be released as an open-source
multi-lingual instrumentation library and a Python deployment validation
library. | [
-0.030537936836481094,
-0.006041200365871191,
-0.02712375856935978,
-0.04252550005912781,
0.03565920516848564,
-0.014197295531630516,
-0.023671643808484077,
0.03856125846505165,
0.027730721980333328,
-0.006472714710980654,
-0.0063162315636873245,
-0.04317039996385574,
0.03359173238277435,
-0.0005965922609902918,
0.0014545826707035303,
0.03171393275260925,
0.03825777396559715,
0.0009537177975289524,
-0.004362562205642462,
-0.0539819672703743,
0.03888370841741562,
-0.024050995707511902,
0.0035350981634110212,
-0.005832556169480085,
0.008706157095730305,
0.03493843600153923,
0.003916822373867035,
-0.008359997533261776,
-0.04002176970243454,
-0.0014107199385762215,
0.042411692440509796,
0.008402674458920956,
0.0006383804138749838,
0.010498601011931896,
-0.05553731694817543,
-0.013732587918639183,
0.020674752071499825,
-0.004502448718994856,
-0.039376866072416306,
0.033402055501937866,
0.004386271815747023,
-0.051250625401735306,
-0.009132929146289825,
0.044877488166093826,
-0.011124534532427788,
-0.023235386237502098,
-0.04275311157107353,
-0.03087935410439968,
-0.03393314778804779,
-0.03133457899093628,
-0.041994404047727585,
-0.012755753472447395,
-0.03251057490706444,
-0.014330069534480572,
0.014842196367681026,
0.03336411714553833,
0.0992388129234314,
0.02175590954720974,
0.06297264248132706,
-0.03801119700074196,
0.02854633331298828,
0.006140780635178089,
-0.033705536276102066,
-0.018796954303979874,
0.01959359645843506,
0.015136194415390491,
-0.029229167848825455,
0.02843252569437027,
0.011873756535351276,
0.0027123757172375917,
-0.05034017562866211,
-0.02480970323085785,
-0.011845305562019348,
-0.007259872741997242,
0.003869403153657913,
-0.047191545367240906,
-0.019953981041908264,
0.03417972847819328,
-0.01662515662610531,
-0.040249381214380264,
0.03892164304852486,
0.04062873497605324,
-0.013571362942457199,
0.034445274621248245,
0.08133333921432495,
0.000006946165740373544,
0.02406996488571167,
-0.05527177080512047,
-0.007558613549917936,
-0.020674752071499825,
-0.02365267463028431,
0.017535604536533356,
-0.010972793214023113,
-0.02579602040350437,
0.04248756542801857,
0.0038883709348738194,
-0.06498321145772934,
-0.012784204445779324,
-0.04146331176161766,
0.022230099886655807,
-0.06502114981412888,
0.025189056992530823,
0.0009495686390437186,
-0.005216107238084078,
0.0012530512176454067,
-0.037461135536432266,
-0.008962220512330532,
-0.009720927104353905,
-0.007231421303004026,
0.1476442813873291,
0.013429105281829834,
-0.05420957878232002,
-0.033003732562065125,
-0.05788930505514145,
0.03323134407401085,
-0.008032805286347866,
-0.016786381602287292,
-0.02596672996878624,
-0.036038558930158615,
-0.012860075570642948,
0.012632463127374649,
0.03795429319143295,
0.059368785470724106,
0.00714606698602438,
-0.06532462686300278,
0.10295647382736206,
0.043018657714128494,
-0.05716853588819504,
0.02651679329574108,
0.013248912058770657,
0.058951497077941895,
0.030860386788845062,
0.025056282058358192,
-0.03061380796134472,
0.015420709736645222,
0.02278016321361065,
0.018825404345989227,
0.07131841033697128,
0.025170087814331055,
-0.035886816680431366,
0.028375623747706413,
-0.05223694443702698,
-0.04654664546251297,
-0.01660618931055069,
0.031694963574409485,
0.01580006256699562,
0.025416668504476547,
0.07996766269207001,
-0.03359173238277435,
-0.007748290430754423,
-0.0902102068066597,
0.015781095251441002,
0.000981576507911086,
0.03408489003777504,
0.07575684785842896,
0.005946362391114235,
-0.002847520401701331,
0.017080379649996758,
-0.027673820033669472,
-0.021224815398454666,
-0.004556980915367603,
-0.043018657714128494,
0.0032671799417585135,
0.053716421127319336,
0.03334515169262886,
-0.012366916052997112,
0.01706141233444214,
-0.05030224099755287,
-0.09332089871168137,
0.06103793904185295,
-0.009270445443689823,
0.03803016245365143,
-0.009815765544772148,
-0.02293190360069275,
-0.026573695242404938,
0.01837018132209778,
0.02886878326535225,
0.0071508088149130344,
-0.03455908223986626,
-0.03072761371731758,
-0.014614583924412727,
0.00007383310730801895,
-0.031069030985236168,
0.00006546066288137808,
0.0049979789182543755,
-0.004099386278539896,
0.05200933292508125,
-0.004592545330524445,
0.0031604866962879896,
-0.01399813499301672,
0.0102994404733181,
0.027882464230060577,
0.0608861967921257,
-0.031069030985236168,
0.047760576009750366,
-0.06687998026609421,
-0.010678794234991074,
0.030272388830780983,
-0.01893921196460724,
-0.043132465332746506,
-0.0627070963382721,
-0.020485075190663338,
0.010972793214023113,
-0.011039179749786854,
0.034160759299993515,
-0.025625312700867653,
0.027901431545615196,
-0.017355412244796753,
0.00992957130074501,
-0.06175870820879936,
0.006752487737685442,
0.03742319718003273,
-0.07974005490541458,
-0.034141793847084045,
-0.02234390750527382,
0.005197139456868172,
0.006069652270525694,
-0.03135354816913605,
-0.07659142464399338,
-0.017175218090415,
-0.0031035838183015585,
-0.007956934161484241,
0.002764536766335368,
0.0021291200537234545,
-0.02149036154150963,
0.008459577336907387,
0.03408489003777504,
0.0032102768309414387,
0.004391014110296965,
-0.011342662386596203,
-0.012755753472447395,
-0.03856125846505165,
0.011475436389446259,
-0.012860075570642948,
0.013144589960575104,
-0.02073165588080883,
0.01667257584631443,
-0.0023958529345691204,
-0.01784856989979744,
-0.006026974879205227,
-0.020636817440390587,
0.012793688103556633,
-0.0027763915713876486,
-0.037802550941705704,
0.06737314164638519,
-0.01761147566139698,
-0.014481810852885246,
0.027066854760050774,
0.02814801223576069,
0.0006668319110758603,
0.004063821863383055,
-0.03983209282159805,
0.004912624601274729,
0.022021455690264702,
-0.048519279807806015,
0.03146735206246376,
0.0005453202757053077,
0.0020247979555279016,
0.00856389943510294,
-0.0204471405595541,
0.03351585939526558,
0.020523011684417725,
-0.03651275113224983,
-0.009099735878407955,
-0.014974969439208508,
-0.009014382027089596,
0.030518969520926476,
0.0192047581076622,
-0.01727954111993313,
0.024107899516820908,
0.009042833000421524,
-0.08011940866708755,
-0.05356467887759209,
-0.06194838508963585,
-0.01819947175681591,
-0.063010573387146,
-0.02160416729748249,
0.01122885663062334,
0.046053484082221985,
0.024164801463484764,
0.016198383644223213,
0.0016916784225031734,
0.03355379402637482,
0.0015434935921803117,
0.014557681046426296,
-0.018208956345915794,
0.03795429319143295,
0.004597287159413099,
-0.07063557952642441,
0.01930908113718033,
-0.02655472792685032,
0.017355412244796753,
-0.011627177707850933,
0.025170087814331055,
0.10568781942129135,
-0.048367541283369064,
-0.015553483739495277,
-0.028603235259652138,
0.004255869425833225,
-0.002334207994863391,
-0.039642415940761566,
-0.01880643703043461,
0.02204042486846447,
0.04207027703523636,
0.013609297573566437,
0.027066854760050774,
-0.008018579334020615,
0.1001492589712143,
-0.012376399710774422,
-0.001976193394511938,
0.05356467887759209,
-0.011522854678332806,
-0.037783585488796234,
-0.08049876242876053,
-0.014614583924412727,
0.03736629709601402,
0.038807839155197144,
-0.03412282466888428,
-0.016843285411596298,
-0.024145834147930145,
0.06020336225628853,
-0.03177083656191826,
-0.10682587325572968,
0.024620026350021362,
0.009128187783062458,
-0.010128731839358807,
0.03015858307480812,
0.007278840523213148,
-0.06972512602806091,
-0.006633940152823925,
-0.055044155567884445,
-0.01050808560103178,
-0.05322326347231865,
-0.0005868120933882892,
-0.03118283674120903,
0.002688666107133031,
-0.06684204190969467,
0.010745180770754814,
0.03664552420377731,
0.008957479149103165,
-0.025302862748503685,
-0.02492350898683071,
-0.07507400959730148,
-0.01846501976251602,
-0.033003732562065125,
-0.0649452805519104,
-0.048784829676151276,
-0.028717041015625,
0.013125622645020485,
-0.034578047692775726,
0.0010965679539367557,
-0.00747325923293829,
-0.013315299525856972,
0.023899255320429802,
0.029817165806889534,
-0.002878342755138874,
-0.004680270794779062,
0.02463899366557598,
0.03355379402637482,
0.05424751713871956,
0.02071268856525421,
-0.042866919189691544,
-0.033136505633592606,
0.018749535083770752,
-0.01465251948684454,
0.005870491731911898,
0.002985036000609398,
-0.005775653291493654,
-0.06282089650630951,
0.08755473047494888,
-0.013827426359057426,
0.07499814033508301,
-0.011029696092009544,
0.02985510043799877,
0.01776321604847908,
-0.04320833459496498,
0.0016584850382059813,
-0.020826494321227074,
-0.06858706474304199,
0.04711567237973213,
-0.044725749641656876,
0.030955225229263306,
-0.03818190470337868,
0.026061568409204483,
-0.006728778127580881,
0.05993781238794327,
0.009009639732539654,
-0.026782339438796043,
0.020048819482326508,
0.01868314854800701,
-0.008421642705798149,
-0.027730721980333328,
-0.05352674424648285,
-0.03199844807386398,
0.009958023205399513,
-0.004054337739944458,
0.010602923110127449,
-0.003110696794465184,
0.05291977897286415,
-0.03971828520298004,
-0.08414055407047272,
0.02133862115442753,
0.02031436748802662,
0.012120336294174194,
-0.01922372542321682,
-0.010764149017632008,
0.06760074943304062,
-0.007553871721029282,
0.04787437990307808,
-0.031277675181627274,
0.0076581938192248344,
-0.0266875009983778,
0.020997202023863792,
-0.0027455692179501057,
0.04942972958087921,
-0.004417094402015209,
-0.047798510640859604,
-0.01086847111582756,
-0.03266231343150139,
-0.008122901432216167,
-0.02002985216677189,
0.008905317634344101,
0.03251057490706444,
0.0016501866048201919,
0.00685206800699234,
0.031239740550518036,
-0.02249564789235592,
0.010204602964222431,
0.044308461248874664,
0.004765625111758709,
-0.007776741869747639,
-0.014671486802399158,
0.03380037471652031,
-0.05762375891208649,
0.042146146297454834,
0.005069107748568058,
0.030537936836481094,
-0.006885261740535498,
-0.03421766310930252,
0.015743160620331764,
-0.03672139346599579,
-0.03192257508635521,
0.02699098363518715,
-0.022002488374710083,
-0.05842040106654167,
-0.05208520218729973,
-0.017933925613760948,
0.00038379878969863057,
-0.04552239179611206,
-0.06035510450601578,
-0.05842040106654167,
0.04673632234334946,
-0.05136442929506302,
-0.007165034767240286,
0.02786349691450596,
-0.017858054488897324,
-0.03579197824001312,
-0.03268128260970116,
0.03137251362204552,
-0.05861007794737816,
0.02219216525554657,
0.0643383115530014,
0.023842351511120796,
-0.008701415732502937,
0.0005811810260638595,
0.06441418081521988,
-0.04988495260477066,
-0.032851990312337875,
0.00782416108995676,
0.021699005737900734,
0.010546020232141018,
-0.012765237130224705,
0.01974533684551716,
0.015411226078867912,
0.03144838660955429,
0.01837018132209778,
0.0028593752067536116,
-0.07704664766788483,
0.013751555234193802,
-0.052578359842300415,
0.04381529986858368,
-0.0063968440517783165,
0.0013372201938182116,
0.009057058952748775,
0.021092040464282036,
-0.017886506393551826,
0.019261661916971207,
-0.004322255961596966,
0.01123834028840065,
-0.04601554945111275,
-0.012935945764183998,
-0.056902989745140076,
0.0025630053132772446,
-0.06843532621860504,
-0.056485701352357864,
-0.07936070114374161,
-0.02424067258834839,
0.018189989030361176,
0.014491294510662556,
0.05963433161377907,
-0.002871230011805892,
0.045180972665548325,
0.009825249202549458,
0.008601834997534752,
-0.03548849746584892,
-0.017753731459379196,
-0.03467288613319397,
0.04567413032054901,
-0.0005633988766930997,
-0.002437344752252102,
-0.0014972598291933537,
-0.04643283784389496,
0.040666669607162476,
0.0006798721733503044,
0.029930971562862396,
0.01196859497576952,
0.010403762571513653,
0.002603311790153384,
0.03842848539352417,
0.05572699382901192,
0.000995209557004273,
-0.0043696751818060875,
0.02771175466477871,
0.02204042486846447,
0.00231049838475883,
0.03302270174026489,
0.034900497645139694,
-0.007018035277724266,
0.04958147183060646,
0.023576805368065834,
0.0162363201379776,
0.04381529986858368,
0.0007225493900477886,
0.017051929607987404,
-0.020390236750245094,
-0.005913168657571077,
0.01088743843138218,
0.02583395689725876,
-0.049391794949769974,
-0.022362874820828438,
-0.045598261058330536,
0.04897450655698776,
0.010602923110127449,
0.03252954035997391,
0.0042060790583491325,
0.040249381214380264,
0.014462842606008053,
-0.03029135800898075,
0.01595180481672287,
0.028489429503679276,
-0.009540734812617302,
-0.02754104696214199,
0.035735078155994415,
-0.010403762571513653,
-0.055613186210393906,
-0.034293532371520996,
-0.024866605177521706,
-0.02001088485121727,
-0.03636100888252258,
-0.039528608322143555,
-0.012632463127374649,
-0.0027953593526035547,
0.03383830934762955,
-0.01957462728023529,
-0.03072761371731758,
-0.055309705436229706,
0.00649168249219656,
0.014055037871003151,
-0.02319745160639286,
0.00496952747926116,
-0.012755753472447395,
0.0019287741743028164,
-0.040818411856889725,
0.02114894427359104,
-0.010062345303595066,
-0.00040750837069936097,
0.03601958975195885,
-0.03564023971557617,
0.02221113257110119,
0.01218672376126051,
0.00033074861858040094,
-0.0009151897393167019,
0.00157550151925534,
0.0038385808002203703,
-0.01645444706082344,
-0.05136442929506302,
-0.024335511028766632,
-0.048519279807806015,
-0.0071934862062335014,
-0.012404851615428925,
-0.02480970323085785,
0.01800031214952469,
-0.0720391795039177,
0.06092413142323494,
-0.04381529986858368,
0.015942320227622986,
0.04021144658327103,
-0.006112329196184874,
0.0415012463927269,
-0.03209328651428223,
0.040097638964653015,
0.01429213397204876,
0.04442226514220238,
0.017440766096115112,
-0.010308925062417984,
0.023899255320429802,
0.020390236750245094,
0.013021300546824932,
0.016881220042705536,
-0.009189832955598831,
0.03861816227436066,
0.00565710524097085,
0.030386196449398994,
0.0205988809466362,
0.017706312239170074,
-0.006776197347790003,
0.04798818752169609,
-0.02031436748802662,
0.009550218470394611,
-0.027370337396860123,
0.03842848539352417,
-0.005557524971663952,
0.02424067258834839,
-0.0014320585178211331,
-0.017601991072297096,
0.01843656785786152,
-0.02594776265323162,
-0.037916358560323715,
-0.010062345303595066,
0.0060174912214279175,
-0.03461598604917526,
-0.01369465235620737,
-0.039225127547979355,
0.01630270667374134,
0.012964397668838501,
0.03785945475101471,
0.017706312239170074,
0.026877177879214287,
-0.021945586428046227,
-0.048519279807806015,
-0.012442787177860737,
0.03378140553832054,
0.01429213397204876,
0.07033209502696991,
-0.006183458026498556,
-0.001091826125048101,
0.006486940663307905,
0.03175186738371849,
0.02989303693175316,
0.03203638270497322,
0.0032245025504380465,
0.06005162000656128,
0.02351990155875683,
0.03971828520298004,
0.007335743401199579,
0.005571750923991203,
0.020048819482326508,
-0.00008468765008728951,
0.019233210012316704,
0.025037314742803574,
-0.004955301992595196,
0.009564443491399288,
0.01675792969763279,
0.01442490704357624,
0.004130208399146795,
-0.047343287616968155,
-0.019536692649126053,
0.05147823691368103,
-0.023747513070702553,
0.03440733999013901,
-0.0074116140604019165,
-0.0031984220258891582,
-0.023557836189866066,
0.004983753431588411,
-0.0001421833731001243,
-0.020788557827472687,
0.014026586897671223,
-0.02723756432533264,
-0.00771983852609992,
0.04161505028605461,
-0.041273634880781174,
-0.03535572439432144,
0.037062812596559525,
0.017687344923615456,
-0.03930099681019783,
-0.0013040268095210195,
0.003950015641748905,
0.022856034338474274,
-0.023273322731256485,
0.010147699154913425,
-0.055461443960666656,
-0.01690967194736004,
0.019328048452734947,
0.010840019211173058,
0.02249564789235592,
-0.014206779189407825,
-0.0005388001445680857,
-0.020200561732053757,
0.007734064478427172,
-0.014870647341012955,
0.005633395630866289,
0.024866605177521706,
-0.022305971011519432,
0.019650498405098915,
-0.014974969439208508,
0.02566324733197689,
0.007449549622833729,
-0.026213310658931732,
0.0053441389463841915,
0.02782556042075157,
0.019802240654826164,
0.008473803289234638,
0.01818050444126129,
0.03417972847819328,
0.07332898676395416,
-0.0009673507884144783,
0.016900187358260155,
0.010792599990963936,
0.018891792744398117,
0.03784048557281494,
0.031239740550518036,
0.018626244738698006,
-0.0038101293612271547,
-0.05527177080512047,
-0.010470150038599968,
0.057358212769031525,
0.0009489758522249758,
0.03419869765639305,
0.009464863687753677,
-0.009332089684903622,
-0.011769434437155724,
-0.01297388132661581,
-0.03032929264008999,
0.003779306774958968,
-0.002380441641435027,
-0.011854789219796658,
0.06388308852910995,
0.02177487686276436,
0.009388993494212627,
0.01568625681102276,
-0.02278016321361065,
-0.010033893398940563,
-0.0012945430353283882,
-0.020485075190663338,
0.011276275850832462,
0.0036773555912077427,
0.01124782394617796,
-0.03319340944290161,
0.014804260805249214,
0.0008920729160308838,
0.027085822075605392,
-0.0307465810328722,
0.0022927161771804094,
-0.054626867175102234,
-0.07450497895479202,
0.028053173795342445,
0.04188060015439987,
-0.02480970323085785,
0.022021455690264702,
0.003983209375292063,
-0.015904385596513748,
0.04593968018889427,
0.03017755225300789,
0.025758085772395134,
0.07177363336086273,
0.04146331176161766,
-0.007440065499395132,
0.02378544956445694,
0.004381529986858368,
0.03482462838292122,
0.03224502503871918,
0.013438588939607143,
-0.008416900411248207,
-0.06634888052940369,
-0.031827736645936966,
0.00458780350163579,
0.025909828022122383,
0.01865469664335251,
-0.011409048922359943,
0.0245062205940485,
-0.03436940535902977,
0.00528723606839776,
-0.018095150589942932,
0.0027740206569433212,
-0.029779231175780296,
0.02945677936077118,
0.0036346784327179193,
-0.026630599051713943,
-0.010176151059567928,
0.014263682067394257,
-0.02293190360069275,
-0.02249564789235592,
0.017184702679514885,
-0.012148788198828697,
0.05291977897286415,
-0.013846393674612045,
-0.007018035277724266,
-0.02828078530728817,
-0.018521923571825027,
-0.043739430606365204,
0.08641666918992996,
-0.03440733999013901,
0.015174129977822304,
-0.018446052446961403,
-0.02437344752252102,
-0.009260961785912514,
0.003532727248966694,
-0.054626867175102234,
0.019328048452734947,
-0.004229788668453693,
0.05075746402144432,
0.04005970433354378,
-0.03461598604917526,
0.0446498766541481,
0.02564428001642227,
-0.016141481697559357,
0.0021883940789848566,
0.03205534815788269,
0.0039073387160897255,
-0.03222605958580971,
-0.012869559228420258,
-0.04002176970243454,
-0.00925147719681263,
-0.01861676014959812,
-0.022249069064855576,
-0.031562190502882004,
0.02234390750527382,
0.005922652781009674,
0.03230192884802818,
-0.03738526254892349,
-0.03325031325221062,
0.04760883376002312,
-0.009920087642967701,
0.03514707833528519,
-0.013514460064470768,
0.023121580481529236,
-0.04263930395245552,
0.04260136932134628,
-0.01195911131799221,
0.028091108426451683,
0.0012732043396681547,
0.005121268797665834,
-0.01640702784061432,
0.008165578357875347,
-0.05785137042403221,
-0.00043595986790023744,
0.006449005100876093,
0.02596672996878624,
-0.004502448718994856,
0.010716729797422886,
-0.015145679004490376,
-0.011162469163537025,
-0.00019841954053845257,
0.015487096272408962,
-0.03029135800898075,
-0.008985930122435093,
-0.0007753032259643078,
-0.00878202822059393,
-0.012423818930983543,
0.022002488374710083,
0.007478001061826944,
-0.0042890626937150955,
-0.010043377056717873,
-0.031846705824136734,
0.02522699162364006,
0.014225747436285019,
-0.019991915673017502,
0.0019181049428880215,
0.017706312239170074,
-0.04480161890387535,
-0.0075775813311338425,
-0.00357303349301219,
0.02710478939116001,
0.026175374165177345,
0.017933925613760948,
0.024183770641684532,
-0.011361629702150822,
0.035317789763212204,
0.02854633331298828,
-0.020048819482326508,
0.006558069493621588,
-0.007544388063251972,
0.03869403153657913,
0.002187208505347371,
0.030101681128144264,
-0.02479073591530323,
-0.021092040464282036,
-0.03687313571572304,
-0.006349425297230482,
-0.017118316143751144,
0.0113142104819417,
0.008630286902189255,
0.010527052916586399,
-0.0016051384154707193,
0.010479633696377277,
-0.022533582523465157,
-0.048671022057533264,
0.015923352912068367,
-0.02219216525554657,
0.011873756535351276,
0.01436800416558981,
-0.054588932543992996,
-0.03797326236963272,
-0.06065858528017998,
0.022154230624437332,
0.008715640753507614,
0.005747201852500439,
-0.02829975262284279,
0.00963557232171297,
-0.034900497645139694,
-0.0017343556974083185,
-0.03165702894330025,
0.035583335906267166,
-0.010280473157763481,
0.038219839334487915,
-0.03455908223986626,
0.0011908136075362563,
-0.012518657371401787,
0.01122885663062334,
-0.0006887632771395147,
0.019176306203007698,
0.061265550553798676,
0.009327348321676254,
0.012490205466747284,
-0.02782556042075157,
0.03768874704837799,
-0.012053949758410454,
0.01946082152426243,
-0.03304166719317436,
0.03552643209695816,
-0.03787842392921448,
0.02683924324810505,
-0.012708334252238274,
-0.00921828392893076,
0.01123834028840065,
0.010138215497136116,
-0.009355799295008183,
0.000602519663516432,
-0.044611942023038864,
-0.024032028391957283,
0.0013348492793738842,
0.0006383804138749838,
0.01406452152878046,
0.009104478172957897,
-0.021869715303182602,
-0.041273634880781174,
0.029191233217716217,
0.03524191677570343,
-0.004782221745699644,
0.02826181799173355,
-0.024904541671276093,
-0.01333426684141159,
-0.007952192798256874,
0.018455535173416138,
-0.040552861988544464,
0.0034876789432018995,
-0.003883628873154521,
-0.00492685055360198,
-0.014908582903444767,
0.01913837157189846,
0.04396704211831093,
0.004175256937742233,
-0.03569713979959488,
-0.009327348321676254,
0.02913432940840721,
-0.007937966845929623,
-0.014405939728021622,
-0.08535448461771011,
-0.024828670546412468,
0.015743160620331764,
0.008388448506593704,
-0.04207027703523636,
0.01636909320950508,
-0.005756685510277748,
0.027028920128941536,
-0.026023633778095245,
0.008929027244448662,
-0.02829975262284279,
0.01935650035738945,
0.005927394609898329,
0.017156250774860382,
-0.009920087642967701,
0.015781095251441002,
0.034141793847084045,
-0.001889653387479484,
-0.005538557656109333,
0.016947606578469276,
-0.0005029394524171948,
-0.041273634880781174,
0.01769682951271534,
-0.013097170740365982,
-0.017213154584169388,
-0.011864272877573967,
-0.03505223989486694,
-0.019498758018016815,
0.026421954855322838,
-0.005524331703782082,
-0.01727954111993313,
-0.03641791269183159,
-0.003978467080742121,
-0.03438837081193924,
-0.023880288004875183,
0.015212065540254116,
0.05485448241233826,
-0.00645848922431469,
0.022950872778892517,
0.011276275850832462,
-0.021812811493873596,
-0.06137935817241669,
0.008141869679093361,
-0.021224815398454666,
-0.025170087814331055,
0.005538557656109333,
0.03816293925046921,
-0.012082400731742382,
0.0321691557765007,
-0.033117540180683136,
0.006709810812026262,
-0.01087795477360487,
0.0032505833078175783,
0.011740983463823795,
-0.0003458634892012924,
-0.0007533718599006534,
-0.022666357457637787
] |
AI methods have been proven to yield impressive performance on Android
malware detection. However, most AI-based methods make predictions of
suspicious samples in a black-box manner without transparency on models'
inference. The expectation on models' explainability and transparency by cyber
security and AI practitioners to assure the trustworthiness increases. In this
article, we present a novel model-agnostic explanation method for AI models
applied for Android malware detection. Our proposed method identifies and
quantifies the data features relevance to the predictions by two steps: i) data
perturbation that generates the synthetic data by manipulating features'
values; and ii) optimization of features attribution values to seek significant
changes of prediction scores on the perturbed data with minimal feature values
changes. The proposed method is validated by three experiments. We firstly
demonstrate that our proposed model explanation method can aid in discovering
how AI models are evaded by adversarial samples quantitatively. In the
following experiments, we compare the explainability and fidelity of our
proposed method with state-of-the-arts, respectively. | [
-0.061981964856386185,
-0.05311714485287666,
-0.023597650229930878,
-0.06402769684791565,
0.10573183000087738,
0.024153944104909897,
-0.03587201610207558,
-0.003588996361941099,
0.0067159091122448444,
0.0473029725253582,
-0.03786391019821167,
-0.03531572222709656,
0.03772035241127014,
0.010318364016711712,
0.008281609043478966,
0.015504463575780392,
0.05211222544312477,
-0.027994170784950256,
0.021767262369394302,
-0.04023264721035957,
-0.011098970659077168,
-0.04195536673069,
0.010838768444955349,
-0.005607806611806154,
0.05397850275039673,
0.03343150019645691,
-0.018321825191378593,
-0.014957142062485218,
-0.032031793147325516,
0.07809656113386154,
0.012552514672279358,
0.012947304174304008,
0.0021892876829952,
-0.029645109549164772,
-0.060438696295022964,
0.023884769529104233,
0.02307724580168724,
0.01219361461699009,
0.004279877990484238,
0.060833487659692764,
0.011395063251256943,
-0.051035527139902115,
0.017245126888155937,
-0.01382660772651434,
-0.04805665835738182,
-0.033557116985321045,
-0.08082419633865356,
-0.07116979360580444,
-0.0154865188524127,
-0.001360453898087144,
-0.012148752808570862,
0.00015197155880741775,
-0.00039198569720610976,
-0.009708235040307045,
0.010506786406040192,
0.0514662079513073,
0.0399814173579216,
0.00120231369510293,
0.005266852211207151,
-0.03154727816581726,
0.006518514361232519,
0.048702679574489594,
0.009923574514687061,
0.004470543470233679,
0.009869739413261414,
0.02054700441658497,
0.031977955251932144,
-0.028371015563607216,
-0.04303206503391266,
0.025266533717513084,
-0.0411657877266407,
0.047015849500894547,
0.0017922549741342664,
-0.001049220678396523,
-0.009465977549552917,
0.0005049830069765449,
0.03271370008587837,
0.033144380897283554,
0.002810632809996605,
0.019847149029374123,
0.047374751418828964,
0.030614137649536133,
-0.04802076891064644,
0.011287393048405647,
0.048343781381845474,
-0.01308189146220684,
0.009205775335431099,
-0.0627356544137001,
-0.042565494775772095,
-0.018411550670862198,
-0.02670213207602501,
-0.0014513003407046199,
-0.0032996335066854954,
-0.01057856623083353,
0.027832666411995888,
0.034885045140981674,
-0.017155401408672333,
0.006514028180390596,
-0.05351193621754646,
-0.0445394441485405,
0.008263664320111275,
-0.019183184951543808,
0.023777101188898087,
0.02594844251871109,
0.02785061113536358,
-0.05606012046337128,
-0.06144361570477486,
-0.00533863203600049,
-0.03818691894412041,
0.15648023784160614,
-0.042780835181474686,
0.0030304586980491877,
-0.03610530123114586,
-0.015746721997857094,
0.02655857242643833,
0.005495650693774223,
-0.05117908865213394,
-0.04687229171395302,
-0.0037931203842163086,
-0.02921443060040474,
-0.0017911334289237857,
0.06811914592981339,
0.052758246660232544,
0.008891738019883633,
-0.03461587056517601,
0.07472290098667145,
0.050640735775232315,
-0.0058545502834022045,
0.01977537013590336,
-0.017729641869664192,
-0.002074888441711664,
0.024459009990096092,
0.04435999318957329,
0.01039014384150505,
0.0350286029279232,
0.038725268095731735,
0.06061814725399017,
0.04461122304201126,
0.0020939549431204796,
-0.006348037160933018,
0.004371846094727516,
-0.018591001629829407,
-0.04820021986961365,
0.016993897035717964,
0.009448032826185226,
0.03427491337060928,
0.023131081834435463,
0.026468846946954727,
-0.06377646327018738,
0.011341228149831295,
-0.03610530123114586,
0.01382660772651434,
0.01394325029104948,
-0.02479996345937252,
0.03883294016122818,
-0.0022105975076556206,
0.02422572486102581,
-0.006697964388877153,
-0.008384792134165764,
-0.023920660838484764,
0.03940717875957489,
-0.05598834156990051,
0.025607489049434662,
0.014006057754158974,
0.038366369903087616,
-0.033575061708688736,
-0.006760771851986647,
-0.004701585043221712,
-0.060438696295022964,
0.07041610777378082,
0.026576517149806023,
-0.0024629486724734306,
-0.006976111326366663,
-0.007124157622456551,
-0.058141738176345825,
0.04400109499692917,
0.008151507936418056,
0.02768910676240921,
-0.04597504064440727,
-0.013324148952960968,
-0.02655857242643833,
-0.00922372005879879,
0.009797959588468075,
-0.01749635674059391,
0.03466970473527908,
0.015010977163910866,
0.0726412832736969,
-0.013898388482630253,
0.0045355940237641335,
0.04059154912829399,
-0.02901703491806984,
-0.019165240228176117,
0.012938331812620163,
-0.015764666721224785,
0.03300081938505173,
-0.02366943098604679,
-0.01298319362103939,
-0.0047868238762021065,
-0.020313719287514687,
-0.010533704422414303,
-0.00802589301019907,
-0.028012115508317947,
-0.00017258025764022022,
0.01797189936041832,
0.05455274507403374,
-0.022718345746397972,
0.035692568868398666,
-0.007545864675194025,
0.016320960596203804,
-0.041022226214408875,
-0.0031336424872279167,
-0.008810985833406448,
-0.061623066663742065,
-0.002109656808897853,
0.019685644656419754,
0.0334494449198246,
-0.005379008129239082,
0.0006460193544626236,
-0.0154865188524127,
-0.018097514286637306,
0.01866278052330017,
0.020923849195241928,
0.013772773556411266,
0.014759747311472893,
0.014275232329964638,
-0.0338442362844944,
0.008999408222734928,
0.0025706186424940825,
0.017451494932174683,
0.008636021986603737,
-0.008743692189455032,
0.0021298450883477926,
-0.02020604908466339,
-0.01546857412904501,
0.035082437098026276,
-0.018097514286637306,
0.047374751418828964,
0.018591001629829407,
0.014912279322743416,
-0.01844744011759758,
-0.022772181779146194,
-0.04069921746850014,
-0.008909683674573898,
-0.05261468514800072,
0.06262798607349396,
0.015710830688476562,
-0.0023889257572591305,
0.01779244840145111,
0.033341776579618454,
0.04522135481238365,
0.033144380897283554,
-0.0514662079513073,
0.0032772021368145943,
0.008438627235591412,
-0.003153830533847213,
0.0010368834482505918,
0.04059154912829399,
-0.01152067817747593,
0.039873749017715454,
-0.002539214910939336,
0.03714611008763313,
0.005347604397684336,
-0.014876389876008034,
0.037217892706394196,
-0.022054381668567657,
-0.0022352717351168394,
0.05771106109023094,
-0.001246054656803608,
0.002317145699635148,
0.02539214864373207,
0.043893422931432724,
-0.01450851745903492,
-0.051214978098869324,
0.0038671435322612524,
-0.01126047596335411,
-0.040268536657094955,
-0.005684073083102703,
0.01354846078902483,
0.02189287729561329,
0.026576517149806023,
-0.033521223813295364,
0.01258840411901474,
0.03432874754071236,
-0.011897522956132889,
-0.0075548370368778706,
-0.0538349449634552,
-0.029896339401602745,
-0.009304473176598549,
-0.09238076210021973,
0.0207802876830101,
-0.01009405218064785,
-0.005679586436599493,
-0.010264528915286064,
-0.0008282730705104768,
-0.0129652488976717,
0.02558954432606697,
-0.016500409692525864,
0.009681317023932934,
0.04636983200907707,
-0.028568411245942116,
-0.0882893055677414,
-0.009367280639708042,
0.017191292718052864,
0.08376717567443848,
0.04708763211965561,
0.044683001935482025,
0.04267316684126854,
0.10128147155046463,
-0.03664365038275719,
0.003952382132411003,
0.01716437377035618,
0.013449763879179955,
-0.013028056360781193,
-0.028729915618896484,
-0.03368273004889488,
0.004506433382630348,
0.01886017620563507,
-0.04733886197209358,
0.01546857412904501,
-0.024153944104909897,
0.06901639699935913,
0.0037392855156213045,
-0.0953955203294754,
0.038940608501434326,
0.012355119921267033,
-0.021085353568196297,
0.013001139275729656,
0.009708235040307045,
-0.030524414032697678,
0.004147533793002367,
-0.04748241975903511,
0.008505920879542828,
-0.03850993141531944,
0.006137183867394924,
-0.018752506002783775,
0.002532485406845808,
-0.002012080978602171,
0.04881034791469574,
0.006630670744925737,
-0.03165494650602341,
-0.043355073779821396,
-0.015980005264282227,
-0.07278484106063843,
-0.03273164480924606,
-0.03359300643205643,
-0.0783836767077446,
-0.032408636063337326,
0.029914284124970436,
-0.017074650153517723,
-0.012929359450936317,
0.0009331390610896051,
-0.06912406533956528,
0.007963085547089577,
-0.015980005264282227,
-0.035477228462696075,
-0.010336309671401978,
0.00422604288905859,
0.028586355969309807,
0.013566405512392521,
0.017846284434199333,
0.03630269691348076,
-0.013485653325915337,
-0.013476680964231491,
0.015917198732495308,
-0.014077837578952312,
-0.022592730820178986,
-0.015980005264282227,
0.014068865217268467,
-0.048918019980192184,
0.05035361647605896,
-0.015665968880057335,
0.10774166882038116,
-0.002727637067437172,
0.035118330270051956,
0.006271771155297756,
0.017047733068466187,
-0.00629420205950737,
0.009537757374346256,
-0.06417125463485718,
0.030075788497924805,
-0.03556695207953453,
-0.01941647008061409,
-0.0013660617405548692,
0.012112862430512905,
-0.061802517622709274,
0.012328201904892921,
0.04608271270990372,
-0.0008305161609314382,
0.041237566620111465,
0.09769248217344284,
-0.0006774230278097093,
0.002190409228205681,
-0.012175669893622398,
-0.059505559504032135,
0.05939788743853569,
0.006904331501573324,
-0.060223355889320374,
0.006733854301273823,
0.08024995774030685,
-0.056203681975603104,
0.007581754587590694,
0.013099836185574532,
0.002485379809513688,
-0.025122974067926407,
-0.025499818846583366,
0.025894608348608017,
0.023489980027079582,
-0.012722991406917572,
0.03093714825809002,
-0.007653534412384033,
0.0031044818460941315,
0.04034031927585602,
-0.07730697840452194,
-0.009609537199139595,
0.043749865144491196,
0.031421661376953125,
-0.006289715878665447,
-0.01327031385153532,
0.028604300692677498,
0.023777101188898087,
0.006253825966268778,
0.04303206503391266,
0.0445394441485405,
-0.015827473253011703,
-0.012785798870027065,
0.017882173880934715,
-0.008389279246330261,
-0.007931681349873543,
-0.020618783310055733,
-0.031224267557263374,
0.05645491182804108,
0.012112862430512905,
0.02113918773829937,
-0.033557116985321045,
-0.03536956012248993,
-0.010192749090492725,
-0.021193023771047592,
-0.01018377672880888,
-0.020905902609229088,
-0.06417125463485718,
-0.059505559504032135,
0.006231394596397877,
0.0002503885771147907,
0.04252960532903671,
-0.06941118836402893,
-0.0633457824587822,
0.00013921380741521716,
-0.0055360267870128155,
-0.033162325620651245,
-0.08326471596956253,
-0.0591825470328331,
0.03359300643205643,
-0.04407287389039993,
-0.04669284075498581,
0.04051976650953293,
-0.02614583820104599,
-0.04191947728395462,
-0.03811514005064964,
-0.0029205456376075745,
-0.041022226214408875,
0.005262365564703941,
0.06406358629465103,
-0.015262207016348839,
0.004553539212793112,
0.006688992027193308,
0.015603161416947842,
-0.00971720740199089,
-0.03115248680114746,
0.025481874123215675,
0.009914602153003216,
0.02729431726038456,
-0.019883038476109505,
0.006424303166568279,
-0.032785482704639435,
0.051430318504571915,
0.01943441480398178,
0.03348533436655998,
-0.03380834311246872,
0.0314754955470562,
0.008209829218685627,
0.04461122304201126,
0.0099953543394804,
-0.01056062150746584,
-0.03176261857151985,
0.02557159774005413,
-0.023741209879517555,
0.013333121314644814,
-0.0016397227300330997,
-0.040447987616062164,
-0.0461186021566391,
-0.029375934973359108,
-0.07701986283063889,
-0.005459760781377554,
-0.017738614231348038,
-0.04249371588230133,
-0.04464711248874664,
-0.02535625919699669,
0.01674266718327999,
0.04435999318957329,
0.05326070636510849,
-0.022826015949249268,
-0.07902970165014267,
-0.040447987616062164,
-0.045077793300151825,
0.005980165209621191,
0.010991301387548447,
-0.0199907086789608,
0.03170878067612648,
0.07217471301555634,
0.014481600373983383,
0.009465977549552917,
-0.03782802075147629,
0.024297505617141724,
-0.007424735929816961,
-0.004593915306031704,
0.030847422778606415,
0.013952222652733326,
0.021623702719807625,
0.010354254394769669,
-0.0003754426434170455,
-0.017586082220077515,
-0.008923142217099667,
-0.009062215685844421,
0.013072919100522995,
0.0019997437484562397,
0.013234423473477364,
0.04959992691874504,
-0.01500200480222702,
-0.019111406058073044,
-0.00022094757878221571,
-0.0011008124565705657,
0.01432009506970644,
-0.021067408844828606,
0.016599107533693314,
-0.004750933963805437,
-0.008851362392306328,
0.016419658437371254,
0.02496146969497204,
-0.026289397850632668,
-0.005365549586713314,
-0.026253508403897285,
0.011736017651855946,
0.01364715863019228,
0.017909090965986252,
-0.021856987848877907,
0.010004326701164246,
-0.0016195345669984818,
-0.00731258001178503,
-0.012444844469428062,
0.028353070840239525,
0.024333395063877106,
0.010784934274852276,
0.019685644656419754,
-0.00025809931685216725,
0.0007929438725113869,
0.01761299930512905,
-0.009941519238054752,
0.024261614307761192,
-0.02767116203904152,
0.028012115508317947,
-0.03292904049158096,
0.004365116823464632,
-0.0013615754432976246,
0.004147533793002367,
0.006464679725468159,
0.0015971033135429025,
0.0322650782763958,
0.056813810020685196,
0.023507924750447273,
0.013817635364830494,
-0.034723538905382156,
-0.026289397850632668,
-0.013440791517496109,
0.01441879291087389,
-0.007689424324780703,
0.0044683003798127174,
0.023579705506563187,
-0.022341500967741013,
-0.0064691659063100815,
0.0019728264305740595,
-0.005885954014956951,
0.003099995432421565,
-0.021426307037472725,
0.012301284819841385,
0.00740679120644927,
-0.032390691339969635,
-0.04224248602986336,
-0.031242212280631065,
-0.0309730377048254,
-0.023310530930757523,
-0.019147295504808426,
0.031637001782655716,
-0.012355119921267033,
0.010838768444955349,
0.0013458735775202513,
0.0012471762020140886,
0.0538349449634552,
0.00700751505792141,
0.01997276395559311,
-0.02675596810877323,
0.00396359758451581,
-0.007707369513809681,
0.0781683400273323,
0.051214978098869324,
0.008384792134165764,
0.04281672462821007,
0.034131355583667755,
0.008878279477357864,
0.01624917984008789,
0.00009939837036654353,
-0.009968437254428864,
-0.023382309824228287,
0.006935735233128071,
-0.012041082605719566,
0.02250300720334053,
-0.020062489435076714,
0.051035527139902115,
0.0009651035070419312,
-0.0037594735622406006,
-0.04285261407494545,
0.045472584664821625,
-0.0029609219636768103,
0.048343781381845474,
-0.0063525233417749405,
0.025105029344558716,
-0.011116916313767433,
-0.03650009259581566,
-0.02056494913995266,
0.0192011296749115,
0.00014972843928262591,
-0.052937693893909454,
-0.006796661764383316,
-0.04475478455424309,
0.015387821942567825,
-0.04069921746850014,
0.009021839126944542,
-0.00233060447499156,
0.054875753819942474,
-0.026002278551459312,
0.017639916390180588,
0.04974348843097687,
0.014355985447764397,
-0.03973018750548363,
0.05053306743502617,
-0.0193985253572464,
0.031080707907676697,
-0.009205775335431099,
0.011466843076050282,
0.02289779670536518,
0.022449171170592308,
-0.0012763368431478739,
0.027366096153855324,
-0.026038167998194695,
0.029268264770507812,
-0.005778283812105656,
-0.0399814173579216,
0.05247112736105919,
-0.002566132228821516,
0.053763166069984436,
0.034310802817344666,
0.024638459086418152,
0.006926762871444225,
0.014499545097351074,
0.025840772315859795,
0.01317161601036787,
0.012184642255306244,
0.00011460954556241632,
-0.016482464969158173,
-0.015405766665935516,
0.04812844097614288,
-0.023902716115117073,
-0.047769539058208466,
-0.06923174113035202,
0.04877445846796036,
0.0399814173579216,
0.0012931602541357279,
0.03782802075147629,
-0.005195071920752525,
0.003241312224417925,
-0.02496146969497204,
-0.02826334536075592,
0.013476680964231491,
-0.04733886197209358,
0.06090526655316353,
-0.060438696295022964,
-0.005953247658908367,
0.008882765658199787,
-0.000024534154363209382,
0.0009516447898931801,
-0.023489980027079582,
-0.006733854301273823,
-0.011170750483870506,
0.009474949911236763,
0.011125888675451279,
0.01749635674059391,
-0.028891419991850853,
-0.031995899975299835,
-0.022772181779146194,
-0.011072053574025631,
-0.007918222807347775,
0.0099953543394804,
0.030093733221292496,
-0.054911643266677856,
0.02828129008412361,
-0.02729431726038456,
-0.000656674150377512,
0.013395928777754307,
0.006985084153711796,
-0.018519220873713493,
-0.04324740543961525,
-0.0001455225865356624,
0.02539214864373207,
0.015522409230470657,
0.020977683365345,
0.0028016602154821157,
0.01133225578814745,
0.03493887931108475,
0.012130807153880596,
-0.025876663625240326,
0.035854071378707886,
0.03617708384990692,
0.03282137215137482,
-0.0170208141207695,
-0.014562352560460567,
-0.029357990249991417,
0.04299617558717728,
-0.04597504064440727,
0.019721534103155136,
-0.008972491137683392,
0.006680019199848175,
0.05627546086907387,
0.0062852296978235245,
-0.057352159172296524,
0.027240481227636337,
-0.021821096539497375,
-0.013162643648684025,
0.050066497176885605,
0.02325669676065445,
-0.007074808701872826,
0.007195937447249889,
0.011009246110916138,
0.021264802664518356,
0.016285071149468422,
-0.04898979887366295,
-0.01366510335355997,
0.022341500967741013,
-0.05914665758609772,
0.009483922272920609,
0.007550350856035948,
0.030470577999949455,
0.045867372304201126,
-0.006697964388877153,
0.0316728912293911,
-0.05925432965159416,
-0.005594348069280386,
0.0038357398007065058,
-0.011224585585296154,
0.02824540063738823,
0.00552705442532897,
0.02383093535900116,
-0.040842778980731964,
0.022556841373443604,
0.004638777580112219,
0.02822745591402054,
0.07020076364278793,
0.008375819772481918,
0.008169452659785748,
-0.006594780832529068,
0.015307068824768066,
-0.002118629403412342,
0.02173137292265892,
0.000572557037230581,
0.028981145471334457,
-0.058931317180395126,
0.007608672138303518,
-0.030434688553214073,
0.011018218472599983,
-0.032785482704639435,
0.005630237981677055,
0.0005526493769139051,
0.02079823426902294,
0.001222501858137548,
-0.018411550670862198,
0.046979960054159164,
-0.03233685716986656,
0.04446766525506973,
-0.012615322135388851,
-0.052973583340644836,
0.0019156268099322915,
0.04400109499692917,
-0.029519494622945786,
-0.020134268328547478,
0.03262397646903992,
-0.046405721455812454,
0.047805432230234146,
0.003431977704167366,
-0.04034031927585602,
-0.005894926376640797,
-0.010883631184697151,
-0.032749589532613754,
0.04166824743151665,
-0.010632401332259178,
0.0326598659157753,
-0.01670677773654461,
-0.046979960054159164,
-0.02401038445532322,
-0.02174931764602661,
-0.042565494775772095,
0.01065931934863329,
-0.015307068824768066,
0.03291109576821327,
0.005450787954032421,
-0.009120536968111992,
0.04001730680465698,
0.03571051359176636,
0.010542676784098148,
-0.007693910971283913,
0.016787530854344368,
-0.031977955251932144,
-0.0259304977953434,
-0.017065677791833878,
-0.015648024156689644,
-0.0047195302322506905,
0.012085945345461369,
-0.027994170784950256,
-0.010533704422414303,
0.02923237532377243,
0.03210357204079628,
0.009394197724759579,
-0.02478201873600483,
0.00866742618381977,
0.0008310769335366786,
-0.007972057908773422,
0.025697212666273117,
-0.0542297326028347,
0.008905196562409401,
-0.03039879910647869,
0.019147295504808426,
-0.013046001084148884,
-0.010614456608891487,
0.0036114274989813566,
0.008824444375932217,
-0.010722126811742783,
-0.027527600526809692,
-0.014517489820718765,
-0.04292439669370651,
-0.04209892451763153,
0.004773364868015051,
0.02156986854970455,
0.04884624108672142,
0.0025616460479795933,
-0.03994552791118622,
0.008505920879542828,
0.021408362314105034,
-0.029734835028648376,
-0.002017688937485218,
0.028371015563607216,
-0.03438258543610573,
0.018259018659591675,
-0.004270905628800392,
-0.01546857412904501,
0.0022913499269634485,
-0.04708763211965561,
-0.03650009259581566,
0.034041628241539,
0.00657683564350009,
0.0146969398483634,
-0.03994552791118622,
-0.03750501200556755,
-0.06144361570477486,
-0.0076714796014130116,
-0.044324103742837906,
-0.03465176001191139,
0.055880673229694366,
0.014239342883229256,
0.03940717875957489,
-0.002088347217068076,
0.007115185260772705,
0.046262163668870926,
-0.032390691339969635,
0.024871744215488434,
-0.012812716886401176,
0.0242436695843935,
0.007137616164982319,
-0.004728502593934536,
-0.026056112721562386,
0.003770689247176051,
-0.03418518975377083,
-0.013054974377155304,
-0.034508198499679565,
-0.01327031385153532,
0.011457870714366436,
-0.022018492221832275,
-0.00654094573110342,
0.055880673229694366,
-0.009448032826185226,
0.010246584191918373,
0.009142967872321606,
-0.02361559495329857,
-0.019111406058073044,
0.026038167998194695,
-0.005455274134874344,
-0.02729431726038456,
-0.006666560657322407,
0.0070837815292179585,
0.04349863529205322,
0.010874658823013306,
-0.048523228615522385,
0.009645427577197552,
-0.023759154602885246,
0.001944787334650755,
-0.0649249404668808,
-0.012902441434562206,
0.057352159172296524,
-0.007855415344238281,
-0.04766187071800232,
-0.04260138422250748,
0.04597504064440727,
-0.0364103689789772,
-0.015405766665935516,
0.020977683365345,
0.022233832627534866,
-0.002727637067437172,
0.012902441434562206,
0.00851040706038475,
-0.01567494124174118,
-0.03292904049158096,
0.046621061861515045,
-0.025105029344558716,
0.011996219865977764,
-0.033575061708688736,
0.00595773383975029,
-0.0011910981265828013,
-0.0036293724551796913,
-0.020259883254766464,
0.0269174724817276,
-0.04597504064440727,
0.033162325620651245,
-0.036589816212654114,
-0.04755420237779617,
0.022251777350902557,
0.011736017651855946,
0.005132264457643032,
-0.024476954713463783,
0.022933686152100563,
-0.04069921746850014,
0.0639200210571289,
0.030380854383111,
-0.019452359527349472,
0.010982329025864601,
-0.05250701680779457,
-0.025858718901872635,
0.01810648664832115,
-0.03380834311246872,
-0.04425232484936714,
-0.011107943020761013,
-0.008353388868272305,
-0.030667973682284355,
0.01866278052330017,
0.028891419991850853,
0.004564754664897919,
0.007550350856035948,
-0.019470304250717163,
-0.0051726410165429115,
-0.047805432230234146,
0.012812716886401176,
0.006298688240349293,
-0.020905902609229088,
-0.07723519951105118,
0.009654399938881397,
-0.006567863281816244,
-0.06068992614746094,
0.036464203149080276,
0.02921443060040474,
0.023525871336460114,
-0.025284478440880775,
-0.001944787334650755,
-0.025715159252285957,
-0.012157725170254707,
-0.00962748285382986,
-0.00010654833022272214,
-0.016491437330842018,
0.015935143455863,
0.003559835720807314,
0.023759154602885246,
-0.024476954713463783,
0.04012497887015343,
-0.016374794766306877,
-0.038151029497385025,
0.021803151816129684,
0.008286095224320889,
-0.0037998498883098364,
-0.05415795370936394,
0.010291446931660175,
-0.04421643540263176,
-0.02481791004538536,
-0.030470577999949455,
-0.009048757143318653,
-0.01086568646132946,
-0.00060620391741395,
-0.029322098940610886,
0.012175669893622398,
0.003831253619864583,
0.03303671255707741,
0.03465176001191139,
0.0391918383538723,
0.058177631348371506,
-0.048487339168787,
-0.020977683365345,
-0.0037931203842163086,
-0.0071017262525856495,
0.034490253776311874,
-0.0019425442442297935,
0.02980661392211914,
0.010004326701164246,
0.03077564388513565,
-0.013727910816669464,
-0.015432683750987053,
0.013422845862805843,
-0.028299234807491302,
0.05473219230771065,
-0.03056030347943306,
0.009492895565927029,
-0.018007788807153702
] |
Individual device loads and energy consumption feedback is one of the
important approaches for pursuing users to save energy in residences. This can
help in identifying faulty devices and wasted energy by devices when left On
unused. The main challenge is to identity and estimate the energy consumption
of individual devices without intrusive sensors on each device. Non-intrusive
load monitoring (NILM) or energy disaggregation, is a blind source separation
problem which requires a system to estimate the electricity usage of individual
appliances from the aggregated household energy consumption. In this paper, we
propose a novel deep neural network-based approach for performing load
disaggregation on low frequency power data obtained from residential
households. We combine a series of one-dimensional Convolutional Neural
Networks and Long Short Term Memory (1D CNN-LSTM) to extract features that can
identify active appliances and retrieve their power consumption given the
aggregated household power value. We used CNNs to extract features from main
readings in a given time frame and then used those features to classify if a
given appliance is active at that time period or not. Following that, the
extracted features are used to model a generation problem using LSTM. We train
the LSTM to generate the disaggregated energy consumption of a particular
appliance. Our neural network is capable of generating detailed feedback of
demand-side, providing vital insights to the end-user about their electricity
consumption. The algorithm was designed for low power offline devices such as
ESP32. Empirical calculations show that our model outperforms the
state-of-the-art on the Reference Energy Disaggregation Dataset (REDD). | [
-0.046901289373636246,
0.01968405395746231,
-0.02515285275876522,
-0.027977796271443367,
-0.02269008196890354,
-0.005731373559683561,
-0.002150396816432476,
0.01636112481355667,
-0.007284186780452728,
0.03737616166472435,
0.06486502289772034,
-0.10553695261478424,
-0.01808144338428974,
-0.05570207163691521,
0.012205200269818306,
0.004463771358132362,
0.019267557188868523,
-0.03634397312998772,
0.04653911665081978,
-0.0435330867767334,
0.02422931417822838,
-0.036543164402246475,
-0.0033591464161872864,
-0.019267557188868523,
-0.02182086929678917,
0.030168937519192696,
0.00041706382762640715,
0.004561105277389288,
-0.05570207163691521,
-0.0023744909558445215,
-0.000023820597562007606,
0.03308442234992981,
-0.01694965548813343,
-0.05269604176282883,
-0.07743240147829056,
-0.05302199721336365,
0.03907836973667145,
0.019774597138166428,
0.008026638999581337,
0.04172222688794136,
-0.0037213184405118227,
0.0037530085537582636,
-0.08894947171211243,
0.014007006771862507,
0.04114275053143501,
-0.019104579463601112,
-0.006940123159438372,
-0.03839024528861046,
0.018470777198672295,
-0.025026092305779457,
0.01796373724937439,
-0.08916677534580231,
-0.009751483798027039,
-0.01539231464266777,
-0.04059949517250061,
0.018597537651658058,
0.05519502982497215,
0.04672020301222801,
0.03467797860503197,
0.04997975006699562,
0.006505516357719898,
0.026311803609132767,
-0.03645262494683266,
-0.005382783245295286,
-0.022291693836450577,
-0.0022443353664129972,
0.008597060106694698,
-0.01657842844724655,
0.05722319334745407,
0.014179037883877754,
-0.049364060163497925,
0.05921513959765434,
-0.033174965530633926,
0.007750483229756355,
-0.022599540650844574,
0.007352093700319529,
-0.017764542251825333,
0.03143654018640518,
0.0630541667342186,
0.016234364360570908,
0.02960756979882717,
0.07174629718065262,
0.028376184403896332,
0.00741547392681241,
0.03111058473587036,
0.03619910404086113,
-0.018009008839726448,
-0.08402393013238907,
0.03303009644150734,
-0.018307799473404884,
-0.018959710374474525,
0.07160142809152603,
-0.0175834558904171,
-0.001821046695113182,
-0.0007877243333496153,
0.015410423278808594,
0.008520099334418774,
-0.027851035818457603,
0.004443399142473936,
-0.014016061089932919,
-0.028774574398994446,
0.039657846093177795,
-0.006039219908416271,
-0.014731350354850292,
0.035637736320495605,
-0.0485672801733017,
-0.03839024528861046,
0.031183019280433655,
0.014957708306610584,
0.06167791038751602,
0.0009433451923541725,
-0.00241976254619658,
0.023360101506114006,
0.006845052819699049,
0.012042222544550896,
-0.03051299974322319,
0.033591464161872864,
-0.05356525629758835,
0.0037620628718286753,
-0.009153899736702442,
0.009968787431716919,
0.04375039041042328,
0.0326135978102684,
0.02750697173178196,
-0.026257477700710297,
0.07888108491897583,
0.03116491064429283,
0.00038905206019990146,
0.036977771669626236,
0.05240630358457565,
-0.01134504098445177,
-0.0009614537702873349,
-0.023577405139803886,
-0.021223286166787148,
0.0000954946008278057,
0.008832472376525402,
0.01930377446115017,
0.007795754820108414,
0.03339226916432381,
-0.020680027082562447,
0.02504420094192028,
-0.021748434752225876,
-0.02439229190349579,
-0.01059353444725275,
0.012033168226480484,
0.03699588030576706,
-0.0072479695081710815,
0.04139627143740654,
0.0001499618956586346,
-0.0337725505232811,
-0.0759112760424614,
0.07171007990837097,
-0.00045922290883027017,
0.03062165156006813,
-0.007460745517164469,
0.03473230451345444,
0.015645835548639297,
-0.0463218130171299,
-0.09959732741117477,
-0.03179871290922165,
-0.010312850587069988,
0.016207201406359673,
0.006328957621008158,
-0.013427531346678734,
0.02020920440554619,
0.017990900203585625,
0.01819009520113468,
0.014812839217483997,
-0.08090925216674805,
0.04023732244968414,
0.00045101746218279004,
-0.005871715489774942,
0.04643046483397484,
0.01391646359115839,
0.0013434322318062186,
0.01514784898608923,
0.02643856406211853,
-0.05258738994598389,
0.014767567627131939,
0.00572231924161315,
-0.021386263892054558,
0.028973769396543503,
0.019484858959913254,
0.0047082374803721905,
0.00687674293294549,
0.015482857823371887,
0.025333939120173454,
-0.014360124245285988,
0.03350092098116875,
-0.04342443495988846,
-0.01704925298690796,
0.025931524112820625,
0.04950892925262451,
-0.008515572175383568,
-0.006405919324606657,
-0.06435798108577728,
0.01201505959033966,
-0.003067145124077797,
0.005219805520027876,
-0.0007973445462994277,
-0.05374634265899658,
0.008778146468102932,
0.014749458990991116,
0.0019172485917806625,
-0.0020202412270009518,
-0.010358122177422047,
0.10184279829263687,
-0.0019761016592383385,
0.0031712695490568876,
-0.07181873172521591,
-0.0006021111621521413,
0.015781650319695473,
-0.0574767142534256,
-0.015908410772681236,
0.022074390202760696,
0.03362768143415451,
0.022545214742422104,
-0.01886916719377041,
0.007872716523706913,
0.012639806605875492,
0.012024113908410072,
0.006777145434170961,
0.031834930181503296,
0.003612666856497526,
-0.02627558633685112,
0.04226548597216606,
0.030205154791474342,
0.07113060355186462,
-0.01340942271053791,
-0.017710216343402863,
-0.04306226596236229,
-0.007515071425586939,
0.051138702780008316,
-0.019665945321321487,
-0.0010565239936113358,
-0.011643833480775356,
0.002510305494070053,
-0.004232886712998152,
-0.026076391339302063,
-0.023088471964001656,
-0.01704925298690796,
-0.008357121609151363,
-0.05465177074074745,
0.007112154737114906,
-0.007125736214220524,
-0.07076843082904816,
0.03726750984787941,
0.07105816900730133,
0.027108581736683846,
0.031291671097278595,
-0.07330363243818283,
-0.055050160735845566,
0.023993901908397675,
0.04273631051182747,
-0.011019086465239525,
-0.01043055672198534,
0.03089328110218048,
-0.027325885370373726,
0.0026234842371195555,
-0.007424528244882822,
-0.0021583193447440863,
-0.03245062008500099,
-0.03828159347176552,
0.03744859620928764,
-0.040889233350753784,
0.037303727120161057,
0.054506901651620865,
0.01704925298690796,
0.05508637800812721,
0.02031785622239113,
0.02305225469172001,
-0.031889256089925766,
-0.0640682503581047,
0.011245444416999817,
-0.06765375286340714,
-0.012232363224029541,
0.003809597808867693,
-0.06663966923952103,
0.03759346529841423,
0.043243348598480225,
-0.0011051908368244767,
-0.0512835718691349,
0.027923470363020897,
0.008425028994679451,
-0.02799590490758419,
-0.032360076904296875,
0.011019086465239525,
-0.03556530177593231,
-0.053601473569869995,
-0.01662370003759861,
-0.04675642028450966,
-0.018117660656571388,
-0.050921399146318436,
0.011290716007351875,
0.012820892967283726,
-0.012322906404733658,
0.024682030081748962,
-0.04494556039571762,
0.04136005416512489,
0.027742384001612663,
-0.031074367463588715,
-0.0018708453280851245,
0.0044592441990971565,
0.03663370758295059,
-0.0223098024725914,
-0.023016037419438362,
0.01725750043988228,
0.04425743222236633,
-0.0223098024725914,
0.027162907645106316,
0.0050704097375273705,
-0.005713264923542738,
-0.011924516409635544,
-0.09133980423212051,
-0.09756916761398315,
0.032849010080099106,
0.009334986098110676,
0.011254498735070229,
0.028702139854431152,
-0.02214682474732399,
0.03554719313979149,
0.05153709277510643,
-0.05867188051342964,
0.06848675012588501,
-0.021476807072758675,
-0.03706831485033035,
0.031092476099729538,
0.013979843817651272,
0.03333794325590134,
-0.03277657553553581,
-0.04027353972196579,
0.033863093703985214,
-0.04606829211115837,
-0.021838977932929993,
0.0100321676582098,
-0.02386714145541191,
-0.04896567016839981,
0.06533584743738174,
-0.033428486436605453,
0.03393552824854851,
-0.0010401130421087146,
-0.037557248026132584,
-0.014450667425990105,
-0.030422458425164223,
0.043352000415325165,
0.0011549894697964191,
-0.07055112719535828,
0.011453692801296711,
-0.016017062589526176,
0.013617671094834805,
0.0009054302936419845,
-0.031038150191307068,
0.02096976526081562,
0.02225547656416893,
0.016822895035147667,
-0.043569304049015045,
-0.017773596569895744,
-0.012648860923945904,
-0.029879199340939522,
0.00862875021994114,
0.001064446521922946,
-0.013934572227299213,
-0.014188092201948166,
0.007121209055185318,
-0.07859134674072266,
0.007234388031065464,
0.01466797012835741,
-0.04606829211115837,
0.037665899842977524,
0.013020087033510208,
0.010358122177422047,
0.04045462608337402,
-0.03480473905801773,
-0.027869144454598427,
-0.02944459207355976,
0.028176991268992424,
0.031146802008152008,
0.02868403121829033,
-0.0009874849347397685,
0.043243348598480225,
-0.05164574459195137,
0.04639424756169319,
0.008375230245292187,
0.023794706910848618,
0.002141342731192708,
0.03940432518720627,
0.025913415476679802,
0.03538421541452408,
-0.018832949921488762,
0.05841836333274841,
-0.006152398884296417,
-0.0640682503581047,
0.010656914673745632,
-0.0401286706328392,
0.05106626823544502,
-0.0023450644221156836,
-0.019810814410448074,
0.03264981508255005,
0.05001596733927727,
-0.04226548597216606,
-0.0746798887848854,
0.02354118786752224,
-0.027742384001612663,
-0.012141820043325424,
-0.05559341982007027,
0.00413102563470602,
-0.026836954057216644,
-0.0195210762321949,
0.0395854115486145,
0.00809907354414463,
-0.016560319811105728,
-0.0122776348143816,
0.0017701161559671164,
-0.020517049357295036,
0.0018119923770427704,
0.04103409871459007,
-0.0971345603466034,
0.005808335263282061,
0.003956730477511883,
-0.039549194276332855,
-0.04921919107437134,
0.08387906104326248,
0.056498847901821136,
0.04519908130168915,
-0.04744454845786095,
0.021694108843803406,
0.012567372061312199,
-0.041903313249349594,
0.03304820507764816,
0.003968048375099897,
0.005672520492225885,
0.02096976526081562,
0.01619814708828926,
-0.025170961394906044,
0.0027457172982394695,
-0.007143844850361347,
0.00588529696688056,
0.009543235413730145,
-0.06048274412751198,
0.010330959223210812,
-0.03456932678818703,
-0.06906621903181076,
-0.0685591846704483,
0.024971766397356987,
-0.050160836428403854,
-0.023287666961550713,
-0.04364173859357834,
-0.01694060117006302,
0.01598989963531494,
-0.05490529164671898,
-0.04530773311853409,
0.032957661896944046,
-0.041903313249349594,
-0.011508018709719181,
0.02444661781191826,
0.010023113340139389,
-0.008497463539242744,
-0.050378140062093735,
0.026311803609132767,
-0.07902595400810242,
0.018208203837275505,
0.07866378128528595,
-0.0011261289473623037,
-0.0006898246938362718,
0.019593510776758194,
0.010928543284535408,
-0.012241417542099953,
-0.030766520649194717,
-0.006759037263691425,
0.03511258587241173,
-0.0025284141302108765,
-0.03940432518720627,
-0.00644666375592351,
0.051356006413698196,
-0.02971622161567211,
0.02857537940144539,
0.00012824570876546204,
-0.07402797788381577,
0.019539184868335724,
-0.024627704173326492,
0.01426052674651146,
-0.03980271518230438,
0.04918297380208969,
-0.04259144142270088,
-0.0015697897179052234,
0.021748434752225876,
0.03248683735728264,
-0.007655412890017033,
-0.03366389870643616,
-0.03636208176612854,
-0.008062856271862984,
0.016487885266542435,
-0.041903313249349594,
0.024410400539636612,
-0.03045867383480072,
-0.03871620073914528,
0.002734399400651455,
0.00729324109852314,
0.02354118786752224,
-0.015211229212582111,
0.005495961755514145,
-0.02001000940799713,
0.0292816162109375,
0.0029041676316410303,
-0.007795754820108414,
-0.00707593746483326,
0.036543164402246475,
-0.006537206470966339,
-0.004002002067863941,
0.0027774074114859104,
0.013038195669651031,
-0.022979820147156715,
-0.0006734138005413115,
-0.018262527883052826,
-0.0042396774515509605,
0.02966189570724964,
-0.0081533994525671,
-0.019267557188868523,
0.009217279963195324,
0.04943649470806122,
0.0037824350874871016,
0.04585098847746849,
0.013047249987721443,
0.029987851157784462,
-0.09720699489116669,
0.06649480015039444,
0.030911389738321304,
0.0015720532974228263,
0.031997907906770706,
0.016379233449697495,
-0.013834974728524685,
0.04284496232867241,
-0.02573232911527157,
-0.011082466691732407,
-0.018597537651658058,
0.0153379887342453,
-0.005767590831965208,
0.07199981808662415,
-0.012549263425171375,
-0.046140726655721664,
0.009914461523294449,
0.03234196826815605,
0.0025714219082146883,
0.023034146055579185,
-0.035963691771030426,
-0.011987896636128426,
0.01979270577430725,
-0.04621316120028496,
0.0012325169518589973,
-0.002935857744887471,
-0.0036760468501597643,
0.010204199701547623,
0.029680004343390465,
0.01721222884953022,
-0.030313806608319283,
-0.03078462928533554,
-0.03163573518395424,
-0.022563323378562927,
0.005020610988140106,
-0.027325885370373726,
0.013997952453792095,
-0.012549263425171375,
0.023305775597691536,
-0.022001955658197403,
-0.004370964597910643,
0.014677024446427822,
-0.004758036229759455,
0.06555315107107162,
0.017981845885515213,
0.001720317522995174,
-0.023070363327860832,
-0.021168960258364677,
-0.07953299582004547,
-0.019448641687631607,
0.0015460222493857145,
0.021549241617321968,
0.04215683415532112,
-0.03105625882744789,
-0.02676451951265335,
0.015410423278808594,
-0.005758536513894796,
-0.013907409273087978,
0.03690533712506294,
0.03896971791982651,
-0.007913460955023766,
-0.02252710610628128,
0.038643766194581985,
-0.0048214164562523365,
0.020498940721154213,
0.021784652024507523,
0.014405395835638046,
0.03163573518395424,
-0.0016852321568876505,
0.005043246783316135,
-0.044329866766929626,
-0.0007605614373460412,
-0.010014059022068977,
-0.018244421109557152,
0.06493745744228363,
-0.05302199721336365,
0.0030218735337257385,
0.010720294900238514,
0.036018017679452896,
0.017148850485682487,
0.023197123780846596,
0.03896971791982651,
0.010919488966464996,
0.008542735129594803,
-0.00644666375592351,
-0.014323906973004341,
0.04049084335565567,
0.01845266856253147,
0.03994758427143097,
-0.005088518373668194,
0.03281279280781746,
0.021422481164336205,
0.01930377446115017,
-0.02294360287487507,
0.00642402796074748,
-0.011109629645943642,
0.013237390667200089,
-0.031020041555166245,
0.06931973993778229,
-0.0071076275780797005,
-0.014486884698271751,
0.0053465659730136395,
-0.0077731190249323845,
-0.01892349310219288,
-0.007379256654530764,
-0.007275132462382317,
-0.009497963823378086,
-0.00002718059295148123,
-0.009688103571534157,
0.011535181663930416,
0.010919488966464996,
-0.021838977932929993,
-0.0329214446246624,
0.031671952456235886,
-0.007356620859354734,
0.025352047756314278,
0.005672520492225885,
0.02428364008665085,
-0.042120616883039474,
0.05968596413731575,
-0.005301294382661581,
-0.016333961859345436,
-0.04838619381189346,
-0.0018617910100147128,
0.07004408538341522,
0.006211251951754093,
0.017130741849541664,
0.009534181095659733,
0.02113274298608303,
0.018832949921488762,
-0.01369915995746851,
-0.031889256089925766,
0.034822847694158554,
0.016270581632852554,
0.012395340949296951,
0.014631753787398338,
-0.011010032147169113,
-0.006324430461972952,
0.030368132516741753,
-0.03062165156006813,
0.012938599102199078,
-0.024374183267354965,
0.013481857255101204,
0.02698182314634323,
0.04476447403430939,
0.035311780869960785,
-0.013509020209312439,
-0.017013035714626312,
-0.03882484883069992,
0.05374634265899658,
0.025515025481581688,
-0.007786700502038002,
0.013889300636947155,
0.026963714510202408,
-0.004690128844231367,
-0.027416428551077843,
-0.06254712492227554,
-0.005419000051915646,
0.004321165848523378,
0.02949891798198223,
-0.009905407205224037,
-0.01753818430006504,
-0.009289714507758617,
-0.02756129764020443,
-0.05313064903020859,
0.018063334748148918,
-0.03507636860013008,
-0.0228892769664526,
0.015238391235470772,
0.025985850021243095,
0.013219282031059265,
-0.02375849150121212,
-0.009140318259596825,
0.027742384001612663,
0.03395363688468933,
0.007388310972601175,
-0.0012755249626934528,
0.005391837563365698,
0.028448618948459625,
-0.026692084968090057,
0.016641808673739433,
0.019158905372023582,
0.003218804718926549,
-0.03467797860503197,
-0.021205177530646324,
-0.011073412373661995,
0.020444616675376892,
-0.006600586697459221,
-0.007872716523706913,
0.0407443642616272,
0.03715885803103447,
0.0009920120937749743,
-0.004327956587076187,
-0.03212466463446617,
-0.022798733785748482,
0.030531108379364014,
0.021005982533097267,
0.024374183267354965,
-0.027688058093190193,
-0.06732779741287231,
-0.026800736784934998,
-0.0010633147321641445,
0.0019217757508158684,
-0.03373633325099945,
-0.01849794015288353,
0.0060030026361346245,
0.04259144142270088,
-0.032142773270606995,
-0.008642331697046757,
-0.007180062122642994,
0.017121687531471252,
-0.004038218874484301,
-0.012286689132452011,
0.04787915199995041,
-0.01764683611690998,
0.0073837838135659695,
-0.0143691785633564,
-0.0295532438904047,
0.022979820147156715,
0.024265531450510025,
0.009778646752238274,
-0.022490888833999634,
0.00760108744725585,
0.04219305142760277,
-0.007809336297214031,
-0.018398342654109,
0.019321883097290993,
-0.032251425087451935,
0.025333939120173454,
-0.04762563109397888,
-0.02258143201470375,
0.03839024528861046,
0.028557270765304565,
-0.023903358727693558,
0.021730326116085052,
-0.0058671883307397366,
0.02515285275876522,
-0.00459958566352725,
-0.03051299974322319,
-0.020154878497123718,
0.04682885482907295,
0.00008580366556998342,
-0.02252710610628128,
-0.004282685462385416,
0.012377232313156128,
0.014649862423539162,
0.04208439961075783,
0.03748481348156929,
0.06370607763528824,
-0.048603497445583344,
-0.021422481164336205,
0.02299792878329754,
0.023903358727693558,
-0.024700138717889786,
0.021114634349942207,
-0.03565584495663643,
-0.04382282495498657,
-0.0041264984756708145,
0.019394315779209137,
0.02966189570724964,
-0.007442636881023645,
0.021096525713801384,
0.00395446689799428,
-0.04136005416512489,
0.013635779730975628,
0.04045462608337402,
-0.02991541661322117,
0.020390290766954422,
-0.010665968991816044,
0.005903405603021383,
-0.017465749755501747,
-0.02348686195909977,
-0.023070363327860832,
0.029426483437418938,
-0.05555720254778862,
-0.04932784289121628,
0.03752103075385094,
-0.006383283529430628,
-0.024591486901044846,
0.023957684636116028,
-0.016424505040049553,
-0.027796709910035133,
-0.031834930181503296,
-0.04704615846276283,
-0.012748458422720432,
-0.03824537619948387,
0.039114587008953094,
-0.03433391451835632,
-0.025189070031046867,
-0.00426231324672699,
0.013527128845453262,
-0.038426462560892105,
-0.046249378472566605,
0.04809645563364029,
-0.03489528223872185,
-0.03447878360748291,
0.017293717712163925,
-0.005826443899422884,
-0.018995927646756172,
0.005862661171704531,
-0.0625109076499939,
-0.010765566490590572,
-0.009534181095659733,
0.021476807072758675,
0.0005794753669761121,
0.026746410876512527,
-0.023613622412085533,
0.02364983968436718,
-0.04197574779391289,
0.003316138405352831,
0.006722819991409779,
0.00855631660670042,
-0.0037281091790646315,
0.02102409116923809,
0.004579213447868824,
0.011326933279633522,
0.007954205386340618,
0.017130741849541664,
-0.008646858856081963,
-0.01666897162795067,
-0.010738403536379337,
-0.023794706910848618,
-0.005514070391654968,
0.004556578118354082,
0.029317833483219147,
0.028611596673727036,
0.01886916719377041,
0.038535114377737045,
0.036760468035936356,
0.014550264924764633,
-0.03918702155351639,
0.03266792371869087,
0.03250494599342346,
0.019158905372023582,
-0.006989921908825636,
-0.024754464626312256,
0.004513570107519627,
-0.03169006109237671,
0.016505993902683258,
-0.03645262494683266,
0.023939575999975204,
-0.050269488245248795,
0.029046203941106796,
0.013780648820102215,
0.0010916093597188592,
-0.03018704615533352,
-0.04016488790512085,
-0.04682885482907295,
0.003648884128779173,
0.008013058453798294,
0.0206438098102808,
-0.05555720254778862,
-0.019394315779209137,
0.012549263425171375,
0.00754676153883338,
-0.009842026978731155,
0.005246968474239111,
0.021223286166787148,
0.056752368807792664,
-0.015374206006526947,
0.050704095512628555,
0.005133789498358965,
-0.0060030026361346245,
-0.03688722848892212,
0.012766567058861256,
-0.05610046163201332,
-0.001901403651572764,
0.04585098847746849,
-0.004158188588917255,
-0.046466682106256485,
0.020245421677827835,
0.008379757404327393,
-0.02600395679473877,
0.0073068225756287575,
0.026203151792287827,
0.009239915758371353,
0.005532179027795792,
-0.04429364949464798,
0.04972623288631439,
0.015510020777583122,
0.02332388423383236,
-0.006804308388382196,
-0.004203460179269314,
-0.05878053233027458,
0.005568396300077438,
-0.021621674299240112,
-0.015546238049864769,
-0.041903313249349594,
0.012051276862621307,
-0.011173009872436523,
0.03293955326080322,
-0.02890133485198021,
0.002698182128369808,
-0.012413449585437775,
0.04125140234827995,
-0.018162932246923447,
0.012603589333593845,
0.008139817975461483,
-0.012802784331142902,
0.0005002502584829926,
-0.06312660127878189,
0.012992925010621548,
0.029788656160235405,
-0.02091543935239315,
-0.003035455010831356,
0.043098483234643936,
-0.0068586342968046665,
0.029933525249361992,
0.05001596733927727,
-0.005441635847091675,
0.02225547656416893,
0.0026846008840948343,
-0.029535135254263878,
0.039875149726867676,
-0.033229291439056396,
0.00250804191455245,
-0.0010633147321641445,
-0.018832949921488762,
-0.04038219153881073,
0.02348686195909977,
0.0077142659574747086,
-0.02917296439409256,
0.056861020624637604,
-0.0035696588456630707,
0.021549241617321968,
0.005351093132048845,
-0.01866997219622135,
-0.022128716111183167,
-0.00687674293294549,
0.05678858608007431,
-0.0042894757352769375,
-0.07996760308742523,
-0.030603542923927307,
-0.008755510672926903,
0.010258524678647518,
0.008597060106694698,
0.022183042019605637,
-0.03228764235973358,
-0.03915080428123474,
0.007442636881023645,
0.011163955554366112,
0.024845007807016373,
-0.0642131119966507,
-0.018651863560080528,
-0.030331915244460106,
-0.005328457336872816,
0.012078439816832542,
-0.03384498506784439,
0.04143248870968819,
-0.03351902961730957,
-0.020335964858531952,
0.005111154168844223,
0.008633277378976345,
-0.020028118044137955,
-0.03398985415697098,
0.011670996434986591,
0.0200643353164196,
0.014921491034328938,
0.04251900687813759,
0.002333746524527669,
0.004110653419047594,
-0.01973837986588478,
-0.02299792878329754,
0.011381258256733418,
-0.02332388423383236,
-0.012178037315607071,
-0.015048251487314701,
0.002417498966678977,
0.039549194276332855,
-0.025515025481581688,
-0.047698065638542175,
-0.03105625882744789,
0.017945628613233566,
-0.06167791038751602,
0.00023300682369153947,
0.0552312470972538,
-0.008995450101792812,
0.01346374861896038,
-0.021440589800477028,
0.02728966809809208,
0.004520360846072435,
0.03994758427143097,
0.013201173394918442,
-0.014043224044144154,
-0.03440634906291962,
0.07232577353715897,
-0.0026868644636124372,
-0.0132464449852705,
0.004235150292515755,
0.017275609076023102,
-0.02766994945704937,
0.030712194740772247,
0.043786607682704926,
0.007564870174974203,
-0.02299792878329754,
-0.021585457026958466,
-0.00619314331561327,
0.0041264984756708145,
0.01822631247341633,
-0.029046203941106796
] |
When robots operate in human environments, it's critical that humans can
quickly teach them new concepts: object-centric properties of the environment
that they care about (e.g. objects near, upright, etc). However, teaching a new
perceptual concept from high-dimensional robot sensor data (e.g. point clouds)
is demanding, requiring an unrealistic amount of human labels. To address this,
we propose a framework called Perceptual Concept Bootstrapping (PCB). First, we
leverage the inherently lower-dimensional privileged information, e.g., object
poses and bounding boxes, available from a simulator only at training time to
rapidly learn a low-dimensional, geometric concept from minimal human input.
Second, we treat this low-dimensional concept as an automatic labeler to
synthesize a large-scale high-dimensional data set with the simulator. With
these two key ideas, PCB alleviates human label burden while still learning
perceptual concepts that work with real sensor input where no privileged
information is available. We evaluate PCB for learning spatial concepts that
describe object state or multi-object relationships, and show it achieves
superior performance compared to baseline methods. We also demonstrate the
utility of the learned concepts in motion planning tasks on a 7-DoF Franka
Panda robot. | [
0.011172162368893623,
0.008489938452839851,
-0.032548535615205765,
-0.06285358965396881,
0.035443346947431564,
0.006463570985943079,
-0.021150214597582817,
0.027645448222756386,
-0.06726817786693573,
0.011742078699171543,
-0.010005191899836063,
-0.04794531315565109,
0.06035681813955307,
-0.036908846348524094,
-0.033272236585617065,
0.005658451467752457,
0.008973915129899979,
0.005025211721658707,
-0.00008855465421220288,
-0.037777289748191833,
0.006857084576040506,
-0.022633805871009827,
-0.06824517995119095,
0.008639202453196049,
0.04302413389086723,
0.016952738165855408,
0.039007581770420074,
-0.024008842185139656,
-0.030268870294094086,
0.027627356350421906,
0.026342783123254776,
0.006314307451248169,
-0.05796859785914421,
0.026378968730568886,
-0.027446430176496506,
0.0020082753617316484,
-0.001589884632267058,
0.04117869213223457,
-0.026125673204660416,
0.012266763485968113,
-0.023484157398343086,
-0.005812238436192274,
-0.016147619113326073,
-0.036058492958545685,
0.0009165017982013524,
-0.0031594152096658945,
-0.04497813060879707,
0.030178409069776535,
-0.037343066185712814,
-0.029907019808888435,
0.014790676534175873,
-0.034194957464933395,
0.04776438698172569,
0.0002015625505009666,
-0.04497813060879707,
0.004441726021468639,
0.04515905678272247,
0.025836192071437836,
0.07642301917076111,
0.022561436519026756,
0.0010058338521048427,
0.04107013717293739,
-0.08894307911396027,
-0.035063400864601135,
-0.0023000179789960384,
-0.06726817786693573,
-0.010466552339494228,
-0.007883837446570396,
0.042010948061943054,
-0.025365784764289856,
0.009751895442605019,
-0.022054843604564667,
-0.019141940400004387,
0.026885559782385826,
0.06144237145781517,
0.029780371114611626,
0.10956861078739166,
-0.021747270599007607,
-0.006083626765757799,
-0.004095705691725016,
0.05659356340765953,
0.022344324737787247,
0.035642363131046295,
0.025438154116272926,
0.05435008183121681,
-0.06028444692492485,
-0.0011573591036722064,
-0.06914980709552765,
0.029328057542443275,
-0.019503790885210037,
-0.05728108063340187,
0.026939837262034416,
-0.021819639950990677,
0.0043806638568639755,
0.005482049193233252,
0.003629822051152587,
-0.05699159950017929,
0.0001847421081038192,
-0.016835136339068413,
0.0000062016529227548745,
0.003197861835360527,
-0.001045411336235702,
0.0023429880384355783,
-0.007191796787083149,
0.011090746149420738,
-0.035208143293857574,
0.006897792685776949,
-0.0012099406449124217,
-0.029328057542443275,
0.08691670745611191,
0.044037315994501114,
-0.04049117490649223,
-0.021276863291859627,
0.05456719547510147,
-0.07490324229001999,
0.022905195131897926,
-0.035298604518175125,
-0.08481797575950623,
0.043747834861278534,
-0.031879108399152756,
0.04678738862276077,
-0.015894323587417603,
0.04874138534069061,
-0.033688366413116455,
-0.039767470210790634,
-0.017341729253530502,
-0.013795585371553898,
0.04342216998338699,
0.008241166360676289,
0.025130581110715866,
0.0005170517251826823,
-0.010376089252531528,
0.012538151815533638,
0.013542288914322853,
0.07218936085700989,
0.006336922757327557,
0.07873886823654175,
0.04830716550350189,
-0.07012680172920227,
-0.001297011156566441,
-0.013307086192071438,
-0.008883452042937279,
-0.029490889981389046,
0.015767674893140793,
-0.027066485956311226,
0.044326797127723694,
-0.05163619667291641,
0.039876025170087814,
-0.036167047917842865,
0.030648814514279366,
-0.031064944341778755,
0.031661998480558395,
0.006997301708906889,
0.030142223462462425,
0.07555457949638367,
0.0014801984652876854,
-0.032819923013448715,
0.0065449876710772514,
0.020715992897748947,
0.002915165387094021,
0.11050942540168762,
-0.05503759905695915,
0.009172933176159859,
0.08047575503587723,
0.036854565143585205,
0.013515150174498558,
0.05894559621810913,
-0.023212768137454987,
-0.013252807781100273,
0.029798464849591255,
0.007874791510403156,
-0.007200843188911676,
0.023900285363197327,
0.04986312612891197,
0.0028247025329619646,
0.05398823320865631,
0.017070339992642403,
0.0032634474337100983,
-0.04921179264783859,
-0.05018879100680351,
0.004507311619818211,
0.004457557108253241,
0.07294924557209015,
0.038030583411455154,
0.008698003366589546,
0.05482048913836479,
0.04968219995498657,
-0.005970548372715712,
-0.007888360880315304,
-0.016536610201001167,
-0.001750456285662949,
0.04088921099901199,
0.007734573911875486,
-0.011181209236383438,
0.014754491858184338,
-0.09878543764352798,
-0.05753437429666519,
0.017974968999624252,
-0.033453162759542465,
0.037704918533563614,
-0.07139328122138977,
0.006020302884280682,
0.038537174463272095,
-0.032041944563388824,
0.039405617862939835,
-0.017676440998911858,
-0.007820514030754566,
0.019738994538784027,
0.020263679325580597,
-0.05959692969918251,
0.025184858590364456,
-0.04544853791594505,
-0.05601460114121437,
-0.046642646193504333,
-0.05626789480447769,
-0.024551618844270706,
0.006241937167942524,
-0.039043769240379333,
-0.028097761794924736,
0.007047056220471859,
0.034267328679561615,
-0.020516974851489067,
0.028676724061369896,
-0.020064661279320717,
-0.06925836205482483,
0.025239136070013046,
0.026614172384142876,
0.006658066064119339,
0.017803089693188667,
0.0032589242327958345,
-0.002166585298255086,
-0.027030300348997116,
0.0854693055152893,
-0.018336821347475052,
-0.0035642364528030157,
0.007164658047258854,
-0.008069287054240704,
-0.024081211537122726,
-0.039152324199676514,
0.029092853888869286,
0.04704068601131439,
0.025836192071437836,
-0.026415154337882996,
-0.021186400204896927,
0.029291871935129166,
-0.0012449950445443392,
-0.019539976492524147,
0.014121251180768013,
0.004238184541463852,
0.042300429195165634,
-0.018173987045884132,
0.037270694971084595,
0.016446147114038467,
0.032060034573078156,
0.003742900677025318,
0.014347408898174763,
0.013270900584757328,
-0.06708725541830063,
0.019558068364858627,
0.033416979014873505,
-0.025166766718029976,
0.034213051199913025,
0.031155407428741455,
-0.023049935698509216,
-0.023701267316937447,
-0.007553648203611374,
0.00014799158088862896,
0.025347691029310226,
0.005567988846451044,
0.015613888390362263,
0.032982755452394485,
-0.041902393102645874,
0.021692993119359016,
0.008462799713015556,
0.017595024779438972,
-0.05149145796895027,
0.04798149690032005,
-0.022814732044935226,
0.002254786668345332,
0.013985557481646538,
0.03962273150682449,
-0.016500424593687057,
0.0032340469770133495,
0.012447688728570938,
0.044507723301649094,
-0.019847549498081207,
-0.05659356340765953,
0.005726298782974482,
-0.031354423612356186,
0.014202668331563473,
-0.030449796468019485,
-0.017595024779438972,
-0.036438439041376114,
0.04921179264783859,
0.06234699860215187,
0.015098250471055508,
-0.05427771434187889,
-0.04722160845994949,
-0.022452879697084427,
0.021602530032396317,
0.0023203722666949034,
0.006237413734197617,
0.011642569676041603,
0.05098486319184303,
0.014492149464786053,
0.039695098996162415,
-0.021638715639710426,
0.04609987139701843,
-0.030847832560539246,
-0.04689594358205795,
0.04533998295664787,
-0.021294955164194107,
-0.036963123828172684,
-0.008833697997033596,
-0.016618026420474052,
0.034285422414541245,
0.033181775361299515,
-0.037849657237529755,
-0.05272174999117851,
-0.027627356350421906,
-0.009661433286964893,
-0.011398320086300373,
-0.12606903910636902,
0.005785099696367979,
0.040056951344013214,
0.029219502583146095,
0.033652182668447495,
-0.019811365753412247,
-0.0016294621163979173,
-0.008082856424152851,
-0.06133381649851799,
-0.015876231715083122,
-0.05626789480447769,
0.021873917430639267,
0.005074966233223677,
-0.013650844804942608,
-0.029762279242277145,
0.06274503469467163,
-0.028043484315276146,
-0.037994399666786194,
0.007576263975352049,
0.002980750985443592,
-0.022018657997250557,
-0.041793838143348694,
0.019377144053578377,
-0.07635065168142319,
0.026722727343440056,
0.009552877396345139,
-0.0021959857549518347,
-0.0058212848380208015,
0.001072550192475319,
-0.04038261994719505,
-0.007825036533176899,
-0.012809540145099163,
0.08517982065677643,
-0.022018657997250557,
-0.021530158817768097,
-0.018707718700170517,
-0.028477706015110016,
-0.017721673473715782,
0.002738762879744172,
-0.05301123112440109,
0.015894323587417603,
0.04801768437027931,
-0.06954783946275711,
0.034158773720264435,
-0.005432294216006994,
-0.045376166701316833,
-0.028948113322257996,
0.041721466928720474,
-0.05883704125881195,
0.011289764195680618,
0.00038757678703404963,
-0.020987382158637047,
0.0028066099621355534,
0.008064763620495796,
0.019738994538784027,
-0.009272442199289799,
-0.026270413771271706,
0.033941663801670074,
-0.04932034760713577,
0.009435275569558144,
0.024081211537122726,
-0.027283597737550735,
0.012963326647877693,
0.07939019799232483,
0.022072937339544296,
0.024497341364622116,
0.010719847865402699,
0.022887101396918297,
0.019503790885210037,
-0.04107013717293739,
-0.042589910328388214,
0.026433246210217476,
0.016238082200288773,
-0.015053018927574158,
0.030666908249258995,
-0.008562308736145496,
0.006445478182286024,
0.007508417125791311,
-0.027898743748664856,
0.030974481254816055,
-0.028550077229738235,
0.0032001235522329807,
0.021349234506487846,
0.015749583020806313,
-0.0028292257338762283,
-0.013831770047545433,
-0.026433246210217476,
0.021403511986136436,
-0.0012438643025234342,
-0.028387242928147316,
0.000372593873180449,
0.019594253972172737,
0.029653724282979965,
-0.016527563333511353,
-0.034647274762392044,
-0.012936187908053398,
0.022597620263695717,
-0.014030789025127888,
0.008128087036311626,
-0.0009278096258640289,
0.037704918533563614,
0.011543060652911663,
-0.038211509585380554,
0.027247412130236626,
-0.004717637784779072,
0.015098250471055508,
-0.06321544200181961,
0.020589346066117287,
-0.011009328998625278,
0.026849376037716866,
0.006323353387415409,
-0.009525738656520844,
-0.001968697877600789,
0.04960982874035835,
0.04215569049119949,
0.010014237836003304,
-0.022109121084213257,
-0.008435660973191261,
-0.016916554421186447,
-0.016301406547427177,
0.014428825117647648,
-0.06940310448408127,
0.018979106098413467,
-0.019594253972172737,
-0.036872658878564835,
0.009254350326955318,
0.020661715418100357,
-0.032367609441280365,
-0.07512035220861435,
-0.030793555080890656,
-0.0890878215432167,
-0.035750921815633774,
0.028676724061369896,
-0.018418237566947937,
0.001368250697851181,
-0.021765362471342087,
-0.04939271882176399,
-0.07396242767572403,
0.019775180146098137,
0.044326797127723694,
-0.004471126478165388,
-0.008526124060153961,
0.042770836502313614,
0.04787294194102287,
-0.04653409123420715,
-0.0017809874843806028,
0.0033448641188442707,
0.020336050540208817,
0.033941663801670074,
-0.022850917652249336,
0.0030870449263602495,
0.017821181565523148,
-0.014664028771221638,
0.014437871985137463,
-0.031607721000909805,
-0.04852427542209625,
0.021910103037953377,
-0.035063400864601135,
0.008336151950061321,
-0.08308108896017075,
-0.035280514508485794,
-0.044616278260946274,
0.0028857651632279158,
0.007897406816482544,
0.022470973432064056,
-0.011877772398293018,
0.024117397144436836,
-0.013940325938165188,
-0.0032001235522329807,
-0.017495516687631607,
-0.024244045838713646,
0.0014835908077657223,
0.034032125025987625,
-0.04617224261164665,
-0.05416915565729141,
-0.034918662160634995,
0.06086340919137001,
0.020480791106820107,
0.0028970728162676096,
-0.07309398800134659,
-0.038790471851825714,
0.04968219995498657,
0.009905682876706123,
-0.013659890741109848,
0.030558351427316666,
0.025926653295755386,
-0.003179769264534116,
0.012483874335885048,
-0.005929840262979269,
0.027953021228313446,
0.009724756702780724,
-0.013650844804942608,
-0.0002523065486457199,
-0.0018115186830982566,
0.007702912203967571,
-0.014691167511045933,
0.019919920712709427,
-0.009371952153742313,
0.018210172653198242,
0.040418803691864014,
0.008119041100144386,
-0.006707820575684309,
0.002065945416688919,
0.04812623932957649,
0.027482615783810616,
0.0032724938355386257,
0.05435008183121681,
-0.036474622786045074,
-0.007436046842485666,
0.007969777099788189,
-0.09263396263122559,
-0.07265976816415787,
-0.007445092778652906,
-0.002693531569093466,
0.08554167300462723,
0.06571222096681595,
-0.006635450292378664,
-0.043530724942684174,
-0.034303516149520874,
0.018508700653910637,
0.04552090913057327,
0.024171674624085426,
-0.008164272643625736,
-0.026885559782385826,
0.034249234944581985,
-0.010457506403326988,
-0.004699545446783304,
0.036800287663936615,
0.005120197776705027,
-0.013424688018858433,
-0.035569995641708374,
0.006906839087605476,
-0.006879699882119894,
-0.07548220455646515,
0.012438642792403698,
-0.013135206885635853,
-0.0013852124102413654,
-0.07389006018638611,
-0.007363676559180021,
-0.018300635740160942,
0.005848423577845097,
0.005283030681312084,
-0.005889131687581539,
-0.04599131643772125,
0.04950127378106117,
0.05131053179502487,
0.004708591382950544,
0.0033335562329739332,
-0.009317673742771149,
-0.0016532086301594973,
-0.006798283662647009,
0.04251754283905029,
0.013551335781812668,
-0.0031119221821427345,
0.024008842185139656,
0.005482049193233252,
-0.027627356350421906,
0.009073424153029919,
-0.008155226707458496,
-0.026867467910051346,
-0.012465781532227993,
0.0006852561491541564,
0.007137519307434559,
-0.0024176198057830334,
-0.004903086926788092,
-0.05482048913836479,
0.010746987536549568,
-0.008480892516672611,
-0.016057156026363373,
0.06408388912677765,
0.017929738387465477,
0.05456719547510147,
-0.0067440057173371315,
-0.013822724111378193,
0.025311507284641266,
-0.026939837262034416,
0.017450284212827682,
-0.04834334924817085,
0.023466063663363457,
0.010511783882975578,
0.027301689609885216,
0.007164658047258854,
-0.011904912069439888,
-0.020082753151655197,
0.018327774479985237,
-0.04906705394387245,
0.025582894682884216,
-0.0070832413621246815,
-0.019377144053578377,
0.040165506303310394,
-0.0069882553070783615,
-0.021692993119359016,
0.024081211537122726,
0.0008707050001248717,
0.0017154018860310316,
-0.025058209896087646,
0.015170620754361153,
-0.015062064863741398,
0.002933257957920432,
-0.029074762016534805,
0.028930021449923515,
-0.0058212848380208015,
-0.009652386419475079,
-0.039152324199676514,
-0.008236642926931381,
-0.04385639354586601,
0.0019788749050348997,
-0.001440620981156826,
0.028640540316700935,
0.041395802050828934,
-0.015984786674380302,
0.010068515315651894,
-0.027410244569182396,
-0.0033312945161014795,
-0.019105754792690277,
0.07750857621431351,
0.023646989837288857,
-0.020933104678988457,
-0.017115572467446327,
0.007476754952222109,
-0.04913942143321037,
0.035461440682411194,
-0.007377245929092169,
0.04378402233123779,
0.031227776780724525,
-0.026795096695423126,
0.05344545468688011,
0.023882193490862846,
-0.026216134428977966,
0.030359333381056786,
0.007128472905606031,
0.032765645533800125,
0.011289764195680618,
0.0034443731419742107,
-0.012321040965616703,
0.019015291705727577,
-0.021566344425082207,
-0.005206137429922819,
0.037632547318935394,
-0.04841572046279907,
-0.0032860632054507732,
0.0069882553070783615,
0.0071782274171710014,
-0.010909819975495338,
-0.004385186824947596,
0.037523992359638214,
0.0031390611547976732,
0.04472483694553375,
0.015125389210879803,
-0.003937395755201578,
-0.008743234910070896,
0.015903370454907417,
0.019413327798247337,
-0.023502249270677567,
-0.011244532652199268,
-0.0009340289980173111,
0.015903370454907417,
-0.021168308332562447,
0.002960396930575371,
-0.015704352408647537,
0.013424688018858433,
-0.033561717718839645,
-0.009733803570270538,
-0.006201228592544794,
-0.008992007933557034,
-0.001541260862722993,
-0.034014035016298294,
0.005482049193233252,
-0.07331109791994095,
-0.040744468569755554,
-0.005789622664451599,
0.015451055951416492,
0.009353859350085258,
0.028369151055812836,
-0.016898460686206818,
-0.04125106334686279,
0.025836192071437836,
-0.009516692720353603,
-0.040237877517938614,
-0.007503893692046404,
-0.05409678816795349,
0.015514379367232323,
0.05221515893936157,
0.024008842185139656,
-0.002668654313310981,
0.037632547318935394,
0.023411786183714867,
0.030214592814445496,
0.0007836344884708524,
0.026795096695423126,
0.018264450132846832,
0.030087945982813835,
0.021566344425082207,
0.0037338542751967907,
0.0016283313743770123,
-0.036836475133895874,
0.0063776313327252865,
0.05163619667291641,
0.006119811907410622,
0.011543060652911663,
0.012402457185089588,
-0.05521852523088455,
-0.026469431817531586,
0.023049935698509216,
0.029961297288537025,
-0.05185330659151077,
0.035841383039951324,
-0.010719847865402699,
0.045086685568094254,
-0.044326797127723694,
-0.030902111902832985,
-0.018961014226078987,
0.04971838369965553,
-0.012438642792403698,
-0.015442009083926678,
0.013451826758682728,
0.019630439579486847,
-0.011416411958634853,
0.027518799528479576,
-0.0064771403558552265,
0.008738711476325989,
-0.046353165060281754,
0.004224615171551704,
0.006540464237332344,
0.016979876905679703,
0.013406595215201378,
0.015007787384092808,
-0.008897021412849426,
0.07591642439365387,
0.014275038614869118,
0.0010652000783011317,
0.0009283750550821424,
-0.043820206075906754,
-0.017803089693188667,
0.005545373074710369,
-0.020191309973597527,
0.0029445658437907696,
-0.028369151055812836,
-0.0015797076048329473,
0.0016079772030934691,
-0.0025781914591789246,
0.05652119219303131,
0.019757088273763657,
0.0073003522120416164,
-0.003098352812230587,
-0.015840046107769012,
0.034267328679561615,
0.013370409607887268,
0.04613605514168739,
0.029870834201574326,
0.07664012908935547,
-0.041504357010126114,
0.015143482014536858,
-0.029002390801906586,
-0.0043806638568639755,
0.03922469541430473,
-0.036565084010362625,
-0.015496286563575268,
-0.003926088102161884,
0.019503790885210037,
-0.011416411958634853,
0.017712626606225967,
0.021946288645267487,
-0.0002525892632547766,
-0.005093058571219444,
-0.035298604518175125,
0.007567217573523521,
0.034828197211027145,
0.020010383799672127,
0.014302177354693413,
0.0012800494441762567,
-0.005762483924627304,
0.07222554087638855,
0.0034692503977566957,
-0.027374058961868286,
-0.018192080780863762,
-0.004604559391736984,
-0.05518234148621559,
0.008928683586418629,
-0.000060815065808128566,
0.008236642926931381,
0.044616278260946274,
0.013316132128238678,
-0.005581558216363192,
0.0028382721357047558,
-0.026324691250920296,
-0.028079669922590256,
0.014347408898174763,
0.034918662160634995,
0.041214875876903534,
-0.013288993388414383,
0.023610804229974747,
0.002614376600831747,
-0.05507378652691841,
-0.031426794826984406,
-0.019214309751987457,
0.013071882538497448,
0.0011149547062814236,
-0.022091029211878777,
-0.0013117113849148154,
0.0016645165160298347,
0.04591894522309303,
-0.036022309213876724,
0.019503790885210037,
0.012927141971886158,
-0.011904912069439888,
0.0007480147178284824,
-0.015849092975258827,
0.04693212732672691,
0.016400914639234543,
-0.024063119664788246,
-0.007838605903089046,
-0.019431421533226967,
0.024081211537122726,
0.015134435147047043,
-0.023466063663363457,
-0.021204493939876556,
0.015604842454195023,
-0.023285139352083206,
-0.05210660398006439,
-0.015957647934556007,
-0.023248953744769096,
-0.030250778421759605,
-0.011633522808551788,
-0.033760737627744675,
0.04707686975598335,
-0.005350877996534109,
0.05467575043439865,
0.04483339190483093,
0.036836475133895874,
-0.016011925414204597,
0.015659119933843613,
-0.04942890256643295,
0.041287247091531754,
0.011371180415153503,
0.045484721660614014,
-0.011660661548376083,
0.004629436414688826,
-0.0007027832907624543,
-0.017169849947094917,
-0.031408704817295074,
0.006730436347424984,
0.028495799750089645,
-0.014998741447925568,
0.020046569406986237,
0.012529104948043823,
-0.06234699860215187,
-0.008087378926575184,
-0.014519288204610348,
-0.010529876686632633,
-0.026397060602903366,
0.04454391077160835,
0.016780858859419823,
0.012700985185801983,
-0.0005080054397694767,
0.023809824138879776,
-0.007906453683972359,
0.012773355469107628,
0.0040414282120764256,
0.05959692969918251,
0.026577986776828766,
-0.0037338542751967907,
0.030685000121593475,
0.012067744508385658,
0.015215852297842503,
-0.010774126276373863,
0.015478194691240788,
0.018517745658755302,
-0.0005908355233259499,
0.025474339723587036,
-0.018183033913373947,
0.008001439273357391,
-0.014347408898174763,
0.0066942512057721615,
-0.019322866573929787,
-0.004588728304952383,
0.014573565684258938,
-0.007883837446570396,
-0.012293902225792408,
0.0006343707791529596,
-0.020734086632728577,
-0.016753720119595528,
-0.018445376306772232,
0.04628079757094383,
0.010737940669059753,
-0.015306315384805202,
0.023882193490862846,
0.024316415190696716,
-0.009887590073049068,
0.001441751723177731,
0.0006575518636964262,
-0.010511783882975578,
0.013759399764239788,
0.026867467910051346,
-0.023918379098176956,
-0.010538922622799873,
0.008521600626409054,
-0.039297062903642654,
0.032367609441280365,
0.032982755452394485,
-0.002194854896515608,
-0.017631210386753082,
-0.041612911969423294,
0.0036117294803261757,
0.03980365768074989,
-0.010701755993068218,
-0.0017018323997035623,
0.025492431595921516,
-0.031933385878801346,
0.013849862851202488,
-0.006762098520994186,
0.036384161561727524,
0.037089768797159195,
-0.0023475110065191984,
-0.026758912950754166,
-0.07262358069419861,
0.008765850216150284,
0.012167253531515598,
-0.028170133009552956,
-0.031879108399152756,
-0.004916656296700239,
-0.004916656296700239,
-0.0009572100825607777,
-0.019304772838950157,
0.042843207716941833,
0.023990748450160027,
0.005061396863311529,
-0.017803089693188667,
-0.009380998089909554,
-0.07298543304204941,
0.011244532652199268,
-0.03864573314785957,
-0.028531983494758606,
-0.010303718969225883,
-0.013252807781100273,
0.004045951180160046,
-0.04809005185961723,
0.04164909943938255,
0.022579528391361237,
0.004432680085301399,
-0.028278687968850136,
-0.018761996179819107,
-0.008639202453196049,
0.007237028330564499,
-0.008847267366945744,
-0.05326452851295471,
-0.005319215822964907,
-0.011669708415865898,
-0.010891728103160858,
0.030884018167853355,
0.014428825117647648,
0.036673642694950104,
0.027301689609885216,
-0.011190255172550678,
-0.011895865201950073,
0.0031345379538834095,
-0.033995941281318665,
-0.038790471851825714,
0.030160315334796906,
-0.039297062903642654,
0.004021073691546917,
0.029472798109054565,
-0.020354142412543297,
-0.012601475231349468,
0.010900774039328098,
-0.015270129777491093,
-0.05254082754254341,
-0.004722161218523979,
-0.024244045838713646,
-0.023194676265120506,
0.040310248732566833,
-0.036022309213876724,
0.022633805871009827,
-0.037596363574266434,
-0.022145306691527367,
-0.010385136120021343,
0.030395518988370895,
-0.011841587722301483,
-0.027337875217199326,
0.0017142711440101266,
-0.024280229583382607,
0.026994116604328156,
-0.024642081931233406,
-0.034972939640283585,
0.05301123112440109,
-0.008856313303112984,
-0.022290047258138657,
0.05731726437807083,
-0.033453162759542465,
-0.023339416831731796,
-0.013035696931183338,
-0.0041296291165053844,
0.011298810131847858,
0.014157436788082123,
-0.028658632189035416,
0.012890956364572048,
-0.012972373515367508,
-0.010312765836715698,
0.022796640172600746,
-0.05843900516629219,
0.009186502546072006,
0.007856698706746101
] |
The existing methods to calculate the Eigenvector Centrality(EC) tend to not
be robust enough for determination of EC in low time complexity or not
well-scalable for large networks, hence rendering them practically unreliable/
computationally expensive. So, it is of the essence to develop a method that is
scalable in low computational time. Hence, we propose a deep learning model for
the identification of nodes with high Eigenvector Centrality. There have been a
few previous works in identifying the high ranked nodes with supervised
learning methods, but in real-world cases, the graphs are not labelled and
hence deployment of supervised learning methods becomes a hazard and its usage
becomes impractical. So, we devise CUL(Centrality with Unsupervised Learning)
method to learn the relative EC scores in a network in an unsupervised manner.
To achieve this, we develop an Encoder-Decoder based framework that maps the
nodes to their respective estimated EC scores. Extensive experiments were
conducted on different synthetic and real-world networks. We compared CUL
against a baseline supervised method for EC estimation similar to some of the
past works. It was observed that even with training on a minuscule number of
training datasets, CUL delivers a relatively better accuracy score when
identifying the higher ranked nodes than its supervised counterpart. We also
show that CUL is much faster and has a smaller runtime than the conventional
baseline method for EC computation. The code is available at
https://github.com/codexhammer/CUL. | [
-0.006218430120497942,
0.015615749172866344,
-0.030203802511096,
-0.007032748311758041,
0.03947048261761665,
0.018846895545721054,
-0.008987982757389545,
0.029559316113591194,
-0.05131511390209198,
0.026650413870811462,
-0.016930852085351944,
0.00985020212829113,
-0.02546595223248005,
-0.00899669248610735,
0.008604774251580238,
0.0414562001824379,
0.03717123344540596,
-0.038529880344867706,
0.030081873759627342,
-0.027207808569073677,
-0.009937294758856297,
-0.07552693039178848,
0.005913604982197285,
-0.05643617361783981,
-0.005965861026197672,
0.015737678855657578,
0.048353955149650574,
-0.013464556075632572,
-0.018637871369719505,
0.08500263094902039,
0.07371539622545242,
0.0393659733235836,
0.04312838241457939,
-0.005917959846556187,
-0.027138134464621544,
-0.023793768137693405,
0.05807351693511009,
-0.0036666092928498983,
-0.009083785116672516,
0.005634908098727465,
0.026702670380473137,
0.003150584176182747,
0.003392266808077693,
-0.021842889487743378,
0.020884867757558823,
-0.06688731908798218,
-0.023880861699581146,
-0.023358304053544998,
0.019526218995451927,
-0.025134999305009842,
0.041560713201761246,
-0.037624113261699677,
-0.007564014755189419,
-0.06646926701068878,
-0.062288813292980194,
0.05364920198917389,
0.03032573312520981,
0.0057176463305950165,
0.0402020625770092,
0.03839053213596344,
-0.006183593068271875,
0.0009607431129552424,
-0.02990768849849701,
0.015258668921887875,
0.02031005546450615,
0.010259538888931274,
-0.019125591963529587,
-0.00009886400221148506,
0.07852292060852051,
-0.012105907313525677,
-0.06584220379590988,
-0.009170877747237682,
-0.013194568455219269,
-0.004759624600410461,
0.03675318509340286,
-0.01450096070766449,
0.020536495372653008,
0.0013161908136680722,
0.018515942618250847,
0.02018812485039234,
0.0336700975894928,
0.003135342849418521,
-0.008182373829185963,
0.042187780141830444,
0.07378506660461426,
-0.03164954483509064,
-0.019334614276885986,
-0.05054869502782822,
0.03189340606331825,
0.04013238847255707,
-0.024699535220861435,
0.0015829127514734864,
-0.003973611630499363,
-0.0038495042826980352,
-0.028322597965598106,
0.0017320591723546386,
0.027103297412395477,
-0.01635603979229927,
-0.020693263038992882,
0.037519603967666626,
-0.0280961561948061,
0.009780528023838997,
0.005469431634992361,
-0.009780528023838997,
0.04284968599677086,
-0.06382164359092712,
-0.060546956956386566,
0.04856297746300697,
0.0505138598382473,
0.14262326061725616,
0.027521343901753426,
-0.009240551851689816,
0.03274691477417946,
0.00010628050222294405,
-0.016190562397241592,
0.01919526606798172,
-0.07336702197790146,
-0.036822859197854996,
0.030691523104906082,
-0.013952275738120079,
-0.004184811841696501,
0.00026781053747981787,
0.026598159223794937,
-0.003048249986022711,
-0.05573942884802818,
0.05295245721936226,
-0.045114099979400635,
-0.004400366917252541,
0.024264071136713028,
0.06375197321176529,
-0.055112361907958984,
0.024786626920104027,
-0.006052953656762838,
-0.017000526189804077,
0.035220351070165634,
0.012732976116240025,
0.06706149876117706,
0.054415617138147354,
0.003951838240027428,
-0.012558789923787117,
0.026789763942360878,
0.010128899477422237,
-0.02121582068502903,
0.016260236501693726,
-0.004189166706055403,
0.036822859197854996,
0.015145448036491871,
0.07650236785411835,
-0.023410560563206673,
-0.027730366215109825,
-0.022191260010004044,
0.03051733784377575,
-0.001638434361666441,
0.06284620612859726,
-0.0034554090816527605,
-0.017941128462553024,
-0.016939561814069748,
0.008874761871993542,
-0.05932765454053879,
-0.00715032359585166,
0.07225223630666733,
-0.006192302331328392,
-0.00889218132942915,
-0.02041456662118435,
-0.01900366134941578,
0.043093547224998474,
-0.00795593298971653,
-0.026685252785682678,
-0.08549035340547562,
0.03534228354692459,
0.02422923408448696,
0.005330082960426807,
0.010686294175684452,
0.0018322160467505455,
0.03138826787471771,
0.03929629921913147,
0.04201359674334526,
-0.04312838241457939,
-0.008321722969412804,
0.017270514741539955,
-0.0361957922577858,
-0.0414562001824379,
-0.00013744342140853405,
0.03849504515528679,
0.061174023896455765,
-0.008069152943789959,
0.07859259843826294,
0.0713464692234993,
0.018324337899684906,
-0.0008594976388849318,
-0.007773037534207106,
0.03807699680328369,
0.06120886281132698,
-0.052499573677778244,
0.0035729845985770226,
-0.07817454636096954,
0.004204407799988985,
0.053684037178754807,
0.016826340928673744,
-0.06281136721372604,
-0.020745519548654556,
-0.022591887041926384,
0.010755968280136585,
0.01721825823187828,
0.02523951046168804,
-0.004881554748862982,
0.08994950354099274,
-0.014962553046643734,
-0.03102247603237629,
-0.017645012587308884,
-0.045497309416532516,
-0.013812927529215813,
-0.06291588395833969,
-0.008935727179050446,
-0.008186728693544865,
0.014971262775361538,
0.007206934038549662,
-0.010782095603644848,
0.027521343901753426,
-0.018446266651153564,
0.04114266484975815,
0.04173489660024643,
0.07371539622545242,
-0.040654946118593216,
-0.06876852363348007,
-0.021337751299142838,
0.040167227387428284,
0.018515942618250847,
0.024891139939427376,
-0.03699704632163048,
-0.011983977630734444,
0.008587355725467205,
0.018237244337797165,
0.0561923123896122,
0.02112872712314129,
-0.0231492817401886,
0.020083613693714142,
-0.031475357711315155,
-0.0054563675075769424,
0.015110610984265804,
-0.008709286339581013,
0.009728272445499897,
-0.046228889375925064,
-0.0021947401110082865,
0.0412471778690815,
-0.0020847853738814592,
-0.01570284180343151,
0.02182547003030777,
0.0452534481883049,
0.008870407938957214,
-0.02152935415506363,
-0.02051907777786255,
0.06267201900482178,
-0.0496777668595314,
-0.00875718705356121,
-0.028723224997520447,
0.00891395378857851,
-0.042361967265605927,
-0.021581610664725304,
-0.03269466012716293,
0.0010745081817731261,
-0.038843415677547455,
-0.05908379703760147,
0.025901416316628456,
-0.055809102952480316,
-0.021668702363967896,
0.06751438230276108,
0.0097892377525568,
-0.007455148734152317,
-0.024925976991653442,
0.052882783114910126,
-0.03340882062911987,
-0.025918833911418915,
-0.013508102856576443,
-0.028845155611634254,
-0.05371887609362602,
-0.034802306443452835,
-0.01610346883535385,
0.0299947801977396,
-0.00247343722730875,
0.021651284769177437,
-0.03475005179643631,
0.011696570552885532,
0.055007848888635635,
-0.03455844521522522,
-0.03626546636223793,
-0.052081529051065445,
-0.03790281340479851,
-0.026423973962664604,
-0.0804041251540184,
0.008630902506411076,
0.029524479061365128,
-0.034105561673641205,
0.02757359854876995,
-0.0601985827088356,
-0.0049991300329566,
-0.07810487598180771,
-0.023515071719884872,
-0.02071068249642849,
-0.07162516564130783,
0.005138478707522154,
-0.0007174274069257081,
0.03818150982260704,
0.015755098313093185,
-0.04476572945713997,
-0.02708587981760502,
0.02210416831076145,
0.005373629275709391,
-0.002782616764307022,
-0.06260234862565994,
-0.04727400466799736,
0.02071068249642849,
0.03464553877711296,
-0.05354468896985054,
0.029472222551703453,
0.002175144152715802,
0.0696742907166481,
0.0149451345205307,
-0.028758062049746513,
0.001419613603502512,
0.012846197001636028,
0.004289323464035988,
-0.12109391391277313,
0.034715212881565094,
0.0020379729103296995,
0.023480234667658806,
0.008879116736352444,
0.028531620278954506,
-0.013290369883179665,
-0.028357435017824173,
-0.022853165864944458,
0.0009563884814269841,
-0.023375723510980606,
0.042675502598285675,
-0.013856473378837109,
-0.005695872940123081,
-0.014535797759890556,
0.07427278906106949,
-0.02898450382053852,
-0.02656332217156887,
-0.013934857212007046,
0.002042327541857958,
-0.07678106427192688,
0.03790281340479851,
0.04323289543390274,
-0.06221913918852806,
-0.028009062632918358,
0.018411429598927498,
0.02860129438340664,
-0.022661561146378517,
0.0009558441233821213,
0.03335656598210335,
0.025988509878516197,
-0.045810844749212265,
0.05852640047669411,
-0.011444001458585262,
-0.030865708366036415,
0.025413695722818375,
-0.03821634501218796,
0.015084482729434967,
0.015145448036491871,
-0.039435647428035736,
0.0013575599296018481,
0.05465947836637497,
-0.07064972817897797,
0.019961683079600334,
0.004585438873618841,
-0.03316495940089226,
0.006288104224950075,
0.02334088645875454,
-0.0511409267783165,
0.00695001007989049,
-0.0023950536269694567,
-0.020867448300123215,
0.007363701239228249,
-0.01690472476184368,
0.005756837781518698,
0.02102421596646309,
-0.010642747394740582,
0.034175239503383636,
-0.06901238113641739,
0.011853338219225407,
0.013281661085784435,
0.025988509878516197,
-0.018010802567005157,
0.0058395760133862495,
-0.01666957326233387,
0.005090577527880669,
0.006754051428288221,
0.01045114267617464,
0.02746908739209175,
-0.06246299669146538,
-0.003940952010452747,
-0.03311270475387573,
0.01576380804181099,
0.010033097118139267,
-0.025413695722818375,
-0.03260756656527519,
0.003446699818596244,
-0.012654592283070087,
-0.06201011687517166,
0.03502874821424484,
0.021581610664725304,
0.01121756061911583,
0.007733846083283424,
0.0048597813583910465,
-0.03083087131381035,
-0.05751612409949303,
0.015267377719283104,
-0.005769901908934116,
0.017192130908370018,
-0.019038498401641846,
-0.029123852029442787,
-0.03131859377026558,
0.024211814627051353,
0.039749179035425186,
-0.06030309572815895,
-0.03403588756918907,
0.02365441992878914,
0.00975439976900816,
-0.014770949259400368,
-0.025744648650288582,
0.07434246689081192,
0.007141614332795143,
0.0002380084479227662,
0.056227151304483414,
-0.002630204427987337,
-0.005948442034423351,
0.003858213545754552,
0.007916741073131561,
0.013203277252614498,
0.00024127443612087518,
0.02132033184170723,
0.025100162252783775,
-0.04079429432749748,
-0.030360570177435875,
0.01671312004327774,
-0.04271033778786659,
-0.06319458037614822,
-0.028862573206424713,
0.04427801072597504,
-0.04291936010122299,
0.006401325110346079,
-0.016094760969281197,
-0.05866574868559837,
0.017958547919988632,
-0.00727225374430418,
-0.026720089837908745,
-0.028165830299258232,
-0.009980841539800167,
-0.0610346756875515,
0.02990768849849701,
-0.08423621207475662,
-0.04922488331794739,
0.035220351070165634,
-0.005399757064878941,
-0.015188994817435741,
-0.01202752348035574,
0.04821460694074631,
-0.016913432627916336,
-0.027207808569073677,
0.04727400466799736,
0.0028043901547789574,
-0.054206594824790955,
-0.061592068523168564,
0.03647448867559433,
-0.035603560507297516,
-0.024020209908485413,
-0.010494689457118511,
0.053579527884721756,
0.010120189748704433,
-0.05525171011686325,
0.028740642592310905,
0.04542763531208038,
-0.02071068249642849,
0.03361784294247627,
0.02210416831076145,
-0.07685074210166931,
-0.011661733500659466,
0.016538934782147408,
-0.008987982757389545,
0.036230627447366714,
0.013786799274384975,
0.003006880870088935,
0.00004228766556479968,
-0.03839053213596344,
0.005756837781518698,
0.03811183571815491,
-0.048946186900138855,
-0.05727226287126541,
-0.005665390286594629,
0.04438252002000809,
-0.046019867062568665,
-0.020484240725636482,
0.005495559424161911,
-0.010294375941157341,
0.007768683135509491,
-0.014318065717816353,
0.051280274987220764,
0.01435290277004242,
0.02685943804681301,
-0.006875981111079454,
-0.01940428838133812,
0.0011300297919660807,
-0.012550081126391888,
0.025640137493610382,
0.049050696194171906,
0.01919526606798172,
-0.02475178986787796,
-0.0038103125989437103,
0.028148412704467773,
0.018916569650173187,
-0.005129769444465637,
-0.032468218356370926,
-0.035394538193941116,
0.06410034745931625,
0.012436860240995884,
-0.007424666080623865,
-0.022661561146378517,
0.0177843626588583,
0.0017081086989492178,
-0.023898281157016754,
-0.027242645621299744,
-0.0021337750367820263,
-0.042570989578962326,
0.04929455742239952,
-0.014605472795665264,
-0.00395619310438633,
0.03211984783411026,
-0.0513499490916729,
-0.015075773932039738,
0.03335656598210335,
-0.044103823602199554,
-0.05674970522522926,
-0.035708073526620865,
-0.005203798413276672,
0.014065496623516083,
0.012889742851257324,
-0.04295419901609421,
-0.010111480951309204,
-0.013508102856576443,
0.05316147953271866,
-0.02121582068502903,
-0.01415258925408125,
-0.008256402797996998,
0.01849852316081524,
0.03744992986321449,
-0.0595715157687664,
-0.020832611247897148,
-0.000523373659234494,
-0.045810844749212265,
0.0100505156442523,
-0.024072466418147087,
-0.016199272125959396,
-0.03933113440871239,
0.017941128462553024,
0.014309356920421124,
-0.03849504515528679,
0.018515942618250847,
-0.0028566457331180573,
0.053405340760946274,
0.033304307609796524,
-0.02637171745300293,
-0.02220867946743965,
-0.00876589585095644,
-0.006344714667648077,
0.02011845074594021,
0.02456018701195717,
-0.04009755328297615,
0.011461419984698296,
0.007842712104320526,
-0.024699535220861435,
0.007233061827719212,
-0.007568369619548321,
-0.018724964931607246,
0.014718692749738693,
0.030587011948227882,
-0.014770949259400368,
0.019230103120207787,
0.001638434361666441,
-0.020170705392956734,
0.0002197733847424388,
0.040550436824560165,
0.0391569510102272,
-0.0049468744546175,
0.028357435017824173,
-0.054206594824790955,
-0.028758062049746513,
0.0009672750602476299,
0.0029763984493911266,
-0.019926846027374268,
0.026929112151265144,
-0.009972132742404938,
0.011600769124925137,
0.0003344910219311714,
0.006527609657496214,
-0.035394538193941116,
0.028218086808919907,
0.0008937904494814575,
-0.03286884352564812,
0.013586485758423805,
0.03173663839697838,
0.027712946757674217,
0.00229925150051713,
-0.03332172706723213,
-0.019334614276885986,
0.023062188178300858,
0.001298772287555039,
0.0021479276474565268,
-0.04009755328297615,
-0.044800568372011185,
0.011208850890398026,
0.016390876844525337,
-0.02496081404387951,
0.00018221458594780415,
0.0037732981145381927,
0.03859955444931984,
-0.016800211742520332,
-0.023166701197624207,
-0.06173141673207283,
0.023201538249850273,
0.0040106261149048805,
0.059745702892541885,
0.0334610752761364,
-0.003751524956896901,
0.003917001187801361,
0.025100162252783775,
-0.012062360532581806,
0.011635606177151203,
-0.015310924500226974,
0.017287932336330414,
0.013630032539367676,
-0.003170180134475231,
-0.007729491218924522,
-0.036613836884498596,
-0.06880335509777069,
-0.02797422558069229,
0.031579870730638504,
0.00621407525613904,
0.01484933216124773,
-0.031074732542037964,
0.05061836913228035,
-0.03724090754985809,
0.05082739144563675,
0.015685424208641052,
0.008709286339581013,
-0.03807699680328369,
0.04232712835073471,
0.023967955261468887,
0.053091805428266525,
0.019125591963529587,
0.003879986936226487,
0.03518551588058472,
0.020971959456801414,
0.0031201017554849386,
-0.014004531316459179,
0.015093192458152771,
0.016660863533616066,
-0.028130993247032166,
0.0017375025199726224,
-0.045323122292757034,
0.004389480222016573,
-0.008818152360618114,
-0.011043374426662922,
0.030883127823472023,
-0.027103297412395477,
-0.005251699592918158,
-0.007999478839337826,
-0.012593626976013184,
0.040480758994817734,
-0.03344365954399109,
-0.017906291410326958,
0.02071068249642849,
0.022975096479058266,
0.008961855433881283,
-0.004380770958960056,
0.025222091004252434,
0.010982409119606018,
-0.0021664348896592855,
-0.027033623307943344,
-0.04577600583434105,
-0.007855775766074657,
-0.013185858726501465,
-0.03859955444931984,
-0.017671141773462296,
-0.008400105871260166,
-0.04455670714378357,
0.045601822435855865,
-0.00930151715874672,
0.006296813488006592,
-0.03664867579936981,
-0.038042161613702774,
0.005112350918352604,
-0.017444700002670288,
0.02577948570251465,
-0.00032414874294772744,
-0.006579865701496601,
0.009318935684859753,
-0.000586243811994791,
-0.00593537837266922,
0.01207107026129961,
0.014927715994417667,
-0.02001393958926201,
0.015188994817435741,
-0.011356908828020096,
0.035307444632053375,
0.020971959456801414,
0.03727574273943901,
-0.03657900169491768,
0.0046028573997318745,
-0.00747256726026535,
0.010886607691645622,
0.011844628490507603,
0.0351506769657135,
0.05222087725996971,
-0.03811183571815491,
0.02140742540359497,
0.0007615181966684759,
0.009562795981764793,
0.031370848417282104,
-0.015154157765209675,
-0.0002116084360750392,
0.01839401200413704,
-0.07712943851947784,
-0.004846717696636915,
0.010181155055761337,
0.05020032450556755,
-0.031475357711315155,
-0.006867271848022938,
0.0044504450634121895,
0.049155209213495255,
-0.01464901864528656,
-0.00033013636129908264,
0.014675146900117397,
0.02203449234366417,
-0.009484412148594856,
0.007777392398566008,
0.004768333863466978,
0.014204844832420349,
0.025204673409461975,
0.01637345738708973,
-0.023793768137693405,
0.025413695722818375,
-0.0009340709075331688,
-0.027521343901753426,
0.002671573543921113,
-0.006605993490666151,
0.06430936604738235,
0.009710853919386864,
-0.00492074666544795,
0.047622375190258026,
0.007938514463603497,
0.04838879406452179,
0.0007440996123477817,
-0.054311107844114304,
0.004102073609828949,
0.022766074165701866,
-0.01978749781847,
0.0027760849334299564,
0.002893660217523575,
0.010085352696478367,
0.030290896072983742,
-0.009972132742404938,
-0.03380944952368736,
0.013455846346914768,
-0.008117054589092731,
-0.04960809275507927,
0.013325206935405731,
0.0005225571803748608,
-0.038529880344867706,
0.0017473004991188645,
0.007990770041942596,
0.09315451979637146,
-0.029576735571026802,
-0.01658247970044613,
0.01848110370337963,
0.02948964200913906,
-0.03929629921913147,
0.02130291238427162,
-0.01787145435810089,
0.015067064203321934,
0.015842191874980927,
-0.010120189748704433,
0.02708587981760502,
-0.033077869564294815,
0.037624113261699677,
-0.0018964470364153385,
-0.03988853096961975,
-0.0035163741558790207,
0.011931722052395344,
-0.035812582820653915,
-0.012506534345448017,
0.028218086808919907,
0.03748476505279541,
0.02323637530207634,
-0.009179587475955486,
-0.010721131227910519,
0.011801082640886307,
-0.016547642648220062,
-0.029019340872764587,
0.08284272998571396,
0.005081868264824152,
-0.007886257953941822,
-0.009075076319277287,
0.01632991060614586,
-0.041978757828474045,
-0.006488418206572533,
0.0038103125989437103,
-0.025291766971349716,
-0.019247522577643394,
0.04201359674334526,
0.022365445271134377,
-0.029228363186120987,
0.008600419387221336,
0.003196307923644781,
-0.009893748909235,
-0.00876589585095644,
0.001795201562345028,
-0.019665567204356194,
-0.01409162487834692,
-0.022853165864944458,
0.008178019896149635,
0.0036383040715008974,
-0.03128375485539436,
-0.041072990745306015,
-0.009310226887464523,
0.05371887609362602,
0.003962724935263395,
0.02860129438340664,
0.045671496540308,
0.04657725989818573,
0.08353947103023529,
-0.07225223630666733,
0.023880861699581146,
-0.01409162487834692,
0.026110438629984856,
0.0031201017554849386,
0.010564363561570644,
0.03755443915724754,
0.025831742212176323,
0.02079777419567108,
0.013394881971180439,
0.01848110370337963,
-0.0248388834297657,
-0.013821636326611042,
0.028758062049746513,
-0.019421707838773727,
-0.004803171381354332,
0.007424666080623865,
-0.01959589309990406,
-0.003594757756218314,
-0.020867448300123215,
0.006205365993082523,
-0.02393311820924282,
0.026302043348550797,
0.04737851396203041,
0.004106428474187851,
-0.02950706146657467,
0.027712946757674217,
-0.016007667407393456,
0.03626546636223793,
-0.015598330646753311,
0.00035816937452182174,
0.02121582068502903,
0.035620979964733124,
-0.04264066368341446,
0.015781225636601448,
-0.0036448361352086067,
0.013821636326611042,
-0.033983632922172546,
-0.015188994817435741,
0.027033623307943344,
0.011452711187303066,
0.0198920089751482,
-0.0014087270246818662,
-0.021268075332045555,
-0.0052996003068983555,
-0.00346194114536047,
-0.0018420139094814658,
-0.036509327590465546,
0.02123323827981949,
0.0007430109544657171,
0.05131511390209198,
0.02555304393172264,
0.039052437990903854,
-0.016991816461086273,
-0.026005927473306656,
-0.016190562397241592,
0.008016897365450859,
-0.060581792145967484,
-0.0009079430601559579,
0.029419967904686928,
-0.015267377719283104,
-0.03558614104986191,
-0.013159731402993202,
0.006275040563195944,
-0.00772513635456562,
0.02626720629632473,
0.004628985654562712,
0.008069152943789959,
0.009676016867160797,
-0.03274691477417946,
0.007198224775493145,
-0.04445219412446022,
0.053300827741622925,
-0.01545027270913124,
0.022452538833022118,
-0.03415782004594803,
-0.00310703762806952,
-0.016112178564071655,
-0.025413695722818375,
-0.02860129438340664,
0.0022905422374606133,
-0.08500263094902039,
0.044103823602199554,
0.000725048070307821,
0.02292283996939659,
-0.016896015033125877,
0.04211810603737831,
-0.043894801288843155,
0.026493648067116737,
0.019073335453867912,
0.0031875986605882645,
0.012811359949409962,
-0.032973356544971466,
0.02887999266386032,
-0.015877028927206993,
0.038529880344867706,
-0.0201010312885046,
-0.019752660766243935,
-0.04758753627538681,
0.030656686052680016,
0.019561056047677994,
0.005155897233635187,
0.02241770178079605,
-0.005504268687218428,
-0.07399409264326096,
-0.027138134464621544,
-0.0247343722730875,
-0.009466993622481823,
-0.009623761288821697,
-0.007154678460210562,
-0.02525692991912365,
-0.0008763718651607633,
0.041177503764629364,
-0.03832085803151131,
0.0250479057431221,
-0.009771818295121193,
-0.0016395230777561665,
0.04605470225214958,
-0.04964292794466019,
-0.012280093505978584,
0.0017494778148829937,
0.01490158773958683,
0.0149451345205307,
-0.04696046933531761,
-0.022800911217927933,
0.018620453774929047,
-0.04089880734682083,
0.01686117798089981,
-0.01565929688513279,
-0.02466469816863537,
0.01454450748860836,
-0.008883471600711346,
-0.010538236238062382,
0.005965861026197672,
-0.03487198054790497,
-0.03724090754985809,
0.0013172795297577977,
0.01597283035516739,
0.017200838774442673,
0.006893399637192488,
0.014213554561138153,
0.02767810970544815,
-0.041978757828474045,
0.01877721957862377,
0.028113575652241707,
-0.006788888480514288,
0.015188994817435741,
-0.022504795342683792,
-0.006649539805948734,
0.013142311945557594,
0.007755619008094072,
0.0004675797827076167,
0.021477099508047104,
0.006353423930704594,
0.010407596826553345,
-0.030430244281888008,
-0.00955408625304699,
0.014457414858043194,
0.027852296829223633,
0.009284098632633686,
0.04811009392142296,
-0.01176624558866024,
-0.0012388959294185042,
0.010503399185836315,
0.004095541778951883,
0.005081868264824152,
0.011539803817868233,
0.01766243204474449,
-0.0282006673514843,
0.04396447539329529,
-0.009911167435348034,
0.02111130952835083,
0.005412821192294359,
0.0041695707477629185,
-0.01236718613654375,
-0.009562795981764793,
-0.0082607576623559,
-0.0006439427961595356,
-0.010433724150061607,
-0.021546773612499237,
-0.03211984783411026,
-0.006740987300872803,
-0.0016710942145437002,
-0.05643617361783981,
-0.017549211159348488,
0.005595716182142496,
0.008099636062979698,
-0.04455670714378357,
-0.00910120364278555,
-0.028270341455936432,
-0.034192655235528946,
-0.0637868121266365
] |
Exploration is one of the most important tasks in Reinforcement Learning, but
it is not well-defined beyond finite problems in the Dynamic Programming
paradigm (see Subsection 2.4). We provide a reinterpretation of exploration
which can be applied to any online learning method. We come to this definition
by approaching exploration from a new direction. After finding that concepts of
exploration created to solve simple Markov decision processes with Dynamic
Programming are no longer broadly applicable, we reexamine exploration. Instead
of extending the ends of dynamic exploration procedures, we extend their means.
That is, rather than repeatedly sampling every state-action pair possible in a
process, we define the act of modifying an agent to itself be explorative. The
resulting definition of exploration can be applied in infinite problems and
non-dynamic learning methods, which the dynamic notion of exploration cannot
tolerate. To understand the way that modifications of an agent affect learning,
we describe a novel structure on the set of agents: a collection of distances
(see footnote 7) $d_{a} \in A$, which represent the perspectives of each agent
possible in the process. Using these distances, we define a topology and show
that many important structures in Reinforcement Learning are well behaved under
the topology induced by convergence in the agent space. | [
0.005990459583699703,
0.026057511568069458,
-0.048991285264492035,
-0.047488726675510406,
0.006731853354722261,
0.06322603672742844,
-0.04938669502735138,
0.028429970145225525,
-0.016963083297014236,
-0.0045225005596876144,
0.008353034034371376,
0.039738692343235016,
0.0222813468426466,
-0.010705722495913506,
0.001843598554842174,
0.039817776530981064,
0.020679935812950134,
0.04325783997774124,
-0.0445626936852932,
0.013908542692661285,
0.02247905172407627,
-0.044720858335494995,
-0.07417889684438705,
0.08022866398096085,
0.047567807137966156,
0.030367478728294373,
0.002881549531593919,
-0.008338205516338348,
-0.11198008060455322,
0.06710105389356613,
0.06449135392904282,
0.03833498805761337,
-0.0057136728428304195,
-0.002452777000144124,
-0.03922465816140175,
-0.029774364084005356,
0.060379087924957275,
0.004846242256462574,
0.005520910490304232,
0.00672691036015749,
0.028054330497980118,
-0.03821636363863945,
-0.02825203537940979,
0.0012338024098426104,
-0.014481887221336365,
-0.015668116509914398,
-0.02918124943971634,
-0.04487902298569679,
-0.04290197044610977,
-0.0002676739532034844,
-0.04135987162590027,
-0.07742125540971756,
0.01564834639430046,
0.011051706038415432,
-0.02959642931818962,
0.004334680736064911,
0.04199253022670746,
-0.027223970741033554,
0.05591095611453056,
0.005861951503902674,
0.06330512464046478,
-0.04697469249367714,
-0.0891253873705864,
0.015104657039046288,
0.03410410135984421,
-0.05871836841106415,
0.010458591394126415,
-0.014353378675878048,
0.03837452828884125,
-0.019839690998196602,
-0.0459466278553009,
0.0549224317073822,
-0.025642329826951027,
-0.012613574974238873,
0.018347017467021942,
0.005560451187193394,
0.047014232724905014,
0.017022395506501198,
-0.0047325617633759975,
-0.02334895357489586,
0.04681652784347534,
-0.02036360837519169,
-0.037741873413324356,
-0.02641337923705578,
0.05171961337327957,
0.0012912603560835123,
0.03428203612565994,
-0.057808924466371536,
0.10952853411436081,
0.006880132015794516,
-0.03780118376016617,
-0.006707140244543552,
-0.005278721917420626,
0.03503331542015076,
-0.03538918495178223,
0.010142263025045395,
-0.010409165173768997,
0.014481887221336365,
-0.029655741527676582,
-0.0007710492354817688,
0.0073150829412043095,
0.0033362708054482937,
-0.045511677861213684,
-0.0019177378853783011,
0.005881722085177898,
-0.006702197249978781,
-0.03529033064842224,
0.02162891998887062,
0.013572444207966328,
0.13823530077934265,
-0.001550748129375279,
0.020244985818862915,
-0.03471698611974716,
0.07152964919805527,
-0.02617613412439823,
0.012366443872451782,
0.007903254590928555,
-0.09094427525997162,
0.05278721824288368,
-0.004599111154675484,
0.03101990558207035,
0.06725922226905823,
0.04661882296204567,
-0.022736068814992905,
-0.05705764517188072,
0.03716852888464928,
-0.054250236600637436,
0.013997510075569153,
0.016972968354821205,
0.015628576278686523,
0.0406876765191555,
0.012574033811688423,
0.03289810195565224,
0.02740190364420414,
0.021885937079787254,
0.03948167711496353,
0.04282288998365402,
-0.020798560231924057,
-0.02518760971724987,
0.00011900910612894222,
-0.00956891942769289,
-0.04048997163772583,
-0.022854691371321678,
-0.022320887073874474,
0.057690300047397614,
0.010666181333363056,
-0.009662829339504242,
0.019177379086613655,
-0.06757555156946182,
0.012821164913475513,
-0.039956167340278625,
0.052984923124313354,
-0.001092319842427969,
0.007137148175388575,
0.020956723019480705,
-0.01219839509576559,
-0.018376674503087997,
-0.00808118935674429,
0.02540508471429348,
-0.013671296648681164,
0.05017751455307007,
-0.040964461863040924,
0.004092492163181305,
0.07682813704013824,
0.060379087924957275,
0.0042803119868040085,
0.00012287053687032312,
-0.049703020602464676,
-0.007992221973836422,
0.04539305344223976,
-0.05310354754328728,
-0.0301697738468647,
-0.006618172861635685,
0.019750723615288734,
0.0781329944729805,
-0.015361674129962921,
0.017605625092983246,
-0.02641337923705578,
-0.017892297357320786,
0.017180558294057846,
-0.014294067397713661,
-0.03529033064842224,
0.01319680456072092,
0.04725148156285286,
0.05025659501552582,
0.0030421847477555275,
0.06314695626497269,
0.006761508993804455,
0.00850131269544363,
-0.026373839005827904,
-0.00544182863086462,
0.02247905172407627,
0.06464951485395432,
0.009119139984250069,
0.041676200926303864,
-0.014145788736641407,
-0.004040594678372145,
0.045590758323669434,
-0.011842525564134121,
-0.015539607964456081,
-0.0344204306602478,
-0.09339581429958344,
0.01587570644915104,
0.01007306668907404,
0.023368723690509796,
-0.04416728392243385,
-0.014986034482717514,
-0.010478361509740353,
0.02748098596930504,
-0.012000690214335918,
0.03521125018596649,
-0.0533803328871727,
-0.011407574638724327,
0.003776164259761572,
-0.037544168531894684,
-0.040450431406497955,
0.003222590545192361,
0.03572528064250946,
0.034479741007089615,
-0.023882756009697914,
-0.017131133005023003,
-0.01928611658513546,
0.08018912374973297,
-0.02732282318174839,
-0.03734646365046501,
0.03052564337849617,
0.021648690104484558,
0.002032653894275427,
0.014976149424910545,
-0.013147378340363503,
-0.001045364886522293,
0.03289810195565224,
0.02902308478951454,
-0.012544378638267517,
-0.03129669278860092,
0.01085400115698576,
0.033570297062397,
0.013582329265773296,
0.047805055975914,
-0.045590758323669434,
-0.02014613337814808,
-0.00989018939435482,
0.001503793173469603,
-0.0005501757841557264,
0.07172735035419464,
-0.02781708538532257,
-0.0008526025339961052,
0.040173642337322235,
0.00215374818071723,
0.0062721893191337585,
-0.023111706599593163,
0.01914772391319275,
0.00218711094930768,
-0.022162724286317825,
-0.0812171921133995,
0.07022479176521301,
0.07014571130275726,
-0.016547903418540955,
0.01622169092297554,
-0.02603773958981037,
0.0820080116391182,
0.04448360949754715,
0.04689561203122139,
-0.030407018959522247,
-0.03989685699343681,
-0.010962738655507565,
0.0708574503660202,
-0.00392938544973731,
-0.028212495148181915,
0.007799459621310234,
-0.04199253022670746,
0.005768041592091322,
0.040885381400585175,
-0.010231230407953262,
0.07394164800643921,
-0.015895476564764977,
0.039323512464761734,
0.0036748405545949936,
0.023072166368365288,
0.02710534632205963,
0.0030940822325646877,
-0.019454166293144226,
-0.017892297357320786,
-0.0030446560122072697,
0.0011806691763922572,
0.024377018213272095,
-0.056464530527591705,
0.025820264592766762,
-0.07073882967233658,
0.001766987843438983,
0.003580930642783642,
-0.06627069413661957,
-0.03493446111679077,
0.000933538016397506,
0.021668462082743645,
0.007740148343145847,
-0.034123871475458145,
0.04377187415957451,
0.001766987843438983,
-0.04994026944041252,
0.01963210105895996,
-0.010013755410909653,
-0.004915439058095217,
0.017684707418084145,
0.0007259478443302214,
-0.03823613375425339,
-0.041952986270189285,
0.019167494028806686,
-0.013780034147202969,
-0.029201019555330276,
-0.004648537375032902,
0.003939270973205566,
0.04859587550163269,
-0.04938669502735138,
0.02143121510744095,
0.017487002536654472,
0.08003096282482147,
-0.01964198611676693,
-0.03394593670964241,
-0.047725971788167953,
-0.0024021149147301912,
-0.02532600238919258,
-0.06919673085212708,
-0.0016706067835912108,
-0.010913312435150146,
-0.014610394835472107,
0.004967336542904377,
0.022024329751729965,
-0.07354623824357986,
0.03544849529862404,
-0.049149446189403534,
0.005431943107396364,
-0.02562255971133709,
-0.007468304131180048,
0.009173508733510971,
-0.019661756232380867,
-0.007547385990619659,
0.039106037467718124,
0.02042292058467865,
-0.045511677861213684,
0.013582329265773296,
-0.018693001940846443,
0.008170156739652157,
-0.011368034407496452,
0.007250828668475151,
-0.020838100463151932,
-0.05278721824288368,
-0.012831050902605057,
-0.006143680773675442,
-0.003442537272349,
0.0010737848933786154,
-0.01572742871940136,
-0.04519534856081009,
0.012900247238576412,
0.042664725333452225,
0.0172892976552248,
-0.051561448723077774,
0.02740190364420414,
0.010873771272599697,
0.018465641885995865,
0.055752791464328766,
-0.10154125839471817,
-0.05286630243062973,
-0.007517730351537466,
-0.061446696519851685,
0.0012789038009941578,
-0.0036970824003219604,
0.0018571907421573997,
0.01238621398806572,
0.019592558965086937,
-0.05001934990286827,
-0.002940861042588949,
0.00964305829256773,
0.02036360837519169,
-0.01034985389560461,
0.011368034407496452,
-0.013849231414496899,
-0.0142347551882267,
-0.048279546201229095,
0.03463790565729141,
-0.026274986565113068,
-0.01999785378575325,
0.01452142745256424,
0.04011433199048042,
-0.022656986489892006,
0.03467744588851929,
0.010745263658463955,
-0.052273184061050415,
0.03892810270190239,
0.039165347814559937,
0.018406329676508904,
-0.03011046163737774,
-0.04930761083960533,
0.007399107329547405,
0.022676756605505943,
0.034835610538721085,
-0.019454166293144226,
-0.10478361696004868,
-0.007527615409344435,
0.023072166368365288,
0.019444281235337257,
-0.002056131372228265,
-0.030723348259925842,
0.0033856970258057117,
0.0036525987088680267,
0.019029099494218826,
-0.011891951784491539,
0.019938543438911438,
-0.014926723204553127,
-0.03167233243584633,
0.025780724361538887,
-0.053617577999830246,
-0.029715051874518394,
0.009885246865451336,
-0.017674822360277176,
0.007715435232967138,
-0.03481584042310715,
0.0010367152281105518,
0.003588344668969512,
0.0001858117466326803,
0.01984957605600357,
-0.026848331093788147,
0.034974005073308945,
-0.009361328557133675,
-0.05061246454715729,
0.031494397670030594,
-0.006568746641278267,
0.02291400171816349,
-0.03677311912178993,
-0.02803456038236618,
0.010715607553720474,
0.04994026944041252,
0.04527443274855614,
-0.030367478728294373,
-0.03878970816731453,
-0.041873905807733536,
-0.030703576281666756,
0.003961512818932533,
-0.002115442883223295,
-0.02904285490512848,
-0.002688787179067731,
-0.029220789670944214,
-0.03289810195565224,
-0.029062626883387566,
0.05808570981025696,
-0.0182185098528862,
-0.05535738170146942,
-0.02441656030714512,
-0.018969789147377014,
-0.005085959564894438,
-0.04535351321101189,
0.02332918345928192,
-0.04867495596408844,
-0.02313147857785225,
0.08038682490587234,
-0.014986034482717514,
-0.00407272158190608,
-0.05409207195043564,
0.018248165026307106,
0.0011683126213029027,
0.0625143051147461,
-0.03351098671555519,
0.06381915509700775,
-0.04021318629384041,
0.05808570981025696,
0.01579662412405014,
-0.023388493806123734,
-0.05001934990286827,
-0.007077836897224188,
0.009801222011446953,
0.026354068890213966,
-0.08967895805835724,
-0.015569264069199562,
0.05674131587147713,
0.007745090872049332,
0.044088199734687805,
-0.01159539446234703,
-0.08232433348894119,
-0.009025230072438717,
-0.03266085684299469,
0.0070234681479632854,
0.03181072324514389,
-0.02589934691786766,
-0.02356642857193947,
-0.031553708016872406,
0.01835690438747406,
0.015322132967412472,
0.0169433131814003,
-0.029082396999001503,
-0.0037687504664063454,
-0.02617613412439823,
-0.04464177414774895,
-0.02504921518266201,
0.030367478728294373,
0.023289641365408897,
-0.031079215928912163,
-0.011862296611070633,
-0.06725922226905823,
0.028785839676856995,
0.04396957904100418,
-0.027065806090831757,
0.00001089887064154027,
0.023961838334798813,
-0.027876395732164383,
-0.027560068294405937,
-0.004695492330938578,
-0.02831134758889675,
-0.0442463643848896,
0.08501312136650085,
-0.016676411032676697,
-0.023111706599593163,
0.023961838334798813,
-0.002790110884234309,
-0.001152249053120613,
0.023605968803167343,
0.05496197193861008,
-0.0023897583596408367,
0.025286462157964706,
0.051640529185533524,
0.049782104790210724,
0.03849315270781517,
0.011585509404540062,
-0.004964865278452635,
0.009420640766620636,
-0.04361370950937271,
0.06595436483621597,
0.03384708613157272,
-0.029082396999001503,
-0.014679592102766037,
0.008456829003989697,
-0.024732887744903564,
0.03778141364455223,
-0.004156746435910463,
-0.04047020152211189,
-0.03736623376607895,
-0.00017731661500874907,
0.057808924466371536,
0.017061935737729073,
-0.0007086486439220607,
-0.025563249364495277,
-0.017052050679922104,
0.04416728392243385,
0.008204755373299122,
0.008867066353559494,
0.018554609268903732,
-0.037900038063526154,
0.03501354530453682,
-0.008273951709270477,
0.009613403119146824,
-0.00022195468773134053,
0.011051706038415432,
-0.0006882603047415614,
-0.006524262949824333,
0.005476426798850298,
-0.0016273587243631482,
-0.006959213875234127,
-0.0018052932573482394,
0.024851510301232338,
-0.025207379832863808,
-0.04412774369120598,
0.025523707270622253,
-0.008283836767077446,
0.009830878116190434,
-0.015638461336493492,
0.013849231414496899,
-0.007878541946411133,
-0.017744017764925957,
0.027718232944607735,
0.004618881735950708,
0.04958439990878105,
-0.04855633154511452,
0.0049994634464383125,
-0.0371289886534214,
-0.0058965496718883514,
0.03677311912178993,
0.012346673756837845,
0.021470757201313972,
-0.026017969474196434,
-0.02291400171816349,
-0.019968198612332344,
0.03060472384095192,
-0.031039675697684288,
0.020838100463151932,
0.03325397148728371,
0.013097952120006084,
-0.0010762562742456794,
-0.04155757650732994,
-0.007137148175388575,
-0.00019739603158086538,
-0.043930038809776306,
-0.02354665845632553,
0.011763444170355797,
0.020383378490805626,
0.03416341170668602,
-0.007102550007402897,
0.017487002536654472,
-0.0006481015007011592,
-0.023507116362452507,
0.016617100685834885,
-0.025523707270622253,
-0.007324967999011278,
0.011407574638724327,
0.005402287468314171,
-0.004191344603896141,
-0.02291400171816349,
0.015351788140833378,
0.07026433199644089,
0.019404739141464233,
-0.030802428722381592,
0.026215674355626106,
-0.06120944768190384,
0.012228050269186497,
0.06496584415435791,
0.00006270953599596396,
0.005871836561709642,
-0.0006450123619288206,
0.0065638041123747826,
0.02724374085664749,
0.012069886550307274,
-0.009806164540350437,
0.015509952791035175,
-0.0054368856362998486,
0.05551554635167122,
0.0010293013183400035,
-0.03402502089738846,
0.004107320215553045,
0.015766968950629234,
-0.03876993805170059,
-0.005758156534284353,
0.019908888265490532,
-0.0025825207121670246,
-0.014353378675878048,
-0.007947738282382488,
0.012643231078982353,
-0.006825762800872326,
0.02825203537940979,
0.004060365259647369,
0.056187745183706284,
0.014995919540524483,
-0.01807023212313652,
-0.04788413643836975,
0.023724593222141266,
0.022380199283361435,
0.04986118525266647,
0.005313320085406303,
0.0012609867844730616,
-0.010028582997620106,
-0.0301697738468647,
0.01808011718094349,
-0.004045537207275629,
0.021668462082743645,
0.021391674876213074,
-0.007161861285567284,
0.050493840128183365,
-0.019740838557481766,
-0.01166459172964096,
0.014195214956998825,
-0.0410040058195591,
0.02283492125570774,
0.007300254888832569,
0.018198739737272263,
-0.015984443947672844,
-0.008634762838482857,
0.0049747503362596035,
0.028350887820124626,
-0.027698462828993797,
0.04883312061429024,
-0.003175635589286685,
-0.020936952903866768,
0.04341600462794304,
0.00426795519888401,
-0.023685051128268242,
-0.003904672572389245,
0.027085576206445694,
0.006420467980206013,
-0.021589379757642746,
-0.0007889662520028651,
0.04487902298569679,
0.010656296275556087,
-0.0068307057954370975,
-0.025365544483065605,
0.002379873301833868,
0.0062079350464046,
0.01113078836351633,
-0.006652771029621363,
-0.000872373057063669,
0.02548416703939438,
0.019612329080700874,
-0.015895476564764977,
0.009875361807644367,
-0.03594275936484337,
0.004497787449508905,
0.020936952903866768,
-0.03279924765229225,
0.03616023436188698,
0.021688232198357582,
-0.002302026841789484,
0.014145788736641407,
0.03758370876312256,
0.020660165697336197,
-0.036970824003219604,
0.02085787057876587,
-0.04219023510813713,
0.026373839005827904,
0.039026953279972076,
-0.0320282019674778,
0.00610414007678628,
0.03159324824810028,
-0.02633429877460003,
-0.00037656613858416677,
-0.010666181333363056,
0.08351056277751923,
0.010616755113005638,
0.03200842812657356,
0.02882537990808487,
0.0048536560498178005,
0.02461426518857479,
-0.015243050642311573,
-0.0031632790341973305,
0.034914691001176834,
-0.006558861583471298,
-0.014027165248990059,
0.061802562326192856,
-0.0676150918006897,
0.025444624945521355,
0.02406069077551365,
0.0067565664649009705,
-0.004223471973091364,
0.0030026438180357218,
-0.02568187192082405,
-0.021470757201313972,
-0.012831050902605057,
-0.017566082999110222,
-0.001792936702258885,
-0.012751968577504158,
0.04464177414774895,
-0.039145577698946,
0.008239353075623512,
-0.014284181408584118,
0.00031308431061916053,
0.014481887221336365,
-0.017042165622115135,
0.03137577325105667,
0.016607215628027916,
-0.006069541443139315,
0.0020005267579108477,
-0.00529849249869585,
0.012781624682247639,
-0.04954485595226288,
-0.003318971721455455,
0.02690764144062996,
-0.0029729879461228848,
0.03544849529862404,
-0.02135213278234005,
-0.00942558329552412,
-0.016468821093440056,
0.018900591880083084,
0.005812525283545256,
0.031553708016872406,
-0.006801049690693617,
0.01565823145210743,
0.026136592030525208,
0.027421675622463226,
0.019236691296100616,
0.024950362741947174,
0.018159199506044388,
0.006405639927834272,
0.014748788438737392,
0.024752657860517502,
-0.02143121510744095,
0.008936263620853424,
0.003583401907235384,
-0.010310312733054161,
-0.060023218393325806,
-0.03351098671555519,
-0.017744017764925957,
0.00542700057849288,
0.013058410957455635,
-0.020521773025393486,
-0.0008692839182913303,
-0.01671595312654972,
0.0020054695196449757,
0.02226157672703266,
0.04282288998365402,
-0.011308722198009491,
-0.05559463053941727,
-0.008343148045241833,
-0.010834231041371822,
0.014126017689704895,
0.00011877741781063378,
-0.004870955366641283,
-0.022736068814992905,
-0.025800494477152824,
0.029497576877474785,
0.017407920211553574,
-0.015757083892822266,
-0.04875403642654419,
-0.023783903568983078,
-0.016607215628027916,
-0.030011609196662903,
0.028647445142269135,
0.012396099977195263,
-0.04689561203122139,
0.031059445813298225,
-0.06085358187556267,
-0.012751968577504158,
0.023942068219184875,
-0.03693128377199173,
0.002881549531593919,
0.02263721637427807,
0.018979674205183983,
0.02099626511335373,
-0.0056296479888260365,
0.02077878825366497,
-0.006657714024186134,
0.008634762838482857,
0.03920488804578781,
0.02888469211757183,
-0.03979800269007683,
0.01871277205646038,
-0.00636609923094511,
-0.04404865950345993,
-0.02748098596930504,
-0.004221000242978334,
-0.0070630088448524475,
-0.04290197044610977,
0.03179095312952995,
-0.04076675698161125,
0.009297074750065804,
-0.031178068369627,
-0.002327975584194064,
0.03438089042901993,
-0.002252600621432066,
0.012237935326993465,
-0.06310741603374481,
0.0857248604297638,
-0.0060052876360714436,
0.0037638077046722174,
0.03515193983912468,
0.034618135541677475,
-0.020679935812950134,
-0.03572528064250946,
0.009306959807872772,
-0.007231058087199926,
-0.015826281160116196,
-0.0347367562353611,
0.022024329751729965,
0.06634977459907532,
-0.00853591039776802,
-0.024673575535416603,
-0.0023341539781540632,
-0.006860361434519291,
0.04333692416548729,
-0.010409165173768997,
-0.007517730351537466,
-0.005066188983619213,
-0.01298921462148428,
0.0688408613204956,
-0.0006610758719034493,
-0.005763099063187838,
0.011457000859081745,
0.017318952828645706,
0.02297331392765045,
-0.04381141439080238,
0.03222590684890747,
-0.0025899347383528948,
-0.0036278855986893177,
-0.027639150619506836,
0.001674313680268824,
-0.06769417226314545,
0.0181394275277853,
0.018524952232837677,
-0.016132723540067673,
0.03222590684890747,
0.00875832885503769,
0.03444020077586174,
-0.019157608970999718,
-0.028370657935738564,
0.016241461038589478,
-0.05915331840515137,
0.005515967961400747,
0.016686296090483665,
0.04697469249367714,
0.012682772241532803,
-0.030703576281666756,
-0.009470066986978054,
-0.02439679019153118,
-0.056464530527591705,
0.010270771570503712,
-0.02419908531010151,
0.031415313482284546,
0.017190445214509964,
-0.00636609923094511,
0.009153738617897034,
-0.00446318881586194,
0.01571754179894924,
-0.012010575272142887,
0.020719477906823158,
0.006326558068394661,
0.02655177377164364,
0.010685952380299568,
0.014402804896235466,
0.005555508658289909,
-0.02811364270746708,
-0.01006318163126707,
-0.021727772429585457,
0.05017751455307007,
0.029576659202575684,
0.012119312770664692,
-0.001141746062785387,
-0.008778098970651627,
-0.03424249589443207,
0.004176517017185688,
-0.0635819062590599,
0.0674569234251976,
-0.033629611134529114,
-0.032206133008003235,
-0.03370869159698486,
0.018040575087070465,
-0.006667599081993103,
0.018534837290644646,
0.016271116212010384,
-0.006114025134593248,
0.0274612158536911,
-0.008298665285110474,
-0.023961838334798813,
-0.018465641885995865,
0.02077878825366497,
0.015905361622571945,
-0.024574723094701767,
-0.03756393864750862,
0.02334895357489586,
0.006242533680051565,
0.006054713856428862,
-0.01658744364976883,
-0.0027826970908790827,
-0.02170800231397152,
0.04128079116344452,
-0.01292001735419035,
0.007542443461716175,
-0.00995938666164875,
0.03240383788943291,
-0.020936952903866768,
0.012712427414953709,
0.023111706599593163,
-0.010330082848668098,
0.03343190625309944,
0.06381915509700775,
0.010409165173768997,
-0.019889116287231445,
-0.0006950563983991742,
-0.027935707941651344,
-0.002609705086797476,
-0.010646411217749119,
-0.001523563638329506,
0.007799459621310234,
-0.011654705740511417,
0.04211115092039108,
-0.008956033736467361,
0.05195685848593712,
0.02099626511335373,
-0.0034474798012524843,
-0.0481213815510273,
-0.006657714024186134,
-0.02617613412439823,
0.02198478952050209,
-0.04043066129088402,
0.013661411590874195,
-0.00779451709240675,
0.03268062695860863,
0.00421605771407485,
-0.025424854829907417,
0.002575106918811798,
0.037049904465675354,
0.03230498731136322,
-0.019889116287231445,
0.0005965128657408059,
-0.023605968803167343,
-0.023586198687553406,
0.006974041927605867,
0.021727772429585457,
-0.018534837290644646,
-0.00272091431543231,
-0.027718232944607735,
-0.0007667244644835591,
-0.00008464243001071736,
0.030901281163096428,
0.014432461000978947,
0.006474836729466915,
0.010844116099178791,
-0.030407018959522247,
0.022162724286317825,
0.00485612777993083,
0.016043756157159805,
-0.06168394163250923,
-0.00741887791082263,
-0.013582329265773296,
-0.021332362666726112,
0.0035710453521460295,
-0.010419050231575966,
-0.010933083482086658,
-0.03351098671555519,
0.02277560904622078,
0.06271200627088547,
0.036318399012088776,
-0.014472001232206821,
0.05021705478429794,
-0.007107492536306381,
0.007715435232967138,
-0.02192547731101513,
0.01117032952606678,
0.002787639619782567,
-0.021470757201313972,
0.030624495819211006,
-0.010765033774077892,
0.01935531385242939,
-0.008876951411366463,
0.0023699880111962557,
-0.015420985408127308,
-0.027718232944607735,
0.00329920114018023,
-0.029141707345843315,
-0.0075968122109770775,
-0.010616755113005638
] |
Machine learning (ML) is increasingly often used to inform high-stakes
decisions. As complex ML models (e.g., deep neural networks) are often
considered black boxes, a wealth of procedures has been developed to shed light
on their inner workings and the ways in which their predictions come about,
defining the field of 'explainable AI' (XAI). Saliency methods rank input
features according to some measure of 'importance'. Such methods are difficult
to validate since a formal definition of feature importance is, thus far,
lacking. It has been demonstrated that some saliency methods can highlight
features that have no statistical association with the prediction target
(suppressor variables). To avoid misinterpretations due to such behavior, we
propose the actual presence of such an association as a necessary condition and
objective preliminary definition for feature importance. We carefully crafted a
ground-truth dataset in which all statistical dependencies are well-defined and
linear, serving as a benchmark to study the problem of suppressor variables. We
evaluate common explanation methods including LRP, DTD, PatternNet,
PatternAttribution, LIME, Anchors, SHAP, and permutation-based methods with
respect to our objective definition. We show that most of these methods are
unable to distinguish important features from suppressors in this setting. | [
-0.02294328436255455,
-0.01745469681918621,
-0.03532474488019943,
0.007659298833459616,
0.05094991251826286,
-0.004667771514505148,
-0.020906079560518265,
0.007679077796638012,
0.017672263085842133,
0.02913401462137699,
-0.030122950673103333,
-0.014754905365407467,
0.021974127739667892,
-0.03006361424922943,
-0.03057786077260971,
0.01819639839231968,
0.048339128494262695,
-0.010888170450925827,
-0.011402416974306107,
-0.05233442410826683,
0.02500026859343052,
-0.04335489496588707,
-0.02432779222726822,
0.040546320378780365,
0.014092318713665009,
0.0249607115983963,
0.01645587384700775,
-0.020451169461011887,
-0.08591864258050919,
0.03615545108914375,
0.03320842608809471,
0.004526848439127207,
0.022290587425231934,
-0.0023400667123496532,
-0.08781740069389343,
0.005696263629943132,
0.018947988748550415,
-0.030043834820389748,
-0.021835677325725555,
0.05795157328248024,
0.0001809441455407068,
-0.031467899680137634,
0.02958892472088337,
-0.02541562169790268,
-0.025039825588464737,
-0.027452826499938965,
-0.05569680035114288,
-0.05522211268544197,
-0.030142728239297867,
-0.021222537383437157,
-0.01605040952563286,
-0.013281392864882946,
0.015288930386304855,
-0.03514673933386803,
-0.04822045564651489,
0.04814133793115616,
-0.003540386212989688,
-0.013350618071854115,
0.037243280559778214,
0.0020273160189390182,
-0.031072327867150307,
0.03251617029309273,
-0.027255039662122726,
0.013350618071854115,
0.02804618701338768,
-0.05818891525268555,
0.031270112842321396,
-0.0042450022883713245,
-0.011184850707650185,
-0.002680012956261635,
-0.04663815721869469,
0.008608676493167877,
0.008222991600632668,
0.03902336210012436,
-0.027235260233283043,
0.019264446571469307,
-0.005720986984670162,
0.022488374263048172,
-0.01713823713362217,
-0.023951997980475426,
0.052413538098335266,
0.012074892409145832,
0.0031744802836328745,
0.018661197274923325,
0.09952638298273087,
0.018394185230135918,
-0.008564174175262451,
-0.06083926185965538,
-0.01732613518834114,
-0.056685734540224075,
-0.022824611514806747,
0.030597638338804245,
0.011076068505644798,
-0.00818343460559845,
0.0073725078254938126,
0.0024426686577498913,
0.03447426110506058,
0.00017213643877767026,
-0.012203454039990902,
0.00037054147105664015,
0.009647057391703129,
0.011085957288742065,
-0.03301063925027847,
0.04707328975200653,
0.0026305662468075752,
-0.04200994595885277,
-0.04814133793115616,
0.011343080550432205,
-0.011521088890731335,
0.22088845074176788,
-0.0484577976167202,
0.011362859047949314,
-0.04082322493195534,
-0.020807186141610146,
-0.007209333591163158,
0.033069975674152374,
-0.06712888181209564,
-0.03289196640253067,
0.0022807305213063955,
0.009661891497671604,
-0.020016036927700043,
0.07298337668180466,
0.03465227037668228,
0.015733949840068817,
-0.04473940283060074,
0.09050729870796204,
-0.014705458655953407,
-0.0025390898808836937,
0.044778961688280106,
-0.009469049051404,
0.04861602932214737,
0.03392045944929123,
-0.0017887356225401163,
-0.03577965497970581,
-0.025494735687971115,
0.003218982368707657,
0.02294328436255455,
0.06934409588575363,
-0.04438338801264763,
-0.0038667344488203526,
-0.03629390150308609,
-0.06103704869747162,
-0.03299086168408394,
0.02964826114475727,
0.012302347458899021,
-0.008178489282727242,
0.011481531895697117,
0.08710536360740662,
-0.037460844963788986,
0.034869834780693054,
0.00039155632839538157,
0.02980649098753929,
0.019531460478901863,
0.003258539829403162,
0.07515903562307358,
0.046479929238557816,
-0.02072807028889656,
-0.02246859483420849,
0.01038381364196539,
-0.0011106972815468907,
0.0379355326294899,
-0.026978136971592903,
0.004472456872463226,
0.04727107658982277,
0.050396110862493515,
0.011085957288742065,
-0.05170150473713875,
-0.017731599509716034,
-0.04469984769821167,
0.06341049075126648,
0.04485807567834854,
-0.012895707972347736,
-0.028184637427330017,
-0.005750655196607113,
0.023378415033221245,
0.03182391822338104,
-0.0005476225633174181,
-0.012559470720589161,
-0.0381135419011116,
0.02144010365009308,
-0.05474742501974106,
-0.04406692832708359,
-0.007169776596128941,
0.008336719125509262,
0.004583712201565504,
-0.06396429240703583,
0.0920104831457138,
-0.005186962429434061,
-0.0011385109974071383,
0.03674881160259247,
-0.0037826751358807087,
-0.018008500337600708,
0.06914631277322769,
-0.0009901708690449595,
0.03130967170000076,
-0.005379804410040379,
-0.05269043892621994,
-0.051780618727207184,
0.0018233483424410224,
-0.06890896707773209,
-0.001026637852191925,
-0.049881864339113235,
-0.00259100878611207,
0.043790027499198914,
0.024565137922763824,
-0.012411129660904408,
0.0024513218086212873,
0.036531247198581696,
-0.020807186141610146,
-0.02794729359447956,
-0.011066178791224957,
0.0406254380941391,
-0.06677287071943283,
-0.009711338207125664,
-0.0012318417429924011,
0.003421714063733816,
0.01211444940418005,
0.0164262056350708,
0.03572031855583191,
-0.03200192749500275,
0.025554072111845016,
0.019936922937631607,
0.011610092595219612,
-0.0073774526827037334,
0.0073131718672811985,
0.014092318713665009,
-0.0189974345266819,
-0.022349923849105835,
0.034672047942876816,
0.024782702326774597,
0.0023202879820019007,
-0.019215000793337822,
-0.011560645885765553,
-0.019343562424182892,
-0.004007657524198294,
0.03231838345527649,
-0.0018826844170689583,
-0.0012769618770107627,
-0.0006885457551106811,
-0.04347356781363487,
-0.011026621796190739,
-0.06068103015422821,
-0.00599294388666749,
-0.03914203494787216,
0.05051478371024132,
-0.03831132873892784,
0.03435559198260307,
-0.02397177554666996,
0.06530924886465073,
0.008114209398627281,
-0.016712995246052742,
-0.039873845875263214,
-0.030498744919896126,
-0.013756081461906433,
-0.04204950109124184,
-0.01745469681918621,
0.006522024050354958,
-0.04584700986742973,
0.001855488633736968,
-0.02088630013167858,
0.01028492022305727,
0.011244187131524086,
0.004665299318730831,
0.04675683006644249,
0.0036021945998072624,
-0.0340786874294281,
0.053442031145095825,
0.03158657252788544,
0.004578767344355583,
0.04762709513306618,
0.04493718966841698,
-0.025613408535718918,
-0.018858984112739563,
0.013874753378331661,
-0.052927784621715546,
-0.034256696701049805,
-0.0019333672244101763,
0.01418132334947586,
-0.023576201871037483,
-0.030894318595528603,
-0.036729034036397934,
0.009795397520065308,
-0.0027566554490476847,
-0.019244669005274773,
0.01675255410373211,
0.0025156026240438223,
0.008855910040438175,
-0.015101032331585884,
-0.06523013114929199,
0.012381462380290031,
-0.04015074670314789,
0.022488374263048172,
-0.03757951781153679,
0.0011916662333533168,
0.042761534452438354,
0.019709467887878418,
-0.04145614057779312,
-0.005854493472725153,
0.05320468544960022,
-0.022349923849105835,
-0.011165072210133076,
-0.009983295574784279,
-0.01861174963414669,
0.04094189405441284,
0.004012602381408215,
0.04260330647230148,
0.013439621776342392,
0.11210563778877258,
-0.05545945465564728,
-0.021993907168507576,
-0.004714746028184891,
0.020431390032172203,
0.01074972003698349,
-0.019679799675941467,
-0.056527506560087204,
0.012203454039990902,
0.022765276953577995,
-0.03447426110506058,
0.03320842608809471,
-0.014992249198257923,
0.02856043353676796,
-0.016772331669926643,
-0.05205751955509186,
0.023279521614313126,
-0.010097023099660873,
-0.0028629659209400415,
-0.06760357320308685,
0.04323622211813927,
-0.01418132334947586,
-0.00874218251556158,
-0.04865558445453644,
-0.00978550873696804,
-0.08267493546009064,
-0.015387823805212975,
-0.010729941539466381,
0.002343775238841772,
0.015387823805212975,
0.02711658924818039,
-0.031725022941827774,
-0.024110227823257446,
-0.02076762728393078,
-0.051741063594818115,
-0.06985834240913391,
-0.056843966245651245,
-0.009503662586212158,
-0.04877425730228424,
-0.05229486525058746,
-0.0008677901932969689,
0.056369274854660034,
-0.029885604977607727,
0.0011298578465357423,
-0.013934089802205563,
-0.01787004992365837,
-0.011501310393214226,
0.03831132873892784,
-0.010977175086736679,
-0.04948629066348076,
-0.014210991561412811,
0.025850752368569374,
-0.011511199176311493,
0.04644037038087845,
-0.040546320378780365,
-0.05015876516699791,
-0.01051237527281046,
-0.09865612536668777,
0.014428556896746159,
-0.01892820931971073,
0.0052314642816782,
-0.019561128690838814,
-0.0038667344488203526,
-0.01079916674643755,
0.04228684678673744,
-0.026899022981524467,
0.056883521378040314,
0.03352488577365875,
-0.041377026587724686,
-0.002509421668946743,
-0.007234056945890188,
-0.07064948976039886,
0.04798310995101929,
-0.050752125680446625,
-0.022092800587415695,
0.0008869507582858205,
0.010739830322563648,
-0.06048324331641197,
-0.03320842608809471,
0.02685946598649025,
0.006981879007071257,
-0.014834020286798477,
0.07211311906576157,
0.003441492561250925,
0.0036590583622455597,
-0.005350136663764715,
-0.06542791426181793,
0.06309403479099274,
0.05019832402467728,
0.0038345942739397287,
-0.023022398352622986,
0.010937617160379887,
-0.011125515215098858,
0.010393703356385231,
-0.00505345594137907,
-0.011432085186243057,
0.004853196907788515,
0.007931255735456944,
0.016000963747501373,
-0.023417973890900612,
-0.007570295128971338,
0.0472315214574337,
0.006324237212538719,
0.012055113911628723,
-0.0023499559611082077,
-0.029786711558699608,
0.021064309403300285,
0.023951997980475426,
-0.004961979575455189,
-0.03837066516280174,
-0.04032875597476959,
0.015813065692782402,
-0.00014532703789882362,
0.047350190579891205,
-0.005780322942882776,
0.04675683006644249,
-0.006136339623481035,
-0.00899930577725172,
0.031151441857218742,
-0.04485807567834854,
0.009854733943939209,
0.010710162110626698,
-0.052611324936151505,
0.03303041681647301,
0.033742450177669525,
0.0006922542816027999,
-0.052453093230724335,
-0.007985647767782211,
0.025435399264097214,
-0.022963063791394234,
-0.004591129254549742,
-0.0060720588080585,
0.0016861335607245564,
-0.00037177762715145946,
-0.006141284480690956,
0.05403539165854454,
0.05233442410826683,
-0.047824881970882416,
-0.04944673180580139,
0.002201615832746029,
-0.02676057256758213,
-0.03427647426724434,
-0.004173304419964552,
-0.08789651095867157,
0.011728765442967415,
-0.08765917271375656,
-0.06352916359901428,
-0.023536644876003265,
-0.02207302115857601,
0.0458865687251091,
-0.017504144459962845,
0.020490726456046104,
-0.044778961688280106,
-0.011234297417104244,
0.040506765246391296,
0.050040096044540405,
-0.020105041563510895,
-0.002996471943333745,
-0.016307532787322998,
-0.08607687056064606,
-0.01655476726591587,
0.015209815464913845,
-0.012816593050956726,
0.006086892914026976,
-0.024525579065084457,
-0.009553109295666218,
-0.004361202009022236,
0.04212861880660057,
0.027334153652191162,
-0.020105041563510895,
-0.040862780064344406,
0.04311755299568176,
-0.03888491168618202,
0.050237882882356644,
0.0062945690006017685,
-0.018057947978377342,
0.009612444788217545,
0.008574063889682293,
0.002731932094320655,
-0.0005327885737642646,
0.03581921383738518,
-0.020105041563510895,
-0.06309403479099274,
0.000506519980262965,
-0.044462502002716064,
-0.0011162599548697472,
-0.01028492022305727,
0.010052520781755447,
-0.03829155117273331,
-0.0007719871355220675,
-0.05233442410826683,
0.07357674092054367,
0.04790399596095085,
0.01861174963414669,
0.004779026843607426,
-0.01399342529475689,
-0.008569118566811085,
0.03217993304133415,
0.0019086438696831465,
0.02211258001625538,
-0.0027541830204427242,
0.027492383494973183,
0.009325654245913029,
0.022191694006323814,
-0.02573207952082157,
0.004541682545095682,
-0.01445822510868311,
0.03324798494577408,
0.04940717667341232,
0.01906665973365307,
-0.003639279631897807,
0.0026231491938233376,
-0.00015815228107385337,
0.001265836413949728,
-0.0088410759344697,
-0.006037446204572916,
0.04303843528032303,
-0.017088791355490685,
0.02913401462137699,
0.004329061601310968,
0.0007243946311064065,
0.05502432584762573,
-0.011224408634006977,
-0.0032560674007982016,
0.057714227586984634,
0.007031325716525316,
-0.014695568941533566,
-0.01254958100616932,
0.00004925358371110633,
-0.006319292355328798,
0.03591810539364815,
-0.03330732136964798,
-0.007357673719525337,
-0.032615065574645996,
0.03973539546132088,
0.047824881970882416,
-0.0055083660408854485,
-0.0007732232916168869,
0.013360507786273956,
-0.003246178152039647,
-0.0249607115983963,
-0.0010593963088467717,
0.008524617180228233,
0.022804833948612213,
0.03617522865533829,
-0.013330839574337006,
0.008880632929503918,
0.0037777305115014315,
-0.020114930346608162,
-0.03277329355478287,
0.019966591149568558,
-0.015051585622131824,
-0.0034192416351288557,
-0.007679077796638012,
-0.01822606660425663,
0.016891004517674446,
0.025435399264097214,
0.019343562424182892,
-0.02763083390891552,
-0.0007058521150611341,
0.07773026823997498,
-0.025237612426280975,
0.013637409545481205,
-0.047508422285318375,
0.011372748762369156,
-0.009795397520065308,
0.031131664291024208,
0.010858502238988876,
0.034513819962739944,
0.015120810829102993,
-0.03206126019358635,
-0.027334153652191162,
0.007100550923496485,
0.022488374263048172,
0.02002592757344246,
0.009919014759361744,
0.000048171936214203015,
0.004961979575455189,
-0.004064521286636591,
-0.04553055390715599,
-0.02175656333565712,
-0.00034396385308355093,
0.003458799095824361,
-0.027591276913881302,
0.045807454735040665,
0.022745497524738312,
-0.022152137011289597,
-0.039933182299137115,
0.030083391815423965,
0.015457049012184143,
-0.024762924760580063,
0.02557384967803955,
-0.0499214231967926,
0.0550638809800148,
-0.022191694006323814,
0.028006630018353462,
0.02444646507501602,
0.018888652324676514,
0.028382424265146255,
-0.014824130572378635,
0.024268457666039467,
0.03825199231505394,
-0.011718875728547573,
0.02907468006014824,
-0.0024575027637183666,
0.007852141745388508,
-0.02515849843621254,
0.06542791426181793,
-0.02509916201233864,
0.02804618701338768,
-0.025850752368569374,
0.011441973969340324,
-0.023437751457095146,
0.037559740245342255,
0.010898060165345669,
0.06863206624984741,
-0.012262789532542229,
0.003013778477907181,
0.049367617815732956,
-0.0379948690533638,
-0.016861336305737495,
0.011807880364358425,
-0.028520876541733742,
-0.024921154603362083,
0.031111884862184525,
-0.04017052799463272,
0.0014401361113414168,
0.0070016575045883656,
0.04078366607427597,
0.0025143662933260202,
0.04371091350913048,
0.0007386105717159808,
0.009909125044941902,
0.022053243592381477,
0.04026941955089569,
-0.006012722849845886,
0.024268457666039467,
-0.008485059253871441,
0.031171221286058426,
-0.02650344930589199,
-0.02397177554666996,
0.061630409210920334,
0.01572406105697155,
0.003950794227421284,
0.04339445382356644,
0.005542978644371033,
0.03609611466526985,
-0.010472818277776241,
-0.04841824248433113,
0.027136366814374924,
0.0037381730508059263,
0.07511948049068451,
0.02660234272480011,
-0.01992703415453434,
0.020747849717736244,
-0.00098708039149642,
0.039517831057310104,
0.027156146243214607,
0.011966109275817871,
-0.017187684774398804,
0.008593842387199402,
-0.020688513293862343,
0.048378683626651764,
-0.0053204684518277645,
-0.011748543940484524,
-0.047666650265455246,
0.04873470216989517,
0.0249013751745224,
-0.011352970264852047,
0.015803176909685135,
0.020352276042103767,
0.008435612544417381,
-0.016732774674892426,
-0.06447853893041611,
-0.013647298328578472,
0.03352488577365875,
0.03862778842449188,
-0.020292939618229866,
-0.010868391953408718,
0.0028926339000463486,
0.019244669005274773,
-0.028520876541733742,
-0.004581240005791187,
-0.02798685058951378,
-0.035186294466257095,
0.018394185230135918,
-0.020589619874954224,
0.013350618071854115,
-0.019135886803269386,
-0.001773901516571641,
-0.01206500269472599,
0.007703801151365042,
-0.008079595863819122,
-0.005948442034423351,
0.01675255410373211,
-0.04042764753103256,
0.04339445382356644,
-0.050040096044540405,
-0.012361682951450348,
0.018878763541579247,
-0.012777036055922508,
-0.052097078412771225,
0.021796120330691338,
0.011293633840978146,
0.03957716375589371,
0.020174266770482063,
0.02130165323615074,
0.02130165323615074,
0.03202170506119728,
0.049525849521160126,
-0.04738974943757057,
0.023497087880969048,
-0.0013288810150697827,
0.016693217679858208,
0.019452344626188278,
0.022231251001358032,
-0.05474742501974106,
-0.0381135419011116,
0.047152403742074966,
0.012252900749444962,
0.009775619022548199,
-0.020609399303793907,
-0.0016935506137087941,
0.0197292473167181,
0.008138932287693024,
-0.016930561512708664,
0.007357673719525337,
0.03057786077260971,
-0.02242903783917427,
0.008608676493167877,
0.028006630018353462,
-0.021736783906817436,
-0.03439514711499214,
0.038687124848365784,
0.019106218591332436,
-0.0010291101643815637,
-0.025969425216317177,
-0.03963650017976761,
0.08049928396940231,
0.009380045346915722,
0.02547495625913143,
0.0009141464834101498,
0.04295932129025459,
0.05589458718895912,
-0.003451382042840123,
0.05818891525268555,
-0.011540867388248444,
-0.04280109331011772,
0.01248035579919815,
0.008400999940931797,
-0.008465280756354332,
0.021875234320759773,
0.01765248365700245,
0.004383452702313662,
0.04204950109124184,
-0.01260891743004322,
0.03995295986533165,
0.07551505416631699,
0.03738173097372055,
0.01079916674643755,
0.0023808602709323168,
0.011728765442967415,
-0.04738974943757057,
0.004136219155043364,
0.035542313009500504,
0.049367617815732956,
-0.07804672420024872,
-0.025039825588464737,
0.011471642181277275,
0.020550062879920006,
-0.01559549942612648,
-0.009874512441456318,
0.024624472483992577,
0.030122950673103333,
0.02310151420533657,
-0.037975091487169266,
0.01250013429671526,
-0.013548404909670353,
0.013053937815129757,
0.008514727465808392,
-0.0458865687251091,
-0.010561821982264519,
0.03134923055768013,
-0.0381135419011116,
0.014161544851958752,
0.006695087533444166,
-0.031626131385564804,
0.07132197171449661,
-0.045134980231523514,
-0.027353933081030846,
0.011916662566363811,
-0.009172368794679642,
-0.009879457764327526,
0.017256909981369972,
-0.010101967491209507,
0.0418517142534256,
0.009899236261844635,
-0.01198588777333498,
-0.014082429930567741,
0.01722724176943302,
-0.00844055786728859,
0.004529320634901524,
0.0062253437936306,
0.07998503744602203,
0.02598920278251171,
0.008964693173766136,
0.055182553827762604,
0.02608809620141983,
-0.022824611514806747,
0.012510024011135101,
0.007337895222008228,
-0.012055113911628723,
-0.012974822893738747,
0.0003081149479839951,
-0.040704552084207535,
-0.035542313009500504,
-0.013785749673843384,
-0.01652509905397892,
-0.01951168105006218,
-0.0029593869112432003,
0.0023499559611082077,
0.033069975674152374,
-0.02233014442026615,
0.031982146203517914,
0.01842385344207287,
-0.054826539009809494,
0.000028006939828628674,
-0.0590987354516983,
0.05221575126051903,
-0.0038024538662284613,
0.01227267924696207,
0.0060473354533314705,
0.01028492022305727,
0.008386165834963322,
-0.014794462360441685,
-0.029628483578562737,
-0.02695835940539837,
0.025079382583498955,
0.019145775586366653,
0.006873095873743296,
0.003965627867728472,
0.0007435552543029189,
0.03305019810795784,
0.00840594433248043,
-0.013053937815129757,
0.010947506874799728,
-0.009533329866826534,
-0.027512162923812866,
0.0047172182239592075,
0.03453359752893448,
0.015397712588310242,
-0.022132357582449913,
0.0010964813409373164,
0.007698856294155121,
0.05154327675700188,
-0.006002833601087332,
-0.0025811195373535156,
0.009093253873288631,
-0.03702571243047714,
0.02114342339336872,
-0.030815204605460167,
0.007679077796638012,
-0.06238199770450592,
0.007595018483698368,
-0.015971295535564423,
-0.021835677325725555,
0.013498958200216293,
-0.016089966520667076,
0.050396110862493515,
-0.004467512480914593,
0.001286851242184639,
0.022607047110795975,
0.028125302866101265,
-0.0022337562404572964,
0.008831186220049858,
0.031626131385564804,
0.0018480716971680522,
-0.009632223285734653,
-0.00863339938223362,
-0.028164859861135483,
0.011867215856909752,
-0.015961404889822006,
-0.04311755299568176,
0.000175226858118549,
-0.0049718692898750305,
0.013835196383297443,
-0.027769286185503006,
0.0407441072165966,
-0.01219356432557106,
-0.010255252942442894,
-0.011748543940484524,
-0.04829956963658333,
-0.005093013402074575,
0.029351580888032913,
-0.006156118120998144,
-0.0042870319448411465,
0.0030533357057720423,
0.02984604798257351,
0.0281450804322958,
0.02444646507501602,
-0.025395842269062996,
0.014923023991286755,
-0.019758915528655052,
-0.0019160609226673841,
-0.0053204684518277645,
-0.00810431968420744,
-0.0059830546379089355,
0.03051852434873581,
0.005290800705552101,
-0.045609667897224426,
0.004551571793854237,
0.032357942312955856,
-0.004230168182402849,
0.009014139883220196,
0.014992249198257923,
-0.0018777396762743592,
0.008648233488202095,
-0.03722349926829338,
-0.0050509837456047535,
-0.011857327073812485,
0.07428877055644989,
-0.0067742024548351765,
0.01604052074253559,
-0.022152137011289597,
0.02201368659734726,
0.005275966599583626,
0.01051237527281046,
0.009137756191194057,
-0.0061066714115440845,
-0.035858772695064545,
0.036986157298088074,
-0.06629817932844162,
-0.03469182923436165,
0.010502486489713192,
0.03876623883843422,
-0.01031458843499422,
0.0027047363109886646,
0.014923023991286755,
-0.01803816854953766,
0.03330732136964798,
0.011946330778300762,
-0.00019809597870334983,
0.011481531895697117,
-0.010690383613109589,
0.05079168453812599,
-0.026819908991456032,
-0.013963758014142513,
-0.04244507476687431,
0.01999625936150551,
-0.0038642622530460358,
-0.03186347335577011,
-0.004403231665492058,
0.02666167914867401,
-0.03330732136964798,
0.006848372519016266,
-0.023635538294911385,
0.0073725078254938126,
-0.05352114513516426,
-0.00714010838419199,
-0.024050891399383545,
-0.038331106305122375,
-0.038904689252376556,
-0.036214787513017654,
0.02233014442026615,
0.012638584710657597,
-0.0018072781385853887,
0.035403862595558167,
0.018117282539606094,
0.003434075741097331,
0.0010884462390094995,
-0.021420324221253395,
0.00038197601679712534,
-0.0052314642816782,
0.018750201910734177,
0.016347089782357216,
-0.0203720536082983,
0.0024130006786435843,
-0.004146108403801918,
-0.017375582829117775,
0.00844055786728859,
-0.009780564345419407,
-0.022607047110795975,
0.01688111573457718,
0.04169348627328873,
-0.024209121242165565,
-0.013024269603192806,
-0.02923290804028511,
-0.0706099346280098,
-0.02769017033278942,
-0.019175443798303604,
0.008836131542921066,
0.010126691311597824,
0.0022028519306331873,
0.0008455391507595778,
0.008727348409593105,
0.03463249281048775,
0.04200994595885277,
-0.000333456409862265,
0.018275512382388115,
0.02268616110086441,
-0.01771182008087635,
-0.013231946155428886,
0.022231251001358032,
0.03382156416773796,
0.009157534688711166,
-0.04414604231715202,
0.044620733708143234,
0.011837547644972801,
-0.021262096241116524,
-0.008603732101619244,
-0.020243491977453232,
0.0550638809800148,
-0.015031807124614716,
0.024683808907866478,
-0.03206126019358635,
-0.00434142304584384,
-0.008559229783713818
] |
As \emph{artificial intelligence} (AI) systems are increasingly involved in
decisions affecting our lives, ensuring that automated decision-making is fair
and ethical has become a top priority. Intuitively, we feel that akin to human
decisions, judgments of artificial agents should necessarily be grounded in
some moral principles. Yet a decision-maker (whether human or artificial) can
only make truly ethical (based on any ethical theory) and fair (according to
any notion of fairness) decisions if full information on all the relevant
factors on which the decision is based are available at the time of
decision-making. This raises two problems: (1) In settings, where we rely on AI
systems that are using classifiers obtained with supervised learning, some
induction/generalization is present and some relevant attributes may not be
present even during learning. (2) Modeling such decisions as games reveals that
any -- however ethical -- pure strategy is inevitably susceptible to
exploitation.
Moreover, in many games, a Nash Equilibrium can only be obtained by using
mixed strategies, i.e., to achieve mathematically optimal outcomes, decisions
must be randomized. In this paper, we argue that in supervised learning
settings, there exist random classifiers that perform at least as well as
deterministic classifiers, and may hence be the optimal choice in many
circumstances. We support our theoretical results with an empirical study
indicating a positive societal attitude towards randomized artificial
decision-makers, and discuss some policy and implementation issues related to
the use of random classifiers that relate to and are relevant for current AI
policy and standardization initiatives. | [
-0.006757378112524748,
-0.04775569960474968,
-0.02790200710296631,
0.016203463077545166,
0.0601842887699604,
0.03219325467944145,
-0.10284747183322906,
0.0027131896931678057,
-0.018874362111091614,
0.04618877172470093,
-0.010550056584179401,
-0.009846719913184643,
0.02471473254263401,
-0.012312850914895535,
-0.019390737637877464,
0.040099117904901505,
0.02735001966357231,
-0.002661997452378273,
0.013479144312441349,
-0.05908031761646271,
-0.01019393652677536,
0.0006471369415521622,
-0.03707209601998329,
0.02621043659746647,
-0.011671834625303745,
0.004001899156719446,
-0.006356743164360523,
-0.017396464943885803,
-0.07004881650209427,
0.06118142604827881,
0.0644577294588089,
0.019604409113526344,
-0.019497573375701904,
-0.03760627657175064,
-0.016995830461382866,
-0.00015705451369285583,
0.03974299877882004,
-0.003532265778630972,
-0.012348462827503681,
0.06702179461717606,
0.010211742483079433,
0.004489338491111994,
0.012268335558474064,
-0.02841838076710701,
0.014146869070827961,
0.006241003982722759,
-0.05220720171928406,
-0.015865148976445198,
-0.02291632629930973,
-0.07168696820735931,
-0.0327274315059185,
-0.04469306766986847,
0.08041191101074219,
-0.0189990047365427,
-0.04049085080623627,
0.02501743473112583,
0.012695680372416973,
-0.0580831803381443,
0.01601650007069111,
-0.004431468900293112,
-0.01816212199628353,
0.02852521650493145,
-0.0332794189453125,
0.007460715249180794,
0.0003068753285333514,
-0.045262858271598816,
0.02946893498301506,
0.04056207463145256,
0.0023860044311732054,
-0.01857166178524494,
-0.09757689386606216,
0.05121006444096565,
-0.02777736447751522,
-0.009864525869488716,
-0.010745923034846783,
0.02122475579380989,
0.03664475306868553,
0.010594571940600872,
-0.043161749839782715,
0.014592018909752369,
-0.0185004360973835,
0.006120813544839621,
0.0026241596788167953,
0.015749409794807434,
0.08276230096817017,
0.009793301112949848,
0.035131242126226425,
-0.06570415198802948,
0.009775495156645775,
0.005137031897902489,
-0.033439673483371735,
-0.013336695730686188,
-0.0013543691020458937,
0.0021300429943948984,
-0.00278663937933743,
-0.000615976401604712,
-0.0014868011930957437,
-0.04301930218935013,
-0.010122712701559067,
0.011280102655291557,
-0.0027354471385478973,
-0.01965782791376114,
-0.034080687910318375,
-0.003783775493502617,
-0.012392978183925152,
-0.02653094381093979,
-0.06524119526147842,
0.02916623279452324,
0.04098941758275032,
0.15555323660373688,
-0.017832711338996887,
0.03253156691789627,
-0.020886441692709923,
-0.0038928373251110315,
-0.05904470384120941,
-0.015179617330431938,
-0.08269107341766357,
-0.08375943452119827,
0.05078272148966789,
0.015286453068256378,
-0.050853945314884186,
0.03735699504613876,
0.0464736670255661,
0.0000701111348462291,
-0.05437953397631645,
0.03664475306868553,
-0.02822251431643963,
0.00045433128252625465,
0.05779828503727913,
0.018874362111091614,
-0.009428278543055058,
0.008008250035345554,
-0.008489011786878109,
-0.017084859311580658,
0.0013944326201453805,
0.04091819375753403,
0.04202216491103172,
-0.012268335558474064,
-0.023414893075823784,
-0.0032562727574259043,
-0.03488196060061455,
-0.03285207599401474,
-0.029825054109096527,
0.01867849752306938,
-0.0025418067816644907,
-0.033546507358551025,
-0.00993574969470501,
0.02925526164472103,
-0.07300461083650589,
0.001134019810706377,
-0.030181175097823143,
0.040811359882354736,
0.0019330641953274608,
0.02122475579380989,
0.0761384665966034,
-0.02882791869342327,
-0.023521728813648224,
-0.008569139055907726,
0.019497573375701904,
0.007563099730759859,
0.06278396397829056,
-0.00644577294588089,
-0.01996052823960781,
0.05555472895503044,
0.03707209601998329,
0.07407297194004059,
-0.01389758475124836,
0.04056207463145256,
-0.05950766056776047,
0.049928031861782074,
-0.02188357710838318,
-0.0391019806265831,
-0.030982444062829018,
0.02418055199086666,
0.03849657624959946,
0.09244876354932785,
0.02090424671769142,
0.026993900537490845,
-0.0072693005204200745,
-0.036074962466955185,
-0.011342423968017101,
0.021936995908617973,
0.01599869318306446,
0.016737641766667366,
0.03573664650321007,
0.046865399926900864,
0.10598132759332657,
-0.04287685453891754,
0.01565147563815117,
-0.01878533326089382,
-0.0018885491881519556,
0.0019052423303946853,
0.0026508686132729053,
-0.03605715557932854,
0.02304096706211567,
-0.04469306766986847,
0.010745923034846783,
-0.07407297194004059,
-0.04312613978981972,
0.023414893075823784,
-0.021901383996009827,
-0.03634205088019371,
0.042841244488954544,
0.03019898012280464,
0.011493775062263012,
-0.01104862429201603,
0.01770807057619095,
-0.06000623106956482,
-0.022756071761250496,
-0.06150193512439728,
0.02621043659746647,
-0.021046694368124008,
-0.012392978183925152,
-0.0038817087188363075,
-0.05103200301527977,
-0.045903876423835754,
0.04782692342996597,
0.030074339359998703,
-0.008871841244399548,
-0.02396688051521778,
-0.027706140652298927,
0.046758562326431274,
-0.0021645422093570232,
-0.031765908002853394,
0.02788420021533966,
0.013274375349283218,
0.04045523703098297,
0.0031205019913613796,
-0.020868634805083275,
-0.004464855417609215,
-0.0031895001884549856,
0.009526211768388748,
0.002231314778327942,
0.01976466365158558,
0.02028103731572628,
0.0011863249819725752,
-0.010630183853209019,
-0.008413336239755154,
-0.003151662414893508,
0.01589185744524002,
-0.03283426910638809,
-0.04202216491103172,
-0.026869257912039757,
-0.03653791919350624,
0.06630955636501312,
-0.017672458663582802,
-0.02619262970983982,
0.01784161478281021,
0.03710770979523659,
0.044336948543787,
-0.07321828603744507,
0.010131615214049816,
-0.02503523975610733,
-0.032798655331134796,
0.0014756724704056978,
0.054664429277181625,
-0.00007247599569382146,
-0.04533408209681511,
-0.0046918815933167934,
-0.012241627089679241,
0.08803287893533707,
0.056373804807662964,
0.04668733850121498,
0.04615315794944763,
-0.021598681807518005,
0.014547504484653473,
0.013755137100815773,
0.017467688769102097,
0.0004957859055139124,
0.03689403831958771,
-0.022756071761250496,
-0.05327555909752846,
-0.03384920954704285,
0.02576528675854206,
0.02948674000799656,
-0.02745685540139675,
0.013407920487225056,
-0.010692504234611988,
0.037677500396966934,
0.011671834625303745,
-0.006690605543553829,
0.022364338859915733,
0.01648835837841034,
-0.03388482332229614,
-0.011378035880625248,
-0.08176516741514206,
-0.019283901900053024,
-0.03310135751962662,
-0.10583887994289398,
0.0009142269263975322,
0.0066282846964895725,
-0.00686866557225585,
-0.028667664155364037,
-0.025836510583758354,
0.06178683042526245,
-0.0009921281598508358,
0.005484248977154493,
-0.01023845188319683,
0.026958288624882698,
-0.002062157727777958,
0.024322999641299248,
-0.03931565582752228,
0.019301706925034523,
0.06566853821277618,
-0.02154526300728321,
0.021598681807518005,
0.006463578902184963,
0.033439673483371735,
0.02355734258890152,
0.0043268585577607155,
-0.009891234338283539,
0.04711468517780304,
0.005786950699985027,
-0.0020799636840820312,
0.008675974793732166,
0.02916623279452324,
0.026673391461372375,
-0.03146320581436157,
0.025284523144364357,
0.004950068891048431,
0.002365972613915801,
-0.030715355649590492,
-0.0707254409790039,
0.013274375349283218,
-0.05754899978637695,
0.00828869454562664,
-0.0006092991679906845,
0.028810111805796623,
-0.06413722038269043,
-0.023219028487801552,
-0.07385929673910141,
0.032068610191345215,
-0.01203685812652111,
-0.007540842052549124,
0.019355125725269318,
-0.03456145152449608,
-0.005702372174710035,
0.01655067875981331,
0.013229859992861748,
-0.030982444062829018,
-0.01499265432357788,
0.025836510583758354,
-0.04932262748479843,
-0.004892199300229549,
-0.022631429135799408,
-0.03895953297615051,
-0.02396688051521778,
0.02567625604569912,
0.013176442123949528,
0.009588532149791718,
0.0011145444586873055,
-0.003981867339462042,
0.0065437061712145805,
-0.0028534119483083487,
0.0176902636885643,
-0.011582804843783379,
0.0041309925727546215,
-0.02820470929145813,
-0.02101108245551586,
0.005185998510569334,
0.037250157445669174,
-0.04586826264858246,
-0.06075408309698105,
0.0008357692277058959,
-0.03329722583293915,
0.005595536436885595,
-0.02629946544766426,
0.04629560559988022,
0.017512204125523567,
-0.015776118263602257,
-0.030875608325004578,
-0.000732271873857826,
0.010380899533629417,
0.021901383996009827,
-0.02989627793431282,
0.0020209813956171274,
0.0034232039470225573,
-0.017102666199207306,
-0.06289080530405045,
0.025836510583758354,
0.0316590741276741,
0.0027243185322731733,
-0.018171025440096855,
0.02492840401828289,
-0.05630258098244667,
0.006005074363201857,
0.06495629996061325,
-0.015188520774245262,
-0.007091240491718054,
0.020049558952450752,
0.03539833426475525,
-0.017716972157359123,
0.002926861634477973,
-0.05099639296531677,
-0.012944963760674,
0.025961151346564293,
0.039458103477954865,
-0.043695930391550064,
0.01987149938941002,
-0.07086788862943649,
0.0221684742718935,
-0.04266318306326866,
-0.01822444424033165,
-0.0003961835755035281,
-0.010737019591033459,
-0.006289970595389605,
-0.05854613706469536,
0.00010321917216060683,
-0.00507025932893157,
-0.00784799549728632,
-0.00834211241453886,
-0.011564998887479305,
0.004687430337071419,
0.03635985776782036,
-0.041879717260599136,
0.005234964657574892,
-0.02492840401828289,
-0.003883934346958995,
-0.0006154199945740402,
-0.07051177322864532,
-0.02505304664373398,
0.019088035449385643,
0.0634249821305275,
-0.010621280409395695,
0.027706140652298927,
0.01623017154633999,
0.00928583089262247,
-0.0063745491206645966,
-0.006156425457447767,
-0.06987075507640839,
0.0008502366254106164,
0.0390663705766201,
-0.0019397414289414883,
-0.03506001830101013,
-0.02629946544766426,
0.009419375099241734,
-0.03764189034700394,
0.024768149480223656,
-0.00037476071156561375,
-0.026370689272880554,
0.05039098858833313,
0.02111792005598545,
-0.017806002870202065,
0.045156024396419525,
-0.004484886769205332,
-0.010523347184062004,
0.022684847936034203,
-0.033742375671863556,
-0.03210422396659851,
0.01548231951892376,
-0.04344664514064789,
-0.005461991298943758,
-0.06791209429502487,
-0.028703276067972183,
0.0601842887699604,
-0.004825426731258631,
0.02925526164472103,
-0.036965262144804,
0.027207572013139725,
0.03895953297615051,
0.010523347184062004,
0.07742050290107727,
0.000307988200802356,
-0.011965634301304817,
0.017984062433242798,
0.016078820452094078,
-0.02873888798058033,
-0.06563292443752289,
0.012473104521632195,
-0.009321442805230618,
-0.05633819103240967,
-0.031552236527204514,
-0.013470240868628025,
0.0034387842752039433,
0.0327274315059185,
0.015606961213052273,
-0.0021111241076141596,
-0.01039870548993349,
0.0006910954834893346,
-0.01509949006140232,
0.0126778744161129,
0.016826672479510307,
0.01113765500485897,
-0.030697548761963844,
0.0034276554360985756,
0.054165858775377274,
0.028596440330147743,
-0.009820010513067245,
-0.011654028668999672,
-0.03602154180407524,
-0.028685471042990685,
-0.006129716522991657,
0.011386938393115997,
-0.016034305095672607,
0.0031449852976948023,
0.03381359949707985,
0.005052453372627497,
-0.06328253448009491,
0.03981422260403633,
-0.005742435809224844,
-0.0027532530948519707,
-0.035131242126226425,
-0.03721454739570618,
0.007451812271028757,
-0.004745299927890301,
0.0013755137333646417,
0.010523347184062004,
0.011671834625303745,
0.008115085773169994,
0.02832935005426407,
0.030929027125239372,
0.05672992393374443,
0.022061636671423912,
-0.03550516813993454,
0.013675009831786156,
0.008889647200703621,
0.027848588302731514,
-0.008266436867415905,
0.05306188762187958,
-0.0189990047365427,
0.02419835701584816,
-0.037962399423122406,
0.0004267876211088151,
0.06606026738882065,
-0.04287685453891754,
0.04280563071370125,
0.05893786996603012,
-0.03842535242438316,
-0.042307063937187195,
-0.00504355039447546,
-0.03306574746966362,
0.03757066652178764,
-0.01785942167043686,
-0.030911220237612724,
0.004602851811796427,
-0.021687710657715797,
0.0633181482553482,
0.005524312146008015,
0.006490287836641073,
-0.023610759526491165,
-0.021580874919891357,
0.06349620223045349,
0.06167999282479286,
0.0043847281485795975,
0.03313697129487991,
0.0327274315059185,
0.03785556182265282,
-0.023432699963450432,
0.008631459437310696,
0.044408172369003296,
0.0017271823016926646,
0.011600610800087452,
-0.011208878830075264,
-0.002138945972546935,
-0.021046694368124008,
0.0023414893075823784,
-0.014957042410969734,
0.01499265432357788,
-0.023842237889766693,
-0.03749944269657135,
0.019461961463093758,
-0.0008685990469530225,
0.005880432203412056,
0.0026530944742262363,
0.03019898012280464,
-0.024750344455242157,
0.04618877172470093,
0.08190761506557465,
-0.001260887598618865,
0.014369443990290165,
-0.022578012198209763,
-0.05936521291732788,
0.019942723214626312,
-0.03381359949707985,
-0.022524593397974968,
0.052135977894067764,
-0.015295356512069702,
-0.013585980050265789,
-0.02526671811938286,
-0.02724318392574787,
0.01383526436984539,
-0.00021242005459498614,
0.04049085080623627,
0.02565844915807247,
0.020975470542907715,
-0.007825737819075584,
-0.017396464943885803,
0.00848010927438736,
0.005804757121950388,
-0.02663777954876423,
-0.0496787466108799,
0.014387249946594238,
-0.049500688910484314,
0.0005511514027602971,
-0.009076610207557678,
-0.0036257472820580006,
0.04736396670341492,
0.0021623163484036922,
0.015562446787953377,
-0.052349649369716644,
0.029718218371272087,
-0.007625420577824116,
0.02419835701584816,
0.05163740739226341,
-0.01404893584549427,
0.0237888190895319,
0.019159259274601936,
0.03753505274653435,
-0.013648301362991333,
0.0004827096126973629,
0.002252459293231368,
0.00023801617498975247,
0.024857180193066597,
-0.005555472802370787,
0.011075333692133427,
-0.02621043659746647,
0.029931889846920967,
0.023949073627591133,
-0.007932574488222599,
0.0379980094730854,
0.004714139271527529,
-0.029005978256464005,
0.046224381774663925,
0.058795422315597534,
0.034597061574459076,
0.04512041062116623,
-0.015054975636303425,
-0.024768149480223656,
0.012375172227621078,
0.005092517007142305,
-0.02936209924519062,
-0.007754513993859291,
-0.0010739245917648077,
-0.0030759868677705526,
-0.0028333801310509443,
-0.03190835565328598,
0.06559731066226959,
0.07734927535057068,
0.036822814494371414,
-0.01135132648050785,
0.0022780555300414562,
0.01288264337927103,
0.02462570182979107,
0.06955024600028992,
-0.00003091706457780674,
0.03842535242438316,
0.009748786687850952,
-0.026352884247899055,
0.027225378900766373,
0.0034165268298238516,
-0.01018503401428461,
0.019355125725269318,
0.015989789739251137,
0.04355348274111748,
-0.01257994119077921,
-0.004211119841784239,
-0.010843855328857899,
-0.006837504915893078,
0.03917320445179939,
0.011013012379407883,
0.018046384677290916,
0.031730297952890396,
-0.013986615464091301,
0.01278471015393734,
-0.0019208225421607494,
0.028988173231482506,
0.022221891209483147,
0.045690204948186874,
-0.00944608449935913,
0.03863902762532234,
-0.006005074363201857,
-0.015366580337285995,
-0.058688584715127945,
0.023842237889766693,
0.03842535242438316,
-0.04027717933058739,
0.03085780330002308,
0.004030833952128887,
0.015339870937168598,
-0.011306812055408955,
-0.015126199461519718,
-0.008903001435101032,
0.02966480143368244,
-0.02092205360531807,
0.0012887094635516405,
-0.006864213850349188,
-0.008150697685778141,
0.048004984855651855,
0.004228925798088312,
-0.010514444671571255,
-0.03329722583293915,
-0.047684475779533386,
-0.011582804843783379,
0.004576142877340317,
0.003975190222263336,
0.04935824126005173,
-0.004231151193380356,
-0.01463653426617384,
-0.021634293720126152,
-0.019497573375701904,
-0.024536671116948128,
0.01871410943567753,
0.00012130339746363461,
0.05940082669258118,
-0.010282966308295727,
0.030483877286314964,
0.024376418441534042,
0.03895953297615051,
-0.030679741874337196,
-0.039030756801366806,
-0.005978365428745747,
0.03899514675140381,
-0.012072470039129257,
0.04309052601456642,
0.028774499893188477,
0.019052423536777496,
0.022756071761250496,
-0.02661997452378273,
0.013959906063973904,
0.015313162468373775,
-0.013078508898615837,
-0.0008085038280114532,
-0.01458311639726162,
-0.02186577208340168,
-0.006717314478009939,
0.000594831770285964,
0.03557639196515083,
0.013399017043411732,
-0.02619262970983982,
-0.008435593917965889,
0.009125576354563236,
0.009085512720048428,
0.005012389738112688,
-0.006027332041412592,
0.018963392823934555,
0.007594260387122631,
-0.0036480047274380922,
-0.022880714386701584,
-0.020530320703983307,
-0.016141140833497047,
-0.0016626354772597551,
0.008707134984433651,
0.03981422260403633,
0.005430830642580986,
0.003434332786127925,
-0.017806002870202065,
-0.02259581722319126,
0.007206979673355818,
-0.02207944355905056,
0.019497573375701904,
0.05452198162674904,
-0.003759292419999838,
0.08105292171239853,
-0.008778359740972519,
-0.016871187835931778,
-0.005110322963446379,
0.03831851854920387,
0.009811107069253922,
0.014672146178781986,
-0.004838781431317329,
0.004255634732544422,
0.03158785030245781,
0.003165016882121563,
0.01379074901342392,
0.03842535242438316,
0.015402192249894142,
-0.039458103477954865,
0.012562135234475136,
0.020441291853785515,
-0.024590089917182922,
0.0064546759240329266,
0.0068464078940451145,
0.026335077360272408,
-0.05124567449092865,
-0.0019419671734794974,
-0.006067395210266113,
-0.006134167779237032,
-0.01135132648050785,
0.005693469196557999,
0.041060641407966614,
0.005163740832358599,
0.023308057337999344,
-0.004175507463514805,
0.016372619196772575,
-0.05046221241354942,
-0.035861290991306305,
0.00998916756361723,
-0.04419449716806412,
-0.010603474453091621,
0.006752926390618086,
-0.005088065285235643,
0.0007083450327627361,
-0.029593575745821,
0.014031129889190197,
0.03456145152449608,
0.005154837854206562,
-0.031249534338712692,
0.04476429149508476,
0.0064324187114834785,
-0.05334678292274475,
0.00044292432721704245,
0.0005127572221681476,
0.011342423968017101,
-0.0012263883836567402,
-0.0028400574810802937,
-0.010558960027992725,
-0.03630644083023071,
0.01604320853948593,
0.04946507513523102,
0.03634205088019371,
0.025729674845933914,
0.03714332357048988,
-0.023414893075823784,
-0.0064546759240329266,
0.02494620904326439,
-0.03814045712351799,
-0.01976466365158558,
0.04604632407426834,
0.007683290168642998,
-0.010443220846354961,
-0.06086091697216034,
-0.06203611195087433,
0.007772320415824652,
0.016675321385264397,
-0.05295505374670029,
-0.0274746622890234,
0.015624767169356346,
-0.01668422482907772,
0.028489604592323303,
-0.029825054109096527,
0.019266095012426376,
0.05452198162674904,
-0.04775569960474968,
-0.00678853876888752,
-0.03757066652178764,
0.025889927521348,
0.0030470523051917553,
-0.01368391327559948,
0.003307464998215437,
0.022969743236899376,
0.018304571509361267,
0.0012831450439989567,
-0.014467377215623856,
0.011636222712695599,
0.021278172731399536,
-0.0012864837190136313,
-0.00805276446044445,
0.007821287028491497,
0.011324618011713028,
-0.027652721852064133,
0.013292181305587292,
0.019693439826369286,
-0.023219028487801552,
0.006953244097530842,
-0.0038349677342921495,
-0.009072158485651016,
0.03600373864173889,
0.008569139055907726,
-0.030483877286314964,
0.0014055613428354263,
-0.041986554861068726,
0.029967501759529114,
-0.006828601937741041,
-0.04512041062116623,
0.0065392544493079185,
-0.016844479367136955,
-0.016630806028842926,
-0.07442909479141235,
-0.055305443704128265,
-0.09251999109983444,
-0.0066282846964895725,
0.04301930218935013,
-0.01653287373483181,
0.04088258370757103,
-0.017939547076821327,
0.021687710657715797,
0.03107147477567196,
-0.022471174597740173,
-0.001895226421765983,
0.005052453372627497,
0.015090587548911572,
0.021705517545342445,
0.03735699504613876,
-0.057833898812532425,
0.02597895823419094,
-0.053311172872781754,
-0.026352884247899055,
-0.035665422677993774,
0.006138619501143694,
-0.04615315794944763,
0.022435562685132027,
0.021402815356850624,
-0.02745685540139675,
0.03083999641239643,
0.04814743250608444,
-0.0027532530948519707,
0.013140830211341381,
-0.0045227245427668095,
0.02156306989490986,
0.0009592983988113701,
0.014716661535203457,
-0.006334485486149788,
-0.016871187835931778,
0.017992965877056122,
0.03267401456832886,
0.015598058700561523,
0.011289006099104881,
0.022951938211917877,
0.04163043573498726,
0.005007938481867313,
-0.02811567857861519,
-0.05302627757191658,
0.013968809507787228,
-0.041025031358003616,
0.03463267534971237,
0.02239995077252388,
-0.005128128919750452,
-0.015882954001426697,
-0.0018362440168857574,
-0.014253704808652401,
0.036288633942604065,
0.024696925655007362,
-0.010461026802659035,
0.004262311849743128,
-0.0042934725061059,
-0.02407371625304222,
-0.02512427046895027,
0.039458103477954865,
-0.04529847204685211,
-0.03678720071911812,
-0.03338625654578209,
-0.011369132436811924,
-0.02346831187605858,
-0.004231151193380356,
-0.002408261876553297,
0.05430831015110016,
-0.00940156914293766,
-0.0034588160924613476,
-0.020227618515491486,
0.037250157445669174,
-0.031748101115226746,
0.059115927666425705,
0.02916623279452324,
0.0034521387424319983,
0.05060466006398201,
-0.01014051865786314,
0.01289154589176178,
-0.0004081469669472426,
-0.004816523753106594,
0.031018055975437164,
-0.019942723214626312,
0.03885269910097122,
0.026709003373980522,
-0.015882954001426697,
-0.06623832881450653,
0.017788195982575417,
-0.004431468900293112,
-0.0029335389845073223,
0.027207572013139725,
0.0760672464966774,
0.016844479367136955,
-0.00723814032971859,
-0.019622214138507843,
-0.028275933116674423,
-0.04608193412423134,
0.017227306962013245,
-0.012660067528486252,
-0.01363049540668726,
-0.08903001248836517,
0.003265175735577941,
0.009570726193487644,
-0.027011705562472343,
0.010710311122238636,
0.01659519411623478,
-0.020619351416826248,
-0.03249595686793327,
0.020743994042277336,
-0.0070734345354139805,
-0.021847965195775032,
-0.0038394194561988115,
0.048004984855651855,
-0.0507114976644516,
-0.015028266236186028,
0.007941477000713348,
-0.07343195378780365,
0.031142698600888252,
0.04672295227646828,
-0.005119225941598415,
-0.00214673625305295,
0.020530320703983307,
-0.007037822622805834,
0.021260367706418037,
-0.013167538680136204,
-0.016675321385264397,
-0.023860042914748192,
0.015010460279881954,
-0.024376418441534042,
-0.0034988794941455126,
-0.008284242823719978,
-0.012232723645865917,
-0.04056207463145256,
-0.00944608449935913,
0.03278085216879845,
0.04764886200428009,
0.01484130322933197,
0.020459096878767014,
0.06260590255260468,
-0.02101108245551586,
-0.048432327806949615,
0.008564687334001064,
0.0019686762243509293,
0.01901681162416935,
0.0008007136639207602,
0.02745685540139675,
-0.033332835882902145,
0.010647989809513092,
-0.03021678701043129,
0.012134790420532227,
0.0216699056327343,
-0.044123273342847824,
0.01565147563815117,
-0.003777098376303911,
-0.011208878830075264,
0.008261985145509243
] |
While machine learning (ML) has made tremendous progress during the past
decade, recent research has shown that ML models are vulnerable to various
security and privacy attacks. So far, most of the attacks in this field focus
on discriminative models, represented by classifiers. Meanwhile, little
attention has been paid to the security and privacy risks of generative models,
such as generative adversarial networks (GANs). In this paper, we propose the
first set of training dataset property inference attacks against GANs.
Concretely, the adversary aims to infer the macro-level training dataset
property, i.e., the proportion of samples used to train a target GAN with
respect to a certain attribute. A successful property inference attack can
allow the adversary to gain extra knowledge of the target GAN's training
dataset, thereby directly violating the intellectual property of the target
model owner. Also, it can be used as a fairness auditor to check whether the
target GAN is trained with a biased dataset. Besides, property inference can
serve as a building block for other advanced attacks, such as membership
inference. We propose a general attack pipeline that can be tailored to two
attack scenarios, including the full black-box setting and partial black-box
setting. For the latter, we introduce a novel optimization framework to
increase the attack efficacy. Extensive experiments over four representative
GAN models on five property inference tasks show that our attacks achieve
strong performance. In addition, we show that our attacks can be used to
enhance the performance of membership inference against GANs. | [
-0.025851145386695862,
-0.026110520586371422,
-0.022998008877038956,
-0.011343378573656082,
0.05273979529738426,
-0.00664867227897048,
-0.01962612010538578,
-0.000051098431868012995,
0.00004478289338294417,
0.022790508344769478,
-0.023585928604006767,
-0.03226637840270996,
0.055990640074014664,
-0.06024440750479698,
-0.031540125608444214,
-0.0047552273608744144,
-0.010885147377848625,
-0.0298109520226717,
0.006497369613498449,
-0.07622197270393372,
-0.005758148152381182,
-0.039113905280828476,
0.01238088309764862,
0.017144756391644478,
0.024934682995080948,
0.033407632261514664,
-0.013461616821587086,
0.02092299982905388,
-0.008001750335097313,
0.04132724925875664,
0.02173571288585663,
0.036381810903549194,
-0.034497011452913284,
-0.019262993708252907,
-0.030761998146772385,
-0.017257152125239372,
0.010392333380877972,
0.0708269476890564,
-0.03952891007065773,
-0.004902207292616367,
-0.024260304868221283,
-0.09026286005973816,
-0.009207849390804768,
0.013893909752368927,
0.01798340491950512,
-0.016755692660808563,
-0.03309638425707817,
-0.014793080277740955,
-0.023464886471629143,
0.0014298104215413332,
-0.035863060504198074,
-0.02500385046005249,
0.01743871532380581,
0.009311599656939507,
-0.030156787484884262,
0.05422688275575638,
0.03811098635196686,
-0.032646797597408295,
0.01933216117322445,
-0.017395487055182457,
0.01047014631330967,
0.049558114260435104,
-0.03039887174963951,
-0.003196809673681855,
-0.0030757675413042307,
-0.047967273741960526,
0.04682601988315582,
0.031004082411527634,
0.03555180877447128,
0.04627268388867378,
-0.038041818886995316,
0.005139968357980251,
0.011455775238573551,
0.00045093605876900256,
-0.012406820431351662,
0.0012774269562214613,
0.054434385150671005,
-0.006933986209332943,
0.01381609681993723,
0.027493860572576523,
-0.03686597943305969,
0.05083770304918289,
-0.033459510654211044,
0.020041121169924736,
0.05163312330842018,
0.04350600764155388,
-0.02092299982905388,
-0.06615818291902542,
0.019539661705493927,
-0.07483863085508347,
-0.015493395738303661,
-0.003103866707533598,
-0.014464536681771278,
-0.0038992865011096,
-0.010565250180661678,
0.041500166058540344,
0.006467109080404043,
-0.04858977720141411,
-0.046895187348127365,
0.013859326019883156,
-0.04360975697636604,
-0.03313096612691879,
-0.004338064230978489,
-0.023828012868762016,
-0.009311599656939507,
-0.025660935789346695,
0.002049070782959461,
-0.0010315601248294115,
0.015968918800354004,
0.1327313631772995,
-0.010236707516014576,
0.002464072313159704,
0.01634933613240719,
0.030554497614502907,
-0.014793080277740955,
0.07144945114850998,
-0.07822781056165695,
-0.047206439077854156,
0.004333741497248411,
-0.026145104318857193,
0.0023214155808091164,
0.04198433458805084,
-0.00008605340553913265,
0.02308446727693081,
-0.03631264716386795,
0.10547959059476852,
-0.018415698781609535,
-0.02256571501493454,
-0.023205509409308434,
0.041534747928380966,
0.000036913803342031315,
0.0220123790204525,
0.06176608055830002,
-0.02574739418923855,
0.00047633328358642757,
0.02846219763159752,
0.05087228864431381,
0.012130152434110641,
-0.01988549716770649,
-0.013850680552423,
0.005459865555167198,
-0.022998008877038956,
0.0038949635345488787,
0.02744198404252529,
-0.015216727741062641,
0.011369315907359123,
0.008792847394943237,
0.08424533903598785,
0.013003385625779629,
0.012562446296215057,
-0.017404131591320038,
0.08064865320920944,
0.08874119073152542,
0.054192300885915756,
0.0022803477477282286,
0.04105057939887047,
0.02365509420633316,
-0.025142183527350426,
-0.017127463594079018,
0.003337305039167404,
0.043367672711610794,
-0.0029676940757781267,
-0.0021982118487358093,
0.07649864256381989,
0.02125154249370098,
0.03259492293000221,
0.05111437290906906,
0.011844838969409466,
-0.052221041172742844,
0.05367354676127434,
0.04509684816002846,
-0.0067221624776721,
-0.03446242958307266,
-0.003949000034481287,
-0.024623431265354156,
0.018882576376199722,
0.01798340491950512,
-0.011473067104816437,
-0.014170577749609947,
-0.011550880037248135,
-0.012804530560970306,
0.04654935374855995,
0.008831754326820374,
0.014308911748230457,
0.026387188583612442,
0.04437059536576271,
0.05180604010820389,
-0.026715731248259544,
0.031764917075634,
-0.011576817370951176,
-0.010262644849717617,
0.0064887236803770065,
0.03652014583349228,
-0.0199027881026268,
0.05135645717382431,
-0.03565555810928345,
-0.05045728385448456,
-0.038283903151750565,
-0.02419113926589489,
0.0014006305718794465,
-0.016772983595728874,
-0.02930949255824089,
0.030502622947096825,
-0.010565250180661678,
-0.01717069372534752,
0.013764222152531147,
-0.01910736784338951,
0.03036428801715374,
-0.030018454417586327,
-0.026387188583612442,
-0.04215725138783455,
-0.004724966827780008,
-0.059276070445775986,
-0.039355989545583725,
-0.015112977474927902,
-0.02955157682299614,
0.015917042270302773,
0.031851377338171005,
-0.0402897447347641,
-0.021165084093809128,
-0.02011028863489628,
0.019816329702734947,
0.01747329905629158,
-0.000996976625174284,
-0.03510222211480141,
-0.0398055762052536,
-0.017118819057941437,
0.07788197696208954,
-0.07532279938459396,
0.012294423766434193,
-0.03465263918042183,
-0.019401326775550842,
0.008092532865703106,
-0.019418619573116302,
0.05045728385448456,
-0.04208808392286301,
-0.01302932295948267,
0.006454140413552523,
0.0030714445747435093,
-0.017265798524022102,
-0.018208198249340057,
-0.06512067466974258,
-0.044474344700574875,
-0.014334849081933498,
0.03377075865864754,
-0.003961969166994095,
-0.0419151671230793,
0.018657783046364784,
0.055990640074014664,
0.027787819504737854,
-0.011438483372330666,
-0.018208198249340057,
-0.026145104318857193,
-0.000783531810157001,
-0.08597451448440552,
0.002528916345909238,
0.012683488428592682,
-0.036139726638793945,
0.0026326668448746204,
-0.04592685028910637,
0.05298187956213951,
-0.03136720880866051,
-0.057339396327733994,
0.03008762001991272,
0.011663275770843029,
0.034254927188158035,
0.043125588446855545,
0.0022911550477147102,
0.017827779054641724,
0.04122349992394447,
-0.007379248272627592,
0.012311715632677078,
-0.08265449851751328,
-0.0016016470035538077,
-0.024865515530109406,
0.007340341806411743,
0.019401326775550842,
-0.017334965988993645,
0.014040889218449593,
-0.008663159795105457,
0.05941440537571907,
0.005278302356600761,
-0.015147560276091099,
-0.007686176802963018,
0.012588383629918098,
-0.03141908347606659,
-0.057616062462329865,
0.00871503446251154,
-0.026387188583612442,
0.0354134738445282,
-0.018069863319396973,
0.005602522287517786,
-0.07324779033660889,
0.0037242076359689236,
-0.013210886158049107,
0.0012893150560557842,
0.0005103764124214649,
-0.0063158064149320126,
0.014516412280499935,
-0.008243835531175137,
-0.07387029379606247,
-0.017542466521263123,
-0.0010158894583582878,
0.03686597943305969,
0.004236475098878145,
0.023741552606225014,
-0.0014654746046289802,
0.0602789930999279,
-0.01381609681993723,
-0.02685406617820263,
0.032871589064598083,
-0.004850331693887711,
-0.05139103904366493,
-0.023274676874279976,
-0.04170766845345497,
0.0456501841545105,
-0.00830867886543274,
0.00644549448043108,
-0.020542582497000694,
0.01664329506456852,
0.03620889410376549,
0.02555718645453453,
-0.054157715290784836,
-0.017058297991752625,
-0.025142183527350426,
-0.0030455070082098246,
-0.049316029995679855,
0.06429067254066467,
-0.06802568584680557,
-0.012683488428592682,
-0.03095220774412155,
-0.032923463732004166,
-0.01903820037841797,
-0.027995320037007332,
0.001934512984007597,
0.015882458537817,
-0.033995553851127625,
0.003946838900446892,
-0.034237638115882874,
0.027597609907388687,
0.00706367427483201,
-0.030831165611743927,
-0.0643252581357956,
-0.0030368610750883818,
0.006272577214986086,
-0.023257384076714516,
-0.020231330767273903,
-0.017144756391644478,
-0.028963657096028328,
-0.004513143096119165,
0.0008802574593573809,
0.015649020671844482,
-0.029101992025971413,
-0.008576701395213604,
0.016876734793186188,
0.043160174041986465,
0.022652173414826393,
-0.02284238301217556,
-0.004126240499317646,
-0.03389180079102516,
0.034272219985723495,
-0.03783431649208069,
-0.012009110301733017,
0.045027680695056915,
-0.04461267963051796,
-0.0073316958732903,
-0.046929772943258286,
0.009588267654180527,
0.018865283578634262,
0.01583058387041092,
-0.017386840656399727,
0.035327017307281494,
-0.011109940707683563,
-0.018156323581933975,
0.008023365400731564,
-0.015467457473278046,
-0.047137271612882614,
0.020836541429162025,
-0.06228483095765114,
0.04872811213135719,
-0.03679681569337845,
0.0289982408285141,
0.042883504182100296,
0.009622851386666298,
-0.0047725192271173,
0.005490126088261604,
0.029188450425863266,
0.008676128461956978,
0.04264141991734505,
0.020092997699975967,
0.016816213726997375,
-0.00844701286405325,
-0.008494565263390541,
-0.028859907761216164,
0.015173498541116714,
0.023222802206873894,
0.03731556609272957,
-0.050353534519672394,
0.054157715290784836,
-0.03368430212140083,
-0.02016216330230236,
0.038802653551101685,
-0.013790159486234188,
-0.007547842804342508,
-0.03326930105686188,
0.03766139969229698,
0.03126345947384834,
-0.022755924612283707,
0.027320941910147667,
-0.055748555809259415,
0.006566536612808704,
0.0011790802236646414,
-0.038837239146232605,
0.0029698556754738092,
0.014300265349447727,
0.03634722903370857,
-0.1033354103565216,
-0.012225257232785225,
0.04122349992394447,
-0.013746930286288261,
0.016798920929431915,
0.0048892381601035595,
0.03731556609272957,
-0.007984459400177002,
-0.04817477613687515,
0.004577986896038055,
0.0129169262945652,
0.036658480763435364,
0.02011028863489628,
-0.03525784984230995,
0.03389180079102516,
0.007392216939479113,
0.030969498679041862,
-0.06435984373092651,
-0.015389644540846348,
-0.010556604713201523,
0.03634722903370857,
-0.009838997386395931,
0.006730808410793543,
0.006415233947336674,
0.018398407846689224,
-0.013478907756507397,
-0.017378194257616997,
0.017309026792645454,
0.006938308943063021,
-0.06954736262559891,
0.0013736123219132423,
-0.057373978197574615,
-0.01264890469610691,
-0.010971606709063053,
-0.10547959059476852,
0.008689097128808498,
-0.08023365586996078,
-0.04039349406957626,
0.03745390102267265,
0.04271058738231659,
0.046099767088890076,
-0.03473909571766853,
0.04724102094769478,
-0.01357401255518198,
0.011412546038627625,
0.05626730993390083,
-0.04724102094769478,
-0.007020444609224796,
-0.025436144322156906,
0.027078857645392418,
-0.05993315577507019,
-0.024104679003357887,
0.014827663078904152,
0.011205044575035572,
0.008537794463336468,
-0.0024467806797474623,
-0.02206425555050373,
-0.03596680983901024,
0.0027472246438264847,
0.03309638425707817,
0.01275265496224165,
-0.049558114260435104,
0.03461805358529091,
-0.03766139969229698,
0.006821590010076761,
0.006069399416446686,
-0.01612454280257225,
-0.019971955567598343,
0.02630073018372059,
-0.003268138039857149,
0.0446818470954895,
-0.0155971460044384,
-0.029914703220129013,
-0.025730103254318237,
-0.01545881200581789,
0.013919847086071968,
0.007461383938789368,
-0.01910736784338951,
0.00189884880091995,
-0.02254842408001423,
0.004936790559440851,
-0.009570975787937641,
0.07802031189203262,
0.024588847532868385,
0.038007237017154694,
-0.020300498232245445,
-0.015934335067868233,
-0.011170461773872375,
0.07850448042154312,
-0.025626352056860924,
-0.03150554373860359,
0.0056976270861923695,
-0.004439653363078833,
0.030191371217370033,
-0.04492393136024475,
0.060382742434740067,
0.010297228582203388,
-0.05287813022732735,
0.006428202614188194,
0.021666545420885086,
0.019401326775550842,
-0.019297577440738678,
0.004742258694022894,
0.03359784185886383,
-0.0009888710919767618,
-0.031522832810878754,
-0.011023481376469135,
0.051425620913505554,
-0.06346067041158676,
0.08694285154342651,
0.006921017076820135,
-0.02823740430176258,
-0.02016216330230236,
-0.010124311782419682,
0.021286126226186752,
0.06180066242814064,
-0.01563172973692417,
-0.031868670135736465,
0.034306805580854416,
0.02555718645453453,
0.0003099003224633634,
-0.02260029874742031,
-0.03845681995153427,
0.0005749502452090383,
-0.04817477613687515,
0.03949432447552681,
0.0037631141021847725,
-0.011455775238573551,
0.05114895477890968,
0.004798456560820341,
0.006557890679687262,
-0.05644022673368454,
0.012847759760916233,
-0.01275265496224165,
0.029620744287967682,
0.002485687145963311,
0.005438250955194235,
-0.0071198721416294575,
0.009104099124670029,
-0.009899518452584743,
-0.00766023900359869,
0.018104447051882744,
0.007820187136530876,
-0.024813640862703323,
0.0032119399402290583,
0.00718039320781827,
-0.029205741360783577,
-0.007768312469124794,
-0.005740856286138296,
-0.0365547314286232,
-0.01635798253118992,
0.06435984373092651,
0.015502041205763817,
0.021338002756237984,
0.0048892381601035595,
-0.022928841412067413,
-0.064498171210289,
0.026663856580853462,
0.03005303628742695,
-0.03408201038837433,
-0.014862246811389923,
-0.022496547549962997,
0.016582773998379707,
0.016582773998379707,
-0.009251078590750694,
-0.02602406218647957,
0.0038193122018128633,
0.06781818717718124,
0.0034388939384371042,
0.008421075530350208,
-0.01883069984614849,
0.018588615581393242,
-0.029465118423104286,
-0.005810023285448551,
-0.010176186449825764,
0.06107440963387489,
0.005969971884042025,
-0.009052223525941372,
-0.01545016560703516,
-0.000009456418410991319,
0.0467914380133152,
-0.026819482445716858,
0.02578197792172432,
-0.023983636870980263,
0.014749851077795029,
0.010115665383636951,
0.024882808327674866,
0.02771865203976631,
-0.042918089777231216,
-0.04298725724220276,
0.012908280827105045,
-0.008313002064824104,
-0.038318485021591187,
-0.028617823496460915,
0.048762694001197815,
0.024294888600707054,
0.06380650401115417,
-0.04980019852519035,
0.028427613899111748,
0.012017756700515747,
0.03634722903370857,
-0.01801798865199089,
-0.0004358057922217995,
-0.01463745441287756,
0.021078625693917274,
-0.04267600551247597,
0.04589226841926575,
0.017015067860484123,
0.016211003065109253,
0.04831311106681824,
-0.014931414276361465,
-0.012112860567867756,
-0.01100618951022625,
-0.019747162237763405,
-0.045546431094408035,
0.04326392337679863,
-0.06252691894769669,
0.005822991952300072,
-0.043678924441337585,
0.04084308072924614,
0.02825469709932804,
-0.009302954189479351,
-0.014066827483475208,
-0.012043694034218788,
-0.009207849390804768,
-0.008792847394943237,
-0.030554497614502907,
0.025591768324375153,
-0.0066659641452133656,
0.026231562718749046,
-0.004100302699953318,
-0.004217022098600864,
0.032958049327135086,
0.06667693704366684,
-0.003330820705741644,
0.021614670753479004,
-0.006186118349432945,
0.01545016560703516,
0.005468511488288641,
0.012190673500299454,
0.017663508653640747,
-0.025107599794864655,
0.05031895264983177,
0.025366976857185364,
0.029499702155590057,
0.009199203923344612,
-0.012960156425833702,
-0.006609766278415918,
0.024104679003357887,
-0.01907278411090374,
0.010815980844199657,
0.009968685917556286,
0.008304356597363949,
0.030779289081692696,
-0.004552049562335014,
0.005775440018624067,
-0.008905244059860706,
0.009078161790966988,
0.045581016689538956,
-0.024121971800923347,
-0.0062509626150131226,
0.02605864591896534,
0.0004339145089033991,
-0.03631264716386795,
-0.022150713950395584,
-0.0009197042090818286,
-0.0030930591747164726,
-0.0018815570510923862,
-0.024277597665786743,
-0.0048935613594949245,
0.006799974944442511,
0.04561559855937958,
-0.051460206508636475,
-0.00611695135012269,
-0.02310176007449627,
-0.03728098422288895,
-0.0018480542348697782,
-0.010703584179282188,
0.017084235325455666,
0.014161931350827217,
0.01128285750746727,
0.0053085628896951675,
-0.01743006892502308,
0.013625888153910637,
-0.003635587403550744,
0.022410089150071144,
-0.06380650401115417,
0.020542582497000694,
-0.006056430283933878,
0.009994623251259327,
0.012086923234164715,
0.011196399107575417,
0.035344306379556656,
0.045788515359163284,
0.003432409605011344,
0.05391563102602959,
-0.03956349194049835,
0.025142183527350426,
-0.016453087329864502,
-0.016747046262025833,
0.04485476389527321,
0.006186118349432945,
0.04589226841926575,
0.028600530698895454,
0.05260146036744118,
0.04215725138783455,
-0.00738357100635767,
-0.0731094628572464,
-0.01235494576394558,
0.027701361104846,
-0.0035275141708552837,
0.016781629994511604,
-0.03762681782245636,
-0.002179839415475726,
0.013184948824346066,
-0.03676223009824753,
-0.022928841412067413,
0.010833272710442543,
0.006501692812889814,
-0.02315363474190235,
0.03925224021077156,
0.012571091763675213,
0.02548801898956299,
-0.05163312330842018,
0.01850215718150139,
-0.023067176342010498,
0.006748099811375141,
-0.02528051845729351,
-0.009363475255668163,
0.013375157490372658,
0.011230982840061188,
0.027251776307821274,
-0.021078625693917274,
0.03204158693552017,
0.058999404311180115,
-0.04139641672372818,
0.013738283887505531,
-0.007707791402935982,
-0.0289982408285141,
0.002948241075500846,
0.019401326775550842,
-0.01412734854966402,
-0.018104447051882744,
-0.04399017617106438,
-0.00010733034287113696,
0.040151409804821014,
0.021528210490942,
0.03461805358529091,
0.051771458238363266,
-0.01585652120411396,
-0.000005749840056523681,
-0.0151907904073596,
0.0026780576445162296,
-0.0018437313847243786,
-0.0015184305375441909,
0.009017640724778175,
0.06570859998464584,
-0.009752538986504078,
-0.018398407846689224,
0.030450746417045593,
0.0467914380133152,
-0.034842848777770996,
0.004521789029240608,
0.01747329905629158,
-0.0037112387362867594,
0.012562446296215057,
-0.0016070506535470486,
-0.008827431127429008,
-0.02953428402543068,
0.020473415032029152,
0.006592474412173033,
-0.04122349992394447,
-0.02605864591896534,
0.02092299982905388,
-0.012986093759536743,
0.0029352721758186817,
0.010859210044145584,
-0.07546113431453705,
0.03548264130949974,
0.03147095814347267,
-0.00036663885111920536,
0.006614089012145996,
-0.007448415271937847,
-0.05267062783241272,
0.054192300885915756,
0.003704754402860999,
0.018398407846689224,
-0.022946134209632874,
-0.057131893932819366,
-0.04108516499400139,
-0.04264141991734505,
0.048762694001197815,
-0.024502389132976532,
-0.01036639604717493,
0.030848456546664238,
0.015562562271952629,
-0.008373523131012917,
-0.026560107246041298,
-0.018467573449015617,
-0.004781165160238743,
-0.0031406115740537643,
0.014032243750989437,
-0.007167424540966749,
-0.0796111524105072,
-0.00603913888335228,
-0.03658931329846382,
-0.01907278411090374,
-0.007482998538762331,
-0.031868670135736465,
0.031522832810878754,
0.01634068973362446,
-0.018467573449015617,
0.05235937610268593,
0.00888795219361782,
0.024312181398272514,
0.042918089777231216,
-0.03842223808169365,
0.043678924441337585,
-0.08230866491794586,
0.018156323581933975,
-0.0007451657438650727,
0.059241488575935364,
0.021459044888615608,
-0.027251776307821274,
-0.004949759226292372,
0.019799036905169487,
-0.04748310521245003,
-0.051702290773391724,
0.009838997386395931,
-0.016323398798704147,
-0.005935388151556253,
0.003369726939126849,
0.012475987896323204,
0.01824278198182583,
-0.0006624896195717156,
0.058169398456811905,
-0.021459044888615608,
0.012735363095998764,
-0.029223034158349037,
0.0010553362080827355,
-0.016937255859375,
0.009743893519043922,
0.0038560570683330297,
-0.014689330011606216,
-0.006778360344469547,
0.014343494549393654,
0.01183619350194931,
0.017092881724238396,
0.02685406617820263,
-0.012138798832893372,
0.010279936715960503,
-0.034825555980205536,
0.021182376891374588,
-0.05107978731393814,
-0.014646099880337715,
-0.03390909358859062,
-0.028289280831813812,
0.05350062996149063,
-0.0233957190066576,
-0.024502389132976532,
0.038283903151750565,
-0.01615912653505802,
-0.02123425155878067,
-0.043160174041986465,
0.01690267212688923,
-0.01986820437014103,
0.025194060057401657,
-0.031834084540605545,
-0.006804298143833876,
-0.022773215547204018,
0.023741552606225014,
-0.0376959852874279,
-0.014550996012985706,
0.007003153208643198,
-0.0066659641452133656,
0.002613213611766696,
-0.045788515359163284,
0.007975813001394272,
0.05609438940882683,
0.026940524578094482,
0.044716428965330124,
0.011957235634326935,
-0.0012331169564276934,
-0.016202356666326523,
0.00610398268327117,
0.018744241446256638,
0.031090540811419487,
-0.014248390682041645,
0.04865894466638565,
0.043644342571496964,
-0.01751652918756008,
0.008140084333717823,
0.02175300382077694,
0.027995320037007332,
-0.03278513252735138,
-0.0006354713113978505,
-0.030761998146772385,
-0.007681853603571653,
0.028012612834572792,
0.004612570628523827,
0.017845071852207184,
0.03394367918372154,
0.010098373517394066,
-0.00888795219361782,
0.0043056420981884,
0.06716110557317734,
0.008792847394943237,
0.021856755018234253,
0.008870660327374935,
-0.01589110493659973,
-0.006350390147417784,
0.0446818470954895,
-0.027545735239982605,
0.025643644854426384,
-0.034808263182640076,
0.0045823100954294205,
-0.008434044197201729,
0.05457272008061409,
0.05803106725215912,
0.04869352653622627,
-0.01665194146335125,
0.02310176007449627,
-0.02905011549592018,
0.00871503446251154,
-0.04115433245897293,
-0.002863943809643388,
0.045581016689538956,
0.039943911135196686,
0.005312885623425245,
0.0035275141708552837,
0.0619044154882431,
-0.002379775047302246,
-0.039943911135196686,
0.016755692660808563,
-0.03845681995153427,
0.006415233947336674,
-0.004811425693333149,
0.0005663043702952564,
-0.08023365586996078,
0.05886106938123703,
-0.013478907756507397,
0.013245469890534878,
-0.024606140330433846,
0.04544268175959587,
0.011135878041386604,
-0.002541885245591402,
-0.02315363474190235,
-0.0263180211186409,
0.01074681431055069,
0.02343030273914337,
-0.03458347171545029,
-0.024623431265354156,
-0.026698440313339233,
-0.015216727741062641,
-0.02529780939221382,
0.010720876045525074,
-0.002505140146240592,
0.03551722690463066,
0.07290195673704147,
0.005053509958088398,
0.03432409465312958,
-0.0026413125451654196,
0.012709425762295723,
0.03745390102267265,
0.028341155499219894,
0.0009051142842508852,
-0.013997660018503666,
0.04277975484728813,
-0.02820282056927681,
-0.03060637228190899,
-0.01857132464647293,
-0.004003036767244339,
-0.05478021875023842,
-0.014879538677632809,
-0.01589110493659973,
-0.03304450586438179,
-0.00915597379207611,
-0.02844490483403206,
-0.011983172968029976,
-0.0020544743165373802,
-0.017049651592969894,
-0.008338939398527145,
0.021061334758996964,
0.02771865203976631,
-0.02927490882575512,
0.032110754400491714,
0.008153053931891918,
0.04326392337679863,
0.017896946519613266,
0.025695519521832466,
0.046376436948776245,
-0.006808620877563953,
-0.005606845486909151,
0.02121696062386036,
-0.018709657713770866,
-0.051460206508636475,
-0.009302954189479351,
0.04399017617106438,
0.0029071730095893145,
-0.00902628619223833,
-0.046895187348127365,
0.04222641885280609,
-0.04686060547828674,
0.001066143624484539,
0.033182840794324875,
-0.0349293053150177,
0.005273979622870684,
-0.012631612829864025
] |
Allocating physical layer resources to users based on channel quality, buffer
size, requirements and constraints represents one of the central optimization
problems in the management of radio resources. The solution space grows
combinatorially with the cardinality of each dimension making it hard to find
optimal solutions using an exhaustive search or even classical optimization
algorithms given the stringent time requirements. This problem is even more
pronounced in MU-MIMO scheduling where the scheduler can assign multiple users
to the same time-frequency physical resources. Traditional approaches thus
resort to designing heuristics that trade optimality in favor of feasibility of
execution. In this work we treat the MU-MIMO scheduling problem as a
tree-structured combinatorial problem and, borrowing from the recent successes
of AlphaGo Zero, we investigate the feasibility of searching for the best
performing solutions using a combination of Monte Carlo Tree Search and
Reinforcement Learning. To cater to the nature of the problem at hand, like the
lack of an intrinsic ordering of the users as well as the importance of
dependencies between combinations of users, we make fundamental modifications
to the neural network architecture by introducing the self-attention mechanism.
We then demonstrate that the resulting approach is not only feasible but vastly
outperforms state-of-the-art heuristic-based scheduling approaches in the
presence of measurement uncertainties and finite buffers. | [
-0.00924135372042656,
-0.013995775021612644,
-0.02735302597284317,
-0.00920683890581131,
0.022659003734588623,
0.04386838525533676,
-0.052635159343481064,
0.03775925561785698,
-0.02200322225689888,
0.00834396667778492,
-0.003237925237044692,
-0.02114035002887249,
-0.0016146482666954398,
-0.00033031796920113266,
-0.005569835193455219,
0.019328320398926735,
0.024850698187947273,
0.02911328338086605,
-0.029009738937020302,
-0.017335087060928345,
0.014970819465816021,
-0.005707894917577505,
0.022175796329975128,
0.02296963892877102,
-0.010199140757322311,
-0.02260723151266575,
0.008844432421028614,
0.006665681954473257,
-0.08324983716011047,
0.008257679641246796,
-0.0030222071800380945,
0.05474056676030159,
-0.010259541682898998,
-0.003304797690361738,
-0.025385677814483643,
-0.005440404638648033,
0.04928721860051155,
-0.01236494816839695,
0.014220121316611767,
0.053567059338092804,
-0.031460292637348175,
-0.04963236674666405,
0.006570766214281321,
-0.007183405105024576,
0.03793182969093323,
-0.02573082596063614,
-0.024350233376026154,
0.0018594879657030106,
-0.010794522240757942,
-0.04562864080071449,
0.04859692230820656,
-0.00815845001488924,
0.022728033363819122,
-0.016006264835596085,
-0.05373963341116905,
0.030597422271966934,
0.01604940928518772,
0.0051383995451033115,
0.040623988956213,
0.020001361146569252,
0.04024432599544525,
-0.012045685201883316,
-0.024212172254920006,
0.013409022241830826,
0.055154744535684586,
-0.057191118597984314,
0.016610275954008102,
0.02286609448492527,
0.010941210202872753,
-0.012485750019550323,
-0.04832080006599426,
0.00721360556781292,
-0.028612816706299782,
0.018965914845466614,
0.011760937981307507,
-0.024574579671025276,
0.011079269461333752,
-0.01881059817969799,
-0.002286609262228012,
0.04052044451236725,
0.009103293530642986,
0.020191192626953125,
-0.034186966717243195,
-0.031097887083888054,
0.11790275573730469,
-0.021312924101948738,
0.019690725952386856,
-0.0719289630651474,
-0.011924883350729942,
0.027836233377456665,
-0.03665477782487869,
-0.0008472318877466023,
0.000425233825808391,
-0.01464292872697115,
0.0029769064858555794,
-0.0009367548045702279,
0.023487361147999763,
-0.022486429661512375,
-0.05025363340973854,
0.005112513434141874,
-0.025006014853715897,
-0.03204704448580742,
0.0356883630156517,
-0.00015329450252465904,
0.02788800559937954,
0.0179477259516716,
-0.06374894082546234,
0.021330181509256363,
0.010768636129796505,
0.07972932606935501,
0.03463565930724144,
0.033220551908016205,
-0.017964983358979225,
0.0032034101895987988,
-0.035412244498729706,
-0.031184174120426178,
-0.10085241496562958,
-0.06537114083766937,
-0.04431707784533501,
0.0017063283594325185,
-0.00013462142669595778,
0.04210812598466873,
-0.03339312598109245,
-0.05049523711204529,
-0.0809028297662735,
0.059779733419418335,
-0.0019403821788728237,
0.017542175948619843,
0.055154744535684586,
-0.035481274127960205,
-0.0004926456604152918,
-0.020795201882719994,
-0.081247977912426,
-0.006872771307826042,
-0.05173777416348457,
0.05132359266281128,
-0.030131470412015915,
-0.022676261141896248,
-0.01071686390787363,
-0.019138488918542862,
0.03251299634575844,
0.023021411150693893,
0.005548263434320688,
-0.0224346574395895,
0.028578301891684532,
0.05318739637732506,
-0.0068166847340762615,
0.08718453347682953,
-0.050805870443582535,
0.006786483805626631,
-0.02645563893020153,
0.02652466855943203,
-0.0027806032449007034,
0.04659505933523178,
-0.0002751750871539116,
0.005914983805269003,
0.009733189828693867,
-0.031926244497299194,
-0.010276799090206623,
0.037103474140167236,
-0.01844819262623787,
-0.013538452796638012,
0.008896204642951488,
0.05111650377511978,
0.031184174120426178,
0.024867955595254898,
0.00397999444976449,
-0.01604940928518772,
-0.07268828898668289,
0.053394485265016556,
-0.03755216673016548,
-0.021882420405745506,
-0.08283565938472748,
0.003932536579668522,
0.0014668814837932587,
0.006355048157274723,
0.039070818573236465,
-0.01624787040054798,
-0.010656462050974369,
0.02333204448223114,
-0.08276662975549698,
0.037241533398628235,
0.015022591687738895,
0.0719979926943779,
0.06347282230854034,
0.02885442227125168,
0.03869115561246872,
-0.02429846115410328,
0.0057165236212313175,
-0.0045387037098407745,
0.019224775955080986,
0.06537114083766937,
0.044731255620718,
-0.06916777789592743,
0.019863300025463104,
-0.10030017793178558,
-0.025282133370637894,
-0.010829037055373192,
0.04845885932445526,
-0.004573218524456024,
-0.057881418615579605,
0.006721768528223038,
-0.011191442608833313,
0.014444468542933464,
0.06885714083909988,
0.023211242631077766,
0.027560114860534668,
-0.017861438915133476,
-0.031960759311914444,
-0.0012328275479376316,
-0.029734550043940544,
-0.006277389824390411,
-0.037103474140167236,
-0.00981947686523199,
-0.003494629403576255,
-0.022296598181128502,
0.013883601874113083,
-0.018638024106621742,
-0.030062440782785416,
-0.018465450033545494,
0.010803150944411755,
0.05922749638557434,
0.07393082976341248,
-0.0016955423634499311,
-0.030769996345043182,
-0.026283064857125282,
0.0225727166980505,
0.021192122250795364,
0.02393605373799801,
-0.0021496284753084183,
-0.041935551911592484,
0.030131470412015915,
0.0018551736138761044,
0.047216325998306274,
0.06098775565624237,
-0.027335768565535545,
-0.003401870606467128,
0.015195166692137718,
-0.0047414787113666534,
0.01652398891746998,
-0.06526760011911392,
0.005979699082672596,
-0.03051113523542881,
-0.011942140758037567,
0.06468084454536438,
-0.03249574080109596,
0.002420354401692748,
0.04942527785897255,
0.04731987044215202,
-0.029026996344327927,
-0.05594858527183533,
-0.009094664826989174,
-0.03851858153939247,
-0.024471035227179527,
-0.02864733152091503,
0.03330683708190918,
-0.004094325006008148,
-0.06875360012054443,
0.01394400279968977,
-0.035412244498729706,
0.029665520414710045,
0.026731757447123528,
0.01927654817700386,
0.00497013982385397,
-0.04241875931620598,
-0.008818546310067177,
0.024453777819871902,
0.0028021750040352345,
-0.081386037170887,
0.024505550041794777,
-0.07890096306800842,
-0.023159470409154892,
0.00043386255856603384,
0.0034816863480955362,
0.008525170385837555,
-0.061505477875471115,
-0.03477371856570244,
0.020432796329259872,
0.04127977043390274,
-0.021658074110746384,
0.006579394917935133,
0.03744862228631973,
0.011821338906884193,
0.0008386031840927899,
-0.007990189827978611,
-0.04397192969918251,
-0.0004009655676782131,
-0.03665477782487869,
-0.05273870378732681,
0.02724948152899742,
-0.03800085932016373,
-0.005604350008070469,
-0.01062194723635912,
-0.008046275936067104,
0.03772474080324173,
0.00865891482681036,
-0.004914052784442902,
-0.01327959168702364,
0.04376484081149101,
0.0034212854225188494,
-0.002377210883423686,
0.05063329637050629,
0.022417400032281876,
0.01625649817287922,
-0.03154658153653145,
0.02397056855261326,
-0.0027849175967276096,
0.031960759311914444,
-0.009560615755617619,
-0.022693518549203873,
0.01711937040090561,
-0.011640136130154133,
-0.010225026868283749,
-0.030787253752350807,
0.008546741679310799,
0.01745588891208172,
0.03896727412939072,
0.050736840814352036,
-0.02426394447684288,
-0.028923451900482178,
-0.0044524166733026505,
0.004568904172629118,
-0.023073183372616768,
-0.003140852088108659,
-0.022641746327280998,
0.030286788940429688,
0.034221481531858444,
0.05315288156270981,
-0.02286609448492527,
0.04052044451236725,
-0.000791684549767524,
0.03786280006170273,
-0.05826108157634735,
-0.020415538921952248,
-0.012209631502628326,
-0.003982151858508587,
-0.004875223618000746,
0.03413519635796547,
-0.012045685201883316,
-0.036344144493341446,
-0.05128907784819603,
0.014970819465816021,
-0.014021661132574081,
0.010639204643666744,
-0.02788800559937954,
-0.008896204642951488,
-0.05108198896050453,
-0.014936304651200771,
0.030890798196196556,
0.01692090928554535,
0.0009394512744620442,
0.007200662512332201,
0.04221167042851448,
0.011191442608833313,
0.056259218603372574,
-0.006449964363127947,
-0.01585957780480385,
0.01609255187213421,
-0.035584818571805954,
0.030856283381581306,
0.030769996345043182,
-0.03190898522734642,
-0.0030480935238301754,
0.012175116688013077,
-0.05177228897809982,
0.02509230189025402,
-0.028940709307789803,
-0.02875087782740593,
0.026576440781354904,
0.009664160199463367,
0.0007458445033989847,
0.013616111129522324,
0.03194350004196167,
0.028526529669761658,
-0.06081518158316612,
0.017964983358979225,
0.0029596490785479546,
0.006402506027370691,
-0.022520944476127625,
0.03931242227554321,
0.019621696323156357,
0.07717522233724594,
-0.018465450033545494,
-0.0003359805850777775,
0.021520014852285385,
0.053394485265016556,
0.056052129715681076,
-0.03796634450554848,
-0.023211242631077766,
0.053325455635786057,
0.015264196321368217,
-0.014176977798342705,
-0.06461181491613388,
-0.027836233377456665,
0.016860507428646088,
0.006497422233223915,
0.031891729682683945,
-0.0047846222296357155,
-0.017637092620134354,
-0.06578531861305237,
-0.024384748190641403,
-0.011320873163640499,
-0.017257429659366608,
0.059848763048648834,
-0.03154658153653145,
0.020484568551182747,
0.006035785656422377,
-0.026731757447123528,
-0.0013579439837485552,
-0.03263380005955696,
0.013020730577409267,
-0.03499806672334671,
-0.012244146317243576,
0.00594086991623044,
0.01058743242174387,
0.057053059339523315,
-0.04052044451236725,
0.0027374597266316414,
0.024350233376026154,
-0.10865277051925659,
-0.019224775955080986,
0.03599899634718895,
0.04908012971282005,
0.020329251885414124,
0.013892230577766895,
0.04369581118226051,
-0.009845362976193428,
-0.04828628525137901,
-0.03775925561785698,
-0.01624787040054798,
0.04038238525390625,
0.00830945186316967,
0.014841388911008835,
-0.031235946342349052,
-0.028371213003993034,
0.02319398522377014,
0.029941638931632042,
0.0033781416714191437,
-0.046077337116003036,
-0.03737959265708923,
0.01967346854507923,
-0.039001788944005966,
-0.043626781553030014,
-0.044524166733026505,
-0.01457389909774065,
-0.03675832226872444,
-0.010095596313476562,
-0.034652918577194214,
-0.01058743242174387,
-0.021589044481515884,
-0.044489651918411255,
-0.023884281516075134,
-0.0722741112112999,
0.00531097361817956,
0.03051113523542881,
-0.028699103742837906,
0.025385677814483643,
-0.01884511299431324,
-0.018154814839363098,
0.030528392642736435,
-0.000883903936482966,
0.019155746325850487,
0.005789867602288723,
-0.12383931130170822,
0.031891729682683945,
-0.028008807450532913,
-0.052635159343481064,
-0.047112781554460526,
0.010544288903474808,
0.005414518527686596,
-0.009198209270834923,
-0.06457729637622833,
0.00704534538090229,
0.004698335193097591,
0.03679283708333969,
0.0018476234981790185,
-0.040071751922369,
-0.12004267424345016,
-0.012917186133563519,
-0.05187583342194557,
0.05591407045722008,
0.039899177849292755,
0.03477371856570244,
0.0200358759611845,
0.024609094485640526,
0.006402506027370691,
0.008210222236812115,
0.019656211137771606,
-0.014263264834880829,
-0.03225413337349892,
0.021623559296131134,
0.02246917225420475,
-0.019897816702723503,
0.021226637065410614,
-0.017093483358621597,
0.02881990745663643,
0.017464518547058105,
-0.06212674453854561,
0.02645563893020153,
0.004555961117148399,
-0.02326301485300064,
0.00641544908285141,
0.03202978894114494,
-0.005349803250283003,
-0.03234042227268219,
-0.03682735562324524,
0.0626099556684494,
0.06609595566987991,
-0.056984029710292816,
0.011148299090564251,
0.07037579268217087,
0.05670791119337082,
0.018241101875901222,
0.014556641690433025,
0.005423147231340408,
0.07399985939264297,
0.04828628525137901,
-0.022883351892232895,
0.04148685932159424,
0.0491836741566658,
0.001062949770130217,
-0.016342785209417343,
0.03004518337547779,
0.04914915934205055,
-0.04680214822292328,
0.018862370401620865,
0.02768091671168804,
-0.006316218990832567,
0.0031818384304642677,
0.00007233289943542331,
-0.043488722294569016,
0.027870748192071915,
-0.012727353721857071,
-0.04752695932984352,
-0.035446759313344955,
-0.01798224076628685,
0.006510365288704634,
0.03387633338570595,
-0.014901789836585522,
-0.021381955593824387,
-0.020691657438874245,
0.021347438916563988,
0.007882330566644669,
-0.031391263008117676,
-0.010949838906526566,
0.01629101298749447,
0.020795201882719994,
-0.05101295933127403,
0.004810508340597153,
0.0018993958365172148,
-0.008292194455862045,
-0.018465450033545494,
-0.016731077805161476,
-0.00211834954097867,
-0.03613705560564995,
-0.03309974819421768,
-0.02649015374481678,
-0.017706122249364853,
-0.018275616690516472,
-0.0054490333423018456,
0.031184174120426178,
-0.011277729645371437,
0.012080200016498566,
-0.0006552429986186326,
-0.03751765191555023,
-0.003363041440024972,
-0.032392192631959915,
0.05204840749502182,
0.038138918578624725,
0.02455732226371765,
-0.01612706668674946,
-0.04424804821610451,
0.041797492653131485,
-0.029561975970864296,
0.012218260206282139,
-0.015876835212111473,
0.009534729644656181,
-0.026179520413279533,
-0.026783529669046402,
-0.021778875961899757,
0.055120229721069336,
0.000815413543023169,
0.024384748190641403,
0.009344898164272308,
0.06216125935316086,
-0.02828492596745491,
-0.01530733983963728,
0.01741274632513523,
0.010259541682898998,
-0.0334966704249382,
0.004857966210693121,
0.029872609302401543,
-0.01944912225008011,
0.014850017614662647,
-0.021589044481515884,
-0.03434228524565697,
-0.02864733152091503,
0.021364698186516762,
0.02070891484618187,
-0.06333476305007935,
-0.012839526869356632,
0.04283294081687927,
-0.03209881857037544,
-0.010734121315181255,
-0.012339062057435513,
0.014884532429277897,
0.02426394447684288,
0.03047662042081356,
0.006665681954473257,
0.016429072245955467,
0.01611843891441822,
0.0358264222741127,
0.06264446675777435,
-0.000864489353261888,
0.018931400030851364,
0.017524918541312218,
-0.017240172252058983,
-0.002834532642737031,
-0.007015144918113947,
-0.019466379657387733,
0.028233153745532036,
-0.023314787074923515,
0.0360335111618042,
0.012917186133563519,
-0.02260723151266575,
0.047181811183691025,
-0.020122162997722626,
-0.028198638930916786,
-0.0076493555679917336,
-0.012779125943779945,
-0.030269531533122063,
0.006687253713607788,
-0.029596490785479546,
-0.007390493992716074,
-0.01565248891711235,
-0.018689796328544617,
0.0018573307897895575,
0.01898317225277424,
-0.005272144451737404,
0.027836233377456665,
-0.023124955594539642,
0.004788936581462622,
-0.021226637065410614,
0.051668744534254074,
0.0046595060266554356,
0.039864663034677505,
0.002791389124467969,
0.008922090753912926,
0.01977701298892498,
0.027629144489765167,
-0.007019459269940853,
0.012528893537819386,
0.022641746327280998,
0.06185062602162361,
-0.02799155004322529,
-0.01891414262354374,
0.03007969819009304,
0.024609094485640526,
0.012718725018203259,
0.009560615755617619,
0.021709846332669258,
0.02260723151266575,
-0.01145030464977026,
-0.031425777822732925,
0.03744862228631973,
-0.0027590314857661724,
0.0356883630156517,
0.05225549638271332,
-0.00006505241617560387,
0.03420422598719597,
-0.03506709635257721,
-0.017895953729748726,
-0.051565200090408325,
0.011122412979602814,
0.023383816704154015,
-0.025454707443714142,
0.0012943071778863668,
0.06002133712172508,
-0.0810408890247345,
-0.024281201884150505,
0.016196096315979958,
-0.027076905593276024,
0.012641066685318947,
-0.022279340773820877,
0.022917866706848145,
-0.02110583521425724,
-0.010872180573642254,
0.0038764500059187412,
-0.01141578983515501,
0.0029833780135959387,
-0.007291263900697231,
-0.027698174118995667,
0.033220551908016205,
-0.010975725017488003,
-0.003578759264200926,
0.05301482230424881,
-0.030631937086582184,
0.011234586127102375,
0.05449896305799484,
-0.03004518337547779,
-0.017360974103212357,
0.01478961668908596,
0.022659003734588623,
0.013193304650485516,
0.0032487111166119576,
0.06481890380382538,
0.017430003732442856,
0.022848837077617645,
-0.04766501858830452,
-0.0362406000494957,
0.005147028248757124,
-0.040969137102365494,
0.01331410650163889,
0.019138488918542862,
0.007403437048196793,
-0.028630074113607407,
0.00233838171698153,
-0.013607482425868511,
0.01715388521552086,
-0.006117758806794882,
-0.019103974103927612,
0.01715388521552086,
0.019121231511235237,
-0.057984963059425354,
-0.0019328320631757379,
0.030459363013505936,
0.04652602970600128,
-0.01941460743546486,
-0.013357250019907951,
0.0029747493099421263,
0.004629305563867092,
-0.0449383445084095,
-0.041659433394670486,
0.00963827408850193,
-0.01141578983515501,
0.014901789836585522,
0.013581596314907074,
0.028802650049328804,
0.013849087059497833,
0.020087648183107376,
0.009258611127734184,
-0.01523831021040678,
0.03380730375647545,
0.015376369468867779,
0.013547081500291824,
0.027732688933610916,
-0.005380003713071346,
0.001934989239089191,
0.004070596303790808,
-0.010423487052321434,
0.021658074110746384,
-0.025748083367943764,
0.04100365191698074,
-0.013512566685676575,
-0.04234972968697548,
0.044420622289180756,
0.012718725018203259,
0.009405299089848995,
0.033220551908016205,
0.032720085233449936,
0.02153727225959301,
0.016299642622470856,
0.010699606500566006,
0.010466630570590496,
0.008999749086797237,
-0.01672244817018509,
-0.04517994821071625,
0.029475688934326172,
0.018689796328544617,
0.005914983805269003,
0.023418331518769264,
0.012572037056088448,
0.0037297618109732866,
-0.0290787685662508,
0.00777878612279892,
0.005785553250461817,
-0.04573218896985054,
0.011303615756332874,
-0.024246687069535255,
0.03297894820570946,
-0.03706895932555199,
0.024143142625689507,
0.01170053705573082,
0.020053133368492126,
-0.03339312598109245,
-0.00882717501372099,
-0.0034428571816533804,
-0.02397056855261326,
0.0009621016797609627,
0.033617470413446426,
-0.0015391469933092594,
-0.032754600048065186,
-0.04038238525390625,
0.03296168893575668,
0.05732917785644531,
-0.008663229644298553,
0.013633369468152523,
-0.008331024087965488,
-0.009802219457924366,
-0.03054565005004406,
-0.0036370032466948032,
0.038207948207855225,
0.0011950769694522023,
0.04838982969522476,
-0.031097887083888054,
-0.020691657438874245,
-0.020829716697335243,
0.013805943541228771,
-0.010466630570590496,
0.017757894471287727,
0.033790044486522675,
0.0005711130215786397,
0.010138739831745625,
0.029700035229325294,
0.02250368706882,
-0.0033544127363711596,
-0.031356748193502426,
0.030027925968170166,
-0.0178786963224411,
-0.030493877828121185,
-0.019500894472002983,
0.0016070980345830321,
0.01870705373585224,
0.04231521487236023,
-0.013365878723561764,
-0.008167078718543053,
0.002888462273404002,
0.01096709631383419,
0.0048061939887702465,
-0.007036716677248478,
-0.018327388912439346,
0.03934693709015846,
-0.0540502667427063,
0.04935624822974205,
-0.024212172254920006,
0.024643609300255775,
-0.012123343534767628,
0.03927790746092796,
-0.036344144493341446,
0.05422284081578255,
-0.003479529172182083,
0.015143394470214844,
-0.05688048526644707,
-0.01051840279251337,
-0.04286745563149452,
0.027594629675149918,
-0.05812302231788635,
0.0023038669023662806,
-0.016101181507110596,
-0.05833011120557785,
0.004281999543309212,
0.03748313710093498,
0.06119484454393387,
-0.008447511121630669,
-0.00046999528422020376,
0.010742750018835068,
0.0024721266236156225,
-0.005565520841628313,
-0.019224775955080986,
-0.01030268520116806,
0.0537051185965538,
0.0146084139123559,
0.03223687782883644,
-0.03965757042169571,
0.026403866708278656,
0.02688707411289215,
-0.0002758492191787809,
-0.08000544458627701,
0.0008121777791529894,
-0.01927654817700386,
0.024954242631793022,
0.019656211137771606,
-0.0005522377323359251,
0.046284426003694534,
-0.009327640756964684,
-0.011648764833807945,
-0.016463587060570717,
-0.017291944473981857,
0.01715388521552086,
0.0007614840869791806,
0.047078266739845276,
0.015876835212111473,
0.01125184353441,
-0.020191192626953125,
0.09249982237815857,
-0.009784962050616741,
-0.006786483805626631,
-0.018931400030851364,
-0.03058016486465931,
-0.024212172254920006,
0.016506731510162354,
0.0714457556605339,
-0.017110740765929222,
-0.008779716677963734,
0.01071686390787363,
0.03351392596960068,
-0.03339312598109245,
-0.012934443540871143,
-0.010458001866936684,
0.025040529668331146,
-0.003412656718865037,
-0.03703444451093674,
-0.04787210747599602,
-0.06882262974977493,
0.04217715561389923,
-0.0180857852101326,
-0.009793590754270554,
0.020726172253489494,
0.0026533296331763268,
-0.029475688934326172,
-0.026214035227894783,
0.019190261140465736,
0.030856283381581306,
-0.02189967781305313,
-0.01062194723635912,
0.0023060240782797337,
-0.013831829652190208,
-0.009646902792155743,
0.028526529669761658,
-0.02868184633553028,
0.03758668154478073,
0.021416470408439636,
0.0061997314915061,
0.034014392644166946,
-0.008516541682183743,
0.007701127789914608,
-0.013383136130869389,
0.006251503713428974,
0.01372828520834446,
-0.019690725952386856,
-0.014004403725266457,
0.026231292635202408,
0.02728399634361267,
0.004096482414752245,
0.002752559958025813,
0.0006374462973326445,
-0.02529939077794552,
-0.004107268061488867,
0.005634550470858812,
0.038242463022470474,
-0.04604282230138779,
0.02433297596871853,
0.0017095641233026981,
0.037276048213243484,
0.03202978894114494,
-0.013158789835870266,
0.0333586111664772,
0.020933261141180992,
-0.009845362976193428,
0.08255954086780548,
-0.021623559296131134,
-0.005634550470858812,
-0.0007841344340704381,
-0.05639727786183357,
-0.018223844468593597,
-0.012735982425510883,
-0.0051168277859687805,
-0.019863300025463104,
0.0358954519033432,
0.04338517785072327,
-0.03793182969093323,
-0.02120937965810299,
-0.01572151854634285,
-0.010725492611527443,
-0.02871636301279068,
0.05063329637050629,
-0.0357573926448822,
-0.040347870439291,
-0.03893275931477547,
0.04483480006456375,
0.04590476304292679,
-0.04569767415523529,
-0.002925134263932705,
0.014142462983727455,
-0.028664588928222656,
0.03786280006170273,
-0.0006773541099391878,
-0.016912279650568962,
-0.01884511299431324,
0.00765366991981864,
0.04207361117005348,
-0.021554529666900635,
0.03530870005488396,
0.006355048157274723,
0.03320329263806343,
-0.005246258340775967,
0.022124024108052254,
-0.004793250933289528,
-0.006782169453799725,
-0.010233655571937561,
-0.0200358759611845,
0.024091370403766632,
-0.014323665760457516,
-0.0225727166980505,
-0.025610024109482765,
-0.01434092316776514,
0.039795633405447006,
-0.03301346302032471,
-0.020450053736567497,
0.016144324094057083,
-0.026179520413279533,
-0.0038246777839958668,
0.0028496328741312027,
0.034083422273397446,
0.019828785210847855,
0.006467221770435572,
0.009508843533694744,
0.01841367781162262,
-0.006182474084198475,
0.0268525592982769,
0.030804511159658432,
0.0037772199138998985,
-0.039864663034677505,
-0.009966165758669376,
0.002711573615670204,
0.028906194493174553,
-0.023539133369922638,
0.020053133368492126,
0.06374894082546234,
-0.02013942040503025,
0.006286018528044224,
-0.02745657041668892,
-0.009396670386195183,
0.012373576872050762
] |
Objectives-Geriatric clinical care is a multidisciplinary assessment designed
to evaluate older patients (age 65 years and above) functional ability,
physical health, and cognitive wellbeing. The majority of these patients suffer
from multiple chronic conditions and require special attention. Recently,
hospitals utilize various artificial intelligence (AI) systems to improve care
for elderly patients. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to
understand the current use of AI systems, particularly machine learning (ML),
in geriatric clinical care for chronic diseases. Materials and Methods-We
restricted our search to eight databases, namely PubMed, WorldCat, MEDLINE,
ProQuest, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley, and ERIC, to analyze research
articles published in English between January 2010 and June 2019. We focused on
studies that used ML algorithms in the care of geriatrics patients with chronic
conditions. Results-We identified 35 eligible studies and classified in three
groups-psychological disorder (n=22), eye diseases (n=6), and others (n=7).
This review identified the lack of standardized ML evaluation metrics and the
need for data governance specific to health care applications. Conclusion- More
studies and ML standardization tailored to health care applications are
required to confirm whether ML could aid in improving geriatric clinical care. | [
-0.007871514186263084,
0.036934588104486465,
-0.02400069124996662,
-0.014325731433928013,
0.034965645521879196,
-0.022931354120373726,
-0.02612239308655262,
-0.0038572540506720543,
0.00199652137234807,
0.033607758581638336,
0.030841058120131493,
-0.05879660323262215,
0.008686247281730175,
-0.012051266618072987,
-0.04175509139895439,
-0.018467294052243233,
-0.016812365502119064,
-0.02169227972626686,
-0.008690491318702698,
-0.03978615254163742,
-0.022761616855859756,
0.010506668128073215,
0.04518376290798187,
0.01391836442053318,
0.007947895675897598,
0.02218451537191868,
0.029652904719114304,
-0.018840713426470757,
-0.03958246856927872,
0.018246635794639587,
0.03561064600944519,
0.013103630393743515,
-0.004778072703629732,
-0.07719600200653076,
-0.001954087521880865,
-0.023423587903380394,
0.036153800785541534,
0.033930256962776184,
0.03635748475790024,
0.04250193387269974,
0.022931354120373726,
-0.011117718182504177,
0.017007561400532722,
0.022320304065942764,
0.013629812747240067,
-0.047424279153347015,
-0.026376998052001,
-0.029330406337976456,
0.01033693179488182,
0.027700940147042274,
0.03090895339846611,
-0.024696609005331993,
0.043316666036844254,
-0.024034639820456505,
-0.03328526020050049,
-0.020368337631225586,
0.05743871256709099,
0.04901979863643646,
0.06585762649774551,
-0.02792159654200077,
-0.002088815439492464,
0.006377835758030415,
-0.0007972294697538018,
-0.0027794295456260443,
0.006971912458539009,
-0.060493964701890945,
-0.024034639820456505,
0.05030979588627815,
0.000952113710809499,
0.026784364134073257,
-0.0449121855199337,
-0.023678192868828773,
0.01836545206606388,
0.033421047031879425,
0.02875330299139023,
-0.0234066154807806,
-0.016965128481388092,
0.08894174546003342,
-0.05482477694749832,
-0.01868795044720173,
0.016931181773543358,
0.011643899604678154,
-0.02671647071838379,
0.046473756432533264,
0.08873806148767471,
0.010998902842402458,
0.00824069045484066,
-0.07835020869970322,
-0.011873044073581696,
0.0065093813464045525,
-0.010090813972055912,
0.025426475331187248,
0.03175763413310051,
0.03031487576663494,
0.05146400257945061,
-0.06925234943628311,
-0.007468390744179487,
-0.017635585740208626,
-0.01626921072602272,
-0.06378684192895889,
0.04694901779294014,
-0.0656878873705864,
-0.01622677594423294,
-0.0034074531868100166,
0.0030170599929988384,
-0.0679963007569313,
-0.011728768236935139,
-0.017185784876346588,
-0.004198847804218531,
0.13022157549858093,
-0.059815019369125366,
-0.028193173930048943,
-0.004003651440143585,
0.013230932876467705,
-0.028295015916228294,
0.020555047318339348,
-0.0038169417530298233,
-0.050411637872457504,
-0.03243657946586609,
0.0076593440026044846,
0.022150566801428795,
0.024187400937080383,
0.00008659195736981928,
-0.008953581564128399,
-0.05251636356115341,
0.0845286026597023,
-0.015437503345310688,
0.017151838168501854,
0.021064255386590958,
0.004097006283700466,
0.006713064853101969,
0.050411637872457504,
-0.047322437167167664,
0.02074175700545311,
0.025409501045942307,
0.05353478342294693,
0.011338374577462673,
-0.009369435720145702,
0.007485364098101854,
-0.01591276377439499,
-0.01707545667886734,
-0.04854453727602959,
-0.048714276403188705,
-0.01012476161122322,
0.014656716957688332,
-0.01868795044720173,
-0.010311471298336983,
0.09369435161352158,
-0.045217711478471756,
0.016472892835736275,
-0.06809814274311066,
0.022999247536063194,
0.03883562982082367,
-0.01885768584907055,
0.051871366798877716,
-0.00448527792468667,
0.035135384649038315,
-0.02398371882736683,
-0.0368666909635067,
-0.00951371155679226,
0.03352288901805878,
0.036493271589279175,
-0.0063905660063028336,
0.03311552479863167,
0.049562957137823105,
0.009021476842463017,
-0.072443388402462,
0.028227122500538826,
-0.0483069084584713,
0.05601292848587036,
-0.04416534677147865,
-0.0004901131615042686,
-0.00459136301651597,
0.021064255386590958,
-0.027123836800456047,
0.035542748868465424,
0.06256474554538727,
-0.006526355165988207,
-0.0020050082821398973,
0.025579238310456276,
-0.04192483052611351,
0.053331099450588226,
0.03903931379318237,
0.008826280012726784,
0.024628715589642525,
-0.0777391567826271,
0.05978107079863548,
-0.002681831130757928,
-0.00788000039756298,
0.005961982067674398,
-0.010515154339373112,
0.016812365502119064,
0.04711875692009926,
-0.030586455017328262,
0.017211245372891426,
-0.019587552174925804,
0.01860308274626732,
0.005418826825916767,
0.005236360244452953,
-0.00864381343126297,
-0.004022746812552214,
-0.040431149303913116,
0.032657235860824585,
0.029177643358707428,
0.016999075189232826,
-0.04430113360285759,
0.01042179949581623,
-0.04355429485440254,
0.004022746812552214,
-0.022065699100494385,
-0.04270561411976814,
0.04739033430814743,
-0.07217181473970413,
-0.0071119447238743305,
0.028804223984479904,
0.003704491537064314,
0.035644590854644775,
-0.011499623768031597,
-0.017194272950291634,
0.01574302837252617,
0.026410944759845734,
0.038903526961803436,
0.05842318385839462,
-0.017788348719477654,
-0.03021303564310074,
-0.010353905148804188,
-0.009327001869678497,
0.0018946797354146838,
0.030263954773545265,
-0.039650365710258484,
0.0002874906058423221,
0.045964550226926804,
0.01042179949581623,
0.0198082085698843,
0.032148025929927826,
0.031638819724321365,
0.01605704054236412,
-0.04433508217334747,
-0.03208013251423836,
-0.027276599779725075,
0.007981842383742332,
0.024900292977690697,
-0.04182298853993416,
-0.013977771624922752,
0.053738463670015335,
-0.03029790334403515,
-0.03233473747968674,
0.06677420437335968,
0.015225333161652088,
0.059815019369125366,
0.051362160593271255,
-0.004362219013273716,
-0.03690063953399658,
-0.0011796662583947182,
-0.035814326256513596,
-0.028362911194562912,
0.02980566769838333,
0.0021429189946502447,
0.011355348862707615,
0.007268950808793306,
0.049902427941560745,
0.020215574651956558,
0.028278043493628502,
0.061003170907497406,
-0.036255642771720886,
0.005724351853132248,
0.07088181376457214,
0.007120431400835514,
0.00930154137313366,
0.0025672593619674444,
-0.04535349830985069,
-0.04124588519334793,
-0.0019657567609101534,
0.03489775210618973,
-0.03031487576663494,
-0.06585762649774551,
0.025664106011390686,
0.0036981264129281044,
0.03447341173887253,
0.019910050556063652,
-0.01809387281537056,
-0.008567431941628456,
0.0117033077403903,
-0.013349748216569424,
-0.009343975223600864,
-0.028040412813425064,
-0.04946111515164375,
-0.006734281778335571,
-0.06181790679693222,
0.04209456592798233,
-0.00015011041250545532,
-0.017856242135167122,
-0.0008359505445696414,
-0.07271496951580048,
0.025816868990659714,
-0.02203175239264965,
0.0466095469892025,
0.022557934746146202,
0.007358062081038952,
0.002980991033837199,
0.006216586567461491,
-0.03221592307090759,
0.05421372503042221,
0.009751342236995697,
0.011278967373073101,
-0.011457189917564392,
-0.012382252141833305,
0.04260377213358879,
-0.020453205332159996,
0.004071545787155628,
-0.025053055956959724,
0.017177298665046692,
-0.01834847778081894,
0.009004502557218075,
0.028668435290455818,
0.05248241871595383,
0.022659776732325554,
0.008011545985937119,
-0.01766953244805336,
0.01468217745423317,
0.0347449891269207,
0.0034053316339850426,
-0.049562957137823105,
0.007973355241119862,
-0.04484429210424423,
-0.06266658753156662,
-0.026529761031270027,
-0.002773064421489835,
-0.05645424500107765,
-0.001851184875704348,
-0.02006281353533268,
0.0056649441830813885,
-0.015556317754089832,
0.021539516746997833,
0.03160487115383148,
0.01477553229779005,
-0.02024952322244644,
-0.0003614849701989442,
0.004693204537034035,
-0.0036408405285328627,
0.032470524311065674,
-0.03720616549253464,
-0.0989222303032875,
0.03808879107236862,
0.007107701152563095,
0.0005601292941719294,
-0.007133161649107933,
0.05265215411782265,
0.009700421243906021,
-0.011660873889923096,
0.000866715214215219,
-0.007094970904290676,
-0.08968858420848846,
0.0028600541409105062,
-0.04908769577741623,
0.010447259992361069,
-0.015327174216508865,
0.00008718868775758892,
-0.010464233346283436,
-0.03216500207781792,
0.0007372914114966989,
-0.06555210053920746,
0.005232116673141718,
-0.032300788909196854,
-0.04474245011806488,
-0.01766953244805336,
0.00048374803736805916,
0.036221694201231,
0.0000528104865225032,
-0.010981928557157516,
-0.00938640907406807,
0.016328617930412292,
0.04355429485440254,
-0.011720281094312668,
0.003935757093131542,
0.02578292042016983,
0.03191039711236954,
-0.0065093813464045525,
0.009310027584433556,
0.003976069390773773,
-0.010099301114678383,
0.0026881962548941374,
-0.047763753682374954,
-0.01054061483591795,
-0.005995929706841707,
0.05166768282651901,
0.027208704501390457,
-0.044776394963264465,
0.046575598418712616,
0.023525429889559746,
-0.008567431941628456,
-0.005618266761302948,
0.04250193387269974,
-0.0862259641289711,
0.01618434116244316,
0.02654673345386982,
0.02741238847374916,
0.007345331832766533,
-0.017397955060005188,
-0.07346180826425552,
-0.019349921494722366,
-0.008783846162259579,
-0.012594422325491905,
0.00473563838750124,
-0.006012903060764074,
-0.03482985869050026,
-0.05625056102871895,
0.0234066154807806,
0.024034639820456505,
-0.029822641983628273,
0.012085214257240295,
-0.0379190556704998,
0.008062466979026794,
-0.04667744040489197,
-0.006708821281790733,
0.013977771624922752,
-0.04874822124838829,
-0.000894297321792692,
0.0193838682025671,
-0.025562264025211334,
-0.045387446880340576,
0.040770623832941055,
-0.012670803815126419,
-0.007663587108254433,
-0.02878725156188011,
0.002745482139289379,
-0.02067386358976364,
0.016286183148622513,
0.03330223262310028,
-0.022388197481632233,
-0.00017928381566889584,
-0.012365278787910938,
0.01972334086894989,
0.018721897155046463,
0.004599849693477154,
-0.002548163989558816,
0.00033416805672459304,
0.018823739141225815,
-0.023338720202445984,
-0.009072396904230118,
-0.017364008352160454,
0.02279556542634964,
-0.019910050556063652,
-0.013774088583886623,
-0.05794792249798775,
-0.054077938199043274,
0.04199272394180298,
0.04318087548017502,
-0.033862363547086716,
-0.0633455291390419,
-0.031553950160741806,
0.04175509139895439,
-0.023525429889559746,
-0.005915304645895958,
-0.0018437589751556516,
-0.009369435720145702,
0.012025806121528149,
-0.054519250988960266,
0.04942716658115387,
-0.04433508217334747,
-0.027616072446107864,
0.027378441765904427,
0.0421624593436718,
0.0013907755492255092,
0.008851740509271622,
0.05078505724668503,
-0.04885006323456764,
-0.10082327574491501,
0.005457017105072737,
0.0026563708670437336,
-0.04402955621480942,
0.02517187036573887,
-0.052753996104002,
-0.03574643284082413,
0.0024314704351127148,
-0.02075873129069805,
0.03364170342683792,
0.02330477349460125,
-0.026699496433138847,
0.004186118021607399,
0.03382841497659683,
0.02569805271923542,
-0.044776394963264465,
0.004128831904381514,
-0.027174757793545723,
0.023236878216266632,
-0.014054153114557266,
0.023881876841187477,
-0.013146065175533295,
-0.016277696937322617,
-0.013010275550186634,
0.02450989931821823,
-0.005423069931566715,
-0.036255642771720886,
-0.007689047604799271,
-0.026750417426228523,
-0.02875330299139023,
-0.009853183291852474,
0.0022659776732325554,
-0.007447173818945885,
0.04949505999684334,
-0.06660446524620056,
-0.027887649834156036,
0.07190023362636566,
-0.00969193410128355,
0.02357635088264942,
-0.008885687217116356,
-0.008172796107828617,
-0.01379106193780899,
0.03413394093513489,
0.0009998519672080874,
0.002584232948720455,
-0.05479082837700844,
-0.03574643284082413,
0.018586108461022377,
0.05659003183245659,
-0.003980312496423721,
-0.006848853547126055,
0.05265215411782265,
0.00887720100581646,
0.03995589166879654,
0.005355175584554672,
-0.00764237018302083,
0.029330406337976456,
-0.0341169647872448,
0.031044742092490196,
0.034863803535699844,
0.0050369203090667725,
0.03364170342683792,
-0.02748028188943863,
-0.07135707885026932,
0.01979123428463936,
-0.035135384649038315,
-0.025579238310456276,
-0.026156341657042503,
-0.006704577710479498,
0.036425378173589706,
0.0035220251884311438,
-0.011457189917564392,
-0.03927694633603096,
0.022252408787608147,
0.06365105509757996,
-0.015420529060065746,
-0.012611395679414272,
-0.0012295262422412634,
0.05166768282651901,
0.0658915713429451,
-0.020300444215536118,
-0.026258181780576706,
0.0015021649887785316,
-0.024543847888708115,
0.022914379835128784,
0.01178817544132471,
-0.04433508217334747,
0.0002185352932428941,
-0.03464314714074135,
-0.006670630536973476,
-0.04402955621480942,
-0.01877281814813614,
-0.02159043774008751,
0.010218116454780102,
-0.0119154779240489,
0.01066791731864214,
0.0035177816171199083,
-0.01042179949581623,
-0.05166768282651901,
0.016006119549274445,
0.062462903559207916,
0.016880260780453682,
0.011991859413683414,
0.015776975080370903,
-0.06402447819709778,
-0.011168638244271278,
-0.025765947997570038,
0.004243403673171997,
0.025120949372649193,
0.01614190824329853,
-0.04012562707066536,
-0.007612666580826044,
0.07128918170928955,
0.008766871877014637,
0.04355429485440254,
0.023101089522242546,
0.004727151710540056,
0.018297556787729263,
-0.017270652577280998,
-0.00538063608109951,
-0.011669360101222992,
-0.031893420964479446,
-0.03423578292131424,
0.0058134631253778934,
-0.006407539825886488,
-0.05842318385839462,
-0.017805323004722595,
-0.04399561136960983,
0.014172968454658985,
0.0251039769500494,
0.02741238847374916,
0.02067386358976364,
-0.06371895223855972,
0.012153108604252338,
0.03340407460927963,
0.05513030290603638,
0.037783268839120865,
-0.013740140944719315,
-0.00019241184054408222,
0.003335315268486738,
0.023525429889559746,
0.016727497801184654,
-0.004468304105103016,
0.04572691768407822,
-0.02919461764395237,
0.02832896262407303,
-0.005384879186749458,
0.013230932876467705,
-0.03221592307090759,
0.0272256787866354,
0.015216846019029617,
0.005686161108314991,
-0.05078505724668503,
-0.025375554338097572,
-0.04542139545083046,
0.006089284550398588,
0.032063160091638565,
-0.020962415263056755,
0.02442503161728382,
0.0131884990260005,
-0.018738871440291405,
-0.03252144530415535,
-0.012221002951264381,
-0.012857513502240181,
-0.0468132309615612,
0.008168552070856094,
-0.03340407460927963,
0.04399561136960983,
-0.007506581023335457,
-0.020283469930291176,
0.021895963698625565,
0.007769672200083733,
-0.000670457782689482,
-0.06171606481075287,
0.0073538185097277164,
-0.025256739929318428,
0.05533398687839508,
-0.007464147172868252,
0.06385473906993866,
-0.005401853006333113,
0.03192736953496933,
0.04199272394180298,
0.0010284950258210301,
-0.011109231039881706,
0.00494780857115984,
0.00616990914568305,
0.0474582277238369,
0.017652560025453568,
-0.028278043493628502,
-0.01648138090968132,
-0.003823306877166033,
0.10157011449337006,
0.006611222866922617,
0.0011711794650182128,
0.02748028188943863,
0.00467623071745038,
0.01921413280069828,
0.029143696650862694,
0.022659776732325554,
0.05872870981693268,
-0.00884325336664915,
0.000985530554316938,
0.05394214764237404,
-0.014028692618012428,
-0.051701631397008896,
-0.06558604538440704,
-0.0005081475828774273,
-0.014334217645227909,
-0.020096760243177414,
-0.003114658407866955,
0.007820593193173409,
0.006271750666201115,
0.003084954572841525,
-0.041619304567575455,
-0.001773742726072669,
0.011363835074007511,
0.002272342797368765,
-0.017016049474477768,
0.013264880515635014,
-0.020639915019273758,
0.0773317888379097,
-0.017703481018543243,
0.016659602522850037,
0.010871600359678268,
0.06599341332912445,
0.027887649834156036,
0.00006706567364744842,
0.010387852787971497,
0.006259020417928696,
-0.06436394900083542,
-0.003061615861952305,
0.026444891467690468,
0.004075789358466864,
-0.04107614979147911,
-0.016642630100250244,
-0.038801684975624084,
0.0379190556704998,
-0.008045493625104427,
0.0553000383079052,
0.005826193373650312,
-0.0001291586086153984,
-0.0015944589395076036,
0.014453032985329628,
-0.017822295427322388,
0.015021649189293385,
-0.019248079508543015,
0.050852950662374496,
0.038462210446596146,
-0.006492407526820898,
-0.026410944759845734,
-0.013239420019090176,
0.061851851642131805,
0.03404907137155533,
0.029075803235173225,
0.003944243770092726,
-0.006106257904320955,
-0.008546215482056141,
-0.033777493983507156,
0.013460076414048672,
-0.009123317897319794,
-0.023525429889559746,
-0.0031061714980751276,
0.0025587724521756172,
-0.013740140944719315,
0.019587552174925804,
-0.028668435290455818,
0.02254096046090126,
-0.011737254448235035,
-0.029992377385497093,
0.040940359234809875,
0.030196061357855797,
-0.001863915123976767,
0.04416534677147865,
-0.03499959409236908,
-0.006411782931536436,
0.0246796365827322,
-0.06337948143482208,
0.007786646019667387,
0.012441660277545452,
-0.02878725156188011,
-0.02781975455582142,
-0.01327336672693491,
-0.02184504270553589,
0.028379883617162704,
-0.006433000322431326,
0.07644916325807571,
-0.05302557349205017,
-0.008151578716933727,
-0.033862363547086716,
0.01582789607346058,
0.013001789338886738,
0.03065434843301773,
-0.03503354266285896,
-0.0299754049628973,
0.010039892978966236,
0.033505916595458984,
0.05217689275741577,
0.05197320878505707,
0.014834939502179623,
-0.008673517033457756,
0.005257577169686556,
0.0036599356681108475,
0.02398371882736683,
0.020283469930291176,
-0.03184249997138977,
0.060799490660429,
-0.026699496433138847,
-0.02671647071838379,
-0.023881876841187477,
0.049053747206926346,
0.027633044868707657,
-0.007379279006272554,
0.011083770543336868,
-0.04868032783269882,
0.0326232872903347,
-0.01936689391732216,
-0.005567345768213272,
-0.02355937846004963,
0.007599936332553625,
0.008868713863193989,
-0.025732001289725304,
-0.008457103744149208,
0.0029852346051484346,
-0.03126540035009384,
-0.020300444215536118,
-0.010252063162624836,
-0.0026096932124346495,
0.023457536473870277,
0.003352288855239749,
0.017635585740208626,
-0.02578292042016983,
0.019876103848218918,
-0.014334217645227909,
0.0021567100193351507,
0.011873044073581696,
-0.036255642771720886,
0.012288897298276424,
-0.05750660598278046,
-0.01160995289683342,
-0.03335315361618996,
-0.0032631775829941034,
0.022507013753056526,
0.01604006625711918,
0.010107787325978279,
0.013782575726509094,
0.015395068563520908,
-0.0007913947920314968,
0.008312827907502651,
-0.0051599787548184395,
-0.03520327806472778,
0.06965971738100052,
-0.014155995100736618,
-0.04002378508448601,
-0.046915072947740555,
-0.03724011033773422,
0.004077910911291838,
-0.013553431257605553,
-0.046236127614974976,
-0.0051599787548184395,
0.0042752292938530445,
0.006242047064006329,
-0.00036599356099031866,
0.0029109749011695385,
-0.003621745156124234,
-0.06035817414522171,
-0.030196061357855797,
-0.02400069124996662,
-0.008639570325613022,
0.04369008541107178,
-0.023118063807487488,
0.005397609435021877,
-0.03328526020050049,
-0.003140118671581149,
0.001039633876644075,
0.03275907784700394,
0.010396338999271393,
0.015115004032850266,
0.01024357695132494,
0.006887044291943312,
-0.008563188835978508,
-0.013290341012179852,
0.015734540298581123,
0.05499451234936714,
0.020351365208625793,
-0.040940359234809875,
0.011737254448235035,
0.011109231039881706,
0.05030979588627815,
0.024391084909439087,
0.06253080070018768,
0.0033671408891677856,
-0.000035339595342520624,
-0.01486039999872446,
0.03690063953399658,
-0.0012921164743602276,
0.02815922722220421,
0.0003949017554987222,
0.008817792870104313,
-0.03202921152114868,
0.028617514297366142,
0.032487500458955765,
0.010319957509636879,
-0.002677587792277336,
-0.04175509139895439,
0.009276080876588821,
0.030365796759724617,
0.03208013251423836,
-0.02201477810740471,
0.020011892542243004,
-0.009861670434474945,
0.04464060813188553,
-0.011796662583947182,
-0.013358235359191895,
-0.007128918543457985,
-0.019943997263908386,
0.01118561252951622,
-0.021709254011511803,
0.004595606122165918,
-0.036832746118307114,
-0.05034374073147774,
-0.014809479005634785,
0.026784364134073257,
-0.0396164171397686,
-0.008096414618194103,
0.0013950190041214228,
0.019689394161105156,
-0.034694068133831024,
0.06521262973546982,
0.04976664111018181,
-0.02084359899163246,
0.007650856859982014,
-0.012568961828947067,
-0.02201477810740471,
0.018908606842160225,
0.0004349488881416619,
0.0015032257651910186,
-0.03394722938537598,
-0.010362392291426659,
-0.010566075332462788,
0.027259625494480133,
-0.07020287215709686,
0.012382252141833305,
-0.011380808427929878,
-0.023185957223176956,
-0.025884762406349182,
-0.017771374434232712,
-0.02014768123626709,
0.07217181473970413,
-0.024560820311307907,
0.011211073026061058,
-0.008614109829068184,
0.01486039999872446,
0.03012816607952118,
0.003441400360316038,
0.04148351401090622,
-0.007493851240724325,
-0.010625483468174934,
-0.034354597330093384,
0.0012560475151985884,
-0.01878979243338108,
-0.022065699100494385,
0.07094971090555191,
-0.021030308678746223,
0.011117718182504177,
0.04019352048635483,
0.009946538135409355,
0.008079440332949162,
0.04107614979147911,
-0.04688112437725067,
0.05815160647034645,
0.03303065523505211,
-0.02347450889647007,
-0.012721724808216095,
-0.016235262155532837,
0.005019946489483118,
0.03460920229554176,
0.02330477349460125,
-0.007863027043640614,
-0.06599341332912445,
0.020894519984722137,
0.03381144255399704,
0.03379446640610695,
0.004922348540276289,
0.0009823479922488332,
0.04616823419928551,
0.025205818936228752,
-0.014529414474964142,
-0.022659776732325554,
-0.016048552468419075,
-0.03391328454017639,
-0.0077272383496165276,
0.01667657680809498,
0.03416788578033447,
-0.06195369362831116,
0.0083170710131526,
-0.03398117795586586,
0.028481725603342056,
-0.010659430176019669,
0.02286345884203911,
-0.018161768093705177,
0.048714276403188705,
-0.0544513575732708,
-0.0351693294942379,
0.023118063807487488,
-0.019451763480901718,
-0.00391454016789794,
0.027208704501390457,
-0.014868887141346931,
0.005961982067674398,
-0.01902742311358452,
-0.017958084121346474,
-0.029143696650862694,
0.011873044073581696,
0.004799289628863335,
-0.024543847888708115,
-0.03618774563074112,
-0.0006131718400865793,
-0.011363835074007511,
-0.02321990579366684,
-0.011228046379983425,
-0.0246796365827322,
-0.0546550415456295,
0.026156341657042503,
0.02817620150744915,
-0.014699150808155537,
0.022812537848949432,
-0.022948328405618668,
-0.005236360244452953,
-0.003929391968995333,
-0.028923040255904198,
0.03136724233627319,
0.008936608210206032,
0.03165579214692116,
0.004799289628863335,
-0.034711044281721115,
0.013222445733845234,
-0.0000025278088742197724,
-0.047865595668554306,
0.04834085702896118,
0.01845031976699829,
0.02953409031033516,
-0.02603752538561821,
0.01379106193780899,
0.028906065970659256,
-0.01357889175415039,
-0.011457189917564392,
0.031723685562610626,
-0.009063910692930222,
0.0415174625813961,
-0.054519250988960266,
-0.01562421303242445,
0.009861670434474945,
-0.06911656260490417,
0.008673517033457756,
0.03133329376578331,
0.0025460422039031982,
-0.004133075475692749
] |
In this study, we present a meta-learning model to adapt the predictions of
the network's capacity between viewers who participate in a live video
streaming event. We propose the MELANIE model, where an event is formulated as
a Markov Decision Process, performing meta-learning on reinforcement learning
tasks. By considering a new event as a task, we design an actor-critic learning
scheme to compute the optimal policy on estimating the viewers' high-bandwidth
connections. To ensure fast adaptation to new connections or changes among
viewers during an event, we implement a prioritized replay memory buffer based
on the Kullback-Leibler divergence of the reward/throughput of the viewers'
connections. Moreover, we adopt a model-agnostic meta-learning framework to
generate a global model from past events. As viewers scarcely participate in
several events, the challenge resides on how to account for the low structural
similarity of different events. To combat this issue, we design a graph
signature buffer to calculate the structural similarities of several streaming
events and adjust the training of the global model accordingly. We evaluate the
proposed model on the link weight prediction task on three real-world datasets
of live video streaming events. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness
of our proposed model, with an average relative gain of 25% against
state-of-the-art strategies. For reproduction purposes, our evaluation datasets
and implementation are publicly available at
https://github.com/stefanosantaris/melanie | [
-0.04424680024385452,
-0.03428753465414047,
-0.03232557699084282,
0.01716245338320732,
-0.023954560980200768,
0.038977544754743576,
-0.04981502145528793,
0.04151874780654907,
-0.06864981353282928,
0.01850779354572296,
0.015854481607675552,
-0.006918234284967184,
-0.0027841103728860617,
-0.04342464730143547,
0.00888019148260355,
-0.009272582828998566,
0.03473598137497902,
0.005259913392364979,
0.030008599162101746,
-0.009272582828998566,
0.004984305240213871,
-0.0822153389453888,
0.0012962929904460907,
-0.021432043984532356,
0.0008052198681980371,
0.016555180773139,
0.0629321038722992,
-0.004524179268628359,
-0.07638552784919739,
0.04454576596617699,
0.07541389018297195,
0.03148473799228668,
0.0118931969627738,
-0.030998921021819115,
-0.0507492870092392,
-0.02658918872475624,
0.08640085160732269,
0.062483660876750946,
-0.014443740248680115,
0.015518145635724068,
-0.010090064257383347,
0.027075007557868958,
-0.0247393436729908,
-0.002714040456339717,
0.011071043089032173,
-0.012780748307704926,
-0.041630860418081284,
-0.039052288979291916,
-0.02006801776587963,
-0.06121305748820305,
0.00045457843225449324,
-0.06442692875862122,
-0.02335663139820099,
-0.01329459436237812,
-0.05026347190141678,
-0.005633619613945484,
0.0633058100938797,
-0.002510837744921446,
0.03697821870446205,
0.0025809076614677906,
0.018937556073069572,
0.015508802607655525,
-0.0013581881066784263,
0.0026953553315252066,
0.04832019656896591,
-0.030214138329029083,
-0.021787066012620926,
0.043125685304403305,
0.021432043984532356,
0.02109570987522602,
-0.06580964475870132,
-0.009828470647335052,
-0.0000780257469159551,
-0.040995560586452484,
0.007857170887291431,
0.023935874924063683,
0.027168434113264084,
0.021506786346435547,
0.00612410856410861,
-0.03172764927148819,
0.016003964468836784,
0.04835756868124008,
-0.008487800136208534,
-0.0021733345929533243,
0.09028739482164383,
-0.014761391095817089,
0.0003509333764668554,
-0.0767592340707779,
0.06917300075292587,
0.013696328736841679,
-0.009464106522500515,
0.011575546115636826,
-0.029018279165029526,
0.01819014362990856,
-0.05254307761788368,
0.016471095383167267,
0.008721365593373775,
-0.020927540957927704,
-0.07900147140026093,
-0.0059746261686086655,
-0.05317837744951248,
0.017751039937138557,
0.012855489738285542,
-0.01790052279829979,
0.024608546867966652,
-0.014882844872772694,
-0.05026347190141678,
-0.013191824778914452,
-0.014107405208051205,
0.07560074329376221,
0.0639411136507988,
-0.0002928337489720434,
0.002431425265967846,
0.05437423661351204,
-0.00004397615703055635,
0.016461754217743874,
-0.06143728271126747,
-0.06797713786363602,
0.026776041835546494,
0.001680509652942419,
0.01796592026948929,
0.004232221748679876,
-0.049291834235191345,
0.026327595114707947,
-0.011388693004846573,
0.04417205974459648,
-0.035576820373535156,
-0.010482455603778362,
0.03694084659218788,
-0.007492807228118181,
0.016041334718465805,
-0.014546509832143784,
-0.043760985136032104,
-0.03385777398943901,
0.0144624263048172,
0.026776041835546494,
-0.0555700957775116,
0.006871521007269621,
0.06633283197879791,
-0.043760985136032104,
0.054860055446624756,
0.0011549853952601552,
0.0180780328810215,
-0.021469416096806526,
0.01963825523853302,
0.007432079873979092,
0.007955268956720829,
0.0665944293141365,
-0.015349977649748325,
-0.012416385114192963,
-0.02094622701406479,
0.028588516637682915,
-0.00858122669160366,
0.0038445014506578445,
0.006694010458886623,
0.02832692302763462,
-0.04914235323667526,
0.013537503778934479,
-0.04215404763817787,
0.01906835287809372,
0.01765761338174343,
0.00024378483067266643,
0.000039487305912189186,
0.08064577728509903,
0.02516910620033741,
0.027243174612522125,
0.04839494079351425,
-0.03023282252252102,
-0.09103480726480484,
0.05426212400197983,
-0.027075007557868958,
-0.04409731924533844,
-0.00552150746807456,
0.015349977649748325,
-0.018769389018416405,
0.0021686633117496967,
0.061736248433589935,
0.01677006110548973,
-0.006904220208525658,
0.052617818117141724,
-0.015293922275304794,
0.002128956839442253,
-0.019339291378855705,
-0.024328267201781273,
0.04192982241511345,
0.016499124467372894,
0.030756011605262756,
0.00384683720767498,
0.03537128120660782,
-0.04185508191585541,
0.039052288979291916,
0.02541201375424862,
0.060241423547267914,
0.020535150542855263,
-0.009847155772149563,
-0.013266566209495068,
-0.02283344231545925,
-0.0220112893730402,
0.054112643003463745,
0.0025388658978044987,
-0.0326058566570282,
-0.04775964096188545,
-0.01712508127093315,
-0.02563623897731304,
0.006063381209969521,
0.019087038934230804,
0.026215482503175735,
0.022179456427693367,
-0.01270600687712431,
-0.08610188215970993,
-0.03172764927148819,
-0.013602902181446552,
-0.016788747161626816,
0.008039352484047413,
-0.007053702604025602,
0.003949606325477362,
-0.003818809287622571,
0.005250570829957724,
0.0004992479807697237,
0.00566164730116725,
0.014714677818119526,
0.005586906336247921,
0.000534282939042896,
0.004519508220255375,
-0.04256512597203255,
-0.003617942100390792,
0.04387309402227402,
-0.04353675991296768,
0.025673609226942062,
0.014705334790050983,
0.009277253411710262,
-0.013369335792958736,
0.003645970020443201,
0.014256888069212437,
0.0008968946058303118,
0.008333645761013031,
-0.006950933486223221,
-0.038940176367759705,
0.01219216175377369,
-0.021170450374484062,
-0.01463993638753891,
-0.04843230918049812,
-0.011902539059519768,
0.0019888172391802073,
-0.016228187829256058,
-0.018405025824904442,
-0.02627153880894184,
0.06909825652837753,
0.029373299330472946,
-0.03453044220805168,
-0.021394673734903336,
0.0032675927504897118,
0.07466647773981094,
0.010211518965661526,
-0.04962816834449768,
0.03946336358785629,
0.03249374404549599,
-0.0019689640030264854,
-0.000272250734269619,
-0.030494417995214462,
0.023767707869410515,
-0.009487463161349297,
-0.03927651047706604,
0.051197733730077744,
-0.00439571775496006,
0.025393329560756683,
0.045181065797805786,
0.031353943049907684,
-0.005045032128691673,
0.010575882159173489,
-0.03864121064543724,
-0.03882806375622749,
-0.007446093950420618,
-0.004876864608377218,
-0.017536157742142677,
-0.018442396074533463,
0.021955233067274094,
-0.07021937519311905,
0.013967265374958515,
-0.02690683864057064,
0.002711704932153225,
0.011117756366729736,
-0.029335929080843925,
0.038940176367759705,
-0.019264549016952515,
-0.003809466492384672,
-0.005535521544516087,
-0.03623080626130104,
-0.03058784455060959,
0.007908555679023266,
-0.012827461585402489,
0.00983781274408102,
0.007810457609593868,
0.028812739998102188,
0.030139395967125893,
0.013929895125329494,
-0.033484067767858505,
0.04454576596617699,
0.04327516630291939,
0.00909507181495428,
-0.03606263920664787,
0.012379014864563942,
0.0459284782409668,
-0.0027841103728860617,
-0.06943459063768387,
-0.026140742003917694,
-0.014705334790050983,
0.067229725420475,
0.019012298434972763,
-0.07537651807069778,
0.016966257244348526,
0.0010066707618534565,
0.017255879938602448,
-0.014994957484304905,
-0.04832019656896591,
0.02694420889019966,
-0.004110767040401697,
0.007016331888735294,
0.001448111142963171,
-0.030083341524004936,
0.04484473168849945,
0.05635488033294678,
-0.08610188215970993,
0.027243174612522125,
-0.034194108098745346,
0.0052178711630403996,
0.022347625344991684,
0.020124074071645737,
-0.03165290504693985,
0.010650623589754105,
-0.06001719832420349,
0.01224821712821722,
-0.08012259006500244,
-0.003741732332855463,
0.03283008188009262,
0.001321985269896686,
-0.042340900748968124,
0.022702645510435104,
0.012612580321729183,
0.03426884859800339,
-0.04058448225259781,
-0.04491947218775749,
0.017377333715558052,
-0.026065999642014503,
-0.0009482792229391634,
-0.012593895196914673,
-0.09200643748044968,
0.026140742003917694,
0.03580104559659958,
0.003888878971338272,
0.0011450588935986161,
0.010155463591217995,
0.024944882839918137,
0.07507755607366562,
0.04334990680217743,
0.028719313442707062,
0.001729558571241796,
0.000651650014333427,
-0.013023657724261284,
-0.0178257804363966,
-0.03077469766139984,
-0.04484473168849945,
-0.04334990680217743,
0.042340900748968124,
-0.01669532060623169,
0.004281270317733288,
-0.06091409549117088,
-0.0578497052192688,
0.014228859916329384,
0.040397629141807556,
-0.0011211183154955506,
0.009053030051290989,
-0.02010538801550865,
0.05041295289993286,
-0.038902804255485535,
0.0488433875143528,
0.013173139654099941,
-0.009744386188685894,
-0.05018872767686844,
0.060353536158800125,
-0.00528327003121376,
0.012659293599426746,
-0.0051664868369698524,
0.03950073570013046,
0.008230877108871937,
0.07668448984622955,
0.047834381461143494,
-0.007506821304559708,
-0.025692293420433998,
-0.0102769173681736,
0.03753877803683281,
-0.057625479996204376,
-0.026645245030522346,
-0.036922164261341095,
0.0630442202091217,
0.03682873770594597,
0.021488100290298462,
-0.01801263354718685,
0.04675063118338585,
0.0004043616645503789,
-0.04951605945825577,
0.007035017479211092,
0.039014916867017746,
0.03580104559659958,
-0.0011643280740827322,
-0.006040024571120739,
0.024234840646386147,
-0.05015135928988457,
0.001088418997824192,
-0.016246872022747993,
-0.009258568286895752,
-0.0034941521007567644,
-0.029840432107448578,
-0.030083341524004936,
0.03208266943693161,
0.04533055052161217,
-0.060951463878154755,
-0.013855153694748878,
-0.004124781116843224,
-0.017891179770231247,
0.0012706007109954953,
-0.02991517260670662,
0.02173100970685482,
-0.005404724273830652,
-0.005315969232469797,
0.06401585787534714,
-0.0714152380824089,
-0.022571848705410957,
-0.07825405895709991,
0.00769367441534996,
0.05971823260188103,
-0.025972573086619377,
0.030924178659915924,
-0.04290146008133888,
0.05250570550560951,
0.022814758121967316,
0.02027355507016182,
-0.018591878935694695,
-0.057625479996204376,
0.013883181847631931,
-0.05153407156467438,
-0.052842043340206146,
-0.013500132597982883,
0.01359355915337801,
-0.007777757942676544,
-0.039052288979291916,
0.0005757409380748868,
-0.06973356008529663,
0.002566893817856908,
-0.03697821870446205,
-0.08393438905477524,
0.0032932849135249853,
-0.02453380450606346,
-0.019264549016952515,
0.028980907052755356,
-0.006040024571120739,
0.028196124359965324,
-0.009440749883651733,
-0.010529168881475925,
-0.018732018768787384,
0.011388693004846573,
0.027112377807497978,
0.04256512597203255,
-0.011594231240451336,
0.019488772377371788,
-0.04144400730729103,
-0.0411076694726944,
0.012014650739729404,
0.022104715928435326,
0.01917112246155739,
0.015658285468816757,
-0.05018872767686844,
-0.004486809018999338,
-0.005867185536772013,
0.03938862308859825,
-0.02066594734787941,
-0.00981912761926651,
-0.09850892424583435,
0.0536641962826252,
-0.016601894050836563,
0.031036291271448135,
0.027523454278707504,
0.05665384605526924,
-0.023842448368668556,
0.0313352569937706,
0.017769724130630493,
-0.018031319603323936,
0.022179456427693367,
-0.019600884988904,
-0.051309846341609955,
-0.0015310271410271525,
-0.045816369354724884,
-0.01701297052204609,
0.05370156466960907,
-0.026252852752804756,
-0.03413805365562439,
0.024589860811829567,
-0.017638927325606346,
0.05183303728699684,
0.00431630527600646,
-0.005031018517911434,
-0.011463434435427189,
0.04611533135175705,
0.017872493714094162,
0.003218543715775013,
-0.002994320122525096,
0.049254462122917175,
0.0132572241127491,
-0.0024758027866482735,
-0.04424680024385452,
0.009921897202730179,
0.06005457043647766,
0.041070301085710526,
-0.012995629571378231,
0.00194327172357589,
0.0488433875143528,
0.016153445467352867,
-0.03105497732758522,
0.021992603316903114,
0.03520311415195465,
0.02113308012485504,
0.002417411422356963,
0.012874174863100052,
0.0216936394572258,
-0.02216077223420143,
0.04824545606970787,
0.04260249435901642,
0.01999327540397644,
0.013929895125329494,
-0.04914235323667526,
-0.026290224865078926,
0.05512164905667305,
-0.03694084659218788,
-0.03675399348139763,
-0.012621923349797726,
-0.0018218172481283545,
0.020796744152903557,
0.04144400730729103,
-0.04088344797492027,
-0.02544938586652279,
0.0037253827322274446,
-0.004206529352813959,
0.013957922346889973,
-0.003414739388972521,
-0.032026611268520355,
-0.008319632150232792,
0.03462386876344681,
-0.005638290662318468,
0.027430027723312378,
-0.018601220101118088,
0.005876528564840555,
-0.02402930147945881,
0.04761015623807907,
-0.029130389913916588,
-0.036567140370607376,
-0.006367017515003681,
-0.0000904339540284127,
-0.029859116300940514,
-0.037277184426784515,
-0.010108750313520432,
0.041630860418081284,
-0.0005663983174599707,
0.004274263512343168,
-0.01716245338320732,
-0.016031991690397263,
-0.036959532648324966,
0.00664729718118906,
0.009440749883651733,
-0.018479766324162483,
0.046638522297143936,
-0.007642289623618126,
-0.0244216937571764,
-0.03152211010456085,
0.0025318588595837355,
0.026009945198893547,
0.01748010329902172,
0.040322888642549515,
-0.019843794405460358,
-0.0137336989864707,
-0.022104715928435326,
0.02066594734787941,
-0.0074601080268621445,
0.05990508571267128,
0.041742969304323196,
0.025337273254990578,
0.006918234284967184,
0.007044360041618347,
-0.03426884859800339,
-0.027093691751360893,
-0.0046900114975869656,
0.012061364017426968,
0.03531522676348686,
-0.047834381461143494,
-0.017237193882465363,
-0.0044681234285235405,
-0.017386676743626595,
-0.012052021920681,
-0.009277253411710262,
0.02991517260670662,
-0.03410068154335022,
-0.0032675927504897118,
0.0411076694726944,
-0.027280544862151146,
0.013976608403027058,
0.004862850531935692,
0.00983781274408102,
0.031783703714609146,
0.06199784204363823,
-0.025580182671546936,
0.012537839822471142,
-0.0012472440721467137,
0.02836429327726364,
0.032344263046979904,
0.010005980730056763,
-0.009403379634022713,
-0.012173475697636604,
0.04024814814329147,
-0.0035361938644200563,
0.0033376626670360565,
0.00761426193639636,
0.038940176367759705,
-0.012836804613471031,
0.066482312977314,
-0.00801132433116436,
-0.0237863939255476,
0.03497888892889023,
0.005624276585876942,
-0.02421615459024906,
-0.024720657616853714,
0.003356347791850567,
-0.002284278627485037,
0.0223289392888546,
0.0053720250725746155,
-0.027560824528336525,
-0.022497106343507767,
-0.017601557075977325,
-0.013808440417051315,
0.0037347252946347,
-0.005063717719167471,
-0.008884862065315247,
-0.03994918242096901,
0.021432043984532356,
-0.029504096135497093,
0.0761239305138588,
0.02300160937011242,
0.02165626920759678,
0.021226506680250168,
0.014331628568470478,
0.0019689640030264854,
0.03548339381814003,
0.030868124216794968,
0.015695655718445778,
-0.00384683720767498,
0.04364887252449989,
-0.002615942619740963,
-0.05844763293862343,
0.02449643425643444,
-0.006030682008713484,
-0.019544828683137894,
0.0065398565493524075,
-0.011295266449451447,
0.007441422436386347,
0.02173100970685482,
-0.008146792650222778,
0.07148997485637665,
-0.05504690855741501,
0.01853582262992859,
0.06125042960047722,
-0.009328638203442097,
0.07025674730539322,
-0.009847155772149563,
-0.029093019664287567,
-0.002086915075778961,
0.03058784455060959,
0.04843230918049812,
-0.00018743696273304522,
-0.025897832587361336,
0.05837289243936539,
0.035147059708833694,
-0.02481408417224884,
-0.010183490812778473,
-0.028737999498844147,
-0.03496020659804344,
0.018657276406884193,
0.0008087233291007578,
-0.03391382843255997,
-0.008319632150232792,
0.04282671958208084,
-0.05026347190141678,
0.0123696718364954,
0.027037635445594788,
-0.03262454271316528,
0.028027957305312157,
0.029821746051311493,
0.040360257029533386,
0.001828824169933796,
0.024477750062942505,
0.0009009820641949773,
0.04009866341948509,
-0.031951870769262314,
-0.026178112253546715,
-0.0024431035853922367,
-0.04409731924533844,
0.03154079616069794,
0.010230204090476036,
0.043050941079854965,
0.0025692293420434,
-0.0261967983096838,
-0.0578497052192688,
-0.00787118449807167,
0.002496823901310563,
0.03150342404842377,
-0.005745731294155121,
0.016601894050836563,
0.05923241749405861,
0.01892821304500103,
-0.010772078298032284,
-0.0016081040957942605,
0.0134160490706563,
0.0355207659304142,
0.01343473419547081,
-0.00999663770198822,
0.021170450374484062,
-0.005656976252794266,
-0.0771329402923584,
-0.004570892546325922,
0.05228148400783539,
0.00654919957742095,
-0.01882544532418251,
-0.002196691231802106,
0.010613253340125084,
-0.024944882839918137,
0.011267239227890968,
0.021207820624113083,
0.0175081305205822,
0.008987631648778915,
-0.024608546867966652,
0.05590643361210823,
0.021245190873742104,
0.01102432981133461,
0.04013603553175926,
-0.011640944518148899,
0.040435001254081726,
-0.009333309717476368,
0.00026568167959339917,
0.04708696901798248,
0.011257896199822426,
0.021955233067274094,
-0.004026683047413826,
-0.04252775385975838,
0.017134424299001694,
-0.011743714101612568,
0.02346874214708805,
-0.03938862308859825,
-0.08184163272380829,
0.007235884200781584,
0.01662992127239704,
0.023954560980200768,
0.021562842652201653,
0.023244518786668777,
-0.009454764425754547,
0.022067345678806305,
0.006904220208525658,
-0.01924586482346058,
0.052057258784770966,
-0.006974290125072002,
-0.06491275131702423,
0.0053299833089113235,
0.005656976252794266,
-0.05183303728699684,
-0.007156471721827984,
0.002238732995465398,
-0.0007614261703565717,
-0.03834224492311478,
0.0072171990759670734,
0.051347218453884125,
0.024944882839918137,
0.0004718039417639375,
0.0035618862602859735,
-0.008908218704164028,
-0.030756011605262756,
0.011995965614914894,
-0.006637954618781805,
0.03938862308859825,
-0.024234840646386147,
0.03126051649451256,
-0.000554428028408438,
0.029578838497400284,
-0.03254980221390724,
0.011883853934705257,
-0.006717367097735405,
0.0220112893730402,
0.011491462588310242,
-0.04738593474030495,
0.027448713779449463,
-0.003480138024315238,
-0.028270866721868515,
0.020011961460113525,
-0.021245190873742104,
-0.015975935384631157,
0.06401585787534714,
0.005101088434457779,
0.014705334790050983,
0.005745731294155121,
-0.05388841778039932,
-0.013743042014539242,
-0.0456668846309185,
-0.04263986647129059,
-0.023281889036297798,
0.001915243803523481,
0.029093019664287567,
0.016013305634260178,
-0.011622259393334389,
-0.05586906149983406,
0.014649279415607452,
-0.03587578609585762,
-0.010220861993730068,
0.04809597507119179,
-0.031391311436891556,
-0.032381635159254074,
0.021469416096806526,
0.0005719455075450242,
0.001759922131896019,
0.016788747161626816,
-0.01829291321337223,
-0.03453044220805168,
-0.005245899315923452,
0.0058064586482942104,
0.0475727878510952,
0.026028629392385483,
0.043013572692871094,
0.01956351473927498,
-0.08356068283319473,
0.0565791018307209,
-0.0671176165342331,
0.03481072187423706,
-0.0360252670943737,
0.007894541136920452,
-0.02382376417517662,
0.01612541824579239,
-0.004040697123855352,
0.040285516530275345,
-0.03738929331302643,
-0.029784375801682472,
-0.009716358967125416,
-0.0023169778287410736,
0.017629584297537804,
-0.023057665675878525,
0.02102096751332283,
0.014042006805539131,
0.019339291378855705,
0.07182630896568298,
0.043723613023757935,
-0.030102025717496872,
-0.01645241118967533,
-0.03286745026707649,
0.01878807321190834,
0.03045704774558544,
-0.0024477748665958643,
0.020647261291742325,
0.002905564848333597,
0.010417057201266289,
-0.005110430996865034,
-0.043013572692871094,
0.021674953401088715,
0.008590568788349628,
0.007600247859954834,
-0.019339291378855705,
-0.016900857910513878,
-0.01669532060623169,
0.02754213847219944,
0.001449278905056417,
-0.007259240839630365,
0.03987444192171097,
0.04088344797492027,
0.025860462337732315,
0.0017669291701167822,
-0.018797416239976883,
0.03094286471605301,
-0.028102697804570198,
0.03593184053897858,
0.006493143271654844,
0.05433686822652817,
-0.00001877654176496435,
0.03703427314758301,
-0.02382376417517662,
-0.06255839765071869,
-0.004659648053348064,
-0.04263986647129059,
-0.050711918622255325,
-0.011463434435427189,
0.017003627493977547,
-0.008371016941964626,
-0.01203333679586649,
0.0021219500340521336,
0.001886048004962504,
-0.017293250188231468,
0.004575564060360193,
0.012715349905192852,
0.02003064751625061,
0.0059465984813869,
-0.024552490562200546,
-0.016330955550074577,
-0.021787066012620926,
0.03027019463479519,
0.005306626670062542,
0.0028798726852983236,
0.025075679644942284,
0.03176501765847206,
-0.023263204842805862,
-0.015490117482841015,
-0.010659966617822647,
0.0032862781081348658,
-0.01999327540397644,
0.03449307382106781,
-0.009492134675383568,
-0.019937220960855484,
-0.03189581632614136,
0.011285924352705479,
-0.018134089186787605,
0.004440095741301775,
0.03796853870153427,
0.023337945342063904,
0.04361150041222572,
-0.024795399978756905,
0.01967562548816204,
0.02315109223127365,
0.016041334718465805,
0.014219516888260841,
-0.020497780293226242,
-0.00903901644051075,
0.01577039808034897,
-0.0036109350621700287,
0.022272882983088493,
-0.004141130484640598,
0.02821481041610241,
-0.024944882839918137,
0.013677643612027168,
-0.030251508578658104,
0.027915844693779945,
0.003547872183844447,
0.011678315699100494,
-0.010034008882939816,
0.05661647394299507,
0.011099071241915226,
-0.03477335348725319,
0.00006861010479042307,
-0.00025619304506108165,
-0.0074180662631988525,
-0.0026089355815201998,
-0.01920849271118641,
-0.027392657473683357,
-0.008543855510652065,
-0.02662655897438526,
0.006904220208525658,
0.0017972927307710052,
-0.012098735198378563,
-0.028943536803126335,
0.010893533006310463,
0.03824881836771965,
0.004650305025279522,
0.025654923170804977,
-0.08027207106351852,
-0.00999663770198822,
-0.045181065797805786,
0.011127099394798279,
-0.0277850478887558,
-0.008282260969281197,
-0.024253524839878082,
0.012808776460587978,
0.037800371646881104,
-0.0073059541173279285,
0.017853809520602226,
0.028476404026150703,
-0.036137379705905914,
0.03329721465706825,
-0.013715013861656189,
-0.02828955091536045,
0.015153782442212105,
-0.006161479279398918,
0.06592175364494324,
0.0007129611913114786,
0.05437423661351204,
0.011435406282544136,
0.007347996346652508,
-0.04189245402812958,
0.0126873217523098,
-0.018872158601880074,
0.009772414341568947,
0.012238875031471252,
-0.02180575020611286,
0.018844129517674446,
-0.009473449550569057,
-0.014135433360934258,
-0.019376661628484726,
-0.01345341932028532,
-0.020516464486718178,
-0.026776041835546494,
-0.032661911100149155,
0.008342988789081573,
-0.029522782191634178,
-0.0076282755471765995,
-0.014266230165958405,
0.06962144374847412,
0.015293922275304794,
0.00847378559410572,
0.03069995529949665,
-0.015340635553002357,
0.0005231885588727891,
0.026962894946336746,
0.004867522045969963,
-0.014770733192563057,
-0.03662319853901863,
0.020871484652161598,
-0.015966592356562614,
-0.009669645689427853,
-0.046526409685611725,
0.026383649557828903,
0.028775369748473167,
-0.028831426054239273,
0.027710307389497757,
-0.04772226884961128,
-0.007642289623618126,
-0.028980907052755356
] |
Internet users have been exposing an increasing amount of Personally
Identifiable Information (PII) on social media. Such exposed PII can cause
severe losses to the users, and informing users of their PII exposure is
crucial to raise their privacy awareness and encourage them to take protective
measures. To this end, advanced automatic techniques are needed. While
Information Extraction (IE) techniques can be used to extract the PII
automatically, Deep Learning (DL)-based IE models alleviate the need for
feature engineering and further improve the efficiency. However, DL-based IE
models often require large-scale labeled data for training, but PII-labeled
social media posts are difficult to obtain due to privacy concerns. Also, these
models rely heavily on pre-trained word embeddings, while PII in social media
often varies in forms and thus has no fixed representations in pre-trained word
embeddings. In this study, we propose the Deep Transfer Learning for PII
Extraction (DTL-PIIE) framework to address these two limitations. DTL-PIIE
transfers knowledge learned from publicly available PII data to social media to
address the problem of rare PII-labeled data. Moreover, our framework leverages
Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) to incorporate syntactic patterns to guide
PIIE without relying on pre-trained word embeddings. Evaluation against
benchmark IE models indicates that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art
DL-based IE models. Our framework can facilitate various applications, such as
PII misuse prediction and privacy risk assessment, protecting the privacy of
internet users. | [
-0.046867359429597855,
0.00794073473662138,
-0.021093804389238358,
-0.04236222803592682,
0.05584270507097244,
0.0037935671862214804,
-0.014921072870492935,
-0.0009047373896464705,
-0.03604106977581978,
0.01770622283220291,
0.03932388126850128,
-0.0990430936217308,
-0.0038088462315499783,
-0.028532514348626137,
-0.003064538585022092,
-0.0047495984472334385,
-0.01772368513047695,
-0.015671929344534874,
0.031972479075193405,
-0.06422434747219086,
0.0376475527882576,
-0.02545924484729767,
-0.029999300837516785,
0.033998046070337296,
0.039812810719013214,
0.050464481115341187,
0.061395544558763504,
-0.02511000819504261,
-0.0409303642809391,
0.05804288759827614,
0.07120905071496964,
0.02627994678914547,
0.02512747049331665,
-0.043759167194366455,
-0.04945170134305954,
-0.014144024811685085,
0.03368373215198517,
0.08786757290363312,
-0.007229167968034744,
-0.002763323253020644,
0.021373191848397255,
-0.028829364106059074,
-0.031151777133345604,
0.025354472920298576,
0.02591324970126152,
-0.0509883351624012,
0.011227911338210106,
-0.060662150382995605,
-0.014336103573441505,
-0.0416637547314167,
-0.014082908630371094,
-0.036669693887233734,
0.011463644914329052,
-0.02552909217774868,
-0.05654117465019226,
0.0674373134970665,
0.07085981965065002,
0.01810784451663494,
0.06583082675933838,
-0.006124712061136961,
0.008482049219310284,
0.015060766600072384,
-0.01650136150419712,
-0.000556866405531764,
0.012511350214481354,
-0.034364741295576096,
-0.0055135502479970455,
0.02474331296980381,
0.03186770901083946,
0.0036407767329365015,
-0.04749598354101181,
0.01800307258963585,
0.010896137915551662,
0.010119088925421238,
-0.010931060649454594,
0.011681916192173958,
0.010791366919875145,
-0.015837814658880234,
0.050010476261377335,
-0.0012070441152900457,
-0.0030034224037081003,
0.039079416543245316,
0.013393169268965721,
-0.0069454144686460495,
0.058287352323532104,
-0.031116854399442673,
0.004437469411641359,
-0.06160508468747139,
0.059893831610679626,
-0.03761262819170952,
-0.024813158437609673,
0.012685967609286308,
-0.008228853344917297,
-0.044143326580524445,
-0.029370678588747978,
-0.013978137634694576,
0.003291541477665305,
-0.060976460576057434,
-0.08158133924007416,
-0.01195257343351841,
0.010931060649454594,
-0.0044287387281656265,
-0.04463225603103638,
0.0016785116167739034,
-0.011620800010859966,
-0.011280296370387077,
-0.07040581107139587,
0.023032059893012047,
0.010337361134588718,
0.13571278750896454,
-0.0008496236987411976,
0.010669134557247162,
-0.014205140992999077,
0.06928826123476028,
0.05964936688542366,
0.005548473913222551,
-0.020709645003080368,
-0.04278130829334259,
0.05430607125163078,
-0.06785639375448227,
0.010284976102411747,
0.004465844947844744,
0.032775722444057465,
0.009071383625268936,
-0.040965285152196884,
0.0708947405219078,
-0.026751413941383362,
-0.04365439713001251,
-0.029213521629571915,
0.03190263360738754,
-0.024603618308901787,
0.013463015668094158,
-0.002368251094594598,
-0.01003178022801876,
-0.00035250926157459617,
0.04829922318458557,
0.050429560244083405,
0.006347349379211664,
0.009708737954497337,
0.002475204411894083,
0.04826430231332779,
0.011236641556024551,
-0.030697772279381752,
-0.014825033023953438,
-0.017985612154006958,
-0.002536320360377431,
0.004540057387202978,
0.05521408095955849,
0.007687539327889681,
-0.009691275656223297,
0.006050499621778727,
0.053502827882766724,
-0.015244115144014359,
-0.0007366679492406547,
0.08102256059646606,
-0.00881818775087595,
0.06803101301193237,
-0.014344834722578526,
-0.046064119786024094,
-0.017199832946062088,
0.054690226912498474,
-0.019120626151561737,
0.058217503130435944,
-0.007416882086545229,
0.023747991770505905,
0.01593385450541973,
0.01849200204014778,
0.01312251202762127,
-0.055947475135326385,
0.040581125766038895,
-0.005552839487791061,
-0.006823182106018066,
0.013428092934191227,
-0.01176049467176199,
-0.04047635570168495,
0.026856185868382454,
0.02790389023721218,
-0.027257805690169334,
-0.02898651920258999,
-0.052420198917388916,
0.01802053488790989,
0.038660332560539246,
-0.012939163483679295,
0.0064390236511826515,
0.013986868783831596,
0.03284556791186333,
0.03963819146156311,
0.01174303237348795,
0.014144024811685085,
-0.04938185214996338,
-0.03848571702837944,
0.0361807644367218,
0.012904239818453789,
-0.03296780213713646,
0.02235105074942112,
-0.06645945459604263,
-0.02547670528292656,
0.0026345427613705397,
0.03988265618681908,
-0.045016415417194366,
-0.04959139600396156,
-0.0247607734054327,
-0.0006373542128130794,
-0.02395753376185894,
0.0002938486577477306,
0.004048945382237434,
0.03494098037481308,
0.038625411689281464,
-0.01765383780002594,
-0.025668784976005554,
0.003944174852222204,
-0.006626737304031849,
-0.07120905071496964,
-0.046553049236536026,
-0.04746105894446373,
-0.007386323995888233,
0.01575050689280033,
0.015226653777062893,
0.011524761095643044,
-0.009481734596192837,
0.00104388571344316,
0.03998742625117302,
0.021390654146671295,
-0.05381714180111885,
-0.02792135253548622,
-0.08800726383924484,
0.014432143419981003,
0.04079066962003708,
-0.026891108602285385,
0.010896137915551662,
0.0018760476959869266,
-0.04561011493206024,
0.023852761834859848,
-0.00352509249933064,
0.03556960076093674,
-0.037438008934259415,
0.04155898466706276,
-0.004548788070678711,
0.019923867657780647,
-0.02512747049331665,
0.021757351234555244,
-0.05388698726892471,
-0.019522245973348618,
0.034015506505966187,
0.07885730266571045,
0.04037158563733101,
-0.035971224308013916,
0.024167073890566826,
0.0022045469377189875,
0.07106935977935791,
-0.006539428606629372,
0.02434169128537178,
-0.010337361134588718,
-0.017138715833425522,
-0.04798491299152374,
0.02744988538324833,
-0.010861214250326157,
-0.01781972497701645,
0.028445204719901085,
-0.07606342434883118,
0.05496961623430252,
-0.05730949342250824,
0.00047255883691832423,
0.042187608778476715,
0.008800726383924484,
0.016326744109392166,
0.08675001561641693,
-0.013061395846307278,
0.03687923401594162,
-0.0098222391679883,
0.008752706460654736,
-0.005823496729135513,
-0.006766431499272585,
-0.0039856466464698315,
-0.0011546588502824306,
-0.04365439713001251,
0.006286233197897673,
-0.003509813454002142,
0.01693790592253208,
0.032793182879686356,
0.026122791692614555,
-0.006906125694513321,
-0.04365439713001251,
0.021023957058787346,
-0.019801635295152664,
-0.04361947253346443,
-0.057833343744277954,
0.005753649398684502,
0.015217922627925873,
-0.030296150594949722,
-0.038276176899671555,
0.014641684480011463,
-0.06820563226938248,
0.009595236741006374,
-0.009778585284948349,
0.04599427431821823,
-0.03462666645646095,
-0.001944803399965167,
0.00038415868766605854,
-0.016405321657657623,
-0.07578403502702713,
-0.03331703692674637,
-0.0004226291202940047,
0.05919536203145981,
-0.02388768643140793,
0.03209471330046654,
0.015689389780163765,
0.08472445607185364,
-0.04679751396179199,
-0.057833343744277954,
0.0016283090226352215,
0.006430292502045631,
-0.04554026573896408,
0.009080114774405956,
-0.01708633080124855,
0.012345463037490845,
0.01217957679182291,
0.022647900506854057,
0.055947475135326385,
-0.06621498614549637,
0.003581843338906765,
0.03611091524362564,
-0.07571418583393097,
0.05919536203145981,
-0.00502025568857789,
-0.0013849356910213828,
0.018317384645342827,
0.04424809664487839,
0.022124048322439194,
-0.0028899209573864937,
-0.05566808581352234,
0.0015901114093139768,
-0.0259481742978096,
-0.009935740381479263,
0.01410910114645958,
0.011908919550478458,
-0.02472585067152977,
0.03102954477071762,
-0.004203918389976025,
-0.021390654146671295,
-0.04756582900881767,
0.02160019613802433,
-0.08961374312639236,
-0.030470769852399826,
0.02044771984219551,
-0.02469092607498169,
0.03694908320903778,
-0.01783718727529049,
-0.008482049219310284,
-0.005085737444460392,
0.0009609424159862101,
0.013838443905115128,
-0.022979674860835075,
0.04599427431821823,
0.020692184567451477,
-0.02708318829536438,
0.0033963120076805353,
-0.01878885179758072,
-0.0006580900517292321,
0.004271582700312138,
0.029196061193943024,
0.007766117341816425,
-0.01651882380247116,
0.021076342090964317,
-0.028340434655547142,
-0.006657295394688845,
-0.01847454160451889,
0.016772018745541573,
0.005321471020579338,
0.04913738742470741,
-0.012825661338865757,
0.044527485966682434,
0.009342040866613388,
0.02627994678914547,
0.012415310367941856,
-0.0065525248646736145,
0.04347977787256241,
0.006674757227301598,
0.008682859130203724,
0.043025773018598557,
-0.009132499806582928,
-0.009935740381479263,
0.024463923647999763,
-0.03333449736237526,
-0.02231612801551819,
0.007242264226078987,
0.035499755293130875,
0.048788152635097504,
0.027327653020620346,
0.007622057572007179,
0.04557519033551216,
0.02236851304769516,
-0.024184536188840866,
-0.08814695477485657,
0.027362575754523277,
0.031099392101168633,
-0.024429000914096832,
0.012328001670539379,
0.059858910739421844,
-0.009935740381479263,
-0.05378221720457077,
-0.0009303843253292143,
-0.005980652291327715,
-0.02430676855146885,
0.012205769307911396,
-0.05601732060313225,
0.027345113456249237,
-0.027222881093621254,
0.035936299711465836,
-0.007883983664214611,
0.005727456882596016,
-0.01962701603770256,
0.015540964901447296,
-0.017627645283937454,
0.023311447352170944,
0.008992806077003479,
-0.07571418583393097,
0.039847735315561295,
-0.008438395336270332,
0.040301740169525146,
0.008949151262640953,
0.02629740908741951,
0.057553958147764206,
0.019330166280269623,
0.017339525744318962,
0.0376475527882576,
0.01878885179758072,
0.002765506040304899,
0.05214081332087517,
-0.04428302124142647,
0.0904519110918045,
-0.011245372705161572,
0.013288398273289204,
-0.0019786355551332235,
-0.014921072870492935,
-0.026838723570108414,
0.03205978870391846,
-0.02820073999464512,
-0.01959209330379963,
0.0188237763941288,
-0.025825941935181618,
-0.03055807761847973,
0.007635153830051422,
0.01333205308765173,
-0.02902144379913807,
-0.006517601665109396,
0.03488859534263611,
0.023311447352170944,
-0.012467695400118828,
-0.015549696050584316,
-0.017680030316114426,
0.02277013286948204,
-0.05528392642736435,
-0.048858001828193665,
0.039393726736307144,
-0.02322413958609104,
-0.004836907144635916,
-0.05601732060313225,
0.03338688239455223,
-0.03883495181798935,
-0.01530523132532835,
0.05367744714021683,
-0.005037717521190643,
-0.0321645587682724,
0.0006051590899005532,
0.019696863368153572,
-0.042606692761182785,
-0.02828804962337017,
0.009734930470585823,
0.014056716114282608,
0.012843123637139797,
0.00362986302934587,
0.0367395393550396,
-0.03095969744026661,
-0.07934623211622238,
0.0022318309638649225,
-0.00736886216327548,
-0.013366976752877235,
0.001586837344802916,
0.02278759516775608,
0.0008447126019746065,
0.011891457252204418,
0.01601243205368519,
-0.025738632306456566,
0.006094153970479965,
0.01721729338169098,
0.004627366084605455,
0.0002792517188936472,
-0.0064128306694328785,
-0.03359642252326012,
-0.021355731412768364,
0.00924600102007389,
-0.03256617859005928,
-0.011297757737338543,
0.005426241550594568,
-0.07305999845266342,
-0.046553049236536026,
-0.006447754334658384,
0.05758887901902199,
-0.016475168988108635,
0.04630858451128006,
-0.011917650699615479,
-0.007464902009814978,
-0.010302437469363213,
0.05577285587787628,
-0.0016097559127956629,
0.005849689245223999,
0.02746734581887722,
0.030488230288028717,
0.024551233276724815,
0.015837814658880234,
-0.036250609904527664,
-0.007888349704444408,
-0.028480129316449165,
-0.005146853160113096,
0.011000907979905605,
0.04005727544426918,
0.012886777520179749,
0.03288049250841141,
0.014702800661325455,
0.0041493503376841545,
0.05727456882596016,
-0.037822168320417404,
0.011297757737338543,
-0.037857092916965485,
0.0180903822183609,
0.0486135371029377,
-0.008883669972419739,
0.019138088449835777,
0.021460501477122307,
0.022525668144226074,
-0.012982817366719246,
0.007150590419769287,
-0.027711810544133186,
-0.012808199971914291,
0.0149385342374444,
0.03221694380044937,
0.003872144967317581,
-0.029545295983552933,
0.00006442434096243232,
-0.05622686445713043,
0.037822168320417404,
-0.02793881483376026,
-0.03834602236747742,
0.03223440796136856,
-0.01218830794095993,
0.006639833562076092,
-0.03953342139720917,
0.025214780122041702,
0.030854927375912666,
0.0013980320654809475,
0.02982468344271183,
-0.005273451097309589,
-0.03219948336482048,
0.0009909548098221421,
-0.05692533403635025,
-0.02982468344271183,
0.03525529056787491,
-0.028165817260742188,
-0.03520290553569794,
-0.004858734551817179,
0.004666654858738184,
-0.03102954477071762,
-0.033107493072748184,
-0.030750157311558723,
0.003049259539693594,
0.025756094604730606,
0.07718097418546677,
-0.00704581942409277,
0.003835038747638464,
-0.033159878104925156,
-0.023835301399230957,
-0.06600544601678848,
-0.012991548515856266,
0.06321156769990921,
0.037472933530807495,
0.008342355489730835,
-0.0259481742978096,
0.018299922347068787,
0.011507298797369003,
-0.01924285851418972,
-0.004692847840487957,
0.012319270521402359,
0.03621568903326988,
-0.024848083034157753,
0.02114618942141533,
-0.020273102447390556,
-0.05367744714021683,
-0.042152684181928635,
0.013410630635917187,
0.011070755310356617,
-0.02273521013557911,
-0.00460117356851697,
0.0029641336295753717,
-0.022298665717244148,
0.020517567172646523,
0.019347628578543663,
0.010782635770738125,
0.016955368220806122,
-0.08814695477485657,
0.00837727915495634,
0.030331075191497803,
0.052385278046131134,
0.05151218920946121,
-0.010861214250326157,
-0.027013340964913368,
-0.008861842565238476,
-0.06174477934837341,
0.01997625268995762,
0.0032828105613589287,
-0.012651043944060802,
0.034906055778265,
0.03134385868906975,
-0.025616399943828583,
0.0550045408308506,
0.013855905272066593,
0.09541104733943939,
0.008255046792328358,
-0.03303764760494232,
-0.07222183048725128,
0.03677446395158768,
-0.022944750264286995,
0.057134874165058136,
0.01586400717496872,
-0.01887616142630577,
-0.0024271844886243343,
0.0354473702609539,
-0.03335195779800415,
-0.020535027608275414,
-0.01238038670271635,
-0.019487323239445686,
0.03384088724851608,
0.00547862658277154,
-0.01296535599976778,
-0.020290562883019447,
-0.01967940293252468,
0.0020724923815578222,
0.004483306780457497,
0.01176049467176199,
-0.005840958096086979,
-0.014178948476910591,
0.047321368008852005,
-0.002368251094594598,
0.13256967067718506,
-0.010110358707606792,
-0.008613012731075287,
0.010154012590646744,
0.03649507462978363,
0.028061047196388245,
0.037088774144649506,
0.005159949883818626,
0.024987777695059776,
0.03876510262489319,
0.013009009882807732,
-0.013209820725023746,
-0.01352413184940815,
0.009289655834436417,
0.0022394706029444933,
0.01761891506612301,
0.015506042167544365,
-0.005321471020579338,
-0.03055807761847973,
-0.015392540022730827,
0.029353216290473938,
0.018911084160208702,
-0.03698400408029556,
0.012825661338865757,
0.01390829123556614,
0.028846824541687965,
0.0008092433563433588,
-0.011943843215703964,
-0.05339805781841278,
-0.057099949568510056,
0.027222881093621254,
0.01588146947324276,
-0.029056366533041,
0.01999371312558651,
-0.0048630996607244015,
0.007923273369669914,
-0.010869944468140602,
-0.03460920602083206,
-0.002337693003937602,
0.011419990099966526,
-0.011524761095643044,
-0.002392261056229472,
-0.01810784451663494,
-0.02479569800198078,
0.044108401983976364,
-0.012293078005313873,
0.008303066715598106,
-0.011289026588201523,
-0.02516239508986473,
0.005028986372053623,
-0.03265348821878433,
0.039079416543245316,
-0.07040581107139587,
0.008722148835659027,
0.009848431684076786,
0.02860236167907715,
-0.01884123682975769,
-0.044143326580524445,
0.029230983927845955,
0.009446811862289906,
0.07424739748239517,
0.025197317823767662,
0.01575050689280033,
0.016623593866825104,
0.009219808503985405,
-0.012275616638362408,
-0.0011786686955019832,
-0.006102884653955698,
0.05448068678379059,
-0.011166795156896114,
0.031256549060344696,
0.019696863368153572,
0.018212614580988884,
0.002337693003937602,
0.00981350801885128,
0.04749598354101181,
0.03466159105300903,
0.02870713174343109,
0.005993748549371958,
-0.012703429907560349,
-0.08207026869058609,
-0.06314171850681305,
0.02781658247113228,
-0.061465390026569366,
-0.011306488886475563,
0.004823810886591673,
0.010922330431640148,
0.0254941675812006,
-0.04152406379580498,
-0.0023638855200260878,
0.001627217628993094,
0.009743661619722843,
-0.04110497981309891,
0.0065568904392421246,
0.03139624372124672,
0.004027117975056171,
-0.039428651332855225,
0.027170496061444283,
-0.03880002722144127,
-0.00011459278903203085,
-0.04634350910782814,
-0.006399734411388636,
-0.015410002321004868,
0.0018487636698409915,
0.03457428142428398,
-0.0046317316591739655,
0.03384088724851608,
0.028392819687724113,
-0.010319899767637253,
0.025808479636907578,
0.0070851086638867855,
-0.04917231202125549,
0.026908570900559425,
0.0060635958798229694,
-0.0026389083359390497,
-0.004928581416606903,
-0.044597331434488297,
-0.006679122801870108,
0.03151847422122955,
-0.015602081082761288,
0.007277187891304493,
0.00035605617449618876,
-0.018666619434952736,
-0.013663826510310173,
0.04159390926361084,
0.010223859921097755,
-0.024184536188840866,
0.04896277189254761,
-0.018142767250537872,
0.06764685362577438,
-0.008866207674145699,
-0.02509254775941372,
-0.011908919550478458,
0.044597331434488297,
-0.009734930470585823,
-0.0385555624961853,
-0.011655723676085472,
-0.050883565098047256,
-0.013986868783831596,
-0.044178251177072525,
0.026943493634462357,
-0.027607040479779243,
0.022281203418970108,
0.0116033386439085,
0.003226059954613447,
-0.03129146993160248,
0.0007988754659891129,
0.014807571657001972,
0.006408465560525656,
0.02006356045603752,
0.025825941935181618,
0.013628902845084667,
-0.0423971489071846,
0.023765454068779945,
0.02318921498954296,
0.00156719284132123,
-0.032426487654447556,
0.0708947405219078,
-0.028794439509510994,
0.020535027608275414,
-0.0070894742384552956,
-0.032409023493528366,
-0.028811901807785034,
0.014615491963922977,
0.011777956038713455,
0.005212334915995598,
-0.004932946991175413,
0.007818502373993397,
0.004967870190739632,
-0.022874904796481133,
-0.005063910037279129,
0.02046518214046955,
-0.01553223468363285,
-0.04442271590232849,
-0.024114688858389854,
-0.047251518815755844,
-0.03460920602083206,
0.03151847422122955,
-0.046168889850378036,
0.006561256013810635,
-0.030732695013284683,
-0.012555004097521305,
-0.004505133721977472,
0.008386009372770786,
-0.015235384926199913,
0.053153593093156815,
0.009796046651899815,
0.013236013241112232,
0.05252496898174286,
-0.006644199136644602,
0.016876790672540665,
0.0010826290817931294,
0.054760076105594635,
0.009385695680975914,
0.03460920602083206,
0.013663826510310173,
0.007521652616560459,
0.019050778821110725,
0.04316546767950058,
-0.023782914504408836,
-0.024027379229664803,
-0.01566319726407528,
-0.0019568083807826042,
0.014955996535718441,
0.023276524618268013,
0.04540057107806206,
-0.014999650418758392,
0.007927638478577137,
0.014449605718255043,
-0.029161136597394943,
0.026908570900559425,
-0.02083187736570835,
0.009298386983573437,
-0.011655723676085472,
0.0025297722313553095,
0.00279388134367764,
-0.010363553650677204,
0.05814765766263008,
0.010319899767637253,
-0.03347419202327728,
-0.0013783875619992614,
0.023660684004426003,
0.012511350214481354,
0.010311168618500233,
-0.018631696701049805,
-0.007560941390693188,
-0.03893972188234329,
0.008805091492831707,
0.007879618555307388,
-0.024603618308901787,
0.05577285587787628,
0.007146224845200777,
-0.016475168988108635,
0.036634769290685654,
-0.0011699377791956067,
0.009123768657445908,
-0.021443039178848267,
-0.0037259028758853674,
0.026541873812675476,
0.03141370415687561,
-0.021862121298909187,
0.02318921498954296,
-0.0010324264876544476,
-0.000499569985549897,
-0.07557449489831924,
-0.021128728985786438,
-0.011533491313457489,
-0.021687503904104233,
0.02160019613802433,
0.02902144379913807,
0.005242893006652594,
-0.004540057387202978,
-0.023678144440054893,
-0.056261785328388214,
0.007438709028065205,
-0.02505762316286564,
0.015200461260974407,
-0.002392261056229472,
-0.018579311668872833,
-0.0034879862796515226,
0.0021739890798926353,
0.023695606738328934,
0.026838723570108414,
-0.009141230955719948,
-0.004793252795934677,
0.01332332193851471,
-0.014458335936069489,
0.0009729473968036473,
0.008329259231686592,
0.005814765579998493,
-0.030313612893223763,
0.015200461260974407,
0.017409373074769974,
0.021338269114494324,
-0.019871480762958527,
0.026891108602285385,
-0.04285115748643875,
0.01588146947324276,
0.042606692761182785,
-0.04484179615974426,
0.0414891391992569,
-0.007429978344589472,
-0.016492631286382675,
0.004027117975056171,
0.012904239818453789,
-0.01725221797823906,
0.004367622546851635,
-0.035936299711465836,
0.012476426549255848,
-0.007434343919157982,
0.033107493072748184,
0.046518124639987946,
-0.0012801651610061526,
-0.04229237884283066,
0.016824403777718544,
-0.06115107983350754,
0.005116295535117388,
-0.006613641045987606,
-0.008700321428477764,
-0.008861842565238476,
-0.012476426549255848,
0.01781972497701645,
0.020936649292707443,
0.02428930625319481,
0.01840469427406788,
-0.007648250553756952,
-0.008866207674145699,
-0.03488859534263611,
-0.03424250707030296,
-0.0017439931398257613,
-0.00997939519584179,
-0.0009740387322381139,
-0.003664786694571376,
-0.024097226560115814,
0.036704618483781815,
-0.03771739825606346,
0.04627365991473198,
-0.002588705625385046,
-0.007678808178752661,
-0.03970804065465927,
-0.021285884082317352,
-0.024236921221017838,
0.04945170134305954,
-0.03796186298131943,
-0.028462667018175125,
0.024184536188840866,
0.010756443254649639,
0.016195781528949738,
-0.014921072870492935,
0.019487323239445686,
-0.012074805796146393,
-0.0010629845783114433,
0.007495460100471973,
0.023730529472231865,
0.0009691276354715228,
0.02081441693007946,
-0.0012976269936189055,
0.03254871815443039,
0.0025996193289756775,
0.018614234402775764,
0.04948662593960762,
-0.023800376802682877,
-0.04197806864976883,
0.04466718062758446,
0.016562478616833687,
-0.02666410617530346,
-0.03288049250841141,
0.0013161801034584641,
0.002468656050041318,
-0.00363422860391438,
-0.05287420377135277,
-0.03328211233019829,
-0.01915554888546467,
-0.015986239537596703,
-0.03635537996888161,
-0.019539708271622658,
0.030505692586302757,
-0.04082559049129486,
0.004500768147408962,
-0.011454913765192032,
0.03932388126850128,
0.013131242245435715,
-0.021739888936281204,
0.02949291095137596,
-0.0064564854837954044,
0.0061640008352696896,
0.03659984469413757,
0.02507508546113968,
-0.0075958650559186935,
0.0006078874575905502,
0.035901375114917755,
-0.017968149855732918,
-0.01317489705979824,
-0.028445204719901085,
-0.007229167968034744,
-0.01217957679182291,
-0.025703709572553635,
-0.013690019026398659,
0.0006002479349263012,
0.01703394576907158,
0.009874624200165272
] |
The aviation industry as well as the industries that benefit and are linked
to it are ripe for innovation in the form of Big Data analytics. The number of
available big data technologies is constantly growing, while at the same time
the existing ones are rapidly evolving and empowered with new features.
However, the Big Data era imposes the crucial challenge of how to effectively
handle information security while managing massive and rapidly evolving data
from heterogeneous data sources. While multiple technologies have emerged,
there is a need to find a balance between multiple security requirements,
privacy obligations, system performance and rapid dynamic analysis on large
datasets. The current paper aims to introduce the ICARUS Secure Experimentation
Sandbox of the ICARUS platform. The ICARUS platform aims to provide a big
data-enabled platform that aspires to become an 'one-stop shop' for aviation
data and intelligence marketplace that provides a trusted and secure
'sandboxed' analytics workspace, allowing the exploration, integration and deep
analysis of original and derivative data in a trusted and fair manner. Towards
this end, a Secure Experimentation Sandbox has been designed and integrated in
the ICARUS platform offering, that enables the provisioning of a sophisticated
environment that can completely guarantee the safety and confidentiality of
data, allowing to any interested party to utilise the platform to conduct
analytical experiments in closed-lab conditions. | [
-0.0535065196454525,
-0.007846503518521786,
-0.02021082304418087,
-0.04516049474477768,
0.062453743070364,
-0.023004621267318726,
-0.03354324772953987,
0.009521896950900555,
-0.02825625240802765,
-0.0038834663573652506,
0.0740533098578453,
-0.1038302332162857,
0.025197220966219902,
-0.023093031719326973,
-0.022456470876932144,
0.033454835414886475,
-0.04717627167701721,
-0.06319639831781387,
0.017036857083439827,
-0.05859901010990143,
0.052162669599056244,
0.006140165030956268,
-0.013606498949229717,
0.01605549268424511,
0.02164308726787567,
0.0237826406955719,
0.024719800800085068,
0.04017409682273865,
-0.04703481122851372,
0.06588410586118698,
0.039396077394485474,
-0.006971231196075678,
0.0044736117124557495,
-0.04314471408724785,
-0.008956064470112324,
-0.020034000277519226,
-0.02353508770465851,
0.022067461162805557,
-0.00749727850779891,
0.0036093913950026035,
0.03264145180583,
-0.04958105832338333,
-0.00338394264690578,
0.0833188146352768,
-0.02288084477186203,
-0.015401248820126057,
-0.03957289829850197,
-0.034568820148706436,
-0.05845755338668823,
0.019521215930581093,
-0.008796924725174904,
-0.04565559700131416,
0.0070463805459439754,
0.0013526929542422295,
-0.03624863550066948,
0.03706201910972595,
0.030678721144795418,
0.021165665239095688,
0.007828820496797562,
0.004029345232993364,
0.04508976265788078,
-0.0039011486805975437,
0.04714090749621391,
0.0016676582163199782,
-0.024737482890486717,
-0.01569300703704357,
0.0446300245821476,
-0.0444885678589344,
0.009274345822632313,
0.013482723385095596,
-0.013323583640158176,
0.024295425042510033,
0.03064335696399212,
-0.01218307763338089,
0.017142951488494873,
-0.02203209698200226,
0.041694771498441696,
0.007015436887741089,
0.03688519448041916,
-0.021006524562835693,
0.020069366320967674,
0.0033087930642068386,
-0.03674373775720596,
0.02261561155319214,
0.05739661678671837,
0.02700081095099449,
-0.026576437056064606,
-0.07758975774049759,
0.06298421323299408,
-0.08996734023094177,
0.004579705651849508,
-0.026364250108599663,
0.03295973315834999,
-0.01322633121162653,
0.0009460009168833494,
0.005070388317108154,
-0.045549504458904266,
-0.03844123333692551,
-0.017611531540751457,
0.03288900479674339,
-0.04519585892558098,
0.04406419396400452,
0.010936478152871132,
-0.03474564105272293,
-0.017107587307691574,
-0.030130572617053986,
-0.004491294268518686,
0.041482582688331604,
0.010918796062469482,
0.0893307775259018,
-0.006193211767822504,
-0.013438518159091473,
-0.014437565580010414,
0.005605276674032211,
-0.06291348487138748,
0.0010012580314651132,
0.00995511282235384,
-0.008027746342122555,
-0.01666553132236004,
0.010909955017268658,
-0.006316987331956625,
-0.022951573133468628,
0.025480138137936592,
0.034604184329509735,
-0.039360713213682175,
0.08140912652015686,
0.009592626243829727,
-0.06425733119249344,
-0.019255980849266052,
-0.01605549268424511,
-0.02406555600464344,
0.03032507747411728,
-0.014287266880273819,
-0.019468167796730995,
0.04933350533246994,
0.010618197731673717,
0.01630304381251335,
-0.0033220546320080757,
-0.00541519233956933,
-0.01365954615175724,
0.0026501286774873734,
-0.007258567959070206,
-0.04431174322962761,
-0.0018301139352843165,
0.004024924710392952,
0.0008222251199185848,
-0.04081065580248833,
0.012855003587901592,
-0.06160499528050423,
0.021536992862820625,
-0.02109493687748909,
0.09272577613592148,
0.01930902898311615,
0.00014656936400569975,
0.033401791006326675,
0.035187698900699615,
0.040563106536865234,
0.0022147030103951693,
-0.01293457392603159,
0.038794878870248795,
0.06270129233598709,
-0.03890097141265869,
-0.009000270627439022,
0.02291620895266533,
0.05594667047262192,
-0.002720857737585902,
0.014366836287081242,
-0.023888733237981796,
-0.022491835057735443,
0.050359077751636505,
-0.06026114523410797,
-0.048909131437540054,
-0.07313382625579834,
0.0357004851102829,
-0.01930902898311615,
-0.010600514709949493,
0.006613165605813265,
0.016868876293301582,
-0.05729052424430847,
0.013995508663356304,
-0.0504651702940464,
-0.023252172395586967,
-0.01322633121162653,
0.054461363703012466,
-0.02878672070801258,
0.06089770421385765,
0.07907506823539734,
-0.020564468577504158,
0.06659138947725296,
-0.02583378180861473,
0.025480138137936592,
-0.0010316494153812528,
0.027230681851506233,
0.0014289476675912738,
-0.023711910471320152,
-0.025798417627811432,
-0.014251901768147945,
0.003412676276639104,
-0.005384248215705156,
-0.018831606954336166,
-0.051596835255622864,
-0.05028834939002991,
0.003819368313997984,
0.03363166004419327,
-0.06121598556637764,
0.02586914785206318,
0.016444502398371696,
-0.01249251700937748,
0.04066919907927513,
-0.018884653225541115,
-0.028751354664564133,
0.03897170349955559,
0.011776385828852654,
0.03209330141544342,
-0.022474152967333794,
-0.022226601839065552,
-0.04487757757306099,
0.009521896950900555,
-0.03310118988156319,
-0.010768496431410313,
0.01497687492519617,
-0.023411313071846962,
0.019804131239652634,
-0.017646895721554756,
-0.028468439355492592,
-0.06280738860368729,
-0.014216537587344646,
0.03391457721590996,
-0.02466675266623497,
-0.00920361652970314,
0.007899549789726734,
-0.03320728614926338,
-0.024118604138493538,
0.0029860916547477245,
0.007603371981531382,
-0.07193143665790558,
0.018230410292744637,
0.006056174170225859,
-0.057502709329128265,
-0.038582693785429,
-0.007718306500464678,
-0.027513597160577774,
-0.027831878513097763,
-0.07645809650421143,
0.02641729637980461,
0.020246189087629318,
-0.015560389496386051,
0.0919477567076683,
0.0222442839294672,
0.050323713570833206,
0.004385200794786215,
0.03982045128941536,
-0.01959194429218769,
0.0029418859630823135,
0.02047605812549591,
0.0252679493278265,
0.009300868958234787,
-0.012076984159648418,
-0.03738029673695564,
-0.023269854485988617,
0.009035634808242321,
-0.04569096118211746,
-0.026576437056064606,
0.02319912612438202,
-0.02549782022833824,
0.00862010195851326,
0.08211641758680344,
-0.0036403352860361338,
0.033720072358846664,
-0.06669748574495316,
-0.01351808849722147,
0.027831878513097763,
-0.012704703956842422,
-0.05548693239688873,
0.0010476739844307303,
0.012359900400042534,
0.0192736629396677,
-0.04371054843068123,
-0.03306582570075989,
0.04668116569519043,
-0.028645262122154236,
-0.07221435010433197,
0.0774483010172844,
-0.02496735192835331,
-0.039396077394485474,
0.022686339914798737,
-0.017408184707164764,
-0.0267002135515213,
0.0014919406967237592,
-0.028008701279759407,
-0.021926002576947212,
-0.006179950200021267,
-0.0474945530295372,
0.03417981043457985,
-0.024171650409698486,
0.004699060693383217,
0.05315287411212921,
-0.028061747550964355,
-0.04257888346910477,
-0.03504623845219612,
-0.042967893183231354,
-0.021271759644150734,
0.016232315450906754,
0.09590858221054077,
-0.027142269536852837,
0.022739386186003685,
-0.004858200903981924,
0.03978508710861206,
-0.007444231770932674,
-0.008301821537315845,
-0.026859354227781296,
0.01987486146390438,
-0.008575896732509136,
-0.024277742952108383,
0.01364186406135559,
0.06503535062074661,
0.01846027933061123,
0.010008159093558788,
-0.02910500019788742,
-0.041765499860048294,
0.05767953395843506,
0.05120782554149628,
-0.11472250521183014,
0.038158316165208817,
-0.016868876293301582,
-0.07058758288621902,
-0.027407502755522728,
0.034285902976989746,
-0.014181172475218773,
0.019220616668462753,
0.02293389104306698,
-0.009132887236773968,
-0.02995374985039234,
0.034869417548179626,
0.02793797105550766,
-0.02825625240802765,
0.005154378712177277,
-0.033773116767406464,
0.003722115885466337,
-0.010892271995544434,
0.036991287022829056,
0.008372549898922443,
-0.0653182715177536,
0.022173553705215454,
0.007192259654402733,
0.007095006760209799,
0.003021456301212311,
0.029829973354935646,
0.0026412876322865486,
0.010839225724339485,
0.001005126046948135,
-0.0035651857033371925,
-0.053046781569719315,
0.002692124107852578,
0.04880303889513016,
-0.009424644522368908,
0.04806038364768028,
-0.024825893342494965,
-0.008942803367972374,
0.012412946671247482,
0.04572632536292076,
0.00861568097025156,
-0.02164308726787567,
0.01335010677576065,
0.012952256016433239,
0.05025298520922661,
-0.0033065828029066324,
-0.015374725684523582,
0.02678862400352955,
-0.005424033384770155,
-0.0445239320397377,
0.020369963720440865,
0.003094395622611046,
-0.024207014590501785,
-0.023694228380918503,
-0.02705385908484459,
-0.01069776713848114,
-0.014225378632545471,
-0.04081065580248833,
0.0446653887629509,
0.018796242773532867,
-0.054178446531295776,
-0.031350646167993546,
0.017346298322081566,
-0.0326944999396801,
0.03120918944478035,
0.05018225684762001,
0.056335680186748505,
0.08515776693820953,
0.0773068442940712,
-0.028627580031752586,
0.01604665070772171,
-0.06068551912903786,
-0.07758975774049759,
0.02942328155040741,
-0.07391184568405151,
0.039678990840911865,
-0.022650975733995438,
0.06563655287027359,
-0.00982249528169632,
0.006710418034344912,
0.033437155187129974,
-0.01290804985910654,
0.00743539072573185,
-0.01055630948394537,
-0.0052295285277068615,
0.005888192914426327,
0.0033728911075741053,
0.005004079546779394,
0.0037442187312990427,
-0.022969257086515427,
-0.02436615526676178,
-0.026947764679789543,
0.036637645214796066,
0.017399344593286514,
0.0004799076123163104,
-0.022368058562278748,
0.023375948891043663,
0.014897304587066174,
0.005614117719233036,
-0.01502992119640112,
-0.0067015765234827995,
0.03188111633062363,
0.009406962431967258,
0.01097184233367443,
0.04597387835383415,
-0.0010305442847311497,
-0.01870783232152462,
0.011643768288195133,
-0.052763864398002625,
0.03812295198440552,
-0.02197904884815216,
0.002933044917881489,
-0.02792028896510601,
0.00025929376715794206,
-0.02705385908484459,
0.04936886951327324,
0.0193267110735178,
0.01380100380629301,
-0.03230549022555351,
-0.04540804401040077,
0.022155871614813805,
0.012138871476054192,
0.00528699578717351,
-0.009760607965290546,
0.016400296241044998,
-0.022792434319853783,
-0.006051753647625446,
-0.024153968319296837,
-0.06372686475515366,
-0.02404787391424179,
0.060190413147211075,
-0.09286723285913467,
-0.008704092353582382,
-0.00995511282235384,
-0.029529374092817307,
0.02321680821478367,
-0.006445183884352446,
0.047671373933553696,
0.04908595606684685,
-0.009327392093837261,
0.10227419435977936,
0.012395264580845833,
0.014313790015876293,
0.018531009554862976,
0.02940559946000576,
-0.0833188146352768,
-0.004230480641126633,
0.026647167280316353,
0.02256256341934204,
0.024295425042510033,
-0.014366836287081242,
0.0386887863278389,
0.02197904884815216,
-0.016409138217568398,
0.019733402878046036,
0.036673009395599365,
0.006440763361752033,
-0.021802227944135666,
-0.041199665516614914,
0.04395809769630432,
0.07327529042959213,
0.018336504697799683,
-0.04982861131429672,
-0.021872956305742264,
0.04979324713349342,
-0.0002333229494979605,
0.010529786348342896,
-0.035470616072416306,
-0.01719599775969982,
-0.005547809414565563,
-0.07999454438686371,
0.011528833769261837,
-0.03921925276517868,
-0.014048555865883827,
0.010043524205684662,
-0.08529922366142273,
0.037274204194545746,
0.0021362381521612406,
0.0386180579662323,
-0.02173149771988392,
0.0004807364603038877,
-0.017434708774089813,
-0.0005144432652741671,
-0.01528631430119276,
0.02611669898033142,
0.04222523793578148,
0.032252442091703415,
0.058952655643224716,
0.01687771826982498,
0.0010438059689477086,
0.027849560603499413,
-0.019379757344722748,
0.010370645672082901,
-0.012501358054578304,
-0.006630847696214914,
-0.009212457574903965,
-0.00003709130396600813,
-0.002762853167951107,
0.03057262860238552,
0.01205046009272337,
0.04010336846113205,
-0.029511692002415657,
-0.02137785218656063,
0.04668116569519043,
0.005238369572907686,
0.021466264501214027,
0.031934160739183426,
0.023322900757193565,
-0.01723136194050312,
-0.031704291701316833,
0.02944096364080906,
-0.02853916771709919,
-0.05888192728161812,
-0.004942191764712334,
0.046186063438653946,
-0.008319503627717495,
-0.009406962431967258,
0.04388736933469772,
-0.013500405475497246,
-0.06528290361166,
0.046787261962890625,
0.0000894473705557175,
0.005768837407231331,
0.05456745624542236,
0.012536722235381603,
0.03628399968147278,
0.02468443475663662,
0.0356120727956295,
-0.016143903136253357,
-0.04692871868610382,
0.010193822905421257,
0.021784543991088867,
-0.020246189087629318,
-0.003266797633841634,
0.005653902888298035,
0.04187159240245819,
-0.04880303889513016,
-0.011263599619269371,
-0.009415803477168083,
-0.004712322261184454,
-0.01324401330202818,
0.005370986647903919,
-0.008544952608644962,
-0.03117382526397705,
0.015295155346393585,
0.01351808849722147,
0.04105820879340172,
0.004234901163727045,
0.006423081271350384,
-0.020865067839622498,
0.0006194316665641963,
-0.018672466278076172,
0.004223850090056658,
0.0005224555497989058,
-0.003905569203197956,
0.032553043216466904,
-0.029564740136265755,
-0.005662743933498859,
0.01086574885994196,
0.0006918184226378798,
0.004592967219650745,
-0.01175870280712843,
0.015914034098386765,
0.02314607799053192,
0.02380032278597355,
0.0012786485021933913,
-0.015348201617598534,
-0.01280195638537407,
-0.011316646821796894,
-0.032570723444223404,
0.021890638396143913,
-0.029051953926682472,
-0.022633293643593788,
-0.02321680821478367,
0.03179270401597023,
0.005238369572907686,
0.057219795882701874,
-0.006268361117690802,
-0.016700895503163338,
0.02728372812271118,
0.032835956662893295,
0.003081133821979165,
0.02319912612438202,
-0.021519310772418976,
0.012996461242437363,
-0.0015549337258562446,
-0.0007934914319775999,
0.026647167280316353,
0.015401248820126057,
0.001416791114024818,
-0.04303862154483795,
0.056017402559518814,
-0.014207696542143822,
0.013173284009099007,
0.033454835414886475,
0.03918388858437538,
-0.0037066438235342503,
-0.05990749970078468,
-0.018177364021539688,
0.0008791398722678423,
-0.00860241986811161,
-0.001663237577304244,
-0.00610037986189127,
0.050359077751636505,
-0.0177883543074131,
0.03005984239280224,
0.005689267069101334,
-0.007364661432802677,
-0.017576167359948158,
-0.03918388858437538,
-0.018301138654351234,
0.01084806676954031,
0.0015538285952061415,
0.028008701279759407,
-0.0043940418399870396,
0.003472353797405958,
0.04307398572564125,
0.00005138906999491155,
-0.03646082058548927,
-0.021572357043623924,
0.04402882978320122,
0.04954569414258003,
0.054213810712099075,
0.0040823919698596,
0.03950216993689537,
-0.007528222166001797,
-0.008399073965847492,
0.024436883628368378,
0.08423829078674316,
0.0252325851470232,
0.023039985448122025,
0.01985717937350273,
0.005552229937165976,
0.005874930880963802,
-0.014251901768147945,
0.039926543831825256,
0.012863844633102417,
-0.011334328912198544,
0.027230681851506233,
0.0007144738337956369,
-0.01698381081223488,
-0.02282779850065708,
0.0267002135515213,
-0.0028004280757158995,
0.008010064251720905,
0.03205793723464012,
0.0018544270424172282,
-0.021201029419898987,
0.003830419620499015,
0.020122412592172623,
-0.020635198801755905,
-0.011369693093001842,
0.03188111633062363,
0.015489660203456879,
-0.02256256341934204,
-0.008885336108505726,
0.03953753411769867,
-0.015489660203456879,
-0.038511961698532104,
0.024772847071290016,
-0.04222523793578148,
-0.0505712665617466,
0.02049374021589756,
-0.08742109686136246,
-0.014738163910806179,
0.0030435591470450163,
0.005238369572907686,
0.03246463090181351,
-0.004743266385048628,
-0.027248363941907883,
0.00697565171867609,
0.012191918678581715,
0.018619420006871223,
0.004951032809913158,
-0.050040796399116516,
-0.018283456563949585,
-0.045266587287187576,
-0.010565150529146194,
0.03716811165213585,
-0.03004216030240059,
-0.030784815549850464,
0.017284410074353218,
0.03354324772953987,
0.013341265730559826,
0.050076160579919815,
0.010803861543536186,
-0.022986939176917076,
-0.008200148120522499,
0.0027694839518517256,
-0.028981225565075874,
-0.004478032235056162,
-0.029211094602942467,
0.03244694694876671,
0.03776930645108223,
-0.008664307184517384,
0.038582693785429,
0.00876598060131073,
0.002528563141822815,
0.010600514709949493,
0.003918830770999193,
-0.009327392093837261,
-0.03495782986283302,
-0.06273666024208069,
-0.0006658476195298135,
0.01484425738453865,
-0.0007907286053523421,
0.012969938106834888,
-0.05990749970078468,
-0.0035231902729719877,
0.020882749930024147,
-0.05403698608279228,
0.03812295198440552,
0.011917843483388424,
0.013526929542422295,
-0.0023053246550261974,
0.008217830210924149,
0.00893396232277155,
-0.044453203678131104,
0.00010436677985126153,
0.007077324669808149,
-0.03087322600185871,
-0.02380032278597355,
-0.00803658738732338,
0.03138601407408714,
-0.014658593572676182,
0.008589157834649086,
-0.0005912506021559238,
-0.029228776693344116,
0.006670632865279913,
0.02700081095099449,
0.00318722752854228,
0.03674373775720596,
-0.07164851576089859,
-0.03621326759457588,
0.019149888306856155,
-0.011926684528589249,
-0.018566373735666275,
0.01220075972378254,
-0.01172333862632513,
0.023004621267318726,
0.05382480099797249,
-0.009362757205963135,
0.06054405868053436,
0.05863437429070473,
-0.038794878870248795,
0.012899208813905716,
0.007249726913869381,
0.03000679612159729,
0.01324401330202818,
0.003498877165839076,
-0.01966267265379429,
0.07518497109413147,
-0.04378127679228783,
-0.017372820526361465,
-0.015074127353727818,
0.027442868798971176,
-0.03004216030240059,
-0.004153120797127485,
-0.02609901688992977,
-0.023269854485988617,
-0.0089074382558465,
-0.03131528198719025,
0.023269854485988617,
-0.0282739344984293,
-0.03423285484313965,
0.006104800384491682,
-0.053612612187862396,
-0.004022714216262102,
0.04692871868610382,
-0.016099698841571808,
0.013332424685359001,
0.032818276435136795,
0.011325487866997719,
0.04929814115166664,
0.011997413821518421,
-0.037627849727869034,
0.0038569429889321327,
-0.03509928658604622,
-0.020635198801755905,
0.06160499528050423,
-0.034338951110839844,
0.01869014836847782,
-0.023039985448122025,
-0.006051753647625446,
-0.051809024065732956,
-0.007492857985198498,
-0.04721163585782051,
0.020087048411369324,
-0.01870783232152462,
0.01130780577659607,
0.013129078783094883,
0.0007724937750026584,
0.03471027687191963,
0.026930082589387894,
-0.00029452014132402837,
-0.013571134768426418,
0.051561471074819565,
-0.026611801236867905,
-0.02261561155319214,
0.011855955235660076,
-0.04540804401040077,
0.014800052158534527,
-0.0017638055142015219,
0.02825625240802765,
-0.0010239133844152093,
0.01904379390180111,
0.002169392304494977,
0.03066103905439377,
-0.004389621317386627,
0.005198584403842688,
0.009115205146372318,
-0.0267355777323246,
-0.004632752388715744,
-0.0016720787389203906,
0.04494830593466759,
0.014676276594400406,
0.056583233177661896,
0.02643497847020626,
0.007877446711063385,
0.03539988398551941,
0.04003263637423515,
-0.036390092223882675,
-0.004287948366254568,
0.021519310772418976,
-0.0035342418123036623,
-0.03833514079451561,
0.03248231112957001,
-0.016709735617041588,
0.02254488132894039,
0.03032507747411728,
-0.0032933210022747517,
-0.03893633559346199,
0.044134922325611115,
-0.004654855001717806,
0.009566103108227253,
0.03681446611881256,
-0.029900701716542244,
-0.0026501286774873734,
-0.01876087859272957,
0.013686069287359715,
0.022721704095602036,
-0.026081334799528122,
0.05110173299908638,
0.030979320406913757,
-0.014481771737337112,
-0.010485580191016197,
-0.029883019626140594,
-0.0018035905668511987,
0.014959191903471947,
-0.010494421236217022,
-0.0002490712213329971,
0.01218307763338089,
0.020334599539637566,
0.022491835057735443,
-0.036991287022829056,
0.015250949189066887,
-0.00995511282235384,
0.0017328615067526698,
-0.013376629911363125,
-0.0065645393915474415,
0.0016002445481717587,
0.06588410586118698,
0.05969531089067459,
0.05142001435160637,
-0.04565559700131416,
-0.02051142230629921,
-0.02735445648431778,
0.023287536576390266,
-0.020069366320967674,
-0.008253195323050022,
0.0237826406955719,
0.0057202111929655075,
-0.003052400192245841,
0.002981671132147312,
-0.014092761091887951,
-0.06153426691889763,
-0.0081647839397192,
-0.05619422346353531,
0.03982045128941536,
0.006272782105952501,
-0.024719800800085068,
-0.0534004271030426,
-0.025179538875818253,
-0.003498877165839076,
-0.030802497640252113,
0.01569300703704357,
-0.0055610709823668,
-0.01666553132236004,
0.023959463462233543,
-0.03476332500576973,
-0.003315423848107457,
0.0267709419131279,
-0.02852148562669754,
-0.000860352476593107,
-0.019538898020982742,
-0.010485580191016197,
0.021501628682017326,
-0.026523390784859657,
0.005817463621497154,
0.02051142230629921,
0.048873767256736755,
-0.013120236806571484,
0.010131935589015484,
-0.0039829290471971035,
-0.011192871257662773,
-0.025780735537409782,
-0.011387376114726067,
-0.016444502398371696,
0.007024277932941914,
-0.0039011486805975437,
0.012465993873775005,
0.044736117124557495,
0.015127173624932766,
0.02765505574643612,
0.006900501903146505,
-0.02403019182384014,
0.004402882885187864,
-0.008363708853721619,
-0.012386423535645008,
-0.03646082058548927,
-0.03140369430184364,
-0.008757139556109905,
-0.01290804985910654,
-0.0446653887629509,
-0.020263871178030968,
0.055133286863565445,
0.015975922346115112,
-0.04098748043179512,
0.03943144157528877,
-0.026010604575276375,
0.019839495420455933,
0.02618742734193802,
-0.020140094682574272,
-0.028433075174689293,
0.009521896950900555,
-0.010211504995822906,
-0.010184981860220432,
-0.020865067839622498,
0.05195048078894615,
0.007028698455542326,
-0.011528833769261837,
-0.006949128117412329,
-0.018601737916469574,
0.02286316268146038,
0.01472048182040453,
0.031368330121040344,
-0.015109491534531116,
-0.028875131160020828,
0.03379080072045326,
-0.006215314380824566,
-0.031580518931150436,
0.002316376194357872,
0.022650975733995438,
-0.01276659220457077,
-0.024189332500100136,
0.013005302287638187,
-0.019185252487659454,
0.018849289044737816,
-0.03248231112957001,
0.006984492763876915,
-0.012757751159369946,
-0.03766321390867233,
-0.015171379782259464,
-0.030997002497315407,
-0.02675325982272625,
0.03798149526119232,
0.0000813660299172625,
-0.012412946671247482,
0.004964294843375683,
-0.014198855496942997,
-0.03543524816632271,
0.03318960219621658,
-0.028698308393359184,
0.006259520072489977,
-0.014110444113612175,
0.010795019567012787,
-0.008920700289309025,
-0.045620232820510864,
-0.026947764679789543,
-0.012430628761649132,
-0.01810663379728794,
-0.025038080289959908,
0.04615069925785065,
-0.036425456404685974,
0.00668389443308115,
-0.009910906665027142,
0.0415533110499382,
-0.00402050418779254,
0.02464907057583332,
-0.013270536437630653,
-0.011696815490722656,
0.016249997541308403,
0.002024618908762932,
0.01130780577659607,
-0.00042603196925483644,
-0.05251631513237953,
-0.028928177431225777,
0.023658864200115204,
-0.062276922166347504,
-0.005525706335902214,
-0.027796512469649315,
0.007298353128135204,
0.0021881796419620514
] |
The unprecedented volume, diversity and richness of aviation data that can be
acquired, generated, stored, and managed provides unique capabilities for the
aviation-related industries and pertains value that remains to be unlocked with
the adoption of the innovative Big Data Analytics technologies. Despite the
large efforts and investments on research and innovation, the Big Data
technologies introduce a number of challenges to its adopters. Besides the
effective storage and access to the underlying big data, efficient data
integration and data interoperability should be considered, while at the same
time multiple data sources should be effectively combined by performing data
exchange and data sharing between the different stakeholders. However, this
reveals additional challenges for the crucial preservation of the information
security of the collected data, the trusted and secure data exchange and data
sharing, as well as the robust data access control. The current paper aims to
introduce the ICARUS big data-enabled platform that aims provide a multi-sided
platform that offers a novel aviation data and intelligence marketplace
accompanied by a trusted and secure analytics workspace. It holistically
handles the complete big data lifecycle from the data collection, data curation
and data exploration to the data integration and data analysis of data
originating from heterogeneous data sources with different velocity, variety
and volume in a trusted and secure manner. | [
-0.06392183899879456,
-0.01707574911415577,
-0.01427468005567789,
-0.04984467104077339,
-0.0010750899091362953,
-0.012362412177026272,
-0.015477703884243965,
0.019068818539381027,
-0.057242367416620255,
0.0020054129417985678,
0.055626366287469864,
-0.07857358455657959,
0.03993319347500801,
-0.0011182954767718911,
-0.039071325212717056,
0.02228286676108837,
-0.028315939009189606,
-0.04065141826868057,
-0.015109614469110966,
-0.0324636772274971,
0.05889428034424782,
0.022103309631347656,
-0.002226490993052721,
0.01691414974629879,
0.022641977295279503,
0.01762339472770691,
0.02364748902618885,
0.03258936479687691,
-0.05566227436065674,
0.04438617452979088,
0.013170412741601467,
0.004960226826369762,
0.001467868103645742,
-0.0339360311627388,
-0.007532362826168537,
-0.036773014813661575,
-0.018601972609758377,
0.018727662041783333,
0.010360365733504295,
-0.0009645509417168796,
0.017147572711110115,
-0.015917615965008736,
-0.008286496624350548,
0.07613162696361542,
-0.032607320696115494,
-0.01563032530248165,
-0.056093208491802216,
0.01412205770611763,
-0.04923418164253235,
0.0312606506049633,
-0.004928804934024811,
-0.04704359918832779,
0.004040003754198551,
-0.010827210731804371,
0.0020312240812927485,
0.05796058848500252,
0.04819275811314583,
0.013323035091161728,
0.004190381616353989,
0.013933524489402771,
0.05049107223749161,
0.007922896184027195,
0.03242776542901993,
-0.030632207170128822,
-0.035049278289079666,
-0.03363078832626343,
0.020397530868649483,
0.001520612626336515,
-0.015181437134742737,
0.002290457719936967,
0.005476449616253376,
0.016079215332865715,
0.01315245684236288,
-0.02709496021270752,
-0.0024150244425982237,
-0.00649991724640131,
0.03266118839383125,
0.0009550120448693633,
0.04937782511115074,
-0.01412205770611763,
0.03142225369811058,
0.003959203604608774,
-0.03257140889763832,
0.008080007508397102,
0.06334725767374039,
0.017758062109351158,
-0.037455324083566666,
-0.07699349522590637,
0.0382094606757164,
-0.08345749974250793,
-0.0053328052163124084,
-0.04898280277848244,
0.01430161390453577,
-0.017282238230109215,
-0.0016238570678979158,
-0.019140640273690224,
-0.01792863942682743,
-0.009749876335263252,
-0.019966596737504005,
-0.004839026834815741,
-0.03738350421190262,
0.047007691115140915,
0.022264910861849785,
-0.04944964870810509,
-0.0038447370752692223,
-0.014373435638844967,
-0.01598045974969864,
0.058068323880434036,
0.021223487332463264,
0.0782862976193428,
-0.0008495230576954782,
0.007994718849658966,
-0.0001084348259610124,
-0.0029806250240653753,
-0.06909304112195969,
-0.007087962236255407,
0.036988481879234314,
-0.03443878889083862,
-0.025658514350652695,
0.011069610714912415,
-0.0021389576140791178,
-0.027382249012589455,
0.015450770035386086,
0.020846420899033546,
-0.017012905329465866,
0.08008185774087906,
-0.015666237100958824,
-0.07491064816713333,
-0.004192626103758812,
0.0010100009385496378,
-0.01660890504717827,
0.05717054381966591,
-0.03925088047981262,
0.0033285142853856087,
0.03864039108157158,
-0.015387926250696182,
-0.0033464699517935514,
-0.010899032466113567,
0.01942792907357216,
-0.011365877464413643,
0.031512029469013214,
-0.02698722667992115,
-0.025981713086366653,
0.014113080687820911,
-0.007200184743851423,
0.007747829891741276,
-0.03154794126749039,
0.01000125426799059,
-0.043452486395835876,
-0.0009858731646090746,
-0.019194507971405983,
0.06636379659175873,
0.0111234774813056,
0.003867181483656168,
0.03544430062174797,
0.03519292175769806,
0.04075914993882179,
-0.01380783598870039,
-0.0038335148710757494,
0.022983133792877197,
0.056452322751283646,
-0.008147341199219227,
-0.009660097770392895,
0.01004614308476448,
0.07315100729465485,
-0.015109614469110966,
0.021600553765892982,
-0.03846083581447601,
-0.021313264966011047,
0.053579431027173996,
-0.048228669911623,
-0.049880582839250565,
-0.09214799851179123,
0.011590322479605675,
-0.022067399695515633,
-0.004132026340812445,
0.042051952332258224,
0.003905337071046233,
-0.07835812121629715,
0.013215301558375359,
-0.05002422630786896,
-0.01792863942682743,
-0.02000250853598118,
0.04327293112874031,
-0.021151665598154068,
0.06377819180488586,
0.09387173503637314,
-0.0018539129523560405,
0.0539744533598423,
-0.01915859617292881,
0.02301904372870922,
-0.023144733160734177,
0.06262903660535812,
0.01888926327228546,
-0.031242696568369865,
-0.02933940663933754,
-0.00021616826415993273,
-0.007819651626050472,
-0.005471960641443729,
-0.01198534481227398,
-0.04991649091243744,
-0.053435783833265305,
-0.004955738317221403,
0.0191047303378582,
-0.06341908127069473,
0.028333894908428192,
0.01811717264354229,
-0.007518896367400885,
0.041261907666921616,
0.021025976166129112,
-0.0168333500623703,
0.03228411823511124,
0.03264323249459267,
0.04506848752498627,
-0.0090181864798069,
-0.018188996240496635,
-0.04980875924229622,
-0.008919430896639824,
-0.019194507971405983,
-0.04312928766012192,
0.0067557841539382935,
-0.044924844056367874,
0.012586856260895729,
-0.011285077780485153,
0.0007732118829153478,
-0.06765659898519516,
-0.016222860664129257,
0.02933940663933754,
-0.02099006436765194,
0.024150244891643524,
0.013664190657436848,
-0.019858863204717636,
-0.03806581348180771,
-0.005669472273439169,
-0.010198765434324741,
-0.05555454269051552,
0.017165526747703552,
0.00929200928658247,
-0.08367297053337097,
-0.035426344722509384,
-0.013062679208815098,
-0.026286957785487175,
-0.019481796771287918,
-0.0606539249420166,
0.043416574597358704,
-0.0013298345729708672,
0.00028434331761673093,
0.0793636292219162,
0.023216554895043373,
0.014965970069169998,
0.04129781574010849,
0.04858778044581413,
0.003072647377848625,
-0.003916559275239706,
0.013143478892743587,
0.03205069899559021,
0.01863788440823555,
0.016240816563367844,
-0.037347592413425446,
-0.021025976166129112,
0.003189358627423644,
-0.007307918276637793,
0.0037280258256942034,
0.01284721214324236,
-0.010378320701420307,
0.006876984611153603,
0.06593286246061325,
-0.02088233083486557,
0.019284285604953766,
-0.0754852294921875,
-0.027579760178923607,
0.03391807898879051,
0.008542363531887531,
-0.026484470814466476,
-0.024940291419625282,
0.013529524207115173,
0.02301904372870922,
-0.027382249012589455,
-0.05049107223749161,
0.05225071683526039,
-0.009884542785584927,
-0.06471188366413116,
0.08503759652376175,
0.00031029473757371306,
-0.07505429536104202,
0.012182855978608131,
-0.012281611561775208,
-0.029303494840860367,
0.00799022987484932,
-0.013825790956616402,
-0.012272633612155914,
-0.02285744436085224,
-0.05893018841743469,
0.049521468579769135,
0.011231211014091969,
0.0003700531378854066,
0.05648823082447052,
-0.01658197119832039,
-0.05602138862013817,
-0.029070071876049042,
-0.03653959184885025,
-0.029878072440624237,
0.025604646652936935,
0.06711792945861816,
-0.02677175961434841,
0.019643396139144897,
0.004466448910534382,
0.03350510075688362,
-0.004915338009595871,
-0.033900123089551926,
-0.03971772640943527,
0.03853265941143036,
-0.01759646087884903,
-0.05393854156136513,
0.011267121881246567,
0.08956239372491837,
0.004295870661735535,
0.052178893238306046,
-0.03284074366092682,
-0.0391431488096714,
0.06155170500278473,
0.04819275811314583,
-0.1203741580247879,
0.02005637437105179,
-0.0310631413012743,
-0.06636379659175873,
-0.02698722667992115,
0.026269003748893738,
-0.002028979826718569,
0.019284285604953766,
-0.00042784764082171023,
-0.011805789545178413,
-0.01915859617292881,
0.07483882457017899,
0.039179060608148575,
-0.0058939168229699135,
-0.00121424556709826,
-0.03490563482046127,
-0.0222469549626112,
-0.01989477500319481,
0.02917780540883541,
-0.004614582285284996,
-0.09451813250780106,
0.017937617376446724,
-0.0008876786450855434,
-0.01501085888594389,
0.0033464699517935514,
0.04485302045941353,
0.0008439118973910809,
-0.02876482717692852,
0.0009937287541106343,
0.008380763232707977,
-0.07512611895799637,
-0.0018864573212340474,
0.05796058848500252,
0.002105291001498699,
0.04794137924909592,
-0.033900123089551926,
-0.01842241734266281,
-0.002904313849285245,
0.040543682873249054,
0.010584809817373753,
-0.025766247883439064,
-0.007788229733705521,
0.006661517545580864,
0.04294972866773605,
0.01617797091603279,
-0.01247912272810936,
0.02506597898900509,
0.002057035220786929,
-0.03303825482726097,
0.023306334391236305,
-0.004731293302029371,
-0.0075278738513588905,
-0.046433109790086746,
-0.0233781561255455,
-0.0022276132367551327,
-0.029770338907837868,
-0.0378144346177578,
0.05422582849860191,
0.014175924472510815,
-0.053687162697315216,
-0.034061722457408905,
-0.004969204775989056,
-0.023414067924022675,
0.050347425043582916,
0.054477207362651825,
0.0549081414937973,
0.0984683632850647,
0.06564557552337646,
-0.02824411541223526,
0.0015509126242250204,
-0.06341908127069473,
-0.0630599707365036,
0.031512029469013214,
-0.06018707901239395,
0.0558418333530426,
-0.025981713086366653,
0.04761818051338196,
0.017614416778087616,
0.028782783076167107,
0.053435783833265305,
-0.007967785000801086,
0.010162854567170143,
0.005449516233056784,
-0.012703567743301392,
-0.019661352038383484,
0.024760734289884567,
-0.007173251360654831,
-0.009687031619250774,
-0.032715052366256714,
-0.024617090821266174,
-0.012622768059372902,
0.010216721333563328,
0.009848631918430328,
-0.030255140736699104,
-0.0010532066226005554,
0.032140474766492844,
0.007420140318572521,
-0.010091031901538372,
-0.03370261192321777,
0.013825790956616402,
0.008120408281683922,
0.026843581348657608,
0.0008966564200818539,
0.03012945130467415,
0.018108194693922997,
-0.014023302122950554,
-0.002812291495501995,
-0.013834768906235695,
0.045391689985990524,
-0.048049114644527435,
0.03533656895160675,
0.010557876899838448,
0.017506683245301247,
-0.03741941228508949,
0.0420878641307354,
0.023090867325663567,
0.010881077498197556,
-0.05221480503678322,
-0.04259061813354492,
0.02088233083486557,
0.019032906740903854,
0.020541176199913025,
-0.009498498402535915,
0.0017776016611605883,
-0.030039673671126366,
-0.001139617757871747,
-0.030775852501392365,
-0.0606539249420166,
-0.028513450175523758,
0.04610991105437279,
-0.09128613024950027,
-0.0015408125473186374,
-0.008721919730305672,
-0.012227744795382023,
0.023898867890238762,
-0.01571112684905529,
0.025281446054577827,
0.04294972866773605,
-0.008654586039483547,
0.09767831861972809,
0.0191047303378582,
0.0062126279808580875,
0.015226325951516628,
0.04327293112874031,
-0.05555454269051552,
-0.013233257457613945,
0.029411228373646736,
0.047330889850854874,
0.0014083902351558208,
-0.03659345582127571,
0.042303331196308136,
0.01798250712454319,
-0.03136838600039482,
0.004937782417982817,
0.04467346519231796,
0.023306334391236305,
-0.02901620604097843,
-0.031350430101156235,
0.04844413697719574,
0.06385001540184021,
0.028369804844260216,
-0.022875400260090828,
-0.04959329217672348,
0.05623685568571091,
0.0033644253853708506,
0.011751922778785229,
-0.04312928766012192,
-0.00044187542516738176,
-0.019014950841665268,
-0.05778103321790695,
0.03043469600379467,
-0.05720645561814308,
-0.022103309631347656,
0.016564015299081802,
-0.09581093490123749,
0.04743862524628639,
-0.0048704491928219795,
0.0472949780523777,
-0.022803576663136482,
0.006365250796079636,
-0.011778855696320534,
0.02140304259955883,
-0.0003097336448263377,
0.020900286734104156,
0.04036412760615349,
0.04162101820111275,
0.07092451304197311,
0.0017506683943793178,
0.0013208568561822176,
0.0310631413012743,
-0.038712214678525925,
0.0065358285792171955,
0.012308545410633087,
-0.022731754928827286,
0.005005116108804941,
0.018763573840260506,
-0.003613559063524008,
0.029716473072767258,
-0.002991847228258848,
0.03373851999640465,
-0.01978704147040844,
-0.008977786637842655,
0.031045185402035713,
0.0005563421873375773,
0.01792863942682743,
0.019445884972810745,
0.043991152197122574,
-0.04409888759255409,
-0.02255219966173172,
0.01984090730547905,
-0.020379574969410896,
-0.056093208491802216,
-0.02400660142302513,
0.06388592720031738,
0.00867703091353178,
-0.00511733815073967,
0.034007854759693146,
-0.010010232217609882,
-0.06004343554377556,
0.03242776542901993,
0.006845562253147364,
0.027489982545375824,
0.035049278289079666,
0.007056540343910456,
0.035587944090366364,
0.02124144323170185,
0.01738099381327629,
-0.02449140138924122,
-0.047797735780477524,
-0.016788460314273834,
0.024042511358857155,
-0.035103145986795425,
-0.0006705284467898309,
0.0029447139240801334,
0.038496747612953186,
-0.07354602962732315,
-0.02594580315053463,
-0.013502590358257294,
-0.00458540441468358,
-0.009615208953619003,
-0.00971396453678608,
0.0011581344297155738,
-0.005718850065022707,
0.02673584781587124,
0.012936990708112717,
0.06147988140583038,
0.012111034244298935,
0.007298940327018499,
-0.019697263836860657,
0.012829257175326347,
-0.021277353167533875,
-0.0011682345066219568,
-0.000055199358030222356,
-0.02203148789703846,
0.03224821016192436,
-0.042626529932022095,
-0.011967388913035393,
0.01885335147380829,
-0.0038380036130547523,
0.006149783730506897,
-0.017802949994802475,
0.014956992119550705,
0.0015116347931325436,
0.02449140138924122,
-0.018314683809876442,
-0.021582597866654396,
0.005395649466663599,
-0.01587272621691227,
-0.02239059843122959,
0.016626860946416855,
-0.010144898667931557,
-0.046792224049568176,
-0.01806330680847168,
0.039071325212717056,
-0.011159388348460197,
0.06977535784244537,
-0.011491566896438599,
-0.019392019137740135,
0.015046769753098488,
0.027867048978805542,
0.007981251925230026,
0.02427593432366848,
-0.039286792278289795,
0.009794765152037144,
0.02265993319451809,
-0.02093619853258133,
0.02239059843122959,
-0.0069667622447013855,
-0.017363039776682854,
-0.0435602180659771,
0.048839159309864044,
-0.005400138441473246,
0.03716803714632988,
0.03759897127747536,
0.02860322780907154,
0.013035746291279793,
-0.0639936625957489,
0.0002871488977689296,
-0.00719120679423213,
0.0035552033223211765,
-0.007123873569071293,
-0.009426675736904144,
0.03932270407676697,
-0.01049503218382597,
0.03490563482046127,
-0.0034138031769543886,
-0.016240816563367844,
-0.022426510229706764,
-0.018871307373046875,
-0.015316103585064411,
0.0233781561255455,
-0.01795557327568531,
0.025191668421030045,
-0.004051226191222668,
0.0022029243409633636,
0.009767831303179264,
-0.0055213384330272675,
-0.008138363249599934,
-0.04277017340064049,
0.027346337214112282,
0.029303494840860367,
0.05968432500958443,
0.0023858468048274517,
0.034223321825265884,
-0.0023028021678328514,
-0.022516287863254547,
0.008466052822768688,
0.09588275849819183,
-0.007532362826168537,
0.008192230015993118,
0.031763408333063126,
0.023252466693520546,
-0.005094893742352724,
-0.020864374935626984,
0.03738350421190262,
0.000747961807064712,
-0.008475030772387981,
0.043883420526981354,
-0.007456051651388407,
-0.006118361372500658,
-0.015935570001602173,
0.004450737498700619,
-0.00963316485285759,
0.020559130236506462,
0.03314598649740219,
-0.003584381192922592,
-0.004960226826369762,
-0.0011738456087186933,
0.021367130801081657,
0.0023028021678328514,
0.004758226685225964,
0.026951314881443977,
0.003422781126573682,
-0.004311582073569298,
-0.012236722745001316,
0.0330023430287838,
-0.02452731318771839,
-0.017605438828468323,
0.019715219736099243,
-0.043093375861644745,
-0.0406155064702034,
0.004134270828217268,
-0.07605980336666107,
-0.008053074590861797,
0.02635878138244152,
-0.0007255173404701054,
0.03885585814714432,
0.011312010698020458,
-0.019338151440024376,
0.025856025516986847,
0.01150952186435461,
0.012730501592159271,
0.0064056506380438805,
-0.014059213921427727,
-0.024509357288479805,
-0.03899950534105301,
0.012308545410633087,
0.013942502439022064,
-0.016761526465415955,
-0.03770670294761658,
0.027472026646137238,
0.014579924754798412,
0.024078423157334328,
0.05519543215632439,
0.010162854567170143,
-0.02504802495241165,
-0.0207745973020792,
0.0038963593542575836,
-0.03002171777188778,
-0.01004614308476448,
-0.0066749840043485165,
0.013843746855854988,
0.038245368748903275,
0.0111234774813056,
0.02797478251159191,
0.02454526722431183,
0.003644981188699603,
-0.011338944546878338,
0.007352807093411684,
-0.01565725915133953,
-0.01023467630147934,
-0.04438617452979088,
0.0007193451165221632,
-0.0038043370004743338,
-0.01276641245931387,
0.014588902704417706,
-0.05383080616593361,
-0.005970227997750044,
0.017165526747703552,
-0.060941215604543686,
0.04725906625390053,
0.021690331399440765,
0.021025976166129112,
-0.0011300789192318916,
0.00944463163614273,
0.009049608372151852,
-0.045858532190322876,
0.003249958623200655,
0.009839653968811035,
-0.034636300057172775,
-0.011886589229106903,
0.004381159786134958,
0.04075914993882179,
-0.024186156690120697,
0.01550463680177927,
0.020702775567770004,
-0.025461003184318542,
-0.004758226685225964,
0.020756641402840614,
0.009283031336963177,
0.031673628836870193,
-0.053687162697315216,
-0.042518798261880875,
0.017524639144539833,
-0.003059180686250329,
-0.021833976730704308,
0.01509165856987238,
-0.012191833928227425,
0.0173001941293478,
0.019822953268885612,
-0.0036853812634944916,
0.05799650028347969,
0.06819526851177216,
-0.057134632021188736,
0.020379574969410896,
0.02276766672730446,
0.0233781561255455,
0.01633957214653492,
0.00039530315552838147,
-0.03499541059136391,
0.06632788479328156,
-0.03978955000638962,
-0.01023467630147934,
-0.02233673259615898,
0.02490437962114811,
-0.03282278776168823,
-0.02129530906677246,
-0.028046604245901108,
-0.023108821362257004,
-0.023432021960616112,
-0.03409763425588608,
0.008546852506697178,
-0.017291216179728508,
-0.01989477500319481,
0.001859524054452777,
-0.048372313380241394,
-0.0004926560213789344,
0.028800738975405693,
-0.004690893460065126,
0.0005496088415384293,
0.036144569516181946,
0.013466679491102695,
0.06133623793721199,
0.003909825813025236,
-0.005786183290183544,
-0.001051523257046938,
-0.04381159693002701,
-0.01026161015033722,
0.04693586751818657,
-0.06140805780887604,
0.011114499531686306,
-0.022121265530586243,
-0.015693170949816704,
-0.044134799391031265,
-0.022516287863254547,
-0.031350430101156235,
0.018018417060375214,
-0.0173001941293478,
0.027292471379041672,
0.011240188963711262,
0.0008181008161045611,
0.04869551211595535,
0.0030255140736699104,
-0.01370010245591402,
-0.03752714768052101,
0.052645739167928696,
-0.043416574597358704,
-0.023414067924022675,
-0.007482985034584999,
-0.04201604053378105,
0.03357692062854767,
-0.023988645523786545,
0.0265203807502985,
-0.01263174507766962,
0.026610158383846283,
0.021331220865249634,
0.033756475895643234,
-0.007662540767341852,
-0.01592659391462803,
0.0014689903473481536,
-0.0122905895113945,
-0.00008444730337942019,
-0.011303032748401165,
0.036988481879234314,
-0.02400660142302513,
0.03603683412075043,
0.0031601807568222284,
0.0064864507876336575,
0.03539043292403221,
0.023665444925427437,
-0.035372477024793625,
0.018440373241901398,
0.03012945130467415,
-0.008026140742003918,
-0.03774261474609375,
0.025676468387246132,
-0.008394230157136917,
0.028010694310069084,
0.024509357288479805,
-0.02041548676788807,
-0.025443047285079956,
0.01869175210595131,
0.016707660630345345,
0.009471564553678036,
0.049162358045578,
-0.01464276947081089,
0.002893091645091772,
-0.014535035938024521,
0.03585727885365486,
0.004354226402938366,
-0.041010528802871704,
0.042159684002399445,
0.03240980952978134,
-0.009220186620950699,
0.015621348284184933,
-0.033128030598163605,
0.0021254909224808216,
0.036629367619752884,
-0.006010627839714289,
0.015549526549875736,
0.03012945130467415,
0.035677723586559296,
0.007918407209217548,
-0.02432980202138424,
0.01291903480887413,
0.0026843580417335033,
0.004654982127249241,
-0.019984552636742592,
0.018655840307474136,
0.018727662041783333,
0.035157009959220886,
0.06611242145299911,
0.0372757688164711,
-0.04600217938423157,
-0.013224279507994652,
-0.00606898358091712,
0.027184737846255302,
-0.02156464383006096,
-0.013933524489402771,
0.04029230400919914,
0.039179060608148575,
-0.01176987774670124,
-0.012883123941719532,
0.006688450928777456,
-0.06226992607116699,
-0.0033285142853856087,
-0.03144020959734917,
0.02835184894502163,
0.010037165135145187,
-0.013996369205415249,
-0.050455160439014435,
-0.025137802585959435,
-0.000529128301423043,
-0.028944384306669235,
0.028369804844260216,
0.0026664026081562042,
0.011832722462713718,
0.014983925968408585,
-0.039502259343862534,
0.003620292292907834,
-0.001732712727971375,
-0.017641350626945496,
0.006670495495200157,
-0.016168992966413498,
-0.02307291142642498,
-0.006890451069921255,
-0.02515575848519802,
0.017201438546180725,
0.02427593432366848,
0.033020298928022385,
-0.012146945111453533,
0.002567647024989128,
-0.009283031336963177,
0.0035058255307376385,
-0.038496747612953186,
-0.012344456277787685,
0.007218140177428722,
0.0013567679561674595,
-0.002403802238404751,
0.026915403082966805,
0.04797729104757309,
0.023467933759093285,
0.04190830886363983,
-0.01592659391462803,
-0.017659306526184082,
0.016572993248701096,
0.008555830456316471,
-0.004560715518891811,
-0.040435951203107834,
-0.038712214678525925,
-0.01263174507766962,
-0.027130870148539543,
-0.018673796206712723,
-0.01942792907357216,
0.022121265530586243,
0.008479519747197628,
-0.03978955000638962,
0.034636300057172775,
-0.012730501592159271,
0.04384750872850418,
0.018979040905833244,
-0.006284450646489859,
-0.008506452664732933,
0.03675505891442299,
-0.01273947861045599,
-0.035731591284275055,
-0.02714882604777813,
0.041477374732494354,
0.00028813083190470934,
-0.002046935260295868,
-0.006903917994350195,
-0.003925537224858999,
-0.005373205058276653,
0.01255094539374113,
0.028441626578569412,
-0.026197180151939392,
-0.03788625821471214,
0.03846083581447601,
-0.007087962236255407,
-0.04000501707196236,
-0.003912070300430059,
0.007303429301828146,
0.0018864573212340474,
-0.007384229451417923,
0.008021651767194271,
-0.015046769753098488,
-0.0017910683527588844,
-0.028854604810476303,
-0.0023723801132291555,
0.0019537906628102064,
-0.035372477024793625,
-0.018871307373046875,
-0.02099006436765194,
-0.05013195797801018,
0.024706868454813957,
-0.014472192153334618,
0.006800673436373472,
0.033541008830070496,
-0.030237184837460518,
-0.014741525053977966,
0.03731168061494827,
-0.01926632970571518,
0.01879948563873768,
0.01090801041573286,
0.027902960777282715,
0.011114499531686306,
-0.04406297579407692,
-0.02662811428308487,
-0.01449014712125063,
-0.0021176354493945837,
-0.017156550660729408,
0.023827044293284416,
-0.023001089692115784,
0.009758854284882545,
-0.01994864083826542,
0.07383331656455994,
0.0056739612482488155,
0.026951314881443977,
0.004192626103758812,
-0.02276766672730446,
0.019445884972810745,
0.013870679773390293,
0.014921081252396107,
0.022534243762493134,
-0.060474369674921036,
-0.039538171142339706,
0.03434900939464569,
-0.05433356389403343,
-0.006333828438073397,
-0.01224570069462061,
0.017811927944421768,
0.0007844340871088207
] |
Predicting a structure of an antibody from its sequence is important since it
allows for a better design process of synthetic antibodies that play a vital
role in the health industry. Most of the structure of an antibody is
conservative. The most variable and hard-to-predict part is the third
complementarity-determining region of the antibody heavy chain (CDR H3).
Lately, deep learning has been employed to solve the task of CDR H3 prediction.
However, current state-of-the-art methods are not end-to-end, but rather they
output inter-residue distances and orientations to the RosettaAntibody package
that uses this additional information alongside statistical and physics-based
methods to predict the 3D structure. This does not allow a fast screening
process and, therefore, inhibits the development of targeted synthetic
antibodies. In this work, we present an end-to-end model to predict CDR H3 loop
structure, that performs on par with state-of-the-art methods in terms of
accuracy but an order of magnitude faster. We also raise an issue with a
commonly used RosettaAntibody benchmark that leads to data leaks, i.e., the
presence of identical sequences in the train and test datasets. | [
-0.03959783539175987,
-0.02240447700023651,
-0.01631377823650837,
0.032511383295059204,
0.01573292165994644,
-0.022852566093206406,
-0.00435642572119832,
0.008936896920204163,
-0.04361404851078987,
0.020628713071346283,
0.028793901205062866,
-0.016612503677606583,
0.02715090662240982,
-0.005821014754474163,
0.011127556674182415,
0.05791971832513809,
0.038701657205820084,
-0.015201851725578308,
-0.013276726938784122,
-0.07408413290977478,
0.0036303550004959106,
-0.02305171638727188,
-0.003642801893875003,
0.0060865492559969425,
0.048891544342041016,
0.028478577733039856,
0.022437667474150658,
-0.007161134388297796,
-0.06412658840417862,
0.03501736745238304,
0.03843612223863602,
-0.004157274961471558,
0.010397336445748806,
0.01623079739511013,
-0.04520725458860397,
0.009459667839109898,
-0.01951678842306137,
0.06794364750385284,
-0.02643728256225586,
-0.025524506345391273,
0.05473330616950989,
0.01028116513043642,
0.037639521062374115,
-0.045671939849853516,
0.04344808682799339,
-0.06259976327419281,
-0.015550365671515465,
0.03906676918268204,
-0.05616055428981781,
-0.0023068313021212816,
0.005837610922753811,
-0.036046311259269714,
0.010505209676921368,
0.0005912292399443686,
0.024960245937108994,
0.033722884953022,
0.007011771202087402,
0.02403087541460991,
0.038834426552057266,
0.01798996515572071,
0.022952141240239143,
0.018753375858068466,
0.027034735307097435,
-0.015210149809718132,
-0.02386491559445858,
-0.01976572722196579,
-0.003117956221103668,
-0.009061366319656372,
-0.003232053015381098,
-0.0031718930695205927,
-0.053870316594839096,
-0.03206329420208931,
0.04836047813296318,
-0.003808761015534401,
-0.06220146268606186,
-0.01911848597228527,
0.07401774823665619,
0.06943728029727936,
0.02418023906648159,
0.006298147141933441,
0.027034735307097435,
0.051380932331085205,
0.005713141523301601,
0.029673483222723007,
0.08503743261098862,
0.0005362553056329489,
-0.03219606354832649,
-0.036444615572690964,
-0.03461906313896179,
-0.03953145444393158,
-0.07295561581850052,
0.03294287621974945,
0.017575066536664963,
-0.003505885601043701,
-0.11398069560527802,
0.001323523698374629,
-0.024379389360547066,
0.020877651870250702,
-0.013658432289958,
0.014073329977691174,
0.009127749130129814,
0.02064530923962593,
-0.01646314188838005,
0.07939482480287552,
-0.03465225547552109,
-0.02482747845351696,
0.002636675024405122,
0.027433035895228386,
-0.021790428087115288,
0.1268591284751892,
0.0032880643848329782,
-0.04371362179517746,
0.06741257756948471,
-0.01538440678268671,
-0.059413351118564606,
-0.07594287395477295,
-0.06794364750385284,
-0.024628328159451485,
0.0029665185138583183,
-0.02869432605803013,
0.07361944764852524,
0.014562909491360188,
-0.012513314373791218,
-0.0069536855444312096,
-0.028644537553191185,
0.019798917695879936,
-0.01719336025416851,
0.0004491267609409988,
0.01152585819363594,
0.03340756148099899,
-0.012363951653242111,
-0.012587996199727058,
0.00027020214474759996,
-0.04846005141735077,
0.00372578133828938,
0.05898185819387436,
0.02940795011818409,
0.013318216428160667,
-0.012646081857383251,
0.006256657186895609,
-0.04885835200548172,
-0.02016402781009674,
-0.050186026841402054,
0.0024188535753637552,
0.04892473667860031,
-0.015990156680345535,
-0.04494171962141991,
0.12798763811588287,
0.0006441287114284933,
-0.019666152074933052,
-0.08258123695850372,
0.03873484954237938,
0.012554804794490337,
0.005161327309906483,
0.0434148944914341,
-0.04786260053515434,
-0.012322462163865566,
0.007418370805680752,
-0.0064682550728321075,
-0.021010419353842735,
0.04683365300297737,
-0.01638016104698181,
-0.017375916242599487,
0.004538980778306723,
-0.016056541353464127,
0.06180316209793091,
0.0071320915594697,
-0.022122345864772797,
-0.08782554417848587,
0.03886761888861656,
0.01157564576715231,
0.011401388794183731,
0.027300268411636353,
0.04763025790452957,
-0.07169432193040848,
0.024545349180698395,
-0.016994209960103035,
0.008580084890127182,
-0.009534349665045738,
-0.009841373190283775,
-0.06452488899230957,
0.030320724472403526,
0.029457736760377884,
-0.017890390008687973,
0.03634503856301308,
0.02652026154100895,
0.04245233163237572,
0.02097722887992859,
0.046568118035793304,
0.016371862962841988,
0.00248108827508986,
0.012978000566363335,
0.05284137278795242,
-0.0393654927611351,
0.023981086909770966,
-0.050484754145145416,
-0.00201017945073545,
-0.034751832485198975,
-0.020512541756033897,
0.014928019605576992,
-0.0026677921414375305,
0.001948982011526823,
0.007497201673686504,
0.011799690313637257,
0.008061462081968784,
0.01872018538415432,
0.015932071954011917,
-0.0020350732374936342,
0.0004709088825620711,
-0.05606097728013992,
0.03468544781208038,
-0.0594465434551239,
-0.035946737974882126,
-0.02924199029803276,
0.05071709677577019,
-0.012189694680273533,
-0.02900964766740799,
-0.019666152074933052,
-0.03229563683271408,
-0.011559050530195236,
-0.008621574379503727,
0.004045252688229084,
0.08590041846036911,
-0.04653492569923401,
0.017575066536664963,
0.019566575065255165,
0.0196993425488472,
0.03445310518145561,
0.03767271339893341,
-0.005758780054748058,
-0.01999806985259056,
-0.017807409167289734,
0.043182551860809326,
0.014405248686671257,
-0.011210535652935505,
-0.02698494680225849,
-0.024313004687428474,
-0.07182709127664566,
-0.014189501293003559,
0.033142030239105225,
0.024943649768829346,
0.0037382282316684723,
-0.01595696620643139,
-0.06621767580509186,
0.026935158297419548,
0.056127361953258514,
-0.007874758914113045,
0.07746969908475876,
0.002700984012335539,
0.010032226331532001,
0.012164800427854061,
0.0019012687262147665,
0.018355075269937515,
0.051613274961709976,
-0.011202238500118256,
0.018902739509940147,
0.020363179966807365,
0.00817763339728117,
0.032262444496154785,
-0.046800460666418076,
0.05055113509297371,
0.006820918060839176,
0.012928212061524391,
0.005787822883576155,
0.027831338346004486,
-0.02861134521663189,
0.0746815875172615,
0.0353824757039547,
0.021342337131500244,
0.02884368784725666,
0.06937089562416077,
-0.007127942517399788,
-0.0036656211595982313,
-0.0068167694844305515,
-0.0018400712870061398,
-0.027698570862412453,
0.04119104519486427,
-0.0014583654701709747,
0.08370976150035858,
-0.005642608739435673,
0.013724816031754017,
-0.010140099562704563,
0.048094943165779114,
0.07189347594976425,
0.022786181420087814,
-0.02748282440006733,
-0.07461520284414291,
-0.036610573530197144,
-0.06309764087200165,
-0.060873791575431824,
0.036112695932388306,
-0.0007286641048267484,
-0.07249093055725098,
-0.022321496158838272,
0.04444384202361107,
-0.009974140673875809,
-0.05602778494358063,
0.0333411805331707,
-0.00372578133828938,
-0.015143766067922115,
-0.0060865492559969425,
-0.058384403586387634,
-0.029756464064121246,
-0.01961636357009411,
-0.02915901131927967,
-0.049854107201099396,
0.0038398783653974533,
0.07932844012975693,
-0.008152740076184273,
0.023732148110866547,
0.03903357684612274,
0.01510227657854557,
0.033225007355213165,
0.05201157554984093,
0.0570567324757576,
0.002572365803644061,
0.03247819095849991,
-0.013998648151755333,
-0.017060592770576477,
0.013351407833397388,
-0.05124816298484802,
-0.018852951005101204,
-0.09439752250909805,
-0.00558452308177948,
-0.011700115166604519,
0.016977613791823387,
0.04314936324954033,
-0.004136530216783285,
-0.0031324776355177164,
-0.02032998763024807,
0.003636578330770135,
-0.012513314373791218,
-0.017392512410879135,
0.003856474068015814,
-0.04348127916455269,
-0.02972327172756195,
-0.012023735791444778,
0.010272867046296597,
0.0006280514062382281,
-0.013957158662378788,
-0.0064309146255254745,
-0.004439405631273985,
-0.009492859244346619,
0.04129061847925186,
-0.02505982108414173,
-0.0066176182590425014,
-0.03173137828707695,
0.006932940799742937,
-0.04842685908079147,
0.004194615874439478,
0.0007504462264478207,
0.0009729351149871945,
-0.016720376908779144,
-0.009550944902002811,
0.005277498625218868,
-0.016869740560650826,
0.029192201793193817,
0.00714868726208806,
-0.019317636266350746,
0.017259744927287102,
-0.013874179683625698,
-0.029391353949904442,
-0.029939018189907074,
0.019267849624156952,
-0.06897259503602982,
-0.0063354880549013615,
-0.021906599402427673,
-0.018670396879315376,
0.005289945751428604,
-0.013899073004722595,
0.008090505376458168,
0.05327286571264267,
0.022686606273055077,
0.0160814356058836,
-0.04195445775985718,
0.012529910542070866,
-0.018039751797914505,
0.012164800427854061,
-0.0530073307454586,
0.024462368339300156,
0.01759166270494461,
0.04026167467236519,
-0.021674256771802902,
-0.013459281995892525,
0.02972327172756195,
0.010911809280514717,
0.009177537634968758,
0.00672549195587635,
-0.028876880183815956,
0.04779621586203575,
0.032013505697250366,
-0.06654959172010422,
-0.006808471400290728,
-0.029607100412249565,
0.012471824884414673,
-0.0285283662378788,
0.021425317972898483,
0.08663064241409302,
0.029192201793193817,
-0.006696449127048254,
-0.06957004964351654,
0.03720802441239357,
-0.02114318683743477,
-0.004273446276783943,
-0.03607950359582901,
-0.026387494057416916,
0.0018711886368691921,
-0.07733692973852158,
0.018819760531187057,
0.0112437279894948,
-0.0025827381759881973,
-0.02193978987634182,
0.08961790800094604,
-0.03843612223863602,
0.0004413474234752357,
0.00326317036524415,
-0.001786134671419859,
-0.018902739509940147,
-0.041423387825489044,
-0.019915089011192322,
-0.02691856399178505,
-0.0333411805331707,
0.028959859162569046,
0.019400617107748985,
-0.001163788023404777,
0.08005866408348083,
-0.0361790806055069,
0.01943380944430828,
-0.031233498826622963,
-0.08297953754663467,
0.058052487671375275,
-0.038602083921432495,
-0.006016016937792301,
-0.03398841992020607,
-0.038933999836444855,
-0.061172518879175186,
0.004460150375962257,
-0.026072172448039055,
-0.06943728029727936,
-0.0024582690093666315,
0.010472018271684647,
-0.0009018838754855096,
-0.02754920721054077,
0.0006747273728251457,
-0.023317251354455948,
-0.012471824884414673,
-0.016612503677606583,
-0.016977613791823387,
-0.028063680976629257,
-0.010065418668091297,
-0.01350077148526907,
0.007936992682516575,
-0.04965495690703392,
-0.017558470368385315,
0.03730760142207146,
-0.022371284663677216,
-0.04451022669672966,
-0.021159783005714417,
0.01136819738894701,
-0.020993823185563087,
-0.023201080039143562,
0.032577767968177795,
0.018521033227443695,
0.005908143240958452,
0.04766345024108887,
0.027366653084754944,
-0.0019873599521815777,
-0.06976919621229172,
0.0006098996382206678,
-0.007181879132986069,
-0.019068699330091476,
-0.007107197772711515,
-0.02144191414117813,
-0.014048436656594276,
0.05689077451825142,
-0.005364627111703157,
0.004041103646159172,
-0.03634503856301308,
0.012023735791444778,
0.03468544781208038,
0.016222501173615456,
0.008210825733840466,
0.024761095643043518,
0.017010806128382683,
-0.02955731190741062,
-0.04587109014391899,
0.0069536855444312096,
0.039896562695503235,
0.009260516613721848,
0.017774216830730438,
0.06323041021823883,
-0.004812813363969326,
0.004700791090726852,
-0.01903550699353218,
0.016853144392371178,
-0.014562909491360188,
0.009965842589735985,
-0.014654186554253101,
0.0642925500869751,
0.0002057633246295154,
0.003028753213584423,
-0.03221265971660614,
-0.003651099745184183,
-0.01197394821792841,
0.04049401730298996,
0.015160362236201763,
-0.0401620976626873,
-0.0061861248686909676,
0.029291778802871704,
0.018902739509940147,
0.008194229565560818,
0.04298340156674385,
0.006269104313105345,
-0.03465225547552109,
0.015425896272063255,
0.02530875988304615,
-0.02827942743897438,
0.03913315013051033,
-0.03919953480362892,
0.006260806228965521,
0.027665378525853157,
-0.025292163714766502,
-0.013957158662378788,
0.04597066715359688,
-0.051546890288591385,
0.030569663271307945,
-0.009808181785047054,
-0.006729640997946262,
0.008945195004343987,
-0.0015091904206201434,
0.016844846308231354,
0.01647973619401455,
0.002317203674465418,
-0.019068699330091476,
0.008173484355211258,
-0.020230412483215332,
-0.0025059820618480444,
0.055231183767318726,
-0.03277691826224327,
-0.015168660320341587,
-0.04975453391671181,
-0.001791320857591927,
-0.03020455315709114,
0.013716517947614193,
-0.05496564880013466,
0.039830178022384644,
0.0562601275742054,
-0.04115785285830498,
-0.011476070620119572,
-0.0036635466385632753,
0.00837678462266922,
-0.031930528581142426,
-0.01614781841635704,
0.0008163112215697765,
-0.016263989731669426,
-0.028744112700223923,
0.023367037996649742,
-0.016994209960103035,
0.006555383559316397,
-0.0011928308522328734,
-0.015002701431512833,
0.015342917293310165,
-0.018222307786345482,
-0.034419912844896317,
-0.0011969798943027854,
-0.003420831635594368,
-0.006011867895722389,
0.020678501576185226,
0.02627132274210453,
-0.00005740498818340711,
-0.015932071954011917,
-0.04919027164578438,
0.024561943486332893,
-0.004609513562172651,
0.011417984962463379,
0.0034643958788365126,
0.03224584832787514,
0.004543129820376635,
0.0036013121716678143,
0.048559628427028656,
0.0393654927611351,
-0.012787147425115108,
-0.01233076024800539,
-0.012978000566363335,
0.019915089011192322,
-0.04772983118891716,
-0.025341952219605446,
-0.05851717293262482,
0.007314646616578102,
-0.02442917600274086,
-0.013874179683625698,
0.029607100412249565,
-0.015342917293310165,
0.005385372322052717,
-0.06299807131290436,
0.005771227180957794,
-0.001162750762887299,
0.04387957975268364,
-0.002800559625029564,
-0.016571015119552612,
-0.018786568194627762,
0.009949247352778912,
0.047696638852357864,
-0.05207796022295952,
0.051314547657966614,
-0.008737745694816113,
-0.02459513582289219,
0.027582399547100067,
-0.009550944902002811,
0.06897259503602982,
-0.004157274961471558,
0.03191393241286278,
0.05699034780263901,
-0.029026243835687637,
0.01961636357009411,
-0.015558663755655289,
0.0037755691446363926,
0.01953338459134102,
-0.00799922738224268,
-0.0012737360084429383,
0.010198185220360756,
-0.00514058256521821,
0.08397529274225235,
0.01691952906548977,
0.0160814356058836,
0.05791971832513809,
-0.018139326944947243,
-0.013193747028708458,
-0.006497297901660204,
-0.03810420632362366,
-0.021259358152747154,
-0.007152836304157972,
-0.03461906313896179,
-0.04570513218641281,
-0.0001708859927020967,
-0.06495638191699982,
-0.012239482253789902,
0.033789269626140594,
0.004352277144789696,
0.011310111731290817,
-0.04494171962141991,
0.049389421939849854,
-0.03163180127739906,
-0.01543419435620308,
-0.01702740229666233,
-0.0033025857992470264,
-0.012928212061524391,
0.0059496331959962845,
0.05639289692044258,
0.017375916242599487,
0.014994403347373009,
0.04314936324954033,
-0.010181589983403683,
0.01599845476448536,
0.026072172448039055,
-0.08570127189159393,
-0.019101889804005623,
0.030088381841778755,
0.018670396879315376,
0.01268757227808237,
0.009791585616767406,
0.028710920363664627,
-0.011185642331838608,
-0.015691431239247322,
0.028578154742717743,
0.002705133054405451,
-0.007741990964859724,
0.034917790442705154,
0.04441064968705177,
0.017641451209783554,
0.009907756932079792,
-0.05699034780263901,
-0.04540640488266945,
0.043580856174230576,
0.026321111246943474,
-0.01458780374377966,
0.04766345024108887,
0.02482747845351696,
-0.003817058866843581,
0.006115592084825039,
0.010231377556920052,
0.0011202237801626325,
0.006879004184156656,
-0.011036278679966927,
-0.005161327309906483,
-0.010994789190590382,
0.01096989493817091,
0.038768041878938675,
0.005679949652403593,
-0.015235044062137604,
-0.00871285144239664,
-0.012380547821521759,
0.017176765948534012,
-0.022238517180085182,
-0.0021595426369458437,
0.020628713071346283,
-0.036676958203315735,
0.018587417900562286,
-0.025258973240852356,
0.009069663472473621,
-0.010065418668091297,
0.037573136389255524,
-0.04112466052174568,
-0.015035892836749554,
-0.03863527253270149,
-0.03183095157146454,
0.03943187743425369,
-0.036842916160821915,
0.022470859810709953,
-0.03199690952897072,
0.011716711334884167,
0.04620300978422165,
0.013467579148709774,
-0.031001156195998192,
0.040859125554561615,
0.016662292182445526,
0.011965650133788586,
-0.01792358048260212,
-0.034021612256765366,
0.028096873313188553,
0.005381223279982805,
0.030320724472403526,
-0.04162253811955452,
-0.034121185541152954,
-0.013915669173002243,
-0.012455228716135025,
0.008497104980051517,
-0.0035390774719417095,
-0.038834426552057266,
-0.001948982011526823,
0.018504437059164047,
-0.016579313203692436,
-0.03730760142207146,
0.013426089659333229,
-0.0036946639884263277,
-0.042950209230184555,
0.005551331210881472,
0.012272674590349197,
-0.014737166464328766,
-0.04072635993361473,
0.006829216144979,
-0.029673483222723007,
0.02725048176944256,
-0.02497684210538864,
-0.025026628747582436,
-0.003958124201744795,
-0.024047471582889557,
0.005874951370060444,
0.0044103628024458885,
0.04059359058737755,
0.032976068556308746,
0.007497201673686504,
0.07600925862789154,
-0.0031469990499317646,
-0.07654032856225967,
0.0014967435272410512,
0.03840292990207672,
0.03020455315709114,
-0.047132380306720734,
-0.03159860894083977,
-0.021508296951651573,
0.0353824757039547,
0.014330566860735416,
0.016098031774163246,
0.029922422021627426,
0.009509455412626266,
0.032511383295059204,
0.028727516531944275,
0.010148397646844387,
-0.003891740459948778,
0.03398841992020607,
-0.009102855809032917,
0.027449632063508034,
-0.04806175082921982,
-0.01248842105269432,
-0.0033876397646963596,
0.03367309644818306,
0.03896719217300415,
-0.0031366266775876284,
0.034818217158317566,
-0.04570513218641281,
-0.05128135532140732,
0.036909300833940506,
-0.009874565526843071,
0.003331628628075123,
0.00931860227137804,
-0.01671207882463932,
0.01566653698682785,
-0.04208722338080406,
-0.02097722887992859,
-0.01825549826025963,
-0.014662484638392925,
0.03810420632362366,
-0.02507641725242138,
0.03597993031144142,
-0.0072067733854055405,
-0.04842685908079147,
-0.009683712385594845,
-0.02869432605803013,
-0.03637823089957237,
0.0084307212382555,
0.0020319614559412003,
-0.009916055016219616,
0.007708799559623003,
-0.00015701285155955702,
-0.03219606354832649,
-0.019832110032439232,
0.012106714770197868,
0.008729447610676289,
-0.01429737452417612,
-0.009857969358563423,
-0.016006752848625183,
0.009119451977312565,
0.00686655705794692,
0.05642608925700188,
-0.007966035977005959,
0.008654765784740448,
0.022520648315548897,
-0.006115592084825039,
0.013509069569408894,
-0.02861134521663189,
-0.0028379003051668406,
-0.05881590023636818,
0.0281300637871027,
-0.05599459260702133,
-0.055397141724824905,
0.0337560772895813,
0.028478577733039856,
0.01421439554542303,
-0.0044062137603759766,
0.028246235102415085,
-0.0007908987463451922,
-0.010779042728245258,
0.033307988196611404,
-0.02530875988304615,
0.032909687608480453,
0.01840486191213131,
0.030436895787715912,
-0.021109994500875473,
0.027930913493037224,
-0.03118371218442917,
0.013326514512300491,
-0.014786954037845135,
-0.053870316594839096,
-0.05981165170669556,
0.006003569811582565,
-0.021425317972898483,
0.035780780017375946,
-0.023001929745078087,
0.007044963072985411,
-0.010513507761061192,
0.01213160902261734,
0.03340756148099899,
0.00638527562841773,
-0.03465225547552109,
0.0005907106096856296,
0.0329262837767601,
-0.00960073247551918,
-0.023881511762738228,
-0.01671207882463932,
0.013318216428160667,
0.029590504243969917,
-0.0092439204454422,
-0.022238517180085182,
0.014662484638392925,
-0.008903704583644867,
-0.0014946690062060952,
-0.009874565526843071,
-0.020678501576185226,
-0.030436895787715912,
0.02497684210538864,
0.002808857476338744,
-0.017176765948534012,
0.034021612256765366,
0.04507448524236679,
-0.029922422021627426,
-0.022221921011805534,
0.03674333915114403,
-0.017641451209783554,
0.0069661326706409454,
0.028827093541622162,
0.003010082757100463,
0.010131802409887314,
0.018620608374476433,
0.050650712102651596,
-0.041821688413619995,
0.0001790542883099988,
-0.006451659370213747,
-0.04706599563360214,
-0.03349054232239723,
-0.03224584832787514,
-0.0009973103879019618,
0.016164414584636688,
0.011957352049648762,
0.008580084890127182,
-0.0006067879148758948,
0.023682361468672752,
0.048659201711416245,
0.025325356051325798,
-0.005240158177912235,
0.022271709516644478,
-0.0538039356470108,
-0.0675121545791626,
-0.02467811480164528,
0.016554418951272964,
-0.009476264007389545,
0.03511694073677063,
-0.014720570296049118,
-0.005551331210881472,
0.015069084241986275,
-0.039730604737997055,
-0.034585874527692795,
-0.012123310938477516,
0.027283672243356705,
0.02794750966131687,
0.020628713071346283,
0.05031879246234894,
0.014687378890812397,
0.011749902740120888,
0.0013297471450641751,
0.01993168517947197,
-0.0036096100229769945,
-0.009302006103098392,
0.01282033883035183,
-0.016786761581897736,
0.047198761254549026,
-0.01808954030275345,
-0.004115785472095013,
-0.0184878408908844,
-0.007298050448298454,
0.00389588950201869,
0.021491700783371925,
0.02844538725912571,
0.00794943980872631,
0.038834426552057266,
-0.015268235467374325,
0.00972520187497139,
0.026221534237265587,
0.017492087557911873,
-0.0020112167112529278,
-0.0023835874162614346,
-0.0040203589014709,
0.0072441138327121735,
0.0393654927611351,
-0.054600536823272705,
-0.0659189447760582,
0.01177479699254036,
0.027117714285850525,
0.02668622136116028,
-0.0148699339479208,
0.02708452194929123,
-0.009758394211530685,
-0.027101118117570877,
0.0027673677541315556,
-0.013110767118632793,
0.03505055978894234,
-0.0006389424670487642,
0.01953338459134102,
-0.019234657287597656,
0.0067213429138064384,
-0.009210729040205479,
0.014521420001983643,
-0.016006752848625183,
-0.016969315707683563,
-0.00908625964075327,
-0.02829602360725403,
-0.011484368704259396,
-0.022952141240239143,
-0.049621764570474625,
-0.024113854393363,
0.03671015053987503,
-0.0018950452795252204,
-0.034419912844896317,
0.04779621586203575,
0.019267849624156952,
0.007804225664585829,
-0.0140567347407341,
-0.002385661704465747,
-0.015118872746825218,
0.06498957425355911,
-0.013874179683625698,
-0.015185256488621235,
0.023599380627274513,
-0.0021263507660478354,
-0.02593940496444702,
-0.051214974373579025,
0.008696256205439568,
-0.018371669575572014,
-0.0787973701953888,
0.046402160078287125,
-0.0035390774719417095,
0.04912388697266579,
-0.0008163112215697765,
0.02459513582289219,
-0.007775182835757732,
0.016388459131121635,
-0.012621188536286354,
-0.008845618925988674,
0.027316864579916,
-0.003785941516980529,
0.012662678025662899,
-0.0029333268757909536,
-0.019749131053686142,
0.050650712102651596,
-0.010198185220360756,
0.03558162599802017,
0.03267734497785568,
-0.0068624080158770084,
-0.004497491288930178,
0.0009013652452267706,
0.012123310938477516,
-0.044311076402664185,
-0.0055679273791611195,
0.012762253172695637,
-0.0118494788184762,
0.0029748165979981422,
-0.009824777953326702,
-0.007277305703610182,
0.0018193264259025455,
0.007899652235209942,
0.04245233163237572,
-0.03219606354832649,
0.03906676918268204,
-0.0008868438308127224
] |
Offline reinforcement learning (RL) provides a framework for learning
decision-making from offline data and therefore constitutes a promising
approach for real-world applications as automated driving. Self-driving
vehicles (SDV) learn a policy, which potentially even outperforms the behavior
in the sub-optimal data set. Especially in safety-critical applications as
automated driving, explainability and transferability are key to success. This
motivates the use of model-based offline RL approaches, which leverage
planning. However, current state-of-the-art methods often neglect the influence
of aleatoric uncertainty arising from the stochastic behavior of multi-agent
systems. This work proposes a novel approach for Uncertainty-aware Model-Based
Offline REinforcement Learning Leveraging plAnning (UMBRELLA), which solves the
prediction, planning, and control problem of the SDV jointly in an
interpretable learning-based fashion. A trained action-conditioned stochastic
dynamics model captures distinctively different future evolutions of the
traffic scene. The analysis provides empirical evidence for the effectiveness
of our approach in challenging automated driving simulations and based on a
real-world public dataset. | [
-0.00734854256734252,
-0.011912885122001171,
-0.04031755030155182,
-0.033817846328020096,
0.03876538202166557,
0.003169816918671131,
-0.05583922192454338,
0.03948326036334038,
-0.09693285822868347,
0.022642241790890694,
0.02739575505256653,
-0.02448544092476368,
0.03548642620444298,
-0.002645960310474038,
-0.05044544115662575,
0.008085821755230427,
-0.00030391558539122343,
0.06006887927651405,
-0.0027526719495654106,
-0.016055231913924217,
0.049048490822315216,
-0.012892690487205982,
-0.040744394063949585,
0.06313440948724747,
-0.025261525064706802,
0.0305388942360878,
0.018315576016902924,
0.006504551507532597,
-0.06782971322536469,
0.06037931144237518,
0.019072256982326508,
0.013309835456311703,
0.001430904376320541,
0.024815276265144348,
-0.020255785435438156,
0.026716681197285652,
0.018043946474790573,
-0.015473169274628162,
-0.001936571323312819,
0.08047988265752792,
-0.045594919472932816,
0.018917040899395943,
-0.026968909427523613,
-0.05001859366893768,
-0.016821613535284996,
-0.052540868520736694,
-0.04144287109375,
0.025688370689749718,
-0.041598085314035416,
0.018257368355989456,
-0.044159162789583206,
-0.05184239149093628,
0.06701482832431793,
0.000886433117557317,
-0.03172242268919945,
0.02846287004649639,
0.04287862405180931,
0.026968909427523613,
0.016297757625579834,
0.049320120364427567,
0.025727175176143646,
-0.020643826574087143,
-0.08948244899511337,
0.023709356784820557,
-0.02365115098655224,
-0.04772914946079254,
0.08226487040519714,
-0.021128879860043526,
0.010127892717719078,
-0.003143138950690627,
-0.03864897042512894,
0.007591068744659424,
-0.05529596284031868,
-0.03601028397679329,
0.04315025359392166,
0.04633219912648201,
-0.04260699450969696,
0.011000986211001873,
0.019984155893325806,
0.04342188313603401,
0.06022409722208977,
0.013882197439670563,
-0.03630131483078003,
-0.011039790697395802,
0.028850911185145378,
-0.014347847551107407,
0.05230804160237312,
-0.08661094307899475,
0.0701579675078392,
-0.026328640058636665,
-0.0036815470084547997,
0.01424113567918539,
-0.005267668049782515,
-0.010273408144712448,
-0.010399521328508854,
-0.02877330407500267,
-0.011602451093494892,
0.022545231506228447,
-0.058633122593164444,
-0.034729745239019394,
0.014726188033819199,
0.010254005901515484,
0.019964752718806267,
0.00930815376341343,
0.019799835979938507,
-0.021497517824172974,
-0.054519880563020706,
0.014318744651973248,
0.024912286549806595,
0.13139097392559052,
0.017151450738310814,
-0.017316367477178574,
0.012756875716149807,
0.02415560558438301,
-0.05882714316248894,
-0.003645168151706457,
0.004372746683657169,
-0.06821775436401367,
0.07993662357330322,
-0.006669469177722931,
0.01747158356010914,
0.07058481127023697,
0.04338308051228523,
-0.0658118948340416,
-0.012058400548994541,
0.020915456116199493,
0.032149266451597214,
0.01855810172855854,
0.05793464928865433,
0.008342900313436985,
-0.009031673893332481,
-0.024233214557170868,
-0.03418648615479469,
-0.00021963774634059519,
-0.024019790813326836,
-0.015492570586502552,
-0.002347653266042471,
-0.03934744372963905,
-0.011806173250079155,
-0.006606412585824728,
-0.018383482471108437,
-0.03946385532617569,
-0.042451780289411545,
0.04897088184952736,
0.01095248106867075,
0.015861211344599724,
0.00041259764111600816,
0.053433362394571304,
-0.03571925312280655,
0.009443968534469604,
0.005621756426990032,
0.046448610723018646,
-0.0049305567517876625,
0.002815728774294257,
0.05781823769211769,
0.00984171126037836,
-0.051105111837387085,
-0.007828744128346443,
0.013872495852410793,
-0.06224191188812256,
0.051415544003248215,
0.03884299099445343,
-0.001301152864471078,
0.09002570807933807,
0.042801015079021454,
0.03476855158805847,
0.03135378286242485,
-0.021652735769748688,
-0.03337160125374794,
0.04039515554904938,
-0.058012258261442184,
-0.02960759401321411,
-0.01614254154264927,
0.01630745828151703,
0.03247910365462303,
0.03911462053656578,
0.07477566599845886,
0.014658280648291111,
-0.025164514780044556,
-0.01194198802113533,
-0.08040226995944977,
-0.008391405455768108,
0.016423871740698814,
0.05824508145451546,
0.08847354352474213,
0.01793723553419113,
0.07756956666707993,
0.02879270538687706,
0.04121004417538643,
-0.02242881990969181,
0.02537793666124344,
0.02326310984790325,
0.0015982473269104958,
0.0016746431356295943,
0.014338146895170212,
-0.0076153213158249855,
-0.0563436783850193,
0.01224272046238184,
-0.03050008974969387,
0.005932189989835024,
0.007193326018750668,
-0.043305471539497375,
-0.01585150882601738,
0.057740628719329834,
0.029025530442595482,
0.01930508203804493,
0.03820272162556648,
0.045633722096681595,
0.025106307119131088,
-0.07873369008302689,
0.0136784752830863,
-0.062280718237161636,
-0.06911025196313858,
0.01830587536096573,
-0.004966935608536005,
-0.008090673014521599,
-0.02590179443359375,
-0.013591165654361248,
-0.03313877433538437,
-0.04078320041298866,
0.007164222653955221,
-0.0006141975172795355,
0.003924073185771704,
0.02328251115977764,
-0.030092645436525345,
0.01953790709376335,
0.013309835456311703,
0.03513719141483307,
-0.01716115139424801,
-0.02043040283024311,
-0.049940988421440125,
0.030306069180369377,
0.018499895930290222,
0.004457630682736635,
0.05300651863217354,
0.03965787589550018,
0.02615402080118656,
-0.0017886303830891848,
0.03457453101873398,
-0.05296771228313446,
-0.0120875034481287,
-0.03333279490470886,
-0.008764895610511303,
-0.03764006122946739,
0.03851315379142761,
-0.0015606558881700039,
0.01364937238395214,
0.03577745705842972,
0.07531892508268356,
-0.012291225604712963,
-0.02677488699555397,
-0.016782810911536217,
-0.019217772409319878,
-0.006911995355039835,
0.0013144917320460081,
0.05157076194882393,
0.044508401304483414,
-0.04609937220811844,
0.000009388414582645055,
-0.031528402119874954,
0.04229656234383583,
0.029316561296582222,
-0.010021180845797062,
0.04377112165093422,
-0.05157076194882393,
0.009962975047528744,
0.02650325931608677,
0.04346068575978279,
0.030674709007143974,
-0.02155572548508644,
-0.0010113341268151999,
0.006257175002247095,
-0.021381106227636337,
0.01382399071007967,
-0.04431438073515892,
-0.023728759959340096,
0.010273408144712448,
0.016317160800099373,
-0.0022276027593761683,
0.019586412236094475,
-0.004392148926854134,
-0.0339924655854702,
0.004084140527993441,
0.0050057400949299335,
-0.03024786338210106,
-0.026619670912623405,
-0.013717279769480228,
-0.021439312025904655,
-0.07477566599845886,
-0.0023937332443892956,
-0.02275865525007248,
-0.02477647177875042,
-0.0305388942360878,
0.004443079233169556,
0.024058595299720764,
0.031547803431749344,
-0.020003557205200195,
-0.010894275270402431,
0.028618086129426956,
-0.014473960734903812,
0.029297159984707832,
-0.00978835579007864,
0.017840223386883736,
0.04109363257884979,
0.020294588059186935,
0.030732914805412292,
-0.03750424459576607,
-0.006936247926205397,
0.006228071637451649,
-0.015036622062325478,
-0.037814680486917496,
0.017384275794029236,
-0.06790732592344284,
-0.022913871333003044,
0.004188426770269871,
0.04547850415110588,
0.02273925207555294,
-0.02764798142015934,
-0.03802810236811638,
0.0001859872427303344,
-0.003325033700093627,
0.05129913240671158,
-0.036126695573329926,
0.004513411782681942,
0.03593267500400543,
-0.005568400491029024,
0.016210447996854782,
0.010942780412733555,
-0.024272017180919647,
0.018936442211270332,
-0.030015036463737488,
0.014619477093219757,
-0.06841178238391876,
0.004515836946666241,
0.04664263129234314,
0.0009361509582959116,
-0.04183091223239899,
0.045905351638793945,
-0.028113631531596184,
-0.047341104596853256,
0.01824766770005226,
-0.037834081798791885,
-0.046487413346767426,
-0.018461091443896294,
-0.004637100268155336,
-0.04897088184952736,
0.0076880790293216705,
0.02128409594297409,
-0.023224305361509323,
0.013668774627149105,
0.0011271403636783361,
-0.036728162318468094,
0.0032352989073842764,
0.007523161359131336,
0.07559055089950562,
-0.021749746054410934,
-0.04761273413896561,
0.017316367477178574,
-0.03828033059835434,
0.04749632254242897,
0.015094827860593796,
-0.03833853453397751,
-0.09995958209037781,
0.012427040375769138,
-0.04660382494330406,
0.06080615893006325,
0.0006796795642003417,
-0.015250044874846935,
0.05929279699921608,
0.0060194991528987885,
-0.024989895522594452,
0.029568789526820183,
0.04318905994296074,
-0.018655112013220787,
-0.004450355190783739,
0.007440702524036169,
-0.017762616276741028,
-0.03218807280063629,
-0.02386457473039627,
0.0552571602165699,
-0.016889521852135658,
0.012262122705578804,
-0.04625459015369415,
0.006698572542518377,
0.000014551569620380178,
0.06666558980941772,
-0.001535190618596971,
0.005665411241352558,
0.014794095419347286,
0.04699186980724335,
0.03917282447218895,
-0.041869714856147766,
0.019664021208882332,
-0.04268460348248482,
-0.020934857428073883,
0.01410532183945179,
0.035020776093006134,
0.004038060549646616,
-0.01903345249593258,
-0.024252615869045258,
-0.010428625158965588,
0.018189461901783943,
0.04431438073515892,
0.01641417108476162,
0.0018917040433734655,
0.04547850415110588,
0.019421495497226715,
-0.02365115098655224,
0.016986532136797905,
0.053394559770822525,
0.054830312728881836,
-0.04745751991868019,
0.01914016529917717,
0.008648483082652092,
0.03141198679804802,
-0.0419861301779747,
-0.01901405118405819,
-0.032420895993709564,
-0.024970494210720062,
-0.024349626153707504,
0.0011568497866392136,
0.033235784620046616,
0.03261491656303406,
0.04377112165093422,
-0.025494350120425224,
0.04481883347034454,
-0.06522983312606812,
-0.0250869058072567,
-0.07147730886936188,
-0.01732606813311577,
0.054519880563020706,
-0.011650956235826015,
0.014745590277016163,
-0.02679429017007351,
0.01077786274254322,
0.00922569539397955,
-0.000996176153421402,
0.03575805574655533,
-0.01745218224823475,
-0.004768064245581627,
-0.009662242606282234,
-0.027492765337228775,
-0.03746544197201729,
-0.008638781495392323,
0.041869714856147766,
-0.015735097229480743,
0.019266277551651,
-0.045905351638793945,
-0.019625216722488403,
-0.004736535716801882,
-0.05646008998155594,
0.018878236413002014,
-0.0528901033103466,
-0.03358502313494682,
0.022390015423297882,
-0.01915956661105156,
-0.012950897216796875,
-0.03649533540010452,
-0.027221135795116425,
0.007324289996176958,
0.04803958162665367,
0.03540882095694542,
0.04761273413896561,
-0.025222720578312874,
0.01050623320043087,
0.018073048442602158,
-0.03876538202166557,
-0.022331807762384415,
-0.009827160276472569,
0.0029757958836853504,
0.015638086944818497,
-0.04982457309961319,
0.0037809829227626324,
-0.002062685089185834,
0.013212825171649456,
0.053161732852458954,
-0.0006590648554265499,
-0.04551731050014496,
0.015919417142868042,
-0.0030364275444298983,
0.03191644325852394,
-0.008202234283089638,
0.029529985040426254,
-0.05219163000583649,
0.01752009056508541,
-0.016695501282811165,
0.028133034706115723,
0.0019280830165371299,
-0.043926339596509933,
-0.014832899905741215,
-0.02155572548508644,
-0.05199760943651199,
-0.05044544115662575,
-0.014997817575931549,
-0.0075716665014624596,
-0.018606606870889664,
0.003419618820771575,
0.01410532183945179,
0.028909118846058846,
0.03393426164984703,
0.015220941975712776,
0.012106905691325665,
-0.0159970261156559,
-0.01910136081278324,
-0.008493266068398952,
0.026639074087142944,
-0.009065628051757812,
-0.006659768521785736,
-0.014852302148938179,
-0.007406748831272125,
0.0224482212215662,
0.08567964285612106,
0.029568789526820183,
-0.030053840950131416,
0.024601854383945465,
0.0024798300582915545,
0.015696292743086815,
-0.03393426164984703,
0.0325373075902462,
0.018043946474790573,
-0.004981487523764372,
0.016326861456036568,
0.036747563630342484,
0.03306116536259651,
-0.006179566495120525,
0.035835664719343185,
-0.009914468973875046,
-0.03719381242990494,
0.049630552530288696,
-0.004324241541326046,
-0.05176478251814842,
0.0632508248090744,
-0.04761273413896561,
-0.0023585669696331024,
-0.019819237291812897,
0.005631457548588514,
0.00003258945434936322,
0.010448026470839977,
0.01817976124584675,
-0.004508561454713345,
-0.03333279490470886,
0.01755889318883419,
0.03447751700878143,
0.0256301648914814,
0.01939239166676998,
-0.02163333259522915,
0.03713560476899147,
-0.013067309744656086,
0.0038973954506218433,
0.027764394879341125,
0.027182331308722496,
0.0012599234469234943,
0.01874242164194584,
0.019780432805418968,
-0.048815663903951645,
-0.010011480189859867,
-0.03771766647696495,
-0.0031576906330883503,
0.008988019078969955,
-0.030985141173005104,
0.03189704194664955,
-0.034710343927145004,
-0.0029248655773699284,
0.018131256103515625,
0.013174020685255527,
0.0007269721827469766,
0.01512393169105053,
0.05583922192454338,
0.019712526351213455,
0.015579880215227604,
-0.050251420587301254,
-0.008124626241624355,
-0.02361234650015831,
-0.034108877182006836,
0.019945351406931877,
0.004355769604444504,
0.020857250317931175,
-0.006936247926205397,
-0.028307653963565826,
-0.020876651629805565,
0.009351808577775955,
0.0021366553846746683,
0.004610422067344189,
0.04912609979510307,
-0.01759769767522812,
-0.04214134439826012,
-0.040705591440200806,
-0.01861630752682686,
0.0570809580385685,
-0.02937476895749569,
-0.030965739861130714,
0.019858041778206825,
-0.022584035992622375,
0.013610567897558212,
-0.03800870105624199,
-0.026309236884117126,
0.01990654692053795,
0.02993742935359478,
-0.011592750437557697,
-0.04260699450969696,
-0.016074633225798607,
0.027279341593384743,
-0.008667885325849056,
0.019984155893325806,
0.04105482995510101,
0.04369351267814636,
0.01352325826883316,
0.032692525535821915,
0.020333392545580864,
-0.012824783101677895,
-0.011175605468451977,
0.0005641764728352427,
0.060573332011699677,
0.004772914573550224,
0.04547850415110588,
-0.013368042185902596,
0.056886937469244,
0.014590373262763023,
0.017258161678910255,
-0.029200149700045586,
-0.026930104941129684,
0.014008310623466969,
0.01020550075918436,
-0.019712526351213455,
-0.009172338992357254,
-0.0008458099910058081,
-0.004142346791923046,
-0.031567204743623734,
-0.0027526719495654106,
0.033565621823072433,
-0.011049491353332996,
0.026289835572242737,
0.020294588059186935,
-0.022060180082917213,
0.017403677105903625,
-0.01801484264433384,
0.0036427429877221584,
0.021691540256142616,
0.004957234486937523,
-0.015376158058643341,
-0.015317952260375023,
-0.003991980571299791,
-0.01250464841723442,
0.06441494822502136,
-0.005878834053874016,
-0.02590179443359375,
-0.003181943204253912,
-0.018800627440214157,
0.009623438119888306,
0.019460298120975494,
-0.0403563529253006,
0.007789940107613802,
0.021148281171917915,
0.03205225616693497,
-0.028327055275440216,
0.009046225808560848,
0.012989700771868229,
0.014289640821516514,
-0.007009006105363369,
0.03663115203380585,
-0.04008472338318825,
-0.023224305361509323,
-0.00020311566186137497,
0.007236980367451906,
0.01961551606655121,
-0.01554107666015625,
0.07411599159240723,
0.007009006105363369,
0.0018007567850872874,
0.042723409831523895,
-0.015715695917606354,
0.007649275008589029,
-0.012349432334303856,
0.05036783218383789,
0.020352795720100403,
-0.015948520973324776,
0.00985141284763813,
0.005253116600215435,
0.016753707081079483,
-0.04237417131662369,
-0.03203285485506058,
0.0035263304598629475,
0.014056815765798092,
0.028055425733327866,
-0.02126469276845455,
-0.015657488256692886,
-0.029724005609750748,
0.011020388454198837,
-0.0369027815759182,
-0.028928520157933235,
-0.07500848919153214,
0.003191644325852394,
-0.003540881909430027,
0.0026920402888208628,
0.035253603011369705,
0.011097997426986694,
-0.021148281171917915,
-0.005010590422898531,
0.03793109208345413,
0.02531973086297512,
-0.005548998713493347,
-0.01853870041668415,
-0.01654028333723545,
0.022933272644877434,
0.03796989470720291,
0.0004932375741191208,
0.009589483961462975,
0.01265986543148756,
-0.020061763003468513,
0.01757829636335373,
-0.013271030969917774,
0.04051157087087631,
-0.03509838506579399,
0.01708354242146015,
0.05840029940009117,
0.03847435116767883,
0.035001374781131744,
-0.037601254880428314,
-0.023457130417227745,
0.030364274978637695,
0.012630762532353401,
-0.008687286637723446,
-0.013038205914199352,
-0.03337160125374794,
-0.04152048006653786,
0.01525974553078413,
-0.010457728058099747,
-0.02221539616584778,
0.024369029328227043,
-0.0014878979418426752,
0.05490792170166969,
-0.010739058256149292,
0.0005396206979639828,
0.01939239166676998,
0.023515336215496063,
-0.01990654692053795,
0.004598295781761408,
0.010583841241896152,
-0.03857136145234108,
-0.025533154606819153,
-0.0013945254031568766,
-0.021419910714030266,
0.05048424378037453,
-0.004962085280567408,
-0.014648579992353916,
0.02240941673517227,
-0.022312406450510025,
0.03934744372963905,
-0.016200747340917587,
0.018189461901783943,
0.036417726427316666,
0.009604035876691341,
0.018218565732240677,
-0.03112095594406128,
-0.03564164415001869,
0.025474946945905685,
0.0268136914819479,
0.027124125510454178,
-0.0023961584083735943,
-0.014706785790622234,
-0.0013654222711920738,
0.03342980518937111,
0.010001778602600098,
-0.017151450738310814,
0.04660382494330406,
-0.0403563529253006,
0.024252615869045258,
0.037601254880428314,
0.017335770651698112,
-0.006795582827180624,
0.04683665186166763,
0.011505440808832645,
-0.009410015307366848,
-0.0507170706987381,
0.022836262360215187,
-0.005398632492870092,
-0.00338081456720829,
-0.019004350528120995,
-0.018383482471108437,
-0.022273601964116096,
-0.03647593408823013,
0.01650148071348667,
-0.013241928070783615,
0.018693916499614716,
-0.045051660388708115,
0.06352245062589645,
-0.02415560558438301,
-0.04427557438611984,
-0.0015339779201894999,
0.004004106856882572,
-0.0011489676544442773,
0.0018056072294712067,
-0.007130268961191177,
0.012844185344874859,
0.044508401304483414,
-0.026076411828398705,
-0.04027874395251274,
-0.0005302228382788599,
0.015085127204656601,
-0.0339924655854702,
-0.0003474187105894089,
0.03688337653875351,
-0.01841258630156517,
0.02823004499077797,
-0.019440896809101105,
-0.032440297305583954,
0.013862795196473598,
-0.026037609204649925,
-0.00720302714034915,
0.008221636526286602,
-0.005757571198046207,
-0.0009137173183262348,
-0.01511423010379076,
0.0011659445008262992,
0.02361234650015831,
-0.04000711441040039,
0.0057866740971803665,
0.08699898421764374,
-0.0024713415186852217,
0.00018280409858562052,
-0.0171805527061224,
-0.047690343111753464,
-0.013911300338804722,
0.014182929880917072,
-0.032944753766059875,
-0.06588950753211975,
-0.01125321350991726,
-0.0018686640542000532,
0.015347055159509182,
-0.0077123320661485195,
0.04512926936149597,
0.09646720439195633,
-0.008968617767095566,
-0.0025610763113945723,
-0.02997623383998871,
0.027550971135497093,
-0.008784297853708267,
-0.0182670708745718,
-0.00562660675495863,
0.04023994132876396,
0.03771766647696495,
0.023845171555876732,
0.0031091852579265833,
-0.024640657007694244,
-0.004962085280567408,
-0.00978835579007864,
-0.009802907705307007,
-0.034710343927145004,
0.0219049621373415,
0.0013642096891999245,
-0.013319537043571472,
0.02764798142015934,
0.032420895993709564,
-0.005946741439402103,
-0.025571957230567932,
0.005922488868236542,
0.022331807762384415,
0.07058481127023697,
-0.02729874476790428,
-0.00017734724679030478,
0.02421381138265133,
-0.01556047797203064,
-0.0036136398557573557,
-0.021943766623735428,
0.02791961096227169,
0.017791718244552612,
0.013911300338804722,
-0.060650940984487534,
-0.004304839298129082,
-0.05401542782783508,
0.06006887927651405,
0.01716115139424801,
-0.02363174967467785,
0.042451780289411545,
-0.032692525535821915,
0.027783796191215515,
0.01732606813311577,
0.017636502161622047,
0.017772316932678223,
-0.027492765337228775,
-0.01194198802113533,
-0.022913871333003044,
0.017277562990784645,
-0.06317321211099625,
0.039560865610837936,
-0.011990493163466454,
-0.004251483362168074,
-0.0012659865897148848,
-0.010768161155283451,
-0.01224272046238184,
0.0065482063218951225,
0.028889715671539307,
-0.06100017949938774,
-0.03461333364248276,
0.04396514222025871,
0.053937818855047226,
-0.02677488699555397,
0.018752122297883034,
-0.027842003852128983,
0.010341315530240536,
-0.015327652916312218,
0.008347750641405582,
-0.009157788008451462,
-0.009152937680482864,
0.023767564445734024,
-0.0027259939815849066,
0.020100567489862442,
0.02762858010828495,
0.03249850496649742,
0.008726091124117374,
-0.016637293621897697,
-0.00691684614866972,
0.031198564916849136,
0.0035384567454457283,
0.028559880331158638,
0.012019596062600613,
-0.03137318417429924,
-0.053122930228710175,
0.0256301648914814,
-0.012252421118319035,
0.014687384478747845,
0.005451987963169813,
-0.007629872765392065,
0.026639074087142944,
-0.020799042657017708,
0.02561076171696186,
0.051920000463724136,
-0.0031892189290374517,
0.030597100034356117,
0.017355171963572502,
0.0064317937940359116,
0.006999304983764887,
0.010399521328508854,
0.0020942133851349354,
0.0016067357501015067,
0.02363174967467785,
-0.02448544092476368,
-0.015046322718262672,
-0.02910313941538334,
0.01752009056508541,
-0.03482675552368164,
-0.01830587536096573,
-0.015434364788234234,
-0.004278161562979221,
-0.008129476569592953,
-0.010729357600212097,
-0.007503759115934372,
-0.00018962513422593474,
0.010283108800649643,
-0.026270434260368347,
-0.001698895706795156,
-0.029491180554032326,
-0.004610422067344189,
-0.04520687460899353,
0.022913871333003044,
0.023554140701889992,
-0.01895584538578987,
-0.04078320041298866,
-0.012136008590459824,
0.09056896716356277,
-0.024388430640101433,
0.010729357600212097,
-0.056809328496456146,
-0.019964752718806267,
-0.05296771228313446,
0.03880418464541435,
-0.056809328496456146,
0.02502870000898838,
-0.040744394063949585,
0.03505958244204521,
0.022273601964116096,
-0.03166421502828598,
0.056576501578092575,
0.027861405164003372,
0.021206486970186234,
0.01637536659836769,
-0.014755291864275932,
-0.03193584457039833,
-0.05215282365679741,
0.002456790069118142,
0.03800870105624199,
0.02797781676054001,
-0.0008488415624015033,
-0.009865963831543922,
-0.012679267674684525,
-0.010108490474522114,
-0.00235614157281816,
0.011010687798261642,
0.032440297305583954,
0.03511778637766838,
-0.006029200274497271,
-0.006844087969511747,
0.0027696487959474325,
-0.02564956620335579,
0.0065918611362576485,
-0.03106275014579296,
0.021652735769748688,
-0.015987323597073555,
0.0597972497344017,
0.013872495852410793,
-0.02561076171696186,
0.017490986734628677,
-0.015191838145256042,
0.040705591440200806,
0.0632508248090744,
-0.0022421544417738914,
0.060573332011699677,
0.0069507998414337635,
-0.007746285293251276,
0.06080615893006325,
-0.02242881990969181,
-0.0103607177734375,
-0.005461689084768295,
0.01984834112226963,
-0.038726575672626495,
0.02157512679696083,
-0.011321120895445347,
0.010865171439945698,
0.02448544092476368,
-0.028133034706115723,
0.020876651629805565,
-0.02619282528758049,
0.03620430454611778,
-0.011553945951163769
] |
Thanks to rapid development of artificial intelligence technology in recent
years, the current artificial intelligence technology is contributing to many
part of society. Education, environment, medical care, military, tourism,
economy, politics, etc. are having a very large impact on society as a whole.
For example, in the field of education, there is an artificial intelligence
tutoring system that automatically assigns tutors based on student's level. In
the field of economics, there are quantitative investment methods that
automatically analyze large amounts of data to find investment laws to create
investment models or predict changes in financial markets. As such, artificial
intelligence technology is being used in various fields. So, it is very
important to know exactly what factors have an important influence on each
field of artificial intelligence technology and how the relationship between
each field is connected. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze artificial
intelligence technology in each field. In this paper, we analyze patent
documents related to artificial intelligence technology. We propose a method
for keyword analysis within factors using artificial intelligence patent data
sets for artificial intelligence technology analysis. This is a model that
relies on feature engineering based on deep learning model named KeyBERT, and
using vector space model. A case study of collecting and analyzing artificial
intelligence patent data was conducted to show how the proposed model can be
applied to real world problems. | [
0.00019318565318826586,
-0.006284973584115505,
-0.023525720462203026,
-0.03377743810415268,
0.038499753922224045,
-0.023044902831315994,
-0.021104460582137108,
-0.007577170617878437,
-0.029587456956505775,
0.03489362448453903,
0.02513989433646202,
-0.045299891382455826,
0.03468755632638931,
-0.05656475946307182,
-0.03089253231883049,
0.03075515665113926,
0.04059474542737007,
-0.047910042107105255,
0.0038358084857463837,
-0.03956442326307297,
-0.06590636074542999,
0.00774459820240736,
-0.006980441976338625,
-0.0138750234618783,
0.02453887090086937,
0.01907815784215927,
0.04238063842058182,
0.024109570309519768,
-0.04031999409198761,
0.03956442326307297,
-0.0279217679053545,
-0.014381598681211472,
0.00781328696757555,
-0.06868823617696762,
-0.04739488288760185,
0.02196306362748146,
0.025552023202180862,
0.035889603197574615,
-0.0012342416448518634,
0.03108142502605915,
0.019421597942709923,
0.00007009688124526292,
-0.030205650255084038,
-0.03181982412934303,
0.017910456284880638,
-0.0042200335301458836,
-0.05917491391301155,
-0.06487603485584259,
-0.060376957058906555,
-0.017017509788274765,
0.02768135815858841,
-0.06309014558792114,
0.06288407742977142,
0.029948070645332336,
-0.021052943542599678,
0.057217299938201904,
0.014810900203883648,
-0.04007958620786667,
0.03386329859495163,
0.00949614867568016,
0.008105211891233921,
0.04523120075464249,
-0.004705144092440605,
-0.015403336845338345,
0.002678841119632125,
-0.039152294397354126,
-0.020434750244021416,
-0.003994650207459927,
-0.0305662639439106,
0.017120542004704475,
-0.015068481676280499,
0.020520610734820366,
-0.013729061000049114,
0.011488107033073902,
0.007671616971492767,
-0.03630173206329346,
0.035580504685640335,
0.03049757517874241,
-0.0035481764934957027,
0.0125098442658782,
0.045162513852119446,
0.035820912569761276,
-0.019558975473046303,
-0.02137921191751957,
0.003415093058720231,
-0.009856761433184147,
0.0182710699737072,
-0.05467583239078522,
-0.01548919640481472,
0.012552774511277676,
-0.08647848665714264,
0.01894078031182289,
-0.0005457494989968836,
-0.032712772488594055,
0.029827864840626717,
0.005958704277873039,
-0.01888926513493061,
-0.0065039172768592834,
0.00048752548173069954,
0.03770983964204788,
0.029278360307216644,
-0.025586366653442383,
0.05570615828037262,
-0.04382309317588806,
0.010406267829239368,
-0.04636455699801445,
-0.0853794738650322,
-0.004876864608377218,
-0.013754818588495255,
0.11388508975505829,
-0.07631263136863708,
0.019971104338765144,
-0.0483221709728241,
0.030428888276219368,
-0.03152789920568466,
0.010972945019602776,
-0.0070062000304460526,
-0.042414985597133636,
0.0426897369325161,
-0.009573422372341156,
0.014106846414506435,
0.005005654878914356,
0.044819071888923645,
-0.04567767679691315,
-0.08393701910972595,
0.06425784528255463,
-0.020881222561001778,
-0.00942745991051197,
-0.027440950274467468,
-0.007783235516399145,
-0.007954956032335758,
0.07363379001617432,
-0.025998497381806374,
0.03365723416209221,
0.006323610432446003,
0.026135873049497604,
0.02192871831357479,
-0.020692329853773117,
-0.04605546221137047,
-0.01567808911204338,
-0.02132769674062729,
-0.03990786522626877,
-0.06157900020480156,
0.02732074446976185,
0.023560063913464546,
-0.0279217679053545,
0.02795611135661602,
0.03187134116888046,
-0.0315965861082077,
0.047497913241386414,
-0.01892360858619213,
0.002275297651067376,
0.029295532032847404,
0.028917746618390083,
0.03455018252134323,
-0.04124728590250015,
0.06491038203239441,
0.038499753922224045,
-0.007538533769547939,
-0.02161962166428566,
0.06521947681903839,
-0.025740915909409523,
0.01082698255777359,
0.04890602082014084,
0.07823590189218521,
0.016897305846214294,
-0.015240201726555824,
-0.004769539460539818,
-0.07507623732089996,
0.04691406339406967,
-0.0013061496429145336,
-0.04392612725496292,
0.0035095394123345613,
0.009564836509525776,
-0.013428549282252789,
0.01213205885142088,
-0.01828824169933796,
0.007808993570506573,
-0.07541967928409576,
-0.007993592880666256,
-0.053885918110609055,
0.023748956620693207,
0.03156224265694618,
0.0251914095133543,
0.02474493533372879,
0.005194547586143017,
0.07919753342866898,
-0.005636728368699551,
0.053988952189683914,
0.0061819409020245075,
0.012518431060016155,
0.007946370169520378,
0.03169962018728256,
0.0005049658357165754,
-0.006529675330966711,
-0.04004523903131485,
0.02488231286406517,
0.027080336585640907,
-0.017189230769872665,
-0.023113591596484184,
0.007985007017850876,
-0.006396591663360596,
-0.0032347864471375942,
0.06923773884773254,
0.04145335033535957,
0.0013372740941122174,
0.025981323793530464,
-0.03358854725956917,
0.014261394739151001,
-0.003994650207459927,
-0.056770823895931244,
-0.03444714844226837,
-0.04540292173624039,
-0.03480776399374008,
-0.04244932904839516,
0.02759549766778946,
0.0279217679053545,
-0.007495603524148464,
0.012423984706401825,
-0.029467253014445305,
0.014261394739151001,
0.01709478348493576,
0.08132687211036682,
-0.005439249332994223,
-0.0009487562347203493,
-0.02194589003920555,
0.013935125432908535,
-0.03412088006734848,
0.03513403236865997,
0.012964904308319092,
0.0368855819106102,
0.054263703525066376,
-0.03477341681718826,
-0.004230766091495752,
0.03104708157479763,
-0.07603787630796432,
0.019507458433508873,
-0.0343269445002079,
-0.051104046404361725,
-0.01813369430601597,
0.0049283807165920734,
-0.050897981971502304,
-0.038774508982896805,
-0.028574304655194283,
0.035443127155303955,
-0.032798632979393005,
-0.023216623812913895,
0.02486514113843441,
-0.00015307280409615487,
0.03127031773328781,
-0.009934036061167717,
-0.029759177938103676,
-0.005241770762950182,
0.029329875484108925,
-0.008186778984963894,
0.025380302220582962,
0.051207076758146286,
0.00704912981018424,
0.005825620610266924,
-0.053714197129011154,
0.04086950048804283,
-0.01876905933022499,
0.013634614646434784,
0.03106425330042839,
-0.013746232725679874,
0.0032240538857877254,
0.026736894622445107,
-0.0029171034693717957,
-0.00782187283039093,
0.002831243211403489,
-0.01396946981549263,
-0.03085818886756897,
0.0024040881544351578,
0.013608856126666069,
-0.029398564249277115,
-0.0007169334567151964,
0.032352156937122345,
-0.01062091812491417,
0.01090425718575716,
0.015514954924583435,
-0.03678254783153534,
-0.03667951747775078,
0.03613001108169556,
-0.0021336283534765244,
-0.07102363556623459,
-0.0375724621117115,
-0.027269229292869568,
-0.01089567132294178,
-0.028952090069651604,
0.0010383728658780456,
-0.032352156937122345,
-0.012106301262974739,
-0.006628414615988731,
-0.007787528447806835,
-0.003286302788183093,
-0.005666779354214668,
-0.025552023202180862,
-0.02457321621477604,
-0.0069632697850465775,
-0.03674820438027382,
-0.03285014629364014,
-0.035546161234378815,
0.006272094324231148,
0.012089129537343979,
-0.016193252056837082,
0.01900946907699108,
0.028814714401960373,
0.07322165369987488,
0.008568856865167618,
-0.04437259957194328,
-0.002734650392085314,
0.041590724140405655,
0.0010008090175688267,
0.03441280499100685,
0.006207698956131935,
0.03956442326307297,
0.035477474331855774,
-0.012174989096820354,
-0.019301394000649452,
-0.047772668302059174,
0.017979145050048828,
-0.008564564399421215,
-0.08407440036535263,
0.045299891382455826,
-0.04104122146964073,
-0.0444069430232048,
0.035614848136901855,
0.029123811051249504,
0.006791549269109964,
-0.026994476094841957,
-0.0006391225615516305,
-0.004542009439319372,
-0.022598428651690483,
-0.01230377983301878,
0.05591222271323204,
-0.05179092660546303,
0.007508482784032822,
-0.023766128346323967,
-0.06532251089811325,
-0.0077231330797076225,
0.026513658463954926,
-0.03355420380830765,
-0.08984421193599701,
-0.04887167736887932,
-0.010380509309470654,
-0.04076646640896797,
-0.013299759477376938,
0.023903505876660347,
-0.010749708861112595,
0.011256284080445766,
0.0009074359550140798,
-0.019146844744682312,
-0.027097508311271667,
-0.02131052501499653,
-0.005022827070206404,
-0.0437200590968132,
-0.005808448884636164,
-0.03819065913558006,
0.028814714401960373,
0.02790459431707859,
-0.01378916297107935,
-0.04396047070622444,
0.032558221369981766,
0.050897981971502304,
-0.08421177417039871,
-0.029415735974907875,
-0.002343985950574279,
0.016983166337013245,
0.004894036799669266,
-0.00040676313801668584,
-0.019988276064395905,
0.05543140321969986,
0.015437680296599865,
-0.01854582317173481,
-0.0006278533837758005,
-0.03161375969648361,
-0.014295739121735096,
-0.003687699558213353,
-0.05536271631717682,
0.03691992536187172,
0.06363964825868607,
-0.06460128724575043,
0.07177920639514923,
0.027355089783668518,
-0.04358268529176712,
0.030274339020252228,
0.008517340756952763,
-0.01663113944232464,
-0.038808852434158325,
0.08517341315746307,
-0.001925417105667293,
-0.02752680890262127,
-0.01821955479681492,
-0.09959793835878372,
0.01894078031182289,
0.04323924332857132,
-0.04914643242955208,
-0.02489948458969593,
-0.012449742294847965,
-0.02201457880437374,
-0.012904802337288857,
0.02495100162923336,
-0.005877137184143066,
-0.060170892626047134,
-0.028625821694731712,
-0.016459418460726738,
-0.02761266939342022,
-0.02826520800590515,
0.032386504113674164,
0.03190568462014198,
-0.006220578216016293,
-0.014218464493751526,
-0.014716453850269318,
-0.04317055642604828,
0.03647345304489136,
0.010097170248627663,
-0.008461532182991505,
0.0483221709728241,
0.0012900509173050523,
0.011204767972230911,
-0.01548061054199934,
0.016064461320638657,
0.004885450471192598,
-0.03764115273952484,
-0.010234546847641468,
-0.02196306362748146,
0.04911208897829056,
-0.03470472991466522,
-0.008955228142440319,
-0.04663931205868721,
-0.006418056786060333,
-0.010311821475625038,
0.024246945977211,
0.023147935047745705,
0.016210423782467842,
-0.0370573028922081,
0.01396088395267725,
0.01669982634484768,
-0.008066574111580849,
0.007564291823655367,
-0.017172059044241905,
-0.038568444550037384,
-0.03456735238432884,
-0.014639180153608322,
-0.057320330291986465,
0.011968924663960934,
-0.01564374566078186,
0.0010426659137010574,
0.00104373914655298,
-0.03815631568431854,
-0.07638131827116013,
0.028299551457166672,
-0.09417156875133514,
-0.0069675627164542675,
0.0033142073079943657,
0.015145755372941494,
0.01852865144610405,
-0.03760680928826332,
0.023474203422665596,
-0.045025136321783066,
-0.0565304160118103,
0.06477300822734833,
0.005160203669220209,
-0.030257167294621468,
0.008800679817795753,
-0.007791821379214525,
-0.03633607551455498,
-0.06497906893491745,
0.01416694838553667,
0.021001428365707397,
0.01063808985054493,
-0.04657062143087387,
0.029553113505244255,
0.017567016184329987,
0.0361986979842186,
-0.0071349903009831905,
0.04238063842058182,
-0.022409535944461823,
0.029055122286081314,
0.0042822821997106075,
-0.019318565726280212,
0.0220317505300045,
-0.0027196246664971113,
-0.020829707384109497,
-0.051104046404361725,
0.04701709747314453,
-0.016468003392219543,
0.013205313123762608,
-0.004226472694426775,
-0.008590321987867355,
-0.026015669107437134,
-0.010191616602241993,
-0.0625062957406044,
-0.056976888328790665,
-0.00387229910120368,
-0.050863638520240784,
-0.03362289071083069,
0.012939145788550377,
0.03702295944094658,
0.0250196885317564,
-0.03046323172748089,
-0.05608394369482994,
-0.03784721717238426,
0.012097715400159359,
-0.01405533030629158,
0.029020778834819794,
0.00030373077606782317,
0.0140896737575531,
-0.014029571786522865,
0.01556647103279829,
0.009350186213850975,
-0.020228683948516846,
-0.04694840684533119,
0.012767425738275051,
-0.008130969479680061,
0.030205650255084038,
0.013231070712208748,
-0.005692537408322096,
0.007195092272013426,
0.029896553605794907,
-0.010234546847641468,
0.032678429037332535,
0.013076522387564182,
0.015119997784495354,
-0.0021733385510742664,
0.03372592106461525,
0.005520816892385483,
-0.005799862556159496,
-0.006688516587018967,
-0.022340847179293633,
-0.04955856129527092,
0.0021207493264228106,
-0.0319400280714035,
-0.04578070715069771,
-0.026256076991558075,
-0.007607222069054842,
0.042071543633937836,
0.06453259289264679,
-0.0017054000636562705,
-0.0677952840924263,
-0.06346792727708817,
0.016811445355415344,
0.03712598979473114,
0.015755362808704376,
0.01259570475667715,
0.00193614955060184,
0.06401743739843369,
-0.011385074816644192,
-0.0312531478703022,
0.006409470923244953,
0.026170216500759125,
-0.0027003062423318624,
0.011831548064947128,
0.017275091260671616,
0.0421745739877224,
-0.007100646384060383,
0.01675134338438511,
-0.007959249429404736,
0.030257167294621468,
-0.01266439352184534,
-0.0370573028922081,
-0.0140896737575531,
-0.03489362448453903,
-0.01380633469671011,
0.016416488215327263,
-0.03977048769593239,
0.03147638216614723,
0.026067184284329414,
0.022426707670092583,
0.013059350661933422,
0.016476590186357498,
0.0184427909553051,
0.006791549269109964,
-0.03156224265694618,
0.0008044036221690476,
0.04107556492090225,
0.013488652184605598,
-0.019679179415106773,
-0.03650779649615288,
0.020949911326169968,
0.007602928671985865,
-0.01859734021127224,
0.018047833815217018,
0.04760094732046127,
0.044647350907325745,
0.008285517804324627,
-0.028642993420362473,
-0.0222034715116024,
-0.004194275476038456,
-0.02508837729692459,
-0.019679179415106773,
0.02182568609714508,
-0.05773245915770531,
-0.04643324762582779,
-0.006486745085567236,
0.02515706606209278,
0.009547664783895016,
-0.0012997101293876767,
0.041384659707546234,
-0.026668205857276917,
0.041350316256284714,
0.0068001351319253445,
0.0761752501130104,
0.072740837931633,
-0.009736557491123676,
0.02733791619539261,
0.0007131770253181458,
0.0017204255564138293,
0.019833726808428764,
0.05392026528716087,
0.05560312420129776,
-0.023817645385861397,
-0.008203950710594654,
0.003930254839360714,
0.051241423934698105,
-0.016468003392219543,
-0.011359316296875477,
0.017893284559249878,
-0.038465410470962524,
-0.00940170232206583,
-0.01731802150607109,
0.00922998134046793,
0.032609738409519196,
0.008955228142440319,
0.032317813485860825,
0.036095667630434036,
0.010062825866043568,
0.0218600295484066,
0.014184120111167431,
-0.02771570160984993,
-0.022495396435260773,
-0.020795362070202827,
-0.004769539460539818,
0.0009106557117775083,
0.0437200590968132,
-0.04265539348125458,
-0.010595159605145454,
0.06205981969833374,
0.051619209349155426,
-0.03956442326307297,
-0.016880134120583534,
-0.009015331044793129,
-0.032249126583337784,
0.07466410845518112,
0.001514360890723765,
0.03746943175792694,
-0.004481907468289137,
-0.04643324762582779,
0.028797542676329613,
0.023800473660230637,
0.0028763196896761656,
0.03338248282670975,
-0.00029004679527133703,
0.032815802842378616,
0.003417239524424076,
-0.03746943175792694,
-0.014622007496654987,
0.007332468871027231,
0.014905346557497978,
0.06123556196689606,
-0.004692264832556248,
-0.008397136814892292,
0.003857273608446121,
-0.004619283601641655,
0.014149775728583336,
-0.00010564840340521187,
0.010320407338440418,
-0.002494241576641798,
0.005276115145534277,
0.007680203299969435,
0.017721563577651978,
-0.04931815341114998,
-0.020194340497255325,
-0.00395815959200263,
0.044578664004802704,
0.00416637072339654,
0.04911208897829056,
0.019455941393971443,
0.011436590924859047,
-0.026187388226389885,
-0.03412088006734848,
-0.028591478243470192,
-0.0368855819106102,
-0.01259570475667715,
-0.006920339539647102,
0.0016882279887795448,
-0.04124728590250015,
0.05041716247797012,
0.012793183326721191,
-0.017086198553442955,
-0.03491079434752464,
-0.013274000957608223,
0.041659414768218994,
-0.025500506162643433,
0.013497238047420979,
0.01678568683564663,
-0.019662007689476013,
0.017395295202732086,
0.022924698889255524,
-0.019387254491448402,
-0.04073212295770645,
-0.02149941772222519,
-0.050588883459568024,
0.030085446313023567,
0.026410626247525215,
0.04069777950644493,
0.01238964032381773,
0.0019619076047092676,
-0.0014081087429076433,
-0.017575601115822792,
0.00940170232206583,
0.0374007448554039,
0.003977478016167879,
0.00773601233959198,
0.020486265420913696,
0.04093818739056587,
-0.010183030739426613,
-0.012037613429129124,
-0.038396723568439484,
0.02206609584391117,
0.05268387496471405,
0.024143913760781288,
-0.0019125379621982574,
-0.0188720915466547,
-0.03350268676877022,
0.019988276064395905,
-0.04313620924949646,
0.015223030000925064,
-0.03485927730798721,
-0.007250901777297258,
0.020039793103933334,
-0.01683720387518406,
-0.04313620924949646,
0.019885243847966194,
-0.014828072860836983,
0.026170216500759125,
-0.045334234833717346,
0.013119452632963657,
-0.02141355723142624,
0.023044902831315994,
-0.013480066321790218,
-0.04581505060195923,
-0.011762860231101513,
-0.022272160276770592,
0.006679930724203587,
0.003988210577517748,
-0.04330793023109436,
0.0036125718615949154,
0.010037068277597427,
-0.02431563474237919,
0.05914057046175003,
-0.029072295874357224,
0.054504115134477615,
-0.011479521170258522,
-0.005585211794823408,
-0.0008188925567083061,
-0.0020638667047023773,
0.01839127391576767,
0.020194340497255325,
0.016322040930390358,
-0.02471059188246727,
0.04341096431016922,
-0.009066847153007984,
0.05333641171455383,
0.020056964829564095,
-0.026994476094841957,
-0.009633524343371391,
0.014750798232853413,
0.013385619968175888,
0.0015776829095557332,
0.01858016662299633,
-0.022804493084549904,
0.047703977674245834,
-0.03750377520918846,
-0.011307800188660622,
-0.02804197184741497,
0.008860781788825989,
-0.03939270228147507,
-0.004252230748534203,
-0.006813014391809702,
-0.03413805365562439,
0.022323675453662872,
-0.011840133927762508,
0.026960132643580437,
-0.012887629680335522,
-0.00138771696947515,
-0.002343985950574279,
-0.05220305919647217,
0.004782418254762888,
0.02532878704369068,
-0.01833975873887539,
-0.002897784812375903,
0.00941887404769659,
0.009624938480556011,
0.060514334589242935,
0.03465321287512779,
-0.03389764204621315,
0.011256284080445766,
-0.021430728957057,
0.01070677861571312,
0.03405219316482544,
0.028917746618390083,
0.0026573759969323874,
0.00931584183126688,
0.028471272438764572,
-0.032420847564935684,
0.019696351140737534,
0.0018320439849048853,
0.04564332962036133,
0.04255235940217972,
0.042037200182676315,
0.008517340756952763,
0.009650697000324726,
0.05313034728169441,
0.011264869943261147,
0.004039726685732603,
-0.0561869740486145,
0.014630593359470367,
-0.05210002511739731,
-0.004464735276997089,
-0.0222034715116024,
-0.041934166103601456,
0.006907460745424032,
0.022461052983999252,
-0.02180851437151432,
-0.024109570309519768,
0.050588883459568024,
0.057389020919799805,
0.013428549282252789,
0.020297372713685036,
0.019730694591999054,
0.026393454521894455,
-0.015308890491724014,
0.004198568407446146,
-0.04646759107708931,
0.04629587009549141,
-0.006499624345451593,
0.006525382399559021,
-0.01851147972047329,
0.035923946648836136,
-0.02768135815858841,
0.0037392156664282084,
-0.0331249013543129,
0.04131597280502319,
-0.022306503728032112,
-0.019936759024858475,
-0.004898329731076956,
-0.00554228201508522,
0.020743846893310547,
0.0493524968624115,
0.044475629925727844,
0.003578227711841464,
0.004241498652845621,
0.015257374383509159,
-0.030154135078191757,
0.04028565064072609,
-0.006370833609253168,
0.0004818908928427845,
-0.009650697000324726,
-0.0247621089220047,
0.023113591596484184,
0.032455191016197205,
-0.006263508461415768,
0.00212826207280159,
-0.0053018731996417046,
-0.04712012782692909,
-0.0032068819273263216,
-0.03207740560173988,
-0.005288993939757347,
-0.032111749053001404,
-0.010784052312374115,
-0.01895795203745365,
-0.02426411770284176,
0.041934166103601456,
-0.0016603233525529504,
0.0009954427368938923,
0.012029026634991169,
0.01548061054199934,
-0.010037068277597427,
-0.00904108863323927,
0.016545278951525688,
0.013643200509250164,
0.026032840833067894,
-0.01885491982102394,
0.013651786372065544,
0.0109300147742033,
-0.026427797973155975,
0.013368447311222553,
-0.002070306334644556,
-0.022838838398456573,
-0.0032219074200838804,
-0.016081633046269417,
0.03908360376954079,
-0.010655262507498264,
0.029415735974907875,
0.007890560664236546,
0.038637131452560425,
-0.011960338801145554,
-0.0011762860231101513,
-0.019507458433508873,
0.0021100167650729418,
-0.01547202467918396,
0.00923856720328331,
-0.0360269770026207,
0.001220289384946227,
-0.023388342931866646,
0.04931815341114998,
-0.03319358825683594,
0.005610970314592123,
0.009676454588770866,
-0.0026316179428249598,
-0.0190438125282526,
-0.006465279962867498,
0.025431819260120392,
0.04670799896121025,
0.03065212443470955,
-0.045334234833717346,
-0.04653627797961235,
0.016674069687724113,
-0.0009449998615309596,
0.054710179567337036,
0.07009634375572205,
0.019198361784219742,
0.020366061478853226,
-0.038259346038103104,
0.0069718556478619576,
0.012071956880390644,
-0.005602383986115456,
0.009985552169382572,
-0.032180435955524445,
-0.019593318924307823,
0.022512568160891533,
0.0156265739351511,
0.01586698181927204,
0.004580646753311157,
-0.02785307914018631,
0.002541464753448963,
0.01839127391576767,
-0.03716033324599266,
-0.011900236830115318,
-0.044647350907325745,
-0.019421597942709923,
0.008963814936578274,
-0.019644834101200104,
-0.010148686356842518,
-0.05563746765255928,
0.10158989578485489,
0.05522533878684044,
0.02182568609714508,
0.06765791028738022,
0.03307338431477547,
0.02768135815858841,
-0.0052675288170576096,
-0.054160673171281815,
-0.047875698655843735,
-0.028934918344020844,
-0.022220643237233162,
-0.06666193157434464,
-0.009092604741454124,
0.01371188834309578,
-0.005932946223765612,
0.00931584183126688,
-0.0023997952230274677,
-0.019249876961112022,
-0.022959042340517044,
-0.006456694100052118,
-0.0030501869041472673,
-0.039014916867017746,
-0.05000503361225128,
-0.020554954186081886,
-0.00213255500420928,
-0.010835569351911545,
-0.0061776479706168175,
-0.026084356009960175,
-0.0006305365241132677,
-0.03046323172748089,
0.00704483687877655,
0.0074312081560492516,
-0.015420508570969105,
-0.019816555082798004,
0.01250125840306282,
-0.01659679412841797,
-0.035820912569761276,
-0.007169334217905998,
-0.011067391373217106,
-0.045334234833717346,
-0.005143031477928162,
-0.04567767679691315,
-0.05299297347664833,
0.06360530108213425,
0.0015261666849255562,
0.0016710559139028192,
-0.0068044280633330345,
-0.032970353960990906,
-0.03446432203054428,
-0.02814500406384468,
0.002217342145740986,
-0.020949911326169968,
0.025603538379073143,
0.02137921191751957,
-0.02180851437151432,
-0.010208788327872753,
-0.00034719755058176816,
0.057182956486940384,
-0.02768135815858841,
0.0618194118142128,
0.03102990984916687,
-0.013531582430005074,
0.007229436654597521,
0.04894036799669266,
0.054744523018598557,
0.04293014481663704,
0.008663303218781948,
0.04653627797961235,
0.0365421399474144,
0.020469093695282936,
0.011136080138385296,
0.007976421155035496,
0.035477474331855774,
-0.07157313823699951,
-0.011067391373217106,
-0.020657986402511597,
0.004992776084691286,
0.01899229735136032
] |
Advances in biomedicine are largely fueled by exploring uncharted territories
of human biology. Machine learning can both enable and accelerate discovery,
but faces a fundamental hurdle when applied to unseen data with distributions
that differ from previously observed ones -- a common dilemma in scientific
inquiry. We have developed a new deep learning framework, called
{\textit{Portal Learning}}, to explore dark chemical and biological space.
Three key, novel components of our approach include: (i) end-to-end, step-wise
transfer learning, in recognition of biology's sequence-structure-function
paradigm, (ii) out-of-cluster meta-learning, and (iii) stress model selection.
Portal Learning provides a practical solution to the out-of-distribution (OOD)
problem in statistical machine learning. Here, we have implemented Portal
Learning to predict chemical-protein interactions on a genome-wide scale.
Systematic studies demonstrate that Portal Learning can effectively assign
ligands to unexplored gene families (unknown functions), versus existing
state-of-the-art methods, thereby allowing us to target previously
"undruggable" proteins and design novel polypharmacological agents for
disrupting interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and human proteins. Portal Learning
is general-purpose and can be further applied to other areas of scientific
inquiry. | [
-0.047940224409103394,
-0.029147030785679817,
-0.027994435280561447,
-0.02791629172861576,
-0.00515249976888299,
0.003787453519180417,
-0.03465605527162552,
0.012873923406004906,
-0.04422847181558609,
0.02121560089290142,
0.016810335218906403,
0.02098117396235466,
0.024009183049201965,
-0.012932529672980309,
-0.0036165176425129175,
-0.014866548590362072,
-0.026470661163330078,
-0.010637103579938412,
-0.022192377597093582,
-0.05434788390994072,
0.007198847830295563,
-0.06282631307840347,
-0.047627657651901245,
0.037312887609004974,
0.04629923775792122,
0.023227762430906296,
0.05532465875148773,
-0.007789798080921173,
-0.05735635757446289,
0.05083148553967476,
0.0553637333214283,
0.015862861648201942,
0.019779738038778305,
0.03123733401298523,
-0.05579351261258125,
-0.033952776342630386,
-0.022993335500359535,
0.030944300815463066,
-0.011779933236539364,
0.003919318318367004,
0.014553979970514774,
-0.027564652264118195,
0.017142439261078835,
0.029830776154994965,
0.007711655925959349,
-0.016292642802000046,
-0.05079241469502449,
-0.05637957900762558,
-0.016370786353945732,
0.013479525223374367,
-0.010783620178699493,
-0.030260557308793068,
0.015442847274243832,
-0.016116824001073837,
-0.029127495363354683,
0.04145442321896553,
0.04141535237431526,
0.02287612110376358,
0.05098776891827583,
-0.005445532966405153,
-0.03336670994758606,
-0.0087470393627882,
0.011359918862581253,
-0.014192572794854641,
0.01860760524868965,
-0.03086615912616253,
0.022661231458187103,
-0.003601865842938423,
0.008751924149692059,
0.02652926929295063,
-0.03211643546819687,
-0.015130278654396534,
0.006886279210448265,
0.027291154488921165,
0.01067617442458868,
0.026177629828453064,
-0.019672293215990067,
0.031628046184778214,
-0.009640790522098541,
-0.04633830860257149,
0.06931211054325104,
0.020453713834285736,
0.03442163020372391,
0.013977681286633015,
0.07923616468906403,
-0.006007179617881775,
0.011008279398083687,
-0.06634270399808884,
-0.00023549488105345517,
0.00906937662512064,
-0.026314377784729004,
0.03776220604777336,
-0.018656443804502487,
0.020531857386231422,
0.015980074182152748,
0.013000904582440853,
0.015882397070527077,
0.005250177346169949,
-0.019955558702349663,
0.010285464115440845,
0.0012020464055240154,
-0.01088129822164774,
-0.0006440624711103737,
0.02223144844174385,
-0.027525581419467926,
-0.0495421402156353,
-0.026333913207054138,
0.054230671375989914,
-0.02893214114010334,
0.1659739762544632,
-0.017855487763881683,
-0.004112232010811567,
-0.00913775060325861,
0.03358159959316254,
-0.03553515300154686,
0.008961930871009827,
-0.05481673777103424,
-0.024614784866571426,
0.03377695381641388,
-0.04121999815106392,
0.025767382234334946,
0.03332763910293579,
-0.0006211692234501243,
-0.02639251947402954,
-0.043564263731241226,
0.014212108217179775,
-0.04215770214796066,
-0.00098959740716964,
-0.009211009368300438,
0.06724134087562561,
-0.05290225148200989,
-0.01959415152668953,
0.01529633067548275,
-0.03623843565583229,
0.01911552995443344,
0.006016947329044342,
0.01912529766559601,
0.05778614059090614,
-0.016527069732546806,
-0.0035163979046046734,
0.029459599405527115,
-0.026079950854182243,
-0.05708285793662071,
-0.019789505749940872,
0.036355648189783096,
-0.04500989243388176,
-0.016439160332083702,
0.05665307864546776,
-0.025200851261615753,
-0.000260524800978601,
-0.05188640579581261,
0.0364728607237339,
-0.011975288391113281,
-0.03215550631284714,
0.04247027263045311,
-0.014143734239041805,
0.03772313520312309,
0.011398989707231522,
-0.0147395683452487,
-0.01919367164373398,
0.044345684349536896,
-0.05301946774125099,
0.025103174149990082,
0.05489487946033478,
0.06188860163092613,
0.053996242582798004,
0.045830387622117996,
-0.017103368416428566,
-0.08720666915178299,
0.053683675825595856,
-0.0006953432457521558,
0.027115335687994957,
0.03569144010543823,
0.03289785608649254,
-0.014759103767573833,
0.006099973805248737,
0.006349051836878061,
0.054933950304985046,
-0.027877220883965492,
0.0009627360268495977,
-0.06247466802597046,
-0.00937217753380537,
0.044892679899930954,
0.013039975427091122,
0.016468463465571404,
0.04172792285680771,
0.06583478301763535,
-0.003621401498094201,
0.025591563433408737,
0.0597006231546402,
0.018226662650704384,
-0.022153306752443314,
0.014173037372529507,
0.004788650199770927,
-0.0030768481083214283,
-0.03692217916250229,
-0.04676809161901474,
0.007946082390844822,
-0.011340383440256119,
0.00012034200335619971,
-0.0013491734862327576,
-0.05591072514653206,
-0.006788601633161306,
0.010236624628305435,
-0.00011461869871709496,
0.01067617442458868,
0.003111035330221057,
-0.012854387983679771,
0.008522381074726582,
-0.03262436017394066,
-0.003714195219799876,
-0.06485800445079803,
-0.08720666915178299,
-0.022758908569812775,
0.005054822191596031,
-0.042626556009054184,
-0.025200851261615753,
0.009391712956130505,
-0.04391590133309364,
-0.009235428646206856,
-0.06208395957946777,
0.019310886040329933,
0.05731728672981262,
0.003550585126504302,
0.003960831556469202,
-0.013626041822135448,
0.022290056571364403,
-0.00043008720967918634,
0.052198972553014755,
-0.013147421181201935,
0.03258528560400009,
0.006603013724088669,
0.03326903283596039,
0.005733682308346033,
0.009758003987371922,
-0.009196356870234013,
0.03428487852215767,
-0.015452614985406399,
-0.0038729216903448105,
-0.040047865360975266,
-0.00978242326527834,
-0.024712463840842247,
-0.0029718445148319006,
-0.019779738038778305,
0.04700252041220665,
-0.005118312314152718,
-0.018226662650704384,
0.06872604042291641,
0.04641645401716232,
0.05255061388015747,
-0.006480916868895292,
-0.005196454469114542,
-0.006744646467268467,
0.015560060739517212,
-0.06845254451036453,
0.0016995923360809684,
0.04028229042887688,
-0.032741572707891464,
0.010402677580714226,
-0.047393228858709335,
0.026978585869073868,
0.011779933236539364,
0.01319625973701477,
0.03871944919228554,
0.01495445892214775,
-0.03571097552776337,
0.06520964205265045,
0.01786525547504425,
0.015550293028354645,
0.043603334575891495,
0.00989963673055172,
-0.05255061388015747,
0.008981466293334961,
0.02320822700858116,
0.032878320664167404,
-0.06110718101263046,
0.0647798627614975,
-0.020688140764832497,
0.06071646884083748,
0.03860223665833473,
0.004104906227439642,
-0.031549904495477676,
0.051730118691921234,
0.018822496756911278,
-0.04168885201215744,
0.00702302809804678,
-0.018627140671014786,
-0.015100975520908833,
-0.052667826414108276,
-0.0021733292378485203,
0.012346464209258556,
-0.018461089581251144,
-0.047627657651901245,
-0.013997217640280724,
0.003128129057586193,
-0.017650363966822624,
-0.04219677671790123,
0.03696125000715256,
-0.05227711424231529,
0.009469854645431042,
-0.016693122684955597,
-0.07212522625923157,
0.019506240263581276,
0.03985251113772392,
0.004600620828568935,
0.011858074925839901,
0.038660842925310135,
0.049932848662137985,
-0.04028229042887688,
-0.01000219862908125,
0.0749383494257927,
0.007535836193710566,
0.005045054014772177,
-0.05106591060757637,
-0.01885179989039898,
0.042118631303310394,
0.017806649208068848,
-0.04274376854300499,
-0.036668214946985245,
-0.06778834015130997,
0.0031745259184390306,
0.02754511684179306,
-0.09244219213724136,
0.03610168397426605,
-0.006720227189362049,
-0.019447633996605873,
-0.02311054803431034,
0.08626896142959595,
-0.03545701131224632,
-0.00631974870339036,
0.0069302343763411045,
-0.02088349685072899,
-0.0619276762008667,
-0.006710459478199482,
0.025845523923635483,
-0.010598032735288143,
-0.05958341062068939,
0.03965715318918228,
0.007164660841226578,
-0.01247344445437193,
-0.016595443710684776,
0.01790432631969452,
-0.004180606454610825,
0.006099973805248737,
0.013684648089110851,
-0.04137628152966499,
-0.02606041543185711,
0.032507143914699554,
-0.03244853764772415,
0.02713487111032009,
0.0010591928148642182,
-0.0004325291665736586,
-0.04168885201215744,
-0.00549925584346056,
0.01719127781689167,
-0.025220386683940887,
-0.02111792378127575,
-0.04629923775792122,
0.002852189354598522,
0.02592366747558117,
-0.0065492913126945496,
-0.05782521143555641,
-0.06649899482727051,
0.010129179805517197,
-0.047119732946157455,
-0.00184610893484205,
0.029147030785679817,
0.04290005564689636,
0.03860223665833473,
0.013645577244460583,
-0.04848721995949745,
0.002559156157076359,
0.013977681286633015,
0.039950188249349594,
-0.009889869019389153,
-0.009723816998302937,
0.006720227189362049,
-0.014260946772992611,
-0.023931041359901428,
0.0295377429574728,
-0.0357305109500885,
-0.010402677580714226,
-0.029694026336073875,
0.021977486088871956,
0.03358159959316254,
0.02815071865916252,
0.03360113501548767,
-0.03254621475934982,
-0.03317135199904442,
0.02135234884917736,
-0.012629728764295578,
-0.03694171458482742,
0.012141340412199497,
-0.030104273930191994,
0.014446535147726536,
-0.03377695381641388,
0.012991136871278286,
-0.004871676210314035,
-0.00041329883970320225,
0.007994920946657658,
0.01634148322045803,
0.041298139840364456,
0.01319625973701477,
0.02379429340362549,
0.03637518361210823,
-0.017787111923098564,
-0.004488291218876839,
-0.07138288021087646,
-0.011164563708007336,
0.016126591712236404,
-0.010558961890637875,
-0.0765402615070343,
0.026959050446748734,
0.025767382234334946,
0.0014761545462533832,
0.0131278857588768,
0.03608214855194092,
-0.000774706422816962,
-0.003142780624330044,
0.036121219396591187,
0.003804547246545553,
0.01807037740945816,
0.007218383718281984,
0.01194598525762558,
-0.018959244713187218,
0.021332813426852226,
0.06259188055992126,
-0.026724623516201973,
-0.033816028386354446,
-0.030436377972364426,
0.039813440293073654,
0.01559913158416748,
-0.026841837912797928,
-0.05352738872170448,
-0.039715759456157684,
-0.011223169974982738,
0.023091012611985207,
-0.003816756885498762,
-0.030475448817014694,
-0.004874118138104677,
-0.007789798080921173,
0.015814023092389107,
-0.024106862023472786,
-0.050675202161073685,
-0.0707186684012413,
0.0034944203216582537,
-0.01739640161395073,
0.006969305220991373,
0.012239018455147743,
-0.008649362251162529,
-0.04465825483202934,
0.028209324926137924,
-0.0853312537074089,
-0.039305515587329865,
0.03364020586013794,
0.005689727142453194,
-0.05051891505718231,
-0.002460257615894079,
0.05934898182749748,
-0.007447926327586174,
0.04809650778770447,
0.024595249444246292,
0.0655222162604332,
-0.07325828820466995,
-0.022055629640817642,
0.0407511442899704,
-0.04598667100071907,
-0.03086615912616253,
0.021703990176320076,
-0.002598227234557271,
0.03137408196926117,
-0.01634148322045803,
0.015149814076721668,
0.005777637008577585,
0.041024643927812576,
-0.0012978926533833146,
-0.01597030647099018,
-0.034460701048374176,
0.04340798035264015,
-0.059544339776039124,
-0.011525970883667469,
0.02385289967060089,
0.009113331325352192,
-0.06556128710508347,
-0.01614612713456154,
0.000526543939486146,
0.008800762705504894,
0.009748236276209354,
0.03004566580057144,
0.004173280671238899,
0.004627482034265995,
-0.06497521698474884,
-0.018177824094891548,
-0.0025078754406422377,
-0.0035676786210387945,
-0.037410568445920944,
-0.041024643927812576,
-0.027330225333571434,
0.08376841247081757,
0.03748871013522148,
-0.007418622728437185,
-0.03973529487848282,
0.02477107010781765,
-0.005523675121366978,
-0.03711753338575363,
0.025630634278059006,
0.04348612204194069,
0.005484603811055422,
0.011145028285682201,
0.02080535516142845,
0.005030402448028326,
-0.0015555176651105285,
-0.011311080306768417,
0.0020756516605615616,
0.013782326132059097,
0.05790335312485695,
-0.022192377597093582,
-0.019076459109783173,
0.03481233865022659,
0.041337210685014725,
0.02486874721944332,
-0.0026006693951785564,
-0.006515103857964277,
0.021176530048251152,
-0.031491298228502274,
-0.002164782490581274,
0.020414642989635468,
-0.05231618508696556,
0.028170254081487656,
-0.03330810368061066,
-0.025845523923635483,
0.03963761776685715,
-0.017581989988684654,
-0.02781861461699009,
-0.009631022810935974,
-0.015579596161842346,
0.05563722923398018,
0.004588410723954439,
-0.008209812454879284,
-0.03701985627412796,
-0.03502723202109337,
0.04469732567667961,
0.015980074182152748,
-0.011623648926615715,
0.05426974222064018,
0.035281192511320114,
0.03416766598820686,
-0.05133941024541855,
-0.004454104229807854,
-0.01716197468340397,
0.0017801764188334346,
0.007110937964171171,
0.033757418394088745,
0.013645577244460583,
-0.01282508485019207,
-0.06309980899095535,
0.02734976075589657,
-0.031588975340127945,
-0.03428487852215767,
-0.018060609698295593,
0.02311054803431034,
0.044580113142728806,
-0.02578691765666008,
-0.019467169418931007,
-0.03998925909399986,
-0.04247027263045311,
-0.005318551789969206,
0.04500989243388176,
-0.007755611091852188,
0.04020414873957634,
0.00587043073028326,
-0.02080535516142845,
-0.010090108029544353,
0.02023882418870926,
0.0030231254640966654,
0.03410905972123146,
0.020277895033359528,
-0.07564162462949753,
-0.013870236463844776,
-0.02342311665415764,
0.01338184718042612,
-0.04266562685370445,
0.02135234884917736,
-0.009001001715660095,
-0.00930868647992611,
-0.0008357549668289721,
-0.03086615912616253,
-0.0370979979634285,
-0.0273106899112463,
-0.016693122684955597,
-0.023638008162379265,
0.03467559069395065,
-0.015618667006492615,
0.023735685274004936,
-0.0011464921990409493,
0.03557422384619713,
0.019506240263581276,
0.018929941579699516,
0.007809333503246307,
-0.030514519661664963,
0.032975997775793076,
0.006871627643704414,
0.013987449929118156,
0.008248883299529552,
-0.0011788479750975966,
0.0011428293073549867,
0.019750434905290604,
0.0064076585695147514,
0.009816611185669899,
0.021313278004527092,
-0.00310126761905849,
-0.0010250055929645896,
0.028307003900408745,
-0.042860984802246094,
-0.0012228029081597924,
-0.01613635942339897,
0.026548804715275764,
0.0011635858099907637,
-0.009074260480701923,
-0.015501454472541809,
0.010344070382416248,
-0.014710264280438423,
0.03735195845365524,
-0.0025835756678134203,
0.007052331231534481,
0.03975483030080795,
0.022719837725162506,
-0.04028229042887688,
-0.006241606082767248,
-0.003980366978794336,
-0.048917002975940704,
0.018461089581251144,
-0.0575907826423645,
-0.05215990170836449,
0.01647823117673397,
-0.01206319872289896,
-0.010558961890637875,
0.03987204656004906,
0.01647823117673397,
-0.0025909014511853456,
-0.05200361832976341,
0.022055629640817642,
0.0041439770720899105,
0.0004056677862536162,
0.001323533128015697,
0.025396207347512245,
0.00685209222137928,
0.0038948990404605865,
0.03946179896593094,
0.03838734328746796,
0.03188200667500496,
-0.011975288391113281,
0.030143344774842262,
0.05110498145222664,
-0.02500549703836441,
-0.03950086981058121,
0.01816805638372898,
-0.006173232104629278,
-0.060013189911842346,
0.04340798035264015,
0.04977656528353691,
-0.01658567599952221,
-0.023442652076482773,
0.010510122403502464,
0.02102024480700493,
-0.0266269464045763,
0.04024321958422661,
0.03303460404276848,
0.011926449835300446,
0.003951063845306635,
0.008502845652401447,
-0.019330421462655067,
-0.026509733870625496,
0.04098557308316231,
0.0030133577529340982,
-0.03850455582141876,
0.026216700673103333,
0.024048253893852234,
0.003240458434447646,
-0.02473199926316738,
-0.048917002975940704,
-0.01446607057005167,
0.017777344211935997,
-0.006397890858352184,
-0.02287612110376358,
0.0032355745788663626,
-0.025728311389684677,
0.03946179896593094,
-0.011692022904753685,
0.029322851449251175,
-0.002052453113719821,
-0.04090742766857147,
0.04364240542054176,
0.004808185622096062,
-0.013547900132834911,
0.009733584709465504,
0.00008241557952715084,
-0.0502844899892807,
0.05114405229687691,
-0.016351250931620598,
-0.040360432118177414,
-0.028307003900408745,
-0.03227271884679794,
0.013547900132834911,
-0.00025548829580657184,
0.033816028386354446,
0.02777954377233982,
0.022719837725162506,
-0.008327025920152664,
0.00030921102734282613,
0.0045127104967832565,
0.021039780229330063,
-0.015628434717655182,
0.015354937873780727,
0.027720937505364418,
0.00116969074588269,
0.017748041078448296,
0.03942272812128067,
0.028678178787231445,
0.041845135390758514,
0.023130083456635475,
0.02869771420955658,
0.020512321963906288,
-0.03811384737491608,
-0.02744743973016739,
-0.0013394057750701904,
-0.002688579261302948,
-0.011975288391113281,
0.02057092823088169,
-0.007745843380689621,
0.047940224409103394,
-0.04579131677746773,
-0.005045054014772177,
-0.0002061915583908558,
0.022680766880512238,
0.006124393083155155,
-0.024009183049201965,
0.05282410979270935,
0.013039975427091122,
0.037273816764354706,
0.012395302765071392,
0.014104662463068962,
0.040360432118177414,
-0.04442382603883743,
0.04391590133309364,
0.005875315051525831,
0.06313887983560562,
0.0480574369430542,
0.013088814914226532,
0.04422847181558609,
0.0532538928091526,
-0.046885304152965546,
0.03280017897486687,
-0.04043857753276825,
-0.016390321776270866,
0.010441748425364494,
0.008209812454879284,
0.01480794232338667,
-0.034597449004650116,
0.003763034241273999,
0.008454007096588612,
0.02518131583929062,
0.0035481431987136602,
0.014563747681677341,
0.037918489426374435,
-0.007433274295181036,
-0.06395936757326126,
0.02301287092268467,
0.006280677393078804,
-0.01759175769984722,
0.020766282454133034,
-0.05559815838932991,
0.04606481269001961,
-0.02301287092268467,
0.029244709759950638,
-0.002166003454476595,
-0.0018815171206369996,
0.009645674377679825,
-0.009005885571241379,
0.06856975704431534,
-0.0401260070502758,
-0.0034846526104956865,
-0.0019266930175945163,
0.017171742394566536,
0.011838539503514767,
-0.015520989894866943,
0.047393228858709335,
-0.041337210685014725,
0.013919075019657612,
-0.0058948504738509655,
-0.018089912831783295,
0.009484506212174892,
0.02561109885573387,
-0.01661498099565506,
0.014055823907256126,
0.018871335312724113,
-0.03936412185430527,
-0.017455007880926132,
-0.02568924054503441,
-0.016165662556886673,
0.013577203266322613,
-0.007882592268288136,
-0.01776757650077343,
0.07278943806886673,
-0.045635029673576355,
-0.05770799517631531,
-0.0049913316033780575,
-0.01624380424618721,
0.04344705119729042,
-0.023540331050753593,
0.026216700673103333,
0.04145442321896553,
-0.017992235720157623,
0.02473199926316738,
0.025474349036812782,
-0.03041684255003929,
-0.005738566163927317,
0.02680276706814766,
-0.02578691765666008,
0.010549194179475307,
0.018226662650704384,
-0.004798417910933495,
0.03231178969144821,
0.02338404580950737,
0.009762887842953205,
-0.0074430424720048904,
0.02162584662437439,
-0.03698078542947769,
0.03508583828806877,
-0.018500160425901413,
0.0229738000780344,
0.0295377429574728,
-0.0019975092727690935,
0.0005186076159588993,
-0.04977656528353691,
0.07384435832500458,
0.021274207159876823,
-0.01130131259560585,
0.017621060833334923,
0.03934458643198013,
-0.002009719144552946,
0.01820712722837925,
-0.03680496662855148,
-0.01067617442458868,
-0.0029596348758786917,
0.02764279395341873,
0.012678568251430988,
0.01901785284280777,
0.009645674377679825,
0.06618642061948776,
-0.01783595234155655,
-0.08439355343580246,
0.020316965878009796,
0.051183126866817474,
-0.0342458076775074,
-0.005264828912913799,
0.007960733957588673,
0.05305853858590126,
-0.017415937036275864,
0.014016753062605858,
0.010578497312963009,
0.02481014095246792,
0.004012112505733967,
0.008043760433793068,
0.024517107754945755,
-0.013098582625389099,
0.03569144010543823,
-0.013489292934536934,
-0.02727161906659603,
-0.044619183987379074,
0.01684940606355667,
0.00850772950798273,
0.00045755907194688916,
0.04754951223731041,
0.031628046184778214,
0.0037117532920092344,
-0.0203755721449852,
-0.03328856825828552,
-0.023051941767334938,
-0.020453713834285736,
0.012932529672980309,
0.016741961240768433,
0.061068110167980194,
-0.00395838962867856,
0.004966911859810352,
-0.025845523923635483,
-0.0008919196552596986,
-0.028209324926137924,
-0.021059315651655197,
-0.037273816764354706,
-0.0229738000780344,
0.010539425536990166,
-0.009313570335507393,
0.01563820242881775,
0.04028229042887688,
0.03485140949487686,
-0.006480916868895292,
0.03471466153860092,
-0.005401577800512314,
-0.010402677580714226,
-0.011398989707231522,
-0.03633611276745796,
-0.028267931193113327,
-0.007594442926347256,
0.04172792285680771,
-0.020903032273054123,
0.03299553319811821,
-0.03266343101859093,
0.04641645401716232,
0.010324534960091114,
-0.0077018882147967815,
-0.010734781622886658,
-0.010256160981953144,
-0.030924765393137932,
0.047940224409103394,
0.02254401706159115,
0.02398964762687683,
0.004898537881672382,
0.015423311851918697,
0.010324534960091114,
0.008790994994342327,
0.015442847274243832,
0.015911700204014778,
0.01465165801346302,
-0.026880908757448196,
0.028775855898857117,
0.003748382441699505,
0.028365610167384148,
-0.007389319594949484,
0.004708066117018461,
-0.03608214855194092,
0.03225318342447281,
0.006778833921998739,
0.0232863686978817,
0.03959854692220688,
-0.013059510849416256,
-0.0031378967687487602,
-0.031178727746009827,
-0.004217235371470451,
0.0029327734373509884,
-0.033483922481536865,
-0.008243999443948269,
-0.029772169888019562,
0.007276989985257387,
0.00702302809804678,
-0.044580113142728806,
0.058294061571359634,
0.05438695475459099,
-0.052745968103408813,
0.0028668411541730165,
-0.025591563433408737,
0.021879808977246284,
0.039950188249349594,
-0.0016434276476502419,
-0.025845523923635483,
0.016732193529605865,
-0.0016092404257506132,
0.055988870561122894,
-0.04430661350488663,
0.004283167887479067,
0.01919367164373398,
0.043368905782699585,
0.013059510849416256,
-0.0200630035251379,
-0.041298139840364456,
0.02527899481356144,
-0.009059608913958073,
-0.05516837537288666,
-0.02102024480700493,
-0.02158677577972412,
0.020824890583753586,
-0.020356036722660065,
0.004021880216896534,
0.03387463465332985,
0.04028229042887688,
-0.018969012424349785,
-0.016321947798132896,
-0.006510220002382994,
-0.04172792285680771,
-0.019857879728078842,
0.03244853764772415,
-0.05180826410651207,
0.01809968240559101,
0.020180216059088707,
-0.05255061388015747,
-0.06306073814630508,
0.0014407463604584336,
-0.03891480341553688,
-0.014817710034549236,
-0.006134160794317722,
0.00850772950798273,
0.016370786353945732,
0.03364020586013794,
-0.055949799716472626,
-0.006700691767036915,
-0.024341287091374397,
0.019769970327615738,
0.018705284222960472,
-0.005010867025703192,
-0.022153306752443314,
-0.01679079979658127,
-0.006173232104629278,
-0.009826378896832466,
0.08462797850370407,
0.06177138909697533,
0.03762545809149742,
0.05696564540266991,
0.0022539133206009865,
0.0017105810111388564,
0.027564652264118195,
0.028678178787231445,
-0.02060999907553196,
-0.0034651171881705523,
0.005968108773231506,
-0.026372984051704407,
0.01759175769984722,
-0.0481746532022953,
0.018011771142482758,
-0.01654660515487194,
-0.041063714772462845,
0.019164368510246277,
-0.06009133160114288,
-0.027935827150940895,
0.003831408452242613
] |
Nowadays, malware and malware incidents are increasing daily, even with
various antivirus systems and malware detection or classification
methodologies. Machine learning techniques have been the main focus of the
security experts to detect malware and determine their families. Many static,
dynamic, and hybrid techniques have been presented for that purpose. In this
study, the static analysis technique has been applied to malware samples to
extract API calls, which is one of the most used features in machine/deep
learning models as it represents the behavior of malware samples.
Since the rapid increase and continuous evolution of malware affect the
detection capacity of antivirus scanners, recent and updated datasets of
malicious software became necessary to overcome this drawback. This paper
introduces two new datasets: One with 14,616 samples obtained and compiled from
VirusShare and one with 9,795 samples from VirusSample. In addition, benchmark
results based on static API calls of malware samples are presented using
several machine and deep learning models on these datasets. We believe that
these two datasets and benchmark results enable researchers to test and
validate their methods and approaches in this field. | [
-0.07343088090419769,
0.00014915067004039884,
-0.01805129460990429,
-0.017772724851965904,
0.05716243013739586,
0.038925424218177795,
-0.07866798341274261,
-0.004338717553764582,
0.01909128576517105,
0.0137798972427845,
0.021004129201173782,
-0.04041112959384918,
0.005362459924072027,
-0.025554096326231956,
-0.02843264490365982,
-0.009963497519493103,
0.006444237660616636,
-0.06210239604115486,
0.028525501489639282,
-0.058090995997190475,
0.0020776630844920874,
-0.015544169582426548,
-0.016240593045949936,
0.02477410063147545,
0.011337772943079472,
0.01858057640492916,
0.033056896179914474,
-0.029398351907730103,
-0.02263840287923813,
0.08817648887634277,
-0.023789823055267334,
0.013009188696742058,
0.03833114355802536,
-0.057645283639431,
-0.07031090557575226,
-0.027429794892668724,
-0.04159969091415405,
0.05671672150492668,
-0.04085683822631836,
-0.006040312349796295,
0.0796336904168129,
-0.01060420647263527,
-0.025126956403255463,
0.014485605992376804,
-0.004454788286238909,
-0.0017793617444112897,
-0.0369754396378994,
-0.045091092586517334,
-0.036158300936222076,
0.011068489402532578,
0.012266336940228939,
0.013009188696742058,
-0.022786973044276237,
-0.03372546285390854,
-0.03142262250185013,
0.03550830855965614,
0.045425377786159515,
0.006170311011373997,
0.015014887787401676,
-0.050068199634552,
0.010910633020102978,
0.05619672313332558,
0.056902434676885605,
0.009202074259519577,
-0.05441388115286827,
0.005733885802328587,
-0.02651980333030224,
-0.02677980065345764,
0.00953635759651661,
0.032741185277700424,
-0.0513310469686985,
0.01923985593020916,
0.04048541188240051,
0.0494367741048336,
-0.001074233092367649,
0.005747814197093248,
0.04282539710402489,
0.04616822674870491,
-0.010762062855064869,
0.029565494507551193,
0.006151739973574877,
0.04111683741211891,
0.015683455392718315,
0.023938393220305443,
0.0857250764966011,
-0.03719829395413399,
-0.06325381249189377,
-0.07476801425218582,
-0.004445502534508705,
-0.07577086240053177,
-0.0013127580750733614,
0.018589861690998077,
0.03493259847164154,
0.001853646943345666,
-0.024996956810355186,
0.053819600492715836,
-0.037012580782175064,
-0.04390253126621246,
-0.037736862897872925,
-0.022712688893079758,
0.006606736686080694,
0.009457429870963097,
0.018859146162867546,
-0.061173830181360245,
0.0008542793802917004,
-0.0022749830968677998,
-0.04055969789624214,
0.022786973044276237,
-0.005905670113861561,
0.1246505007147789,
-0.06083954870700836,
-0.01826486364006996,
-0.005529601592570543,
0.0002816162013914436,
0.01725272834300995,
0.04471966624259949,
-0.02360410988330841,
-0.06347666680812836,
-0.0343940295279026,
-0.027262654155492783,
0.0278755072504282,
0.0601709820330143,
-0.0018664146773517132,
-0.023102685809135437,
-0.06091383099555969,
0.05686528980731964,
0.008194581605494022,
0.04182254523038864,
0.01611059345304966,
0.026816943660378456,
-0.002045163419097662,
-0.027894077822566032,
0.035991162061691284,
0.03862828388810158,
0.036715440452098846,
-0.0008351277210749686,
0.04427395761013031,
0.07239089161157608,
-0.011105631478130817,
0.011542056687176228,
-0.015265600755810738,
-0.05162818729877472,
-0.055788155645132065,
-0.004280682187527418,
0.0001310871884925291,
-0.028766928240656853,
0.014058467000722885,
0.07361659407615662,
-0.018710574135184288,
0.0018780217505991459,
-0.009963497519493103,
0.020484132692217827,
0.05043962597846985,
-0.0011363307712599635,
0.02391982264816761,
-0.047951072454452515,
0.024848386645317078,
-0.05775671452283859,
-0.017243443056941032,
-0.010446351021528244,
0.026965513825416565,
-0.06897377222776413,
0.03532259538769722,
0.038776855915784836,
0.05192532762885094,
-0.013352757319808006,
0.04999391362071037,
-0.022675545886158943,
-0.02527552656829357,
0.055639587342739105,
0.01588773913681507,
-0.017020586878061295,
-0.01933271251618862,
0.015302742831408978,
0.00016249879263341427,
0.023566966876387596,
0.008881719782948494,
0.01001921109855175,
-0.01686273142695427,
0.0021647161338478327,
-0.002034717006608844,
0.03604687377810478,
-0.0304012019187212,
0.011978481896221638,
0.012730619870126247,
0.010316351428627968,
0.042565397918224335,
-0.032351188361644745,
0.015507027506828308,
-0.01676058955490589,
0.004668358247727156,
0.004048541188240051,
0.03170119225978851,
-0.006156382616609335,
0.0332426093518734,
0.016463449224829674,
-0.06128525733947754,
0.05868527665734291,
-0.03667829930782318,
-0.009216003119945526,
-0.07057090103626251,
-0.03216547518968582,
-0.05344817414879799,
-0.006824949290603399,
-0.015609169378876686,
-0.008733149617910385,
0.011412058025598526,
-0.0055481730960309505,
0.012739905156195164,
-0.04230539873242378,
-0.054748162627220154,
-0.020465562120079994,
-0.04349396377801895,
0.03708686679601669,
0.05430245399475098,
0.006119240075349808,
0.012052766978740692,
0.05407959595322609,
-0.0011955267982557416,
-0.023956963792443275,
0.02390125021338463,
-0.004782107193022966,
0.024606959894299507,
-0.03010406158864498,
-0.0007440123008564115,
-0.06808234751224518,
0.041785404086112976,
-0.007702442817389965,
-0.02137555554509163,
0.029175497591495514,
0.010762062855064869,
-0.019685568287968636,
-0.02683551423251629,
-0.024848386645317078,
0.018394863232970238,
-0.03482116758823395,
0.04275111109018326,
0.012656334787607193,
-0.03799685835838318,
-0.00375140062533319,
0.04653965309262276,
-0.04334539175033569,
-0.04631679877638817,
-0.03786686062812805,
0.02185840904712677,
0.004190147388726473,
0.009155645966529846,
-0.0004625412111636251,
-0.02018699236214161,
0.059353843331336975,
0.03593544661998749,
-0.028618358075618744,
-0.029955491423606873,
-0.00611459743231535,
-0.03911113739013672,
-0.03383689001202583,
0.022545546293258667,
-0.023882679641246796,
-0.02716979756951332,
-0.07525087147951126,
0.017475584521889687,
0.016537733376026154,
-0.06414523720741272,
0.045425377786159515,
-0.031478337943553925,
0.05541672930121422,
0.06362523883581161,
0.03768114745616913,
-0.02731836773455143,
0.0022819472942501307,
0.030549772083759308,
0.04687393829226494,
-0.026482660323381424,
0.01666773296892643,
0.05092247948050499,
-0.02811693400144577,
0.0033312251325696707,
0.013659183867275715,
0.0002865492133423686,
0.05653100833296776,
-0.025591237470507622,
-0.047319646924734116,
0.01868271827697754,
-0.006086740177124739,
-0.05560244247317314,
0.0031199767254292965,
-0.03799685835838318,
-0.025999806821346283,
0.028525501489639282,
0.009062789380550385,
-0.019759852439165115,
-0.014699175953865051,
-0.020261278375983238,
-0.00039463990833610296,
-0.022508403286337852,
-0.013408471830189228,
0.03911113739013672,
0.03184976428747177,
-0.018627004697918892,
-0.00003942771945730783,
-0.09686785191297531,
-0.008449937216937542,
0.0123591935262084,
0.0062445965595543385,
-0.0034658671356737614,
-0.038442570716142654,
0.0489167794585228,
0.08706220984458923,
-0.006365309935063124,
-0.03612115979194641,
-0.027281224727630615,
-0.03233261778950691,
-0.0438653863966465,
-0.0022250728216022253,
0.0056503149680793285,
0.0225641168653965,
-0.013241330161690712,
-0.061248116195201874,
-0.021728409454226494,
-0.032982610166072845,
0.030586915090680122,
0.049771059304475784,
-0.07253946363925934,
0.10080496221780777,
0.026501230895519257,
-0.08171367645263672,
-0.008292080834507942,
0.003136226674541831,
-0.03810828924179077,
-0.02986263483762741,
-0.010093496181070805,
0.03784829005599022,
-0.08550222218036652,
0.01940699853003025,
-0.007196375168859959,
-0.022155549377202988,
0.016166308894753456,
0.05055105313658714,
0.013111330568790436,
-0.01979699544608593,
-0.021115556359291077,
0.001171732321381569,
-0.04887963458895683,
-0.018914859741926193,
-0.0024676602333784103,
-0.03001120500266552,
-0.03482116758823395,
-0.005678172223269939,
-0.04490537941455841,
0.02343696914613247,
0.0010231620399281383,
-0.059205275028944016,
0.020001279190182686,
0.015432742424309254,
-0.014262750744819641,
-0.009610642679035664,
-0.01775415427982807,
0.014207037165760994,
-0.006323524285107851,
0.009369215928018093,
-0.017169157043099403,
0.019536998122930527,
0.017642725259065628,
-0.05043962597846985,
-0.0024699815548956394,
-0.022359833121299744,
0.02930549532175064,
-0.014606320299208164,
0.008394223637878895,
0.045499660074710846,
0.009462072513997555,
0.01270276214927435,
-0.008027439936995506,
0.01586916670203209,
-0.045016806572675705,
0.024532673880457878,
0.00028901570476591587,
0.005668886471539736,
-0.019499855116009712,
0.02343696914613247,
-0.009225288406014442,
0.023325540125370026,
-0.013278472237288952,
-0.02139412611722946,
0.009527072310447693,
0.0010527600534260273,
0.06570522487163544,
0.02408696338534355,
0.03008549101650715,
0.03405974805355072,
0.018552718684077263,
0.020409848541021347,
0.0014102573040872812,
0.003440331434831023,
0.00635602418333292,
-0.014290607534348965,
-0.01988985203206539,
-0.010576349683105946,
0.006100669037550688,
-0.05430245399475098,
-0.036381158977746964,
0.059205275028944016,
-0.030234061181545258,
0.005710671655833721,
-0.014188465662300587,
-0.016054879873991013,
0.038851138204336166,
-0.012433478608727455,
0.018859146162867546,
-0.02115269936621189,
-0.024272676557302475,
0.009508500806987286,
-0.019666995853185654,
0.06351381540298462,
0.0228798296302557,
-0.008384937420487404,
-0.02479267306625843,
0.02382696606218815,
-0.008969932794570923,
0.022211262956261635,
-0.02573980763554573,
0.01270276214927435,
0.026315517723560333,
0.027986934408545494,
-0.02843264490365982,
0.02676123008131981,
-0.008463865146040916,
-0.006797092035412788,
-0.009898497723042965,
-0.016389163210988045,
0.05315103381872177,
0.030141204595565796,
0.038219716399908066,
-0.04679965227842331,
-0.004738000221550465,
-0.03625115752220154,
-0.00942492950707674,
-0.037978287786245346,
-0.0254055242985487,
-0.051739614456892014,
-0.03981684520840645,
0.0035053309984505177,
0.04694822058081627,
0.0058963848277926445,
-0.08030226081609726,
-0.015637027099728584,
-0.0254055242985487,
0.02074413187801838,
-0.01763343997299671,
-0.03474688529968262,
-0.07064519077539444,
0.05630815401673317,
-0.07361659407615662,
-0.00365390139631927,
0.07740513980388641,
-0.003261582925915718,
-0.034486886113882065,
-0.016574876382946968,
0.027448367327451706,
-0.015507027506828308,
0.004039255436509848,
0.059353843331336975,
-0.006504594348371029,
0.03814543038606644,
0.013482756912708282,
0.003001584904268384,
0.014197751879692078,
-0.05716243013739586,
0.0038465785328298807,
-0.006165668368339539,
0.0014102573040872812,
-0.04419967159628868,
-0.028135504573583603,
-0.0032058688811957836,
0.0172248724848032,
-0.03365117684006691,
-0.018933430314064026,
-0.01421632245182991,
-0.008960647508502007,
0.02328839898109436,
0.052556753158569336,
0.05426530912518501,
-0.02707694098353386,
0.0018815038492903113,
0.002669622888788581,
-0.015274886041879654,
-0.004078719764947891,
0.0014532034983858466,
-0.005845313426107168,
0.0003635910397861153,
0.0028135504107922316,
-0.03911113739013672,
-0.0054135313257575035,
0.0014241858152672648,
-0.03238832950592041,
-0.023734109476208687,
-0.024272676557302475,
0.028525501489639282,
0.05467388033866882,
0.02406839281320572,
-0.02937978133559227,
-0.06863948702812195,
0.004122826270759106,
-0.02794979140162468,
0.0231955423951149,
0.02947263792157173,
0.009907783009111881,
0.031069768592715263,
0.02796836383640766,
-0.0024212319403886795,
-0.013241330161690712,
-0.014253465458750725,
-0.015479170717298985,
-0.005678172223269939,
-0.044311098754405975,
0.0154884560033679,
0.0200384221971035,
-0.0030410487670451403,
0.039408277720212936,
0.03721686452627182,
0.023696966469287872,
-0.008106368593871593,
-0.03617687523365021,
-0.015971310436725616,
0.003974256105720997,
-0.03989113122224808,
0.012498478405177593,
-0.014439178630709648,
0.0018548076041042805,
-0.022861259058117867,
-0.03855399787425995,
0.03769971802830696,
-0.048508211970329285,
-0.009118503890931606,
-0.018506290391087532,
-0.02202554978430271,
0.003013191744685173,
0.040039703249931335,
-0.02677980065345764,
-0.029361210763454437,
-0.03491402417421341,
0.05281674861907959,
-0.04245397076010704,
-0.009164932183921337,
-0.042342543601989746,
0.025052670389413834,
0.036864012479782104,
0.012424193322658539,
0.03632544353604317,
0.020261278375983238,
-0.01500560250133276,
-0.012879190035164356,
0.022192692384123802,
-0.01398418191820383,
-0.0356568768620491,
0.004505859222263098,
0.0003131003468297422,
0.021876979619264603,
-0.016268450766801834,
-0.019815566018223763,
-0.03281547129154205,
0.051182474941015244,
-0.005724600050598383,
0.009731356054544449,
0.030364058911800385,
0.03041977435350418,
0.01931414194405079,
0.0407082699239254,
0.006300310138612986,
0.013009188696742058,
-0.017048444598913193,
-0.03929685056209564,
-0.03443117067217827,
-0.021821266040205956,
-0.009554929099977016,
0.020539846271276474,
0.026501230895519257,
-0.022508403286337852,
-0.035359736531972885,
-0.02144983969628811,
-0.01797700859606266,
-0.021096985787153244,
0.016333449631929398,
-0.0029574779327958822,
0.02169126644730568,
0.01962985470890999,
-0.022136978805065155,
-0.007702442817389965,
0.0019755209796130657,
-0.017939865589141846,
0.003143190871924162,
0.018719861283898354,
-0.042565397918224335,
-0.02906406857073307,
-0.012182766571640968,
0.03556402027606964,
0.011755626648664474,
0.010548492893576622,
0.04033684358000755,
0.0034565813839435577,
-0.007604943588376045,
0.010641349479556084,
0.05077390745282173,
0.02494124323129654,
-0.005803528241813183,
0.019666995853185654,
0.04405109956860542,
-0.02209983579814434,
-0.04854535311460495,
0.02850693091750145,
-0.0054321023635566235,
-0.018571291118860245,
0.028061220422387123,
-0.005882456433027983,
-0.04148826375603676,
0.0030364058911800385,
0.09196502715349197,
-0.003526223823428154,
-0.04679965227842331,
-0.005418173968791962,
-0.010650634765625,
-0.015377028845250607,
0.004907463677227497,
-0.013649898581206799,
0.007437801919877529,
0.023306969553232193,
0.03541545197367668,
-0.02018699236214161,
0.0014450785238295794,
-0.05355960130691528,
-0.007994940504431725,
-0.01940699853003025,
0.046688225120306015,
-0.042639683932065964,
-0.0595395565032959,
0.01650059223175049,
0.03548973426222801,
0.04393967241048813,
0.003479795530438423,
-0.02962120808660984,
0.02351125329732895,
0.045016806572675705,
-0.03340975195169449,
0.06544522941112518,
0.007354231085628271,
0.01572059653699398,
-0.026705514639616013,
-0.016807017847895622,
0.030066918581724167,
0.037346865981817245,
0.041451118886470795,
-0.02193269319832325,
-0.05727386102080345,
0.018079150468111038,
-0.050068199634552,
-0.002472303109243512,
0.04516537860035896,
0.0262969471514225,
0.00161338085308671,
0.03008549101650715,
0.00566424336284399,
0.0035471164155751467,
-0.022266976535320282,
0.019518425688147545,
0.06956805288791656,
0.012489193119108677,
-0.0032081904355436563,
0.0482853539288044,
0.02833978831768036,
0.001421864377334714,
0.0009303055703639984,
-0.05894527584314346,
-0.024291247129440308,
0.02494124323129654,
-0.0070803044363856316,
-0.0040671126917004585,
0.029658351093530655,
0.06577950716018677,
0.019778424873948097,
-0.023938393220305443,
0.005190675612539053,
0.038294002413749695,
-0.03177547827363014,
0.04999391362071037,
-0.04813678562641144,
-0.006235310807824135,
-0.0007869584369473159,
0.019444141536951065,
-0.01037206593900919,
-0.02748551033437252,
0.008863148279488087,
0.006746021099388599,
-0.0011218220461159945,
0.016240593045949936,
0.05961384251713753,
-0.012192051857709885,
-0.017048444598913193,
0.00511174788698554,
0.004013719968497753,
0.029249781742691994,
0.0029087283182889223,
-0.05244532227516174,
-0.043196819722652435,
0.017577726393938065,
-0.000929144851397723,
-0.012247766368091106,
0.014884889125823975,
-0.012572763487696648,
0.040262557566165924,
-0.007256731856614351,
0.0062445965595543385,
0.06121097132563591,
0.007929940707981586,
0.003359082154929638,
0.033391181379556656,
0.0026858728379011154,
0.0055156731978058815,
0.061730969697237015,
0.021431269124150276,
0.0381825715303421,
0.04390253126621246,
-0.010957061313092709,
-0.06797092407941818,
-0.03498831018805504,
-0.06514808535575867,
-0.0045824660919606686,
-0.0005954420194029808,
0.017874866724014282,
-0.046131085604429245,
-0.007386730518192053,
0.04464538022875786,
-0.024254105985164642,
0.0017097194213420153,
0.01637987792491913,
-0.021189842373132706,
-0.03443117067217827,
0.029268354177474976,
0.05266818031668663,
-0.006806377787142992,
0.013594184070825577,
0.0033010467886924744,
-0.017596296966075897,
0.026965513825416565,
-0.06373666971921921,
-0.015971310436725616,
-0.0017120408592745662,
0.003096762578934431,
0.026909800246357918,
-0.00020268822845537215,
-0.013826325535774231,
-0.014095609076321125,
0.0009395912056788802,
0.037105437368154526,
-0.05393102765083313,
0.0014276679139584303,
0.0071313753724098206,
0.025851236656308174,
0.06135954335331917,
0.005627100821584463,
0.05029105395078659,
-0.04657679796218872,
0.002669622888788581,
0.034004032611846924,
-0.0017689154483377934,
0.06849091500043869,
-0.037885431200265884,
-0.028544073924422264,
0.011653484776616096,
0.02557266689836979,
0.029602637514472008,
0.038442570716142654,
-0.02382696606218815,
0.020762702450156212,
-0.0042528253979980946,
0.016491305083036423,
0.014634177088737488,
-0.015785597264766693,
-0.02185840904712677,
-0.0037189009599387646,
0.013891325332224369,
-0.03279689699411392,
-0.03372546285390854,
-0.026649801060557365,
0.053262460976839066,
-0.015274886041879654,
0.01524702925235033,
0.0014706141082569957,
-0.003435688791796565,
0.001417221617884934,
0.05534244701266289,
-0.03275975584983826,
0.013092759996652603,
0.033688321709632874,
-0.027132654562592506,
0.042639683932065964,
0.005074604880064726,
-0.041525404900312424,
0.02265697345137596,
-0.05411674082279205,
-0.004406038671731949,
0.05686528980731964,
-0.01923985593020916,
0.012684191577136517,
-0.040188271552324295,
-0.039408277720212936,
-0.0407082699239254,
-0.05560244247317314,
-0.008737792260944843,
-0.004218004178255796,
0.008691363967955112,
0.019462712109088898,
-0.02811693400144577,
0.005162818823009729,
0.026631230488419533,
0.01089206151664257,
0.04308539256453514,
-0.005441388115286827,
-0.016584161669015884,
-0.006927091162651777,
-0.03493259847164154,
0.014680605381727219,
-0.01124491635710001,
-0.008946718648076057,
0.005367103032767773,
-0.007642086129635572,
0.0008461544057354331,
0.026891227811574936,
0.05125676095485687,
0.04631679877638817,
0.02605552040040493,
0.004350324627012014,
-0.0029528350569307804,
-0.02843264490365982,
0.029974061995744705,
-0.028562644496560097,
0.023325540125370026,
-0.0014903460396453738,
0.003254618728533387,
-0.006509237457066774,
0.02328839898109436,
0.01654702052474022,
-0.024959813803434372,
0.023176969960331917,
-0.04483109340071678,
-0.004020684398710728,
-0.013464185409247875,
-0.04561108723282814,
0.05719957500696182,
0.008835291489958763,
0.05393102765083313,
0.03675258532166481,
-0.0006790127954445779,
0.011272773146629333,
0.014940602704882622,
-0.06841663271188736,
0.03398546203970909,
0.005571387242525816,
-0.00889100506901741,
0.007786013651639223,
-0.021821266040205956,
0.006221382413059473,
0.0039046138990670443,
0.0015773989725857973,
-0.03840542957186699,
0.038294002413749695,
-0.0022181083913892508,
-0.005952098406851292,
-0.03413403034210205,
-0.008083154447376728,
-0.032518330961465836,
0.023232683539390564,
0.004197111818939447,
0.005418173968791962,
0.06834235042333603,
-0.0003418278065510094,
-0.04783964529633522,
0.00005009170126868412,
0.015312029048800468,
-0.02044699154794216,
0.0025605165865272284,
0.04107969254255295,
0.0044710380025208,
0.04973391443490982,
-0.016797732561826706,
0.04055969789624214,
-0.04780250042676926,
-0.022378405556082726,
-0.028878357261419296,
0.028469787910580635,
-0.006592808291316032,
-0.03246261551976204,
0.010325637646019459,
-0.02605552040040493,
-0.005557458847761154,
0.028952641412615776,
0.00003014207504747901,
-0.03632544353604317,
0.010344209149479866,
-0.03220261633396149,
0.03732829540967941,
-0.009870640933513641,
-0.048991065472364426,
-0.009322787635028362,
0.00017729778483044356,
0.04204539954662323,
0.03862828388810158,
-0.0019848067313432693,
-0.016537733376026154,
0.008965290151536465,
-0.01897057332098484,
0.022694116458296776,
-0.028321217745542526,
0.003444974310696125,
-0.017354870215058327,
0.02367839589715004,
0.023956963792443275,
0.012526335194706917,
-0.010641349479556084,
0.005970669910311699,
0.03578687459230423,
-0.005223175510764122,
0.05121961981058121,
-0.004754250403493643,
-0.00009097030851989985,
-0.007604943588376045,
0.0029922991525381804,
-0.04364253208041191,
-0.0027206940576434135,
0.03105119802057743,
-0.010139924474060535,
-0.0197227094322443,
0.014959174208343029,
0.025628380477428436,
0.006091383285820484,
0.006936376914381981,
-0.016175594180822372,
-0.0231955423951149,
0.024904100224375725,
-0.05422816798090935,
-0.011309916153550148,
-0.005826742388308048,
0.02668694406747818,
0.0064303092658519745,
-0.0035610448103398085,
0.01884985901415348,
-0.02525695413351059,
0.028804071247577667,
0.016612019389867783,
-0.046056799590587616,
-0.01948128268122673,
-0.03541545197367668,
-0.034486886113882065,
0.039631132036447525,
-0.019388427957892418,
-0.036399729549884796,
0.01524702925235033,
0.0019697174429893494,
0.02200697921216488,
0.004322467837482691,
0.013798468746244907,
0.006123883184045553,
0.0014822210650891066,
0.01887771673500538,
0.013427043333649635,
-0.03437545895576477,
0.0075306580401957035,
-0.0024746244307607412,
0.038925424218177795,
-0.049065347760915756,
0.006286381743848324,
-0.010632063262164593,
-0.003837292781099677,
0.0152006009593606,
-0.02954692207276821,
-0.016045594587922096,
0.009564214386045933,
0.03268546983599663,
-0.007386730518192053,
0.011152059771120548,
-0.014383464120328426,
-0.018571291118860245,
0.01778201013803482,
-0.02234126254916191,
-0.00645352341234684,
0.006411737762391567,
-0.02469981648027897,
0.0388139970600605,
-0.0020579311531037092,
-0.06035669520497322,
0.042342543601989746,
-0.008422080427408218,
-0.013009188696742058,
0.004029970150440931,
0.0022645366843789816,
-0.036864012479782104,
-0.012414908036589622,
-0.03699401021003723,
-0.0038999710232019424,
-0.007298517040908337,
0.031311195343732834,
-0.018636289983987808,
0.01437417883425951,
-0.02937978133559227,
0.008519579656422138,
0.049213919788599014,
0.0016690946649760008,
0.04100541025400162,
-0.03738400712609291,
-0.04925106093287468,
-0.020725559443235397,
-0.007201017811894417,
-0.02930549532175064,
0.04988248646259308,
0.021802695468068123,
0.06377381086349487,
0.02074413187801838,
-0.0175127275288105,
0.022991256788372993,
0.01061349269002676,
-0.03597258776426315,
0.006486023310571909,
-0.03825685754418373,
-0.011811340227723122,
-0.004243539646267891
] |
Background: Twelve lead ECGs are a core diagnostic tool for cardiovascular
diseases. Here, we describe and analyse an ensemble deep neural network
architecture to classify 24 cardiac abnormalities from 12-lead ECGs.
Method: We proposed a squeeze and excite ResNet to automatically learn deep
features from 12-lead ECGs, in order to identify 24 cardiac conditions. The
deep features were augmented with age and gender features in the final fully
connected layers. Output thresholds for each class were set using a constrained
grid search. To determine why the model made incorrect predictions, two expert
clinicians independently interpreted a random set of 100 misclassified ECGs
concerning Left Axis Deviation.
Results: Using the bespoke weighted accuracy metric, we achieved a 5-fold
cross validation score of 0.684, and sensitivity and specificity of 0.758 and
0.969, respectively. We scored 0.520 on the full test data, and ranked 2nd out
of 41 in the official challenge rankings. On a random set of misclassified
ECGs, agreement between two clinicians and training labels was poor (clinician
1: kappa = -0.057, clinician 2: kappa = -0.159). In contrast, agreement between
the clinicians was very high (kappa = 0.92).
Discussion: The proposed prediction model performed well on the validation
and hidden test data in comparison to models trained on the same data. We also
discovered considerable inconsistency in training labels, which is likely to
hinder development of more accurate models. | [
0.008896642364561558,
0.08573465794324875,
-0.021025050431489944,
-0.037518199533224106,
0.017988303676247597,
0.019409166648983955,
-0.0015775752253830433,
0.03228050842881203,
0.007401485927402973,
0.023012399673461914,
-0.01754254288971424,
-0.047733549028635025,
0.007234325632452965,
0.0018898398848250508,
0.001113241072744131,
0.004097748547792435,
0.001774917240254581,
0.0001964713737834245,
0.0214708112180233,
-0.04342452809214592,
-0.019427740946412086,
-0.05178254097700119,
0.01298278197646141,
-0.04531900957226753,
0.016251694411039352,
0.04305306077003479,
0.04208724573254585,
0.003138898639008403,
-0.047844987362623215,
0.031036093831062317,
0.08380302786827087,
0.012304854579269886,
-0.031240399926900864,
-0.023272426798939705,
-0.05378846451640129,
-0.02943878434598446,
0.011933387257158756,
0.0543828122317791,
-0.02793434076011181,
0.02919732965528965,
0.03319060429930687,
-0.05070528760552406,
0.027507154271006584,
-0.013372822664678097,
0.016920335590839386,
-0.02494402974843979,
-0.0533798523247242,
-0.009602430276572704,
0.03198333457112312,
0.013800010085105896,
-0.03317203000187874,
0.022548064589500427,
0.0209693294018507,
-0.015211585909128189,
-0.045616183429956436,
0.047844987362623215,
0.01010391116142273,
0.03203905373811722,
0.07310476899147034,
0.033562071621418,
0.031741879880428314,
0.058951862156391144,
-0.06314944475889206,
0.04513327777385712,
-0.011738366447389126,
-0.07592792063951492,
0.006616761442273855,
0.023142412304878235,
0.034397874027490616,
-0.01736609637737274,
-0.04739922657608986,
-0.051968276500701904,
-0.04004417732357979,
0.06678982079029083,
-0.008919858373701572,
-0.007062522228807211,
0.0140971839427948,
0.05226545035839081,
-0.02609557844698429,
0.06080919876694679,
0.04769640043377876,
0.04479895532131195,
-0.04721349477767944,
0.024368254467844963,
0.05754028633236885,
0.008780558593571186,
-0.043981727212667465,
-0.08090557903051376,
-0.03573515638709068,
-0.014886552467942238,
-0.025166910141706467,
0.05389990657567978,
-0.025872698053717613,
-0.006175643764436245,
0.0016866937512531877,
-0.039858441799879074,
0.02496260218322277,
-0.010688971728086472,
-0.0278414748609066,
-0.07860248535871506,
0.01509085949510336,
0.01041965838521719,
0.007475779391825199,
0.01303850207477808,
0.021860850974917412,
-0.04008132219314575,
-0.03833542764186859,
0.01959490031003952,
0.001253702212125063,
0.14665529131889343,
-0.024516841396689415,
0.006068847142159939,
0.001626330311410129,
-0.08855780214071274,
-0.03855830803513527,
-0.06816425174474716,
-0.0325591079890728,
-0.009439912624657154,
0.006124567240476608,
-0.002618844620883465,
-0.023662466555833817,
0.02245519869029522,
0.0026211661752313375,
0.06953868269920349,
-0.04141860455274582,
0.08647758513689041,
0.06385523080825806,
0.04413031414151192,
0.01515586581081152,
0.07069022953510284,
-0.008488028310239315,
0.028175795450806618,
-0.01054038479924202,
-0.033116310834884644,
0.04988805949687958,
0.04743637517094612,
0.01846192590892315,
0.005223758984357119,
0.01924200728535652,
-0.03140756115317345,
-0.03970985487103462,
-0.015378746204078197,
-0.013930023647844791,
-0.04019276425242424,
0.03631092980504036,
-0.014264344237744808,
0.04925656318664551,
0.07808242738246918,
-0.03415641933679581,
-0.0072993324138224125,
-0.06738416850566864,
0.05263691768050194,
-0.02459113486111164,
0.013437829911708832,
0.03371065855026245,
-0.0068953619338572025,
-0.020263541489839554,
-0.0338592454791069,
-0.03764821216464043,
-0.033506352454423904,
0.035883743315935135,
-0.029531650245189667,
0.012379148043692112,
-0.02208373136818409,
0.0006732844631187618,
0.06764419376850128,
-0.019149139523506165,
-0.013883590698242188,
-0.093906931579113,
0.03577230125665665,
0.03499222174286842,
-0.031277548521757126,
0.022139450535178185,
0.00019240844994783401,
0.010280357673764229,
0.03068319894373417,
0.08075699210166931,
-0.015982380136847496,
-0.03508508577942848,
0.01022463757544756,
-0.05761457979679108,
-0.00007574450864922255,
-0.0034639325458556414,
-0.0012734363554045558,
0.03619948774576187,
-0.00012428192712832242,
0.05430851876735687,
-0.0018190289847552776,
0.0325591079890728,
0.01911199279129505,
-0.0006152427522465587,
0.019910648465156555,
0.06080919876694679,
-0.017681844532489777,
-0.020374981686472893,
-0.021619396284222603,
0.019892074167728424,
0.013883590698242188,
0.02395964041352272,
-0.005038025323301554,
0.005246975924819708,
-0.035995181649923325,
0.0065749711357057095,
-0.02706139348447323,
0.0012769189197570086,
0.04569047689437866,
0.05029667168855667,
0.010568245314061642,
-0.005929546896368265,
-0.02693137899041176,
-0.03833542764186859,
0.0503709651529789,
-0.031017519533634186,
-0.02135937102138996,
-0.003851651679724455,
-0.004172042012214661,
0.017839716747403145,
-0.013762863352894783,
0.06329803168773651,
0.024163948372006416,
0.04814216122031212,
0.02572411112487316,
0.046359118074178696,
-0.013632849790155888,
-0.029754530638456345,
0.04279303550720215,
0.03203905373811722,
0.001166059053502977,
0.03096180036664009,
-0.04104713723063469,
-0.037889666855335236,
-0.03878118842840195,
0.021415090188384056,
-0.0027001029811799526,
-0.007155389059334993,
-0.045839063823223114,
0.040229909121990204,
0.01891697198152542,
-0.02719140611588955,
-0.06574971228837967,
-0.003986308351159096,
-0.019167713820934296,
-0.030850360170006752,
0.02483258955180645,
0.00611528055742383,
-0.022176597267389297,
0.029030170291662216,
0.1110687255859375,
0.030478892847895622,
-0.004601551219820976,
-0.05092816799879074,
-0.029494503512978554,
0.025798404589295387,
0.032391950488090515,
-0.04806786775588989,
-0.043721701949834824,
0.02930876985192299,
-0.03384067118167877,
0.03716530278325081,
0.02434968203306198,
0.0307017732411623,
0.009778876788914204,
-0.03432358056306839,
0.024479694664478302,
0.007290045730769634,
0.03194618970155716,
0.049702323973178864,
0.032744843512773514,
0.05215400829911232,
-0.023792481049895287,
0.041492898017168045,
-0.032856281846761703,
-0.01159906666725874,
-0.02657848596572876,
-0.03389639034867287,
-0.06077205017209053,
0.03996988385915756,
-0.035995181649923325,
0.013809297233819962,
0.04732493311166763,
0.01996636763215065,
0.010883991606533527,
0.043610259890556335,
0.02981025166809559,
-0.02306811884045601,
-0.06459816545248032,
-0.021025050431489944,
-0.01403217762708664,
-0.04439034312963486,
0.02334672026336193,
0.01728251576423645,
-0.019650621339678764,
0.013669996522367,
0.00474085146561265,
0.003127290401607752,
-0.03231765702366829,
-0.04245871305465698,
-0.035753726959228516,
0.00799583364278078,
0.011942673474550247,
-0.06623262166976929,
0.0014208623906597495,
0.0140971839427948,
0.058357514441013336,
-0.038261134177446365,
0.000368275010259822,
0.023903921246528625,
0.04955373704433441,
-0.050482407212257385,
0.000563005160074681,
-0.009630289860069752,
0.0026002712547779083,
0.006277797278016806,
-0.024981176480650902,
-0.031388986855745316,
-0.008320868015289307,
0.021025050431489944,
0.0016890154220163822,
0.03584659472107887,
-0.0057020229287445545,
0.07005873322486877,
-0.008353371173143387,
-0.06073490530252457,
0.030757492408156395,
0.0002942717692349106,
-0.05516289547085762,
0.041381459683179855,
0.009486346505582333,
-0.01603810116648674,
-0.012927061878144741,
-0.011534059420228004,
0.019669193774461746,
-0.040749963372945786,
0.021173637360334396,
-0.0009170598932541907,
0.0017946513835340738,
-0.026541339233517647,
0.03595803678035736,
-0.01217484101653099,
-0.016706742346286774,
0.026912806555628777,
-0.03393353894352913,
-0.10661111772060394,
-0.013456403277814388,
-0.005785603076219559,
0.009518849663436413,
-0.04829074814915657,
-0.02631845884025097,
-0.011682646349072456,
-0.01833191141486168,
0.0008665635832585394,
0.03844686597585678,
-0.009179885499179363,
0.006570328027009964,
-0.022492345422506332,
0.021730836480855942,
-0.028732996433973312,
-0.046359118074178696,
0.022993825376033783,
-0.031017519533634186,
0.0029020882211625576,
-0.04279303550720215,
-0.029513077810406685,
0.018359770998358727,
-0.02782290056347847,
-0.05501430854201317,
0.03159329295158386,
-0.012128407135605812,
0.016613874584436417,
0.04197580739855766,
-0.002830116543918848,
0.025891270488500595,
-0.010846844874322414,
0.020876463502645493,
-0.016660308465361595,
-0.0286958497017622,
-0.00819549709558487,
-0.017561117187142372,
-0.0068349982611835,
0.04457607492804527,
-0.09004367142915726,
0.005251619033515453,
-0.03904121369123459,
0.018294764682650566,
-0.0139207374304533,
0.03742533177137375,
-0.0010737726697698236,
-0.038632601499557495,
-0.01540660671889782,
-0.009983183816075325,
-0.0224737711250782,
-0.047733549028635025,
0.01540660671889782,
-0.049702323973178864,
0.017273230478167534,
0.007368982769548893,
0.027265699580311775,
0.07473922520875931,
0.057726018130779266,
-0.0389297753572464,
-0.02134079672396183,
0.014533658511936665,
-0.019019126892089844,
0.036125194281339645,
-0.07499925047159195,
-0.0345650315284729,
-0.06337232142686844,
0.002481865929439664,
0.042235832661390305,
-0.0449475422501564,
0.014060037210583687,
-0.0034105342347174883,
0.010744691826403141,
-0.015258019790053368,
0.02169368974864483,
0.024182520806789398,
0.0038586165755987167,
-0.019817780703306198,
-0.015128006227314472,
-0.025278350338339806,
-0.047844987362623215,
0.02520405687391758,
0.07488781213760376,
-0.01466367207467556,
-0.0214708112180233,
0.028417248278856277,
0.009453843347728252,
0.006533181294798851,
0.03833542764186859,
-0.02095075696706772,
-0.031240399926900864,
0.016855329275131226,
0.0076057929545640945,
0.015852367505431175,
0.024646855890750885,
-0.014227197505533695,
0.01197053398936987,
-0.058580394834280014,
-0.06002911552786827,
0.0006280119414441288,
-0.00228336313739419,
0.028751568868756294,
-0.022770944982767105,
-0.03241052106022835,
-0.02122935652732849,
0.0017064278945326805,
0.008822348900139332,
0.08751769363880157,
-0.021637970581650734,
0.011524773202836514,
-0.03610662370920181,
0.01653958112001419,
-0.07492495328187943,
0.03094322606921196,
0.03229908272624016,
0.017811857163906097,
-0.011998393572866917,
-0.03170473501086235,
0.04034135118126869,
-0.05891471356153488,
-0.03510366007685661,
0.0761507973074913,
0.01689247600734234,
-0.007160032168030739,
0.009973897598683834,
0.04045278951525688,
-0.03918980062007904,
-0.048587922006845474,
0.018740525469183922,
0.06935294717550278,
-0.00885020848363638,
-0.024906883016228676,
-0.05475427955389023,
0.019019126892089844,
0.019279154017567635,
0.01891697198152542,
0.001550875953398645,
-0.0018225114326924086,
0.03664524853229523,
0.031871896237134933,
0.04019276425242424,
0.0266899261623621,
-0.0028602981474250555,
0.01478439848870039,
0.026522764936089516,
0.00620350381359458,
0.03545655310153961,
0.015675920993089676,
-0.0479564294219017,
-0.01091185212135315,
0.023866774514317513,
-0.0026467046700417995,
0.006821068469434977,
-0.03209477663040161,
0.007071808911859989,
-0.02694995328783989,
-0.008655188605189323,
0.000968136650044471,
0.02932734414935112,
0.017273230478167534,
0.04368455335497856,
-0.02769288793206215,
0.04041564464569092,
0.025909844785928726,
0.0005569107597693801,
0.002581697888672352,
0.019817780703306198,
0.009843884035944939,
-0.017356809228658676,
0.020114954560995102,
0.05215400829911232,
-0.02834295481443405,
-0.02845439501106739,
0.001332639018073678,
-0.03866974636912346,
0.021749410778284073,
-0.01478439848870039,
0.029253050684928894,
0.017486823722720146,
0.04743637517094612,
-0.015062998980283737,
0.008506601676344872,
-0.033747803419828415,
0.08350585401058197,
-0.05081672593951225,
-0.016075247898697853,
0.0143479248508811,
0.0057763163931667805,
0.03272626921534538,
-0.004072210285812616,
0.00008350759162567556,
0.0029345916118472815,
0.020133528858423233,
-0.013586416840553284,
-0.01830405183136463,
0.009583856910467148,
-0.010206064209342003,
0.013270669616758823,
0.0003302576660644263,
-0.05356558412313461,
-0.0023135447409003973,
0.10051905363798141,
-0.0031621153466403484,
-0.017839716747403145,
0.005019451957195997,
0.01773756369948387,
0.016818182542920113,
-0.024238241836428642,
-0.002751179737970233,
-0.019557753577828407,
0.0014127366011962295,
-0.014765825122594833,
0.0043183076195418835,
0.027117112651467323,
-0.01833191141486168,
-0.0209693294018507,
-0.018387632444500923,
0.017449676990509033,
-0.00630565732717514,
-0.027990061789751053,
-0.02219517156481743,
-0.01791401021182537,
-0.0007969134603627026,
0.00043792513315565884,
-0.024665428325533867,
-0.04097284376621246,
-0.0004942256491631269,
0.06667838245630264,
-0.02806435525417328,
-0.016790322959423065,
0.015601626597344875,
-0.047362081706523895,
-0.030664626508951187,
0.004782641772180796,
0.0034151775762438774,
0.020282115787267685,
0.0704302042722702,
-0.012165553867816925,
0.03008885122835636,
0.04453893005847931,
0.04108428582549095,
0.03021886572241783,
-0.0114876264706254,
-0.017384670674800873,
-0.04405602067708969,
-0.036998145282268524,
0.013400683179497719,
-0.06649264693260193,
-0.006468174513429403,
0.034007832407951355,
0.008167637512087822,
-0.015610913746058941,
-0.02769288793206215,
-0.00489872507750988,
-0.029475931078195572,
-0.017338236793875694,
0.019056273624300957,
0.015620199963450432,
0.011701219715178013,
-0.060957785695791245,
0.0065006776712834835,
0.052822649478912354,
0.03733246400952339,
0.0576888732612133,
-0.007396842818707228,
-0.0030971085652709007,
0.008980222046375275,
0.028417248278856277,
0.023402439430356026,
0.020152101293206215,
0.0315561480820179,
0.026225591078400612,
-0.00229961471632123,
-0.0020012801978737116,
0.03621806204319,
0.011004718951880932,
-0.006375307682901621,
-0.0027743964456021786,
0.008631971664726734,
-0.02867727540433407,
0.042384419590234756,
0.005539506208151579,
0.05129963532090187,
0.0008984865271486342,
0.043498821556568146,
0.05512574687600136,
-0.027748607099056244,
-0.025668390095233917,
-0.0019467208767309785,
-0.03896692022681236,
-0.012026254087686539,
-0.011673360131680965,
-0.026615632697939873,
-0.030014557763934135,
0.008279077708721161,
0.0014243449550122023,
-0.01030821818858385,
0.024739721789956093,
0.004009525291621685,
0.021545102819800377,
-0.004522614646703005,
0.03681240975856781,
-0.003020493546500802,
0.04869936406612396,
-0.011784800328314304,
-0.007290045730769634,
-0.02044927515089512,
0.03083178587257862,
0.0638180822134018,
0.024981176480650902,
0.04156719148159027,
0.06051202490925789,
0.013669996522367,
0.032893430441617966,
-0.016706742346286774,
-0.042607299983501434,
0.03571658208966255,
0.036125194281339645,
0.012592741288244724,
-0.05352843925356865,
-0.007406129501760006,
-0.008622684516012669,
0.0375739187002182,
-0.04457607492804527,
0.03881833329796791,
-0.00527019239962101,
0.027637166902422905,
0.006440314464271069,
0.017468249425292015,
0.003127290401607752,
-0.019520606845617294,
-0.061960745602846146,
-0.03577230125665665,
0.00459922943264246,
0.013716430403292179,
-0.011617640033364296,
0.03419356420636177,
0.02858440950512886,
-0.0005261485930532217,
-0.010317504405975342,
-0.045467596501111984,
-0.0298473984003067,
0.008176923729479313,
0.01797901839017868,
0.001303618075326085,
-0.00033286953112110496,
0.019019126892089844,
0.028863009065389633,
0.0012804013676941395,
0.00259098457172513,
-0.010568245314061642,
0.008121203631162643,
0.01715250313282013,
-0.011329752393066883,
0.030887506902217865,
0.009806737303733826,
-0.039858441799879074,
-0.009973897598683834,
0.01159906666725874,
0.0556829497218132,
-0.027154259383678436,
0.012880628928542137,
0.015258019790053368,
0.026987100020051003,
-0.03716530278325081,
0.035252247005701065,
0.0281943678855896,
0.0003044290642719716,
-0.01323352288454771,
-0.011905526742339134,
-0.009964610449969769,
0.003972378559410572,
-0.0019455599831417203,
-0.002354174153879285,
0.023235280066728592,
0.013800010085105896,
-0.007670799735933542,
0.02206515707075596,
-0.0238296277821064,
0.029884545132517815,
-0.010001757182180882,
0.013149942271411419,
-0.022770944982767105,
-0.04977661743760109,
-0.037239596247673035,
0.015889514237642288,
0.0033942824229598045,
-0.004506362602114677,
-0.00673284474760294,
0.00936097651720047,
0.03642236813902855,
0.01854550465941429,
-0.011747653596103191,
0.019149139523506165,
0.013187089003622532,
-0.03701671585440636,
0.035140808671712875,
0.02046784944832325,
0.01346568949520588,
0.011524773202836514,
-0.03423071280121803,
-0.01334496308118105,
-0.03229908272624016,
0.012016966938972473,
0.022120878100395203,
0.04182722046971321,
-0.012100547552108765,
0.03547512739896774,
-0.007466492708772421,
-0.023922493681311607,
0.01291777566075325,
-0.0003108136588707566,
0.07548215985298157,
-0.013326389715075493,
-0.042755886912345886,
0.04008132219314575,
0.01983635500073433,
0.004796571563929319,
-0.039895590394735336,
0.004689774941653013,
0.004450642503798008,
0.019817780703306198,
-0.0233281459659338,
0.016836754977703094,
0.011942673474550247,
0.03306059166789055,
-0.0034407158382236958,
-0.014431504532694817,
0.005892400164157152,
0.015824507921934128,
0.012156267650425434,
0.01948346011340618,
0.07139601558446884,
-0.0563887357711792,
0.02747000753879547,
-0.03408212587237358,
0.04034135118126869,
-0.01529516652226448,
0.0011010522721335292,
-0.016065960749983788,
0.001386037329211831,
-0.03558656945824623,
-0.0021254895254969597,
0.0014545266749337316,
0.008450881578028202,
0.013252096250653267,
-0.045987650752067566,
-0.06151498481631279,
-0.04052708297967911,
0.02720998041331768,
-0.03235480189323425,
-0.03170473501086235,
0.019316300749778748,
0.021916570141911507,
-0.008659831248223782,
-0.004747816361486912,
-0.03131469339132309,
0.021897997707128525,
-0.07496210187673569,
-0.01996636763215065,
0.0050287386402487755,
-0.024553988128900528,
0.01920486055314541,
0.003707708092406392,
-0.019539181143045425,
0.0005264388164505363,
-0.00985317025333643,
0.0011149822967126966,
-0.022900959476828575,
-0.00851124431937933,
0.02059786207973957,
0.03443501889705658,
-0.007183249108493328,
0.023272426798939705,
0.016688168048858643,
-0.02572411112487316,
-0.049702323973178864,
0.03918980062007904,
-0.001386037329211831,
-0.012843482196331024,
-0.014273631386458874,
0.0029345916118472815,
-0.014013604260981083,
-0.021637970581650734,
-0.028863009065389633,
-0.028027208521962166,
0.05705737695097923,
0.013168515637516975,
0.02407108061015606,
0.013642136938869953,
-0.018034737557172775,
0.012276994064450264,
0.003343205666169524,
0.0073875561356544495,
-0.03495507314801216,
0.014951558783650398,
0.013846443966031075,
-0.014682245440781116,
0.002405250910669565,
0.027655741199851036,
-0.012137694284319878,
0.03536368906497955,
-0.027785753831267357,
-0.030850360170006752,
-0.00010592622129479423,
0.015118719078600407,
-0.01734752394258976,
-0.01340996939688921,
-0.010726118460297585,
-0.0014011282473802567,
0.03703529015183449,
0.01676246151328087,
-0.018443351611495018,
-0.036255210638046265,
0.04669344052672386,
-0.007870463654398918,
0.05542292073369026,
-0.021935144439339638,
-0.004935871809720993,
0.005906329955905676,
0.012927061878144741,
-0.014802971854805946,
0.01776542328298092,
-0.01721750944852829,
0.029661664739251137,
-0.03671954199671745,
0.004856935236603022,
-0.0011178844142705202,
0.014115757308900356,
-0.042978767305612564,
-0.04591335728764534,
-0.020504996180534363,
0.019167713820934296,
0.030627479776740074,
0.0044831461273133755,
-0.016985341906547546,
-0.054085638374090195,
0.009114879183471203,
0.023179559037089348,
0.000036185414501233026,
0.038632601499557495,
0.01710606925189495,
0.024238241836428642,
-0.02657848596572876,
0.056723058223724365,
0.0054094926454126835,
-0.001315226429142058,
-0.016985341906547546,
-0.008283721283078194,
-0.05754028633236885,
0.005952763371169567,
-0.006672481540590525,
0.02607700414955616,
-0.004921942017972469,
0.03499222174286842,
-0.020765023306012154,
-0.012824908830225468,
0.016158828511834145,
-0.017635410651564598,
0.00904522929340601,
0.016743889078497887,
-0.014385071583092213,
-0.006862858310341835,
-0.035010792315006256,
0.001836441457271576,
-0.022529492154717445,
0.024015361443161964,
-0.032856281846761703,
-0.004657271318137646,
-0.01970634050667286,
-0.04141860455274582,
-0.01848049834370613,
-0.030014557763934135,
0.015220873057842255,
0.04316449910402298,
0.005525575950741768,
0.02633703127503395,
-0.014793685637414455,
0.04613623768091202,
-0.027377139776945114,
-0.014960845932364464,
0.04520757123827934,
-0.04539330303668976,
0.017904724925756454,
-0.023030972108244896,
-0.0013384431367740035,
-0.011097585782408714,
-0.0004721697769127786,
-0.033562071621418,
0.012239847332239151,
0.0014580091228708625,
0.030608905479311943,
0.011088298633694649,
0.0014336316380649805,
0.04650770500302315,
-0.01935344748198986,
-0.005121605470776558,
0.009964610449969769,
-0.03915265575051308,
-0.017059635370969772,
0.003698421409353614,
0.03380352631211281,
-0.01160835288465023,
0.01366071030497551,
0.009314542636275291,
-0.04134431108832359,
0.02059786207973957,
-0.01440364494919777,
0.03952412307262421,
-0.018805531784892082,
-0.008371944539248943,
-0.013827870599925518,
-0.00913345254957676,
0.045096129179000854,
0.008831635117530823,
0.03519652783870697,
-0.011534059420228004,
-0.021415090188384056,
-0.011060439050197601,
-0.0010610035387799144,
-0.022863812744617462,
-0.03933838754892349,
-0.02044927515089512,
-0.014459365047514439,
0.014115757308900356,
-0.007698659785091877,
-0.030256012454628944,
-0.048625070601701736,
-0.006663194857537746,
0.00505659868940711,
0.02895587682723999,
0.015889514237642288,
-0.004559761378914118,
0.024776868522167206,
-0.03120325319468975,
-0.0006558719906024635,
0.016205260530114174,
-0.021192209795117378,
-0.01944631338119507,
-0.015583053231239319,
-0.005757743027061224,
-0.025018323212862015,
-0.009203102439641953,
-0.03278198838233948,
-0.005892400164157152,
-0.06701270490884781,
-0.013735003769397736,
-0.020244969055056572,
-0.08372873067855835,
0.029253050684928894,
0.0036218061577528715,
0.0506681390106678,
0.015722353011369705,
-0.0318533219397068,
-0.02531549707055092,
0.013428542762994766,
-0.030738919973373413,
-0.03653381019830704,
0.0506681390106678,
-0.005288765765726566,
0.009314542636275291,
0.03506651520729065,
0.03393353894352913,
0.03244766965508461,
-0.051485367119312286,
0.0446503683924675,
0.009453843347728252,
-0.012852768413722515,
-0.015787361189723015,
-0.01791401021182537,
0.01665102131664753,
0.010818985290825367,
-0.0007510604336857796,
0.010623965412378311,
-0.02845439501106739,
0.029494503512978554,
-0.033264897763729095,
-0.01272275485098362,
-0.008149064145982265,
-0.011088298633694649,
-0.000649487366899848,
0.0038214698433876038,
-0.016920335590839386,
-0.03345062956213951
] |
The computer-aided diagnosis of focal liver lesions (FLLs) can help improve
workflow and enable correct diagnoses; FLL detection is the first step in such
a computer-aided diagnosis. Despite the recent success of deep-learning-based
approaches in detecting FLLs, current methods are not sufficiently robust for
assessing misaligned multiphase data. By introducing an attention-guided
multiphase alignment in feature space, this study presents a fully automated,
end-to-end learning framework for detecting FLLs from multiphase computed
tomography (CT) images. Our method is robust to misaligned multiphase images
owing to its complete learning-based approach, which reduces the sensitivity of
the model's performance to the quality of registration and enables a standalone
deployment of the model in clinical practice. Evaluation on a large-scale
dataset with 280 patients confirmed that our method outperformed previous
state-of-the-art methods and significantly reduced the performance degradation
for detecting FLLs using misaligned multiphase CT images. The robustness of the
proposed method can enhance the clinical adoption of the deep-learning-based
computer-aided detection system. | [
-0.009483386762440205,
0.057816360145807266,
-0.015649758279323578,
-0.01953568123281002,
-0.011291353963315487,
0.00993176270276308,
-0.033632997423410416,
0.029486728832125664,
-0.03365228325128555,
0.04983237758278847,
0.03033526800572872,
-0.04231123626232147,
0.002543206326663494,
-0.034886524081230164,
-0.02811749465763569,
0.013393416069447994,
0.034481536597013474,
-0.01534119900316,
0.01805073767900467,
-0.06553035229444504,
0.03452010825276375,
-0.05129803717136383,
-0.007882733829319477,
0.024472635239362717,
0.002576954895630479,
0.0005194890545681119,
0.054499343037605286,
-0.03332443907856941,
-0.02443406544625759,
0.020480645820498466,
0.05083519592881203,
0.04381546750664711,
0.01300771627575159,
-0.05704496055841446,
-0.05237799510359764,
-0.040035609155893326,
0.003948599100112915,
-0.032977309077978134,
0.008538423106074333,
0.025321174412965775,
0.055579300969839096,
-0.04933096840977669,
-0.036795735359191895,
-0.0009100098395720124,
0.033980127424001694,
-0.10637593269348145,
-0.07112299650907516,
-0.009873908013105392,
-0.03207091614603996,
-0.0023503564298152924,
-0.06067053601145744,
0.004312602803111076,
0.03303516283631325,
-0.03984276205301285,
0.023411961272358894,
-0.006195298861712217,
0.029043175280094147,
0.07540425658226013,
0.016922567039728165,
0.021078478544950485,
0.01672007516026497,
0.02420264482498169,
0.0015138706658035517,
-0.0012131455587223172,
-0.02427978441119194,
-0.05719923973083496,
-0.005727638024836779,
0.01213989220559597,
-0.049600958824157715,
0.0023069654125720263,
-0.032302334904670715,
-0.05797063931822777,
0.01761682517826557,
-0.01914033852517605,
-0.028753899037837982,
0.026227567344903946,
-0.01846536435186863,
0.021984873339533806,
0.02119418978691101,
-0.013788757845759392,
0.013470555655658245,
0.06842309981584549,
-0.050603777170181274,
0.04339119791984558,
0.062406182289123535,
-0.03648717701435089,
-0.06290759146213531,
-0.0583949089050293,
-0.005597464274615049,
0.011117788963019848,
-0.04562825337052345,
0.05847204849123955,
0.045705392956733704,
0.007974337786436081,
0.0037316428497433662,
-0.0012523181503638625,
-0.02769322693347931,
-0.008229863829910755,
-0.04728676378726959,
-0.044278305023908615,
-0.024761909618973732,
0.012940218672156334,
-0.03008456341922283,
-0.017751820385456085,
0.0008485389407724142,
-0.04778817296028137,
-0.05372794345021248,
0.03567720577120781,
0.03367156907916069,
0.12326956540346146,
-0.047942452132701874,
-0.018831780180335045,
-0.03374870866537094,
-0.02360481023788452,
0.018021810799837112,
-0.0030783643014729023,
-0.037952832877635956,
-0.04246551916003227,
-0.03284231573343277,
-0.027789650484919548,
0.0031386299524456263,
0.006291723344475031,
-0.04049845039844513,
0.06853880733251572,
-0.03860852122306824,
0.06761312484741211,
0.013248778879642487,
-0.01446373201906681,
-0.03465510159730911,
0.030875246971845627,
-0.05214657634496689,
-0.02061563916504383,
-0.006306187249720097,
0.01542798150330782,
0.03110666759312153,
0.042118389159440994,
0.008644490502774715,
-0.020924199372529984,
0.023585526272654533,
-0.022312717512249947,
0.011252783238887787,
-0.04157840833067894,
-0.0008834929903969169,
-0.02402907982468605,
0.0029337271116673946,
0.029833858832716942,
0.0018537683645263314,
0.008070762269198895,
-0.009276073426008224,
0.03318944573402405,
-0.039379920810461044,
-0.003799140453338623,
-0.05403650552034378,
-0.00906393863260746,
0.06460466980934143,
-0.016025815159082413,
0.06915592402219772,
-0.010828514583408833,
0.045512545853853226,
-0.138080433011055,
0.06483609229326248,
-0.045936815440654755,
-0.005341938231140375,
-0.02287198230624199,
0.06001484766602516,
0.04123127833008766,
0.016681505367159843,
-0.016565794125199318,
-0.014762649312615395,
0.05770064890384674,
0.010693519376218319,
0.04686249420046806,
0.016835784539580345,
0.008244327269494534,
-0.043776895850896835,
0.027751080691814423,
0.056929249316453934,
0.01088636927306652,
-0.030219558626413345,
-0.036795735359191895,
-0.055502161383628845,
0.005544430576264858,
0.021213473752141,
-0.0188607070595026,
0.05098947882652283,
-0.003738874802365899,
0.05253227427601814,
0.021811308339238167,
0.046785350888967514,
0.05739209055900574,
0.008514316752552986,
-0.013171639293432236,
0.10089899599552155,
-0.06086338683962822,
0.01704791933298111,
-0.03008456341922283,
-0.06595461815595627,
-0.0048140124417841434,
0.029833858832716942,
-0.00592048792168498,
-0.006176013499498367,
-0.025726158171892166,
-0.005129803903400898,
-0.002286474918946624,
-0.017761463299393654,
0.004336709156632423,
0.014511944726109505,
-0.04828958213329315,
-0.02819463610649109,
-0.05137517675757408,
-0.042774077504873276,
-0.004057076759636402,
-0.044779714196920395,
0.007294542156159878,
0.0045946454629302025,
0.010153540410101414,
0.034211549907922745,
0.019680317491292953,
0.05461505427956581,
0.018176089972257614,
0.015553333796560764,
0.04875241965055466,
0.001768191228620708,
0.0000793245344539173,
-0.015929389744997025,
0.013914110139012337,
0.02634327858686447,
0.007000446319580078,
-0.009507493115961552,
-0.03627504035830498,
-0.03234090656042099,
-0.06067053601145744,
0.028541764244437218,
0.007916483096778393,
-0.03043169341981411,
-0.07077586650848389,
0.017433619126677513,
-0.06028483435511589,
0.02603471837937832,
-0.03176235780119896,
0.04188697040081024,
0.011667410843074322,
-0.018986059352755547,
0.037046439945697784,
0.026960397139191628,
0.002139427000656724,
0.0034616533666849136,
0.04404688626527786,
0.07976265996694565,
0.011252783238887787,
0.04099985957145691,
-0.016835784539580345,
-0.025591162964701653,
0.012554519809782505,
-0.02478119544684887,
-0.009763019159436226,
0.015669044107198715,
-0.04450972378253937,
0.010645306669175625,
0.002212950959801674,
0.022987691685557365,
0.02269841730594635,
0.02443406544625759,
0.016575437039136887,
0.029158884659409523,
-0.036950014531612396,
0.0856252983212471,
0.0400741808116436,
0.014058747328817844,
0.0033555859699845314,
-0.013701975345611572,
-0.03718143329024315,
-0.02246699668467045,
-0.002169559942558408,
0.017356479540467262,
-0.04998666048049927,
0.012053110636770725,
0.026574697345495224,
-0.017269697040319443,
0.022389857098460197,
0.012409882619976997,
-0.0100185452029109,
0.004903205204755068,
-0.010992436669766903,
-0.07374574989080429,
-0.018417151644825935,
-0.024086935445666313,
-0.0033652284182608128,
-0.056582119315862656,
-0.014270882122218609,
0.009001262485980988,
-0.04431687667965889,
-0.025128323584794998,
-0.0113877784460783,
0.014290167018771172,
-0.006122979801148176,
-0.03301588073372841,
-0.008557708002626896,
0.030123133212327957,
0.003083185525611043,
-0.07887555658817291,
-0.0062531535513699055,
0.046091094613075256,
0.013287348672747612,
0.011349208652973175,
-0.0174529030919075,
0.015678685158491135,
0.04558968544006348,
-0.0453968346118927,
-0.02327696606516838,
-0.014068390242755413,
-0.004751335829496384,
-0.01596795953810215,
0.010307819582521915,
0.014560157433152199,
0.05245513468980789,
0.012911291792988777,
-0.06576176732778549,
0.03303516283631325,
-0.03365228325128555,
-0.03681502118706703,
0.013046286068856716,
-0.07440143823623657,
0.002846944611519575,
0.009088044986128807,
-0.057006388902664185,
0.03241804614663124,
0.006518322043120861,
-0.050912339240312576,
0.01746254600584507,
-0.030798107385635376,
0.002511868253350258,
-0.04200267791748047,
0.04300549626350403,
-0.04246551916003227,
0.025880437344312668,
-0.02078920416533947,
0.034635815769433975,
-0.03685358911752701,
-0.01354769617319107,
-0.030373837798833847,
-0.019680317491292953,
-0.04408545419573784,
-0.017491472885012627,
-0.02169559895992279,
-0.034790098667144775,
-0.006315829697996378,
-0.052995115518569946,
0.014984427019953728,
-0.023759091272950172,
0.0009943816112354398,
-0.03602433577179909,
-0.04886813089251518,
0.006740099284797907,
-0.012602731585502625,
-0.007255972363054752,
0.017105774953961372,
-0.054422203451395035,
0.014810862019658089,
-0.049600958824157715,
0.0021213474683463573,
-0.05735351890325546,
0.008731273002922535,
0.001598242437466979,
-0.02709539234638214,
0.014087675139307976,
0.0076079233549535275,
-0.03000742383301258,
-0.00944481696933508,
-0.0019706834573298693,
0.0020393861923366785,
0.06595461815595627,
0.010597094893455505,
0.06360185146331787,
-0.005785492714494467,
-0.009189290925860405,
-0.009227861650288105,
0.03916778787970543,
-0.0038039616774767637,
0.019275333732366562,
-0.03860852122306824,
0.03760570287704468,
-0.010597094893455505,
-0.038801372051239014,
0.039129216223955154,
0.049600958824157715,
-0.015292986296117306,
-0.06838452816009521,
-0.030238842591643333,
0.057739220559597015,
0.007227045018225908,
-0.03814568370580673,
-0.021676313132047653,
-0.014367307536303997,
0.026574697345495224,
-0.01705756224691868,
-0.005578179378062487,
0.06379470229148865,
0.033382292836904526,
-0.061673354357481,
-0.009295358322560787,
0.01653686724603176,
-0.0004541009257081896,
0.03168521448969841,
-0.027673941105604172,
0.023392675444483757,
-0.04597538337111473,
-0.00617119250819087,
-0.019063198938965797,
0.061827633529901505,
0.0005444992566481233,
-0.008981977589428425,
0.01596795953810215,
-0.021984873339533806,
0.049176689237356186,
0.0011052702320739627,
-0.05021807923913002,
0.004980345256626606,
-0.07100728154182434,
-0.020499929785728455,
0.002398568904027343,
0.02528260461986065,
0.0449339933693409,
-0.009305001236498356,
0.038299962878227234,
0.019439255818724632,
0.06290759146213531,
0.0000638814817648381,
-0.016604363918304443,
-0.041616979986429214,
0.029563868418335915,
0.036795735359191895,
-0.01047174260020256,
-0.03856995329260826,
0.0037557492032647133,
0.022891266271471977,
0.04200267791748047,
-0.030123133212327957,
-0.024819765239953995,
0.03882065787911415,
-0.03660288453102112,
-0.006055482663214207,
0.0029457800555974245,
0.02867675945162773,
-0.029544584453105927,
-0.03822282329201698,
0.028985319659113884,
0.05581071972846985,
-0.04998666048049927,
-0.021213473752141,
-0.0726272240281105,
0.07802701741456985,
-0.03442368283867836,
-0.0002395555638941005,
-0.03228304907679558,
-0.0019947898108512163,
-0.0015211025020107627,
-0.05473076179623604,
0.007516319397836924,
-0.03131880238652229,
0.021560603752732277,
0.02011422999203205,
-0.011956685222685337,
-0.0016512761358171701,
0.001642838935367763,
-0.014193742536008358,
-0.0663788914680481,
-0.061904773116111755,
0.026458987966179848,
0.02852248027920723,
0.01516763400286436,
0.008904838003218174,
-0.03008456341922283,
0.05862632766366005,
0.0030060457065701485,
-0.033883702009916306,
0.02453048899769783,
-0.046939633786678314,
0.009035011753439903,
-0.01887999102473259,
0.025224748998880386,
-0.00947374477982521,
-0.04921526089310646,
-0.07228009402751923,
0.005481754429638386,
-0.00007766723138047382,
0.07015874236822128,
0.029139598831534386,
0.004956238903105259,
0.0239519402384758,
0.017520401626825333,
-0.038627807050943375,
-0.014058747328817844,
0.006793132983148098,
-0.015842607244849205,
-0.050680916756391525,
-0.00964730978012085,
-0.02154131792485714,
0.046438224613666534,
0.01912105455994606,
0.0213677529245615,
-0.01596795953810215,
-0.0015656989999115467,
-0.023219112306833267,
0.003977526444941759,
0.034597247838974,
0.028618905693292618,
-0.04605252295732498,
-0.023219112306833267,
-0.020017804577946663,
0.018340012058615685,
-0.02427978441119194,
0.01505192369222641,
-0.04589824378490448,
0.010539239272475243,
0.03386441990733147,
0.020769920200109482,
0.022254861891269684,
0.0062483325600624084,
-0.014907286502420902,
0.012872721999883652,
-0.023643381893634796,
-0.029120314866304398,
0.0255140233784914,
0.012487022206187248,
-0.03050883300602436,
0.004999630153179169,
-0.017809676006436348,
0.04983237758278847,
-0.03457796201109886,
0.022756272926926613,
0.06267617642879486,
-0.004483757074922323,
-0.0021526855416595936,
0.012110965326428413,
0.03153093531727791,
-0.0306052565574646,
0.019024629145860672,
-0.014376949518918991,
-0.03999704122543335,
-0.00031097023747861385,
0.007405431009829044,
-0.011166001670062542,
-0.030200272798538208,
-0.03426940366625786,
0.035792917013168335,
0.04431687667965889,
-0.036545030772686005,
0.020769920200109482,
0.025494739413261414,
0.04339119791984558,
0.005033378954976797,
-0.041771259158849716,
0.003625575453042984,
-0.011860260739922523,
0.005409435834735632,
-0.013904468156397343,
-0.019256049767136574,
-0.01805073767900467,
0.0012053110403940082,
-0.03118380717933178,
-0.02543688379228115,
0.016170453280210495,
0.011590270325541496,
0.03328586742281914,
-0.01770360767841339,
0.008499853312969208,
0.030142417177557945,
0.007559710647910833,
0.01513870619237423,
0.02111704833805561,
-0.03345943242311478,
-0.017337193712592125,
0.004413848742842674,
0.025128323584794998,
-0.0023877210915088654,
0.04084558039903641,
-0.0008877115906216204,
0.004989987704902887,
-0.011956685222685337,
0.013123426586389542,
-0.015620830468833447,
0.0032422866206616163,
-0.010143897496163845,
-0.020673494786024094,
-0.01712505891919136,
-0.040382739156484604,
-0.09318500757217407,
-0.0012282119132578373,
0.02038422040641308,
-0.02935173362493515,
0.04130841791629791,
0.014145529828965664,
-0.03916778787970543,
-0.024414779618382454,
0.008302181959152222,
-0.006069946102797985,
-0.005925308912992477,
0.015987245365977287,
-0.08855661004781723,
-0.03133808821439743,
0.040884148329496384,
0.011792763136327267,
0.0022057192400097847,
0.00041131238685920835,
-0.006614746991544962,
-0.0006291723693720996,
-0.007781487889587879,
-0.026632552966475487,
-0.006344757042825222,
0.04439401626586914,
0.0187064278870821,
0.02171488292515278,
-0.016507940366864204,
0.04566682502627373,
-0.014820504002273083,
0.04447115585207939,
-0.005327474791556597,
0.005472111981362104,
-0.050256647169589996,
0.048019591718912125,
-0.02751966193318367,
0.058317769318819046,
0.021849878132343292,
0.034385111182928085,
0.0332665853202343,
0.00621458375826478,
0.0011022569378837943,
-0.0077622029930353165,
-0.04099985957145691,
0.0019574251491576433,
-0.011117788963019848,
-0.021174903959035873,
-0.04558968544006348,
0.004452419001609087,
-0.00573728047311306,
-0.01572689786553383,
0.021309899166226387,
0.02312268689274788,
-0.02119418978691101,
-0.02335410565137863,
0.04439401626586914,
-0.024337640032172203,
0.03523365035653114,
-0.0147144366055727,
0.009902835823595524,
-0.02219700813293457,
0.009391783736646175,
0.06502894312143326,
0.034712959080934525,
-0.0374128557741642,
0.009671415202319622,
0.030315982177853584,
0.03569649159908295,
-0.009623203426599503,
0.011262426152825356,
-0.005124982446432114,
0.013306633569300175,
0.014328737743198872,
-0.014695151709020138,
0.020442074164748192,
0.056659258902072906,
0.04134698957204819,
0.02335410565137863,
0.0004254747764207423,
0.012737726792693138,
0.022177722305059433,
0.03515651077032089,
0.0027095391415059566,
0.06988875567913055,
-0.0397656224668026,
-0.056003570556640625,
-0.03883994370698929,
0.019805671647191048,
0.02910102903842926,
-0.011368493549525738,
0.046515364199876785,
0.024009795859456062,
0.04574396461248398,
0.013615192845463753,
0.02036493457853794,
-0.0227755568921566,
-0.00023533697822131217,
-0.009719627909362316,
-0.013750188052654266,
0.004946596454828978,
0.0019574251491576433,
0.03093310259282589,
-0.019593536853790283,
-0.045705392956733704,
-0.003917261026799679,
0.008557708002626896,
0.015437623485922813,
-0.03336301073431969,
0.0022418785374611616,
-0.014974784106016159,
-0.038801372051239014,
-0.027172531932592392,
0.025398313999176025,
-0.033787280321121216,
-0.020904913544654846,
0.007964694872498512,
-0.014579442329704762,
0.008818055503070354,
-0.01139742136001587,
0.024395495653152466,
-0.00017552341159898788,
-0.0016488655237480998,
0.02345053106546402,
-0.03660288453102112,
-0.018253229558467865,
0.01769396662712097,
0.037200719118118286,
-0.015042281709611416,
0.005549252033233643,
-0.03199377655982971,
-0.03542650118470192,
-0.010558524169027805,
-0.03910993039608002,
0.013325918465852737,
-0.017857888713479042,
0.032553039491176605,
0.0011552906362339854,
-0.06475894898176193,
-0.03785640746355057,
-0.013509126380085945,
-0.01670078933238983,
-0.018590716645121574,
-0.025822583585977554,
-0.004194482229650021,
0.052917975932359695,
-0.026632552966475487,
-0.04713248088955879,
-0.0009238708880729973,
0.01604510098695755,
-0.032051630318164825,
0.045512545853853226,
0.050102367997169495,
0.0029988137539476156,
-0.0214448943734169,
0.030990956351161003,
-0.0032736246939748526,
0.024896904826164246,
-0.046438224613666534,
-0.01181204803287983,
0.023585526272654533,
-0.01861000247299671,
0.009001262485980988,
0.048173870891332626,
-0.021657029166817665,
0.006002448964864016,
-0.030065277591347694,
0.016652576625347137,
-0.0023322768975049257,
-0.0025890080723911524,
0.0280982106924057,
-0.004719997756183147,
-0.03315087407827377,
0.0005327474791556597,
0.005838526412844658,
-0.03484795242547989,
-0.010143897496163845,
0.0026396310422569513,
0.03615932911634445,
0.038299962878227234,
-0.030219558626413345,
-0.024646200239658356,
0.026304706931114197,
0.004630804993212223,
-0.008962692692875862,
0.028001785278320312,
0.00769470538944006,
0.0643346831202507,
-0.06907878816127777,
0.013711618259549141,
0.02412550523877144,
0.014068390242755413,
-0.007742918096482754,
0.01878356747329235,
0.0014475785428658128,
-0.056582119315862656,
0.002320223720744252,
-0.02744252048432827,
-0.02811749465763569,
0.05488504096865654,
0.006204941309988499,
-0.03010384738445282,
-0.013383773155510426,
-0.001337895286269486,
-0.0020116642117500305,
-0.004936954006552696,
-0.020827773958444595,
-0.007829700596630573,
-0.045859672129154205,
0.024896904826164246,
0.01102136354893446,
-0.05897345766425133,
0.003478527534753084,
-0.0430440679192543,
-0.015466551296412945,
0.03523365035653114,
-0.013123426586389542,
-0.019246406853199005,
0.028966033831238747,
-0.00467901723459363,
0.03307373449206352,
-0.0213677529245615,
0.0017814496532082558,
-0.04192553833127022,
-0.03426940366625786,
-0.024009795859456062,
-0.04034417122602463,
0.03133808821439743,
0.005351581145077944,
0.010076399892568588,
-0.009705164469778538,
-0.04238837957382202,
0.01213989220559597,
-0.02703753672540188,
-0.008186472579836845,
0.014849431812763214,
0.0031482724007219076,
-0.030547402799129486,
-0.02402907982468605,
-0.021753452718257904,
-0.009386962279677391,
0.00735721830278635,
0.027905359864234924,
-0.006180834956467152,
0.0119759701192379,
0.029081745073199272,
-0.0332665853202343,
-0.03797211870551109,
-0.006576176732778549,
-0.022139152511954308,
0.013923753052949905,
0.0048140124417841434,
0.028753899037837982,
-0.008480568416416645,
0.04566682502627373,
-0.020345650613307953,
-0.025957578793168068,
-0.026825401932001114,
-0.0011058729141950607,
0.007718811742961407,
-0.00623868964612484,
0.030798107385635376,
0.0019742995500564575,
0.008716809563338757,
0.006687065586447716,
0.00004486017132876441,
-0.028869610279798508,
0.011908472515642643,
-0.02877318486571312,
0.0002333783486392349,
-0.001314994296990335,
0.008422713726758957,
0.02069277875125408,
0.012487022206187248,
-0.011609556153416634,
0.010751374065876007,
0.0004152296460233629,
0.011503488756716251,
-0.019497111439704895,
0.011513130739331245,
0.013441628776490688,
-0.02302626147866249,
-0.03340157866477966,
-0.03417297825217247,
-0.02470405399799347,
0.005115339998155832,
-0.027172531932592392,
-0.001664534560404718,
0.019767099991440773,
-0.010143897496163845,
0.03693072870373726,
-0.02852248027920723,
0.019169267266988754,
-0.00030524501926265657,
-0.013981607742607594,
0.03452010825276375,
0.009454459883272648,
0.014232312329113483,
-0.020017804577946663,
0.013586265966296196,
-0.0048477607779204845,
-0.030296698212623596,
-0.028059640899300575,
0.008745736442506313,
-0.0643346831202507,
0.015331556089222431,
0.0002585392212495208,
0.015109779313206673,
0.009049475193023682,
-0.003447189461439848,
0.03210948407649994,
-0.008842161856591702,
-0.007839342579245567,
-0.03964991122484207,
-0.04408545419573784,
-0.006773848086595535,
-0.003068721853196621,
0.016777928918600082,
-0.046361081302165985,
0.06360185146331787,
0.024761909618973732,
-0.018667856231331825,
-0.03849281370639801,
-0.01217846293002367,
0.01628616265952587,
-0.0065568918362259865,
-0.011050291359424591,
-0.002450397238135338,
-0.024511205032467842,
0.02202344313263893,
-0.022004157304763794,
0.002035770332440734,
0.012400239706039429,
0.006209762301295996,
0.023334821686148643,
0.006436360999941826,
0.030315982177853584,
-0.03145379573106766,
0.0025239211972802877,
-0.057006388902664185,
-0.004242694936692715,
-0.021502748131752014,
-0.008779485709965229,
-0.007120977621525526,
0.025166893377900124,
0.026131143793463707,
0.04165554791688919,
0.031125951558351517,
-0.010423529893159866,
0.04215695708990097,
0.011262426152825356,
-0.011358850635588169,
-0.004681427963078022,
-0.017356479540467262,
-0.015350840985774994,
0.0009552089613862336,
0.011860260739922523,
0.0278667900711298,
-0.022486282512545586,
0.017269697040319443,
-0.06564605981111526,
0.02103990875184536,
-0.006320651154965162,
0.01803145371377468,
0.008249148726463318,
-0.013422343879938126,
-0.010867084376513958,
0.025070469826459885,
0.006576176732778549,
0.026960397139191628,
0.0192946195602417,
-0.018108593299984932,
-0.023836230859160423,
-0.020403504371643066,
0.01231345720589161,
-0.055347882211208344,
0.023489100858569145,
-0.02227414771914482,
-0.005110518541187048,
-0.03141522780060768,
0.01945854164659977,
-0.0588577464222908,
-0.05704496055841446,
-0.061673354357481,
-0.011667410843074322,
0.02335410565137863,
-0.038782086223363876,
-0.042118389159440994,
0.02370123565196991,
0.013615192845463753,
-0.008581814356148243,
-0.025494739413261414,
-0.016507940366864204,
-0.02952529862523079,
0.037875693291425705,
0.029120314866304398,
0.01672007516026497,
0.011262426152825356,
-0.011407063342630863,
0.029390303418040276,
-0.0013282527215778828,
0.008461283519864082,
-0.013248778879642487,
-0.004170376341789961,
0.032726604491472244,
0.019526038318872452,
-0.01928497664630413,
-0.00650867959484458,
-0.02312268689274788,
-0.010413886979222298,
0.026902541518211365,
-0.02102062478661537,
-0.06634031981229782,
0.052262287586927414,
0.06576176732778549,
-0.026092572137713432,
0.007434358354657888,
-0.012998074293136597,
0.03417297825217247,
-0.06229047477245331,
0.03507937118411064,
0.033883702009916306,
0.0428897887468338,
0.0094303535297513,
0.04076844081282616,
0.01679721474647522,
-0.0226212777197361,
-0.03457796201109886,
0.030894532799720764,
0.01830144226551056,
-0.019805671647191048,
-0.04501113295555115,
0.02169559895992279,
0.04034417122602463,
-0.020499929785728455,
0.03500223159790039,
-0.043776895850896835,
0.07093014568090439,
-0.03334372490644455
] |
In the online (time-series) search problem, a player is presented with a
sequence of prices which are revealed in an online manner. In the standard
definition of the problem, for each revealed price, the player must decide
irrevocably whether to accept or reject it, without knowledge of future prices
(other than an upper and a lower bound on their extreme values), and the
objective is to minimize the competitive ratio, namely the worst-case ratio
between the maximum price in the sequence and the one selected by the player.
The problem formulates several applications of decision-making in the face of
uncertainty on the revealed samples.
Previous work on this problem has largely assumed extreme scenarios in which
either the player has almost no information about the input, or the player is
provided with some powerful, and error-free advice. In this work, we study
learning-augmented algorithms, in which there is a potentially erroneous
prediction concerning the input. Specifically, we consider two different
settings: the setting in which the prediction is related to the maximum price
in the sequence, as well as the setting in which the prediction is obtained as
a response to a number of binary queries. For both settings, we provide tight,
or near-tight upper and lower bounds on the worst-case performance of search
algorithms as a function of the prediction error. We also provide experimental
results on data obtained from stock exchange markets that confirm the
theoretical analysis, and explain how our techniques can be applicable to other
learning-augmented applications. | [
-0.028466785326600075,
-0.00127256172709167,
-0.03277057781815529,
0.005944250617176294,
0.029586156830191612,
-0.021943548694252968,
-0.03967980295419693,
0.041918545961380005,
-0.07009583711624146,
-0.00871855579316616,
-0.005133671220391989,
0.011820953339338303,
0.019077571108937263,
-0.05604579299688339,
0.012911375612020493,
0.021557558327913284,
-0.003927451092749834,
-0.0019034147262573242,
-0.009958549402654171,
-0.02036098763346672,
-0.022792726755142212,
-0.02611224353313446,
-0.03319516405463219,
0.043423909693956375,
-0.025378862395882607,
0.018006447702646255,
-0.03394784778356552,
-0.011174418963491917,
-0.029644055292010307,
0.06199004128575325,
0.030917823314666748,
0.04608724266290665,
0.010556834749877453,
-0.026594731956720352,
-0.060098689049482346,
0.0012508498039096594,
-0.027328113093972206,
0.00994889996945858,
0.0053604403510689735,
0.010151544585824013,
-0.041339561343193054,
0.027694804593920708,
-0.03763405606150627,
-0.0231208186596632,
-0.002390727400779724,
-0.023757703602313995,
0.00030833992059342563,
0.020534684881567955,
-0.013335964642465115,
-0.015806302428245544,
-0.01541066262871027,
-0.0236998051404953,
0.018884574994444847,
-0.010093646124005318,
-0.019820602610707283,
-0.010846327058970928,
0.027521109208464622,
0.020283790305256844,
-0.028215890750288963,
0.004383402410894632,
0.04218874126672745,
-0.011029672808945179,
-0.06924665719270706,
-0.023429611697793007,
0.03151610866189003,
-0.03448823466897011,
-0.00372239388525486,
0.031207315623760223,
0.015034322626888752,
0.007015373557806015,
-0.05461762845516205,
-0.009891001507639885,
0.051491107791662216,
0.03026163950562477,
-0.012998223304748535,
0.013818453066051006,
0.009760729968547821,
-0.02344891056418419,
-0.037325263023376465,
0.016288790851831436,
-0.0034111891873180866,
0.05693357065320015,
0.025031471624970436,
-0.016925673931837082,
0.046743426471948624,
-0.033175867050886154,
-0.01403074711561203,
-0.10792288929224014,
0.04396429657936096,
0.005263942759484053,
-0.0028997522313147783,
-0.016877425834536552,
-0.016771279275417328,
0.024819176644086838,
0.009813803248107433,
0.05500361695885658,
-0.04616444185376167,
0.004064960405230522,
-0.025706954300403595,
-0.021885650232434273,
0.05554400384426117,
0.01208149641752243,
-0.05465622618794441,
0.015372063964605331,
0.0031144593376666307,
0.0007653463981114328,
-0.05392284691333771,
0.034333836287260056,
0.01746606081724167,
0.1733868420124054,
0.0002932621573563665,
0.030975721776485443,
0.049290962517261505,
0.023429611697793007,
-0.06874487549066544,
0.03917801380157471,
-0.01518871821463108,
-0.0512981116771698,
0.031670503318309784,
-0.009673882275819778,
-0.036283086985349655,
0.02713511884212494,
0.029740553349256516,
-0.005939425900578499,
-0.02151895873248577,
0.016288790851831436,
0.0031916573643684387,
0.025899948552250862,
0.0006380901904776692,
-0.006605259142816067,
0.0036717327311635017,
-0.010489286854863167,
-0.03242318704724312,
-0.04419589042663574,
0.0003944338532164693,
0.05176129937171936,
0.06901506334543228,
-0.009442287497222424,
-0.011869201436638832,
-0.028447484597563744,
-0.0213838629424572,
0.012679781764745712,
-0.02551395818591118,
-0.027057919651269913,
-0.0017345439409837127,
0.023391012102365494,
-0.04408009350299835,
0.014011448249220848,
-0.06959404796361923,
0.05241748318076134,
-0.054347433149814606,
0.030165141448378563,
0.029605455696582794,
-0.0062964665703475475,
0.03163190558552742,
-0.0005952694336883724,
0.004253130406141281,
-0.03967980295419693,
0.032037194818258286,
-0.015941400080919266,
0.039042919874191284,
0.0004885189700871706,
-0.01822839118540287,
0.029258064925670624,
-0.01552645955234766,
0.021132968366146088,
0.01741781271994114,
-0.0614110566675663,
-0.08244752883911133,
0.035028621554374695,
0.01080772839486599,
0.010643682442605495,
-0.0150632718577981,
0.0696326494216919,
0.01718621887266636,
0.03553040698170662,
0.020766278728842735,
0.003915389068424702,
-0.021306663751602173,
-0.007464087568223476,
-0.02852468378841877,
0.019646907225251198,
-0.026382436975836754,
0.017514310777187347,
-0.009471236728131771,
-0.01218764390796423,
0.06982564181089401,
-0.01760115846991539,
0.06669912487268448,
0.0392359122633934,
0.01586420089006424,
0.016568632796406746,
0.06422878801822662,
-0.012206943705677986,
-0.009615983814001083,
-0.02808079496026039,
-0.005997324362397194,
-0.0057271309196949005,
-0.00014421864761970937,
-0.019058270379900932,
0.01346141193062067,
-0.0757312998175621,
0.05380704626441002,
0.02103647217154503,
-0.009625633247196674,
-0.006503936368972063,
0.06314801424741745,
-0.039293814450502396,
-0.012515735812485218,
-0.08229313045740128,
0.011048972606658936,
-0.03830953687429428,
-0.01672302931547165,
0.018035396933555603,
-0.05349825695157051,
-0.009929600171744823,
0.026633331552147865,
0.04408009350299835,
-0.055929996073246,
-0.058824922889471054,
-0.013307015411555767,
0.02713511884212494,
0.047554004937410355,
-0.015217667445540428,
0.008742680773139,
-0.0006519617163576186,
-0.0322301909327507,
0.052147287875413895,
0.013307015411555767,
-0.020090796053409576,
-0.01484132744371891,
-0.026517532765865326,
-0.029026471078395844,
-0.021210167557001114,
-0.03197929635643959,
0.002424501581117511,
-0.01746606081724167,
-0.022020746022462845,
-0.013992148451507092,
-0.013451761566102505,
0.015227317810058594,
-0.05662477761507034,
0.011878851801156998,
0.0022351250518113375,
-0.0062626926228404045,
-0.021808452904224396,
0.03614799305796623,
-0.01634668931365013,
0.05253328010439873,
0.0035342236515134573,
-0.028447484597563744,
-0.04832598567008972,
-0.05218588933348656,
0.02645963430404663,
-0.0435011051595211,
0.03527951240539551,
0.04817159101366997,
-0.022155843675136566,
0.024008596315979958,
-0.054579026997089386,
0.034102242439985275,
0.014397438615560532,
0.0040432484820485115,
0.06226023659110069,
0.009138320572674274,
0.028543982654809952,
0.05380704626441002,
-0.048480380326509476,
-0.03194069862365723,
0.033967144787311554,
-0.001012621447443962,
-0.006624558474868536,
0.00799964927136898,
-0.01702217198908329,
-0.022290939465165138,
-0.03427593782544136,
0.023622605949640274,
-0.02680702693760395,
-0.03682347387075424,
0.016887076199054718,
-0.004332741256803274,
0.048711974173784256,
0.02644033543765545,
-0.028601881116628647,
-0.025687655434012413,
0.014754478819668293,
-0.012660481967031956,
-0.004530561156570911,
-0.020882075652480125,
-0.005688532255589962,
-0.001783998915925622,
-0.033851347863674164,
-0.05006294324994087,
-0.01771695539355278,
0.0690922662615776,
0.08962694555521011,
-0.04504506662487984,
0.022387437522411346,
-0.012390288524329662,
0.00030472123762592673,
-0.018218742683529854,
0.01799679733812809,
0.003389477264136076,
0.051375310868024826,
-0.013191218487918377,
-0.0015186305390670896,
0.029354562982916832,
0.023757703602313995,
0.009891001507639885,
-0.021885650232434273,
-0.02344891056418419,
-0.051491107791662216,
0.024992872029542923,
-0.004159045405685902,
-0.015227317810058594,
0.01735026389360428,
0.06295501440763474,
0.030647629871964455,
0.019096869975328445,
-0.04230453819036484,
0.052842073142528534,
0.0037127442192286253,
-0.03809724375605583,
0.022290939465165138,
0.026382436975836754,
-0.017958199605345726,
-0.031670503318309784,
0.03912011533975601,
-0.05025593563914299,
0.02427878975868225,
-0.036167290061712265,
0.011473561637103558,
-0.08406868577003479,
0.004390639718621969,
0.031226614490151405,
-0.039602603763341904,
0.011029672808945179,
0.019579358398914337,
0.00458122231066227,
-0.04338530823588371,
-0.006721056066453457,
-0.019212666898965836,
0.013789503835141659,
0.012033247388899326,
0.00934579037129879,
-0.03603219613432884,
-0.045353859663009644,
0.0021977322176098824,
-0.009649757295846939,
0.03292497247457504,
0.0011489242315292358,
-0.0004987718421034515,
0.013615807518362999,
0.028543982654809952,
0.09093931317329407,
-0.0625690296292305,
-0.05083492398262024,
-0.020206592977046967,
0.036746278405189514,
0.000703226076439023,
0.015150119550526142,
-0.008395289070904255,
-0.027791300788521767,
0.04338530823588371,
0.0033339911606162786,
0.024819176644086838,
-0.021461060270667076,
0.05187709629535675,
-0.044234488159418106,
-0.005138495936989784,
0.0034111891873180866,
-0.03327236324548721,
0.04932956025004387,
-0.02244533598423004,
-0.024761278182268143,
0.017610806971788406,
-0.019463561475276947,
0.0031337586697191,
-0.02173125371336937,
0.024529684334993362,
-0.02011009491980076,
0.03275127708911896,
0.019704805687069893,
0.0056692324578762054,
0.02068907953798771,
-0.019695155322551727,
0.0005011842586100101,
-0.043539706617593765,
-0.017620457336306572,
0.05565980076789856,
0.03485492244362831,
-0.019222317263484,
-0.0026971071492880583,
-0.0025427110958844423,
0.02483847551047802,
-0.025668354704976082,
0.025224465876817703,
-0.030223039910197258,
0.024761278182268143,
-0.016751978546380997,
0.0058960020542144775,
-0.007251792587339878,
-0.003729631192982197,
0.029605455696582794,
0.007792179007083178,
0.013963199220597744,
0.006667982321232557,
-0.05762835219502449,
-0.00594907533377409,
0.025127967819571495,
0.010257692076265812,
-0.061488255858421326,
-0.07283636927604675,
-0.008018948137760162,
-0.0299142487347126,
0.03194069862365723,
-0.028215890750288963,
-0.043539706617593765,
0.031245915219187737,
-0.007155294995754957,
-0.033986445516347885,
-0.030782725661993027,
0.06897646933794022,
-0.005172269884496927,
-0.01368335634469986,
0.030319537967443466,
-0.010846327058970928,
0.00819746870547533,
-0.038116540759801865,
-0.019299514591693878,
0.02175055257976055,
0.054231636226177216,
-0.03383205085992813,
-0.017215168103575706,
0.019193368032574654,
0.024105094373226166,
0.010720880702137947,
0.03452683240175247,
0.014522884972393513,
-0.07758405059576035,
-0.009065947495400906,
0.035935696214437485,
-0.04137815907597542,
0.06600434333086014,
0.020380288362503052,
-0.015671206638216972,
-0.025127967819571495,
-0.00968353170901537,
0.01707042194902897,
0.029065068811178207,
-0.05253328010439873,
-0.012177993543446064,
-0.024336688220500946,
0.03707436844706535,
0.07642608135938644,
-0.004373752512037754,
0.02472267858684063,
-0.09155689924955368,
0.05654757842421532,
0.007237317971885204,
-0.01080772839486599,
0.0314968079328537,
0.027675503864884377,
-0.043887097388505936,
0.008872952312231064,
0.027405312284827232,
-0.03603219613432884,
-0.06924665719270706,
-0.001375090447254479,
-0.022020746022462845,
0.010093646124005318,
-0.09117090702056885,
-0.03510581701993942,
0.04141676053404808,
0.06542535871267319,
-0.020650481805205345,
-0.02310151979327202,
-0.05226308852434158,
0.007618483621627092,
0.01655898429453373,
0.020399587228894234,
-0.03622518852353096,
0.015545759350061417,
-0.007034673355519772,
-0.012911375612020493,
-0.03678487613797188,
-0.0010560452938079834,
0.019096869975328445,
-0.008168519474565983,
0.039602603763341904,
-0.07989998906850815,
-0.00005473221972351894,
-0.031902097165584564,
0.01855648308992386,
-0.018025746569037437,
0.03529881313443184,
-0.0497155524790287,
-0.1060701310634613,
0.01702217198908329,
0.01781345158815384,
0.016124743968248367,
-0.016057197004556656,
0.008076846599578857,
-0.0041325087659060955,
0.009891001507639885,
-0.06391999125480652,
0.01609579473733902,
0.007300041615962982,
0.0540386438369751,
0.004390639718621969,
0.04712941497564316,
0.022040046751499176,
0.016549333930015564,
0.006412263959646225,
0.013606158085167408,
0.061140865087509155,
0.0031795951072126627,
-0.0026681579183787107,
0.03798144683241844,
0.009582209400832653,
0.05060333013534546,
0.018102945759892464,
-0.021229466423392296,
0.02852468378841877,
-0.08406868577003479,
0.03232668712735176,
0.03471982851624489,
-0.038599029183387756,
0.009418163448572159,
-0.06241463124752045,
-0.04253613203763962,
0.05978989601135254,
-0.04149395599961281,
0.0037006819620728493,
-0.00581397907808423,
-0.0070443227887153625,
0.0021711953449994326,
0.024548983201384544,
0.003126521361991763,
0.008786104619503021,
-0.03197929635643959,
0.060561876744031906,
0.02221374213695526,
0.013876351527869701,
-0.006310941651463509,
0.057087965309619904,
0.06967125087976456,
-0.014378138817846775,
-0.00658595934510231,
0.03392854705452919,
0.0017248941585421562,
-0.0353953093290329,
-0.005427988711744547,
-0.04064477980136871,
-0.060214485973119736,
0.03580060228705406,
-0.019444260746240616,
-0.039409611374139786,
-0.001847928622737527,
0.02539816126227379,
-0.0022097944747656584,
0.024433186277747154,
0.028775576502084732,
0.011811302974820137,
0.015256267040967941,
-0.030975721776485443,
0.013538610190153122,
0.054347433149814606,
-0.05739675834774971,
0.011377064511179924,
-0.03163190558552742,
0.003247143467888236,
-0.025822751224040985,
0.007087747100740671,
-0.0008027392323128879,
0.011570059694349766,
-0.020766278728842735,
-0.007550935260951519,
0.022715529426932335,
-0.012554334476590157,
0.01850823499262333,
0.00006916916026966646,
0.05207009240984917,
0.0007948987768031657,
0.004260368179529905,
-0.01834418997168541,
0.015314165502786636,
-0.02140316180884838,
0.013943899422883987,
-0.01890387572348118,
-0.042150139808654785,
0.048711974173784256,
-0.023622605949640274,
0.008877776563167572,
-0.04763120412826538,
-0.007541285362094641,
0.032616179436445236,
-0.023950697854161263,
0.047901395708322525,
-0.009852402843534946,
0.05029453709721565,
-0.024317389354109764,
-0.026401735842227936,
0.03026163950562477,
-0.003517336677759886,
0.00894050020724535,
0.05430883541703224,
0.058670524507761,
-0.013712305575609207,
0.013432462699711323,
0.029837049543857574,
0.021017171442508698,
0.015545759350061417,
-0.05372985079884529,
0.00667280750349164,
0.011377064511179924,
-0.018122244626283646,
0.037209466099739075,
-0.04682062193751335,
-0.01413689460605383,
-0.01704147271811962,
-0.008646182715892792,
0.040992170572280884,
0.045585453510284424,
-0.0017526372103020549,
0.041802749037742615,
-0.014484286308288574,
-0.027212316170334816,
-0.007907976396381855,
-0.05334385856986046,
0.00355352321639657,
-0.009085246361792088,
-0.016066845506429672,
-0.0012942737666890025,
0.021711954846978188,
0.026826325803995132,
-0.005370090249925852,
0.01989779993891716,
0.00497444998472929,
-0.03172840178012848,
-0.08291071653366089,
0.012892075814306736,
0.005703006871044636,
0.076889269053936,
0.01046033762395382,
-0.002820141613483429,
-0.011203368194401264,
-0.047901395708322525,
0.05218588933348656,
0.0037368685007095337,
-0.029065068811178207,
0.03591639921069145,
0.08368270099163055,
0.006754830479621887,
-0.03194069862365723,
-0.0855354517698288,
0.013152619823813438,
0.012728029862046242,
0.031091518700122833,
0.019839901477098465,
0.013837751932442188,
0.022001447156071663,
0.013924600556492805,
0.016288790851831436,
0.03147750720381737,
0.011705155484378338,
0.025031471624970436,
0.019231967628002167,
-0.018730178475379944,
0.0680500864982605,
-0.03219158947467804,
-0.011714805848896503,
-0.031245915219187737,
0.014349189586937428,
0.012863126583397388,
-0.022020746022462845,
-0.012332390062510967,
0.08383709192276001,
0.01718621887266636,
-0.046859223395586014,
-0.013866701163351536,
0.0019528697011992335,
0.02784920111298561,
-0.02014869451522827,
-0.01915476843714714,
-0.021325964480638504,
0.016423886641860008,
0.02036098763346672,
-0.012477136217057705,
-0.004407526925206184,
-0.00710704643279314,
-0.017842400819063187,
0.05102791637182236,
0.008279492147266865,
0.006600433960556984,
0.003835778683423996,
0.02588064968585968,
0.015420312993228436,
-0.016800228506326675,
0.012679781764745712,
-0.00830361619591713,
-0.00030049949418753386,
-0.008250542916357517,
0.023313814774155617,
0.002723644021898508,
-0.024819176644086838,
0.002704344457015395,
-0.02943176031112671,
-0.01704147271811962,
-0.021248765289783478,
-0.016877425834536552,
0.0023678091820329428,
-0.011097220703959465,
-0.013114020228385925,
0.05473342537879944,
-0.018894225358963013,
0.02045748569071293,
-0.007087747100740671,
0.00841941311955452,
0.00837116502225399,
0.04809439182281494,
0.03979559987783432,
0.010489286854863167,
-0.04678202420473099,
-0.025745553895831108,
0.005582384765148163,
0.009900650940835476,
0.013770204037427902,
-0.017620457336306572,
-0.0115604093298316,
0.028659779578447342,
-0.009466412477195263,
-0.004795929417014122,
0.01644318737089634,
-0.009857227094471455,
0.02300502173602581,
0.018932824954390526,
0.024452485144138336,
-0.02381560206413269,
0.02921946533024311,
0.03653398156166077,
-0.03195999562740326,
0.006219268776476383,
0.014696580357849598,
-0.010518236085772514,
0.012004298157989979,
0.035028621554374695,
-0.008737855590879917,
0.02588064968585968,
-0.013210518285632133,
0.023892799392342567,
-0.007425488438457251,
0.05581419914960861,
-0.02887207455933094,
-0.07086782157421112,
0.004834528546780348,
0.02265763096511364,
0.021132968366146088,
0.01586420089006424,
0.004617408849298954,
0.017610806971788406,
0.020167993381619453,
0.037305962294340134,
-0.02093997411429882,
0.011531460098922253,
0.006253042723983526,
-0.029026471078395844,
0.0489821694791317,
0.006272342521697283,
-0.005456937942653894,
0.010962124913930893,
-0.002793604740872979,
-0.011386713944375515,
-0.07048182934522629,
-0.04500646889209747,
0.03232668712735176,
0.009900650940835476,
0.0497155524790287,
-0.0029311138205230236,
0.005823628511279821,
-0.04631883651018143,
0.0602530874311924,
0.01507292129099369,
0.021480360999703407,
-0.0299142487347126,
-0.0052156937308609486,
0.011174418963491917,
-0.017244117334485054,
0.024992872029542923,
0.023545408621430397,
-0.0016283965669572353,
-0.028370287269353867,
-0.046743426471948624,
0.0035390486009418964,
-0.02057328261435032,
-0.011473561637103558,
-0.040876373648643494,
-0.02047678455710411,
-0.02011009491980076,
0.018566133454442024,
0.04948395490646362,
0.0017031822353601456,
0.013191218487918377,
0.01920301839709282,
-0.012023597955703735,
-0.010498936288058758,
0.009138320572674274,
-0.006547360680997372,
0.01380880270153284,
0.02070838026702404,
0.01092352531850338,
-0.004289317410439253,
-0.01955040916800499,
-0.0014764128718525171,
0.04863477870821953,
0.012795578688383102,
-0.020515384152531624,
0.04496787115931511,
-0.03784634917974472,
-0.022117244079709053,
0.006190319545567036,
-0.0035583481658250093,
0.019955698400735855,
-0.032944273203611374,
-0.01529486570507288,
-0.014445686712861061,
0.005900826770812273,
-0.024587582796812057,
0.032017894089221954,
0.003083097515627742,
0.01080772839486599,
0.040992170572280884,
0.0050033992156386375,
-0.0031023970805108547,
-0.037884946912527084,
0.03408294543623924,
-0.04442748427391052,
0.02298572286963463,
0.0012448186753317714,
0.0427677258849144,
-0.04126236215233803,
-0.005399039480835199,
-0.03298287093639374,
0.006600433960556984,
0.025166567414999008,
-0.01683882623910904,
-0.02842818573117256,
0.041455358266830444,
0.035839200019836426,
0.015323814935982227,
0.02092067524790764,
0.006002149078994989,
0.02221374213695526,
-0.010093646124005318,
-0.0598284974694252,
-0.019743403419852257,
-0.03979559987783432,
0.049754150211811066,
-0.004931026138365269,
-0.00222668144851923,
0.006359190214425325,
0.03856043145060539,
0.00041101936949416995,
-0.00021063612075522542,
0.04925236105918884,
-0.019878501072525978,
-0.01271838042885065,
-0.04809439182281494,
-0.023641906678676605,
-0.08298791199922562,
0.02611224353313446,
0.006682456936687231,
-0.023603307083249092,
0.0330793671309948,
0.010981423780322075,
0.007319340948015451,
-0.0139824990183115,
0.030975721776485443,
-0.0019468385726213455,
-0.05257187783718109,
0.029354562982916832,
-0.028717678040266037,
0.03701646998524666,
-0.04361690580844879,
0.040992170572280884,
0.018546834588050842,
-0.013229817152023315,
-0.021325964480638504,
0.000586524314712733,
0.00484659057110548,
0.007372414693236351,
0.033542558550834656,
-0.04601004347205162,
0.011743755079805851,
-0.04994714632630348,
0.015439611859619617,
-0.012370988726615906,
-0.015545759350061417,
0.013905300758779049,
-0.001180285937152803,
-0.006146895699203014,
-0.01316226925700903,
0.01679057814180851,
-0.013847402296960354,
0.026864925399422646,
-0.019839901477098465,
0.015844902023673058,
0.021692654117941856,
0.042150139808654785,
-0.005567910149693489,
0.04979274794459343,
0.011820953339338303,
0.011618307791650295,
-0.042729128152132034,
0.01834418997168541,
-0.03138101100921631,
-0.044350285083055496,
-0.02014869451522827,
-0.03659188002347946,
0.010788428597152233,
0.05890211835503578,
-0.04184135049581528,
-0.015796653926372528,
0.055273812264204025,
0.005225343629717827,
0.004339978564530611,
0.0007593152695335448,
0.042034342885017395,
0.0508735217154026,
-0.04323091357946396,
-0.05311226472258568,
0.04481347277760506,
0.018768778070807457,
0.024124393239617348,
-0.01040243823081255,
0.022271640598773956,
-0.006576309911906719,
0.024915674701333046,
0.013326315209269524,
-0.03898502141237259,
0.0116665568202734,
0.017485361546278,
0.02298572286963463,
0.0027694804593920708,
0.024220891296863556,
-0.028370287269353867,
0.027772001922130585,
-0.0026464459951967,
-0.002844266127794981,
-0.0015306927962228656,
-0.0032013070303946733,
-0.014561484567821026,
0.03348466008901596,
-0.028833474963903427,
-0.028659779578447342,
-0.004448538180440664,
-0.020785577595233917,
0.005133671220391989,
-0.03072482720017433,
0.03240388631820679,
-0.0025282364804297686,
0.007203544024378061,
-0.03821304067969322,
-0.007034673355519772,
-0.03761475533246994,
0.008983924053609371,
-0.02288922481238842,
-0.0139824990183115,
-0.019994297996163368,
-0.01207184698432684,
0.043423909693956375,
0.011656907387077808,
-0.006962300278246403,
0.061372458934783936,
0.04875057563185692,
0.02335241250693798,
0.002993837231770158,
-0.026652630418539047,
-0.011097220703959465,
0.04516086354851723,
0.006180669646710157,
-0.0045233238488435745,
0.025919249281287193,
0.017195867374539375,
0.02530166506767273,
-0.04014299064874649,
-0.014185143634676933,
0.0013111608568578959,
0.00546176265925169,
0.0254367608577013,
-0.012853477150201797,
0.028717678040266037,
0.017099371179938316,
-0.016925673931837082,
-0.020959272980690002,
0.02231024019420147,
0.011753404513001442,
-0.0014293703716248274,
0.01741781271994114,
0.0007930894498713315,
0.024877075105905533,
0.011406013742089272,
-0.007777704391628504,
0.017707305029034615,
0.05095072090625763,
0.02323661558330059,
0.02898787148296833,
0.0047332062385976315,
-0.033754851669073105,
0.003138583619147539,
-0.017726603895425797,
0.022580431774258614,
-0.009022523649036884,
0.042844925075769424,
-0.04454328119754791,
0.009929600171744823,
-0.0068320282734930515,
-0.005273592658340931,
0.04492926970124245,
-0.03722876310348511,
0.023738402873277664,
-0.02001359686255455,
-0.009519485756754875,
-0.005432813428342342
] |
Deep learning (DL) has been widely applied to many domains. Unique challenges
in engineering DL systems are posed by the programming paradigm shift from
traditional systems to DL systems, and performance is one of the challenges.
Performance problems (PPs) in DL systems can cause severe consequences such as
excessive resource consumption and financial loss. While bugs in DL systems
have been extensively investigated, PPs in DL systems have hardly been
explored. To bridge this gap, we present the first comprehensive study to i)
characterize symptoms, root causes, and introducing and exposing stages of PPs
in DL systems developed in TensorFLow and Keras, with 224 PPs collected from
210 StackOverflow posts, and to ii) assess the capability of existing
performance analysis approaches in tackling PPs, with a constructed benchmark
of 58 PPs in DL systems. Our findings shed light on the implications on
developing high-performance DL systems, and detecting and localizing PPs in DL
systems. To demonstrate the usefulness of our findings, we develop a static
checker Deep-Perf to detect three types of PPs. It has detected 488 new PPs in
130 GitHub projects. 105 and 27 PPs have been confirmed and fixed. | [
-0.05274073779582977,
0.01865583099424839,
-0.03115486539900303,
-0.00370195833966136,
0.07343646883964539,
0.02764994464814663,
-0.028336092829704285,
0.01481710560619831,
-0.013537530787289143,
-0.0021847812458872795,
0.02826191484928131,
-0.04558253660798073,
0.04142855480313301,
0.0018996587023139,
-0.02863280661404133,
-0.012378496117889881,
0.005415012594312429,
-0.013945511542260647,
0.024645725265145302,
-0.04272667318582535,
0.009884252212941647,
-0.011200916022062302,
-0.037014950066804886,
0.045137468725442886,
-0.0008744920487515628,
0.026871072128415108,
0.04153982177376747,
-0.006550867110490799,
-0.027946656569838524,
0.030913786962628365,
0.014427670277655125,
0.039425741881132126,
-0.004357972182333469,
-0.03734875097870827,
-0.03412199765443802,
-0.048364222049713135,
0.049625251442193985,
-0.024664269760251045,
-0.00932327937334776,
0.043542634695768356,
-0.006648225709795952,
-0.04717737063765526,
-0.0501444973051548,
0.019879771396517754,
0.009884252212941647,
0.011479084379971027,
-0.02397811971604824,
-0.0018370707985013723,
-0.03061707317829132,
-0.03449288755655289,
0.00806688517332077,
0.01838693395256996,
0.008697399869561195,
-0.05288909375667572,
-0.0012424857122823596,
0.009522633627057076,
0.061753395944833755,
0.02140042558312416,
0.036736778914928436,
-0.008521227166056633,
-0.01376933790743351,
0.014093868434429169,
-0.03714476153254509,
-0.012035422027111053,
-0.030709797516465187,
-0.0041586183942854404,
-0.04235578328371048,
0.024182111024856567,
0.0789998397231102,
0.01228577271103859,
-0.05652382969856262,
-0.03775672987103462,
-0.012823565863072872,
0.05344543233513832,
-0.011284367181360722,
-0.025535862892866135,
0.023514505475759506,
0.0652768611907959,
-0.009480907581746578,
-0.054298482835292816,
0.0036254620645195246,
0.05403885617852211,
0.0035420116037130356,
-0.009128561243414879,
0.06093743443489075,
0.0451003797352314,
0.034752510488033295,
-0.07766462862491608,
0.03260134160518646,
-0.0663895383477211,
0.0033102044835686684,
0.020157940685749054,
0.03905485197901726,
-0.01494691800326109,
0.015280719846487045,
-0.008168879896402359,
-0.06727967411279678,
-0.022253476083278656,
0.0015844011213630438,
0.04042714834213257,
-0.0546322837471962,
-0.0191936232149601,
0.020658643916249275,
-0.0034469706006348133,
0.010904203169047832,
-0.05507735162973404,
-0.04517455771565437,
-0.012953377328813076,
0.01662520132958889,
0.1554776132106781,
-0.037830907851457596,
-0.034863777458667755,
-0.015373443253338337,
-0.008076157420873642,
0.001762892585247755,
0.01838693395256996,
-0.010774391703307629,
-0.04936562851071358,
-0.023050891235470772,
-0.04050132632255554,
0.01490055676549673,
0.06357076019048691,
0.001000826945528388,
0.008734488859772682,
-0.06086325645446777,
0.07796134054660797,
0.01744116097688675,
-0.03490086644887924,
-0.07543928176164627,
0.0270379725843668,
0.045953426510095596,
-0.0021847812458872795,
-0.007237015757709742,
-0.04102057218551636,
0.027019428089261055,
-0.019824137911200523,
0.038980670273303986,
0.02748304232954979,
0.03723748400807381,
-0.005377923138439655,
0.017543157562613487,
-0.020324841141700745,
0.005530916154384613,
-0.043542634695768356,
0.01242485735565424,
-0.02331051602959633,
-0.02644454687833786,
0.07959326356649399,
0.0024316557683050632,
0.012962649576365948,
-0.046287231147289276,
-0.020232118666172028,
-0.033176224678754807,
0.057859037071466446,
0.0823378637433052,
-0.008442412130534649,
0.016087409108877182,
0.025554407387971878,
-0.012842110358178616,
-0.021085169166326523,
0.017802780494093895,
-0.01679210178554058,
0.05871208757162094,
0.008567588403820992,
0.01439985353499651,
0.034474343061447144,
-0.004058941267430782,
-0.026092199608683586,
-0.09175849705934525,
0.034808143973350525,
0.010524040088057518,
-0.02095535583794117,
0.018442567437887192,
0.023681407794356346,
-0.02414502203464508,
0.00179302750620991,
0.04053841531276703,
0.03237880766391754,
-0.022531643509864807,
0.006713131908327341,
0.004675548058003187,
0.041280198842287064,
0.0026147833559662104,
0.007246288005262613,
0.021919673308730125,
-0.027779756113886833,
0.03924029693007469,
-0.005090482532978058,
0.026518724858760834,
-0.01728353276848793,
-0.024756992235779762,
0.003479423699900508,
0.05845246464014053,
-0.01644902676343918,
0.0014383626403287053,
-0.03692222386598587,
-0.06980173289775848,
-0.0005102652357891202,
0.0053408341482281685,
0.01678282953798771,
-0.02512788400053978,
-0.05314871668815613,
-0.03677386790513992,
0.0008681173785589635,
-0.029374588280916214,
-0.01327790692448616,
0.03835015743970871,
0.03254570811986923,
0.013240817934274673,
-0.052036043256521225,
0.016597384586930275,
0.01706099882721901,
-0.05507735162973404,
-0.027149241417646408,
-0.03302786871790886,
-0.026518724858760834,
-0.02331051602959633,
0.06056654453277588,
-0.011970515362918377,
-0.042986296117305756,
-0.024107933044433594,
-0.0025313328951597214,
-0.011293639428913593,
0.01870219223201275,
0.006258789915591478,
-0.04736281558871269,
0.014937645755708218,
0.015067457221448421,
-0.04643558710813522,
0.003959264140576124,
0.024274833500385284,
-0.052481114864349365,
0.010014064610004425,
-0.025591498240828514,
0.00621242867782712,
0.005526280030608177,
-0.013806426897644997,
0.036569878458976746,
-0.0636078491806984,
0.031025053933262825,
0.043690990656614304,
-0.04739990457892418,
-0.037942174822092056,
-0.03341730311512947,
0.019026722759008408,
0.0465097650885582,
-0.0018173671560361981,
0.026018021628260612,
0.004969942849129438,
-0.013695159927010536,
0.03280533105134964,
-0.052147310227155685,
0.024015208706259727,
0.003558238036930561,
-0.028187736868858337,
0.020769910886883736,
0.018284939229488373,
-0.02364431880414486,
0.012248683720827103,
-0.049291450530290604,
0.026481635868549347,
0.023885397240519524,
-0.034214720129966736,
0.009100744500756264,
-0.03210064023733139,
0.013973328284919262,
0.019008178263902664,
0.08478574454784393,
-0.014093868434429169,
0.012591758742928505,
0.0340292751789093,
0.01138636190444231,
-0.04502619802951813,
-0.010282960720360279,
-0.01875782571732998,
-0.05040412396192551,
-0.022086575627326965,
-0.022179298102855682,
0.02846590429544449,
0.012035422027111053,
-0.01798822544515133,
-0.0028187737334519625,
-0.019119445234537125,
-0.014427670277655125,
-0.008994112722575665,
-0.03465978801250458,
0.0011283208150416613,
-0.0375341959297657,
-0.008205968886613846,
0.016031775623559952,
-0.016245037317276,
-0.008043704554438591,
-0.0409093052148819,
0.047325726598501205,
0.06167921796441078,
0.024349011480808258,
-0.016764285042881966,
0.0010767437051981688,
-0.002277504187077284,
0.002496561734005809,
-0.059342604130506516,
-0.019323434680700302,
0.013036827556788921,
-0.005614366382360458,
-0.01695900224149227,
-0.043690990656614304,
-0.0409093052148819,
0.01606886461377144,
-0.014279313385486603,
-0.04242996126413345,
0.02770557813346386,
-0.03716330602765083,
-0.02473844774067402,
-0.029263321310281754,
-0.022086575627326965,
0.055559512227773666,
0.010060425847768784,
-0.011377089656889439,
-0.03451143205165863,
-0.053630877286195755,
0.020491741597652435,
0.010802208445966244,
-0.13574619591236115,
0.04443277418613434,
0.047696616500616074,
-0.011043287813663483,
0.008447048254311085,
0.026518724858760834,
-0.055448245257139206,
-0.007672813255339861,
-0.024608636274933815,
-0.008600041270256042,
-0.07291722297668457,
-0.012999738566577435,
0.02837318181991577,
0.01766369678080082,
-0.07484585791826248,
0.0571543425321579,
0.05485481768846512,
-0.03417763113975525,
-0.02742740884423256,
0.034585610032081604,
-0.06872615218162537,
-0.014919101260602474,
0.018368389457464218,
-0.04554544761776924,
-0.0445440411567688,
-0.03391800448298454,
-0.06431254744529724,
-0.022958168759942055,
0.0008889799937605858,
0.007505911868065596,
-0.008428503759205341,
0.03527176007628441,
0.07454914599657059,
-0.04795623943209648,
-0.032397352159023285,
0.004522555507719517,
0.016755012795329094,
0.00004730312502942979,
0.025090795010328293,
-0.0263332799077034,
-0.010950564406812191,
0.01410314068198204,
-0.031414490193128586,
-0.019323434680700302,
0.028391726315021515,
-0.006207792554050684,
-0.021326247602701187,
0.042281605303287506,
-0.030913786962628365,
0.08300546556711197,
0.011645985767245293,
0.007204562891274691,
-0.013806426897644997,
-0.0009127402445301414,
-0.0028929519467055798,
0.006560139358043671,
-0.06012147292494774,
0.0521102212369442,
-0.061975929886102676,
0.0034585611429065466,
0.012610303238034248,
0.005999166052788496,
-0.012545397505164146,
0.037385839968919754,
0.0125361243262887,
0.007566181942820549,
-0.019137989729642868,
0.0026124652940779924,
0.018062405288219452,
-0.062124285846948624,
-0.009726623073220253,
-0.060047294944524765,
0.025257695466279984,
0.009893524460494518,
-0.043208833783864975,
0.0056514558382332325,
-0.013741521164774895,
-0.0887913703918457,
-0.05344543233513832,
0.03252716362476349,
-0.022068031132221222,
-0.021270614117383957,
-0.02167859487235546,
-0.010403499938547611,
0.06167921796441078,
0.0023435691837221384,
0.017292805016040802,
0.009633900597691536,
-0.0007325102342292666,
-0.018776370212435722,
0.005595821887254715,
0.0030714431777596474,
0.03465978801250458,
0.001605263794772327,
0.015670156106352806,
0.0026171014178544283,
-0.0638674795627594,
0.0031943009234964848,
-0.034103453159332275,
0.0051414803601801395,
0.032452985644340515,
-0.023236338049173355,
0.025443140417337418,
-0.008062249049544334,
0.028502993285655975,
0.040575504302978516,
0.08886554837226868,
-0.047807883471250534,
0.0048633115366101265,
-0.017765691503882408,
0.02557295188307762,
-0.019137989729642868,
-0.02831754833459854,
0.014631660655140877,
0.030134914442896843,
0.0018057768465951085,
-0.06438672542572021,
0.017023909837007523,
-0.005906443577259779,
-0.05021867901086807,
0.027891023084521294,
0.03195228427648544,
-0.07013554126024246,
-0.049625251442193985,
-0.02008376270532608,
-0.010190237313508987,
-0.06379329413175583,
-0.04357972368597984,
-0.020287752151489258,
0.061419595032930374,
-0.060492366552352905,
0.014835651032626629,
0.04702901095151901,
-0.027835389599204063,
-0.05337125435471535,
-0.04587924852967262,
-0.01410314068198204,
-0.061642128974199295,
0.02694525010883808,
0.08167025446891785,
0.029875291511416435,
-0.019230712205171585,
0.0151972696185112,
0.028873885050415993,
-0.02874407358467579,
-0.042281605303287506,
0.016653018072247505,
0.010199509561061859,
0.011367817409336567,
0.005224930588155985,
-0.030487261712551117,
-0.01732989400625229,
0.037942174822092056,
-0.0027677761390805244,
0.0005473544006235898,
-0.02440464496612549,
-0.017468977719545364,
-0.041502732783555984,
0.07084023207426071,
-0.012155961245298386,
-0.004133119713515043,
-0.016745740547776222,
0.02084408886730671,
0.008799395523965359,
0.04324592277407646,
0.007005208637565374,
0.02501661516726017,
-0.03380673751235008,
-0.059565138071775436,
-0.02249455451965332,
-0.03033890575170517,
-0.02841027081012726,
0.00904974713921547,
-0.02918914332985878,
-0.013685887679457664,
-0.010060425847768784,
0.08604677021503448,
0.0020514922216534615,
0.001366502488963306,
-0.01904526725411415,
0.004918945487588644,
0.020491741597652435,
-0.015985414385795593,
-0.015169452875852585,
-0.04643558710813522,
0.010672396048903465,
-0.03846142441034317,
-0.01904526725411415,
-0.020695732906460762,
-0.05904588848352432,
0.007658904418349266,
0.0012343724956735969,
-0.02490534819662571,
-0.017190810292959213,
0.031470123678445816,
0.009072927758097649,
0.04569380357861519,
0.04016752541065216,
0.010347866453230381,
0.0015936733689159155,
-0.041613999754190445,
0.011071104556322098,
-0.04291211813688278,
0.03935156390070915,
0.018173672258853912,
-0.04268958419561386,
0.02178986184298992,
-0.025869665667414665,
0.005248111207038164,
0.02863280661404133,
-0.020918266847729683,
-0.015169452875852585,
0.00021659470803570002,
-0.022680001333355904,
0.017914047464728355,
0.041725266724824905,
-0.030598528683185577,
-0.0007817692239768803,
-0.026240557432174683,
0.04239287227392197,
-0.007955617271363735,
0.003748319810256362,
-0.015113819390535355,
0.02408938854932785,
0.02518351748585701,
-0.0260551106184721,
0.02408938854932785,
-0.024052297696471214,
-0.023458871990442276,
0.016207948327064514,
0.007649632170796394,
0.004654685501009226,
-0.018841275945305824,
-0.04613887518644333,
-0.039537008851766586,
0.015948323532938957,
0.008243058808147907,
0.004464603494852781,
-0.07221253216266632,
0.00470568286255002,
-0.02051028609275818,
0.00029048320720903575,
-0.02683398313820362,
-0.03924029693007469,
-0.02106662467122078,
0.054298482835292816,
-0.021029535681009293,
-0.0036718235351145267,
-0.013120278716087341,
0.0041586183942854404,
-0.01613377034664154,
-0.019508881494402885,
-0.017710058018565178,
0.016755012795329094,
0.0383872464299202,
-0.04866093397140503,
-0.035253215581178665,
0.0389435812830925,
0.02002812922000885,
0.010496222414076328,
0.04691774398088455,
-0.015679428353905678,
-0.0033055683597922325,
-0.019490335136651993,
0.00042942253639921546,
-0.03762691840529442,
0.00828478392213583,
-0.0004662219143938273,
-0.003611553693190217,
0.039314474910497665,
-0.04246705025434494,
-0.019175078719854355,
-0.04751117154955864,
-0.005827629007399082,
0.0571543425321579,
-0.03477105498313904,
0.010885658673942089,
-0.018748553469777107,
0.017765691503882408,
0.014288585633039474,
0.024979526177048683,
0.05507735162973404,
0.05129426345229149,
0.014770744368433952,
0.007492003496736288,
-0.010820752941071987,
0.031136320903897285,
0.0364215224981308,
-0.02052883245050907,
-0.006444235797971487,
0.059824761003255844,
-0.036180444061756134,
-0.008957023732364178,
-0.01445548702031374,
0.04521164670586586,
-0.00010836979345185682,
-0.011098921298980713,
0.011812887154519558,
0.017515340819954872,
-0.012628847733139992,
0.024942437186837196,
-0.03998207673430443,
-0.009471635334193707,
0.06112287938594818,
0.01242485735565424,
-0.04632432013750076,
0.011608896777033806,
-0.0613454170525074,
-0.08092847466468811,
0.008275511674582958,
-0.020436108112335205,
-0.02764994464814663,
-0.017904775217175484,
-0.00830796454101801,
0.006518413778394461,
0.026296190917491913,
0.006995936390012503,
-0.02579548768699169,
-0.0014001145027577877,
0.006986664142459631,
-0.006518413778394461,
0.05559660121798515,
-0.02753867581486702,
0.009661717340350151,
-0.007111839950084686,
0.009865707717835903,
0.019230712205171585,
0.022476010024547577,
0.02167859487235546,
0.016773557290434837,
0.04599051550030708,
0.055819135159254074,
-0.0046361410059034824,
-0.026407457888126373,
0.046880654990673065,
-0.021048080176115036,
0.034474343061447144,
0.030598528683185577,
-0.010069698095321655,
0.05292618274688721,
0.010774391703307629,
0.023384694010019302,
0.022364743053913116,
-0.003159529995173216,
-0.0037575920578092337,
0.03414054214954376,
0.022958168759942055,
0.06831817328929901,
-0.0013178230728954077,
-0.06598155945539474,
-0.03686659038066864,
-0.005966713186353445,
-0.02062155492603779,
-0.005595821887254715,
0.031841013580560684,
0.010496222414076328,
0.012434129603207111,
0.01711663231253624,
0.002489607548341155,
-0.0439877025783062,
0.0212891586124897,
0.024998070672154427,
-0.053964678198099136,
-0.01733916625380516,
-0.004448377061635256,
0.014112412929534912,
-0.03775672987103462,
-0.00018588027160149068,
-0.023013802245259285,
-0.03276824206113815,
0.028076468035578728,
-0.013936239294707775,
0.020751366391777992,
0.005224930588155985,
0.00803443230688572,
-0.02907787449657917,
-0.03271260857582092,
-0.01860946975648403,
0.006652862299233675,
-0.01476147212088108,
-0.0210109893232584,
0.027853934094309807,
0.029207687824964523,
0.03434453159570694,
0.008094701915979385,
0.007450278382748365,
-0.0018915454857051373,
-0.00471727317199111,
0.013695159927010536,
0.014121685177087784,
0.028354637324810028,
0.01273084245622158,
0.04955107346177101,
0.06598155945539474,
0.008196696639060974,
0.00423743249848485,
0.02501661516726017,
0.020695732906460762,
0.0015878782141953707,
0.01168307475745678,
-0.02484971471130848,
-0.03705203905701637,
-0.03708912804722786,
0.02316216006875038,
-0.03423326462507248,
-0.025962388142943382,
-0.05092336982488632,
-0.008173516020178795,
-0.015021095983684063,
-0.034641243517398834,
-0.02188258431851864,
0.005605094134807587,
-0.0029045422561466694,
0.002309957053512335,
0.056968897581100464,
0.02392248623073101,
0.036681145429611206,
0.012721570208668709,
-0.008706672117114067,
-0.029912380501627922,
-0.0004896923783235252,
-0.005911079701036215,
-0.022754179313778877,
0.007459550630301237,
0.02331051602959633,
0.038053445518016815,
-0.005827629007399082,
0.030542895197868347,
0.027445953339338303,
-0.00781653355807066,
0.03482668846845627,
-0.023737041279673576,
-0.04291211813688278,
0.03857269138097763,
0.007839714176952839,
0.0076867216266691685,
0.008549043908715248,
0.010607490316033363,
-0.028354637324810028,
0.019286345690488815,
0.021901128813624382,
0.0301163699477911,
0.06205010786652565,
-0.0338994599878788,
-0.02815064787864685,
-0.00919346697628498,
-0.0003019286668859422,
0.04717737063765526,
0.05255529284477234,
-0.025313328951597214,
0.0105054946616292,
-0.024553000926971436,
-0.0030876698438078165,
-0.030190549790859222,
0.05759941413998604,
-0.0041238474659621716,
0.007237015757709742,
0.034474343061447144,
-0.02036193013191223,
-0.004130801651626825,
-0.02353304997086525,
0.01749679632484913,
0.0205844659358263,
0.021029535681009293,
0.04491493105888367,
-0.011599624529480934,
-0.028243370354175568,
-0.016643745824694633,
-0.013463352806866169,
0.015874145552515984,
0.03916611894965172,
-0.021919673308730125,
0.00018312755855731666,
-0.003829452209174633,
-0.0172278992831707,
0.0273161418735981,
-0.0588233545422554,
-0.003996353596448898,
0.03510485962033272,
-0.013815700076520443,
-0.008270875550806522,
0.028299003839492798,
0.014149501919746399,
-0.0055772773921489716,
0.030375994741916656,
-0.03786799684166908,
-0.013268634676933289,
0.0012818928807973862,
0.04224451631307602,
-0.011655258014798164,
0.0016806010389700532,
-0.028354637324810028,
0.025053704157471657,
-0.04406188055872917,
-0.0029346770606935024,
0.011451267637312412,
-0.01641193777322769,
-0.013342813588678837,
-0.012248683720827103,
-0.0409093052148819,
-0.01717226579785347,
-0.03384382650256157,
0.008409959264099598,
-0.04083512723445892,
-0.008187424391508102,
-0.013593165203928947,
0.03527176007628441,
0.03351002559065819,
-0.009522633627057076,
0.028985152021050453,
-0.014640932902693748,
0.03883231431245804,
0.0066296812146902084,
0.035030681639909744,
0.05240693688392639,
0.01701463758945465,
-0.010848569683730602,
0.019008178263902664,
-0.008771578781306744,
0.012100327759981155,
0.0006200838251970708,
-0.0037344114389270544,
-0.016977548599243164,
0.03677386790513992,
-0.0001900817733258009,
0.0291335079818964,
-0.009494815953075886,
0.0005056291120126843,
0.028502993285655975,
-0.0059203519485890865,
0.03493795543909073,
-0.030746886506676674,
-0.0263332799077034,
0.002320388564839959,
0.05759941413998604,
0.02134479209780693,
-0.017366982996463776,
-0.00039465149166062474,
0.04636140912771225,
-0.015605250373482704,
-0.004198025446385145,
-0.014501848258078098,
0.0003839303972199559,
-0.012517579831182957,
-0.0028558627236634493,
-0.028929518535733223,
-0.018859820440411568,
-0.03126613423228264,
-0.0015994686400517821,
0.03143303468823433,
0.017135176807641983,
0.01070021279156208,
-0.018414750695228577,
0.002227665623649955,
0.0009927136125043035,
-0.03801635652780533,
0.008544407784938812,
-0.003669505473226309,
0.030023647472262383,
0.012879199348390102,
0.026815438643097878,
-0.013676615431904793,
-0.019953949376940727,
-0.022735634818673134,
-0.0018521382007747889,
-0.03775672987103462,
-0.0301163699477911,
-0.05147970840334892,
0.02611074596643448,
0.022976713255047798,
-0.020306296646595,
-0.0024478824343532324,
0.047325726598501205,
0.041947800666093826,
-0.015595978125929832,
-0.004402015823870897,
-0.03425180912017822,
-0.019137989729642868,
-0.00022036157315596938,
0.012990466319024563,
-0.049402717500925064,
-0.07024680823087692,
0.019063811749219894,
-0.006995936390012503,
0.02288399077951908,
-0.006536958739161491,
-0.0004546315467450768,
-0.033769648522138596,
-0.026314735412597656,
-0.05759941413998604,
0.02496098168194294,
-0.04643558710813522,
0.05325998738408089,
-0.018173672258853912,
-0.061419595032930374,
0.014789288863539696,
0.025776943191885948,
0.027408864349126816,
-0.012359951622784138,
0.00024672961444593966,
0.01684773527085781,
0.021808406338095665,
-0.01804386079311371,
0.039685364812612534,
-0.010950564406812191,
0.04272667318582535,
0.006652862299233675,
0.023662863299250603,
-0.030468717217445374,
0.025925299152731895,
0.00902656652033329,
0.019508881494402885,
0.04020461440086365,
0.005113663151860237,
-0.015039640478789806,
-0.005642183590680361,
-0.06787309795618057,
-0.001367661519907415,
-0.020120851695537567,
-0.006059436127543449,
0.01772860251367092,
0.0030807156581431627,
0.0017431889427825809,
-0.04098348319530487,
0.03835015743970871,
0.03191519156098366,
-0.005725633818656206,
0.013073917478322983,
-0.03276824206113815,
-0.04317174479365349,
0.003616189816966653,
-0.015225086361169815,
0.010765118524432182,
-0.007496639620512724,
-0.00460832379758358,
0.013407719321548939,
-0.01958305947482586,
-0.009643172845244408,
0.02260582335293293,
0.018850548192858696,
-0.005934260319918394,
-0.009745167568325996,
-0.0011648304061964154,
0.011849976144731045,
-0.08115100860595703,
-0.04632432013750076,
-0.03219336271286011,
0.0037900451570749283,
0.01744116097688675,
-0.04242996126413345,
-0.0027932748198509216,
0.030375994741916656,
0.05274073779582977,
-0.003393655177205801,
0.012332134880125523,
-0.021048080176115036,
0.013036827556788921,
-0.0037575920578092337,
0.038869403302669525,
0.011720163747668266,
-0.034696877002716064,
0.024349011480808258,
-0.0006826717290095985,
-0.03964827582240105,
0.003618507878854871,
0.0015380397671833634,
-0.02036193013191223,
0.03935156390070915,
-0.0017431889427825809,
-0.03773818537592888,
0.034975048154592514,
-0.025925299152731895,
0.01641193777322769,
0.03495649993419647,
-0.013537530787289143,
-0.029318954795598984,
0.02106662467122078,
0.0439877025783062,
0.003096942091360688,
0.0021291477605700493,
-0.026629993692040443,
-0.002140738070011139,
0.022958168759942055,
0.004761316813528538,
0.05062665790319443,
-0.03605063259601593,
-0.01564233936369419,
0.01618940383195877,
-0.013871333561837673,
-0.0294116772711277,
0.009365004487335682,
0.024070844054222107,
0.059565138071775436,
0.022197842597961426,
-0.0571543425321579,
-0.025424595922231674,
0.02299525775015354,
-0.023996664211153984,
0.011061832308769226,
0.005846173502504826,
0.0359949991106987,
0.012934832833707333
] |
Finding high-quality solutions to mixed-integer linear programming problems
(MILPs) is of great importance for many practical applications. In this
respect, the refinement heuristic local branching (LB) has been proposed to
produce improving solutions and has been highly influential for the development
of local search methods in MILP. The algorithm iteratively explores a sequence
of solution neighborhoods defined by the so-called local branching constraint,
namely, a linear inequality limiting the distance from a reference solution.
For a LB algorithm, the choice of the neighborhood size is critical to
performance. In this work, we study the relation between the size of the search
neighborhood and the behavior of the underlying LB algorithm, and we devise a
leaning based framework for predicting the best size for the specific instance
to be solved. Furthermore, we have also investigated the relation between the
time limit for exploring the LB neighborhood and the actual performance of LB
scheme, and devised a strategy for adapting the time limit. We computationally
show that the neighborhood size and time limit can indeed be learned, leading
to improved performances and that the overall algorithm generalizes well both
with respect to the instance size and, remarkably, across instances. | [
0.0024754900950938463,
0.028468135744333267,
-0.03632071241736412,
-0.012600650079548359,
0.020037265494465828,
-0.014680467545986176,
-0.0056459433399140835,
0.022482318803668022,
-0.04524870961904526,
0.005326361861079931,
0.012925304472446442,
0.002191417384892702,
-0.0011622882448136806,
-0.016121121123433113,
-0.022786682471632957,
0.0024032036308199167,
0.022604065015912056,
-0.04573569446802139,
-0.004365080036222935,
-0.05137656256556511,
0.03169438987970352,
-0.0351235494017601,
-0.020037265494465828,
0.0802302286028862,
0.01522832177579403,
-0.003644753247499466,
0.0005557804834097624,
-0.035509079694747925,
-0.09634120017290115,
0.03212049603462219,
0.031207406893372536,
0.04423416405916214,
-0.04386892914772034,
-0.009059887379407883,
-0.030618971213698387,
-0.06351052224636078,
0.01790672168135643,
0.02694631740450859,
-0.034027840942144394,
0.02574915438890457,
-0.00016549766587559134,
0.023943264037370682,
-0.06156259775161743,
-0.05734208971261978,
0.05750441551208496,
-0.022076500579714775,
-0.05880303308367729,
-0.007852578535676003,
-0.03725409507751465,
-0.08083895593881607,
-0.004628861788660288,
-0.05170121788978577,
0.02814348042011261,
-0.04370660334825516,
-0.01763279363512993,
-0.020087992772459984,
0.01497468538582325,
0.06829917430877686,
0.008674360811710358,
-0.012864431366324425,
-0.014660176821053028,
-0.03759904205799103,
-0.09942542016506195,
-0.009272942319512367,
0.01780526712536812,
-0.033277079463005066,
0.03037548065185547,
0.004050571471452713,
0.026479626074433327,
-0.058924779295921326,
-0.04484289139509201,
-0.0032338625751435757,
0.00706123374402523,
-0.001228233682923019,
0.0005180520820431411,
0.04125140234827995,
0.014447121880948544,
-0.015441376715898514,
-0.00516403466463089,
-0.003599098650738597,
0.02737242728471756,
-0.00016296131070703268,
-0.00006733250484103337,
-0.004912934731692076,
0.028772499412298203,
-0.016293594613671303,
0.05433903634548187,
-0.06290179491043091,
0.03810631483793259,
0.006944560911506414,
-0.04102820158004761,
0.020798174664378166,
0.008146797306835651,
-0.01644577644765377,
0.012418031692504883,
0.038248348981142044,
-0.038938239216804504,
0.019479265436530113,
-0.008882341906428337,
0.007943888194859028,
0.016821157187223434,
-0.027697080746293068,
0.010170814581215382,
0.07856637239456177,
0.03005082532763481,
-0.020595265552401543,
-0.035833731293678284,
0.037477295845746994,
-0.027047771960496902,
0.12426148355007172,
-0.01815021224319935,
-0.011778868734836578,
0.032668352127075195,
0.031369734555482864,
-0.07402121275663376,
-0.0010189837776124477,
-0.056002888828516006,
-0.07325015217065811,
0.05579997971653938,
0.0018363265553489327,
0.013270249590277672,
0.08039255440235138,
0.027737662196159363,
-0.055394161492586136,
-0.08562760800123215,
-0.017237121239304543,
-0.009516432881355286,
0.060304559767246246,
0.02013872005045414,
-0.009907032363116741,
-0.011119414120912552,
-0.016486357897520065,
0.016283448785543442,
-0.08035197108983994,
0.02796086296439171,
0.016557374969124794,
0.06034514307975769,
0.00960266962647438,
-0.007375742774456739,
-0.018992284312844276,
0.02737242728471756,
-0.0652555376291275,
-0.0211025383323431,
-0.010226614773273468,
0.011504941619932652,
0.002795071806758642,
-0.022867847234010696,
0.05222878232598305,
-0.030314607545733452,
0.05803197994828224,
-0.05137656256556511,
0.0320393331348896,
0.01593850366771221,
0.015035558491945267,
0.0483735091984272,
-0.025201300159096718,
-0.032221950590610504,
-0.00275448989123106,
0.02126486599445343,
-0.00677716126665473,
0.03977016732096672,
-0.003010662505403161,
-0.0058539253659546375,
0.01851544715464115,
0.006761942990124226,
0.08822484314441681,
-0.047805365175008774,
0.01270210463553667,
-0.06034514307975769,
0.044964637607336044,
-0.012428177520632744,
-0.013584759086370468,
-0.06476856023073196,
0.015481958165764809,
-0.00765981525182724,
-0.02891453541815281,
0.02298959158360958,
-0.01729799434542656,
0.00012626330135390162,
0.0022028309758752584,
-0.02477519027888775,
-0.026702826842665672,
0.029563844203948975,
0.04707489162683487,
0.035001806914806366,
0.02203591912984848,
0.06411924958229065,
0.001935244770720601,
0.0625365599989891,
0.011575959622859955,
0.01566457562148571,
0.032221950590610504,
-0.007629379164427519,
-0.026053518056869507,
0.017612501978874207,
-0.06330761313438416,
-0.006259743124246597,
0.008760596625506878,
0.007385888136923313,
0.07203270494937897,
0.0061836522072553635,
-0.025667991489171982,
-0.05973641574382782,
0.02789998985826969,
0.03786282241344452,
-0.007274288218468428,
0.014802212826907635,
-0.0031729897018522024,
-0.008096070028841496,
-0.03853242099285126,
0.012428177520632744,
0.008461305871605873,
-0.03711206093430519,
0.011444068513810635,
-0.08838716894388199,
-0.004314353223890066,
0.010754178278148174,
0.013463012874126434,
-0.024308500811457634,
-0.019215483218431473,
0.016983484849333763,
0.05190412700176239,
0.06127852201461792,
-0.06420041620731354,
0.025688281282782555,
0.03672653064131737,
0.046709656715393066,
0.0023448674473911524,
0.0030588535591959953,
0.015471812337636948,
0.029421808198094368,
0.024673735722899437,
-0.017358865588903427,
0.03159293532371521,
0.006893834099173546,
-0.004973807372152805,
-0.021203992888331413,
-0.02856959030032158,
0.0021952218376100063,
-0.014781922101974487,
-0.043503694236278534,
0.006564106792211533,
-0.04739954695105553,
0.018363265320658684,
0.05397379770874977,
-0.04293554648756981,
0.005549561697989702,
0.005833634175360203,
0.05377088859677315,
0.016912465915083885,
-0.014061595313251019,
0.01183974090963602,
-0.00019640958635136485,
-0.009638178162276745,
-0.02469402737915516,
-0.004238262306898832,
-0.015512394718825817,
-0.008811323903501034,
-0.003228789661079645,
0.003992234822362661,
0.06586426496505737,
0.028934825211763382,
0.044355910271406174,
0.01040923222899437,
-0.013828249648213387,
0.005156425293534994,
0.0241867545992136,
-0.0017792584840208292,
0.007162688300013542,
0.049793872982263565,
-0.05511008948087692,
-0.05239110812544823,
0.05567823350429535,
-0.005955379456281662,
-0.0449240580201149,
-0.01825166679918766,
-0.00027741468511521816,
-0.011200577951967716,
-0.013067340478301048,
-0.008253323845565319,
-0.0009187973919324577,
0.03942522034049034,
0.030618971213698387,
0.07438644766807556,
0.049875035881996155,
0.009430197067558765,
-0.046263255178928375,
-0.025262173265218735,
-0.009846160188317299,
-0.014558722265064716,
-0.04886049032211304,
0.01764293946325779,
-0.03181613236665726,
0.035772860050201416,
0.007259069941937923,
0.03228282555937767,
0.017764683812856674,
-0.066067174077034,
-0.017084939405322075,
-0.00664527015760541,
-0.010353432968258858,
-0.014021012932062149,
0.020798174664378166,
-0.04043976590037346,
0.00924757868051529,
0.005341579671949148,
-0.029482679441571236,
0.03045664355158806,
-0.08035197108983994,
0.06468739360570908,
-0.001079222303815186,
-0.04399067535996437,
0.02564769983291626,
-0.016547231003642082,
-0.037132348865270615,
-0.007461979053914547,
0.06156259775161743,
-0.024247627705335617,
0.013229668140411377,
-0.03686856850981712,
0.0026733262930065393,
0.012986177578568459,
-0.05097074434161186,
0.040297731757164,
0.023030173033475876,
-0.02221853658556938,
-0.0024412490893155336,
0.03082188032567501,
-0.011129559949040413,
-0.009288160130381584,
-0.021366318687796593,
0.0412919856607914,
-0.07617204636335373,
-0.056327544152736664,
-0.04399067535996437,
-0.0483735091984272,
-0.02692602574825287,
0.014731194823980331,
0.0010601995745673776,
0.04145431146025658,
-0.010733886621892452,
-0.010733886621892452,
-0.0054227435030043125,
0.003434235230088234,
-0.004009989555925131,
-0.0437471829354763,
-0.07864753901958466,
-0.005605361424386501,
0.031004497781395912,
-0.03177555277943611,
0.0010690769413486123,
0.030923334881663322,
0.010297632776200771,
0.07544157654047012,
0.0437471829354763,
-0.034474242478609085,
-0.08887414634227753,
0.015776176005601883,
0.006026397924870253,
0.061319105327129364,
0.02073730155825615,
-0.027311554178595543,
-0.05113307386636734,
0.03201904147863388,
-0.05860012397170067,
0.016547231003642082,
0.0006432849913835526,
-0.004606034606695175,
-0.021833010017871857,
0.007264142856001854,
0.004220507573336363,
0.03918173164129257,
0.0891176387667656,
0.026540499180555344,
0.01591821201145649,
0.037741076201200485,
0.047886528074741364,
-0.020514100790023804,
-0.013605049811303616,
0.04443707317113876,
-0.03751787915825844,
0.030334897339344025,
0.03599606081843376,
-0.021224282681941986,
-0.04752129316329956,
0.03502209484577179,
-0.0222794096916914,
0.0017906720750033855,
-0.026783989742398262,
0.06955721229314804,
0.0016131267184391618,
-0.023638900369405746,
-0.011342613957822323,
-0.047561872750520706,
0.03414958715438843,
0.024288209155201912,
-0.013067340478301048,
-0.03419017046689987,
0.0583566352725029,
-0.01416304986923933,
-0.025201300159096718,
-0.04354427382349968,
-0.02891453541815281,
-0.02684486284852028,
-0.019519846886396408,
0.05251285433769226,
0.0008078315295279026,
-0.00671121571213007,
0.009409905411303043,
-0.01841399259865284,
-0.008755523711442947,
-0.004684661980718374,
-0.027595626190304756,
-0.0035331533290445805,
-0.017003776505589485,
-0.010003414936363697,
-0.04861700162291527,
-0.04167751222848892,
-0.009704124182462692,
-0.020605411380529404,
-0.002472953638061881,
0.017592212185263634,
0.0036675804294645786,
-0.03725409507751465,
-0.032932132482528687,
0.0003392385260667652,
-0.005361870862543583,
-0.007969251833856106,
-0.008938142098486423,
0.03822805732488632,
0.0726008489727974,
0.033013295382261276,
0.008461305871605873,
0.013483304530382156,
0.020189447328448296,
-0.009841087274253368,
0.007066306658089161,
0.06943546235561371,
-0.0449240580201149,
-0.018779229372739792,
0.05352739989757538,
-0.025789735838770866,
0.026783989742398262,
0.015989230945706367,
-0.0005589509382843971,
-0.026357881724834442,
-0.022319991141557693,
-0.031105952337384224,
0.007644597440958023,
0.008476524613797665,
-0.09090323746204376,
0.000033170868846355006,
-0.061319105327129364,
-0.0016384903574362397,
0.043341364711523056,
-0.041880421340465546,
-0.009668614715337753,
-0.05413612723350525,
0.008577979169785976,
-0.02221853658556938,
-0.043584857136011124,
0.02745359018445015,
0.015309485606849194,
-0.032506026327610016,
0.010226614773273468,
0.032161079347133636,
-0.0399324931204319,
-0.028975408524274826,
0.022746101021766663,
0.0011730677215382457,
0.022319991141557693,
-0.05437961593270302,
-0.041799258440732956,
-0.04715605452656746,
-0.0005120282294228673,
0.008709869347512722,
-0.018485011532902718,
-0.08643924444913864,
-0.010561414062976837,
-0.021711265668272972,
0.015380503609776497,
0.0016676584491506219,
-0.014619594439864159,
-0.016242867335677147,
-0.01058170571923256,
0.030700134113430977,
0.013412286527454853,
-0.0051082344725728035,
0.07556331902742386,
0.014873230829834938,
-0.05929001420736313,
0.01617184840142727,
-0.038187477737665176,
-0.035164132714271545,
-0.014041303656995296,
0.04305729269981384,
-0.007994615472853184,
-0.04760245606303215,
0.01645592227578163,
0.023983845487236977,
0.00874030590057373,
-0.03540762513875961,
-0.0165167935192585,
0.026195554062724113,
0.005468397866934538,
0.013229668140411377,
0.0008706065127626061,
-0.02522159181535244,
0.03246544301509857,
-0.039303477853536606,
0.0030918261036276817,
0.028447844088077545,
-0.04537045583128929,
-0.04886049032211304,
0.005838707089424133,
-0.00127008359413594,
0.03607722371816635,
-0.024247627705335617,
0.002201562747359276,
0.044964637607336044,
0.03299300745129585,
-0.004737925715744495,
-0.002300481079146266,
-0.01678057573735714,
-0.010211396031081676,
0.032221950590610504,
0.06403808295726776,
-0.05782907083630562,
0.086763896048069,
0.005955379456281662,
-0.008892487734556198,
-0.009313523769378662,
-0.002073476556688547,
-0.033966969698667526,
-0.014021012932062149,
-0.03987162187695503,
-0.006340906955301762,
0.030598679557442665,
-0.03910056874155998,
-0.0020265537314116955,
-0.0037715714424848557,
-0.0026936172507703304,
0.02256348356604576,
0.010302705690264702,
0.014112322591245174,
0.02262435480952263,
0.06265830248594284,
-0.028042025864124298,
-0.01895170286297798,
0.018718356266617775,
-0.029807334765791893,
-0.004537553060799837,
0.006066979840397835,
0.0018908584024757147,
-0.022157665342092514,
-0.010353432968258858,
0.012377450242638588,
-0.06809626519680023,
-0.051173653453588486,
-0.003880634903907776,
-0.00937946978956461,
-0.006482942961156368,
-0.006553961429744959,
-0.025972355157136917,
0.0026631809305399656,
-0.028772499412298203,
0.0007184247369877994,
0.015623994171619415,
-0.061400268226861954,
0.03169438987970352,
-0.03694973140954971,
0.019124174490571022,
-0.02641875483095646,
-0.02503897249698639,
0.040155693888664246,
0.02737242728471756,
0.016303740441799164,
-0.022441737353801727,
0.0014076812658458948,
0.003114653518423438,
0.014883376657962799,
-0.02867104485630989,
-0.0024919763673096895,
0.014923958107829094,
0.014670321717858315,
-0.010967232286930084,
-0.02625642716884613,
-0.01894155703485012,
0.004380298312753439,
-0.0014178267447277904,
-0.0023613537196069956,
0.06233365088701248,
-0.02694631740450859,
-0.03867445886135101,
0.023720063269138336,
0.0017703812336549163,
0.02522159181535244,
-0.019337229430675507,
0.004400589503347874,
-0.02012857422232628,
0.021244574338197708,
-0.011910758912563324,
0.024065010249614716,
-0.002850871765986085,
0.016232721507549286,
0.010520832613110542,
0.016557374969124794,
0.04208333045244217,
0.03114653378725052,
0.013310831971466541,
-0.010399087332189083,
-0.007218488492071629,
0.01815021224319935,
-0.012113668024539948,
0.01920533925294876,
0.010459959506988525,
0.0299493707716465,
-0.0034672077745199203,
-0.0026302081532776356,
-0.02436937391757965,
0.04021656885743141,
-0.030862461775541306,
0.031187115237116814,
-0.012671668082475662,
-0.016638539731502533,
0.06923255324363708,
-0.02806231752038002,
-0.005463325418531895,
-0.013594903983175755,
0.005625652614980936,
0.02909715287387371,
-0.01696319319307804,
-0.021975046023726463,
0.007654742803424597,
0.03169438987970352,
0.030882753431797028,
-0.029462389647960663,
0.02822464518249035,
0.0006848179618827999,
0.023395409807562828,
-0.00738081568852067,
-0.0020684038754552603,
-0.02684486284852028,
0.004438634961843491,
-0.008491742424666882,
-0.006249597761780024,
0.03098420612514019,
0.0020506493747234344,
0.08530294895172119,
0.006011179648339748,
0.022928718477487564,
0.0445588193833828,
0.03408871591091156,
0.04614150896668434,
0.005889434367418289,
0.01703421212732792,
-0.008309124037623405,
-0.010429523885250092,
0.008963505737483501,
0.03544820472598076,
-0.0051995436660945415,
0.01282384991645813,
0.0016765358159318566,
-0.007644597440958023,
-0.00848159659653902,
-0.004512189421802759,
0.03416987881064415,
0.0069547067396342754,
0.01722697541117668,
0.016922611743211746,
-0.00563579797744751,
0.005161498207598925,
-0.011849886737763882,
0.01351374015212059,
0.025789735838770866,
-0.007086597383022308,
-0.04003394767642021,
0.038938239216804504,
-0.00835477840155363,
-0.015126867219805717,
-0.0005421475507318974,
-0.022441737353801727,
-0.02453169971704483,
-0.033703189343214035,
-0.011078832671046257,
-0.012833995744585991,
-0.0030461717396974564,
-0.014609449543058872,
-0.014335522428154945,
-0.0150659941136837,
-0.004644080065190792,
-0.02824493497610092,
0.030010243877768517,
-0.01213395968079567,
-0.017155958339571953,
-0.02564769983291626,
0.03863387554883957,
-0.013361559249460697,
0.029543552547693253,
-0.006624979432672262,
-0.03701060637831688,
0.04003394767642021,
-0.022685227915644646,
0.02126486599445343,
0.010333141312003136,
-0.02392297238111496,
-0.0020747447852045298,
-0.04017598554491997,
0.018698066473007202,
-0.03699031472206116,
-0.01834297552704811,
0.035245295614004135,
0.04240798577666283,
-0.009496142156422138,
0.06006107106804848,
-0.05190412700176239,
-0.0023816446773707867,
-0.023091046139597893,
-0.0003864782629534602,
-0.013219522312283516,
0.004238262306898832,
0.016760284081101418,
0.04662849381566048,
-0.0667976513504982,
-0.03725409507751465,
0.04707489162683487,
0.01808933913707733,
0.020696720108389854,
0.043341364711523056,
-0.00839028786867857,
-0.03437278792262077,
-0.03528587892651558,
-0.06704113632440567,
-0.014203631319105625,
0.027778243646025658,
0.01484279427677393,
-0.007015579380095005,
0.04082529619336128,
-0.018728502094745636,
-0.007203270215541124,
-0.004644080065190792,
-0.031390026211738586,
0.0184241384267807,
0.007426470052450895,
-0.025120137259364128,
0.05015910789370537,
0.032932132482528687,
-0.0013214449863880873,
0.024288209155201912,
-0.004763289354741573,
0.028447844088077545,
0.014487704262137413,
0.01626315712928772,
0.006493088789284229,
-0.03952667489647865,
0.036888860166072845,
0.01668926700949669,
-0.022604065015912056,
0.05170121788978577,
-0.025018682703375816,
-0.046953145414590836,
0.003005589824169874,
0.013371704146265984,
0.0002507828758098185,
0.011170141398906708,
0.014294940046966076,
-0.019093738868832588,
-0.010353432968258858,
0.024836063385009766,
-0.05868128687143326,
-0.020595265552401543,
-0.00008908974268706515,
0.027757953852415085,
-0.05742325261235237,
0.01808933913707733,
-0.000024967321223812178,
-0.03942522034049034,
0.053730309009552,
-0.0016600494273006916,
0.01782555691897869,
-0.021833010017871857,
0.07045000791549683,
0.02692602574825287,
0.00664527015760541,
0.033337950706481934,
0.0031222624238580465,
-0.007644597440958023,
-0.008714942261576653,
0.0260940995067358,
-0.02824493497610092,
0.013858686201274395,
-0.01590806618332863,
-0.03759904205799103,
0.013878976926207542,
0.032932132482528687,
-0.032506026327610016,
0.02211708202958107,
-0.004334643948823214,
-0.004060716833919287,
0.020605411380529404,
0.03276980668306351,
-0.03556995093822479,
-0.014426831156015396,
0.011048396117985249,
-0.013574613258242607,
-0.031207406893372536,
-0.01127159595489502,
-0.022502610459923744,
-0.03234369680285454,
0.016151558607816696,
0.01567472144961357,
0.012813704088330269,
-0.003548371372744441,
-0.04886049032211304,
0.022482318803668022,
-0.013128213584423065,
0.004119053017348051,
0.01972275599837303,
-0.0006229940918274224,
-0.00550897978246212,
-0.048251762986183167,
-0.02264464646577835,
0.016993630677461624,
0.005070189014077187,
-0.06610775738954544,
-0.006249597761780024,
-0.01307748630642891,
-0.02633759006857872,
0.018748793751001358,
-0.004598425701260567,
0.03268864378333092,
0.022867847234010696,
-0.01565442979335785,
-0.007482270244508982,
-0.018099484965205193,
0.07621262967586517,
-0.05596230551600456,
0.0023435992188751698,
-0.01918504759669304,
0.04739954695105553,
-0.04561394825577736,
0.003413944272324443,
-0.03715264052152634,
-0.020199593156576157,
0.018261810764670372,
0.05628696084022522,
0.000013355534974834882,
0.02986820787191391,
-0.015593557618558407,
0.02824493497610092,
-0.01463988609611988,
-0.004370152950286865,
-0.009399760514497757,
0.0206459928303957,
-0.02599264495074749,
-0.002006263006478548,
0.011099123395979404,
0.020331483334302902,
-0.042042747139930725,
-0.02144748345017433,
0.016283448785543442,
-0.004517261870205402,
0.03408871591091156,
-0.019235774874687195,
0.0449240580201149,
-0.024592572823166847,
-0.02479548193514347,
-0.01737915724515915,
0.0037360622081905603,
-0.03488006070256233,
0.06058863177895546,
-0.005757543258368969,
0.012265849858522415,
0.031105952337384224,
-0.0006201406940817833,
0.015350067056715488,
0.010510686784982681,
0.010459959506988525,
0.0039541893638670444,
-0.028427554294466972,
0.012884723022580147,
-0.04593859985470772,
-0.03313504159450531,
-0.0240041371434927,
0.026621663942933083,
0.01910388469696045,
-0.0241867545992136,
-0.03873533010482788,
-0.007669961079955101,
-0.03526558727025986,
0.009485996328294277,
0.017764683812856674,
0.007111961022019386,
-0.014873230829834938,
-0.03368289768695831,
0.03979045897722244,
-0.02443024516105652,
0.002119131153449416,
-0.014923958107829094,
0.019590865820646286,
-0.0050955526530742645,
-0.027068063616752625,
-0.04821118339896202,
0.04102820158004761,
0.04642558470368385,
-0.0025604581460356712,
0.027047771960496902,
0.0016156630590558052,
-0.026195554062724113,
-0.003639680566266179,
-0.007862724363803864,
0.024166464805603027,
0.020798174664378166,
-0.039993368089199066,
0.021893883123993874,
0.02668253518640995,
-0.035001806914806366,
-0.038430966436862946,
-0.01389926765114069,
-0.002959935227409005,
0.027433298528194427,
0.03465685993432999,
0.0015129403909668326,
0.021061956882476807,
-0.010977378115057945,
0.007740979082882404,
0.0316740982234478,
0.015126867219805717,
0.056855108588933945,
-0.009135978296399117,
-0.04520813003182411,
0.024998391047120094,
0.023821517825126648,
0.0077257608063519,
0.03873533010482788,
0.023902682587504387,
0.011231014505028725,
-0.03313504159450531,
-0.013534031808376312,
-0.0008496814989484847,
-0.03082188032567501,
-0.013909413479268551,
0.01703421212732792,
0.0037766441237181425,
0.016324030235409737,
0.003578807692974806,
0.008278687484562397,
0.01911402866244316,
-0.025627408176660538,
0.023435991257429123,
-0.007583724334836006,
-0.046953145414590836,
0.015816757455468178,
0.004846989177167416,
-0.04593859985470772,
0.014954394660890102,
-0.006148143205791712,
0.03634100407361984,
0.017916865646839142,
0.02307075448334217,
0.03871504217386246,
0.02221853658556938,
-0.04650674760341644,
-0.02479548193514347,
-0.0726008489727974,
0.011728141456842422,
-0.017024066299200058,
-0.002526217373088002,
0.013838395476341248,
0.009572233073413372,
0.009034523740410805,
-0.01634432189166546,
-0.01424421276897192,
0.055394161492586136,
0.01850530318915844,
0.023780936375260353,
0.008562760427594185,
-0.036706242710351944,
-0.019408248364925385,
0.011849886737763882,
0.07276317477226257,
0.024247627705335617,
-0.028447844088077545,
0.027352135628461838,
0.01711537502706051,
0.0005231248214840889,
-0.026702826842665672,
0.010530978441238403,
0.03768020495772362,
0.00032497147913090885,
-0.010652723722159863,
-0.0012853017542511225,
-0.0035711987875401974,
-0.0251404270529747,
-0.003066462464630604,
-0.008760596625506878,
0.0023283809423446655,
0.0029218897689133883,
0.0332162044942379,
0.0005228077643550932,
-0.08221873641014099,
-0.02832609973847866,
0.01040923222899437,
-0.003926289267838001,
-0.0009416246321052313,
-0.009917178191244602,
0.037477295845746994,
0.0468314029276371,
-0.04658791050314903,
0.03699031472206116,
-0.02066628262400627,
-0.003715771483257413,
-0.001876908470876515,
0.038512133061885834,
-0.0385730043053627,
0.0043600075878202915,
-0.006203943397849798,
0.06700056046247482,
0.062455397099256516,
-0.05860012397170067,
0.035590242594480515,
-0.038958530873060226,
-0.03400755301117897,
0.02160981111228466
] |
Social media, professional sports, and video games are driving rapid growth
in live video streaming, on platforms such as Twitch and YouTube Live. Live
streaming experience is very susceptible to short-time-scale network congestion
since client playback buffers are often no more than a few seconds.
Unfortunately, identifying such streams and measuring their QoE for network
management is challenging, since content providers largely use the same
delivery infrastructure for live and video-on-demand (VoD) streaming, and
packet inspection techniques (including SNI/DNS query monitoring) cannot always
distinguish between the two.
In this paper, we design, build, and deploy ReCLive: a machine learning
method for live video detection and QoE measurement based on network-level
behavioral characteristics. Our contributions are four-fold: (1) We analyze
about 23,000 video streams from Twitch and YouTube, and identify key features
in their traffic profile that differentiate live and on-demand streaming. We
release our traffic traces as open data to the public; (2) We develop an
LSTM-based binary classifier model that distinguishes live from on-demand
streams in real-time with over 95% accuracy across providers; (3) We develop a
method that estimates QoE metrics of live streaming flows in terms of
resolution and buffer stall events with overall accuracies of 93% and 90%,
respectively; and (4) Finally, we prototype our solution, train it in the lab,
and deploy it in a live ISP network serving more than 7,000 subscribers. Our
method provides ISPs with fine-grained visibility into live video streams,
enabling them to measure and improve user experience. | [
0.007668997626751661,
-0.0025716833770275116,
-0.030947459861636162,
-0.0044768135994672775,
-0.02706933207809925,
0.0009077242575585842,
0.008648225106298923,
0.021581780165433884,
-0.02720506675541401,
0.0008653072291053832,
0.04285331070423126,
-0.02041834220290184,
-0.0037108834367245436,
-0.054293788969516754,
0.012060977518558502,
0.017800606787204742,
0.013835220597684383,
-0.0038514656480401754,
-0.010596984066069126,
-0.0036090826615691185,
0.02893083356320858,
-0.024044392630457878,
-0.015599768608808517,
-0.018081771209836006,
0.016588691622018814,
0.026836642995476723,
0.025227220728993416,
0.0022759761195629835,
-0.08648224920034409,
0.007218165323138237,
0.055340882390737534,
0.03050147369503975,
0.02524661086499691,
-0.025518080219626427,
-0.04781731590628624,
-0.04312478005886078,
0.07965674251317978,
0.045218970626592636,
0.025808939710259438,
0.01482414361089468,
-0.029202301055192947,
0.008308888413012028,
-0.047080472111701965,
-0.02677847258746624,
0.04168987274169922,
-0.0003460017032921314,
-0.03203333541750908,
-0.04967881739139557,
-0.004290178883820772,
-0.05747385323047638,
0.008677310310304165,
-0.0446760319173336,
-0.019235514104366302,
-0.04103058949112892,
-0.037559665739536285,
-0.007232708390802145,
0.06868164241313934,
-0.009831054136157036,
0.025789549574255943,
-0.061894919723272324,
-0.021213358268141747,
0.04048765450716019,
-0.009181467816233635,
-0.020282607525587082,
0.01171194575726986,
-0.022493140771985054,
-0.00809074379503727,
-0.018770137801766396,
0.012293664738535881,
-0.0033836665097624063,
-0.08500856161117554,
-0.0012640272034332156,
0.048088785260915756,
0.03112197481095791,
-0.0031946077942848206,
0.03672587126493454,
0.021174577996134758,
0.014950182288885117,
0.011634383350610733,
-0.002678331919014454,
0.0037811745423823595,
0.02931864559650421,
-0.012138539925217628,
0.023036079481244087,
0.03216907009482384,
-0.021193968132138252,
-0.0172867551445961,
-0.09912494570016861,
0.06057635322213173,
0.004988241940736771,
-0.011663469485938549,
0.03463168069720268,
0.04987272247672081,
0.0009846808388829231,
-0.0010252799838781357,
0.03112197481095791,
-0.0035533346235752106,
-0.03218846023082733,
-0.03911091759800911,
0.05375085026025772,
-0.03548486903309822,
-0.030191224068403244,
0.02912473864853382,
0.014135775156319141,
0.01272025890648365,
-0.05522453784942627,
-0.05208325386047363,
0.02573137730360031,
0.00869185384362936,
0.1278230845928192,
0.04250428080558777,
-0.008241021074354649,
-0.0010610314784571528,
-0.0051142810843884945,
-0.01911916956305504,
0.02090310864150524,
-0.07120242714881897,
-0.03470924124121666,
-0.008556119166314602,
0.028775706887245178,
0.019952967762947083,
-0.005526332184672356,
0.02968706749379635,
0.0808977410197258,
-0.028329722583293915,
0.0645708292722702,
-0.002021474065259099,
0.015871237963438034,
0.05359572544693947,
-0.009040885604918003,
-0.029861584305763245,
0.00017133446817751974,
-0.03503888472914696,
0.022105328738689423,
0.005516636651009321,
0.06364007294178009,
0.01927429437637329,
0.009646842256188393,
0.057745322585105896,
-0.011120530776679516,
0.05363450571894646,
-0.0181011613458395,
-0.008982713334262371,
0.03986715152859688,
0.05743507295846939,
0.007232708390802145,
0.016850464046001434,
0.02132970280945301,
-0.04293087497353554,
-0.008211935870349407,
-0.01910947449505329,
0.039130307734012604,
0.00030328170396387577,
0.05809435248374939,
0.014833838678896427,
0.02801947295665741,
0.017209190875291824,
-0.020069310441613197,
0.0007659302209503949,
0.03098624013364315,
-0.008512490428984165,
-0.010790890082716942,
-0.001318563474342227,
0.018324153497815132,
0.016578996554017067,
0.015706418082118034,
0.03145161643624306,
-0.04642118886113167,
-0.05522453784942627,
0.03730759024620056,
0.0023571744095534086,
-0.011091445572674274,
-0.028620582073926926,
0.025130268186330795,
0.03366214781999588,
-0.023249376565217972,
0.09454875439405441,
-0.051811784505844116,
-0.06464838981628418,
0.038180168718099594,
-0.0499115027487278,
-0.0009277208591811359,
0.017635785043239594,
-0.04901953414082527,
0.04983394220471382,
-0.008182849735021591,
0.04207768663764,
-0.012594219297170639,
-0.00869185384362936,
-0.0035072816535830498,
0.020534686744213104,
0.05475916340947151,
0.07845452427864075,
-0.006263176444917917,
0.007576892152428627,
-0.03734637051820755,
-0.003308527637273073,
0.007644759491086006,
0.019235514104366302,
0.021775687113404274,
-0.09237699955701828,
-0.013980650343000889,
0.028368504717946053,
-0.02964828722178936,
0.030133051797747612,
-0.042969655245542526,
0.028659364208579063,
-0.01104296837002039,
-0.010102522559463978,
-0.031025022268295288,
-0.0619724802672863,
0.006854590959846973,
-0.017102543264627457,
0.043590154498815536,
0.0018760443199425936,
-0.003965385723859072,
0.002203261246904731,
-0.048941973596811295,
-0.008352517150342464,
0.02681725285947323,
0.008178002201020718,
0.011741031892597675,
0.01845988817512989,
0.004084153100848198,
-0.04374527931213379,
-0.0138643067330122,
0.05685335397720337,
0.02739897184073925,
-0.011459867469966412,
0.015599768608808517,
-0.0038369225803762674,
-0.003793293610215187,
-0.016772901639342308,
0.015958495438098907,
-0.02788373827934265,
-0.04231037199497223,
0.01712193340063095,
0.013515274971723557,
-0.0013876425800845027,
-0.04964003339409828,
-0.010645460337400436,
-0.01927429437637329,
-0.02061224915087223,
0.030831115320324898,
-0.020205045118927956,
-0.0065491884015500546,
0.019487591460347176,
0.04677021875977516,
-0.001022856216877699,
-0.0655791386961937,
-0.05813313275575638,
-0.028989003971219063,
0.033157993108034134,
-0.002254161750897765,
-0.05084225535392761,
0.030385131016373634,
0.05537966266274452,
-0.04715803265571594,
0.0013549209106713533,
-0.06181735545396805,
0.05320791155099869,
-0.009530498646199703,
-0.07981187105178833,
0.04704168811440468,
-0.054681599140167236,
-0.021581780165433884,
0.043628938496112823,
-0.009263877756893635,
0.005613589659333229,
0.05254863202571869,
-0.0064910161308944225,
-0.023016687482595444,
-0.031199537217617035,
-0.05603894591331482,
-0.012613610364496708,
-0.0025886502116918564,
-0.001842110650613904,
-0.05600016564130783,
0.010732718743383884,
0.010112217627465725,
-0.019400333985686302,
-0.021290920674800873,
0.0052500152960419655,
0.011421086266636848,
-0.05665944516658783,
-0.04746828228235245,
-0.002491696970537305,
-0.019041607156395912,
-0.03796686977148056,
0.0040090144611895084,
-0.02357901632785797,
0.018421106040477753,
-0.020825546234846115,
0.04417187348008156,
0.043784063309431076,
-0.015008354559540749,
-0.02290034480392933,
0.024587329477071762,
0.02247375063598156,
0.026371268555521965,
-0.04494750127196312,
0.019400333985686302,
0.012400313280522823,
0.0065201022662222385,
-0.06767332553863525,
-0.03519400954246521,
0.0026395507156848907,
0.05976194888353348,
-0.0072569465264678,
-0.05855972692370415,
0.025362955406308174,
-0.011867070570588112,
-0.020961280912160873,
-0.02778678573668003,
-0.009317201562225819,
0.03724941611289978,
0.04207768663764,
0.01276873517781496,
0.015803370624780655,
-0.027709223330020905,
0.06224394962191582,
0.03860676288604736,
-0.11890339851379395,
0.06875920295715332,
-0.010849062353372574,
-0.009428697638213634,
0.033642757683992386,
0.012080367654561996,
-0.007993790321052074,
0.031044412404298782,
-0.053440600633621216,
0.03059842810034752,
-0.04595581442117691,
-0.014494501985609531,
0.06077026203274727,
0.03930482268333435,
-0.04393918812274933,
-0.0016239660326391459,
0.005123976152390242,
0.0174515750259161,
-0.018876787275075912,
-0.0658893883228302,
-0.03370092809200287,
-0.0006738246884196997,
0.022784000262618065,
-0.0014845958212390542,
-0.0874129980802536,
0.04960125312209129,
-0.0037981413770467043,
0.023792313411831856,
0.0011264749336987734,
-0.033642757683992386,
-0.0332743376493454,
0.011450172401964664,
0.03329372778534889,
0.010800586082041264,
-0.034980710595846176,
-0.022842172533273697,
0.035077665001153946,
0.003929028287529945,
0.020243827253580093,
-0.027806175872683525,
-0.04428821802139282,
0.07007776945829391,
-0.025983456522226334,
0.004168987274169922,
-0.03575633838772774,
-0.01559007354080677,
0.024083172902464867,
0.05402231961488724,
0.009370526298880577,
0.018159333616495132,
-0.03699733689427376,
0.025285392999649048,
-0.04149596765637398,
-0.014678713865578175,
-0.01087814848870039,
-0.06581182777881622,
-0.044831156730651855,
0.04983394220471382,
0.006398910656571388,
0.03759844973683357,
0.04106937348842621,
0.015493120066821575,
-0.0005317276809364557,
0.03705551102757454,
0.0003091897815465927,
-0.009564432315528393,
0.0010331574594601989,
0.028562409803271294,
0.0024444323498755693,
0.0071939267218112946,
-0.049756377935409546,
0.0007756255217827857,
0.06216638907790184,
0.017955731600522995,
0.00298858224414289,
0.00909905694425106,
0.047274377197027206,
-0.06038244813680649,
-0.07162901759147644,
0.0047700973227620125,
0.021581780165433884,
0.04614971950650215,
-0.05371206998825073,
0.017723044380545616,
0.013709181919693947,
-0.005671761929988861,
0.0032915608026087284,
-0.010373991914093494,
-0.020282607525587082,
-0.041534747928380966,
0.0068642860278487206,
0.026739690452814102,
-0.0031315882224589586,
0.06441570073366165,
-0.02720506675541401,
0.019749365746974945,
-0.0010470944689586759,
-0.015764588490128517,
-0.03986715152859688,
-0.010412773117423058,
0.021349092945456505,
0.020883718505501747,
-0.04316356033086777,
0.061701010912656784,
0.011256265453994274,
-0.016908636316657066,
0.007242403458803892,
-0.052393507212400436,
0.05580625683069229,
-0.0024311013985425234,
0.011614992283284664,
-0.04130205884575844,
0.03249870985746384,
0.025983456522226334,
0.014882314950227737,
0.009908616542816162,
-0.03835468366742134,
0.022415578365325928,
-0.04560678079724312,
-0.046266064047813416,
-0.006680075079202652,
-0.016879551112651825,
-0.01924520917236805,
-0.016821378841996193,
-0.020534686744213104,
-0.07062070816755295,
-0.0006986689404584467,
0.007319965865463018,
-0.05929657444357872,
0.042775750160217285,
-0.02974523976445198,
-0.0021499369759112597,
-0.039091527462005615,
0.000221477443119511,
0.015066525898873806,
-0.0499115027487278,
0.014542979188263416,
0.004016286227852106,
-0.0063698249869048595,
0.030307568609714508,
0.016482042148709297,
-0.050609566271305084,
-0.03788930922746658,
0.021872639656066895,
-0.04126327857375145,
-0.056930914521217346,
0.004782216157764196,
-0.004110815469175577,
-0.005589351523667574,
-0.010490335524082184,
-0.024761846289038658,
0.017073458060622215,
0.014833838678896427,
-0.015580378472805023,
0.010946015827357769,
-0.06402789056301117,
-0.02596406452357769,
-0.04805000126361847,
0.06173979490995407,
0.04393918812274933,
0.004728891886770725,
0.0046416339464485645,
0.01640447974205017,
0.012759040109813213,
0.0018324153497815132,
0.04459846764802933,
0.0518505685031414,
-0.06778967380523682,
0.012487571686506271,
-0.011362913995981216,
0.0021220629569143057,
-0.007455700542777777,
-0.03309981897473335,
-0.016365699470043182,
-0.020631639286875725,
-0.014698104001581669,
0.05514697730541229,
-0.023036079481244087,
-0.0008234962006099522,
0.031490396708250046,
0.029202301055192947,
0.05126884952187538,
-0.06154588609933853,
-0.01768426224589348,
0.018149638548493385,
0.018188418820500374,
-0.03633805736899376,
-0.05437134951353073,
0.005143366754055023,
0.004811302293092012,
-0.012923860922455788,
0.005642675794661045,
-0.026545783504843712,
0.027748003602027893,
-0.01296264212578535,
-0.03635744750499725,
0.04168987274169922,
0.06429935991764069,
0.03180064633488655,
0.013350455090403557,
-0.011634383350610733,
0.007116364315152168,
-0.022357406094670296,
0.04397796839475632,
0.027709223330020905,
0.01888648234307766,
0.08764568716287613,
-0.017247973009943962,
-0.03705551102757454,
0.03862615302205086,
0.008376755751669407,
0.009414155036211014,
0.006248633377254009,
-0.010422468185424805,
0.009748643264174461,
0.04087546467781067,
-0.028620582073926926,
-0.04273696616292,
-0.028562409803271294,
0.030869897454977036,
-0.00009930127998813987,
0.011576211079955101,
0.004004166927188635,
0.015085916966199875,
-0.0006556459702551365,
-0.04285331070423126,
0.006733399350196123,
-0.023404501378536224,
0.013825525529682636,
-0.009220249019563198,
0.050803471356630325,
-0.010470944456756115,
0.00900210440158844,
0.011896156705915928,
-0.01439754944294691,
-0.01781030185520649,
-0.029415598139166832,
0.0023995914962142706,
-0.024994533509016037,
-0.011343523859977722,
0.01379643939435482,
-0.016356004402041435,
-0.006054726894944906,
-0.04948490858078003,
0.013466798700392246,
0.06841017305850983,
-0.05297522619366646,
0.02003053016960621,
-0.0172867551445961,
-0.041767437011003494,
-0.04494750127196312,
-0.024878188967704773,
0.029609505087137222,
-0.0004387132066767663,
0.04964003339409828,
-0.01898343488574028,
0.0335845872759819,
0.003337613772600889,
0.01523134671151638,
0.019022217020392418,
0.011750726960599422,
0.03280895948410034,
-0.048786845058202744,
0.02896961383521557,
0.014552674256265163,
-0.047507066279649734,
0.01415516622364521,
0.0218532495200634,
0.014019431546330452,
-0.012885079719126225,
-0.030869897454977036,
0.0048912884667515755,
0.003378818742930889,
-0.01568702608346939,
-0.01032551471143961,
0.0277286134660244,
0.016840768977999687,
-0.01503743976354599,
0.0002923744614236057,
0.050803471356630325,
0.002780132694169879,
0.05456525832414627,
0.017238277941942215,
0.02429646998643875,
0.006292262114584446,
-0.032304804772138596,
0.012274274602532387,
0.01061637420207262,
-0.006903067231178284,
-0.00047507064300589263,
0.08206117898225784,
0.010383686982095242,
-0.019914185628294945,
0.000027949787181569263,
0.02041834220290184,
0.01332136895507574,
0.015997277572751045,
0.008095591329038143,
0.045878250151872635,
-0.0029376817401498556,
0.04316356033086777,
-0.012196711264550686,
-0.011828289367258549,
0.02227984368801117,
-0.0388200581073761,
-0.05689213424921036,
0.007450853008776903,
-0.021193968132138252,
0.003318222938105464,
-0.004299873951822519,
-0.00860944390296936,
0.011013883166015148,
-0.0254405178129673,
0.01379643939435482,
0.01571611315011978,
-0.007339356932789087,
0.010083132423460484,
-0.0515403188765049,
-0.02008870244026184,
0.05328547582030296,
-0.009011799469590187,
0.07748499512672424,
-0.008304040879011154,
0.018566535785794258,
-0.02218289114534855,
0.016559604555368423,
0.0020348052494227886,
0.02227984368801117,
0.029182910919189453,
0.04126327857375145,
0.009055428206920624,
0.025479299947619438,
-0.01032551471143961,
-0.03610536828637123,
0.031102584674954414,
0.009283267892897129,
0.02993914671242237,
0.033972397446632385,
0.021581780165433884,
0.012187016196548939,
0.020282607525587082,
-0.023404501378536224,
0.02553747035562992,
-0.017655177041888237,
0.012865688651800156,
0.01051942165941,
0.004610124509781599,
0.06111929193139076,
-0.03845163807272911,
-0.030346348881721497,
-0.014135775156319141,
-0.015502815134823322,
0.012545743025839329,
-0.018411410972476006,
-0.003802988911047578,
0.02988097444176674,
0.009617757052183151,
-0.020883718505501747,
-0.043435029685497284,
-0.036260493099689484,
0.02974523976445198,
0.047507066279649734,
-0.02237679623067379,
-0.01803329400718212,
0.017761824652552605,
0.03738515079021454,
-0.018741052597761154,
-0.03108319453895092,
-0.013941869139671326,
-0.01790725439786911,
0.03319677338004112,
0.0033618519082665443,
0.03833529353141785,
0.05026053637266159,
-0.024509767070412636,
0.028193987905979156,
0.019691193476319313,
-0.017597004771232605,
-0.023792313411831856,
0.012216102331876755,
-0.00900210440158844,
-0.000938628101721406,
-0.04242671653628349,
0.04867050424218178,
-0.0020966127049177885,
-0.000014722872947459109,
-0.054681599140167236,
0.0012603915529325604,
-0.0009162076748907566,
0.008914845995604992,
0.023036079481244087,
0.030966849997639656,
0.04231037199497223,
-0.018275676295161247,
0.013757658191025257,
-0.0048355404287576675,
0.0033448850736021996,
0.011004187166690826,
-0.0009440816938877106,
0.0031776409596204758,
0.03271200880408287,
-0.07418858259916306,
-0.03199455514550209,
0.009394763968884945,
0.02514965832233429,
0.041573528200387955,
-0.039905935525894165,
-0.0011264749336987734,
0.00802287645637989,
-0.007717474363744259,
-0.011624688282608986,
0.0073732901364564896,
0.010761803947389126,
0.017693957313895226,
-0.013670399785041809,
0.03180064633488655,
0.02305546961724758,
-0.011265961453318596,
-0.0044113704934716225,
-0.052626192569732666,
0.02136848308146,
0.03891701251268387,
-0.005851125344634056,
-0.02074798382818699,
0.010839367285370827,
0.006272871512919664,
-0.0016966809052973986,
-0.05995585396885872,
0.022221671417355537,
-0.019099779427051544,
-0.002496544737368822,
-0.04083668440580368,
-0.059645604342222214,
0.02893083356320858,
0.0316455215215683,
0.03280895948410034,
0.03940177708864212,
0.0013621923280879855,
-0.003652711631730199,
0.054293788969516754,
0.022066546604037285,
-0.05064834654331207,
0.02146543748676777,
-0.002461399184539914,
-0.044831156730651855,
0.006156527902930975,
0.010509725660085678,
-0.04576190561056137,
0.020922498777508736,
0.016423871740698814,
0.02472306415438652,
-0.07360686361789703,
-0.008226478472352028,
0.016714731231331825,
0.06212760508060455,
0.028465457260608673,
-0.016937723383307457,
-0.015192565508186817,
-0.011459867469966412,
-0.0032503558322787285,
-0.020398952066898346,
0.030520865693688393,
-0.03238236531615257,
0.016656558960676193,
0.029861584305763245,
0.03944055736064911,
-0.0319557711482048,
-0.004648905713111162,
-0.03147100657224655,
0.013883696869015694,
0.04967881739139557,
-0.05235472321510315,
0.03133527189493179,
0.011149616912007332,
0.00006483744800789282,
0.021310312673449516,
-0.031063802540302277,
-0.006583121605217457,
0.08756812661886215,
0.033022258430719376,
0.012303359806537628,
0.016094230115413666,
-0.03379788249731064,
0.0022311352659016848,
-0.022260453552007675,
-0.0453353114426136,
-0.02204715646803379,
0.008231326006352901,
0.043008435517549515,
-0.009894073009490967,
-0.02664273791015148,
-0.017296450212597847,
0.003340037539601326,
-0.08337974548339844,
-0.009462631307542324,
-0.0019911762792617083,
-0.013272891752421856,
0.007203622255474329,
-0.007130907382816076,
-0.021407265216112137,
-0.020786764100193977,
-0.05665944516658783,
-0.032673224806785583,
-0.031393442302942276,
0.022784000262618065,
0.02788373827934265,
0.0011658621951937675,
0.011392000131309032,
0.004263516515493393,
0.057978007942438126,
-0.019157951697707176,
0.0062971096485853195,
-0.045218970626592636,
0.004828269127756357,
-0.017723044380545616,
0.010655156336724758,
0.032634444534778595,
0.0033133754041045904,
-0.01623965986073017,
0.03278956934809685,
-0.007130907382816076,
-0.05282009765505791,
-0.022551313042640686,
-0.02664273791015148,
-0.029105348512530327,
-0.007368442602455616,
0.01338923629373312,
0.004059914965182543,
0.011139921844005585,
0.045684345066547394,
0.028387894853949547,
-0.013340759091079235,
-0.036318667232990265,
-0.01768426224589348,
0.0259252842515707,
0.03916909173130989,
-0.0009125719079747796,
0.0041883778758347034,
0.018634403124451637,
0.009089361876249313,
-0.04145718365907669,
0.0033982093445956707,
0.017771519720554352,
-0.012972337193787098,
0.013447407633066177,
-0.03205272555351257,
-0.012865688651800156,
-0.04595581442117691,
0.004033252596855164,
-0.03088928759098053,
0.0008550059865228832,
0.012933555990457535,
0.010286733508110046,
0.011547124944627285,
0.0011852527968585491,
-0.0059674689546227455,
0.004258668981492519,
-0.037850525230169296,
0.06049879267811775,
0.007368442602455616,
0.025615032762289047,
0.013718876987695694,
0.052664972841739655,
-0.04541287571191788,
-0.04029374569654465,
-0.010800586082041264,
-0.00749448174610734,
-0.026952987536787987,
-0.009840749204158783,
0.02070920169353485,
0.005468159914016724,
-0.010965405963361263,
0.021252140402793884,
0.005870515946298838,
-0.06007219851016998,
-0.006234090309590101,
0.010858757421374321,
-0.010626070201396942,
0.00025101788924075663,
-0.016026362776756287,
-0.02596406452357769,
-0.01989479549229145,
0.043008435517549515,
0.0006404970190487802,
-0.03317738324403763,
-0.017849082127213478,
0.03389483690261841,
-0.041534747928380966,
-0.02090310864150524,
-0.001529436674900353,
0.02123274840414524,
-0.046304844319820404,
0.04041009023785591,
0.030579037964344025,
-0.022202281281352043,
-0.05002784729003906,
0.02165934257209301,
-0.02850423939526081,
-0.03887822851538658,
0.018605317920446396,
-0.015522206202149391,
0.01927429437637329,
-0.019487591460347176,
0.02988097444176674,
0.041379623115062714,
-0.03936299681663513,
-0.022318625822663307,
-0.0007550229784101248,
-0.010752108879387379,
0.021019451320171356,
0.05332425609230995,
-0.016695339232683182,
0.022531922906637192,
0.011818594299256802,
-0.006781875621527433,
0.00638436758890748,
-0.0371912457048893,
-0.008711243979632854,
0.04293087497353554,
0.02429646998643875,
-0.036977946758270264,
0.006083813030272722,
-0.00473858742043376,
-0.016530519351363182,
0.014639931730926037,
0.03166491165757179,
0.014300595968961716,
0.04351259395480156,
-0.051656659692525864,
-0.0319557711482048,
-0.04068155959248543,
-0.010897538624703884,
-0.03463168069720268,
-0.060033418238162994,
-0.023074859753251076,
-0.01578398048877716,
0.017267363145947456,
0.03242114931344986,
0.020689811557531357,
0.0014324834337458014,
0.004743434954434633,
0.017664872109889984,
-0.012749345041811466,
0.006253480911254883,
-0.060615137219429016,
-0.048709284514188766,
0.026739690452814102,
0.03944055736064911,
0.000054460426326841116,
-0.007678692694753408,
-0.02893083356320858,
0.03214967995882034,
0.026914207264780998,
0.04327990487217903,
0.0025934979785233736,
-0.04510262608528137,
-0.016918331384658813,
0.01374796312302351,
0.047351937741041183,
0.009331745095551014,
0.004324112553149462,
0.008371908217668533,
0.002506240038201213,
-0.023365719243884087,
0.008289498277008533,
-0.011934937909245491,
-0.038471028208732605,
0.011469562537968159,
-0.015997277572751045,
-0.0041035437025129795,
-0.009472327306866646,
0.010034655220806599,
-0.019565153867006302,
-0.02850423939526081,
0.024684282019734383,
-0.02606101892888546,
-0.007775646168738604,
0.03624110296368599,
-0.03021061420440674,
0.01494048722088337,
-0.0013379540760070086,
0.0629420131444931,
-0.004530137870460749,
0.0036575591657310724,
0.006733399350196123,
-0.042000122368335724,
-0.010383686982095242,
0.0407591238617897,
-0.009317201562225819,
-0.005153062287718058,
0.020670421421527863,
0.003698764368891716,
-0.014688408933579922,
0.038083214312791824,
-0.03112197481095791,
0.018421106040477753,
-0.0036551353987306356,
-0.00419080164283514,
0.005710543133318424,
-0.02295851521193981,
0.007605977822095156,
-0.036551352590322495
] |
Recent advances in computationally efficient non-myopic Bayesian optimization
(BO) improve query efficiency over traditional myopic methods like expected
improvement while only modestly increasing computational cost. These advances
have been largely limited, however, to unconstrained optimization. For
constrained optimization, the few existing non-myopic BO methods require heavy
computation. For instance, one existing non-myopic constrained BO method [Lam
and Willcox, 2017] relies on computationally expensive unreliable brute-force
derivative-free optimization of a Monte Carlo rollout acquisition function.
Methods that use the reparameterization trick for more efficient
derivative-based optimization of non-myopic acquisition functions in the
unconstrained setting, like sample average approximation and infinitesimal
perturbation analysis, do not extend: constraints introduce discontinuities in
the sampled acquisition function surface that hinder its optimization.
Moreover, we argue here that being non-myopic is even more important in
constrained problems because fear of violating constraints pushes myopic
methods away from sampling the boundary between feasible and infeasible
regions, slowing the discovery of optimal solutions with tight constraints. In
this paper, we propose a computationally efficient two-step lookahead
constrained Bayesian optimization acquisition function (2-OPT-C) supporting
both sequential and batch settings. To enable fast acquisition function
optimization, we develop a novel likelihood-ratio-based unbiased estimator of
the gradient of the two-step optimal acquisition function that does not use the
reparameterization trick. In numerical experiments, 2-OPT-C typically improves
query efficiency by 2x or more over previous methods, and in some cases by 10x
or more. | [
0.02140713855624199,
0.022979414090514183,
-0.02162886969745159,
-0.05692444369196892,
0.04241112992167473,
0.01914951205253601,
-0.03614218160510063,
0.04914369434118271,
-0.09675542265176773,
0.010451601818203926,
0.05648098140954971,
-0.02564018778502941,
0.07292940467596054,
0.007170988246798515,
-0.016387950628995895,
0.02644648216664791,
0.026184437796473503,
0.010370972566306591,
0.03053843043744564,
-0.010562467388808727,
0.010023257695138454,
-0.024188855662941933,
0.020641157403588295,
0.05394114926457405,
-0.015128114260733128,
0.032594483345746994,
0.005558397620916367,
0.018776599317789078,
-0.056964755058288574,
0.025942549109458923,
0.04591851308941841,
0.013364342972636223,
-0.05115943029522896,
0.013273634947836399,
0.0004481867654249072,
-0.020883046090602875,
0.030800476670265198,
-0.03237275406718254,
-0.018000541254878044,
0.049748413264751434,
-0.019169669598340988,
-0.021024147048592567,
-0.041967667639255524,
0.008355233818292618,
0.055755313485860825,
0.008707988075911999,
-0.02781718410551548,
0.01700275018811226,
0.02644648216664791,
-0.0011590493377298117,
-0.00809822790324688,
-0.03729115426540375,
0.04176609218120575,
-0.014533471316099167,
0.00909601803869009,
-0.013193005695939064,
0.0604318268597126,
0.031062522903084755,
0.06555180251598358,
0.014966854825615883,
0.01326355617493391,
-0.03400550037622452,
-0.06619683653116226,
-0.04233049973845482,
-0.005956505890935659,
-0.029591035097837448,
0.036263126879930496,
0.03221149370074272,
-0.020409347489476204,
-0.014684651978313923,
-0.08441910892724991,
-0.0010525932302698493,
-0.02092336118221283,
0.040596965700387955,
0.005558397620916367,
0.009932548739016056,
0.04362057149410248,
-0.039165791124105453,
0.002882505301386118,
0.0033788809087127447,
0.031223781406879425,
0.026164280250668526,
-0.008617280051112175,
0.008959955535829067,
0.025680502876639366,
-0.03317904844880104,
0.015541340224444866,
-0.05220761522650719,
0.045958828181028366,
-0.019855018705129623,
-0.03541651740670204,
0.018504474312067032,
-0.008813814260065556,
0.047410160303115845,
0.01610574685037136,
0.03886342793703079,
-0.006294141989201307,
0.009176647290587425,
-0.023543819785118103,
0.03537620231509209,
0.03878280147910118,
-0.01722448132932186,
-0.00353762018494308,
0.040274444967508316,
0.01350544486194849,
-0.005371941719204187,
-0.0037543121725320816,
-0.003809744957834482,
-0.0003228330460842699,
0.13908591866493225,
0.003852579277008772,
0.03168740123510361,
0.013888435438275337,
0.034993212670087814,
-0.09562661498785019,
0.023443033918738365,
-0.07151838392019272,
-0.01594448834657669,
0.014281503856182098,
-0.029631348326802254,
-0.0026733726263046265,
0.08014574646949768,
0.02868395298719406,
-0.05253013223409653,
-0.034348174929618835,
0.0007848779787309468,
0.019139433279633522,
-0.006198394577950239,
0.016488736495375633,
-0.01286040898412466,
-0.047248899936676025,
-0.050635337829589844,
-0.004689110442996025,
-0.04063727706670761,
-0.007906732149422169,
0.04624103009700775,
0.06853508949279785,
0.0017146371537819505,
-0.06575337797403336,
0.0022765242028981447,
-0.020721787586808205,
-0.06970421969890594,
0.0004144861304666847,
0.017748573794960976,
-0.002711167559027672,
0.02725277841091156,
-0.027857499197125435,
0.026345696300268173,
-0.014855989255011082,
0.06470519304275513,
-0.02566034533083439,
0.04224986955523491,
-0.004996510688215494,
0.03176803141832352,
0.04563630744814873,
-0.012678992003202438,
-0.032735586166381836,
-0.04374151676893234,
0.02684963122010231,
-0.007024846971035004,
0.07413884252309799,
0.01668023131787777,
-0.001490386319346726,
0.025700660422444344,
0.07034925371408463,
0.0021769970189779997,
0.016004959121346474,
-0.005684381350874901,
-0.10046438127756119,
0.054223354905843735,
-0.0012170018162578344,
-0.016216613352298737,
-0.011822303757071495,
0.023826023563742638,
0.022334378212690353,
0.03958909586071968,
0.09877116233110428,
-0.0024163660127669573,
-0.008592083118855953,
-0.013172848150134087,
-0.008889405056834221,
0.0021266036201268435,
0.04106058552861214,
0.03110283799469471,
0.046926382929086685,
0.00007488152186851948,
0.03461022302508354,
-0.007866417989134789,
0.020822573453187943,
0.048216454684734344,
-0.010653175413608551,
-0.00873318500816822,
0.027131833136081696,
-0.024592004716396332,
0.0429755337536335,
-0.018010620027780533,
-0.029631348326802254,
0.0009946407517418265,
0.007770670112222433,
0.007901692762970924,
-0.04567662253975868,
-0.020066672936081886,
-0.022818153724074364,
-0.03463038057088852,
-0.006228630430996418,
0.026567427441477776,
0.022394848987460136,
0.00470674829557538,
0.0015244018286466599,
-0.03745241090655327,
0.028099387884140015,
-0.0010500735370442271,
-0.06256850808858871,
-0.05099817365407944,
-0.060794658958911896,
-0.0020031395833939314,
-0.011046244762837887,
0.012003719806671143,
-0.04106058552861214,
-0.03983098268508911,
-0.030901264399290085,
0.01314261183142662,
0.0342877022922039,
-0.009987981989979744,
0.024733105674386024,
0.006974453572183847,
0.023140672594308853,
-0.020701630041003227,
0.04761173203587532,
-0.024249328300356865,
0.007019807584583759,
0.0001071648221113719,
0.015480868518352509,
-0.006848469842225313,
-0.0022576265037059784,
-0.0026254986878484488,
0.007871457375586033,
-0.019099118188023567,
0.004535410553216934,
0.0031596694607287645,
-0.0022563666570931673,
0.005699499510228634,
-0.006294141989201307,
0.02541845664381981,
0.006677132099866867,
0.03839980810880661,
0.0039357286877930164,
0.06801100075244904,
0.016962435096502304,
0.023019729182124138,
-0.03414660319685936,
-0.048780858516693115,
-0.004963754676282406,
0.020822573453187943,
0.019169669598340988,
-0.002713687252253294,
0.022878626361489296,
-0.03704926371574402,
0.014926539734005928,
-0.03406597301363945,
0.06462456285953522,
0.05261076241731644,
-0.007286893203854561,
0.03664611652493477,
0.03517462685704231,
0.005366902332752943,
0.08449973911046982,
0.024592004716396332,
-0.05994804948568344,
0.0231003575026989,
0.026910101994872093,
-0.0001829912216635421,
0.08159707486629486,
0.0016163699328899384,
0.0007111775921657681,
-0.04414466395974159,
0.02299957163631916,
0.005775089375674725,
0.04208860918879509,
-0.009403417818248272,
0.04039539024233818,
-0.004255726933479309,
0.017375661060214043,
-0.032997630536556244,
0.035476990044116974,
-0.04607976973056793,
0.005407217424362898,
-0.026426326483488083,
-0.013676782138645649,
0.006667053326964378,
-0.022737525403499603,
-0.0052509973756968975,
-0.02749466709792614,
0.055432796478271484,
0.05313485488295555,
0.014845910482108593,
-0.004941077902913094,
-0.02148776687681675,
-0.0036510054487735033,
-0.01278985757380724,
-0.010743883438408375,
0.0032932120375335217,
-0.010129083879292011,
-0.0018015658715739846,
-0.03053843043744564,
0.016408108174800873,
0.0029757332522422075,
0.0669628158211708,
-0.004313679412007332,
0.0029505365528166294,
-0.012769700028002262,
0.014493156224489212,
0.004888164810836315,
-0.005467689596116543,
0.0011798366904258728,
0.04305616393685341,
0.06708376109600067,
-0.01786951720714569,
-0.03985114023089409,
-0.07333254814147949,
-0.001418575644493103,
-0.002945497166365385,
-0.08764428645372391,
-0.006525951903313398,
-0.005316508933901787,
-0.0010985772823914886,
0.015621969476342201,
0.009121214970946312,
-0.026164280250668526,
-0.004459820222109556,
-0.05087722837924957,
-0.03444896265864372,
-0.04958715662360191,
-0.035880137234926224,
-0.07200216501951218,
-0.015994882211089134,
-0.03971003741025925,
0.004023917019367218,
-0.021145092323422432,
-0.02886536903679371,
-0.03692832216620445,
-0.010048453696072102,
0.02918788604438305,
0.06466487795114517,
0.015521182678639889,
-0.016942277550697327,
-0.032594483345746994,
-0.012598362751305103,
0.04547505080699921,
-0.009841840714216232,
0.0011414117179811,
-0.010315539315342903,
0.013797726482152939,
-0.012406867928802967,
0.05809357017278671,
-0.005986741743981838,
-0.03672674670815468,
-0.0005423595430329442,
-0.049506526440382004,
0.04160483181476593,
0.03380392864346504,
-0.08139549940824509,
-0.05212698504328728,
0.024974994361400604,
-0.03773461654782295,
0.016458500176668167,
-0.024309800937771797,
0.01570259965956211,
-0.005306430160999298,
-0.013545759953558445,
-0.007805945351719856,
0.0022122724913060665,
0.07042988389730453,
0.004250687547028065,
-0.0368880070745945,
0.01214482169598341,
-0.005145171191543341,
-0.019945727661252022,
-0.048135824501514435,
0.02684963122010231,
-0.032816216349601746,
-0.039951927959918976,
0.029772451147437096,
-0.025539400056004524,
0.003043764503672719,
0.037795089185237885,
-0.012154900468885899,
-0.03456990793347359,
0.00705508328974247,
0.049103379249572754,
0.003139511914923787,
0.01386827789247036,
0.02612396515905857,
-0.0660758912563324,
0.008823893032968044,
-0.04978872835636139,
0.06793037056922913,
-0.03358219563961029,
-0.03376361355185509,
-0.004789897706359625,
-0.022959256544709206,
-0.04168546199798584,
-0.03069969080388546,
0.06587431579828262,
0.020701630041003227,
0.05652129277586937,
-0.0437818318605423,
0.010915221646428108,
-0.016055352985858917,
0.04069774970412254,
0.013555838726460934,
-0.06639841198921204,
-0.03583982214331627,
0.042612701654434204,
-0.009247197769582272,
0.030679533258080482,
0.013011588715016842,
-0.03789587318897247,
0.039488308131694794,
-0.013878356665372849,
-0.08054888993501663,
0.005281233694404364,
0.009000270627439022,
-0.02326161600649357,
-0.007503584958612919,
-0.014059772714972496,
0.016720546409487724,
-0.00487052695825696,
-0.06760785728693008,
-0.0003266125568188727,
0.06442298740148544,
0.05708570033311844,
0.01154009997844696,
-0.0612381212413311,
0.012225450947880745,
-0.01438229065388441,
-0.047732677310705185,
0.0167407039552927,
-0.014362133108079433,
-0.012013798579573631,
0.023846181109547615,
-0.003041244810447097,
-0.0046613942831754684,
0.04499127343297005,
0.039871297776699066,
-0.042128924280405045,
-0.07337286323308945,
-0.014049693942070007,
-0.018071090802550316,
-0.027051204815506935,
-0.10248012095689774,
0.004028956405818462,
-0.03960925340652466,
-0.0385005958378315,
0.027071362361311913,
-0.039931770414114,
0.04358025640249252,
-0.00034708488965407014,
0.005785168148577213,
-0.06260882318019867,
0.0033310072030872107,
0.018877387046813965,
0.05168352276086807,
-0.08216147869825363,
-0.006148001179099083,
0.011711438186466694,
0.00829476211220026,
-0.05555374175310135,
0.0019250297918915749,
-0.027958286926150322,
0.04958715662360191,
-0.025297513231635094,
-0.00424564816057682,
0.01852463185787201,
0.04362057149410248,
0.011348605155944824,
-0.013203084468841553,
-0.06510833650827408,
0.005523122381418943,
-0.05765010789036751,
0.01714385114610195,
-0.060310881584882736,
0.06236693635582924,
-0.04507190361618996,
0.039327047765254974,
0.0018129043746739626,
-0.012699149549007416,
0.01682133413851261,
0.02860332280397415,
0.0245315320789814,
-0.05265107750892639,
-0.0021253437735140324,
-0.017214402556419373,
0.033783771097660065,
0.018292821943759918,
0.017829202115535736,
-0.022253748029470444,
-0.03882311284542084,
0.025438614189624786,
-0.018857229501008987,
0.04575725272297859,
0.013404658064246178,
-0.0033032908104360104,
-0.032997630536556244,
0.004623598884791136,
-0.01707330159842968,
0.013727176003158092,
0.02604333497583866,
0.032997630536556244,
-0.021749813109636307,
-0.002713687252253294,
-0.011792067438364029,
0.006984532345086336,
-0.010471759364008904,
0.036343757063150406,
-0.0017776290187612176,
0.032675113528966904,
-0.0413629449903965,
0.0580129399895668,
-0.006767840590327978,
0.03293715789914131,
7.381852924481791e-7,
0.008128463290631771,
0.004807535093277693,
-0.010280263610184193,
0.04087916761636734,
0.0397503525018692,
-0.017456291243433952,
0.07567080855369568,
0.0267690010368824,
-0.04249175637960434,
0.023846181109547615,
-0.05668255314230919,
-0.06595494598150253,
-0.008113345131278038,
-0.03983098268508911,
0.03376361355185509,
0.04345931112766266,
-0.012930959463119507,
-0.0320502333343029,
-0.015128114260733128,
0.00402643671259284,
-0.01706322282552719,
0.0075590177439153194,
-0.014281503856182098,
-0.005513043608516455,
0.0028043955098837614,
-0.002874946454539895,
-0.011278054676949978,
0.05011124908924103,
-0.018464161083102226,
0.031062522903084755,
-0.032917000353336334,
-0.007574135437607765,
-0.0073624830693006516,
-0.010431444272398949,
-0.014855989255011082,
-0.02572081796824932,
-0.03311857581138611,
-0.08627358824014664,
-0.028583165258169174,
0.013777569867670536,
-0.0017650306690484285,
-0.02733340859413147,
0.008597122505307198,
-0.0259627066552639,
0.05692444369196892,
0.02918788604438305,
-0.00773539487272501,
0.0036787218414247036,
0.017365582287311554,
0.014291582629084587,
-0.018312979489564896,
-0.02862348034977913,
-0.03503352776169777,
0.016770940274000168,
0.001758731435984373,
0.007564057130366564,
-0.009872077032923698,
-0.002449121791869402,
0.023846181109547615,
-0.0014702288899570704,
0.0367065891623497,
-0.002703608712181449,
0.03654532879590988,
-0.014432684518396854,
-0.05760979279875755,
-0.026748843491077423,
-0.005024226848036051,
-0.018554868176579475,
-0.020883046090602875,
0.02693025954067707,
-0.016448423266410828,
-0.005976663436740637,
0.02219327539205551,
-0.012296002358198166,
0.02156839706003666,
0.01778888888657093,
-0.006339496001601219,
-0.023120515048503876,
0.018645577132701874,
0.003782028565183282,
-0.014331897720694542,
-0.014412526972591877,
-0.023684922605752945,
0.039951927959918976,
0.03704926371574402,
0.011358683928847313,
-0.003792107105255127,
0.02813970297574997,
-0.022818153724074364,
0.00942357536405325,
0.0016352675156667829,
-0.042209554463624954,
0.04104042798280716,
0.006803115829825401,
-0.016216613352298737,
-0.000847869785502553,
-0.006536030676215887,
0.026083650067448616,
0.05289296433329582,
-0.024954836815595627,
0.007906732149422169,
0.007312089670449495,
0.03229212388396263,
0.01907896064221859,
-0.028180018067359924,
-0.005286273080855608,
-0.012638677842915058,
-0.000005167297331354348,
-0.007105476688593626,
0.00853665079921484,
0.016791097819805145,
-0.007816024124622345,
0.0017259756568819284,
0.03336046263575554,
0.003104236675426364,
0.03749272599816322,
-0.011449391953647137,
0.005734774749726057,
-0.05482807382941246,
-0.011036165989935398,
0.007402797695249319,
0.045958828181028366,
0.004490056540817022,
-0.002437783172354102,
0.016972513869404793,
-0.0026330577675253153,
0.032594483345746994,
0.04753110185265541,
-0.025620030239224434,
0.04289490357041359,
0.049829043447971344,
0.05740821734070778,
0.012215372174978256,
0.02523704059422016,
-0.031042365357279778,
0.012487497180700302,
-0.014523392543196678,
0.031385041773319244,
0.036202654242515564,
-0.043338365852832794,
-0.00007039335469016805,
0.012164979241788387,
0.02197154425084591,
0.01602511666715145,
0.024188855662941933,
0.08127455413341522,
-0.011237739585340023,
0.0676884800195694,
-0.014775360003113747,
-0.0030488036572933197,
0.0014689690433442593,
0.008481217548251152,
0.02283831126987934,
-0.029449932277202606,
-0.04882117360830307,
0.04176609218120575,
0.013948907144367695,
-0.020137222483754158,
0.022092489525675774,
0.014956776052713394,
0.011459470726549625,
-0.013303871266543865,
-0.06478582322597504,
-0.0006280283560045063,
0.011096637696027756,
-0.0077908276580274105,
0.0019489667611196637,
0.005729735363274813,
-0.04249175637960434,
-0.047329530119895935,
-0.0015798347303643823,
0.015017248690128326,
-0.0008579485001973808,
0.06664030253887177,
-0.034186918288469315,
-0.002434003632515669,
0.017355505377054214,
-0.026809316128492355,
-0.018242429941892624,
0.02156839706003666,
0.034670695662498474,
-0.02940961718559265,
0.027071362361311913,
0.009715856984257698,
-0.0005814144387841225,
0.01250765472650528,
-0.038278866559267044,
-0.02932898886501789,
-0.007705158554017544,
0.037694301456213,
-0.02523704059422016,
0.0005325957899913192,
0.0017171568470075727,
-0.015077720396220684,
-0.0029958905652165413,
0.021346665918827057,
0.019371243193745613,
0.012205293402075768,
0.04616039991378784,
0.01978446915745735,
0.04579756781458855,
-0.06002867966890335,
-0.008587043732404709,
0.0632941722869873,
0.020721787586808205,
0.002287862589582801,
0.003721556393429637,
0.011761831119656563,
-0.007987362332642078,
-0.03837965056300163,
-0.006042174529284239,
-0.005051943473517895,
0.017940068617463112,
0.006717447191476822,
0.023987282067537308,
0.039004530757665634,
0.00657130591571331,
-0.004719346761703491,
0.012013798579573631,
0.021467609331011772,
0.024672633036971092,
0.012799936346709728,
-0.01882699318230152,
0.03938752040266991,
0.008067991584539413,
0.015934409573674202,
0.03964956849813461,
-0.008264525793492794,
0.07381632924079895,
-0.005321548320353031,
-0.008995231240987778,
-0.013203084468841553,
-0.04777299240231514,
0.009892234578728676,
0.0165189728140831,
0.01374733354896307,
0.006777919363230467,
-0.039810825139284134,
0.021608712151646614,
0.04374151676893234,
0.036424387246370316,
-0.018101327121257782,
0.01350544486194849,
-0.03200991824269295,
-0.02612396515905857,
0.005664223805069923,
0.03886342793703079,
-0.021528081968426704,
-0.008587043732404709,
-0.0088188536465168,
0.036605801433324814,
-0.06341511756181717,
0.008214132860302925,
0.04122184216976166,
0.006848469842225313,
0.0689382404088974,
-0.03029654175043106,
0.039891455322504044,
-0.004885645117610693,
0.05652129277586937,
0.014019457623362541,
0.02437027357518673,
0.004623598884791136,
-0.03761367127299309,
0.010824513621628284,
-0.003625808749347925,
0.02902662754058838,
0.01666007563471794,
0.0023332168348133564,
0.00406927103176713,
0.018706049770116806,
-0.0070702009834349155,
0.026990732178092003,
-0.007770670112222433,
-0.009791447781026363,
-0.029208043590188026,
-0.015128114260733128,
-0.015158349648118019,
0.021286193281412125,
0.006279023829847574,
-0.02644648216664791,
0.028966154903173447,
0.023060042411088943,
-0.024511374533176422,
0.011409076862037182,
-0.03543667495250702,
-0.002811954589560628,
0.027635768055915833,
-0.0009770030155777931,
0.019431713968515396,
-0.009232080541551113,
0.01626700535416603,
-0.003981082700192928,
0.022898783907294273,
-0.02164902724325657,
-0.0019577855709940195,
-0.011489707045257092,
-0.017375661060214043,
0.006717447191476822,
-0.004001239780336618,
0.008592083118855953,
-0.039931770414114,
-0.00906074233353138,
0.024571847170591354,
-0.020883046090602875,
-0.03815792128443718,
0.008788618259131908,
-0.0063294172286987305,
0.04079853743314743,
0.05107880011200905,
-0.027514824643731117,
-0.015168428421020508,
-0.032191336154937744,
0.05261076241731644,
-0.016639918088912964,
-0.00034960455377586186,
-0.012709228321909904,
0.06454393267631531,
-0.000026850260837818496,
0.024511374533176422,
0.003066441509872675,
0.010471759364008904,
0.0003281873359810561,
0.01249757595360279,
0.024793578311800957,
0.05869829282164574,
-0.01642826572060585,
-0.019431713968515396,
0.024471059441566467,
0.029389459639787674,
0.02051013521850109,
0.0012321198591962457,
-0.018302900716662407,
0.0018746363930404186,
-0.019592974334955215,
0.0187564417719841,
-0.03452959284186363,
-0.02894599735736847,
0.028240490704774857,
0.018897544592618942,
-0.01868589222431183,
-0.014664494432508945,
0.027555139735341072,
0.022072331979870796,
0.02034887485206127,
-0.054303981363773346,
-0.01690196432173252,
-0.0729697197675705,
0.00010417270823381841,
0.04898243397474289,
-0.05845640227198601,
0.03277590125799179,
0.007135712541639805,
0.014614100567996502,
0.009373181499540806,
-0.010673332959413528,
0.019774390384554863,
-0.04337868094444275,
0.012326237745583057,
0.00933790672570467,
-0.015057562850415707,
-0.024813735857605934,
0.06083497405052185,
0.0027439233381301165,
-0.011842461302876472,
-0.014452842064201832,
-0.013233319856226444,
-0.018726205453276634,
0.025942549109458923,
0.06406015157699585,
-0.04001240059733391,
-0.005397138651460409,
0.00941349659115076,
0.029288673773407936,
-0.03309841826558113,
-0.0005332257132977247,
0.05873860791325569,
-0.04249175637960434,
0.0029253398533910513,
-0.015430474653840065,
-0.00039936808752827346,
0.01675078272819519,
0.015480868518352509,
0.02396712452173233,
0.008224211633205414,
-0.017849359661340714,
0.02628522366285324,
-0.029449932277202606,
0.008204054087400436,
-0.012840251438319683,
0.01350544486194849,
-0.03672674670815468,
0.012810015119612217,
0.03315889090299606,
-0.05071596801280975,
-0.05648098140954971,
-0.04575725272297859,
-0.0044094268232584,
0.055594053119421005,
-0.024148542433977127,
0.040758222341537476,
0.03301778808236122,
-0.04122184216976166,
0.017426054924726486,
0.01939140073955059,
0.03293715789914131,
0.02620459534227848,
0.027071362361311913,
-0.007810984738171101,
0.015007169917225838,
0.0453944206237793,
0.024551689624786377,
0.006148001179099083,
0.02598286233842373,
0.0024906962644308805,
-0.05204635486006737,
0.025781288743019104,
0.005664223805069923,
-0.020238010212779045,
-0.018101327121257782,
0.020096907392144203,
-0.02036903239786625,
0.020177537575364113,
-0.029631348326802254,
0.011812224984169006,
0.027534982189536095,
-0.02499515190720558,
0.003855098970234394,
-0.0016251887427642941,
0.0009077120339497924,
-0.003900452982634306,
-0.056077830493450165,
-0.01273946464061737,
0.01659960299730301,
-0.026486797258257866,
0.04063727706670761,
-0.016639918088912964,
0.04547505080699921,
0.0007974763866513968,
0.012356474064290524,
-0.043015848845243454,
-0.008047834038734436,
0.0006103906780481339,
0.0022387290373444557,
-0.020631078630685806,
-0.008279643952846527,
-0.004220451693981886,
0.01250765472650528,
0.006107686087489128,
-0.014372211880981922,
0.019814705476164818,
0.08748303353786469,
0.018383530899882317,
-0.010441523045301437,
0.0047571416944265366,
-0.032654955983161926,
-0.008929719217121601,
-0.01883707195520401,
0.08038762956857681,
-0.024733105674386024,
-0.027212463319301605,
-0.025116095319390297,
-0.014090009033679962,
-0.004472418688237667,
0.0026985693257302046,
-0.029994182288646698,
-0.05119974538683891,
0.04200797900557518,
-0.0037618710193783045,
0.002968174172565341,
0.02348334714770317,
-0.046644177287817,
-0.008788618259131908,
0.025539400056004524,
-0.008808774873614311,
-0.025216883048415184,
0.040617119520902634,
-0.04152420163154602,
0.014059772714972496,
-0.018343215808272362,
-0.00410454673692584,
0.05877891927957535,
0.026406168937683105,
0.006415086332708597,
0.017899753525853157,
0.030719848349690437,
-0.019572816789150238,
0.02003643661737442,
-0.010053493082523346,
-0.01278985757380724,
0.01141915563493967,
-0.004180136602371931,
-0.015430474653840065,
0.0403752326965332,
-0.02197154425084591,
0.008269565179944038,
0.012285923585295677,
-0.00909601803869009,
0.026950417086482048,
-0.02967166341841221,
-0.017577236518263817,
-0.032675113528966904
] |
Games have a long history as benchmarks for progress in artificial
intelligence. Approaches using search and learning produced strong performance
across many perfect information games, and approaches using game-theoretic
reasoning and learning demonstrated strong performance for specific imperfect
information poker variants. We introduce Student of Games, a general-purpose
algorithm that unifies previous approaches, combining guided search, self-play
learning, and game-theoretic reasoning. Student of Games achieves strong
empirical performance in large perfect and imperfect information games -- an
important step towards truly general algorithms for arbitrary environments. We
prove that Student of Games is sound, converging to perfect play as available
computation and approximation capacity increases. Student of Games reaches
strong performance in chess and Go, beats the strongest openly available agent
in heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em poker, and defeats the state-of-the-art
agent in Scotland Yard, an imperfect information game that illustrates the
value of guided search, learning, and game-theoretic reasoning. | [
0.04375140741467476,
0.00769632076844573,
-0.0363236702978611,
0.011854741722345352,
0.024061420932412148,
0.03845381736755371,
-0.026747260242700577,
0.014975872822105885,
-0.04916013404726982,
0.04908604174852371,
-0.000009125849828706123,
0.009289301931858063,
0.024098467081785202,
-0.024932004511356354,
-0.00376712204888463,
0.06490471214056015,
0.04923422634601593,
-0.007677797693759203,
-0.05364270508289337,
-0.07531465590000153,
-0.027543751522898674,
-0.03762028366327286,
-0.04523324966430664,
-0.004443212877959013,
0.03297100216150284,
0.0026580553967505693,
0.025265417993068695,
0.007464782800525427,
-0.07801902294158936,
0.0759444385766983,
0.02865513414144516,
0.05512455105781555,
-0.021579334512352943,
-0.005214233882725239,
-0.019893739372491837,
-0.015568610280752182,
-0.018198881298303604,
0.0063395085744559765,
-0.017244944348931313,
0.028451379388570786,
-0.01268827822059393,
-0.0015848771436139941,
0.01854155771434307,
-0.024672681465744972,
0.03184109553694725,
-0.023246407508850098,
-0.015411164611577988,
-0.002674262970685959,
-0.02139410376548767,
-0.034749213606119156,
-0.018143311142921448,
-0.026302708312869072,
0.09002194553613663,
0.0020294298883527517,
-0.008590057492256165,
0.0021671950817108154,
0.048122841864824295,
-0.03741652891039848,
0.02311674691736698,
-0.015216672793030739,
-0.027988305315375328,
0.000982299679890275,
-0.02474677376449108,
0.026562031358480453,
0.04671509191393852,
-0.09528248757123947,
0.011011944152414799,
0.04075067490339279,
0.03461955115199089,
-0.013271753676235676,
0.01926395483314991,
0.018699003383517265,
-0.01840263418853283,
0.0289885476231575,
0.015087011270225048,
-0.02661759965121746,
0.03232269361615181,
0.04067658260464668,
-0.0465298630297184,
-0.007863027974963188,
-0.01130831241607666,
0.032619062811136246,
-0.014725811779499054,
-0.017476482316851616,
0.036860838532447815,
-0.036620039492845535,
0.02513575740158558,
-0.08098270744085312,
0.02367243729531765,
0.03208189457654953,
0.01207701861858368,
0.0208198893815279,
0.004200098104774952,
0.019412139430642128,
0.00012459635036066175,
0.019115770235657692,
-0.027543751522898674,
-0.031970757991075516,
-0.008784549310803413,
0.004047282971441746,
0.03863904997706413,
-0.028025349602103233,
0.0007339752046391368,
-0.015012918971478939,
0.03413795307278633,
-0.05201267823576927,
-0.06212625652551651,
0.03191518783569336,
0.024061420932412148,
0.1020248681306839,
-0.0097986850887537,
0.06916500627994537,
-0.03160029649734497,
0.010326591320335865,
-0.025691447779536247,
0.013892275281250477,
-0.03561979532241821,
0.017411651089787483,
0.04545552656054497,
-0.06568267941474915,
-0.02997026965022087,
0.04590007662773132,
0.03078528307378292,
-0.08520595729351044,
-0.041009996086359024,
0.058977339416742325,
-0.009053132496774197,
0.010993421077728271,
0.0068535227328538895,
0.01117865089327097,
-0.016828175634145737,
0.037916649132966995,
0.004626127891242504,
0.05819937214255333,
0.017504267394542694,
0.04286229982972145,
0.050086282193660736,
-0.01526298001408577,
-0.015244456939399242,
-0.008441872894763947,
-0.06890568882226944,
0.014985134825110435,
-0.03443431854248047,
0.0020826836116611958,
-0.0011924203718081117,
-0.021338535472750664,
0.0277475044131279,
0.07964904606342316,
-0.03599025681614876,
0.06260785460472107,
-0.06601609289646149,
0.047233738005161285,
-0.010576652362942696,
0.011484281159937382,
0.013669999316334724,
-0.0017423229292035103,
0.0050706807523965836,
0.03117426671087742,
-0.016346577554941177,
0.0318596176803112,
-0.007080429699271917,
-0.01600390113890171,
-0.005214233882725239,
0.07086912542581558,
-0.02433926612138748,
0.005978309083729982,
-0.011530588380992413,
0.020375337451696396,
-0.0006876676343381405,
0.04434414207935333,
0.002484401920810342,
-0.011595419608056545,
-0.0036768221762031317,
0.015429687686264515,
0.04875262454152107,
-0.0001432640856364742,
0.04627053812146187,
-0.019449185580015182,
-0.042417749762535095,
0.039713386446237564,
-0.06090373545885086,
0.017281990498304367,
0.012882770039141178,
0.022672193124890327,
0.027988305315375328,
0.047307830303907394,
0.07794492691755295,
0.004688642919063568,
0.02369096130132675,
-0.01539264153689146,
0.008622472174465656,
0.01926395483314991,
0.005103095900267363,
-0.06034804508090019,
-0.008381673134863377,
-0.0653122216463089,
-0.04956763982772827,
0.0008647941285744309,
-0.04464051127433777,
0.03819449618458748,
-0.0367126539349556,
-0.05475408956408501,
0.0071591525338590145,
0.013447722420096397,
0.04830807447433472,
0.03993565961718559,
-0.02702510729432106,
-0.016494762152433395,
0.00044021147186867893,
-0.07168414443731308,
-0.027321474626660347,
0.03647185489535332,
-0.05445772036910057,
-0.04152864217758179,
-0.07227687537670135,
-0.03586059436202049,
0.048937857151031494,
0.07142481952905655,
-0.025283941999077797,
-0.05190154165029526,
-0.03845381736755371,
0.05393907427787781,
-0.017189376056194305,
-0.028784794732928276,
0.05560614913702011,
0.028803318738937378,
0.01138240471482277,
-0.010428467765450478,
0.014549843035638332,
-0.030025837942957878,
0.0031905926298350096,
0.0058254944160580635,
0.020856935530900955,
0.04341799020767212,
0.009446747601032257,
-0.025932246819138527,
0.0208198893815279,
0.004033390432596207,
0.005561540834605694,
-0.02702510729432106,
-0.01715232990682125,
-0.058755062520504,
-0.029581286013126373,
-0.02317231521010399,
0.011826957575976849,
0.011326835490763187,
0.026339754462242126,
0.0383426807820797,
0.048122841864824295,
0.03110017441213131,
-0.03004436194896698,
-0.05430953577160835,
-0.022579578682780266,
0.03373044356703758,
-0.014679504558444023,
0.027803074568510056,
0.05853278934955597,
-0.045344386249780655,
0.02009749226272106,
-0.0330636166036129,
-0.004260297864675522,
0.02154228836297989,
0.028506949543952942,
0.05190154165029526,
-0.04230660945177078,
0.0391576923429966,
0.0005646630888804793,
0.02506166510283947,
-0.043232761323451996,
-0.0004141634562984109,
-0.032859861850738525,
-0.043714359402656555,
-0.04964173212647438,
0.010604437440633774,
0.01976407691836357,
-0.0506049282848835,
0.017050452530384064,
0.014429443515837193,
-0.028377288952469826,
0.0342676118016243,
-0.0001924659009091556,
-0.014503535814583302,
0.07312893867492676,
0.005640263669192791,
-0.04582598805427551,
-0.09194833785295486,
-0.05805118754506111,
0.020671706646680832,
-0.022894470021128654,
0.03934292495250702,
0.018059957772493362,
0.0005221180035732687,
-0.008525226265192032,
0.018699003383517265,
0.020116014406085014,
0.05668048560619354,
-0.07049866765737534,
-0.02752522937953472,
-0.0031929078977555037,
-0.04145454987883568,
-0.01731903664767742,
0.05116061866283417,
0.015096272341907024,
-0.01624470017850399,
-0.013827444985508919,
0.018726786598563194,
0.0228574238717556,
0.04586303234100342,
-0.03986157104372978,
-0.027414090931415558,
0.029247870668768883,
-0.06149647384881973,
0.0007183463894762099,
0.01882866397500038,
-0.014623935334384441,
0.018310019746422768,
0.03319327533245087,
0.005005849990993738,
-0.0620521642267704,
-0.044936880469322205,
-0.013132831081748009,
-0.009067025035619736,
-0.016763346269726753,
-0.0047210585325956345,
0.03724982216954231,
0.02719181403517723,
0.025117233395576477,
0.02458006702363491,
-0.04108408838510513,
0.007237875368446112,
-0.03597173094749451,
-0.03241530805826187,
-0.01926395483314991,
0.001777053577825427,
0.03647185489535332,
-0.008506703190505505,
-0.005112357437610626,
-0.006756276823580265,
-0.02007896825671196,
-0.04767828807234764,
-0.012743847444653511,
0.021579334512352943,
-0.001106751267798245,
-0.009330978617072105,
-0.0062052165158092976,
-0.02956276200711727,
-0.019801123067736626,
0.00810845848172903,
0.011400927789509296,
-0.0009880880825221539,
0.0010291860671713948,
-0.002669632202014327,
-0.0014667927753180265,
-0.01993078552186489,
0.04152864217758179,
-0.050160374492406845,
-0.019467709586024284,
-0.00458213547244668,
0.018597126007080078,
0.0024450405035167933,
0.06431197375059128,
-0.07516647130250931,
-0.003711553057655692,
0.0571250356733799,
-0.04393663629889488,
-0.025246895849704742,
0.01612430065870285,
0.0612371489405632,
-0.0013348161010071635,
0.011048989370465279,
-0.0005771082942374051,
0.023283453658223152,
-0.010873020626604557,
0.0013602853287011385,
-0.020616136491298676,
0.02369096130132675,
0.023728007450699806,
0.01691153086721897,
0.007867658510804176,
0.003912990912795067,
-0.017457960173487663,
0.025117233395576477,
0.005668048281222582,
0.013725568540394306,
-0.005853278562426567,
0.05201267823576927,
0.07631490379571915,
-0.056124791502952576,
0.01298464648425579,
0.04956763982772827,
0.050160374492406845,
0.02800682745873928,
-0.049826961010694504,
0.01677260734140873,
0.01419790554791689,
-0.014836950227618217,
0.04953059181571007,
-0.057680729776620865,
-0.009993176907300949,
-0.005107726436108351,
-0.0035471611190587282,
0.0024612480774521828,
-0.019986353814601898,
-0.009029978886246681,
-0.021042166277766228,
0.0003805904707405716,
-0.00328552327118814,
-0.0016902268398553133,
-0.03658299148082733,
0.005668048281222582,
0.016948577016592026,
-0.030470391735434532,
-0.060681458562612534,
0.036194007843732834,
0.02532098814845085,
-0.006029247771948576,
-0.01603168621659279,
0.010641482658684254,
0.047715336084365845,
-0.0669052004814148,
-0.00329478457570076,
0.01799512840807438,
0.055532056838274,
-0.02172751910984516,
-0.03378601372241974,
-0.0009371497435495257,
0.052864737808704376,
0.003945406060665846,
-0.0579400509595871,
-0.02072727493941784,
0.004730319604277611,
-0.0060570319183170795,
0.026636123657226562,
0.010030223056674004,
-0.02276480942964554,
-0.05149403586983681,
-0.010428467765450478,
0.020634660497307777,
0.01847672648727894,
-0.02398732863366604,
-0.02671021595597267,
-0.046418722718954086,
0.06442311406135559,
-0.05997758358716965,
0.025895200669765472,
0.028229104354977608,
-0.02726590633392334,
-0.03745357319712639,
-0.003081769682466984,
-0.0003198117483407259,
-0.058421649038791656,
-0.013568122871220112,
-0.057606637477874756,
0.027062153443694115,
0.06116305664181709,
0.014957349747419357,
-0.0027182551566511393,
0.0011848952854052186,
0.025506217032670975,
0.019560324028134346,
0.03867609426379204,
-0.005881063174456358,
0.024765295907855034,
-0.04675213620066643,
-0.01175286527723074,
0.0432698093354702,
-0.04097295179963112,
-0.10498856008052826,
-0.002692786045372486,
0.024543020874261856,
0.013595907017588615,
-0.04315866902470589,
-0.059792354702949524,
0.029840607196092606,
0.027636365965008736,
0.00991908460855484,
-0.0046492815017700195,
-0.05316110700368881,
0.02872922644019127,
0.0066451383754611015,
0.01538337953388691,
-0.003176700323820114,
-0.04193614795804024,
-0.020597614347934723,
-0.005380941554903984,
-0.0023547406308352947,
0.04604826122522354,
-0.004734950605779886,
0.023153793066740036,
0.010104315355420113,
-0.03289690986275673,
-0.006964660715311766,
0.0007559713558293879,
-0.01081745233386755,
0.023783575743436813,
0.030099930241703987,
0.006973922252655029,
-0.09068877249956131,
0.023227885365486145,
0.016087254509329796,
-0.032026324421167374,
-0.023320499807596207,
0.024024374783039093,
0.026839876547455788,
-0.006821107119321823,
0.029359009116888046,
0.031229835003614426,
0.06912796199321747,
-0.02432074397802353,
0.07031343877315521,
0.0261174775660038,
0.04097295179963112,
-0.011975141242146492,
-0.01677260734140873,
0.005788448266685009,
0.019301000982522964,
-0.012762370519340038,
0.022801855579018593,
0.07205460220575333,
0.02635827660560608,
0.0038412141148000956,
0.004894711542874575,
-0.03845381736755371,
0.03878723457455635,
-0.05175335705280304,
0.03239678591489792,
0.028025349602103233,
-0.0620151162147522,
-0.0007530770963057876,
0.0027668781112879515,
-0.015049965120851994,
0.05182744935154915,
-0.025265417993068695,
-0.04467755928635597,
-0.027728982269763947,
-0.0138830142095685,
0.05753254517912865,
0.055717285722494125,
0.0012491471134126186,
-0.005186449736356735,
-0.036379240453243256,
0.00763612100854516,
0.019282478839159012,
-0.00008234067354351282,
-0.019412139430642128,
-0.006672922987490892,
0.05249428004026413,
-0.03613843768835068,
0.0261360015720129,
0.03826858848333359,
-0.015012918971478939,
-0.001562881050631404,
-0.02915525622665882,
-0.009002194739878178,
-0.0027830859180539846,
-0.010474775917828083,
-0.06457129865884781,
-0.007960273884236813,
-0.0001635236549191177,
-0.016707776114344597,
0.04686327651143074,
-0.021079212427139282,
-0.020856935530900955,
-0.01976407691836357,
0.007890812121331692,
-0.022486964240670204,
0.05086425319314003,
0.04223251715302467,
-0.0029544238932430744,
0.057754818350076675,
-0.034174997359514236,
-0.01686522178351879,
0.010465513914823532,
-0.0009996650042012334,
0.02498757280409336,
0.025117233395576477,
-0.0497899167239666,
0.004825250245630741,
0.04382549971342087,
-0.04034316912293434,
0.03663856163620949,
-0.013623691163957119,
-0.0015767732402309775,
-0.013725568540394306,
-0.019152816385030746,
-0.02963685430586338,
-0.021320011466741562,
0.006385815795511007,
0.005103095900267363,
-0.037027545273303986,
-0.01351255364716053,
0.034156475216150284,
-0.01770802028477192,
-0.019782600924372673,
-0.020375337451696396,
-0.04630758613348007,
0.012854985892772675,
-0.04467755928635597,
-0.002780770417302847,
-0.04786352068185806,
0.04545552656054497,
0.0011472704354673624,
0.02570997178554535,
0.026636123657226562,
-0.0031188158318400383,
0.006413600407540798,
0.042565930634737015,
0.06101487576961517,
0.019301000982522964,
-0.0114287119358778,
0.053198155015707016,
0.024191083386540413,
0.018078481778502464,
-0.04645577073097229,
0.022672193124890327,
-0.037842556834220886,
-0.021764565259218216,
-0.002475140383467078,
-0.037842556834220886,
-0.00942822452634573,
0.035786502063274384,
-0.013012431561946869,
0.05649525299668312,
-0.014873996376991272,
0.007497197948396206,
0.06868340820074081,
-0.013123570010066032,
-0.02897002547979355,
0.019375093281269073,
-0.01016914565116167,
0.012178895063698292,
-0.028858887031674385,
-0.04582598805427551,
-0.013447722420096397,
-0.0338786281645298,
-0.029118210077285767,
0.003801852697506547,
0.044121868908405304,
0.04075067490339279,
-0.030433345586061478,
-0.013669999316334724,
0.019078725948929787,
0.03315623104572296,
0.06064441427588463,
-0.008784549310803413,
0.04767828807234764,
0.017161590978503227,
-0.04497392848134041,
0.013206923380494118,
-0.003452230477705598,
0.019986353814601898,
0.0318596176803112,
0.05401316657662392,
0.05605069920420647,
-0.024135513231158257,
-0.020504998043179512,
-0.00329478457570076,
-0.013558860868215561,
0.03656446933746338,
0.021671948954463005,
0.0677202120423317,
-0.012975385412573814,
0.01199366431683302,
-0.0018546187784522772,
0.023450160399079323,
0.0037092375569045544,
0.040120892226696014,
0.012188156135380268,
-0.05093834176659584,
0.06764612346887589,
-0.01558713335543871,
-0.022320255637168884,
-0.012299294583499432,
-0.014410920441150665,
0.03730539232492447,
-0.017735805362462997,
-0.007418475113809109,
0.055235687643289566,
-0.04226956516504288,
-0.07290666550397873,
-0.043306853622198105,
-0.007849135436117649,
-0.0014424812979996204,
-0.037138681858778,
-0.0031165005639195442,
-0.00002007867988140788,
-0.01200292631983757,
0.00636729272082448,
-0.009002194739878178,
-0.0011200647568330169,
-0.013994152657687664,
-0.0031489157117903233,
0.010252499021589756,
0.017068976536393166,
-0.009067025035619736,
0.04260297864675522,
-0.03028516098856926,
0.008460395969450474,
0.01775432750582695,
-0.0078583974391222,
-0.011817695572972298,
-0.0020907875150442123,
0.007890812121331692,
0.03174848109483719,
0.05790300294756889,
0.0006882465095259249,
0.003637460758909583,
0.03174848109483719,
0.02678430639207363,
0.008576164953410625,
0.0055106026120483875,
0.04930831491947174,
0.05108652636408806,
-0.007191568147391081,
-0.00630709296092391,
0.008187181316316128,
0.051234710961580276,
-0.03150768205523491,
-0.0007276079268194735,
0.0383426807820797,
0.01861565001308918,
-0.012993908487260342,
-0.0034105535596609116,
0.009099440649151802,
-0.027654889971017838,
-0.004792835097759962,
-0.0005985255120322108,
-0.013373630121350288,
0.012503048405051231,
-0.018912017345428467,
0.04345503821969032,
-0.0800195038318634,
0.003151231212541461,
0.020875459536910057,
0.027284428477287292,
-0.018310019746422768,
0.004637704696506262,
0.007478674873709679,
0.015726055949926376,
0.004568243399262428,
0.03356373682618141,
-0.015985378995537758,
0.01784694381058216,
0.04619644582271576,
0.018791617825627327,
0.012188156135380268,
0.01056739129126072,
0.030081408098340034,
0.004220936447381973,
-0.026580553501844406,
0.04964173212647438,
-0.013688522391021252,
0.03315623104572296,
-0.01457762811332941,
-0.008918840438127518,
0.010345114395022392,
-0.004843773320317268,
-0.010474775917828083,
-0.0018685110844671726,
0.0030354622285813093,
0.04882671684026718,
0.02537655644118786,
-0.010697051882743835,
0.02154228836297989,
0.0003965086943935603,
0.013030954636633396,
-0.05382793769240379,
0.023857668042182922,
-0.00025237633963115513,
0.005691202357411385,
0.02474677376449108,
0.00886327214539051,
0.019893739372491837,
-0.013169877231121063,
0.025728493928909302,
-0.0018766148714348674,
0.010576652362942696,
-0.000438474933616817,
-0.05886620283126831,
-0.02009749226272106,
-0.018532294780015945,
-0.008590057492256165,
-0.005728248506784439,
0.03602730110287666,
0.0009087863727472723,
0.021412627771496773,
0.01200292631983757,
-0.027766028419137,
0.025006096810102463,
0.0062330011278390884,
-0.04034316912293434,
0.017809897661209106,
-0.03534194827079773,
0.005038265138864517,
0.025265417993068695,
-0.018124788999557495,
-0.05356861278414726,
-0.016374362632632256,
0.016707776114344597,
-0.007330490741878748,
0.008451133966445923,
0.02759931981563568,
0.010706313885748386,
0.003317938419058919,
0.006455277558416128,
-0.06512698531150818,
-0.0058579095639288425,
0.024283697828650475,
0.03037777543067932,
0.05512455105781555,
0.03495296463370323,
-0.0033248846884816885,
0.03297100216150284,
0.025506217032670975,
-0.010104315355420113,
0.00975237786769867,
-0.04186205565929413,
0.048863764852285385,
-0.014262735843658447,
-0.008710457012057304,
-0.022005364298820496,
-0.03960224613547325,
0.021245919167995453,
0.0028895933646708727,
-0.08431684970855713,
-0.006640507839620113,
0.013605168089270592,
-0.002285279333591461,
0.01375335268676281,
0.016670729964971542,
0.0016311847139149904,
0.06583086401224136,
-0.02915525622665882,
0.011067512445151806,
-0.044936880469322205,
0.04319571703672409,
-0.008979041129350662,
0.029618332162499428,
-0.028303196653723717,
0.039231784641742706,
-0.01268827822059393,
0.018847187981009483,
-0.012151109986007214,
0.020227152854204178,
0.007631490007042885,
-0.0407877191901207,
-0.023894714191555977,
-0.017782112583518028,
-0.00013696915993932635,
-0.014855473302304745,
0.010206191800534725,
-0.010178407654166222,
0.06082964316010475,
0.0023651598021388054,
0.01432756707072258,
-0.0027599320746958256,
0.03165586665272713,
0.02671021595597267,
-0.0334896445274353,
0.024876434355974197,
-0.019412139430642128,
0.012410433031618595,
0.029210824519395828,
-0.04515915736556053,
-0.005306849256157875,
0.01854155771434307,
0.037768468260765076,
-0.023283453658223152,
0.009363393299281597,
-0.0293960552662611,
-0.004741896875202656,
-0.00046770661720074713,
-0.007863027974963188,
0.04552961885929108,
-0.018180357292294502,
0.05790300294756889,
0.013095784932374954,
-0.016948577016592026,
-0.0038944678381085396,
-0.05027151480317116,
-0.016133561730384827,
-0.031729958951473236,
0.002831708872690797,
-0.04916013404726982,
0.04523324966430664,
0.0003163387009408325,
0.005640263669192791,
-0.04745601490139961,
0.02341311424970627,
-0.0138830142095685,
0.03730539232492447,
-0.006858153268694878,
-0.011150866746902466,
0.006362662184983492,
0.044862788170576096,
0.05493931844830513,
-0.05034560710191727,
-0.04352913051843643,
-0.013456984423100948,
-0.023246407508850098,
0.006955399177968502,
0.015864979475736618,
-0.010910066775977612,
-0.015216672793030739,
0.01763392798602581,
0.0020166952162981033,
0.026395322754979134,
0.015531564131379128,
0.05338338389992714,
0.008020473644137383,
-0.04793761298060417,
-0.047641243785619736,
0.024394836276769638,
-0.011410188861191273,
-0.01801365055143833,
-0.02146819606423378,
-0.0001700356660876423,
-0.050567883998155594,
-0.0025191325694322586,
0.014133075252175331,
0.017550574615597725,
-0.01703193038702011,
-0.01546673383563757,
0.049826961010694504,
-0.024617113173007965,
-0.01237338688224554,
-0.0024404097348451614,
0.012827200815081596,
-0.013336584903299809,
-0.021523766219615936,
-0.020523522049188614,
0.02276480942964554,
0.029507193714380264,
0.02115330472588539,
0.048122841864824295,
-0.014438704587519169,
-0.011280527338385582,
-0.010511822067201138,
-0.03561979532241821,
-0.013920060358941555,
-0.028210580348968506,
-0.014864734373986721,
0.020449429750442505,
0.01412381324917078,
0.02596929296851158,
-0.0010581283131614327,
0.048863764852285385,
0.011150866746902466,
-0.006575677078217268,
-0.00624689320102334,
0.003283207770437002,
-0.005811601877212524,
-0.0004445528029464185,
0.0011096454691141844,
-0.04930831491947174,
-0.0052698031067848206,
-0.009770900011062622,
-0.02106069028377533,
0.03132244944572449,
0.043714359402656555,
0.03076675906777382,
0.018837925046682358,
-0.06864636391401291,
-0.009159640409052372,
-0.008182549849152565,
0.028914455324411392,
-0.02235730178654194,
-0.031711433082818985,
-0.018986109644174576,
0.007603705395013094,
0.010928589850664139,
-0.012262248434126377,
-0.01746722124516964,
0.006413600407540798,
0.022727763280272484,
0.00452888198196888,
-0.01952327787876129,
-0.02039385959506035,
-0.018198881298303604,
0.0005626371712423861,
0.017430175095796585,
-0.05027151480317116,
-0.03723130002617836,
-0.012623447924852371,
0.026487939059734344,
0.008594688028097153,
0.028229104354977608,
0.015605656430125237,
0.024061420932412148,
0.02220911718904972,
0.013901537284255028,
0.04197319597005844,
0.01273458544164896,
-0.014623935334384441,
-0.025191325694322586,
0.0023605292662978172,
0.004174628760665655,
0.0019460762850940228,
0.0167263001203537,
-0.002993785310536623,
-0.008478919044137001,
0.00884011760354042,
-0.004674750845879316,
0.009131855331361294,
0.037175729870796204,
0.03606434911489487,
0.04467755928635597,
-0.0004237144021317363,
-0.015179626643657684,
0.03365635126829147,
0.0015594079159200191,
0.010428467765450478,
0.02817353419959545,
-0.027414090931415558,
-0.04178796336054802,
0.03624957799911499,
-0.029284916818141937,
-0.008335364982485771,
0.007895443588495255,
-0.03532342612743378,
-0.015976116061210632,
-0.030896421521902084,
-0.000967828556895256,
-0.002827078104019165
] |
While modern policy optimization methods can do complex manipulation from
sensory data, they struggle on problems with extended time horizons and
multiple sub-goals. On the other hand, task and motion planning (TAMP) methods
scale to long horizons but they are computationally expensive and need to
precisely track world state. We propose a method that draws on the strength of
both methods: we train a policy to imitate a TAMP solver's output. This
produces a feed-forward policy that can accomplish multi-step tasks from
sensory data. First, we build an asynchronous distributed TAMP solver that can
produce supervision data fast enough for imitation learning. Then, we propose a
hierarchical policy architecture that lets us use partially trained control
policies to speed up the TAMP solver. In robotic manipulation tasks with 7-DoF
joint control, the partially trained policies reduce the time needed for
planning by a factor of up to 2.6. Among these tasks, we can learn a policy
that solves the RoboSuite 4-object pick-place task 88% of the time from object
pose observations and a policy that solves the RoboDesk 9-goal benchmark 79% of
the time from RGB images (averaged across the 9 disparate tasks). | [
-0.012736289761960506,
-0.021580180153250694,
-0.036751482635736465,
-0.05543499439954758,
0.0011218932922929525,
0.018149439245462418,
-0.052646949887275696,
0.04786744713783264,
-0.0976177304983139,
0.04598461464047432,
0.017678730189800262,
-0.030795207247138023,
0.03557471185922623,
-0.03646181523799896,
-0.024132870137691498,
0.02608812041580677,
0.0043495288118720055,
0.026070017367601395,
-0.012944487854838371,
-0.031501270830631256,
0.02438632771372795,
-0.0015886416658759117,
-0.024042349308729172,
0.01735285483300686,
0.016538167372345924,
-0.011939705349504948,
0.0029690852388739586,
0.004225062672048807,
-0.0532262846827507,
0.04229136183857918,
0.0020604818128049374,
0.027572663500905037,
-0.0032112286426126957,
0.016683001071214676,
0.008115198463201523,
0.045513905584812164,
-0.007345770485699177,
0.010943976230919361,
-0.02605191245675087,
0.025943288579583168,
-0.036715272814035416,
0.04348623752593994,
-0.04953303188085556,
-0.07524096220731735,
0.006377196870744228,
-0.018312375992536545,
0.018484367057681084,
-0.006241415627300739,
-0.01194875780493021,
0.018511522561311722,
0.0397929847240448,
-0.04182065278291702,
0.00921955332159996,
-0.038417067378759384,
0.008631167002022266,
0.028912372887134552,
0.04500698670744896,
0.016791624948382378,
0.05496428534388542,
0.03476002439856529,
-0.00149585772305727,
0.022521598264575005,
-0.026703663170337677,
-0.019190428778529167,
0.024585474282503128,
-0.056991953402757645,
0.040299899876117706,
-0.04953303188085556,
0.02027668058872223,
-0.05054686591029167,
-0.05398666113615036,
-0.04221894592046738,
-0.027011433616280556,
-0.02197847329080105,
0.026341579854488373,
-0.0013996793422847986,
0.027500247582793236,
0.002048035152256489,
0.03691441938281059,
-0.005295472219586372,
0.006178050767630339,
0.008391287177801132,
0.01377728022634983,
-0.01166814286261797,
0.09044847637414932,
-0.04080681875348091,
0.018067970871925354,
-0.044717319309711456,
0.01933526247739792,
-0.02435011975467205,
-0.030107248574495316,
0.013840644620358944,
-0.030740894377231598,
0.030324498191475868,
-0.013695810921490192,
0.033999647945165634,
-0.010590944439172745,
0.015605801716446877,
-0.010047819465398788,
-0.023390598595142365,
0.02793474681675434,
0.01853867806494236,
-0.012147903442382812,
-0.009486589580774307,
0.061517998576164246,
-0.007526812143623829,
-0.02990810200572014,
0.011568570509552956,
-0.014899739064276218,
0.08277230709791183,
-0.02118188887834549,
-0.02559930831193924,
-0.016148926690220833,
0.027391621842980385,
-0.08892772346735,
-0.02755456045269966,
-0.013342779129743576,
-0.07020800560712814,
0.0333297923207283,
-0.06655096262693405,
0.023209556937217712,
0.07828246802091599,
0.017262334004044533,
0.001893018139526248,
-0.011713403277099133,
0.05275557562708855,
-0.019570617005228996,
-0.02835114300251007,
0.05637641251087189,
-0.014419978484511375,
0.004571305122226477,
0.01913611590862274,
-0.009522797539830208,
0.06300254166126251,
-0.006350040435791016,
0.014501446858048439,
0.0054267277009785175,
0.020674971863627434,
-0.07187359035015106,
0.01607651077210903,
-0.014302301220595837,
0.026341579854488373,
-0.030034832656383514,
-0.004492099396884441,
0.01680067740380764,
0.0442466139793396,
-0.03157368674874306,
0.08965189009904861,
-0.016755416989326477,
0.059671372175216675,
-0.06868725270032883,
0.04066198319196701,
-0.079441137611866,
0.028459768742322922,
0.043015528470277786,
0.013732019811868668,
-0.01064525730907917,
0.020475825294852257,
0.021163783967494965,
-0.024513058364391327,
0.09884881228208542,
-0.02559930831193924,
0.017072239890694618,
0.07755830138921738,
0.0660078376531601,
0.016583427786827087,
0.056050535291433334,
-0.019805971533060074,
0.0065989731810987,
0.02945549786090851,
-0.008821261115372181,
-0.007363874465227127,
0.011939705349504948,
0.021507764235138893,
0.01283586211502552,
-0.016529114916920662,
0.015035520307719707,
0.004711612593382597,
-0.02820630930364132,
-0.009595214389264584,
-0.030324498191475868,
-0.023698369041085243,
0.0036909894552081823,
0.03682389855384827,
0.048989906907081604,
0.06872346252202988,
0.009676683694124222,
-0.002901194617152214,
0.04587598890066147,
-0.06962867081165314,
-0.028224414214491844,
0.03157368674874306,
0.029129622504115105,
0.015035520307719707,
-0.014175571501255035,
-0.07487887889146805,
-0.04591219499707222,
0.024187183007597923,
0.004621091764420271,
0.05116240680217743,
-0.0571729950606823,
-0.021417243406176567,
-0.02838735282421112,
0.011161225847899914,
0.0330401249229908,
0.011450893245637417,
-0.014438082464039326,
-0.05681091174483299,
0.03559281677007675,
-0.06550091505050659,
0.014827322214841843,
-0.03376429155468941,
-0.04229136183857918,
-0.058874789625406265,
-0.01582305133342743,
-0.01951630413532257,
-0.025363953784108162,
0.023915620520710945,
-0.02344491146504879,
-0.05047444999217987,
-0.016402386128902435,
0.007961312308907509,
0.011613830924034119,
-0.025997599586844444,
-0.02612433023750782,
0.049062322825193405,
0.02208709716796875,
-0.029781373217701912,
0.02197847329080105,
0.03593679517507553,
0.017171813175082207,
-0.0022732059005647898,
0.05677470564842224,
0.005096326116472483,
-0.026377787813544273,
0.02616053819656372,
0.0008452388574369252,
0.014899739064276218,
-0.001234478666447103,
-0.0011756400344893336,
0.020077534019947052,
-0.013134581968188286,
0.004987701307982206,
0.020149949938058853,
0.03376429155468941,
0.05029340833425522,
0.03711356595158577,
0.0487002395093441,
0.01868351176381111,
0.009975402615964413,
-0.016058405861258507,
-0.03809119015932083,
-0.040118858218193054,
0.027427829802036285,
-0.0006873930105939507,
0.09182438999414444,
0.01697266660630703,
-0.014935947023332119,
0.03182714432477951,
-0.033619459718465805,
0.04670878127217293,
0.08045496791601181,
0.026305371895432472,
0.02435011975467205,
0.009215027093887329,
0.018203752115368843,
0.007477025501430035,
0.02817010134458542,
0.023245764896273613,
0.059779997915029526,
-0.01694551110267639,
-0.024150975048542023,
-0.006083004176616669,
0.016284707933664322,
0.03885156661272049,
-0.06035933271050453,
0.014148415066301823,
0.003786036279052496,
0.015370447188615799,
0.005585139151662588,
-0.007572072558104992,
0.009169766679406166,
0.02027668058872223,
0.03564712777733803,
-0.033728085458278656,
-0.024060452356934547,
-0.031356438994407654,
0.03162800148129463,
-0.021652597934007645,
-0.0005230410606600344,
-0.03517641872167587,
0.027391621842980385,
-0.021272409707307816,
0.027590768411755562,
0.05242970213294029,
-0.000675512186717242,
-0.044536277651786804,
-0.014429030008614063,
0.01196686178445816,
0.02692091278731823,
-0.008024676702916622,
0.02291988953948021,
-0.013297518715262413,
-0.024893244728446007,
-0.024603579193353653,
0.01621229201555252,
-0.04258102923631668,
0.03823602572083473,
0.0010296751279383898,
0.011378476396203041,
0.024187183007597923,
0.03740323334932327,
-0.024549266323447227,
0.0441017784178257,
-0.03597300127148628,
0.0532262846827507,
0.04178444296121597,
0.019461991265416145,
-0.039249859750270844,
-0.03714977577328682,
-0.01053663156926632,
0.028151998296380043,
-0.06466812640428543,
0.031012458726763725,
0.011822029016911983,
0.015171301551163197,
0.02597949653863907,
0.016022197902202606,
0.009024932980537415,
-0.023227661848068237,
-0.03896019235253334,
-0.002279995009303093,
-0.034180689603090286,
-0.029871894046664238,
-0.018973179161548615,
0.002136293100193143,
-0.027264893054962158,
0.028930477797985077,
-0.04518802836537361,
-0.040227483958005905,
-0.03819981589913368,
0.0022030521649867296,
0.08928980678319931,
-0.029817581176757812,
0.02702953852713108,
-0.021924160420894623,
0.008210244588553905,
-0.009921089746057987,
-0.04084302857518196,
-0.013813488185405731,
0.0010206230217590928,
-0.08921739459037781,
-0.023843202739953995,
-0.01196686178445816,
0.056122954934835434,
-0.0021057422272861004,
-0.031247811391949654,
0.03968435898423195,
-0.05014857277274132,
-0.008934412151575089,
0.028894269838929176,
-0.06379912793636322,
-0.06032312288880348,
0.037620481103658676,
-0.07763072103261948,
0.03617214784026146,
-0.03389102220535278,
-0.0078074270859360695,
-0.013523821718990803,
0.01721707358956337,
-0.03088572807610035,
0.012147903442382812,
0.0532262846827507,
-0.016511010006070137,
-0.04938820004463196,
-0.002686207415536046,
0.029165832325816154,
0.008210244588553905,
-0.020856013521552086,
0.037475649267435074,
-0.03157368674874306,
-0.01620323956012726,
-0.02257591113448143,
0.022521598264575005,
-0.0056892381981015205,
0.058041997253894806,
0.022829368710517883,
-0.02427770383656025,
-0.0056892381981015205,
0.04602082073688507,
0.08588622510433197,
-0.02521912008523941,
0.0047025601379573345,
0.026721768081188202,
-0.012419466860592365,
-0.014293248765170574,
0.05376940965652466,
-0.0072959838435053825,
-0.02503807842731476,
-0.024494953453540802,
-0.051633115857839584,
-0.023607848212122917,
-0.021127576008439064,
0.04573115333914757,
0.013378988020122051,
-0.016646791249513626,
-0.017923137173056602,
-0.01391306146979332,
-0.013695810921490192,
0.03644371032714844,
-0.01603125035762787,
-0.04670878127217293,
0.0019428046653047204,
-0.0155333848670125,
-0.01083535049110651,
-0.02612433023750782,
0.01276344619691372,
0.0221595149487257,
0.0011790345888584852,
-0.039286065846681595,
0.010735778138041496,
0.049786489456892014,
0.0442466139793396,
-0.016085563227534294,
0.008563276380300522,
0.031012458726763725,
0.019679242745041847,
0.010989236645400524,
-0.04924336448311806,
-0.0006721176323480904,
0.08747939020395279,
-0.003161442233249545,
0.02567172423005104,
-0.026776080951094627,
-0.004302005283534527,
0.015316135250031948,
0.004614302422851324,
0.08103430271148682,
-0.059598956257104874,
-0.055145327001810074,
0.017370959743857384,
-0.03736702352762222,
-0.015270874835550785,
-0.03867052495479584,
0.004105122294276953,
-0.04956924170255661,
-0.023806994780898094,
-0.05822303891181946,
0.0333297923207283,
-0.007282405626028776,
-0.07429955154657364,
0.036986835300922394,
-0.028677018359303474,
-0.012500935234129429,
0.0263958927243948,
0.007802900858223438,
-0.005313576199114323,
-0.040155068039894104,
-0.046455323696136475,
-0.027771810069680214,
0.04750536382198334,
0.010084027424454689,
-0.014682488515973091,
-0.058041997253894806,
0.007060629781335592,
-0.01504457276314497,
-0.03566523268818855,
-0.024150975048542023,
-0.002371647395193577,
0.05373320356011391,
0.005829545669257641,
0.008911781944334507,
0.02121809683740139,
0.04859161376953125,
0.04134994372725487,
0.037656690925359726,
-0.017479583621025085,
-0.044753529131412506,
-0.0031840724404901266,
-0.049895115196704865,
-0.00029702167375944555,
0.01895507425069809,
0.04924336448311806,
-0.06003345549106598,
0.01955251209437847,
0.008748844265937805,
0.04218273609876633,
0.0032564890570938587,
-0.017017927020788193,
0.016130823642015457,
0.023173348978161812,
-0.0622059591114521,
-0.05720920488238335,
0.03733081743121147,
-0.016565322875976562,
-0.021580180153250694,
-0.006092056166380644,
-0.06293012201786041,
0.02626916393637657,
-0.0438845269382,
0.015370447188615799,
-0.011523309163749218,
0.003129759803414345,
0.009156187996268272,
-0.010708621703088284,
0.009712891653180122,
0.028296830132603645,
-0.014990259893238544,
-0.021507764235138893,
-0.024042349308729172,
-0.023988036438822746,
0.01607651077210903,
0.01777830347418785,
0.00033917048131115735,
0.02167070098221302,
0.029654644429683685,
0.015596750192344189,
-0.005322628654539585,
0.029926206916570663,
0.014302301220595837,
-0.004419682547450066,
0.010201704688370228,
0.01795029267668724,
-0.011903497390449047,
-0.0620611235499382,
0.0333297923207283,
0.014691540971398354,
-0.023607848212122917,
0.040372319519519806,
0.0037973513826727867,
-0.021580180153250694,
0.0620611235499382,
-0.03608162701129913,
-0.016565322875976562,
-0.0164838545024395,
-0.02462168224155903,
0.0396481491625309,
0.023426806554198265,
0.006503926124423742,
-0.01906369999051094,
-0.004589409101754427,
0.013569082133471966,
0.0264683086425066,
0.025092391297221184,
-0.00954995397478342,
0.0034760022535920143,
0.022793160751461983,
-0.057933371514081955,
0.001568274456076324,
0.009061140939593315,
0.013768227770924568,
0.015642009675502777,
-0.009006829001009464,
0.044608697295188904,
-0.05116240680217743,
-0.08429305255413055,
0.02355353534221649,
-0.025056183338165283,
-0.001378180575557053,
0.004236377775669098,
-0.0029985045548528433,
0.017751146107912064,
-0.010409902781248093,
0.011722455732524395,
0.0061689987778663635,
-0.026721768081188202,
0.02261211909353733,
0.06484916806221008,
0.01868351176381111,
0.0015116989379748702,
-0.02842356078326702,
-0.007888895459473133,
0.023571640253067017,
-0.023173348978161812,
0.024983765557408333,
0.03298581391572952,
-0.00420016935095191,
-0.005363362841308117,
-0.04048094153404236,
-0.047251906245946884,
-0.005892910063266754,
-0.0003264409606344998,
0.0053497846238315105,
0.03780152648687363,
0.002009563846513629,
-0.010844402946531773,
-0.0441741943359375,
-0.02257591113448143,
0.013261310756206512,
-0.01944388821721077,
0.008925359696149826,
0.012727237306535244,
0.023227661848068237,
0.013750123791396618,
-0.018846450373530388,
0.018484367057681084,
-0.0018602043855935335,
-0.02083790861070156,
0.01595883257687092,
-0.019118012860417366,
-0.010735778138041496,
0.036226462572813034,
0.01861109584569931,
0.019425783306360245,
0.006784541066735983,
0.004044021014124155,
0.022811265662312508,
0.006064899731427431,
0.003003030549734831,
0.04533286392688751,
0.004163960926234722,
0.018285220488905907,
-0.014410926029086113,
-0.04967786744236946,
0.0709683820605278,
-0.023988036438822746,
0.01777830347418785,
0.0331849604845047,
-0.014863530173897743,
-0.0027201527263969183,
0.019389575347304344,
-0.032605625689029694,
0.020530138164758682,
-0.015506229363381863,
0.0021996577270329,
0.0024644313380122185,
-0.012700080871582031,
-0.016981719061732292,
-0.020168054848909378,
-0.031428854912519455,
0.03412637487053871,
0.003206702647730708,
-0.004618828650563955,
-0.000604226952418685,
-0.010428006760776043,
0.006576342973858118,
-0.00897514633834362,
0.05945412069559097,
-0.0043042683973908424,
0.054421160370111465,
-0.04942440614104271,
-0.0199327003210783,
-0.012292737141251564,
0.05413149297237396,
-0.007757640443742275,
0.018448157235980034,
0.020584451034665108,
-0.04710707068443298,
0.06542850285768509,
0.018104178830981255,
-0.030559852719306946,
-0.0011643249308690429,
0.019570617005228996,
0.04866403341293335,
-0.013451404869556427,
0.00009801715350477025,
-0.010428006760776043,
0.03157368674874306,
-0.024187183007597923,
0.05221245065331459,
0.05014857277274132,
-0.03209870681166649,
0.03644371032714844,
0.016818782314658165,
0.02080170065164566,
-0.00347826536744833,
0.037511859089136124,
0.04323277994990349,
-0.012528091669082642,
0.037475649267435074,
0.013686759397387505,
-0.0310305617749691,
0.015442864038050175,
0.06369049847126007,
0.0334022082388401,
-0.04685361310839653,
0.025508787482976913,
0.06202491745352745,
-0.006567290984094143,
0.0022109728306531906,
0.0088348388671875,
-0.01735285483300686,
-0.04489836096763611,
-0.021308617666363716,
-0.012138851918280125,
-0.010337485931813717,
-0.0027427829336375,
-0.011595726013183594,
-0.007137572392821312,
0.023951828479766846,
-0.008513489738106728,
-0.008481808006763458,
0.005684711970388889,
-0.03019776940345764,
0.012564299628138542,
0.048229530453681946,
-0.06209733337163925,
-0.039249859750270844,
0.06343704462051392,
-0.01638428121805191,
-0.002668103203177452,
0.007454395294189453,
-0.0110978614538908,
-0.021236201748251915,
0.04142235964536667,
-0.043812111020088196,
-0.008536119945347309,
-0.010301277972757816,
-0.034560877829790115,
-0.03503158688545227,
0.022702639922499657,
0.016429541632533073,
-0.01843910664319992,
0.0018466261681169271,
0.019280949607491493,
0.041277527809143066,
0.03349272906780243,
-0.04844678193330765,
0.0004277112311683595,
0.013388040475547314,
0.032714251428842545,
0.01236515399068594,
0.004216010682284832,
-0.01975165866315365,
-0.03863431513309479,
0.01440187357366085,
-0.014546707272529602,
-0.002218893263489008,
0.003747564973309636,
-0.018339533358812332,
0.03537556529045105,
-0.08255505561828613,
-0.010943976230919361,
-0.009586162865161896,
0.005435779690742493,
0.01944388821721077,
0.014483342878520489,
0.035810064524412155,
0.013904009014368057,
-0.05253832787275314,
0.06781825423240662,
-0.006644233595579863,
0.03617214784026146,
-0.0010296751279383898,
0.03110297955572605,
0.021688805893063545,
0.031990084797143936,
0.028097685426473618,
0.028821852058172226,
-0.0657905861735344,
0.07618238031864166,
-0.005186846945434809,
0.02129051461815834,
0.018900763243436813,
-0.015008363872766495,
0.008033729158341885,
0.011559518054127693,
-0.009975402615964413,
0.010292225517332554,
0.01276344619691372,
0.0013544188113883138,
0.010572840459644794,
0.03477812558412552,
0.011677195318043232,
0.02299230732023716,
-0.018701616674661636,
-0.03202629089355469,
-0.004793081432580948,
0.038453273475170135,
-0.026214851066470146,
0.0071149421855807304,
-0.005580612923949957,
0.02626916393637657,
0.0005377506604418159,
0.0009895064868032932,
0.002405592706054449,
-0.03016156144440174,
0.004010075703263283,
-0.062242165207862854,
0.01823090761899948,
0.012591456063091755,
-0.015406656078994274,
-0.02514670416712761,
0.011577622033655643,
0.003684200346469879,
0.019606824964284897,
-0.011034497059881687,
-0.016601530835032463,
0.015189405530691147,
0.013243206776678562,
0.03050554171204567,
-0.013876852579414845,
-0.03613594174385071,
0.02205088920891285,
0.06188008189201355,
-0.0003369074547663331,
-0.023571640253067017,
-0.006060373969376087,
0.009278391487896442,
-0.02994431182742119,
-0.023571640253067017,
0.03729460760951042,
-0.009830568917095661,
0.006793593056499958,
0.004449102096259594,
-0.031392645090818405,
-0.029165832325816154,
-0.005082747898995876,
-0.006101108156144619,
0.008631167002022266,
-0.003098077606409788,
0.0331125408411026,
-0.02824251912534237,
0.011287955567240715,
0.01757010444998741,
-0.009540902450680733,
0.017823563888669014,
0.021797431632876396,
0.024404432624578476,
-0.056086745113134384,
0.01466438453644514,
-0.02570793405175209,
0.03262373059988022,
0.0658629983663559,
-0.026305371895432472,
0.01951630413532257,
-0.02883995696902275,
0.007617332972586155,
0.005218529608100653,
0.019679242745041847,
0.049207158386707306,
0.027536455541849136,
-0.02080170065164566,
0.012582403607666492,
-0.03776531666517258,
-0.014573863707482815,
0.0026296318974345922,
0.007481551729142666,
-0.014148415066301823,
0.06589920818805695,
-0.01843910664319992,
-0.0351221077144146,
-0.05405907705426216,
-0.036154042929410934,
0.014718697406351566,
-0.004442312754690647,
-0.015279926359653473,
0.013333727605640888,
-0.004367633257061243,
0.01909990794956684,
0.04656394571065903,
0.05507291108369827,
0.05141586810350418,
-0.02310093119740486,
-0.03729460760951042,
0.02253970317542553,
0.022811265662312508,
0.0665871649980545,
-0.0015671428991481662,
0.0007286932086572051,
0.032967709004879,
0.026667455211281776,
-0.010898715816438198,
-0.018556782975792885,
-0.006440561730414629,
0.02378888987004757,
0.00923313107341528,
-0.005363362841308117,
-0.02476651594042778,
-0.044753529131412506,
-0.011939705349504948,
0.030650373548269272,
-0.01620323956012726,
0.04717949032783508,
-0.011016393080353737,
0.031066769734025,
0.01659248024225235,
-0.05206761881709099,
-0.019570617005228996,
-0.029998624697327614,
0.01064525730907917,
0.02487514168024063,
0.04134994372725487,
-0.04859161376953125,
0.040263693779706955,
-0.004143593832850456,
0.010373693890869617,
0.013170789927244186,
-0.008961568586528301,
-0.03338410332798958,
0.002559478161856532,
0.039249859750270844,
-0.05387803539633751,
-0.005241159815341234,
0.044753529131412506,
0.0063862488605082035,
-0.019118012860417366,
-0.02114568091928959,
-0.019878387451171875,
-0.0051325345411896706,
0.005358836613595486,
0.01281775813549757,
-0.032334063202142715,
-0.0005513288197107613,
0.008685479871928692,
-0.01523466594517231,
0.0013691284693777561,
-0.02034909650683403,
0.021906055510044098,
-0.04594840481877327,
-0.0009708365541882813,
0.004632406868040562,
0.03990161046385765,
0.026178641244769096,
-0.01937147043645382,
0.004421945661306381,
-0.041856858879327774,
-0.07400988042354584,
0.005648503545671701,
-0.03166420757770538,
0.012093591503798962,
-0.016683001071214676,
0.039358485490083694,
0.042074110358953476,
-0.0033402210101485252,
0.021725013852119446,
0.010871559381484985,
0.01281775813549757,
0.051886577159166336,
0.02121809683740139,
-0.01700887642800808,
0.019353367388248444,
-0.004426471423357725,
0.019733553752303123,
0.021399138495326042,
0.03896019235253334,
-0.014700592495501041,
-0.033094439655542374,
-0.013659602962434292,
-0.02487514168024063,
-0.028785644099116325,
-0.0008548566838726401,
-0.019661137834191322,
0.043051738291978836,
0.033094439655542374,
0.019353367388248444,
0.01281775813549757,
0.03247889503836632,
0.00841844268143177,
-0.01902749203145504,
0.021127576008439064,
0.009074719622731209,
0.023644058033823967,
-0.02831493504345417,
0.0044717323035001755,
-0.03367377072572708,
-0.006092056166380644,
-0.02024047076702118,
-0.0009889407083392143,
0.05811441317200661,
0.059562746435403824,
0.018629198893904686,
-0.01079914253205061,
-0.005073695909231901,
-0.027771810069680214,
0.04710707068443298,
-0.018348585814237595,
-0.046310488134622574,
0.000049043937906390056,
-0.002396540716290474,
0.004729716572910547,
-0.021199993789196014,
-0.0022754690144211054,
-0.007413661107420921,
0.0007185096037574112,
0.01125174667686224,
-0.0441741943359375,
-0.010111183859407902,
-0.03175472840666771,
0.006051321513950825,
0.03729460760951042,
-0.056267786771059036,
0.04236377775669098,
0.0005742419161833823,
-0.01582305133342743,
-0.01944388821721077,
-0.016257552430033684,
-0.002065007807686925,
-0.030451228842139244,
-0.02911151945590973,
-0.019534409046173096,
-0.006970108952373266,
0.04750536382198334,
-0.024295806884765625,
-0.0395757332444191,
-0.026287266984581947,
-0.02393372356891632,
-0.03253320977091789,
0.042037904262542725,
-0.02110947296023369,
-0.03050554171204567,
-0.033510833978652954,
-0.03776531666517258,
0.05829545482993126,
0.042870692908763885,
-0.01944388821721077,
0.039358485490083694,
-0.006114686373621225,
-0.015035520307719707,
-0.014501446858048439,
-0.03284097835421562,
0.00925123505294323,
0.015026467852294445,
-0.02556310035288334,
0.003326642792671919,
0.030179666355252266,
0.0443914458155632,
-0.011152174323797226,
-0.003514473559334874,
-0.015361395664513111,
-0.0029690852388739586,
-0.016619635745882988,
0.07495129853487015,
-0.030487436801195145
] |
Sparse events, such as malign attacks in real-time network traffic, have
caused big organisations an immense hike in revenue loss. This is due to the
excessive growth of the network and its exposure to a plethora of people. The
standard methods used to detect intrusions are not promising and have
significant failure to identify new malware. Moreover, the challenges in
handling high volume data with sparsity, high false positives, fewer detection
rates in minor class, training time and feature engineering of the
dimensionality of data has promoted deep learning to take over the task with
less time and great results. The existing system needs improvement in solving
real-time network traffic issues along with feature engineering. Our proposed
work overcomes these challenges by giving promising results using deep-stacked
autoencoders in two stages. The two-stage deep learning combines with shallow
learning using the random forest for classification in the second stage. This
made the model get well with the latest Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity -
Intrusion Detection System 2017 (CICIDS-2017) dataset. Zero false positives
with admirable detection accuracy were achieved. | [
-0.014214685186743736,
0.03605813905596733,
-0.018395476043224335,
-0.034141551703214645,
0.025686020031571388,
0.0019154123729094863,
-0.04115024581551552,
0.016422517597675323,
-0.01039090659469366,
0.025084739550948143,
0.0368473194539547,
-0.0769641101360321,
0.014581091701984406,
-0.04351779446005821,
-0.05659567937254906,
-0.005482001695781946,
0.021383095532655716,
-0.05505489557981491,
0.07128950953483582,
-0.08094760775566101,
0.0368473194539547,
0.001142083783634007,
-0.03408518061041832,
-0.02794082835316658,
-0.035719916224479675,
0.03372817113995552,
0.011809556744992733,
0.000715784088242799,
-0.06862132251262665,
0.08162404596805573,
0.03102239966392517,
0.03558838739991188,
0.01974835991859436,
-0.02132672630250454,
-0.03866995871067047,
-0.029763465747237206,
0.03316446766257286,
0.08929039537906647,
-0.002324096392840147,
0.024539826437830925,
0.05520521476864815,
-0.020274482667446136,
-0.06339768320322037,
0.04411907494068146,
0.04618598520755768,
0.004138512071222067,
-0.034028809517621994,
-0.04686242714524269,
-0.033483900129795074,
-0.023450003936886787,
-0.037392232567071915,
-0.041676368564367294,
-0.036828529089689255,
-0.04137572646141052,
-0.038049884140491486,
0.04302925243973732,
0.05467909201979637,
0.016995614394545555,
0.06343526393175125,
0.009000441990792751,
-0.005261218640953302,
0.06174415722489357,
0.03994768112897873,
-0.004457943141460419,
-0.04043622314929962,
-0.006205419544130564,
0.022153489291667938,
-0.04926755279302597,
0.04254071041941643,
-0.03594539687037468,
-0.08327757567167282,
-0.014224080368876457,
0.016366148367524147,
0.01761568710207939,
-0.00010664830915629864,
0.012213543057441711,
-0.000034479038731660694,
0.03942155838012695,
0.019034337252378464,
0.008112611249089241,
0.015971556305885315,
0.01835789531469345,
0.0018743091495707631,
0.004535452462732792,
0.06666715443134308,
-0.000739858893211931,
-0.017061380669474602,
-0.08034632354974747,
0.01873369701206684,
-0.006877164356410503,
-0.02459619753062725,
0.012918170541524887,
0.01159347128123045,
-0.014797177165746689,
-0.06794487684965134,
-0.011931692250072956,
-0.05482941493391991,
-0.015567569993436337,
-0.03239407390356064,
-0.014318030327558517,
-0.04678726568818092,
0.007281150668859482,
0.03211222216486931,
0.010052685625851154,
-0.003981145564466715,
0.005087410565465689,
-0.0037204332184046507,
0.04445729777216911,
-0.018188783898949623,
0.10484857112169266,
-0.006698658689856529,
-0.01946650817990303,
0.005073317792266607,
0.022660819813609123,
0.00519545329734683,
0.02320573292672634,
-0.004436804447323084,
-0.04239039123058319,
-0.019522879272699356,
-0.019222237169742584,
0.019785940647125244,
0.023731853812932968,
-0.01490052230656147,
0.02867364138364792,
-0.02933129295706749,
0.04705032706260681,
0.014148919843137264,
-0.003285912796854973,
-0.012965145520865917,
0.02636246383190155,
-0.04073686525225639,
-0.03866995871067047,
-0.023224521428346634,
0.01584002561867237,
0.014148919843137264,
0.05020705610513687,
0.02972588501870632,
0.017277466133236885,
0.01758750155568123,
0.004035166930407286,
0.02784687839448452,
-0.008305209688842297,
-0.0026235629338771105,
-0.005500792060047388,
0.03453614190220833,
0.048666272312402725,
-0.004528406076133251,
0.05419054999947548,
-0.031811583787202835,
0.007750902324914932,
-0.054641515016555786,
0.06005305424332619,
0.018498821184039116,
0.040098000317811966,
0.032826244831085205,
-0.016131272539496422,
0.040098000317811966,
-0.015295114368200302,
0.01575547084212303,
-0.02057512290775776,
0.0428413525223732,
-0.005364563781768084,
0.031886741518974304,
0.037204332649707794,
0.032544396817684174,
0.04761402681469917,
0.0041549536399543285,
0.007079157512634993,
-0.07121435552835464,
0.049305133521556854,
0.02440829575061798,
-0.026475204154849052,
-0.021458255127072334,
0.02273598127067089,
0.00852129515260458,
0.007257663179188967,
0.027734138071537018,
-0.024427086114883423,
-0.02655036374926567,
-0.0031308948528021574,
-0.038312945514917374,
0.028636060655117035,
-0.009615816175937653,
0.0075536067597568035,
0.030289586633443832,
0.041300565004348755,
0.055167634040117264,
-0.025310220196843147,
0.04581018164753914,
-0.023130571469664574,
-0.004194882232695818,
0.03759892284870148,
0.028429370373487473,
-0.04088718444108963,
0.00044685127795673907,
-0.05524279549717903,
-0.018930992111563683,
0.04145088791847229,
0.0030674783047288656,
0.002292388118803501,
-0.010935818776488304,
-0.025592070072889328,
0.024182815104722977,
-0.035550806671381,
0.004176092334091663,
-0.016723159700632095,
0.0491923950612545,
-0.021101243793964386,
0.006252394523471594,
-0.0018402521964162588,
-0.055468276143074036,
-0.006360437721014023,
-0.013265786692500114,
0.029500404372811317,
0.015407854691147804,
0.008037450723350048,
-0.025873921811580658,
-0.0010416742879897356,
-0.006097376812249422,
-0.033389948308467865,
0.01833910495042801,
0.022040747106075287,
0.017672058194875717,
-0.012908775359392166,
-0.05896322801709175,
-0.06888438016176224,
-0.028823962435126305,
0.005768550559878349,
-0.04374327510595322,
0.008803145959973335,
-0.03248802572488785,
-0.02904944308102131,
0.031041190028190613,
-0.02115761488676071,
0.0004879545303992927,
-0.0889897570014,
-0.013049701228737831,
-0.017944512888789177,
-0.0038402199279516935,
-0.024727728217840195,
0.006482572760432959,
0.027245596051216125,
-0.07087612897157669,
-0.03696006163954735,
-0.034141551703214645,
0.015699099749326706,
0.022566869854927063,
0.09470193833112717,
-0.010447276756167412,
0.03960946202278137,
-0.0013211765326559544,
-0.013124861754477024,
-0.0013129558647051454,
0.0059282658621668816,
-0.05385233089327812,
-0.003955308813601732,
0.05637019872665405,
-0.049117233604192734,
0.004598869010806084,
-0.08245081454515457,
-0.004166697151958942,
-0.02812873013317585,
-0.013857673853635788,
0.04178910702466965,
-0.042240068316459656,
-0.00269872322678566,
0.06922260671854019,
0.08478078246116638,
0.04137572646141052,
0.010813683271408081,
0.04821531102061272,
-0.016647998243570328,
-0.07677621394395828,
-0.016704369336366653,
0.00805154349654913,
0.007835458032786846,
0.05148478224873543,
-0.027527447789907455,
-0.016807714477181435,
0.06290914118289948,
-0.002129149390384555,
-0.03840689733624458,
0.011668630875647068,
0.012758455239236355,
-0.055280376225709915,
-0.03761771321296692,
-0.036922480911016464,
-0.01591518707573414,
-0.051747843623161316,
-0.026287302374839783,
-0.023168152198195457,
-0.014233475551009178,
-0.04900449514389038,
0.004173743538558483,
0.006247696932405233,
-0.00018892824300564826,
-0.003910682629793882,
-0.03863237798213959,
-0.021928006783127785,
-0.02040601149201393,
-0.06257092207670212,
0.00539744645357132,
0.060954976826906204,
0.0223601795732975,
-0.05772308260202408,
-0.009615816175937653,
-0.01201624795794487,
0.04874143376946449,
-0.020368432626128197,
-0.030289586633443832,
-0.02431434579193592,
0.01252357941120863,
-0.002945343032479286,
-0.009122577495872974,
-0.011527705937623978,
0.01937255822122097,
0.048290472477674484,
-0.0054491194896399975,
0.03603934869170189,
-0.02106366492807865,
0.059113550931215286,
0.032450444996356964,
-0.07004936784505844,
0.05839952826499939,
-0.041488468647003174,
-0.0030510369688272476,
0.052198804914951324,
0.00468342425301671,
-0.0491923950612545,
-0.018320314586162567,
-0.020744234323501587,
0.0232996828854084,
-0.06087981536984444,
-0.0161876417696476,
-0.03789956495165825,
0.016234617680311203,
-0.04735096916556358,
0.04994399845600128,
-0.014693832024931908,
-0.028109939768910408,
-0.02542296051979065,
-0.030890868976712227,
-0.033108096569776535,
-0.021928006783127785,
-0.0004430345434229821,
0.003934170119464397,
-0.07328125834465027,
0.013538243249058723,
-0.007826062850654125,
-0.032469235360622406,
0.0010628130985423923,
-0.02205953747034073,
-0.002942994236946106,
-0.007699229754507542,
0.018113624304533005,
-0.04787708818912506,
-0.03284503519535065,
-0.0059799388982355595,
0.0033258418552577496,
0.011678026057779789,
0.021909218281507492,
-0.009160157293081284,
-0.00020933308405801654,
-0.0011779023334383965,
-0.00856827013194561,
0.023224521428346634,
-0.010832473635673523,
-0.012805430218577385,
-0.0070556700229644775,
0.05828678607940674,
-0.008803145959973335,
0.05336378887295723,
-0.04768918827176094,
-0.011922297067940235,
-0.04712548851966858,
0.006045703776180744,
0.01722109504044056,
0.004561288747936487,
-0.012918170541524887,
0.04693758487701416,
-0.002090394962579012,
0.025686020031571388,
-0.06121803820133209,
0.03062780760228634,
0.020913343876600266,
0.017850562930107117,
0.0009905888000503182,
0.06847099959850311,
0.02252928912639618,
0.04667452350258827,
0.0116498414427042,
-0.04043622314929962,
-0.05543069541454315,
-0.02504715882241726,
0.03121029958128929,
-0.021570995450019836,
-0.011631051078438759,
-0.0180666483938694,
0.020424801856279373,
-0.03008289635181427,
-0.0786176398396492,
0.05392749235033989,
-0.010964003391563892,
-0.006111469119787216,
-0.0555434376001358,
-0.00446968711912632,
0.02346879243850708,
-0.0060363090597093105,
-0.005763852968811989,
-0.008084425702691078,
-0.009686279110610485,
-0.005918871145695448,
-0.00602691387757659,
0.02542296051979065,
0.025930291041731834,
0.07192837446928024,
-0.014975682832300663,
-0.0393088199198246,
-0.027546238154172897,
0.004037515725940466,
-0.019071917980909348,
0.006590615957975388,
0.05655809864401817,
0.02579876221716404,
-0.0003916554560419172,
0.04175152629613876,
-0.007708624936640263,
-0.006802004296332598,
0.07147741317749023,
-0.01982351951301098,
0.06358558684587479,
0.0011150729842483997,
0.03267592564225197,
-0.0011438452638685703,
-0.035532016307115555,
-0.008845423348248005,
0.012307493947446346,
-0.006360437721014023,
-0.05171026289463043,
0.009639304131269455,
-0.016535257920622826,
-0.000313265627482906,
-0.004861929919570684,
-0.0006776168011128902,
-0.04216491058468819,
0.00986478477716446,
0.0075630019418895245,
0.003271820256486535,
0.028936702758073807,
-0.03203706443309784,
-0.040173161774873734,
0.05095865949988365,
-0.028429370373487473,
-0.03960946202278137,
0.06768181920051575,
-0.007337520830333233,
-0.0005783817614428699,
-0.0501318983733654,
0.018386080861091614,
0.01242962945252657,
-0.004077444318681955,
0.09154520183801651,
-0.071552574634552,
0.0012025642208755016,
0.0187149066478014,
0.0322437547147274,
-0.08117308467626572,
-0.06711811572313309,
0.008159586228430271,
0.00026173974038101733,
0.03615208715200424,
-0.013265786692500114,
-0.01565212570130825,
0.015680311247706413,
-0.011048559099435806,
0.02615577168762684,
-0.022660819813609123,
-0.04490825906395912,
-0.015060238540172577,
0.004591822624206543,
-0.00034849700750783086,
-0.0038942412938922644,
-0.021307935938239098,
-0.03314567729830742,
-0.022698400542140007,
0.04201458767056465,
0.03062780760228634,
0.0063698324374854565,
-0.006975812371820211,
-0.0249532088637352,
0.017380811274051666,
-0.005782642867416143,
-0.015990346670150757,
-0.039083339273929596,
-0.022322598844766617,
-0.013303367421030998,
-0.036640629172325134,
0.015548779629170895,
0.06215754151344299,
0.06711811572313309,
-0.01039090659469366,
-0.05494215339422226,
0.06294672191143036,
0.03325841948390007,
-0.02739591710269451,
0.01648828387260437,
0.05892564728856087,
0.04227764904499054,
-0.017474761232733727,
-0.0018531703390181065,
0.015896396711468697,
0.007558304350823164,
-0.042052168399095535,
-0.010259375907480717,
-0.01080428808927536,
0.024708937853574753,
-0.039834942668676376,
0.01685469038784504,
0.017305651679635048,
0.035625964403152466,
0.005528977140784264,
0.018977968022227287,
-0.005082712974399328,
0.026306092739105225,
-0.04667452350258827,
0.018132414668798447,
0.0409623458981514,
-0.025779971852898598,
-0.00014540282427333295,
-0.020988503471016884,
-0.03472404181957245,
0.041413307189941406,
-0.017089566215872765,
-0.01387646421790123,
0.017202306538820267,
0.030383538454771042,
0.008131401613354683,
0.03397243842482567,
-0.03288261592388153,
-0.05110898241400719,
0.00105283095035702,
0.020142951980233192,
-0.04171394929289818,
-0.017164725810289383,
0.0015219954075291753,
0.010907633230090141,
0.04445729777216911,
-0.022698400542140007,
0.013425502926111221,
-0.010700942948460579,
0.00796229112893343,
-0.010494251735508442,
0.03679095208644867,
0.0074878414161503315,
-0.012288703583180904,
0.0250659491866827,
-0.02944403514266014,
-0.0015490060904994607,
0.0107103381305933,
-0.03827536478638649,
-0.029763465747237206,
0.05930145084857941,
-0.021458255127072334,
-0.007003997452557087,
0.00556655740365386,
-0.03316446766257286,
0.019522879272699356,
0.05306314677000046,
0.014271055348217487,
0.01118008978664875,
-0.004058654420077801,
-0.007093250285834074,
-0.045396801084280014,
-0.043066833168268204,
0.025686020031571388,
0.01537027396261692,
0.05306314677000046,
-0.03299535810947418,
0.03363421931862831,
0.027358336374163628,
-0.04742612689733505,
-0.024239186197519302,
0.008046845905482769,
0.007624069694429636,
0.044833097606897354,
-0.007656951900571585,
-0.007036880124360323,
-0.027865668758749962,
0.015877606347203255,
-0.012758455239236355,
-0.02282993122935295,
-0.0029711793176829815,
-0.019898680970072746,
-0.03498710319399834,
-0.02690737508237362,
0.019485298544168472,
0.004286483861505985,
0.003833173541352153,
0.026118192821741104,
-0.01892159692943096,
0.0018848784966394305,
0.05858742818236351,
0.013256391510367393,
0.045321639627218246,
0.0006053924444131553,
-0.036189667880535126,
0.024182815104722977,
0.010625782422721386,
0.016629209741950035,
0.013293972238898277,
-0.007952895946800709,
-0.008530690334737301,
0.05986515060067177,
-0.026606734842061996,
0.016647998243570328,
0.017023799940943718,
0.05347653105854988,
-0.018198179081082344,
-0.04550953954458237,
-0.005186058580875397,
0.040285903960466385,
-0.002243064111098647,
0.032262545078992844,
0.01210080273449421,
0.02282993122935295,
0.024013705551624298,
0.008836029097437859,
-0.0014209988294169307,
-0.00038783872150816023,
-0.0675690770149231,
-0.027828088030219078,
0.004093885887414217,
-0.003109755925834179,
-0.03137941285967827,
-0.08290177583694458,
-0.026249723508954048,
0.005016947630792856,
0.05430329218506813,
0.0021350213792175055,
0.015417249873280525,
0.005364563781768084,
0.043442633002996445,
0.004436804447323084,
0.05103382095694542,
-0.010917028412222862,
0.00814079586416483,
-0.05599439889192581,
-0.021664947271347046,
0.039158497005701065,
0.09845995157957077,
0.025028368458151817,
-0.013312761671841145,
-0.0024262673687189817,
0.02523505873978138,
-0.01354763749986887,
-0.030233217403292656,
0.053438950330019,
0.018677325919270515,
-0.012175963260233402,
-0.013660378754138947,
-0.02438950724899769,
-0.028015989810228348,
-0.03417913243174553,
0.0026376554742455482,
0.030045315623283386,
0.006595313549041748,
0.04780193045735359,
0.007050972431898117,
0.03231891617178917,
0.02972588501870632,
0.005186058580875397,
-0.022792350500822067,
-0.05328862741589546,
0.025404170155525208,
0.0064027151092886925,
-0.01805725321173668,
0.05445361137390137,
0.0546039342880249,
-0.01591518707573414,
-0.02876759134232998,
-0.019673200324177742,
0.0005860151723027229,
-0.007995173335075378,
0.02747107669711113,
-0.05606955662369728,
-0.018301524221897125,
-0.002755093388259411,
0.039834942668676376,
-0.033577848225831985,
-0.03677216172218323,
-0.012006852775812149,
-0.023243311792612076,
0.01428984571248293,
0.00009226216207025573,
0.017446577548980713,
-0.013989204540848732,
0.008685708045959473,
0.011443150229752064,
-0.00628527719527483,
0.025592070072889328,
-0.013002726249396801,
0.003696945495903492,
-0.05212364345788956,
0.011565285734832287,
-0.0002635013370309025,
0.02544175088405609,
0.0151823740452528,
-0.010447276756167412,
0.006261789705604315,
-0.04103750362992287,
0.019353767856955528,
0.06287156045436859,
0.015689706429839134,
0.021082455292344093,
0.09079360216856003,
0.03457372263073921,
0.015811840072274208,
0.0015548779629170895,
-0.014477746561169624,
0.016601024195551872,
0.020462382584810257,
-0.005045132711529732,
0.003417443251237273,
-0.06726843863725662,
-0.02606182172894478,
0.020894553512334824,
-0.006576523184776306,
-0.016328567638993263,
-0.03017684631049633,
-0.003729828167706728,
0.07474688440561295,
-0.029199764132499695,
-0.026136983186006546,
0.00991175975650549,
-0.009376242756843567,
-0.03043990768492222,
0.049305133521556854,
0.020049000158905983,
0.0276589784771204,
0.005176663398742676,
0.03560717776417732,
-0.08598334342241287,
0.011527705937623978,
-0.001391639350913465,
-0.008577665314078331,
-0.006740936543792486,
0.013528848066926003,
0.021364305168390274,
0.010766708292067051,
0.023262102156877518,
0.008779658935964108,
-0.007628766819834709,
0.04178910702466965,
-0.009545354172587395,
-0.033559057861566544,
0.043818436563014984,
0.016159458085894585,
0.0180666483938694,
-0.033953651785850525,
0.026475204154849052,
0.02207832783460617,
0.028654851019382477,
0.0075301192700862885,
-0.007873037829995155,
0.08147373050451279,
-0.04227764904499054,
-0.005965846125036478,
0.022867510095238686,
0.025742391124367714,
0.005688692443072796,
0.06298430263996124,
0.004746840335428715,
0.04231522977352142,
-0.04641146585345268,
-0.015154188498854637,
-0.020424801856279373,
0.05298798903822899,
-0.004058654420077801,
0.028203889727592468,
-0.025291429832577705,
-0.041300565004348755,
0.013491267338395119,
-0.02532901056110859,
0.0786176398396492,
-0.010616387240588665,
0.012927565723657608,
-0.009221225045621395,
-0.019635619595646858,
-0.06054159253835678,
0.028448160737752914,
-0.02812873013317585,
0.02243533916771412,
0.0021373701747506857,
-0.003682852955535054,
0.0064778756350278854,
-0.0008349835989065468,
-0.050808340311050415,
0.05310072749853134,
-0.01168742123991251,
-0.04618598520755768,
0.025930291041731834,
0.00404925923794508,
-0.010606992989778519,
0.027583817020058632,
-0.03624603897333145,
-0.06456267088651657,
-0.024276765063405037,
-0.011283434927463531,
0.008911188691854477,
-0.013303367421030998,
0.030759338289499283,
0.0010064429370686412,
-0.00800926610827446,
0.012363864108920097,
-0.0055054896511137486,
0.002041070954874158,
-0.015905791893601418,
-0.006083284039050341,
-0.03491194173693657,
-0.055167634040117264,
0.0015255184844136238,
-0.012786639854311943,
-0.03303293511271477,
-0.012091407552361488,
-0.03697885200381279,
0.003819081000983715,
0.01796330325305462,
0.014609276317059994,
0.03773045539855957,
-0.004833744838833809,
0.017362020909786224,
0.0036217854358255863,
-0.01434621587395668,
0.028373001143336296,
-0.025949081405997276,
0.00763346441090107,
-0.019992630928754807,
0.020706653594970703,
0.007769692689180374,
0.03243165463209152,
0.018226364627480507,
0.00940442830324173,
0.01299333106726408,
-0.020838184282183647,
0.007835458032786846,
-0.012843010015785694,
-0.0421273298561573,
0.0029641329310834408,
0.013256391510367393,
-0.008789053186774254,
0.007159015163779259,
0.04862869158387184,
0.004476733505725861,
0.026118192821741104,
-0.05896322801709175,
0.01695803552865982,
0.04137572646141052,
0.007609976921230555,
0.026851005852222443,
-0.02514110878109932,
0.012843010015785694,
0.009615816175937653,
0.014515326358377934,
0.0011450196616351604,
0.0354192741215229,
0.025761181488633156,
-0.022209858521819115,
-0.014242870733141899,
0.016807714477181435,
-0.04468277841806412,
-0.005853105802088976,
-0.031416989862918854,
-0.037110380828380585,
0.05001915618777275,
0.006219511851668358,
-0.02970709465444088,
-0.00345972110517323,
-0.027414707466959953,
-0.016704369336366653,
-0.02096971496939659,
0.01601853221654892,
0.030684178695082664,
0.03566354513168335,
0.0021103592589497566,
0.05028221756219864,
-0.023637903854250908,
0.00473039923235774,
0.015013263560831547,
0.03538169339299202,
-0.056407779455184937,
-0.01798209361732006,
0.022021958604454994,
-0.042615871876478195,
-0.002668189350515604,
0.02459619753062725,
-0.00763816200196743,
-0.02850453183054924,
0.015492409467697144,
-0.031811583787202835,
-0.02328089252114296,
0.0006006949115544558,
-0.023506373167037964,
-0.03149215131998062,
0.019673200324177742,
0.047275807708501816,
0.007210688199847937,
-0.002402779646217823,
-0.03669700026512146,
-0.028617272153496742,
-0.011518310755491257,
-0.02711406536400318,
-0.0482528917491436,
0.0026235629338771105,
-0.015032052993774414,
0.02553570084273815,
0.00446968711912632,
0.008906491100788116,
0.012025642208755016,
0.01972956955432892,
-0.0075630019418895245,
0.04171394929289818,
0.044945839792490005,
-0.02897428348660469,
0.005618229974061251,
0.0005531325587071478,
0.02040601149201393,
-0.017343230545520782,
-0.02151462621986866,
-0.000884307490196079,
0.023149361833930016,
-0.009470193646848202,
0.035719916224479675,
0.03945913910865784,
0.028654851019382477,
0.024257976561784744,
-0.014637461863458157,
0.0053410762920975685,
0.014966287650167942,
-0.03912092000246048,
-0.01075731310993433,
-0.027414707466959953,
0.015107213519513607,
0.012326283380389214,
0.005007552914321423,
0.019917471334338188,
-0.0231869425624609,
0.05903838947415352,
-0.023224521428346634,
-0.01126464456319809,
0.0049089048989117146,
-0.04656178504228592,
0.008821936324238777,
0.014938103035092354,
0.012608134187757969,
-0.02281114086508751,
-0.0020692560356110334,
-0.011706211604177952,
-0.02160857617855072,
-0.04370569437742233,
0.019485298544168472,
0.03491194173693657,
0.009789624251425266,
0.006097376812249422,
-0.006158444099128246,
0.00805154349654913,
0.040173161774873734,
-0.00941382348537445,
-0.02944403514266014,
-0.03791835531592369,
0.02207832783460617,
0.028429370373487473,
-0.06148109585046768,
-0.03848205506801605,
-0.02264202944934368,
-0.02170252613723278,
0.025592070072889328,
0.026963746175169945,
-0.017549922689795494,
0.010606992989778519,
-0.0018602166092023253,
0.012373258359730244,
-0.009615816175937653,
-0.012749060057103634,
-0.025216268375515938,
0.007337520830333233,
-0.04077444598078728,
0.03549443557858467,
-0.010090265423059464,
-0.07425834238529205,
0.012936960905790329,
-0.03583265841007233,
0.0016993266763165593,
-0.0000027386888632463524,
0.01486294250935316,
-0.035532016307115555,
0.012805430218577385,
-0.017747217789292336,
-0.023337261751294136,
-0.008403857238590717,
0.04107508435845375,
-0.008709196001291275,
0.014064365066587925,
0.014881732873618603,
-0.009770834818482399,
-0.028109939768910408,
-0.007346916012465954,
0.02718922682106495,
-0.028936702758073807,
0.0018989711534231901,
0.017164725810289383,
-0.019992630928754807,
-0.029406454414129257,
0.009395033121109009,
0.03605813905596733,
0.011659236624836922,
0.010578807443380356,
-0.031886741518974304,
0.0018872272921726108,
-0.01355703268200159,
-0.0326007641851902,
0.0070321825332939625,
0.0004359882732387632,
-0.012410839088261127,
0.0075207240879535675
] |
More and more orgainizations and institutions make efforts on using external
data to improve the performance of AI services. To address the data privacy and
security concerns, federated learning has attracted increasing attention from
both academia and industry to securely construct AI models across multiple
isolated data providers. In this paper, we studied the efficiency problem of
adapting widely used XGBoost model in real-world applications to vertical
federated learning setting. State-of-the-art vertical federated XGBoost
frameworks requires large number of encryption operations and ciphertext
transmissions, which makes the model training much less efficient than training
XGBoost models locally. To bridge this gap, we proposed a novel batch
homomorphic encryption method to cut the cost of encryption-related computation
and transmission in nearly half. This is achieved by encoding the first-order
derivative and the second-order derivative into a single number for encryption,
ciphertext transmission, and homomorphic addition operations. The sum of
multiple first-order derivatives and second-order derivatives can be
simultaneously decoded from the sum of encoded values. We are motivated by the
batch idea in the work of BatchCrypt for horizontal federated learning, and
design a novel batch method to address the limitations of allowing quite few
number of negative numbers. The encode procedure of the proposed batch method
consists of four steps, including shifting, truncating, quantizing and
batching, while the decoding procedure consists of de-quantization and shifting
back. The advantages of our method are demonstrated through theoretical
analysis and extensive numerical experiments. | [
-0.022030791267752647,
0.040055982768535614,
-0.01634487882256508,
-0.042364295572042465,
0.06025370582938194,
0.01009886059910059,
-0.012958790175616741,
0.049017660319805145,
-0.05801328644156456,
0.04677724093198776,
-0.003110279329121113,
-0.06120418384671211,
0.0028981182258576155,
-0.03493017703294754,
-0.03151862695813179,
0.06110234931111336,
0.02012982964515686,
-0.06195099279284477,
0.018483459949493408,
-0.04996814206242561,
-0.0056434809230268,
-0.0784146785736084,
0.021810144186019897,
-0.016175149008631706,
0.013094572350382805,
0.029481882229447365,
0.013680136762559414,
0.04497811943292618,
-0.03401364013552666,
0.06846857815980911,
0.014392998069524765,
-0.005982938222587109,
-0.03211268037557602,
-0.02493315190076828,
0.004323839675635099,
0.02405056357383728,
0.06378406286239624,
0.03153559938073158,
-0.05275169387459755,
0.007260147016495466,
-0.03543936088681221,
0.06317304074764252,
-0.05119019001722336,
0.05054521933197975,
0.019077511504292488,
0.010446804575622082,
-0.03574487566947937,
0.008142736740410328,
-0.01645520143210888,
0.037849511951208115,
-0.01177068892866373,
-0.024814343079924583,
0.0508846789598465,
0.001155216246843338,
-0.05410952493548393,
0.0041265301406383514,
0.06748414784669876,
0.027343301102519035,
0.06008397415280342,
-0.02189500816166401,
-0.01647217385470867,
-0.03263883665204048,
-0.045758869498968124,
-0.002480161376297474,
-0.007128607481718063,
0.04749010130763054,
-0.009895185939967632,
0.059608735144138336,
-0.021436739712953568,
-0.019858263432979584,
-0.048270855098962784,
-0.0009594978182576597,
0.02537444792687893,
-0.0088089220225811,
-0.04222851246595383,
-0.05040943622589111,
0.042364295572042465,
0.011499122716486454,
0.022998245432972908,
0.04986630380153656,
0.014588185586035252,
0.002125852508470416,
-0.05651967227458954,
-0.015233155339956284,
0.0777357667684555,
-0.024610668420791626,
-0.06534557044506073,
-0.05757199227809906,
-0.030364472419023514,
0.022879434749484062,
-0.01984129101037979,
0.00529129384085536,
0.017431141808629036,
-0.06646578013896942,
-0.025340501219034195,
0.0599142462015152,
-0.037849511951208115,
-0.027801567688584328,
-0.05112229660153389,
-0.03476044535636902,
-0.017719680443406105,
0.0343530997633934,
0.023473486304283142,
-0.011999822221696377,
0.02279457077383995,
-0.016752226278185844,
0.0035176281817257404,
-0.028616266325116158,
0.024593695998191833,
0.09348659217357635,
-0.025646014139056206,
-0.008537355810403824,
-0.019875235855579376,
0.10238038003444672,
-0.02175922505557537,
0.0332498624920845,
-0.05577286705374718,
-0.06239228695631027,
0.03173927590250969,
-0.015334991738200188,
0.08812316507101059,
0.03615222126245499,
-0.0015890853246673942,
-0.012271388433873653,
-0.06565108150243759,
0.05512789636850357,
-0.009428432211279869,
-0.028056161478161812,
-0.010081887245178223,
-0.053396664559841156,
-0.044434987008571625,
0.007535956334322691,
-0.004395974334329367,
-0.055161841213703156,
0.050443384796381,
-0.002143886173143983,
0.07345860451459885,
0.027241462841629982,
-0.06626210361719131,
-0.007468064781278372,
0.011524582281708717,
0.027546975761651993,
-0.014664563350379467,
0.0702676996588707,
-0.0013716204557567835,
0.018771998584270477,
0.007659009657800198,
0.03374207392334938,
0.0021810142789036036,
0.04626805707812309,
-0.030958523973822594,
0.07040348649024963,
0.051020462065935135,
0.026749249547719955,
0.031773220747709274,
-0.05231039971113205,
0.02433910220861435,
0.007361984346061945,
0.002811132464557886,
-0.07502010464668274,
0.04959474131464958,
0.0021597982849925756,
0.04803323373198509,
0.019790371879935265,
0.032655809074640274,
0.037543997168540955,
0.03798529505729675,
0.022998245432972908,
-0.09246821701526642,
0.05248012766242027,
0.03223148733377457,
-0.0014798224437981844,
-0.004913647193461657,
0.016616445034742355,
-0.020825717598199844,
0.03944496065378189,
0.030466310679912567,
-0.019637616351246834,
-0.04728642851114273,
-0.04891582578420639,
-0.05332877114415169,
0.016243040561676025,
0.03309710696339607,
0.03167138248682022,
0.041549596935510635,
0.04151565209031105,
0.00849068071693182,
0.03598249331116676,
0.02751302905380726,
-0.014036566950380802,
0.016599470749497414,
0.01812702976167202,
0.0347943939268589,
-0.05244618281722069,
0.060627106577157974,
-0.07142185419797897,
0.04002203792333603,
-0.02145371399819851,
0.021419767290353775,
-0.019399994984269142,
-0.0400899313390255,
-0.029617665335536003,
-0.004472352564334869,
-0.013586785644292831,
0.022455113008618355,
0.028090108186006546,
0.01576779969036579,
-0.0031208873260766268,
-0.01797427423298359,
-0.05356639251112938,
0.004599648993462324,
0.04511389881372452,
-0.06378406286239624,
-0.02812405303120613,
-0.00728560658171773,
0.006139937322586775,
-0.00036518200067803264,
-0.022675760090351105,
-0.048576366156339645,
-0.011040855199098587,
0.02914242632687092,
0.0029044831171631813,
0.04209272935986519,
-0.03420034050941467,
-0.011388799175620079,
-0.020231666043400764,
-0.0017354764277115464,
0.008609490469098091,
-0.02707173489034176,
0.004429920110851526,
0.02744513750076294,
0.0018436785321682692,
-0.01321338303387165,
-0.0383247509598732,
0.009046542458236217,
-0.05013787001371384,
0.012483549304306507,
0.020655987784266472,
-0.03869815543293953,
-0.02175922505557537,
-0.002932064002379775,
0.016616445034742355,
-0.02116517536342144,
-0.051020462065935135,
0.017261413857340813,
0.06683918088674545,
-0.049153443425893784,
0.10781169682741165,
-0.00021401734557002783,
0.0500020869076252,
-0.02235327661037445,
-0.021283984184265137,
0.022828515619039536,
-0.03228240832686424,
0.004629351664334536,
-0.04039544239640236,
-0.0017588140908628702,
-0.0264267660677433,
0.0014914913335815072,
-0.031331926584243774,
0.0427376963198185,
0.009852753952145576,
-0.026681357994675636,
0.06191704794764519,
0.026596494019031525,
0.0008762246579863131,
0.04307715594768524,
0.055161841213703156,
0.012806033715605736,
0.0005359715432859957,
-0.01147366315126419,
-0.033708129078149796,
-0.02871810458600521,
-0.04623410850763321,
-0.01057410053908825,
-0.01865318976342678,
-0.04816901683807373,
0.0035664252936840057,
0.018670162186026573,
0.05533157289028168,
0.015716882422566414,
0.011388799175620079,
0.03401364013552666,
-0.0001983704714803025,
0.01572536863386631,
-0.053159043192863464,
-0.05512789636850357,
-0.02138582244515419,
-0.025340501219034195,
-0.014121431857347488,
0.016421256586909294,
0.0037488837260752916,
-0.007943305186927319,
-0.005715615581721067,
0.05499211326241493,
0.0008035595528781414,
-0.030143825337290764,
0.0005391539889387786,
0.051325973123311996,
-0.014520294032990932,
-0.046879079192876816,
-0.035473309457302094,
0.03345353528857231,
-0.0011159664718434215,
-0.02286246232688427,
-0.014418456703424454,
-0.02856534719467163,
0.04861031100153923,
0.014520294032990932,
0.006521827075630426,
0.03693297505378723,
-0.027869459241628647,
-0.007255903910845518,
0.007930575869977474,
-0.02997409738600254,
-0.019332103431224823,
0.056112322956323624,
0.030432363972067833,
0.013663164339959621,
-0.04718459025025368,
0.03136587142944336,
0.05200488865375519,
-0.07013192027807236,
0.0019900696352124214,
-0.060491323471069336,
-0.01880594529211521,
0.007909359410405159,
0.012517495080828667,
-0.06626210361719131,
0.012441117316484451,
-0.058929819613695145,
-0.06127207726240158,
-0.029481882229447365,
-0.009691511280834675,
-0.027428165078163147,
-0.017549952492117882,
-0.044502876698970795,
-0.01968853361904621,
0.005579832475632429,
0.003941949922591448,
-0.03863026201725006,
-0.001506342669017613,
-0.049153443425893784,
0.01594601571559906,
-0.0176178440451622,
0.025051962584257126,
-0.026918979361653328,
0.01967156119644642,
0.010777775198221207,
-0.059676628559827805,
0.0009600282064639032,
0.033860884606838226,
-0.011872525326907635,
-0.013484949246048927,
0.023269811645150185,
-0.036966919898986816,
-0.001152033917605877,
-0.00862222071737051,
-0.01321338303387165,
-0.01472396869212389,
0.020180748775601387,
0.003095427993685007,
-0.02759789489209652,
-0.018160976469516754,
-0.0645308718085289,
-0.027954325079917908,
-0.037917401641607285,
-0.058115120977163315,
-0.004230489023029804,
0.014622131362557411,
-0.007272876799106598,
0.03968258202075958,
0.01687103696167469,
0.011550040915608406,
-0.03683113679289818,
-0.03235029801726341,
-0.039920199662446976,
-0.05495816841721535,
-0.020961500704288483,
0.046573568135499954,
-0.005965965334326029,
-0.018534379079937935,
0.00044262074516154826,
-0.029549773782491684,
0.05672334507107735,
0.042873479425907135,
-0.029464909806847572,
0.015088885091245174,
-0.03241819143295288,
0.016989847645163536,
0.05231039971113205,
-0.036966919898986816,
-0.0037807077169418335,
-0.03530357778072357,
0.048202965408563614,
0.024101482704281807,
0.030602091923356056,
-0.006602448411285877,
0.019790371879935265,
-0.008482194505631924,
-0.014486348256468773,
0.007336525246500969,
-0.01592055708169937,
-0.03270673006772995,
0.008189411833882332,
-0.022234465926885605,
0.03360629081726074,
0.03672930225729942,
0.048949770629405975,
0.017125630751252174,
0.03683113679289818,
-0.026511630043387413,
-0.0022849731612950563,
-0.05251407250761986,
0.027411192655563354,
0.016149690374732018,
-0.02552720345556736,
-0.026460710912942886,
-0.02775065042078495,
-0.001156277023255825,
0.00822760071605444,
-0.012738142162561417,
0.03004198707640171,
0.01446937583386898,
-0.004446892999112606,
0.023184945806860924,
0.03981836512684822,
0.013824406079947948,
0.02197987213730812,
0.045690979808568954,
0.03338564559817314,
0.007064959034323692,
0.01025161612778902,
-0.03798529505729675,
-0.029923178255558014,
0.045385465025901794,
0.006797636393457651,
-0.019586697220802307,
-0.018704107031226158,
-0.021419767290353775,
-0.002223446499556303,
-0.001431025448255241,
-0.014409970492124557,
0.014121431857347488,
-0.016022393479943275,
0.012568413279950619,
-0.03275764733552933,
-0.01592055708169937,
-0.03241819143295288,
-0.04297531768679619,
-0.085475392639637,
0.02085966244339943,
-0.08859840780496597,
-0.038664206862449646,
0.022149601951241493,
-0.02530655637383461,
0.01669282279908657,
-0.041923001408576965,
0.039037611335515976,
-0.03981836512684822,
-0.021640414372086525,
0.044434987008571625,
0.013120031915605068,
-0.04137986898422241,
0.027173571288585663,
-0.0015318018849939108,
-0.005384644493460655,
-0.0911782830953598,
-0.020299557596445084,
0.019773399457335472,
-0.0029511586762964725,
-0.016998333856463432,
0.00864343624562025,
0.010811720974743366,
0.0054822382517158985,
0.0418551079928875,
0.0010905071394518018,
-0.08513593673706055,
-0.0015519572189077735,
-0.008473707363009453,
0.015445316210389137,
-0.08140190690755844,
0.008851354010403156,
-0.006632150616496801,
0.001148851471953094,
0.01368862297385931,
-0.011465176939964294,
-0.00902956910431385,
0.02323586493730545,
-0.025340501219034195,
0.006453935522586107,
-0.04837269335985184,
0.010166752152144909,
-0.005770777352154255,
0.040361497551202774,
0.022981273010373116,
-0.04182116314768791,
0.04623410850763321,
0.06317304074764252,
-0.0020091640762984753,
-0.006797636393457651,
-0.056553617119789124,
0.014062026515603065,
-0.0225739236921072,
-0.0060423435643315315,
-0.0022340547293424606,
-0.02389780804514885,
-0.014333592727780342,
-0.003125130431726575,
0.004362028557807207,
0.003808288834989071,
0.048644259572029114,
-0.00443840678781271,
-0.056349944323301315,
-0.014520294032990932,
0.01760087162256241,
-0.00829124916344881,
-0.015733854845166206,
0.0023592296056449413,
0.03493017703294754,
0.018483459949493408,
0.008354897610843182,
-0.012127119116485119,
0.02396569959819317,
0.01706622540950775,
0.04219456762075424,
0.017549952492117882,
0.008329438045620918,
0.062256503850221634,
-0.016243040561676025,
-0.05125807970762253,
0.053600337356328964,
-0.036288004368543625,
-0.014639104716479778,
0.02226841077208519,
0.01649763435125351,
0.0025289582554250956,
0.008354897610843182,
-0.027920378372073174,
0.003184535540640354,
-0.013111545704305172,
0.014562726020812988,
-0.003619465511292219,
0.006487881299108267,
-0.004748161882162094,
-0.008308222517371178,
0.045181792229413986,
-0.009122920222580433,
-0.020435340702533722,
-0.003086941549554467,
0.026952924206852913,
-0.0047142161056399345,
-0.019943127408623695,
0.025951525196433067,
-0.028514429926872253,
-0.039037611335515976,
-0.01073534321039915,
-0.017872437834739685,
0.00008227866055676714,
-0.006059315986931324,
-0.005571346264332533,
0.018483459949493408,
-0.014248727820813656,
-0.002666862914338708,
-0.03275764733552933,
-0.024678559973835945,
-0.004828782752156258,
0.037476107478141785,
-0.04762588441371918,
0.0211482010781765,
0.015071912668645382,
-0.007582631893455982,
0.002910848008468747,
-0.012203496880829334,
-0.02323586493730545,
-0.006551529746502638,
0.016217581927776337,
0.01250900886952877,
0.02590060606598854,
0.012882411479949951,
0.047388266772031784,
-0.025544175878167152,
-0.006432719528675079,
0.005028214305639267,
0.02863323874771595,
-0.025255637243390083,
-0.03808712959289551,
-0.027716703712940216,
0.002475918037816882,
-0.05200488865375519,
-0.04609832912683487,
0.04979841411113739,
-0.014791860245168209,
0.016090285032987595,
0.019196320325136185,
-0.01782151870429516,
0.03328380733728409,
0.03625405952334404,
0.03900366649031639,
-0.008516139350831509,
0.0003885196929331869,
0.018534379079937935,
0.031552575528621674,
0.03594854846596718,
0.01665038987994194,
-0.0029702531173825264,
0.0008316708263009787,
0.0025395662523806095,
0.007892386987805367,
-0.0032354542054235935,
0.041990891098976135,
0.006776420399546623,
0.03907155618071556,
-0.03055117465555668,
0.033776018768548965,
0.051529645919799805,
0.002581998473033309,
0.023405594751238823,
-0.025255637243390083,
0.012517495080828667,
0.03138284385204315,
-0.028361672535538673,
0.028005242347717285,
0.041617486625909805,
0.011295448057353497,
0.02671530470252037,
0.014800346456468105,
-0.020333504304289818,
-0.0025310798082500696,
-0.025510231032967567,
-0.048949770629405975,
-0.009708484634757042,
-0.052208561450242996,
-0.026104280725121498,
-0.028819940984249115,
-0.020893609151244164,
-0.016531579196453094,
0.015004021115601063,
-0.004820296540856361,
0.00899562332779169,
-0.015869637951254845,
-0.0038761801552027464,
0.017235953360795975,
0.05808117613196373,
-0.015165263786911964,
-0.017957301810383797,
0.0076547665521502495,
-0.01576779969036579,
0.027546975761651993,
0.03683113679289818,
0.019179347902536392,
0.039478905498981476,
0.042500078678131104,
0.023643214255571365,
-0.006339368876069784,
-0.07081083208322525,
-0.010480750352144241,
0.02293035387992859,
-0.001244323910214007,
0.04596254602074623,
0.025764822959899902,
0.010888098739087582,
0.01704925298690796,
0.02101241797208786,
0.017719680443406105,
-0.027428165078163147,
0.0034157910849899054,
0.07053926587104797,
0.011830093339085579,
0.060050029307603836,
0.0046760267578065395,
-0.01799124665558338,
0.004472352564334869,
0.07644582539796829,
0.02938004583120346,
-0.015564125962555408,
0.024322129786014557,
0.03676324710249901,
0.031484682112932205,
-0.010854152962565422,
-0.02442396618425846,
0.022251438349485397,
-0.01843254268169403,
-0.035337526351213455,
-0.06337671726942062,
-0.010387399233877659,
-0.006114478223025799,
0.01028556190431118,
-0.02396569959819317,
-0.009038055315613747,
-0.02768275886774063,
-0.020333504304289818,
0.028157999739050865,
-0.01276360172778368,
-0.007294092793017626,
0.01446088869124651,
0.02092755399644375,
0.01989220827817917,
-0.0052828071638941765,
0.01542834285646677,
-0.009241729974746704,
-0.00424534035846591,
0.003695843508467078,
0.023626241832971573,
-0.00004455379530554637,
-0.015165263786911964,
-0.0037510052789002657,
0.025510231032967567,
-0.026070335879921913,
-0.048712149262428284,
-0.0037700997199863195,
0.010412858799099922,
0.014409970492124557,
0.01738022267818451,
0.03608433157205582,
-0.016268501058220863,
-0.007663252763450146,
0.016896497458219528,
-0.010794748552143574,
-0.00008539477857993916,
0.005439806263893843,
0.022675760090351105,
0.007947548292577267,
-0.033911801874637604,
-0.005287050269544125,
0.021283984184265137,
0.024101482704281807,
0.03187505900859833,
-0.01693892851471901,
0.00004047632683068514,
0.07366227358579636,
-0.02878599613904953,
-0.03224846348166466,
0.024101482704281807,
0.030805766582489014,
-0.00010833467240445316,
-0.0010300413705408573,
0.01373105589300394,
-0.04395974427461624,
-0.03343656286597252,
-0.0018755026394501328,
-0.013781974092125893,
-0.024254238232970238,
-0.04093857482075691,
0.011516095139086246,
0.023286784067749977,
0.0038719370495527983,
0.020435340702533722,
-0.033181969076395035,
0.011380312032997608,
0.022879434749484062,
-0.005049430299550295,
0.041481707245111465,
0.00032089342130348086,
-0.05078284069895744,
-0.0006152666755951941,
-0.011482149362564087,
0.012042254209518433,
0.04521573707461357,
0.008427032269537449,
-0.01715957559645176,
0.02909150719642639,
0.041990891098976135,
0.021029392257332802,
0.041481707245111465,
0.0034200341906398535,
0.023320728912949562,
-0.024814343079924583,
0.0006009458447806537,
-0.027580920606851578,
-0.010455290786921978,
-0.016616445034742355,
0.018228868022561073,
-0.0541774146258831,
-0.03913944959640503,
0.037340324372053146,
0.02544233947992325,
0.028378646820783615,
-0.010811720974743366,
0.020095882937312126,
0.03033052757382393,
0.015895096585154533,
0.019807344302535057,
0.008333681151270866,
0.001019963645376265,
-0.028667185455560684,
0.05129202827811241,
-0.03433612361550331,
0.011168151162564754,
0.03257094696164131,
0.014902183786034584,
0.06110234931111336,
0.027784595265984535,
0.010022482834756374,
0.07366227358579636,
0.001594389439560473,
-0.01863621547818184,
0.015504720620810986,
-0.0361182764172554,
-0.042873479425907135,
0.03470952808856964,
-0.013077599927783012,
0.014325106516480446,
-0.038155023008584976,
-0.029617665335536003,
0.013077599927783012,
-0.030296580865979195,
-0.037917401641607285,
-0.01254295464605093,
-0.002755970461294055,
0.024593695998191833,
0.05105440691113472,
0.0029893475584685802,
0.05607837811112404,
-0.01446937583386898,
-0.009165352210402489,
-0.03179019317030907,
0.01946788653731346,
-0.00929264910519123,
-0.03158652037382126,
-0.002223446499556303,
-0.025510231032967567,
-0.015487748198211193,
0.03153559938073158,
-0.01050620898604393,
0.008660409599542618,
0.004400217905640602,
-0.014350565150380135,
0.02235327661037445,
-0.004311110358685255,
0.07977250963449478,
-0.008231843821704388,
-0.053023260086774826,
0.01982431672513485,
-0.010344967246055603,
0.040429387241601944,
-0.0029617666732519865,
0.030025014653801918,
-0.04158354178071022,
0.04375607147812843,
0.032825540751218796,
0.006445449311286211,
-0.05261591076850891,
0.03268975764513016,
-0.029923178255558014,
-0.02028258517384529,
-0.026460710912942886,
0.020011018961668015,
0.0010549701983109117,
-0.0005701825139112771,
0.006564259063452482,
0.02812405303120613,
0.04290742799639702,
0.02418634667992592,
-0.04182116314768791,
-0.009088974446058273,
0.009139892645180225,
0.0156405046582222,
-0.038732100278139114,
-0.013544353656470776,
-0.02359229512512684,
-0.0006508036749437451,
-0.02182711660861969,
0.021250039339065552,
0.04616621881723404,
-0.03448888286948204,
0.02486526034772396,
-0.04182116314768791,
-0.040361497551202774,
-0.058726146817207336,
0.0156405046582222,
-0.004900917410850525,
-0.0013694987865164876,
0.011414257809519768,
0.0018797458615154028,
-0.023999644443392754,
0.006678826175630093,
0.02708870731294155,
0.010489236563444138,
-0.028429564088582993,
0.0044511365704238415,
0.003975895699113607,
-0.018738053739070892,
-0.04728642851114273,
0.003825261490419507,
-0.00928416196256876,
-0.034285206347703934,
-0.06772176921367645,
-0.02854837477207184,
-0.00040761419222690165,
-0.0015349843306466937,
0.021504631265997887,
0.013620731420814991,
0.005957479123026133,
-0.002577755367383361,
-0.0396486334502697,
-0.014885211363434792,
-0.02825983613729477,
0.010497722774744034,
0.021351875737309456,
0.004629351664334536,
-0.037713728845119476,
0.006504854187369347,
0.012144091539084911,
0.04379001632332802,
0.02825983613729477,
0.013595272786915302,
0.004270799458026886,
0.015665963292121887,
-0.04046333208680153,
-0.02953280135989189,
-0.029940150678157806,
0.010361939668655396,
-0.0006953574484214187,
0.02382991649210453,
0.012746628373861313,
-0.03937706723809242,
-0.04942500963807106,
0.036525625735521317,
-0.0018001855351030827,
0.001945515745319426,
0.02544233947992325,
0.011940416879951954,
0.05675729364156723,
0.009122920222580433,
0.011931930668652058,
0.042500078678131104,
0.04552124813199043,
-0.008800435811281204,
0.017549952492117882,
0.0046251080930233,
-0.008477950468659401,
0.03314802423119545,
-0.017787571996450424,
-0.005944749340415001,
0.00022542098304256797,
-0.045690979808568954,
0.011439717374742031,
-0.029413992539048195,
0.02235327661037445,
-0.02865021303296089,
-0.011499122716486454,
0.023575322702527046,
0.010200697928667068,
0.01931513100862503,
-0.04507995396852493,
0.031043387949466705,
0.001684557762928307,
-0.029940150678157806,
0.013739542104303837,
-0.02678319625556469,
-0.004892431199550629,
0.03893577307462692,
-0.023507431149482727,
-0.028361672535538673,
0.015606557950377464,
-0.009114434011280537,
0.01841556839644909,
-0.010947504080832005,
0.017278386279940605,
0.03285948559641838,
-0.011999822221696377,
-0.030160797759890556,
0.00319938687607646,
-0.0015742341056466103,
-0.027190545573830605,
0.007739630993455648,
-0.01746508851647377,
-0.04640384018421173,
0.009088974446058273,
-0.004671783652156591,
-0.05268380418419838,
0.005749561358243227,
0.029566748067736626,
-0.03319894149899483,
0.0032439406495541334,
-0.03017777018249035,
-0.014248727820813656,
-0.008851354010403156,
0.013493435457348824,
0.062256503850221634,
-0.012398685328662395,
-0.0027708217967301607,
0.03605038672685623,
-0.04015782102942467,
-0.03605038672685623,
0.01586115173995495,
-0.019994046539068222,
-0.07556323707103729,
0.014112945646047592,
0.03433612361550331,
0.0290745347738266,
0.04949290305376053,
-0.054482925683259964,
-0.018330704420804977,
0.04300926253199577,
-0.0581490695476532,
-0.03795134648680687,
-0.011346366256475449,
-0.038358695805072784,
0.018619243055582047,
-0.029770422726869583,
-0.02523866482079029,
0.00639877375215292,
0.008414302952587605,
0.008397329598665237,
0.030534202232956886,
0.035032011568546295,
-0.03608433157205582,
0.026172172278165817,
-0.033776018768548965,
-0.013569813221693039,
0.06038948893547058,
0.03187505900859833,
-0.04572492465376854,
0.009072001092135906,
-0.017320819199085236,
-0.003460344858467579,
0.0018489825306460261,
-0.01603087969124317,
0.030619066208600998,
0.006016883999109268,
-0.0047142161056399345,
-0.01804216578602791
] |
Automated persuasion systems (APS) aim to persuade a user to believe
something by entering into a dialogue in which arguments and counterarguments
are exchanged. To maximize the probability that an APS is successful in
persuading a user, it can identify a global policy that will allow it to select
the best arguments it presents at each stage of the dialogue whatever arguments
the user presents. However, in real applications, such as for healthcare, it is
unlikely the utility of the outcome of the dialogue will be the same, or the
exact opposite, for the APS and user. In order to deal with this situation,
games in extended form have been harnessed for argumentation in Bi-party
Decision Theory. This opens new problems that we address in this paper: (1) How
can we use Machine Learning (ML) methods to predict utility functions for
different subpopulations of users? and (2) How can we identify for a new user
the best utility function from amongst those that we have learned? To this
extent, we develop two ML methods, EAI and EDS, that leverage information
coming from the users to predict their utilities. EAI is restricted to a fixed
amount of information, whereas EDS can choose the information that best detects
the subpopulations of a user. We evaluate EAI and EDS in a simulation setting
and in a realistic case study concerning healthy eating habits. Results are
promising in both cases, but EDS is more effective at predicting useful utility
functions. | [
-0.00689720781520009,
0.030404768884181976,
-0.034472234547138214,
-0.059116292744874954,
0.05731262266635895,
0.011641050688922405,
-0.03044157847762108,
-0.006032180972397327,
-0.025913991034030914,
-0.020926283672451973,
0.027349568903446198,
-0.039975278079509735,
0.012892578728497028,
-0.005714697763323784,
-0.014512203633785248,
-0.021938549354672432,
0.04943535476922989,
0.01385883241891861,
0.005061326548457146,
-0.0359262153506279,
-0.03530045226216316,
-0.029042812064290047,
0.0024409396573901176,
0.04538629576563835,
0.03831884264945984,
0.041852567344903946,
-0.010122653096914291,
-0.01299380511045456,
-0.06250277906656265,
0.030165506526827812,
0.032797396183013916,
0.049545787274837494,
0.023539770394563675,
-0.01711648516356945,
-0.05668685585260391,
-0.030018268153071404,
0.016518330201506615,
-0.032613348215818405,
0.011392585933208466,
0.11418352276086807,
-0.013380306772887707,
0.0170980803668499,
-0.013591961935162544,
0.000050685157475527376,
0.009809770621359348,
-0.0308096744120121,
-0.04074827954173088,
-0.018091941252350807,
-0.00466792332008481,
0.01163184829056263,
0.033294327557086945,
-0.050097931176424026,
0.05112859979271889,
0.00651070661842823,
-0.009975414723157883,
0.023576579988002777,
-0.015515265986323357,
-0.032594941556453705,
0.02637411281466484,
0.010849643498659134,
-0.017935501411557198,
0.0069570234045386314,
0.03614707291126251,
-0.002355817472562194,
-0.04122680425643921,
-0.08326341956853867,
0.016518330201506615,
0.0683555155992508,
-0.009363453835248947,
-0.004785254132002592,
-0.014162511564791203,
0.011052096262574196,
0.007067452184855938,
0.03522683307528496,
-0.043030478060245514,
0.020245306193828583,
0.020981499925255775,
0.0016506826505064964,
0.002855048282071948,
-0.006271443795412779,
0.03445383161306381,
0.0376010537147522,
-0.008535237051546574,
-0.004131882917135954,
0.0445028655230999,
-0.013987665995955467,
0.07722663879394531,
-0.09430631995201111,
-0.0027170120738446712,
-0.02107352390885353,
-0.02497534640133381,
-0.021128738299012184,
-0.011797492392361164,
-0.011539824306964874,
-0.012552089989185333,
0.019435493275523186,
0.0037936943117529154,
-0.013472330756485462,
-0.01223920751363039,
0.027864903211593628,
0.009846581146121025,
0.010389522649347782,
-0.0013424018397927284,
-0.0010513755260035396,
0.009064375422894955,
-0.008687077090144157,
-0.020779045298695564,
0.04770530387759209,
0.007412542589008808,
0.14657601714134216,
-0.06588926911354065,
0.059852488338947296,
0.020134877413511276,
-0.0038489087019115686,
-0.011337371543049812,
-0.023705413565039635,
-0.02773606963455677,
-0.10542283207178116,
0.04292004927992821,
-0.008696279488503933,
-0.02068702131509781,
0.08944744616746902,
0.012230005115270615,
-0.032760586589574814,
-0.018055131658911705,
0.07582787424325943,
-0.01778826303780079,
0.021993763744831085,
0.03171151131391525,
0.019233040511608124,
0.0021361098624765873,
0.089079350233078,
-0.026263684034347534,
-0.017355749383568764,
0.021515239030122757,
0.04759487509727478,
-0.02567472867667675,
-0.030717650428414345,
0.02245388552546501,
0.041852567344903946,
-0.06975428014993668,
-0.02324529178440571,
-0.02052137814462185,
-0.008503028191626072,
0.0006608482217416167,
-0.037380196154117584,
0.0013032915303483605,
0.03905503451824188,
-0.042699191719293594,
0.020153282210230827,
-0.018211573362350464,
0.012349636293947697,
0.013067425228655338,
-0.018220774829387665,
0.06603650748729706,
0.030552007257938385,
0.007338923402130604,
0.016702378168702126,
-0.009312841109931469,
0.04722677916288376,
0.03117777220904827,
-0.00966253224760294,
-0.020098067820072174,
0.025233013555407524,
0.04078508913516998,
0.0036809646990150213,
-0.0700487568974495,
-0.01678519882261753,
-0.06209787353873253,
0.04914087802171707,
-0.06228192523121834,
0.011429395526647568,
0.017585808411240578,
0.09607318043708801,
0.06128806248307228,
0.009487686678767204,
0.006326658185571432,
0.043729860335588455,
-0.021128738299012184,
-0.015110360458493233,
-0.055877044796943665,
0.005953960586339235,
0.03839246183633804,
-0.00382590270601213,
0.019932424649596214,
0.026079636067152023,
0.07299353182315826,
-0.06316535174846649,
0.06029420346021652,
-0.017024461179971695,
0.012883376330137253,
0.027349568903446198,
0.012303624302148819,
-0.0410795658826828,
-0.0069754282012581825,
-0.019748376682400703,
-0.02433117665350437,
-0.024883322417736053,
-0.039091844111680984,
0.004332035314291716,
-0.024239152669906616,
-0.08252722769975662,
-0.01575452834367752,
0.021018309518694878,
-0.020981499925255775,
0.02260112389922142,
0.050061121582984924,
0.025269823148846626,
-0.04538629576563835,
-0.07211010158061981,
0.005659483373165131,
-0.00031374473473988473,
-0.04034337401390076,
0.002880354877561331,
-0.05326355993747711,
-0.022214623168110847,
0.010536761954426765,
-0.03196917846798897,
0.020153282210230827,
-0.0035245236940681934,
0.013665582053363323,
0.05841691046953201,
0.015570481307804585,
-0.030220720916986465,
0.016297470778226852,
0.025122584775090218,
0.009506091475486755,
0.018091941252350807,
0.0033128682989627123,
-0.021791310980916023,
0.005342000164091587,
0.02379743754863739,
0.02361338958144188,
0.00008900457760319114,
0.03290782496333122,
0.018275989219546318,
0.029650170356035233,
0.002953974297270179,
-0.04004889726638794,
-0.015542873181402683,
-0.04674825072288513,
-0.056907713413238525,
-0.017070474103093147,
0.0003163329092785716,
0.0633862093091011,
-0.004382648505270481,
0.0057423049584031105,
0.007983092218637466,
0.07833092659711838,
0.06563159823417664,
0.0062392354011535645,
-0.03563173860311508,
-0.01696004532277584,
0.02552749030292034,
0.014033677987754345,
0.0410795658826828,
0.07766835391521454,
-0.0582328625023365,
0.01829439401626587,
-0.035723764449357986,
0.024441605433821678,
0.01936187408864498,
0.017337344586849213,
0.06213468313217163,
-0.029171645641326904,
-0.0014643337344750762,
0.06776656210422516,
-0.0007166378200054169,
-0.0034186961129307747,
0.00231210608035326,
-0.039643991738557816,
-0.055545758455991745,
-0.005912549793720245,
0.007771436590701342,
0.008392599411308765,
-0.025048965588212013,
-0.01572692207992077,
-0.015368027612566948,
0.012276017107069492,
-0.013628771528601646,
-0.054478276520967484,
0.010656393133103848,
0.032282061874866486,
-0.004368844907730818,
-0.012570494785904884,
-0.038061175495386124,
-0.03161948546767235,
-0.009220817126333714,
-0.04928811639547348,
-0.034472234547138214,
0.014751465991139412,
-0.04078508913516998,
0.03868693858385086,
-0.011788289994001389,
0.05937395989894867,
0.015708517283201218,
-0.022895600646734238,
0.02790171280503273,
0.025288227945566177,
-0.0011088906321674585,
-0.04641696438193321,
-0.04490777105093002,
0.006786778569221497,
0.052785035222768784,
0.009588913060724735,
0.00196931604295969,
0.021110333502292633,
0.07413463294506073,
-0.056539617478847504,
-0.019545922055840492,
0.06364388018846512,
0.017769858241081238,
-0.054883185774087906,
-0.006303652189671993,
-0.006611933000385761,
0.04483415186405182,
0.04041699320077896,
-0.026999875903129578,
0.006128806155174971,
-0.006294449791312218,
-0.019766781479120255,
-0.021496834233403206,
-0.0752021074295044,
0.025582704693078995,
0.010389522649347782,
0.02291400544345379,
-0.0022281340789049864,
0.039791230112314224,
0.004228508099913597,
-0.0008932091295719147,
-0.05260098725557327,
-0.019582731649279594,
-0.030367959290742874,
-0.0015172476414591074,
0.017742250114679337,
-0.04284643009305,
-0.024754488840699196,
0.026153255254030228,
-0.03872374817728996,
0.0041594901122152805,
0.019932424649596214,
0.006947821006178856,
0.003646455705165863,
-0.03287101536989212,
-0.023742223158478737,
-0.010757619515061378,
-0.04726358875632286,
0.028545880690217018,
-0.04402433708310127,
-0.0065015037544071674,
0.0011871111346408725,
0.03060722164809704,
0.007923276163637638,
-0.006906410213559866,
0.010039831511676311,
0.004631113726645708,
-0.0046633221209049225,
-0.03309187293052673,
-0.034140948206186295,
-0.015469253994524479,
0.04549672454595566,
-0.014687049202620983,
-0.016509126871824265,
0.027644045650959015,
-0.06964385509490967,
0.026631779968738556,
0.023521365597844124,
0.034858737140893936,
0.016812806949019432,
-0.02344774454832077,
-0.01548765879124403,
0.027165519073605537,
0.07063771039247513,
-0.014769870787858963,
-0.04196299985051155,
0.04192619025707245,
0.02530663274228573,
0.02655816078186035,
-0.08341065794229507,
0.03649676591157913,
-0.02173609659075737,
-0.04490777105093002,
-0.08031865209341049,
0.008070515468716621,
-0.014493798837065697,
-0.03546609356999397,
0.02668699435889721,
-0.03679124265909195,
-0.013279080390930176,
0.027956927195191383,
0.04873597249388695,
0.0019267549505457282,
0.0107116075232625,
-0.051938410848379135,
0.01777905970811844,
-0.030404768884181976,
0.07380334287881851,
-0.0081211281940341,
-0.007113464176654816,
-0.03493235632777214,
0.021147143095731735,
-0.0041341837495565414,
-0.008309777826070786,
0.015524468384683132,
0.028969192877411842,
-0.019637946039438248,
-0.012248409911990166,
-0.04071146994829178,
-0.00931744184345007,
-0.03224525228142738,
0.009947807528078556,
-0.0032185434829443693,
0.009929402731359005,
-0.02688944712281227,
-0.013481533154845238,
0.03299985080957413,
-0.07229414582252502,
0.05661323666572571,
0.021828120574355125,
-0.03138022497296333,
-0.02206738293170929,
0.04034337401390076,
0.06401197612285614,
-0.03456426039338112,
0.01276374515146017,
0.026079636067152023,
-0.006888005416840315,
-0.028693120926618576,
-0.007122666575014591,
0.0024455408565700054,
0.020907878875732422,
0.06386473774909973,
-0.03726976737380028,
-0.04365624114871025,
0.006363467779010534,
-0.005604268983006477,
-0.06364388018846512,
0.0308096744120121,
-0.0004629963368643075,
-0.04759487509727478,
0.005921752192080021,
-0.06614693999290466,
-0.035318855196237564,
-0.01642630435526371,
-0.04844149574637413,
-0.049177687615156174,
0.012395649217069149,
0.008691677823662758,
-0.023558175191283226,
0.049913883209228516,
-0.06456412374973297,
-0.006381872575730085,
-0.060515061020851135,
0.008710082620382309,
0.04947216436266899,
-0.024367986246943474,
-0.011272954754531384,
-0.030367959290742874,
0.022159406915307045,
-0.03145384415984154,
0.00014421905507333577,
0.022987624630331993,
0.059300340712070465,
0.022159406915307045,
0.013030615635216236,
0.0752021074295044,
-0.04085870832204819,
-0.00831437949091196,
-0.00011804969108197838,
-0.002604282461106777,
-0.05838010087609291,
-0.02808576077222824,
0.014769870787858963,
-0.001659885048866272,
0.021515239030122757,
-0.00710426177829504,
-0.014742263592779636,
-0.04258876293897629,
0.015009134076535702,
0.03504278510808945,
0.014088892377912998,
-0.0007453953730873764,
0.043030478060245514,
-0.0060919965617358685,
-0.0003442277084104717,
-0.01394165400415659,
0.04431881383061409,
-0.007895668968558311,
-0.006901809014379978,
-0.04520224779844284,
-0.060699108988046646,
-0.009423269890248775,
-0.030515197664499283,
0.01121774036437273,
-0.004633414559066296,
0.022030573338270187,
0.019251445308327675,
-0.01691403239965439,
0.021809715777635574,
0.01811954937875271,
0.007716222200542688,
0.02447841502726078,
-0.04004889726638794,
0.026429327204823494,
0.04947216436266899,
-0.04564396291971207,
-0.007007636595517397,
-0.0022649436723440886,
0.007707019802182913,
0.021938549354672432,
0.023889461532235146,
0.054846376180648804,
0.013739201240241528,
0.00949688907712698,
0.009460079483687878,
-0.015441646799445152,
0.005277583375573158,
0.0031150165013968945,
0.046785060316324234,
0.05422060936689377,
0.009133393876254559,
-0.03323911130428314,
-0.03493235632777214,
0.011668657884001732,
-0.04505500942468643,
0.023723818361759186,
0.05808562412858009,
0.01087725069373846,
-0.008259165100753307,
0.014539810828864574,
-0.04026975482702255,
0.02534344233572483,
-0.02979740872979164,
-0.06047825142741203,
-0.015542873181402683,
-0.052637796849012375,
-0.002834342885762453,
0.02307964861392975,
0.0035935419145971537,
0.011503014713525772,
-0.05326355993747711,
0.03905503451824188,
0.030699245631694794,
0.013279080390930176,
-0.02085266448557377,
0.021533643826842308,
0.04847830533981323,
-0.0273863784968853,
0.0033082670997828245,
0.04855192452669144,
-0.0162790659815073,
0.009874188341200352,
-0.04763168469071388,
-0.01428214367479086,
-0.014926312491297722,
-0.010159462690353394,
-0.027331164106726646,
0.00839720107614994,
-0.04490777105093002,
-0.003837405703961849,
-0.00047334906412288547,
-0.019803591072559357,
0.023392530158162117,
-0.015699313953518867,
-0.012588899582624435,
-0.010766821913421154,
0.010223879478871822,
0.09268669039011002,
0.02365019917488098,
0.011843504384160042,
-0.03504278510808945,
-0.005733102560043335,
-0.017687035724520683,
-0.02499375119805336,
-0.002744619268923998,
0.06217149272561073,
-0.0025375650729984045,
-0.042183857411146164,
-0.04188938066363335,
-0.02293241024017334,
0.019067397341132164,
0.006041383370757103,
0.02004285342991352,
-0.011079703457653522,
0.012561292387545109,
-0.03235568106174469,
-0.017208511009812355,
-0.03853970021009445,
-0.003455505706369877,
0.022306647151708603,
0.0035015176981687546,
0.026392517611384392,
-0.026116445660591125,
-0.0033634814899414778,
-0.01385883241891861,
0.026098040863871574,
0.023594984784722328,
-0.0342513769865036,
-0.0028044350910931826,
-0.034306593239307404,
-0.02515939436852932,
0.018183965235948563,
0.06044144183397293,
0.04674825072288513,
-0.012395649217069149,
-0.022895600646734238,
0.006409479770809412,
0.02433117665350437,
-0.021496834233403206,
-0.0248281080275774,
-0.02718392387032509,
-0.02293241024017334,
0.014429382048547268,
-0.036533575505018234,
0.014595025219023228,
-0.027809688821434975,
0.07634320855140686,
0.014751465991139412,
0.027662450447678566,
-0.014153309166431427,
0.00714107183739543,
-0.04829425737261772,
0.09437993913888931,
-0.016822008416056633,
0.04417157545685768,
0.02858269214630127,
-0.007679412607103586,
-0.05079731345176697,
-0.0124140540137887,
0.010545964352786541,
-0.021625667810440063,
0.007348125800490379,
0.0035797383170574903,
-0.00675917137414217,
0.061545729637145996,
-0.013868034817278385,
0.023392530158162117,
0.044944580644369125,
0.04398752748966217,
0.029926244169473648,
-0.04538629576563835,
-0.012984602712094784,
-0.026116445660591125,
0.05087093263864517,
-0.0029056614730507135,
0.0014137205434963107,
0.04409795626997948,
-0.02977900393307209,
0.04292004927992821,
-0.00854904018342495,
-0.0599261075258255,
-0.008503028191626072,
0.02736797370016575,
0.026834232732653618,
-0.03817160427570343,
-0.016555139794945717,
-0.030496792867779732,
0.0005492689670063555,
0.028361832723021507,
0.0019980736542493105,
-0.002949373098090291,
-0.007665609009563923,
0.011144121177494526,
0.029650170356035233,
0.01625145971775055,
-0.002659497084096074,
0.020410949364304543,
0.043913908302783966,
0.0060091749764978886,
0.025895586237311363,
0.006814385764300823,
0.0017668630462139845,
-0.042183857411146164,
0.03185874968767166,
-0.01515637245029211,
-0.01811034604907036,
-0.03693848103284836,
0.02705509029328823,
-0.020447758957743645,
-0.0634598359465599,
-0.02792011760175228,
0.02225143276154995,
-0.029999863356351852,
-0.026282088831067085,
-0.04310409724712372,
-0.011079703457653522,
-0.012487673200666904,
0.060331013053655624,
-0.03509799763560295,
0.012533685192465782,
0.012276017107069492,
-0.00966253224760294,
0.033110279589891434,
-0.023042839020490646,
0.019214635714888573,
-0.017171701416373253,
-0.03149065375328064,
0.00830057542771101,
-0.001970466459169984,
0.008006098680198193,
-0.04317771643400192,
-0.02431277185678482,
-0.009736151434481144,
-0.015110360458493233,
0.04402433708310127,
-0.020907878875732422,
0.010177867487072945,
0.03045998327434063,
0.014374167658388615,
0.00959811545908451,
0.02534344233572483,
0.016656365245580673,
0.0071364701725542545,
0.020999904721975327,
-0.0008707782253623009,
0.021772906184196472,
0.01816556043922901,
0.000030500963475788012,
-0.007941681891679764,
0.017355749383568764,
0.07052728533744812,
0.005236172582954168,
-0.006478497758507729,
-0.02620846964418888,
-0.03539247438311577,
0.04328814521431923,
0.00301378988660872,
0.007196286227554083,
-0.024883322417736053,
-0.01848764531314373,
0.01936187408864498,
0.014401774853467941,
-0.02941090799868107,
0.014052082784473896,
0.023355720564723015,
-0.013637973926961422,
-0.023318910971283913,
0.021441619843244553,
0.02311645820736885,
0.009542901068925858,
0.00864106509834528,
-0.031196177005767822,
0.027275947853922844,
-0.03802436590194702,
-0.020834259688854218,
0.029686979949474335,
0.03235568106174469,
0.0035958425141870975,
-0.03898141533136368,
0.0024938536807894707,
0.04118999466300011,
-0.04008570685982704,
0.1129319965839386,
-0.016002994030714035,
-0.020429354161024094,
-0.022895600646734238,
0.04825744777917862,
0.011622645892202854,
0.013076627627015114,
-0.01609501801431179,
-0.028803549706935883,
0.06622055917978287,
-0.015331218019127846,
0.029539741575717926,
0.013766808435320854,
-0.006961624603718519,
-0.012588899582624435,
-0.003402591682970524,
0.0030436976812779903,
0.013656379655003548,
0.0050659277476370335,
0.03082807920873165,
0.027423188090324402,
-0.04807339981198311,
0.018045930191874504,
-0.0005642228643409908,
0.005636477377265692,
-0.03883417695760727,
-0.040122516453266144,
0.027993736788630486,
-0.0668095126748085,
0.01522078923881054,
0.0018657890614122152,
-0.012754542753100395,
-0.03200598806142807,
-0.0016069711418822408,
0.021625667810440063,
-0.03563173860311508,
-0.0023040538653731346,
0.00254676747135818,
-0.021128738299012184,
0.025637919083237648,
-0.03198758512735367,
0.004009950906038284,
0.016683973371982574,
-0.008604255504906178,
0.023907866328954697,
0.014981526881456375,
0.0038167003076523542,
-0.013840427622199059,
0.008194747380912304,
-0.015791337937116623,
-0.013481533154845238,
-0.010923262685537338,
0.007302113808691502,
-0.030220720916986465,
-0.034472234547138214,
-0.00848002266138792,
0.014641037210822105,
0.06743527203798294,
0.01914101652801037,
0.012202397920191288,
-0.015229991637170315,
0.011208537966012955,
0.050907742232084274,
0.0020498372614383698,
-0.020963095128536224,
0.06268683075904846,
-0.022472290322184563,
0.00582512654364109,
0.0197115670889616,
-0.04711635038256645,
0.02070542611181736,
0.00040088006062433124,
-0.012368041090667248,
-0.03377285227179527,
-0.00505212415009737,
0.014650239609181881,
0.005829727742820978,
-0.01043553464114666,
0.0410795658826828,
0.02365019917488098,
-0.03732498362660408,
0.010932465083897114,
-0.04899363964796066,
0.029539741575717926,
-0.030055077746510506,
0.015386432409286499,
0.04671144112944603,
0.05665004625916481,
-0.009542901068925858,
0.0034094934817403555,
-0.01814715564250946,
-0.013656379655003548,
0.015772933140397072,
-0.003411794314160943,
0.008148735389113426,
0.010030629113316536,
-0.008194747380912304,
0.035521309822797775,
0.03045998327434063,
0.010058236308395863,
0.008944744244217873,
-0.014595025219023228,
0.0018680896610021591,
0.008926339447498322,
0.02000604383647442,
0.04505500942468643,
-0.015496861189603806,
0.008309777826070786,
0.009570508264005184,
0.03715933859348297,
0.018552063032984734,
-0.024386391043663025,
0.011208537966012955,
-0.06633098423480988,
0.017521392554044724,
-0.03879736736416817,
-0.03375444561243057,
-0.06990151852369308,
-0.007481561042368412,
0.03493235632777214,
-0.037417005747556686,
0.06283406913280487,
-0.00397774251177907,
0.02241707593202591,
0.0029654772952198982,
0.016555139794945717,
-0.0290980264544487,
0.017926298081874847,
0.016803603619337082,
-0.0028849560767412186,
0.04722677916288376,
-0.02123916707932949,
0.033993709832429886,
-0.03846608102321625,
-0.024441605433821678,
-0.0213864054530859,
0.004074367694556713,
-0.00854443944990635,
0.02365019917488098,
0.055545758455991745,
0.007564382627606392,
-0.009386460296809673,
0.008530635386705399,
0.00002329360540898051,
-0.01731893979012966,
-0.02326369658112526,
0.0019785184413194656,
0.015782136470079422,
0.0014206223422661424,
-0.019306659698486328,
0.02515939436852932,
0.007799044251441956,
0.05882181599736214,
-0.019785186275839806,
0.009772961027920246,
-0.007150274235755205,
0.04928811639547348,
-0.005038320552557707,
-0.0030644030775874853,
-0.017530594021081924,
0.011392585933208466,
0.0256563238799572,
0.011944730766117573,
-0.011484609916806221,
-0.025048965588212013,
-0.05035559833049774,
-0.006115002557635307,
0.008148735389113426,
0.0141257019713521,
0.005526048131287098,
0.024570439010858536,
-0.007090458180755377,
-0.02017168700695038,
0.01626066118478775,
-0.010242284275591373,
0.015294408425688744,
0.008042908273637295,
-0.01000302191823721,
-0.027312759310007095,
0.038061175495386124,
0.025803562253713608,
0.01832200214266777,
0.032613348215818405,
-0.00021251819271128625,
0.01119933556765318,
-0.0033519784919917583,
-0.05252736806869507,
0.03136181831359863,
-0.03883417695760727,
-0.0070766545832157135,
0.0032116416841745377,
0.001889945357106626,
0.010978477075695992,
-0.027699260041117668,
0.002315556863322854,
-0.0077346269972622395,
0.006170216947793961,
0.011475407518446445,
-0.020300520583987236,
-0.012984602712094784,
-0.020963095128536224,
-0.010012224316596985,
-0.021515239030122757,
-0.003963938914239407,
-0.013407913967967033,
-0.003844307502731681,
0.04240471497178078,
0.02363179437816143,
-0.012782149948179722,
-0.017070474103093147,
-0.03555811941623688,
0.0015724621480330825,
-0.02396308071911335,
-0.02806735597550869,
-0.004918689373880625,
0.019766781479120255,
-0.050907742232084274,
0.008162539452314377,
-0.005203963723033667,
-0.016205446794629097,
-0.009515293873846531,
0.009211614727973938,
0.013214663602411747,
0.0022315848618745804,
-0.008917137049138546,
0.016822008416056633,
-0.023355720564723015,
0.03095691278576851,
0.027607236057519913,
-0.029208455234766006,
0.0342145673930645,
-0.019269850105047226,
-0.036202289164066315,
-0.019030587747693062,
0.02874833531677723,
0.009082780219614506,
0.021147143095731735,
0.026944661512970924,
-0.012588899582624435,
0.005567459389567375,
0.008765297010540962,
-0.03357039764523506,
-0.016463113948702812,
-0.0024018294643610716,
0.023926271125674248,
0.015506063587963581,
0.02619006484746933,
0.009864985942840576,
-0.02002444863319397,
-0.014751465991139412,
-0.024091914296150208,
0.07468677312135696,
0.02140481024980545,
0.0376010537147522,
0.034987568855285645,
-0.03161948546767235,
-0.029374098405241966,
0.026907851919531822,
0.03883417695760727,
-0.03460106998682022,
-0.025435466319322586,
0.029190050438046455,
-0.03079126961529255,
0.010177867487072945,
-0.001042748335748911,
-0.013656379655003548,
0.001794470357708633,
-0.04240471497178078,
-0.006464694160968065,
0.00006218817725311965,
0.006317455787211657,
-0.04229428619146347
] |
In mobile manipulation (MM), robots can both navigate within and interact
with their environment and are thus able to complete many more tasks than
robots only capable of navigation or manipulation. In this work, we explore how
to apply imitation learning (IL) to learn continuous visuo-motor policies for
MM tasks. Much prior work has shown that IL can train visuo-motor policies for
either manipulation or navigation domains, but few works have applied IL to the
MM domain. Doing this is challenging for two reasons: on the data side, current
interfaces make collecting high-quality human demonstrations difficult, and on
the learning side, policies trained on limited data can suffer from covariate
shift when deployed. To address these problems, we first propose Mobile
Manipulation RoboTurk (MoMaRT), a novel teleoperation framework allowing
simultaneous navigation and manipulation of mobile manipulators, and collect a
first-of-its-kind large scale dataset in a realistic simulated kitchen setting.
We then propose a learned error detection system to address the covariate shift
by detecting when an agent is in a potential failure state. We train performant
IL policies and error detectors from this data, and achieve over 45% task
success rate and 85% error detection success rate across multiple multi-stage
tasks when trained on expert data. Codebase, datasets, visualization, and more
available at https://sites.google.com/view/il-for-mm/home. | [
-0.003934659995138645,
-0.014581087976694107,
-0.036290258169174194,
-0.024938128888607025,
0.027456311509013176,
0.027232922613620758,
-0.04788608103990555,
0.023293185979127884,
-0.07404268532991409,
0.058121271431446075,
0.007102695759385824,
-0.036249641329050064,
0.0230494923889637,
-0.009925496764481068,
-0.0491451695561409,
-0.005676064174622297,
0.008097783662378788,
-0.006696537137031555,
-0.03905213251709938,
-0.036818262189626694,
0.04792669415473938,
-0.015190325677394867,
-0.06254839897155762,
0.055684320628643036,
0.04865778237581253,
-0.039641063660383224,
0.023882117122411728,
-0.015992488712072372,
-0.008234862238168716,
0.020714079961180687,
0.0030538036953657866,
-0.013839849270880222,
0.013616461306810379,
0.019190985709428787,
0.011727824807167053,
0.015078632161021233,
-0.0026501838583499193,
0.06539151072502136,
-0.05779634788632393,
0.058243121951818466,
0.033122219145298004,
-0.0016106721013784409,
-0.024410123005509377,
-0.01108812540769577,
-0.02065315656363964,
-0.024450737982988358,
-0.05150089040398598,
0.0028608785942196846,
-0.039478600025177,
0.00398035254329443,
-0.013129071332514286,
-0.002733953995630145,
0.02130301110446453,
0.00009590733679942787,
-0.004726668819785118,
0.029324639588594437,
0.09642201662063599,
0.028735710307955742,
0.025648904964327812,
-0.0020536386873573065,
-0.02499905228614807,
0.004203740041702986,
-0.04540851339697838,
-0.014672474004328251,
0.006102530751377344,
-0.07477376610040665,
0.032289594411849976,
-0.03631056472659111,
0.0033939615823328495,
0.037508733570575714,
-0.012733067385852337,
0.012073059566318989,
-0.03253329172730446,
-0.03704164922237396,
0.0029319562017917633,
-0.014235853217542171,
0.024735048413276672,
0.026298759505152702,
0.03125389292836189,
-0.042687252163887024,
-0.013799233362078667,
-0.044636812061071396,
0.006965617183595896,
-0.031903743743896484,
0.13281381130218506,
-0.02700953558087349,
0.03990506753325462,
-0.09171057492494583,
0.02826862782239914,
-0.03925521299242973,
-0.050769805908203125,
0.04256540536880493,
0.0006999886827543378,
0.04301217943429947,
0.024125810712575912,
-0.004259586799889803,
0.007554546929895878,
-0.003528501372784376,
-0.05369414761662483,
0.004449973348528147,
0.01731250435113907,
0.033548686653375626,
0.016946960240602493,
0.002124716294929385,
0.004777438472956419,
-0.02918248437345028,
-0.028674785047769547,
-0.02644091472029686,
-0.04784546419978142,
0.09991497546434402,
0.007859165780246258,
-0.01577925495803356,
-0.020104842260479927,
0.035681020468473434,
-0.04683006927371025,
-0.0063208406791090965,
-0.02883724868297577,
-0.08342494070529938,
0.03458439186215401,
-0.06847831606864929,
0.027578158304095268,
0.044027574360370636,
-0.0016868268139660358,
0.0050160568207502365,
-0.06880324333906174,
0.041590623557567596,
0.0002206899953307584,
-0.019718991592526436,
0.03773212060332298,
0.01922144740819931,
0.05032303184270859,
0.02975110523402691,
0.03153820335865021,
0.014205391518771648,
0.024897512048482895,
0.006153300404548645,
-0.019201140850782394,
0.03310191258788109,
-0.02826862782239914,
0.044555582106113434,
-0.03078681044280529,
0.011027202010154724,
-0.04224047809839249,
0.0402706079185009,
0.011382590048015118,
0.013037686236202717,
-0.017454659566283226,
0.07578916847705841,
-0.03535609319806099,
0.04727684333920479,
-0.08033814281225204,
0.007529161870479584,
-0.028167087584733963,
0.04386511072516441,
0.05101349949836731,
0.008910100907087326,
0.00808763038367033,
0.028431091457605362,
0.01008796039968729,
-0.03369084373116493,
0.08423726260662079,
-0.044068191200494766,
0.006198993418365717,
0.06084253266453743,
0.047033146023750305,
-0.004866285715252161,
0.03326437622308731,
0.006478227209299803,
-0.02209501899778843,
0.04699253290891647,
-0.08935485780239105,
-0.026725225150585175,
-0.009417799301445484,
-0.05479077249765396,
0.05674033239483833,
-0.0021818324457854033,
0.02522243931889534,
0.06709737330675125,
-0.01900821551680565,
-0.01106781791895628,
-0.03401577100157738,
-0.005736988037824631,
-0.01015396136790514,
0.06157362088561058,
0.013748463243246078,
0.04163124039769173,
0.030299419537186623,
0.0032974989153444767,
0.03596533089876175,
-0.06591951847076416,
0.0034142693039029837,
0.014256161637604237,
-0.014987246133387089,
-0.0059096054174005985,
0.044555582106113434,
-0.052638132125139236,
-0.06031452864408493,
0.03996599093079567,
0.010996739380061626,
-0.015119248069822788,
-0.025933217257261276,
-0.07684517651796341,
-0.009854419156908989,
0.04727684333920479,
0.022277791053056717,
-0.005823296494781971,
-0.0067777689546346664,
-0.007234697230160236,
0.024064887315034866,
-0.05206951126456261,
0.0014355162857100368,
-0.016713419929146767,
-0.025425517931580544,
-0.034726545214653015,
-0.006513766013085842,
0.002972572110593319,
-0.0196072980761528,
-0.009493953548371792,
-0.019972842186689377,
-0.014378008432686329,
-0.006569612771272659,
-0.018713749945163727,
-0.00841763336211443,
-0.04382449761033058,
-0.037813350558280945,
0.011199818924069405,
0.050201185047626495,
0.012377678416669369,
-0.04260602220892906,
0.01217459887266159,
0.014205391518771648,
-0.038199201226234436,
0.04122508317232132,
-0.033731456845998764,
0.009295951575040817,
0.02209501899778843,
0.028796633705496788,
-0.006148223299533129,
-0.028248319402337074,
0.010742890648543835,
0.02713138423860073,
-0.01630726084113121,
0.01200198195874691,
0.010362117551267147,
0.11729855835437775,
0.01339307427406311,
0.030340036377310753,
0.025689521804451942,
0.005203905049711466,
0.01730234920978546,
0.004655591212213039,
-0.050160568207502365,
-0.028370166197419167,
-0.01609402894973755,
-0.017109423875808716,
0.0936601385474205,
0.0430527962744236,
-0.0016487494576722383,
0.015809716656804085,
-0.057552650570869446,
0.015038016252219677,
0.06896570324897766,
0.012865068390965462,
0.029994800686836243,
0.005792834796011448,
-0.010753044858574867,
0.00948379933834076,
0.02960895001888275,
-0.003112189006060362,
-0.039031825959682465,
-0.036960419267416,
-0.011951211839914322,
0.006122838705778122,
0.02826862782239914,
-0.005498369690030813,
-0.07241804897785187,
0.026603378355503082,
0.01774912327528,
0.00963610876351595,
0.023719653487205505,
0.0366964153945446,
-0.0410626195371151,
0.0020409461576491594,
0.018622364848852158,
0.010133652947843075,
0.01691649854183197,
0.0021183700300753117,
0.021932555362582207,
-0.03797581419348717,
-0.010133652947843075,
-0.027801545336842537,
-0.04565220698714256,
-0.03740719333291054,
-0.015251249074935913,
0.0753830075263977,
-0.011656747199594975,
-0.02361811324954033,
-0.014855245128273964,
0.02022669091820717,
0.022074710577726364,
-0.037630580365657806,
-0.005305444821715355,
0.02834985964000225,
0.0068793087266385555,
0.02461320161819458,
0.016581417992711067,
0.01339307427406311,
0.05300367623567581,
-0.0009652609005570412,
-0.04804854467511177,
0.028938788920640945,
0.006224378012120724,
-0.06202039495110512,
-0.005087134428322315,
-0.020673464983701706,
0.056293558329343796,
0.04565220698714256,
-0.013291534967720509,
-0.044514965265989304,
-0.0037366575561463833,
-0.001142320572398603,
0.017942048609256744,
-0.0825313925743103,
0.004094584845006466,
0.023029183968901634,
0.0016411339165642858,
-0.007813473232090473,
-0.021363934502005577,
-0.06275147944688797,
-0.04443373158574104,
-0.02400396391749382,
-0.008062245324254036,
-0.001991445664316416,
-0.007097618654370308,
0.00893548596650362,
-0.03562009707093239,
-0.022562101483345032,
0.03761027008295059,
-0.024471046403050423,
-0.03543732315301895,
-0.06957493722438812,
-0.017099270597100258,
-0.008209477178752422,
-0.012601065449416637,
-0.023496266454458237,
-0.03740719333291054,
0.009169027209281921,
0.028593555092811584,
-0.0162260290235281,
-0.029588641598820686,
0.0012502064928412437,
-0.02926371619105339,
-0.00972241722047329,
0.026725225150585175,
0.03992537409067154,
-0.011626285500824451,
-0.04260602220892906,
0.014936476945877075,
-0.02156701311469078,
-0.000866259797476232,
0.003528501372784376,
-0.04479927569627762,
-0.024897512048482895,
-0.0013872849522158504,
-0.05767449736595154,
-0.006051760632544756,
-0.03409700095653534,
-0.0002570221258793026,
0.020155612379312515,
0.031294506043195724,
-0.003960044588893652,
-0.004955132957547903,
0.011737979017198086,
0.007092541549354792,
-0.037427499890327454,
0.0008313555736094713,
0.06092376634478569,
0.0038051968440413475,
0.013098609633743763,
0.02995418570935726,
0.008940562605857849,
-0.007823626510798931,
-0.0654321238398552,
-0.00650361180305481,
0.022562101483345032,
0.08894869685173035,
0.06624443829059601,
-0.053815994411706924,
0.009169027209281921,
0.04963256046175957,
0.04496173933148384,
-0.0333862230181694,
-0.0613299235701561,
0.011616131290793419,
0.037021342664957047,
0.010641351342201233,
0.036066871136426926,
0.007001155987381935,
-0.0063969953916966915,
-0.034157924354076385,
-0.02739538624882698,
-0.0035031165461987257,
-0.011341974139213562,
0.021059315651655197,
-0.005335906520485878,
-0.019688529893755913,
0.025689521804451942,
-0.01653064787387848,
-0.009504107758402824,
-0.01578941009938717,
-0.039295829832553864,
-0.021201470866799355,
0.026989229023456573,
-0.01813497394323349,
0.009920420125126839,
-0.015109093859791756,
0.03787427395582199,
0.04622083157300949,
0.003353345673531294,
-0.05962405726313591,
0.016987577080726624,
0.0015535560669377446,
0.07879474014043808,
0.0018213667208328843,
-0.018429439514875412,
0.06717860698699951,
-0.016845421865582466,
0.016459571197628975,
-0.05958344414830208,
-0.03044157475233078,
0.054425232112407684,
0.03430008143186569,
0.0496731773018837,
-0.015637099742889404,
0.04102200269699097,
0.027760930359363556,
0.03044157475233078,
0.040554922074079514,
-0.0011512052733451128,
-0.03588409721851349,
-0.015951871871948242,
-0.008275478146970272,
-0.03291914239525795,
-0.007727164309471846,
-0.0352342464029789,
-0.05479077249765396,
-0.027354771271348,
-0.03184282034635544,
0.023110415786504745,
-0.005462830886244774,
-0.09406629204750061,
0.032208364456892014,
-0.029405871406197548,
-0.0301369559019804,
0.06973740458488464,
-0.003487885696813464,
-0.011321666650474072,
-0.04918578639626503,
-0.05028241500258446,
-0.033162835985422134,
0.07274297624826431,
0.020409461110830307,
-0.020754696801304817,
-0.015626946464180946,
0.028248319402337074,
-0.035945020616054535,
-0.05678094923496246,
0.02074454165995121,
-0.009367029182612896,
0.01337276678532362,
0.04926702007651329,
-0.04349957033991814,
-0.020795311778783798,
0.029060635715723038,
0.03101019747555256,
0.02056177146732807,
-0.05856804549694061,
-0.03574194386601448,
0.02013530395925045,
-0.017860816791653633,
0.03535609319806099,
-0.012621373869478703,
-0.014042927883565426,
-0.013098609633743763,
0.034767162054777145,
-0.03273636847734451,
0.08005382865667343,
-0.019333140924572945,
-0.03269575536251068,
0.0032086516730487347,
0.03436100482940674,
-0.038422588258981705,
-0.02365873008966446,
0.026542454957962036,
-0.02895909734070301,
-0.07327098399400711,
-0.04378388077020645,
-0.027781236916780472,
-0.003538655349984765,
0.000816124607808888,
-0.006513766013085842,
0.013149379752576351,
0.03651364520192146,
0.011981673538684845,
-0.03888966888189316,
-0.0045972056686878204,
0.03765088692307472,
0.014073389582335949,
0.0435808002948761,
-0.009417799301445484,
0.02317133918404579,
0.029994800686836243,
0.010590581223368645,
0.027496926486492157,
0.02964956685900688,
-0.008219631388783455,
0.021404549479484558,
-0.045124202966690063,
0.04869839549064636,
0.02895909734070301,
0.009900111705064774,
0.03927551954984665,
0.02979172207415104,
-0.018723903223872185,
-0.04163124039769173,
0.04488050937652588,
0.02122177928686142,
-0.04313402622938156,
0.055765554308891296,
0.01804358884692192,
-0.008696867153048515,
0.03265513852238655,
-0.04699253290891647,
-0.02179040014743805,
0.021993478760123253,
-0.011890288442373276,
0.05531878024339676,
-0.0030131880193948746,
-0.0004740630683954805,
-0.005879143252968788,
0.0024636047892272472,
0.0047622076235711575,
0.015616792254149914,
-0.0037518886383622885,
-0.015312173403799534,
0.007635778747498989,
0.016195567324757576,
-0.014317085035145283,
0.020815620198845863,
0.002124716294929385,
0.020419616252183914,
0.02530367113649845,
0.0022668717429041862,
0.00030620538746006787,
-0.015038016252219677,
-0.02244025468826294,
-0.021506089717149734,
-0.015545714646577835,
-0.024795973673462868,
-0.03352838009595871,
-0.005295290611684322,
-0.006148223299533129,
0.028816942125558853,
0.044068191200494766,
0.01882544346153736,
-0.051907047629356384,
0.0051810587756335735,
0.05093226954340935,
-0.03267544507980347,
0.012966608628630638,
-0.026583069935441017,
-0.03336591646075249,
0.01093581598252058,
-0.0377524271607399,
0.042118631303310394,
0.01634787768125534,
-0.022257482632994652,
-0.025059975683689117,
-0.0200033038854599,
-0.006975771393626928,
0.0016246337909251451,
-0.023252571001648903,
0.020643003284931183,
0.04674883559346199,
-0.005153135396540165,
-0.017403889447450638,
-0.018013127148151398,
0.002863416913896799,
0.013210303150117397,
0.0059096054174005985,
0.014723243191838264,
0.009950881823897362,
-0.0304009597748518,
0.024125810712575912,
0.0050338259898126125,
-0.009950881823897362,
0.007133157458156347,
-0.0007006233208812773,
0.02118116244673729,
-0.06579766422510147,
-0.04488050937652588,
0.06648813933134079,
0.020541463047266006,
0.014499856159090996,
0.03117266111075878,
-0.009016717784106731,
-0.01276352908462286,
0.04183432087302208,
-0.009240104816854,
0.012519833631813526,
-0.006874231621623039,
0.051419660449028015,
0.024795973673462868,
0.022379329428076744,
0.04163124039769173,
0.002700953744351864,
0.03852412849664688,
0.013159533031284809,
0.00281010870821774,
-0.029344948008656502,
0.009625955484807491,
0.00802162941545248,
0.009509184397757053,
-0.0005886124563403428,
-0.034848395735025406,
-0.002167870756238699,
0.0031223429832607508,
-0.01774912327528,
-0.01171767059713602,
0.0068031540140509605,
0.04479927569627762,
0.019982995465397835,
0.010976431891322136,
-0.041286006569862366,
0.021891940385103226,
0.018906675279140472,
-0.0008110476192086935,
-0.014073389582335949,
-0.008468403480947018,
-0.0015497483545914292,
-0.050119951367378235,
0.007539316080510616,
-0.018774673342704773,
0.06506658345460892,
-0.021160854026675224,
0.015312173403799534,
-0.010956124402582645,
-0.016642341390252113,
0.02339472621679306,
0.006148223299533129,
-0.05296305939555168,
-0.004155508708208799,
0.005970529280602932,
0.01974945329129696,
-0.00965133961290121,
0.003764580935239792,
-0.0007932782173156738,
-0.013443844392895699,
-0.005518677644431591,
0.002374757546931505,
0.04544913023710251,
-0.013017377816140652,
0.017860816791653633,
-0.019069138914346695,
0.019800223410129547,
-0.013118918053805828,
0.044718045741319656,
0.03817889466881752,
-0.004404280800372362,
0.04012845456600189,
0.02995418570935726,
0.013159533031284809,
-0.023577498272061348,
0.0022986028343439102,
0.0018340592505410314,
-0.0339142307639122,
0.016591573134064674,
0.007920089177787304,
-0.005894374568015337,
-0.028126472607254982,
-0.007635778747498989,
-0.03448285162448883,
-0.02213563583791256,
0.009011640213429928,
0.011605977080762386,
-0.016550956293940544,
0.01826697587966919,
0.03549824655056,
-0.02187163196504116,
0.005584678612649441,
0.02187163196504116,
0.004221509210765362,
-0.006361456587910652,
0.011138895526528358,
0.0010141268139705062,
0.02013530395925045,
-0.03389392048120499,
-0.05661848559975624,
0.059420980513095856,
-0.03310191258788109,
-0.058730509132146835,
-0.014276469126343727,
-0.047723617404699326,
0.0038940440863370895,
0.053734760731458664,
-0.00872225221246481,
0.0004794573469553143,
-0.023943040519952774,
0.023069798946380615,
0.007158542517572641,
0.024024272337555885,
0.012133982963860035,
0.042078014463186264,
-0.006432534195482731,
0.024714741855859756,
0.013880465179681778,
0.011057663708925247,
-0.019729146733880043,
0.013718001544475555,
0.04841408506035805,
0.040940769016742706,
0.026379991322755814,
0.011555207893252373,
-0.032025594264268875,
-0.04102200269699097,
-0.03490931913256645,
0.011362282559275627,
-0.005904528312385082,
-0.010011805221438408,
-0.019190985709428787,
0.031335122883319855,
-0.04873901233077049,
-0.004820593167096376,
0.012601065449416637,
0.006930078379809856,
0.010600735433399677,
0.01904883049428463,
0.02099839225411415,
-0.00006730965833412483,
0.003756965510547161,
0.05162273719906807,
-0.015261403284966946,
0.04260602220892906,
-0.011819210834801197,
-0.018236514180898666,
0.0015751331811770797,
0.01489586103707552,
0.05783696100115776,
0.004267202224582434,
-0.05860866233706474,
0.06725984066724777,
0.028207704424858093,
0.021973172202706337,
-0.014428778551518917,
-0.010230115614831448,
-0.001850559376180172,
0.019079292193055153,
0.002896417398005724,
0.02038915455341339,
-0.025892600417137146,
-0.02713138423860073,
0.012296446599066257,
0.013230611570179462,
-0.0021526396740227938,
0.015535560436546803,
-0.0004093315510544926,
-0.010499196127057076,
0.0059857601299881935,
0.03105081245303154,
-0.013555537909269333,
-0.021323317661881447,
0.01261121965944767,
0.060680072754621506,
-0.008696867153048515,
-0.010966277681291103,
-0.01979007013142109,
-0.04224047809839249,
-0.013169687241315842,
-0.05024179816246033,
-0.009321336634457111,
-0.022419946268200874,
0.01583002507686615,
0.02347595803439617,
0.014469394460320473,
-0.023557189851999283,
0.03679795563220978,
-0.038239818066358566,
0.009950881823897362,
-0.02457258477807045,
0.013646923936903477,
-0.005158212035894394,
-0.035762250423431396,
-0.014550626277923584,
0.01856144145131111,
0.027496926486492157,
-0.024511661380529404,
0.009229950606822968,
0.0031959591433405876,
0.020409461110830307,
0.016408801078796387,
0.021851323544979095,
-0.012590911239385605,
0.03143666312098503,
0.039031825959682465,
-0.0392145961523056,
-0.00817393884062767,
-0.011748133227229118,
-0.004993210546672344,
-0.04910455644130707,
-0.021851323544979095,
0.002832955215126276,
0.022988567128777504,
-0.04683006927371025,
-0.0321880578994751,
-0.018987907096743584,
0.014570933766663074,
0.004899286199361086,
-0.005670987069606781,
0.03482808545231819,
-0.010895200073719025,
-0.00210313918069005,
-0.04224047809839249,
0.012113675475120544,
0.0674223005771637,
-0.042768482118844986,
0.028207704424858093,
0.0008015282801352441,
-0.00826024729758501,
0.03210682421922684,
-0.035417016595602036,
0.023882117122411728,
0.047642383724451065,
-0.012601065449416637,
-0.008245016448199749,
-0.02270425669848919,
0.004117431119084358,
0.0206633098423481,
-0.015880795195698738,
-0.018480209633708,
0.03925521299242973,
-0.038422588258981705,
-0.030766502022743225,
-0.015251249074935913,
-0.014581087976694107,
-0.03988475725054741,
-0.029020020738244057,
-0.015241095796227455,
0.018764520063996315,
0.014032773673534393,
0.03170066699385643,
0.001938137342222035,
0.07229620218276978,
0.03647302836179733,
-0.009504107758402824,
-0.044108808040618896,
0.02830924279987812,
0.015647253021597862,
0.056821566075086594,
-0.006823461968451738,
0.015474637039005756,
-0.018896522000432014,
0.0025930677074939013,
-0.035559169948101044,
-0.03399546071887016,
0.029405871406197548,
0.03048219159245491,
-0.02122177928686142,
-0.0450429692864418,
-0.030461883172392845,
-0.024207042530179024,
0.027496926486492157,
-0.011077971197664738,
-0.01696726866066456,
0.03281760215759277,
-0.053734760731458664,
0.04666760563850403,
-0.022562101483345032,
-0.000030184235583874397,
-0.019637759774923325,
-0.039031825959682465,
0.04043307155370712,
0.04148908331990242,
-0.0034015770070254803,
-0.042159244418144226,
0.013992158696055412,
0.005726833827793598,
0.003505655098706484,
-0.00994072761386633,
-0.010722583159804344,
0.009727494791150093,
-0.012347216717898846,
0.012814299203455448,
-0.04171247035264969,
-0.007899781689047813,
0.036290258169174194,
-0.005721757188439369,
-0.04167185723781586,
-0.03066496178507805,
-0.038727208971977234,
0.017454659566283226,
0.0019305218011140823,
0.00022164192341733724,
-0.03962075710296631,
0.01956668309867382,
-0.0031401123851537704,
0.03161943331360817,
0.00029367159004323184,
0.0012565526412799954,
0.011077971197664738,
-0.0008243747288361192,
0.002297333674505353,
0.020978083834052086,
0.0380164310336113,
0.015038016252219677,
0.010885045863687992,
-0.010905354283750057,
-0.036858879029750824,
-0.031599126756191254,
0.03795550763607025,
-0.020764850080013275,
-0.0024128349032253027,
0.008052091114223003,
0.003693503327667713,
0.02156701311469078,
-0.023415034636855125,
0.03340653330087662,
0.002049830975010991,
0.014966938644647598,
0.041550006717443466,
0.03714318946003914,
-0.0206633098423481,
0.009235027246177197,
-0.018764520063996315,
0.025892600417137146,
0.03025880455970764,
-0.011920750141143799,
-0.009778264909982681,
-0.023679036647081375,
-0.0304009597748518,
0.007097618654370308,
-0.006193916313350201,
-0.032370828092098236,
-0.006371610332280397,
0.022683948278427124,
0.028857557103037834,
0.03622933477163315,
-0.0015700561925768852,
0.03982383385300636,
0.00265779928304255,
-0.015007554553449154,
-0.02518182247877121,
-0.028776325285434723,
0.04743930697441101,
-0.016936806961894035,
-0.0039016595110297203,
-0.017515582963824272,
-0.00477236183360219,
-0.020328229293227196,
-0.04857654869556427,
0.06112684682011604,
-0.0018264437094330788,
0.029080944135785103,
-0.02644091472029686,
-0.007123003713786602,
-0.06786907464265823,
0.02244025468826294,
-0.05267874896526337,
-0.026623684912919998,
0.010712428949773312,
0.02609567902982235,
0.015809716656804085,
-0.012986916117370129,
-0.009295951575040817,
0.03761027008295059,
-0.012377678416669369,
0.013027532026171684,
-0.06368564069271088,
-0.040818922221660614,
-0.08821761608123779,
0.03551855683326721,
0.030928965657949448,
-0.05929913371801376,
0.05227259173989296,
0.031294506043195724,
-0.013606308028101921,
0.04699253290891647,
-0.01596202701330185,
-0.026237836107611656,
-0.03367053344845772,
0.019637759774923325,
-0.02122177928686142,
-0.010641351342201233,
-0.0029878029599785805,
-0.0003465039189904928,
-0.04116415977478027,
0.002202140400186181,
0.009082717821002007,
-0.01787097193300724,
0.011463821865618229,
-0.003320345189422369,
-0.0475611537694931,
-0.011077971197664738,
-0.012601065449416637,
0.03222867101430893,
0.04800792783498764,
0.0043814340606331825,
0.030340036377310753,
-0.0009760495158843696,
-0.0206633098423481,
0.036940108984708786,
-0.0062903789803385735,
0.03117266111075878,
-0.005069365259259939,
-0.0005594198009930551,
-0.0017997896065935493,
-0.016144797205924988,
-0.0215263981372118,
-0.009453337639570236,
0.0008656251593492925,
-0.020714079961180687,
0.03109142929315567,
-0.018145129084587097,
0.05369414761662483,
-0.08773022145032883
] |
Nowadays on E-commerce platforms, products are presented to the customers
with multiple modalities. These multiple modalities are significant for a
retrieval system while providing attracted products for customers. Therefore,
how to take into account those multiple modalities simultaneously to boost the
retrieval performance is crucial. This problem is a huge challenge to us due to
the following reasons: (1) the way of extracting patch features with the
pre-trained image model (e.g., CNN-based model) has much inductive bias. It is
difficult to capture the efficient information from the product image in
E-commerce. (2) The heterogeneity of multimodal data makes it challenging to
construct the representations of query text and product including title and
image in a common subspace. We propose a novel Adversarial Cross-modal Enhanced
BERT (ACE-BERT) for efficient E-commerce retrieval. In detail, ACE-BERT
leverages the patch features and pixel features as image representation. Thus
the Transformer architecture can be applied directly to the raw image
sequences. With the pre-trained enhanced BERT as the backbone network, ACE-BERT
further adopts adversarial learning by adding a domain classifier to ensure the
distribution consistency of different modality representations for the purpose
of narrowing down the representation gap between query and product.
Experimental results demonstrate that ACE-BERT outperforms the state-of-the-art
approaches on the retrieval task. It is remarkable that ACE-BERT has already
been deployed in our E-commerce's search engine, leading to 1.46% increase in
revenue. | [
0.001566010992974043,
0.005559116136282682,
-0.024199554696679115,
-0.0276260394603014,
0.011609004810452461,
0.015981342643499374,
-0.04047536104917526,
0.025538025423884392,
-0.058178868144750595,
0.02320016175508499,
-0.01482133474200964,
-0.04682863503694534,
0.027590347453951836,
-0.056073009967803955,
-0.03376515954732895,
0.008146826177835464,
0.014268100261688232,
-0.01042222697287798,
-0.02002352476119995,
-0.010850537568330765,
-0.03112391009926796,
-0.04839910939335823,
0.010930845513939857,
-0.013616710901260376,
0.0357104055583477,
0.029928209260106087,
0.0038971812464296818,
0.0018493207171559334,
-0.04868464916944504,
0.03940458223223686,
0.036584872752428055,
0.04847049340605736,
-0.023253701627254486,
-0.023539241403341293,
-0.06574568897485733,
-0.0031543297227472067,
0.024966944009065628,
0.020915839821100235,
0.020826607942581177,
0.033408235758543015,
0.02107645571231842,
-0.04036828130483627,
-0.048756033182144165,
-0.00234009325504303,
-0.03058852255344391,
-0.011475156992673874,
-0.007000202778726816,
0.004450415726751089,
0.022486312314867973,
-0.011002231389284134,
-0.020362604409456253,
-0.012055161409080029,
0.0049568042159080505,
0.02371770516037941,
-0.054788075387477875,
0.03645994886755943,
0.041653215885162354,
0.024092476814985275,
0.036281485110521317,
-0.008160211145877838,
0.039333198219537735,
-0.011412695050239563,
-0.0015503955073654652,
-0.04054674506187439,
-0.04847049340605736,
0.0007679476984776556,
-0.025448793545365334,
0.011992699466645718,
0.01223362423479557,
0.012144393287599087,
-0.05243236944079399,
-0.011778543703258038,
0.031177449971437454,
-0.0068306634202599525,
-0.03183776140213013,
0.011974853463470936,
0.050968971103429794,
0.014312716200947762,
0.027340499684214592,
0.006835124921053648,
0.04772095009684563,
0.08209288120269775,
0.04001135751605034,
0.020880145952105522,
0.08152180165052414,
-0.04868464916944504,
-0.03653133288025856,
-0.06827986240386963,
-0.039440277963876724,
-0.009877915494143963,
-0.04479416087269783,
-0.05535915866494179,
-0.01635611429810524,
-0.03438977897167206,
-0.019220441579818726,
0.017310891300439835,
-0.008994524367153645,
0.0032368688844144344,
-0.07438328862190247,
0.0012347394367679954,
0.015071182511746883,
0.00486757280305028,
0.005139728542417288,
-0.04222429543733597,
0.029696207493543625,
-0.0011399310315027833,
-0.044008925557136536,
0.007392820902168751,
-0.015909958630800247,
0.08294950425624847,
-0.009788683615624905,
-0.030410058796405792,
0.023003853857517242,
-0.007825593464076519,
-0.0332297720015049,
0.031070372089743614,
-0.05803610011935234,
-0.06935063749551773,
0.057036709040403366,
-0.04772095009684563,
-0.0335688516497612,
-0.06924356520175934,
0.04640032351016998,
-0.03612086921930313,
-0.04786372184753418,
0.036584872752428055,
-0.016766579821705818,
0.008958832360804081,
0.043794769793748856,
0.0020947069860994816,
-0.07623930275440216,
-0.041760291904211044,
-0.0411178283393383,
0.03017805702984333,
0.0419030636548996,
0.04661447927355766,
0.02063029818236828,
0.003067329293116927,
0.00862867571413517,
-0.04079659283161163,
0.03588886559009552,
0.0018013587687164545,
0.010056378319859505,
0.020915839821100235,
-0.04986250400543213,
-0.03071344643831253,
0.03608517721295357,
0.03729872405529022,
-0.01239424105733633,
0.015829648822546005,
-0.05775056034326553,
0.015169337391853333,
-0.02828635275363922,
0.03474670648574829,
0.012572703883051872,
-0.013563171960413456,
0.04954127222299576,
0.032676536589860916,
0.02519894577562809,
0.02139768935739994,
0.07084972411394119,
-0.046971406787633896,
0.008668829686939716,
0.04486554488539696,
0.054466843605041504,
-0.023985398933291435,
-0.0020065910648554564,
0.00772743858397007,
-0.09815453737974167,
0.04882742092013359,
0.0194881372153759,
0.06110566109418869,
-0.009770837612450123,
-0.015285338275134563,
-0.013206246308982372,
0.04964834824204445,
0.1006530150771141,
-0.0689937174320221,
-0.07156357914209366,
0.013482864014804363,
-0.02637680061161518,
-0.00034744475851766765,
0.055537618696689606,
0.02434232458472252,
0.06171243265271187,
0.010395457968115807,
0.020201988518238068,
-0.0016028189565986395,
-0.051718518137931824,
-0.0020868992432951927,
0.020933685824275017,
0.025984182953834534,
0.04882742092013359,
-0.028714662417769432,
-0.008740215562283993,
-0.01826566644012928,
-0.10607828199863434,
-0.04532954841852188,
-0.007772054523229599,
-0.015472724102437496,
0.00648266077041626,
-0.07224173843860626,
0.00685297092422843,
0.008365442976355553,
0.06731616705656052,
-0.003451024182140827,
-0.011983776465058327,
-0.0472569465637207,
0.0018727439455688,
-0.03631717711687088,
-0.028125734999775887,
-0.012590549886226654,
-0.05264652147889137,
-0.020184140652418137,
0.005750963464379311,
0.019398905336856842,
-0.00979760754853487,
-0.0072366660460829735,
-0.016918271780014038,
0.013670249842107296,
-0.033390387892723083,
-0.003529101610183716,
-0.003716487670317292,
-0.022843237966299057,
-0.06292597949504852,
-0.03844088315963745,
0.007245589047670364,
-0.010056378319859505,
0.06656662374734879,
0.005452038254588842,
-0.06471060961484909,
-0.00962806772440672,
-0.030463598668575287,
-0.05393145605921745,
0.02161184325814247,
-0.06371121853590012,
-0.01550841610878706,
-0.03080267831683159,
-0.016873657703399658,
-0.00010045502858702093,
-0.05960657075047493,
-0.030731292441487312,
-0.022200770676136017,
-0.032551612704992294,
0.05025511980056763,
0.04943419247865677,
-0.015633340924978256,
0.010796998627483845,
0.01599026657640934,
-0.005933887790888548,
0.009306834079325199,
0.0012592780403792858,
-0.03180206939578056,
0.03704887628555298,
0.007218820042908192,
0.011118232272565365,
0.039761509746313095,
-0.027554655447602272,
-0.007798823993653059,
-0.039119042456150055,
0.04868464916944504,
0.005684040021151304,
-0.030749138444662094,
0.02974974736571312,
-0.001312816864810884,
-0.005804502405226231,
0.020309066399931908,
0.015579801984131336,
-0.04707848280668259,
0.018792131915688515,
0.03783411160111427,
-0.0408322848379612,
-0.010136686265468597,
-0.01387548167258501,
-0.026519570499658585,
0.04468708112835884,
0.07234881818294525,
0.010047455318272114,
0.032872844487428665,
-0.004396876785904169,
0.013500710017979145,
0.03729872405529022,
0.055751774460077286,
0.014446563087403774,
-0.04479416087269783,
0.010020685382187366,
0.029838979244232178,
-0.02350354939699173,
-0.03961873799562454,
-0.01925613544881344,
-0.026733726263046265,
-0.03146298974752426,
-0.04782802611589432,
-0.007084972690790892,
0.03662056475877762,
0.0045351856388151646,
-0.006090042646974325,
0.002098053228110075,
0.033533159643411636,
-0.023896167054772377,
-0.032123301178216934,
-0.04354492202401161,
-0.0017143582226708531,
0.03517501428723335,
-0.07416913658380508,
0.036281485110521317,
0.02105860970914364,
0.08544798195362091,
0.0032435611356049776,
-0.047364022582769394,
0.023985398933291435,
0.005889271851629019,
0.013804096728563309,
-0.019827216863632202,
-0.0077408235520124435,
0.0350322462618351,
0.05375299230217934,
0.011653619818389416,
-0.009217603132128716,
-0.02560940943658352,
-0.00486757280305028,
-0.002714865142479539,
-0.06906510144472122,
0.022004462778568268,
-0.003156560705974698,
0.008262827061116695,
0.02648387849330902,
0.03747718408703804,
0.03344392776489258,
0.01875643990933895,
-0.04090367257595062,
-0.04375907778739929,
0.04233137518167496,
0.05200405791401863,
0.008374365977942944,
-0.035746097564697266,
-0.01725735142827034,
0.006799432449042797,
-0.04361630603671074,
-0.014410870149731636,
0.035121478140354156,
0.009137295186519623,
-0.047399718314409256,
0.010832691565155983,
0.022593388333916664,
-0.021879538893699646,
-0.009181910194456577,
0.024734942242503166,
0.0031677144579589367,
-0.04086798056960106,
0.0009949300438165665,
0.0005761001957580447,
-0.04300953075289726,
0.022700466215610504,
0.03811965137720108,
-0.04333076626062393,
-0.0191490575671196,
-0.014250253327190876,
-0.00751774525269866,
0.007049280218780041,
0.0033863314893096685,
-0.08259257674217224,
-0.00330825406126678,
0.062426283955574036,
-0.018488744273781776,
0.028339890763163567,
-0.015918880701065063,
0.03904765844345093,
0.018185358494520187,
-0.007977286353707314,
-0.03554978594183922,
0.003997566644102335,
-0.016962887719273567,
0.024502940475940704,
0.0054698847234249115,
0.010448995977640152,
-0.015749340876936913,
-0.01382194273173809,
0.016597039997577667,
0.06653092801570892,
-0.034050699323415756,
-0.03872642666101456,
-0.009262219071388245,
-0.01301886048167944,
0.06456783413887024,
0.04625755548477173,
0.04097505658864975,
-0.031106064096093178,
-0.02944635972380638,
0.019862908869981766,
0.024592172354459763,
-0.01989860087633133,
-0.021736767143011093,
-0.002228554105386138,
0.06546015292406082,
-0.022736160084605217,
0.0034086392261087894,
0.024003244936466217,
-0.007339282426983118,
0.007557899225503206,
0.000006457076324295485,
0.029357129707932472,
0.018470898270606995,
-0.013723788782954216,
-0.009601297788321972,
-0.004383492283523083,
0.03567471355199814,
0.017632123082876205,
0.023164469748735428,
0.048006489872932434,
-0.04607909172773361,
-0.05371730029582977,
-0.032979924231767654,
-0.018399514257907867,
0.01989860087633133,
-0.02594848908483982,
-0.027679579332470894,
0.0011711620027199388,
0.04065382480621338,
-0.006884201895445585,
-0.003649563994258642,
0.0375128798186779,
0.0595351867377758,
0.01875643990933895,
-0.03231961280107498,
-0.014303792268037796,
0.04068951681256294,
0.02150476537644863,
-0.05550192669034004,
-0.00003618054324761033,
0.041974447667598724,
-0.03260515257716179,
0.02573433518409729,
-0.052253905683755875,
0.024645710363984108,
0.015133644454181194,
0.03804826736450195,
0.03226607292890549,
-0.017498277127742767,
-0.04793510586023331,
0.0017098966054618359,
0.006317582912743092,
-0.0029758671298623085,
-0.024324478581547737,
-0.028536200523376465,
-0.03822673112154007,
0.011841005645692348,
0.009592374786734581,
-0.002672480186447501,
-0.025770027190446854,
-0.08958832174539566,
0.03847657889127731,
-0.06988602876663208,
-0.04215291142463684,
0.06831555813550949,
-0.0031409449875354767,
0.00778097752481699,
0.0052468059584498405,
0.036906104534864426,
-0.027233421802520752,
0.007267897017300129,
0.00783451646566391,
0.045365240424871445,
-0.02678726427257061,
0.028446968644857407,
0.03772703558206558,
-0.04836341738700867,
-0.009672683663666248,
-0.004394646268337965,
0.013197323307394981,
-0.03157006576657295,
-0.014178868383169174,
0.034157779067754745,
0.053110525012016296,
0.0328371524810791,
-0.018274590373039246,
0.02837558276951313,
-0.025252485647797585,
0.064317986369133,
0.025181099772453308,
0.0131794773042202,
-0.019291827455163002,
-0.005206651985645294,
0.0024427094031125307,
-0.007374974898993969,
-0.020773068070411682,
-0.009297911077737808,
0.009833299554884434,
-0.050861895084381104,
0.02118353359401226,
-0.02857189252972603,
0.012653011828660965,
-0.035531941801309586,
0.013955790549516678,
-0.01053822785615921,
-0.04054674506187439,
-0.004854187835007906,
-0.006705739535391331,
0.047399718314409256,
0.02361062727868557,
-0.030517136678099632,
-0.016275806352496147,
0.022611236199736595,
0.028875280171632767,
0.08366335928440094,
-0.01979152299463749,
-0.023806937038898468,
0.07538267970085144,
0.013554248958826065,
0.021576151251792908,
0.029838979244232178,
0.01059176679700613,
0.013447171077132225,
-0.0020746299996972084,
-0.03629933297634125,
-0.021986614912748337,
0.010279457084834576,
-0.006027580704540014,
0.03301561623811722,
0.0180515106767416,
0.011725005693733692,
-0.0009363719727844,
-0.007745285052806139,
0.019755830988287926,
0.014366254210472107,
0.0028888664674013853,
0.050790511071681976,
0.01116284728050232,
0.07174204289913177,
-0.04308091849088669,
-0.0243601705878973,
0.023806937038898468,
-0.0074909757822752,
-0.02857189252972603,
-0.001900628674775362,
-0.0031543297227472067,
0.005871425848454237,
-0.011716081760823727,
-0.029482053592801094,
-0.04786372184753418,
0.013313324190676212,
0.04179598391056061,
0.02139768935739994,
0.012269317172467709,
-0.04686432704329491,
0.007959440350532532,
0.07845224440097809,
-0.04946988448500633,
-0.037227336317300797,
0.02741188369691372,
0.022182924672961235,
-0.05061204731464386,
0.011653619818389416,
0.00868221465498209,
0.029499899595975876,
-0.018149666488170624,
0.0020601297728717327,
-0.03019590489566326,
0.0324980728328228,
-0.007513283286243677,
-0.01957736723124981,
0.007691746111959219,
0.010993307456374168,
0.02013060264289379,
0.03253376483917236,
-0.022379234433174133,
0.03314054012298584,
0.061355508863925934,
-0.0071474346332252026,
0.028304198756814003,
-0.026912188157439232,
0.02955343760550022,
-0.04265260696411133,
-0.03640640899538994,
-0.04372338205575943,
0.009217603132128716,
0.06521030515432358,
-0.04108213260769844,
-0.013402555137872696,
0.04279537871479988,
0.007169742602854967,
0.01386655867099762,
0.003903873497620225,
0.013795173726975918,
0.022200770676136017,
0.02403893694281578,
-0.003520178608596325,
-0.03462178260087967,
0.003205637913197279,
-0.029785439372062683,
0.023467857390642166,
0.032783616334199905,
-0.015642262995243073,
-0.03629933297634125,
-0.006522814743220806,
-0.01947029121220112,
0.043366458266973495,
0.03039221279323101,
0.055002231150865555,
-0.04268829897046089,
0.0005008112057112157,
-0.0015503955073654652,
0.06074873358011246,
0.03039221279323101,
-0.008441289886832237,
-0.027982965111732483,
0.02457432635128498,
0.003738795407116413,
0.03786980360746384,
0.009052525274455547,
0.005510038696229458,
0.011591157875955105,
0.007392820902168751,
-0.04704279080033302,
0.017328737303614616,
0.000023057253201841377,
0.02560940943658352,
0.015633340924978256,
-0.010680997744202614,
-0.055858854204416275,
0.05460961535573006,
-0.025430947542190552,
0.04793510586023331,
0.00006793437205487862,
-0.01408963743597269,
0.027286959812045097,
0.016454270109534264,
0.014428716152906418,
-0.009877915494143963,
-0.020291218534111977,
-0.0029981748666614294,
-0.01488379668444395,
-0.0014890489401295781,
-0.024627864360809326,
0.02405678480863571,
-0.02361062727868557,
0.02277185209095478,
0.02805435098707676,
0.0026234029792249203,
0.03662056475877762,
-0.045472320169210434,
-0.019131211563944817,
-0.012822551652789116,
0.06278321146965027,
0.017275197431445122,
0.010573919862508774,
-0.006714662536978722,
-0.0030985602643340826,
0.03271222859621048,
0.017069965600967407,
-0.023057391867041588,
0.043901845812797546,
0.028982356190681458,
0.022379234433174133,
-0.002277631312608719,
-0.031516529619693756,
0.018105050548911095,
0.0624619759619236,
0.05111174285411835,
-0.0036339485086500645,
-0.013465017080307007,
-0.06742323935031891,
-0.010243764147162437,
-0.010100994259119034,
0.027162035927176476,
-0.034782398492097855,
-0.0029490976594388485,
-0.02689434215426445,
0.0016742040170356631,
0.030838370323181152,
-0.005487730726599693,
-0.030766984447836876,
-0.05061204731464386,
-0.01323301624506712,
0.027893733233213425,
-0.02560940943658352,
0.04650740325450897,
-0.03269438445568085,
-0.009449604898691177,
-0.021647537127137184,
-0.009922531433403492,
-0.003397485474124551,
-0.02498479001224041,
-0.04497262462973595,
-0.036906104534864426,
-0.02468140423297882,
-0.04265260696411133,
0.006924356333911419,
-0.036799028515815735,
-0.0013485094532370567,
-0.03389008343219757,
-0.028500506654381752,
0.05792902037501335,
-0.010707767680287361,
0.013661326840519905,
0.0361030213534832,
-0.007593591697514057,
0.008905293419957161,
0.028964510187506676,
-0.037334416061639786,
-0.018399514257907867,
-0.009262219071388245,
-0.04447292909026146,
0.014303792268037796,
-0.0031275604851543903,
0.037013184279203415,
-0.004385723266750574,
-0.02054106630384922,
-0.004026566632091999,
0.006357736885547638,
-0.015553032048046589,
0.02373555116355419,
0.008476982824504375,
-0.007325897458940744,
-0.015392415225505829,
-0.012215778231620789,
0.04147475212812424,
0.004095721058547497,
-0.01053822785615921,
0.03387223929166794,
0.053538836538791656,
0.05071912333369255,
0.049077268689870834,
-0.06317582726478577,
-0.012635165825486183,
0.029696207493543625,
0.015115798451006413,
-0.008378827944397926,
0.0005309268017299473,
-0.0057063475251197815,
-0.004242952913045883,
-0.0040042586624622345,
-0.018212128430604935,
0.0067235855385661125,
-0.00613912008702755,
0.00817805714905262,
-0.03178422152996063,
0.02730480767786503,
0.016641655936837196,
0.029410667717456818,
0.02668018639087677,
-0.04490123689174652,
-0.003890488762408495,
-0.009226526133716106,
-0.018470898270606995,
0.01798904873430729,
0.01301886048167944,
0.0263589546084404,
0.035210710018873215,
-0.024306632578372955,
0.023003853857517242,
-0.043152302503585815,
0.023896167054772377,
-0.05878564342856407,
-0.02637680061161518,
-0.02414601482450962,
0.020683838054537773,
0.0083922129124403,
0.012831474654376507,
-0.05075481906533241,
0.008686676621437073,
0.032551612704992294,
-0.012626242823898792,
0.020987223833799362,
0.05146867036819458,
0.038583654910326004,
-0.02657310850918293,
0.030213750898838043,
0.0026010952424257994,
0.014633948914706707,
0.02107645571231842,
-0.015544109046459198,
0.03071344643831253,
-0.016177652403712273,
-0.01127884816378355,
0.025984182953834534,
0.011662543751299381,
0.01809612661600113,
-0.03226607292890549,
-0.02159399725496769,
-0.008459135890007019,
0.012635165825486183,
-0.005768809467554092,
0.04554370418190956,
-0.005478807725012302,
0.03019590489566326,
-0.004898803774267435,
-0.017391199246048927,
0.028964510187506676,
0.004126952029764652,
0.006714662536978722,
-0.016534578055143356,
0.011207463219761848,
-0.0039663356728851795,
0.046757251024246216,
0.02593064308166504,
0.020041370764374733,
-0.021950922906398773,
-0.03335469588637352,
-0.025877105072140694,
0.03112391009926796,
-0.0020121680572628975,
0.040725208818912506,
0.057643480598926544,
-0.05557331442832947,
-0.025466639548540115,
-0.026965728029608727,
0.009146218188107014,
0.008958832360804081,
-0.013357940129935741,
0.025020483881235123,
0.0040845670737326145,
-0.01382194273173809,
0.024627864360809326,
0.0129117825999856,
-0.031909145414829254,
-0.020701684057712555,
0.027822349220514297,
0.005518961697816849,
-0.014018252491950989,
0.02498479001224041,
0.01419671531766653,
-0.028732508420944214,
-0.023896167054772377,
-0.05557331442832947,
-0.018131818622350693,
0.022093692794442177,
0.011287771165370941,
0.03412208706140518,
-0.0033885622397065163,
0.03333684802055359,
-0.008459135890007019,
-0.0120105454698205,
0.02137984149158001,
-0.07291989773511887,
0.03328331187367439,
0.012358548119664192,
0.018792131915688515,
-0.03346177190542221,
0.07127803564071655,
-0.017658893018960953,
0.03979720175266266,
-0.04789941385388374,
-0.039226122200489044,
-0.004555262625217438,
-0.015151490457355976,
-0.0025475563015788794,
-0.007272358518093824,
-0.011037923395633698,
-0.018399514257907867,
0.0194881372153759,
0.05325329676270485,
0.0668521597981453,
-0.029357129707932472,
-0.017480431124567986,
-0.013420402072370052,
-0.062105052173137665,
0.04550801217556,
-0.025573717430233955,
0.012563779950141907,
0.01873859204351902,
-0.01779274083673954,
0.011091462336480618,
-0.027126343920826912,
0.04722125455737114,
0.04839910939335823,
0.011983776465058327,
-0.03153437376022339,
-0.02625187672674656,
-0.03801257535815239,
-0.027358345687389374,
-0.007098357658833265,
-0.016177652403712273,
0.05357452854514122,
-0.007937132380902767,
-0.02912512794137001,
0.006362198386341333,
0.006817278452217579,
0.008548367768526077,
-0.01556195504963398,
0.018399514257907867,
0.014321639202535152,
0.013322247192263603,
-0.00328148459084332,
0.03744149208068848,
-0.04201013967394829,
0.005434191785752773,
0.004617724567651749,
0.02052322030067444,
-0.07431190460920334,
-0.0029290204402059317,
0.02584141120314598,
0.012742242775857449,
-0.019541675224900246,
0.0052468059584498405,
-0.006469276268035173,
0.002605556743219495,
-0.0008075441000983119,
-0.023539241403341293,
0.02107645571231842,
0.011136078275740147,
-0.02202230878174305,
-0.041581831872463226,
-0.04011843353509903,
0.021968768909573555,
0.02223646454513073,
0.026394646614789963,
-0.05336037278175354,
0.013090245425701141,
-0.0013708173064514995,
0.04065382480621338,
0.0006184850935824215,
0.016195498406887054,
0.02857189252972603,
0.013063476420938969,
-0.03501439839601517,
-0.016498884186148643,
-0.035299938172101974,
0.016757655888795853,
-0.018078280612826347,
0.06881525367498398,
0.0030182518530637026,
-0.006951125804334879,
0.018774285912513733,
-0.045472320169210434,
0.033925775438547134,
-0.02974974736571312,
0.04807787388563156,
0.002035591285675764,
0.01764104701578617,
-0.04386615380644798,
0.025056175887584686,
0.02785804122686386,
-0.010136686265468597,
-0.025591563433408737,
-0.00799513328820467,
-0.032890692353248596,
-0.04946988448500633,
0.005014804191887379,
-0.030106673017144203,
0.027054958045482635,
0.036799028515815735,
-0.017096735537052155,
-0.006576353684067726,
0.021772461012005806,
-0.08616183698177338,
0.04086798056960106,
-0.014098560437560081,
-0.01989860087633133,
0.027037112042307854,
-0.0444372333586216,
0.004858649335801601,
-0.03569255769252777,
-0.016837963834404945,
0.00416933698579669,
0.01133238710463047,
-0.02423524670302868,
-0.028750356286764145,
-0.04893449693918228,
-0.0012414318043738604,
-0.0030740215443074703,
0.014785641804337502,
-0.018078280612826347,
-0.0023958629462867975,
-0.051183126866817474,
-0.021147839725017548,
-0.006937740836292505,
0.006732508540153503,
-0.00394848920404911,
0.016106266528367996,
0.007731900550425053,
-0.006968971807509661,
-0.00605881167575717,
-0.005438653752207756,
0.036370716989040375,
-0.018988441675901413,
0.01798904873430729,
0.008824984543025494,
-0.027804503217339516,
-0.004599878564476967,
0.0008053133497014642,
-0.018015818670392036,
0.07306266576051712,
-0.003082944778725505,
0.0131794773042202,
-0.023378625512123108,
0.015856418758630753,
-0.008316366001963615,
-0.038904886692762375,
0.02835773676633835,
-0.006295274943113327,
-0.011921314522624016,
0.009021294303238392,
-0.0007924863020889461,
-0.05696532130241394,
0.03294423222541809,
-0.008012979291379452,
0.02678726427257061,
0.051183126866817474,
-0.012706550769507885,
-0.05789332836866379,
-0.023146623745560646,
-0.005947272293269634,
0.0440446175634861,
-0.002099168486893177,
0.07309836149215698,
0.00600527273491025,
0.0018136281287297606,
-0.021790307015180588,
0.0189527478069067,
0.026109106838703156,
-0.009043602272868156,
0.008856215514242649,
0.0018504360923543572,
-0.0036451024934649467,
0.005916041322052479,
-0.04254553094506264,
0.010332995094358921,
0.009396065957844257,
-0.0012871628860011697,
-0.009288988076150417,
-0.02457432635128498,
-0.004122490528970957,
-0.019024133682250977
] |
A major challenge in collaborative filtering methods is how to produce
recommendations for cold items (items with no ratings), or integrate cold item
into an existing catalog. Over the years, a variety of hybrid recommendation
models have been proposed to address this problem by utilizing items' metadata
and content along with their ratings or usage patterns. In this work, we wish
to revisit the cold start problem in order to draw attention to an overlooked
challenge: the ability to integrate and balance between (regular) warm items
and completely cold items. In this case, two different challenges arise: (1)
preserving high quality performance on warm items, while (2) learning to
promote cold items to relevant users. First, we show that these two objectives
are in fact conflicting, and the balance between them depends on the business
needs and the application at hand. Next, we propose a novel hybrid
recommendation algorithm that bridges these two conflicting objectives and
enables a harmonized balance between preserving high accuracy for warm items
while effectively promoting completely cold items. We demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on movies, apps, and articles
recommendations, and provide an empirical analysis of the cold-warm trade-off. | [
-0.032748449593782425,
-0.018643170595169067,
-0.029004689306020737,
0.015400469303131104,
-0.01577862724661827,
-0.054038722068071365,
-0.09211919456720352,
0.001051160041242838,
-0.04942519962787628,
0.016903646290302277,
0.016733475029468536,
0.02543110027909279,
0.019928906112909317,
-0.019144229590892792,
-0.0015209026169031858,
0.03758886829018593,
-0.006405044812709093,
0.02157389186322689,
0.02856980822980404,
-0.02594161219894886,
0.013944562524557114,
-0.016884736716747284,
0.04443351924419403,
0.08054757118225098,
0.020817575976252556,
0.041597336530685425,
-0.03030933253467083,
-0.02017470821738243,
-0.07226592302322388,
0.018936242908239365,
0.08440478146076202,
-0.0016603482654318213,
0.007686053402721882,
-0.0391014963388443,
-0.044622600078582764,
0.0165538489818573,
0.07226592302322388,
0.03847753629088402,
0.021082287654280663,
0.03932839259505272,
-0.0005096264649182558,
-0.008598358370363712,
-0.06474058330059052,
-0.0205528661608696,
-0.01560845598578453,
-0.03271063417196274,
-0.034714870154857635,
0.005946528632193804,
-0.020250340923666954,
-0.06311450898647308,
0.02146044559776783,
-0.025960519909858704,
0.02263273298740387,
-0.024618061259388924,
-0.02819165028631687,
0.009638291783630848,
0.0035570450127124786,
-0.03401527926325798,
0.04696717485785484,
0.010957117192447186,
-0.03764558956027031,
0.019796550273895264,
0.00220867688767612,
-0.011004386469721794,
0.0020160528365522623,
-0.017990848049521446,
0.006660301238298416,
0.0038879329804331064,
-0.004485894925892353,
-0.010616774670779705,
-0.09227045625448227,
0.01717780902981758,
0.05929511412978172,
0.013348964042961597,
-0.02548782341182232,
0.010664044879376888,
0.10497655719518661,
0.03002571500837803,
0.02896687388420105,
-0.020080169662833214,
0.036227498203516006,
0.017073815688490868,
0.014710331335663795,
0.04500075802206993,
0.021933142095804214,
-0.02077976055443287,
-0.000056280488934135064,
-0.07215247303247452,
0.008456549607217312,
-0.023294508457183838,
-0.013481318950653076,
-0.035376645624637604,
-0.0391014963388443,
-0.04980335757136345,
-0.013367871753871441,
0.021781878545880318,
0.01352858915925026,
-0.0026258318684995174,
-0.0533580407500267,
0.01706436276435852,
-0.053244590759277344,
-0.0010044812224805355,
-0.0009761193650774658,
0.011174557730555534,
0.0008922156412154436,
-0.012167220935225487,
0.006041068118065596,
-0.012923536822199821,
-0.026546664535999298,
0.07166086882352829,
-0.0026731016114354134,
-0.03819391876459122,
-0.023880653083324432,
-0.008328921161592007,
-0.01800975576043129,
0.004892413970082998,
-0.005885078106075525,
-0.04038723185658455,
0.030857661738991737,
-0.040311601012945175,
0.032918620854616165,
0.05059748888015747,
-0.015069580636918545,
0.006107245571911335,
-0.025979427620768547,
0.032408107072114944,
0.013935107737779617,
0.010928754694759846,
0.028664346784353256,
0.01703600026667118,
-0.021952049806714058,
0.04704280570149422,
0.00991718377918005,
-0.04829072579741478,
0.06961881369352341,
0.006707570515573025,
0.06908939778804779,
0.02023143321275711,
-0.00913250632584095,
-0.027076086029410362,
-0.03800484165549278,
-0.04363938793540001,
-0.04677809774875641,
0.013046437874436378,
0.004426807630807161,
0.015854258090257645,
-0.021365905180573463,
0.0022642186377197504,
-0.04129481315612793,
0.022046588361263275,
-0.027813492342829704,
0.024636968970298767,
-0.03620859235525131,
0.03607623651623726,
0.04144607484340668,
0.015589547343552113,
0.006910830270498991,
-0.032578278332948685,
0.042504917830228806,
-0.016714567318558693,
0.044622600078582764,
-0.0205528661608696,
0.007132998201996088,
0.02554454654455185,
0.052034489810466766,
0.002173224464058876,
0.027416426688432693,
-0.005010588560253382,
-0.08523672819137573,
0.04991680383682251,
0.002701463410630822,
-0.008555816486477852,
-0.022557102143764496,
0.03815610334277153,
0.013538043014705181,
0.03170851618051529,
0.06640447676181793,
-0.016052789986133575,
-0.04923612251877785,
0.029174860566854477,
-0.01646876335144043,
-0.021195733919739723,
0.02045832760632038,
0.013850023038685322,
0.004084102343767881,
0.01629859395325184,
-0.0006446405895985663,
0.01174179371446371,
-0.0014736329903826118,
-0.04000907763838768,
0.05929511412978172,
0.022481469437479973,
0.037286341190338135,
0.04231583699584007,
0.003055986249819398,
-0.031065648421645164,
-0.030460596084594727,
-0.054265618324279785,
-0.001178197329863906,
0.003457778599113226,
-0.02705717831850052,
-0.06039177253842354,
0.045303281396627426,
-0.005133489612489939,
0.013377325609326363,
0.0019699649419635534,
0.0263954009860754,
-0.015797534957528114,
-0.025336559861898422,
-0.037967026233673096,
0.043790653347969055,
-0.031084556132555008,
-0.04246709868311882,
0.028494175523519516,
0.0302526094019413,
0.0047576953656971455,
-0.00113092758692801,
0.08463167399168015,
-0.07873241603374481,
0.007203902583569288,
-0.006787929218262434,
0.015447738580405712,
0.06999697536230087,
0.002736915834248066,
0.0113447280600667,
-0.03785357624292374,
-0.026527756825089455,
0.04341249540448189,
0.04341249540448189,
-0.01955074816942215,
-0.020269248634576797,
-0.013604220002889633,
-0.02976100519299507,
-0.008995424024760723,
-0.0006227783160284162,
-0.0008136297692544758,
-0.04050068184733391,
-0.05097564682364464,
-0.010881485417485237,
-0.0055778250098228455,
-0.009954999200999737,
-0.009425578638911247,
-0.028267281129956245,
-0.06345485150814056,
0.026017244905233383,
-0.019909998401999474,
-0.035319920629262924,
0.0676523968577385,
0.0004688563640229404,
0.029439570382237434,
0.03248373791575432,
-0.03467705473303795,
-0.011042202822864056,
0.05456814542412758,
-0.0036941273137927055,
0.03981999680399895,
0.053811829537153244,
-0.04500075802206993,
-0.028475267812609673,
-0.03093329258263111,
0.04704280570149422,
0.03974436596035957,
0.00997390691190958,
0.01468196976929903,
0.005407653748989105,
0.005228029098361731,
0.0645136907696724,
-0.030120253562927246,
0.01766941510140896,
0.042769625782966614,
0.052979882806539536,
-0.046475570648908615,
0.024126455187797546,
-0.07271970808506012,
-0.009208138100802898,
-0.04772349074482918,
0.01835009828209877,
-0.04072757437825203,
0.01020080130547285,
0.005105128046125174,
0.006083610467612743,
0.017357435077428818,
0.09340493381023407,
0.028267281129956245,
-0.023407956585288048,
-0.06576161086559296,
-0.06776584684848785,
0.008551089093089104,
-0.05237482860684395,
-0.027870215475559235,
0.019815459847450256,
-0.006712297908961773,
-0.04900922626256943,
-0.012309030629694462,
0.06859779357910156,
0.0470806248486042,
0.05226138234138489,
0.059975799173116684,
0.037967026233673096,
-0.05029496178030968,
0.011581077240407467,
-0.0006269144359976053,
0.011524353176355362,
-0.032294660806655884,
-0.06254726648330688,
0.021592799574136734,
0.00013169043813832104,
0.02902359701693058,
-0.015702994540333748,
-0.047988202422857285,
0.012961352244019508,
-0.019872182980179787,
-0.008702351711690426,
-0.021214641630649567,
0.01142981369048357,
0.03463923931121826,
0.04931175336241722,
-0.01022916380316019,
-0.03439343348145485,
-0.00997390691190958,
-0.04133262857794762,
-0.0258281659334898,
-0.06719861179590225,
-0.02331341616809368,
-0.017820676788687706,
-0.042278021574020386,
0.0019522387301549315,
0.044509150087833405,
0.02919376827776432,
0.003512138966470957,
-0.04666465148329735,
-0.03388292342424393,
0.017716683447360992,
-0.0068162912502884865,
-0.04968991130590439,
0.023823929950594902,
0.017395250499248505,
0.0008715351577848196,
-0.057858116924762726,
-0.03382619842886925,
-0.005147670395672321,
0.01419981848448515,
0.02526092901825905,
0.04012252390384674,
0.01912532187998295,
-0.0022405837662518024,
-0.03687036782503128,
0.03047950379550457,
0.024107547476887703,
-0.024750415235757828,
0.001166379894129932,
-0.010323703289031982,
-0.02896687388420105,
0.016676750034093857,
0.04307215288281441,
0.018047573044896126,
0.028891241177916527,
0.03346695005893707,
0.008031122386455536,
0.05664801225066185,
0.024920586496591568,
-0.10505218803882599,
-0.06931629031896591,
0.005582551937550306,
-0.07241718471050262,
-0.007482793647795916,
0.02319996990263462,
0.033145513385534286,
0.002666011219844222,
-0.0007521791267208755,
-0.04106791689991951,
-0.03494176268577576,
-0.008560542948544025,
0.03639766946434975,
-0.01923876814544201,
0.015646271407604218,
0.024296626448631287,
0.006017433013767004,
-0.03989562764763832,
0.03947965428233147,
-0.03259718790650368,
-0.028267281129956245,
0.018680986016988754,
0.010474965907633305,
0.026206322014331818,
0.02331341616809368,
0.00457334378734231,
-0.009085237048566341,
-0.047420963644981384,
-0.010786945931613445,
0.023502495139837265,
-0.008650355041027069,
-0.01058841310441494,
-0.01763159967958927,
0.0302526094019413,
-0.04628649353981018,
0.00974701251834631,
0.025979427620768547,
0.008621993474662304,
0.001805702573619783,
-0.004391355440020561,
0.03513084352016449,
-0.03647330030798912,
0.058690063655376434,
-0.03248373791575432,
-0.005407653748989105,
0.0391014963388443,
-0.023162154480814934,
0.021309182047843933,
0.013575858436524868,
-0.0006257327040657401,
-0.012942444533109665,
0.02554454654455185,
0.043790653347969055,
0.00812093447893858,
0.03675692155957222,
-0.0593707449734211,
0.02391846850514412,
0.007468612864613533,
0.016913099214434624,
-0.012422477826476097,
0.0011256097350269556,
0.06470277160406113,
-0.039971258491277695,
-0.011165103875100613,
0.033258963376283646,
0.0001412182318745181,
-0.02246256172657013,
0.0023386685643345118,
0.005412380676716566,
0.04409317672252655,
0.04628649353981018,
0.033145513385534286,
-0.08085010200738907,
0.0024485704489052296,
0.00997390691190958,
-0.04303433746099472,
0.00614978838711977,
-0.02671683579683304,
-0.030328240245580673,
-0.01706436276435852,
-0.012554832734167576,
-0.02223566733300686,
-0.014975041151046753,
-0.011694524437189102,
-0.02700045332312584,
-0.014133640564978123,
-0.00836201012134552,
-0.06247163936495781,
-0.01778286136686802,
-0.04443351924419403,
0.03753214329481125,
-0.03632203862071037,
-0.028002571314573288,
0.009718650951981544,
-0.024523520842194557,
0.013963470235466957,
-0.03917712718248367,
0.0015327200526371598,
-0.002315033692866564,
-0.05483285337686539,
0.00448825815692544,
0.058916956186294556,
0.007095182314515114,
-0.0026092876214534044,
0.035716988146305084,
-0.08432915061712265,
-0.033145513385534286,
0.009279042482376099,
-0.020571773871779442,
-0.04912267252802849,
0.006319959182292223,
-0.0219709575176239,
0.020912116393446922,
0.014776509255170822,
-0.0024911132641136646,
-0.02251928672194481,
-0.06292542815208435,
0.03233247622847557,
-0.07101800292730331,
0.02380502223968506,
0.04991680383682251,
-0.021876418963074684,
-0.012072681449353695,
0.027246255427598953,
0.003554681548848748,
-0.0007202720735222101,
0.01498449593782425,
-0.013386779464781284,
-0.01436998974531889,
-0.038231734186410904,
0.021706247702240944,
0.03390182927250862,
0.004438625182956457,
-0.03698381409049034,
-0.04212675988674164,
-0.011609438806772232,
-0.00899069756269455,
0.05710180103778839,
-0.010966571047902107,
-0.013764937408268452,
0.01465360727161169,
-0.025695810094475746,
0.03155725449323654,
0.02017470821738243,
0.0179813951253891,
0.049500830471515656,
-0.022670548409223557,
0.04186204820871353,
-0.0006345957517623901,
-0.04931175336241722,
0.043563757091760635,
0.008546361699700356,
-0.006551580503582954,
0.012762819416821003,
0.024580245837569237,
-0.0008461276884190738,
-0.055891696363687515,
0.016449855640530586,
0.004124281462281942,
-0.0014192728558555245,
-0.001740706735290587,
-0.05233701318502426,
0.0625094547867775,
-0.033523671329021454,
0.032691724598407745,
0.002369393827393651,
-0.011467630043625832,
0.08069883286952972,
-0.009435032494366169,
-0.021271366626024246,
0.05872787907719612,
-0.01465360727161169,
-0.031405989080667496,
0.01960747316479683,
0.006915557198226452,
0.03216230496764183,
0.009137233719229698,
0.016487672924995422,
-0.014464529231190681,
-0.01955074816942215,
0.05237482860684395,
0.011968688108026981,
0.012365753762423992,
-0.007756958249956369,
-0.007071547210216522,
0.04152170568704605,
-0.05362274870276451,
0.027435334399342537,
-0.016204053536057472,
-0.013509680517017841,
-0.01406746357679367,
0.01652548834681511,
-0.017537059262394905,
-0.009212864562869072,
-0.017527606338262558,
-0.0002672215341590345,
-0.01618514582514763,
0.02208440564572811,
-0.026036152616143227,
-0.02745424211025238,
0.006499583832919598,
0.03346695005893707,
-0.032540462911129,
0.012980259954929352,
-0.02531765215098858,
0.03216230496764183,
0.02828618884086609,
-0.010456058196723461,
0.00037963478825986385,
-0.03558463230729103,
0.0019924179650843143,
0.00035304558696225286,
-0.032408107072114944,
-0.05082438513636589,
-0.011637800373136997,
-0.019248222932219505,
-0.015702994540333748,
0.019399486482143402,
0.0058236271142959595,
-0.012015958316624165,
-0.021101195365190506,
0.033429134637117386,
-0.0007669508922845125,
-0.016657842323184013,
0.037286341190338135,
-0.009879367426037788,
-0.044509150087833405,
-0.023880653083324432,
-0.040198154747486115,
-0.0038123014383018017,
0.07714415341615677,
-0.022160036489367485,
0.004686790984123945,
-0.03376947343349457,
-0.005005861632525921,
0.001433453755453229,
-0.01111783366650343,
-0.00805003009736538,
-0.032635003328323364,
0.006773748435080051,
0.0028267281595617533,
-0.0004732878878712654,
0.007374073378741741,
-0.029382847249507904,
0.007374073378741741,
0.0505218580365181,
0.009349946863949299,
0.04292089119553566,
0.03244592249393463,
0.012725003995001316,
-0.040878839790821075,
0.040198154747486115,
-0.03295643627643585,
0.019115867093205452,
0.007118816953152418,
0.02873997949063778,
-0.03826954960823059,
-0.06133716553449631,
-0.005303660407662392,
0.034090910106897354,
0.0043251775205135345,
0.04246709868311882,
0.03535773605108261,
-0.040651943534612656,
0.050559673458337784,
0.0050956737250089645,
-0.0368136428296566,
-0.005388746038079262,
-0.022216759622097015,
-0.043223414570093155,
-0.027548782527446747,
-0.03719180077314377,
-0.031632885336875916,
-0.00927431508898735,
-0.033202238380908966,
0.006239600479602814,
0.029628649353981018,
0.03450688347220421,
-0.0007409525569528341,
-0.03864770755171776,
0.004429170861840248,
0.0031788875348865986,
0.06973226368427277,
-0.00402501504868269,
0.03161397576332092,
0.0465133860707283,
-0.024220995604991913,
0.045530177652835846,
0.030971108004450798,
-0.0261117834597826,
-0.010049538686871529,
0.0013519134372472763,
0.030460596084594727,
0.01915368251502514,
-0.03116018697619438,
0.03407200053334236,
0.03556572273373604,
-0.009718650951981544,
-0.0245424285531044,
0.07438360154628754,
-0.013235516846179962,
0.02251928672194481,
-0.020439419895410538,
0.025242021307349205,
0.02386174537241459,
-0.02185750938951969,
0.02391846850514412,
-0.001303462078794837,
-0.020023446530103683,
0.011136741377413273,
-0.010493873618543148,
-0.03947965428233147,
0.024618061259388924,
0.04726970195770264,
-0.017593782395124435,
-0.003351421793922782,
0.056232038885354996,
0.007293715141713619,
0.003453051671385765,
-0.046929359436035156,
-0.01700763963162899,
-0.029042504727840424,
-0.033032067120075226,
-0.05661019682884216,
-0.018898427486419678,
0.0051429434679448605,
-0.01375548355281353,
-0.02072303742170334,
0.010493873618543148,
-0.04655120149254799,
-0.0224058385938406,
0.03503630310297012,
-0.01923876814544201,
0.008669263683259487,
0.024504613131284714,
-0.013774391263723373,
-0.0391014963388443,
-0.001995963277295232,
0.007501701824367046,
-0.03159506991505623,
-0.01322606299072504,
-0.03832627460360527,
0.037116169929504395,
0.012479200959205627,
0.014804870821535587,
-0.012431931681931019,
0.007312622852623463,
-0.04866888374090195,
-0.014218726195394993,
-0.02628195472061634,
0.013831114396452904,
-0.05396309122443199,
0.016913099214434624,
0.014303811825811863,
-0.005350930150598288,
-0.006603577174246311,
0.04118136316537857,
-0.007478066720068455,
0.009340493008494377,
-0.04677809774875641,
0.01314097736030817,
0.08175767958164215,
-0.04768567532300949,
-0.03887460380792618,
-0.012346846051514149,
0.0299689918756485,
-0.01111783366650343,
-0.01994781382381916,
-0.008116208016872406,
0.026962637901306152,
-0.025204205885529518,
-0.022708365693688393,
-0.009364128112792969,
-0.002142499200999737,
0.0030843480490148067,
-0.005771630443632603,
0.04829072579741478,
-0.008295833133161068,
-0.018680986016988754,
0.0258281659334898,
-0.013008622452616692,
-0.021195733919739723,
-0.016686204820871353,
-0.01929549314081669,
-0.022103313356637955,
0.016761835664510727,
0.05464377626776695,
-0.014445620588958263,
-0.01031424943357706,
0.014559067785739899,
0.012668279930949211,
0.020023446530103683,
-0.048782333731651306,
-0.04700499027967453,
0.03182196244597435,
-0.008792164735496044,
-0.018340643495321274,
0.018709348514676094,
-0.021365905180573463,
0.003970655146986246,
0.03721071034669876,
-0.007459159009158611,
0.03047950379550457,
0.045189835131168365,
-0.004663155879825354,
-0.03736197203397751,
0.014861593954265118,
-0.003441234352067113,
-0.035149749368429184,
0.009439759887754917,
0.0014878138899803162,
-0.003027624450623989,
-0.04273181036114693,
-0.011930872686207294,
-0.024504613131284714,
0.011155650019645691,
0.012110497802495956,
0.0046773371286690235,
0.003965928219258785,
-0.010408787988126278,
0.030347147956490517,
0.057631220668554306,
0.018359553068876266,
0.011609438806772232,
0.04719407111406326,
-0.007270080037415028,
-0.008787437342107296,
0.0448116771876812,
-0.03227575123310089,
0.010768038220703602,
0.012233398854732513,
-0.0219709575176239,
-0.012346846051514149,
0.04617304354906082,
0.01558009348809719,
0.002239402150735259,
-0.0007462704088538885,
-0.002434389665722847,
-0.01835009828209877,
0.039857812225818634,
-0.04140825942158699,
0.04095447063446045,
0.022651640698313713,
-0.04575707018375397,
-0.009680834598839283,
-0.027586597949266434,
-0.024107547476887703,
0.007218083366751671,
0.0527908019721508,
0.0027794584166258574,
0.03289971128106117,
0.02522311359643936,
-0.047874752432107925,
0.013746029697358608,
-0.0007610421744175255,
-0.02599833533167839,
0.0505218580365181,
-0.007506428752094507,
-0.0333913192152977,
-0.021895326673984528,
-0.04363938793540001,
-0.009326311759650707,
-0.05528664216399193,
-0.030460596084594727,
0.035773709416389465,
-0.005804719403386116,
0.03416654095053673,
0.0459461510181427,
0.012337392196059227,
-0.007326803635805845,
-0.0015386288287118077,
-0.03830736503005028,
0.028891241177916527,
-0.005658183246850967,
0.026300862431526184,
-0.03475268557667732,
0.0276811383664608,
-0.026092875748872757,
0.044509150087833405,
0.006953373085707426,
-0.030498411506414413,
0.018595900386571884,
-0.03940402343869209,
0.02548782341182232,
0.034828316420316696,
-0.04416881129145622,
0.04220239073038101,
-0.015476100146770477,
0.08659809082746506,
0.01081530749797821,
0.013642036356031895,
0.049160491675138474,
-0.02645212598145008,
-0.03299425169825554,
-0.007303168997168541,
-0.01261155679821968,
0.0179813951253891,
0.028721071779727936,
0.017745045945048332,
0.04292089119553566,
-0.010181893594563007,
-0.06568598002195358,
0.001077749184332788,
0.00433699507266283,
-0.02947738580405712,
-0.009954999200999737,
-0.0610724538564682,
-0.007870404981076717,
-0.006967553868889809,
-0.017253441736102104,
0.007260626181960106,
0.009052148088812828,
0.020817575976252556,
-0.003850117325782776,
-0.013216609135270119,
0.03076312132179737,
0.03649220988154411,
0.024844955652952194,
-0.016374224796891212,
0.021498261019587517,
0.015343745239078999,
0.021611707285046577,
-0.014719785191118717,
0.016052789986133575,
-0.07313568145036697,
-0.038345180451869965,
0.0016248959582298994,
0.0012455566320568323,
-0.051240358501672745,
0.010021177120506763,
0.03615186735987663,
0.015372106805443764,
-0.023994101211428642,
-0.006915557198226452,
0.003542864229530096,
-0.020533958449959755,
0.020760852843523026,
0.008664536289870739,
0.00767659954726696,
-0.0032970616593956947,
-0.00224412907846272,
-0.014918318018317223,
0.0007557243807241321,
0.05604295805096626,
0.02616850659251213,
0.025960519909858704,
-0.0625094547867775,
0.03356148675084114,
-0.0351119339466095,
-0.026376493275165558,
-0.0156935416162014,
0.0005013542831875384,
-0.007005369756370783,
0.023218877613544464,
-0.010437150485813618,
-0.006367228925228119,
0.007667145691812038,
0.005658183246850967,
0.012327938340604305,
0.030290424823760986,
0.0625094547867775,
0.02352140285074711,
0.03458251431584358,
-0.03486613184213638,
0.018501361832022667,
0.013944562524557114,
0.021895326673984528,
-0.019966721534729004,
-0.010172439739108086,
-0.02660338766872883,
0.01177015621215105,
0.0034270533360540867,
-0.02688700705766678,
0.0060788835398852825,
0.036000605672597885,
-0.0610724538564682,
0.022954167798161507,
0.002291398821398616,
-0.01177015621215105,
-0.03649220988154411,
0.024958401918411255,
-0.012696641497313976,
0.036832552403211594,
0.04643775522708893,
-0.03741869702935219,
0.01558009348809719,
-0.020855393260717392,
-0.0030536227859556675,
-0.019928906112909317,
-0.03541446104645729,
-0.020099077373743057,
-0.03047950379550457,
-0.014058009721338749,
0.03172742575407028,
0.015759719535708427,
-0.006698116660118103,
0.011136741377413273,
-0.010522236116230488,
-0.020155800506472588,
-0.026433218270540237,
-0.020155800506472588,
0.0122712142765522,
-0.022897442802786827,
-0.06625321507453918,
0.023748299106955528,
0.007638783659785986,
0.005402926821261644,
-0.020325971767306328,
0.02822946570813656,
0.01846354641020298,
-0.02543110027909279,
-0.013188246637582779,
0.02129027433693409,
0.034658145159482956,
-0.01689419150352478,
-0.0029945357237011194,
-0.006116699427366257,
-0.04689154401421547,
0.039706550538539886,
0.027700046077370644,
0.012725003995001316,
0.021309182047843933,
0.008224927820265293,
0.041937679052352905,
-0.028153834864497185,
0.036000605672597885,
-0.005086219869554043,
-0.040538497269153595,
0.01297080609947443,
-0.03955528512597084,
-0.0328240804374218,
0.03870443254709244,
-0.0044149900786578655,
-0.07374073565006256,
0.04628649353981018,
-0.02594161219894886,
0.011666162870824337,
-0.013793298974633217,
-0.004826236516237259,
-0.020363787189126015,
-0.007837316952645779,
0.00860308576375246,
0.028702162206172943,
-0.016071699559688568,
0.006102518644183874,
0.06349266320466995,
0.017603237181901932,
-0.02773786149919033,
0.05865224450826645,
-0.014927771873772144,
0.0014535433147102594,
-0.022840719670057297,
-0.0316896066069603,
0.018624262884259224,
0.01504121907055378,
-0.06258508563041687,
-0.015031765215098858,
0.012904629111289978,
-0.041143547743558884,
0.05339585617184639,
-0.027662228792905807,
0.01803811825811863,
-0.046815913170576096
] |
Researchers have formalized reinforcement learning (RL) in different ways. If
an agent in one RL framework is to run within another RL framework's
environments, the agent must first be converted, or mapped, into that other
framework. Whether or not this is possible depends on not only the RL
frameworks in question and but also how intelligence itself is measured. In
this paper, we lay foundations for studying relative-intelligence-preserving
mappability between RL frameworks. We define two types of mappings, called weak
and strong translations, between RL frameworks and prove that existence of
these mappings enables two types of intelligence comparison according to the
mappings preserving relative intelligence. We investigate the existence or lack
thereof of these mappings between: (i) RL frameworks where agents go first and
RL frameworks where environments go first; and (ii) twelve different RL
frameworks differing in terms of whether or not agents or environments are
required to be deterministic. In the former case, we consider various natural
mappings between agent-first and environment-first RL and vice versa; we show
some positive results (some such mappings are strong or weak translations) and
some negative results (some such mappings are not). In the latter case, we
completely characterize which of the twelve RL-framework pairs admit weak
translations, under the assumption of integer-valued rewards and some
additional mild assumptions. | [
-0.0072515252977609634,
-0.017838941887021065,
-0.04744379222393036,
-0.013372078537940979,
0.026078879833221436,
0.029310228303074837,
0.02235332503914833,
0.014198923483490944,
-0.05721386894583702,
0.019207512959837914,
0.007403588853776455,
0.0266871340572834,
0.014427019283175468,
-0.005811674520373344,
-0.02824578434228897,
0.045771095901727676,
0.031230028718709946,
0.06025514006614685,
-0.03404320403933525,
0.0003130368422716856,
-0.010891543701291084,
-0.0167744979262352,
0.0018128813244402409,
0.02547062560915947,
-0.00963226892054081,
-0.014702633954584599,
0.019483128562569618,
-0.039422448724508286,
-0.04128522425889969,
0.04721570014953613,
0.07762838900089264,
0.045276887714862823,
-0.04090506583452225,
0.016926562413573265,
-0.0423116534948349,
-0.05211974307894707,
0.009133310057222843,
0.001110775861889124,
-0.01205102726817131,
0.04976275935769081,
-0.04151332005858421,
0.024786340072751045,
-0.009237853810191154,
-0.030013522133231163,
-0.0413992702960968,
0.002820301568135619,
-0.005802170839160681,
-0.02520451508462429,
-0.022296302020549774,
-0.0014695505378767848,
-0.04056292399764061,
-0.06105346977710724,
0.0727243423461914,
0.011927476152777672,
-0.0423116534948349,
0.0015586502850055695,
0.042273636907339096,
-0.0335870124399662,
0.030469711869955063,
0.030925901606678963,
0.00327649200335145,
-0.0031220524106174707,
-0.07116568833589554,
-0.028949078172445297,
0.04949665069580078,
-0.04193149507045746,
0.008287457749247551,
-0.012469202280044556,
0.02503344416618347,
-0.016641443595290184,
-0.028359832242131233,
0.04101911187171936,
-0.041703399270772934,
-0.040524907410144806,
-0.005569323431700468,
0.00728954141959548,
0.03980260714888573,
0.014417515136301517,
0.015491463243961334,
-0.01522535178810358,
0.009214093908667564,
0.020490549504756927,
-0.03911831974983215,
-0.01481668185442686,
-0.00017998133262153715,
-0.046759508550167084,
-0.0006569615798071027,
-0.06310632824897766,
0.0818861648440361,
0.01320100761950016,
-0.018437692895531654,
-0.01806703768670559,
-0.033339910209178925,
-0.011927476152777672,
-0.027276379987597466,
0.02041451632976532,
-0.003732682205736637,
0.01044485718011856,
-0.019340569153428078,
0.00485177431255579,
0.003682786365970969,
0.030374672263860703,
0.01163285318762064,
-0.002305899513885379,
0.03276967257261276,
-0.07013925909996033,
-0.07165989279747009,
0.0167935062199831,
-0.047139666974544525,
0.16225169599056244,
-0.062574103474617,
0.022961579263210297,
-0.09625615924596786,
-0.006011257879436016,
-0.011566325090825558,
-0.038757167756557465,
-0.042083557695150375,
-0.03790181130170822,
0.03524070233106613,
-0.019996343180537224,
0.006486456375569105,
0.06648974120616913,
0.03759768605232239,
-0.030697807669639587,
0.0007698211702518165,
0.04463062062859535,
-0.026611102744936943,
0.01986328698694706,
0.020737651735544205,
0.022296302020549774,
-0.0031077966559678316,
0.005849690642207861,
-0.01153781358152628,
-0.029405267909169197,
0.004310048185288906,
0.03153415769338608,
-0.0009373285574838519,
-0.052195776253938675,
0.0037516902666538954,
-0.024083048105239868,
0.002329659415408969,
-0.09024965018033981,
-0.039308398962020874,
0.03854808211326599,
0.029120149090886116,
-0.010568409226834774,
-0.00763643579557538,
0.08507949858903885,
-0.04828014224767685,
-0.010235770605504513,
-0.04288189113140106,
0.022847531363368034,
0.018703803420066833,
0.053488314151763916,
0.005212924908846617,
0.013324558734893799,
0.014141899533569813,
0.011689877137541771,
-0.0010329622309654951,
0.009161822497844696,
0.04664545878767967,
0.011433269828557968,
0.009085790254175663,
0.005274700466543436,
0.07131775468587875,
0.04120919108390808,
0.04375625401735306,
-0.004989581648260355,
-0.020642612129449844,
0.035905979573726654,
-0.07709616422653198,
0.03567788377404213,
0.00364477070979774,
0.013438606634736061,
0.057061806321144104,
-0.020357493311166763,
0.03438534587621689,
0.023303722962737083,
-0.0069901663810014725,
-0.001898417016491294,
-0.04721570014953613,
-0.021193841472268105,
0.017050113528966904,
0.06432283669710159,
0.037673719227313995,
-0.004196000751107931,
0.061471644788980484,
0.012858864851295948,
-0.012165075168013573,
-0.00006797562673455104,
0.007170741446316242,
0.045466966927051544,
0.06226997822523117,
0.01333406288176775,
0.03257959336042404,
-0.02796066552400589,
-0.03837700933218002,
0.032788679003715515,
0.0031838282011449337,
0.03505062311887741,
0.003390539437532425,
-0.06489307433366776,
-0.008876703679561615,
0.029025109484791756,
0.053336251527071,
-0.01842818781733513,
-0.03130606189370155,
-0.04664545878767967,
0.029918482527136803,
-0.07131775468587875,
-0.02777058631181717,
-0.052385855466127396,
-0.002415195107460022,
0.0029913729522377253,
-0.036210108548402786,
-0.02963336370885372,
0.022011183202266693,
-0.03560185432434082,
0.003452315228059888,
-0.004844645969569683,
0.0023866831324994564,
-0.005882954224944115,
0.020737651735544205,
-0.013856780715286732,
-0.02050955593585968,
0.048508238047361374,
0.0027205098886042833,
-0.004181744530797005,
0.010577913373708725,
-0.020661620423197746,
0.04238768294453621,
0.05786013975739479,
0.05002887174487114,
-0.026991261169314384,
-0.05436268076300621,
0.008449024520814419,
0.04793800041079521,
0.007232517469674349,
-0.013181999325752258,
0.01693606562912464,
-0.018228605389595032,
-0.0239119753241539,
-0.006115801632404327,
0.0020397885236889124,
0.02417808771133423,
-0.007817011326551437,
-0.025983840227127075,
0.07553751766681671,
0.014398506842553616,
0.029595347121357918,
-0.006353400647640228,
-0.016489379107952118,
0.006514967884868383,
0.013277038931846619,
-0.06131958216428757,
0.10104615986347198,
0.03788280487060547,
0.027561498805880547,
-0.024691300466656685,
-0.005445771850645542,
-0.00825419370085001,
-0.009950651787221432,
0.05512299761176109,
-0.011727892793715,
-0.053108155727386475,
0.048432204872369766,
0.030925901606678963,
0.015510470606386662,
-0.011794420890510082,
-0.004502503667026758,
-0.021954160183668137,
-0.039232369512319565,
-0.027333403006196022,
0.019131481647491455,
0.05101728439331055,
-0.05786013975739479,
-0.013837773352861404,
-0.0068666147999465466,
0.02843586355447769,
0.059190694242715836,
0.0042363922111690044,
0.018513724207878113,
-0.02539459429681301,
-0.005569323431700468,
-0.010948567651212215,
-0.011300214566290379,
-0.02970939502120018,
-0.011851444840431213,
-0.05903863161802292,
0.008306465111672878,
0.03347296640276909,
-0.007184997666627169,
-0.0326366163790226,
0.015824101865291595,
0.0067288074642419815,
0.02189713530242443,
-0.0197682473808527,
-0.042273636907339096,
0.030032530426979065,
0.06470299512147903,
-0.005849690642207861,
-0.018551738932728767,
0.019635191187262535,
-0.015415431000292301,
0.02225828543305397,
-0.0202434454113245,
-0.004305296111851931,
0.022676460444927216,
-0.007113717962056398,
-0.027181340381503105,
0.015491463243961334,
0.009138062596321106,
-0.0010614740895107388,
-0.00522242859005928,
-0.0034784511663019657,
0.020528564229607582,
0.03451840206980705,
-0.013495630584657192,
-0.04333807900547981,
-0.02858792617917061,
0.04653141275048256,
-0.0001375104911858216,
-0.06181379035115242,
0.014274955727159977,
0.033149830996990204,
-0.04284387454390526,
0.0170120969414711,
0.021478960290551186,
-0.08165806531906128,
-0.020927730947732925,
-0.0661856159567833,
0.034632448107004166,
-0.030507728457450867,
-0.022315310314297676,
-0.02843586355447769,
0.014645610004663467,
-0.05014291778206825,
0.007983330637216568,
-0.04398434981703758,
-0.027276379987597466,
0.0011072119232267141,
-0.029842449352145195,
0.016565410420298576,
0.019825270399451256,
0.029880465939641,
-0.1204342469573021,
-0.02767554670572281,
0.01756332814693451,
-0.02317066676914692,
0.012450193986296654,
0.0011410698061808944,
-0.03208538517355919,
-0.011661364696919918,
0.022315310314297676,
0.03487955033779144,
-0.07325655966997147,
-0.01590963825583458,
-0.04101911187171936,
0.03054574318230152,
-0.038224946707487106,
-0.026459038257598877,
-0.07409290969371796,
-0.026915229856967926,
-0.029956497251987457,
-0.09579996764659882,
-0.029405267909169197,
-0.04082903265953064,
0.02583177760243416,
0.0045761591754853725,
0.06542529165744781,
-0.06017910689115524,
0.01647987589240074,
0.056149426847696304,
0.00685235857963562,
-0.05299410969018936,
-0.007018678355962038,
0.00258745439350605,
-0.013818765059113503,
0.009109550155699253,
0.036210108548402786,
-0.013875789009034634,
0.03155316412448883,
-0.022505389526486397,
0.02963336370885372,
-0.03577292338013649,
0.010568409226834774,
0.04056292399764061,
-0.030963918194174767,
0.03016558475792408,
0.005973242223262787,
0.03008955344557762,
0.002232243772596121,
-0.07051941752433777,
0.010701464489102364,
-0.005070365499705076,
0.08386299014091492,
-0.034442368894815445,
-0.029101140797138214,
-0.012041524052619934,
0.014550570398569107,
0.030184593051671982,
-0.014788169413805008,
0.003497459227219224,
0.026782173663377762,
0.02843586355447769,
-0.00843476876616478,
-0.03685637563467026,
-0.024615269154310226,
0.0044502317905426025,
0.00403680931776762,
-0.0029010854195803404,
-0.044098399579524994,
-0.04645537957549095,
-0.024026023223996162,
-0.007864531129598618,
-0.04314799979329109,
-0.051093317568302155,
0.027561498805880547,
-0.025717729702591896,
-0.08530759066343307,
-0.009865115396678448,
-0.01214606687426567,
0.07063347101211548,
0.014569578692317009,
-0.03284570202231407,
0.012991920113563538,
0.030393680557608604,
0.06827648729085922,
-0.026363998651504517,
-0.018010014668107033,
0.04037284478545189,
0.013999340124428272,
0.0441744290292263,
-0.046759508550167084,
-0.023151658475399017,
0.0114902937784791,
-0.008933726698160172,
0.034461379051208496,
-0.015805093571543694,
-0.0262119360268116,
-0.012478706426918507,
-0.0014386627590283751,
-0.009399421513080597,
-0.03356800600886345,
0.013267534784972668,
-0.01866578683257103,
0.022011183202266693,
-0.017981501296162605,
0.012754321098327637,
0.0312870517373085,
-0.010653944686055183,
0.00182238535489887,
-0.0349745899438858,
0.007512884214520454,
0.051169347018003464,
0.006838102824985981,
-0.00018755480414256454,
-0.07652592658996582,
0.03100193478167057,
-0.019331064075231552,
0.05500894784927368,
0.020528564229607582,
0.05204371362924576,
-0.030659791082143784,
0.04204554110765457,
0.015576998703181744,
-0.025698721408843994,
-0.04607522115111351,
-0.027618521824479103,
-0.0024235111195594072,
-0.009128558449447155,
-0.01531088724732399,
0.008691376075148582,
0.012013011611998081,
-0.012697297148406506,
0.040524907410144806,
0.04398434981703758,
-0.07245822995901108,
0.004203128628432751,
0.007626932114362717,
0.0450868085026741,
0.06447489559650421,
0.04793800041079521,
-0.028816021978855133,
0.04151332005858421,
-0.02978542633354664,
0.029861457645893097,
0.02482435666024685,
0.01967320777475834,
-0.0069806622341275215,
-0.0008345669484697282,
-0.012279123067855835,
0.01320100761950016,
-0.00261121429502964,
-0.03256058320403099,
-0.03335891664028168,
0.03404320403933525,
-0.07838870584964752,
0.037768758833408356,
0.005383996292948723,
-0.029842449352145195,
-0.014113388024270535,
0.009266366250813007,
0.009480205364525318,
-0.015158824622631073,
0.03871915489435196,
0.015111304819583893,
0.029177172109484673,
-0.004229264333844185,
-0.037293557077646255,
0.012070035561919212,
0.006386664696037769,
0.018152574077248573,
0.0082779536023736,
0.03295975178480148,
0.02079467475414276,
-0.015253864228725433,
0.004975325893610716,
0.030830862000584602,
0.029139157384634018,
0.012839856557548046,
0.002080180449411273,
0.032237447798252106,
0.0043955836445093155,
0.002808421617373824,
0.027276379987597466,
0.012763825245201588,
-0.009247357957065105,
0.018456699326634407,
-0.0395745113492012,
0.009076287038624287,
0.034803520888090134,
0.004443103447556496,
-0.05820228159427643,
-0.03098292648792267,
-0.004861277993768454,
0.02851189486682415,
0.03659026697278023,
-0.012117555364966393,
0.008753151632845402,
-0.0075461482629179955,
0.07211608439683914,
-0.014731145463883877,
0.03235149756073952,
0.009328141808509827,
0.01854223571717739,
0.03295975178480148,
-0.04812807962298393,
-0.022733483463525772,
0.01739225536584854,
0.014236940070986748,
0.012830352410674095,
0.031952328979969025,
0.001331743085756898,
-0.03662827983498573,
-0.02187812700867653,
-0.007208757568150759,
0.025983840227127075,
-0.024596260860562325,
-0.039612527936697006,
0.048052046447992325,
-0.02474832534790039,
0.0005051951156929135,
0.045771095901727676,
0.01667945832014084,
-0.02630697563290596,
0.01564352586865425,
0.0008981247083283961,
0.05592133104801178,
-0.01617574878036976,
0.0027941656298935413,
0.029443284496665,
-0.01357166189700365,
-0.025318562984466553,
0.016137732192873955,
0.04672149196267128,
-0.01866578683257103,
0.022125231102108955,
-0.016660450026392937,
-0.019236024469137192,
-0.019635191187262535,
-0.022372333332896233,
0.015253864228725433,
0.024900387972593307,
0.012041524052619934,
0.0009913824032992125,
-0.04987680912017822,
-0.04660744592547417,
0.039688557386398315,
-0.02208721451461315,
0.010235770605504513,
0.00006697325443383306,
-0.0005669709062203765,
0.00675731897354126,
0.035373758524656296,
0.0029628612101078033,
0.022391341626644135,
-0.02923419699072838,
0.011043607257306576,
-0.04896442964673042,
-0.003041268792003393,
-0.004751982633024454,
0.032978758215904236,
0.02427312731742859,
-0.024900387972593307,
0.01880834624171257,
0.013267534784972668,
-0.0056976270861923695,
0.02923419699072838,
-0.015234855934977531,
-0.04056292399764061,
-0.0029129653703421354,
0.007199253421276808,
-0.004421719815582037,
0.005778410937637091,
0.012079539708793163,
0.0432620495557785,
0.017572831362485886,
0.007531892508268356,
-0.053336251527071,
-0.019806263968348503,
-0.014350987039506435,
0.018941402435302734,
0.04542895406484604,
-0.02438717521727085,
0.04219760373234749,
0.023151658475399017,
-0.028568919748067856,
-0.01296340860426426,
-0.03162919729948044,
-0.020927730947732925,
-0.0076839555986225605,
-0.04333807900547981,
0.007593668065965176,
0.0036542746238410473,
-0.036818359047174454,
-0.006329640746116638,
0.015158824622631073,
0.039308398962020874,
-0.03117300570011139,
-0.05158752202987671,
0.030146576464176178,
0.006809590850025415,
0.05234783887863159,
-0.000726459315046668,
0.009242606349289417,
-0.01490221731364727,
-0.004989581648260355,
0.018247613683342934,
0.00040867048664949834,
-0.018342653289437294,
0.03193332254886627,
0.009375661611557007,
0.04303395375609398,
-0.0008915907237678766,
-0.006885622628033161,
-0.028264792636036873,
-0.09177028387784958,
0.03799685090780258,
0.012668785639107227,
-0.0016334940446540713,
0.05805021896958351,
0.03221844136714935,
0.0021966039203107357,
0.033796098083257675,
0.004559527151286602,
0.048698317259550095,
-0.0011773037258535624,
0.00025348857161588967,
0.02362685650587082,
-0.01667945832014084,
-0.062041882425546646,
-0.010083707049489021,
-0.01797199808061123,
0.005873450543731451,
-0.029690386727452278,
0.0055835796520113945,
0.07770441472530365,
0.00958474911749363,
-0.05538910999894142,
-0.04923053830862045,
-0.029386259615421295,
0.007959570735692978,
-0.005046605598181486,
0.001910296967253089,
-0.0018045653123408556,
0.027162332087755203,
-0.01820959709584713,
-0.04573307931423187,
0.006453192327171564,
-0.021916143596172333,
0.02638300694525242,
0.0013210511533543468,
0.024577254429459572,
-0.0036780345253646374,
0.006353400647640228,
-0.03598201274871826,
0.005227180663496256,
0.03678034618496895,
-0.019939318299293518,
0.007874035276472569,
-0.04200752452015877,
0.00830171350389719,
0.04341411218047142,
0.04755784198641777,
0.016803009435534477,
0.014636105857789516,
0.005987497977912426,
-0.043832287192344666,
-0.010530393570661545,
-0.0019043569918721914,
-0.005307964514940977,
-0.015871621668338776,
0.03161018714308739,
0.007603172212839127,
-0.020072374492883682,
0.038396019488573074,
-0.002969989087432623,
-0.012041524052619934,
0.041437286883592606,
-0.009713051840662956,
-0.016470370814204216,
0.06086339056491852,
-0.02491939626634121,
-0.043186016380786896,
0.030013522133231163,
0.011623349040746689,
-0.022011183202266693,
-0.007080453913658857,
-0.008805423974990845,
0.054856885224580765,
-0.037768758833408356,
-0.014037356711924076,
0.026059871539473534,
0.0031719482503831387,
0.017069121822714806,
0.012697297148406506,
-0.001992268720641732,
0.010786999948322773,
-0.05113133043050766,
-0.0023593592923134565,
0.00830171350389719,
0.026801181957125664,
-0.021459953859448433,
-0.0011060239048674703,
0.018846362829208374,
-0.008520304225385189,
-0.009698796086013317,
-0.04653141275048256,
0.016926562413573265,
0.05052307993173599,
-0.044098399579524994,
0.02740943431854248,
-0.025888800621032715,
0.00019616777717601508,
0.026249950751662254,
0.010378330014646053,
-0.007351316977292299,
0.0019863287452608347,
0.009770075790584087,
-0.005117885302752256,
0.05500894784927368,
-0.003879993688315153,
0.06740211695432663,
0.030963918194174767,
-0.024159079417586327,
0.004464487545192242,
-0.013305551372468472,
0.03271264582872391,
-0.017050113528966904,
0.028359832242131233,
0.004545271396636963,
0.02537558600306511,
-0.032066378742456436,
0.013676205649971962,
-0.027523482218384743,
-0.028188759461045265,
0.005754651036113501,
-0.047025617212057114,
0.02254340425133705,
-0.018580252304673195,
0.0662616416811943,
0.018656283617019653,
0.003447563387453556,
0.013970828615128994,
-0.018979419022798538,
0.036552250385284424,
-0.01720217615365982,
0.0321994349360466,
-0.0051749087870121,
-0.026706142351031303,
-0.00675731897354126,
-0.019426103681325912,
-0.012896880507469177,
0.046227287501096725,
-0.029937490820884705,
-0.021098801866173744,
0.03100193478167057,
-0.05892458185553551,
-0.020737651735544205,
0.030393680557608604,
-0.012697297148406506,
-0.031591180711984634,
-0.02683919668197632,
-0.047139666974544525,
0.017933981493115425,
0.015092296525835991,
-0.0026801181957125664,
0.03514566272497177,
0.019302552565932274,
0.007299045100808144,
0.017762910574674606,
0.008985999040305614,
0.050180934369564056,
0.008658112026751041,
-0.000021680920326616615,
0.042539749294519424,
0.022961579263210297,
0.007992834784090519,
-0.03501260653138161,
-0.021688047796487808,
-0.07257227599620819,
0.012260114774107933,
0.04801402986049652,
-0.04926855489611626,
0.005113133229315281,
0.03889022395014763,
0.01020725816488266,
0.02244836464524269,
-0.027922648936510086,
-0.012402674183249474,
0.02353181689977646,
-0.03565887734293938,
-0.028530903160572052,
-0.028987092897295952,
0.04212157428264618,
-0.03322586044669151,
0.018314139917492867,
-0.008449024520814419,
0.012630769982933998,
-0.030773838981986046,
-0.021688047796487808,
0.015900133177638054,
-0.017724893987178802,
-0.028987092897295952,
-0.017933981493115425,
0.029766418039798737,
0.024520229548215866,
0.007793251425027847,
0.0033810355234891176,
0.013372078537940979,
-0.033054791390895844,
0.019236024469137192,
0.039612527936697006,
-0.03090689517557621,
0.0018021893920376897,
-0.018171580508351326,
0.0551990307867527,
-0.0234367772936821,
-0.032332487404346466,
-0.02189713530242443,
0.014284459874033928,
0.05527506023645401,
-0.03244653716683388,
-0.012364658527076244,
-0.023949991911649704,
-0.010844023898243904,
-0.018238108605146408,
0.01121467910706997,
-0.0072752851992845535,
-0.019388088956475258,
0.011062615551054478,
-0.032788679003715515,
-0.00043450939119793475,
-0.026801181957125664,
0.030317649245262146,
0.03854808211326599,
-0.004794750362634659,
0.02970939502120018,
-0.035259708762168884,
0.011205174960196018,
-0.011556821875274181,
0.030393680557608604,
-0.021497968584299088,
0.02134590595960617,
0.0160997174680233,
-0.043718237429857254,
-0.02721935510635376,
-0.0021395802032202482,
-0.038871217519044876,
0.034461379051208496,
0.005269948393106461,
-0.038586098700761795,
-0.007489124312996864,
0.05318418890237808,
0.026630109176039696,
-0.004687830805778503,
-0.03377709165215492,
0.007165989838540554,
-0.030583759769797325,
0.014236940070986748,
-0.012697297148406506,
0.006320136599242687,
-0.018266620114445686,
0.036647289991378784,
0.003594874870032072,
-0.005136893130838871,
0.02318967506289482,
0.05299410969018936,
-0.02647804655134678,
-0.04683553799986839,
-0.02932923659682274,
0.013961324468255043,
-0.055503156036138535,
0.0326366163790226,
-0.00046510028187185526,
-0.05318418890237808,
-0.05307013913989067,
0.019939318299293518,
0.03081185556948185,
-0.003977409563958645,
0.008591584861278534,
0.0294242762029171,
0.042159587144851685,
0.006795335095375776,
0.0060160099528729916,
-0.025413602590560913,
0.016137732192873955,
0.05071315914392471,
-0.03976459056138992,
-0.015995172783732414,
0.03565887734293938,
0.022049199789762497,
-0.00736082112416625,
0.0029747411608695984,
-0.023873960599303246,
0.0018307012505829334,
0.049914825707674026,
-0.032332487404346466,
-0.010311801917850971,
-0.06763021647930145,
-0.007479620631784201,
0.04489672929048538,
-0.022486381232738495,
-0.014864201657474041,
0.01605219766497612,
0.015386919490993023,
0.0560733936727047,
0.004471615422517061,
-0.007208757568150759,
0.023417768999934196,
0.005977993831038475,
0.008201922290027142,
-0.036020029336214066,
0.010796504095196724,
-0.006248856894671917,
-0.024330150336027145,
-0.01341959834098816,
-0.04717768356204033,
0.05542712286114693,
0.019483128562569618,
0.00728954141959548,
-0.023132650181651115,
-0.02189713530242443,
-0.041969507932662964,
0.0018627771642059088,
-0.029481299221515656,
-0.003808713983744383,
-0.023341737687587738,
0.017620351165533066,
0.01001717895269394,
0.002706254133954644,
0.02695324458181858,
0.007113717962056398,
0.012991920113563538,
0.00028363396995700896,
-0.028207767754793167,
-0.0077172196470201015,
-0.021041778847575188,
0.04132324084639549,
0.007365572731941938,
-0.03919435292482376,
-0.029747409746050835,
0.04303395375609398,
-0.010178746655583382,
-0.01159483753144741,
0.006206089165061712,
0.004445479717105627,
-0.03385312482714653,
0.0035283470060676336,
0.004483495373278856,
0.005208172835409641,
-0.021935151889920235,
-0.045581016689538956,
-0.01581459864974022,
-0.02777058631181717,
0.016860034316778183,
0.007574660237878561,
0.021821103990077972,
-0.0005928098107688129,
-0.04710165038704872,
0.008163905702531338,
-0.03221844136714935,
0.03276967257261276,
0.016185251995921135,
0.014503050595521927,
0.0542486310005188,
-0.012497713789343834,
-0.014084876514971256,
0.014740649610757828,
0.042349670082330704,
0.0032669880893081427,
0.002737141912803054,
-0.01926453784108162,
-0.03512665629386902,
0.01861826702952385,
-0.022315310314297676,
0.013029935769736767,
0.0034665712155401707,
-0.03596300259232521,
0.020015349611639977,
-0.0197872556746006,
0.05211974307894707,
0.018675291910767555
] |
Given the growing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning
(ML) methods across all aspects of environmental sciences, it is imperative
that we initiate a discussion about the ethical and responsible use of AI. In
fact, much can be learned from other domains where AI was introduced, often
with the best of intentions, yet often led to unintended societal consequences,
such as hard coding racial bias in the criminal justice system or increasing
economic inequality through the financial system. A common misconception is
that the environmental sciences are immune to such unintended consequences when
AI is being used, as most data come from observations, and AI algorithms are
based on mathematical formulas, which are often seen as objective. In this
article, we argue the opposite can be the case. Using specific examples, we
demonstrate many ways in which the use of AI can introduce similar consequences
in the environmental sciences. This article will stimulate discussion and
research efforts in this direction. As a community, we should avoid repeating
any foreseeable mistakes made in other domains through the introduction of AI.
In fact, with proper precautions, AI can be a great tool to help {\it reduce}
climate and environmental injustice. We primarily focus on weather and climate
examples but the conclusions apply broadly across the environmental sciences. | [
-0.023623032495379448,
-0.028494499623775482,
-0.024894628673791885,
-0.03961648792028427,
0.03375998139381409,
0.006452007219195366,
-0.04781917855143547,
-0.013512948527932167,
-0.04520434886217117,
0.05530547723174095,
-0.01952168717980385,
-0.019611237570643425,
0.011820471845567226,
-0.001485394430346787,
-0.0282258540391922,
-0.0039782156236469746,
0.027616919949650764,
0.000009820660125114955,
-0.016065094619989395,
-0.04871467128396034,
-0.060105305165052414,
-0.004408050794154406,
-0.04402230307459831,
0.07002733647823334,
-0.03415399789810181,
0.011435410939157009,
-0.012268216349184513,
0.00173948984593153,
-0.049932535737752914,
0.031521257013082504,
0.08439100533723831,
-0.011650328524410725,
-0.007848972454667091,
-0.02901388518512249,
-0.036679282784461975,
-0.0027200516778975725,
0.053514499217271805,
0.015563621185719967,
-0.011211537756025791,
0.016826262697577477,
-0.038577720522880554,
-0.01880529522895813,
0.03395698964595795,
0.0011445485288277268,
-0.046780411154031754,
-0.015483026392757893,
-0.0751495435833931,
-0.040977634489536285,
0.017238188534975052,
0.012393585406243801,
0.010244408622384071,
-0.06125153601169586,
0.0010611559264361858,
-0.003530470421537757,
-0.0462789386510849,
0.06619463860988617,
0.043699923902750015,
-0.05301302298903465,
-0.025002088397741318,
-0.016665073111653328,
-0.0021055215038359165,
0.02396331913769245,
-0.01462335605174303,
-0.018357550725340843,
0.01097871083766222,
-0.07557937502861023,
-0.013101022690534592,
0.015115875750780106,
0.015671079978346825,
0.002435733564198017,
-0.030697407200932503,
0.020076891407370567,
0.01706804521381855,
0.014023377560079098,
0.030643677338957787,
-0.0019521687645465136,
0.008722075261175632,
-0.0025185663253068924,
-0.05068475008010864,
0.015196469612419605,
0.022011151537299156,
-0.03173617646098137,
-0.0018917231354862452,
0.002948401728644967,
0.06705430895090103,
0.021223118528723717,
-0.022835001349449158,
-0.06085751950740814,
0.018465008586645126,
-0.0027939295396208763,
-0.05802777037024498,
0.055520396679639816,
-0.02211860939860344,
-0.02681097947061062,
-0.011086169630289078,
-0.01630687713623047,
-0.011542869731783867,
-0.012169713154435158,
-0.018330685794353485,
-0.03157498687505722,
0.014211430214345455,
-0.007334065157920122,
0.010907071642577648,
0.02767064981162548,
-0.060105305165052414,
-0.053156301379203796,
-0.05641588568687439,
0.021097751334309578,
-0.0036043482832610607,
0.17451314628124237,
-0.010289182886481285,
0.02211860939860344,
-0.02435733564198017,
-0.018500829115509987,
-0.057812850922346115,
0.03161080554127693,
-0.017865030094981194,
-0.024142418056726456,
0.029784006997942924,
0.0790897011756897,
-0.030804865062236786,
-0.002558863488957286,
0.09542344510555267,
0.019575417041778564,
0.03501366823911667,
0.02093656174838543,
-0.015662124380469322,
-0.046887870877981186,
0.04814155772328377,
0.04008214548230171,
0.009841438382863998,
0.05473236367106438,
0.018303820863366127,
0.028870606794953346,
-0.007611667271703482,
0.007450479082763195,
0.048750489950180054,
0.0242856964468956,
0.020703734830021858,
-0.05870834365487099,
-0.06974077969789505,
-0.050720568746328354,
-0.08453428000211716,
0.020990291610360146,
-0.007231083698570728,
-0.03800460696220398,
-0.020524637773633003,
0.045275986194610596,
-0.07694052159786224,
-0.013862188905477524,
-0.05569949373602867,
0.06035604327917099,
0.009295188821852207,
-0.02294246107339859,
0.06454693526029587,
0.005865461193025112,
0.030106382444500923,
-0.007060940843075514,
-0.048822131007909775,
0.027742289006710052,
0.001244731480255723,
-0.06078587844967842,
0.001208911882713437,
0.036715101450681686,
0.034548014402389526,
0.013217436149716377,
0.04183730483055115,
0.0017685933271422982,
-0.06755578517913818,
0.07328692078590393,
0.0141129270195961,
-0.032506298273801804,
-0.040189601480960846,
0.01907394267618656,
-0.0033491335343569517,
0.028530320152640343,
0.02983773499727249,
0.04860721156001091,
-0.06479767709970474,
0.016566570848226547,
-0.05222499370574951,
0.013468173332512379,
0.04588492214679718,
0.01798144541680813,
-0.017936669290065765,
0.0056594982743263245,
0.049180325120687485,
-0.03187945485115051,
0.04703114926815033,
-0.016557615250349045,
0.006093811243772507,
-0.05931727588176727,
0.045670002698898315,
-0.034637562930583954,
-0.003311075270175934,
-0.0347987525165081,
-0.015205425210297108,
-0.06254103779792786,
-0.003004369791597128,
0.037825509905815125,
-0.02199324034154415,
-0.03630317375063896,
0.0089414706453681,
0.06751996278762817,
0.007132580038160086,
-0.011524959467351437,
0.003940157126635313,
0.0037431493401527405,
0.005072952248156071,
-0.040977634489536285,
-0.02369467169046402,
-0.019503777846693993,
-0.014766634441912174,
-0.026972167193889618,
-0.03793296962976456,
-0.0262557752430439,
0.035336047410964966,
0.016333742067217827,
-0.025951307266950607,
-0.011113034561276436,
-0.027294542640447617,
-0.015294973738491535,
0.006810203660279512,
-0.010145904496312141,
0.01644120179116726,
-0.06168137118220329,
0.019682876765727997,
-0.03515694662928581,
-0.03345551714301109,
-0.01752474531531334,
0.019020212814211845,
0.01631583273410797,
0.023157378658652306,
0.02093656174838543,
0.052368272095918655,
0.021348487585783005,
0.009698159992694855,
0.013799505308270454,
-0.03832698240876198,
-0.04796246066689491,
-0.0030983963515609503,
-0.04971762001514435,
-0.04907286539673805,
-0.05498310178518295,
0.03750313073396683,
-0.05150860175490379,
-0.014256205409765244,
0.035300225019454956,
0.0035752449184656143,
0.04814155772328377,
-0.020685825496912003,
-0.02570057101547718,
0.016011366620659828,
-0.0003461629676166922,
0.011193628422915936,
0.01340548973530531,
0.058206867426633835,
0.024214057251811028,
-0.05265482887625694,
-0.015348703600466251,
0.051938436925411224,
0.045240167528390884,
0.04620729759335518,
0.04434467852115631,
-0.02835122123360634,
-0.03433309867978096,
0.03245256841182709,
0.012008524499833584,
0.04198058322072029,
0.015966592356562614,
-0.029103433713316917,
-0.03225556015968323,
-0.01716654933989048,
-0.016647163778543472,
-0.00031146270339377224,
-0.03517485782504082,
0.023318566381931305,
-0.00556994928047061,
0.03016011230647564,
-0.016665073111653328,
0.0018055322580039501,
-0.02152758650481701,
0.09621147811412811,
0.009653384797275066,
0.016915811225771904,
-0.04205222427845001,
-0.03997468575835228,
-0.030876504257321358,
-0.09205640107393265,
-0.022852912545204163,
-0.016288967803120613,
-0.0016644925344735384,
-0.05595023185014725,
-0.029085524380207062,
0.03177199512720108,
0.0071907867677509785,
-0.008310149423778057,
-0.029067615047097206,
-0.010002626106142998,
0.026936346665024757,
-0.007280335761606693,
-0.02799302525818348,
0.05132950097322464,
0.01979033462703228,
0.010817522183060646,
0.050756387412548065,
0.032219741493463516,
0.0012156279990449548,
-0.013477128930389881,
0.00440581189468503,
0.0290497038513422,
0.06422456353902817,
-0.00736093008890748,
-0.04520434886217117,
-0.015706898644566536,
0.08195526897907257,
-0.0076519642025232315,
0.023246927186846733,
-0.015680033713579178,
-0.0014048003358766437,
0.005959487520158291,
-0.0564517080783844,
-0.08188363164663315,
0.021652955561876297,
-0.03646436333656311,
-0.014444258064031601,
-0.041729845106601715,
0.03148543834686279,
-0.04538344591856003,
-0.00902654230594635,
-0.06515587121248245,
0.009877257980406284,
0.008148961700499058,
0.04903704673051834,
0.009725023992359638,
-0.05125786364078522,
-0.032542116940021515,
0.017739662900567055,
-0.015536756254732609,
-0.0462789386510849,
-0.02763482928276062,
-0.045275986194610596,
-0.09327426552772522,
-0.019020212814211845,
0.010423506610095501,
-0.05183097720146179,
0.0067922938615083694,
0.01594868116080761,
-0.0034162953961640596,
0.03458383306860924,
0.0011126466561108828,
-0.004853557329624891,
0.02211860939860344,
-0.005198320839554071,
0.013280120678246021,
-0.0038953826297074556,
-0.01310997735708952,
-0.045240167528390884,
0.02408868819475174,
0.02199324034154415,
0.041300009936094284,
-0.058171048760414124,
-0.01768593303859234,
-0.024428974837064743,
-0.0224768053740263,
-0.02045299857854843,
-0.02251262590289116,
-0.004208804108202457,
-0.015966592356562614,
0.005063997581601143,
-0.041765667498111725,
0.028727328404784203,
-0.008869831450283527,
0.001177569734863937,
-0.024858810007572174,
-0.020470907911658287,
0.011023485101759434,
0.006004262249916792,
-0.012304035946726799,
0.0426611565053463,
-0.01758742891252041,
-0.0018010548083111644,
0.0015402432763949037,
0.01365622691810131,
-0.030267570167779922,
0.03465547412633896,
0.012509998865425587,
-0.0076967389322817326,
0.05605769157409668,
0.0072042192332446575,
-0.014945732429623604,
-0.030894413590431213,
0.003975976724177599,
-0.08854607492685318,
0.019718695431947708,
0.02100820094347,
0.011775696650147438,
-0.03209437057375908,
0.0019857496954500675,
-0.009501151740550995,
0.038649361580610275,
-0.03180781379342079,
0.007110192906111479,
0.019414229318499565,
0.0012145086657255888,
0.03023175150156021,
-0.03682256117463112,
-0.05483982339501381,
0.0178829412907362,
-0.008153438568115234,
0.003949112258851528,
0.008704164996743202,
-0.0062147025018930435,
0.023676762357354164,
-0.009644430130720139,
-0.009214594960212708,
0.02018435113132,
0.040547799319028854,
0.021635044366121292,
-0.03187945485115051,
-0.029139254242181778,
0.06361562758684158,
0.03331223875284195,
0.017139684408903122,
0.03850608319044113,
0.020130621269345284,
0.04731770604848862,
-0.004920719191431999,
-0.01401442289352417,
-0.04359246790409088,
-0.017238188534975052,
0.03990304470062256,
0.008037025108933449,
0.03567633405327797,
-0.03630317375063896,
-0.010136949829757214,
0.023909589275717735,
0.015303928405046463,
0.011802561581134796,
-0.01062051486223936,
-0.04423721879720688,
0.029157163575291634,
-0.010298138484358788,
0.03243465721607208,
-0.05752629414200783,
-0.030267570167779922,
0.01371891051530838,
-0.02629159390926361,
-0.037073295563459396,
-0.07393167912960052,
-0.024661801755428314,
0.034243546426296234,
-0.06375890970230103,
0.0038461307995021343,
0.042446237057447433,
0.021652955561876297,
-0.02313946932554245,
-0.020685825496912003,
0.026237864047288895,
-0.01739042066037655,
0.01952168717980385,
0.06784234195947647,
0.011507050134241581,
-0.006331116426736116,
0.01959332637488842,
-0.01550989132374525,
-0.02980191633105278,
-0.03453010320663452,
0.013486083596944809,
0.007307200692594051,
-0.00009584544022800401,
-0.013477128930389881,
-0.03696583956480026,
0.011148854158818722,
-0.003980454057455063,
-0.01472186017781496,
0.012160757556557655,
0.0033222688362002373,
0.006666925270110369,
-0.04498942941427231,
0.03121679089963436,
0.05401597172021866,
-0.01482036430388689,
-0.033330146223306656,
-0.031037691980600357,
0.058600883930921555,
-0.017668023705482483,
-0.03374207392334938,
-0.024697622284293175,
-0.06232612207531929,
-0.03488830104470253,
0.04262533783912659,
0.012151802890002728,
-0.04395066201686859,
-0.0010824238415807486,
0.0015962114557623863,
-0.030930234119296074,
-0.01710386388003826,
0.008390744216740131,
0.01611882448196411,
-0.003313313936814666,
-0.027258723974227905,
-0.03402863070368767,
-0.015554665587842464,
0.007969863712787628,
-0.00963547546416521,
0.05093548819422722,
-0.037109117954969406,
-0.012912970036268234,
0.0367509201169014,
-0.004889376927167177,
0.013602497056126595,
0.032900311052799225,
0.006841545458883047,
0.013163707219064236,
0.04828483611345291,
0.05999784916639328,
0.015563621185719967,
0.05286974459886551,
0.003734194440767169,
0.015644215047359467,
-0.004392379894852638,
0.045705825090408325,
0.020094800740480423,
-0.061394814401865005,
0.03990304470062256,
0.06877364963293076,
-0.039079196751117706,
-0.011292132548987865,
-0.001858142320998013,
-0.04459541663527489,
0.02313946932554245,
-0.07815839350223541,
-0.044165581464767456,
0.005619201343506575,
-0.026399053633213043,
0.05165188014507294,
0.03198691084980965,
-0.01630687713623047,
-0.03922247514128685,
-0.053442858159542084,
0.0738600343465805,
0.02455434389412403,
0.028369132429361343,
0.022333526983857155,
0.01959332637488842,
0.0045244647189974785,
-0.008901173248887062,
-0.0051445914432406425,
0.003499128157272935,
-0.013226390816271305,
0.015456162393093109,
-0.007517640944570303,
0.007983296178281307,
-0.003787923837080598,
0.01027127355337143,
-0.02270963229238987,
-0.010468280874192715,
-0.03460174426436424,
-0.007338542956858873,
-0.0047460985369980335,
-0.020685825496912003,
-0.007405704353004694,
0.02294246107339859,
-0.005063997581601143,
-0.06895275413990021,
0.01995152235031128,
0.07801511138677597,
-0.023802131414413452,
-0.0010007104137912393,
-0.0008904531132429838,
-0.05992620810866356,
-0.0018917231354862452,
-0.023408114910125732,
-0.022333526983857155,
0.03950903192162514,
0.05265482887625694,
-0.006116198375821114,
-0.030679496005177498,
-0.007602712605148554,
-0.006698267068713903,
-0.008462383411824703,
0.047281887382268906,
0.011775696650147438,
0.01975451596081257,
-0.020632095634937286,
0.011793606914579868,
-0.0057669575326144695,
-0.011623463593423367,
0.01007426530122757,
-0.0310197826474905,
0.018124723806977272,
-0.048356473445892334,
-0.0007969863363541663,
-0.0005610806401818991,
0.019718695431947708,
0.014050242491066456,
0.004278204869478941,
0.01409501675516367,
-0.04663713276386261,
0.035891249775886536,
0.011435410939157009,
0.05559203773736954,
0.04785500094294548,
-0.05050565302371979,
0.02956908941268921,
-0.009348918683826923,
0.01884111575782299,
0.0331510491669178,
-0.023784222081303596,
-0.012715961784124374,
-0.013880099169909954,
0.044846151024103165,
-0.023282747715711594,
0.03551514446735382,
0.02077537402510643,
0.02553938329219818,
0.028010936453938484,
-0.004255817271769047,
0.026703519746661186,
-0.029318351298570633,
-0.015760628506541252,
0.00265512871555984,
0.056666623800992966,
0.0007734796963632107,
0.05211753398180008,
-0.004822215065360069,
0.015187514945864677,
0.004755053203552961,
-0.011480185203254223,
-0.0390433743596077,
-0.020596276968717575,
-0.009474286809563637,
-0.01959332637488842,
0.03968812897801399,
-0.03374207392334938,
0.028637778013944626,
0.04276861622929573,
0.0003447637427598238,
-0.027151264250278473,
0.0024670755956321955,
0.018035173416137695,
-0.0011697341687977314,
0.05007581412792206,
0.011623463593423367,
0.05598605051636696,
-0.04821319505572319,
-0.02022016979753971,
0.030912324786186218,
-0.0017417286289855838,
0.003499128157272935,
0.005780389532446861,
-0.015966592356562614,
0.053944334387779236,
0.026112496852874756,
-0.021348487585783005,
0.014229340478777885,
0.0019174685003235936,
0.022888731211423874,
0.04305517300963402,
0.014748725108802319,
0.020309720188379288,
0.02881687693297863,
-0.01070110872387886,
-0.0032707781065255404,
0.002610354218631983,
0.03436891734600067,
0.015142740681767464,
0.03947320953011513,
0.0188769344240427,
0.004546851851046085,
0.01232194621115923,
-0.034906212240457535,
0.030285481363534927,
0.023873770609498024,
-0.02783183753490448,
0.0004108061548322439,
0.03325850889086723,
0.026470692828297615,
-0.016074050217866898,
-0.023999139666557312,
-0.001141190412454307,
-0.009948897175490856,
-0.007643009535968304,
-0.0380762480199337,
-0.005363986827433109,
-0.015097965486347675,
0.010772747918963432,
0.011193628422915936,
0.00637589069083333,
-0.01703222468495369,
-0.004197610542178154,
0.03094814345240593,
0.015805402770638466,
-0.020435087382793427,
0.04036870226264,
-0.012993563897907734,
-0.02829749323427677,
0.016011366620659828,
-0.0005308578256517649,
-0.015706898644566536,
-0.022172339260578156,
-0.019306769594550133,
0.04767590016126633,
-0.04552672430872917,
0.060105305165052414,
0.015868088230490685,
0.019253041595220566,
-0.016826262697577477,
-0.00041164568392559886,
-0.0031386932823807,
0.01785607635974884,
-0.0031454095151275396,
0.07701216638088226,
0.051150403916835785,
0.00961756519973278,
0.017256097868084908,
-0.015644215047359467,
0.04592074081301689,
0.0004124852130189538,
0.05971129238605499,
0.01693372055888176,
-0.007060940843075514,
-0.053084664046764374,
-0.0005552039947360754,
0.026345323771238327,
0.005726660136133432,
0.0011965988669544458,
-0.03657182306051254,
-0.0047281887382268906,
0.005632633809000254,
-0.000801463786046952,
0.009751888923346996,
0.009886212646961212,
0.029748186469078064,
-0.014211430214345455,
0.007405704353004694,
0.020685825496912003,
-0.00583411892876029,
0.034870389848947525,
-0.002011494943872094,
-0.023587213829159737,
0.011883155442774296,
-0.05437416955828667,
0.026399053633213043,
0.035300225019454956,
-0.017766527831554413,
0.00011662361794151366,
-0.03205855190753937,
0.004656549543142319,
0.019772425293922424,
-0.040941815823316574,
0.07493462413549423,
-0.02179623395204544,
0.022333526983857155,
-0.008981767110526562,
0.01275178138166666,
-0.011220493353903294,
-0.008525067009031773,
0.0062326123006641865,
0.011641373857855797,
0.04789081960916519,
-0.002287977607920766,
0.0380762480199337,
0.026309503242373466,
-0.010154860094189644,
-0.010790658183395863,
0.003020040923729539,
0.017900850623846054,
0.029694456607103348,
0.012098073959350586,
-0.025217005982995033,
0.028530320152640343,
0.003017802257090807,
-0.001123840338550508,
-0.013575632125139236,
0.015017371624708176,
-0.006528124213218689,
-0.00938473828136921,
0.003868517931550741,
0.018465008586645126,
-0.010038445703685284,
-0.04581328108906746,
-0.0019689591135829687,
-0.023354386910796165,
0.001758518978022039,
0.00876237265765667,
-0.0725347101688385,
0.005198320839554071,
0.05007581412792206,
-0.0290497038513422,
-0.022172339260578156,
-0.0014383812667801976,
-0.005946055520325899,
0.014686040580272675,
0.02353348396718502,
-0.00892803817987442,
-0.033724162727594376,
-0.012456269934773445,
-0.02638114243745804,
0.002233128761872649,
-0.007566892541944981,
0.045634184032678604,
-0.026703519746661186,
-0.028243763372302055,
-0.02337229624390602,
-0.01212493795901537,
-0.02609458565711975,
0.056630805134773254,
0.0016588957514613867,
0.08037920296192169,
0.09019377827644348,
-0.0021391024347394705,
-0.02227979712188244,
0.04975343868136406,
-0.012590592727065086,
-0.06143063306808472,
0.03789714723825455,
0.005068474914878607,
-0.012733872048556805,
-0.012545818462967873,
-0.0229782797396183,
-0.016226284205913544,
-0.022620083764195442,
-0.021778322756290436,
0.027760198339819908,
0.023623032495379448,
-0.018429189920425415,
0.011820471845567226,
-0.034243546426296234,
0.0033827144652605057,
0.007329587824642658,
-0.020650004968047142,
0.015142740681767464,
-0.011175718158483505,
0.004495361354202032,
-0.008480292744934559,
-0.07586593925952911,
-0.04549090564250946,
-0.029121343046426773,
-0.0014630071818828583,
0.006143063306808472,
-0.006053514312952757,
-0.0032663007732480764,
0.006268431898206472,
0.04147911071777344,
-0.018554558977484703,
-0.007087805308401585,
0.03653600439429283,
0.018536647781729698,
-0.0007040792261250317,
-0.035103216767311096,
-0.0026036379858851433,
0.032774943858385086,
0.0032998817041516304,
0.012483133934438229,
0.06637373566627502,
0.017238188534975052,
-0.008310149423778057,
-0.019378408789634705,
-0.041407469660043716,
-0.006877365056425333,
0.001757399644702673,
-0.0018335162894800305,
0.05089966580271721,
-0.06146645173430443,
0.010575739666819572,
-0.05577113479375839,
-0.027527371421456337,
-0.029927285388112068,
-0.0056236786767840385,
-0.010342912748456001,
-0.006572898477315903,
0.056308429688215256,
0.004347605165094137,
-0.002988698659464717,
0.0400463230907917,
0.008690733462572098,
-0.011605554260313511,
-0.014614401385188103,
0.009966806508600712,
0.03961648792028427,
0.022566353902220726,
0.007248993497341871,
0.013566677458584309,
-0.02743782103061676,
-0.021939512342214584,
-0.003458831226453185,
0.0011008933652192354,
-0.029228802770376205,
-0.017829211428761482,
0.03161080554127693,
0.0028767625335603952,
0.005346077028661966,
0.048750489950180054,
0.024142418056726456,
0.0008344849920831621,
0.009671295061707497,
0.024267787113785744,
0.0016812829999253154,
0.01285028550773859,
-0.024017048999667168,
-0.02211860939860344,
0.030733225867152214,
0.03811206668615341,
0.0033782371319830418,
-0.007916133850812912,
-0.00981457345187664,
0.03322269022464752,
0.010736928321421146,
-0.0009229146526195109,
-0.003360327333211899,
-0.06594390422105789,
-0.01779339089989662,
-0.01088020671159029,
-0.0361061692237854,
-0.003738671774044633,
-0.021044021472334862,
-0.0003226563276257366,
-0.010638424195349216,
0.03082277439534664,
-0.0031566033139824867,
-0.025217005982995033,
0.021939512342214584,
-0.037825509905815125,
0.008735507726669312,
0.003185706678777933,
0.03495993837714195,
-0.02933626063168049,
-0.02326483651995659,
0.0052520502358675,
0.024034958332777023,
0.04122837260365486,
0.010423506610095501,
0.04380738362669945,
0.011211537756025791,
-0.00003627435216913,
0.01998734287917614,
-0.012805511243641376,
-0.008471338078379631,
-0.027491550892591476,
0.03581961244344711,
-0.010262318886816502,
0.028906425461173058,
-0.004540135618299246,
-0.027061715722084045,
0.04774754121899605,
0.04230295866727829,
-0.00464311707764864,
0.05516219884157181,
-0.037825509905815125,
0.044523775577545166,
0.025414014235138893,
-0.014480077661573887,
-0.03232719749212265,
0.012975653633475304,
-0.016682984307408333,
-0.04953852295875549,
-0.02081119455397129,
0.03180781379342079,
0.012527909129858017,
0.013942783698439598,
-0.033921170979738235,
-0.010280228219926357,
-0.04753262177109718,
0.0269184373319149,
-0.013324894942343235,
-0.03019593097269535,
-0.05849342420697212,
0.005122204311192036,
0.019897794350981712,
0.0044573028571903706,
-0.02629159390926361,
-0.006125153508037329,
-0.014856183901429176,
-0.0031073512509465218,
0.014856183901429176,
-0.012984609231352806,
0.0037789689376950264,
-0.01884111575782299,
0.019217221066355705,
0.008216123096644878,
-0.008986244909465313,
-0.007472866214811802,
-0.013271166011691093,
-0.015993455424904823,
0.020112711936235428,
-0.0014238295843824744,
-0.027384093031287193,
0.029264621436595917,
0.002523043891415,
-0.023049918934702873,
-0.0002861371322069317,
-0.034637562930583954,
-0.007508685812354088,
-0.004477451555430889,
0.007369884755462408,
0.01429202500730753,
0.008883263915777206,
0.017381466925144196,
-0.018787385895848274,
0.0061520179733633995,
0.052798107266426086,
0.037861328572034836,
0.014918867498636246,
0.00406104838475585,
0.05688154324889183,
-0.0036894199438393116,
-0.0067564742639660835,
0.012277171947062016,
0.05201007425785065,
-0.024428974837064743,
-0.0051625012420117855,
0.00011277580779278651,
-0.009751888923346996,
0.02566475048661232,
-0.016190463677048683,
-0.06329325586557388,
0.026560241356492043,
-0.06594390422105789,
0.017274007201194763,
-0.027706468477845192,
0.028279582038521767,
0.007647486869245768
] |
Currently, next location recommendation plays a vital role in location-based
social network applications and services. Although many methods have been
proposed to solve this problem, three important challenges have not been well
addressed so far: (1) most existing methods are based on recurrent network,
which is time-consuming to train long sequences due to not allowing for full
parallelism; (2) personalized preferences generally are not considered
reasonably; (3) existing methods rarely systematically studied how to
efficiently utilize various auxiliary information (e.g., user ID and timestamp)
in trajectory data and the spatio-temporal relations among non-consecutive
locations. To address the above challenges, we propose a novel method named
SanMove, a self-attention network based model, to predict the next location via
capturing the long- and short-term mobility patterns of users. Specifically,
SanMove introduces a long-term preference learning module, and it uses a
self-attention module to capture the users long-term mobility pattern which can
represent personalized location preferences of users. Meanwhile, SanMove uses a
spatial-temporal guided non-invasive self-attention (STNOVA) to exploit
auxiliary information to learn short-term preferences. We evaluate SanMove with
two real-world datasets, and demonstrate SanMove is not only faster than the
state-of-the-art RNN-based predict model but also outperforms the baselines for
next location prediction. | [
0.0034111535642296076,
-0.007830861024558544,
-0.02442045323550701,
-0.013034999370574951,
-0.0017694518901407719,
-0.02748645655810833,
-0.031968917697668076,
0.02406185492873192,
-0.05959881469607353,
-0.004948637913912535,
-0.01068618893623352,
-0.02481490932404995,
-0.012461244128644466,
-0.016620969399809837,
-0.012057822197675705,
-0.017131969332695007,
0.0302117932587862,
-0.021981993690133095,
0.01411975547671318,
-0.014603860676288605,
-0.03854917362332344,
-0.04633072763681412,
-0.01109857577830553,
0.041131071746349335,
0.06146351993083954,
0.008606326766312122,
0.03869261220097542,
0.021964063867926598,
-0.0744447261095047,
0.03519628942012787,
0.029602179303765297,
0.0008998542325571179,
0.014585930854082108,
-0.03829815611243248,
-0.013617719523608685,
0.01984834112226963,
0.06813342124223709,
0.055008772760629654,
0.00688954396173358,
0.09144222736358643,
0.02836501970887184,
-0.03453288599848747,
-0.0003944566415157169,
0.03263232111930847,
0.017329197376966476,
-0.048948485404253006,
-0.027827123180031776,
0.010883417911827564,
0.008637703955173492,
-0.0004331178788561374,
0.0337081141769886,
-0.04407156631350517,
-0.04313921555876732,
-0.022663326933979988,
-0.03066003881394863,
0.028902914375066757,
0.02723543904721737,
-0.011017891578376293,
0.03383362293243408,
0.008664598688483238,
0.023936346173286438,
0.03926636651158333,
-0.021462026983499527,
-0.0155900027602911,
-0.0034537368919700384,
-0.029297370463609695,
0.049271222203969955,
0.006374061107635498,
-0.007799483835697174,
-0.026679612696170807,
-0.07652459293603897,
0.0877845361828804,
-0.001040491508319974,
-0.012389524839818478,
-0.03125172480940819,
0.019543534144759178,
0.014675579965114594,
0.03010421432554722,
-0.01117029506713152,
-0.010739978402853012,
0.0251376461237669,
-0.008758730255067348,
-0.03003249503672123,
-0.010668259114027023,
0.0884300097823143,
-0.03186133876442909,
0.07975196093320847,
-0.06243173032999039,
0.06655559688806534,
-0.032488882541656494,
-0.014639720320701599,
-0.004814164247363806,
-0.042206861078739166,
-0.016396846622228622,
-0.0407007560133934,
0.01552724838256836,
0.03415635973215103,
0.0026805121451616287,
-0.0419917032122612,
0.0350169911980629,
0.011609576642513275,
0.003074968932196498,
0.018539462238550186,
-0.008664598688483238,
0.046151429414749146,
-0.02868775650858879,
-0.0051369015127420425,
0.038836050778627396,
-0.02169511653482914,
0.05425572022795677,
0.04378468915820122,
-0.011080645956099033,
0.04077247530221939,
0.025245225057005882,
-0.04066489636898041,
-0.01914907805621624,
-0.054937053471803665,
-0.03557281941175461,
0.05095662921667099,
-0.004921743180602789,
0.051315225660800934,
0.04041387513279915,
-0.001072429004125297,
-0.0022759700659662485,
-0.02633894607424736,
0.03035523183643818,
0.04152552783489227,
0.014290088787674904,
-0.013196367770433426,
-0.012470209039747715,
0.015796195715665817,
0.019167007878422737,
-0.026249296963214874,
0.00007564154657302424,
0.014110790565609932,
0.027217509225010872,
0.0286339670419693,
0.017266442999243736,
-0.029100142419338226,
-0.02124686911702156,
-0.05543908849358559,
-0.04281647503376007,
-0.06006499007344246,
-0.01882633939385414,
0.0018053115345537663,
0.01686302199959755,
-0.0031959954649209976,
0.05145866423845291,
-0.07781554013490677,
0.028616037219762802,
-0.06139180064201355,
0.028902914375066757,
-0.0075708781369030476,
0.05619214475154877,
0.02429494448006153,
0.058809902518987656,
-0.023506030440330505,
0.013501175679266453,
-0.0039669787511229515,
-0.05364610627293587,
0.039481524378061295,
-0.06304134428501129,
0.0015509318327531219,
0.002953942399471998,
-0.016369951888918877,
0.009789696894586086,
0.052391014993190765,
0.010345522314310074,
-0.021211009472608566,
0.04059317708015442,
-0.02501213736832142,
0.03609278425574303,
0.00289342924952507,
-0.023559819906949997,
0.010668259114027023,
-0.015984458848834038,
0.07014156132936478,
-0.039158787578344345,
0.0021325312554836273,
0.037760257720947266,
-0.02174890600144863,
0.005737551487982273,
0.03876433148980141,
0.048446450382471085,
0.045398373156785965,
0.021300658583641052,
0.029799407348036766,
0.013492210768163204,
0.07408612966537476,
-0.014845914207398891,
-0.045828692615032196,
0.0002826752606779337,
0.033116430044174194,
-0.029351159930229187,
0.02978147752583027,
0.005737551487982273,
-0.003234096337109804,
0.06149937957525253,
-0.009251801297068596,
0.01731126755475998,
-0.07422956824302673,
-0.03811885789036751,
-0.0026782709173858166,
0.025209365412592888,
0.00976280216127634,
0.017831234261393547,
-0.03367225453257561,
0.04270889610052109,
-0.01552724838256836,
-0.05762653052806854,
0.010704118758440018,
-0.022430239245295525,
-0.03173583000898361,
-0.02691270224750042,
0.009493854828178883,
0.010184153914451599,
0.007284000515937805,
-0.03582383692264557,
0.022484028711915016,
-0.052139997482299805,
-0.01203092746436596,
0.03150274232029915,
0.050167713314294815,
0.008400133810937405,
0.008113255724310875,
0.04353367164731026,
0.0010012699058279395,
0.04629486799240112,
0.00897388905286789,
-0.03268611431121826,
0.001973403850570321,
-0.030373161658644676,
0.0016573902685195208,
0.0032228901982307434,
-0.008888722397387028,
-0.007526053581386805,
0.02144409716129303,
-0.03804713860154152,
-0.04156138747930527,
-0.02321915328502655,
-0.036415521055459976,
0.009068020619452,
-0.03238130360841751,
-0.013384631834924221,
0.05967053398489952,
0.0020742593333125114,
-0.021784765645861626,
0.07275932282209396,
0.03580590710043907,
0.06651973724365234,
-0.05827200412750244,
-0.04575697332620621,
0.002205371391028166,
0.026697542518377304,
-0.050239432603120804,
-0.0009547643712721765,
-0.004894848447293043,
-0.022501958534121513,
0.019184937700629234,
0.01965111307799816,
0.01377908792346716,
-0.011941278353333473,
-0.011986102908849716,
0.06368681788444519,
0.014343878254294395,
0.027307158336043358,
0.0674162283539772,
0.021408237516880035,
0.044752899557352066,
0.02207164280116558,
0.0011688019149005413,
-0.07874789088964462,
0.001101004658266902,
0.008010159246623516,
-0.016450636088848114,
-0.050167713314294815,
-0.025585893541574478,
-0.03912292793393135,
0.08183182775974274,
-0.0000019041708583245054,
0.0194000955671072,
0.009870381094515324,
-0.027074070647358894,
-0.050418730825185776,
-0.06411713361740112,
-0.031395163387060165,
-0.018037427216768265,
0.015338985249400139,
-0.009144222363829613,
0.03933808580040932,
-0.036558959633111954,
-0.006867131683975458,
-0.04923536255955696,
-0.004395053721964359,
0.04407156631350517,
0.01316947303712368,
-0.03318814933300018,
-0.0002456949441693723,
0.0071540093049407005,
-0.06691419333219528,
-0.02881326526403427,
0.03169997036457062,
0.02391841635107994,
-0.01692577637732029,
0.014433527365326881,
-0.022627467289566994,
-0.004962085280567408,
0.013958386145532131,
-0.05163796246051788,
-0.040485598146915436,
0.05898920074105263,
0.003012214321643114,
0.034461166709661484,
0.006504052318632603,
0.041633106768131256,
0.024492172524333,
0.007579843048006296,
-0.002190803177654743,
-0.029978705570101738,
-0.04575697332620621,
-0.020726904273033142,
0.020332448184490204,
-0.040485598146915436,
-0.06408127397298813,
-0.06081804260611534,
0.04815956950187683,
0.0655515268445015,
0.027845053002238274,
0.0002693679416552186,
0.016316160559654236,
-0.033044710755348206,
-0.019543534144759178,
-0.07702662795782089,
-0.06727278977632523,
0.0031287583988159895,
0.028795335441827774,
0.014299053698778152,
0.05712449550628662,
-0.008211870677769184,
-0.014774194918572903,
-0.039732541888952255,
-0.04213514178991318,
0.005854095332324505,
0.04378468915820122,
-0.03202270716428757,
0.04331851378083229,
0.0009144222130998969,
-0.0018333268817514181,
0.04916364327073097,
0.03392327204346657,
0.0009239474893547595,
-0.04668932408094406,
0.0649419054389,
-0.02653617411851883,
0.04095177352428436,
-0.005114489234983921,
0.00037652679020538926,
-0.048016130924224854,
-0.023649469017982483,
0.028472598642110825,
-0.0003678420325741172,
-0.01920286752283573,
-0.06956780701875687,
0.012891560792922974,
-0.06074632331728935,
-0.02049381658434868,
-0.03829815611243248,
0.0194000955671072,
0.03905120864510536,
0.02092413231730461,
-0.03844159469008446,
0.06121249869465828,
-0.002467595273628831,
-0.024312874302268028,
-0.024133574217557907,
-0.0028441220056265593,
0.01418250985443592,
0.009314555674791336,
0.03991184011101723,
0.022430239245295525,
0.04633072763681412,
0.018664970993995667,
0.011286838911473751,
0.011923348531126976,
-0.006504052318632603,
0.05529564991593361,
0.04600799083709717,
-0.022824695333838463,
-0.03363639488816261,
0.04686862230300903,
0.00015100293967407197,
-0.05902506038546562,
-0.045183215290308,
-0.027898842468857765,
-0.00951178465038538,
-0.01074894331395626,
0.008610809221863747,
-0.0014568001497536898,
0.005589629989117384,
-0.030373161658644676,
-0.03162825107574463,
-0.0028172272723168135,
0.025334874168038368,
0.026518244296312332,
-0.018969779834151268,
0.02691270224750042,
0.023380521684885025,
-0.013976315967738628,
0.0054775686003267765,
0.005979604087769985,
-0.029440810903906822,
0.013805982656776905,
-0.06203727424144745,
-0.014236299321055412,
0.04174068570137024,
0.007642597425729036,
-0.0368996262550354,
0.005683761555701494,
0.012084717862308025,
-0.0004476858885027468,
-0.04303163290023804,
0.01437973789870739,
0.021426167339086533,
0.015796195715665817,
-0.04331851378083229,
0.05339508503675461,
-0.046976201236248016,
-0.024796979501843452,
-0.02461768127977848,
-0.031000707298517227,
0.015123826451599598,
-0.04148966819047928,
0.04238615930080414,
-0.03250681236386299,
-0.012676401995122433,
-0.03318814933300018,
0.03315228968858719,
-0.03132344409823418,
-0.019704902544617653,
-0.03630794212222099,
-0.08792797476053238,
-0.01882633939385414,
0.007485711481422186,
0.0035613160580396652,
0.013124648481607437,
0.0032878858037292957,
0.038836050778627396,
-0.03822643682360649,
-0.03854917362332344,
-0.06562324613332748,
-0.024545961990952492,
0.028741545975208282,
-0.009386274963617325,
-0.05637144297361374,
0.04443016275763512,
-0.04694034159183502,
-0.06576668471097946,
-0.021910274401307106,
0.020314518362283707,
-0.013940456323325634,
0.014272158965468407,
0.0037966452073305845,
-0.00019232563499826938,
-0.04858988896012306,
-0.003908706828951836,
-0.00645922776311636,
-0.03854917362332344,
-0.04295991361141205,
0.017696760594844818,
-0.006136490497738123,
0.03270404413342476,
-0.049665678292512894,
0.032721973955631256,
-0.007082290016114712,
0.008700458332896233,
0.021910274401307106,
-0.05902506038546562,
-0.08986439555883408,
-0.05210413783788681,
0.008875275030732155,
-0.008772177621722221,
0.03153860196471214,
0.009843486361205578,
-0.0324530228972435,
-0.00951178465038538,
-0.010479995980858803,
-0.07211384922266006,
-0.003886294551193714,
-0.012837771326303482,
-0.020780693739652634,
0.02556796371936798,
-0.024187365546822548,
0.007723282091319561,
-0.021856484934687614,
-0.02411564439535141,
-0.017409881576895714,
-0.004079040139913559,
-0.019382165744900703,
0.04776511341333389,
0.011869559064507484,
-0.02329087257385254,
-0.018019497394561768,
0.022089572623372078,
-0.02316536381840706,
0.0016069626435637474,
0.03736580163240433,
0.039409805089235306,
-0.032793693244457245,
-0.0006393111543729901,
0.0032654735259711742,
0.024528032168745995,
0.03786784037947655,
-0.012676401995122433,
-0.010542750358581543,
0.013384631834924221,
0.004401777405291796,
0.005047251936048269,
-0.002096671611070633,
0.025621753185987473,
0.011457173153758049,
0.0057734111323952675,
0.03969668224453926,
-0.08011055737733841,
0.012353665195405483,
-0.029817337170243263,
0.010677224025130272,
0.04815956950187683,
-0.03377983346581459,
0.026769263669848442,
-0.024384593591094017,
-0.005365506745874882,
0.0540764220058918,
-0.012586752884089947,
0.00531171727925539,
0.012775016948580742,
-0.018485672771930695,
-0.018351199105381966,
0.053538527339696884,
-0.03711478412151337,
-0.01170819066464901,
-0.04676104336977005,
-0.003928877878934145,
-0.017221618443727493,
0.01895185001194477,
-0.035034921020269394,
-0.03937394544482231,
-0.007969817146658897,
-0.05457845702767372,
-0.031072426587343216,
-0.0203503780066967,
-0.005208620801568031,
0.03218407556414604,
-0.006194762419909239,
0.0038593998178839684,
-0.03395913168787956,
-0.01491763349622488,
-0.034192219376564026,
-0.014039071276783943,
-0.012407454662024975,
0.004670725204050541,
-0.004800716880708933,
0.0011732843704521656,
-0.0053161997348070145,
-0.05332336574792862,
-0.0019442678894847631,
0.016701653599739075,
-0.02556796371936798,
0.015419669449329376,
0.013142578303813934,
0.03110828623175621,
-0.024384593591094017,
0.02079862356185913,
0.01551828347146511,
-0.036290012300014496,
0.028078142553567886,
-0.03786784037947655,
0.007561913225799799,
-0.009780731983482838,
0.02963803894817829,
-0.058379583060741425,
-0.00007375050336122513,
-0.001583429635502398,
0.004661760292947292,
0.0381905771791935,
0.013465316034853458,
0.010479995980858803,
-0.04267303645610809,
-0.04077247530221939,
-0.005101041868329048,
-0.02576519176363945,
0.031269654631614685,
0.0712173581123352,
0.020655184984207153,
0.007633632514625788,
-0.028149861842393875,
-0.023434311151504517,
0.021085500717163086,
0.024545961990952492,
0.014325948432087898,
-0.08663702756166458,
-0.028598107397556305,
0.07275932282209396,
-0.039983559399843216,
0.024079784750938416,
0.011824734508991241,
-0.011259944178164005,
0.0585230216383934,
0.050167713314294815,
-0.004475738387554884,
0.005190690979361534,
-0.011376488022506237,
0.010184153914451599,
0.05733965337276459,
-0.05314406752586365,
0.05629972368478775,
-0.005665831733494997,
0.07587911933660507,
0.02544245310127735,
-0.03765267878770828,
-0.01792984828352928,
-0.011914383620023727,
-0.01444249227643013,
0.08570466935634613,
-0.0039064656011760235,
-0.018216725438833237,
0.017463671043515205,
0.016396846622228622,
0.02176683582365513,
-0.015509318560361862,
0.0009822194697335362,
-0.00021964064217172563,
-0.0018826340092346072,
-0.009726942516863346,
-0.048267148435115814,
-0.021408237516880035,
0.005065182223916054,
-0.015338985249400139,
0.028490528464317322,
-0.019167007878422737,
-0.016127897426486015,
-0.007225728593766689,
0.01665682904422283,
-0.018413953483104706,
0.046474166214466095,
-0.004538492765277624,
-0.004466773476451635,
-0.014469387009739876,
-0.012237121351063251,
0.04790855199098587,
0.027020281180739403,
0.03919464722275734,
0.046725183725357056,
-0.02017107792198658,
0.022537818178534508,
-0.009529714472591877,
-0.0035680397413671017,
0.0155900027602911,
-0.022035783156752586,
0.009175599552690983,
0.005656866822391748,
-0.0036711362190544605,
0.012927420437335968,
-0.036236222833395004,
0.03035523183643818,
0.00031909527024254203,
0.022125432267785072,
0.017526425421237946,
0.0034089123364537954,
-0.04633072763681412,
0.03487355262041092,
-0.05300062894821167,
-0.08957751840353012,
-0.06479846686124802,
0.06400955468416214,
0.05382540449500084,
-0.015948599204421043,
0.005629972089082003,
0.02709200046956539,
-0.003899741917848587,
-0.005325164645910263,
0.01091031264513731,
0.011215119622647762,
-0.05873817950487137,
0.03157446160912514,
0.027002351358532906,
-0.017329197376966476,
0.018055357038974762,
-0.02945874072611332,
-0.008740800432860851,
0.011815769597887993,
-0.05257031321525574,
0.00606028875336051,
-0.010399311780929565,
0.05185312032699585,
0.06203727424144745,
-0.035160429775714874,
-0.014944528229534626,
0.02137237787246704,
0.025406593456864357,
-0.000008019404958758969,
0.002734301844611764,
0.019292516633868217,
0.040736615657806396,
-0.01833326928317547,
0.03672032803297043,
0.009493854828178883,
0.006566806696355343,
0.015625862404704094,
-0.00177281373180449,
-0.039660822600126266,
0.021551677957177162,
-0.02049381658434868,
0.008431510999798775,
0.026231367141008377,
0.019830411300063133,
0.02246609888970852,
0.01411975547671318,
-0.02626722678542137,
-0.024277014657855034,
0.011250979267060757,
-0.010345522314310074,
0.02029658854007721,
-0.004607970826327801,
-0.04313921555876732,
-0.029530460014939308,
0.005858577787876129,
0.0023622573353350163,
-0.011385452933609486,
-0.043928127735853195,
0.009341450408101082,
0.04281647503376007,
-0.0502752922475338,
-0.001754883909597993,
0.013814947567880154,
0.0368996262550354,
-0.028203651309013367,
-0.01597549393773079,
0.016836127266287804,
-0.009045608341693878,
-0.009735907427966595,
0.008037053979933262,
-0.04633072763681412,
0.0012237121118232608,
-0.004114900249987841,
0.0017952260095626116,
0.03519628942012787,
0.0029920432716608047,
0.0018714278703555465,
-0.03634380176663399,
0.022376449778676033,
0.027450596913695335,
0.02187441475689411,
0.049342941492795944,
-0.05285719037055969,
-0.05300062894821167,
0.02494041807949543,
-0.021659256890416145,
0.01545552909374237,
-0.002525867195799947,
-0.04572111368179321,
0.013617719523608685,
0.020529676228761673,
-0.007024018093943596,
0.007046430371701717,
0.021659256890416145,
-0.0016495459713041782,
-0.015276229940354824,
-0.006418885663151741,
-0.026948561891913414,
-0.03073175996541977,
-0.02284262515604496,
0.006051323842257261,
0.0270382110029459,
-0.024528032168745995,
-0.006548876874148846,
0.02124686911702156,
0.03288334235548973,
0.004569869954138994,
-0.02983526699244976,
-0.039087068289518356,
0.0031578943599015474,
0.025083856657147408,
0.01877254992723465,
0.05465017631649971,
-0.01698853075504303,
0.018611181527376175,
-0.03659481927752495,
-0.02710993029177189,
0.00528034009039402,
-0.018933920189738274,
0.004206790588796139,
-0.006822307128459215,
0.007947404868900776,
-0.011977137997746468,
0.037509240210056305,
-0.011295803822577,
-0.026195507496595383,
0.0019655595533549786,
-0.007566395681351423,
-0.027343017980456352,
0.019561463966965675,
0.017257478088140488,
-0.022107502445578575,
0.006862649228423834,
0.009520749561488628,
-0.004435396287590265,
0.003745096968486905,
0.0013716333778575063,
-0.04364125058054924,
0.0013111201114952564,
-0.027827123180031776,
-0.04521907493472099,
0.004791751969605684,
0.0089021697640419,
0.03836987540125847,
-0.023075714707374573,
-0.0267334021627903,
0.011179259978234768,
0.001850136206485331,
-0.04446602240204811,
0.027576105669140816,
-0.007216763682663441,
-0.0162175465375185,
0.00897388905286789,
-0.022627467289566994,
-0.010731013491749763,
0.0400911383330822,
0.025155575945973396,
0.06859959661960602,
0.010049679316580296,
-0.0034425307530909777,
0.0016484253574162722,
-0.035716257989406586,
0.024205295369029045,
-0.03385155275464058,
0.000992865301668644,
0.03130551427602768,
0.026069998741149902,
0.0060289110988378525,
0.02201785333454609,
0.01116133015602827,
0.048625748604536057,
0.012201261706650257,
-0.05102834850549698,
-0.01750849559903145,
0.003543386235833168,
-0.04123865067958832,
0.02334466204047203,
0.016898881644010544,
0.00645922776311636,
0.010479995980858803,
0.04098763316869736,
0.05999327078461647,
-0.032919201999902725,
-0.010184153914451599,
0.03207649663090706,
0.007418474648147821,
0.02628515660762787,
0.06519292294979095,
-0.05285719037055969,
0.02793470211327076,
-0.03711478412151337,
-0.019435955211520195,
0.00578685849905014,
-0.012192296795547009,
-0.03232751414179802,
-0.02049381658434868,
-0.054686035960912704,
0.0031153110321611166,
-0.033618465065956116,
-0.003032385604456067,
-0.027253368869423866,
-0.07645287364721298,
0.034586675465106964,
0.017956743016839027,
0.018360164016485214,
0.020834483206272125,
0.029530460014939308,
0.04052145779132843,
-0.05482947453856468,
0.019059428945183754,
0.023810837417840958,
0.012290910817682743,
0.00779500138014555,
0.053717825561761856,
-0.009103880263864994,
-0.01577826589345932,
-0.040485598146915436,
-0.0464383065700531,
-0.04848231002688408,
0.009377310052514076,
0.02474319003522396,
-0.034263938665390015,
-0.014693510718643665,
0.042278580367565155,
0.014541106298565865,
-0.03666653856635094,
0.00814015045762062,
0.015437599271535873,
0.028078142553567886,
0.016827162355184555,
0.008444958366453648,
-0.010228978469967842,
-0.03854917362332344,
-0.025334874168038368,
-0.001087557291612029,
0.034371517598629,
-0.03354674577713013,
0.002516902284696698,
0.014155615121126175,
-0.018225690349936485,
0.01158268190920353,
-0.04019871726632118,
-0.0228964164853096,
0.03657688945531845,
-0.0010438533499836922,
-0.001414216705597937,
-0.004031974356621504,
-0.005652384366840124,
0.022914346307516098,
0.04568525031208992,
0.004285233560949564,
-0.02589070051908493,
0.025621753185987473,
-0.01660303957760334,
0.0381905771791935,
0.035034921020269394,
0.026876842603087425,
-0.020852413028478622,
0.004971050191670656,
-0.006140972953289747,
0.02691270224750042,
0.008848380297422409,
-0.009583503939211369,
0.040126997977495193,
0.016118932515382767,
0.0032251314260065556,
-0.04346195235848427,
-0.009081467986106873,
0.0477292537689209,
0.0033461579587310553,
-0.017768479883670807,
-0.04091591387987137,
0.04812370985746384,
-0.02519143559038639,
-0.021462026983499527,
0.05891748145222664,
-0.002110118977725506,
0.023828767240047455,
0.006118560675531626,
-0.008722870610654354,
-0.01832430437207222,
-0.01117029506713152,
-0.006656455807387829,
-0.0010360090527683496,
0.008834932930767536,
-0.028400879353284836,
-0.021533746272325516,
-0.005629972089082003,
0.025083856657147408,
0.009780731983482838,
0.012326770462095737,
-0.038082998245954514,
-0.008574949577450752,
-0.014693510718643665,
0.006127525586634874,
-0.014370772987604141,
0.022107502445578575,
-0.02908221259713173,
-0.00350752635858953,
0.0011822492815554142,
-0.06859959661960602,
0.054865334182977676,
0.0050606997683644295,
-0.0021773558109998703,
0.002054088283330202,
0.005804788321256638,
-0.05110006779432297,
-0.006293376442044973,
-0.006284411530941725,
0.034640464931726456,
0.01084755826741457,
0.02951253019273281,
0.006755070295184851,
0.030624179169535637,
-0.014720405451953411,
0.0035366625525057316,
-0.024348733946681023,
-0.02162339724600315,
0.05102834850549698,
0.0045900410041213036,
0.029153931885957718,
0.042027562856674194,
-0.023057784885168076,
-0.02411564439535141,
0.010399311780929565,
-0.005101041868329048,
-0.013913561590015888,
0.010031749494373798,
0.01680026762187481,
-0.010444136336445808,
-0.019758692011237144,
-0.04464532062411308,
0.04141794890165329,
0.0068581667728722095,
0.008637703955173492,
0.06573082506656647,
0.01774158515036106,
-0.02162339724600315,
0.016002388671040535,
-0.02716371975839138,
0.03417428955435753,
-0.024259084835648537,
-0.023057784885168076,
-0.03132344409823418,
0.027970561757683754,
-0.03550110012292862,
0.031126216053962708,
-0.005706173833459616,
-0.033564675599336624,
0.0400911383330822,
-0.05253445357084274,
0.03632587194442749,
-0.034837692975997925
] |
The inter/intra-subject variability of electroencephalography (EEG) makes the
practical use of the brain-computer interface (BCI) difficult. In general, the
BCI system requires a calibration procedure to tune the model every time the
system is used. This problem is recognized as a major obstacle to BCI, and to
overcome it, approaches based on transfer learning (TL) have recently emerged.
However, many BCI paradigms are limited in that they consist of a structure
that shows labels first and then measures "imagery", the negative effects of
source subjects containing data that do not contain control signals have been
ignored in many cases of the subject-to-subject TL process. The main purpose of
this paper is to propose a method of excluding subjects that are expected to
have a negative impact on subject-to-subject TL training, which generally uses
data from as many subjects as possible. In this paper, we proposed a BCI
framework using only high-confidence subjects for TL training. In our
framework, a deep neural network selects useful subjects for the TL process and
excludes noisy subjects, using a co-teaching algorithm based on the small-loss
trick. We experimented with leave-one-subject-out validation on two public
datasets (2020 international BCI competition track 4 and OpenBMI dataset). Our
experimental results showed that confidence-aware TL, which selects subjects
with small loss instances, improves the generalization performance of BCI. | [
0.020750248804688454,
0.012617867439985275,
-0.02545025944709778,
-0.06966155022382736,
0.032002970576286316,
0.018907299265265465,
0.000948290282394737,
0.016430530697107315,
-0.041422490030527115,
0.01568945124745369,
-0.018331987783312798,
-0.0900217592716217,
0.0007947111735120416,
0.007708210498094559,
0.024904198944568634,
0.018780535086989403,
0.009365890175104141,
-0.008819831535220146,
0.02494320459663868,
-0.034694261848926544,
0.05086151510477066,
-0.01295915525406599,
-0.02702992968261242,
-0.02314900979399681,
0.002649849746376276,
0.04598598554730415,
0.04146149381995201,
-0.014909366145730019,
-0.05304574966430664,
-0.03691750019788742,
0.04980839788913727,
-0.007235284429043531,
-0.0071719023399055,
-0.043489713221788406,
-0.026503372937440872,
-0.03949178010225296,
0.013202930800616741,
0.07929559797048569,
-0.015894223004579544,
0.017883438616991043,
0.021744856610894203,
0.03157392144203186,
0.011213715188205242,
-0.00415395013988018,
-0.002922879299148917,
-0.0662681832909584,
-0.06716527789831161,
-0.03644945099949837,
0.015406670048832893,
-0.041227467358112335,
0.015972230583429337,
-0.023968098685145378,
0.06849142163991928,
-0.014373058453202248,
-0.022310419008135796,
0.07266487926244736,
0.05534699931740761,
-0.009292757138609886,
0.0781644731760025,
-0.003632268635556102,
0.01063840277493,
0.022797971963882446,
0.02492370270192623,
-0.005904265213757753,
0.039140742272138596,
-0.06314784288406372,
0.040447384119033813,
-0.006299182772636414,
0.0005390506121329963,
-0.0023219704162329435,
-0.05335778370499611,
0.005367957055568695,
-0.015913724899291992,
0.01909256912767887,
0.00402474869042635,
0.06353788822889328,
0.07153375446796417,
0.04762416332960129,
-0.06361589580774307,
0.023305026814341545,
0.00005553531809709966,
0.061314646154642105,
0.01909256912767887,
0.029623711481690407,
0.06997358798980713,
0.01886829547584057,
0.012052306905388832,
-0.04668806120753288,
0.001978245796635747,
-0.021705852821469307,
-0.0065770880319178104,
0.009117238223552704,
0.0017941944533959031,
-0.02205689065158367,
-0.03038429282605648,
-0.00737179908901453,
-0.006747731473296881,
-0.010345871560275555,
-0.061626680195331573,
-0.026483871042728424,
0.0019477736204862595,
0.007040263153612614,
-0.027380967512726784,
-0.015465176664292812,
0.05086151510477066,
-0.011750023812055588,
-0.026288850232958794,
0.02375357411801815,
0.018107712268829346,
0.16756215691566467,
-0.09064582735300064,
0.025898806750774384,
-0.04661005362868309,
0.007347421254962683,
-0.03276355192065239,
-0.018331987783312798,
-0.02759549207985401,
-0.07605824619531631,
0.03354363515973091,
-0.030832841992378235,
0.030540309846401215,
0.10258112102746964,
-0.0008849084260873497,
0.03925775736570358,
-0.06158767640590668,
0.034401729702949524,
0.010258112102746964,
0.014022019691765308,
0.0544499009847641,
0.003152029123157263,
0.008166510611772537,
0.025079717859625816,
-0.0121303154155612,
-0.0065917144529521465,
0.015962479636073112,
0.02543075755238533,
0.029253171756863594,
0.0059286425821483135,
0.000669775705318898,
-0.01819547265768051,
0.019814148545265198,
-0.019268088042736053,
-0.023617060855031013,
0.0693105161190033,
-0.0013480836059898138,
0.018936552107334137,
-0.010375124402344227,
0.0583893284201622,
0.020048173144459724,
0.005046172067523003,
-0.0028716863598674536,
0.0673213005065918,
-0.046259015798568726,
0.045478928834199905,
0.04590797796845436,
-0.002354880329221487,
0.018829291686415672,
-0.004934034775942564,
-0.026152335107326508,
-0.0356108620762825,
0.0445428267121315,
-0.018634270876646042,
0.05624409765005112,
0.01622575893998146,
0.02305149845778942,
0.060339540243148804,
0.020009169355034828,
0.033894672989845276,
-0.07192379981279373,
0.05164159834384918,
-0.07406903058290482,
0.011116204783320427,
-0.009707177057862282,
0.02217390388250351,
0.013124923221766949,
0.02654237672686577,
0.04879428818821907,
-0.03752206638455391,
-0.08151883631944656,
0.010667656548321247,
-0.031534917652606964,
0.022193405777215958,
0.03510380536317825,
0.020438214763998985,
0.045088887214660645,
0.02730295993387699,
0.11045997589826584,
0.02355855330824852,
0.017395885661244392,
-0.018370991572737694,
0.043216682970523834,
0.017298374325037003,
0.0781254693865776,
-0.008356655947864056,
0.04196855053305626,
-0.020048173144459724,
-0.0351233072578907,
0.011106453835964203,
0.0653710886836052,
0.01073591411113739,
0.017161861062049866,
-0.028180554509162903,
-0.0032885440159589052,
0.03422620892524719,
-0.01340770348906517,
-0.02812204882502556,
0.012432597577571869,
0.010492137633264065,
-0.017834683880209923,
-0.06197771802544594,
0.023207515478134155,
-0.018692776560783386,
-0.07090968638658524,
-0.023285524919629097,
-0.025196731090545654,
-0.01326143741607666,
0.012734880670905113,
-0.057063184678554535,
0.006382066756486893,
0.022407928481698036,
0.05663413926959038,
0.04493287205696106,
0.04345070943236351,
-0.0633038654923439,
-0.033992186188697815,
0.008132381364703178,
0.021803364157676697,
0.023129507899284363,
0.007581446785479784,
-0.024767685681581497,
0.0029009394347667694,
0.059832487255334854,
0.04068141058087349,
-0.025157727301120758,
-0.032315004616975784,
-0.0011451398022472858,
0.023792579770088196,
0.0016918083420023322,
-0.0015735768247395754,
-0.0072499108500778675,
-0.019804397597908974,
-0.02632785402238369,
-0.05129056051373482,
0.011515998281538486,
0.015972230583429337,
-0.02088676393032074,
-0.0055629778653383255,
0.07250885665416718,
0.01762991026043892,
-0.0021586401853710413,
-0.048053208738565445,
-0.023012494668364525,
0.003890671767294407,
0.031924959272146225,
-0.04087642952799797,
0.02149133011698723,
0.03525982052087784,
-0.0464930385351181,
0.05390384420752525,
-0.06420096009969711,
0.0792175903916359,
-0.01063840277493,
-0.024689676240086555,
-0.012344838120043278,
-0.003410432254895568,
0.0009556036093272269,
0.075200155377388,
-0.020516224205493927,
0.03149591386318207,
-0.055268991738557816,
-0.03912124037742615,
0.04048638790845871,
-0.023188013583421707,
-0.04235859215259552,
0.011506247334182262,
-0.01962887868285179,
0.03344612568616867,
-0.05866235867142677,
-0.016206257045269012,
0.018975557759404182,
0.0023256270214915276,
0.07141674309968948,
0.01048238668590784,
-0.013124923221766949,
-0.007659455295652151,
-0.012227825820446014,
-0.0030813340563327074,
-0.017054598778486252,
-0.04832623898983002,
-0.024124115705490112,
-0.034206707030534744,
-0.013202930800616741,
-0.04068141058087349,
-0.014870362356305122,
0.04703909903764725,
0.009024603292346,
-0.04036937654018402,
-0.0021586401853710413,
0.0024950518272817135,
-0.021725354716181755,
-0.01247160229831934,
-0.040447384119033813,
-0.0027107938658446074,
0.012949403375387192,
0.0030642696656286716,
-0.016157502308487892,
0.035084303468465805,
0.0082835229113698,
-0.037600077688694,
-0.053201768547296524,
-0.04910632222890854,
-0.008478543721139431,
-0.022934485226869583,
-0.059130411595106125,
0.0014590019127354026,
0.031047364696860313,
0.045556940138339996,
0.018527008593082428,
0.008064123801887035,
-0.03832165524363518,
-0.005723870359361172,
0.036176420748233795,
-0.071221724152565,
0.04906731843948364,
0.01118446234613657,
-0.031222885474562645,
0.022134900093078613,
0.04165651649236679,
0.02314900979399681,
-0.01158425584435463,
-0.044503822922706604,
-0.0207892544567585,
-0.06880345940589905,
-0.016801070421934128,
-0.003149591386318207,
0.03644945099949837,
-0.033992186188697815,
-0.006269929464906454,
-0.013709986582398415,
0.0038394785951822996,
-0.0012968905502930284,
-0.022524941712617874,
-0.061431657522916794,
-0.01414878387004137,
0.013105420395731926,
0.011145458556711674,
0.004468421917408705,
0.02899964340031147,
0.006664847489446402,
-0.026698393747210503,
0.0011030883761122823,
-0.020457718521356583,
0.03157392144203186,
0.03580588102340698,
-0.025879304856061935,
-0.053396787494421005,
0.019853152334690094,
-0.011515998281538486,
-0.0005518489051610231,
0.0033299860078841448,
0.005748248193413019,
-0.043606728315353394,
-0.048755284398794174,
0.004168577026575804,
-0.023031996563076973,
-0.023539051413536072,
-0.0034616251941770315,
-0.026600884273648262,
-0.0049706012941896915,
0.004746327176690102,
-0.018039455637335777,
0.042124565690755844,
-0.024104613810777664,
-0.00045037694508209825,
-0.02732246182858944,
0.05238267779350281,
-0.0028985016979277134,
-0.006811113562434912,
-0.0113794831559062,
0.06459100544452667,
-0.020516224205493927,
-0.010999192483723164,
-0.008600432425737381,
0.023773077875375748,
0.017551902681589127,
0.018185721710324287,
-0.006269929464906454,
0.020555227994918823,
-0.046063993126153946,
0.04274863377213478,
0.03137890249490738,
-0.06377191096544266,
-0.010033837519586086,
-0.0554640106856823,
0.0009787624003365636,
0.04590797796845436,
-0.018829291686415672,
0.05355280637741089,
0.025664782151579857,
-0.016898581758141518,
0.0019099883502349257,
0.005909140687435865,
-0.005528849549591541,
-0.08994375169277191,
0.00006955246499273926,
0.003954053856432438,
-0.005450841039419174,
0.02037970907986164,
0.0017832245212048292,
0.00663071870803833,
0.011993800289928913,
0.012783635407686234,
-0.01004358846694231,
-0.022017886862158775,
0.04415278509259224,
-0.0038297276478260756,
-0.02096477337181568,
0.011564753949642181,
-0.053708821535110474,
-0.04446481913328171,
-0.043684735894203186,
0.023714570328593254,
0.0861213356256485,
-0.043996769934892654,
0.03305608406662941,
0.011886538937687874,
0.005431338679045439,
-0.05581505224108696,
0.001816134317778051,
-0.009868069551885128,
0.06872545182704926,
0.027400469407439232,
-0.0029911368619650602,
-0.023968098685145378,
0.01826372928917408,
-0.02137431688606739,
-0.009775434620678425,
-0.006972005590796471,
-0.0046707564033567905,
-0.030715828761458397,
0.005187562201172113,
-0.004817022010684013,
-0.016888830810785294,
-0.041227467358112335,
0.015757707878947258,
-0.05604907497763634,
0.02416311949491501,
0.017980949953198433,
-0.0038029123097658157,
0.03327060490846634,
-0.046063993126153946,
-0.006937877275049686,
-0.07410803437232971,
0.01203280407935381,
0.010716411285102367,
0.0026303476188331842,
-0.001957524800673127,
-0.062406763434410095,
0.04036937654018402,
-0.04118846356868744,
-0.007469309493899345,
0.035883888602256775,
-0.0004244757001288235,
-0.03504529967904091,
-0.017600657418370247,
0.006635594181716442,
-0.044698845595121384,
-0.05916941538453102,
-0.015445674769580364,
-0.02030170150101185,
-0.015435922890901566,
-0.02562577836215496,
0.005645861849188805,
0.01578696072101593,
0.012939652428030968,
0.021627845242619514,
-0.041110455989837646,
-0.00893684383481741,
-0.028746116906404495,
0.012276580557227135,
0.0034762518480420113,
-0.00012044078903272748,
0.0007977583445608616,
-0.001413903315551579,
0.007098769303411245,
0.0623287558555603,
-0.025294242426753044,
0.04532291367650032,
0.0049608503468334675,
-0.027361465618014336,
0.0012603241484612226,
-0.009390267543494701,
0.0023110006004571915,
-0.0011597663396969438,
0.010384875349700451,
-0.07469309866428375,
-0.010219107381999493,
-0.0484822541475296,
0.0692715123295784,
-0.012081559747457504,
0.015114138834178448,
0.03592289239168167,
0.009248877875506878,
0.023422038182616234,
0.004812146537005901,
0.03186645358800888,
0.0037419681902974844,
-0.0072401599027216434,
-0.024611668661236763,
-0.0058555095456540585,
0.04325569048523903,
-0.004490361548960209,
0.02256394550204277,
-0.06026153266429901,
0.006367440335452557,
0.053981851786375046,
-0.010072842240333557,
-0.018078459426760674,
0.015523682348430157,
-0.017249619588255882,
-0.021627845242619514,
0.043606728315353394,
0.011340479366481304,
0.0321979895234108,
-0.03619592264294624,
0.008595556952059269,
0.013924509286880493,
0.016411028802394867,
0.018683025613427162,
-0.05405985936522484,
-0.04278763756155968,
0.004061315208673477,
-0.045790962874889374,
-0.020652739331126213,
-0.010111846029758453,
-0.002390227746218443,
0.043684735894203186,
-0.01860501617193222,
-0.03137890249490738,
-0.022797971963882446,
-0.04489386826753616,
0.07352297008037567,
-0.0065770880319178104,
0.0017234993865713477,
0.01355396956205368,
0.02207639254629612,
0.04114945977926254,
-0.03603990748524666,
0.022251911461353302,
0.039140742272138596,
0.0018673273734748363,
0.011915791779756546,
-0.009697426110506058,
0.029409188777208328,
-0.008922217413783073,
-0.044698845595121384,
-0.029623711481690407,
-0.039842817932367325,
-0.051134541630744934,
-0.0321589857339859,
0.021120790392160416,
-0.029857736080884933,
0.012539858929812908,
0.0010768823558464646,
-0.023305026814341545,
-0.035493846982717514,
-0.004763391334563494,
0.049925412982702255,
0.023129507899284363,
0.0247481819242239,
-0.020652739331126213,
-0.01741538755595684,
-0.02227141335606575,
0.004429417662322521,
-0.000008232215805037413,
0.0014455942437052727,
0.027966031804680824,
-0.0016406154027208686,
0.00982419028878212,
0.018858544528484344,
-0.001790537848137319,
0.02812204882502556,
0.02482619136571884,
0.03155441954731941,
-0.01938510127365589,
-0.014538826420903206,
-0.029038647189736366,
-0.055971067398786545,
-0.02166684903204441,
-0.020711245015263557,
0.014334053732454777,
0.0485212616622448,
0.04185153543949127,
-0.02554776892066002,
-0.04723412171006203,
-0.03551334887742996,
0.0023926657158881426,
0.015504180453717709,
0.04075941815972328,
-0.056868165731430054,
0.014421813189983368,
0.00022503611398860812,
0.034889280796051025,
0.04543992504477501,
0.019921408966183662,
0.004424542188644409,
-0.030325787141919136,
-0.008346905000507832,
0.0005463639390654862,
0.024416645988821983,
0.01920958235859871,
0.020438214763998985,
0.02878512069582939,
0.0003388492332305759,
0.01741538755595684,
-0.014217041432857513,
0.012344838120043278,
-0.03471376374363899,
0.044581834226846695,
-0.0175811555236578,
0.029838234186172485,
-0.009926576167345047,
-0.011467242613434792,
-0.03691750019788742,
0.05054948106408119,
0.017337379977107048,
0.008502922020852566,
-0.027380967512726784,
0.016157502308487892,
-0.003571324748918414,
-0.008888088166713715,
0.055268991738557816,
0.01741538755595684,
-0.02215440198779106,
0.004817022010684013,
0.001880735158920288,
-0.0035371959675103426,
0.0247481819242239,
0.013924509286880493,
0.027400469407439232,
0.025313744321465492,
0.021354814991354942,
-0.05522998794913292,
0.05421587824821472,
-0.01326143741607666,
0.031047364696860313,
0.021159794181585312,
0.008624809794127941,
0.0504714697599411,
0.019726388156414032,
-0.005538600496947765,
0.0026596006937325,
0.030520807951688766,
0.028648605570197105,
-0.06856943666934967,
-0.04068141058087349,
-0.011652513407170773,
0.04501087963581085,
0.026249846443533897,
-0.006567337084561586,
-0.013134674169123173,
0.02859009988605976,
0.033114589750766754,
0.006752606946974993,
0.03319259732961655,
-0.02652287483215332,
0.002491394989192486,
-0.005772625561803579,
-0.005402085371315479,
0.022232409566640854,
-0.01894630305469036,
-0.035786379128694534,
-0.03754156827926636,
0.005460591986775398,
0.00913186464458704,
-0.02305149845778942,
0.014353555627167225,
0.02305149845778942,
-0.004346533678472042,
-0.02870711125433445,
-0.013475961051881313,
-0.0158357173204422,
0.037268541753292084,
-0.010141098871827126,
0.05530799552798271,
-0.019151076674461365,
-0.019180329516530037,
0.02404610626399517,
-0.05753123760223389,
0.021842367947101593,
-0.0013444270007312298,
-0.0113794831559062,
0.02820005640387535,
-0.048248231410980225,
0.011496496386826038,
0.017863936722278595,
-0.019619125872850418,
0.001959962537512183,
0.044386811554431915,
0.00561173353344202,
-0.0247481819242239,
-0.0005006558494642377,
-0.00853705033659935,
0.04267062619328499,
0.0445428267121315,
-0.013905007392168045,
0.01069690939038992,
-0.05682916194200516,
-0.04633702337741852,
-0.006694100797176361,
-0.011174711398780346,
0.01024836115539074,
-0.011613508686423302,
0.015913724899291992,
0.008181137032806873,
0.005601982120424509,
0.028648605570197105,
0.007381550036370754,
-0.025274740532040596,
0.05780426785349846,
-0.008605307899415493,
0.062406763434410095,
0.019921408966183662,
-0.0435287170112133,
-0.018926801159977913,
0.06794536858797073,
0.011028445325791836,
0.01519214641302824,
-0.01702534593641758,
0.003910173662006855,
0.03481127321720123,
-0.010053339414298534,
-0.04126647487282753,
0.008166510611772537,
0.03841916471719742,
-0.005246068816632032,
-0.013505213893949986,
0.03401168808341026,
0.027244454249739647,
-0.032412514090538025,
0.014431564137339592,
-0.018634270876646042,
-0.037600077688694,
-0.012101061642169952,
0.024884697049856186,
0.03713202476501465,
-0.042592618614435196,
0.04680507257580757,
-0.04442581534385681,
-0.014129281975328922,
0.03966730087995529,
-0.014304800890386105,
0.057375218719244,
-0.03243201598525047,
-0.04739013686776161,
0.008186012506484985,
-0.01281288918107748,
-0.0371515266597271,
0.006338187027722597,
-0.02049672231078148,
-0.014158534817397594,
0.008736947551369667,
0.029019145295023918,
0.030618319287896156,
0.019180329516530037,
0.026678891852498055,
-0.029233669862151146,
0.031320396810770035,
0.013846500776708126,
-0.048755284398794174,
0.03305608406662941,
0.04731212928891182,
0.07890555262565613,
-0.05679015442728996,
-0.010092344135046005,
-0.001220101024955511,
0.03574737533926964,
-0.012998159043490887,
-0.040018338710069656,
0.01098944153636694,
-0.022251911461353302,
0.04700009524822235,
0.00013780986773781478,
0.0034518742468208075,
-0.009117238223552704,
-0.02008717693388462,
0.006211423315107822,
-0.035786379128694534,
0.0037297792732715607,
0.002947256900370121,
-0.024865195155143738,
-0.006338187027722597,
0.02545025944709778,
-0.02246643602848053,
0.019580122083425522,
-0.040018338710069656,
-0.021335313096642494,
0.04856026545166969,
-0.035669367760419846,
-0.03822414204478264,
0.026347355917096138,
-0.0010567707940936089,
-0.016411028802394867,
0.012510606087744236,
-0.008580930531024933,
-0.04446481913328171,
-0.01277388446033001,
-0.06205572560429573,
0.004522052593529224,
0.017493396997451782,
-0.007357172667980194,
0.008771075867116451,
0.023968098685145378,
0.009853443130850792,
0.04961337894201279,
-0.020652739331126213,
-0.02790752612054348,
0.02207639254629612,
-0.02205689065158367,
-0.014772851020097733,
-0.0010951656149700284,
-0.05324077233672142,
-0.012539858929812908,
-0.0227589663118124,
-0.07910057157278061,
0.010940685868263245,
0.01093093492090702,
-0.008624809794127941,
0.027478478848934174,
0.012647121213376522,
0.030949855223298073,
-0.028161052614450455,
0.017542151734232903,
0.015757707878947258,
-0.018800038844347,
0.08089476823806763,
-0.023597558960318565,
-0.011642762459814548,
0.024962706491351128,
0.01974589005112648,
0.021530333906412125,
-0.024865195155143738,
-0.030559813603758812,
-0.01058964803814888,
0.0386141873896122,
0.009843692183494568,
-0.0003681023954413831,
-0.014314551837742329,
0.03939427062869072,
0.009794936515390873,
0.04017435386776924,
0.022212907671928406,
0.003863856429234147,
0.01959962397813797,
0.0043050916865468025,
0.011564753949642181,
0.039043232798576355,
0.05351380258798599,
-0.002722982782870531,
-0.012140066362917423,
0.03178844600915909,
-0.005709243938326836,
-0.010267863050103188,
-0.03947227820754051,
-0.009975330904126167,
-0.004943785723298788,
0.01232533622533083,
-0.020711245015263557,
0.002540150424465537,
-0.008663814514875412,
-0.017200864851474762,
-0.015309159643948078,
-0.019921408966183662,
0.014470568858087063,
-0.011711019091308117,
-0.013124923221766949,
-0.041578508913517,
-0.007664330769330263,
0.021822866052389145,
-0.006343062501400709,
0.017278872430324554,
0.02564528025686741,
0.038575179874897,
0.0012737318174913526,
0.05374782532453537,
0.015874721109867096,
-0.0475071482360363,
-0.052304670214653015,
0.00586526095867157,
-0.002280528424307704,
0.03783410042524338,
0.02654237672686577,
0.014217041432857513,
-0.014441315084695816,
0.010326369665563107,
0.025957314297556877,
-0.03539633750915527,
-0.01181828137487173,
0.02049672231078148,
0.017308127135038376,
-0.016235509887337685,
-0.022407928481698036,
0.003893109504133463,
0.0007752090459689498,
-0.0040003713220357895,
-0.045868970453739166,
-0.0025182105600833893,
0.014392560347914696,
-0.024806689471006393,
-0.017844434827566147,
-0.0291946642100811,
-0.03174944221973419,
-0.00002879609019146301,
-0.03233450651168823,
0.03159342333674431,
0.030208773910999298,
0.0032544152345508337,
-0.027049431577324867,
0.02829756774008274,
0.023617060855031013,
0.01899505965411663,
0.037756092846393585,
-0.017893189564347267,
0.026054823771119118,
-0.013241935521364212,
-0.031008360907435417,
0.013963514007627964,
0.015630943700671196,
0.02574278973042965,
-0.010141098871827126,
-0.0341482013463974,
0.034499239176511765,
0.03356313705444336,
0.023929094895720482,
0.015162893570959568,
-0.023519549518823624,
-0.02406560815870762,
0.03126188740134239,
-0.0277125034481287,
-0.005163184832781553,
-0.029155660420656204,
-0.014753349125385284,
0.006318685133010149,
-0.00714752497151494,
-0.006079784128814936,
-0.017308127135038376,
-0.005782376974821091,
-0.028863128274679184,
0.0027644247747957706,
-0.014607083052396774,
0.0009769339812919497,
-0.011155209504067898,
0.0020586918108165264,
-0.04087642952799797,
-0.0013870878610759974,
-0.0013651479966938496,
-0.0242411270737648,
-0.009390267543494701,
-0.053201768547296524,
0.039725806564092636,
-0.014460817910730839,
-0.0025206482969224453,
-0.004914532881230116,
-0.015162893570959568,
-0.02860960178077221,
0.03266604244709015,
-0.05382583662867546,
-0.005792127922177315,
-0.020126182585954666,
-0.018419746309518814,
-0.012978657148778439,
-0.0066502210684120655,
0.004027186427265406,
0.021218299865722656,
0.005660488735884428,
-0.022193405777215958,
0.011155209504067898,
-0.005670239683240652,
0.016596298664808273,
0.01173052191734314,
0.03968680277466774,
-0.00514855794608593,
-0.0024779874365776777,
-0.028258563950657845,
-0.003234913107007742,
-0.034109197556972504,
0.02137431688606739,
0.0014955684309825301,
-0.04274863377213478,
0.001792975584976375,
-0.01272512972354889,
-0.032997578382492065,
0.02166684903204441,
-0.034694261848926544,
-0.024962706491351128,
-0.015445674769580364,
-0.009244002401828766,
0.005738497246056795,
-0.01797119900584221,
0.013592973351478577,
-0.030852343887090683,
0.01292015053331852,
0.002390227746218443,
0.057141195982694626,
-0.04189053922891617,
0.03524031862616539,
0.04114945977926254,
0.022115398198366165,
-0.015513931401073933,
0.0356498658657074,
0.024085110053420067,
-0.021432822570204735,
-0.005070549435913563,
-0.01024836115539074,
-0.016167253255844116,
-0.029643213376402855,
-0.06509805470705032,
0.02484569326043129,
0.004375786986202002,
-0.0267373975366354,
0.017132606357336044,
0.03584488481283188,
-0.018673274666070938,
-0.024767685681581497
] |
In order to classify the indeterministic termination behavior of the open
source SAT solver CryptoMiniSat in multi-threading mode while processing hard
to solve boolean satisfiability problem instances, internal solver runtime
parameters have been collected and analyzed. A subset of these parameters has
been selected and employed as features vector to successfully create a machine
learning model for the binary classification of the solver's termination
behavior with any single new solving run of a not yet solved instance. The
model can be used for the early estimation of a solving attempt as belonging or
not belonging to the class of candidates with good chances for a fast
termination. In this context a combination of active profiles of runtime
characteristics appear to mirror the influence of the solver's momentary
heuristics on the immediate quality of the solver's resolution process. Because
runtime parameters of already the first two solving iterations are enough to
forecast termination of the attempt with good success scores, the results of
the present work deliver a promising basis which can be further developed in
order to enrich CryptoMiniSat or generally any modern SAT solver with AI
abilities. | [
-0.03365728631615639,
-0.02864411287009716,
-0.03124151937663555,
-0.01676507107913494,
0.042938925325870514,
0.020198006182909012,
-0.04450099915266037,
0.032712776213884354,
-0.01988922245800495,
0.04450099915266037,
0.015375549905002117,
-0.0368359312415123,
-0.016301896423101425,
-0.051766470074653625,
0.006834082305431366,
0.008019261993467808,
0.012569262646138668,
-0.007333583198487759,
0.03652714937925339,
-0.04911457374691963,
-0.05757884681224823,
-0.003521482227370143,
0.0007424401701427996,
0.038143716752529144,
0.028153695166110992,
-0.01870858483016491,
-0.023867066949605942,
-0.01489421259611845,
-0.11167027056217194,
-0.008110079914331436,
0.02917085960507393,
-0.002906187903136015,
-0.027281837537884712,
-0.01932614855468273,
0.003144585993140936,
-0.017391717061400414,
0.013695410452783108,
0.028880242258310318,
-0.05020439624786377,
0.047734133899211884,
0.03153213858604431,
-0.007519761100411415,
-0.029552297666668892,
-0.030478645116090775,
-0.012551099061965942,
-0.04279361665248871,
-0.03492874652147293,
-0.039887428283691406,
-0.042394015938043594,
-0.0397784449160099,
-0.0019673528149724007,
-0.0212696623057127,
0.04373812675476074,
-0.004386527463793755,
0.010589421726763248,
-0.016083933413028717,
0.014485529623925686,
0.027699602767825127,
0.003201347542926669,
0.001693762606009841,
0.01345020066946745,
0.03431117907166481,
-0.024284832179546356,
0.04784311726689339,
-0.011461278423666954,
-0.004375175107270479,
0.026464473456144333,
-0.046353694051504135,
-0.0198528952896595,
-0.03570978343486786,
-0.03719920292496681,
-0.022922556847333908,
-0.015284731984138489,
-0.01330489106476307,
0.007833084091544151,
0.0005454778438434005,
0.05133054405450821,
0.02241397276520729,
-0.04704391583800316,
-0.025102198123931885,
-0.007106537465006113,
0.0651349350810051,
-0.009408783167600632,
-0.008486976847052574,
0.014857885427772999,
-0.049187228083610535,
0.004002819769084454,
-0.07178284227848053,
-0.0046135731972754,
-0.017210081219673157,
-0.06371816992759705,
-0.0051312376745045185,
-0.021378643810749054,
0.024448305368423462,
-0.03095090016722679,
0.031059881672263145,
0.005303792655467987,
0.013640918768942356,
-0.032476648688316345,
-0.0067205592058598995,
-0.014294811524450779,
-0.03857964277267456,
0.03748982399702072,
-0.028771258890628815,
0.02864411287009716,
0.007655988447368145,
-0.0596495047211647,
0.01293253619223833,
0.002522480208426714,
0.14291179180145264,
-0.0425393246114254,
-0.014176747761666775,
0.031023554503917694,
-0.052928946912288666,
-0.048133734613657,
-0.027990221977233887,
-0.054345712065696716,
-0.03854331746697426,
0.01462175790220499,
-0.015511777251958847,
0.028226349502801895,
0.08624112606048584,
0.002824451308697462,
-0.008128244429826736,
-0.0425029955804348,
0.054018765687942505,
0.021978044882416725,
0.04457365721464157,
-0.033076051622629166,
-0.0933612808585167,
0.010416867211461067,
-0.014095011167228222,
-0.023340320214629173,
0.011670160107314587,
0.03452914580702782,
0.008427944965660572,
0.033620961010456085,
-0.01288712676614523,
-0.036726947873830795,
0.014013274572789669,
-0.01077105849981308,
-0.026010381057858467,
-0.010898204520344734,
-0.011770060285925865,
0.014794312417507172,
0.004300249740481377,
-0.07116527110338211,
0.04050499200820923,
-0.04849701002240181,
0.07701397687196732,
-0.028226349502801895,
0.04591776803135872,
0.023376647382974625,
0.026827747002243996,
-0.019925549626350403,
0.011570259928703308,
-0.0034329344052821398,
-0.016011279076337814,
-0.00964491069316864,
-0.027681438252329826,
-0.013259481638669968,
-0.028753096237778664,
0.023340320214629173,
0.02067026123404503,
-0.004672605078667402,
-0.01758243702352047,
-0.024321159347891808,
0.02893473207950592,
-0.09292535483837128,
0.030696608126163483,
-0.0155935138463974,
-0.011079841293394566,
0.033312179148197174,
0.008863872848451138,
-0.0046499003656208515,
0.008005639538168907,
0.0011585018364712596,
0.04849701002240181,
0.0006351609481498599,
0.006343663204461336,
-0.043229542672634125,
0.06680599600076675,
-0.028317168354988098,
-0.011279641650617123,
0.09299801290035248,
0.01898103952407837,
0.0738171711564064,
0.011561178602278233,
0.01901736669242382,
0.029061878100037575,
0.012796307913959026,
0.006016716826707125,
0.0051494017243385315,
0.024012377485632896,
-0.010335130617022514,
0.01544820424169302,
-0.030151698738336563,
0.009554092772305012,
-0.03280359506607056,
0.001916267559863627,
-0.031059881672263145,
-0.06989381462335587,
-0.003446557093411684,
-0.0298065897077322,
0.00016177022189367563,
-0.011161577887833118,
0.03705389425158501,
0.03323952481150627,
0.007792216259986162,
-0.04094092175364494,
0.008904741145670414,
-0.0012487525818869472,
-0.031096208840608597,
-0.004229865502566099,
-0.02495688758790493,
0.028862077742815018,
0.013132336549460888,
-0.01620199717581272,
-0.010362375527620316,
-0.013886128552258015,
0.06615210324525833,
-0.011524851433932781,
0.035582635551691055,
-0.029152696952223778,
-0.048896610736846924,
0.033566467463970184,
0.009031887166202068,
0.02519301511347294,
-0.0009269149741157889,
0.03225868567824364,
0.013677246868610382,
-0.009195360355079174,
-0.039524152874946594,
0.025465471670031548,
0.03489241749048233,
0.0014860156225040555,
0.02922535128891468,
-0.05816008523106575,
-0.03242215886712074,
0.0035237527918070555,
-0.01932614855468273,
0.02439381368458271,
-0.027717765420675278,
-0.015302895568311214,
0.03425668925046921,
-0.004216242581605911,
-0.016510779038071632,
-0.012560180388391018,
0.012542016804218292,
0.05783313885331154,
-0.026755090802907944,
-0.007992016151547432,
0.038979243487119675,
-0.019980041310191154,
-0.000674894021358341,
0.015539023093879223,
0.021215170621871948,
0.013395709916949272,
0.024502795189619064,
0.040396012365818024,
0.06658802926540375,
0.014521856792271137,
0.005072205793112516,
0.06978483498096466,
-0.013640918768942356,
0.05634371563792229,
0.029316170141100883,
-0.009208982810378075,
0.02495688758790493,
0.018381638452410698,
0.009127246215939522,
0.014131338335573673,
-0.01587505079805851,
-0.014349302276968956,
-0.01670149900019169,
-0.06902196258306503,
-0.016538025811314583,
-0.03142315521836281,
-0.011860879138112068,
-0.014830639585852623,
-0.0369449108839035,
0.03325768560171127,
0.04904191941022873,
0.0012657810002565384,
0.007215519435703754,
-0.01870858483016491,
-0.03550998121500015,
0.0014848803402855992,
-0.06408143788576126,
-0.06662435829639435,
-0.024539124220609665,
-0.011579342186450958,
0.0148851303383708,
0.03723553195595741,
0.003755339654162526,
0.018853893503546715,
-0.03436567261815071,
-0.018063774332404137,
-0.005054042208939791,
0.005426397547125816,
0.03912455216050148,
0.012678244151175022,
0.049732137471437454,
0.06310060620307922,
-0.027717765420675278,
0.008586877025663853,
0.0155935138463974,
0.03365728631615639,
-0.060230743139982224,
-0.018853893503546715,
-0.023867066949605942,
0.01532105915248394,
-0.00045380802475847304,
0.042103394865989685,
0.015993114560842514,
0.009268014691770077,
0.023703593760728836,
0.005072205793112516,
-0.013695410452783108,
-0.02074291557073593,
0.009063673205673695,
-0.031332336366176605,
-0.0764327421784401,
0.008028344251215458,
-0.007892115972936153,
0.02435748651623726,
-0.033929742872714996,
0.07203713059425354,
-0.00979022029787302,
-0.010008184239268303,
0.0240668673068285,
0.01021706685423851,
-0.10912735015153885,
-0.008950150571763515,
-0.018926547840237617,
-0.039015572518110275,
0.018072854727506638,
0.039015572518110275,
0.03632734715938568,
0.030841918662190437,
-0.05638004466891289,
-0.032458484172821045,
0.015965869650244713,
-0.013432037085294724,
-0.0024952345993369818,
-0.022032536566257477,
-0.002624650951474905,
0.0052038924768567085,
-0.009681237861514091,
-0.007206437643617392,
0.0010245447047054768,
-0.02350379340350628,
0.03520119935274124,
-0.022541118785738945,
-0.021433135494589806,
0.003957410342991352,
-0.02719102054834366,
-0.03031517192721367,
0.0169921163469553,
-0.004434206988662481,
-0.008205439895391464,
-0.10055410116910934,
0.012551099061965942,
-0.01118882279843092,
-0.009345210157334805,
0.03912455216050148,
-0.02041596919298172,
-0.008282635360956192,
-0.0033966070041060448,
0.04740718752145767,
0.052602000534534454,
0.028008384630084038,
0.038398005068302155,
0.05336487293243408,
0.00027827316080220044,
0.02753612957894802,
0.034456487745046616,
-0.002365818480029702,
-0.04595409333705902,
0.02183273620903492,
-0.008868413977324963,
0.016047606244683266,
-0.0020331961568444967,
0.007365369703620672,
-0.0424666702747345,
-0.03147764503955841,
0.0624830387532711,
0.0006436752155423164,
-0.05935888737440109,
0.020234333351254463,
0.046426352113485336,
-0.0298065897077322,
0.0028199104126542807,
-0.03847065940499306,
0.006634281948208809,
0.021451298147439957,
0.031895410269498825,
0.004849700722843409,
0.011452196165919304,
-0.025955889374017715,
0.010689321905374527,
0.01021706685423851,
-0.0511489063501358,
0.010307884775102139,
-0.03600040078163147,
0.0014133608201518655,
-0.03807105869054794,
0.01730998046696186,
-0.028444312512874603,
-0.005480888765305281,
0.010898204520344734,
0.009050050750374794,
-0.023104192689061165,
0.007224601227790117,
-0.01363183744251728,
0.0064526451751589775,
0.02660978212952614,
0.008337126113474369,
-0.07000280171632767,
0.015366467647254467,
-0.08565988391637802,
-0.005816916469484568,
-0.008355289697647095,
-0.008895658887922764,
0.03945149853825569,
-0.023685431107878685,
0.0014950974145904183,
-0.0052720061503350735,
-0.003989196848124266,
-0.024902397766709328,
0.01758243702352047,
0.030424153432250023,
0.024030540138483047,
-0.01560259610414505,
0.02642814628779888,
0.014767066575586796,
-0.057433538138866425,
0.02860778570175171,
-0.07861237972974777,
0.011252395808696747,
-0.038724951446056366,
-0.04137684777379036,
0.008941068314015865,
0.02037964202463627,
0.018490619957447052,
-0.02179640904068947,
-0.06150219962000847,
-0.009799301624298096,
-0.03367545083165169,
0.02835349552333355,
-0.07992016524076462,
0.005499052349478006,
-0.04315688833594322,
-0.04017804563045502,
0.03554631024599075,
0.006261926610022783,
0.007746806833893061,
-0.03887026384472847,
0.05271098017692566,
-0.03658163920044899,
0.004886028356850147,
0.06451737135648727,
-0.014403793029487133,
0.006261926610022783,
-0.03518303483724594,
0.08900199830532074,
-0.014966866932809353,
-0.058305393904447556,
0.017909381538629532,
0.013559182174503803,
0.011642915196716785,
-0.06063034385442734,
-0.019362475723028183,
-0.014085928909480572,
0.07766786962747574,
0.01432205643504858,
-0.004395609255880117,
-0.05906826630234718,
0.0298065897077322,
-0.0018243140075355768,
0.03002455271780491,
-0.018944712355732918,
0.021687425673007965,
0.049477849155664444,
0.05641636997461319,
0.041776448488235474,
-0.03649082034826279,
-0.0339842326939106,
0.008854790590703487,
0.03340299800038338,
-0.047734133899211884,
-0.03536467254161835,
-0.01288712676614523,
-0.020234333351254463,
0.011570259928703308,
0.024738924577832222,
0.007905739359557629,
-0.011088922619819641,
0.07628743350505829,
0.012097006663680077,
0.0028221807442605495,
-0.11791857331991196,
0.0035305640194565058,
0.006171108223497868,
-0.03857964277267456,
0.07145589590072632,
0.0425756499171257,
-0.00474980054423213,
-0.04599042236804962,
-0.04758882522583008,
-0.02751796506345272,
0.07846707105636597,
-0.02472076006233692,
-0.059976451098918915,
0.022468464449048042,
0.02553812600672245,
0.02237764559686184,
-0.0009484843467362225,
-0.013986028730869293,
0.051802799105644226,
0.014857885427772999,
-0.040396012365818024,
-0.0019253494683653116,
0.02157844416797161,
-0.030405990779399872,
0.009862874634563923,
-0.004550000187009573,
-0.04925988242030144,
0.002713198773562908,
-0.040105391293764114,
-0.002826721640303731,
0.010880040936172009,
-0.030169861391186714,
-0.031368665397167206,
-0.023195011541247368,
-0.04987744987010956,
-0.03458363562822342,
0.035292018204927444,
-0.009390619583427906,
-0.025647107511758804,
-0.024902397766709328,
0.031096208840608597,
0.0006397019024007022,
0.0028358036652207375,
0.02045229636132717,
0.010017266497015953,
-0.005426397547125816,
-0.00745164742693305,
0.008736726827919483,
-0.011997106485068798,
0.014085928909480572,
0.015566268935799599,
0.022032536566257477,
-0.002781312447041273,
-0.03429301455616951,
-0.03196806460618973,
0.009753893129527569,
-0.0055580842308700085,
0.001987786963582039,
-0.0030128993093967438,
0.005258383695036173,
0.006765968631953001,
-0.02299521118402481,
0.009472356177866459,
-0.012714571319520473,
-0.007519761100411415,
-0.004393338691443205,
-0.015620759688317776,
-0.00687949126586318,
-0.025974053889513016,
-0.016538025811314583,
0.033348504453897476,
-0.05271098017692566,
0.006134781055152416,
-0.017537027597427368,
0.004202620126307011,
-0.03647265583276749,
-0.029861079528927803,
0.010189821012318134,
0.0037780441343784332,
0.04330219700932503,
-0.010099003091454506,
0.0038438874762505293,
-0.012423953041434288,
0.007106537465006113,
-0.0038370760157704353,
-0.04275728762149811,
-0.008541467599570751,
-0.008686777204275131,
-0.017255490645766258,
-0.030188025906682014,
0.044936928898096085,
-0.04308423399925232,
-0.01263283472508192,
-0.01391337439417839,
0.011869960464537144,
0.0024225800298154354,
-0.004699850454926491,
0.021360481157898903,
0.006280090194195509,
0.005208433605730534,
0.03799840435385704,
-0.017791317775845528,
0.05554451420903206,
0.003816641867160797,
0.022196009755134583,
-0.011942615732550621,
-0.002257971791550517,
0.009735729545354843,
0.02183273620903492,
0.010435030795633793,
-0.02521117962896824,
0.03592774644494057,
0.007179192267358303,
0.022359482944011688,
-0.005444561131298542,
0.03180459141731262,
-0.011851796880364418,
0.0011255801655352116,
-0.014776148833334446,
0.0650986060500145,
0.02272275649011135,
-0.0255744531750679,
0.028825750574469566,
0.0026155689265578985,
0.028026549145579338,
-0.03625469282269478,
0.005017715040594339,
0.009127246215939522,
-0.02270459197461605,
-0.04341118037700653,
0.04784311726689339,
-0.023322157561779022,
0.0001116072598961182,
0.021160680800676346,
-0.014312975108623505,
0.026173854246735573,
0.08587785065174103,
0.02920718677341938,
-0.0014224427286535501,
-0.0510399229824543,
-0.03153213858604431,
0.017219163477420807,
0.017982037737965584,
0.005240220110863447,
0.022232336923480034,
0.011951697058975697,
-0.02443014085292816,
0.0596131794154644,
-0.005662525538355112,
0.03792575001716614,
0.021051697432994843,
-0.0011885854182764888,
0.036454495042562485,
0.0011488524032756686,
-0.012732735835015774,
-0.010153493843972683,
0.003682684851810336,
0.028825750574469566,
0.01726457290351391,
-0.02328583039343357,
0.009971857070922852,
-0.005526297725737095,
0.03661796823143959,
0.03153213858604431,
0.012905290350317955,
0.006143862847238779,
0.029842916876077652,
-0.06673333793878555,
0.027681438252329826,
-0.010416867211461067,
-0.04853333532810211,
-0.04708024114370346,
0.019453294575214386,
0.00949960108846426,
-0.030224353075027466,
-0.02185089886188507,
0.06782315671443939,
0.012796307913959026,
-0.0076832338236272335,
-0.006189271807670593,
-0.007424401585012674,
0.003476073034107685,
-0.0007407373050227761,
-0.03196806460618973,
-0.01119790505617857,
0.015693414956331253,
0.014167665503919125,
-0.022613773122429848,
-0.016910379752516747,
-0.03734451159834862,
0.0028380739968270063,
0.034202199429273605,
-0.02037964202463627,
0.010671158321201801,
0.0056307390332221985,
-0.05336487293243408,
0.02526566945016384,
-0.012759980745613575,
-0.038180042058229446,
-0.02811736799776554,
0.026845909655094147,
-0.02383073978126049,
0.03204071894288063,
-0.003862051060423255,
-0.034165870398283005,
0.01218782551586628,
-0.028171857818961143,
-0.020579442381858826,
-0.03661796823143959,
-0.004529566038399935,
0.0059713078662753105,
0.002447555074468255,
0.024829741567373276,
0.019380640238523483,
-0.03202255815267563,
0.05863234028220177,
-0.024811578914523125,
-0.007669611368328333,
-0.01175189670175314,
0.02043413370847702,
-0.0033330342266708612,
0.001068251091055572,
-0.03536467254161835,
-0.0023976049851626158,
0.039524152874946594,
0.03062395378947258,
0.047479841858148575,
0.02748163789510727,
0.0017845809925347567,
0.03605489432811737,
-0.08100998401641846,
0.03316686674952507,
-0.008668613620102406,
0.006366367917507887,
-0.07403513789176941,
0.018109183758497238,
0.04624471440911293,
-0.0011658808216452599,
0.03351197764277458,
-0.01048952154815197,
0.027917567640542984,
-0.046644315123558044,
-0.0042117019183933735,
-0.01788213662803173,
0.01675598882138729,
-0.019453294575214386,
0.04475529119372368,
-0.04399241879582405,
0.02272275649011135,
0.06411776691675186,
0.014503693208098412,
0.04715289548039436,
-0.03009720705449581,
-0.061393216252326965,
0.024775251746177673,
-0.04315688833594322,
0.008750350214540958,
-0.009463273920118809,
0.06589780747890472,
-0.00006328905146801844,
0.03992375358939171,
0.01669241674244404,
0.04006906598806381,
0.08035609126091003,
0.025410979986190796,
-0.01760059967637062,
-0.0269004013389349,
0.019489621743559837,
-0.0511125773191452,
0.004677146207541227,
-0.023758085444569588,
0.049514174461364746,
-0.05895928665995598,
-0.0008326909155584872,
0.0021274203900247812,
-0.033294014632701874,
0.005571707151830196,
-0.00405049929395318,
0.004402420483529568,
-0.03211337700486183,
0.05420040339231491,
0.0023862526286393404,
0.036454495042562485,
0.020906388759613037,
0.0063845315016806126,
0.0014292540727183223,
-0.018045609816908836,
0.022304991260170937,
0.03629102185368538,
-0.018281737342476845,
0.006012176163494587,
0.02860778570175171,
0.0038416169118136168,
0.04519122093915939,
-0.04515489190816879,
-0.03122335486114025,
0.0022261852864176035,
-0.02237764559686184,
-0.02833533100783825,
0.059685833752155304,
-0.03887026384472847,
0.021651098504662514,
0.0014179018326103687,
-0.016801398247480392,
-0.02895289659500122,
-0.011252395808696747,
-0.04617206007242203,
-0.024448305368423462,
-0.006139321718364954,
0.028553295880556107,
-0.018872058019042015,
0.023612776771187782,
0.01320499088615179,
0.055181242525577545,
0.009236227720975876,
-0.0226864293217659,
0.009690320119261742,
-0.01846337504684925,
0.004350199829787016,
-0.010425948537886143,
-0.03807105869054794,
0.020615769550204277,
0.020198006182909012,
-0.07145589590072632,
-0.005680689122527838,
0.02272275649011135,
-0.01874491199851036,
0.03547365590929985,
-0.02410319447517395,
0.02354012057185173,
0.03267645090818405,
-0.012814471498131752,
0.01645628921687603,
-0.023340320214629173,
0.04232136160135269,
-0.027372656390070915,
0.015993114560842514,
-0.036381836980581284,
0.0653892233967781,
0.023122357204556465,
0.016855889931321144,
-0.02606487274169922,
-0.01670149900019169,
0.007188274059444666,
0.0009229416609741747,
-0.03002455271780491,
0.010153493843972683,
-0.021360481157898903,
-0.009980938397347927,
0.009417864494025707,
0.04377445578575134,
0.054273057729005814,
0.035292018204927444,
-0.027572456747293472,
0.028589623048901558,
0.011570259928703308,
-0.023031538352370262,
0.011588423512876034,
-0.0070020961575210094,
0.007746806833893061,
0.053764473646879196,
-0.012478443793952465,
-0.06306427717208862,
0.007333583198487759,
-0.006529840640723705,
-0.021106189116835594,
-0.04991377517580986,
-0.015965869650244713,
-0.06346387416124344,
-0.0085051404312253,
-0.0054854294285178185,
0.024866068735718727,
0.015330140478909016,
-0.004940519109368324,
0.00045721372589468956,
0.03594591096043587,
-0.007151946425437927,
0.020488623529672623,
0.021778244525194168,
0.036200203001499176,
0.0035260231234133244,
-0.00013636946096085012,
-0.029443316161632538,
0.016274651512503624,
-0.04170379415154457,
-0.02691856399178505,
0.006652445532381535,
-0.0269004013389349,
-0.03035149909555912,
-0.01642904244363308,
0.028771258890628815,
0.039015572518110275,
-0.007501597516238689,
0.03382075950503349,
-0.012015270069241524,
0.012196906842291355,
0.02156028151512146,
-0.028135530650615692,
-0.04115888476371765,
-0.01817275583744049,
-0.036418166011571884,
0.01007175724953413,
-0.05848703160881996,
0.039560481905937195,
0.01320499088615179,
0.041776448488235474,
-0.04054132103919983,
-0.009944611229002476,
-0.016274651512503624,
-0.04733453318476677,
-0.011606588028371334,
-0.014975949190557003,
-0.012205989100039005,
0.023394811898469925,
0.05027705058455467,
-0.029298005625605583,
-0.013886128552258015,
0.02922535128891468,
-0.003469261806458235,
0.035037726163864136,
0.005444561131298542,
-0.05074930563569069,
0.002240943256765604,
0.007070209830999374,
-0.028244512155652046,
0.026210181415081024,
-0.008795758709311485,
0.015738822519779205,
-0.01246028020977974,
-0.013958783820271492,
0.020815569907426834,
0.036163873970508575,
0.0061665670946240425,
0.030478645116090775,
-0.05125788599252701,
-0.006293713115155697,
-0.019416967406868935,
-0.03283992409706116,
-0.00877305492758751,
-0.02045229636132717,
0.0453728586435318,
0.005962226074188948,
0.019980041310191154,
-0.018853893503546715,
-0.00978113804012537,
0.004275274928659201,
0.01545728649944067,
-0.03705389425158501,
-0.0045227548107504845,
0.013895210810005665,
-0.035818763077259064,
-0.01925349421799183,
-0.0013293538941070437,
-0.02668243646621704,
-0.05191177874803543,
-0.02526566945016384,
-0.031350500881671906,
-0.016519861295819283,
0.02499321475625038,
-0.0008588011842221022,
-0.017745910212397575,
-0.03002455271780491,
-0.019162675365805626,
0.026446308940649033,
0.041594814509153366,
0.009327046573162079,
-0.018045609816908836,
-0.019689422100782394,
-0.004695309791713953,
-0.00248388247564435,
-0.06615210324525833,
0.027699602767825127,
0.03349381312727928,
-0.0538371279835701,
0.036781441420316696,
0.01049860380589962,
-0.025647107511758804,
0.004854241851717234,
-0.010571258142590523,
0.03734451159834862,
-0.04911457374691963,
-0.04341118037700653,
0.0070066372863948345,
-0.023412976413965225,
-0.014803393743932247,
0.020870061591267586,
-0.018635928630828857,
0.006697854958474636,
0.026864074170589447,
0.0426483079791069,
-0.0018538299482315779,
0.03741716966032982,
-0.013422954827547073,
-0.0539461113512516,
-0.012305889278650284,
0.014649002812802792,
-0.0024975051637738943,
0.035001400858163834,
-0.01816367357969284,
-0.047516170889139175,
-0.001998004037886858,
-0.02811736799776554,
0.033857088536024094,
0.02464810572564602,
-0.014939622022211552,
0.012514770962297916,
-0.06161118298768997,
-0.009004641324281693,
-0.015103095211088657,
0.008963773027062416,
0.01813642866909504,
0.007969312369823456,
0.05623473599553108,
0.015974951907992363,
-0.007469811011105776,
0.013359381817281246,
0.0482790432870388,
0.0425029955804348,
-0.022014372050762177,
0.02074291557073593,
-0.051984433084726334,
-0.03612754866480827,
-0.007120159920305014
] |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems have become critically important in future
learning environments. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a crucial part of that system.
It is about inferring the skill mastery of students and predicting their
performance to adjust the curriculum accordingly. Deep Learning-based KT models
have shown significant predictive performance compared with traditional models.
However, it is difficult to extract psychologically meaningful explanations
from the tens of thousands of parameters in neural networks, that would relate
to cognitive theory. There are several ways to achieve high accuracy in student
performance prediction but diagnostic and prognostic reasoning is more critical
in learning sciences. Since KT problem has few observable features (problem ID
and student's correctness at each practice), we extract meaningful latent
features from students' response data by using machine learning and data mining
techniques. In this work, we present Interpretable Knowledge Tracing (IKT), a
simple model that relies on three meaningful latent features: individual skill
mastery, ability profile (learning transfer across skills), and problem
difficulty. IKT's prediction of future student performance is made using a
Tree-Augmented Naive Bayes Classifier (TAN), therefore its predictions are
easier to explain than deep learning-based student models. IKT also shows
better student performance prediction than deep learning-based student models
without requiring a huge amount of parameters. We conduct ablation studies on
each feature to examine their contribution to student performance prediction.
Thus, IKT has great potential for providing adaptive and personalized
instructions with causal reasoning in real-world educational systems. | [
0.00048790042637847364,
-0.021614929661154747,
-0.034057676792144775,
-0.05404646322131157,
0.029435040429234505,
0.010524259880185127,
-0.0408911369740963,
-0.007459252141416073,
-0.010460310615599155,
0.03745613619685173,
0.006746672093868256,
-0.09435291588306427,
0.05419263243675232,
-0.019221391528844833,
-0.026584720239043236,
0.024428708478808403,
0.03928326442837715,
0.03462408483028412,
-0.05718912184238434,
-0.025908682495355606,
-0.010880550369620323,
-0.02980046533048153,
0.003786723827943206,
-0.034934695810079575,
0.0461898073554039,
0.029581211507320404,
-0.006568526849150658,
0.02227269671857357,
-0.0726831704378128,
0.023898841813206673,
0.0201532281935215,
0.033052753657102585,
0.007906898856163025,
-0.019166577607393265,
-0.0205917377024889,
-0.04662831872701645,
0.018499676138162613,
0.0450204461812973,
-0.05660444125533104,
0.03374706208705902,
-0.021487031131982803,
-0.03157278150320053,
0.03524531051516533,
-0.0200070571154356,
0.023496873676776886,
-0.058796994388103485,
-0.0814899355173111,
-0.06541120260953903,
-0.016864396631717682,
-0.02424599602818489,
-0.015192573890089989,
-0.029197514057159424,
0.07483918219804764,
0.06274359673261642,
0.039319805800914764,
0.07695865631103516,
0.03336336836218834,
0.001634138054214418,
0.07922429591417313,
0.034203846007585526,
-0.0035880235955119133,
0.07363327592611313,
-0.021176420152187347,
-0.019751260057091713,
0.05671406909823418,
-0.1041463240981102,
0.005125095602124929,
0.027790624648332596,
0.005673233885318041,
-0.006034092046320438,
-0.020189769566059113,
0.01697402447462082,
-0.004887568764388561,
-0.011894606985151768,
0.031079456210136414,
-0.020756179466843605,
0.05817577242851257,
0.050063323229551315,
0.008455037139356136,
-0.01287212036550045,
0.020372483879327774,
0.05521582439541817,
0.019349291920661926,
-0.05039220303297043,
0.01207731943577528,
-0.009628967382013798,
-0.012232625856995583,
-0.059856731444597244,
0.038113899528980255,
-0.0006720406818203628,
-0.040964219719171524,
-0.01378568448126316,
-0.06457072496414185,
0.028959987685084343,
-0.019513731822371483,
0.032906584441661835,
-0.008802191354334354,
0.0081261545419693,
-0.03610406070947647,
0.0030079102143645287,
0.03844278305768967,
-0.025378815829753876,
-0.02521437406539917,
0.015247387811541557,
0.02009841427206993,
-0.06044141203165054,
-0.05280401557683945,
0.04882087558507919,
0.010716108605265617,
0.10867760330438614,
-0.028028151020407677,
0.023935383185744286,
-0.032084375619888306,
-0.05203662067651749,
0.004179556388407946,
-0.020463839173316956,
-0.024794133380055428,
-0.04428959637880325,
0.06128188967704773,
-0.020573467016220093,
-0.006166558712720871,
0.08127067983150482,
0.027279028668999672,
-0.012287438847124577,
-0.07878578454256058,
0.031700678169727325,
-0.0019173430046066642,
-0.004341714084148407,
0.008930090814828873,
-0.001224176143296063,
0.038735125213861465,
0.06175694242119789,
0.018490539863705635,
-0.007797271013259888,
-0.014964182861149311,
0.028119508177042007,
0.03800427168607712,
-0.005559038370847702,
-0.007322217337787151,
-0.004805347882211208,
-0.022784292697906494,
-0.004910408053547144,
-0.03453272953629494,
-0.0025488443206995726,
0.05379066243767738,
-0.03657911345362663,
0.030915014445781708,
0.03968523070216179,
-0.007349624298512936,
0.08682514727115631,
0.013191867619752884,
0.02530572935938835,
-0.04253555089235306,
0.01953200437128544,
0.017138466238975525,
0.012588915415108204,
-0.020482109859585762,
0.028283949941396713,
-0.0292705986648798,
0.01422419585287571,
-0.0142698734998703,
0.027936795726418495,
0.006796917878091335,
0.07202540338039398,
0.06687290221452713,
-0.01643502153456211,
-0.008007390424609184,
-0.009185888804495335,
-0.07202540338039398,
0.05514273792505264,
-0.04757842794060707,
0.016234036535024643,
-0.00026450539007782936,
0.0005504224682226777,
-0.021103333681821823,
-0.004814483691006899,
-0.012881255708634853,
-0.00030604403582401574,
-0.0915025994181633,
-0.03701762482523918,
-0.049880608916282654,
0.0015827501192688942,
-0.0037273422349244356,
-0.011693622916936874,
0.08434025198221207,
-0.014023211784660816,
0.11657080054283142,
0.04666486382484436,
0.03891783580183983,
-0.013657785952091217,
-0.0200070571154356,
0.01620662957429886,
0.02168801613152027,
0.022217882797122,
0.029343683272600174,
-0.018490539863705635,
-0.0015039551071822643,
0.008349977433681488,
0.012241761200129986,
-0.031079456210136414,
-0.003334509441629052,
-0.08952929824590683,
-0.003485247725620866,
0.006924816872924566,
0.032468073070049286,
0.031463153660297394,
0.004796212539076805,
0.05408300459384918,
-0.0024277970660477877,
-0.027224214747548103,
-0.029087886214256287,
0.02251022309064865,
-0.05569087713956833,
0.0006960217724554241,
-0.019130036234855652,
-0.02550671435892582,
0.007724185939878225,
0.009044285863637924,
0.0223640538752079,
-0.018764609470963478,
0.07122147083282471,
0.04666486382484436,
0.05930859223008156,
0.007532337214797735,
-0.004960653837770224,
0.009318355470895767,
0.04458193480968475,
-0.025324001908302307,
0.005230155307799578,
-0.0064314925111830235,
0.03498950973153114,
0.02612793818116188,
0.0046454742550849915,
-0.023460330441594124,
0.004978924989700317,
-0.0024734751787036657,
0.033673979341983795,
-0.010515124537050724,
0.0008958639809861779,
-0.030238976702094078,
0.0042617772705852985,
-0.07096567004919052,
-0.052475132048130035,
-0.03301621228456497,
0.037529218941926956,
-0.03482506796717644,
0.014087161049246788,
0.033436451107263565,
0.02994663640856743,
0.01135560404509306,
-0.007440980989485979,
-0.0562024749815464,
0.0797358900308609,
0.009802544489502907,
0.0029599482659250498,
0.057883430272340775,
0.0938413217663765,
-0.022985277697443962,
0.046591777354478836,
-0.04227975383400917,
0.03374706208705902,
0.02371612749993801,
0.03619541600346565,
0.023789213970303535,
-0.015475778840482235,
-0.0037204904947429895,
0.08660589158535004,
-0.02791852317750454,
-0.004111038986593485,
0.005883353762328625,
0.0228025633841753,
-0.0009986399672925472,
-0.00870626699179411,
-0.02300354838371277,
-0.04282789304852486,
-0.06172040104866028,
0.007719617802649736,
0.00048133416566997766,
-0.04063533991575241,
0.017476484179496765,
-0.012515830807387829,
-0.03847932815551758,
-0.01980607397854328,
0.023496873676776886,
-0.001178497914224863,
-0.029234055429697037,
-0.013191867619752884,
0.009181320667266846,
-0.022144798189401627,
0.006024956237524748,
0.01874633878469467,
0.009875630028545856,
-0.019312748685479164,
-0.02327761799097061,
0.022236153483390808,
0.0529501847922802,
-0.043851085007190704,
-0.006988766603171825,
0.03475198522210121,
-0.018892508000135422,
-0.04312023147940636,
-0.024958575144410133,
-0.014708384871482849,
0.028813816606998444,
-0.011912877671420574,
0.04330294579267502,
-0.009249838069081306,
0.07747025042772293,
-0.013484208844602108,
-0.06544774025678635,
0.0030809955205768347,
-0.005179909523576498,
-0.008870708756148815,
-0.033290281891822815,
0.0031517967581748962,
-0.0032705599442124367,
0.02097543515264988,
-0.003903203411027789,
-0.053388696163892746,
-0.011236839927732944,
0.00006584086077054963,
-0.023058362305164337,
-0.04622635245323181,
-0.016160951927304268,
0.021815914660692215,
-0.01079832948744297,
0.037145521491765976,
0.06336481869220734,
0.0064269243739545345,
-0.030823657289147377,
-0.022455409169197083,
0.016133544966578484,
-0.05777380242943764,
-0.016261443495750427,
0.035318393260240555,
-0.03610406070947647,
-0.018892508000135422,
-0.00040082630584947765,
0.0018431158969178796,
0.009290948510169983,
0.005490520969033241,
-0.0414758175611496,
-0.027078045532107353,
-0.03489815443754196,
-0.0019310464849695563,
-0.0201532281935215,
-0.06420529633760452,
0.022455409169197083,
0.007756160572171211,
-0.0012744221603497863,
0.001079718815162778,
0.03939289227128029,
-0.012707678601145744,
-0.0088981157168746,
0.02135913260281086,
-0.0400141142308712,
0.007669372018426657,
0.021669743582606316,
0.019349291920661926,
0.00023467182472813874,
0.03332682326436043,
-0.03456927090883255,
-0.0021537276916205883,
0.0506114587187767,
-0.05660444125533104,
-0.033436451107263565,
0.002264497336000204,
0.015420964919030666,
0.002980503486469388,
0.0033482129219919443,
0.0035788880195468664,
0.04253555089235306,
0.0335460789501667,
0.006120880600064993,
0.01576811820268631,
0.011337332427501678,
-0.03272387012839317,
-0.0014617028646171093,
-0.03171895071864128,
0.054558057337999344,
0.055471621453762054,
-0.04699374735355377,
0.019404103979468346,
0.057883430272340775,
-0.009121939539909363,
0.041000764816999435,
0.026602990925312042,
0.0066050696186721325,
-0.02077445201575756,
0.06022215634584427,
0.026347193866968155,
-0.0020292545668780804,
-0.00003406238465686329,
-0.0579565167427063,
0.04016028344631195,
0.005577309988439083,
-0.017513027414679527,
-0.02218133956193924,
0.0458974689245224,
-0.026237566024065018,
-0.020043600350618362,
0.05989327281713486,
-0.014178517274558544,
-0.03836970031261444,
-0.03482506796717644,
0.000060345202655298635,
0.03219400346279144,
0.02327761799097061,
0.04352220147848129,
0.025598069652915,
0.018673254176974297,
-0.014233331196010113,
-0.004005979280918837,
-0.052000079303979874,
0.031993020325899124,
0.02338724583387375,
-0.001231027883477509,
0.03975831717252731,
0.0004322300956118852,
0.000754832464735955,
-0.017229821532964706,
0.025378815829753876,
-0.004095051903277636,
-0.043997254222631454,
0.0037341939751058817,
0.05331560969352722,
0.006970495451241732,
-0.035903073847293854,
-0.011830656789243221,
-0.03153623640537262,
0.03997757285833359,
0.013091376051306725,
0.008710835129022598,
0.0017471916507929564,
-0.014799741096794605,
-0.02377094142138958,
-0.0007542615057900548,
0.05974710360169411,
-0.013602972030639648,
-0.014333823695778847,
-0.04757842794060707,
-0.03880820795893669,
-0.013036562129855156,
0.02115814760327339,
-0.014973318204283714,
-0.006518281064927578,
0.009199592284858227,
-0.008322570472955704,
-0.007701346650719643,
-0.02554325759410858,
-0.04819964990019798,
0.014808876439929008,
-0.028430119156837463,
-0.017147600650787354,
0.03456927090883255,
0.02314971759915352,
0.03763884678483009,
-0.03665219992399216,
0.02039075456559658,
-0.052913643419742584,
0.0012755640782415867,
0.04882087558507919,
-0.0313352532684803,
0.009683781303465366,
-0.011922013945877552,
0.029325412586331367,
-0.03350953757762909,
-0.012552373111248016,
0.01219608262181282,
0.04056225344538689,
0.10348855704069138,
-0.04969789460301399,
0.012862985022366047,
0.04180470108985901,
0.0394294336438179,
0.012515830807387829,
0.013347174040973186,
-0.030841929838061333,
0.013438530266284943,
-0.006924816872924566,
0.032175734639167786,
0.030092807486653328,
-0.004410231485962868,
0.012844713404774666,
-0.014617027714848518,
0.02035421133041382,
-0.003167784074321389,
0.030787115916609764,
0.05360795184969902,
-0.020810993388295174,
-0.022309239953756332,
-0.040050655603408813,
-0.024666234850883484,
-0.020134955644607544,
0.01438863668590784,
-0.05930859223008156,
-0.018591033294796944,
-0.0251595601439476,
0.014744927175343037,
-0.01306396909058094,
0.0022953301668167114,
-0.03520876541733742,
-0.03986794501543045,
0.019879158586263657,
-0.013210139237344265,
0.04162198677659035,
-0.01765006221830845,
0.014644434675574303,
0.020226312801241875,
-0.010259326547384262,
-0.016124408692121506,
-0.05072108656167984,
0.01453480776399374,
-0.011775842867791653,
0.023697856813669205,
0.030019721016287804,
0.023405516520142555,
-0.003371052211150527,
0.03953906148672104,
-0.014671841636300087,
-0.02724248543381691,
0.03508086875081062,
-0.028558019548654556,
-0.010597345419228077,
-0.06807880848646164,
0.05104997009038925,
0.02006187103688717,
-0.023460330441594124,
0.02439216524362564,
-0.019404103979468346,
0.002372983144596219,
-0.007472955621778965,
0.009656374342739582,
-0.034203846007585526,
-0.0033893233630806208,
-0.014306416735053062,
0.04984406754374504,
0.03725514933466911,
-0.004248073790222406,
-0.026201022788882256,
-0.05868736654520035,
-0.011583995074033737,
0.018837695941329002,
0.010770922526717186,
-0.024666234850883484,
-0.01554886344820261,
0.0146352993324399,
-0.01850881241261959,
0.02444697916507721,
-0.0025419925805181265,
0.026493363082408905,
0.012671136297285557,
0.013511615805327892,
0.004969789646565914,
0.028667647391557693,
-0.007719617802649736,
-0.033874962478876114,
-0.006838028319180012,
-0.012479287572205067,
0.007418141700327396,
0.020189769566059113,
-0.000024391452825511806,
0.021176420152187347,
-0.002359279664233327,
-0.004800780210644007,
-0.03484334051609039,
0.0509038008749485,
0.03281522914767265,
0.01797894388437271,
0.0048692976124584675,
0.00017500465037301183,
-0.025378815829753876,
-0.02115814760327339,
-0.00001706687908153981,
0.025324001908302307,
0.04330294579267502,
-0.007897762581706047,
-0.035756904631853104,
-0.012278303503990173,
-0.001437721773982048,
0.04337603226304054,
0.007555176503956318,
-0.012899527326226234,
0.022382324561476707,
-0.006541119888424873,
-0.038552410900592804,
-0.013877040706574917,
0.008021093904972076,
0.04242592304944992,
-0.016170088201761246,
-0.003384755691513419,
0.04458193480968475,
-0.03151796758174896,
-0.015192573890089989,
-0.027205944061279297,
-0.015302201732993126,
0.015229116193950176,
-0.009628967382013798,
0.04026991128921509,
-0.06040487065911293,
0.026438549160957336,
0.022199612110853195,
0.06577662378549576,
0.07432758808135986,
-0.03345472365617752,
0.008432198315858841,
-0.011657079681754112,
-0.012908662669360638,
0.025086473673582077,
0.019586818292737007,
0.0006366401212289929,
-0.040671881288290024,
0.0025397087447345257,
-0.014489129185676575,
0.04681103304028511,
-0.038260072469711304,
0.04692066088318825,
0.021468760445713997,
-0.025013389065861702,
-0.014041482470929623,
0.04498390480875969,
0.03537320718169212,
0.034788526594638824,
-0.04936901107430458,
0.023752670735120773,
0.014808876439929008,
0.0056960731744766235,
-0.00897120125591755,
-0.0164806991815567,
-0.061354976147413254,
0.009204159490764141,
0.003747897455468774,
-0.011291653849184513,
-0.016937481239438057,
0.03431347385048866,
0.0036245661322027445,
-0.02477586269378662,
0.06932125240564346,
0.012607187032699585,
-0.010451175272464752,
-0.04366837069392204,
-0.01789672300219536,
-0.02121296152472496,
0.05978364497423172,
-0.007724185939878225,
-0.005444842856377363,
0.033491265028715134,
-0.024410437792539597,
0.045203160494565964,
0.01079832948744297,
-0.028283949941396713,
0.047943852841854095,
0.02521437406539917,
0.05982018634676933,
-0.012789899483323097,
-0.008432198315858841,
-0.009053422138094902,
-0.018572760745882988,
0.07034444808959961,
-0.0005949587211944163,
0.011383011005818844,
0.03416730463504791,
0.05960093066096306,
0.013009155169129372,
-0.002198264002799988,
0.024136368185281754,
0.005006331950426102,
0.031115999445319176,
-0.012397066690027714,
0.027754081413149834,
0.0013075388269498944,
-0.04469156265258789,
-0.06954050809144974,
0.06362061202526093,
0.02400846965610981,
-0.00829059537500143,
-0.0017277783481404185,
0.03495296835899353,
-0.007422709837555885,
-0.06318210065364838,
-0.039173636585474014,
-0.0159599669277668,
0.034350015223026276,
0.0258904118090868,
0.03568381816148758,
-0.011136348359286785,
-0.012159540317952633,
0.04527624323964119,
-0.057444918900728226,
0.01827128604054451,
-0.018591033294796944,
0.02165147289633751,
0.0026767433155328035,
-0.011748436838388443,
-0.03012934885919094,
-0.03847932815551758,
-0.0520731620490551,
-0.005591013468801975,
0.008359112776815891,
0.011081534437835217,
-0.03789464384317398,
0.025926953181624413,
-0.02715113013982773,
0.021048519760370255,
0.04922284185886383,
0.000053350726375356317,
0.013146189972758293,
-0.027205944061279297,
-0.019294477999210358,
-0.012278303503990173,
-0.0035994432400912046,
0.01487282570451498,
0.0011796398321166635,
0.010341547429561615,
-0.02753482758998871,
0.023880569264292717,
0.032376717776060104,
-0.025762511417269707,
-0.03318065404891968,
0.024958575144410133,
0.028996529057621956,
-0.003875796450302005,
0.014763198792934418,
-0.009656374342739582,
-0.026730889454483986,
0.05726220831274986,
-0.020043600350618362,
0.025397086516022682,
-0.03033033385872841,
-0.0038049952127039433,
0.03429520130157471,
-0.060002900660037994,
0.016188358888030052,
0.005540767218917608,
0.0354645662009716,
-0.0023478602524846792,
-0.00292797340080142,
0.025250915437936783,
-0.0025648316368460655,
-0.038552410900592804,
0.00719431834295392,
-0.0006554823485203087,
-0.04710337147116661,
0.02906961552798748,
0.002765815705060959,
0.020171498879790306,
-0.010460310615599155,
0.051890451461076736,
-0.01444345060735941,
0.010058342479169369,
0.010268461890518665,
-0.034879881888628006,
0.00976600218564272,
-0.020189769566059113,
-0.05419263243675232,
0.020317669957876205,
-0.018536219373345375,
-0.028722459450364113,
0.008025662042200565,
0.0019253366626799107,
0.00701617356389761,
0.0360492467880249,
-0.04856507480144501,
0.010926228947937489,
0.013027426786720753,
0.01128251850605011,
0.005887921433895826,
0.017714010551571846,
0.003647405421361327,
-0.04874778911471367,
0.016544649377465248,
0.01397753320634365,
0.08704440295696259,
-0.022254426032304764,
-0.013794820755720139,
-0.0026721754111349583,
0.014763198792934418,
-0.009957849979400635,
-0.055325452238321304,
-0.007061851676553488,
0.0006514855194836855,
-0.0051844771951437,
0.02874073199927807,
0.015457507222890854,
-0.009893900714814663,
0.03548283502459526,
0.050976887345314026,
-0.031792037189006805,
0.005330647341907024,
0.012625457718968391,
-0.011337332427501678,
-0.041000764816999435,
0.012305710464715958,
-0.0033322256058454514,
0.051561567932367325,
-0.019075222313404083,
0.002845752751454711,
0.0021571535617113113,
-0.031755492091178894,
-0.0028434686828404665,
0.03418557345867157,
-0.026146208867430687,
0.008404791355133057,
0.011456095613539219,
-0.021048519760370255,
-0.013922719284892082,
0.017001431435346603,
-0.03086020052433014,
0.012917798943817616,
0.022437138482928276,
0.017175007611513138,
0.00988476537168026,
-0.02327761799097061,
0.009076260961592197,
0.03466062620282173,
-0.027498284354805946,
-0.03438656032085419,
-0.02029939740896225,
-0.0319199338555336,
0.0020429580472409725,
-0.040379539132118225,
-0.005175341386348009,
-0.0016432737465947866,
-0.02715113013982773,
-0.04275480657815933,
-0.03212092071771622,
0.03076884336769581,
0.042206667363643646,
-0.005755454767495394,
-0.0826592966914177,
0.030677488073706627,
0.05569087713956833,
-0.006084337830543518,
-0.023222804069519043,
-0.016983158886432648,
0.024629691615700722,
-0.03785810247063637,
-0.022875649854540825,
-0.020792722702026367,
0.004426219034940004,
-0.01050598919391632,
-0.028759002685546875,
0.0142698734998703,
0.021194690838456154,
-0.017860181629657745,
-0.03283349797129631,
-0.028375305235385895,
-0.038260072469711304,
0.02324107475578785,
0.0308967437595129,
0.01446172222495079,
0.02859456092119217,
0.03407594561576843,
0.02541535720229149,
0.011510909534990788,
0.02901480160653591,
0.04111039265990257,
0.03760230541229248,
0.013009155169129372,
-0.023295888677239418,
0.025342272594571114,
0.023259345442056656,
-0.027498284354805946,
-0.04070842266082764,
-0.02888690121471882,
-0.015338744036853313,
-0.00959242507815361,
-0.0049149757251143456,
-0.008162696845829487,
-0.006312728859484196,
-0.01415111031383276,
-0.030074534937739372,
-0.013904447667300701,
0.03836970031261444,
-0.04132964834570885,
0.023990197107195854,
0.008770217187702656,
0.010834871791303158,
0.03447791561484337,
-0.040306456387043,
0.05726220831274986,
-0.020134955644607544,
0.019659902900457382,
-0.026255836710333824,
0.01653551310300827,
0.04575129970908165,
-0.0081261545419693,
-0.007468387950211763,
0.004225234501063824,
-0.040671881288290024,
0.026456821709871292,
0.029709110036492348,
0.005453978665173054,
-0.013191867619752884,
0.016645140945911407,
0.024136368185281754,
-0.007641965057700872,
0.0049652219749987125,
0.013831363059580326,
0.014543943107128143,
-0.00292797340080142,
-0.011328197084367275,
-0.010414632968604565,
-0.007349624298512936,
0.017220687121152878,
-0.009021447040140629,
0.021395675837993622,
0.01397753320634365,
0.0100035285577178,
-0.007705914322286844,
-0.01219608262181282,
0.008372816257178783,
0.04699374735355377,
0.00395573303103447,
0.021085062995553017,
-0.02521437406539917,
-0.030604403465986252,
-0.04615326598286629,
0.000548138574231416,
0.01885596662759781,
0.0051844771951437,
0.050172947347164154,
0.059235505759716034,
0.04154890403151512,
0.01482714805752039,
-0.01701970212161541,
0.023167990148067474,
0.01855449005961418,
-0.014068889431655407,
-0.02526918798685074,
-0.049624811857938766,
0.04830927774310112,
0.006308161187916994,
0.04695720225572586,
-0.006326432339847088,
-0.011063262820243835,
0.0026630398351699114,
0.05408300459384918,
-0.006481738295406103,
-0.007239996921271086,
0.013246681541204453,
-0.00877478439360857,
-0.0016752484953030944,
-0.003775304416194558,
0.029197514057159424,
-0.02406328171491623,
0.046591777354478836,
0.02477586269378662,
0.005230155307799578,
-0.024721048772335052,
-0.03615887463092804,
-0.029416769742965698,
-0.008870708756148815,
-0.011611402034759521,
-0.004773373249918222,
0.015265658497810364,
-0.021249504759907722,
-0.012287438847124577,
-0.020335940644145012,
0.020317669957876205,
0.011547451838850975,
0.040525712072849274,
-0.03484334051609039,
0.009048854000866413,
-0.0043051717802882195,
-0.0006554823485203087,
-0.05024603381752968,
-0.06694599241018295,
-0.05751800537109375,
-0.01576811820268631,
-0.001441147644072771,
-0.02261985093355179,
-0.0036291340366005898,
0.024611420929431915,
-0.005513360258191824,
-0.012314845807850361,
-0.010040070861577988,
-0.0088661415502429,
-0.004060793202370405,
-0.03394804894924164,
0.04798039421439171,
-0.02420945279300213,
0.0005261559272184968,
0.03310756757855415,
-0.032084375619888306,
-0.02271120809018612,
0.035263579338788986,
0.0005735470331273973,
0.002388970460742712,
0.041914328932762146,
-0.015475778840482235,
-0.00475053396075964,
-0.01166621595621109,
-0.008911819197237492,
-0.04878433048725128,
-0.0031129701528698206,
-0.017905859276652336,
-0.004375972785055637,
-0.0007142930408008397,
-0.0020532356575131416,
-0.0559101328253746,
0.01188547071069479,
0.017238957807421684,
0.04860161989927292,
-0.019641632214188576,
-0.019111763685941696,
0.07107529789209366,
-0.03394804894924164,
-0.001237879623658955,
0.056969866156578064,
0.026456821709871292,
0.03513568267226219,
-0.003131241537630558,
0.026767432689666748,
0.014215059578418732,
-0.021870728582143784,
-0.017513027414679527,
-0.00010827164078364149,
0.00940057635307312,
-0.036816637963056564,
0.04465502128005028,
-0.010652159340679646,
0.004727695137262344,
-0.0354645662009716
] |
As one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson's disease
(PD) has a significant impact on the fine motor skills of patients. The complex
interplay of different articulators during speech production and realization of
required muscle tension become increasingly difficult, thus leading to a
dysarthric speech. Characteristic patterns such as vowel instability, slurred
pronunciation and slow speech can often be observed in the affected individuals
and were analyzed in previous studies to determine the presence and progression
of PD. In this work, we used a phonetic recognizer trained exclusively on
healthy speech data to investigate how PD affected the phonetic footprint of
patients. We rediscovered numerous patterns that had been described in previous
contributions although our system had never seen any pathological speech
previously. Furthermore, we could show that intermediate activations from the
neural network could serve as feature vectors encoding information related to
the disease state of individuals. We were also able to directly correlate the
expert-rated intelligibility of a speaker with the mean confidence of phonetic
predictions. Our results support the assumption that pathological data is not
necessarily required to train systems that are capable of analyzing PD speech. | [
0.008000263012945652,
0.05300174281001091,
-0.03038099966943264,
-0.038181256502866745,
0.02078068256378174,
-0.03056100569665432,
0.029440969228744507,
0.013790453784167767,
-0.04268140345811844,
0.03274107724428177,
-0.0055051809176802635,
-0.0110803646966815,
-0.01264041569083929,
-0.015380505472421646,
0.000822527043055743,
-0.0031751045025885105,
-0.010410342365503311,
0.007790256291627884,
0.020050659775733948,
-0.0027800914831459522,
0.00437514390796423,
-0.005350175779312849,
-0.06668218970298767,
-0.02838093414902687,
0.017110561951994896,
0.06400210410356522,
0.05108167976140976,
-0.01870061457157135,
-0.05576183274388313,
0.01807059347629547,
-0.0206206776201725,
0.034161124378442764,
-0.00881029013544321,
-0.05668186396360397,
-0.0008137767435982823,
-0.010550347156822681,
0.021200697869062424,
-0.0006925227935425937,
0.0545617938041687,
0.013910457491874695,
0.006785223260521889,
0.021500706672668457,
0.01318043377250433,
0.0003828250919468701,
0.020680680871009827,
-0.0071652354672551155,
-0.01104036346077919,
0.0022888253442943096,
-0.021320700645446777,
0.04808158054947853,
0.021560709923505783,
-0.03200105205178261,
-0.015640513971447945,
-0.04244139418005943,
0.007435244508087635,
0.010160334408283234,
0.03202105313539505,
0.01971064880490303,
0.07192236185073853,
0.030941016972064972,
0.009930326603353024,
-0.011210368946194649,
-0.028220927342772484,
0.021860718727111816,
0.015800518915057182,
-0.05720188096165657,
-0.031241027638316154,
-0.009915325790643692,
-0.00885029137134552,
0.007205237168818712,
-0.04956163093447685,
-0.015350504778325558,
-0.021000690758228302,
0.0691622719168663,
0.024420803412795067,
-0.012430408969521523,
0.006125201471149921,
0.0837627574801445,
-0.011750386096537113,
-0.01068035140633583,
0.021040692925453186,
0.01696055755019188,
-0.030581004917621613,
0.042201388627290726,
0.059801965951919556,
-0.03558117151260376,
0.01750057563185692,
-0.07164235413074493,
0.01915062963962555,
0.0352211594581604,
-0.06672219187021255,
-0.013970459811389446,
0.006890226621180773,
0.012020395137369633,
-0.006420210935175419,
-0.044121451675891876,
-0.03720122203230858,
0.0016463041538372636,
-0.0022375734988600016,
-0.0335611030459404,
0.04568150267004967,
-0.06136201694607735,
0.01934063620865345,
0.021320700645446777,
0.022960755974054337,
-0.054601795971393585,
-0.05912194401025772,
-0.015110497362911701,
0.0002286012750118971,
0.22000724077224731,
-0.011290371417999268,
-0.05300174281001091,
0.03038099966943264,
0.01509049627929926,
0.0010075331665575504,
-0.015660515055060387,
-0.0005106417811475694,
-0.052881740033626556,
0.00848527904599905,
0.0002421954704914242,
0.013610447756946087,
0.046401526778936386,
-0.034241124987602234,
0.048401590436697006,
-0.01815059781074524,
0.07836257666349411,
0.017040560021996498,
-0.03410112112760544,
-0.055961839854717255,
0.014350472018122673,
0.010035330429673195,
0.03642119839787483,
-0.009420310147106647,
-0.04324142262339592,
0.037081219255924225,
0.03732122853398323,
0.027400901541113853,
-0.04396144673228264,
-0.0034601138904690742,
-0.0005212671239860356,
0.03322109207510948,
-0.028040923178195953,
-0.01988065429031849,
0.010500345379114151,
0.007120233960449696,
0.019940655678510666,
-0.05772189795970917,
0.037641238421201706,
0.0033501102589070797,
-0.02692088484764099,
-0.024680811911821365,
-0.017180565744638443,
0.022140728309750557,
0.013600447215139866,
0.004552649799734354,
0.0038226256147027016,
-0.00009961265459423885,
-0.025580842047929764,
-0.051881708204746246,
-0.019650645554065704,
-0.015850521624088287,
0.003682621056213975,
0.02180071733891964,
0.019750649109482765,
0.019580643624067307,
0.064562126994133,
-0.03698121756315231,
-0.01907062716782093,
-0.030340997502207756,
0.035161156207323074,
-0.04920161888003349,
0.07012230902910233,
0.02782091498374939,
-0.00011742573406081647,
-0.011990394443273544,
0.051961708813905716,
-0.009645317681133747,
0.0020850684959441423,
-0.07468245923519135,
0.019590644165873528,
0.019680647179484367,
0.06168203055858612,
0.0044426461681723595,
0.014980493113398552,
0.06336208432912827,
0.04172137379646301,
0.05344175919890404,
-0.011820388957858086,
0.025860849767923355,
-0.03986131027340889,
-0.02654087357223034,
0.029220961034297943,
0.0020413170568645,
-0.03932129219174385,
0.003450113581493497,
0.010650350712239742,
0.006795223336666822,
-0.0027525904588401318,
0.007520247250795364,
0.015930524095892906,
-0.006940228398889303,
-0.05604184418916702,
-0.0022300733253359795,
-0.0253608338534832,
-0.019120628014206886,
-0.019010625779628754,
0.011910391971468925,
0.007900259457528591,
0.032661072909832,
-0.0053551760502159595,
0.02334076724946499,
-0.0317610464990139,
-0.003420112421736121,
0.016660548746585846,
-0.005445179063826799,
-0.01990065537393093,
-0.006915227510035038,
0.013400441035628319,
0.04596151039004326,
-0.01039034128189087,
0.016530543565750122,
0.02608085796236992,
0.031701043248176575,
0.0014862988609820604,
-0.057241883128881454,
-0.057801902294158936,
-0.04568150267004967,
0.018290601670742035,
-0.003312608925625682,
0.022640744224190712,
0.022600743919610977,
-0.012020395137369633,
0.03546116501092911,
-0.009675318375229836,
0.04324142262339592,
0.02280074916779995,
0.013200433924794197,
0.0062402053736150265,
-0.048561595380306244,
-0.0018438106635585427,
-0.033521100878715515,
-0.03412112221121788,
-0.026780880987644196,
0.003877627430483699,
0.07496246695518494,
-0.01970064826309681,
-0.022500740364193916,
0.05528181791305542,
0.006485213525593281,
0.02864094264805317,
-0.03404111787676811,
0.0013600446982309222,
-0.012660416774451733,
0.038441263139247894,
-0.07416243851184845,
0.0002895407669711858,
0.02508082427084446,
-0.03742123022675514,
0.039541300386190414,
-0.019730648025870323,
-0.00312510272487998,
0.003802624996751547,
0.008785288780927658,
0.02746090292930603,
-0.053681764751672745,
0.01926063373684883,
0.044841475784778595,
-0.00042845160351134837,
0.03240106627345085,
-0.0696822926402092,
-0.02700088731944561,
-0.013390440493822098,
-0.009650317020714283,
-0.04860159754753113,
0.004002631641924381,
-0.04026132449507713,
0.047681570053100586,
-0.01952064223587513,
0.033341094851493835,
-0.011690384708344936,
-0.06124201416969299,
0.0016200533136725426,
-0.02954097092151642,
0.012740419246256351,
-0.06900227069854736,
0.002398828975856304,
-0.08312273025512695,
-0.02672087959945202,
-0.015840521082282066,
0.01888062059879303,
-0.013200433924794197,
-0.0463615246117115,
-0.011400374583899975,
-0.0020575677044689655,
-0.007340241223573685,
0.014220467768609524,
-0.01286042295396328,
-0.013430441729724407,
0.022280732169747353,
-0.007525247521698475,
-0.046841539442539215,
-0.012750419788062572,
-0.031001020222902298,
0.06628218293190002,
-0.01478048600256443,
-0.02118069678544998,
0.02636086754500866,
0.04836159199476242,
-0.02464080974459648,
-0.03154103830456734,
0.02592085301876068,
0.020920688286423683,
-0.03450113534927368,
0.022300733253359795,
-0.0133204385638237,
0.04708154872059822,
0.009150301106274128,
-0.01442047394812107,
0.026120858266949654,
-0.03182104602456093,
0.005510181188583374,
0.013380439952015877,
-0.09032297134399414,
0.014370473101735115,
0.049121614545583725,
-0.0012987926602363586,
0.024600809440016747,
-0.024560807272791862,
0.01935063675045967,
-0.0064952136017382145,
-0.0008125267340801656,
0.009170301258563995,
-0.0507216677069664,
-0.017360571771860123,
0.04836159199476242,
0.014050462283194065,
-0.0027900917921215296,
-0.0251008253544569,
0.03396111726760864,
-0.040721338242292404,
0.06600216776132584,
-0.013770452700555325,
-0.05608184635639191,
-0.0438014417886734,
-0.03840126469731331,
-0.05444179102778435,
-0.024220796301960945,
0.01778058521449566,
-0.0499616414308548,
-0.028860948979854584,
0.0012162900529801846,
-0.02810092456638813,
-0.03382111340761185,
0.007510247174650431,
-0.03338109701871872,
-0.03502115234732628,
-0.021040692925453186,
0.010820356197655201,
0.033701106905937195,
-0.033061087131500244,
-0.0024313300382345915,
-0.07516247034072876,
0.008730286732316017,
-0.03366110846400261,
0.005052666179835796,
-0.05260172858834267,
-0.019400637596845627,
0.024420803412795067,
-0.0072802393697202206,
0.01970064826309681,
-0.011570381000638008,
-0.009390308521687984,
-0.016120530664920807,
-0.03670120611786842,
0.0004340767627581954,
0.0052601732313632965,
0.027860917150974274,
0.011740386486053467,
-0.05992197245359421,
0.02728089690208435,
-0.062162045389413834,
0.04844159260392189,
0.0020050660241395235,
0.018380604684352875,
-0.04672153666615486,
0.057161878794431686,
0.03694121539592743,
0.004810158163309097,
-0.007915260270237923,
0.057241883128881454,
-0.010840356349945068,
-0.047201551496982574,
0.004175137262791395,
-0.035261157900094986,
0.04132135957479477,
-0.04152136668562889,
-0.027960918843746185,
0.009810322895646095,
0.012110398150980473,
-0.04368143528699875,
-0.04760156571865082,
-0.01988065429031849,
-0.07092233002185822,
0.0008769038249738514,
-0.012690417468547821,
0.0038826277013868093,
-0.05372176691889763,
0.005195170640945435,
0.01588052324950695,
-0.03428112715482712,
-0.020500674843788147,
0.04136136174201965,
0.006325208116322756,
-0.03336109593510628,
0.005005164537578821,
-0.025980854406952858,
-0.03274107724428177,
0.002635086653754115,
-0.02956097200512886,
0.024420803412795067,
-0.026780880987644196,
0.007470245473086834,
0.07880259305238724,
-0.019930655136704445,
0.008745287545025349,
0.05832191929221153,
0.024480804800987244,
-0.004767656791955233,
0.04336142539978027,
-0.08112266659736633,
-0.049841638654470444,
-0.009035296738147736,
0.015570512041449547,
-0.007120233960449696,
-0.028160925954580307,
0.01798059046268463,
-0.0425213985145092,
0.026680877432227135,
0.002227573189884424,
0.01843060553073883,
-0.015540511347353458,
-0.05316174775362015,
0.018760617822408676,
-0.014630481600761414,
-0.0215207077562809,
-0.010105332359671593,
0.011600381694734097,
0.03960130363702774,
-0.014000460505485535,
-0.010060330852866173,
-0.055961839854717255,
0.03332109749317169,
-0.059801965951919556,
-0.020920688286423683,
-0.02234073542058468,
-0.046121515333652496,
-0.020390670746564865,
-0.0684022530913353,
0.030801013112068176,
-0.07388243079185486,
0.018090594559907913,
0.01519049983471632,
-0.0009281555539928377,
0.016180532053112984,
0.02726089581847191,
-0.0008881542016752064,
-0.01696055755019188,
-0.03686121106147766,
0.02116069570183754,
0.03720122203230858,
0.004435145761817694,
-0.04212138429284096,
-0.04716154932975769,
0.031221026554703712,
0.030721010640263557,
-0.04724155366420746,
0.019920654594898224,
0.025340832769870758,
-0.00885029137134552,
0.026520872488617897,
0.0019388137152418494,
-0.009290305897593498,
-0.03038099966943264,
0.005305174272507429,
-0.046121515333652496,
-0.06488213688135147,
0.04608151689171791,
-0.01624053344130516,
0.03796124830842018,
-0.017290567979216576,
0.0032751078251749277,
0.0035726174246519804,
-0.023660778999328613,
-0.02436080202460289,
0.03346110135316849,
-0.001827560132369399,
-0.002075068186968565,
-0.01933063566684723,
0.08704286068677902,
0.042001381516456604,
0.03986131027340889,
-0.04908161610364914,
-0.021220697090029716,
-0.021220697090029716,
-0.020600678399205208,
0.03510115295648575,
-0.01510049682110548,
0.021040692925453186,
0.012560413219034672,
0.05492180585861206,
0.049041613936424255,
-0.051761701703071594,
-0.013150432147085667,
0.015650514513254166,
0.011590381152927876,
0.006690219976007938,
-0.005705187562853098,
0.062362052500247955,
0.013560445979237556,
0.023380769416689873,
0.016840554773807526,
-0.02784091606736183,
-0.03538116440176964,
0.07152235507965088,
-0.07792256027460098,
0.08640284091234207,
-0.026340866461396217,
-0.030040988698601723,
-0.0630020722746849,
-0.03460113704204559,
-0.027440901845693588,
0.005530181806534529,
-0.004367643501609564,
-0.018100595101714134,
0.009765321388840675,
0.009295306168496609,
0.011870390735566616,
0.0361211895942688,
0.008950293995440006,
-0.026620876044034958,
-0.017110561951994896,
0.0390612855553627,
-0.0002612585958559066,
0.022120727226138115,
-0.019120628014206886,
-0.0012281653471291065,
-0.02500082179903984,
-0.028660941869020462,
-0.0017688082298263907,
0.03218105807900429,
-0.0035951181780546904,
-0.028620941564440727,
0.01624053344130516,
0.029800979420542717,
0.0013512944569811225,
-0.04464146867394447,
0.0019675646908581257,
-0.002900095423683524,
-0.0021475707180798054,
-0.021780716255307198,
-0.013590446673333645,
0.003065100871026516,
-0.044201452285051346,
-0.05208171159029007,
0.0007562748505733907,
-0.024960821494460106,
-0.023200763389468193,
0.04752156138420105,
0.03514115512371063,
0.007400243543088436,
-0.007660252042114735,
-0.04476147145032883,
-0.004057633690536022,
-0.026020856574177742,
0.001917563029564917,
0.009185302071273327,
0.031181026250123978,
-0.021780716255307198,
0.006925227586179972,
0.017450574785470963,
-0.014380472712218761,
-0.0037551235873252153,
0.017550576478242874,
0.027760913595557213,
-0.057241883128881454,
0.0165205430239439,
0.0036351196467876434,
-0.02144070528447628,
-0.02582084946334362,
0.008835290558636189,
0.025200828909873962,
0.046841539442539215,
0.04624152183532715,
0.03466114029288292,
-0.07084233313798904,
-0.044201452285051346,
0.012620415538549423,
0.0034551136195659637,
0.02736089937388897,
-0.06256205588579178,
-0.03260107338428497,
0.08280272036790848,
0.014940490946173668,
0.04708154872059822,
-0.009265304543077946,
-0.03632119297981262,
-0.013750452548265457,
-0.017770584672689438,
-0.008105266839265823,
0.036361195147037506,
0.034321129322052,
-0.020540675148367882,
0.027940919622778893,
-0.0019238132517784834,
0.03824125602841377,
-0.02080068364739418,
0.050401657819747925,
0.006040198728442192,
-0.001278792042285204,
0.018680613487958908,
-0.005052666179835796,
0.001483798841945827,
-0.008465278893709183,
-0.07344241440296173,
0.02070068009197712,
0.0051351687870919704,
-0.011570381000638008,
-0.09344307333230972,
0.00025625844136811793,
-0.0018788117449730635,
-0.03102101944386959,
-0.014660482294857502,
-0.00531517481431365,
-0.016580546274781227,
-0.006990229710936546,
0.02490081824362278,
-0.06496213376522064,
0.034621138125658035,
-0.007530247792601585,
0.024660810828208923,
0.011400374583899975,
0.033261094242334366,
-0.027240896597504616,
-0.015540511347353458,
-0.011800387874245644,
0.009595315903425217,
0.00037438730942085385,
0.003917628899216652,
0.0368812121450901,
0.02154070883989334,
0.004780157003551722,
0.004700154531747103,
-0.010095331817865372,
0.030541004613041878,
-0.009335307404398918,
-0.0048126582987606525,
0.05180170387029648,
-0.022640744224190712,
0.03412112221121788,
-0.010650350712239742,
-0.00215382082387805,
0.02936096489429474,
-0.009680318646132946,
0.03624119237065315,
0.02646087110042572,
0.02034066990017891,
-0.0035826177336275578,
0.01464048121124506,
0.006640218198299408,
-0.005740188993513584,
-0.009530313313007355,
-0.04364143684506416,
-0.04148136451840401,
-0.015210499987006187,
0.03838126361370087,
-0.025840850546956062,
0.0012719167862087488,
-0.0020050660241395235,
0.02884094789624214,
-0.05604184418916702,
-0.003267607418820262,
-0.029960986226797104,
-0.018110595643520355,
0.02172071486711502,
-0.015440507791936398,
0.017860587686300278,
-0.006220204755663872,
0.0015675515169277787,
-0.056241851300001144,
-0.003262607380747795,
-0.01889062114059925,
-0.029500970616936684,
0.026560872793197632,
-0.00875028781592846,
0.019840652123093605,
0.0010025330120697618,
-0.040081318467855453,
-0.015370505861938,
-0.007710253819823265,
0.014220467768609524,
-0.0317610464990139,
-0.03506115451455116,
-0.002045067260041833,
-0.012350406497716904,
0.011950393207371235,
0.022740747779607773,
0.017450574785470963,
-0.008135267533361912,
-0.02172071486711502,
0.018560610711574554,
0.01095036044716835,
0.024740813300013542,
-0.028880950063467026,
0.017380570992827415,
0.02244073897600174,
0.042561400681734085,
-0.010930359363555908,
-0.017080562189221382,
-0.05436178669333458,
-0.005150169599801302,
0.0045926510356366634,
0.009635317139327526,
-0.018360603600740433,
-0.02444080449640751,
-0.017400572076439857,
0.028600940480828285,
-0.025200828909873962,
-0.002892595250159502,
0.005715188104659319,
0.014440475031733513,
0.008070265874266624,
-0.005052666179835796,
-0.00046720285899937153,
0.018630612641572952,
-0.022200729697942734,
-0.019270634278655052,
-0.002830093028023839,
0.029620973393321037,
0.02718089334666729,
0.01960064470767975,
0.02836093306541443,
-0.018650613725185394,
0.04408144950866699,
0.008245271630585194,
-0.011800387874245644,
-0.007125234231352806,
-0.03870127350091934,
0.018290601670742035,
-0.03714122250676155,
-0.03758123517036438,
0.02025066688656807,
0.008835290558636189,
0.04564150050282478,
-0.03222106024622917,
-0.00629520695656538,
0.015750518068671227,
0.029880981892347336,
-0.013590446673333645,
0.014050462283194065,
0.004932662006467581,
-0.013740452006459236,
0.005235172342509031,
0.003360110567882657,
0.02382078394293785,
0.025780847296118736,
-0.03128102794289589,
-0.03932129219174385,
0.038821276277303696,
-0.006050198804587126,
0.01446047518402338,
0.03648120164871216,
0.00620520394295454,
0.05604184418916702,
0.006800223607569933,
-0.009060298092663288,
-0.049681633710861206,
-0.00156255136243999,
-0.035801175981760025,
0.020940689370036125,
0.014810486696660519,
-0.056321851909160614,
0.02024066634476185,
-0.01908062770962715,
-0.0031826046761125326,
0.012610414996743202,
-0.01851060800254345,
-0.0027600908651947975,
0.00875028781592846,
-0.060721997171640396,
0.0029925983399152756,
0.016640547662973404,
0.014450475573539734,
0.05500181019306183,
-0.04728155583143234,
0.048121582716703415,
-0.0066002169623970985,
0.011510378681123257,
0.028700944036245346,
-0.02918095886707306,
0.0035126155707985163,
0.01616053096950054,
-0.003005098784342408,
-0.04716154932975769,
0.031881049275398254,
0.022380735725164413,
-0.010070331394672394,
-0.03292108327150345,
0.00023782032076269388,
-0.01641053892672062,
0.0036276192404329777,
-0.030521003529429436,
-0.02754090540111065,
0.029120957478880882,
-0.023300766944885254,
-0.011430376209318638,
0.011500378139317036,
-0.032141055911779404,
-0.005840192083269358,
-0.033801112323999405,
-0.016350537538528442,
-0.05812191218137741,
-0.000010351903256378137,
0.033521100878715515,
-0.00807526521384716,
0.04792157560586929,
-0.027800913900136948,
0.03148103505373001,
0.0014200466684997082,
-0.007405243348330259,
0.02864094264805317,
0.03264107182621956,
-0.028420934453606606,
0.02772091142833233,
-0.0072802393697202206,
-0.03410112112760544,
0.047481562942266464,
0.006050198804587126,
0.029700977727770805,
-0.000262664892943576,
-0.012380407191812992,
-0.011860390193760395,
0.013850455172359943,
-0.04992164298892021,
-0.025220829993486404,
-0.004850159399211407,
-0.01255041267722845,
-0.009090298786759377,
-0.021020691841840744,
0.0024250796996057034,
-0.03396111726760864,
0.03952129930257797,
-0.0525217279791832,
0.04030132666230202,
0.015810519456863403,
0.01815059781074524,
-0.027940919622778893,
0.05184170603752136,
0.0525217279791832,
-0.009240304119884968,
-0.028780946508049965,
0.044561464339494705,
-0.053321752697229385,
-0.01899062469601631,
-0.011190367862582207,
-0.007685252930969,
-0.012190400622785091,
0.03140103444457054,
-0.043841440230607986,
-0.04500148072838783,
-0.05608184635639191,
-0.010750353336334229,
0.010200335644185543,
0.023840785026550293,
-0.005915194749832153,
-0.02490081824362278,
0.004772657062858343,
-0.04932162165641785,
-0.028080923482775688,
-0.022060725837945938,
-0.00835027452558279,
0.008190269581973553,
0.009610315784811974,
0.041001349687576294,
-0.053601764142513275,
0.03766123950481415,
-0.04964163154363632,
0.032141055911779404,
-0.038621269166469574,
0.00216757133603096,
-0.04956163093447685,
0.01523050107061863,
0.0036626204382628202,
-0.00015891148359514773,
-0.0028650942258536816,
0.042561400681734085,
0.03218105807900429,
-0.02948096953332424,
0.009865324012935162,
-0.03286108002066612,
-0.00554018234834075,
0.016020527109503746,
-0.019020626321434975,
-0.017680581659078598,
-0.058401919901371,
-0.009975328110158443,
0.03546116501092911,
0.018470607697963715,
-0.00370762194506824,
0.03330109640955925,
-0.019220631569623947,
-0.03296108543872833,
-0.06468212604522705,
0.001966314623132348,
-0.00011523816647240892,
0.021420704200863838,
0.025940854102373123,
0.0365011990070343,
-0.01916063018143177,
0.05300174281001091,
0.003012599190697074,
0.02052067406475544,
0.0002951659553218633,
-0.03102101944386959,
0.002725089667364955,
-0.0361211895942688,
0.004970163572579622,
0.018020592629909515,
-0.02336076833307743,
0.05228171870112419,
-0.019760649651288986,
0.022680746391415596,
0.06424210965633392,
0.018310602754354477,
0.04280140623450279,
0.06948228180408478,
0.007190236356109381,
0.017490575090050697,
-0.04268140345811844,
-0.009920326061546803,
-0.02344077080488205,
-0.024920819327235222,
-0.024580808356404305,
-0.02318076230585575,
0.000024024227968766354,
-0.00011031612666556612,
-0.013890456408262253,
0.011200368404388428,
-0.01707056164741516,
0.011450376361608505,
0.003110102377831936,
-0.0025950854178518057,
-0.04672153666615486,
0.001742557273246348,
0.013970459811389446,
-0.05452179163694382,
0.027340900152921677,
0.00843027699738741,
-0.021200697869062424,
0.027960918843746185,
0.011330372653901577,
-0.029860982671380043,
0.005170170217752457,
-0.03210105746984482,
-0.010790354572236538,
-0.008740287274122238,
0.013380439952015877,
-0.008425276726484299,
-0.033701106905937195,
-0.017310569062829018,
0.00406013336032629,
-0.020180663093924522,
0.015910523012280464,
-0.004207638558000326,
-0.0028850948438048363,
0.005935195367783308,
-0.020560676231980324,
0.005925194825977087,
-0.046761538833379745,
-0.012930424883961678,
0.015340504236519337,
-0.0003065725904889405,
-0.05000164359807968,
-0.005895193666219711,
0.02334076724946499,
0.006580216344445944,
-0.05956196039915085,
0.02782091498374939,
-0.004672653507441282,
-0.04452146589756012,
0.03144103288650513,
0.010820356197655201,
-0.029220961034297943,
0.005700187291949987,
-0.021640712395310402,
0.021960722282528877,
-0.00026203985908068717,
-0.011620381847023964,
0.0023113260976970196,
0.031881049275398254,
0.015930524095892906,
-0.05320174992084503,
0.03820125758647919,
-0.03914128616452217,
0.04020132124423981,
0.003980130888521671,
0.07004230469465256,
0.04340142756700516,
-0.017370570451021194,
-0.049481626600027084,
0.015440507791936398,
-0.006780222989618778,
-0.00853528082370758,
-0.02728089690208435,
-0.010700351558625698,
0.030621007084846497,
0.008725287392735481,
-0.05472179874777794,
-0.03248106688261032,
-0.018130596727132797,
-0.0023675779812037945,
-0.019090628251433372,
0.0403413251042366,
0.022700747475028038,
0.03466114029288292
] |
Reinforcement learning has recently shown promise in learning quality
solutions in many combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, the
attention-based encoder-decoder models show high effectiveness on various
routing problems, including the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP).
Unfortunately, they perform poorly for the TSP with Drone (TSP-D), requiring
routing a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles in coordination -- a truck and a
drone. In TSP-D, the two vehicles are moving in tandem and may need to wait at
a node for the other vehicle to join. State-less attention-based decoder fails
to make such coordination between vehicles. We propose a hybrid model that uses
an attention encoder and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network decoder, in
which the decoder's hidden state can represent the sequence of actions made. We
empirically demonstrate that such a hybrid model improves upon a purely
attention-based model for both solution quality and computational efficiency.
Our experiments on the min-max Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (mmCVRP)
also confirm that the hybrid model is more suitable for the coordinated routing
of multiple vehicles than the attention-based model. The proposed model
demonstrates comparable results as the operations research baseline methods. | [
-0.038758255541324615,
0.018824325874447823,
-0.02411927469074726,
-0.020031262189149857,
-0.004216979723423719,
0.01183576975017786,
0.02411927469074726,
0.029803559184074402,
-0.0631500631570816,
0.010249231941998005,
0.047810282558202744,
0.011271235533058643,
-0.046798013150691986,
-0.0523654967546463,
-0.03821318596601486,
0.046136144548654556,
0.00899849459528923,
0.008497226051986217,
-0.006458086892962456,
-0.03864145278930664,
-0.008983894251286983,
0.028129421174526215,
-0.014317777939140797,
0.04948442056775093,
0.043177202343940735,
-0.0032606767490506172,
0.009446229785680771,
0.0027399419341236353,
-0.1105710119009018,
0.03932278975844383,
0.010735900141298771,
0.040451858192682266,
-0.0010469448752701283,
-0.030543295666575432,
0.022873405367136,
0.009207761846482754,
0.03759025037288666,
0.02285393700003624,
-0.02168593369424343,
0.05477936938405037,
0.022990204393863678,
-0.016858186572790146,
-0.04847215116024017,
-0.02285393700003624,
0.02359367348253727,
-0.038836121559143066,
-0.02065419778227806,
0.04298253357410431,
-0.0554412379860878,
-0.0009149361867457628,
-0.006570020224899054,
-0.06334473192691803,
0.015330047346651554,
-0.018824325874447823,
-0.05073029175400734,
0.029764626175165176,
0.03797958418726921,
0.017958056181669235,
0.03245103359222412,
0.07673783600330353,
-0.00488371541723609,
-0.05213189497590065,
-0.03585771098732948,
-0.005552883725613356,
-0.0016644052229821682,
-0.04123052954673767,
0.04041292518377304,
-0.02116033248603344,
0.04617507755756378,
-0.049523353576660156,
-0.0970221683382988,
0.04084119200706482,
-0.05727111175656319,
-0.0113977687433362,
0.02581288106739521,
-0.02353527396917343,
-0.015018580481410027,
0.07187115401029587,
0.02374940738081932,
0.005202482920140028,
0.025170478969812393,
0.02816835418343544,
-0.004012579098343849,
-0.04473453760147095,
0.11687823385000229,
-0.019213659688830376,
0.012585239484906197,
-0.07261089235544205,
0.017091786488890648,
-0.007105355616658926,
-0.07085888832807541,
0.01209857128560543,
-0.005893551744520664,
-0.021919535472989082,
-0.03651957958936691,
0.008677293546497822,
0.021024065092206,
-0.007251355797052383,
0.005825418047606945,
-0.019778195768594742,
-0.00792295765131712,
-0.0012191038113087416,
0.006910688243806362,
0.027097685262560844,
0.08526426553726196,
-0.03391103819012642,
-0.052170827984809875,
0.016614852473139763,
0.022600870579481125,
0.10044831037521362,
-0.02742861956357956,
-0.04707054793834686,
0.016186583787202835,
0.008283092640340328,
-0.061398059129714966,
-0.02137446589767933,
-0.05115855857729912,
-0.023360073566436768,
0.005640484392642975,
-0.06404553353786469,
0.061982057988643646,
0.06797780841588974,
-0.005645351018756628,
-0.05014628916978836,
-0.005168416071683168,
0.003727878211066127,
0.027311818674206734,
0.0005167807685211301,
0.013821376487612724,
-0.04072439298033714,
-0.00006790542101953179,
0.002336007310077548,
-0.015115913935005665,
-0.019223393872380257,
0.02832408808171749,
-0.03015395998954773,
0.02417767606675625,
-0.03685051575303078,
-0.04263213276863098,
0.004034479148685932,
0.005475017242133617,
-0.05649244412779808,
0.0062536862678825855,
0.016410451382398605,
0.013539108447730541,
0.03655851259827614,
-0.031010497361421585,
0.08565360307693481,
-0.023243272677063942,
0.06649833917617798,
-0.04489027336239815,
0.015622048638761044,
-0.0035624110605567694,
0.04971802234649658,
-0.01695551909506321,
0.026805683970451355,
-0.02359367348253727,
0.014794712886214256,
0.02528727799654007,
-0.010404965840280056,
0.015213247388601303,
-0.038738787174224854,
0.010541233234107494,
0.020673664286732674,
-0.004715814720839262,
0.016040584072470665,
0.07459650188684464,
0.02596861496567726,
-0.07381782680749893,
0.03782385215163231,
-0.03688944876194,
0.005173282697796822,
-0.00027420709375292063,
-0.011962303891777992,
0.02234780229628086,
-0.05400070175528526,
0.04570787400007248,
0.0049031819216907024,
-0.03184756636619568,
0.05738791078329086,
-0.05524657294154167,
-0.004253480117768049,
0.0294920913875103,
0.049211885780096054,
0.05170362815260887,
0.028557687997817993,
0.057855114340782166,
0.006453220266848803,
0.012458705343306065,
-0.000548718380741775,
0.031224630773067474,
0.016400717198848724,
0.02927795797586441,
-0.034845441579818726,
0.00014212231326382607,
-0.0047304145991802216,
-0.0263384822756052,
-0.008015424944460392,
0.015067246742546558,
0.03198383376002312,
-0.0012543871998786926,
-0.010658033192157745,
-0.0022058235481381416,
-0.0012391788186505437,
0.01945699378848076,
-0.026747282594442368,
-0.021647000685334206,
-0.007864558137953281,
0.043683335185050964,
-0.08207172155380249,
-0.0452796071767807,
-0.017646588385105133,
-0.030913162976503372,
0.017296187579631805,
0.012332172133028507,
0.0007957024499773979,
0.001052419887855649,
-0.020985132083296776,
0.0227955374866724,
-0.0262606143951416,
0.0183668565005064,
0.014853113330900669,
0.03408623859286308,
0.008492359891533852,
-0.027895819395780563,
0.016390984877943993,
-0.05731004476547241,
-0.009363495744764805,
-0.03377477079629898,
-0.012809106148779392,
0.0010323448805138469,
0.014921246096491814,
0.004961581900715828,
-0.011670302599668503,
-0.01128096878528595,
0.005426350049674511,
0.017938589677214622,
0.017218319699168205,
-0.04200919717550278,
-0.030776895582675934,
-0.025540346279740334,
-0.00988423079252243,
-0.004377580247819424,
-0.04426733776926994,
0.059918586164712906,
0.017714722082018852,
-0.005776751320809126,
0.02293180488049984,
-0.009134761989116669,
0.002671808237209916,
0.0009782030247151852,
-0.02912222407758236,
-0.013247108086943626,
-0.025384612381458282,
-0.033443838357925415,
0.03702571615576744,
0.035935577005147934,
-0.04621401056647301,
-0.013568309135735035,
-0.03733718395233154,
0.04306039959192276,
0.00858969334512949,
0.0029127090238034725,
0.06478527188301086,
-0.027681685984134674,
-0.03478704020380974,
0.027817953377962112,
0.008798960596323013,
0.015826448798179626,
0.014385911636054516,
-0.045668940991163254,
-0.08199385553598404,
-0.027623286470770836,
-0.016244983300566673,
0.041191596537828445,
-0.06093085557222366,
0.004569814074784517,
0.007762357592582703,
0.0689900815486908,
0.028655022382736206,
0.0227955374866724,
-0.04477347433567047,
0.045240674167871475,
-0.010706700384616852,
-0.06443486362695694,
-0.02875235676765442,
0.012731239199638367,
-0.002552574500441551,
-0.029531024396419525,
-0.012205637991428375,
0.0192525926977396,
0.013324975036084652,
-0.007324356120079756,
-0.04827748239040375,
0.07483009994029999,
0.019262326881289482,
-0.0061417524702847,
-0.011777370236814022,
-0.005708617623895407,
-0.020148063078522682,
-0.033151835203170776,
0.01827925629913807,
0.026280080899596214,
0.008784360252320766,
-0.021647000685334206,
-0.00009315133502241224,
-0.060580454766750336,
0.019525127485394478,
-0.027603819966316223,
0.0016668385360389948,
0.01945699378848076,
0.01726698689162731,
-0.006550553720444441,
-0.03445610776543617,
-0.04088012874126434,
0.042125996202230453,
0.07050848752260208,
0.010570432990789413,
-0.02552087977528572,
-0.024508610367774963,
0.02766221947968006,
0.02684461697936058,
-0.07872344553470612,
0.0014806879917159677,
0.0038690119981765747,
0.021647000685334206,
0.04154199734330177,
0.020693130791187286,
-0.01615738309919834,
0.02065419778227806,
-0.034825973212718964,
-0.0013687543105334044,
-0.060502588748931885,
-0.004124512895941734,
-0.014668178744614124,
0.0012063287431374192,
-0.034339308738708496,
0.010054565034806728,
0.010687232948839664,
-0.04426733776926994,
0.012380838394165039,
-0.02742861956357956,
0.007017754949629307,
0.03605237975716591,
-0.0015378714306280017,
-0.045474275946617126,
-0.013568309135735035,
0.04691481217741966,
0.005956818349659443,
-0.04601934179663658,
0.0010956117184832692,
-0.037064649164676666,
-0.0032704102341085672,
-0.012361371889710426,
0.0022131234873086214,
-0.03848572075366974,
0.01637151837348938,
0.02663048356771469,
-0.04964015632867813,
0.015826448798179626,
0.01171896979212761,
-0.0014843379613012075,
-0.0693015456199646,
-0.006915554869920015,
-0.046486545354127884,
0.04477347433567047,
-0.04461773857474327,
-0.003365310374647379,
-0.01800672337412834,
-0.02065419778227806,
-0.0019734394736588,
0.06069725379347801,
-0.0037838451098650694,
-0.018230590969324112,
-0.03176970034837723,
-0.00041914297617040575,
0.026435814797878265,
-0.057037509977817535,
-0.007397356443107128,
0.045240674167871475,
0.02993982657790184,
-0.007718557491898537,
-0.05228763073682785,
-0.025384612381458282,
-0.01389924343675375,
0.10434165596961975,
0.023652072995901108,
-0.06957408040761948,
-0.017490854486823082,
0.07074208557605743,
0.040451858192682266,
-0.02840195596218109,
0.0005532808718271554,
-0.01128096878528595,
0.015729116275906563,
-0.014366445131599903,
0.047810282558202744,
0.003241210011765361,
0.02277607098221779,
-0.0006113768904469907,
-0.08479706197977066,
0.043839070945978165,
-0.012273771688342094,
0.020751532167196274,
-0.05509083718061447,
-0.0045917141251266,
-0.023262739181518555,
-0.009538696147501469,
-0.026649950072169304,
0.0488225519657135,
-0.015738848596811295,
-0.010687232948839664,
-0.00811275839805603,
-0.04321613535284996,
0.020673664286732674,
0.020401129499077797,
-0.028363021090626717,
-0.03990679234266281,
-0.0012422205181792378,
-0.06743274629116058,
-0.0023858908098191023,
0.041035860776901245,
0.012341905385255814,
0.033443838357925415,
-0.014385911636054516,
0.07475223392248154,
0.02838248759508133,
-0.01080403383821249,
-0.03120516426861286,
0.001015311456285417,
0.049367621541023254,
0.0012063287431374192,
0.008867094293236732,
-0.05213189497590065,
-0.0026255748234689236,
-0.005484750494360924,
-0.040296126157045364,
0.00862376019358635,
-0.028732890263199806,
-0.013840842992067337,
-0.012964840047061443,
-0.021432867273688316,
-0.02213366888463497,
-0.03885558620095253,
0.0020537397358566523,
0.014327511191368103,
-0.013539108447730541,
-0.041191596537828445,
-0.009397562593221664,
-0.030504360795021057,
-0.06322792917490005,
0.03679211437702179,
-0.06564180552959442,
-0.04905615374445915,
0.013110840693116188,
-0.017792588099837303,
0.009314828552305698,
-0.04298253357410431,
0.0018700225045904517,
0.011933104135096073,
0.01955432817339897,
0.02787635289132595,
0.016196317970752716,
-0.038524653762578964,
0.006307219620794058,
-0.004384880419820547,
-0.026377415284514427,
-0.05501297116279602,
-0.002985709346830845,
0.030699029564857483,
-0.0012981874169781804,
-0.0689900815486908,
0.08308399468660355,
0.024508610367774963,
-0.015719382092356682,
0.017198853194713593,
-0.016780318692326546,
-0.030913162976503372,
-0.07479116320610046,
-0.0037838451098650694,
0.05466257035732269,
0.00549448374658823,
0.03811585158109665,
0.027467552572488785,
0.007251355797052383,
-0.016488317400217056,
0.039264388382434845,
0.0045917141251266,
-0.050029490143060684,
-0.011349101550877094,
0.0039006455335766077,
-0.01584591530263424,
-0.008049491792917252,
-0.0009873281233012676,
-0.016410451382398605,
-0.012955106794834137,
0.040296126157045364,
-0.024236075580120087,
0.03813531994819641,
0.011631369590759277,
-0.01330550853163004,
-0.019505660980939865,
0.07307809591293335,
0.0047523146495223045,
0.006136885844171047,
0.02756488509476185,
0.021880600601434708,
0.015310580842196941,
-0.03363850340247154,
-0.029589425772428513,
-0.005114882718771696,
0.06517460197210312,
0.011251768097281456,
0.003056276123970747,
0.011894170194864273,
-0.003066009609028697,
0.02565714716911316,
0.001451487885788083,
-0.02692248299717903,
0.012711772695183754,
-0.023944074288010597,
-0.022464603185653687,
-0.0007902274373918772,
0.037648651748895645,
-0.06451273709535599,
0.04551320895552635,
0.04890041798353195,
-0.03591611236333847,
0.06377299875020981,
-0.041580930352211,
-0.05598630756139755,
0.05987965315580368,
-0.039634257555007935,
-0.043099332600831985,
-0.0005435475031845272,
-0.014638978987932205,
-0.0024272575974464417,
0.0244891420006752,
-0.03507904335856438,
0.007382756099104881,
0.00549448374658823,
0.05380603298544884,
-0.034183572977781296,
0.023204339668154716,
0.004195079673081636,
-0.04594147577881813,
0.02485901117324829,
-0.0591399185359478,
-0.05115855857729912,
-0.013636442832648754,
-0.015184047631919384,
-0.021627534180879593,
0.031302496790885925,
0.008745427243411541,
-0.04710948094725609,
-0.014551378786563873,
0.011572969146072865,
-0.03760971873998642,
-0.021335532888770103,
-0.034105706959962845,
0.013393108732998371,
0.016712184995412827,
0.002732641762122512,
-0.03686998039484024,
0.037123050540685654,
-0.004720681346952915,
-0.010589899495244026,
0.04387800395488739,
-0.014551378786563873,
0.004764481447637081,
-0.037259314209222794,
-0.04387800395488739,
0.020634731277823448,
-0.03445610776543617,
0.028869155794382095,
0.008346359245479107,
0.02587128058075905,
0.01371430978178978,
0.005562617443501949,
-0.051431093364953995,
0.02226993627846241,
-0.02094619907438755,
0.007460623048245907,
0.05104175955057144,
0.014025776647031307,
-0.01790938898921013,
-0.054390035569667816,
-0.025540346279740334,
0.020323263481259346,
-0.05147002637386322,
-0.029842492192983627,
0.06019112095236778,
-0.0004276596591807902,
-0.006005485542118549,
-0.011417235247790813,
-0.013811643235385418,
0.02684461697936058,
-0.03589664399623871,
0.014327511191368103,
-0.033891573548316956,
-0.04333293437957764,
0.03507904335856438,
0.007446023169904947,
0.027623286470770836,
-0.01932072639465332,
-0.041619863361120224,
0.03805745020508766,
0.06400659680366516,
0.030290227383375168,
-0.0034699442330747843,
-0.010823500342667103,
0.013704575598239899,
0.04313826933503151,
-0.05442896857857704,
0.04267106577754021,
0.03023182787001133,
0.030776895582675934,
0.03457290679216385,
-0.03208116814494133,
-0.019349927082657814,
0.013529375195503235,
-0.02869395539164543,
0.053572434931993484,
-0.007548223715275526,
0.008122491650283337,
0.0073632895946502686,
0.007387623190879822,
-0.040802258998155594,
-0.031886499375104904,
-0.01776338927447796,
0.012643638998270035,
-0.017422720789909363,
-0.0031292764469981194,
-0.01592378318309784,
0.0398094579577446,
-0.00015299630467779934,
-0.019778195768594742,
0.030582228675484657,
0.003844678634777665,
0.002586641348898411,
-0.030407028272747993,
-0.024820078164339066,
-0.006832821294665337,
0.037492915987968445,
-0.008974160999059677,
-0.02898595668375492,
0.015028313733637333,
-0.013461241498589516,
0.05380603298544884,
0.02552087977528572,
0.013928443193435669,
0.02359367348253727,
0.020615264773368835,
0.04060759395360947,
0.0018505557673051953,
-0.03165289759635925,
0.023846741765737534,
-0.014434577897191048,
-0.005538283847272396,
0.04232066497206688,
0.03523477539420128,
-0.0016522384248673916,
0.0034918442834168673,
-0.017451921477913857,
0.03393050655722618,
0.042359597980976105,
0.012517105787992477,
0.028071019798517227,
0.01537871453911066,
0.005805951543152332,
-0.020167529582977295,
0.016945786774158478,
-0.04800494760274887,
0.01080403383821249,
0.027973687276244164,
-0.030776895582675934,
0.00132252078037709,
0.04084119200706482,
-0.0007665024022571743,
0.010784567333757877,
0.00006695489719277248,
-0.010599632747471333,
-0.05840018019080162,
-0.011329635046422482,
0.022581404075026512,
-0.024508610367774963,
0.002215556800365448,
-0.023632606491446495,
-0.037045180797576904,
-0.010930567048490047,
-0.019203927367925644,
-0.02801262028515339,
0.004993215668946505,
0.033288102596998215,
0.0043289135210216045,
0.01843499019742012,
0.004589281044900417,
0.006604087073355913,
0.027623286470770836,
-0.05073029175400734,
0.01496991328895092,
-0.02766221947968006,
-0.03546837717294693,
-0.013743509538471699,
0.013870042748749256,
-0.023321138694882393,
0.0001437952450942248,
-0.035351578146219254,
-0.025326212868094444,
0.008326892741024494,
-0.011368568986654282,
0.014755778945982456,
0.04025719314813614,
0.039692655205726624,
0.025696080178022385,
0.010424432344734669,
0.010375766083598137,
0.045318540185689926,
-0.047148413956165314,
-0.024975810199975967,
-0.00988423079252243,
0.040529727935791016,
0.03745398297905922,
-0.05411750078201294,
-0.061670590192079544,
0.007660157047212124,
0.04021826013922691,
0.0031949765980243683,
-0.009524096734821796,
-0.009538696147501469,
0.04025719314813614,
-0.04352760314941406,
-0.06540820002555847,
0.03110782988369465,
0.016575917601585388,
0.007859691046178341,
0.035877179354429245,
0.012877239845693111,
-0.008463160134851933,
0.004499247297644615,
0.03073796257376671,
0.0008388942806050181,
0.03437824174761772,
0.01776338927447796,
0.002778875408694148,
0.019953396171331406,
0.002198523608967662,
0.01615738309919834,
0.025345679372549057,
-0.004399480298161507,
0.043099332600831985,
-0.02478114329278469,
0.010424432344734669,
-0.030329160392284393,
-0.04594147577881813,
0.03356063738465309,
0.024605942890048027,
-0.019846327602863312,
0.04076332598924637,
-0.02042059600353241,
0.01430804468691349,
0.026825150474905968,
0.037648651748895645,
0.021354999393224716,
0.0668487399816513,
-0.014200977981090546,
0.015622048638761044,
0.018454456701874733,
0.013539108447730541,
-0.018172189593315125,
0.004516280721873045,
0.014989379793405533,
0.0043313466012477875,
-0.03356063738465309,
-0.0367337130010128,
-0.001327387522906065,
0.00748495664447546,
0.01607951708137989,
-0.04769348353147507,
0.02205580286681652,
-0.02094619907438755,
-0.005995751824229956,
0.02240620367228985,
0.047966014593839645,
0.0003327593731228262,
0.041113726794719696,
0.01124203484505415,
0.010122697800397873,
-0.005178149323910475,
-0.004049079492688179,
0.022367268800735474,
-0.011446435935795307,
-0.003263110062107444,
0.031302496790885925,
0.07319489121437073,
0.019641928374767303,
-0.024722743779420853,
-0.005148949567228556,
-0.007236755918711424,
-0.04975695535540581,
-0.009465696290135384,
0.03525424376130104,
-0.0033823437988758087,
0.01997286267578602,
0.007368156220763922,
-0.02240620367228985,
-0.021277133375406265,
-0.03799905255436897,
-0.010473099537193775,
0.02293180488049984,
-0.01187470369040966,
-0.004971315618604422,
-0.012079103849828243,
0.02809048816561699,
0.02168593369424343,
0.0021559400483965874,
-0.029628358781337738,
0.05178149417042732,
-0.002586641348898411,
-0.0025331079959869385,
-0.00903256144374609,
-0.017938589677214622,
0.021802734583616257,
0.03182809799909592,
-0.04469560459256172,
-0.03914758935570717,
0.009937764145433903,
-0.012585239484906197,
0.03437824174761772,
0.022951271384954453,
0.01599191688001156,
0.08573146909475327,
-0.024878477677702904,
0.03180863335728645,
-0.03237316757440567,
0.03665584698319435,
-0.041931331157684326,
0.009855031035840511,
-0.012341905385255814,
0.02345740608870983,
-0.00843882653862238,
0.009212628938257694,
-0.03128303214907646,
-0.018230590969324112,
-0.03651957958936691,
0.035507310181856155,
-0.031964365392923355,
-0.03412517160177231,
-0.023924607783555984,
-0.006219619419425726,
0.025910213589668274,
0.056142039597034454,
0.05980178713798523,
-0.004915348719805479,
-0.019505660980939865,
-0.0035551111213862896,
0.030348626896739006,
0.049289751797914505,
0.0021243065129965544,
-0.015213247388601303,
0.029258491471409798,
-0.004543047398328781,
-0.022581404075026512,
-0.010628833435475826,
0.016352050006389618,
-0.02044006437063217,
-0.013519641943275928,
-0.027175551280379295,
-0.0224840696901083,
-0.03570197895169258,
0.013753242790699005,
0.03169183060526848,
-0.07373996078968048,
0.025910213589668274,
-0.011582702398300171,
-0.0414251945912838,
0.03260676935315132,
-0.004560080822557211,
-0.0008285525836981833,
-0.029608892276883125,
0.001183212036266923,
-0.027039283886551857,
-0.015485781244933605,
-0.029161157086491585,
0.065447136759758,
-0.05980178713798523,
0.0010578950168564916,
-0.01754925400018692,
-0.020673664286732674,
-0.018045656383037567,
0.006570020224899054,
0.05855591595172882,
-0.011884436942636967,
0.018269523978233337,
0.04107479378581047,
0.011845503933727741,
-0.002525807823985815,
-0.005859484896063805,
-0.013879776932299137,
0.02269820310175419,
-0.003667044686153531,
-0.018561525270342827,
-0.0315750315785408,
-0.03544890880584717,
0.039030786603689194,
-0.03739558160305023,
0.010950034484267235,
-0.010589899495244026,
0.025715546682476997,
-0.03231476619839668,
-0.009042294695973396,
-0.02853822149336338,
0.030134493485093117,
0.000396026240196079,
0.031730763614177704,
-0.03488437458872795,
-0.025345679372549057,
-0.046798013150691986,
0.018396057188510895,
-0.02277607098221779,
0.0041926465928554535,
0.017237786203622818,
-0.004392180126160383,
0.007840224541723728,
-0.0260270144790411,
0.011611903086304665,
-0.014210711233317852,
-0.011495102196931839,
0.00921749509871006,
-0.034631308168172836,
-0.051508959382772446,
0.027603819966316223,
0.0013541541993618011,
-0.017422720789909363,
-0.008745427243411541,
0.01638125069439411,
-0.019038459286093712,
-0.019671127200126648,
0.006501886993646622,
-0.012468438595533371,
-0.02565714716911316,
0.011154434643685818,
0.004282679874449968,
0.03007609397172928,
-0.00047602230915799737,
-0.008253891952335835,
0.004277813248336315,
0.00033336770138703287,
-0.018629657104611397,
0.018201390281319618,
-0.01101816724985838,
-0.002290990436449647,
-0.03655851259827614,
-0.019719794392585754,
-0.00799595844000578,
-0.029550492763519287,
-0.02624114789068699,
-0.02404140867292881,
0.0008881694520823658,
0.05715431272983551,
0.019155260175466537,
0.017743922770023346,
-0.03426143899559975,
-0.031886499375104904,
-0.03731771558523178,
0.0077574909664690495,
-0.03324916958808899,
0.003912812098860741,
-0.05256016179919243,
0.04594147577881813,
0.03671424835920334,
-0.04808281734585762,
-0.002181490184739232,
-0.014921246096491814,
0.015125647187232971,
0.048783618956804276,
-0.020381662994623184,
-0.03340490534901619,
-0.03768758475780487,
0.00932456273585558,
0.045824676752090454,
-0.0017398387426510453,
-0.003287443658336997,
-0.01297457329928875,
0.012702039442956448,
0.01371430978178978,
-0.014444312080740929,
0.010210298001766205,
0.0243334099650383,
-0.022620337083935738,
-0.025754479691386223,
0.0315750315785408,
0.027389684692025185,
-0.012079103849828243,
-0.021062998101115227,
-0.009747963398694992,
0.020537396892905235,
-0.035585176199674606,
0.05738791078329086,
0.029589425772428513,
-0.003976079169660807,
-0.014181510545313358,
-0.02044006437063217,
0.029141690582036972,
0.015456581488251686,
0.010502299293875694,
0.054234303534030914,
0.03358010575175285,
-0.013334708288311958,
0.024002473801374435,
-0.02935582399368286,
0.021588601171970367,
-0.04695374518632889,
-0.003423710586503148,
-0.029102757573127747,
0.005874084774404764,
-0.005007815547287464,
0.02700035087764263,
-0.005586950574070215,
-0.026299549266695976,
0.02478114329278469,
-0.013821376487612724,
-0.013879776932299137,
-0.007046955171972513
] |
Classification of malware families is crucial for a comprehensive
understanding of how they can infect devices, computers, or systems. Thus,
malware identification enables security researchers and incident responders to
take precautions against malware and accelerate mitigation. API call sequences
made by malware are widely utilized features by machine and deep learning
models for malware classification as these sequences represent the behavior of
malware. However, traditional machine and deep learning models remain incapable
of capturing sequence relationships between API calls. On the other hand, the
transformer-based models process sequences as a whole and learn relationships
between API calls due to multi-head attention mechanisms and positional
embeddings. Our experiments demonstrate that the transformer model with one
transformer block layer surpassed the widely used base architecture, LSTM.
Moreover, BERT or CANINE, pre-trained transformer models, outperformed in
classifying highly imbalanced malware families according to evaluation metrics,
F1-score, and AUC score. Furthermore, the proposed bagging-based random
transformer forest (RTF), an ensemble of BERT or CANINE, has reached the
state-of-the-art evaluation scores on three out of four datasets, particularly
state-of-the-art F1-score of 0.6149 on one of the commonly used benchmark
dataset. | [
-0.04654145613312721,
0.017134010791778564,
-0.022576360031962395,
-0.011776113882660866,
0.07037518173456192,
0.004140406847000122,
-0.06921164691448212,
-0.009946359321475029,
0.02128145657479763,
0.10576920956373215,
0.0395977720618248,
-0.057989154011011124,
-0.005479881074279547,
-0.053485140204429626,
-0.04853072762489319,
-0.017875296995043755,
-0.00775065366178751,
-0.03719563037157059,
0.04699185490608215,
-0.08114728331565857,
-0.011607213877141476,
-0.02557903341948986,
-0.019132666289806366,
-0.004565003793686628,
0.019949018955230713,
0.011297563090920448,
0.018644731491804123,
-0.03165945038199425,
-0.036932896822690964,
0.07093818485736847,
0.016280125826597214,
0.01622382551431656,
0.017575029283761978,
-0.019442318007349968,
-0.020999955013394356,
-0.050069596618413925,
-0.012442332692444324,
0.0531473383307457,
-0.053822942078113556,
0.007623978424817324,
0.03933503478765488,
0.010171559639275074,
-0.02171309106051922,
0.020887354388833046,
0.008398105390369892,
0.018879316747188568,
-0.051308199763298035,
-0.03227875009179115,
-0.011851181276142597,
-0.0002014489728026092,
-0.024584397673606873,
0.05025726556777954,
-0.025053566321730614,
-0.002241449663415551,
-0.0023129978217184544,
0.06042882427573204,
0.036276061087846756,
0.01709647849202156,
0.02285785973072052,
-0.01385921984910965,
0.0035985177382826805,
0.041136641055345535,
0.02762460522353649,
-0.011438312940299511,
0.008585772477090359,
0.009993276558816433,
-0.005020096432417631,
-0.031865883618593216,
0.004841812886297703,
-0.001846175640821457,
-0.07972101122140884,
-0.0003184477100148797,
0.008979873731732368,
0.03147178143262863,
0.026667503640055656,
0.03256025165319443,
0.036482494324445724,
0.02612326852977276,
0.02227609232068062,
0.03918490186333656,
0.03749589994549751,
0.05645028129220009,
-0.016664844006299973,
0.0645199716091156,
0.07784433662891388,
-0.03137794882059097,
-0.0328042209148407,
-0.07071298360824585,
-0.023026760667562485,
-0.01334313489496708,
-0.038546834141016006,
0.008158829994499683,
-0.01414072047919035,
-0.03278545290231705,
-0.03130288049578667,
0.016571009531617165,
-0.04267551377415657,
-0.040123239159584045,
-0.04515272006392479,
-0.02060585469007492,
0.038546834141016006,
-0.019967785105109215,
0.0197988860309124,
-0.025954367592930794,
0.026536136865615845,
-0.0011834760662168264,
-0.04507765173912048,
0.07063791900873184,
-0.041361842304468155,
0.12250912189483643,
-0.049281395971775055,
-0.08017141371965408,
0.0013957745395600796,
0.018184946849942207,
-0.0032466419506818056,
-0.018973149359226227,
-0.07202665507793427,
-0.0565628819167614,
-0.030721113085746765,
0.008543547242879868,
0.0010820184834301472,
0.02208842523396015,
0.02908840961754322,
-0.04278811067342758,
-0.05284707248210907,
0.04811786115169525,
0.05952802300453186,
0.06951191276311874,
0.027117904275655746,
0.027549538761377335,
-0.025034798309206963,
-0.010359227657318115,
0.02306429296731949,
0.006863926537334919,
0.040911439806222916,
0.007684970274567604,
-0.006807626225054264,
0.03227875009179115,
0.0003026133053936064,
-0.022219792008399963,
0.00806499645113945,
0.004738595802336931,
-0.03809643164277077,
-0.020005319267511368,
-0.010734561830759048,
0.023345794528722763,
0.0028150074649602175,
0.11702924221754074,
-0.017293529585003853,
0.003410850651562214,
-0.02796240709722042,
0.003183304099366069,
0.030833713710308075,
0.057989154011011124,
0.04061117395758629,
-0.04545298591256142,
0.034587059170007706,
-0.007614594884216785,
0.037965066730976105,
0.013756003230810165,
0.009730542078614235,
-0.028243906795978546,
0.010049575939774513,
0.012536166235804558,
0.06628403812646866,
0.03362995386123657,
0.04211251065135002,
-0.010518744587898254,
-0.06939931213855743,
0.055511943995952606,
0.001846175640821457,
-0.00433745700865984,
-0.004546236712485552,
0.014900772832334042,
-0.06245563179254532,
0.016054924577474594,
0.008046229369938374,
0.027924872934818268,
-0.0021640369668602943,
0.006840467918664217,
-0.008932956494390965,
0.03832163289189339,
-0.04796772450208664,
0.007910170592367649,
0.06669691205024719,
0.05127066746354103,
0.06692210584878922,
0.042487844824790955,
0.01329621858894825,
0.03768356516957283,
0.015285490080714226,
0.055174145847558975,
0.03749589994549751,
-0.03259778395295143,
0.06429477035999298,
-0.00469637056812644,
-0.050970401614904404,
0.01570774056017399,
-0.014112570323050022,
0.026104502379894257,
-0.04432698339223862,
-0.008163521066308022,
-0.0161299929022789,
0.044101782143116,
0.030251946300268173,
-0.029444977641105652,
0.014497288502752781,
-0.0044524031691253185,
0.014910155907273293,
-0.053597740828990936,
-0.04931892827153206,
-0.03758973255753517,
-0.01097852922976017,
0.034005288034677505,
0.03678276389837265,
0.020455719903111458,
-0.014412838034331799,
-0.010040192864835262,
-0.010997295379638672,
-0.008177596144378185,
0.041249241679906845,
0.009355207905173302,
0.02908840961754322,
-0.025654099881649017,
-0.005784840323030949,
-0.03528142720460892,
0.008651455864310265,
-0.011738580651581287,
0.010265393182635307,
0.02343962900340557,
-0.023477161303162575,
0.023251961916685104,
-0.009730542078614235,
-0.0339302234351635,
-0.008308963850140572,
-0.05112053453922272,
0.025860534980893135,
-0.009918209165334702,
-0.03644496202468872,
-0.018072348088026047,
0.013390052132308483,
0.00040524377254769206,
-0.037758633494377136,
-0.054048143327236176,
0.0395977720618248,
0.03205355256795883,
-0.06016609072685242,
-0.004576732870191336,
-0.0656459704041481,
0.057651352137327194,
0.008022771216928959,
-0.013005333952605724,
0.020662155002355576,
0.01506028976291418,
-0.0024537481367588043,
-0.056412748992443085,
-0.007661511655896902,
-0.010828395374119282,
-0.0010949205607175827,
-0.006080416031181812,
-0.001137145678512752,
0.03802136704325676,
-0.015585757791996002,
0.01222651544958353,
-0.0024865898303687572,
0.012658149935305119,
0.05836448818445206,
-0.006493283901363611,
-0.002596844220533967,
-0.0007066841353662312,
0.009758692234754562,
-0.02252005971968174,
-0.05100793391466141,
0.018260015174746513,
0.0051139299757778645,
-0.02182568982243538,
-0.0031692292541265488,
0.028581708669662476,
0.06091675907373428,
0.06039129197597504,
-0.016814976930618286,
-0.008262046612799168,
0.011766730807721615,
0.013502651825547218,
-0.01637396030128002,
0.022219792008399963,
-0.014628655277192593,
-0.011184962466359138,
-0.034249257296323776,
-0.011851181276142597,
-0.05374787375330925,
0.013146084733307362,
-0.02533506602048874,
-0.028806908056139946,
-0.016721144318580627,
0.012048231437802315,
0.023833729326725006,
0.041924841701984406,
-0.01183241419494152,
-0.0038894019089639187,
-0.07555479556322098,
-0.021562956273555756,
0.033348456025123596,
0.005418889224529266,
-0.02649860270321369,
0.00806499645113945,
0.033217087388038635,
0.0656084418296814,
-0.021656790748238564,
-0.0226138923317194,
0.0006621131906285882,
-0.022125957533717155,
-0.01617690920829773,
0.028713075444102287,
-0.023233193904161453,
0.04398918151855469,
-0.03394898772239685,
-0.04549051821231842,
0.0025288150645792484,
-0.03824656829237938,
0.015651440247893333,
0.015463774092495441,
-0.06320630013942719,
0.05524921044707298,
0.0028595782350748777,
-0.019498618319630623,
0.014891388826072216,
0.02126268856227398,
-0.006526125594973564,
-0.01809111423790455,
-0.01946108415722847,
0.025278765708208084,
-0.029388677328824997,
-0.011410163715481758,
0.0019763698801398277,
-0.008735906332731247,
-0.015435623936355114,
0.038190267980098724,
-0.005296905525028706,
-0.018729181960225105,
-0.03982296958565712,
-0.035806894302368164,
-0.03993557021021843,
-0.020774753764271736,
-0.007844487205147743,
-0.0498068630695343,
-0.03192218393087387,
0.006760709453374147,
-0.0395977720618248,
-0.03494362533092499,
0.001141250948421657,
-0.06748510897159576,
0.013333751820027828,
0.002613265300169587,
-0.019404783844947815,
-0.024696998298168182,
-0.009322365745902061,
0.016861895099282265,
0.021806923672556877,
0.01707771234214306,
-0.026329701766371727,
-0.0073330942541360855,
-0.003962122835218906,
-0.009655475616455078,
-0.01795036345720291,
-0.0452653206884861,
0.028431573882699013,
-0.01849459856748581,
-0.009556950069963932,
0.055962346494197845,
0.009125315584242344,
0.0016010354738682508,
0.015932941809296608,
-0.027249271050095558,
-0.005348513834178448,
0.021769391372799873,
0.008158829994499683,
0.0001988098956644535,
-0.00962732546031475,
0.06354410201311111,
-0.03381762281060219,
0.0288632083684206,
-0.0018543860642239451,
-0.017218461260199547,
-0.020624620839953423,
0.025034798309206963,
0.05678808316588402,
-0.058214351534843445,
-0.05112053453922272,
0.04083637520670891,
0.08204808086156845,
0.014065654017031193,
0.01741551235318184,
-0.029351143166422844,
-0.015201039612293243,
-0.028881976380944252,
-0.05172106996178627,
0.03141548112034798,
0.03635112941265106,
-0.0497693307697773,
-0.025297533720731735,
0.04230017587542534,
-0.010772095061838627,
-0.0032489877194166183,
-0.014919538982212543,
-0.05806421861052513,
0.03135918080806732,
-0.015914175659418106,
0.004002002067863941,
0.008027462288737297,
-0.01402811985462904,
0.028881976380944252,
0.001185235450975597,
-0.012329732067883015,
0.03415542468428612,
0.012939650565385818,
-0.030589746311306953,
0.02265142649412155,
-0.0260294359177351,
0.0015775770880281925,
-0.006080416031181812,
0.04954412952065468,
0.04470231756567955,
0.010331077501177788,
-0.02454686537384987,
0.029463743790984154,
0.0566004142165184,
-0.019001299515366554,
-0.03657633066177368,
0.018194330856204033,
0.07304006069898605,
0.030946314334869385,
0.030871247872710228,
-0.03590072691440582,
0.006854542996734381,
-0.02171309106051922,
0.013709085993468761,
-0.03477472439408302,
-0.02227609232068062,
-0.033536121249198914,
-0.019498618319630623,
0.059603091329336166,
0.026404770091176033,
-0.0018156797159463167,
-0.035825662314891815,
0.0069765266962349415,
-0.002965141087770462,
0.02556026726961136,
0.014046886935830116,
-0.012545549310743809,
-0.009542874991893768,
0.02298922650516033,
-0.06286849826574326,
-0.025091098621487617,
0.07007491588592529,
-0.006493283901363611,
0.007858562283217907,
-0.04909373074769974,
0.034136656671762466,
-0.01521980669349432,
-0.025841766968369484,
0.049731798470020294,
-0.0026953695341944695,
0.010837778449058533,
0.013089784421026707,
-0.024696998298168182,
0.01221713237464428,
-0.07439126074314117,
-0.0056112478487193584,
-0.003403813112527132,
0.022219792008399963,
-0.0361822284758091,
-0.03606962785124779,
0.00851539708673954,
0.018363231793045998,
-0.06256823241710663,
0.017443662509322166,
0.00449462840333581,
-0.014347154647111893,
0.03539402782917023,
0.021919524297118187,
-0.0027000613044947386,
-0.041474442929029465,
-0.02546643279492855,
0.0384717658162117,
0.016730526462197304,
0.005930282175540924,
-0.01687127724289894,
0.01538870669901371,
0.004874654579907656,
-0.0018708070274442434,
-0.04931892827153206,
-0.05896501988172531,
-0.0339677557349205,
0.0013253992656245828,
-0.054611142724752426,
-0.058214351534843445,
-0.007070360239595175,
0.08850383013486862,
-0.010424911044538021,
-0.017734546214342117,
-0.10847161710262299,
0.040686238557100296,
-0.014272087253630161,
0.011278796009719372,
0.04173717647790909,
-0.00369469728320837,
0.043951649218797684,
0.017912831157445908,
-0.007103201933205128,
-0.02193829044699669,
-0.039898037910461426,
-0.003701734822243452,
0.023852495476603508,
-0.034117888659238815,
0.007286177482455969,
-0.008914190344512463,
0.017875296995043755,
0.011194346472620964,
0.02908840961754322,
0.038659434765577316,
-0.03610716015100479,
0.013108551502227783,
0.01075332798063755,
-0.021206388249993324,
-0.018457064405083656,
0.038509301841259,
-0.005606556311249733,
-0.018260015174746513,
-0.026198334991931915,
-0.025391366332769394,
0.014234554022550583,
-0.05911515653133392,
0.007445694413036108,
0.02306429296731949,
-0.021300222724676132,
-0.01628950983285904,
0.005259372293949127,
-0.041812244802713394,
0.010499977506697178,
-0.02013668604195118,
-0.006225857883691788,
-0.03713933005928993,
-0.010575043968856335,
-0.05911515653133392,
-0.0007025789236649871,
0.09158157557249069,
0.0009084263583645225,
-0.002282501896843314,
-0.022576360031962395,
-0.038959700614213943,
0.0023388019762933254,
0.010087110102176666,
0.00631030835211277,
-0.020849822089076042,
-0.03667016327381134,
-0.001905994606204331,
0.020737221464514732,
0.011776113882660866,
-0.0004633032949641347,
-0.01278951670974493,
0.09203197807073593,
-0.004053610842674971,
-0.002151134889572859,
0.014722488820552826,
0.017087094485759735,
0.0003618457412812859,
0.028375273570418358,
0.022595126181840897,
0.022144725546240807,
0.018006663769483566,
-0.043613847345113754,
-0.054048143327236176,
-0.0050810882821679115,
-0.02353346161544323,
0.03665139526128769,
0.05352267250418663,
-0.03586319461464882,
-0.0013113243039697409,
0.0002681587648112327,
-0.003213800024241209,
-0.02306429296731949,
0.0033873922657221556,
0.00026068140869028866,
0.0209248885512352,
-0.02895704284310341,
-0.03663263097405434,
-0.05479881167411804,
0.011466463096439838,
-0.026986537501215935,
-0.03149054944515228,
0.014440988190472126,
-0.03239135071635246,
-0.04774252697825432,
0.005376663990318775,
0.03663263097405434,
0.029707711189985275,
0.004846504423767328,
0.040798839181661606,
-0.001107236254028976,
0.01775331236422062,
0.033104486763477325,
0.061855096369981766,
0.032091084867715836,
-0.0002584821777418256,
-0.0019787156488746405,
0.05341007187962532,
0.006981218233704567,
0.0010603194823488593,
0.017537495121359825,
0.05213393643498421,
-0.03460582345724106,
0.0520213358104229,
-0.01698387786746025,
-0.024171529337763786,
0.024959731847047806,
0.04230017587542534,
-0.031209047883749008,
-0.023814963176846504,
-0.009491266682744026,
0.042825646698474884,
-0.04222511127591133,
0.052659403532743454,
0.013080401346087456,
0.014900772832334042,
0.03657633066177368,
0.038997236639261246,
-0.026986537501215935,
-0.027455706149339676,
-0.04376398026943207,
-0.006193016190081835,
-0.020662155002355576,
0.002826736541464925,
-0.09525985270738602,
-0.055624544620513916,
-0.03522512689232826,
0.0016010354738682508,
0.008524781093001366,
-0.004518087022006512,
0.017443662509322166,
0.007910170592367649,
0.03790876641869545,
-0.006573042366653681,
0.01470372173935175,
-0.0021605181973427534,
-0.013202385045588017,
-0.018391381949186325,
0.0002957223914563656,
0.05067013204097748,
0.028225140646100044,
0.020399419590830803,
0.04154950752854347,
-0.029050875455141068,
0.0395977720618248,
-0.011213112622499466,
-0.00483712088316679,
-0.03565676137804985,
0.018147414550185204,
-0.013887370005249977,
0.007989929057657719,
-0.0006040536682121456,
0.00811191275715828,
0.033442288637161255,
0.02873184159398079,
0.02535383403301239,
-0.039447635412216187,
-0.031040148809552193,
0.007150118704885244,
-0.004224856849759817,
-0.0098994430154562,
-0.00775065366178751,
-0.0848255529999733,
-0.04800526052713394,
0.033892687410116196,
0.025259999558329582,
-0.020286820828914642,
0.03640742972493172,
0.07195159047842026,
-0.010969145223498344,
-0.043839048594236374,
-0.033329688012599945,
0.015079055912792683,
-0.0611419603228569,
0.03351735323667526,
-0.002754015615209937,
-0.020192986354231834,
-0.007736578583717346,
-0.025747934356331825,
0.02861924096941948,
-0.0048558879643678665,
-0.002976870397105813,
-0.018138030543923378,
-0.017115244641900063,
-0.006657492369413376,
0.031096449121832848,
0.023158127442002296,
-0.055624544620513916,
-0.008914190344512463,
0.01831631548702717,
-0.009646091610193253,
0.00023326442169491202,
-0.035581693053245544,
-0.019742585718631744,
-0.022576360031962395,
-0.03227875009179115,
-0.01642087660729885,
0.022932926192879677,
-0.03766479715704918,
0.03089001402258873,
-0.04132431000471115,
-0.018916849046945572,
0.04425191506743431,
0.0015412165084853768,
-0.0006345495930872858,
0.024715764448046684,
0.0070844353176653385,
0.04729212448000908,
0.07615533471107483,
-0.020324353128671646,
0.027812272310256958,
0.062192898243665695,
0.0299704447388649,
-0.027549538761377335,
-0.006634034216403961,
-0.05239666998386383,
0.012977183796465397,
0.009237916208803654,
0.017199695110321045,
-0.013155467808246613,
-0.011156812310218811,
0.0689864456653595,
-0.013793536461889744,
0.02623586915433407,
0.01426270417869091,
-0.019836418330669403,
0.0009670723229646683,
0.03892216831445694,
0.04308838024735451,
-0.002709444612264633,
-0.010265393182635307,
0.009918209165334702,
0.013483885675668716,
0.014609888195991516,
-0.0622304305434227,
0.019404783844947815,
-0.005179613828659058,
-0.01611122488975525,
0.03402405604720116,
0.0002482191484887153,
-0.041924841701984406,
0.02103748917579651,
-0.02240745909512043,
-0.001992790726944804,
-0.026085734367370605,
-0.03809643164277077,
0.01795036345720291,
0.0020338427275419235,
0.008445022627711296,
-0.020436953753232956,
0.00443129101768136,
-0.04323851317167282,
-0.011325713247060776,
0.004567349329590797,
-0.01233911607414484,
0.056863147765398026,
-0.0339302234351635,
-0.06166742742061615,
-0.010256010107696056,
0.01533240731805563,
-0.008904806338250637,
0.04627872258424759,
0.021562956273555756,
0.04706692323088646,
-0.06260576099157333,
-0.001660854322835803,
0.004586116410791874,
0.00009654595487518236,
0.005207763519138098,
0.012038848362863064,
-0.010697027668356895,
-0.05228406935930252,
-0.010453061200678349,
-0.014403454028069973,
0.04042350500822067,
-0.010940995067358017,
0.006404141895473003,
0.006014732643961906,
-0.040798839181661606,
-0.024284129962325096,
0.04778005927801132,
-0.03381762281060219,
-0.002603881759569049,
-0.001319534727372229,
-0.026855170726776123,
0.028825676068663597,
0.005845832172781229,
-0.06778537482023239,
0.008801589719951153,
-0.06635911017656326,
-0.011475847102701664,
0.027662139385938644,
0.006422908511012793,
0.003199725179001689,
-0.01966751739382744,
-0.04042350500822067,
-0.040348440408706665,
-0.037852466106414795,
-0.04166210815310478,
0.001055041328072548,
-0.021450355648994446,
-0.007112585473805666,
-0.019780118018388748,
0.02850664220750332,
0.01007772609591484,
-0.0029369909316301346,
0.006774784531444311,
-0.0055127227678895,
0.021412823349237442,
-0.013155467808246613,
-0.03678276389837265,
0.019386017695069313,
0.0008257355075329542,
-0.025841766968369484,
0.0058505237102508545,
-0.042150042951107025,
-0.009702391922473907,
0.03430555760860443,
0.05194627121090889,
0.037176866084337234,
0.02060585469007492,
0.018588433042168617,
-0.03374255448579788,
-0.0011805436806753278,
0.02546643279492855,
-0.03302941843867302,
0.03426802158355713,
-0.011466463096439838,
-0.012160832062363625,
-0.010884695686399937,
0.03590072691440582,
-0.030045513063669205,
0.0016784481704235077,
0.0052124555222690105,
-0.033892687410116196,
-0.005859907250851393,
-0.023908795788884163,
-0.028713075444102287,
0.05243420600891113,
0.005540872924029827,
0.02060585469007492,
0.015154123306274414,
0.005756690166890621,
0.019873952493071556,
0.04199991002678871,
-0.05468621104955673,
-0.005254680290818214,
0.020211752504110336,
-0.004991946276277304,
0.012001315131783485,
0.013990586623549461,
-0.021544190123677254,
-0.021450355648994446,
-0.002901803469285369,
-0.030721113085746765,
0.030420847237110138,
0.02818760648369789,
-0.013446351513266563,
-0.008834431879222393,
-0.021018721163272858,
-0.060691557824611664,
-0.007098510395735502,
-0.03471842408180237,
-0.0006415870739147067,
0.06275589764118195,
0.005508031230419874,
-0.011016062460839748,
-0.00006498708535218611,
0.00859515555202961,
0.024415496736764908,
-0.012827049940824509,
0.04890606179833412,
0.04121170938014984,
0.04106157273054123,
-0.029332377016544342,
0.036932896822690964,
-0.05386047437787056,
0.01693696156144142,
-0.019967785105109215,
-0.03359242156147957,
-0.05123313516378403,
-0.034324321895837784,
0.03608839586377144,
-0.04432698339223862,
-0.028375273570418358,
0.03929750248789787,
-0.020343119278550148,
0.010265393182635307,
-0.0006146099185571074,
-0.04323851317167282,
0.010406143963336945,
0.013193001039326191,
-0.04654145613312721,
-0.006061649415642023,
-0.03858436644077301,
0.04684172198176384,
0.04695432260632515,
0.02839404158294201,
-0.01233911607414484,
0.025297533720731735,
-0.05044493079185486,
0.016092458739876747,
-0.04027337208390236,
0.007403469644486904,
0.016233209520578384,
0.0057191564701497555,
0.005681623239070177,
0.012461099773645401,
-0.01673991046845913,
-0.00046154391020536423,
-0.0046752579510211945,
0.0006714965566061437,
0.0057191564701497555,
0.0058176820166409016,
0.01278013363480568,
-0.0002046744921244681,
0.011457080021500587,
-0.029501277953386307,
-0.003685313742607832,
0.016589777544140816,
0.009087782353162766,
-0.033104486763477325,
-0.006427600048482418,
-0.00016376891289837658,
-0.001289038802497089,
0.009805609472095966,
0.016233209520578384,
-0.011522763408720493,
-0.0022015704307705164,
-0.043163444846868515,
-0.039672836661338806,
-0.0020526095759123564,
0.037176866084337234,
0.028093773871660233,
-0.01923588290810585,
0.012001315131783485,
-0.04819292575120926,
0.03055221401154995,
0.004482899326831102,
-0.030814947560429573,
-0.01278951670974493,
-0.043951649218797684,
-0.017284145578742027,
0.018747949972748756,
-0.027230504900217056,
-0.022125957533717155,
0.01642087660729885,
-0.011898097582161427,
-0.0074410028755664825,
-0.011869947426021099,
0.03340475261211395,
-0.023383328691124916,
0.00930359959602356,
0.009693008847534657,
-0.003110583173111081,
-0.035356491804122925,
0.011597830802202225,
-0.009646091610193253,
0.02389002963900566,
-0.0192546509206295,
0.030345778912305832,
-0.037833698093891144,
-0.03079618141055107,
0.01934848353266716,
-0.02704283781349659,
-0.01307101733982563,
0.04016077145934105,
0.020624620839953423,
-0.018729181960225105,
-0.01166351418942213,
0.011128662154078484,
-0.0023692979011684656,
-0.03721439838409424,
0.002965141087770462,
-0.005630014929920435,
0.016702376306056976,
-0.005315672140568495,
0.021018721163272858,
-0.0006843986921012402,
-0.03822780027985573,
-0.024603163823485374,
0.00934582483023405,
0.025072332471609116,
-0.011522763408720493,
-0.0018027776386588812,
-0.009477191604673862,
-0.0407237745821476,
-0.012845817022025585,
-0.020174220204353333,
-0.005658165086060762,
0.017171544954180717,
-0.02816884033381939,
0.013915520161390305,
-0.03199725225567818,
0.029595110565423965,
0.04049857333302498,
0.050857800990343094,
0.049844399094581604,
-0.03359242156147957,
-0.038302868604660034,
-0.009768075309693813,
0.004175594076514244,
-0.02589806728065014,
-0.011231879703700542,
0.0036806222051382065,
0.05078273266553879,
-0.004672912415117025,
0.011062978766858578,
0.03635112941265106,
0.022951694205403328,
-0.013784152455627918,
0.03374255448579788,
-0.011879331432282925,
-0.007164193782955408,
0.011475847102701664
] |
For supervised classification problems, this paper considers estimating the
query's label probability through local regression using observed covariates.
Well-known nonparametric kernel smoother and $k$-nearest neighbor ($k$-NN)
estimator, which take label average over a ball around the query, are
consistent but asymptotically biased particularly for a large radius of the
ball. To eradicate such bias, local polynomial regression (LPoR) and multiscale
$k$-NN (MS-$k$-NN) learn the bias term by local regression around the query and
extrapolate it to the query itself. However, their theoretical optimality has
been shown for the limit of the infinite number of training samples. For
correcting the asymptotic bias with fewer observations, this paper proposes a
\emph{local radial regression (LRR)} and its logistic regression variant called
\emph{local radial logistic regression~(LRLR)}, by combining the advantages of
LPoR and MS-$k$-NN. The idea is quite simple: we fit the local regression to
observed labels by taking only the radial distance as the explanatory variable
and then extrapolate the estimated label probability to zero distance. The
usefulness of the proposed method is shown theoretically and experimentally. We
prove the convergence rate of the $L^2$ risk for LRR with reference to
MS-$k$-NN, and our numerical experiments, including real-world datasets of
daily stock indices, demonstrate that LRLR outperforms LPoR and MS-$k$-NN. | [
0.0016616489738225937,
0.008306100964546204,
-0.026260485872626305,
0.025900283828377724,
0.005784682463854551,
-0.01593467779457569,
-0.028747599571943283,
0.022246800363063812,
-0.036054566502571106,
-0.0379413440823555,
0.009862691164016724,
-0.03137193247675896,
0.010514485649764538,
-0.0778723731637001,
-0.029022039845585823,
0.004232381004840136,
-0.005124310962855816,
-0.021492090076208115,
-0.014356647618114948,
-0.015428679063916206,
-0.009030794724822044,
-0.03262406587600708,
-0.009708317928016186,
0.0828809067606926,
0.01566881313920021,
0.04336153343319893,
0.030754443258047104,
-0.015788881108164787,
-0.05643174424767494,
0.04013686254620552,
0.03773551434278488,
0.022950053215026855,
-0.015643084421753883,
-0.016620777547359467,
-0.016620777547359467,
0.008503355085849762,
0.03876466304063797,
0.02631194330751896,
-0.004247389268130064,
0.054099004715681076,
0.03975950926542282,
0.030222715809941292,
-0.01370485220104456,
0.015711694955825806,
0.02042863517999649,
-0.022967204451560974,
0.0002633177791722119,
0.03574582189321518,
-0.00989699549973011,
-0.04133753851056099,
-0.01998266950249672,
-0.0064236135222017765,
0.009785505011677742,
-0.04809562489390373,
-0.018164504319429398,
0.03564290702342987,
0.030548613518476486,
0.051011551171541214,
-0.0055445474572479725,
-0.012667125090956688,
-0.013944987207651138,
0.013258887454867363,
-0.051560431718826294,
-0.01566881313920021,
-0.0028601803351193666,
-0.04061713442206383,
0.036431923508644104,
0.008095982484519482,
0.010557367466390133,
-0.015154238790273666,
-0.07368716597557068,
-0.01048875693231821,
0.04802701622247696,
0.030291324481368065,
-0.017804300412535667,
0.07183469086885452,
-0.02951946295797825,
-0.005831852089613676,
-0.020548701286315918,
0.023481780663132668,
0.10860966891050339,
0.00517576839774847,
0.013276039622724056,
0.03389335051178932,
-0.008340406231582165,
-0.008799235336482525,
0.05773533508181572,
-0.06240081787109375,
0.07101137191057205,
-0.0051457518711686134,
-0.022315410897135735,
0.03324155509471893,
0.0054116155952215195,
0.03070298582315445,
0.022607002407312393,
0.010497333481907845,
-0.022778527811169624,
-0.03776981681585312,
-0.049433521926403046,
0.030994577333331108,
0.028987735509872437,
0.01678372733294964,
-0.013807767070829868,
0.04802701622247696,
0.06082278490066528,
-0.038524527102708817,
-0.05437344312667847,
0.011337806470692158,
0.015351492911577225,
0.1520398110151291,
0.01878199353814125,
0.015643084421753883,
0.023893440142273903,
-0.01277861651033163,
-0.08651723712682724,
0.013241734355688095,
-0.014699697494506836,
-0.10819800943136215,
0.026826519519090652,
0.0096740135923028,
0.01650071144104004,
0.024493778124451637,
0.058592960238456726,
0.010746045038104057,
-0.06075417622923851,
0.03260691463947296,
0.024133576080203056,
0.01593467779457569,
-0.006440766155719757,
0.021509243175387383,
-0.01072031632065773,
-0.001861046883277595,
0.034219250082969666,
-0.06943334639072418,
-0.005188633222132921,
0.07169747352600098,
0.08953607827425003,
0.014665392227470875,
0.0034240689128637314,
0.0065565453842282295,
0.006333562545478344,
-0.07258940488100052,
0.0009793008212000132,
-0.005535971373319626,
0.00586186908185482,
0.04878172650933266,
-0.026706451550126076,
-0.02711811102926731,
0.02317303605377674,
0.032195255160331726,
-0.015240001492202282,
0.05104585736989975,
0.06260664761066437,
0.03356745466589928,
0.06987930834293365,
0.05097724869847298,
-0.02620902843773365,
-0.0070968493819236755,
0.01566881313920021,
-0.07780376821756363,
0.03975950926542282,
-0.015325764194130898,
0.00981123372912407,
0.05444205179810524,
0.017461251467466354,
0.08445893973112106,
-0.017375487834215164,
-0.039073407649993896,
-0.12246888875961304,
0.019862601533532143,
-0.05111446604132652,
-0.02145778387784958,
0.025797368958592415,
0.03442507982254028,
-0.0022148173302412033,
0.04264112934470177,
0.015643084421753883,
-0.009734046645462513,
0.01554017048329115,
-0.015240001492202282,
0.003430501092225313,
0.002437799936160445,
-0.01534291636198759,
0.028713295236229897,
-0.012847227044403553,
-0.02427079528570175,
0.10963881760835648,
-0.013559055514633656,
0.04939921572804451,
0.023584695532917976,
0.01686948910355568,
0.018679078668355942,
0.032126642763614655,
-0.008147439919412136,
0.02749546617269516,
-0.00013976612535770983,
0.019004976376891136,
0.020411482080817223,
0.0019264408620074391,
-0.007641441188752651,
-0.007101137191057205,
-0.05619160830974579,
0.016843760386109352,
0.0006844921736046672,
0.041200317442417145,
-0.0348195880651474,
0.03859313949942589,
-0.015454407781362534,
-0.0087520657107234,
-0.03838730975985527,
0.005265819374471903,
-0.012907261028885841,
-0.04699786752462387,
0.036431923508644104,
-0.05701493099331856,
-0.018113046884536743,
0.059073228389024734,
0.013799190521240234,
0.021320564672350883,
-0.03315579518675804,
-0.023516084998846054,
-0.0035548568703234196,
0.03979381173849106,
-0.019399484619498253,
-0.013387531042098999,
0.045419834554195404,
-0.021303411573171616,
-0.016294879838824272,
0.005604581441730261,
-0.02794143185019493,
0.0672721266746521,
-0.0018953519174829125,
-0.01328461617231369,
-0.013936410658061504,
-0.05811268836259842,
0.0154458312317729,
-0.013859224505722523,
-0.013859224505722523,
-0.004451075103133917,
-0.02869614213705063,
-0.008318965323269367,
-0.012795769609510899,
-0.005673191510140896,
-0.004253821447491646,
0.0383186973631382,
-0.03653483837842941,
0.0060805631801486015,
0.01584891602396965,
0.0414404533803463,
0.03612317889928818,
-0.07361855357885361,
-0.04195502772927284,
-0.0052057853899896145,
-0.036774974316358566,
-0.042298078536987305,
-0.020394328981637955,
0.02428794838488102,
-0.04212655499577522,
0.05481940880417824,
-0.010342961177229881,
0.05344720929861069,
0.015351492911577225,
0.026174724102020264,
0.02897058241069317,
0.05125168710947037,
0.02336171269416809,
0.04713508486747742,
-0.005827563814818859,
0.006406460888683796,
-0.022435477003455162,
0.020119888707995415,
-0.08054816722869873,
-0.012529905885457993,
0.01370485220104456,
-0.019673924893140793,
-0.04065144062042236,
0.006723782047629356,
-0.02619187720119953,
0.05186917632818222,
-0.021938055753707886,
0.01933087408542633,
0.017349759116768837,
0.012529905885457993,
-0.0003074050764553249,
-0.01072889193892479,
-0.009082252159714699,
-0.00798020325601101,
-0.005111446604132652,
-0.020960362628102303,
-0.000026650035579223186,
0.017366912215948105,
-0.03416779264807701,
-0.007620000746101141,
0.0009916292037814856,
0.04209224879741669,
0.011878110468387604,
-0.01888490840792656,
-0.0003213414747733623,
0.01155221275985241,
0.014562477357685566,
-0.015360068529844284,
-0.011432144790887833,
0.02722102589905262,
0.01666365936398506,
0.007650017738342285,
-0.017941521480679512,
0.010565944015979767,
0.05176626145839691,
-0.04603732377290726,
-0.0065565453842282295,
0.003271840512752533,
0.031217560172080994,
0.005265819374471903,
-0.04281265288591385,
0.025145573541522026,
0.04387611150741577,
-0.015454407781362534,
-0.032075185328722,
0.045488446950912476,
-0.0457971915602684,
-0.008499066345393658,
0.02730678953230381,
-0.07217774540185928,
0.01668938808143139,
-0.002358469646424055,
-0.0072340695187449455,
0.0010446947999298573,
0.0738929957151413,
-0.024802522733807564,
0.00788157619535923,
-0.035677213221788406,
0.0023992068599909544,
-0.07382438331842422,
-0.04648328945040703,
-0.02209242805838585,
-0.003574153408408165,
0.007928745821118355,
0.0351969413459301,
-0.003861457807943225,
0.0162262711673975,
-0.007538526318967342,
-0.03507687523961067,
0.009468182921409607,
0.011560789309442043,
-0.02207527495920658,
-0.022950053215026855,
-0.030205562710762024,
0.0002302187931491062,
0.02300151064991951,
0.03070298582315445,
0.0008758498006500304,
-0.01620911806821823,
-0.03142338991165161,
0.03471667319536209,
0.01264139637351036,
-0.04205794259905815,
-0.07320689409971237,
-0.0003200014471076429,
-0.013807767070829868,
0.020291414111852646,
0.011149128898978233,
-0.034322164952754974,
-0.10476750880479813,
0.010360113345086575,
-0.08356700837612152,
0.0033104335889220238,
-0.012581363320350647,
0.03855883330106735,
0.03365321457386017,
0.005694631952792406,
-0.04909047111868858,
0.007397017907351255,
0.015274306759238243,
-0.004961362108588219,
-0.04377319663763046,
0.02162930928170681,
0.0034326452296227217,
-0.022658459842205048,
0.010557367466390133,
0.015608780086040497,
-0.005162904039025307,
0.024425167590379715,
-0.017992978915572166,
-0.021028971299529076,
0.0011116968235000968,
0.029999732971191406,
-0.02768414467573166,
-0.03361891210079193,
0.007620000746101141,
0.023516084998846054,
0.0064879353158175945,
-0.03483673930168152,
0.018164504319429398,
-0.04260682314634323,
0.05159473791718483,
-0.00037842715391889215,
0.00017460715025663376,
-0.011955296620726585,
-0.007401306182146072,
-0.03214379772543907,
-0.036603447049856186,
-0.000860305386595428,
-0.04644898697733879,
-0.0265863835811615,
-0.031303323805332184,
-0.0049399216659367085,
0.032040879130363464,
-0.040376998484134674,
-0.019588161259889603,
0.00885069277137518,
-0.005574564449489117,
-0.009562522172927856,
0.0020647328346967697,
-0.0032053745817393064,
0.003758542938157916,
0.022040970623493195,
-0.0236533060669899,
0.01659504882991314,
-0.0279585849493742,
-0.012795769609510899,
-0.033035725355148315,
-0.04051421955227852,
0.05996515974402428,
0.024613846093416214,
-0.03897049278020859,
0.07197191566228867,
0.07300106436014175,
-0.012564210221171379,
0.014871222898364067,
-0.017178233712911606,
0.04809562489390373,
0.020205652341246605,
0.01969107612967491,
0.00198004231788218,
-0.0021183344069868326,
0.022521240636706352,
-0.03951937332749367,
-0.03639761731028557,
-0.014982713386416435,
-0.010711739771068096,
0.009511064738035202,
-0.006029105745255947,
0.021303411573171616,
-0.007770085241645575,
-0.025265641510486603,
-0.04058282822370529,
0.004819854162633419,
-0.003372611477971077,
-0.016174813732504845,
0.011329229921102524,
-0.05571134015917778,
0.007311255671083927,
-0.03255545720458031,
-0.011243467219173908,
0.039073407649993896,
-0.014519596472382545,
0.014210850931704044,
-0.06874724477529526,
0.06984500586986542,
0.001018429989926517,
0.0017184666357934475,
0.014699697494506836,
-0.019210806116461754,
-0.0029287904035300016,
-0.035334162414073944,
-0.0024013507645577192,
0.0068953074514865875,
-0.06631159037351608,
-0.00008375247125513852,
-0.004922769032418728,
0.004408194217830896,
-0.06150888651609421,
0.009279505349695683,
-0.010960451327264309,
0.019931212067604065,
0.00013005083019379526,
-0.03080590069293976,
-0.027444008737802505,
-0.013696275651454926,
-0.0023777661845088005,
0.028936278074979782,
-0.017469827085733414,
-0.033395927399396896,
0.05632882937788963,
0.0351969413459301,
-0.01141499262303114,
0.0265863835811615,
0.019485246390104294,
0.04041130468249321,
-0.05379025638103485,
-0.014013596810400486,
0.02933078445494175,
-0.07286384701728821,
-0.03938215225934982,
0.03732385113835335,
-0.021869445219635963,
-0.00199397886171937,
-0.017735691741108894,
0.09399573504924774,
0.010891840793192387,
0.07066832482814789,
-0.003657771972939372,
-0.031097492203116417,
0.06212637573480606,
-0.00815172865986824,
0.007225492969155312,
0.016929524019360542,
-0.039073407649993896,
0.009725471027195454,
0.008807811886072159,
0.08027372509241104,
-0.029999732971191406,
0.026534926146268845,
-0.01905643381178379,
-0.01613193191587925,
0.01825026609003544,
0.010042792186141014,
-0.03584873676300049,
0.04672342538833618,
0.024630999192595482,
-0.0036427634768188,
0.0019125044345855713,
-0.042846959084272385,
0.06233220547437668,
-0.03684358298778534,
0.06270956248044968,
0.035883042961359024,
-0.019742533564567566,
0.075127974152565,
-0.010111401788890362,
-0.014974137768149376,
0.045488446950912476,
-0.0015565898502245545,
-0.041200317442417145,
-0.03897049278020859,
-0.036226093769073486,
-0.027564076706767082,
0.003805712331086397,
-0.01962246745824814,
-0.033121488988399506,
0.019845448434352875,
0.03903910145163536,
0.050359755754470825,
-0.0009632204310037196,
-0.027444008737802505,
0.029725292697548866,
0.010214317589998245,
-0.011509330943226814,
-0.019673924893140793,
0.04675773158669472,
-0.03300142288208008,
-0.00513288751244545,
-0.0021429911721497774,
0.012452718801796436,
0.013207429088652134,
0.02610611356794834,
0.003366179298609495,
-0.011843805201351643,
-0.01740121655166149,
-0.00300168851390481,
0.03401342034339905,
0.0492963008582592,
-0.01941663585603237,
-0.00815172865986824,
0.022795680910348892,
-0.05059989169239998,
0.006723782047629356,
0.0579068586230278,
-0.06469925493001938,
0.03401342034339905,
-0.010969027876853943,
-0.008130287751555443,
-0.02675790898501873,
-0.036329008638858795,
0.033395927399396896,
0.0197768397629261,
0.008902150206267834,
0.001442954526282847,
-0.00685242610052228,
-0.0032482556998729706,
0.01127777248620987,
0.006037681829184294,
0.01759847067296505,
0.028884820640087128,
0.025059811770915985,
-0.029828207567334175,
-0.00985411461442709,
-0.003876466304063797,
0.07320689409971237,
-0.025248488411307335,
-0.04644898697733879,
0.03598595783114433,
0.019090738147497177,
-0.02511126920580864,
0.012993022799491882,
-0.00819460954517126,
0.05735797807574272,
-0.04812993109226227,
0.06785531342029572,
-0.05602008476853371,
0.021286260336637497,
-0.020943209528923035,
-0.0015490857185795903,
0.025625843554735184,
0.03602026402950287,
0.012547058053314686,
0.047237999737262726,
0.007478492334485054,
-0.0033082894515246153,
0.024253644049167633,
-0.01246129535138607,
-0.0060805631801486015,
0.030497156083583832,
-0.02766699157655239,
0.022847138345241547,
0.0197768397629261,
-0.01831887662410736,
-0.003612746484577656,
0.01030865591019392,
0.01373915746808052,
0.038181476294994354,
-0.028558922931551933,
-0.008674879558384418,
0.04209224879741669,
-0.00558742880821228,
0.055848557502031326,
0.006342139095067978,
-0.02005128003656864,
0.014673968777060509,
-0.004225948825478554,
-0.02850746549665928,
-0.00888499803841114,
0.014819765463471413,
-0.014125088229775429,
-0.01273573562502861,
0.024579539895057678,
-0.03667205572128296,
0.028919124975800514,
-0.015891795977950096,
0.0008056317456066608,
-0.0346309095621109,
-0.012658549472689629,
0.02198951318860054,
0.05454496666789055,
-0.0014043614501133561,
-0.03814717382192612,
-0.01182665303349495,
0.00843474455177784,
0.07677461951971054,
-0.027649838477373123,
-0.014442410320043564,
0.015051323920488358,
-0.022932900115847588,
0.012066788040101528,
-0.017289726063609123,
-0.020960362628102303,
0.029090650379657745,
0.015222849324345589,
-0.015334339812397957,
-0.009476759470999241,
0.012795769609510899,
0.004017974715679884,
0.018284570425748825,
0.01402217335999012,
0.013181700371205807,
-0.005235802382230759,
0.01806158944964409,
0.04607162997126579,
-0.0013807767536491156,
0.044116243720054626,
-0.05619160830974579,
-0.015034171752631664,
-0.06836988776922226,
0.011166281066834927,
0.027632687240839005,
-0.04332723096013069,
0.04425346478819847,
-0.000983053003437817,
0.020137041807174683,
-0.03811286762356758,
-0.020960362628102303,
0.04885033518075943,
0.019536703824996948,
-0.024253644049167633,
-0.013267463073134422,
0.0011492179473862052,
-0.008773506619036198,
-0.01675799861550331,
-0.04497386887669563,
-0.0081603042781353,
-0.017838606610894203,
-0.050908636301755905,
0.028661837801337242,
0.029725292697548866,
0.05602008476853371,
0.014759731478989124,
-0.030771594494581223,
-0.013790614902973175,
-0.020308567211031914,
-0.014545325189828873,
-0.05499093234539032,
-0.005939055234193802,
0.016826607286930084,
0.007710051257163286,
-0.009073675610125065,
0.004337439779192209,
0.004704074934124947,
-0.003557001007720828,
-0.0002107882173731923,
0.006385020446032286,
-0.002847315976396203,
0.01374773308634758,
0.03365321457386017,
0.007508509326726198,
0.0055702761746943,
0.006132020615041256,
0.028370244428515434,
-0.0013046624371781945,
-0.012487024068832397,
0.03205803409218788,
0.002397062722593546,
0.051183078438043594,
0.00943387858569622,
-0.023396017029881477,
0.006312122102826834,
0.0020239956211298704,
0.07752932608127594,
0.0036792124155908823,
-0.004549702163785696,
0.009270929731428623,
0.017452673986554146,
0.043430145829916,
0.009528216905891895,
-0.013396106660366058,
0.04538553208112717,
-0.016089050099253654,
0.0033447386231273413,
0.0036234669387340546,
-0.018576163798570633,
0.004238813184201717,
0.043121401220560074,
0.006209207233041525,
0.01315597165375948,
-0.0215263944119215,
-0.009665437042713165,
-0.02363615296781063,
-0.010188588872551918,
0.018267419189214706,
0.012401261366903782,
-0.0014987002359703183,
-0.0017270429525524378,
-0.04826715216040611,
0.0403083898127079,
-0.0614059716463089,
-0.05505954474210739,
0.0005955135566182435,
0.02933078445494175,
-0.03897049278020859,
0.016174813732504845,
-0.044768039137125015,
0.005240090657025576,
0.04250390827655792,
0.03708371892571449,
-0.06380732357501984,
0.02730678953230381,
0.014373799785971642,
-0.08617419004440308,
0.01264139637351036,
0.02787282131612301,
-0.0801365077495575,
0.03722093626856804,
0.031749289482831955,
0.019090738147497177,
-0.05746089294552803,
0.03804425895214081,
0.07485353201627731,
0.005758953746408224,
-0.0014408105053007603,
-0.015883220359683037,
0.046963561326265335,
0.004264541901648045,
-0.0021311987657099962,
0.02475106529891491,
0.008125999942421913,
0.010480181314051151,
-0.02409926988184452,
-0.0021215504966676235,
-0.01328461617231369,
0.02089175209403038,
-0.04497386887669563,
-0.00428812624886632,
-0.01447671465575695,
-0.011183434166014194,
-0.006260664667934179,
0.019999822601675987,
0.038181476294994354,
0.0014140097191557288,
0.03969089686870575,
-0.018816299736499786,
-0.009408149868249893,
0.027512619271874428,
0.007358424831181765,
-0.02207527495920658,
0.014939832501113415,
-0.007963051088154316,
0.03951937332749367,
-0.009802657179534435,
-0.0074356114491820335,
-0.009596827439963818,
0.00031946541275829077,
-0.0185933168977499,
0.012118245474994183,
-0.003998677711933851,
-0.012821498326957226,
0.02355039119720459,
-0.0005767529946751893,
-0.017907215282320976,
0.023533238098025322,
0.005780394654721022,
-0.0165092870593071,
0.014228004030883312,
-0.04415054991841316,
-0.0029995443765074015,
-0.028010042384266853,
-0.027152417227625847,
-0.007572831120342016,
0.04051421955227852,
-0.04689495265483856,
0.042572520673274994,
-0.019588161259889603,
0.017615623772144318,
0.04881603270769119,
0.002836595755070448,
-0.006925324443727732,
-0.03886757791042328,
-0.027975736185908318,
-0.012950141914188862,
0.013027328066527843,
0.02842170186340809,
0.034493688493967056,
-0.017838606610894203,
-0.031560610979795456,
-0.012675701640546322,
-0.011706585064530373,
0.03080590069293976,
0.009974182583391666,
0.005716072395443916,
0.051080163568258286,
0.006127732805907726,
0.01733260788023472,
-0.02593458816409111,
-0.017118200659751892,
-0.015042747370898724,
-0.003520551836118102,
-0.029279327020049095,
-0.014605358242988586,
0.03243538737297058,
0.047786880284547806,
0.027049502357840538,
0.00828894879668951,
0.020411482080817223,
0.002752977190539241,
-0.016286304220557213,
0.018370334059000015,
0.03543707728385925,
-0.009562522172927856,
0.041646283119916916,
-0.06668893992900848,
-0.017195386812090874,
-0.04096018522977829,
0.03348169103264809,
-0.016895217821002007,
-0.04047991335391998,
-0.022212494164705276,
0.03445938602089882,
0.021646462380886078,
0.014725426211953163,
0.05533398315310478,
0.04363597556948662,
-0.05344720929861069,
-0.01576315239071846,
0.00829323660582304,
0.012178279459476471,
-0.06891877204179764,
0.04603732377290726,
-0.013619089499115944,
-0.011440721340477467,
-0.014013596810400486,
0.003196798264980316,
-0.03337877616286278,
-0.002268418902531266,
-0.007358424831181765,
0.016723692417144775,
-0.024682456627488136,
-0.026003198698163033,
0.011560789309442043,
0.007525661960244179,
-0.01602901704609394,
0.0406857430934906,
0.004644040949642658,
-0.014699697494506836,
0.021920902654528618,
0.015711694955825806,
-0.005257242824882269,
0.0151628153398633,
0.04607162997126579,
0.017855757847428322,
-0.004789837170392275,
0.016998132690787315,
0.02181798778474331,
0.035128332674503326,
-0.010368689894676208,
0.0013175267959013581,
-0.036706361919641495,
0.05324137955904007,
0.037804123014211655,
-0.017718538641929626,
-0.02492259070277214,
-0.014622511342167854,
-0.029828207567334175,
0.04113170877099037,
-0.0008469049935229123,
-0.036706361919641495,
0.014656816609203815,
0.0017345472006127238,
0.01062597706913948,
0.008979336358606815,
0.023207340389490128,
-0.006800968665629625,
-0.003844305407255888,
-0.015420102514326572,
-0.01319027692079544,
0.027649838477373123,
0.009965606033802032,
0.03497396036982536,
0.029468005523085594,
0.033944807946681976,
-0.025711605325341225,
-0.015823187306523323,
-0.030548613518476486,
-0.04514539614319801,
0.02356754243373871,
-0.029090650379657745,
-0.011432144790887833,
0.029828207567334175,
-0.033756133168935776,
0.004221660550683737,
-0.038524527102708817,
-0.010017063468694687,
-0.007083985023200512,
-0.015411526896059513,
-0.03766690194606781,
0.008134575560688972,
-0.02831878699362278,
-0.015454407781362534,
0.03507687523961067,
-0.030651528388261795,
0.002918069949373603,
0.0002937366662081331,
0.04895325005054474,
-0.02188659831881523,
-0.015926102176308632,
-0.016286304220557213,
0.000925163272768259,
-0.02667214721441269,
0.00572893675416708,
-0.03365321457386017,
-0.013661971315741539,
-0.023052968084812164,
-0.0073670013807713985,
0.019639618694782257,
0.00833182968199253,
0.0028430279344320297,
0.04758105054497719,
0.0026736469008028507,
0.02740970440208912,
0.026346249505877495,
-0.02667214721441269,
-0.017924368381500244,
0.001598399132490158,
0.026226181536912918,
0.03382474184036255,
-0.043944720178842545,
0.015814609825611115,
-0.0002988288179039955,
-0.006668036803603172,
0.01678372733294964,
0.021766530349850655,
0.001914648455567658,
-0.00501282000914216,
0.03255545720458031,
0.04006825387477875,
0.00815172865986824,
-0.029742445796728134,
-0.0013582640094682574,
0.02713526412844658,
0.01586606726050377,
0.005969072226434946,
-0.01871338300406933,
0.024030661210417747,
-0.04809562489390373,
-0.002257698681205511,
0.027512619271874428,
0.021560700610280037,
-0.024236490949988365,
0.011440721340477467,
0.0685071051120758,
-0.05313846468925476,
0.010608824901282787,
-0.0027658415492624044,
-0.01499128993600607,
0.004605447873473167,
-0.02950230985879898,
0.04222946986556053,
-0.0590389259159565,
0.020668769255280495,
-0.00018586347869131714,
-0.007615712471306324,
0.024905437603592873,
-0.0059562078677117825,
0.021097581833600998,
-0.0403083898127079,
-0.01411651261150837,
0.002757265232503414
] |
Explainable artificial intelligence and interpretable machine learning are
research domains growing in importance. Yet, the underlying concepts remain
somewhat elusive and lack generally agreed definitions. While recent
inspiration from social sciences has refocused the work on needs and
expectations of human recipients, the field still misses a concrete
conceptualisation. We take steps towards addressing this challenge by reviewing
the philosophical and social foundations of human explainability, which we then
translate into the technological realm. In particular, we scrutinise the notion
of algorithmic black boxes and the spectrum of understanding determined by
explanatory processes and explainees' background knowledge. This approach
allows us to define explainability as (logical) reasoning applied to
transparent insights (into, possibly black-box, predictive systems) interpreted
under background knowledge and placed within a specific context -- a process
that engenders understanding in a selected group of explainees. We then employ
this conceptualisation to revisit strategies for evaluating explainability as
well as the much disputed trade-off between transparency and predictive power,
including its implications for ante-hoc and post-hoc techniques along with
fairness and accountability established by explainability. We furthermore
discuss components of the machine learning workflow that may be in need of
interpretability, building on a range of ideas from human-centred
explainability, with a particular focus on explainees, contrastive statements
and explanatory processes. Our discussion reconciles and complements current
research to help better navigate open questions -- rather than attempting to
address any individual issue -- thus laying a solid foundation for a grounded
discussion and future progress of explainable artificial intelligence and
interpretable machine learning. | [
0.0007128288270905614,
-0.005838505923748016,
-0.029085475951433182,
-0.024193977937102318,
0.047795046120882034,
0.016593214124441147,
-0.007864277809858322,
0.02472100779414177,
-0.013612200506031513,
-0.0034853985998779535,
-0.004315059166401625,
-0.018857797607779503,
0.03870377689599991,
0.02187175117433071,
-0.04005429148674011,
0.008238963782787323,
0.0708855539560318,
-0.0015841785352677107,
-0.005447350442409515,
-0.025560962036252022,
0.0028986658435314894,
-0.030765384435653687,
-0.020027145743370056,
0.018446054309606552,
0.04203065484762192,
0.007098437286913395,
0.0058549754321575165,
-0.015432101674377918,
-0.072466641664505,
0.059126194566488266,
0.02521509863436222,
0.020323600620031357,
-0.048355016857385635,
-0.02859138511121273,
-0.06495646387338638,
-0.03233000636100769,
0.00701608881354332,
0.008037209510803223,
0.012327564880251884,
0.0355086550116539,
-0.020504767075181007,
0.0184954646974802,
0.023963401094079018,
-0.011841708794236183,
-0.052011288702487946,
-0.04245886579155922,
-0.054975830018520355,
-0.022991690784692764,
-0.009008921682834625,
-0.044863440096378326,
-0.010260618291795254,
-0.07885688543319702,
0.052110105752944946,
-0.020027145743370056,
-0.05214304476976395,
0.008547769859433174,
0.04894792288541794,
-0.027652611956000328,
0.022052917629480362,
-0.01087823137640953,
0.018297826871275902,
0.01038414053618908,
-0.025775067508220673,
0.005789096932858229,
0.023255204781889915,
-0.040449563413858414,
-0.012739306315779686,
0.004685627296566963,
-0.010812352411448956,
-0.008115440607070923,
-0.010977049358189106,
-0.000956271484028548,
0.02134472131729126,
0.011775829829275608,
0.02524803765118122,
-0.022514069452881813,
0.03949432075023651,
0.05635928735136986,
-0.005369119346141815,
-0.008671293035149574,
0.016239115968346596,
-0.02093297801911831,
0.015275639481842518,
0.017079070210456848,
0.06011437624692917,
0.01450979895889759,
-0.0017015250632539392,
-0.051517195999622345,
-0.012780481018126011,
-0.051418378949165344,
-0.03811086714267731,
0.012698132544755936,
-0.011479374952614307,
0.015522684901952744,
0.020158903673291206,
-0.011388791725039482,
0.03946138173341751,
-0.0015388868050649762,
-0.020340070128440857,
-0.030600687488913536,
0.022481128573417664,
0.022925810888409615,
-0.005966146010905504,
0.024045750498771667,
-0.001015974092297256,
-0.04707038030028343,
-0.006007320247590542,
-0.012706367298960686,
-0.03216530755162239,
0.13248220086097717,
0.005599695257842541,
0.0018425467424094677,
-0.04693862050771713,
-0.04041662439703941,
-0.04967259243130684,
-0.006904918234795332,
-0.051418378949165344,
-0.047696229070425034,
0.055272284895181656,
0.033894624561071396,
-0.005937323905527592,
0.022349372506141663,
0.07727579772472382,
0.019368357956409454,
-0.009988868609070778,
0.08557651937007904,
0.012409912422299385,
-0.030979489907622337,
0.04703744128346443,
0.02822905220091343,
-0.0022707588504999876,
0.05691925436258316,
-0.01261578407138586,
0.00726725161075592,
0.002478688722476363,
-0.0044303471222519875,
0.058533284813165665,
0.08906809240579605,
0.022596416994929314,
0.019565993919968605,
-0.02883843146264553,
-0.023074038326740265,
-0.06100373715162277,
-0.011973465792834759,
0.026812657713890076,
0.014633321203291416,
-0.001888867816887796,
0.041207168251276016,
-0.02477041631937027,
0.01737552508711815,
-0.009255967102944851,
0.04647747054696083,
-0.0182484183460474,
-0.0349486880004406,
0.08346839994192123,
-0.024325735867023468,
-0.020027145743370056,
-0.029464278370141983,
-0.0025095692835748196,
0.05253831669688225,
0.03209942951798439,
-0.004693862050771713,
0.0019073962466791272,
0.05411940813064575,
0.08887045830488205,
0.007942508906126022,
-0.019648343324661255,
-0.025462143123149872,
-0.028986657038331032,
0.05642516538500786,
0.001281547942198813,
-0.023930462077260017,
-0.05978498235344887,
0.013258102349936962,
0.005126191768795252,
0.03178650513291359,
0.01438627578318119,
0.0182484183460474,
-0.05708395317196846,
-0.01263225357979536,
-0.059192072600126266,
-0.023666948080062866,
-0.004685627296566963,
-0.016074419021606445,
0.02539626508951187,
-0.0181825403124094,
0.07549706846475601,
-0.02836081013083458,
0.01836370676755905,
0.017062600702047348,
0.0027277928311377764,
0.023419901728630066,
0.037089746445417404,
-0.012121693231165409,
0.054547619074583054,
-0.06772337108850479,
-0.005336180329322815,
-0.037023868411779404,
0.00007224790897453204,
-0.014163934625685215,
-0.002709264401346445,
-0.041141290217638016,
-0.04934319853782654,
-0.002869843738153577,
0.047926802188158035,
-0.05319710448384285,
-0.015374457463622093,
0.01099351979792118,
-0.030188946053385735,
-0.015382692217826843,
0.04351292550563812,
0.013595730997622013,
-0.022728174924850464,
-0.027619672939181328,
-0.04315059259533882,
-0.026203280314803123,
-0.006641403306275606,
0.0092477323487401,
-0.03237941488623619,
-0.040943652391433716,
0.0352780818939209,
-0.001844605547375977,
0.029530158266425133,
0.006456119008362293,
0.0717419758439064,
0.018396645784378052,
-0.012335799634456635,
0.0014215402770787477,
0.02430926449596882,
0.020373009145259857,
-0.01712847873568535,
0.08676233887672424,
0.04519283398985863,
-0.037715595215559006,
0.019895387813448906,
0.008131910115480423,
0.044270530343055725,
-0.013505147770047188,
0.005929089151322842,
-0.040746018290519714,
-0.0178531464189291,
-0.02531391568481922,
0.009955928660929203,
-0.02534685656428337,
0.02901959791779518,
-0.02201997861266136,
-0.0044303471222519875,
0.03932962566614151,
-0.01808372139930725,
-0.016914373263716698,
-0.016617918387055397,
0.06116843596100807,
0.010194739326834679,
-0.024144567549228668,
-0.010219443589448929,
0.05678749829530716,
0.0347839891910553,
0.015522684901952744,
-0.0009696531342342496,
-0.006629051174968481,
0.02104826644062996,
0.015497979708015919,
0.010911171324551105,
0.04884910583496094,
-0.012887533754110336,
-0.012681663036346436,
0.07424537092447281,
0.008148379623889923,
-0.01404864713549614,
0.009371254593133926,
0.06446237117052078,
0.0043027070350945,
0.00448387349024415,
-0.022596416994929314,
-0.040943652391433716,
-0.03302173316478729,
-0.014295692555606365,
0.011133511550724506,
-0.02895371802151203,
0.014649790711700916,
-0.006513763219118118,
-0.013974533416330814,
0.02198703959584236,
-0.007234312128275633,
0.006962562445551157,
-0.06393534690141678,
-0.044665805995464325,
-0.04651040956377983,
-0.07417949289083481,
0.0015810903860256076,
0.020125962793827057,
0.0365297757089138,
-0.030353643000125885,
0.007184903137385845,
0.04687274247407913,
0.04315059259533882,
0.011108807288110256,
-0.015234464779496193,
0.05655692145228386,
-0.05072665214538574,
0.002332520205527544,
-0.02857491560280323,
-0.0006695959018543363,
0.07846160978078842,
0.04226122796535492,
0.04222828894853592,
-0.023963401094079018,
0.10415433347225189,
0.00259603513404727,
0.009750057943165302,
0.05359237641096115,
0.02873961254954338,
0.0174743440002203,
0.007534883916378021,
-0.0022378193680197,
0.04568692669272423,
0.05286771059036255,
-0.0361674427986145,
-0.011298208497464657,
-0.018610751256346703,
-0.007958978414535522,
-0.023024629801511765,
-0.13195517659187317,
0.007930156774818897,
-0.014690965414047241,
-0.017144950106739998,
-0.007901335135102272,
0.04308471456170082,
-0.02149294875562191,
0.012031110003590584,
-0.06449531018733978,
0.04588456079363823,
-0.022645825520157814,
0.006081433966755867,
0.022217614576220512,
0.003143652342259884,
0.0018826916348189116,
0.03285703435540199,
-0.012912238016724586,
-0.027092643082141876,
0.010293557308614254,
-0.0365627147257328,
-0.06745985895395279,
-0.04683980345726013,
-0.036859169602394104,
-0.0683821588754654,
-0.02528097666800022,
-0.013035761192440987,
0.021954098716378212,
-0.000996416318230331,
0.0007992947357706726,
-0.03335112705826759,
-0.030946550890803337,
0.026252688840031624,
-0.0349157452583313,
-0.05237362161278725,
-0.006752573885023594,
-0.02141059935092926,
0.08379779011011124,
0.02122943289577961,
0.06334243714809418,
-0.07832985371351242,
-0.026763249188661575,
-0.002812199993059039,
-0.0729936733841896,
-0.06090492010116577,
-0.033960506319999695,
0.015201525762677193,
-0.018709570169448853,
0.0008538505644537508,
-0.03876965492963791,
0.07806634157896042,
-0.012862829491496086,
0.015588563866913319,
0.06811864674091339,
-0.018511934205889702,
-0.02173999324440956,
-0.022234084084630013,
-0.052340682595968246,
0.03876965492963791,
-0.044237591326236725,
-0.015357987955212593,
0.044171713292598724,
0.071939617395401,
-0.0712149515748024,
-0.013225162401795387,
-0.00699961930513382,
0.015382692217826843,
0.019253069534897804,
0.03853907808661461,
-0.037221502512693405,
0.010614716447889805,
-0.023452840745449066,
-0.09684178978204727,
0.05734746903181076,
0.014855662360787392,
-0.022382311522960663,
-0.004599161446094513,
0.011553488671779633,
0.023354023694992065,
0.019845979288220406,
-0.018857797607779503,
-0.01777079701423645,
0.0023942815605551004,
0.02809729427099228,
-0.02493511326611042,
0.030715975910425186,
0.04219534993171692,
0.05672162026166916,
-0.013076934963464737,
0.03811086714267731,
0.02486923523247242,
-0.015135646797716618,
-0.022629356011748314,
-0.02872314304113388,
0.0028904308564960957,
-0.0359039269387722,
-0.0025013345293700695,
0.06561525166034698,
-0.02083416096866131,
-0.0029316050931811333,
-0.007456652820110321,
-0.0089677469804883,
-0.03909904882311821,
-0.018528403714299202,
-0.011545253917574883,
-0.005760274827480316,
-0.0362003818154335,
-0.018561342731118202,
-0.023913992568850517,
0.037287384271621704,
-0.0359698086977005,
0.041338928043842316,
-0.030864203348755836,
0.014880366623401642,
-0.023354023694992065,
0.008531300351023674,
-0.0030736562330275774,
0.02528097666800022,
0.011545253917574883,
-0.04371056333184242,
0.007666641380637884,
0.0026330919936299324,
0.07385009527206421,
-0.027734961360692978,
-0.023403432220220566,
0.004512695595622063,
-0.002213114872574806,
-0.055404044687747955,
-0.022332902997732162,
-0.019236600026488304,
0.004224475938826799,
-0.0708855539560318,
-0.05227480083703995,
0.033927563577890396,
-0.034092262387275696,
0.027125582098960876,
-0.03982371464371681,
0.022810522466897964,
-0.05619458854198456,
0.0356733538210392,
0.04555516690015793,
0.033219367265701294,
0.005776744335889816,
0.013571025803685188,
0.015415631234645844,
-0.040218986570835114,
-0.016461456194519997,
0.007650171872228384,
0.027306748554110527,
0.04631277546286583,
0.0178531464189291,
-0.018429584801197052,
0.019533054903149605,
0.001503888750448823,
0.00527853611856699,
0.04341410845518112,
-0.029480747878551483,
0.03254410997033119,
-0.0357062928378582,
0.027422036975622177,
-0.0017396112671121955,
0.006867861375212669,
0.02122943289577961,
-0.03903317078948021,
0.0010592070175334811,
0.030024249106645584,
0.03788029029965401,
0.014575676992535591,
-0.04967259243130684,
-0.058862678706645966,
-0.03137476369738579,
-0.002978955628350377,
0.016041480004787445,
-0.008300724439322948,
-0.03313701972365379,
-0.016140298917889595,
-0.027306748554110527,
0.03982371464371681,
0.0008919367683120072,
-0.010622951202094555,
-0.0020309188403189182,
-0.011792299337685108,
-0.011388791725039482,
0.023156387731432915,
0.020685933530330658,
-0.008210141211748123,
0.008308959193527699,
0.005076782312244177,
0.005583225749433041,
-0.00711078941822052,
-0.04035074636340141,
0.0346851721405983,
-0.018693100661039352,
0.0359368659555912,
0.023848114535212517,
0.0347181111574173,
-0.019022494554519653,
0.02523156814277172,
0.00550499465316534,
0.023354023694992065,
-0.02854197658598423,
0.037550896406173706,
0.04219534993171692,
-0.040251925587654114,
0.03244529291987419,
-0.011059397831559181,
0.019450705498456955,
0.002575448015704751,
0.03234647586941719,
0.008819520473480225,
0.02855844609439373,
-0.0030777736101299524,
-0.04338116943836212,
0.03830850496888161,
-0.023666948080062866,
0.03995547443628311,
0.04331529140472412,
0.0030654214788228273,
-0.044797562062740326,
-0.02877255156636238,
0.03257704898715019,
0.015226230025291443,
0.044402290135622025,
0.004220358561724424,
-0.04318353161215782,
0.017079070210456848,
0.00630789203569293,
0.004203889053314924,
0.017210828140378,
-0.008403660729527473,
-0.016700267791748047,
0.0006829775520600379,
-0.026664432138204575,
0.02098238840699196,
0.023106977343559265,
0.036892108619213104,
0.012673428282141685,
-0.051550135016441345,
-0.015555623918771744,
0.017013192176818848,
-0.0058549754321575165,
-0.027306748554110527,
0.020257720723748207,
-0.036595653742551804,
0.008024857379496098,
-0.004887381102889776,
0.0684480369091034,
-0.03162181004881859,
0.02088356949388981,
0.0014019825030118227,
0.007448418065905571,
-0.055239345878362656,
0.03903317078948021,
0.006612581200897694,
0.04035074636340141,
0.05296652764081955,
-0.05994967743754387,
-0.022695235908031464,
-0.020290659740567207,
0.027273809537291527,
0.006439649499952793,
-0.010408845730125904,
0.019187191501259804,
-0.00021770874445792288,
-0.013562791049480438,
-0.05056195333600044,
0.004599161446094513,
-0.010342966765165329,
-0.018808389082551003,
-0.0172931756824255,
0.04496225714683533,
-0.001892985193990171,
0.02873961254954338,
0.0011919939424842596,
0.016165003180503845,
0.04690568149089813,
-0.004195653833448887,
0.013505147770047188,
-0.006764926016330719,
0.04977140948176384,
0.007827221415936947,
0.04720213636755943,
0.023568129166960716,
0.007938391529023647,
-0.019648343324661255,
0.00012976315338164568,
-0.0172272976487875,
0.0024848647881299257,
-0.0051138391718268394,
-0.0363980196416378,
-0.0355745330452919,
-0.0025136866606771946,
-0.0342569574713707,
0.041075412184000015,
-0.05392177030444145,
0.04858558997511864,
-0.05596401169896126,
0.02167411521077156,
-0.0019979795906692743,
0.03913198783993721,
0.0000480580456496682,
0.04334823042154312,
0.013183988630771637,
-0.0043027070350945,
0.02789965830743313,
0.010104156099259853,
-0.020389478653669357,
0.016914373263716698,
0.05784155800938606,
-0.005743804853409529,
0.040811896324157715,
-0.013002822175621986,
0.027850249782204628,
0.01069706492125988,
0.0030489517375826836,
-0.003285703482106328,
0.072334885597229,
0.0369579903781414,
-0.02172352373600006,
0.00044571104808710515,
-0.02529744617640972,
-0.023996341973543167,
0.06044377014040947,
-0.004210065118968487,
0.04907968267798424,
-0.008115440607070923,
-0.023765765130519867,
0.02801494672894478,
-0.008860694244503975,
0.00016083683294709772,
-0.01810019090771675,
0.013192223384976387,
0.04219534993171692,
0.011166451498866081,
0.001543004298582673,
0.007963095791637897,
-0.03873671591281891,
0.023535190150141716,
0.005587343126535416,
0.0026680901646614075,
0.040680140256881714,
0.044632866978645325,
0.01214639749377966,
-0.006480823736637831,
-0.013554556295275688,
0.026170341297984123,
0.011084103025496006,
0.0007169462624005973,
0.04318353161215782,
-0.00009071197564480826,
0.016864964738488197,
-0.007312543224543333,
0.03788029029965401,
0.004269767552614212,
0.010639420710504055,
0.033499352633953094,
0.015959130600094795,
0.01246755663305521,
-0.0049779643304646015,
-0.015209760516881943,
0.0182484183460474,
0.01231932919472456,
0.011232329532504082,
-0.018775448203086853,
0.002742203650996089,
-0.010202974081039429,
-0.0023139917757362127,
-0.015341518446803093,
-0.0362003818154335,
-0.01737552508711815,
0.026351507753133774,
-0.017062600702047348,
0.013562791049480438,
-0.025939764454960823,
-0.000351267633959651,
-0.027356158941984177,
-0.02887137047946453,
0.030567748472094536,
0.021954098716378212,
-0.01069706492125988,
0.0174908135086298,
-0.014468624256551266,
0.019500115886330605,
-0.031144186854362488,
0.0349486880004406,
0.02134472131729126,
-0.01806725189089775,
-0.05010080337524414,
0.010170035064220428,
0.02121296338737011,
-0.003936256282031536,
0.005570873152464628,
0.05342768132686615,
0.033186428248882294,
0.013686314225196838,
0.02793259732425213,
-0.03923080489039421,
0.009527716785669327,
0.03200061246752739,
0.0009500953601673245,
-0.012689897790551186,
0.027487915009260178,
-0.040218986570835114,
-0.014583911746740341,
0.07832985371351242,
-0.02798200584948063,
0.020241251215338707,
0.03177003562450409,
-0.00014372379519045353,
0.012879298999905586,
-0.026367977261543274,
-0.006888448726385832,
0.01213816273957491,
0.022283492609858513,
-0.022547008469700813,
0.03840732201933861,
0.0003111227706540376,
-0.014806252904236317,
0.0016912315040826797,
-0.011355852708220482,
0.04334823042154312,
0.006497293245047331,
-0.020652994513511658,
0.004257415421307087,
0.024243386462330818,
0.01087823137640953,
0.05734746903181076,
-0.05365825816988945,
0.037715595215559006,
0.03932962566614151,
-0.018610751256346703,
0.01813312992453575,
-0.025840947404503822,
0.026417385786771774,
-0.015588563866913319,
-0.018808389082551003,
-0.0003746854781638831,
0.020307129248976707,
0.015086238272488117,
0.017177889123558998,
0.04585162177681923,
0.010581777431070805,
0.037221502512693405,
0.02519862912595272,
0.027026765048503876,
-0.003709798213094473,
-0.012994586490094662,
0.008131910115480423,
-0.0026845596730709076,
0.0055132294073700905,
0.0011672894470393658,
0.025808006525039673,
-0.03244529291987419,
0.0091406786814332,
-0.004479756113141775,
0.015423866920173168,
-0.0038971409667283297,
-0.012895768508315086,
0.03811086714267731,
0.007987800985574722,
0.0065878769382834435,
-0.02096591703593731,
0.011084103025496006,
-0.05929088965058327,
0.007983683608472347,
-0.0034936333540827036,
-0.05224186182022095,
0.0076748766005039215,
0.05777567997574806,
-0.058302707970142365,
-0.030946550890803337,
0.030600687488913536,
0.0019238658715039492,
0.040746018290519714,
-0.020718872547149658,
-0.06363888829946518,
-0.020685933530330658,
0.009223027154803276,
-0.0019423943012952805,
0.03982371464371681,
-0.020241251215338707,
0.01228639017790556,
0.019203661009669304,
-0.040680140256881714,
-0.0071354941464960575,
0.00046398211270570755,
-0.02440808340907097,
0.008292489685118198,
0.04209653288125992,
0.04581868276000023,
0.072071373462677,
0.011635837145149708,
0.0359039269387722,
0.027866719290614128,
-0.02882196009159088,
-0.016436751931905746,
0.007349600084125996,
-0.02085063047707081,
0.006172017194330692,
-0.059389710426330566,
-0.07813221961259842,
-0.013916890136897564,
0.003777735633775592,
-0.09196676313877106,
-0.0040659550577402115,
0.00023482178221456707,
-0.011512314900755882,
-0.0004614087229128927,
-0.04173419997096062,
0.01226168591529131,
0.037715595215559006,
-0.0359698086977005,
-0.004759741015732288,
-0.0352780818939209,
0.050924286246299744,
-0.0179025549441576,
-0.033219367265701294,
0.03259351849555969,
0.016230881214141846,
-0.029991308227181435,
0.007707815617322922,
0.02073534205555916,
-0.009395958855748177,
-0.044237591326236725,
-0.016148533672094345,
0.0086218835785985,
-0.03234647586941719,
0.01037590578198433,
0.02155882678925991,
-0.007049028296023607,
-0.02864079363644123,
0.005459703039377928,
-0.0072754863649606705,
-0.003860084107145667,
-0.018627220764756203,
0.007954861037433147,
0.04341410845518112,
-0.01241814810782671,
-0.0350804440677166,
-0.006188486702740192,
0.019928326830267906,
-0.009272436611354351,
-0.02513274922966957,
0.013340450823307037,
-0.07938391715288162,
0.007600762881338596,
0.022810522466897964,
0.015357987955212593,
-0.022662296891212463,
0.0021925277542322874,
-0.004875028971582651,
-0.023008160293102264,
-0.011627602390944958,
-0.0346522331237793,
0.072532519698143,
-0.006958445068448782,
-0.0015049180947244167,
-0.0007246664608828723,
-0.0066002290695905685,
0.05415234714746475,
0.0182813573628664,
0.0366944745182991,
-0.0184954646974802,
-0.0076172323897480965,
0.013925124891102314,
-0.033795807510614395,
-0.011191155761480331,
-0.00913244392722845,
-0.025676250457763672,
0.004078307654708624,
0.007312543224543333,
-0.0024972171522676945,
-0.0012269919971004128,
0.04232710972428322,
-0.02895371802151203,
-0.008280137553811073,
0.0348169282078743,
-0.013332216069102287,
-0.030040718615055084,
-0.0019434236455708742,
0.01742493361234665,
-0.0184954646974802,
-0.0062543656677007675,
-0.001873427419923246,
-0.019829509779810905,
-0.010170035064220428,
0.006979031953960657,
0.037221502512693405,
-0.0021472361404448748,
-0.0351792611181736,
-0.023123446851968765,
0.019615402445197105,
-0.0359698086977005,
0.008695997297763824,
-0.06726222485303879,
-0.04496225714683533,
0.009025391191244125,
-0.0003149828698951751,
0.023205796256661415,
0.023090507835149765,
0.047860924154520035,
0.004278002306818962,
0.0016346168704330921,
-0.0022604651749134064,
-0.005867327563464642,
-0.0357062928378582,
0.037188563495874405,
-0.03145711123943329,
0.0020576820243149996,
-0.03132535517215729,
0.013175753876566887,
-0.0175237525254488,
0.037254441529512405,
-0.007683111354708672,
-0.037056807428598404,
-0.07385009527206421,
0.023634007200598717,
-0.01227815542370081,
-0.016428517177700996,
0.01775432750582695,
0.007053145673125982,
0.040844835340976715,
-0.0014740374172106385,
0.016560275107622147,
-0.01404864713549614,
0.03229706734418869,
0.047597408294677734,
-0.0362662598490715,
0.05296652764081955,
-0.023189326748251915,
0.013447503559291363,
0.005834388546645641,
-0.006328478921204805,
-0.03979077562689781,
0.01403217762708664,
-0.013851011171936989,
0.013208692893385887,
0.013332216069102287,
-0.016313230618834496,
0.03229706734418869,
0.023699887096881866,
0.007407243829220533,
-0.011652306653559208,
-0.0009943576296791434,
-0.062354255467653275,
0.00022414221893996,
-0.06508821994066238,
-0.08136028051376343,
-0.013809836469590664,
0.0032754100393503904,
0.026120930910110474,
-0.015497979708015919,
0.02104826644062996,
0.027883188799023628,
-0.044566985219717026,
0.034289900213479996,
-0.014830957166850567,
-0.01451803371310234,
-0.02781730890274048,
0.015415631234645844,
-0.012039344757795334,
-0.010161800310015678,
0.0347181111574173,
-0.02542920410633087,
-0.0369909293949604,
0.048025622963905334,
-0.01778726652264595,
-0.006147312466055155,
0.004037133418023586,
0.019417766481637955,
0.014913305640220642,
-0.03959313780069351,
0.008687762543559074,
-0.003650095546618104,
-0.011207625269889832,
-0.020603584125638008,
0.016132064163684845,
-0.006340831518173218,
-0.03873671591281891,
-0.0348498672246933,
-0.003820968559011817,
0.02458924986422062,
0.044138774275779724,
-0.022596416994929314,
0.01404864713549614,
0.03293938562273979,
-0.007814869284629822,
-0.016090888530015945,
0.00262691592797637,
0.002703088102862239,
0.03863789886236191,
0.009568890556693077,
0.023864584043622017,
-0.0178202074021101,
0.024193977937102318,
-0.04259062185883522,
-0.019944796338677406,
0.015292108990252018,
-0.050924286246299744,
0.019071903079748154,
-0.023584598675370216,
-0.004282119683921337,
-0.012796950526535511
] |
Solving combinatorial optimization (CO) on graphs is among the fundamental
tasks for upper-stream applications in data mining, machine learning and
operations research. Despite the inherent NP-hard challenge for CO, heuristics,
branch-and-bound, learning-based solvers are developed to tackle CO problems as
accurately as possible given limited time budgets. However, a practical metric
for the sensitivity of CO solvers remains largely unexplored. Existing
theoretical metrics require the optimal solution which is infeasible, and the
gradient-based adversarial attack metric from deep learning is not compatible
with non-learning solvers that are usually non-differentiable. In this paper,
we develop the first practically feasible robustness metric for general
combinatorial optimization solvers. We develop a no worse optimal cost
guarantee thus do not require optimal solutions, and we tackle the
non-differentiable challenge by resorting to black-box adversarial attack
methods. Extensive experiments are conducted on 14 unique combinations of
solvers and CO problems, and we demonstrate that the performance of
state-of-the-art solvers like Gurobi can degenerate by over 20% under the given
time limit bound on the hard instances discovered by our robustness metric,
raising concerns about the robustness of combinatorial optimization solvers. | [
-0.0050493283197283745,
-0.03275567665696144,
-0.02996685355901718,
-0.0071799191646277905,
0.08986591547727585,
0.014082688838243484,
-0.04392828792333603,
0.016178635880351067,
-0.04074106365442276,
0.02115001529455185,
0.024250632151961327,
-0.008162936195731163,
0.03866243734955788,
-0.03344855085015297,
-0.052312079817056656,
0.03596022352576256,
0.04545261338353157,
-0.020041415467858315,
0.041953593492507935,
-0.0423000305891037,
0.026987489312887192,
-0.018239939585328102,
0.0322013758122921,
0.09215240180492401,
-0.02565370500087738,
0.012133977375924587,
0.02660640887916088,
0.009483729489147663,
-0.07434550672769547,
0.0033647753298282623,
0.006300834007561207,
0.029637737199664116,
-0.011830843985080719,
0.043304700404405594,
0.013155967928469181,
-0.03240923956036568,
0.026450511068105698,
0.044344015419483185,
-0.03500752151012421,
0.07143543660640717,
-0.020353209227323532,
-0.0365145243704319,
-0.00735313817858696,
0.018898172304034233,
0.04825875908136368,
-0.025255301967263222,
-0.030105428770184517,
0.0033799319062381983,
-0.0034513846039772034,
0.027940193191170692,
-0.01836119405925274,
-0.0274032149463892,
0.025619061663746834,
-0.04198823869228363,
0.048951633274555206,
-0.015754250809550285,
0.09464675188064575,
-0.004521010909229517,
0.050406672060489655,
0.02806144580245018,
-0.005291834473609924,
-0.058963678777217865,
-0.03990961238741875,
-0.02201610989868641,
0.022535765543580055,
-0.007929090410470963,
0.06208162009716034,
-0.00903336051851511,
0.006530348677188158,
-0.04621477797627449,
-0.07316762208938599,
-0.012809530831873417,
0.0005737873143516481,
-0.010973411612212658,
-0.006655932404100895,
-0.007379121147096157,
0.055984318256378174,
-0.044725093990564346,
-0.030347933992743492,
-0.03178565204143524,
-0.030625084415078163,
0.035198062658309937,
-0.04777374491095543,
-0.04773910343647003,
0.06301700323820114,
-0.041364651173353195,
-0.01998944953083992,
-0.06700102984905243,
0.033760346472263336,
-0.011207256466150284,
-0.049055565148591995,
-0.01671561412513256,
0.005742203444242477,
0.01893281564116478,
0.03911280632019043,
0.0432700552046299,
0.010497059673070908,
0.004750525578856468,
-0.03668774291872978,
0.026571763679385185,
-0.0007042426732368767,
-0.02392151765525341,
0.030018819496035576,
0.020890187472105026,
0.02324596419930458,
-0.012133977375924587,
-0.06610029190778732,
0.047808390110731125,
0.02113269455730915,
0.15991559624671936,
-0.008842820301651955,
0.04361649602651596,
0.028910217806696892,
0.0017874015029519796,
-0.04389364644885063,
0.017330540344119072,
-0.03568307310342789,
-0.012974088080227375,
0.04236932098865509,
-0.04545261338353157,
-0.03596022352576256,
0.0855007991194725,
0.02651979960501194,
-0.0020937821827828884,
-0.08065067231655121,
0.009535695426166058,
-0.030001496896147728,
0.023315250873565674,
-0.0065823146142065525,
-0.008842820301651955,
0.020231956616044044,
0.014550379477441311,
-0.0028537798207253218,
-0.058201517909765244,
0.021080728620290756,
-0.019002102315425873,
0.0394245982170105,
0.037449903786182404,
-0.06814427673816681,
-0.01601407863199711,
-0.009821506217122078,
-0.03007078357040882,
0.011241900734603405,
0.03447054326534271,
-0.0014496248913928866,
0.022154685109853745,
-0.028615746647119522,
0.06901036947965622,
-0.037796344608068466,
0.053871046751737595,
-0.03893958777189255,
0.03606415539979935,
0.015329863876104355,
0.047704458236694336,
0.010774209164083004,
0.005971718113869429,
0.0018891675863415003,
-0.007985386997461319,
0.05432141572237015,
-0.005400096066296101,
0.08002708852291107,
-0.03479965776205063,
0.012774886563420296,
0.035232704132795334,
-0.013337847776710987,
0.03259977698326111,
0.04344327747821808,
0.02231058105826378,
-0.02153109759092331,
0.03731133043766022,
0.03486894443631172,
-0.041572511196136475,
-0.04378971457481384,
0.04278504475951195,
0.0016672309720888734,
0.03585629165172577,
0.009812844917178154,
-0.019573723897337914,
-0.0016737267142161727,
0.00009858585690381005,
-0.017616352066397667,
-0.03987496718764305,
0.04340863227844238,
0.0012406796449795365,
0.013909470289945602,
0.0073617990128695965,
0.03105813078582287,
-0.02662372961640358,
-0.014125993475317955,
0.02336721681058407,
0.015173966996371746,
0.020145347341895103,
-0.01654239557683468,
-0.05182706564664841,
0.0006809664191678166,
-0.056261468678712845,
-0.057231493294239044,
-0.01971229910850525,
0.011735574342310429,
-0.007950742729008198,
-0.01914067752659321,
-0.0015438125701621175,
-0.014290551654994488,
-0.0005624198238365352,
0.07295975834131241,
0.019539080560207367,
0.01681954599916935,
-0.03171636164188385,
-0.012038706801831722,
-0.032426558434963226,
-0.015286559239029884,
-0.012861495837569237,
-0.07178187370300293,
0.0016921311616897583,
-0.05303959921002388,
-0.01667230948805809,
-0.014117332175374031,
-0.04257718101143837,
-0.06284378468990326,
-0.028754321858286858,
-0.022553088143467903,
0.04541797190904617,
0.057508643716573715,
-0.029083436354994774,
0.0056166197173297405,
0.048570550978183746,
0.009336493909358978,
-0.007768863346427679,
0.04884770140051842,
0.0008839571964927018,
-0.06564992666244507,
-0.03114474005997181,
-0.006361460778862238,
0.0060929711908102036,
0.04957522079348564,
0.024822253733873367,
-0.03441857546567917,
-0.016256583854556084,
-0.027316605672240257,
-0.02298613451421261,
-0.03956317529082298,
-0.005157589912414551,
0.00802869163453579,
-0.040602486580610275,
0.06305164098739624,
0.00039732063305564225,
-0.03914744779467583,
0.032807640731334686,
0.02229326032102108,
0.024164022877812386,
-0.02537655457854271,
-0.003975371364504099,
-0.017928145825862885,
0.02768036536872387,
-0.022795595228672028,
-0.01215129904448986,
0.023679010570049286,
-0.052034929394721985,
0.009960081428289413,
0.007565331179648638,
0.11550229787826538,
0.03259977698326111,
-0.02095947600901127,
0.03441857546567917,
-0.023471148684620857,
0.002180391689762473,
0.016325872391462326,
0.012021385133266449,
-0.012696938589215279,
0.07226688414812088,
-0.012289874255657196,
-0.021288590505719185,
-0.047531239688396454,
0.0004048989503644407,
0.03199351206421852,
-0.011120647192001343,
0.04465580731630325,
-0.029464518651366234,
0.02402544766664505,
-0.026190683245658875,
0.013649641536176205,
-0.001951959333382547,
0.06277449429035187,
-0.028996827080845833,
0.062046974897384644,
-0.020630359649658203,
-0.0017040399834513664,
-0.029066115617752075,
-0.07351405918598175,
-0.04105285555124283,
-0.02374829724431038,
0.018603699281811714,
-0.01806672103703022,
0.040983568876981735,
0.03441857546567917,
0.035319313406944275,
-0.012116655707359314,
-0.044240083545446396,
0.02220665104687214,
-0.018291905522346497,
-0.05497964844107628,
-0.004246025811880827,
0.003782665589824319,
0.0451408214867115,
-0.08612439036369324,
-0.0042893304489552975,
-0.012939444743096828,
0.037415262311697006,
0.014481091871857643,
-0.025497807189822197,
0.002094864845275879,
-0.02478761039674282,
0.0010127887362614274,
-0.006868125405162573,
-0.034072138369083405,
0.0008466069120913744,
0.03852386027574539,
-0.019158000126481056,
-0.013675624504685402,
-0.01665498875081539,
-0.0008092565694823861,
-0.006902769207954407,
-0.08501578867435455,
0.0015676302136853337,
-0.007664931938052177,
-0.009778201580047607,
-0.08307573944330215,
0.06610029190778732,
-0.047808390110731125,
0.02721267379820347,
-0.018291905522346497,
0.017737604677677155,
-0.03831600025296211,
0.003906083991751075,
-0.023523112758994102,
-0.012523719109594822,
-0.00828418880701065,
0.024475816637277603,
0.02218932844698429,
0.016005417332053185,
0.009119969792664051,
-0.03620272874832153,
-0.02470100112259388,
0.05854795500636101,
-0.002427228493615985,
-0.03623737394809723,
-0.03403749316930771,
-0.03391624242067337,
0.035128772258758545,
-0.007340146694332361,
0.001025238772854209,
-0.017148662358522415,
-0.027420535683631897,
0.028217343613505363,
0.05619217827916145,
-0.013450440019369125,
0.008699914440512657,
-0.025393877178430557,
-0.03497287631034851,
0.003823805134743452,
0.01701008714735508,
-0.04150322452187538,
-0.023090066388249397,
0.019850874319672585,
-0.04815482720732689,
0.006456730887293816,
-0.009674269706010818,
-0.0006533596897497773,
-0.0050493283197283745,
-0.060002993792295456,
-0.011449762620031834,
0.05788972228765488,
0.044447943568229675,
0.035509854555130005,
-0.02535923197865486,
-0.0293259434401989,
0.009726235643029213,
-0.02189485728740692,
-0.06807498633861542,
0.03918209299445152,
-0.06758997589349747,
-0.009527034126222134,
0.027749652042984962,
-0.024389207363128662,
-0.011640303768217564,
0.029758989810943604,
0.009700252674520016,
-0.04863984137773514,
0.016603022813796997,
0.06474918872117996,
0.005954396445304155,
-0.01740849018096924,
-0.021461809054017067,
-0.02142716571688652,
0.018309228122234344,
-0.0038454574532806873,
-0.01274024322628975,
0.0048631178215146065,
0.033985529094934464,
-0.03036525659263134,
-0.008059005253016949,
-0.010393127799034119,
-0.04427472501993179,
0.03228798508644104,
-0.0015015904791653156,
0.03218405321240425,
-0.013294543139636517,
-0.05709291622042656,
-0.03855850547552109,
-0.0000622166771790944,
0.019833553582429886,
-0.014784225262701511,
-0.018413158133625984,
0.051376696676015854,
-0.01707071252167225,
0.0384545736014843,
-0.012030045501887798,
-0.02988024428486824,
0.03462643921375275,
-0.026017464697360992,
-0.04919413849711418,
-0.034938231110572815,
0.04687300696969032,
-0.03405481576919556,
0.023090066388249397,
0.009925437159836292,
-0.026762304827570915,
0.005768185947090387,
0.05584574118256569,
0.014758242294192314,
0.04181502014398575,
0.06287842243909836,
-0.005426079034805298,
-0.03658381104469299,
0.014056705869734287,
0.03285960853099823,
0.0052571906708180904,
-0.02537655457854271,
-0.003462210763245821,
0.01798011176288128,
0.0605226494371891,
-0.04763517156243324,
-0.015364508144557476,
0.015840860083699226,
0.0022236963268369436,
-0.060314785689115524,
-0.03952853009104729,
-0.018811561167240143,
-0.007331485860049725,
-0.009085326455533504,
-0.04053319990634918,
0.004906422458589077,
-0.052138861268758774,
0.004802491515874863,
0.05497964844107628,
-0.011596999131143093,
0.05407891049981117,
-0.028425205498933792,
0.03046918660402298,
-0.013926791958510876,
-0.00771256722509861,
0.03880101069808006,
-0.022466478869318962,
-0.024146700277924538,
-0.013909470289945602,
0.07919563353061676,
-0.03634130582213402,
-0.018967458978295326,
0.01825726218521595,
0.0056166197173297405,
-0.04029069468379021,
-0.05543001741170883,
0.012948105111718178,
-0.01815333031117916,
0.03275567665696144,
0.004066311288625002,
-0.026121394708752632,
-0.08591652661561966,
0.013589015230536461,
-0.03641059249639511,
0.02248380146920681,
-0.005698898807168007,
-0.009726235643029213,
-0.06876786798238754,
0.028892897069454193,
-0.029533805325627327,
0.004421410150825977,
-0.04174572974443436,
-0.01785885915160179,
-0.02237986959517002,
-0.024198666214942932,
0.004893430974334478,
0.016403820365667343,
-0.009838827885687351,
0.009622304700314999,
0.06083444505929947,
-0.006564992479979992,
-0.05612289160490036,
0.08002708852291107,
-0.010774209164083004,
0.026277292519807816,
-0.052312079817056656,
-0.011276544071733952,
0.010843496769666672,
0.008344816043972969,
-0.04701158404350281,
0.010479738004505634,
0.04666514694690704,
0.03327533230185509,
-0.028563780710101128,
0.012913461774587631,
0.0019432984990999103,
-0.01933121867477894,
-0.009535695426166058,
0.017399828881025314,
0.013493744656443596,
0.03386427462100983,
-0.02037053182721138,
0.04663050174713135,
0.029533805325627327,
0.009483729489147663,
-0.06897572427988052,
-0.009700252674520016,
0.04063713178038597,
-0.005724881310015917,
0.04004818573594093,
0.025913532823324203,
-0.011311187408864498,
0.028685033321380615,
-0.0365145243704319,
-0.008721566759049892,
0.04212681204080582,
-0.062220193445682526,
-0.016447125002741814,
0.006729550659656525,
-0.03305014595389366,
0.006422087084501982,
0.004464714787900448,
-0.03630666062235832,
0.024631714448332787,
0.012991410680115223,
0.05536073073744774,
-0.025515129789710045,
-0.013684285804629326,
0.02017999067902565,
0.017174644395709038,
0.008972734212875366,
-0.04372042417526245,
-0.017382506281137466,
0.03026132471859455,
0.010167943313717842,
0.003890927415341139,
-0.005729211959987879,
0.01667230948805809,
-0.04392828792333603,
0.02719535119831562,
-0.010497059673070908,
-0.03824671357870102,
-0.03469572588801384,
-0.02189485728740692,
-0.003797822166234255,
0.010107317008078098,
-0.022068075835704803,
0.00699370913207531,
0.044240083545446396,
-0.032721031457185745,
0.004100955091416836,
0.05802829936146736,
-0.03055579774081707,
-0.015918808057904243,
-0.01933121867477894,
-0.009137291461229324,
-0.014290551654994488,
-0.04486367106437683,
-0.02229326032102108,
0.025584416463971138,
-0.039840325713157654,
-0.010730904527008533,
0.010055351071059704,
0.007825159467756748,
-0.00027403756394051015,
-0.019244609400629997,
-0.011571016162633896,
0.013857504352927208,
0.03987496718764305,
-0.004434401169419289,
-0.05536073073744774,
0.009085326455533504,
0.021271269768476486,
-0.011562354862689972,
-0.004624941851943731,
0.05629611015319824,
-0.02056107111275196,
0.0019032416166737676,
-0.02747250162065029,
-0.007976725697517395,
0.03796956315636635,
-0.005322147626429796,
0.01325989980250597,
0.007708236575126648,
0.033604446798563004,
-0.01950443722307682,
0.0038844316732138395,
0.007223224267363548,
-0.031854938715696335,
-0.008682592771947384,
0.018707631155848503,
0.053663186728954315,
0.0007480886997655034,
-0.013623658567667007,
0.006933082826435566,
-0.0022366878110915422,
0.021115371957421303,
-0.061354100704193115,
0.0307636596262455,
0.005083971656858921,
-0.025497807189822197,
0.0029360586777329445,
0.0034903588239103556,
-0.010107317008078098,
0.0422653891146183,
-0.020335886627435684,
-0.027160707861185074,
0.02632925845682621,
0.0042005558498203754,
0.03790027275681496,
-0.036653097718954086,
-0.01667230948805809,
-0.013164629228413105,
-0.015018070116639137,
-0.05123812332749367,
0.03682631626725197,
-0.05622682347893715,
0.022795595228672028,
0.006733880843967199,
0.014550379477441311,
-0.02806144580245018,
0.03509413078427315,
0.004694229457527399,
0.00511428527534008,
-0.010878141038119793,
-0.010341162793338299,
-0.02565370500087738,
0.01582353748381138,
-0.011648964136838913,
-0.0007648692699149251,
0.0341067835688591,
0.017564386129379272,
0.03533663600683212,
0.018915493041276932,
-0.018586376681923866,
0.039632461965084076,
0.04191895201802254,
0.046942297369241714,
-0.010990733280777931,
-0.012255229987204075,
0.015329863876104355,
0.011657625436782837,
-0.004962718579918146,
0.05733542516827583,
0.02806144580245018,
-0.009128631092607975,
0.019469793885946274,
0.05009487643837929,
0.00851370394229889,
-0.0005391435115598142,
0.003925571218132973,
-0.0048631178215146065,
0.011839505285024643,
0.02400812692940235,
-0.038766369223594666,
0.01922728680074215,
-0.01755572482943535,
-0.009206579066812992,
-0.0022756620310246944,
0.0020385687239468098,
-0.028390562161803246,
0.038212068378925323,
0.00235577579587698,
-0.031110096722841263,
-0.0017635839758440852,
-0.0032413569279015064,
-0.008894785307347775,
0.002072129864245653,
-0.06187375634908676,
0.00449502794072032,
0.003951553720980883,
-0.0008054674253799021,
-0.007140945177525282,
-0.0365491658449173,
-0.004685568623244762,
-0.04687300696969032,
-0.013173289597034454,
-0.011735574342310429,
0.0028646059799939394,
0.030140072107315063,
0.028979506343603134,
-0.0778791755437851,
0.034539829939603806,
-0.08009637147188187,
-0.018326548859477043,
0.025047438219189644,
-0.027143387123942375,
0.024874219670891762,
0.008812506683170795,
-0.008046013303101063,
0.008219231851398945,
0.017521081492304802,
-0.010124638676643372,
0.015355846844613552,
-0.005209555383771658,
0.04967915266752243,
-0.014576362445950508,
-0.01720062643289566,
0.02430259808897972,
-0.00838812068104744,
0.05504893511533737,
0.014922799542546272,
0.0341414250433445,
0.026589086279273033,
0.03592557832598686,
0.028702355921268463,
0.06810963153839111,
-0.08418434113264084,
-0.01186548825353384,
0.03289425000548363,
0.022518444806337357,
-0.0156243359670043,
-0.020734291523694992,
-0.013043375685811043,
0.023401860147714615,
-0.04486367106437683,
-0.03441857546567917,
-0.0016802223399281502,
-0.0067598638124763966,
0.0037220390513539314,
0.022795595228672028,
0.03488626703619957,
-0.0086436178535223,
-0.01234184019267559,
0.012185942381620407,
-0.014212602749466896,
-0.042715758085250854,
-0.018967458978295326,
0.03182029351592064,
0.007075988221913576,
0.010462415404617786,
0.002114352071657777,
0.03893958777189255,
0.012220586650073528,
0.057127561420202255,
0.022172007709741592,
0.009639626368880272,
-0.006482713855803013,
-0.06551135331392288,
-0.018603699281811714,
-0.008587322197854519,
-0.007617296651005745,
-0.006062658037990332,
0.0012612494174391031,
-0.018690308555960655,
0.05418284237384796,
0.032443881034851074,
0.014299212023615837,
0.0412953644990921,
0.02892754040658474,
-0.018032077699899673,
-0.01599675603210926,
0.023956160992383957,
-0.009908115491271019,
-0.026693018153309822,
0.03623737394809723,
0.02527262270450592,
0.010289196856319904,
-0.030798302963376045,
-0.009189257398247719,
0.01570228487253189,
0.0030248332768678665,
-0.03831600025296211,
0.06391774117946625,
-0.04680372029542923,
-0.030330613255500793,
-0.05047595873475075,
0.050683822482824326,
-0.009527034126222134,
0.011995402164757252,
-0.02709142118692398,
-0.0007383451447822154,
-0.0005015225615352392,
0.038697078824043274,
-0.012376483529806137,
-0.02920469082891941,
0.01498342677950859,
0.016507752239704132,
0.015788894146680832,
-0.020682325586676598,
0.002212870167568326,
0.04766981303691864,
-0.03904351964592934,
-0.018309228122234344,
0.01978158764541149,
0.008340485394001007,
-0.019487114623188972,
-0.007656271103769541,
0.023124709725379944,
-0.012229247950017452,
-0.023973481729626656,
-0.015096019022166729,
-0.018118686974048615,
0.005911091808229685,
0.013129984959959984,
-0.028373239561915398,
-0.01709669642150402,
0.022639697417616844,
0.030417222529649734,
-0.03322336822748184,
0.01874227449297905,
0.00009398473048349842,
0.030330613255500793,
0.018690308555960655,
0.008621965534985065,
-0.035319313406944275,
-0.018482446670532227,
0.025203336030244827,
0.029672380536794662,
-0.014108671806752682,
0.032149411737918854,
-0.02622532658278942,
0.02584424614906311,
0.008080657571554184,
-0.011943436227738857,
0.07864134013652802,
-0.059240829199552536,
0.02057839371263981,
-0.04659585654735565,
0.051930997520685196,
-0.04337398707866669,
0.03145653381943703,
-0.0054347398690879345,
-0.02509940415620804,
0.0019281418062746525,
0.011380475014448166,
-0.039459243416786194,
-0.03130063787102699,
0.04063713178038597,
-0.0029750328976660967,
-0.03582165017724037,
0.028910217806696892,
-0.011995402164757252,
-0.020595716312527657,
-0.017893502488732338,
0.04652656987309456,
0.018586376681923866,
-0.026693018153309822,
-0.02140984497964382,
-0.011709591373801231,
-0.005023345351219177,
0.005447731353342533,
-0.04469045251607895,
-0.00581582123413682,
0.017486438155174255,
0.03095420077443123,
-0.015122001059353352,
-0.003929901402443647,
0.014117332175374031,
-0.003799987491220236,
-0.028321273624897003,
-0.02556709572672844,
0.010055351071059704,
-0.06783248484134674,
-0.0015070035587996244,
0.031387247145175934,
-0.03351783752441406,
0.05016416683793068,
0.0004982746904715896,
0.01355437096208334,
0.022223971784114838,
-0.00703701376914978,
-0.007006700616329908,
0.0048631178215146065,
-0.0001928412530105561,
-0.0025614730548113585,
0.039251379668712616,
-0.015147984027862549,
0.033673737198114395,
-0.030434543266892433,
-0.005555992946028709,
-0.03130063787102699,
-0.0307636596262455,
-0.014368499629199505,
0.0038173093926161528,
0.029464518651366234,
-0.025809600949287415,
-0.0004879898333456367,
0.019435150548815727,
-0.015607014298439026,
-0.0017007921123877168,
0.030590441077947617,
0.00429582642391324,
-0.01163164246827364,
0.008167266845703125,
-0.017165983095765114,
-0.008492051623761654,
-0.0018220453057438135,
0.030832946300506592,
0.03776169940829277,
-0.00043710682075470686,
-0.01210799440741539,
0.03095420077443123,
-0.008946751244366169,
-0.007006700616329908,
-0.019469793885946274,
-0.0007177754305303097,
0.007019692100584507,
0.018690308555960655,
0.014810207299888134,
-0.04735802114009857,
-0.024042770266532898,
0.03535395860671997,
0.032634422183036804,
0.019954806193709373,
0.026935523375868797,
0.003516341792419553,
0.03644523769617081,
-0.010072673670947552,
-0.018222618848085403,
-0.02381758578121662,
0.01940050534904003,
0.01574558950960636,
0.017382506281137466,
-0.05331674590706825,
0.0075436788611114025,
0.013996079564094543,
0.0015340690733864903,
0.0029533805791288614,
0.04850126430392265,
0.0006197985494509339,
-0.01734786294400692,
-0.02142716571688652,
-0.04950593411922455,
-0.04489831253886223,
0.008362137712538242,
-0.0031872258987277746,
0.005941404961049557,
0.03497287631034851,
-0.020613037049770355,
0.00788145512342453,
0.00847472995519638,
-0.06804034858942032,
0.009336493909358978,
-0.019920162856578827,
0.0029858590569347143,
0.001075580483302474,
0.007019692100584507,
-0.05993370711803436,
0.016169974580407143,
-0.011319848708808422,
-0.011501728557050228,
-0.028234664350748062,
0.04870912805199623,
-0.016940798610448837,
0.008998717181384563,
-0.04687300696969032,
-0.008015699684619904,
-0.018309228122234344,
0.007465730421245098,
-0.007088979706168175,
-0.03154314309358597,
-0.019850874319672585,
0.0037934917490929365,
0.017806893214583397,
0.006738211493939161,
-0.003299818141385913,
0.014931460842490196,
-0.011094664223492146,
0.039459243416786194,
0.03026132471859455,
-0.011934775859117508,
-0.003390758065506816,
-0.00947506818920374,
0.05061453580856323,
-0.017702961340546608,
-0.02373097650706768,
0.03273835405707359,
-0.019469793885946274,
-0.004512349609285593,
0.02170431613922119,
0.02882360853254795,
-0.009587660431861877,
-0.008193249814212322,
0.0009786862647160888,
-0.009405780583620071,
0.0018761762185022235,
-0.015485760755836964,
-0.02286488190293312,
0.01667230948805809,
0.011042698286473751,
0.0006365791196003556,
0.03831600025296211,
-0.0015026731416583061,
0.00847472995519638,
-0.0021316739730536938,
-0.022639697417616844,
0.04652656987309456,
0.03374302387237549,
-0.014680293388664722,
0.034539829939603806,
0.010419110767543316,
-0.01785885915160179,
-0.016880173236131668,
-0.05993370711803436,
-0.009362475946545601,
0.010791531763970852,
0.029291300103068352,
-0.03526734933257103,
0.0020840386860072613,
-0.0518963523209095,
0.07185115665197372,
0.0035748030059039593,
-0.018032077699899673,
0.03490358963608742,
-0.049436647444963455,
-0.05109954625368118,
0.00713661452755332
] |
EEG decoding systems based on deep neural networks have been widely used in
decision making of brain computer interfaces (BCI). Their predictions, however,
can be unreliable given the significant variance and noise in EEG signals.
Previous works on EEG analysis mainly focus on the exploration of noise pattern
in the source signal, while the uncertainty during the decoding process is
largely unexplored. Automatically detecting and reducing such decoding
uncertainty is important for BCI motor imagery applications such as robotic arm
control etc. In this work, we proposed an uncertainty estimation and reduction
model (UNCER) to quantify and mitigate the uncertainty during the EEG decoding
process. It utilized a combination of dropout oriented method and Bayesian
neural network for uncertainty estimation to incorporate both the uncertainty
in the input signal and the uncertainty in the model parameters. We further
proposed a data augmentation based approach for uncertainty reduction. The
model can be integrated into current widely used EEG neural decoders without
change of architecture. We performed extensive experiments for uncertainty
estimation and its reduction in both intra-subject EEG decoding and
cross-subject EEG decoding on two public motor imagery datasets, where the
proposed model achieves significant improvement both on the quality of
estimated uncertainty and the effectiveness of uncertainty reduction. | [
0.03371841832995415,
0.034145940095186234,
-0.023773903027176857,
-0.030930237844586372,
0.04371869936585426,
0.015046890825033188,
-0.03410876542329788,
0.02933167852461338,
-0.029015684500336647,
0.05487142875790596,
0.016636155545711517,
-0.1014898419380188,
-0.0062501756474375725,
0.005046610254794359,
0.008903595618903637,
-0.0016241163248196244,
0.02672937512397766,
0.00248612929135561,
0.0021840762346982956,
-0.021896526217460632,
0.031078940257430077,
-0.019275635480880737,
-0.00195753644220531,
-0.052789587527513504,
0.01573464274406433,
0.05107950046658516,
0.03184104338288307,
-0.012983635999262333,
-0.05238065496087074,
0.015260651707649231,
0.023773903027176857,
0.020112089812755585,
-0.03873714804649353,
0.005599599797278643,
-0.02351367101073265,
0.0034829045180231333,
0.006840340793132782,
0.01708226464688778,
-0.0005303355283103883,
-0.0014196495758369565,
0.024034133180975914,
0.005427661817520857,
0.03061424382030964,
0.0069100456312298775,
0.03790069371461868,
-0.025892920792102814,
-0.03505674749612808,
-0.03728729486465454,
0.020242204889655113,
0.008248372934758663,
0.0015242063673213124,
-0.010771677829325199,
0.008174021728336811,
-0.005757596809417009,
-0.02871827967464924,
0.04327259212732315,
0.06609851121902466,
0.005418367683887482,
0.056135404855012894,
0.03650660067796707,
0.06513193994760513,
0.02801194041967392,
-0.057362206280231476,
-0.014517136849462986,
0.016756976023316383,
-0.044499389827251434,
0.06613568961620331,
-0.04583771899342537,
0.02388542890548706,
-0.023160502314567566,
-0.014238318428397179,
0.015084067359566689,
-0.04472244530916214,
0.0045331199653446674,
0.013708563521504402,
0.004865378141403198,
0.041897088289260864,
0.05423944070935249,
0.009070887230336666,
0.037975043058395386,
0.07111723721027374,
0.03695271164178848,
-0.005883065052330494,
-0.024387301877141,
0.05873771011829376,
-0.012351647950708866,
0.0016810416709631681,
-0.06992761790752411,
0.039443489164114,
0.018206831067800522,
-0.024703295901417732,
0.03730588033795357,
0.0319339819252491,
-0.02256568893790245,
-0.024145659059286118,
0.02107865922152996,
-0.0003096044238191098,
0.024145659059286118,
-0.036246370524168015,
-0.04200861603021622,
0.01041850820183754,
0.046767111867666245,
-0.003929013852030039,
-0.03078153356909752,
0.0395921915769577,
-0.046432532370090485,
-0.015177006833255291,
0.016329454258084297,
0.03206409886479378,
0.1537589728832245,
-0.05186019465327263,
-0.0023536905646324158,
0.035744499415159225,
-0.004461091943085194,
-0.04238037392497063,
0.0045284731313586235,
-0.061525892466306686,
-0.047584980726242065,
-0.02195229008793831,
-0.025298109278082848,
0.01505618542432785,
0.035000983625650406,
0.0038523387629538774,
0.07037372142076492,
-0.041190747171640396,
0.038885850459337234,
0.01609710603952408,
0.009637817740440369,
0.03578167408704758,
0.018262594938278198,
0.008922183886170387,
0.01577181927859783,
-0.026004448533058167,
-0.009326470084488392,
-0.012249414809048176,
-0.018011659383773804,
0.010028162971138954,
-0.0076256790198385715,
0.01229588408023119,
-0.024889174848794937,
-0.014972539618611336,
0.0036316076293587685,
-0.015465118922293186,
0.03843974322080612,
0.011877656914293766,
0.011728954501450062,
-0.0035270508378744125,
0.11405524611473083,
-0.009405468590557575,
0.0012302855029702187,
-0.0489233061671257,
0.04130227491259575,
0.0011774261947721243,
0.04483397305011749,
0.050187282264232635,
-0.024852000176906586,
0.008345959708094597,
-0.016552509739995003,
-0.037064239382743835,
-0.014656545594334602,
0.04959247261285782,
0.003008913481608033,
0.0010966850677505136,
0.06137719005346298,
0.011803305707871914,
0.025855744257569313,
0.015372179448604584,
-0.03221280127763748,
-0.06996478885412216,
0.04055875912308693,
-0.07792040705680847,
-0.029034273698925972,
-0.020799841731786728,
0.029406031593680382,
0.01600416749715805,
0.05405356362462044,
0.039331961423158646,
-0.03078153356909752,
-0.07096853852272034,
0.02022361569106579,
-0.04858872666954994,
0.041971441358327866,
0.04286365956068039,
0.0064499955624341965,
0.06580110639333725,
0.027212660759687424,
0.08840397000312805,
0.012463175691664219,
0.0656895786523819,
-0.004045187961310148,
0.025558339431881905,
0.012370236217975616,
0.010827441699802876,
-0.023606611415743828,
0.029722025617957115,
-0.021506180986762047,
-0.014879600144922733,
0.02317908965051174,
-0.011598838493227959,
-0.017714252695441246,
-0.010390626266598701,
-0.06989043951034546,
0.01583687588572502,
0.016320161521434784,
-0.008792068809270859,
-0.011905538849532604,
0.03483369201421738,
-0.04215731844305992,
-0.00021114673290867358,
-0.024907762184739113,
0.04215731844305992,
-0.0471016950905323,
-0.06699073314666748,
-0.027342775836586952,
-0.024368714541196823,
0.007430506404489279,
-0.010018869303166866,
-0.03020530939102173,
-0.011849774979054928,
-0.010018869303166866,
0.0015834552468732,
0.02334638126194477,
0.0310231763869524,
-0.02520516887307167,
-0.06981609016656876,
-0.010567211546003819,
-0.020762665197253227,
0.01711943931877613,
-0.00004933775926474482,
0.009284647181630135,
-0.04011265188455582,
0.049034833908081055,
0.04327259212732315,
-0.0031692341435700655,
0.01627369225025177,
0.0037129295524209738,
0.008332018740475178,
-0.01799307018518448,
0.006463936064392328,
0.03316078335046768,
-0.008415663614869118,
0.022045228630304337,
-0.03262173384428024,
-0.040075477212667465,
0.05784549191594124,
0.013624917715787888,
-0.020205028355121613,
0.058328777551651,
0.023234853520989418,
-0.0001694692182354629,
-0.07769735157489777,
0.02611597627401352,
0.017946600914001465,
-0.0039011319167912006,
0.013448333367705345,
0.03451769798994064,
0.046060774475336075,
0.0025604809634387493,
0.07260426878929138,
-0.015846170485019684,
0.0507449209690094,
0.014331257902085781,
-0.011143435724079609,
-0.00493043614551425,
-0.01951727643609047,
-0.02310473844408989,
0.03453628718852997,
0.02648773230612278,
0.03003801964223385,
-0.08713999390602112,
0.018011659383773804,
-0.001514912466518581,
-0.01837412267923355,
-0.04777085781097412,
0.014851718209683895,
0.027900412678718567,
0.014944657683372498,
-0.018727291375398636,
0.0002497746900189668,
0.011041202582418919,
0.014284787699580193,
0.06167459487915039,
-0.006635874044150114,
-0.007230686489492655,
-0.03182245418429375,
-0.024275774136185646,
0.019833270460367203,
-0.02557692676782608,
-0.08780916035175323,
-0.0263204425573349,
0.015650996938347816,
0.003657165914773941,
-0.04137662798166275,
0.02751006744801998,
0.05148843675851822,
0.00854113232344389,
-0.05702762305736542,
-0.06792012602090836,
0.006370997056365013,
-0.04014982655644417,
-0.033476777374744415,
-0.009777226485311985,
-0.009535583667457104,
0.025669867172837257,
-0.03278902545571327,
-0.002909003756940365,
0.040781814604997635,
0.02100430801510811,
-0.004454121459275484,
-0.04959247261285782,
-0.013950206339359283,
0.02669220045208931,
-0.06717661023139954,
-0.060670848935842514,
-0.023030387237668037,
0.04438786581158638,
0.02619032748043537,
0.03286337852478027,
0.00996310543268919,
0.038885850459337234,
-0.017816485837101936,
0.037770576775074005,
-0.07401695102453232,
0.014675133861601353,
-0.002196855377405882,
-0.0356515608727932,
0.023495083674788475,
0.07279014587402344,
0.008866420015692711,
-0.036041904240846634,
-0.02046525850892067,
-0.024852000176906586,
-0.029814964160323143,
-0.03806798532605171,
-0.022045228630304337,
0.014098908752202988,
-0.019405750557780266,
0.054313793778419495,
-0.0178257804363966,
-0.01079026609659195,
-0.009442644193768501,
-0.020316556096076965,
-0.07297603040933609,
-0.024740472435951233,
-0.008448192849755287,
-0.034053001552820206,
0.03085588477551937,
0.029982255771756172,
-0.03154363855719566,
-0.01241670548915863,
0.0009259089129045606,
-0.04922071471810341,
0.017853662371635437,
-0.012602584436535835,
0.008977947756648064,
-0.020725488662719727,
-0.010074632242321968,
0.040410056710243225,
-0.009214943274855614,
0.04594924673438072,
-0.0168777983635664,
-0.00043100654147565365,
-0.04896048456430435,
-0.01053932961076498,
-0.003963865805417299,
-0.012026360258460045,
-0.009600641205906868,
-0.018996816128492355,
0.02327203005552292,
-0.03048412874341011,
-0.0098608722910285,
0.029554734006524086,
-0.01008392684161663,
0.005028022453188896,
-0.026023035869002342,
0.015186300501227379,
-0.044871147722005844,
0.0731247290968895,
-0.02751006744801998,
0.07219533622264862,
-0.013624917715787888,
0.006101472768932581,
-0.03693412244319916,
0.010251217521727085,
0.004335623700171709,
0.06338468194007874,
0.014749485068023205,
0.01745402254164219,
-0.014071027748286724,
0.08431463688611984,
-0.004405328072607517,
-0.06178612262010574,
-0.033848535269498825,
-0.029201563447713852,
0.012714112177491188,
0.04550313577055931,
0.012221532873809338,
0.07111723721027374,
0.04353282228112221,
0.027379952371120453,
-0.05684174597263336,
-0.004200861323624849,
-0.016366630792617798,
-0.07550398260354996,
-0.005483425222337246,
0.020446671172976494,
0.003831427311524749,
0.011273550800979137,
0.013476215302944183,
-0.01806742139160633,
0.017853662371635437,
0.0025093641597777605,
-0.007063395343720913,
-0.008341312408447266,
0.05252935737371445,
0.01326245442032814,
-0.014052439481019974,
0.014368433505296707,
-0.027156896889209747,
-0.03122764267027378,
-0.03224997594952583,
0.03349536657333374,
0.057696789503097534,
-0.03003801964223385,
0.017463315278291702,
0.013234572485089302,
-0.03189680725336075,
-0.044164810329675674,
-0.00025921384803950787,
-0.022138169035315514,
0.05554059520363808,
0.0011989184422418475,
-0.001870405743829906,
-0.043086711317300797,
0.011236375197768211,
-0.016533922404050827,
-0.02540963515639305,
0.02405272051692009,
-0.03505674749612808,
-0.025521162897348404,
-0.010009574703872204,
0.012407411821186543,
-0.034220293164253235,
-0.03349536657333374,
-0.02388542890548706,
-0.05780831724405289,
-0.005910946987569332,
-0.024071307852864265,
-0.01375503372400999,
-0.025279520079493523,
-0.038105159997940063,
0.0062455288134515285,
-0.014015263877809048,
0.020112089812755585,
0.028643928468227386,
-0.03184104338288307,
0.0016194692580029368,
-0.07156334817409515,
0.044908326119184494,
0.005562423728406429,
-0.011617426760494709,
0.06044779345393181,
-0.027045369148254395,
-0.024350127205252647,
0.02425718680024147,
0.01316022127866745,
-0.006445348262786865,
-0.04851437360048294,
-0.010929674841463566,
0.05940687283873558,
-0.0038012219592928886,
-0.02026079222559929,
0.020725488662719727,
-0.008582955226302147,
0.026134563609957695,
0.06238093599677086,
0.011050496250391006,
-0.005757596809417009,
0.037566110491752625,
0.051674313843250275,
0.03446193411946297,
-0.037844929844141006,
0.007114512380212545,
0.009684287011623383,
-0.04137662798166275,
0.00025355032994411886,
0.007328272797167301,
0.028234994038939476,
-0.046395353972911835,
-0.04100487008690834,
-0.006589404307305813,
-0.06026191636919975,
0.0412651002407074,
-0.0007574562332592905,
0.005362604279071093,
-0.0638679638504982,
-0.02594868466258049,
-0.00805320031940937,
0.05003857985138893,
0.026747964322566986,
-0.015976285561919212,
-0.011254963465034962,
-0.011022614315152168,
0.046469707041978836,
0.015753230080008507,
0.044573742896318436,
-0.016431689262390137,
0.03423887863755226,
-0.016701212152838707,
0.012927872128784657,
0.045280084013938904,
0.018206831067800522,
0.03251020610332489,
-0.041562505066394806,
0.03918325528502464,
0.0029368854593485594,
0.017007913440465927,
-0.008490015752613544,
0.03505674749612808,
0.012119299732148647,
0.027863236144185066,
0.020149264484643936,
0.010260511189699173,
0.07256709784269333,
-0.06721378117799759,
0.01992621086537838,
-0.00867589469999075,
-0.024164248257875443,
-0.016059931367635727,
-0.017732840031385422,
-0.08862702548503876,
0.005864477250725031,
-0.03806798532605171,
-0.052120424807071686,
0.013624917715787888,
0.009224236942827702,
0.013457627035677433,
0.0067474013194441795,
-0.03745458275079727,
-0.01363421231508255,
-0.028532400727272034,
0.037640463560819626,
0.021915113553404808,
0.015316415578126907,
-0.03423887863755226,
-0.0014823836972936988,
0.043830227106809616,
-0.04658123478293419,
-0.0014498548116534948,
0.03184104338288307,
0.011812599375844002,
0.0011751027777791023,
-0.005144196562469006,
-0.0031157939229160547,
-0.006612639408558607,
-0.015195594169199467,
-0.0640910193324089,
0.0001442013162886724,
-0.016729094088077545,
-0.06565240025520325,
0.047584980726242065,
-0.056618690490722656,
-0.021933700889348984,
0.019480101764202118,
0.05349592864513397,
-0.02239839918911457,
-0.035911791026592255,
0.06706508249044418,
0.018281182274222374,
0.04371869936585426,
-0.02581856958568096,
-0.04178556054830551,
0.015242064371705055,
0.0103348633274436,
0.026004448533058167,
-0.027993351221084595,
0.07029937207698822,
0.022640042006969452,
0.02384825423359871,
0.03981524333357811,
-0.006403525825589895,
0.012202945537865162,
0.03544709086418152,
0.06115413457155228,
0.027045369148254395,
-0.04483397305011749,
0.004342594183981419,
-0.010855323635041714,
0.0136156240478158,
-0.06836623698472977,
0.01620863378047943,
0.026766551658511162,
0.019201282411813736,
0.02327203005552292,
-0.05948122590780258,
-0.03416452929377556,
0.009312529116868973,
0.0347779281437397,
0.039703719317913055,
-0.05145125836133957,
-0.01493536401540041,
0.03329089656472206,
0.008081082254648209,
0.0507449209690094,
-0.0006093340343795717,
0.0089128902181983,
0.0017309966497123241,
0.017138028517365456,
-0.021227361634373665,
0.0002904356806538999,
0.006324527319520712,
-0.00581800751388073,
0.04654406011104584,
0.0019970356952399015,
0.019703155383467674,
-0.013708563521504402,
-0.04446221515536308,
-0.027324188500642776,
0.021320302039384842,
0.014628663659095764,
0.03297490254044533,
0.006078237667679787,
0.007137747015804052,
0.0001328017096966505,
0.020112089812755585,
-0.004179950337857008,
-0.006064296700060368,
-0.02520516887307167,
0.01590193435549736,
0.020725488662719727,
-0.033848535269498825,
0.027621593326330185,
-0.011422254145145416,
-0.002648773370310664,
-0.013225278817117214,
-0.010483565740287304,
0.035205449908971786,
-0.0015881021972745657,
0.023736726492643356,
-0.011849774979054928,
-0.028699690476059914,
0.007504857610911131,
-0.030428364872932434,
0.004126510117202997,
-0.01173824816942215,
-0.009154532104730606,
0.014498548582196236,
0.011598838493227959,
0.07081983238458633,
-0.01422902476042509,
-0.03749176114797592,
0.0041055986657738686,
-0.008885008282959461,
0.024312950670719147,
-0.058440305292606354,
-0.04951811954379082,
0.010818148031830788,
0.019647391512989998,
0.012463175691664219,
-0.03271467238664627,
0.01530712191015482,
0.003285408252850175,
0.01435913983732462,
-0.015827583149075508,
0.04817979410290718,
-0.01600416749715805,
0.0067055788822472095,
-0.004370476119220257,
0.009619229473173618,
0.02838369645178318,
0.009024417027831078,
-0.031710926443338394,
0.0037524288054555655,
0.04067028686404228,
0.005297546740621328,
-0.03122764267027378,
-0.005999239161610603,
0.008020671084523201,
0.011766130104660988,
-0.0468786396086216,
-0.028681103140115738,
0.013318218290805817,
0.03715717792510986,
-0.029480382800102234,
0.02706395834684372,
0.006175823975354433,
-0.008280902169644833,
0.017537668347358704,
-0.022138169035315514,
-0.025298109278082848,
-0.009228884242475033,
-0.05710197612643242,
0.03940631076693535,
-0.017314612865447998,
0.04044723138213158,
-0.007249274291098118,
-0.028681103140115738,
0.009168473072350025,
0.01654321514070034,
0.008234431967139244,
-0.034350406378507614,
0.022342635318636894,
-0.018113892525434494,
0.018225418403744698,
0.05821724981069565,
0.05219477415084839,
0.013727151788771152,
0.002669684588909149,
-0.03498239442706108,
0.021896526217460632,
-0.0026789787225425243,
0.005260370671749115,
-0.021599119529128075,
0.013188103213906288,
0.029759200289845467,
0.01006533857434988,
0.026599260047078133,
-0.00694257440045476,
-0.03505674749612808,
0.028643928468227386,
-0.011598838493227959,
0.03135775774717331,
-0.0038151629269123077,
-0.03633931279182434,
0.02037231996655464,
0.03314219415187836,
-0.006384937558323145,
0.004224096424877644,
0.004403004888445139,
0.008476074784994125,
0.01041850820183754,
0.0018518178258091211,
-0.046469707041978836,
0.03881150111556053,
0.016459571197628975,
-0.028197817504405975,
0.0030577066354453564,
0.028476636856794357,
0.013206690549850464,
0.005120961926877499,
-0.0032877319026738405,
-0.035874612629413605,
0.022621452808380127,
0.007597797084599733,
-0.013689976185560226,
-0.0019830947276204824,
-0.07171205431222916,
0.06130283698439598,
-0.032937727868556976,
0.022807331755757332,
0.024982115253806114,
-0.009888753294944763,
0.06665614992380142,
-0.03955501317977905,
-0.03617202118039131,
0.0048514376394450665,
0.004967611748725176,
-0.016422394663095474,
0.021264538168907166,
-0.002400160301476717,
0.001309284009039402,
0.03317937254905701,
0.0034759340342134237,
-0.010056044906377792,
0.07026219367980957,
0.02929450385272503,
0.00867589469999075,
0.039257608354091644,
0.01934998668730259,
0.0007806911016814411,
0.045986421406269073,
0.0007510666619054973,
0.021097246557474136,
-0.07226968556642532,
-0.005739009007811546,
-0.01576252467930317,
0.013401863165199757,
-0.02260286547243595,
-0.018903877586126328,
0.008016024716198444,
-0.038588445633649826,
0.04275213181972504,
-0.0007435153238475323,
0.01840200461447239,
-0.034963808953762054,
0.008220490999519825,
-0.02685949020087719,
-0.04725039750337601,
-0.03291914239525795,
0.020688313990831375,
-0.04966682195663452,
-0.03189680725336075,
0.0433097667992115,
0.0021840762346982956,
0.022640042006969452,
-0.002397836884483695,
-0.021301714703440666,
0.03503815829753876,
-0.017110146582126617,
-0.03988959640264511,
0.02293744683265686,
0.015418648719787598,
0.009205648675560951,
0.045242905616760254,
-0.012639760039746761,
-0.04650688171386719,
-0.021524768322706223,
-0.03420170396566391,
0.015595233999192715,
0.013150927610695362,
0.015827583149075508,
-0.00901512335985899,
0.012732699513435364,
0.029852140694856644,
0.03559579700231552,
-0.048328496515750885,
-0.011598838493227959,
0.07490916550159454,
0.0034619932994246483,
-0.009066239930689335,
-0.02767735719680786,
-0.020242204889655113,
-0.006831047125160694,
-0.017602724954485893,
-0.029015684500336647,
0.006835693959146738,
0.009544878266751766,
-0.018309064209461212,
0.008415663614869118,
-0.04475962370634079,
0.0001530595909571275,
0.010288393124938011,
0.0068078120239079,
-0.029722025617957115,
-0.041934262961149216,
0.04461091756820679,
-0.05085644870996475,
-0.0057715377770364285,
-0.007769735064357519,
0.022547101601958275,
0.012621172703802586,
0.037435997277498245,
-0.02371813915669918,
-0.03223139047622681,
0.027733121067285538,
-0.02297462336719036,
0.024238599464297295,
-0.018922464922070503,
0.01864364743232727,
-0.004203184973448515,
0.02516799420118332,
0.024573180824518204,
0.0037338410038501024,
-0.0018576266011223197,
0.012658348307013512,
-0.02875545434653759,
0.04516855627298355,
0.03531697764992714,
-0.001062413677573204,
0.016942854970693588,
0.015269945375621319,
-0.03468498960137367,
-0.05159996449947357,
-0.01816965639591217,
0.043346941471099854,
0.022286871448159218,
0.00009468202915741131,
-0.04918353632092476,
-0.009740050882101059,
-0.010660151019692421,
-0.004293800797313452,
0.03940631076693535,
-0.036989886313676834,
0.00862477719783783,
-0.02702678181231022,
-0.01708226464688778,
-0.01988903433084488,
0.022825920954346657,
0.018290476873517036,
-0.015539470128715038,
-0.0206697266548872,
0.00002668377783265896,
0.056246932595968246,
-0.02591150812804699,
0.03146928548812866,
0.0013882825151085854,
0.021636296063661575,
-0.031283408403396606,
-0.0039917477406561375,
-0.029275914654135704,
-0.00757920928299427,
0.005297546740621328,
-0.013708563521504402,
-0.024740472435951233,
0.036692481487989426,
-0.031097527593374252,
0.021636296063661575,
0.002667361171916127,
-0.014777367003262043,
-0.005060551222413778,
0.007277156226336956,
-0.0545368492603302,
-0.013476215302944183,
-0.021933700889348984,
-0.004391387104988098,
-0.028439460322260857,
0.03180386871099472,
-0.013494802638888359,
0.023364968597888947,
-0.005924887489527464,
-0.01887599565088749,
-0.047956738620996475,
0.024777647107839584,
0.01942433789372444,
0.05226912721991539,
-0.0025093641597777605,
-0.01006533857434988,
-0.011701072566211224,
0.03167375177145004,
-0.004340270534157753,
0.043495647609233856,
0.015009715221822262,
-0.04290083423256874,
-0.011134142056107521,
-0.008824597112834454,
-0.020781252533197403,
-0.009437997825443745,
-0.005450896453112364,
0.02561410330235958,
0.0433841198682785,
-0.0030228544492274523,
0.030019430443644524,
0.01530712191015482,
0.019238458946347237,
-0.01400597020983696,
-0.0036478720139712095,
-0.06245528534054756,
0.004107922315597534,
-0.00509307999163866,
0.010288393124938011,
0.00839242897927761,
-0.009907341562211514,
-0.03133917227387428,
0.035540033131837845,
-0.016459571197628975,
-0.006078237667679787,
0.008178668096661568,
-0.03464781492948532,
-0.00361069617792964,
-0.0008027642033994198,
-0.022305458784103394,
-0.033606890588998795,
0.011096966452896595,
-0.01752837374806404,
-0.016664037480950356,
0.023030387237668037,
-0.020818429067730904,
-0.03187821805477142,
-0.05799419432878494,
0.01566029153764248,
-0.06528064608573914,
-0.03713858872652054,
-0.05331004783511162,
-0.024145659059286118,
0.011728954501450062,
0.0328819639980793,
-0.05758526176214218,
-0.012137887068092823,
-0.044164810329675674,
0.0002872408658731729,
-0.006844988092780113,
-0.05784549191594124,
-0.0012651378056034446,
0.0035456386394798756,
0.013559860177338123,
0.02983355149626732,
0.02743571437895298,
-0.010511447675526142,
0.00717956991866231,
-0.004098628181964159,
0.01813247986137867,
-0.02111583575606346,
0.007346860598772764,
-0.033476777374744415,
-0.012676936574280262,
-0.0060317679308354855,
0.014266200363636017,
-0.008076434955000877,
-0.01695214956998825,
0.016264397650957108,
-0.033644068986177444,
-0.02524234540760517,
0.01725884899497032,
-0.007230686489492655,
-0.015121242962777615,
0.01539076678454876,
-0.008977947756648064,
-0.015437236987054348,
-0.010232629254460335,
-0.02104148268699646,
0.005887711886316538,
0.01540935505181551,
-0.013215985149145126,
0.026134563609957695,
-0.02297462336719036,
0.01921987161040306,
0.07174922525882721,
0.004040541127324104,
-0.014768073335289955,
0.035707324743270874,
-0.027175484225153923,
-0.005427661817520857,
-0.004126510117202997,
0.013355393894016743,
-0.06985326111316681,
0.023234853520989418,
-0.06621003895998001,
0.014795954339206219,
0.04431351274251938,
-0.005678598303347826,
-0.0009758638334460557,
0.015121242962777615,
0.010753090493381023,
-0.056990448385477066
] |
Recent years have witnessed the promise that reinforcement learning, coupled
with Graph Neural Network (GNN) architectures, could learn to solve hard
combinatorial optimization problems: given raw input data and an evaluator to
guide the process, the idea is to automatically learn a policy able to return
feasible and high-quality outputs. Recent work have shown promising results but
the latter were mainly evaluated on the travelling salesman problem (TSP) and
similar abstract variants such as Split Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem
(SDVRP). In this paper, we analyze how and whether recent neural architectures
can be applied to graph problems of practical importance. We thus set out to
systematically "transfer" these architectures to the Power and Channel
Allocation Problem (PCAP), which has practical relevance for, e.g., radio
resource allocation in wireless networks. Our experimental results suggest that
existing architectures (i) are still incapable of capturing graph structural
features and (ii) are not suitable for problems where the actions on the graph
change the graph attributes. On a positive note, we show that augmenting the
structural representation of problems with Distance Encoding is a promising
step towards the still-ambitious goal of learning multi-purpose autonomous
solvers. | [
-0.011182819493114948,
0.0469450019299984,
-0.030008256435394287,
0.016602929681539536,
0.007888587191700935,
0.050002049654722214,
0.0019523814553394914,
0.006039425265043974,
-0.053480759263038635,
-0.017823990434408188,
0.014389204792678356,
-0.008907603099942207,
-0.01756923645734787,
-0.05207521840929985,
-0.03780899941921234,
0.026828225702047348,
0.00776560278609395,
-0.00437034759670496,
-0.00026779359905049205,
-0.022506192326545715,
0.00429128622636199,
-0.021206069737672806,
-0.014802082441747189,
0.014292574487626553,
0.025545669719576836,
0.027460716664791107,
0.0005322929937392473,
0.002663935534656048,
-0.07920212298631668,
0.06925792992115021,
0.007695325650274754,
0.021469607949256897,
0.003711501369252801,
-0.008358564227819443,
0.005358617287129164,
0.00549917109310627,
0.01356345135718584,
0.013598589226603508,
0.0009646608959883451,
0.018851790577173233,
-0.0076645794324576855,
0.03678998351097107,
-0.009961757808923721,
-0.017411114647984505,
0.010453696362674236,
-0.020485730841755867,
-0.01416958961635828,
0.006263433024287224,
-0.003274466609582305,
-0.025545669719576836,
0.019695114344358444,
-0.04824512451887131,
0.018359852954745293,
-0.017525313422083855,
-0.03594665974378586,
0.004280305467545986,
0.06465478986501694,
-0.007818310521543026,
0.021785853430628777,
0.04040924459695816,
0.014740590006113052,
-0.03939022868871689,
-0.10267461836338043,
0.002791312523186207,
0.019572129473090172,
-0.041287705302238464,
0.03164219483733177,
0.01997622288763523,
0.04698013886809349,
-0.04012813791632652,
-0.060227345675230026,
0.028725702315568924,
-0.06121122092008591,
0.003050458850339055,
0.04353656992316246,
-0.0011892177863046527,
-0.005450855940580368,
0.024175269529223442,
0.00573196355253458,
0.009540095925331116,
0.03499792143702507,
0.044274479150772095,
-0.027566133067011833,
-0.03882801532745361,
0.04929927736520767,
0.003375489730387926,
0.04627737030386925,
-0.049510110169649124,
0.007625048980116844,
0.0036170666571706533,
-0.0818023681640625,
0.016743483021855354,
-0.02767154760658741,
-0.018658529967069626,
0.010717234574258327,
0.017094867303967476,
-0.0029450433794409037,
-0.028462164103984833,
-0.019730253145098686,
0.07038236409425735,
-0.0094961728900671,
-0.031448934227228165,
0.010655742138624191,
0.02847973257303238,
0.03169490396976471,
-0.028462164103984833,
-0.08095904439687729,
0.016049498692154884,
0.023454930633306503,
0.16613470017910004,
0.029041949659585953,
0.018605822697281837,
0.041463401168584824,
0.002652954775840044,
-0.059384021908044815,
0.003461139742285013,
-0.056572943925857544,
-0.03643859922885895,
0.028620287775993347,
-0.02735530212521553,
-0.0006890434888191521,
0.045082662254571915,
-0.026898501440882683,
-0.05815417319536209,
-0.031009703874588013,
0.07716409116983414,
0.007910548709332943,
0.005081901792436838,
-0.04300949349999428,
0.016330605372786522,
-0.028690563514828682,
0.02387659251689911,
0.017780067399144173,
-0.0692930743098259,
0.03097456507384777,
-0.02217237651348114,
-0.032432813197374344,
-0.02208453044295311,
-0.060016512870788574,
-0.05818931385874748,
0.022506192326545715,
-0.006149232853204012,
0.023859024047851562,
-0.031624626368284225,
0.03854690492153168,
0.050318293273448944,
-0.018026037141680717,
0.0903058797121048,
-0.015056836418807507,
0.04107687622308731,
-0.05369158834218979,
0.06651712954044342,
-0.03956592082977295,
0.03548985719680786,
-0.008160910569131374,
-0.004708555527031422,
-0.00795886479318142,
-0.014072959311306477,
0.016330605372786522,
-0.010295572690665722,
0.05583503469824791,
-0.019659975543618202,
-0.005578232929110527,
0.04090118408203125,
-0.014055389910936356,
0.059559714049100876,
0.06774697452783585,
0.004034336190670729,
-0.11216200888156891,
0.03840635344386101,
0.008354172110557556,
-0.015188605524599552,
-0.011147680692374706,
-0.011332157999277115,
0.0075547718442976475,
-0.001987519906833768,
-0.0019523814553394914,
-0.011499065905809402,
0.01155177317559719,
0.026617394760251045,
-0.030008256435394287,
0.004906209651380777,
0.014591251499950886,
0.0469450019299984,
0.004069474525749683,
0.04269324615597725,
0.05745140463113785,
-0.05175897106528282,
-0.005095078609883785,
-0.018605822697281837,
0.0025914625730365515,
0.046593617647886276,
0.021838562563061714,
-0.05745140463113785,
-0.01311543583869934,
-0.07357996702194214,
-0.03510333597660065,
0.022734593600034714,
0.021575022488832474,
0.038054969161748886,
-0.059524573385715485,
0.0027715470641851425,
0.029674440622329712,
0.019677545875310898,
0.02732016332447529,
0.03763330727815628,
0.0019435968715697527,
-0.03503305837512016,
0.0018612410640344024,
-0.05045884847640991,
-0.04979121685028076,
-0.01895720697939396,
-0.03257336467504501,
-0.03299502655863762,
-0.02266431599855423,
-0.02602004073560238,
0.00820483360439539,
-0.001932616112753749,
-0.03608721122145653,
-0.0317300409078598,
0.013194496743381023,
0.07906156778335571,
0.0647953450679779,
-0.016567790880799294,
-0.004493332467973232,
-0.011270665563642979,
-0.028462164103984833,
-0.02575650066137314,
-0.03598179668188095,
-0.003933312837034464,
-0.03879287466406822,
0.0402335524559021,
0.012702558189630508,
0.010532757267355919,
-0.01144635770469904,
0.009346834383904934,
0.012140342965722084,
0.016550220549106598,
-0.03334641084074974,
-0.00039256265154108405,
-0.03650887310504913,
-0.02060871571302414,
-0.010822650045156479,
0.0006198646151460707,
0.07252581417560577,
0.011920727789402008,
-0.0005825299886055291,
0.03487493470311165,
0.052777986973524094,
0.01837742142379284,
-0.02396443858742714,
0.006500617600977421,
0.011516635306179523,
-0.02199668437242508,
-0.07442329078912735,
0.018746376037597656,
0.0058066328056156635,
-0.06110580638051033,
0.0026485624257475138,
-0.02359548583626747,
0.027689117938280106,
-0.0034238051157444715,
0.004796401597559452,
0.02709176391363144,
-0.013405327685177326,
-0.012702558189630508,
-0.03854690492153168,
0.031097549945116043,
-0.05794334411621094,
0.023525208234786987,
-0.053129371255636215,
-0.04480155557394028,
-0.012368743307888508,
0.0194491446018219,
-0.02356034703552723,
-0.06567380577325821,
-0.0029099048115313053,
-0.012105204164981842,
0.025897055864334106,
0.019782960414886475,
-0.009144787676632404,
-0.06476020812988281,
-0.02350763976573944,
-0.0068256487138569355,
-0.040830906480550766,
-0.023138685151934624,
-0.02775939367711544,
-0.028532441705465317,
-0.017692221328616142,
-0.02185613103210926,
-0.02391173131763935,
0.012157912366092205,
0.007198994979262352,
0.014828436076641083,
0.04908844828605652,
-0.008841718547046185,
-0.02101280726492405,
-0.03478708863258362,
0.035507429391145706,
0.04297435283660889,
-0.056326974183321,
-0.0007917137700133026,
-0.0223480686545372,
0.04894789308309555,
-0.06426826864480972,
-0.0024487124755978584,
-0.052321188151836395,
0.055132266134023666,
0.007440571673214436,
0.007787564303725958,
0.061527468264102936,
0.03348696604371071,
-0.029621733352541924,
-0.020415453240275383,
-0.04473127797245979,
0.011507850140333176,
0.050318293273448944,
0.015522421337664127,
-0.0670442059636116,
-0.0478234626352787,
0.03858204558491707,
-0.013352620415389538,
-0.09620913863182068,
0.03157191723585129,
-0.01763072982430458,
0.025897055864334106,
0.014424343593418598,
0.03250308707356453,
-0.050318293273448944,
0.006118486635386944,
-0.01707729883491993,
0.05309423431754112,
-0.033451829105615616,
-0.024280685931444168,
-0.0014758158940821886,
-0.005384970922023058,
-0.043747399002313614,
0.044274479150772095,
0.0004444468067958951,
-0.024245547130703926,
-0.0048842476680874825,
0.02240077778697014,
0.018517976626753807,
0.033416688442230225,
-0.0031932087149471045,
-0.04297435283660889,
-0.03327613323926926,
0.009900265373289585,
-0.00005486954978550784,
-0.011885588988661766,
0.0009915637783706188,
0.007313194684684277,
-0.0037642091047018766,
0.0030416741501539946,
0.05144272744655609,
-0.01962483860552311,
-0.04958038777112961,
0.0019798334687948227,
-0.01664685271680355,
-0.01792062260210514,
0.037527889013290405,
-0.05154814198613167,
-0.018342282623052597,
-0.0006253550527617335,
-0.08890034258365631,
0.021030377596616745,
-0.02025732956826687,
0.002683700993657112,
-0.009610372595489025,
-0.026652531698346138,
0.010418557561933994,
0.052496880292892456,
-0.0018217102624475956,
-0.004673417191952467,
-0.011261881329119205,
0.009812419302761555,
0.02020462229847908,
-0.009250203147530556,
-0.05597558990120888,
0.023402223363518715,
-0.027109332382678986,
-0.008459587581455708,
0.004240774549543858,
-0.0038871937431395054,
-0.03071102686226368,
0.09775523841381073,
0.0388982892036438,
-0.0245793629437685,
-0.020011361688375473,
0.054605189710855484,
0.01713879033923149,
-0.04898303374648094,
-0.031273242086172104,
0.00293845497071743,
-0.020819546654820442,
-0.03872259706258774,
0.027056625112891197,
-0.01881665363907814,
0.0031405012123286724,
-0.015487282536923885,
-0.054288942366838455,
-0.022014254704117775,
-0.017209067940711975,
0.058259591460227966,
-0.008692380040884018,
-0.009004234336316586,
-0.021135792136192322,
-0.05776765197515488,
-0.030605610460042953,
0.008231187239289284,
0.03566554933786392,
-0.028585148975253105,
-0.003357920330017805,
-0.0177712831646204,
0.005389363504946232,
0.010409773327410221,
-0.05601072683930397,
-0.012834327295422554,
0.05189952626824379,
-0.0337505042552948,
-0.017033375799655914,
0.013229635544121265,
0.04012813791632652,
-0.019519422203302383,
-0.008723125793039799,
0.0156541895121336,
-0.000985524384304881,
0.014020251110196114,
-0.03048262558877468,
0.011788957752287388,
0.03183545917272568,
0.004840324632823467,
0.034664105623960495,
-0.0254753939807415,
-0.03411945700645447,
0.010813865810632706,
0.019097760319709778,
0.0008866974385455251,
-0.06753614544868469,
-0.026318717747926712,
-0.00572317885234952,
-0.06251134723424911,
-0.011885588988661766,
-0.011077404022216797,
0.028058070689439774,
0.0243685320019722,
-0.008472764864563942,
-0.0388982892036438,
0.02203182317316532,
0.012482943013310432,
-0.07133109867572784,
-0.014564897865056992,
-0.10597763955593109,
-0.042131029069423676,
0.01962483860552311,
-0.024192839860916138,
-0.030342072248458862,
-0.0313083790242672,
0.004611924756318331,
0.021926408633589745,
-0.026793086901307106,
0.024965886026620865,
-0.012105204164981842,
-0.06707935035228729,
-0.003625851357355714,
0.03840635344386101,
-0.03615748882293701,
-0.03682512044906616,
0.018043605610728264,
0.013870912604033947,
-0.010690880939364433,
-0.051477864384651184,
0.04940469563007355,
0.04416906088590622,
-0.017349621281027794,
-0.014740590006113052,
0.00016429982497356832,
-0.08707313984632492,
-0.01682254485785961,
-0.03777385875582695,
0.03245038166642189,
0.0326436422765255,
0.023296808823943138,
0.005714394152164459,
-0.016840113326907158,
-0.043114908039569855,
0.02932305634021759,
-0.013264774344861507,
-0.040655214339494705,
-0.029885271564126015,
0.007616264279931784,
0.018535545095801353,
-0.05688919126987457,
0.025369977578520775,
-0.003485297318547964,
0.004778832662850618,
0.06071928143501282,
-0.03141379728913307,
0.03209899738430977,
0.029674440622329712,
0.02011677622795105,
-0.0051697478629648685,
0.04170936718583107,
-0.029270349070429802,
0.04012813791632652,
-0.043958231806755066,
0.03903884440660477,
0.07533688843250275,
-0.03946050629019737,
0.007471317891031504,
0.00807745661586523,
0.04086604714393616,
-0.0011716485023498535,
0.013686435297131538,
0.0031075587030500174,
0.020485730841755867,
0.008024749346077442,
-0.034576259553432465,
0.004144143778830767,
0.033539675176143646,
0.008143341168761253,
-0.03206385672092438,
0.010857788845896721,
0.015302805230021477,
-0.07259608805179596,
0.05439435690641403,
0.033416688442230225,
-0.03062318079173565,
0.029164932668209076,
-0.013598589226603508,
-0.010146234184503555,
0.03499792143702507,
-0.04747207835316658,
-0.053480759263038635,
-0.0339789055287838,
-0.025282131507992744,
0.029621733352541924,
0.0056792558170855045,
-0.04206075519323349,
-0.017235420644283295,
-0.017578022554516792,
0.07456383854150772,
0.017534097656607628,
0.017964545637369156,
0.02486046962440014,
-0.0015724466647952795,
0.0013879697071388364,
-0.03348696604371071,
-0.010295572690665722,
-0.007884195074439049,
-0.01997622288763523,
-0.01814902201294899,
0.009865126572549343,
0.022119669243693352,
-0.018711237236857414,
-0.0514075867831707,
0.030640749260783195,
-0.0337505042552948,
-0.03682512044906616,
0.009838772937655449,
0.0212412066757679,
-0.008187264204025269,
-0.0272674560546875,
-0.020415453240275383,
-0.027653979137539864,
-0.03253822773694992,
0.025088870897889137,
0.07294747233390808,
-0.01470545120537281,
-0.020977668464183807,
-0.030025826767086983,
0.011270665563642979,
-0.008209225721657276,
0.00023141979181673378,
0.00023169431369751692,
0.0038740166928619146,
0.0029099048115313053,
0.008239972405135632,
-0.01513589732348919,
-0.006755371578037739,
0.00911843404173851,
-0.02431582473218441,
0.026494409888982773,
0.020362745970487595,
0.01392362080514431,
0.020274899899959564,
-0.03854690492153168,
-0.006500617600977421,
0.0025607163552194834,
-0.03858204558491707,
-0.056572943925857544,
0.023191392421722412,
-0.027601271867752075,
-0.007585518062114716,
0.004302266985177994,
-0.015091974288225174,
0.0033623126801103354,
0.011393650434911251,
0.020556006580591202,
-0.06240592896938324,
-0.007177033461630344,
0.01908019185066223,
0.012728911824524403,
-0.006237078923732042,
-0.03192330524325371,
-0.018799083307385445,
0.04536376893520355,
0.031624626368284225,
0.0025936586316674948,
0.000370601104805246,
0.031132688745856285,
0.03731705993413925,
0.05151300132274628,
-0.055413372814655304,
0.02199668437242508,
0.011745034717023373,
-0.01273769699037075,
0.024596931412816048,
-0.00768654141575098,
-0.03791441395878792,
0.01962483860552311,
-0.02619573287665844,
0.05021287873387337,
-0.02373603917658329,
0.0016899410402402282,
0.007708502933382988,
0.012245758436620235,
-0.06542783975601196,
-0.013141789473593235,
-0.007155071943998337,
-0.027460716664791107,
-0.013668866828083992,
-0.0402335524559021,
-0.003513847477734089,
-0.02454422414302826,
-0.029217641800642014,
-0.019519422203302383,
0.06816864013671875,
-0.017147574573755264,
-0.012017358094453812,
-0.06156260520219803,
0.01166597381234169,
-0.06331952661275864,
0.052145496010780334,
0.015856236219406128,
0.017042160034179688,
0.0342073030769825,
-0.026301147416234016,
0.006399594713002443,
0.01971268467605114,
-0.010778727009892464,
0.043747399002313614,
0.024245547130703926,
0.04118229076266289,
-0.020854683592915535,
-0.04364198446273804,
0.022558899596333504,
-0.007871017791330814,
-0.010629388503730297,
0.040022723376750946,
0.00007535555778304115,
0.011121327057480812,
-0.049685802310705185,
-0.020450592041015625,
0.005450855940580368,
-0.006237078923732042,
-0.02052086964249611,
0.007589910179376602,
0.02749585546553135,
0.030008256435394287,
-0.036368321627378464,
0.0019172430038452148,
-0.02069656178355217,
0.035788536071777344,
-0.012693773955106735,
-0.039003707468509674,
0.0064610871486365795,
0.04631250724196434,
-0.012922174297273159,
-0.024069854989647865,
-0.028532441705465317,
-0.006276609841734171,
-0.01846526749432087,
0.006750979460775852,
0.01415202021598816,
0.004493332467973232,
-0.03190573304891586,
0.0033930588979274035,
-0.02203182317316532,
0.02789994888007641,
-0.06040303781628609,
-0.019695114344358444,
-0.005016017239540815,
-0.011393650434911251,
0.0008098320104181767,
0.04750721529126167,
0.03436542674899101,
0.012491727247834206,
0.05105620250105858,
-0.037211645394563675,
-0.013282342813909054,
-0.019589699804782867,
0.012790404260158539,
0.003300820477306843,
0.006922279484570026,
0.03482222929596901,
0.016945529729127884,
0.007383471820503473,
-0.03970647603273392,
0.039987582713365555,
0.011367296800017357,
-0.028532441705465317,
0.01235995814204216,
0.042798660695552826,
0.06581436097621918,
-0.00023498854716308415,
0.010866573080420494,
0.013941189274191856,
0.03629804402589798,
-0.00663677928969264,
-0.01705094426870346,
-0.009381972253322601,
0.01624275930225849,
-0.08911117166280746,
-0.05551878735423088,
-0.0009300714591518044,
0.019203176721930504,
-0.014125666581094265,
0.008283895440399647,
-0.004532863385975361,
0.0030175165738910437,
-0.02651197835803032,
-0.030869148671627045,
-0.002639777958393097,
0.04325546324253082,
0.010471264831721783,
0.002200546907261014,
0.02897167205810547,
0.001651508267968893,
-0.009671865031123161,
0.023718470707535744,
-0.014854789711534977,
0.004049709066748619,
-0.027425579726696014,
-0.0025431469548493624,
0.021610161289572716,
-0.02471991628408432,
0.008310249075293541,
-0.002025952562689781,
-0.022418346256017685,
0.035876382142305374,
-0.004361562896519899,
0.03120296448469162,
-0.009768495336174965,
-0.06542783975601196,
0.03371536731719971,
0.008819757029414177,
0.011191603727638721,
-0.014318928122520447,
0.014520974829792976,
-0.00851229578256607,
0.042271584272384644,
0.014758159406483173,
0.02405228465795517,
0.04504752531647682,
-0.019466714933514595,
-0.03088671900331974,
0.01794697530567646,
-0.0048051862977445126,
-0.006223902106285095,
-0.008191656321287155,
0.014134450815618038,
0.03896856680512428,
-0.0005495877121575177,
0.03678998351097107,
0.004431840032339096,
-0.008762656711041927,
0.02798779495060444,
-0.0031383049208670855,
0.051161617040634155,
-0.0011194897815585136,
-0.01638331264257431,
-0.013739143498241901,
0.040022723376750946,
0.01198221929371357,
-0.003880605334416032,
-0.021170930936932564,
-0.06265190243721008,
-0.005213670898228884,
0.018113883212208748,
0.03030693344771862,
0.012052496895194054,
0.0059515791945159435,
0.01725299097597599,
0.0469450019299984,
-0.028795979917049408,
0.0035489858128130436,
0.004778832662850618,
-0.0350857675075531,
-0.03780899941921234,
0.013203281909227371,
-0.019782960414886475,
-0.020503299310803413,
0.0017668063519522548,
-0.023454930633306503,
-0.021223638206720352,
-0.012799189426004887,
-0.05284826457500458,
-0.016980666667222977,
0.01841256022453308,
0.023454930633306503,
-0.002047914080321789,
-0.02775939367711544,
-0.0050291940569877625,
-0.007743641268461943,
-0.014187159016728401,
-0.007212171796709299,
-0.013914835639297962,
-0.037527889013290405,
-0.02292785421013832,
-0.017586806789040565,
-0.013229635544121265,
0.019765391945838928,
0.0009048156789503992,
-0.043079767376184464,
-0.03197601065039635,
0.031273242086172104,
-0.025159146636724472,
0.042622968554496765,
0.05372672528028488,
0.010980772785842419,
0.0813807025551796,
-0.018043605610728264,
0.02686336264014244,
-0.0406903512775898,
0.04831540212035179,
-0.009136003442108631,
0.031361088156700134,
-0.0020512084010988474,
0.023437362164258957,
-0.01184166595339775,
0.015109543688595295,
-0.01227211207151413,
-0.01693674363195896,
-0.06223023682832718,
0.0007170444587245584,
0.0011452946346253157,
-0.018781514838337898,
0.001913948799483478,
-0.009715788066387177,
0.015232528559863567,
0.04297435283660889,
0.014248651452362537,
0.01415202021598816,
-0.03512090444564819,
0.02521185576915741,
0.022330500185489655,
0.03102727234363556,
-0.058259591460227966,
-0.013001235201954842,
0.04332573711872101,
0.02865542471408844,
0.01001446507871151,
-0.036368321627378464,
0.010813865810632706,
-0.04750721529126167,
0.015478497371077538,
-0.044625863432884216,
0.007146287243813276,
-0.012500512413680553,
-0.0198883768171072,
0.020942529663443565,
-0.06121122092008591,
0.02749585546553135,
-0.012105204164981842,
-0.0036192627158015966,
0.041814785450696945,
-0.013730358332395554,
0.01739354431629181,
-0.013668866828083992,
-0.008644064888358116,
0.02897167205810547,
0.0037049129605293274,
-0.004170497413724661,
0.06082469969987869,
-0.010822650045156479,
0.005288340151309967,
-0.022119669243693352,
-0.019378868862986565,
-0.033504534512758255,
0.004840324632823467,
0.05028315633535385,
-0.02860271744430065,
0.031361088156700134,
0.04430961608886719,
0.013932405039668083,
-0.02006406895816326,
-0.019572129473090172,
-0.011938296258449554,
0.033768072724342346,
-0.012509296648204327,
-0.016620498150587082,
-0.01618126779794693,
-0.050318293273448944,
0.04943983256816864,
-0.03225712105631828,
-0.0001331418752670288,
-0.006513794418424368,
0.026072748005390167,
-0.015645405277609825,
-0.014275005087256432,
0.0015098563162609935,
0.010146234184503555,
-0.016629282385110855,
0.007286841049790382,
0.0236833319067955,
-0.031132688745856285,
-0.049685802310705185,
0.033416688442230225,
-0.00032420732895843685,
0.03615748882293701,
0.03875773772597313,
0.015021697618067265,
0.010339495725929737,
-0.012913389131426811,
0.02888382598757744,
0.0065708947367966175,
0.007401041220873594,
0.005793455988168716,
-0.040479522198438644,
-0.039355091750621796,
0.02069656178355217,
0.02454422414302826,
-0.00030279482598416507,
0.040479522198438644,
0.0107260188087821,
-0.02789994888007641,
-0.04388795420527458,
0.015706898644566536,
0.007721679750829935,
-0.0670442059636116,
0.008068672381341457,
0.009733357466757298,
0.011903158389031887,
0.021979115903377533,
0.003287643427029252,
0.005573840346187353,
0.019238313660025597,
-0.013361404649913311,
0.0189923457801342,
-0.015856236219406128,
-0.014626389369368553,
0.01425743568688631,
-0.009390757419168949,
-0.032520659267902374,
-0.049510110169649124,
-0.027056625112891197,
-0.03647373616695404,
-0.011490280739963055,
0.03598179668188095,
0.01363372802734375,
0.020099207758903503,
-0.03696567565202713,
-0.022330500185489655,
-0.007800741121172905,
0.001987519906833768,
-0.014301358722150326,
-0.03592909127473831,
-0.0018008467741310596,
0.01647116057574749,
0.049685802310705185,
-0.012017358094453812,
0.011253096163272858,
0.02544025518000126,
0.01881665363907814,
0.05038857087492943,
-0.013141789473593235,
-0.015496066771447659,
-0.010559111833572388,
0.021750714629888535,
0.06230051442980766,
0.03566554933786392,
-0.00700573343783617,
-0.010313142091035843,
0.02396443858742714,
-0.011727465316653252,
-0.012570789083838463,
0.013589804992079735,
0.011955865658819675,
-0.03543715178966522,
-0.007269271649420261,
0.01416958961635828,
0.000993759953416884,
-0.019730253145098686,
-0.0014681293396279216,
-0.03545472025871277,
0.03907398134469986,
-0.03686026111245155,
0.048526231199502945,
0.03570069000124931,
0.02006406895816326,
-0.029305487871170044,
-0.008226795122027397,
0.02127634547650814,
0.045925986021757126,
-0.006777333095669746,
0.032749056816101074,
0.015144682489335537,
0.006658740807324648,
0.026160594075918198,
-0.006250256206840277,
0.006707056425511837,
-0.01927345246076584,
0.0026419740170240402,
-0.006070171482861042,
0.027952656149864197,
-0.05776765197515488,
0.023402223363518715,
-0.010049603879451752,
-0.02686336264014244,
-0.012588358484208584,
-0.02972714975476265,
-0.03707109019160271,
-0.007857841439545155
] |
Many online platforms today (such as Amazon, Netflix, Spotify, LinkedIn, and
AirBnB) can be thought of as two-sided markets with producers and customers of
goods and services. Traditionally, recommendation services in these platforms
have focused on maximizing customer satisfaction by tailoring the results
according to the personalized preferences of individual customers. However, our
investigation reinforces the fact that such customer-centric design of these
services may lead to unfair distribution of exposure to the producers, which
may adversely impact their well-being. On the other hand, a pure
producer-centric design might become unfair to the customers. As more and more
people are depending on such platforms to earn a living, it is important to
ensure fairness to both producers and customers. In this work, by mapping a
fair personalized recommendation problem to a constrained version of the
problem of fairly allocating indivisible goods, we propose to provide fairness
guarantees for both sides. Formally, our proposed {\em FairRec} algorithm
guarantees Maxi-Min Share ($\alpha$-MMS) of exposure for the producers, and
Envy-Free up to One Item (EF1) fairness for the customers. Extensive
evaluations over multiple real-world datasets show the effectiveness of {\em
FairRec} in ensuring two-sided fairness while incurring a marginal loss in
overall recommendation quality. Finally, we present a modification of FairRec
(named as FairRecPlus) that at the cost of additional computation time,
improves the recommendation performance for the customers, while maintaining
the same fairness guarantees. | [
0.004872375167906284,
-0.011373373679816723,
-0.03253648802638054,
0.00740079116076231,
-0.020875180140137672,
0.008012649603188038,
-0.05409551039338112,
0.015548409894108772,
-0.05603906139731407,
0.036117661744356155,
-0.006195069756358862,
-0.010563560761511326,
0.009987694211304188,
-0.02164900116622448,
-0.00878647156059742,
0.047005146741867065,
0.01851772516965866,
0.012858031317591667,
-0.011913249269127846,
-0.005394254345446825,
-0.008907943032681942,
-0.030125044286251068,
0.02467230334877968,
0.01742897555232048,
0.01353287510573864,
0.02949518896639347,
-0.0020020378287881613,
-0.03273444250226021,
0.0060331071726977825,
-0.00823309924453497,
0.07072366774082184,
0.02463631145656109,
-0.0435139536857605,
-0.04678919538855553,
-0.0429740771651268,
0.014135736040771008,
0.039230942726135254,
0.03966284170746803,
0.03005306050181389,
0.06921201944351196,
-0.044557712972164154,
0.04319002851843834,
-0.025860028341412544,
0.024888252839446068,
0.0246902983635664,
-0.03251849114894867,
-0.02175697684288025,
-0.0020672727841883898,
-0.0269037876278162,
-0.019813425838947296,
0.0072343298234045506,
-0.015791354700922966,
-0.030520953238010406,
-0.006608974188566208,
-0.060142114758491516,
0.01484657172113657,
0.009132890962064266,
-0.007216333877295256,
0.025464121252298355,
0.02933322638273239,
0.009717755950987339,
-0.006483003031462431,
-0.04329800233244896,
-0.02107313461601734,
0.01213819719851017,
0.016952086240053177,
-0.01923755742609501,
0.021990923210978508,
0.005727177485823631,
0.013856800273060799,
-0.08054940402507782,
0.027533642947673798,
0.015584401786327362,
-0.01621425710618496,
-0.04362192749977112,
0.005110819824039936,
0.057550713419914246,
-0.020929167047142982,
0.007702221628278494,
0.014909557066857815,
-0.02146904356777668,
0.018202796578407288,
0.03192462772130966,
0.0633813664317131,
0.05164807662367821,
-0.052727825939655304,
0.007369298487901688,
-0.0694279670715332,
-0.004381988197565079,
-0.01862569898366928,
-0.03717941418290138,
0.00035569912870414555,
0.018040833994746208,
0.0048318845219910145,
0.016061291098594666,
0.015431436710059643,
-0.0007490770658478141,
0.008269091136753559,
-0.017258014529943466,
0.04344196990132332,
-0.0541674941778183,
-0.009564791806042194,
0.011427361518144608,
-0.028523413464426994,
0.006366030313074589,
-0.033616237342357635,
-0.055283237248659134,
0.033562250435352325,
0.02114511840045452,
0.09962499886751175,
0.02715573087334633,
0.02643589675426483,
-0.03575774282217026,
0.005578712094575167,
-0.06327339261770248,
0.03483995422720909,
-0.07230730354785919,
-0.07295515388250351,
0.03804321587085724,
-0.02960316464304924,
0.003968083765357733,
-0.012273166328668594,
0.05071229115128517,
-0.010590555146336555,
-0.0184637364000082,
0.03761131688952446,
-0.03192462772130966,
0.0021943682804703712,
0.08695591986179352,
0.05190001800656319,
0.020857185125350952,
0.014153731986880302,
-0.02674182504415512,
-0.033850185573101044,
-0.049776505678892136,
0.014504650607705116,
0.09105897694826126,
0.026237942278385162,
-0.019795428961515427,
-0.033706218004226685,
0.0026048985309898853,
-0.031150806695222855,
-0.06240959092974663,
0.0190036129206419,
-0.016952086240053177,
0.009564791806042194,
-0.041246477514505386,
0.01057255920022726,
0.008170113898813725,
0.01864369586110115,
-0.06007013097405434,
0.055211253464221954,
-0.04002276062965393,
0.004285260569304228,
0.0639212429523468,
-0.017078056931495667,
0.016007304191589355,
-0.052655842155218124,
0.0007496394100598991,
0.011013457551598549,
0.02186495065689087,
0.004193031694740057,
-0.025194182991981506,
0.06626070290803909,
0.03699945658445358,
0.05845050513744354,
0.03275243937969208,
0.00002996378498210106,
-0.06359731405973434,
0.05971021205186844,
-0.03485795110464096,
-0.0023372103460133076,
-0.021001150831580162,
-0.0033539757132530212,
-0.00680692819878459,
0.049416590481996536,
0.0690680518746376,
-0.04801291599869728,
-0.04761700704693794,
-0.014378679916262627,
-0.014657615683972836,
0.02424040250480175,
0.0063165416941046715,
-0.0038398634642362595,
0.02197292633354664,
0.03757532313466072,
0.07007581740617752,
-0.011346380226314068,
-0.0006995884468778968,
0.0030862872954458,
0.038835033774375916,
0.04506159573793411,
0.020119354128837585,
0.021055137738585472,
0.0048543792217969894,
-0.03410212695598602,
0.008296084590256214,
-0.025176187977194786,
0.022278856486082077,
0.0148735661059618,
-0.02467230334877968,
-0.017563944682478905,
0.04653725400567055,
-0.03203260526061058,
0.0300170686095953,
0.0019098090706393123,
0.054959312081336975,
-0.005988117307424545,
-0.027839571237564087,
-0.0321405790746212,
-0.01873367466032505,
-0.0095467958599329,
-0.04527754709124565,
0.015386447310447693,
-0.015719370916485786,
0.0033674724400043488,
0.008422055281698704,
0.03998676687479019,
-0.025680070742964745,
0.013883794657886028,
-0.0192735493183136,
0.0005949876504018903,
0.008732483722269535,
0.0010656914673745632,
0.026309926062822342,
-0.02652587555348873,
0.012525107711553574,
0.019525492563843727,
-0.01348788570612669,
-0.005524724256247282,
-0.03210458904504776,
-0.004159289877861738,
-0.04527754709124565,
0.019831420853734016,
0.03552379831671715,
-0.0006067974027246237,
-0.06949995458126068,
-0.036387600004673004,
-0.031348761171102524,
0.008147618733346462,
-0.028793351724743843,
-0.0023979463148862123,
0.007202837150543928,
0.05154009908437729,
0.020065367221832275,
0.01596231386065483,
-0.01205721590667963,
0.06939198076725006,
0.012534106150269508,
0.011787278577685356,
-0.0767342820763588,
-0.044521719217300415,
-0.036675531417131424,
0.03541582450270653,
-0.026219945400953293,
0.06496500223875046,
0.07464676350355148,
-0.02976512722671032,
-0.016583170741796494,
-0.002514919266104698,
0.0438738688826561,
-0.004957855213433504,
-0.033328305929899216,
0.03501991555094719,
-0.005646196193993092,
0.04265015199780464,
0.042182259261608124,
-0.0426141619682312,
0.03564976900815964,
0.055319227278232574,
0.025950009003281593,
-0.05855847895145416,
-0.0004979787627235055,
-0.07910973578691483,
0.03779127448797226,
-0.021091129630804062,
0.041354451328516006,
-0.028559405356645584,
0.05585910379886627,
0.013757823035120964,
0.043909862637519836,
0.018337765708565712,
0.04642928019165993,
-0.02472629025578499,
-0.027515646070241928,
-0.07695022970438004,
0.0007428909884765744,
-0.057406745851039886,
-0.05341166630387306,
-0.02963915653526783,
-0.014396675862371922,
-0.041858334094285965,
-0.033418282866477966,
0.01328093372285366,
0.06586479395627975,
0.0385470986366272,
0.008736982941627502,
0.0028320960700511932,
0.0023349609691649675,
-0.007571751717478037,
0.012561099603772163,
0.0015791354235261679,
0.05384356901049614,
0.004010824020951986,
-0.013838804326951504,
-0.00010164840205106884,
-0.008979926817119122,
0.06510896980762482,
-0.012363145127892494,
-0.0015476426342502236,
0.014063753187656403,
0.006199568510055542,
0.033616237342357635,
-0.06330937892198563,
-0.008372566662728786,
0.027605626732110977,
0.04088655859231949,
-0.036603547632694244,
0.01053656730800867,
-0.044161804020404816,
0.007405290380120277,
-0.025698065757751465,
-0.09645772725343704,
0.009789739735424519,
-0.04635729640722275,
-0.03302237391471863,
-0.04772498086094856,
0.05974620580673218,
0.00398158049210906,
-0.008700991049408913,
-0.05089224874973297,
-0.0012608339311555028,
0.015971312299370766,
-0.013721832074224949,
-0.00596562260761857,
-0.015161499381065369,
-0.01728500984609127,
-0.012480118311941624,
0.011058446951210499,
-0.038943007588386536,
0.014234713278710842,
0.04117449373006821,
-0.025482116267085075,
0.06910404562950134,
0.01840974949300289,
-0.031042832881212234,
-0.03822317346930504,
0.04110250994563103,
0.05920632928609848,
0.020407287403941154,
0.0010775012196972966,
-0.0352538600564003,
-0.00540775153785944,
0.07615841925144196,
0.07997353374958038,
0.012669075280427933,
0.047293081879615784,
0.008260092698037624,
-0.001411549048498273,
0.018040833994746208,
0.027893560007214546,
0.0014126738533377647,
-0.04617733880877495,
0.035973694175481796,
-0.04009474068880081,
-0.025968004018068314,
-0.04650126397609711,
0.07281118631362915,
0.013865798711776733,
-0.01484657172113657,
-0.09861723333597183,
0.013415902853012085,
-0.024978233501315117,
0.00744128180667758,
-0.046969156712293625,
0.010878488421440125,
0.025536103174090385,
0.005655194167047739,
-0.03519987314939499,
0.02400645799934864,
-0.016241250559687614,
-0.01324494183063507,
0.0036329112481325865,
0.0039973268285393715,
0.011895253323018551,
-0.02119910530745983,
0.003891601460054517,
0.011868259869515896,
-0.0003087412042077631,
-0.013811810873448849,
-0.03703545033931732,
-0.019975388422608376,
-0.010590555146336555,
-0.025734057649970055,
-0.016772126778960228,
-0.044233787804841995,
-0.01925555430352688,
-0.0017917113145813346,
0.022512802854180336,
-0.023754514753818512,
0.017797891050577164,
-0.0006832797080278397,
-0.020371297374367714,
0.07248726487159729,
-0.022278856486082077,
-0.0019311790820211172,
0.031006840988993645,
-0.005587710067629814,
0.04761700704693794,
0.0023372103460133076,
-0.0006607849500142038,
-0.008260092698037624,
-0.05204398185014725,
0.0380072258412838,
-0.01648419350385666,
0.033796194940805435,
-0.05935029685497284,
-0.010311619378626347,
0.04650126397609711,
-0.05935029685497284,
-0.029081284999847412,
0.03797123208642006,
0.10955870151519775,
-0.01896762102842331,
-0.013703836128115654,
0.02643589675426483,
-0.019507495686411858,
-0.044845644384622574,
0.0018277029739692807,
-0.04635729640722275,
0.0024924245662987232,
0.044233787804841995,
-0.007180341985076666,
-0.025032220408320427,
0.025788046419620514,
0.05078427493572235,
0.004741905257105827,
0.025590091943740845,
-0.01569237746298313,
-0.03491193801164627,
-0.0048318845219910145,
-0.025410132482647896,
-0.026147963479161263,
0.0651809498667717,
-0.004674420692026615,
-0.028703372925519943,
0.01771690882742405,
-0.04772498086094856,
-0.02434837818145752,
-0.03185264393687248,
-0.033598244190216064,
-0.006357032340019941,
-0.06755640357732773,
-0.01880565844476223,
0.02972913533449173,
-0.03807920962572098,
0.04513357952237129,
-0.03786325827240944,
0.036477576941251755,
-0.025914017111063004,
-0.046825189143419266,
0.0637412816286087,
0.036423590034246445,
0.0014914056519046426,
0.000488980847876519,
0.049704521894454956,
-0.025662075728178024,
-0.028703372925519943,
0.011715294793248177,
-0.017060061916708946,
-0.00003465605914243497,
0.041750360280275345,
0.02181096374988556,
0.0027713601011782885,
0.03005306050181389,
0.014621623791754246,
0.033454276621341705,
-0.08004552125930786,
0.0071263546124100685,
-0.0213070809841156,
0.02996308170258999,
0.03430008143186569,
0.014972543343901634,
-0.017240019515156746,
0.028019530698657036,
-0.008179111406207085,
0.007711219601333141,
0.015683379024267197,
-0.02980111911892891,
-0.023520570248365402,
-0.005551718175411224,
0.008835960179567337,
-0.01058155670762062,
0.03465999662876129,
-0.024762282148003578,
-0.0013463140930980444,
0.008431053720414639,
-0.036189645528793335,
0.01764492504298687,
-0.04394585266709328,
0.019651463255286217,
0.054743360728025436,
-0.005056832451373339,
0.004537202417850494,
0.05553517863154411,
-0.025824038311839104,
-0.02683180570602417,
-0.0014036758802831173,
-0.010311619378626347,
-0.01646619848906994,
0.025158191099762917,
0.050172414630651474,
0.016601167619228363,
-0.0022314847446978092,
-0.042074285447597504,
-0.02407843992114067,
0.025248169898986816,
-0.01661016419529915,
0.028253477066755295,
0.0027106241323053837,
-0.007004882674664259,
0.025806041434407234,
-0.020587246865034103,
0.04538552090525627,
-0.049704521894454956,
0.017024070024490356,
0.014891562052071095,
-0.0184637364000082,
0.03151072561740875,
-0.015377449803054333,
0.02377251163125038,
0.04581741988658905,
-0.01081550307571888,
-0.010932475328445435,
0.04257816821336746,
-0.03158270940184593,
0.05319571867585182,
0.025194182991981506,
0.006154579110443592,
-0.06280549615621567,
-0.027533642947673798,
0.06568483263254166,
0.02659785933792591,
-0.001916557434014976,
-0.02960316464304924,
0.04247019439935684,
0.02717372588813305,
-0.05020840838551521,
-0.009411826729774475,
0.026201950386166573,
0.036477576941251755,
-0.007760708220303059,
0.02713773399591446,
-0.0490206815302372,
-0.0004465219099074602,
-0.018427744507789612,
-0.02449234575033188,
0.0032999881077557802,
-0.015350455418229103,
-0.05693885311484337,
-0.00955579336732626,
0.011193415150046349,
0.011364376172423363,
-0.016934089362621307,
0.0006669710273854434,
0.012309158220887184,
0.02407843992114067,
0.05981818959116936,
-0.02656186744570732,
-0.007252325303852558,
-0.019723445177078247,
-0.011454354971647263,
-0.012039219960570335,
-0.010221639648079872,
-0.060753971338272095,
0.014216717332601547,
-0.03959085792303085,
-0.008363569155335426,
0.020119354128837585,
-0.02132507599890232,
0.01578235626220703,
-0.013928784057497978,
0.005038836505264044,
0.019975388422608376,
0.018301773816347122,
0.028037525713443756,
0.0025846532080322504,
-0.010842496529221535,
-0.01907559484243393,
-0.033688221126794815,
0.004498961381614208,
0.06244558095932007,
-0.023556560277938843,
0.0012720812810584903,
-0.055283237248659134,
0.000150574604049325,
-0.005740674678236246,
0.0013845553621649742,
0.028001533821225166,
-0.04016672447323799,
0.04002276062965393,
-0.0029940586537122726,
0.004269514232873917,
-0.00752226309850812,
-0.01504452619701624,
0.006838420871645212,
0.028919322416186333,
0.01885964535176754,
0.015917325392365456,
-0.0078011988662183285,
-0.02191893942654133,
0.000019841121684294194,
0.04009474068880081,
-0.030251014977693558,
0.03564976900815964,
0.012471120804548264,
0.06748441606760025,
-0.02415042370557785,
-0.01196723710745573,
0.0002764049277175218,
0.017887869849801064,
-0.02190094254910946,
0.07133553177118301,
0.05114419013261795,
0.0035406823735684156,
0.03143874183297157,
-0.004460719879716635,
-0.05632699280977249,
0.00042880725231952965,
0.0034124620724469423,
-0.036099664866924286,
0.0332203283905983,
0.012975004501640797,
-0.016754131764173508,
0.007076865993440151,
0.0028995804022997618,
0.016736134886741638,
0.017797891050577164,
0.04815687984228134,
-0.003851110814139247,
0.026111971586942673,
0.023484578356146812,
-0.02181096374988556,
0.12438727915287018,
0.001086499192751944,
0.015737365931272507,
0.02418641559779644,
-0.0859481543302536,
0.027497651055455208,
0.02155902236700058,
-0.03977081552147865,
0.03536183387041092,
0.036405593156814575,
0.0297471322119236,
-0.004899368621408939,
0.004537202417850494,
0.026273934170603752,
0.002568906871601939,
0.02175697684288025,
-0.014054754748940468,
0.001049945130944252,
0.01090548187494278,
0.012435128912329674,
-0.030556945130228996,
0.005079327151179314,
-0.001296825590543449,
0.008363569155335426,
0.025140196084976196,
0.05668691173195839,
0.04354994371533394,
-0.00038213052903302014,
0.013145964592695236,
-0.013901790603995323,
0.04095854237675667,
0.038691066205501556,
-0.05593108758330345,
0.0076482342556118965,
0.07230730354785919,
-0.014909557066857815,
0.0006326664006337523,
-0.006411019712686539,
-0.031042832881212234,
-0.030484961345791817,
-0.01643020659685135,
-0.004912865813821554,
-0.006267053075134754,
0.025644078850746155,
0.020191337913274765,
0.01885964535176754,
0.005889140069484711,
-0.015242480672895908,
-0.0543474517762661,
0.0061725745908916,
-0.001750095863826573,
0.0049668531864881516,
0.020209332928061485,
-0.0015150251565501094,
0.03003506548702717,
0.009128392674028873,
0.007013880647718906,
-0.001978418091312051,
-0.02940521016716957,
-0.018058830872178078,
0.001335066743195057,
-0.023160653188824654,
0.041642386466264725,
-0.006262553855776787,
0.039194948971271515,
-0.020101359114050865,
-0.006298545747995377,
0.00942982267588377,
0.0042312731966376305,
-0.041750360280275345,
0.04819287359714508,
0.02922525256872177,
-0.0044404747895896435,
0.00150265300180763,
-0.010752517729997635,
0.001935678068548441,
-0.0012124700006097555,
-0.033580247312784195,
-0.008772974833846092,
0.03833115100860596,
-0.03138475492596626,
-0.028919322416186333,
-0.014855570159852505,
-0.004292008932679892,
0.029063289985060692,
-0.00012484617764130235,
-0.005745173431932926,
0.041246477514505386,
0.027965543791651726,
-0.03998676687479019,
-0.009672766551375389,
-0.014072750695049763,
0.04239821061491966,
-0.022116893902420998,
0.028289468958973885,
0.0032415015157312155,
0.022746747359633446,
0.008309581317007542,
-0.008336574770510197,
0.028109509497880936,
0.02164900116622448,
0.002465430647134781,
-0.010545564815402031,
0.024888252839446068,
0.02929723635315895,
0.03480396419763565,
-0.020479271188378334,
-0.002066147979348898,
0.0025801542215049267,
0.027461659163236618,
-0.044773660600185394,
-0.05711881071329117,
0.033436279743909836,
0.02386249043047428,
0.011787278577685356,
0.01905759982764721,
-0.04265015199780464,
0.022818731144070625,
0.028343455865979195,
0.008858454413712025,
0.011742289178073406,
0.013190953992307186,
0.015251478180289268,
-0.04304606094956398,
0.010770512744784355,
-0.002566657494753599,
-0.039014991372823715,
-0.0015690127620473504,
-0.027443664148449898,
-0.017455969005823135,
-0.05182803422212601,
-0.02172098495066166,
-0.004109801258891821,
0.009366837330162525,
-0.014855570159852505,
-0.03251849114894867,
0.022692760452628136,
0.033202335238456726,
0.04516956955194473,
0.018085824325680733,
0.02954917773604393,
-0.03566776588559151,
-0.02699376828968525,
0.009807735681533813,
-0.038907017558813095,
0.04146242514252663,
0.03266245871782303,
-0.036243632435798645,
0.0020504016429185867,
-0.06993184983730316,
0.012156193144619465,
0.031276777386665344,
0.0031492728739976883,
-0.0025036719162017107,
0.0095467958599329,
-0.025392137467861176,
-0.04121048375964165,
0.036405593156814575,
-0.01887764222919941,
0.026147963479161263,
0.04088655859231949,
-0.04056263342499733,
-0.033076364547014236,
0.0014947798335924745,
0.00213813129812479,
-0.039086975157260895,
0.030610932037234306,
0.005610204767435789,
0.0806213840842247,
-0.020695222541689873,
-0.04678919538855553,
0.013838804326951504,
-0.025572095066308975,
-0.01572836935520172,
0.031348761171102524,
-0.03228454664349556,
-0.022890714928507805,
0.0003866294864565134,
-0.03228454664349556,
-0.027317693457007408,
-0.001968295546248555,
-0.014000766910612583,
-0.014162729494273663,
-0.011616317555308342,
-0.008062138222157955,
0.05420348420739174,
-0.012687070295214653,
0.019561482593417168,
0.01903960481286049,
-0.01204821839928627,
-0.03554179519414902,
-0.011895253323018551,
0.003925343509763479,
0.02112712152302265,
0.018211795017123222,
0.03537983074784279,
0.047185104340314865,
0.04678919538855553,
-0.012309158220887184,
-0.05190001800656319,
-0.014441665261983871,
-0.010050679557025433,
-0.030358990654349327,
-0.005344765726476908,
0.014513649046421051,
0.004791393876075745,
0.01639421470463276,
0.011310388334095478,
0.04923663288354874,
0.020137351006269455,
-0.03541582450270653,
-0.0024339379742741585,
-0.002699376782402396,
-0.015341457910835743,
-0.008003652095794678,
-0.007783202920109034,
-0.011157424189150333,
0.01460362784564495,
-0.01712304726243019,
-0.033490266650915146,
-0.023376602679491043,
0.025932012125849724,
-0.0063435351476073265,
-0.025032220408320427,
-0.038727059960365295,
0.0008699866011738777,
-0.04912865534424782,
0.0027151231188327074,
0.04365792125463486,
0.0011241779429838061,
0.04106651991605759,
0.0014182975282892585,
-0.011139428243041039,
0.02701176330447197,
-0.025212178006768227,
0.005128815770149231,
-0.0245103407651186,
0.041246477514505386,
-0.0008176862029358745,
0.03521787002682686,
-0.022584784775972366,
0.02409643679857254,
-0.07169544696807861,
-0.019471503794193268,
-0.015548409894108772,
0.0012990750838071108,
-0.033958159387111664,
0.020137351006269455,
0.01914757862687111,
0.007333306595683098,
-0.03318433836102486,
0.022386830300092697,
-0.011643311940133572,
-0.009564791806042194,
0.03523586317896843,
-0.02143305167555809,
0.011472350917756557,
0.0019311790820211172,
0.007085863966494799,
-0.026237942278385162,
-0.028145501390099525,
0.0635613277554512,
0.00213588192127645,
0.0356137752532959,
0.010842496529221535,
0.04470168054103851,
-0.0027533643878996372,
0.030970849096775055,
0.0075447577983140945,
-0.003419210435822606,
-0.027569634839892387,
0.020371297374367714,
-0.004917364567518234,
-0.012930014170706272,
0.009969698265194893,
-0.005767668131738901,
-0.04016672447323799,
0.013811810873448849,
0.03590171039104462,
0.019921399652957916,
0.041714370250701904,
-0.014432667754590511,
0.0005528098554350436,
-0.020029375329613686,
0.057910628616809845,
-0.03753933310508728,
-0.030790891498327255,
-0.014990539290010929,
0.004249268677085638,
0.005029838532209396,
-0.01603429764509201,
0.004028819967061281,
0.0483008474111557,
-0.07266721874475479,
0.004456221126019955,
-0.010545564815402031,
0.009204874746501446,
0.00955579336732626,
0.044233787804841995,
0.004217776004225016,
0.05971021205186844,
-0.0003694772021844983,
0.007085863966494799,
0.01911158673465252,
-0.014783586375415325,
-0.012588093988597393,
0.033634234219789505,
-0.0692480131983757,
0.02154102548956871,
-0.012930014170706272,
0.008143119513988495,
-0.003995077684521675,
-0.0030525452457368374,
-0.015611395239830017,
0.002476678229868412,
0.010275627486407757,
0.028685376048088074,
-0.028541410341858864,
-0.014027761295437813,
-0.019597474485635757,
-0.05315972492098808,
-0.054923318326473236,
0.012993000447750092,
-0.019975388422608376,
-0.013208949938416481,
-0.036225635558366776,
0.011706297285854816,
-0.01721302606165409,
0.001464411849156022,
0.036135654896497726,
0.00465192599222064,
0.02454633265733719,
0.0064740050584077835,
0.019849417731165886,
-0.014135736040771008,
-0.011301390826702118,
0.031204795464873314,
0.026237942278385162,
0.028757359832525253,
0.02699376828968525,
0.004404482897371054,
0.03291440010070801,
-0.03246450424194336,
0.002719622105360031,
-0.000901479332242161,
-0.007810196839272976,
-0.022134888917207718,
-0.0215770173817873,
-0.019633466377854347,
-0.004501210525631905,
-0.058126579970121384,
-0.02686779573559761,
0.009933706372976303,
-0.005083826370537281,
-0.022116893902420998,
-0.025572095066308975,
0.016331229358911514,
-0.0848684012889862,
-0.02402445301413536,
0.008898945525288582,
0.013460892252624035,
0.0162502471357584,
-0.044557712972164154,
0.02463631145656109,
-0.00028849588125012815,
-0.046825189143419266,
0.03239252045750618,
0.0030278009362518787,
0.02668783813714981,
-0.00008358226477866992,
-0.0014520396944135427,
-0.03966284170746803,
-0.008539028465747833,
-0.04837283119559288,
-0.019633466377854347,
0.020749209448695183,
-0.04470168054103851,
0.03843912482261658,
0.009375834837555885,
0.053015757352113724,
-0.012066214345395565
] |
GPUs are widely used to accelerate the training of machine learning
workloads. As modern machine learning models become increasingly larger, they
require a longer time to train, leading to higher GPU energy consumption. This
paper presents GPOEO, an online GPU energy optimization framework for machine
learning training workloads. GPOEO dynamically determines the optimal energy
configuration by employing novel techniques for online measurement,
multi-objective prediction modeling, and search optimization. To characterize
the target workload behavior, GPOEO utilizes GPU performance counters. To
reduce the performance counter profiling overhead, it uses an analytical model
to detect the training iteration change and only collects performance counter
data when an iteration shift is detected. GPOEO employs multi-objective models
based on gradient boosting and a local search algorithm to find a trade-off
between execution time and energy consumption. We evaluate the GPOEO by
applying it to 71 machine learning workloads from two AI benchmark suites
running on an NVIDIA RTX3080Ti GPU. Compared with the NVIDIA default scheduling
strategy, GPOEO delivers a mean energy saving of 16.2% with a modest average
execution time increase of 5.1%. | [
0.005255901720374823,
-0.00213643885217607,
-0.028957702219486237,
0.0008552309009246528,
0.008493327535688877,
0.031491719186306,
0.025777073577046394,
0.04998130723834038,
-0.04536765068769455,
0.022229449823498726,
0.038237448781728745,
-0.08633135259151459,
0.011429292149841785,
-0.04085884615778923,
-0.04896770045161247,
0.007200104650110006,
-0.010345781221985817,
0.007837978191673756,
0.008930226787924767,
-0.013150676153600216,
0.013098248280584812,
-0.05508429557085037,
0.012399209663271904,
0.0037595205940306187,
0.009008868597447872,
0.03161405026912689,
0.0014767204411327839,
0.04861818253993988,
-0.016724515706300735,
0.02056923136115074,
-0.0006859322893433273,
0.02549745701253414,
-0.030215973034501076,
-0.006750097963958979,
-0.07416807115077972,
-0.03631509095430374,
0.03461991995573044,
-0.029254794120788574,
0.05483963340520859,
0.005688432138413191,
-0.03673451393842697,
0.018087642267346382,
0.0031522302888333797,
-0.008362257853150368,
-0.00044154160423204303,
-0.02705281972885132,
0.01043316163122654,
-0.04900265485048294,
0.004067535046488047,
-0.048023998737335205,
0.026091640815138817,
-0.06361257284879684,
0.006894275080412626,
-0.016270140185952187,
-0.030478112399578094,
-0.0063481503166258335,
0.08283615857362747,
0.07207094877958298,
0.05015606805682182,
-0.006527279503643513,
-0.045996785163879395,
0.009384602308273315,
-0.06969421356916428,
-0.009262270294129848,
-0.04362004995346069,
-0.03007616475224495,
0.001297591719776392,
0.06665339320898056,
0.03107229620218277,
0.0012517172144725919,
-0.04341033846139908,
-0.014269139617681503,
0.014496327377855778,
0.027070296928286552,
-0.003215580713003874,
-0.010468113236129284,
0.04617154598236084,
-0.008126331493258476,
-0.026126593351364136,
-0.008069534786045551,
0.010756466537714005,
0.05871929973363876,
-0.028153806924819946,
-0.009471982717514038,
0.07738365232944489,
-0.05270756036043167,
0.00551367225125432,
-0.049282271414995193,
0.008672456257045269,
0.01667208783328533,
-0.04980655014514923,
0.010808895342051983,
-0.013325436040759087,
-0.005885037127882242,
-0.013439030386507511,
0.013080772943794727,
-0.052043475210666656,
-0.024973178282380104,
0.006396209355443716,
0.03023344837129116,
-0.04550745710730553,
-0.010476850904524326,
0.002710961736738682,
-0.0012921304441988468,
0.04956188425421715,
-0.026843108236789703,
-0.04697544127702713,
0.0014843662502244115,
0.019922619685530663,
0.08220701664686203,
-0.029481980949640274,
0.018052689731121063,
0.004397394135594368,
0.03673451393842697,
-0.03325679525732994,
0.0026410578284412622,
-0.027839239686727524,
0.003252717200666666,
-0.0044257924892008305,
0.013168152421712875,
0.040684085339307785,
0.023452768102288246,
0.022386733442544937,
-0.006431161426007748,
-0.06228439882397652,
0.028118854388594627,
0.021530410274863243,
-0.033047083765268326,
0.0011146400356665254,
0.005469982512295246,
0.03638499602675438,
0.034759730100631714,
-0.014618659391999245,
-0.031474243849515915,
0.027926620095968246,
0.02824118733406067,
0.001684247748926282,
0.0015957755967974663,
0.0040282136760652065,
-0.0006629950948990881,
-0.032505325973033905,
0.007344281300902367,
-0.008668087422847748,
-0.03767821565270424,
0.02186245284974575,
-0.017711907625198364,
-0.02160031348466873,
0.06210964173078537,
0.01232930552214384,
0.002073088428005576,
-0.04424918815493584,
0.06326305866241455,
0.010966178961098194,
0.04935217276215553,
0.001288853702135384,
-0.0006193051231093705,
-0.007842347025871277,
-0.013185628689825535,
-0.019887667149305344,
-0.02025466412305832,
0.004141807556152344,
0.008650611154735088,
0.02553240954875946,
0.014207973144948483,
0.010345781221985817,
-0.028957702219486237,
0.04662591964006424,
0.020883798599243164,
-0.0766846090555191,
0.04526279494166374,
0.03154414892196655,
0.03122957982122898,
0.00900013092905283,
0.04337538778781891,
-0.0366995632648468,
0.025549886748194695,
0.04854827746748924,
0.025410078465938568,
-0.03360631316900253,
0.00370272365398705,
-0.03140433877706528,
0.030792679637670517,
0.023190628737211227,
-0.004397394135594368,
0.015509934164583683,
0.013176890090107918,
0.018209973350167274,
0.011944834142923355,
0.025672217831015587,
0.012058427557349205,
0.0067457291297614574,
0.0107040386646986,
0.07479720562696457,
-0.03970543295145035,
0.019363388419151306,
-0.002103671431541443,
-0.015833240002393723,
-0.01452254131436348,
-0.019171152263879776,
-0.019398340955376625,
-0.03184124082326889,
-0.019625527784228325,
-0.029342174530029297,
-0.019538147374987602,
-0.009908881969749928,
0.01650606468319893,
0.07158162444829941,
-0.003368495497852564,
0.0017869191942736506,
-0.02160031348466873,
0.03000626154243946,
0.005050559062510729,
-0.06221449747681618,
-0.05151919648051262,
0.013535148464143276,
0.0004663902800530195,
0.03764326497912407,
0.01028461568057537,
-0.04487832263112068,
-0.013255532830953598,
-0.04540260136127472,
0.03628014028072357,
0.04449385032057762,
-0.020114855840802193,
-0.06099117919802666,
-0.0366995632648468,
0.044773466885089874,
0.040684085339307785,
0.026580968871712685,
-0.030478112399578094,
-0.026650872081518173,
0.015946833416819572,
0.02499065361917019,
-0.011813763529062271,
0.015509934164583683,
0.03502186760306358,
-0.008855953812599182,
-0.00962926633656025,
0.005509303417056799,
-0.021006129682064056,
-0.009838977828621864,
0.0044126855209469795,
-0.016689563170075417,
-0.01712646335363388,
0.014120593667030334,
-0.007807394955307245,
-0.012687562964856625,
0.053721170872449875,
0.019555624574422836,
0.0474647656083107,
-0.083605095744133,
-0.04320062696933746,
-0.043550148606300354,
0.017607051879167557,
-0.019975047558546066,
0.008414685726165771,
0.029901405796408653,
-0.07130200415849686,
-0.008362257853150368,
0.031159676611423492,
0.04729000851511955,
0.0018983285408467054,
-0.036210235208272934,
0.056237708777189255,
-0.051344435662031174,
0.021145937964320183,
0.06986897438764572,
0.060362040996551514,
-0.020848846063017845,
0.031858716160058975,
-0.008973916992545128,
-0.013945833779871464,
-0.014461374841630459,
-0.024029474705457687,
-0.010625396855175495,
-0.01957309991121292,
-0.03538886457681656,
-0.010302091017365456,
0.0757758617401123,
-0.003962678834795952,
-0.006667087320238352,
-0.011551624163985252,
0.03458496928215027,
-0.014173021540045738,
-0.016881799325346947,
-0.07899144291877747,
-0.0025078034959733486,
-0.03241794556379318,
-0.021879930049180984,
-0.026580968871712685,
-0.04243168607354164,
-0.02212459407746792,
0.022841108962893486,
0.0035978679079562426,
0.03234804421663284,
0.028905274346470833,
-0.04708029702305794,
-0.02354014851152897,
0.025445029139518738,
-0.0058762989938259125,
-0.04239673167467117,
0.025549886748194695,
0.03687432408332825,
0.0450880341231823,
-0.035720907151699066,
-0.01841968484222889,
0.009716645814478397,
0.013141938485205173,
-0.04613659158349037,
-0.014889536425471306,
0.06584949791431427,
-0.01751093380153179,
-0.003147861221805215,
-0.040649134665727615,
0.007532148156315088,
0.026703299954533577,
0.014872061088681221,
0.032435424625873566,
-0.018472112715244293,
-0.04421423375606537,
0.05193861946463585,
-0.011315698735415936,
-0.08675077557563782,
0.036979179829359055,
-0.014732252806425095,
-0.02170516923069954,
-0.01941581629216671,
0.029551886022090912,
-0.033501457422971725,
-0.017799288034439087,
-0.048443421721458435,
-0.04211711511015892,
-0.039845239371061325,
-0.014138069935142994,
0.021425554528832436,
-0.025427553802728653,
-0.05078520253300667,
0.02308577299118042,
-0.022648872807621956,
0.03732869774103165,
-0.0016154360491782427,
-0.0479191429913044,
-0.0037354910746216774,
-0.003410001052543521,
-0.024011999368667603,
-0.043130725622177124,
-0.03603547438979149,
0.011193366721272469,
-0.052497848868370056,
0.03039073385298252,
0.0008219172596000135,
0.013674955815076828,
0.001626358600333333,
0.01597304828464985,
0.0005668771918863058,
-0.00490201311185956,
-0.007584576029330492,
0.025095511227846146,
-0.03844716027379036,
-0.038656871765851974,
0.02315567620098591,
-0.050505589693784714,
0.015125462785363197,
0.022194497287273407,
-0.03970543295145035,
0.05679694190621376,
0.01598178595304489,
-0.027297483757138252,
0.021914880722761154,
-0.007536517456173897,
0.004867061041295528,
-0.023330437019467354,
0.023138200864195824,
0.055363912135362625,
-0.020778942853212357,
-0.010992392897605896,
0.002697854768484831,
0.021425554528832436,
-0.02874799072742462,
0.04082389548420906,
-0.025252794846892357,
0.0544901117682457,
-0.016139069572091103,
-0.020778942853212357,
0.026091640815138817,
0.02537512592971325,
0.037363648414611816,
-0.06141060218214989,
0.018856585025787354,
0.02385471574962139,
0.023365387693047523,
-0.04868808761239052,
0.01408564206212759,
-0.036245185881853104,
-0.034759730100631714,
0.033047083765268326,
0.03519662842154503,
0.001513856928795576,
-0.00854575540870428,
-0.006715146359056234,
0.003720199689269066,
-0.02568969316780567,
-0.043095771223306656,
0.009314698167145252,
-0.045157939195632935,
-0.004696669988334179,
-0.03323931619524956,
-0.019468244165182114,
0.025322698056697845,
-0.03474225103855133,
0.0418025478720665,
-0.014426423236727715,
-0.013491458259522915,
0.00519910454750061,
0.03757335990667343,
0.0054481374099850655,
-0.07130200415849686,
-0.0030102378223091364,
0.006466113496571779,
-0.03753840923309326,
-0.057810548692941666,
0.08751972019672394,
-0.0010529279243201017,
-0.012539017014205456,
0.04998130723834038,
0.010022475384175777,
0.03732869774103165,
0.019468244165182114,
0.030513064935803413,
0.005924358032643795,
0.034340303391218185,
-0.05057549104094505,
-0.0070515586994588375,
-0.027839239686727524,
-0.04368995502591133,
0.036594707518815994,
0.030181020498275757,
0.06081641837954521,
-0.024029474705457687,
0.04403947666287422,
-0.03963552787899971,
-0.04211711511015892,
0.008956440724432468,
-0.001401355373673141,
-0.031474243849515915,
-0.03110724873840809,
-0.024256663396954536,
-0.018244925886392593,
-0.040684085339307785,
-0.05875425040721893,
-0.0663737803697586,
-0.020167283713817596,
-0.024973178282380104,
0.0006313198828138411,
0.015387602150440216,
0.03544129058718681,
-0.0006493419641628861,
-0.029831500723958015,
0.007213211618363857,
-0.008904012851417065,
0.03332669660449028,
0.02350519597530365,
0.012530279345810413,
-0.019310960546135902,
0.023487720638513565,
0.06875051558017731,
-0.04550745710730553,
-0.07458749413490295,
0.023557623848319054,
0.03299465402960777,
-0.008606920950114727,
0.023208104074001312,
0.027472244575619698,
0.021338174119591713,
0.04589192941784859,
0.03645489737391472,
-0.023452768102288246,
-0.032924748957157135,
0.023557623848319054,
-0.021582838147878647,
-0.007667587138712406,
-0.04547250643372536,
0.02312072366476059,
0.0004928773269057274,
-0.023802287876605988,
0.038202498108148575,
0.043864715844392776,
-0.02063913457095623,
0.05438525602221489,
-0.0015193182043731213,
-0.05473477765917778,
0.036140330135822296,
-0.03084510937333107,
0.034794680774211884,
0.0040303985588252544,
0.02350519597530365,
-0.014452637173235416,
-0.01624392531812191,
0.06483589112758636,
-0.0048845368437469006,
0.007230687420815229,
-0.013194366358220577,
-0.04466861113905907,
0.006147176492959261,
-0.013867191970348358,
-0.009847715497016907,
0.044388994574546814,
0.03039073385298252,
-0.044423945248126984,
-0.02527027018368244,
-0.006120962556451559,
0.062389254570007324,
-0.007964679040014744,
-0.01043316163122654,
0.0074360305443406105,
0.050051212310791016,
0.02518288977444172,
-0.03439273312687874,
0.06088632345199585,
0.03461991995573044,
-0.0017060927348211408,
-0.0013303591404110193,
-0.02028961479663849,
0.031019868329167366,
-0.05235804244875908,
0.07500691711902618,
0.01964300312101841,
0.0038185021840035915,
0.016348781064152718,
0.01838473230600357,
-0.06466113030910492,
0.05137938633561134,
-0.018856585025787354,
-0.0293946024030447,
-0.051763858646154404,
-0.007680694106966257,
-0.02289353683590889,
0.010922488756477833,
-0.024256663396954536,
-0.04935217276215553,
-0.018943965435028076,
0.033082034438848495,
-0.012067165225744247,
0.0005488550523295999,
-0.0061821285635232925,
-0.01226813904941082,
0.0432705320417881,
-0.037818025797605515,
-0.018751729279756546,
0.026703299954533577,
-0.04501812905073166,
-0.007794287987053394,
0.00536949560046196,
-0.012547755613923073,
-0.01246037520468235,
-0.04589192941784859,
-0.049212366342544556,
0.004530648235231638,
-0.012722514569759369,
-0.02376733534038067,
-0.0036721406504511833,
-0.009061296470463276,
-0.005177259910851717,
-0.017528411000967026,
-0.020429423078894615,
-0.012040951289236546,
0.03638499602675438,
0.05546876788139343,
0.011569100432097912,
-0.006269508507102728,
0.027314960956573486,
-0.06277372688055038,
-0.04487832263112068,
0.0048976438120007515,
0.0029315960127860308,
0.003027713857591152,
0.007069034967571497,
-0.024361519142985344,
-0.04694048687815666,
0.03168395534157753,
-0.005483089480549097,
-0.015448768623173237,
0.05511924624443054,
0.03357136249542236,
0.0034405840560793877,
-0.017266269773244858,
0.0012003815500065684,
-0.04529774561524391,
-0.012014737352728844,
-0.03528400883078575,
0.008842847310006618,
0.03799278661608696,
-0.022998392581939697,
-0.013133200816810131,
-0.06266887485980988,
-0.019433291628956795,
0.0008666994981467724,
0.00008874521881807595,
0.03259270638227463,
-0.04299091547727585,
0.045122984796762466,
0.021582838147878647,
-0.022211972624063492,
0.0450880341231823,
-0.030058689415454865,
0.0013117908965796232,
0.03690927475690842,
0.03068782389163971,
0.008746729232370853,
0.022526541724801064,
0.06487084925174713,
0.04302586615085602,
0.04320062696933746,
-0.006758836098015308,
0.04155788570642471,
0.01123705692589283,
0.0232780072838068,
0.03732869774103165,
-0.0061384388245642185,
-0.060641657561063766,
0.025235317647457123,
-0.026283876970410347,
0.009279746562242508,
0.037818025797605515,
0.029219841584563255,
0.0850730836391449,
0.012364257127046585,
-0.03302960470318794,
-0.008340412750840187,
-0.019782811403274536,
-0.011805025860667229,
0.01708277314901352,
-0.03323931619524956,
0.007095248904079199,
0.012879799120128155,
-0.00710835587233305,
-0.012879799120128155,
0.015728384256362915,
-0.0015466244658455253,
0.0012637319741770625,
-0.035790812224149704,
-0.05015606805682182,
0.008580707013607025,
0.0418025478720665,
0.004569969139993191,
0.027122724801301956,
-0.03168395534157753,
-0.0007700354908592999,
0.035825762897729874,
0.03397331014275551,
0.02056923136115074,
-0.007955940440297127,
0.06497570127248764,
0.04498317837715149,
-0.02167021855711937,
-0.036559753119945526,
-0.012084641493856907,
-0.006230187602341175,
0.03367621824145317,
-0.008646242320537567,
0.012145807966589928,
0.04176759719848633,
0.010712777264416218,
-0.026703299954533577,
0.021530410274863243,
0.013360388576984406,
-0.014234187081456184,
0.058264926075935364,
-0.0017082772683352232,
0.036245185881853104,
-0.016908012330532074,
-0.012608921155333519,
-0.021338174119591713,
-0.02182750217616558,
0.02778681181371212,
-0.034532539546489716,
0.017519671469926834,
0.036175284534692764,
-0.00096882478101179,
0.026808155700564384,
-0.023190628737211227,
-0.029744122177362442,
0.008641873486340046,
-0.0007170613971538842,
-0.04288605973124504,
-0.006575338076800108,
-0.034759730100631714,
0.01880415715277195,
-0.03795783221721649,
-0.015483720228075981,
-0.06406695395708084,
-0.03586071357131004,
-0.02324305661022663,
-0.015850715339183807,
-0.0018011183710768819,
0.007335543632507324,
-0.03274999186396599,
0.03203347697854042,
0.05137938633561134,
-0.019398340955376625,
-0.06095622479915619,
0.0164798516780138,
-0.005954940803349018,
0.023033345118165016,
0.008956440724432468,
0.02663339674472809,
-0.006667087320238352,
-0.009096249006688595,
-0.04124331846833229,
-0.022351780906319618,
0.009236056357622147,
-0.007012237794697285,
-0.02965674176812172,
0.041872452944517136,
0.005902512930333614,
-0.009043821133673191,
-0.013360388576984406,
-0.017414815723896027,
-0.014592445455491543,
0.045612312853336334,
0.03261018171906471,
0.03932096064090729,
0.01228561531752348,
-0.09646742045879364,
-0.05515420064330101,
0.05606295168399811,
0.0428161546587944,
-0.005225318484008312,
-0.05795035511255264,
-0.002798341680318117,
0.0017181074945256114,
-0.03493448719382286,
-0.04382976144552231,
0.007296222727745771,
0.06134069710969925,
-0.017143938690423965,
0.024221710860729218,
0.037783075124025345,
-0.028643134981393814,
-0.019433291628956795,
-0.02946450561285019,
0.0024204235523939133,
-0.010660349391400814,
0.013439030386507511,
0.0051292008720338345,
0.011175890453159809,
0.05683189257979393,
0.006212711799889803,
-0.037783075124025345,
-0.017703169956803322,
0.043864715844392776,
-0.02098865434527397,
0.026930488646030426,
-0.00011277469457127154,
-0.06144555285573006,
-0.018472112715244293,
-0.051693953573703766,
-0.00046830170322209597,
0.03995009511709213,
-0.010267139412462711,
0.012372995726764202,
-0.0030888798646628857,
0.017755597829818726,
0.023138200864195824,
0.05627266317605972,
0.028415946289896965,
0.03460244461894035,
0.03628014028072357,
-0.010939965024590492,
0.022107116878032684,
0.037818025797605515,
0.013080772943794727,
0.04459870606660843,
-0.04543755203485489,
-0.050051212310791016,
0.015658479183912277,
0.0005914527573622763,
0.03313446044921875,
0.006592814344912767,
0.04211711511015892,
-0.06878546625375748,
0.019171152263879776,
-0.03858696669340134,
0.01964300312101841,
-0.01899639330804348,
-0.027227580547332764,
0.03732869774103165,
-0.018699301406741142,
0.004371180199086666,
0.04092875123023987,
-0.017650742083787918,
0.022072166204452515,
0.02794409543275833,
0.04795409366488457,
0.008834108710289001,
0.007820501923561096,
-0.018699301406741142,
0.014968178234994411,
-0.008737990632653236,
-0.054594967514276505,
0.014382733032107353,
0.011359388008713722,
-0.005142307840287685,
0.03872677683830261,
-0.007746228948235512,
-0.00808701105415821,
-0.027891667559742928,
-0.031474243849515915,
0.025864453986287117,
0.0026781943161040545,
0.028870321810245514,
-0.03421797230839729,
-0.007213211618363857,
0.020778942853212357,
0.027839239686727524,
-0.027157675474882126,
-0.00808701105415821,
-0.026353780180215836,
-0.03110724873840809,
-0.04606669023633003,
-0.00800399947911501,
-0.05144929140806198,
-0.02575959824025631,
-0.02357509918510914,
-0.03439273312687874,
-0.007527779322117567,
-0.012075903825461864,
0.02109351009130478,
0.02797904796898365,
0.03757335990667343,
0.006977285724133253,
0.01983523927628994,
-0.007287484593689442,
0.04592688009142876,
-0.04096370190382004,
0.041837502270936966,
-0.020709039643406868,
0.024903275072574615,
-0.01628761552274227,
0.030320828780531883,
-0.011446768417954445,
0.01589440554380417,
-0.021932357922196388,
-0.01183123979717493,
-0.018891537562012672,
-0.021076034754514694,
-0.029412077739834785,
0.014076903462409973,
0.007073403801769018,
0.006531648337841034,
0.01929348334670067,
0.01244289893656969,
0.031054820865392685,
0.015335174277424812,
-0.021530410274863243,
0.011700170114636421,
0.009690431877970695,
0.007658849004656076,
-0.03278494253754616,
-0.02785671502351761,
-0.03750345855951309,
0.021390601992607117,
0.04334043711423874,
0.01620897278189659,
0.008567600511014462,
-0.04889779910445213,
0.010232187807559967,
-0.0010125146945938468,
-0.0214080773293972,
-0.06899517774581909,
-0.04547250643372536,
0.041872452944517136,
0.0002734718145802617,
0.02205468900501728,
-0.014837108552455902,
0.006024844944477081,
0.038237448781728745,
-0.009454506449401379,
0.017912881448864937,
-0.026615921407938004,
0.0049500721506774426,
0.011892406269907951,
0.04375986009836197,
-0.029936356469988823,
0.03451506420969963,
0.008183128200471401,
-0.07836230099201202,
-0.02415180765092373,
-0.024448899552226067,
-0.04673077538609505,
-0.02610911801457405,
0.03729374706745148,
0.013255532830953598,
0.04854827746748924,
0.027647003531455994,
0.021128462627530098,
0.014041951857507229,
-0.014094379730522633,
0.04550745710730553,
0.013150676153600216,
-0.007165152579545975,
-0.026301352307200432,
-0.019013868644833565,
-0.015728384256362915,
0.029289746657013893,
0.012364257127046585,
0.00959431380033493,
-0.010843846946954727,
-0.013937096111476421,
-0.009821501560509205,
-0.002536201849579811,
-0.021006129682064056,
0.009157414548099041,
-0.0277518592774868,
0.05022597312927246,
0.012040951289236546,
0.0293946024030447,
-0.007348650600761175,
0.028188759461045265,
0.005238425452262163,
-0.038621921092271805,
-0.014767205342650414,
0.010136069729924202,
0.02025466412305832,
-0.057006653398275375,
0.004993761889636517,
-0.023015867918729782,
0.010258401744067669,
-0.011595314368605614,
0.041418079286813736,
-0.028608182445168495,
0.02201973833143711,
0.011534147895872593,
0.02224692516028881,
0.06294848769903183,
-0.006391840521246195,
0.007733121979981661,
0.0138759296387434,
-0.02411685511469841,
0.0035214105155318975,
-0.010939965024590492,
-0.005373864434659481,
0.0008317475439980626,
0.03271503746509552,
0.020499326288700104,
-0.04998130723834038,
0.053301744163036346,
0.035790812224149704,
-0.026021737605333328,
0.020114855840802193,
0.007003499660640955,
-0.023679954931139946,
0.025445029139518738,
0.004465113393962383,
-0.03764326497912407,
-0.0052690086886286736,
-0.025445029139518738,
0.005574838258326054,
0.012670086696743965,
0.021198365837335587,
-0.020342042669653893,
0.006112224888056517,
-0.022334305569529533,
-0.009070035070180893,
0.012180759571492672,
-0.00489327497780323,
-0.03974038362503052,
-0.005924358032643795,
-0.031474243849515915,
-0.03732869774103165,
-0.002710961736738682,
-0.0775933638215065,
0.011079772375524044,
0.024064427241683006,
0.00458744540810585,
0.007226318586617708,
-0.02846837416291237,
-0.01532643660902977,
-0.026056690141558647,
-0.024676086381077766,
0.09038577973842621,
0.023033345118165016,
-0.010503064841032028,
0.006964178755879402,
-0.018070165067911148,
-0.05938338860869408,
-0.04823371022939682,
-0.011822502128779888,
-0.06406695395708084,
0.045577362179756165,
-0.013063296675682068,
0.034986916929483414,
0.043165676295757294,
-0.042676348239183426,
-0.02163526602089405,
-0.007147676777094603,
0.002798341680318117,
-0.04382976144552231,
0.021792549639940262,
-0.015142938122153282,
-0.03236551955342293,
-0.031491719186306,
-0.03463739529252052,
0.07472729682922363,
0.035301484167575836,
0.033658742904663086,
0.012582707218825817,
-0.01708277314901352,
-0.0277518592774868,
0.05774064362049103,
-0.004091564100235701,
-0.07556615024805069,
-0.003005868988111615,
0.021530410274863243,
-0.021128462627530098,
0.0256023146212101,
-0.0003730029857251793,
-0.007318067364394665,
-0.013683694414794445,
-0.01280115731060505,
0.02717515267431736,
-0.007663218304514885,
-0.021338174119591713,
0.004836478270590305
] |
As the deep learning techniques have expanded to real-world recommendation
tasks, many deep neural network based Collaborative Filtering (CF) models have
been developed to project user-item interactions into latent feature space,
based on various neural architectures, such as multi-layer perceptron,
auto-encoder and graph neural networks. However, the majority of existing
collaborative filtering systems are not well designed to handle missing data.
Particularly, in order to inject the negative signals in the training phase,
these solutions largely rely on negative sampling from unobserved user-item
interactions and simply treating them as negative instances, which brings the
recommendation performance degradation. To address the issues, we develop a
Collaborative Reflection-Augmented Autoencoder Network (CRANet), that is
capable of exploring transferable knowledge from observed and unobserved
user-item interactions. The network architecture of CRANet is formed of an
integrative structure with a reflective receptor network and an information
fusion autoencoder module, which endows our recommendation framework with the
ability of encoding implicit user's pairwise preference on both interacted and
non-interacted items. Additionally, a parametric regularization-based
tied-weight scheme is designed to perform robust joint training of the
two-stage CRANet model. We finally experimentally validate CRANet on four
diverse benchmark datasets corresponding to two recommendation tasks, to show
that debiasing the negative signals of user-item interactions improves the
performance as compared to various state-of-the-art recommendation techniques.
Our source code is available at https://github.com/akaxlh/CRANet. | [
-0.026853153482079506,
-0.05033296346664429,
-0.035837605595588684,
-0.028656722977757454,
0.010178481228649616,
0.011698155663907528,
-0.03971194103360176,
-0.002924538915976882,
-0.006283270660787821,
0.004421251360327005,
-0.005135164596140385,
-0.03673939034342766,
-0.04866299033164978,
-0.06061999127268791,
0.020390361547470093,
0.038041967898607254,
0.014311661943793297,
0.029541809111833572,
-0.009852835908532143,
-0.06232336536049843,
0.016056783497333527,
-0.005085065495222807,
0.04716001823544502,
0.01771840639412403,
0.057948037981987,
0.08336501568555832,
0.031261879950761795,
-0.018486592918634415,
-0.09191527217626572,
-0.00304978690110147,
0.07615073770284653,
0.003494416829198599,
0.01353512518107891,
-0.023797104135155678,
-0.036004602909088135,
-0.00604112446308136,
0.0688028559088707,
0.04896358773112297,
-0.003154159989207983,
0.03440142795443535,
0.03974533826112747,
0.03191316872835159,
-0.03637199476361275,
0.0008130677160806954,
0.01350172609090805,
-0.0688028559088707,
-0.03690638765692711,
-0.021375644952058792,
-0.017668306827545166,
-0.03757437691092491,
0.017601506784558296,
-0.01404446642845869,
-0.03470202162861824,
-0.009752637706696987,
-0.027387544512748718,
0.0836322084069252,
0.022244030609726906,
0.02189333550632,
0.06095398589968681,
0.021275445818901062,
-0.016808271408081055,
0.06836866587400436,
-0.038442760705947876,
-0.028239231556653976,
-0.012658389285206795,
-0.00038122336263768375,
0.023596707731485367,
-0.025801071897149086,
-0.0025571449659764767,
-0.028239231556653976,
-0.06800127029418945,
-0.008161989040672779,
0.04321888089179993,
-0.014228163287043571,
-0.015647640451788902,
0.044888854026794434,
0.040413327515125275,
0.09118048846721649,
0.03243086114525795,
-0.0009440561989322305,
0.014937901869416237,
0.05707965046167374,
-0.0039056476671248674,
0.044855453073978424,
0.04595763608813286,
-0.02169293910264969,
0.02396410144865513,
-0.04371987283229828,
0.005932576488703489,
-0.00424590427428484,
0.0013391090324148536,
0.015789587050676346,
-0.012015450745821,
-0.03510281816124916,
-0.027086950838565826,
0.01613193191587925,
-0.02005636692047119,
-0.006980483885854483,
-0.08042586594820023,
0.047560811042785645,
-0.007172530982643366,
0.006095398683100939,
-0.0079824673011899,
0.022694922983646393,
0.02670285664498806,
-0.019071083515882492,
-0.009535541757941246,
0.022661523893475533,
-0.020240062847733498,
0.12057199329137802,
0.0017044154228642583,
-0.025834470987319946,
-0.03526981547474861,
0.015463942661881447,
-0.010044883005321026,
0.009836136363446712,
-0.024648791179060936,
-0.004629998002201319,
-0.004675922449678183,
-0.05617786571383476,
-0.0060077253729105,
0.040580324828624725,
-0.018603490665555,
0.0037950119003653526,
0.001422607572749257,
0.07982467114925385,
0.005510908551514149,
-0.033299244940280914,
0.02571757324039936,
0.02818913199007511,
-0.015430543571710587,
0.011330761946737766,
-0.004838744644075632,
-0.04221689701080322,
0.007924018427729607,
0.02591796964406967,
0.036138199269771576,
0.014745854772627354,
-0.005431584548205137,
-0.06562990695238113,
-0.04916398227214813,
-0.047727808356285095,
-0.03211356699466705,
0.0015739488881081343,
-0.012758588418364525,
0.0352364145219326,
-0.02426469698548317,
0.044888854026794434,
-0.017801905050873756,
0.006709113717079163,
-0.044955652207136154,
0.03486901894211769,
-0.011238913051784039,
0.045657042413949966,
0.021642839536070824,
-0.03540341183543205,
0.005481684114784002,
-0.016808271408081055,
0.007932368665933609,
-0.052036333829164505,
0.07421356439590454,
-0.027838436886668205,
0.001076088403351605,
0.035737406462430954,
0.015205097384750843,
0.026485759764909744,
0.02880702167749405,
-0.016582824289798737,
-0.09899595379829407,
0.049798574298620224,
-0.019839270040392876,
0.04211670160293579,
0.0030289122369140387,
0.040313128381967545,
-0.02206033281981945,
0.03737397864460945,
0.03964514285326004,
-0.07615073770284653,
-0.026318762451410294,
0.020223364233970642,
-0.025567274540662766,
-0.027237247675657272,
0.011188814416527748,
0.00285565247759223,
0.02246112748980522,
0.061588577926158905,
0.02815573289990425,
-0.024448392912745476,
0.01448700949549675,
-0.0034484926145523787,
0.031529076397418976,
0.0015488992212340236,
0.04007933288812637,
-0.018152598291635513,
0.040613725781440735,
-0.03405073285102844,
-0.026686156168580055,
-0.024014201015233994,
-0.019171280786395073,
-0.00847928412258625,
-0.05748044326901436,
-0.061655376106500626,
0.03977873921394348,
-0.0559774711728096,
0.0029600257985293865,
0.05414050072431564,
0.061120983213186264,
-0.010762970894575119,
-0.011940301395952702,
-0.029642008244991302,
-0.027287347242236137,
-0.01655777543783188,
-0.06967124342918396,
0.007590023800730705,
0.03957834094762802,
0.01091326866298914,
0.006817661691457033,
0.02742094360291958,
-0.013359777629375458,
-0.012825386598706245,
-0.04021293297410011,
0.021876636892557144,
0.07367917895317078,
0.025300079956650734,
0.009126398712396622,
-0.05293812230229378,
0.006312495097517967,
0.005940926261246204,
0.007552449591457844,
-0.030810987576842308,
0.012549841776490211,
0.009009500034153461,
0.017952201887965202,
-0.0055693574249744415,
0.02673625573515892,
0.024648791179060936,
-0.021910035982728004,
-0.04866299033164978,
-0.012332744896411896,
0.012925584800541401,
-0.014528758823871613,
0.02887381985783577,
-0.05357271060347557,
-0.03697318583726883,
0.052604127675294876,
-0.009259996004402637,
-0.015555791556835175,
0.045156050473451614,
0.01699196733534336,
0.01840309426188469,
-0.04639182984828949,
0.007051457650959492,
-0.019839270040392876,
0.04705981910228729,
-0.03052709251642227,
0.03914415091276169,
0.011464359238743782,
-0.01153950858861208,
-0.004222942516207695,
-0.0434526763856411,
0.00977768748998642,
0.027404244989156723,
0.007101557217538357,
0.010462376289069653,
0.0021939261350780725,
0.0029370638076215982,
0.03737397864460945,
-0.018069099634885788,
0.04228369891643524,
0.054340898990631104,
0.06629789620637894,
-0.03157917410135269,
-0.027738239616155624,
-0.043352480977773666,
-0.019805870950222015,
-0.016933519393205643,
0.00675921281799674,
-0.03184637054800987,
0.04562364146113396,
-0.006859411019831896,
0.03483562171459198,
-0.014278262853622437,
-0.001800438854843378,
-0.010428976267576218,
-0.01995616778731346,
-0.02822253108024597,
-0.07160840928554535,
-0.0010098112979903817,
0.0024214598815888166,
0.008717254735529423,
-0.008199564181268215,
-0.014445260167121887,
-0.06068679317831993,
0.024832487106323242,
0.04382007196545601,
0.010003133676946163,
-0.004454650916159153,
-0.01672477275133133,
0.0727439895272255,
-0.044788654893636703,
-0.016808271408081055,
-0.0490637831389904,
0.03710678219795227,
-0.001544724334962666,
-0.032247163355350494,
0.0035904403775930405,
0.020039666444063187,
0.07855549454689026,
-0.019572075456380844,
-0.016023384407162666,
0.008091015741229057,
-0.024915985763072968,
-0.043085284531116486,
0.0026594307273626328,
-0.03627179563045502,
0.052270133048295975,
0.012967334128916264,
-0.054274097084999084,
-0.015555791556835175,
-0.03157917410135269,
-0.011915251612663269,
0.029458310455083847,
-0.047360412776470184,
-0.021442443132400513,
-0.05116795003414154,
0.015096548944711685,
0.010746271349489689,
0.029475010931491852,
-0.00003591092536225915,
-0.021292146295309067,
-0.02914101630449295,
-0.01692516915500164,
0.05634486302733421,
-0.0053814854472875595,
-0.04462165758013725,
0.02294541895389557,
0.005690430290997028,
-0.004101869184523821,
-0.00862540677189827,
-0.0048679690808057785,
-0.03348294273018837,
-0.00859200768172741,
0.00997808389365673,
0.03046029433608055,
0.002515395637601614,
-0.035737406462430954,
-0.015781238675117493,
-0.021392345428466797,
0.024030901491642,
-0.024214597418904305,
0.0008996975375339389,
-0.016749821603298187,
-0.018119199201464653,
0.018219396471977234,
0.1007327288389206,
-0.042985085397958755,
-0.014528758823871613,
0.016708072274923325,
-0.04612463340163231,
0.06987164169549942,
0.0076568229123950005,
-0.010846469551324844,
-0.022594723850488663,
0.011898552067577839,
-0.05029956251382828,
-0.027253946289420128,
-0.04442126303911209,
0.00523536279797554,
0.015989983454346657,
0.026302063837647438,
-0.05363950878381729,
0.024181198328733444,
-0.017000317573547363,
0.00118150538764894,
-0.005619456525892019,
0.0033462068531662226,
0.00879240408539772,
0.03012629970908165,
-0.005744704511016607,
0.04101451858878136,
0.00913474801927805,
-0.045289646834135056,
-0.0365389920771122,
0.02327941358089447,
0.03177957236766815,
0.06679888814687729,
0.015580841340124607,
0.05744704604148865,
-0.015580841340124607,
0.026034867390990257,
0.018119199201464653,
-0.0658303052186966,
-0.028723523020744324,
-0.03710678219795227,
-0.012992383912205696,
-0.02120864763855934,
0.03426783159375191,
0.059517811983823776,
0.018386393785476685,
-0.012775287963449955,
-0.06666529178619385,
0.01437011081725359,
-0.015188397839665413,
0.023863904178142548,
-0.04448806121945381,
0.026853153482079506,
0.00042036332888528705,
-0.026251964271068573,
0.026585958898067474,
0.022795122116804123,
0.03114498220384121,
-0.008759004063904285,
0.002379710553213954,
0.007886444218456745,
0.03994573652744293,
0.0388435535132885,
-0.05540968105196953,
-0.005469159223139286,
0.00931844487786293,
0.008917652070522308,
-0.019104482606053352,
-0.00300386268645525,
0.07107401639223099,
-0.025300079956650734,
-0.02202693372964859,
0.0832982137799263,
-0.029842404648661613,
-0.012115648947656155,
-0.007890619337558746,
-0.03640539571642876,
0.004563199356198311,
0.03797516971826553,
0.04882998764514923,
-0.038075368851423264,
0.024181198328733444,
0.017818603664636612,
-0.013485025614500046,
0.01289218571037054,
-0.024114400148391724,
-0.040847521275281906,
-0.00785304419696331,
-0.03510281816124916,
-0.051802538335323334,
0.038576360791921616,
-0.04662562534213066,
-0.031128283590078354,
-0.0033754315227270126,
-0.001632397877983749,
-0.007189230527728796,
-0.03877675533294678,
-0.09732598066329956,
0.018686989322304726,
-0.02581777051091194,
-0.06369274109601974,
0.032681357115507126,
-0.009969734586775303,
-0.035804204642772675,
-0.006316670216619968,
-0.002459034090861678,
-0.017568107694387436,
-0.05707965046167374,
0.045456644147634506,
-0.03203006833791733,
-0.012900535948574543,
0.022177232429385185,
0.029157714918255806,
-0.05758064240217209,
-0.03144557774066925,
-0.0018119198502972722,
-0.003995408769696951,
-0.011013466864824295,
-0.015756187960505486,
0.020073067396879196,
-0.015539092011749744,
-0.010662772692739964,
0.029725506901741028,
-0.019338278099894524,
-0.08917652070522308,
0.01836969517171383,
-0.028473027050495148,
0.025400277227163315,
0.022527925670146942,
0.02538357861340046,
-0.04375327378511429,
0.03516961634159088,
-0.004504750017076731,
-0.020073067396879196,
0.0026197689585387707,
-0.044888854026794434,
-0.038643158972263336,
0.008967750705778599,
-0.01649097539484501,
0.028422927483916283,
-0.03921094909310341,
-0.036338597536087036,
-0.05717984959483147,
0.004032982978969812,
-0.03877675533294678,
0.04151551052927971,
0.03697318583726883,
0.02511638216674328,
0.011322411708533764,
0.000573531084228307,
0.021843237802386284,
0.0006152804126031697,
-0.007869744673371315,
0.029842404648661613,
0.00021331285824999213,
-0.020223364233970642,
0.011698155663907528,
0.008633757010102272,
0.03012629970908165,
0.028456326574087143,
-0.012015450745821,
0.006738338153809309,
-0.011213863268494606,
-0.016541074961423874,
-0.03987893834710121,
-0.006316670216619968,
0.017868703231215477,
0.00756497448310256,
0.037941768765449524,
-0.033599842339754105,
0.014311661943793297,
-0.047794606536626816,
0.02561737410724163,
0.01158960722386837,
0.011673105880618095,
0.044955652207136154,
-0.017885403707623482,
0.0008876946521922946,
0.018753787502646446,
0.00642939331009984,
-0.032748155295848846,
0.029358111321926117,
-0.029541809111833572,
0.06569670885801315,
0.04926418140530586,
-0.016749821603298187,
-0.0398455373942852,
-0.030510393902659416,
0.07094042003154755,
-0.003970358986407518,
0.032781556248664856,
-0.018519992008805275,
-0.014278262853622437,
0.030410194769501686,
-0.019321579486131668,
0.019405078142881393,
0.03460182622075081,
-0.015447243116796017,
0.004717671778053045,
-0.005323036573827267,
-0.007773720659315586,
-0.018603490665555,
-0.007393802050501108,
-0.0418161042034626,
-0.01738441176712513,
-0.02785513736307621,
-0.030209798365831375,
0.01494625210762024,
-0.017818603664636612,
-0.005515083204954863,
-0.01642417721450329,
0.009527191519737244,
-0.001030685962177813,
0.05821523442864418,
0.043352480977773666,
0.005139339715242386,
-0.009126398712396622,
-0.02331281267106533,
-0.03430122882127762,
-0.009276695549488068,
-0.0029454135801643133,
0.011138714849948883,
0.016683023422956467,
0.01447030995041132,
-0.010813070461153984,
-0.023396311327815056,
0.047093216329813004,
-0.02541697770357132,
-0.03381693735718727,
0.01401106733828783,
0.03526981547474861,
0.02768814004957676,
-0.004421251360327005,
-0.008028391748666763,
-0.04007933288812637,
-0.0036614141426980495,
-0.02653585933148861,
-0.012483042664825916,
0.08049266040325165,
-0.017768504098057747,
0.01175660453736782,
-0.038142167031764984,
-0.01998956874012947,
-0.022394327446818352,
-0.0008584700990468264,
0.04916398227214813,
-0.06462792307138443,
0.010637722909450531,
0.011414260603487492,
0.014378461055457592,
0.021325545385479927,
-0.014570508152246475,
-0.013902518898248672,
0.042550891637802124,
0.002191838575527072,
0.014286613091826439,
0.008909301832318306,
-0.026068266481161118,
-0.020106466487050056,
0.03677278757095337,
-0.02982570417225361,
0.0069971838966012,
-0.006967959459871054,
0.03002610057592392,
-0.049798574298620224,
-0.0424840934574604,
-0.006316670216619968,
0.04382007196545601,
0.007648473139852285,
0.08603697270154953,
0.035837605595588684,
-0.030810987576842308,
-0.007306128740310669,
0.018720388412475586,
-0.02246112748980522,
-0.014754205010831356,
0.024047600105404854,
-0.05360610783100128,
-0.01153950858861208,
-0.014821004122495651,
-0.0526709258556366,
-0.011289012618362904,
-0.026168465614318848,
-0.007264379411935806,
0.016240479424595833,
0.054641492664813995,
0.00006670103903161362,
-0.0086421063169837,
0.05621126666665077,
0.0033837812952697277,
0.04225029796361923,
0.0007676653913222253,
0.0355704091489315,
-0.030927885323762894,
-0.00827888771891594,
0.05257072672247887,
0.04331908002495766,
0.007552449591457844,
0.003246008651331067,
-0.01890408620238304,
0.027053549885749817,
0.013034133240580559,
-0.01236614491790533,
0.04007933288812637,
0.018920784816145897,
-0.021976834163069725,
-0.02697005122900009,
0.0375409759581089,
-0.015046450309455395,
-0.007301953621208668,
-0.026001468300819397,
0.026819754391908646,
-0.0011491496115922928,
-0.029658706858754158,
-0.01104686688631773,
0.03039349429309368,
0.027504442259669304,
0.012307695113122463,
-0.022928718477487564,
-0.05540968105196953,
0.025567274540662766,
0.040480125695466995,
-0.03516961634159088,
0.06065339222550392,
0.018085800111293793,
-0.023730305954813957,
-0.013760571368038654,
-0.02999270148575306,
-0.0066506643779575825,
-0.027354145422577858,
-0.04218349978327751,
-0.03867655619978905,
-0.02663605660200119,
0.028038833290338516,
0.01758480817079544,
-0.005903352051973343,
0.018686989322304726,
-0.06462792307138443,
-0.028172431513667107,
0.04141531139612198,
-0.020006267353892326,
-0.008976100943982601,
-0.012324395589530468,
-0.005924226716160774,
-0.01642417721450329,
0.0139943677932024,
0.014119615778326988,
-0.018753787502646446,
0.009710888378322124,
-0.02064085751771927,
0.0016470100963488221,
-0.010537524707615376,
0.01863688975572586,
0.007886444218456745,
-0.0029516760259866714,
-0.043085284531116486,
0.03154577687382698,
0.01548899244517088,
0.014403510838747025,
-0.0342344306409359,
0.04011273384094238,
0.010120031423866749,
0.018119199201464653,
0.017885403707623482,
0.015138298273086548,
0.013819020241498947,
0.01238284446299076,
-0.0395115427672863,
0.03637199476361275,
0.04204989969730377,
-0.017067115753889084,
-0.02707025036215782,
-0.0018651502905413508,
0.029358111321926117,
-0.0014059079112485051,
-0.0067132883705198765,
-0.0020509345922619104,
0.0038325863424688578,
0.01092996820807457,
-0.03737397864460945,
0.002260725013911724,
-0.012783637270331383,
-0.009017850272357464,
-0.008767354302108288,
0.01208224892616272,
-0.020223364233970642,
-0.0026385560631752014,
-0.016073482111096382,
-0.05981840565800667,
0.003893122775480151,
-0.018753787502646446,
0.01589813642203808,
0.02985910326242447,
-0.02768814004957676,
0.04118151590228081,
0.0006554641295224428,
0.0028076409362256527,
-0.0008302893256768584,
-0.02104165032505989,
0.04438786208629608,
-0.03667259216308594,
-0.08897612243890762,
0.056879255920648575,
-0.0029662882443517447,
-0.017601506784558296,
0.004149881191551685,
-0.0424840934574604,
0.021576041355729103,
0.025066284462809563,
-0.016290578991174698,
-0.011414260603487492,
0.05307171866297722,
-0.02473228983581066,
-0.03981214016675949,
0.028623323887586594,
0.014036117121577263,
-0.0839662030339241,
0.024414993822574615,
0.04004593566060066,
0.01741781085729599,
-0.0029099266976118088,
-0.017334312200546265,
0.03298195078969002,
0.01665797270834446,
-0.009836136363446712,
-0.03032669611275196,
0.0012952722609043121,
-0.01985597051680088,
0.04382007196545601,
0.015313645824790001,
0.005895002279430628,
-0.0253501795232296,
0.007648473139852285,
-0.015480643138289452,
-0.031061483547091484,
0.017968902364373207,
0.008683855645358562,
-0.011957000941038132,
-0.038175564259290695,
0.013960967771708965,
0.0037073383573442698,
-0.0052437130361795425,
-0.018002301454544067,
0.003776224795728922,
-0.006834361236542463,
0.002634381176903844,
-0.03381693735718727,
0.05066695809364319,
-0.012399544008076191,
0.005744704511016607,
0.03005949966609478,
-0.016975268721580505,
0.001939255278557539,
0.011038516648113728,
0.01042062696069479,
0.004252166952937841,
0.0189374852925539,
0.00882580317556858,
0.03022649697959423,
0.009426993317902088,
-0.009886235930025578,
0.00931844487786293,
-0.03147897869348526,
-0.03036009520292282,
0.021442443132400513,
-0.040580324828624725,
-0.022594723850488663,
-0.012808687053620815,
-0.028656722977757454,
-0.04652542620897293,
0.0030936235561966896,
-0.02518318220973015,
-0.0022899494506418705,
-0.00523536279797554,
0.007519050035625696,
0.019739072769880295,
-0.038142167031764984,
0.01321783009916544,
0.04438786208629608,
-0.021325545385479927,
-0.005168564151972532,
-0.043018486350774765,
0.04402047023177147,
0.0011512371711432934,
0.005277112126350403,
0.0019246430601924658,
0.004099782090634108,
0.0457572415471077,
0.023930702358484268,
0.014436909928917885,
-0.052470527589321136,
-0.031261879950761795,
0.038342561572790146,
0.005302161909639835,
0.03480222076177597,
-0.002623943844810128,
0.045289646834135056,
-0.01381067093461752,
0.03025989793241024,
0.002703267615288496,
-0.01840309426188469,
0.004918068181723356,
-0.0021333894692361355,
0.013952618464827538,
0.021509243175387383,
0.020323561504483223,
0.006366769317537546,
0.03767457231879234,
-0.014303312636911869,
-0.04435446485877037,
-0.009343494661152363,
0.038208965212106705,
-0.014745854772627354,
-0.045356445014476776,
-0.06252375990152359,
0.004859619308263063,
-0.042784690856933594,
0.012599940411746502,
0.03420103341341019,
-0.040947720408439636,
0.045456644147634506,
-0.01406116597354412,
-0.0012681351508945227,
0.04395366832613945,
-0.00994468480348587,
0.017200713977217674,
-0.027638040482997894,
0.01883728615939617,
0.012850436381995678,
0.04118151590228081,
0.012282646261155605,
0.07334518432617188,
-0.04331908002495766,
-0.025834470987319946,
-0.04946457967162132,
-0.00203319126740098,
-0.0414821095764637,
0.026853153482079506,
0.04846259579062462,
-0.015372094698250294,
-0.024715589359402657,
-0.0025049583055078983,
-0.03797516971826553,
0.02054065838456154,
0.019087782129645348,
-0.042884886264801025,
0.028990717604756355,
-0.00400793319568038,
-0.017735105007886887,
-0.030927885323762894,
-0.014729155227541924,
0.03249765932559967,
-0.031028084456920624,
0.009644090197980404,
-0.050132568925619125,
-0.0021563516929745674,
0.003972446545958519,
0.0006867760675959289,
-0.038108766078948975,
0.02182653732597828,
-0.01952197588980198,
-0.0005865777493454516,
-0.017852002754807472,
0.022928718477487564,
0.009877885691821575,
0.04919738322496414,
-0.002260725013911724,
0.014704105444252491,
0.03714018315076828,
0.0066590141505002975,
0.010612674057483673,
-0.03318234905600548,
0.05707965046167374,
0.011389210820198059,
0.02087465301156044,
-0.028172431513667107,
0.011088616214692593,
-0.049598176032304764,
0.025099683552980423,
0.029742205515503883,
0.035537008196115494,
0.018352994695305824,
0.047193415462970734,
-0.05514248460531235,
-0.03764117509126663,
0.0212420467287302,
-0.006404343526810408,
-0.026385562494397163,
0.018720388412475586,
-0.020991550758481026,
0.03901055082678795,
-0.013242879882454872,
-0.03961174190044403,
-0.0003924434713553637,
-0.027838436886668205,
0.0008934351499192417,
-0.030543792992830276,
-0.04712661728262901,
-0.035837605595588684,
-0.018069099634885788,
0.009827787056565285,
0.0002896358200814575,
0.003058136673644185,
-0.021943435072898865,
-0.019772471860051155,
-0.0038242365699261427,
-0.0033462068531662226,
-0.02236092835664749,
0.0038033619057387114,
0.009936334565281868,
-0.020123165100812912,
-0.03211356699466705,
0.012683439068496227,
-0.0253501795232296,
-0.03724038228392601,
-0.028923919424414635,
0.02117524854838848,
-0.02110844850540161,
-0.020273463800549507,
0.01972237229347229,
0.014495358802378178,
0.04124831408262253,
0.024147799238562584,
0.00433775270357728,
-0.026452360674738884,
-0.003277320647612214,
0.061621975153684616,
-0.0033441195264458656,
0.015797937288880348,
0.03911074995994568,
0.00609957380220294,
0.026185164228081703,
-0.012123998254537582,
0.033499643206596375,
-0.015205097384750843,
-0.04582403972744942,
0.011631356552243233,
-0.04679262265563011,
0.012457992881536484,
0.029458310455083847,
0.008767354302108288,
-0.056845854967832565,
0.015096548944711685,
-0.02748774364590645,
0.0005730092525482178,
-0.0073270034044981,
0.015205097384750843,
-0.03124518133699894,
-0.03894375264644623,
0.042918287217617035,
0.04649202898144722,
-0.010687822476029396,
-0.01745120994746685,
0.09278365969657898,
-0.012508092448115349,
-0.025934668257832527,
0.04475525766611099,
-0.008454234339296818,
0.003413005731999874,
0.00031442445470020175,
-0.023847203701734543,
0.020523959770798683,
0.02646906115114689,
-0.06940404325723648,
0.04121491685509682,
0.021292146295309067,
-0.02910761721432209,
0.011071915738284588,
0.00576975429430604,
0.061154384166002274,
-0.0556434765458107
] |
Community detection is a fundamental and important issue in network science,
but there are only a few community detection algorithms based on graph neural
networks, among which unsupervised algorithms are almost blank. By fusing the
high-order modularity information with network features, this paper proposes a
Variational Graph AutoEncoder Reconstruction based community detection VGAER
for the first time, and gives its non-probabilistic version. They do not need
any prior information. We have carefully designed corresponding input features,
decoder, and downstream tasks based on the community detection task and these
designs are concise, natural, and perform well (NMI values under our design are
improved by 59.1% - 565.9%). Based on a series of experiments with wide range
of datasets and advanced methods, VGAER has achieved superior performance and
shows strong competitiveness and potential with a simpler design. Finally, we
report the results of algorithm convergence analysis and t-SNE visualization,
which clearly depicted the stable performance and powerful network modularity
ability of VGAER. Our codes are available at https://github.com/qcydm/VGAER. | [
0.010608473792672157,
0.011763852089643478,
-0.03602679818868637,
-0.0081970589235425,
0.006402721628546715,
0.041873712092638016,
0.0007702522561885417,
0.050591565668582916,
-0.033243387937545776,
0.02386031299829483,
-0.005873173475265503,
0.0245430376380682,
-0.002173993270844221,
-0.016262825578451157,
-0.015142458491027355,
0.036902084946632385,
0.03390860557556152,
-0.026328621432185173,
0.003610557410866022,
-0.07268380373716354,
-0.019063742831349373,
-0.05955450236797333,
0.014976154081523418,
-0.01706808991730213,
0.07282384485006332,
0.026136059314012527,
0.043029092252254486,
-0.023352647200226784,
-0.051886990666389465,
0.07163345813751221,
0.02921706810593605,
-0.0023960971739143133,
-0.0013468472752720118,
-0.03634190186858177,
-0.012131473049521446,
0.021462028846144676,
0.0259960126131773,
0.042854033410549164,
0.001027367659844458,
0.005588705185800791,
0.010240853764116764,
-0.01299800630658865,
-0.0034486292861402035,
0.011343714781105518,
0.006407097913324833,
-0.024227933958172798,
0.005890679080039263,
-0.0529373362660408,
0.030687550082802773,
0.0038031204603612423,
0.004196999594569206,
-0.014932390302419662,
0.00237859133630991,
-0.009146745316684246,
-0.04120849445462227,
0.04180368781089783,
0.049296144396066666,
0.02844681590795517,
0.03802245110273361,
0.0334184430539608,
0.0014103056164458394,
0.012831701897084713,
-0.022442348301410675,
-0.0020689587108790874,
-0.01537003368139267,
-0.008840395137667656,
-0.01988651230931282,
0.010844801552593708,
0.02799166552722454,
-0.03952794522047043,
-0.033751051872968674,
0.019676443189382553,
-0.03418869525194168,
0.022879991680383682,
0.030792582780122757,
0.02104189060628414,
0.001212271978147328,
0.06042978912591934,
-0.002575530903413892,
-0.014380959793925285,
0.03875769302248955,
0.03609682247042656,
-0.021969694644212723,
0.0035055228509008884,
0.06585656851530075,
-0.022687429562211037,
-0.010144571773707867,
-0.04313412681221962,
-0.0024354851339012384,
0.02188216522336006,
-0.020499212667346,
0.047825660556554794,
-0.010599721223115921,
-0.03296329453587532,
0.018293490633368492,
0.015256245620548725,
0.010792284272611141,
-0.010783531703054905,
-0.0626705214381218,
0.06263551115989685,
-0.025348300114274025,
-0.05549317225813866,
0.023282624781131744,
0.017453216016292572,
0.04547989368438721,
-0.048911016434431076,
-0.005426777061074972,
-0.007873203605413437,
-0.018398525193333626,
0.137455016374588,
-0.004428950138390064,
0.0413135290145874,
-0.015378786250948906,
-0.00200112396851182,
-0.02699383907020092,
0.018678616732358932,
-0.05101170390844345,
0.01691053807735443,
0.010731014423072338,
-0.0342412143945694,
0.03142279013991356,
0.011737593449652195,
-0.040648311376571655,
-0.037497278302907944,
-0.05902932956814766,
0.01997404173016548,
-0.008302093483507633,
0.011413737200200558,
-0.03166786953806877,
0.05713871121406555,
-0.025715921074151993,
0.013243086636066437,
0.06599660962820053,
-0.025785943493247032,
0.04747554659843445,
0.039492931216955185,
0.03732222318649292,
0.07268380373716354,
0.0066259196028113365,
-0.01988651230931282,
-0.001148813753388822,
0.009041710756719112,
-0.00967191718518734,
-0.024297956377267838,
0.00236108573153615,
0.0529373362660408,
-0.019781477749347687,
0.0839574933052063,
-0.05024145171046257,
0.022809969261288643,
0.0001544060360174626,
0.09516116231679916,
0.013391885906457901,
-0.002910328097641468,
-0.011711334809660912,
0.0208143163472414,
-0.0009004510939121246,
-0.019869007170200348,
0.005251719616353512,
-0.07695519924163818,
0.05360255390405655,
-0.03753229230642319,
0.057313770055770874,
0.043029092252254486,
-0.032840754836797714,
0.019869007170200348,
0.020989373326301575,
0.010310876183211803,
-0.04758058115839958,
0.044849686324596405,
0.048525892198085785,
0.024192921817302704,
0.018328502774238586,
0.044919710606336594,
-0.028271758928894997,
0.04796570912003517,
0.04075334593653679,
-0.05244717374444008,
0.005330495536327362,
0.017085595056414604,
-0.053637564182281494,
-0.00684474129229784,
0.03893274813890457,
0.013934562914073467,
0.024192921817302704,
0.0768151581287384,
0.06858745962381363,
-0.009838221594691277,
0.047370512038469315,
0.013969575054943562,
0.03459132835268974,
0.05367257446050644,
0.07303391396999359,
-0.057243745774030685,
0.011291197501122952,
-0.016770491376519203,
0.006389592308551073,
0.007623746525496244,
-0.06725702434778214,
-0.009610647335648537,
-0.028569355607032776,
-0.01773330755531788,
0.06813231110572815,
-0.013146805576980114,
0.03229807689785957,
-0.019063742831349373,
0.0442194789648056,
-0.020446695387363434,
-0.002258239546790719,
0.013365627266466618,
-0.0471254326403141,
-0.05643848329782486,
-0.03410116583108902,
-0.015973981469869614,
0.02501569129526615,
-0.021462028846144676,
-0.02149703912436962,
-0.03508148714900017,
0.029462147504091263,
0.013759505935013294,
0.0005166926421225071,
-0.027273930609226227,
0.04628515616059303,
0.02813171222805977,
-0.01396082155406475,
-0.030617525801062584,
0.04999637231230736,
-0.04873596131801605,
-0.02914704568684101,
0.033523477613925934,
-0.02638113871216774,
0.007523088715970516,
0.004976004362106323,
0.0019135953625664115,
-0.019904017448425293,
-0.042854033410549164,
-0.04621513560414314,
0.02928709052503109,
0.011623806320130825,
0.019763972610235214,
-0.04075334593653679,
-0.004726547747850418,
-0.08248700946569443,
-0.01843353733420372,
0.06032475456595421,
0.05041651055216789,
-0.005562446545809507,
0.004905981477349997,
0.01950138621032238,
0.04299407824873924,
-0.020499212667346,
-0.014713568612933159,
0.029094528406858444,
-0.007212361786514521,
-0.027624046429991722,
0.030705055221915245,
-0.03320837393403053,
-0.025803450495004654,
-0.035221535712480545,
-0.05290232226252556,
0.017689542844891548,
0.04992634803056717,
-0.09628152847290039,
0.036902084946632385,
-0.008787877857685089,
0.00967191718518734,
0.004520855378359556,
0.026101047173142433,
-0.021899672225117683,
0.023440176621079445,
0.0034989581909030676,
-0.054547861218452454,
-0.04579499736428261,
-0.029724733904004097,
-0.0313352607190609,
0.02209223434329033,
-0.01614028587937355,
0.014582275412976742,
0.03446878865361214,
-0.006997916381806135,
-0.011755099520087242,
-0.05549317225813866,
0.011615053750574589,
0.005531811621040106,
-0.031702883541584015,
-0.044989731162786484,
-0.018993720412254333,
-0.04376433044672012,
-0.050801634788513184,
-0.021689603105187416,
0.011177410371601582,
0.007562476675957441,
-0.0066609312780201435,
-0.0048447116278111935,
-0.013750753365457058,
-0.001788867055438459,
-0.03707714006304741,
0.0034464411437511444,
0.03427622467279434,
-0.0626005008816719,
-0.05335747450590134,
-0.023737773299217224,
0.039562955498695374,
0.061760224401950836,
-0.07275382429361343,
-0.0014923637500032783,
0.022284798324108124,
0.060604847967624664,
-0.0005492423661053181,
-0.08927923440933228,
0.018030904233455658,
0.0552130788564682,
-0.0497162789106369,
-0.02729143761098385,
-0.020499212667346,
-0.010258358903229237,
0.056473493576049805,
0.012394058518111706,
0.04152359813451767,
-0.04838584363460541,
0.01784709468483925,
0.017356934025883675,
-0.06232040748000145,
0.024875646457076073,
-0.022442348301410675,
0.031072676181793213,
0.02858686074614525,
0.03410116583108902,
0.006240793503820896,
0.008604067377746105,
-0.014328442513942719,
0.002345768269151449,
0.003562416648492217,
0.03938789665699005,
0.0045427377335727215,
-0.02751901187002659,
0.007238620426505804,
0.04547989368438721,
-0.011956415139138699,
-0.021216947585344315,
-0.022529877722263336,
-0.017908364534378052,
-0.021969694644212723,
0.014591027982532978,
-0.026258599013090134,
-0.0325956754386425,
-0.03602679818868637,
-0.016000239178538322,
0.046530235558748245,
-0.005842538084834814,
0.0009097510483115911,
-0.0028424933552742004,
0.022915003821253777,
-0.0029453395400196314,
0.04211879149079323,
-0.03523904085159302,
-0.015186223201453686,
-0.0013938939664512873,
0.052657242864370346,
0.036131832748651505,
0.04456959664821625,
-0.06753711402416229,
-0.020464200526475906,
0.031860433518886566,
-0.053637564182281494,
0.00955813005566597,
-0.053952667862176895,
-0.0064158509485423565,
-0.01269165612757206,
0.00514230877161026,
-0.03425871953368187,
0.04369430989027023,
-0.04667028412222862,
-0.012989253737032413,
-0.025260772556066513,
-0.012070202268660069,
0.016289083287119865,
0.0012691656593233347,
-0.014967401511967182,
0.010144571773707867,
-0.0516769215464592,
0.038197509944438934,
-0.018468547612428665,
-0.016726726666092873,
0.03439876437187195,
0.036446936428546906,
0.022809969261288643,
0.02025413326919079,
0.03089761734008789,
0.012507845647633076,
0.013173064216971397,
-0.07975611835718155,
-0.034153684973716736,
0.013216827996075153,
-0.0031072674319148064,
0.02774658612906933,
-0.006564649753272533,
0.004065706394612789,
0.03784739226102829,
0.05598333105444908,
-0.07019798457622528,
-0.005829408764839172,
-0.009566882625222206,
-0.04274899885058403,
-0.04229385033249855,
0.012621632777154446,
-0.0069060116074979305,
-0.03938789665699005,
0.0042998455464839935,
-0.05115175247192383,
0.010932330042123795,
0.001358882524073124,
-0.054092712700366974,
-0.011763852089643478,
0.014731073752045631,
0.004260457586497068,
-0.014941142871975899,
0.024490520358085632,
0.03609682247042656,
0.01551883202046156,
-0.0007489171111956239,
0.035991787910461426,
0.05444282665848732,
0.0032495015766471624,
-0.010529697872698307,
0.017584508284926414,
0.005067909602075815,
-0.019518891349434853,
-0.03527405112981796,
-0.04008812829852104,
0.0377773717045784,
-0.03462633863091469,
0.010783531703054905,
-0.017724554985761642,
-0.04029819741845131,
-0.010844801552593708,
0.019361339509487152,
-0.01675298623740673,
0.003568981308490038,
-0.01796088181436062,
-0.0187311340123415,
-0.02217976376414299,
0.018258478492498398,
-0.06270553171634674,
-0.05538813769817352,
-0.00989949144423008,
-0.04716044291853905,
-0.02317759022116661,
-0.03991306945681572,
-0.018013399094343185,
-0.07159844785928726,
0.005072285886853933,
-0.08969937264919281,
-0.06403596699237823,
0.033155858516693115,
-0.023440176621079445,
-0.0033961122389882803,
0.0020437943749129772,
0.05689363181591034,
-0.013488166965544224,
-0.02317759022116661,
0.03525654599070549,
-0.012787938117980957,
-0.04968126863241196,
-0.03627187758684158,
0.10153324902057648,
0.008175177499651909,
-0.019676443189382553,
-0.002776846755295992,
0.002958468860015273,
0.015623866580426693,
-0.026731254532933235,
0.04029819741845131,
0.009461848065257072,
-0.006043854169547558,
0.035519130527973175,
-0.01568513549864292,
-0.06767716258764267,
0.050276465713977814,
0.03784739226102829,
-0.002807481912896037,
0.0471254326403141,
-0.0014256230788305402,
0.0613400861620903,
-0.03343594819307327,
0.003021927084773779,
0.08633827418088913,
0.024210428819060326,
-0.031912948936223984,
-0.005312989931553602,
0.0047528063878417015,
0.06505130231380463,
-0.009260532446205616,
-0.010976094752550125,
0.018170950934290886,
0.011352467350661755,
0.012262765318155289,
0.02835928648710251,
0.043099112808704376,
0.0247005894780159,
0.0258384607732296,
-0.05244717374444008,
-0.016315342858433723,
-0.001260412740521133,
0.04008812829852104,
0.007715651765465736,
0.013566942885518074,
0.05965953692793846,
-0.02821924164891243,
-0.050136417150497437,
0.0032845130190253258,
0.04061330109834671,
-0.05934443324804306,
-0.028429308906197548,
-0.011387479491531849,
0.00856030359864235,
-0.03156283497810364,
0.006761589087545872,
-0.002002218272536993,
0.003991307225078344,
-0.007825062610208988,
-0.03760231286287308,
-0.037287209182977676,
0.03480139747262001,
-0.05164191126823425,
0.04796570912003517,
-0.03443377465009689,
-0.002713388530537486,
0.04082337021827698,
-0.014363453723490238,
-0.05164191126823425,
0.030109860002994537,
-0.011938910000026226,
-0.020709281787276268,
0.012665397487580776,
-0.0033414068166166544,
0.002218851586803794,
-0.005247343331575394,
-0.04208378121256828,
-0.039422910660505295,
0.023352647200226784,
0.03534407541155815,
-0.018013399094343185,
0.020604247227311134,
-0.004446456208825111,
-0.016831761226058006,
0.031090181320905685,
-0.012008932419121265,
-0.01675298623740673,
-0.013479414395987988,
-0.013663223944604397,
-0.026818782091140747,
-0.010293371044099331,
-0.01706808991730213,
0.014862366952002048,
0.011404984630644321,
-0.01365447137504816,
-0.003461758606135845,
0.008840395137667656,
-0.053567543625831604,
0.03298079967498779,
0.013138052076101303,
0.029304595664143562,
-0.04533984884619713,
0.0019989358261227608,
-0.018083421513438225,
0.0400531180202961,
0.04695037379860878,
-0.019781477749347687,
-0.012026438489556313,
-0.0085121626034379,
-0.022879991680383682,
-0.031405285000801086,
-0.03886272758245468,
0.011028611101210117,
-0.01265664491802454,
0.04751055687665939,
0.004954122472554445,
0.0037899911403656006,
-0.0005607305211015046,
0.017496978864073753,
0.020446695387363434,
0.022617407143115997,
0.0014792344300076365,
-0.0007456347811967134,
-0.014521005563437939,
-0.05752383917570114,
-0.04113847017288208,
-0.025138232856988907,
-0.015475067310035229,
0.007938849739730358,
0.04288904368877411,
-0.00970692839473486,
-0.0256809089332819,
-0.007369913626462221,
-0.060149695724248886,
-0.004267022479325533,
0.030547503381967545,
0.04719545692205429,
-0.054407816380262375,
-0.020919350907206535,
0.017286911606788635,
0.04040323197841644,
0.025558369234204292,
-0.03623686730861664,
-0.032455626875162125,
0.03172038868069649,
-0.05549317225813866,
0.022074729204177856,
-0.03630688786506653,
-0.0190462376922369,
0.008862277492880821,
0.04856090247631073,
-0.050136417150497437,
0.004302033688873053,
0.03739224374294281,
0.006087618414312601,
0.04145357385277748,
-0.033155858516693115,
-0.05545816197991371,
0.09348060935735703,
-0.03875769302248955,
0.056158389896154404,
0.05703367665410042,
-0.00016452652926091105,
-0.009610647335648537,
-0.014704815112054348,
-0.022284798324108124,
-0.006665307562798262,
0.017243146896362305,
0.0043195392936468124,
0.026206081733107567,
-0.05010140687227249,
0.010118313133716583,
-0.04502474516630173,
-0.03408366069197655,
-0.015256245620548725,
0.005098544526845217,
-0.004277963191270828,
-0.014573522843420506,
-0.052657242864370346,
-0.03532657027244568,
0.004656524863094091,
0.01238530594855547,
-0.013006758876144886,
0.023580221459269524,
0.00632832245901227,
0.013584448955953121,
-0.014494746923446655,
0.02844681590795517,
-0.0016510094283148646,
0.02063925936818123,
0.0033873592037707567,
0.013636965304613113,
-0.005194826051592827,
-0.0464952252805233,
0.029654711484909058,
-0.028884459286928177,
0.013505673035979271,
0.002013159217312932,
0.010039537213742733,
0.004647771827876568,
-0.0031904198694974184,
-0.05335747450590134,
0.024192921817302704,
-0.015457562170922756,
-0.021164430305361748,
-0.036131832748651505,
0.04397439956665039,
0.03655197098851204,
-0.001631315448321402,
-0.0005019221571274102,
0.0029081397224217653,
0.038267530500888824,
0.011378725990653038,
-0.021672096103429794,
0.025575876235961914,
0.0122715188190341,
0.008695973083376884,
-0.02753651700913906,
-0.017742060124874115,
0.013356873765587807,
-0.036516956984996796,
0.007610617205500603,
-0.04688035324215889,
-0.00804826058447361,
-0.016105273738503456,
0.0005727657116949558,
-0.005479294341057539,
-0.027168897911906242,
-0.07177350670099258,
-0.012324036099016666,
-0.00427358690649271,
-0.006919140927493572,
0.04229385033249855,
0.00019598215294536203,
0.0047177947126328945,
-0.009776951745152473,
-0.0035842987708747387,
0.0017582320142537355,
-0.007111703976988792,
0.011439995840191841,
-0.02111191302537918,
0.01013581920415163,
-0.021059395745396614,
0.015300010330975056,
0.005689362995326519,
0.028201734647154808,
-0.021812142804265022,
-0.0008036225335672498,
0.004091965034604073,
-0.0028928222600370646,
-0.01055595651268959,
0.03886272758245468,
-0.004551490303128958,
0.0008019813685677946,
0.007746286690235138,
-0.00866096094250679,
0.0005848009022884071,
-0.004267022479325533,
-0.03263068571686745,
0.01720813475549221,
0.005921314004808664,
-0.07639501988887787,
-0.013365627266466618,
-0.0031860433518886566,
0.008437762968242168,
0.011947662569582462,
0.020674269646406174,
-0.008061389438807964,
0.008919171057641506,
0.002855622675269842,
-0.03998309373855591,
0.03457382321357727,
-0.032543156296014786,
-0.0026061658281832933,
-0.019011225551366806,
0.006008842494338751,
0.02302003838121891,
-0.04547989368438721,
-0.0085121626034379,
-0.018853673711419106,
0.006074489094316959,
0.015063682571053505,
-0.03313835337758064,
0.037672337144613266,
-0.04022817313671112,
0.06337074935436249,
0.0192037895321846,
-0.02867439016699791,
0.036516956984996796,
-0.0050197686068713665,
0.009820716455578804,
-0.044464562088251114,
-0.028709402307868004,
0.018626099452376366,
0.041488587856292725,
0.001512057613581419,
0.013628212735056877,
0.019869007170200348,
0.014661051332950592,
0.03637691214680672,
-0.021602073684334755,
0.037812381982803345,
0.0010333852842450142,
-0.025575876235961914,
0.005934443324804306,
-0.024035369977355003,
-0.008350234478712082,
0.0016127156559377909,
0.050346486270427704,
-0.033996131271123886,
0.03616684302687645,
-0.023457681760191917,
0.027396472170948982,
-0.006109500769525766,
0.01032838225364685,
-0.013978327624499798,
0.013103040866553783,
0.02653869055211544,
-0.031772904098033905,
-0.037287209182977676,
-0.0034989581909030676,
0.021829647943377495,
-0.010590968653559685,
-0.007908214814960957,
-0.033523477613925934,
-0.023002533242106438,
0.009278038516640663,
-0.017794577404856682,
-0.030459973961114883,
-0.0380924753844738,
0.01950138621032238,
0.017558250576257706,
0.030319929122924805,
0.014179643243551254,
-0.019763972610235214,
0.01732192188501358,
-0.03634190186858177,
-0.020359167829155922,
0.007085445336997509,
-0.0012680714717134833,
-0.03439876437187195,
-0.011650064960122108,
-0.05055655539035797,
-0.007330525666475296,
-0.024963174015283585,
0.016814256086945534,
0.001530657522380352,
0.04894602671265602,
-0.017785824835300446,
0.03105516918003559,
0.006564649753272533,
0.009549377486109734,
-0.007059186697006226,
-0.03553663566708565,
0.004656524863094091,
-0.08115657418966293,
-0.0019617362413555384,
-0.06949775665998459,
-0.022144751623272896,
-0.012227754108607769,
-0.02118193730711937,
-0.041558608412742615,
-0.06473620235919952,
-0.06004466116428375,
0.029339607805013657,
0.013129299506545067,
0.06179523468017578,
0.022442348301410675,
0.012017684988677502,
0.0406833216547966,
-0.03546661511063576,
0.00674845976755023,
-0.024805624037981033,
0.04656524956226349,
0.002472684718668461,
0.0076631344854831696,
0.02431546337902546,
0.039562955498695374,
0.014205901883542538,
0.04863092675805092,
-0.004980381112545729,
-0.0329107791185379,
-0.025645898655056953,
-0.05829409137368202,
-0.02585596777498722,
-0.01786459982395172,
0.00021677020413335413,
0.00438737403601408,
0.03886272758245468,
0.014766085892915726,
0.02011408656835556,
-0.03798744082450867,
0.03623686730861664,
0.014310936443507671,
0.01943136379122734,
0.007803180254995823,
-0.00464339554309845,
-0.030074847862124443,
0.01773330755531788,
-0.0337335467338562,
0.00036078220000490546,
-0.02247736044228077,
0.028236746788024902,
-0.017672037705779076,
0.030529998242855072,
-0.033068329095840454,
0.036201853305101395,
-0.015151211991906166,
-0.0170243252068758,
-0.000025113204173976555,
-0.03938789665699005,
0.06907761842012405,
-0.0022385455667972565,
-0.008586562238633633,
0.0083546107634902,
0.018871178850531578,
-0.018626099452376366,
0.006980410777032375,
0.015860194340348244,
0.009540623985230923,
0.007702522445470095,
-0.028621872887015343,
0.05360255390405655,
-0.05314740538597107,
0.020096581429243088,
-0.022442348301410675,
-0.011562536470592022,
-0.03627187758684158,
-0.040963415056467056,
-0.03189544379711151,
-0.0668368861079216,
0.015860194340348244,
0.046320170164108276,
-0.02156706340610981,
0.011851380579173565,
0.03924785181879997,
-0.030722560361027718,
0.008722231723368168,
0.02011408656835556,
-0.0054880473762750626,
0.007829438894987106,
-0.027028851211071014,
0.020481707528233528,
0.0016871149418875575,
-0.008332728408277035,
-0.03830254450440407,
-0.04404442384839058,
0.010529697872698307,
-0.015536338090896606,
-0.011326208710670471,
-0.019291317090392113,
-0.03592176362872124,
0.008070142939686775,
-0.021829647943377495,
0.00801324937492609,
-0.026153564453125,
0.04968126863241196,
0.014652297832071781,
0.008862277492880821,
0.02608354203402996,
-0.009584388695657253,
0.01723439432680607,
-0.02851683832705021,
0.014783591032028198,
-0.04747554659843445,
0.00951436534523964,
-0.004328292328864336,
0.02944464236497879,
-0.026818782091140747,
0.03432874009013176,
0.03343594819307327,
-0.004525231663137674,
0.0331033393740654,
-0.020919350907206535,
-0.032385606318712234,
-0.051501866430044174,
0.027886632829904556,
-0.02209223434329033,
-0.01652541197836399,
0.020061569288372993,
-0.03119521588087082,
0.027046356350183487,
0.013365627266466618,
-0.02592599019408226,
0.03882771357893944,
-0.0007636875961907208,
0.01850355975329876,
0.014135879464447498,
-0.013741999864578247,
0.002315133111551404,
-0.007846944965422153,
0.015002412721514702,
0.042258840054273605,
-0.005593081470578909,
-0.03172038868069649,
-0.020236626267433167,
0.0035361580085009336,
0.018258478492498398,
0.03334841877222061,
0.021759625524282455,
-0.0129192303866148,
-0.01659543439745903,
-0.00021458198898471892,
-0.001071679056622088,
-0.002424543956294656,
-0.009348060935735703,
-0.01094108261168003,
0.05612337961792946,
0.011212421581149101,
0.002910328097641468,
0.0015317515935748816,
-0.011203669011592865,
-0.010643485002219677,
0.03494144231081009,
-0.0007707992917858064,
0.00979445781558752,
-0.014643545262515545,
-0.0015755159547552466,
-0.032543156296014786,
0.0008512162603437901,
0.012411564588546753,
-0.00812703650444746,
0.03028491698205471,
0.00975069310516119,
0.011545030400156975,
0.024648072198033333,
-0.03298079967498779,
0.032683201134204865,
-0.04215380549430847,
0.03144029527902603,
0.02554086409509182,
0.011116140522062778,
-0.043484240770339966,
0.01775081269443035,
0.006630296353250742,
-0.01927381195127964,
0.01859108731150627,
0.025873472914099693,
0.006945399567484856,
-0.028464321047067642,
-0.007470571435987949,
0.008787877857685089,
-0.03427622467279434,
-0.032543156296014786,
0.015650125220417976,
0.030932629480957985,
-0.004321727901697159,
0.0464952252805233,
-0.0027090120129287243,
-0.053497519344091415,
-0.000966644671279937,
-0.010906071402132511,
-0.03662199154496193,
-0.0017024325206875801,
-0.052027035504579544,
0.07166846841573715,
0.014468488283455372,
-0.013006758876144886,
-0.0027877879329025745,
-0.031247733160853386,
-0.04029819741845131,
-0.04075334593653679
] |
Tether-net launched from a chaser spacecraft provides a promising method to
capture and dispose of large space debris in orbit. This tether-net system is
subject to several sources of uncertainty in sensing and actuation that affect
the performance of its net launch and closing control. Earlier
reliability-based optimization approaches to design control actions however
remain challenging and computationally prohibitive to generalize over varying
launch scenarios and target (debris) state relative to the chaser. To search
for a general and reliable control policy, this paper presents a reinforcement
learning framework that integrates a proximal policy optimization (PPO2)
approach with net dynamics simulations. The latter allows evaluating the
episodes of net-based target capture, and estimate the capture quality index
that serves as the reward feedback to PPO2. Here, the learned policy is
designed to model the timing of the net closing action based on the state of
the moving net and the target, under any given launch scenario. A stochastic
state transition model is considered in order to incorporate synthetic
uncertainties in state estimation and launch actuation. Along with notable
reward improvement during training, the trained policy demonstrates capture
performance (over a wide range of launch/target scenarios) that is close to
that obtained with reliability-based optimization run over an individual
scenario. | [
0.0036220618057996035,
-0.01589655876159668,
-0.017391683533787727,
-0.0336451455950737,
0.0008361850632354617,
0.003339917166158557,
-0.05748998373746872,
0.0458376519382,
-0.10888371616601944,
0.06026802211999893,
0.0738881304860115,
-0.0672902911901474,
0.008112261071801186,
-0.08465303480625153,
0.00813155248761177,
0.008951460011303425,
-0.013523650355637074,
0.04363837093114853,
-0.010070392861962318,
-0.09067212045192719,
0.04444863274693489,
-0.02509881556034088,
-0.02313103713095188,
0.027491014450788498,
0.011170033365488052,
0.029651712626218796,
0.02019866183400154,
0.02822410874068737,
-0.07697484642267227,
0.06860213726758957,
0.06439650058746338,
0.042133599519729614,
-0.02718234434723854,
0.022532986477017403,
0.00948681216686964,
-0.008252128027379513,
0.027606766670942307,
0.010205436497926712,
-0.010272958315908909,
0.017275933176279068,
-0.012539761140942574,
-0.00015478767454624176,
-0.02019866183400154,
-0.025870492681860924,
0.03642318397760391,
0.01503806747496128,
-0.030616309493780136,
-0.0008856206550262868,
-0.0001867399550974369,
-0.019812822341918945,
-0.015578242018818855,
0.007649254519492388,
-0.00031469977693632245,
-0.10479382425546646,
-0.058956168591976166,
0.007953102700412273,
0.053207170218229294,
0.044294293969869614,
0.06732887029647827,
-0.0035569516476243734,
0.02477085217833519,
0.0009651998989284039,
-0.041053250432014465,
0.005310106556862593,
-0.024712976068258286,
-0.053168587386608124,
0.049040112644433975,
-0.05023621395230293,
0.04877002537250519,
-0.005049665458500385,
-0.025233857333660126,
-0.023381831124424934,
-0.05517495051026344,
-0.05212682485580444,
0.02758747525513172,
0.0375806987285614,
0.022185731679201126,
0.010002871043980122,
0.029960384592413902,
0.03196674585342407,
0.010533399879932404,
0.050120461732149124,
-0.0031638783402740955,
0.024037757888436317,
0.0432911142706871,
-0.019851407036185265,
0.04336828365921974,
-0.07963713258504868,
0.02239794284105301,
0.018857872113585472,
-0.04838418588042259,
0.0794827938079834,
-0.043175362050533295,
0.004152590408921242,
0.018481679260730743,
0.02191564440727234,
0.003831861773505807,
-0.01011862326413393,
-0.07840244472026825,
-0.005898511037230492,
-0.04066741093993187,
-0.04433288052678108,
0.005232939030975103,
0.008088146336376667,
0.0004114609328098595,
-0.022938117384910583,
-0.07265345007181168,
0.029362333938479424,
0.054904863238334656,
0.15973727405071259,
-0.014333912171423435,
0.021298302337527275,
0.024520056322216988,
0.05131656304001808,
-0.07813236117362976,
-0.01162339374423027,
-0.047882597893476486,
-0.017806461080908775,
-0.034108150750398636,
-0.023343248292803764,
0.02974817156791687,
0.06123261898756027,
0.0581459105014801,
-0.0024235500022768974,
-0.009829243645071983,
0.02392200566828251,
0.019552381709218025,
0.01543355267494917,
0.022860949859023094,
-0.01897362433373928,
-0.044139958918094635,
-0.03628813847899437,
-0.009853358380496502,
-0.0022438939195126295,
-0.018317697569727898,
0.04340686649084091,
-0.014083116315305233,
-0.06597843766212463,
-0.04163200780749321,
-0.008671727031469345,
0.032217539846897125,
-0.049927543848752975,
-0.004130886867642403,
0.02565828152000904,
0.03175453469157219,
0.06721311807632446,
-0.006115545053035021,
0.025079522281885147,
-0.02862923964858055,
-0.019185835495591164,
0.017632832750678062,
0.0834183543920517,
-0.02685438096523285,
0.03524637594819069,
0.04846135526895523,
-0.021992811933159828,
0.0036461767740547657,
0.004844688344746828,
-0.005498202983289957,
0.0012081577442586422,
0.03389593958854675,
-0.05610096454620361,
0.015018776059150696,
0.060923948884010315,
0.022532986477017403,
0.028397737070918083,
0.013658693991601467,
-0.00047536546480841935,
-0.08488453924655914,
0.02915012277662754,
-0.00522811571136117,
-0.0773220956325531,
-0.017883628606796265,
-0.011787375435233116,
0.0030047197360545397,
0.013378961011767387,
0.022629445418715477,
-0.011063927784562111,
-0.0068148779682815075,
-0.00593227194622159,
-0.07797802239656448,
0.03866104781627655,
0.01108322013169527,
0.03241046145558357,
0.007924164645373821,
0.05386309698224068,
0.046107739210128784,
-0.0023584398441016674,
0.01232754997909069,
-0.012530115433037281,
0.021954229101538658,
-0.013205333612859249,
0.002544124610722065,
0.01741097681224346,
-0.011999586597084999,
-0.026565002277493477,
-0.051856737583875656,
0.017430268228054047,
-0.0033230367116630077,
0.02581261657178402,
-0.028166232630610466,
-0.08287817984819412,
-0.007625139318406582,
-0.044139958918094635,
0.035593628883361816,
-0.025523237884044647,
0.050004709511995316,
-0.04263518750667572,
0.03449399024248123,
-0.06744462251663208,
-0.0036606458015739918,
-0.05382451415061951,
0.0039331442676484585,
0.009737607091665268,
-0.042095012962818146,
-0.0013058232143521309,
-0.002134170848876238,
-0.021973520517349243,
-0.02280307374894619,
-0.031040731817483902,
-0.030886396765708923,
0.018848225474357605,
0.04718808829784393,
-0.03393452242016792,
-0.05444185808300972,
0.021529804915189743,
0.038043707609176636,
0.011980295181274414,
-0.04483446851372719,
-0.01366833969950676,
-0.04267377406358719,
-0.011266493238508701,
0.040011484175920486,
0.05050630122423172,
0.040320154279470444,
-0.02295740880072117,
-0.018925393000245094,
0.01387090515345335,
-0.012047816999256611,
0.001805002219043672,
0.025542529299855232,
-0.011449766345322132,
-0.015269570983946323,
0.019851407036185265,
0.06829346716403961,
0.001762801082804799,
-0.03011471964418888,
0.048114098608493805,
0.031658075749874115,
0.00045697783934883773,
-0.05914909020066261,
-0.02718234434723854,
-0.021452637389302254,
-0.007962748408317566,
-0.02573544904589653,
0.03925909847021103,
-0.008493277244269848,
-0.04537464305758476,
0.021414054557681084,
0.00021281422232277691,
0.03133011236786842,
0.008179782889783382,
0.06732887029647827,
0.005073780193924904,
-0.004675884265452623,
0.010948176495730877,
-0.011546226218342781,
0.009462696500122547,
-0.005252230912446976,
-0.031252942979335785,
-0.03825591877102852,
-0.03107931651175022,
0.03003755211830139,
0.006371163297444582,
0.002483837306499481,
-0.013378961011767387,
-0.004637300036847591,
-0.0166007149964571,
-0.028127649798989296,
0.04676366224884987,
-0.007118726149201393,
-0.01611841656267643,
-0.003014365676790476,
0.026719337329268456,
-0.041091833263635635,
-0.0458376519382,
-0.04680224880576134,
0.006515853106975555,
-0.03335576504468918,
0.029844632372260094,
-0.030249763280153275,
-0.024269260466098785,
0.0015108000952750444,
0.040088653564453125,
0.08627355843782425,
-0.008343764580786228,
-0.022976702079176903,
-0.0014673932455480099,
0.00018930216901935637,
-0.018018672242760658,
-0.016542838886380196,
0.014488247223198414,
0.02035299688577652,
0.027934730052947998,
-0.025311026722192764,
0.009756898507475853,
-0.0111410953104496,
0.014208514243364334,
-0.01637885719537735,
0.010871008969843388,
0.03175453469157219,
0.04491163790225983,
-0.03003755211830139,
-0.03152303025126457,
0.038120873272418976,
0.05478911101818085,
0.04471872001886368,
0.02083529531955719,
-0.04487305507063866,
-0.005271522793918848,
0.024905895814299583,
0.037599992007017136,
-0.045991986989974976,
0.018539555370807648,
0.042172182351350784,
0.029690297320485115,
0.017468852922320366,
0.012414364144206047,
-0.03306638449430466,
0.006520675960928202,
-0.04830702021718025,
0.00466864975169301,
-0.037233445793390274,
-0.03387664631009102,
-0.03981856629252434,
0.02509881556034088,
-0.037272028625011444,
-0.0029058484360575676,
0.021028215065598488,
-0.034513283520936966,
-0.02480943500995636,
-0.0005175665719434619,
-0.018134424462914467,
-0.02789614535868168,
0.00731646828353405,
-0.06983682513237,
0.022378651425242424,
0.003571420442312956,
-0.02365191839635372,
0.00733576063066721,
0.0011828370625153184,
0.006564082577824593,
-0.06555401533842087,
-0.04194067791104317,
0.11552014201879501,
-0.04660932719707489,
-0.06725170463323593,
0.01945592276751995,
-0.04182492569088936,
-0.032178957015275955,
0.055830877274274826,
-0.04564473032951355,
-0.04985037446022034,
0.02915012277662754,
-0.030924981459975243,
0.050159044563770294,
-0.04579906538128853,
-0.037638574838638306,
0.03829450160264969,
0.03895042836666107,
0.015829037874937057,
0.02610199525952339,
0.0476125106215477,
0.008570444770157337,
-0.0023258845321834087,
-0.014411079697310925,
0.002427167259156704,
0.00011831385199911892,
-0.08187499642372131,
0.05633246526122093,
0.014497892931103706,
-0.010224728845059872,
0.019031498581171036,
0.016726111993193626,
-0.010031809099018574,
0.0712258443236351,
0.033664435148239136,
-0.024712976068258286,
0.010272958315908909,
0.024095633998513222,
0.06007510423660278,
-0.0212018433958292,
-0.025079522281885147,
-0.0056428927928209305,
0.02280307374894619,
-0.056911226361989975,
0.03401169180870056,
-0.022783782333135605,
-0.005503025837242603,
-0.03933626785874367,
-0.015877267345786095,
0.0035738321021199226,
-0.0358058400452137,
0.004760286305099726,
-0.004179116804152727,
0.0006245765835046768,
-0.01692867837846279,
-0.04622349143028259,
0.007340583484619856,
0.008869470097124577,
0.04035874083638191,
0.006853461731225252,
-0.008903230540454388,
0.025986243039369583,
0.04143908992409706,
0.001129181357100606,
-0.007215185556560755,
-0.020854588598012924,
-0.04934878274798393,
-0.055020615458488464,
-0.004991789814084768,
0.04066741093993187,
0.03287346661090851,
0.026352791115641594,
-0.0030119542498141527,
0.01979353092610836,
0.015597534365952015,
-0.002876910613849759,
0.018394865095615387,
-0.01039835624396801,
0.019562028348445892,
0.020488040521740913,
-0.027008716017007828,
-0.045991986989974976,
-0.029439501464366913,
0.008527037687599659,
0.01975494623184204,
0.009052743203938007,
-0.005184709094464779,
-0.005985324736684561,
0.01308958139270544,
-0.016793634742498398,
-0.025986243039369583,
-0.01543355267494917,
0.024597223848104477,
-0.022069979459047318,
-0.00984371267259121,
-0.018857872113585472,
0.030326930806040764,
-0.0017543608555570245,
-0.05336150899529457,
0.02087388001382351,
-0.06034519150853157,
0.006004616618156433,
0.018182653933763504,
0.05621671304106712,
-0.018655305728316307,
-0.09105795621871948,
0.0009073240798898041,
0.01637885719537735,
0.02027582935988903,
0.03383806347846985,
0.0009290275047533214,
-0.0611940361559391,
0.00837752502411604,
-0.0015578242018818855,
-0.038159459829330444,
-0.021549098193645477,
0.009742430411279202,
0.04861569032073021,
0.04942595213651657,
-0.01359117217361927,
0.05444185808300972,
-0.005888864863663912,
0.04958028718829155,
0.048885777592659,
-0.01234684232622385,
-0.04074458032846451,
-0.018558846786618233,
-0.03210178762674332,
0.02785756252706051,
-0.015105589292943478,
0.007620316464453936,
0.01585797592997551,
0.0031469978857785463,
0.031407278031110764,
0.01535638514906168,
-0.00733576063066721,
0.018771057948470116,
-0.0436769537627697,
0.051895320415496826,
-0.03858388215303421,
-0.05621671304106712,
0.002001538872718811,
0.017179472371935844,
0.023150328546762466,
-0.011584809981286526,
-0.05174098536372185,
0.0581459105014801,
-0.011006051674485207,
0.057914406061172485,
-0.05382451415061951,
-0.03887325897812843,
0.015491427853703499,
-0.003364032134413719,
0.04186351224780083,
0.05058346688747406,
0.041053250432014465,
-0.008440224453806877,
-0.009457874111831188,
0.004678295459598303,
0.03460974246263504,
-0.0016506667016074061,
0.010610567405819893,
-0.004642123356461525,
0.02862923964858055,
0.0042128777131438255,
0.02372908778488636,
0.06404924392700195,
0.035072747617959976,
-0.03638460114598274,
0.017960796132683754,
0.00007532146264566109,
0.000773486215621233,
-0.020603792741894722,
0.018771057948470116,
0.01407347060739994,
-0.04136192053556442,
0.047998346388339996,
-0.016465671360492706,
-0.03349081054329872,
0.06447366625070572,
-0.022783782333135605,
-0.031368695199489594,
-0.029478084295988083,
-0.05336150899529457,
0.03520779311656952,
0.013243917375802994,
0.0009211901342496276,
-0.03339434787631035,
-0.0013745507458224893,
0.03432036191225052,
0.020063618198037148,
0.028243400156497955,
0.006795586086809635,
-0.0072103627026081085,
0.059920769184827805,
0.01184525154531002,
0.002078706631436944,
0.01778716966509819,
-0.016668235883116722,
0.01648496277630329,
0.0027394555509090424,
0.03460974246263504,
-0.024037757888436317,
-0.025233857333660126,
-0.010948176495730877,
0.010986760258674622,
-0.006920983549207449,
-0.017536373808979988,
-0.03208249807357788,
-0.01597372628748417,
-0.009453050792217255,
-0.010041454806923866,
-0.032738424837589264,
0.009322830475866795,
0.0506606362760067,
0.05451902374625206,
0.01967777870595455,
0.01338860671967268,
-0.004794047214090824,
-0.044139958918094635,
-0.02778039500117302,
0.016320981085300446,
0.029015079140663147,
0.010774549096822739,
-0.034030981361866,
-0.020102202892303467,
-0.008160490542650223,
-0.013485066592693329,
-0.00718624796718359,
-0.001507182838395238,
0.0277418103069067,
0.01682257279753685,
0.014806563965976238,
0.013118519447743893,
-0.004458849783986807,
-0.016320981085300446,
0.006443507969379425,
-0.03989573195576668,
-0.020661668851971626,
0.018780704587697983,
0.0011882629478350282,
0.027317387983202934,
-0.038120873272418976,
-0.006028731353580952,
0.035381417721509933,
0.0012467416236177087,
0.006298818625509739,
-0.0660170242190361,
-0.0024862487334758043,
0.040242988616228104,
-0.01108322013169527,
0.0060239084996283054,
-0.02343970723450184,
-0.009240839630365372,
0.0059997932985424995,
-0.0061927130445837975,
-0.01493196189403534,
0.024674391373991966,
-0.06451225280761719,
0.0005811697337776423,
0.04487305507063866,
-0.023999173194169998,
0.010051101446151733,
0.007586555555462837,
-0.011353307403624058,
0.026835089549422264,
0.010716672986745834,
-0.036114513874053955,
0.01611841656267643,
-0.002534478669986129,
0.04622349143028259,
-0.035709381103515625,
0.018472032621502876,
-0.0012316697975620627,
-0.005503025837242603,
-0.05131656304001808,
-0.0010086067486554384,
0.001208760659210384,
-0.014083116315305233,
0.024577932432293892,
0.014218159951269627,
-0.007480449974536896,
0.00018161552725359797,
-0.01407347060739994,
0.022783782333135605,
0.031503740698099136,
0.004347920883446932,
0.018915748223662376,
-0.006954744458198547,
0.021047506481409073,
0.01037906389683485,
0.041284751147031784,
-0.008551152423024178,
0.029323749244213104,
-0.014787272550165653,
-0.030963564291596413,
0.04834560304880142,
0.04132333770394325,
-0.022494401782751083,
0.016513900831341743,
0.051046475768089294,
0.03962564468383789,
0.020082909613847733,
-0.06844780594110489,
0.0017845045076683164,
0.05131656304001808,
-0.017613541334867477,
-0.008821239694952965,
0.020005742087960243,
-0.0014529242180287838,
-0.0005311312270350754,
0.010485169477760792,
0.013340377248823643,
-0.00209317565895617,
0.013378961011767387,
0.03906618058681488,
0.010041454806923866,
0.031580906361341476,
-0.024577932432293892,
-0.009327652864158154,
-0.025195274502038956,
0.003894560504704714,
0.011729500256478786,
-0.04564473032951355,
-0.009559156373143196,
0.048036932945251465,
-0.005937094800174236,
-0.040050067007541656,
-0.027066592127084732,
-0.009380705654621124,
-0.0014529242180287838,
-0.010408001951873302,
-0.03800512105226517,
-0.009428936056792736,
0.014980192296206951,
-0.0023813489824533463,
-0.027047300711274147,
0.0229188259691,
-0.027452431619167328,
-0.028841450810432434,
0.027047300711274147,
0.009520572610199451,
0.03163878247141838,
0.028609948232769966,
0.004089891444891691,
-0.01722770370543003,
0.04749675840139389,
-0.03651964291930199,
-0.01819230057299137,
0.002140199765563011,
-0.025928368791937828,
0.0397413969039917,
0.035555046051740646,
-0.01058162935078144,
-0.00822318997234106,
0.024269260466098785,
-0.011276138946413994,
0.001673575839959085,
-0.0029034370090812445,
0.029844632372260094,
-0.02781897783279419,
0.0393555574119091,
-0.011121803894639015,
0.02384483814239502,
-0.0020979985129088163,
0.0031542321667075157,
0.07114867866039276,
-0.018886810168623924,
0.0022077213507145643,
-0.010919238440692425,
0.008174959570169449,
-0.04560614749789238,
-0.05170240253210068,
-0.0009031039662659168,
0.042249348014593124,
-0.0026526418514549732,
0.008454692550003529,
0.004569778218865395,
0.021375469863414764,
-0.026970133185386658,
-0.028976494446396828,
-0.007765006273984909,
0.03030763939023018,
0.032294709235429764,
0.010080038569867611,
0.0047699324786663055,
-0.006593020632863045,
-0.01689974032342434,
0.03981856629252434,
-0.02810835652053356,
0.00033308740239590406,
-0.0034725493751466274,
0.011131449602544308,
0.01359117217361927,
0.002642995910719037,
0.05556079000234604,
0.003687172196805477,
-0.0022933294530957937,
0.06022943928837776,
-0.047072336077690125,
0.03271913155913353,
-0.02934304252266884,
-0.03090568818151951,
0.03895042836666107,
-0.03264196217060089,
-0.0017784758238121867,
0.03696335852146149,
0.01686115562915802,
0.02625633031129837,
0.053978849202394485,
0.018655305728316307,
0.032738424837589264,
0.04332969710230827,
-0.04664791375398636,
-0.012761618942022324,
0.008647612296044827,
0.03252620995044708,
0.0010809515370056033,
-0.01268445048481226,
0.02131759375333786,
0.012366133742034435,
-0.0877397432923317,
-0.010735965333878994,
0.005575370974838734,
0.01682257279753685,
0.00008930058538680896,
-0.022224316373467445,
0.004991789814084768,
0.0025200096424669027,
0.014517185278236866,
-0.054056018590927124,
0.013282501138746738,
0.0008271419792436063,
0.03553575277328491,
-0.002898614155128598,
0.00800133217126131,
0.012317904271185398,
0.015906205400824547,
0.01957167312502861,
0.0017350688576698303,
-0.003031246131286025,
0.03709840029478073,
0.05563795566558838,
0.01652354747056961,
0.006916160695254803,
0.03376089781522751,
0.006004616618156433,
-0.012028524652123451,
-0.01254940778017044,
0.006689480505883694,
-0.03412744402885437,
0.025523237884044647,
-0.0314265713095665,
-0.0010291044600307941,
0.008922522887587547,
-0.018925393000245094,
0.001835145871154964,
0.0174592062830925,
0.002315032761543989,
-0.00981959793716669,
-0.03196674585342407,
0.031252942979335785,
0.0244428887963295,
-0.027761101722717285,
-0.009424112737178802,
0.002541713183745742,
0.005179886240512133,
0.008237658999860287,
0.03167736530303955,
-0.010002871043980122,
0.000902501109521836,
0.012790556997060776,
-0.05563795566558838,
-0.03289275988936424,
-0.005064134486019611,
-0.006790763232856989,
0.022224316373467445,
-0.0030722415540367365,
0.0004244227020535618,
0.05251266062259674,
0.004408208187669516,
-0.008657258003950119,
-0.003371266648173332,
0.009428936056792736,
-0.0021836066152900457,
0.00640492420643568,
-0.01533709280192852,
0.019619904458522797,
-0.0048784492537379265,
-0.0065881977789103985,
-0.025831907987594604,
-0.028764283284544945,
-0.04549039527773857,
0.02729809656739235,
0.012038171291351318,
0.012308257631957531,
-0.017169827595353127,
-0.013456128537654877,
-0.007697484456002712,
0.03443611413240433,
0.017150534316897392,
0.011044636368751526,
-0.010784194804728031,
-0.009269777685403824,
0.01764247938990593,
0.08719956874847412,
-0.029458792880177498,
-0.022938117384910583,
0.046918001025915146,
0.02670004591345787,
0.010427294299006462,
-0.027491014450788498,
0.035593628883361816,
0.02681579813361168,
-0.020179370418190956,
-0.05482769384980202,
-0.026565002277493477,
-0.06636427342891693,
0.010639505460858345,
-0.017893275246024132,
-0.026526417583227158,
0.04668649658560753,
0.012491531670093536,
0.0327577143907547,
0.027240220457315445,
-0.053014252334833145,
-0.006284349597990513,
-0.02216644026339054,
0.007104257121682167,
0.013378961011767387,
0.0074756271205842495,
0.005917802918702364,
0.0603066049516201,
-0.025754740461707115,
-0.020989632233977318,
-0.03412744402885437,
-0.02558111399412155,
-0.05382451415061951,
-0.0010646739974617958,
0.03985714912414551,
-0.038680341094732285,
-0.008218366652727127,
0.01086136233061552,
0.018037963658571243,
-0.028532780706882477,
-0.011912773363292217,
-0.03011471964418888,
0.0332014299929142,
-0.006453154142946005,
-0.024230677634477615,
-0.01797044277191162,
-0.024751558899879456,
0.025446070358157158,
-0.008363055996596813,
-0.017150534316897392,
0.016060540452599525,
0.062004297971725464,
0.011208617128431797,
0.0037233445327728987,
0.01622452214360237,
0.015009129419922829,
-0.005864750128239393,
-0.008324472233653069,
0.004702410660684109,
-0.03970281407237053,
-0.024635808542370796,
0.04356120154261589,
-0.019928574562072754,
-0.02031441405415535,
-0.045953404158353806,
-0.01457506138831377,
0.036037344485521317,
-0.00459630461409688,
0.02264873869717121,
-0.019253356382250786,
-0.011671624146401882,
0.019282294437289238,
-0.018018672242760658,
0.0104755237698555,
0.014478601515293121,
0.0023680857848376036,
-0.011208617128431797,
-0.0010285015450790524,
0.004285222385078669,
0.015578242018818855,
-0.00042803992982953787,
0.01756531186401844,
-0.0029034370090812445,
0.008054384961724281,
-0.01108322013169527,
-0.030558433383703232,
-0.029092246666550636,
0.043136779218912125,
-0.03433965519070625,
0.02588978409767151,
-0.015385322272777557,
0.004492610692977905,
0.03721415251493454,
0.008237658999860287,
-0.02725951187312603,
0.04332969710230827,
-0.054866280406713486,
-0.0013239093823358417,
0.023092452436685562,
-0.029844632372260094,
-0.047110918909311295,
-0.021664848551154137,
0.04753534123301506,
-0.0010477935429662466,
0.026468543335795403,
-0.02183847688138485,
-0.023343248292803764,
-0.027973314747214317,
0.03302780166268349,
-0.07319362461566925,
0.017063722014427185,
-0.02889932692050934,
0.03349081054329872,
0.002867264673113823,
-0.026565002277493477,
0.018414156511425972,
0.02384483814239502,
0.017275933176279068,
0.02959383651614189,
-0.0009404820739291608,
-0.00418635131791234,
-0.03814016655087471,
0.0034701377153396606,
0.06813913583755493,
-0.01953309029340744,
-0.00752867991104722,
-0.03090568818151951,
0.009964287281036377,
-0.033703021705150604,
-0.04529747739434242,
0.0212018433958292,
0.018037963658571243,
0.00987747311592102,
-0.015684347599744797,
-0.026757922023534775,
0.01893503963947296,
-0.008869470097124577,
0.0013263209257274866,
-0.008536683395504951,
0.004147767089307308,
-0.0445643812417984,
-0.010533399879932404,
-0.01017649844288826,
0.0040513076819479465,
0.003499075770378113,
-0.025311026722192764,
0.04664791375398636,
-0.003265160834416747,
-0.015086297877132893,
0.07273061573505402,
0.029941091313958168,
-0.015472136437892914,
0.014719750732183456,
-0.016176292672753334,
-0.019243711605668068,
-0.018520262092351913,
-0.03424319624900818,
-0.008213543333113194,
0.010774549096822739,
-0.003894560504704714,
-0.0038993835914880037,
0.035747967660427094,
-0.019147250801324844,
-0.009472343139350414,
-0.0004660209524445236,
0.027645351365208626,
-0.01994786597788334
] |
Modern online services continuously generate data at very fast rates. This
continuous flow of data encompasses content - e.g., posts, news, products,
comments -, but also user feedback - e.g., ratings, views, reads, clicks -,
together with context data - user device, spatial or temporal data, user task
or activity, weather. This can be overwhelming for systems and algorithms
designed to train in batches, given the continuous and potentially fast change
of content, context and user preferences or intents. Therefore, it is important
to investigate online methods able to transparently adapt to the inherent
dynamics of online services. Incremental models that learn from data streams
are gaining attention in the recommender systems community, given their natural
ability to deal with the continuous flows of data generated in dynamic, complex
environments. User modeling and personalization can particularly benefit from
algorithms capable of maintaining models incrementally and online.
The objective of this workshop is to foster contributions and bring together
a growing community of researchers and practitioners interested in online,
adaptive approaches to user modeling, recommendation and personalization, and
their implications regarding multiple dimensions, such as evaluation,
reproducibility, privacy and explainability. | [
-0.03243064507842064,
0.03297915682196617,
-0.03675016015768051,
-0.04388079047203064,
0.03102508932352066,
-0.037367235869169235,
-0.0842648297548294,
0.05207415670156479,
-0.0158639345318079,
-0.01421840488910675,
0.014081276953220367,
-0.06588974595069885,
0.047034721821546555,
-0.03304772078990936,
-0.013755599036812782,
-0.007477732375264168,
-0.02696268819272518,
0.009453224949538708,
-0.0010911275167018175,
0.011630123481154442,
0.022540327161550522,
0.0013648468302562833,
-0.06942078471183777,
0.05159420892596245,
-0.003029660088941455,
0.029002459719777107,
-0.004051688127219677,
0.007049208972603083,
-0.02218036912381649,
0.02848823182284832,
0.0380871556699276,
0.012272908352315426,
0.03267062082886696,
-0.0351731963455677,
-0.07809409499168396,
-0.006290722638368607,
0.08735019713640213,
0.0025947089307010174,
0.019677791744470596,
0.011930089443922043,
-0.02814541384577751,
0.04045260325074196,
-0.039595555514097214,
0.03699013590812683,
-0.019489241763949394,
-0.046246238052845,
-0.000847404939122498,
-0.01403842493891716,
-0.0029225291218608618,
-0.00034014039556495845,
0.03633878007531166,
-0.03620165213942528,
0.018769321963191032,
0.01000173483043909,
-0.05875911936163902,
-0.02979094348847866,
0.03119649924337864,
-0.041549623012542725,
0.005815061740577221,
0.010798788629472256,
0.011861526407301426,
-0.01846078597009182,
-0.04617767408490181,
-0.024751508608460426,
0.01123588252812624,
0.0032374938018620014,
-0.011304445564746857,
0.011732969433069229,
0.00831763818860054,
-0.005155135877430439,
-0.059958986937999725,
0.012015794403851032,
0.028505373746156693,
0.03044229745864868,
0.0011655834969133139,
0.011972942389547825,
0.055708035826683044,
-0.021151911467313766,
0.010335982777178288,
-0.04264664277434349,
0.05354827642440796,
0.03486466035246849,
0.013378499075770378,
0.006616400554776192,
0.03897848352789879,
-0.021751845255494118,
-0.010190284810960293,
-0.06558120995759964,
0.07226617634296417,
-0.061535950750112534,
-0.06400424987077713,
-0.023465938866138458,
-0.0018565773498266935,
-0.005506524816155434,
-0.05615369975566864,
-0.012221485376358032,
-0.05114854499697685,
0.0008522258140146732,
-0.035653140395879745,
0.019986329600214958,
-0.01031884178519249,
-0.02877962775528431,
0.06561549752950668,
0.009007561020553112,
0.01875218190252781,
-0.021186193451285362,
-0.029619533568620682,
0.03203640505671501,
-0.07103203237056732,
0.058073483407497406,
0.03097366727888584,
0.01892358995974064,
-0.0364416241645813,
0.03596168011426926,
-0.07192336022853851,
0.051559928804636,
-0.010078868828713894,
-0.047857485711574554,
0.06873514503240585,
-0.007092061452567577,
-0.03791574388742447,
-0.013969860970973969,
0.01318137813359499,
0.010910204611718655,
-0.007289181929081678,
0.021854691207408905,
-0.020329147577285767,
-0.015058310702443123,
0.009958882816135883,
0.009453224949538708,
0.02336309291422367,
-0.00010451952402945608,
-0.057902075350284576,
-0.022163227200508118,
-0.027322648093104362,
0.0010016732849180698,
0.051525648683309555,
0.06157023459672928,
0.009564640931785107,
0.013284224085509777,
0.0098217548802495,
0.006509269587695599,
-0.02140902541577816,
-0.02070624753832817,
-0.001037026522681117,
0.024922918528318405,
-0.012315761297941208,
0.036784444004297256,
-0.013669895008206367,
0.021220475435256958,
-0.025642836466431618,
0.03320198878645897,
-0.05001724511384964,
0.010935915634036064,
0.02655130624771118,
0.0023097407538443804,
-0.026499884203076363,
-0.031590741127729416,
-0.028762487694621086,
0.021494731307029724,
0.02601993829011917,
0.020089173689484596,
0.02955096960067749,
0.06859801709651947,
0.024905776605010033,
-0.02000346966087818,
0.019386395812034607,
-0.0034967504907399416,
0.000014847664715489373,
0.04134393110871315,
-0.07555723935365677,
-0.030802257359027863,
-0.033459100872278214,
0.017655162140727043,
0.03280774876475334,
0.061844490468502045,
0.06434706598520279,
-0.028042567893862724,
-0.0540282242000103,
0.008827581070363522,
0.011767251417040825,
0.07048352062702179,
0.028762487694621086,
-0.0014226974453777075,
0.0425780788064003,
0.014209833927452564,
0.050394345074892044,
-0.030356593430042267,
0.01327565312385559,
0.0035246044863015413,
-0.03472753241658211,
0.009444654919207096,
0.03767577186226845,
0.03791574388742447,
-0.012838559225201607,
-0.003477466991171241,
-0.04566344618797302,
-0.020963361486792564,
0.026585588231682777,
0.008763302117586136,
-0.05262266844511032,
-0.09448082745075226,
0.007486302871257067,
-0.04820030555129051,
0.0006411780486814678,
0.00015185796655714512,
0.04216669872403145,
0.01662670634686947,
-0.015778228640556335,
-0.09077838808298111,
0.010918774642050266,
-0.039904095232486725,
-0.028179695829749107,
0.03399047255516052,
0.0020922652911394835,
-0.005609370768070221,
-0.02583138644695282,
0.006037893705070019,
-0.04823458939790726,
-0.029465265572071075,
-0.012547163292765617,
-0.041721031069755554,
0.037607207894325256,
-0.04429217427968979,
0.010841640643775463,
-0.045457758009433746,
-0.039664119482040405,
0.01981491968035698,
0.025642836466431618,
0.008000531233847141,
-0.042612362653017044,
0.07336319983005524,
-0.0006149309920147061,
-0.033459100872278214,
0.013764169998466969,
0.039252739399671555,
-0.005347971338778734,
-0.05793635547161102,
-0.0033189132809638977,
0.016858108341693878,
0.0033360542729496956,
-0.030065197497606277,
-0.03196784108877182,
0.01135586854070425,
0.022094663232564926,
-0.02147758938372135,
-0.0047480384819209576,
0.05786779150366783,
0.028591077774763107,
0.036064524203538895,
0.005947904195636511,
0.019557805731892586,
-0.023140260949730873,
-0.023808756843209267,
-0.02754548005759716,
0.027459776028990746,
0.06091887876391411,
-0.012495740316808224,
0.00805623922497034,
-0.003411045763641596,
0.03003091551363468,
0.05515952408313751,
0.0023975882213562727,
0.087555892765522,
0.02814541384577751,
-0.033150564879179,
0.11662691086530685,
0.00990745984017849,
0.05574231594800949,
0.009341808967292309,
-0.006487843580543995,
0.07377457618713379,
0.025437146425247192,
-0.06739815324544907,
0.050051525235176086,
0.013721317052841187,
0.042783770710229874,
-0.02399730682373047,
0.021100489422678947,
-0.01354133803397417,
-0.005236555356532335,
-0.010275989770889282,
0.0045509180054068565,
-0.00595647469162941,
-0.045149218291044235,
-0.0026461316738277674,
0.006924937013536692,
-0.057696383446455,
0.0038095724303275347,
-0.027922581881284714,
-0.019026435911655426,
-0.06167307868599892,
-0.07624287158250809,
0.056359391659498215,
0.04038403928279877,
0.050634317100048065,
-0.0009309669840149581,
0.026619870215654373,
0.030408017337322235,
-0.03798430785536766,
-0.03592739626765251,
-0.005703645758330822,
0.05217700079083443,
0.020123455673456192,
0.005947904195636511,
-0.00026046184939332306,
0.0072720409370958805,
-0.01094448659569025,
0.018546489998698235,
-0.060130394995212555,
0.06492985785007477,
-0.05337686836719513,
0.0025497139431536198,
-0.0017944414867088199,
0.0372643917798996,
0.036544471979141235,
0.02583138644695282,
0.03856709972023964,
0.03368193656206131,
-0.03750436380505562,
-0.005579373799264431,
0.003661731956526637,
-0.08899572491645813,
-0.018563631922006607,
-0.06846088916063309,
0.0018415790982544422,
-0.01756945624947548,
0.0158639345318079,
0.016061054542660713,
0.010610237717628479,
-0.043606534600257874,
-0.04148105904459953,
-0.004049545619636774,
0.00663354154676199,
0.06376427412033081,
-0.014552652835845947,
-0.034110456705093384,
0.009221822023391724,
0.018203672021627426,
-0.03239636495709419,
0.01253002230077982,
-0.0867331251502037,
0.015469692647457123,
0.02300313301384449,
0.00015587537200190127,
0.039972659200429916,
-0.032533492892980576,
0.050737164914608,
0.026705574244260788,
0.02535144053399563,
0.0007536654593423009,
-0.026876984164118767,
0.0020054893102496862,
0.07048352062702179,
0.050737164914608,
-0.018786463886499405,
0.004593770019710064,
-0.012872841209173203,
-0.011373009532690048,
0.044566426426172256,
0.002776831155642867,
-0.018443644046783447,
-0.03399047255516052,
0.004439502023160458,
-0.01756945624947548,
0.0064235650934278965,
-0.05467958003282547,
0.018735039979219437,
0.029859507456421852,
0.027614044025540352,
-0.04288661479949951,
0.0186321958899498,
-0.005137994885444641,
-0.03196784108877182,
-0.0095217889174819,
-0.007747701834887266,
-0.0047866059467196465,
0.00849761813879013,
0.004739467985928059,
0.039972659200429916,
0.005832202732563019,
-0.06516983360052109,
-0.016960954293608665,
0.02841966785490513,
-0.03440185263752937,
0.03428186848759651,
0.03304772078990936,
0.026088500395417213,
-0.012684291228652,
0.02082623541355133,
-0.018975013867020607,
-0.038669947534799576,
-0.054713860154151917,
-0.04199528694152832,
0.032293520867824554,
0.02099764347076416,
0.011201600544154644,
-0.009924600832164288,
0.010061727836728096,
0.015443981625139713,
-0.0000016613648767815903,
-0.04700044170022011,
0.016858108341693878,
0.04672618582844734,
0.03825856372714043,
-0.00810766126960516,
0.04933160915970802,
-0.0001146969516412355,
0.04110395908355713,
0.012041506357491016,
-0.008124802261590958,
-0.0022583180107176304,
-0.021083349362015724,
0.05903337523341179,
0.009633204899728298,
0.022780301049351692,
-0.06325004249811172,
-0.004696615971624851,
0.011638694442808628,
-0.009341808967292309,
-0.0031539318151772022,
-0.008510473184287548,
0.04933160915970802,
-0.0031539318151772022,
-0.05224556475877762,
0.06002755090594292,
-0.04717184975743294,
-0.04748038575053215,
-0.006543551571667194,
-0.003031802596524358,
0.055536624044179916,
0.020020609721541405,
0.025334300473332405,
-0.02595137432217598,
-0.016858108341693878,
0.003256777301430702,
-0.006676393561065197,
0.009993164800107479,
-0.040246911346912384,
0.004418075550347567,
-0.020431993529200554,
-0.025522850453853607,
0.011021620593965054,
0.08289355784654617,
-0.03107651323080063,
0.015546826645731926,
-0.02848823182284832,
-0.011021620593965054,
-0.03361337259411812,
-0.037298671901226044,
-0.051525648683309555,
0.037538643926382065,
-0.019797777757048607,
-0.05368540436029434,
-0.00837334617972374,
-0.046451929956674576,
0.05515952408313751,
0.017912276089191437,
0.021443307399749756,
-0.023877320811152458,
-0.001211649738252163,
0.023843038827180862,
0.026979830116033554,
0.023037414997816086,
0.01899215392768383,
-0.009941741824150085,
-0.058244891464710236,
-0.04141249507665634,
-0.0011441573733463883,
0.009367519989609718,
0.00018680939683690667,
-0.019214985892176628,
-0.025694260373711586,
0.030065197497606277,
-0.04086398705840111,
0.0006695677293464541,
-0.01840936206281185,
-0.03155645728111267,
0.039081327617168427,
-0.039492711424827576,
-0.0018319373484700918,
0.030099479481577873,
0.016429584473371506,
-0.01693524233996868,
-0.048166025429964066,
-0.0329277329146862,
-0.011253022588789463,
0.043092306703329086,
-0.01489547174423933,
-0.0007392027764581144,
-0.06150167062878609,
0.0007445593364536762,
0.015906786546111107,
0.03781289979815483,
-0.04110395908355713,
0.012067217379808426,
-0.018855027854442596,
-0.02116905339062214,
0.051868464797735214,
-0.03534460440278053,
-0.003916703164577484,
0.038018591701984406,
-0.040315475314855576,
0.038669947534799576,
0.004351654555648565,
-0.02223179116845131,
0.030596567317843437,
-0.04233810678124428,
-0.005035149399191141,
0.027236944064497948,
-0.0166866984218359,
0.08803583681583405,
-0.015461122617125511,
0.0028303966391831636,
0.025505708530545235,
0.008219078183174133,
0.06708961725234985,
-0.04230382293462753,
0.052519820630550385,
0.005930763203650713,
0.011758680455386639,
0.028042567893862724,
-0.020689107477664948,
0.00322249555028975,
-0.07130628079175949,
0.031127935275435448,
0.012744284234941006,
0.01633531041443348,
0.04247523471713066,
-0.028059707954525948,
0.005095142405480146,
0.02494005858898163,
-0.05519380792975426,
-0.0014719776809215546,
0.026825562119483948,
-0.039664119482040405,
0.04696615785360336,
0.0011666547507047653,
0.010061727836728096,
0.020054891705513,
-0.06880370527505875,
0.013027109205722809,
-0.004036690108478069,
-0.0008822224335744977,
0.010241707786917686,
0.007182051427662373,
-0.0038931346498429775,
-0.05378824844956398,
0.010738794691860676,
0.0010825571371242404,
-0.02264317311346531,
-0.010455969721078873,
0.007584863342344761,
-0.028179695829749107,
0.005493669304996729,
0.013344217091798782,
-0.032344941049814224,
-0.008171940222382545,
0.005797920748591423,
-0.018032262101769447,
-0.023620206862688065,
-0.04319515451788902,
0.02960239350795746,
0.0060721756890416145,
0.003970268648117781,
-0.03914989158511162,
0.04549203813076019,
0.015195437707006931,
-0.015169726684689522,
0.0286596417427063,
-0.0364416241645813,
0.014081276953220367,
-0.054713860154151917,
-0.015041169710457325,
0.005360826849937439,
0.030990807339549065,
0.041549623012542725,
-0.018546489998698235,
0.027339790016412735,
-0.011424432508647442,
0.03085368126630783,
-0.01501545775681734,
0.02807684987783432,
0.053651124238967896,
0.006989215966314077,
0.0397326834499836,
-0.008613319136202335,
-0.06366142630577087,
0.005395108833909035,
-0.02548856846988201,
0.021854691207408905,
0.06811807304620743,
-0.022557469084858894,
0.03416188061237335,
-0.038429971784353256,
-0.015529685653746128,
-0.018032262101769447,
0.010387405753135681,
0.0425780788064003,
-0.05917050316929817,
-0.010258848778903484,
0.018066544085741043,
0.00436451006680727,
0.04158390685915947,
-0.027939721941947937,
-0.00021171731350477785,
0.05773066356778145,
-0.001573752029798925,
0.015521115623414516,
0.018769321963191032,
0.027802594006061554,
0.006376427132636309,
0.09845752269029617,
-0.012478599324822426,
0.02972237952053547,
-0.009538929909467697,
0.07274612039327621,
0.0052965483628213406,
-0.029996633529663086,
-0.026791280135512352,
0.011895808391273022,
-0.029105305671691895,
0.028213977813720703,
0.012050076387822628,
-0.006813521031290293,
0.01940353773534298,
0.046623338013887405,
-0.010455969721078873,
0.005793635733425617,
0.000012085697562724818,
-0.007139198947697878,
0.040075503289699554,
-0.012658579275012016,
-0.02276315912604332,
0.038121435791254044,
0.029328137636184692,
0.0061750211752951145,
-0.007310608401894569,
-0.009358949959278107,
-0.030270889401435852,
-0.05557090789079666,
0.012410036288201809,
-0.012247197329998016,
0.08831009268760681,
0.003449612995609641,
0.028093989938497543,
-0.0030596565920859575,
-0.02631133422255516,
0.03537888824939728,
0.026208488270640373,
-0.016241034492850304,
-0.03894419968128204,
-0.005317974835634232,
0.032584916800260544,
-0.037641491740942,
-0.042612362653017044,
-0.017089510336518288,
0.0012491456000134349,
0.007944823242723942,
0.00350960623472929,
-0.01105590257793665,
0.0026547021698206663,
0.024374408647418022,
0.02476864866912365,
0.0067235310561954975,
0.00476089445874095,
0.0033296262845396996,
0.022043241187930107,
-0.02087765745818615,
0.04782320559024811,
0.009718909859657288,
-0.03585883229970932,
-0.02199181728065014,
0.031042231246829033,
-0.016129618510603905,
-0.03225923702120781,
0.015341135673224926,
0.024734366685152054,
-0.0016573140164837241,
-0.05001724511384964,
0.009993164800107479,
-0.016532430425286293,
0.01483547780662775,
-0.0186321958899498,
-0.014192692935466766,
-0.004190958105027676,
-0.018135108053684235,
0.010653090663254261,
-0.016189612448215485,
0.013969860970973969,
-0.0034903227351605892,
0.015769658610224724,
-0.019094999879598618,
0.014226974919438362,
-0.024151574820280075,
-0.008887574076652527,
-0.01162155345082283,
-0.016481008380651474,
0.030767975375056267,
0.004360225051641464,
-0.028042567893862724,
0.013558479025959969,
-0.023551642894744873,
-0.011801532469689846,
0.01221291534602642,
0.009427513927221298,
0.00022725127928424627,
-0.003713154699653387,
-0.0511828288435936,
-0.005009437911212444,
0.0162753164768219,
0.037641491740942,
-0.019917765632271767,
0.01117588859051466,
0.02495719864964485,
-0.004568058997392654,
0.007199191953986883,
-0.023448796942830086,
-0.012461459264159203,
0.038121435791254044,
0.038018591701984406,
-0.048097461462020874,
0.034418996423482895,
-0.043675098568201065,
-0.009890318848192692,
0.029756661504507065,
0.029619533568620682,
-0.00023943741689436138,
-0.034658968448638916,
-0.005682219751179218,
0.033767640590667725,
-0.0017997979884967208,
-0.005515095312148333,
-0.005575088784098625,
0.018443644046783447,
0.015958208590745926,
-0.02494005858898163,
0.04041832312941551,
-0.008724735118448734,
0.022728879004716873,
0.024545816704630852,
-0.05495383217930794,
-0.018392222002148628,
0.010541674681007862,
-0.022283213213086128,
0.016198182478547096,
0.0343504324555397,
-0.020774811506271362,
-0.03303058072924614,
-0.024220138788223267,
0.01887216791510582,
0.010190284810960293,
0.010713083669543266,
-0.005425105337053537,
-0.08083664625883102,
0.0097274798899889,
0.014912612736225128,
0.029756661504507065,
0.024511534720659256,
0.0032610625494271517,
-0.0067535280250012875,
0.04466927424073219,
0.019266409799456596,
-0.00043495118734426796,
0.016592424362897873,
0.0010654161451384425,
-0.057422127574682236,
0.04844027757644653,
-0.015726806595921516,
-0.0225231871008873,
0.00605932017788291,
-0.0011077328817918897,
0.06983216106891632,
-0.05903337523341179,
0.017132364213466644,
0.022866005077958107,
0.010310271754860878,
0.01522114872932434,
-0.0337504968047142,
-0.03179643303155899,
-0.037298671901226044,
0.002219751011580229,
0.030339453369379044,
0.021683281287550926,
-0.059479039162397385,
-0.015375417657196522,
0.014381243847310543,
-0.022848865017294884,
0.021854691207408905,
0.0450463742017746,
-0.0019037149613723159,
0.018015122041106224,
-0.011210170574486256,
-0.0130013981834054,
0.020329147577285767,
-0.010850210674107075,
0.029465265572071075,
0.028676781803369522,
0.025557132437825203,
-0.002093336544930935,
0.04840599745512009,
0.013455633074045181,
0.012812848202884197,
-0.0013241370907053351,
-0.07507728785276413,
0.006260726135224104,
-0.04984583705663681,
-0.024031588807702065,
-0.02218036912381649,
0.012769995257258415,
0.008021957240998745,
0.014192692935466766,
0.004546632524579763,
-0.04518350213766098,
-0.006247870158404112,
-0.032122109085321426,
-0.027528339996933937,
0.03222495689988136,
-0.052108436822891235,
-0.0017708727391436696,
0.01858077198266983,
-0.04192672297358513,
-0.013918437995016575,
-0.06314720213413239,
0.014398383907973766,
-0.0007595576462335885,
0.00750772887840867,
0.04648621380329132,
-0.0025604269467294216,
-0.028882473707199097,
0.016720980405807495,
0.016943812370300293,
-0.016026772558689117,
-0.01775800809264183,
-0.0298937875777483,
0.04994868114590645,
0.008159084245562553,
-0.004520921502262354,
0.06894083321094513,
0.025334300473332405,
0.016840968281030655,
0.020603401586413383,
0.03097366727888584,
-0.016009632498025894,
0.029088163748383522,
-0.002219751011580229,
-0.026037078350782394,
-0.002742549404501915,
0.021151911467313766,
0.004180245101451874,
0.014886900782585144,
0.021340463310480118,
0.03493322432041168,
0.011407291516661644,
-0.026191346347332,
-0.010730224661529064,
0.000717776594683528,
0.039321303367614746,
0.023963024839758873,
-0.011938660405576229,
0.0024254422169178724,
-0.00548509880900383,
-0.054885268211364746,
-0.0017237351275980473,
0.01356704905629158,
0.004253094084560871,
0.014406954869627953,
-0.03044229745864868,
-0.007683423347771168,
-0.010061727836728096,
0.010258848778903484,
0.03640734404325485,
-0.06684964150190353,
0.05680505558848381,
0.021426167339086533,
0.02571140043437481,
0.004499495029449463,
0.0037452939432114363,
-0.01976349577307701,
-0.02648274227976799,
0.04631480202078819,
0.06513554602861404,
0.04141249507665634,
-0.04062401130795479,
0.02648274227976799,
-0.003299629781395197,
-0.030390875414013863,
-0.008711879141628742,
0.06643825769424438,
-0.02696268819272518,
0.009830325841903687,
0.03911561146378517,
-0.010653090663254261,
-0.01020742580294609,
-0.009058983065187931,
0.005270837340503931,
-0.05018865317106247,
0.04058973118662834,
-0.03585883229970932,
-0.014278397895395756,
-0.01250431127846241,
-0.009453224949538708,
-0.018546489998698235,
0.02300313301384449,
0.010447398759424686,
-0.02053483948111534,
0.005605085287243128,
0.005197988357394934,
0.03438471257686615,
-0.005579373799264431,
-0.01126159355044365,
0.004520921502262354,
0.012598586268723011,
-0.03513891249895096,
0.035481732338666916,
-0.014569793827831745,
-0.057696383446455,
-0.027236944064497948,
0.02176898531615734,
-0.011475855484604836,
0.028693923726677895,
0.0312822051346302,
0.008501903153955936,
0.04593770205974579,
-0.024220138788223267,
0.049571581184864044,
0.017252350226044655,
-0.009967452846467495,
-0.019026435911655426,
-0.0077177053317427635,
-0.020054891705513,
0.016952384263277054,
0.005725071765482426,
0.0068478030152618885,
0.03032231144607067,
0.029465265572071075,
-0.024374408647418022,
0.040795423090457916,
-0.021906113252043724,
0.002671843161806464,
-0.010644519701600075,
-0.02200895920395851,
-0.003580312477424741,
0.012735714204609394,
0.01297568716108799,
-0.016129618510603905,
-0.0016990950098261237,
-0.017672302201390266,
0.008921856060624123,
0.016369592398405075,
-0.02665415219962597,
-0.020569119602441788,
0.00810766126960516,
0.00031362552545033395,
0.015623961575329304,
0.013755599036812782,
-0.04463499039411545,
0.014004142954945564,
-0.04405219852924347,
0.03279060497879982,
0.009924600832164288,
-0.009016131050884724,
0.0025282877031713724,
-0.00816765520721674,
-0.031042231246829033,
0.0014205549377948046,
-0.013609901070594788,
0.0021597575396299362,
-0.00569078978151083,
0.012384324334561825,
-0.02199181728065014,
-0.055125243961811066,
-0.005005152430385351,
0.01020742580294609,
-0.0016615992644801736,
0.0016423157649114728,
-0.020620543509721756,
-0.002901103114709258,
0.002156543778255582,
0.01887216791510582,
0.04847456142306328,
-0.004062401130795479,
0.024682944640517235,
0.004632337484508753,
0.005446531809866428,
-0.06983216106891632,
0.0056565082632005215,
0.024083012714982033,
-0.012675720266997814,
0.03222495689988136,
-0.03733295202255249,
-0.0009148973622359335,
0.05920478701591492,
-0.003055371344089508,
-0.05591372773051262,
0.0072720409370958805,
0.021666139364242554,
-0.024031588807702065,
-0.02896817773580551,
-0.00423381058499217,
-0.03705869987607002,
0.0007290253415703773,
0.0005667221266776323,
0.01639530248939991,
0.014398383907973766,
-0.00688637001439929,
0.03249920904636383,
-0.0031582170631736517,
-0.012127210386097431,
0.024854354560375214,
0.016549572348594666,
0.018975013867020607,
0.010421687737107277,
-0.003239636542275548,
-0.035481732338666916,
0.007730561308562756,
-0.01621532253921032,
-0.014578363858163357,
0.04919448122382164,
-0.06842660903930664,
0.0442236103117466,
-0.007936252281069756,
0.04305802658200264,
-0.059067659080028534
] |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is making a significant impact in multiple areas
like medical, military, industrial, domestic, law, arts as AI is capable to
perform several roles such as managing smart factories, driving autonomous
vehicles, creating accurate weather forecasts, detecting cancer and personal
assistants, etc. Software testing is the process of putting the software to
test for some abnormal behaviour of the software. Software testing is a
tedious, laborious and most time-consuming process. Automation tools have been
developed that help to automate some activities of the testing process to
enhance quality and timely delivery. Over time with the inclusion of continuous
integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline, automation tools are
becoming less effective. The testing community is turning to AI to fill the gap
as AI is able to check the code for bugs and errors without any human
intervention and in a much faster way than humans. In this study, we aim to
recognize the impact of AI technologies on various software testing activities
or facets in the STLC. Further, the study aims to recognize and explain some of
the biggest challenges software testers face while applying AI to testing. The
paper also proposes some key contributions of AI in the future to the domain of
software testing. | [
-0.03790275752544403,
0.0025313743390142918,
-0.018128834664821625,
-0.038560789078474045,
0.043923765420913696,
-0.020596463233232498,
-0.03323071449995041,
-0.021599965170025826,
0.007349416613578796,
0.00665848096832633,
0.02240605652332306,
-0.06563888490200043,
0.01868816465139389,
0.019198140129446983,
-0.045141130685806274,
-0.017618859186768532,
0.05915725231170654,
0.00760440481826663,
-0.016319241374731064,
-0.0464571975171566,
-0.02837771363556385,
0.04760875552892685,
-0.06659303605556488,
0.03819886967539787,
0.02331085316836834,
0.005198468454182148,
0.002492303494364023,
-0.00877652782946825,
-0.03872529789805412,
0.017947876825928688,
-0.0035143126733601093,
-0.004036627244204283,
0.016895022243261337,
-0.05280722305178642,
-0.01585039310157299,
-0.013078425079584122,
0.0009659733041189611,
0.04171935096383095,
0.010141948238015175,
0.05938756465911865,
0.019691666588187218,
-0.029874742031097412,
-0.004569223150610924,
0.0050668613985180855,
-0.012593124993145466,
0.006440507248044014,
-0.005811262410134077,
-0.04474630951881409,
-0.057018641382455826,
0.02740711346268654,
-0.013234707526862621,
0.0014723510248586535,
0.055505163967609406,
0.005112101323902607,
0.018556557595729828,
0.02043195441365242,
0.03898851200938225,
-0.019198140129446983,
0.015620080754160881,
-0.03372424095869064,
-0.009319406002759933,
0.05645931512117386,
-0.017125334590673447,
0.022570565342903137,
0.003814540570601821,
-0.02285022847354412,
-0.003931752871721983,
-0.015422671101987362,
0.02210994064807892,
0.01206669770181179,
-0.03130596503615379,
0.03094404749572277,
-0.00941811129450798,
0.03599445894360542,
-0.0014538437826558948,
-0.05971658229827881,
0.017618859186768532,
0.02329440228641033,
-0.04533854126930237,
0.0218631774187088,
0.03324716538190842,
0.07323917746543884,
-0.05826890841126442,
-0.006736622657626867,
0.012239431962370872,
0.005848276894539595,
0.012403939850628376,
-0.06961999088525772,
-0.01771756447851658,
-0.020070035010576248,
-0.036586686968803406,
0.04649009928107262,
0.023639868944883347,
-0.00783060397952795,
-0.006070363335311413,
0.010454514063894749,
-0.032654933631420135,
0.01786562241613865,
-0.03249042481184006,
0.03421776741743088,
0.05231370031833649,
-0.031125005334615707,
0.0842941477894783,
-0.05382717773318291,
0.010380486026406288,
-0.06656013429164886,
-0.08890038728713989,
-0.01426288578659296,
-0.03222721442580223,
0.08778172731399536,
-0.06182229146361351,
0.003341578645631671,
-0.01070950273424387,
-0.005909967236220837,
-0.0038782877381891012,
0.019263943657279015,
-0.001602929551154375,
-0.05984818935394287,
-0.02156706340610981,
0.001299617113545537,
-0.0035492705646902323,
0.01654132828116417,
0.015258162282407284,
-0.00403045816347003,
-0.03441517427563667,
0.10304811596870422,
0.013991447165608406,
-0.030746636912226677,
0.023787926882505417,
-0.0137693602591753,
-0.03375714272260666,
0.0691593661904335,
0.022373154759407043,
0.050273794680833817,
0.044680505990982056,
0.011622524820268154,
0.013983221724629402,
-0.012009119614958763,
0.00987050961703062,
0.02194543182849884,
-0.014081927016377449,
-0.028180304914712906,
-0.029907643795013428,
0.036586686968803406,
0.04859580844640732,
-0.013514372520148754,
-0.05010928586125374,
0.03823177143931389,
-0.05040540173649788,
0.04102841764688492,
-0.05599869042634964,
-0.03071373514831066,
-0.004602124914526939,
-0.0037816388066858053,
0.03359263390302658,
-0.013234707526862621,
0.06379639357328415,
0.0550774410367012,
-0.022504761815071106,
0.025992341339588165,
0.048760317265987396,
-0.01460835337638855,
0.011326409876346588,
0.08692628890275955,
0.03842918202280998,
-0.0005876037757843733,
0.022504761815071106,
0.00369938462972641,
-0.027949992567300797,
0.04698362573981285,
0.004626801237463951,
-0.030253110453486443,
-0.029348313808441162,
-0.011087872087955475,
-0.015093653462827206,
-0.03428356721997261,
0.0008220283780246973,
0.039613645523786545,
0.01309487596154213,
-0.005835938733071089,
-0.04517403244972229,
0.0199713297188282,
0.04033748060464859,
0.016253437846899033,
0.04395666718482971,
-0.03188174590468407,
0.06659303605556488,
0.026370711624622345,
0.0588611364364624,
0.004951705690473318,
-0.01801368035376072,
-0.06353317946195602,
0.02125449664890766,
-0.011285282671451569,
0.01176235731691122,
-0.026749080047011375,
-0.019790371879935265,
0.019050082191824913,
-0.012099599465727806,
-0.052774325013160706,
0.01214895211160183,
-0.01664825901389122,
-0.02822965756058693,
0.0072795008309185505,
-0.00105902343057096,
-0.0018836221424862742,
-0.003643863135948777,
-0.026765530928969383,
0.04402247071266174,
0.0011227704817429185,
-0.04905643314123154,
0.029496371746063232,
-0.0032819444313645363,
-0.015817491337656975,
-0.00448285648599267,
-0.009302955120801926,
-0.0031297740060836077,
0.030170856043696404,
-0.03540222719311714,
0.01010904647409916,
0.009475689381361008,
0.044614702463150024,
0.04655590280890465,
-0.026156850159168243,
-0.031289514154195786,
-0.04102841764688492,
0.011030294001102448,
-0.02255411446094513,
0.0039029638282954693,
0.0022990060970187187,
-0.013251158408820629,
0.030236659571528435,
0.015422671101987362,
0.04448309540748596,
0.02436370775103569,
-0.022488310933113098,
0.04931964352726936,
-0.009706000797450542,
-0.052938830107450485,
0.0007161260000430048,
0.019017180427908897,
-0.013185355812311172,
-0.030845342203974724,
-0.07863505929708481,
0.05168856680393219,
-0.025136897340416908,
0.04833259433507919,
0.05757797136902809,
0.006288337055593729,
0.029907643795013428,
0.019790371879935265,
-0.052247896790504456,
0.008085592649877071,
0.055735476315021515,
0.015365093015134335,
-0.00014600128633901477,
0.05126084387302399,
-0.026222653687000275,
0.027193253859877586,
0.0019977500196546316,
0.01112077385187149,
-0.016385044902563095,
0.028032246977090836,
0.03003925085067749,
-0.07429203391075134,
0.0009490083320997655,
0.05109633505344391,
0.04086390882730484,
-0.024807879701256752,
-0.0546497218310833,
0.04168644919991493,
-0.019790371879935265,
0.00286656036041677,
-0.0003650032158475369,
-0.014279336668550968,
-0.01898428052663803,
0.009599070064723492,
0.01142511423677206,
0.01506075169891119,
0.02730841003358364,
-0.021928980946540833,
-0.09738902747631073,
0.08001692593097687,
0.005379427690058947,
-0.030927596613764763,
-0.04464760422706604,
0.002632135758176446,
0.008546216413378716,
-0.057380560785532,
0.007226035464555025,
-0.007797702215611935,
-0.041653551161289215,
0.00815550796687603,
-0.011869287118315697,
0.05129374563694,
-0.005342413205653429,
-0.012288783676922321,
0.023261500522494316,
-0.017898524180054665,
0.006403492763638496,
-0.01395854540169239,
-0.03971235081553459,
0.06001269817352295,
0.04586496576666832,
-0.015718786045908928,
0.007838829420506954,
0.03928462788462639,
0.04599657282233238,
0.02896994538605213,
-0.02883833833038807,
-0.0001562830584589392,
-0.02232380211353302,
-0.023277951404452324,
0.03365843743085861,
0.011976217851042747,
0.037409231066703796,
0.02141900546848774,
-0.00808147992938757,
-0.054682619869709015,
-0.03369133919477463,
0.014188856817781925,
-0.04724683612585068,
-0.05264271795749664,
0.06017720699310303,
-0.04527273774147034,
-0.0062430971302092075,
0.02429790422320366,
-0.015578953549265862,
-0.003055745270103216,
-0.038856904953718185,
0.056952837854623795,
0.008307678624987602,
-0.04040328413248062,
-0.0388898067176342,
0.023031188175082207,
-0.017750466242432594,
-0.04296961799263954,
0.021616416051983833,
-0.03586285188794136,
-0.00927005335688591,
-0.016664709895849228,
-0.038494985550642014,
-0.05787408724427223,
-0.03156917914748192,
0.013267609290778637,
-0.03668539226055145,
0.036586686968803406,
-0.012971494346857071,
-0.006465183570981026,
0.013119552284479141,
0.000881148618645966,
-0.02489013411104679,
-0.008003338240087032,
-0.03668539226055145,
-0.002247597323730588,
-0.002290780656039715,
0.014805763959884644,
-0.06711946427822113,
0.013983221724629402,
-0.02936476469039917,
0.015587178990244865,
-0.05895984172821045,
0.013382765464484692,
-0.02709454856812954,
0.00834469310939312,
-0.01327583473175764,
0.025745578110218048,
-0.012527321465313435,
0.017240488901734352,
-0.015340416692197323,
-0.003524594474583864,
0.08212263882160187,
0.04185095801949501,
0.033559732139110565,
-0.04412117600440979,
0.0037240609526634216,
-0.005103875882923603,
0.012996170669794083,
0.04214707389473915,
0.051195040345191956,
0.026354260742664337,
-0.01116190105676651,
-0.0049804942682385445,
0.05955207347869873,
-0.05925595760345459,
0.01862236112356186,
0.037836953997612,
-0.007316514849662781,
0.0016183522529900074,
0.09633617103099823,
-0.012839887291193008,
0.03255622833967209,
-0.04418697953224182,
-0.10666730254888535,
-0.010207751765847206,
-0.02694649063050747,
-0.002617741236463189,
-0.003793976968154311,
0.033641986548900604,
-0.11101032793521881,
-0.003411494893953204,
0.017898524180054665,
0.004231981001794338,
0.06060492619872093,
-0.045371443033218384,
-0.0033641986083239317,
-0.03872529789805412,
0.011433339677751064,
-0.0033971003722399473,
-0.0077565754763782024,
0.011844610795378685,
0.009599070064723492,
-0.0050668613985180855,
-0.06205260381102562,
0.04323283210396767,
0.01959296129643917,
0.012823436409235,
-0.010882236994802952,
0.018359147012233734,
-0.01778336800634861,
-0.005009283311665058,
0.02089257724583149,
0.02451176568865776,
-0.05244530737400055,
0.011482692323625088,
0.009960988536477089,
-0.005613852292299271,
0.01719113625586033,
-0.020925479009747505,
-0.042114172130823135,
0.018211089074611664,
-0.04237738624215126,
0.017964327707886696,
0.03395455330610275,
-0.018112383782863617,
-0.02179737389087677,
0.028953494504094124,
0.0005171735538169742,
-0.02831191010773182,
0.026683276519179344,
-0.06560598313808441,
0.008612019009888172,
0.029414117336273193,
0.008899909444153309,
-0.11509013921022415,
-0.04010716825723648,
-0.01021597720682621,
-0.03645507991313934,
-0.040831007063388824,
-0.0693567767739296,
-0.04754295200109482,
0.050964727997779846,
-0.0557025745511055,
-0.022060588002204895,
0.014188856817781925,
-0.03684990108013153,
0.011910414323210716,
-0.027440015226602554,
0.04573335871100426,
-0.016746964305639267,
0.027505818754434586,
0.05310333892703056,
0.036060262471437454,
-0.002994054462760687,
0.024791428819298744,
-0.023820828646421432,
-0.01982327364385128,
-0.07481846213340759,
0.007308289408683777,
0.013234707526862621,
-0.02217574417591095,
-0.025153348222374916,
-0.022603467106819153,
0.03372424095869064,
0.048464201390743256,
0.016409721225500107,
0.061624880880117416,
-0.010347584262490273,
0.007505699992179871,
-0.014295787550508976,
0.029562175273895264,
0.07863505929708481,
-0.014032574370503426,
-0.03314846009016037,
0.008480412885546684,
0.02459401823580265,
0.01679631695151329,
0.005560386925935745,
0.010725953616201878,
-0.024034690111875534,
-0.02929896116256714,
-0.021172242239117622,
0.03823177143931389,
-0.0399426594376564,
0.0008215142879635096,
-0.03563253954052925,
-0.03285234421491623,
-0.05708444491028786,
0.0011114605003967881,
0.052544012665748596,
-0.029167355969548225,
-0.037113115191459656,
-0.008291227743029594,
0.08916360139846802,
-0.03217786177992821,
0.010339358821511269,
0.023705672472715378,
-0.021813824772834778,
0.01599845103919506,
0.03990975767374039,
-0.04260769858956337,
0.006440507248044014,
-0.018885575234889984,
0.018934927880764008,
-0.0013386878417804837,
0.05093182995915413,
0.02360696904361248,
0.0030063926242291927,
0.008328242227435112,
0.059749484062194824,
0.026272006332874298,
0.022044137120246887,
0.03490870073437691,
0.010544993914663792,
-0.013662430457770824,
0.01854010671377182,
0.030253110453486443,
-0.00705330166965723,
0.019642313942313194,
-0.013802262023091316,
-0.028509320691227913,
-0.01483866572380066,
-0.02518624998629093,
-0.013226482085883617,
-0.025021741166710854,
0.011186577379703522,
0.02730841003358364,
0.02451176568865776,
-0.0330004021525383,
-0.016409721225500107,
-0.025071093812584877,
0.051491156220436096,
-0.001354110543616116,
0.017520153895020485,
0.03513901308178902,
0.014024348929524422,
0.04458180069923401,
-0.0005953150684945285,
0.008077367208898067,
-0.019954878836870193,
-0.026008792221546173,
0.03041761927306652,
0.009409885853528976,
0.0237550251185894,
0.012247657403349876,
0.0024285565596073866,
-0.006325351539999247,
-0.020382601767778397,
-0.030466971918940544,
0.01539799477905035,
-0.04517403244972229,
-0.0026670938823372126,
-0.01460835337638855,
0.03461258485913277,
0.007884069345891476,
-0.04217997565865517,
0.006646142806857824,
0.05132664740085602,
0.00976357888430357,
0.03382294625043869,
-0.024495314806699753,
-0.033855848014354706,
-0.015159456990659237,
-0.03319781273603439,
0.025844283401966095,
-0.009179573506116867,
0.006407605484127998,
-0.038560789078474045,
-0.03313200920820236,
-0.002617741236463189,
-0.000015936759155010805,
-0.005362976808100939,
0.035533834248781204,
0.020695168524980545,
0.021928980946540833,
-0.017289841547608376,
-0.009845833294093609,
-0.028180304914712906,
-0.014419169165194035,
0.013456794433295727,
-0.004556884989142418,
-0.00819663517177105,
-0.032424621284008026,
-0.003214084543287754,
0.019050082191824913,
0.014049025252461433,
0.01327583473175764,
0.026008792221546173,
0.03632347285747528,
-0.03171723708510399,
0.043792158365249634,
0.0071725700981915,
0.05872952938079834,
0.075673907995224,
-0.0022146955598145723,
0.000059537935158004984,
-0.009064417332410812,
0.05478132516145706,
0.01601490192115307,
0.01612183265388012,
0.029315412044525146,
-0.020859675481915474,
0.03691570460796356,
0.0063294642604887486,
0.03428356721997261,
-0.0038741750176995993,
0.024774977937340736,
0.04872741550207138,
-0.06376349180936813,
0.034151963889598846,
0.00320585910230875,
-0.03184884414076805,
0.03104275092482567,
0.008110268041491508,
0.005749571602791548,
0.06850133836269379,
-0.006855891086161137,
0.029200255870819092,
0.0118775125592947,
-0.022916032001376152,
-0.008311791345477104,
-0.030697284266352654,
-0.0012759689707309008,
0.002521092537790537,
0.03731052577495575,
0.0039728800766170025,
0.009278278797864914,
0.06271063536405563,
0.016788091510534286,
-0.03546803072094917,
0.018885575234889984,
-0.016672935336828232,
-0.009451013058423996,
0.08771592378616333,
-0.016047803685069084,
0.034316468983888626,
-0.03434937074780464,
-0.010429837740957737,
0.04125872999429703,
0.02413339540362358,
0.0046761538833379745,
0.029463469982147217,
-0.04326573386788368,
0.028920592740178108,
-0.005099763162434101,
-0.02655166946351528,
0.05056991055607796,
0.05060281231999397,
0.07560810446739197,
0.00021141911565791816,
0.03138821944594383,
0.04958285763859749,
0.019115885719656944,
-0.016788091510534286,
0.03277008980512619,
-0.02089257724583149,
0.04777326434850693,
0.0030310689471662045,
-0.04336443915963173,
0.03217786177992821,
-0.030746636912226677,
-0.03905431553721428,
-0.013300511054694653,
0.03592865541577339,
0.028130952268838882,
-0.0016039577312767506,
0.011071421205997467,
0.06889615207910538,
-0.008361143991351128,
0.00000971949611994205,
-0.028114501386880875,
-0.04326573386788368,
-0.004951705690473318,
0.009434562176465988,
-0.013045523315668106,
0.0052807223983109,
-0.004951705690473318,
0.06445442885160446,
0.045141130685806274,
-0.039087217301130295,
-0.00927005335688591,
0.022142842411994934,
0.027505818754434586,
-0.020876126363873482,
-0.00032696060952730477,
0.04885902255773544,
-0.04336443915963173,
-0.04487791657447815,
0.00819663517177105,
0.00468849204480648,
-0.0017448181752115488,
-0.003172957571223378,
-0.024774977937340736,
-0.031289514154195786,
0.013423892669379711,
0.02391953393816948,
0.0031688448507338762,
-0.003707610070705414,
-0.003569834167137742,
-0.004392376635223627,
-0.006999836303293705,
0.024955937638878822,
-0.002173568354919553,
0.004511645529419184,
0.04076520353555679,
0.05662382021546364,
0.0056878807954490185,
-0.00791285838931799,
-0.03958074375987053,
-0.016154734417796135,
0.017075981944799423,
-0.024100493639707565,
-0.031519826501607895,
-0.03760664165019989,
-0.014567227102816105,
0.01138398703187704,
-0.06501375138759613,
-0.02518624998629093,
-0.04701652750372887,
-0.007016287185251713,
0.007493361830711365,
-0.013242932967841625,
0.021682219579815865,
0.000020467168724280782,
-0.003983161877840757,
0.010158399119973183,
0.006674931850284338,
0.00694637093693018,
-0.019494256004691124,
0.007065639365464449,
0.021896079182624817,
-0.020464856177568436,
-0.009130220860242844,
-0.001495999051257968,
-0.01601490192115307,
-0.020250994712114334,
-0.010035017505288124,
0.009557942859828472,
-0.014707058668136597,
0.004565110430121422,
0.04777326434850693,
-0.00041512688039802015,
0.03806726261973381,
-0.023820828646421432,
0.008496863767504692,
-0.015036076307296753,
-0.005605626851320267,
0.017898524180054665,
0.031750138849020004,
0.025317857041954994,
-0.028723182156682014,
0.03272073715925217,
0.009278278797864914,
0.06438862532377243,
0.0409955158829689,
-0.023508263751864433,
-0.015406220220029354,
-0.018276892602443695,
0.03301685303449631,
0.041357435286045074,
0.030746636912226677,
-0.029611527919769287,
0.03520481660962105,
0.015611855313181877,
0.03010505437850952,
-0.009557942859828472,
0.03178304061293602,
-0.0211228895932436,
-0.001542267040349543,
-0.009829382412135601,
-0.017914975062012672,
-0.001843523234128952,
-0.07179150730371475,
0.023491812869906425,
-0.02518624998629093,
0.007476910948753357,
0.008065029047429562,
-0.015546051785349846,
0.025827832520008087,
0.037935659289360046,
-0.026749080047011375,
-0.0067201717756688595,
0.02489013411104679,
0.019099434837698936,
-0.014641255140304565,
-0.031009851023554802,
-0.013777585700154305,
-0.021846726536750793,
0.03147047385573387,
-0.0026732629630714655,
0.05435360595583916,
0.009278278797864914,
-0.0059264181181788445,
-0.023639868944883347,
-0.008480412885546684,
-0.00987050961703062,
-0.025449464097619057,
-0.013061974197626114,
0.04152194410562515,
0.055505163967609406,
0.01181170903146267,
-0.018869124352931976,
-0.00972245167940855,
0.006929920054972172,
0.024955937638878822,
0.008480412885546684,
-0.01301262155175209,
0.038626592606306076,
-0.027259057387709618,
0.005757797043770552,
-0.019790371879935265,
-0.017980778589844704,
0.00847218744456768,
-0.014978498220443726,
0.006382929161190987,
-0.0051532285287976265,
0.045141130685806274,
0.004672041162848473,
-0.008097930811345577,
0.0039728800766170025,
-0.007592066656798124,
-0.0062266462482512,
0.005169679410755634,
-0.04948415234684944,
-0.045832064002752304,
0.0017232263926416636,
-0.021369652822613716,
-0.014279336668550968,
0.0163932703435421,
-0.007707222830504179,
-0.002969378139823675,
0.022208645939826965,
-0.0003256753843743354,
0.03313200920820236,
-0.0194449033588171,
-0.027670327574014664,
-0.015430896542966366,
0.03747503459453583,
0.028130952268838882,
0.031667884439229965,
0.02013583853840828,
-0.03958074375987053,
0.022060588002204895,
-0.017141783609986305,
0.018803320825099945,
0.03125661239027977,
-0.0037446245551109314,
-0.021451907232403755,
0.02390308305621147,
-0.01066837552934885,
-0.008661371655762196,
0.012955043464899063,
0.01694437488913536,
0.006313013378530741,
0.018803320825099945,
-0.02225799858570099,
-0.0033868185710161924,
-0.04724683612585068,
-0.006489859893918037,
-0.02747291699051857,
0.003909132909029722,
-0.013613077811896801,
-0.0013438287423923612,
0.02558106929063797,
-0.0346783883869648,
0.04984607174992561,
0.01929684542119503,
0.01399967260658741,
-0.013555499725043774,
-0.03592865541577339,
0.004778971429914236,
0.007032738067209721,
-0.016483750194311142,
-0.017832720652222633,
0.00799922551959753,
0.014287562109529972,
-0.052247896790504456,
-0.018178187310695648,
0.026058144867420197,
-0.040534891188144684,
-0.045371443033218384,
-0.009516815654933453,
0.037573739886283875,
0.010372260585427284,
0.019724568352103233,
0.021402554586529732,
0.014476747252047062,
0.030746636912226677,
-0.011178351938724518,
-0.026535218581557274,
0.017454350367188454,
-0.025712676346302032,
-0.03304975479841232,
0.0068106516264379025,
-0.0038371605332940817,
-0.02528495527803898,
0.00569199351593852,
-0.02604169398546219,
-0.002486134646460414,
0.013983221724629402,
-0.013942094519734383,
-0.014131278730928898,
-0.018638812005519867,
-0.025548167526721954,
0.021320300176739693,
-0.028772534802556038,
-0.05553806573152542,
-0.0464571975171566,
0.005362976808100939,
-0.030401168391108513,
0.06047331914305687,
0.015463798306882381,
0.0007428586250171065,
-0.013193581253290176,
-0.05889403820037842,
0.03796856105327606,
-0.026584571227431297,
-0.01709243282675743,
0.015414445661008358,
-0.011219479143619537,
-0.0009608324035070837,
0.06287514418363571,
0.024643370881676674,
0.00018712840392254293,
0.045832064002752304,
-0.007727786432951689,
0.010791757144033909,
0.03928462788462639,
-0.056261904537677765,
-0.024692723527550697,
-0.06136166676878929,
-0.03619186580181122,
0.010841109789907932,
-0.013794036582112312,
0.014016123488545418,
-0.052478209137916565,
0.04382506012916565,
0.009656648151576519,
0.023656319826841354,
0.033790044486522675,
-0.013234707526862621,
0.029463469982147217,
0.04313412681221962,
-0.052708521485328674,
-0.044318586587905884,
-0.021007733419537544,
-0.017010178416967392,
-0.04237738624215126,
-0.013201805762946606,
0.030680833384394646,
-0.0042052483186125755,
-0.001127911382354796,
-0.03701440989971161,
-0.011211253702640533,
-0.008718949742615223,
-0.008546216413378716,
-0.00166976114269346,
-0.04836549609899521,
-0.03331296890974045,
-0.034777093678712845,
0.006074476055800915,
-0.04954995587468147,
-0.02541656233370304,
-0.008291227743029594,
-0.003682933747768402,
-0.027226155623793602,
-0.006892905570566654,
-0.04547014459967613,
0.017141783609986305,
-0.026535218581557274,
0.023343754932284355,
-0.03222721442580223,
-0.0023380769416689873,
-0.022685721516609192,
-0.041192926466464996,
-0.03372424095869064,
0.010232428088784218,
-0.03104275092482567,
-0.03671829402446747,
0.03882400318980217,
-0.0170266292989254,
-0.0025437125004827976,
-0.004996945150196552,
0.006547437980771065,
-0.05099762976169586,
-0.030549226328730583,
0.01555427722632885,
0.05070151761174202,
0.001427111099474132,
0.03527062013745308,
-0.02707809768617153,
-0.008521540090441704,
-0.0030351816676557064,
0.033033303916454315,
0.01696082577109337,
0.07508167624473572,
0.01982327364385128,
-0.01975747011601925,
-0.024248551577329636,
0.03971235081553459,
0.017059531062841415,
0.0007937534828670323,
0.039613645523786545,
0.0036479756236076355,
0.021682219579815865,
0.04389086365699768,
-0.016212310642004013,
-0.04685201868414879,
0.006132054142653942,
-0.042870912700891495,
-0.019658764824271202,
0.004371813032776117,
0.023672770708799362,
0.027456466108560562
] |
Automatic recognition of disordered speech remains a highly challenging task
to date. Sources of variability commonly found in normal speech including
accent, age or gender, when further compounded with the underlying causes of
speech impairment and varying severity levels, create large diversity among
speakers. To this end, speaker adaptation techniques play a vital role in
current speech recognition systems. Motivated by the spectro-temporal level
differences between disordered and normal speech that systematically manifest
in articulatory imprecision, decreased volume and clarity, slower speaking
rates and increased dysfluencies, novel spectro-temporal subspace basis
embedding deep features derived by SVD decomposition of speech spectrum are
proposed to facilitate both accurate speech intelligibility assessment and
auxiliary feature based speaker adaptation of state-of-the-art hybrid DNN and
end-to-end disordered speech recognition systems. Experiments conducted on the
UASpeech corpus suggest the proposed spectro-temporal deep feature adapted
systems consistently outperformed baseline i-Vector adaptation by up to 2.63%
absolute (8.6% relative) reduction in word error rate (WER) with or without
data augmentation. Learning hidden unit contribution (LHUC) based speaker
adaptation was further applied. The final speaker adapted system using the
proposed spectral basis embedding features gave an overall WER of 25.6% on the
UASpeech test set of 16 dysarthric speakers | [
0.011229297146201134,
0.04611343890428543,
-0.026741934940218925,
-0.0421002171933651,
0.041019733995199203,
-0.01883126050233841,
0.0009617015020921826,
0.03210575878620148,
-0.07868225872516632,
0.021146580576896667,
-0.022092001512646675,
0.0020150509662926197,
-0.01838749274611473,
-0.06023688241839409,
-0.02064492739737034,
0.0135060278698802,
0.00722090108320117,
0.028189009055495262,
0.005730414763092995,
-0.018869850784540176,
0.023751314729452133,
-0.026182400062680244,
-0.09014308452606201,
-0.023944256827235222,
0.0027663239743560553,
0.05495023727416992,
0.06602518260478973,
0.010968823917210102,
-0.06266796588897705,
-0.006082536187022924,
0.00827726535499096,
0.016043230891227722,
0.011817773804068565,
-0.014046268537640572,
-0.019477620720863342,
0.018030546605587006,
0.04580472782254219,
0.02251647785305977,
0.03704510256648064,
0.04206163063645363,
-0.02716640941798687,
-0.022342829033732414,
-0.03226011246442795,
-0.020587045699357986,
0.05109137296676636,
-0.020220452919602394,
-0.022690126672387123,
-0.006671012844890356,
0.030523622408509254,
0.009608574211597443,
0.012686018832027912,
-0.0003367462777532637,
-0.02010468766093254,
-0.0008103616419248283,
0.04128985479474068,
0.03872371092438698,
0.05599213019013405,
0.03735381364822388,
0.08188511431217194,
0.021088697016239166,
0.0148180415853858,
-0.04858310893177986,
-0.03160410374403,
0.0003560406039468944,
-0.020316924899816513,
-0.00503581902012229,
0.015445107594132423,
0.006675836630165577,
-0.02135881781578064,
0.025236977264285088,
-0.046383555978536606,
-0.0554518885910511,
-0.01141259353607893,
0.053561046719551086,
-0.0030677977483719587,
-0.03808699920773506,
0.007423491682857275,
0.07520928233861923,
-0.0023876726627349854,
-0.012522016651928425,
0.03745028376579285,
0.018223490566015244,
-0.04402964934706688,
0.016187937930226326,
0.05051254481077194,
-0.01512675080448389,
-0.0356559120118618,
-0.06984546035528183,
0.027185704559087753,
-0.004341223277151585,
-0.06872638314962387,
0.000655404117424041,
0.018155960366129875,
-0.01007163804024458,
-0.05811450630426407,
0.02070281095802784,
-0.023905668407678604,
-0.011875657364726067,
-0.03725734353065491,
-0.06089289113879204,
0.02591227926313877,
-0.022612949833273888,
0.0063912454061210155,
-0.0008857300854288042,
0.0263560488820076,
-0.025372037664055824,
-0.027378646656870842,
0.04565037414431572,
0.004095220472663641,
0.19062793254852295,
-0.011316121555864811,
0.010824115946888924,
0.03849218040704727,
0.02338472194969654,
0.02039410173892975,
-0.00637677451595664,
0.009608574211597443,
-0.07756318897008896,
-0.010766233317553997,
-0.022053413093090057,
0.040672436356544495,
0.07949262112379074,
-0.007201606873422861,
0.027050644159317017,
-0.016438765451312065,
0.04460848122835159,
0.012203660793602467,
0.010553996078670025,
-0.03413166105747223,
0.008325501345098019,
0.003586332779377699,
0.057690031826496124,
-0.05498882755637169,
-0.030986685305833817,
0.029674671590328217,
0.03200928494334221,
-0.036389097571372986,
-0.00907315593212843,
-0.022748010233044624,
-0.00533970445394516,
0.014711922965943813,
0.035077083855867386,
-0.03185493126511574,
0.034170251339673996,
0.004772933665663004,
0.014403213746845722,
-0.02020115777850151,
0.03276176378130913,
0.006285126321017742,
0.0033572125248610973,
-0.026838406920433044,
0.022844480350613594,
-0.01860937662422657,
0.03903241828083992,
0.025661451742053032,
0.024330144748091698,
-0.01908208802342415,
-0.03758534416556358,
-0.043759528547525406,
-0.015396871604025364,
0.029095841571688652,
-0.016747474670410156,
-0.006646894849836826,
-0.004811522550880909,
0.019718799740076065,
0.04136703163385391,
-0.04815863445401192,
0.004377400036901236,
-0.029829027131199837,
0.039514776319265366,
0.004587225615978241,
0.06297668069601059,
-0.03293541446328163,
-0.009314335882663727,
-0.039669133722782135,
0.038395706564188004,
0.017963016405701637,
0.015609108842909336,
-0.08929413557052612,
0.02514050528407097,
-0.06100865453481674,
0.04634496942162514,
0.009468690492212772,
0.021339522674679756,
0.07933826744556427,
-0.002247788943350315,
0.0618961937725544,
-0.022805891931056976,
0.010254933498799801,
-0.03116033598780632,
-0.005465117748826742,
0.023153189569711685,
0.018464669585227966,
-0.007042428478598595,
-0.0008803035598248243,
-0.01879267208278179,
-0.03181634098291397,
0.008653504773974419,
0.019246090203523636,
-0.025989456102252007,
-0.012194013223052025,
-0.0033451535273343325,
0.026799818500876427,
-0.035115670412778854,
0.01419097650796175,
0.028999371454119682,
0.017355244606733322,
0.04291057959198952,
0.005146761424839497,
-0.0593879334628582,
0.0003765408182516694,
-0.016747474670410156,
-0.016438765451312065,
0.03716086968779564,
0.028401246294379234,
-0.0002785618125926703,
-0.02166752703487873,
0.007915496826171875,
0.009772575460374355,
-0.01128717977553606,
-0.006449128035455942,
-0.012743901461362839,
0.04256328195333481,
0.03202857822179794,
-0.035926032811403275,
-0.03922536224126816,
-0.01939079724252224,
-0.0024817325174808502,
-0.019873155280947685,
0.014962749555706978,
0.030639387667179108,
0.01308155246078968,
0.049972303211688995,
-0.047193918377161026,
0.017654307186603546,
-0.02525627240538597,
0.01895667426288128,
0.0051660556346178055,
-0.03521214425563812,
-0.04152138903737068,
-0.03943759948015213,
0.02085716463625431,
-0.02292165905237198,
-0.01926538348197937,
0.018165607005357742,
-0.03629262372851372,
0.04399106279015541,
0.08558962494134903,
0.015994995832443237,
-0.011132825165987015,
-0.009483160451054573,
0.005981240887194872,
-0.0211658738553524,
0.0018269313732162118,
-0.015917818993330002,
0.054873060435056686,
0.0005450646858662367,
-0.056185074150562286,
0.05591495335102081,
-0.045881904661655426,
0.00048356401384808123,
-0.004507636651396751,
0.027031349018216133,
0.03125680610537529,
-0.020162569358944893,
0.015310047194361687,
0.046730853617191315,
0.002358731348067522,
0.06305385380983353,
-0.0789523795247078,
-0.010447877459228039,
0.007592316716909409,
-0.0592721663415432,
0.013940149918198586,
0.02404072880744934,
-0.012078247964382172,
0.050937019288539886,
0.0018968733493238688,
0.043103523552417755,
0.026992760598659515,
-0.011181061156094074,
-0.010833763517439365,
0.04256328195333481,
-0.020509866997599602,
-0.006294773425906897,
-0.015001337975263596,
-0.006849485449492931,
0.002046404406428337,
-0.05147726088762283,
-0.025005444884300232,
0.003526038024574518,
-0.04140562191605568,
-0.040518082678318024,
0.04414541646838188,
0.002476908965036273,
0.026491109281778336,
-0.010158462449908257,
-0.036331214010715485,
0.05205608904361725,
-0.057497087866067886,
-0.0017099595861509442,
-0.0003482022730167955,
0.0158599354326725,
0.008904331363737583,
-0.019217148423194885,
0.0014518980169668794,
0.03484554961323738,
0.06884215027093887,
-0.02550709806382656,
-0.06934380531311035,
0.01639052852988243,
0.04109691083431244,
-0.04047949239611626,
0.014654040336608887,
-0.010611878708004951,
0.03916747868061066,
0.023249661549925804,
0.02529486082494259,
0.027648767456412315,
-0.03218293562531471,
-0.003383742179721594,
0.01072764489799738,
-0.06347832828760147,
-0.022188473492860794,
0.09029743820428848,
-0.019217148423194885,
0.009632691740989685,
0.016168644651770592,
0.02757159061729908,
0.04240892827510834,
-0.016342293471097946,
-0.021069403737783432,
0.0032510936725884676,
-0.02413720078766346,
0.05780579894781113,
0.008783741854131222,
-0.004640285391360521,
-0.0052914684638381,
0.00016611207684036344,
-0.0739358514547348,
0.0138340312987566,
-0.04271763563156128,
-0.061124421656131744,
-0.06266796588897705,
-0.019535504281520844,
-0.027031349018216133,
-0.03341777250170708,
0.011248591355979443,
-0.017885839566588402,
-0.03993925452232361,
0.0010141580132767558,
-0.012666724622249603,
0.0032317994628101587,
0.0056001776829361916,
-0.01576346345245838,
-0.05236480012536049,
-0.011065295897424221,
-0.00997516606003046,
0.007722553797066212,
-0.002103081438690424,
0.031430456787347794,
-0.028246892616152763,
-0.08018721640110016,
-0.02797677181661129,
-0.011904598213732243,
-0.027648767456412315,
0.012782490812242031,
-0.019400443881750107,
0.02085716463625431,
0.003962572198361158,
-0.006603482645004988,
-0.004666815046221018,
-0.0065697175450623035,
-0.042949166148900986,
-0.048698876053094864,
0.013998032547533512,
0.0036490391939878464,
-0.033205535262823105,
0.004353282041847706,
0.03882018104195595,
-0.04348940774798393,
0.042138807475566864,
-0.0003913130203727633,
0.0033668596297502518,
0.013641088269650936,
0.009213040582835674,
0.011451181955635548,
0.05170879140496254,
0.0296360831707716,
0.055066004395484924,
0.05051254481077194,
-0.046692267060279846,
-0.01338061410933733,
-0.031893517822027206,
0.031083157286047935,
-0.02242000587284565,
-0.03797123208642006,
0.02130093425512314,
0.02953961119055748,
-0.0010219962568953633,
-0.025661451742053032,
-0.0036779807414859533,
-0.03918677568435669,
-0.008904331363737583,
-0.02448449842631817,
-0.017914781346917152,
-0.05660954862833023,
-0.004037337377667427,
0.054217055439949036,
-0.008296559564769268,
0.018445374444127083,
0.030118441209197044,
-0.03677498549222946,
-0.0038998655509203672,
0.008253147825598717,
0.018975969403982162,
-0.031584810465574265,
0.00833514891564846,
-0.010775880888104439,
-0.011923893354833126,
-0.030234208330512047,
0.0005366234108805656,
0.057497087866067886,
-0.019834566861391068,
0.017837604507803917,
0.07289396226406097,
0.006198301911354065,
-0.02079928293824196,
0.01550299022346735,
-0.037643227726221085,
0.013071904890239239,
-0.0047632865607738495,
0.03222152218222618,
-0.03993925452232361,
-0.032086461782455444,
0.011518712155520916,
-0.019757388159632683,
0.0148180415853858,
-0.048312991857528687,
0.03116033598780632,
-0.010467171669006348,
-0.03478766977787018,
0.005059936549514532,
-0.0016376058338209987,
-0.07995568215847015,
-0.030986685305833817,
0.01658347249031067,
0.07354997098445892,
-0.04109691083431244,
-0.009762928821146488,
-0.09716621786355972,
0.06181901693344116,
-0.05352245643734932,
-0.022439301013946533,
0.03391942381858826,
-0.04839016869664192,
-0.010042696259915829,
-0.04839016869664192,
0.05197891220450401,
-0.057690031826496124,
-0.013293789699673653,
0.02822759747505188,
0.05352245643734932,
0.007235371973365545,
0.02751370705664158,
0.013901561498641968,
-0.017808662727475166,
-0.037546757608652115,
0.0010171727044507861,
0.044569890946149826,
0.02141670137643814,
-0.04159856587648392,
-0.03160410374403,
0.017094772309064865,
0.041444212198257446,
0.022863775491714478,
-0.013563910499215126,
-0.037701111286878586,
0.024330144748091698,
0.024831796064972878,
0.00010468679101904854,
0.009811163879930973,
-0.0004907993716187775,
-0.031739164143800735,
-0.006584188435226679,
-0.02276730351150036,
0.0058220624923706055,
0.004203751217573881,
-0.03465260937809944,
-0.03521214425563812,
-0.01998892053961754,
0.017760425806045532,
0.015618756413459778,
0.02928878553211689,
-0.008513621054589748,
-0.04256328195333481,
-0.011827421374619007,
-0.04580472782254219,
0.048505932092666626,
0.03660133481025696,
-0.020992225036025047,
0.007664670702069998,
-0.015483696013689041,
-0.02894148789346218,
-0.02348119392991066,
-0.004346046596765518,
-0.028613483533263206,
0.03480696305632591,
0.0022297005634754896,
0.035983916372060776,
0.034208837896585464,
-0.024349438026547432,
0.024677442386746407,
-0.04260186851024628,
-0.003668333636596799,
0.009878694079816341,
-0.015638049691915512,
0.00931915920227766,
0.005576060153543949,
0.0015556049766018987,
-0.02722429297864437,
-0.005378293339163065,
-0.04545743018388748,
0.10326322913169861,
-0.028324069455266,
0.05873192474246025,
0.001995756756514311,
-0.03826064616441727,
-0.0027132644318044186,
-0.01810772344470024,
-0.02878713235259056,
-0.007708082906901836,
-0.02570004016160965,
-0.04460848122835159,
-0.005715943872928619,
0.018541846424341202,
0.009705045260488987,
0.0647517517209053,
0.012608841061592102,
0.008253147825598717,
-0.009000802412629128,
0.020490573719143867,
-0.04086538031697273,
0.0296939667314291,
-0.009709869511425495,
-0.0015459577552974224,
-0.0005272777052596211,
-0.03727663680911064,
-0.032800354063510895,
0.041637152433395386,
0.004100044257938862,
-0.012994728051126003,
-0.025082623586058617,
0.018541846424341202,
-0.010100578889250755,
-0.029809731990098953,
-0.08188511431217194,
0.015358283184468746,
0.002785618184134364,
-0.025526391342282295,
0.0027735591866075993,
0.042138807475566864,
0.008204911835491657,
0.011345063336193562,
0.04599767178297043,
0.005725590977817774,
0.00792996771633625,
0.07104170322418213,
0.03594532608985901,
0.0017726661171764135,
-0.038144879043102264,
-0.024561675265431404,
-0.004063867032527924,
-0.03179704770445824,
-0.01639052852988243,
0.005778650287538767,
0.06039123609662056,
-0.01570557989180088,
0.03575238585472107,
0.0012963374610990286,
-0.0006192272412590683,
-0.040981147438287735,
0.02519838884472847,
0.023037424311041832,
-0.00223331805318594,
0.013612146489322186,
-0.021686822175979614,
-0.06664259731769562,
-0.0016122820088639855,
-0.006685483735054731,
0.019931036978960037,
0.04561178386211395,
0.03519284725189209,
-0.024021435528993607,
-0.07266242802143097,
-0.0010232022032141685,
-0.023519782349467278,
-0.0021501113660633564,
0.03260741010308266,
-0.050010889768600464,
-0.01103635411709547,
0.04692379757761955,
0.01916891150176525,
0.022497182711958885,
-0.013843677937984467,
-0.025931572541594505,
0.00118479214143008,
0.005064760334789753,
0.0015290753217414021,
0.04696238785982132,
0.0062417141161859035,
-0.022149885073304176,
0.04055667296051979,
0.020336218178272247,
0.026336753740906715,
-0.04044090583920479,
0.046885211020708084,
0.03563661873340607,
0.008860918693244457,
-0.03629262372851372,
0.028594190254807472,
0.006502187345176935,
-0.0037648051511496305,
-0.045380253344774246,
0.027899594977498055,
0.013969091698527336,
-0.0302920900285244,
-0.055529069155454636,
-0.016477353870868683,
-0.025082623586058617,
-0.005064760334789753,
0.0052721742540597916,
-0.05066689848899841,
0.0009369806502945721,
0.04321928694844246,
0.05707261338829994,
-0.00034729784238152206,
0.005923357792198658,
0.017760425806045532,
0.028189009055495262,
-0.0007542875246144831,
0.055529069155454636,
-0.0148180415853858,
-0.01411379873752594,
-0.008899507112801075,
0.0046885209158062935,
0.007833495736122131,
0.007163017988204956,
0.05359963700175285,
0.04649932309985161,
-0.030735859647393227,
-0.01676676794886589,
0.019525857642292976,
0.039013125002384186,
-0.0395919568836689,
-0.020432690158486366,
0.03488413989543915,
-0.005021348129957914,
0.02297954075038433,
0.0056001776829361916,
0.017972663044929504,
-0.05745850130915642,
0.02257435955107212,
0.01128717977553606,
0.043296463787555695,
0.00031624603434465826,
0.024465205147862434,
-0.02994479238986969,
-0.003398213069885969,
0.0031401515007019043,
-0.033302005380392075,
-0.05444858595728874,
-0.03609968349337578,
-0.00808914564549923,
0.040672436356544495,
-0.0657164677977562,
0.008031263016164303,
0.05992817506194115,
0.01667029783129692,
-0.044415537267923355,
-0.04700097441673279,
-0.030542917549610138,
0.022844480350613594,
0.044762834906578064,
0.017750779166817665,
0.006622777320444584,
0.015618756413459778,
0.004341223277151585,
-0.03581026569008827,
0.03629262372851372,
-0.009955871850252151,
0.017191244289278984,
0.010717997327446938,
-0.011962481774389744,
-0.01658347249031067,
-0.006699954625219107,
-0.03766252100467682,
-0.013110494241118431,
0.028999371454119682,
0.02863277867436409,
-0.0016207232838496566,
-0.005228762049227953,
0.04402964934706688,
0.007997497916221619,
0.0661795362830162,
0.00583170959725976,
-0.0077370242215693,
-0.00792996771633625,
-0.051284316927194595,
0.0006391245406121016,
-0.010920587927103043,
-0.00880303606390953,
-0.0005079833790659904,
-0.007399373687803745,
0.027282176539301872,
0.03044644556939602,
-0.012300131842494011,
0.0065890122205019,
-0.0778718963265419,
-0.013795442879199982,
0.01103635411709547,
0.009767752140760422,
0.002152523258700967,
-0.054564353078603745,
0.021783292293548584,
0.028748543933033943,
0.006699954625219107,
0.011885304003953934,
-0.01742277480661869,
-0.002720499876886606,
0.01851290464401245,
-0.04584331810474396,
0.01236766204237938,
0.002570968819782138,
0.0013964268146082759,
-0.027590885758399963,
-0.0019173735054209828,
0.059310756623744965,
0.00471505057066679,
0.006863956339657307,
0.008200088515877724,
-0.054409995675086975,
0.012232602573931217,
0.0047994633205235004,
-0.021474583074450493,
0.02207270823419094,
0.007481374777853489,
0.023519782349467278,
-0.02076069451868534,
0.01476980559527874,
-0.007968556135892868,
0.006072888616472483,
0.057998742908239365,
0.01570557989180088,
-0.037797581404447556,
-0.021493878215551376,
-0.003692451398819685,
-0.014335683546960354,
-0.001585752354003489,
0.0030171500984579325,
0.0047415802255272865,
0.01873479038476944,
0.016631707549095154,
0.009859399870038033,
0.01739383488893509,
-0.0369679257273674,
-0.036890748888254166,
0.032337289303541183,
0.017499953508377075,
0.0017967839958146214,
0.05336810275912285,
0.006579364649951458,
0.0502038337290287,
0.0014398390194401145,
0.008253147825598717,
-0.005021348129957914,
-0.018590081483125687,
-0.02519838884472847,
-0.007370432373136282,
-0.017027242109179497,
-0.10218274593353271,
0.02176399901509285,
-0.04013219475746155,
-0.00997516606003046,
-0.03596462309360504,
0.012242249213159084,
-0.006709601730108261,
0.0014808394480496645,
-0.0051660556346178055,
0.0012758373050019145,
-0.010997765697538853,
-0.007317372597754002,
0.02944314107298851,
-0.02454238198697567,
0.03615756705403328,
-0.03195140138268471,
0.021493878215551376,
0.03635050728917122,
-0.028439834713935852,
0.007095488253980875,
-0.00905386172235012,
-0.017403481528162956,
-0.021185168996453285,
0.018570788204669952,
-0.03808699920773506,
-0.03413166105747223,
-0.012280837632715702,
0.027340058237314224,
-0.022651538252830505,
0.013901561498641968,
0.03175845742225647,
-0.0158599354326725,
0.011296827346086502,
0.021783292293548584,
0.02297954075038433,
0.0344017818570137,
-0.021841175854206085,
-0.013274495489895344,
-0.03758534416556358,
-0.048814643174409866,
-0.004066279157996178,
0.04237033799290657,
-0.01820419542491436,
0.0023924962151795626,
0.004273693077266216,
-0.015638049691915512,
0.012888609431684017,
-0.0032848587725311518,
0.018773378804326057,
0.013612146489322186,
0.011509064584970474,
-0.04568896070122719,
0.020837871357798576,
0.014750511385500431,
-0.03916747868061066,
0.07625117152929306,
0.00830620713531971,
0.05074407532811165,
0.013071904890239239,
0.03791334852576256,
0.021339522674679756,
0.031179629266262054,
-0.00785278994590044,
-0.05232620984315872,
0.012859667651355267,
-0.019101381301879883,
0.004312281496822834,
-0.030716566368937492,
-0.008007144555449486,
-0.029558906331658363,
0.04271763563156128,
0.0067192488349974155,
0.0011275120778009295,
-0.037488874047994614,
0.006772308144718409,
-0.009295040741562843,
-0.02301812916994095,
0.022497182711958885,
-0.012415898032486439,
-0.0368521623313427,
0.09423348307609558,
0.03110245242714882,
-0.02857489511370659,
0.02079928293824196,
0.01998892053961754,
0.022786598652601242,
0.017721837386488914,
-0.06660401076078415,
-0.0032269759103655815,
-0.05745850130915642,
0.016023937612771988,
-0.02641393058001995,
-0.01378579530864954,
-0.06459739804267883,
-0.002616792917251587,
0.031430456787347794,
-0.03316694498062134,
-0.05035818740725517,
-0.0014591333456337452,
-0.044415537267923355,
-0.01444180216640234,
0.012637782841920853,
0.05070548504590988,
-0.041830096393823624,
0.06262937933206558,
-0.017461365088820457,
0.01842608116567135,
-0.02130093425512314,
0.01979597844183445,
-0.04333505406975746,
-0.009116568602621555,
0.024523086845874786,
0.011962481774389744,
-0.022284945473074913,
0.04356658458709717,
0.04206163063645363,
-0.05564483255147934,
0.006714425049722195,
-0.019004911184310913,
-0.01133541576564312,
0.000303885608445853,
-0.049625005573034286,
0.044068239629268646,
-0.044762834906578064,
-0.0039577484130859375,
0.022400710731744766,
0.01972844824194908,
-0.002944796346127987,
0.02560357004404068,
-0.007645376492291689,
-0.03993925452232361,
-0.0515158474445343,
0.009815988130867481,
-0.023442605510354042,
0.025024740025401115,
-0.0514000803232193,
0.02226565033197403,
-0.011441534385085106,
0.050473954528570175,
-0.005648413673043251,
0.06644965708255768,
-0.0024841444101184607,
-0.012126483023166656,
0.02272871509194374,
-0.03222152218222618,
-0.0029882085509598255,
0.006043947301805019,
0.005030995234847069,
0.0026626167818903923,
0.02651040256023407,
-0.020374806597828865,
0.056879669427871704,
0.01065046712756157,
-0.019622327759861946,
0.02004680410027504,
0.0030050911009311676,
-0.00236958428286016,
-0.0036176859866827726,
0.0039963372983038425,
0.014219917356967926,
-0.036331214010715485,
-0.01171165518462658,
-0.0135060278698802,
-0.008470208384096622,
0.004295398946851492,
0.011451181955635548,
-0.0016774004325270653,
-0.0012396604288369417,
0.004394282586872578,
0.00670477794483304,
-0.028922192752361298,
-0.020027508959174156,
-0.016158998012542725,
-0.024966856464743614,
-0.05680249258875847,
0.030388562008738518,
-0.025082623586058617,
0.011354709975421429,
0.015232869423925877,
0.013120140880346298,
-0.06378703564405441,
0.00860526878386736,
-0.008364089764654636,
0.011509064584970474,
-0.02064492739737034,
0.01236766204237938,
-0.024117905646562576,
-0.004700580146163702,
-0.025487802922725677,
0.037295930087566376,
-0.008402678184211254,
-0.029655378311872482,
-0.027899594977498055,
-0.018223490566015244,
0.012435192242264748,
-0.02691558375954628,
0.004676462151110172,
-0.029771143570542336,
-0.015367929823696613,
-0.00310638640075922,
0.0014386330731213093,
-0.0178279560059309,
0.03397730737924576,
0.020529162138700485,
0.009415630251169205,
0.015821347013115883,
0.027861004695296288,
0.02448449842631817,
-0.02448449842631817,
-0.010505760088562965,
-0.011325769126415253,
-0.02398284524679184,
-0.0035646266769617796,
-0.014094504527747631,
-0.017432423308491707,
0.02160964347422123,
-0.010206698440015316,
-0.02656828612089157,
0.023867079988121986,
0.05201749876141548,
-0.017403481528162956,
0.01375685352832079,
0.01166341919451952,
0.022960247471928596,
-0.012049306184053421,
0.023654842749238014,
0.007712906692177057,
0.018995262682437897,
-0.05464152991771698,
0.023924963548779488,
0.024156495928764343,
-0.023346133530139923,
0.00009172341378871351,
0.0037816877011209726,
-0.016496647149324417,
-0.004517283756285906,
-0.03841499984264374,
-0.024272261187434196,
0.0016376058338209987,
-0.035675209015607834,
-0.044106826186180115,
0.0018944615731015801,
0.03611897677183151,
-0.029655378311872482
] |
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered as the gold standard for
testing causal hypotheses in the clinical domain. However, the investigation of
prognostic variables of patient outcome in a hypothesized cause-effect route is
not feasible using standard statistical methods. Here, we propose a new
automated causal inference method (AutoCI) built upon the invariant causal
prediction (ICP) framework for the causal re-interpretation of clinical trial
data. Compared to existing methods, we show that the proposed AutoCI allows to
efficiently determine the causal variables with a clear differentiation on two
real-world RCTs of endometrial cancer patients with mature outcome and
extensive clinicopathological and molecular data. This is achieved via
suppressing the causal probability of non-causal variables by a wide margin. In
ablation studies, we further demonstrate that the assignment of causal
probabilities by AutoCI remain consistent in the presence of confounders. In
conclusion, these results confirm the robustness and feasibility of AutoCI for
future applications in real-world clinical analysis. | [
-0.027877621352672577,
-0.051684699952602386,
-0.04406643658876419,
0.010559139773249626,
-0.009737562388181686,
-0.006418575067073107,
0.004864112939685583,
0.01747719570994377,
-0.011128642596304417,
-0.00418957881629467,
-0.0028965279925614595,
-0.05093781277537346,
0.004868781194090843,
-0.01784130558371544,
-0.011184658855199814,
-0.0007410536636598408,
0.015432588756084442,
0.0033376591745764017,
0.023993801325559616,
-0.04231124743819237,
-0.04021995887160301,
0.02296682819724083,
0.020296702161431313,
-0.02358301170170307,
0.05291706696152687,
0.031686753034591675,
-0.003104256233200431,
-0.012771797366440296,
-0.05482163280248642,
-0.013098561204969883,
0.06255193054676056,
0.04907058924436569,
-0.012398352846503258,
-0.08193369209766388,
0.006049798801541328,
-0.029147332534193993,
-0.0492573119699955,
0.010409762151539326,
0.006703326478600502,
0.05687557905912399,
0.03291912004351616,
0.033927422016859055,
0.05048967897891998,
-0.02879256010055542,
-0.001547460095025599,
-0.04798760265111923,
-0.05254362151026726,
-0.03674692660570145,
-0.0020049293525516987,
-0.0037507819943130016,
-0.004457992035895586,
0.00027176830917596817,
0.08716191351413727,
-0.0031789452768862247,
0.00022698414977639914,
0.020576784387230873,
-0.004553687293082476,
0.03045438788831234,
0.03598136454820633,
0.008724594488739967,
-0.014648355543613434,
0.05034030228853226,
-0.031126588582992554,
0.0191203523427248,
0.020931556820869446,
-0.05213283374905586,
0.012174286879599094,
0.01742118038237095,
-0.007426874712109566,
0.005835068412125111,
-0.038614146411418915,
-0.037549830973148346,
-0.006460587494075298,
0.0033586653880774975,
-0.016468897461891174,
-0.022387990728020668,
0.0011232506949454546,
0.01968051865696907,
-0.002950210589915514,
0.021734463050961494,
0.07076770812273026,
0.07480090856552124,
-0.011184658855199814,
0.001219529309310019,
0.02080085128545761,
-0.07259758561849594,
0.07565982639789581,
-0.06229051947593689,
0.07054363936185837,
0.01358403917402029,
-0.028139032423496246,
-0.029539449140429497,
-0.029707498848438263,
-0.020352717489004135,
-0.03291912004351616,
-0.018616201356053352,
0.06576355546712875,
0.013387980870902538,
-0.05493366718292236,
0.0064325793646276,
0.02358301170170307,
-0.041975148022174835,
-0.003085584146901965,
-0.002413384150713682,
0.029726171866059303,
-0.057211678475141525,
-0.02380707859992981,
0.015329891815781593,
0.03850211575627327,
0.2030043601989746,
-0.02853114902973175,
0.02326558344066143,
-0.0010211369954049587,
-0.028475133702158928,
-0.04697930067777634,
-0.0255249235779047,
-0.05571790039539337,
-0.019307073205709457,
0.014125533401966095,
-0.01410686131566763,
0.00047293229727074504,
0.09373454004526138,
0.02328425645828247,
0.008271792903542519,
-0.054373499006032944,
0.03932369127869606,
0.02907264418900013,
0.004556021187454462,
0.02440458908677101,
-0.0230228453874588,
-0.014498977921903133,
0.003582731820642948,
-0.009434138424694538,
0.02106226235628128,
0.020875539630651474,
-0.006068470887839794,
0.03239629790186882,
0.025282183662056923,
-0.00404020119458437,
-0.04257265850901604,
-0.015946075320243835,
-0.03853945806622505,
-0.05945234373211861,
0.01011100597679615,
0.029464760795235634,
-0.00850052759051323,
-0.01619814895093441,
0.03846476972103119,
-0.019437778741121292,
-0.007636937312781811,
-0.05680088698863983,
-0.0016361532034352422,
0.01759856566786766,
0.05075109004974365,
0.03932369127869606,
-0.014088189229369164,
0.006614633370190859,
-0.04178842529654503,
0.015180513262748718,
-0.01633819192647934,
0.06479259580373764,
-0.011156650260090828,
0.006988077890127897,
0.030678454786539078,
0.07203742116689682,
0.053850676864385605,
-0.052730344235897064,
-0.05063905566930771,
-0.04070543497800827,
0.03928634896874428,
0.023601684719324112,
0.019736535847187042,
0.0026584570296108723,
0.017747944220900536,
0.01054046768695116,
0.03618675842881203,
0.009989636950194836,
0.03909962624311447,
0.0054242792539298534,
0.01607678085565567,
-0.044439878314733505,
-0.039771825075149536,
-0.008850631304085255,
-0.006068470887839794,
0.06804156303405762,
-0.023695046082139015,
0.1053113117814064,
0.007020754273980856,
0.04178842529654503,
0.04186311364173889,
-0.014452297240495682,
-0.004376301076263189,
0.017925329506397247,
0.04660585895180702,
-0.01994192972779274,
0.029707498848438263,
0.004096217919141054,
-0.015974082052707672,
0.017215784639120102,
0.0036037382669746876,
-0.004275938030332327,
-0.08424904942512512,
-0.015880722552537918,
0.042535312473773956,
0.04137763753533363,
-0.014050844125449657,
0.07902082800865173,
-0.021174296736717224,
-0.0014786062529310584,
-0.05758512020111084,
-0.08253120630979538,
0.02995023876428604,
-0.010587148368358612,
0.022033218294382095,
0.025861022993922234,
0.00025834765983745456,
-0.004560689441859722,
-0.007510900031775236,
-0.032004181295633316,
0.0027564861811697483,
0.00748289143666625,
0.025151478126645088,
0.056688856333494186,
0.01703839935362339,
-0.027018699795007706,
0.035831987857818604,
0.027317455038428307,
-0.07136522233486176,
0.004761415533721447,
0.010204367339611053,
-0.00004121016900171526,
-0.01968051865696907,
-0.022350644692778587,
0.0019699190743267536,
-0.0230228453874588,
-0.010997937060892582,
0.030230320990085602,
-0.016767652705311775,
0.04190045967698097,
-0.03174277022480965,
-0.014751052483916283,
0.010885903611779213,
0.002156641334295273,
0.003106590360403061,
0.05904155597090721,
-0.004962142091244459,
-0.00928942859172821,
0.07480090856552124,
0.11696277558803558,
0.03738178312778473,
-0.01831744611263275,
0.018485495820641518,
0.009942956268787384,
-0.007151459809392691,
-0.05258096754550934,
0.024722017347812653,
-0.00982158724218607,
-0.05627806484699249,
0.0187188982963562,
0.0054289475083351135,
0.06680919975042343,
0.019587157294154167,
0.022892139852046967,
0.06632371991872787,
0.0131639139726758,
-0.06180504336953163,
0.06815359741449356,
0.02606641687452793,
0.030678454786539078,
0.02078218013048172,
-0.01915769651532173,
-0.07457683980464935,
-0.003953842446208,
-0.03400211036205292,
-0.010876567102968693,
-0.029744844883680344,
0.008225112222135067,
0.04156436026096344,
-0.008925320580601692,
-0.05396271124482155,
-0.06012454256415367,
-0.023358944803476334,
-0.02440458908677101,
-0.014545658603310585,
-0.018476160243153572,
-0.03297513723373413,
-0.02716807834804058,
-0.023153550922870636,
-0.03241497278213501,
-0.03441289812326431,
0.019176367670297623,
-0.013976155780255795,
-0.04899590089917183,
-0.003192949341610074,
0.03678426891565323,
-0.017243793234229088,
-0.07192538678646088,
0.019587157294154167,
0.030230320990085602,
0.02025935798883438,
-0.055829934775829315,
-0.018886949867010117,
0.04787556827068329,
0.04302079230546951,
-0.0003918248403351754,
0.006974073592573404,
0.06789218634366989,
0.040294647216796875,
-0.029539449140429497,
-0.06497932225465775,
-0.025805005803704262,
-0.018065370619297028,
0.005242225248366594,
-0.03312451392412186,
0.05078843608498573,
0.021529067307710648,
0.012379680760204792,
-0.05709964409470558,
-0.01801869086921215,
0.008757270872592926,
-0.0042595998384058475,
-0.03321787714958191,
-0.07181335240602493,
-0.019475124776363373,
-0.020838195458054543,
0.016926366835832596,
-0.045522868633270264,
0.038651492446660995,
-0.006315878126770258,
0.008033721707761288,
0.013901466503739357,
-0.03409546986222267,
-0.02967015467584133,
-0.013817441649734974,
-0.0670706108212471,
-0.016468897461891174,
-0.04735274612903595,
0.015591302886605263,
-0.06374695152044296,
0.016403544694185257,
-0.009485486894845963,
-0.04817432537674904,
-0.028083017095923424,
0.016730308532714844,
-0.005699694622308016,
0.00939212553203106,
-0.012118269689381123,
-0.010923247784376144,
0.03962244838476181,
0.0006657813210040331,
0.001042726682499051,
-0.023452306166291237,
-0.018392134457826614,
-0.049966856837272644,
0.013107897713780403,
-0.002329359296709299,
0.003617742331698537,
-0.0526556558907032,
0.008691918104887009,
0.02793363854289055,
0.0398465134203434,
-0.0235269945114851,
-0.043580956757068634,
0.04649382457137108,
-0.04320751503109932,
0.020931556820869446,
0.06677184998989105,
0.006894716527312994,
0.007851667702198029,
0.002754152286797762,
-0.037232402712106705,
0.04089215770363808,
0.03515978902578354,
-0.01838279888033867,
-0.013882794417440891,
-0.011455406434834003,
-0.027541521936655045,
0.012361008673906326,
-0.026813305914402008,
0.037288419902324677,
-0.05680088698863983,
-0.044701289385557175,
-0.08021584898233414,
0.0346369668841362,
-0.021230312064290047,
-0.017934665083885193,
0.037213731557130814,
0.0018100382294505835,
-0.004544351249933243,
0.01053113117814064,
-0.01192221138626337,
-0.03592534735798836,
0.008575215935707092,
-0.07491294294595718,
0.007903016172349453,
-0.025394218042492867,
0.05534445494413376,
0.00741287088021636,
0.031630739569664,
-0.030883848667144775,
0.01300519984215498,
-0.015423252247273922,
-0.044178467243909836,
0.07580921053886414,
0.0033656673040241003,
0.005699694622308016,
-0.018793588504195213,
0.005905088968575001,
0.0320415273308754,
0.014302919618785381,
-0.030678454786539078,
-0.02601039968430996,
0.03346061706542969,
-0.036112070083618164,
0.029539449140429497,
0.019568484276533127,
-0.03077181614935398,
0.003582731820642948,
0.036672238260507584,
0.005933097563683987,
-0.03077181614935398,
-0.009858931414783001,
0.027056043967604637,
-0.01178217027336359,
0.022126579657197,
0.04783822223544121,
0.022556040436029434,
-0.0004131228488404304,
-0.01997927390038967,
0.014732380397617817,
0.05515773221850395,
0.03015563264489174,
-0.04290875792503357,
0.02240666188299656,
-0.005083511583507061,
0.003993520513176918,
0.028419116511940956,
-0.02655189484357834,
-0.04589631408452988,
0.029819533228874207,
-0.030230320990085602,
-0.012706444598734379,
0.02048342302441597,
0.027858950197696686,
-0.023900439962744713,
-0.06068471074104309,
0.006390566937625408,
0.0018263764213770628,
-0.06150628626346588,
-0.049444034695625305,
-0.0680789053440094,
0.03164941072463989,
-0.039211660623550415,
-0.014442960731685162,
-0.03618675842881203,
0.046381790190935135,
-0.02851247787475586,
-0.025917040184140205,
0.010997937060892582,
-0.0016933368751779199,
-0.022574711591005325,
0.034506261348724365,
-0.032788414508104324,
-0.008901979774236679,
-0.027821606025099754,
0.04126560315489769,
-0.03846476972103119,
-0.06796687841415405,
0.006007786374539137,
0.029240693897008896,
0.00020524852152448148,
0.01037241704761982,
-0.05287972465157509,
0.01814006082713604,
-0.0034777007531374693,
0.024161851033568382,
0.08282995969057083,
-0.0324336439371109,
0.05560586601495743,
-0.028904594480991364,
-0.0033960097935050726,
0.017290474846959114,
0.003743779845535755,
-0.006876044441014528,
0.030697127804160118,
0.025879694148898125,
-0.020670145750045776,
0.016683626919984818,
0.02468467317521572,
-0.00850052759051323,
-0.017505204305052757,
-0.04190045967698097,
-0.005839736200869083,
0.00009897734707919881,
-0.006334550213068724,
-0.05149797722697258,
-0.03939837962388992,
-0.026682600378990173,
-0.005433615762740374,
-0.014788396656513214,
0.10239844769239426,
-0.04074278101325035,
-0.048062290996313095,
0.027840277180075645,
-0.010736525990068913,
0.010325737297534943,
0.013864122331142426,
-0.02464732900261879,
-0.02798965573310852,
-0.026029072701931,
0.0133132915943861,
0.04302079230546951,
-0.029147332534193993,
-0.01745852455496788,
0.010913911275565624,
0.006325214169919491,
-0.0007235484663397074,
0.007006749976426363,
0.01754254847764969,
0.03928634896874428,
0.024796705693006516,
-0.03426352143287659,
-0.01424690242856741,
0.022219939157366753,
-0.018765579909086227,
0.04458925873041153,
0.021753134205937386,
-0.010708517394959927,
0.04272203519940376,
-0.013649391941726208,
0.009513495489954948,
0.04903324693441391,
0.02052076905965805,
-0.0720747634768486,
0.017505204305052757,
-0.02767222747206688,
0.051124535501003265,
0.01537657156586647,
-0.02550625056028366,
-0.04208718240261078,
-0.014498977921903133,
0.03872618079185486,
0.01901765540242195,
0.041153568774461746,
0.000018088710930896923,
0.036952320486307144,
-0.002938540419563651,
0.025300856679677963,
-0.004994818475097418,
0.0017365163657814264,
-0.005774383433163166,
0.01735582761466503,
0.006642641965299845,
-0.0005044416757300496,
0.01357470266520977,
-0.02412450686097145,
-0.006750007160007954,
-0.031406670808792114,
0.011558103375136852,
-0.011651464737951756,
0.023433635011315346,
-0.003071579849347472,
0.06176769733428955,
0.00007877342432038859,
-0.011222003027796745,
-0.014377607963979244,
0.034786343574523926,
0.040294647216796875,
-0.024815378710627556,
-0.020558113232254982,
0.013714744709432125,
0.006577289197593927,
-0.04656851291656494,
-0.034207504242658615,
0.0017820298671722412,
-0.0014295916771516204,
-0.0020784512162208557,
-0.013406652957201004,
-0.0026024405378848314,
0.007422206923365593,
0.03192949295043945,
-0.0184201430529356,
-0.016524912789463997,
0.02356434054672718,
0.0026864653918892145,
-0.0013047212269157171,
0.0110632898285985,
-0.029016626998782158,
-0.021435707807540894,
-0.0026864653918892145,
-0.04126560315489769,
0.001144840382039547,
-0.031668081879615784,
0.019717862829566002,
-0.0199232567101717,
0.02686932310461998,
-0.028885921463370323,
0.027018699795007706,
0.0026304489001631737,
-0.03928634896874428,
0.004976146388798952,
0.02524483948945999,
-0.036112070083618164,
0.019792551174759865,
-0.03508509695529938,
0.039136968553066254,
-0.023396288976073265,
-0.028904594480991364,
0.026402516290545464,
0.05919093266129494,
0.06755608320236206,
-0.03629879280924797,
-0.009952292777597904,
-0.00370643544010818,
0.024161851033568382,
-0.056053999811410904,
0.06957268714904785,
0.012585075572133064,
-0.034786343574523926,
-0.0050274948589503765,
0.06848970055580139,
-0.038688838481903076,
0.04836104437708855,
0.008972001262009144,
0.026141105219721794,
0.02658923901617527,
-0.006031126715242863,
0.020091306418180466,
-0.02296682819724083,
0.010988600552082062,
-0.020856868475675583,
-0.017635909840464592,
-0.024516623467206955,
-0.031070571392774582,
0.0420498363673687,
-0.007058098446577787,
0.002702803583815694,
0.02797098271548748,
0.019092343747615814,
0.03430086374282837,
-0.024479279294610023,
0.04686727002263069,
-0.015535285696387291,
-0.0007737300475127995,
-0.0020411068107932806,
0.024441933259367943,
0.014284247532486916,
0.027896294370293617,
0.06337350606918335,
0.034207504242658615,
0.010764533653855324,
0.024703344330191612,
0.007188803981989622,
0.04978013411164284,
0.006600629072636366,
-0.030361026525497437,
0.014116196893155575,
-0.018392134457826614,
0.024143178015947342,
-0.0009826255263760686,
-0.018476160243153572,
-0.023881766945123672,
0.0644565001130104,
0.027485506609082222,
0.028605839237570763,
-0.034730326384305954,
0.03678426891565323,
0.008206440135836601,
-0.015329891815781593,
0.016086116433143616,
-0.011940883472561836,
-0.022780107334256172,
-0.02774691767990589,
0.04242328181862831,
0.022126579657197,
-0.014321591705083847,
-0.011147314682602882,
0.03377804160118103,
-0.0008589220815338194,
-0.029688827693462372,
-0.05041499063372612,
-0.008103743195533752,
-0.02218259498476982,
0.014732380397617817,
0.009942956268787384,
-0.0020539439283311367,
0.02025935798883438,
0.07483825087547302,
0.009681545197963715,
0.00997096486389637,
-0.033908747136592865,
-0.030342355370521545,
0.007837663404643536,
0.02440458908677101,
-0.0068573723547160625,
0.00370410131290555,
-0.008024386130273342,
-0.022593384608626366,
-0.00023106869775801897,
-0.013415989466011524,
-0.059676408767700195,
0.022033218294382095,
0.015143169090151787,
-0.004504672717303038,
-0.018606865778565407,
0.007212144322693348,
0.02606641687452793,
-0.02081952430307865,
0.019736535847187042,
0.0039211660623550415,
-0.005293574184179306,
0.02496475540101528,
-0.05534445494413376,
-0.005582993384450674,
-0.016767652705311775,
0.016384871676564217,
0.03939837962388992,
-0.027597539126873016,
0.023452306166291237,
0.01913902349770069,
-0.004994818475097418,
0.013714744709432125,
-0.006726666819304228,
-0.05452287942171097,
0.005881748627871275,
0.0019780881702899933,
0.008220444433391094,
0.014508313499391079,
-0.01456433068960905,
0.002957212505862117,
0.021118279546499252,
0.003342327196151018,
0.04731540009379387,
0.03219090402126312,
0.023769734427332878,
-0.031406670808792114,
0.016450224444270134,
0.012893167324364185,
-0.0029712168034166098,
0.042497970163822174,
0.009247416630387306,
-0.017663918435573578,
-0.00940146204084158,
-0.009452810510993004,
-0.016954373568296432,
0.06740670651197433,
-0.05851873382925987,
-0.0044019753113389015,
0.011315364390611649,
0.010988600552082062,
0.031089244410395622,
0.0035617256071418524,
0.021734463050961494,
-0.028176378458738327,
-0.022275956347584724,
-0.02018466778099537,
-0.016086116433143616,
-0.01589939370751381,
0.004110222216695547,
-0.048323702067136765,
-0.02546890638768673,
0.03385273367166519,
0.058593422174453735,
-0.0199232567101717,
0.030062271282076836,
0.021211640909314156,
-0.03758717700839043,
0.011744825169444084,
0.045298803597688675,
-0.03385273367166519,
-0.014200221747159958,
0.008341813459992409,
0.06639841198921204,
-0.01742118038237095,
0.03876352682709694,
-0.016086116433143616,
0.03497306630015373,
-0.012473042123019695,
0.006810691673308611,
0.008001045323908329,
0.05243159085512161,
-0.009662873111665249,
-0.009980300441384315,
-0.03332991153001785,
0.004901457577943802,
0.03850211575627327,
-0.025636956095695496,
-0.02076350711286068,
0.0008355817990377545,
-0.013322628103196621,
-0.002838177140802145,
-0.03906228020787239,
0.06602496653795242,
-0.024441933259367943,
0.030136961489915848,
-0.038390081375837326,
-0.013808106072247028,
-0.05990047752857208,
-0.0324336439371109,
0.0044159796088933945,
0.018504168838262558,
0.018765579909086227,
-0.02522616647183895,
0.03153737634420395,
0.020053962245583534,
-0.015553957782685757,
0.005410275422036648,
-0.05310378968715668,
-0.040854815393686295,
0.005158200394362211,
-0.0008589220815338194,
-0.005653013940900564,
-0.007861004211008549,
0.008757270872592926,
0.020931556820869446,
-0.004009858705103397,
-0.020128652453422546,
0.04839839041233063,
0.015964746475219727,
-0.01150208618491888,
0.004920129664242268,
-0.06113284453749657,
0.026813305914402008,
-0.05456022173166275,
-0.012435697950422764,
-0.018849603831768036,
0.006007786374539137,
0.018252093344926834,
0.0426473468542099,
-0.031686753034591675,
0.039211660623550415,
0.024852722883224487,
0.005961105693131685,
-0.0007842331542633474,
-0.00880861934274435,
0.017514541745185852,
-0.005853740498423576,
-0.012174286879599094,
0.035570576786994934,
-0.006390566937625408,
0.010559139773249626,
-0.03928634896874428,
-0.0554564893245697,
-0.025132806971669197,
0.016823668032884598,
0.00013588415458798409,
-0.03936103731393814,
-0.00021881505381315947,
-0.005167536437511444,
-0.032302938401699066,
0.021417034789919853,
-0.017663918435573578,
-0.011436733417212963,
0.001950079808011651,
0.004362297244369984,
-0.02685065008699894,
0.015964746475219727,
-0.039174314588308334,
0.007776978891342878,
-0.02188383974134922,
0.01260374765843153,
0.03445024415850639,
0.01616080477833748,
-0.03876352682709694,
-0.00018205413653049618,
-0.00008832834282657132,
-0.007282165344804525,
-0.0438423678278923,
-0.013117233291268349,
-0.03407679870724678,
-0.021435707807540894,
0.012575739063322544,
-0.03379671648144722,
0.03207886964082718,
-0.010437769815325737,
0.022107906639575958,
0.04570959135890007,
0.02410583384335041,
-0.004896789323538542,
-0.003559391712769866,
0.013770760968327522,
-0.018690891563892365,
0.024236539378762245,
-0.007907684892416,
0.004878117237240076,
-0.0048361048102378845,
-0.03385273367166519,
-0.03181745857000351,
-0.0006115151336416602,
-0.02769090048968792,
-0.0060544670559465885,
0.030248994007706642,
0.008439842611551285,
0.04089215770363808,
0.009065361693501472,
0.012669100426137447,
-0.03215356171131134,
0.016963711008429527,
0.005372930783778429,
-0.04339423403143883,
-0.014517650008201599,
-0.014032172039151192,
-0.011044616810977459,
0.014639019034802914,
0.017215784639120102,
-0.02214525081217289,
0.004740409553050995,
-0.012295655906200409,
0.02192118391394615,
0.02910998836159706,
-0.009644201025366783,
0.027093390002846718,
-0.023919111117720604,
0.008561212569475174,
0.004948137793689966,
-0.03075314313173294,
-0.024460606276988983,
0.02268674597144127,
0.027578866109251976,
-0.020072635263204575,
0.009214740246534348,
0.051348600536584854,
0.02348965033888817,
0.01399482786655426,
0.002014265628531575,
0.015628647059202194,
0.0131639139726758,
0.018224084749817848,
0.0015217858599498868,
0.038072653114795685,
-0.03654153272509575,
0.015871385112404823,
-0.02935272827744484,
0.037811242043972015,
0.06617434322834015,
0.003498706966638565,
0.02690666727721691,
-0.04440253600478172,
0.002702803583815694,
0.013612047769129276,
-0.02128632925450802,
0.009728225879371166,
0.001999094383791089,
-0.02080085128545761,
-0.01607678085565567,
-0.005863076541572809,
-0.0018135391874238849,
0.03545854240655899,
-0.04156436026096344,
-0.023769734427332878,
-0.06057267636060715,
0.0014482639962807298,
0.041116226464509964,
-0.02354566752910614,
0.02158508449792862,
0.010913911275565624,
-0.013247938826680183,
-0.025954384356737137,
0.01619814895093441,
-0.0005706696538254619,
-0.007506231777369976,
-0.017374498769640923,
0.011959555558860302,
-0.00846785120666027,
0.013135905377566814,
-0.004336622543632984,
0.034730326384305954,
-0.028699200600385666,
-0.02546890638768673,
-0.03566393628716469,
-0.014797733165323734,
-0.00022071145940572023,
-0.03211621567606926,
0.04843573644757271,
0.017122425138950348,
0.02877388894557953,
-0.026514550670981407,
-0.0010368915973231196,
-0.040070582181215286,
0.029427416622638702,
0.01936309039592743,
-0.03185480460524559,
0.021939856931567192,
-0.015544622205197811,
0.0061524962075054646,
0.001352568855509162,
-0.014779061079025269,
-0.004324952606111765,
-0.004896789323538542,
-0.01873757131397724,
0.023751061409711838,
0.012491714209318161,
0.0026747952215373516,
-0.013509349897503853,
-0.024815378710627556,
-0.019288402050733566,
0.009261419996619225,
0.02629048377275467,
0.010587148368358612,
-0.01759856566786766,
0.007935692556202412,
0.010839222930371761,
-0.0076696136966347694,
0.006521272473037243,
0.0004128310829401016,
0.012258311733603477,
0.02462865598499775,
0.032564349472522736,
-0.011968892067670822,
0.02854982204735279,
0.026682600378990173,
-0.025412889197468758,
-0.03207886964082718,
0.02713073417544365,
-0.03312451392412186,
0.01328528393059969,
-0.047763533890247345,
-0.014480305835604668,
0.027840277180075645,
-0.04626975581049919,
0.04653116688132286,
-0.028624510392546654,
-0.0039515080861747265,
-0.007123451214283705
] |
Despite the rapid progress of automatic speech recognition (ASR) technologies
in the past few decades, recognition of disordered speech remains a highly
challenging task to date. Disordered speech presents a wide spectrum of
challenges to current data intensive deep neural networks (DNNs) based ASR
technologies that predominantly target normal speech. This paper presents
recent research efforts at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) to
improve the performance of disordered speech recognition systems on the largest
publicly available UASpeech dysarthric speech corpus. A set of novel modelling
techniques including neural architectural search, data augmentation using
spectra-temporal perturbation, model based speaker adaptation and cross-domain
generation of visual features within an audio-visual speech recognition (AVSR)
system framework were employed to address the above challenges. The combination
of these techniques produced the lowest published word error rate (WER) of
25.21% on the UASpeech test set 16 dysarthric speakers, and an overall WER
reduction of 5.4% absolute (17.6% relative) over the CUHK 2018 dysarthric
speech recognition system featuring a 6-way DNN system combination and cross
adaptation of out-of-domain normal speech data trained systems. Bayesian model
adaptation further allows rapid adaptation to individual dysarthric speakers to
be performed using as little as 3.06 seconds of speech. The efficacy of these
techniques were further demonstrated on a CUDYS Cantonese dysarthric speech
recognition task. | [
0.04503433406352997,
0.06507642567157745,
-0.028493572026491165,
-0.05376753211021423,
0.05429071933031082,
0.013753782957792282,
-0.0129690021276474,
0.02799050882458687,
-0.04382697865366936,
0.02931859903037548,
0.012989125214517117,
-0.048374682664871216,
-0.012174160219728947,
-0.04527580365538597,
-0.0129086347296834,
0.020434480160474777,
-0.0020789140835404396,
-0.0025480217300355434,
0.01095674466341734,
-0.02682339772582054,
0.014780034311115742,
0.016661494970321655,
-0.06797407567501068,
-0.0023430229630321264,
-0.0022675632499158382,
0.053244344890117645,
0.07099246233701706,
0.013280902057886124,
-0.03841400519013405,
0.0202533770352602,
0.04270011559128761,
0.016490453854203224,
0.008833812549710274,
-0.017204806208610535,
0.01792921870946884,
0.02465016022324562,
0.062379997223615646,
0.020786624401807785,
0.015625182539224625,
0.049783263355493546,
0.012254650704562664,
-0.019750311970710754,
-0.027708791196346283,
0.004147766623646021,
0.0662032887339592,
-0.032618701457977295,
-0.03080766834318638,
0.010166933760046959,
0.03929939866065979,
0.04950154572725296,
0.02237630821764469,
0.0007017749594524503,
0.010976866818964481,
-0.013743721880018711,
0.018220996484160423,
0.03269919008016586,
0.040446385741233826,
0.032417476177215576,
0.07710972428321838,
-0.014287031255662441,
0.05525660514831543,
-0.06370808929204941,
-0.014498318545520306,
0.0000804510127636604,
-0.008210012689232826,
-0.01958933100104332,
0.015363589860498905,
0.0004071678267791867,
-0.006841677241027355,
0.011198215186595917,
-0.010086443275213242,
-0.041613493114709854,
-0.005760088562965393,
0.049783263355493546,
-0.017426153644919395,
-0.04624168947339058,
-0.016520638018846512,
0.0802890956401825,
-0.019750311970710754,
0.004937577992677689,
0.056182242929935455,
-0.022094592452049255,
-0.04853566363453865,
-0.0016148369759321213,
0.04873688891530037,
-0.01144974771887064,
-0.045436784625053406,
-0.07920247316360474,
0.015343466773629189,
-0.019971659407019615,
-0.07570114731788635,
0.006912106182426214,
0.04591972753405571,
-0.023422682657837868,
-0.032618701457977295,
0.038796331733465195,
-0.021450670436024666,
-0.001036312896758318,
-0.04515506699681282,
-0.040969572961330414,
0.02549530752003193,
0.006977504584938288,
0.05457243695855141,
-0.0013960039941594005,
0.027427075430750847,
0.013914763927459717,
-0.02013264037668705,
0.02821185626089573,
0.010066320188343525,
0.17917144298553467,
0.0032623731531202793,
0.00822510477155447,
0.042176928371191025,
0.0031516989693045616,
-0.009523010812699795,
0.026400825008749962,
-0.0156855508685112,
-0.05243944376707077,
-0.048133209347724915,
-0.025676410645246506,
0.04370624199509621,
0.05847621709108353,
-0.03907804936170578,
0.03440961241722107,
-0.02410685084760189,
0.05871768668293953,
0.011852199211716652,
-0.008179828524589539,
-0.05493464320898056,
-0.014578809030354023,
-0.020786624401807785,
-0.0002466588048264384,
-0.04286109283566475,
-0.015916960313916206,
0.008828781545162201,
0.025475185364484787,
-0.06777285039424896,
-0.038796331733465195,
0.007571120746433735,
0.009543132968246937,
0.006640451028943062,
0.04366599768400192,
-0.001818578108213842,
0.014860524795949459,
-0.030666811391711235,
0.023181211203336716,
-0.024609914049506187,
0.06728990375995636,
0.002427286235615611,
0.03461083769798279,
-0.011278705671429634,
0.03547610715031624,
0.00398930162191391,
0.03173330798745155,
0.015182485803961754,
0.019800618290901184,
0.019720127806067467,
-0.003508874913677573,
-0.005639352835714817,
0.03461083769798279,
0.054009001702070236,
-0.03839388117194176,
-0.0015758494846522808,
-0.010252454318106174,
0.00711333192884922,
0.02561604417860508,
-0.0285338182002306,
-0.00011994943633908406,
-0.037508487701416016,
0.043022073805332184,
0.029882030561566353,
0.04201594740152359,
-0.025213591754436493,
-0.001941828872077167,
-0.05316385626792908,
0.05175527557730675,
-0.005558862816542387,
0.02625996619462967,
-0.07775364816188812,
0.019569208845496178,
-0.07356815040111542,
0.046845365315675735,
0.013129983097314835,
0.025595922023057938,
0.05819449946284294,
0.0027215788140892982,
0.019780496135354042,
-0.037629224359989166,
0.01058447640389204,
0.01811032183468342,
-0.009246325120329857,
-0.0033428636379539967,
-0.011811953969299793,
-0.04475261643528938,
-0.0151925478130579,
-0.012647041119635105,
-0.020665889605879784,
0.007862897589802742,
-0.005131257697939873,
-0.00469862250611186,
-0.03151195868849754,
-0.04157324880361557,
0.003981755580753088,
-0.03231686353683472,
-0.006705849431455135,
0.026441069319844246,
0.0161785539239645,
0.04777100309729576,
-0.011127786710858345,
-0.03296078369021416,
-0.005136288236826658,
0.01974024996161461,
-0.04700634628534317,
0.004580402281135321,
-0.00332525628618896,
-0.007631488144397736,
-0.012586673721671104,
0.005684628617018461,
0.0064794705249369144,
-0.020987849682569504,
0.000026175073799095117,
-0.023905623704195023,
0.02420746348798275,
0.0066002062521874905,
-0.038695719093084335,
-0.04950154572725296,
0.001267093699425459,
0.003179367631673813,
-0.0001018705588649027,
-0.021350057795643806,
-0.03223637118935585,
-0.01540383417159319,
0.021309811621904373,
-0.03897743672132492,
0.05421023070812225,
-0.02057533711194992,
0.006006590090692043,
-0.002053760690614581,
-0.040325649082660675,
-0.009417367167770863,
-0.036099907010793686,
0.02181287668645382,
-0.012616856954991817,
-0.03791093826293945,
0.0699058398604393,
-0.032196126878261566,
0.010996989905834198,
0.07059001177549362,
0.034570593386888504,
-0.05626273155212402,
-0.021028095856308937,
0.023845257237553596,
0.020021965727210045,
-0.0016173523617908359,
-0.031532082706689835,
0.0649556890130043,
0.026400825008749962,
-0.06781309098005295,
0.06753137707710266,
-0.024469057098031044,
0.01150005403906107,
-0.022436676546931267,
0.027608178555965424,
0.0449538417160511,
-0.0029202892910689116,
0.0031064231880009174,
0.03724689409136772,
0.03265894576907158,
0.04624168947339058,
-0.022295817732810974,
0.001909129787236452,
0.011580544523894787,
-0.04157324880361557,
-0.018402099609375,
-0.004132674541324377,
-0.014961137436330318,
0.04769051447510719,
0.02724597230553627,
0.02996252104640007,
0.026340456679463387,
-0.021189076825976372,
0.00516144186258316,
0.015625182539224625,
-0.014357460662722588,
-0.030324727296829224,
-0.03591880574822426,
-0.03406752645969391,
0.017647502943873405,
-0.043062321841716766,
-0.01052410900592804,
0.0050935279577970505,
-0.05256017670035362,
-0.050749145448207855,
0.043263547122478485,
0.007581181824207306,
0.018090199679136276,
-0.002471304265782237,
-0.02845332771539688,
-0.0014488257002085447,
-0.05046742781996727,
0.02356354147195816,
-0.019629577174782753,
-0.018905162811279297,
0.01729535683989525,
-0.05972381681203842,
0.027970384806394577,
0.05066865682601929,
0.07179736346006393,
-0.012999186292290688,
-0.054330963641405106,
0.05895915627479553,
-0.0017016156343743205,
-0.04451114684343338,
0.023161089047789574,
-0.012717470526695251,
0.05207723751664162,
0.03422850742936134,
0.012787899002432823,
-0.008416268974542618,
-0.01607794128358364,
-0.0037956214509904385,
0.01627916656434536,
-0.12628930807113647,
0.026561804115772247,
0.05831523612141609,
0.02215496078133583,
0.022074470296502113,
0.024026360362768173,
0.01818075031042099,
0.033604707568883896,
-0.02517334744334221,
-0.05251993238925934,
0.0050834668800234795,
-0.01850271224975586,
0.019126512110233307,
-0.008828781545162201,
0.005558862816542387,
0.0074101397767663,
-0.007088178768754005,
-0.05553831905126572,
-0.011580544523894787,
-0.031854044646024704,
-0.09135650843381882,
-0.026139231398701668,
-0.02137017995119095,
0.0023581148125231266,
0.006358735263347626,
-0.017939278855919838,
-0.02823197841644287,
-0.06535813957452774,
0.0009904082398861647,
0.0005873278132639825,
0.028372837230563164,
0.005926099605858326,
-0.008350870572030544,
-0.06032749265432358,
0.0012658360647037625,
0.00025231827748939395,
0.0009847487090155482,
0.016681618988513947,
0.04612095281481743,
-0.047046590596437454,
-0.07799512147903442,
-0.010725335218012333,
0.008350870572030544,
-0.05799327418208122,
0.039460379630327225,
0.002135508693754673,
-0.018663693219423294,
0.018703937530517578,
0.023060476407408714,
0.014639176428318024,
0.008501789532601833,
-0.03831339254975319,
-0.03529500588774681,
-0.0023832679726183414,
-0.004522549919784069,
-0.023060476407408714,
-0.021873243153095245,
0.03199490159749985,
-0.006474439986050129,
0.028694799169898033,
-0.006509654689580202,
0.014930954203009605,
0.033604707568883896,
0.05602126196026802,
0.04483310878276825,
0.02690388821065426,
0.018311547115445137,
0.04507457837462425,
0.009180926717817783,
-0.03279980644583702,
-0.027105115354061127,
-0.03173330798745155,
0.03797130659222603,
0.0012733819894492626,
-0.0028825595509260893,
-0.0038283206522464752,
0.019106389954686165,
-0.02400623820722103,
-0.02690388821065426,
0.0061927237547934055,
-0.027185605838894844,
-0.014578809030354023,
-0.025153225287795067,
-0.014307154342532158,
-0.037850573658943176,
-0.005322422366589308,
0.03104913979768753,
-0.0005539997946470976,
0.01602763496339321,
0.023040354251861572,
-0.020313743501901627,
0.007309527136385441,
0.04378673434257507,
0.026340456679463387,
-0.012405570596456528,
0.005739965941756964,
-0.02475077286362648,
-0.02615935355424881,
-0.029177740216255188,
0.02454954758286476,
0.039440255612134933,
0.003574273083359003,
-0.0004879725456703454,
0.07590237259864807,
0.010926560498774052,
-0.02625996619462967,
-0.011258583515882492,
-0.03807191923260689,
0.0017569527262821794,
0.036301132291555405,
0.022939739748835564,
-0.04974301531910896,
-0.05082963407039642,
0.0018349277088418603,
-0.03364495187997818,
-0.0029228045605123043,
-0.01422666385769844,
0.04720757156610489,
-0.04058724269270897,
-0.028191734105348587,
-0.02064576745033264,
-0.028070999309420586,
-0.06539838016033173,
-0.02062564343214035,
0.005976405926048756,
0.08692954480648041,
-0.047811247408390045,
-0.02823197841644287,
-0.0644727423787117,
0.050306450575590134,
-0.02378488890826702,
-0.044028203934431076,
0.017999647185206413,
-0.059643324464559555,
0.004348992370069027,
-0.031854044646024704,
-0.006288306321948767,
-0.061253130435943604,
-0.011439686641097069,
0.026622172445058823,
0.027225850149989128,
-0.027286218479275703,
0.03471145033836365,
0.050427183508872986,
-0.04006405547261238,
-0.06221901625394821,
-0.005850640125572681,
0.059442099183797836,
0.012948879972100258,
-0.01575597934424877,
-0.023060476407408714,
-0.018321609124541283,
0.0328601710498333,
-0.008235165849328041,
0.021209198981523514,
-0.02364403009414673,
0.0022575019393116236,
0.03467120602726936,
-0.023261701688170433,
-0.017848728224635124,
0.013371454551815987,
-0.005820455960929394,
-0.05082963407039642,
-0.05742984265089035,
-0.0010457453317940235,
-0.03145159035921097,
-0.022436676546931267,
-0.023483050987124443,
-0.005800333339720964,
0.009276509284973145,
0.017939278855919838,
-0.01921706274151802,
-0.016188615933060646,
-0.03322237730026245,
-0.03676395118236542,
-0.05489439517259598,
0.0031818829011172056,
0.02432819828391075,
-0.017325541004538536,
-0.022658023983240128,
-0.03169306367635727,
-0.03444985672831535,
-0.020092396065592766,
0.013059553690254688,
-0.018090199679136276,
0.052358951419591904,
-0.03833351284265518,
0.07618408650159836,
0.051071107387542725,
-0.01921706274151802,
0.0028574063908308744,
-0.04769051447510719,
0.002467531245201826,
-0.008959578350186348,
-0.01139944139868021,
0.02692401222884655,
0.018563078716397285,
-0.002739186165854335,
-0.01996159926056862,
-0.022778760641813278,
-0.060407985001802444,
0.09167847037315369,
-0.028151487931609154,
0.03638162463903427,
0.015695612877607346,
-0.0305058304220438,
0.00018361854017712176,
-0.004864633549004793,
-0.027930140495300293,
-0.002550536999478936,
-0.014407766982913017,
-0.03227661922574043,
-0.011862260289490223,
-0.010166933760046959,
-0.029499702155590057,
0.01904602162539959,
-0.0026511498726904392,
-0.012707408517599106,
0.0035793038550764322,
0.024690404534339905,
-0.015574876219034195,
0.02941921167075634,
-0.025233713909983635,
-0.028372837230563164,
0.013804089277982712,
-0.030686933547258377,
-0.008894179947674274,
0.058677442371845245,
0.008441422134637833,
-0.022436676546931267,
-0.024287953972816467,
0.01823105663061142,
0.0010275092208757997,
-0.0392792746424675,
-0.06914118677377701,
-0.007877989672124386,
-0.008612464182078838,
-0.026199597865343094,
-0.030123502016067505,
0.04612095281481743,
0.01394494716078043,
-0.000689827196765691,
0.017325541004538536,
0.0034686296712607145,
0.023825135082006454,
0.09956652671098709,
0.018049953505396843,
-0.007601304445415735,
-0.05742984265089035,
-0.056061506271362305,
0.00900485459715128,
-0.01417635753750801,
0.0017971978522837162,
0.0021858152467757463,
0.03676395118236542,
-0.03008325584232807,
0.014437951147556305,
0.013572679832577705,
0.008652709424495697,
-0.03650235757231712,
0.02595812827348709,
0.03809204325079918,
-0.009070252999663353,
0.009779573418200016,
-0.01324065774679184,
-0.04354526102542877,
0.021128708496689796,
-0.03599929437041283,
-0.004454636014997959,
0.016802353784441948,
0.011409502476453781,
-0.03453034535050392,
-0.05936161056160927,
-0.015796225517988205,
-0.0015418926486745477,
-0.002322900341823697,
0.04483310878276825,
-0.03692493215203285,
0.010292699560523033,
0.05634322389960289,
0.006449286825954914,
0.00939724501222372,
-0.03245772048830986,
-0.028030753135681152,
0.01028766855597496,
0.027628302574157715,
-0.00808927696198225,
0.028956392779946327,
0.010564354248344898,
-0.01665143482387066,
0.0466843843460083,
-0.028252102434635162,
0.020665889605879784,
-0.054009001702070236,
0.03726701810956001,
0.025133101269602776,
-0.009865094907581806,
-0.00858228001743555,
0.006912106182426214,
0.015101996250450611,
0.023965992033481598,
-0.03563708811998367,
0.046201441437006,
0.019951537251472473,
-0.024287953972816467,
-0.05449194461107254,
-0.007832714356482029,
-0.01133907400071621,
-0.005589046515524387,
-0.01632947288453579,
-0.020514970645308495,
-0.016460269689559937,
0.03505353257060051,
0.044551391154527664,
-0.014558685943484306,
0.019921353086829185,
0.008753322064876556,
0.010101535357534885,
-0.05590052530169487,
0.04950154572725296,
-0.010171963833272457,
-0.014991321600973606,
-0.011691218242049217,
-0.0037956214509904385,
0.0029957490041851997,
0.01833166927099228,
0.06435200572013855,
0.03791093826293945,
-0.026461191475391388,
-0.00008363446977455169,
0.02364403009414673,
0.0295198243111372,
-0.010156871750950813,
-0.022819004952907562,
0.05239919573068619,
0.003403231268748641,
-0.008320686407387257,
0.018392037600278854,
0.009950615465641022,
-0.038595106452703476,
-0.0048243883065879345,
0.02169214002788067,
0.04229766130447388,
-0.0034158078487962484,
0.023825135082006454,
-0.013653170317411423,
0.0007105785771273077,
0.04483310878276825,
-0.009543132968246937,
-0.033483970910310745,
-0.050749145448207855,
-0.030244236811995506,
-0.015715735033154488,
-0.05046742781996727,
0.006207815837115049,
0.04121104255318642,
0.011630850844085217,
-0.05992504209280014,
-0.022658023983240128,
-0.022497043013572693,
0.01335133146494627,
0.018854856491088867,
0.0062530916184186935,
0.020142702385783195,
0.0259380042552948,
0.010161902755498886,
-0.016862722113728523,
0.012647041119635105,
0.003048570826649666,
0.008295533247292042,
-0.011661035008728504,
-0.012093670666217804,
-0.001930509926751256,
0.018070075660943985,
-0.01515230257064104,
-0.01096680574119091,
0.031230242922902107,
-0.029600314795970917,
-0.024227585643529892,
-0.008411237969994545,
0.031532082706689835,
-0.002244925359264016,
0.06555936485528946,
0.02692401222884655,
-0.010493924841284752,
0.013753782957792282,
-0.04535629600286484,
0.007621427066624165,
0.005568923894315958,
0.02636057883501053,
-0.005714812781661749,
-0.010664966888725758,
0.01697339490056038,
0.03716640546917915,
-0.006388918962329626,
-0.0027819466777145863,
-0.0333431139588356,
-0.0048067811876535416,
0.0005332483560778201,
0.007933326996862888,
0.011037235148251057,
-0.052278462797403336,
0.006922167260199785,
0.03139122575521469,
0.008939456194639206,
-0.006766217295080423,
-0.03644199296832085,
0.0011400699149817228,
0.000935699965339154,
0.008340809494256973,
0.007269281893968582,
0.01926736906170845,
-0.008059092797338963,
-0.02776915952563286,
0.03569745644927025,
0.04451114684343338,
-0.011620789766311646,
0.01032288372516632,
-0.012234528549015522,
-0.022859251126646996,
0.05537733808159828,
0.00226630549877882,
-0.0021002942230552435,
-0.006640451028943062,
-0.027648424729704857,
0.028513696044683456,
-0.023744644597172737,
0.031974777579307556,
-0.01806001551449299,
-0.05284189432859421,
0.05251993238925934,
-0.005010522436350584,
-0.029660683125257492,
-0.01460899319499731,
0.007284373976290226,
0.006937259342521429,
-0.03883657976984978,
-0.02758805640041828,
0.006912106182426214,
0.02734658494591713,
0.02442881092429161,
-0.0065498994663357735,
0.011580544523894787,
-0.05630297586321831,
-0.02322145737707615,
0.03831339254975319,
0.016520638018846512,
0.009754420258104801,
0.03145159035921097,
0.00529223820194602,
0.05207723751664162,
-0.0055035254918038845,
-0.005236901342868805,
-0.013743721880018711,
-0.002273851539939642,
-0.019549086689949036,
-0.031129630282521248,
-0.0007659156690351665,
-0.08210012316703796,
0.04070797935128212,
-0.01388457976281643,
0.0053727286867797375,
-0.0427403599023819,
0.033604707568883896,
0.004585432820022106,
-0.00332525628618896,
-0.017828606069087982,
0.024589791893959045,
-0.01373366080224514,
0.010463741607964039,
0.012395508587360382,
-0.001468948321416974,
0.050547920167446136,
-0.03742799907922745,
0.03451022505760193,
0.04636242240667343,
-0.035214513540267944,
0.016782231628894806,
-0.03030460514128208,
0.013129983097314835,
-0.0296405591070652,
-0.0019707551691681147,
-0.01291869580745697,
-0.026742909103631973,
-0.033383358269929886,
-0.0037075853906571865,
-0.0044143907725811005,
0.015343466773629189,
0.01778835989534855,
-0.021792754530906677,
0.004140220582485199,
0.009266448207199574,
-0.008743260987102985,
-0.006514685228466988,
-0.042820848524570465,
-0.0006014764658175409,
-0.06165558472275734,
-0.07437305152416229,
0.002509034238755703,
0.033383358269929886,
-0.015675488859415054,
-0.01004116702824831,
-0.015484324656426907,
-0.02507273480296135,
0.04660389572381973,
0.008149644359946251,
0.04286109283566475,
0.03583831340074539,
0.010886315256357193,
-0.0147599121555686,
0.008210012689232826,
0.013633047230541706,
-0.04881737753748894,
0.0703887864947319,
0.03958111256361008,
0.027728915214538574,
0.02183299884200096,
0.04849541559815407,
0.02128968946635723,
0.03752861171960831,
-0.015031566843390465,
-0.04451114684343338,
0.007762284949421883,
-0.01797952502965927,
-0.01660112850368023,
-0.0501454696059227,
-0.000980975804850459,
-0.05767131224274635,
0.04221717268228531,
0.002321642590686679,
0.04006405547261238,
-0.021350057795643806,
0.0032347047235816717,
-0.0147599121555686,
0.030344849452376366,
0.01388457976281643,
0.009563256055116653,
-0.05960308015346527,
0.048133209347724915,
0.004643285181373358,
-0.05034669488668442,
0.02509285695850849,
0.019840862601995468,
0.018693875521421432,
0.013059553690254688,
-0.05871768668293953,
-0.010066320188343525,
-0.05767131224274635,
0.007762284949421883,
-0.01095674466341734,
-0.044994086027145386,
-0.04169398546218872,
0.0021707231644541025,
0.025998372584581375,
-0.034248631447553635,
-0.03797130659222603,
-0.005073405336588621,
-0.02628008835017681,
0.00067850825143978,
0.0031340918503701687,
0.032840050756931305,
-0.03809204325079918,
0.07650604844093323,
-0.05396875739097595,
0.005483402870595455,
-0.02420746348798275,
0.021028095856308937,
-0.03324250131845474,
-0.0017531797057017684,
0.04523555934429169,
-0.005040706135332584,
-0.020464662462472916,
0.023382436484098434,
0.012767776846885681,
-0.03601941838860512,
0.008013817481696606,
-0.028956392779946327,
-0.00915074348449707,
-0.0061826626770198345,
-0.05332483723759651,
0.0013545011170208454,
-0.044470902532339096,
-0.011731463484466076,
0.023945869877934456,
-0.0009262674720957875,
-0.023744644597172737,
0.05099061504006386,
-0.019307615235447884,
-0.039138417690992355,
-0.03139122575521469,
-0.020565276965498924,
0.011842138133943081,
0.016913028433918953,
-0.019347859546542168,
0.013039431534707546,
-0.01379402820020914,
0.030103379860520363,
0.0015192547580227256,
0.047610022127628326,
-0.004972792696207762,
-0.032940663397312164,
0.010715273208916187,
-0.04853566363453865,
0.015122118405997753,
-0.00795344915241003,
-0.01600751280784607,
-0.004942608531564474,
0.01091649942100048,
-0.02225557342171669,
0.06306416541337967,
0.017255112528800964,
-0.0175368282943964,
0.05167478322982788,
0.0038232901133596897,
0.009130620397627354,
-0.032598577439785004,
0.00041565703577362,
-0.0015003898879513144,
-0.048052720725536346,
-0.044994086027145386,
-0.016470331698656082,
0.007047933526337147,
-0.0017217382555827498,
-0.011117725633084774,
-0.009678960777819157,
0.0077874381095170975,
0.008979701437056065,
0.010986928828060627,
-0.014186418615281582,
-0.035134024918079376,
0.0011425851844251156,
-0.043022073805332184,
-0.040225036442279816,
0.03312176465988159,
-0.01145980879664421,
-0.014468134380877018,
0.007224006112664938,
-0.010624721646308899,
-0.05863719806075096,
0.04430992156267166,
-0.015454141423106194,
0.0019657243974506855,
0.006554930470883846,
0.0048746950924396515,
-0.03678407520055771,
0.0061122337356209755,
-0.03193453326821327,
0.02571665681898594,
-0.024147095158696175,
-0.011027173139154911,
-0.008194920606911182,
-0.00035906228004023433,
0.009678960777819157,
-0.012103731743991375,
-0.015313282608985901,
-0.019971659407019615,
0.01514224149286747,
-0.0160578191280365,
-0.009356999769806862,
-0.017184682190418243,
0.026179475709795952,
-0.006690757814794779,
0.01981068029999733,
-0.007571120746433735,
0.04942105710506439,
0.025998372584581375,
-0.03269919008016586,
-0.0009677702910266817,
-0.0432232990860939,
-0.012063486501574516,
0.018150566145777702,
-0.01600751280784607,
-0.018271302804350853,
0.024770895019173622,
-0.040325649082660675,
-0.007722039707005024,
0.035455986857414246,
0.05626273155212402,
0.025676410645246506,
-0.008411237969994545,
-0.010021044872701168,
0.06113239750266075,
-0.02724597230553627,
0.049018602818250656,
0.03193453326821327,
0.0466843843460083,
-0.01887498050928116,
0.017154499888420105,
0.02682339772582054,
-0.008446453139185905,
0.01607794128358364,
-0.027004500851035118,
0.0008470348548144102,
-0.012284834869205952,
-0.054009001702070236,
-0.04105006158351898,
0.0015859107952564955,
-0.027386831119656563,
-0.03378581255674362,
0.0014563717413693666,
0.020565276965498924,
-0.026219721883535385
] |
Sequential recommendation models the dynamics of a user's previous behaviors
in order to forecast the next item, and has drawn a lot of attention.
Transformer-based approaches, which embed items as vectors and use dot-product
self-attention to measure the relationship between items, demonstrate superior
capabilities among existing sequential methods. However, users' real-world
sequential behaviors are \textit{\textbf{uncertain}} rather than deterministic,
posing a significant challenge to present techniques. We further suggest that
dot-product-based approaches cannot fully capture \textit{\textbf{collaborative
transitivity}}, which can be derived in item-item transitions inside sequences
and is beneficial for cold start items. We further argue that BPR loss has no
constraint on positive and sampled negative items, which misleads the
optimization. We propose a novel \textbf{STO}chastic
\textbf{S}elf-\textbf{A}ttention~(STOSA) to overcome these issues. STOSA, in
particular, embeds each item as a stochastic Gaussian distribution, the
covariance of which encodes the uncertainty. We devise a novel Wasserstein
Self-Attention module to characterize item-item position-wise relationships in
sequences, which effectively incorporates uncertainty into model training.
Wasserstein attentions also enlighten the collaborative transitivity learning
as it satisfies triangle inequality. Moreover, we introduce a novel
regularization term to the ranking loss, which assures the dissimilarity
between positive and the negative items. Extensive experiments on five
real-world benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model
over state-of-the-art baselines, especially on cold start items. The code is
available in \url{https://github.com/zfan20/STOSA}. | [
-0.0079981479793787,
0.0036637550219893456,
-0.03896002843976021,
-0.01814774051308632,
0.0033756957855075598,
-0.054083146154880524,
-0.058800119906663895,
-0.009694998152554035,
-0.057827919721603394,
0.03481917455792427,
-0.0048204935155808926,
-0.006310300435870886,
0.0009288789588026702,
0.008848823606967926,
0.0026442951057106256,
0.004431163426488638,
0.039356112480163574,
0.02254064567387104,
-0.010442151688039303,
-0.05631560832262039,
-0.008520255796611309,
-0.018885891884565353,
0.0046764640137553215,
0.02835584431886673,
0.049726247787475586,
0.04072439298033714,
0.004550437908619642,
0.017859680578112602,
-0.07503946870565414,
0.012269528582692146,
0.022612661123275757,
-0.011909454129636288,
-0.0337749607861042,
-0.002333730924874544,
-0.025871332734823227,
0.011189306154847145,
0.07640774548053741,
0.052606843411922455,
0.0014954331563785672,
0.036043427884578705,
-0.021208371967077255,
-0.024629076942801476,
-0.011927458457648754,
0.019966114312410355,
-0.000018513581380830146,
-0.025781312957406044,
-0.002243712544441223,
0.01801271177828312,
-0.032028600573539734,
-0.046629611402750015,
-0.03874398395419121,
-0.0324786938726902,
-0.011423354037106037,
-0.0010678450344130397,
-0.014015888795256615,
0.0352332629263401,
0.03975219279527664,
-0.03123643808066845,
0.04238073527812958,
0.0025227698497474194,
-0.03336087614297867,
0.02504316158592701,
-0.05671168863773346,
-0.016176333650946617,
-0.0010610936442390084,
-0.02075827866792679,
0.07936035841703415,
-0.020128147676587105,
0.03798782825469971,
-0.004617951810359955,
-0.07539954036474228,
0.023422827944159508,
0.09145884960889816,
0.014114908874034882,
-0.017598627135157585,
0.034963205456733704,
0.05073445662856102,
0.01361080538481474,
-0.0059232208877801895,
0.03708764538168907,
0.036745574325323105,
0.0615006759762764,
-0.019534025341272354,
-0.010172096081078053,
0.026267413049936295,
-0.047277744859457016,
0.0003882050223182887,
-0.05530739948153496,
0.019948111847043037,
-0.006931428797543049,
-0.005059042479842901,
-0.024755101650953293,
-0.04101245105266571,
-0.0612846314907074,
-0.006575855426490307,
0.02949007786810398,
0.02509717270731926,
0.004460419528186321,
-0.021982530131936073,
0.010136089287698269,
0.022774694487452507,
-0.016491398215293884,
-0.020128147676587105,
-0.00872729904949665,
0.058043964207172394,
-0.00891183689236641,
-0.04691766947507858,
0.052390798926353455,
-0.040220290422439575,
0.0918189212679863,
0.016761453822255135,
0.02660948410630226,
0.012809639796614647,
0.04922214522957802,
-0.04274081066250801,
-0.013376756571233273,
-0.029742129147052765,
-0.009577973745763302,
0.0055406419560313225,
-0.05627959966659546,
0.0048024896532297134,
0.02232460118830204,
-0.02650146186351776,
-0.01852581836283207,
-0.020452214404940605,
0.04029230400919914,
0.041084468364715576,
-0.012269528582692146,
0.010064073838293552,
0.016311362385749817,
-0.03148848935961723,
0.05898015573620796,
-0.029832148924469948,
-0.020488223060965538,
0.0003761087718885392,
0.030354255810379982,
0.017940698191523552,
-0.003778528654947877,
-0.023782901465892792,
-0.0032721743918955326,
-0.06369712948799133,
-0.03379296511411667,
-0.00861927680671215,
0.01137834507972002,
-0.04670162498950958,
0.039140067994594574,
-0.013169714249670506,
0.08137676864862442,
-0.07907229661941528,
0.02711358852684498,
-0.01812073402106762,
-0.01755361817777157,
-0.02210855670273304,
0.015069105662405491,
-0.005374107509851456,
0.04922214522957802,
-0.026987561956048012,
-0.023152772337198257,
0.024953143671154976,
-0.017391584813594818,
0.0329647958278656,
-0.012755628675222397,
-0.003805534215644002,
0.027851739898324013,
0.016608422622084618,
0.004577443469315767,
0.08720997720956802,
0.012584594078361988,
-0.05609956383705139,
0.03838391229510307,
0.006310300435870886,
0.06391317397356033,
-0.018273767083883286,
0.02264866791665554,
0.019678056240081787,
0.0322626493871212,
0.0985163077712059,
0.020452214404940605,
-0.020164156332612038,
0.026681499555706978,
-0.008830820210278034,
0.02466508373618126,
0.05404713749885559,
0.021118352189660072,
0.052390798926353455,
0.05339900404214859,
0.05289490148425102,
0.036313485354185104,
0.022126561030745506,
-0.010721209459006786,
0.03694361448287964,
-0.01629335805773735,
0.07669580727815628,
0.025457246229052544,
0.024593068286776543,
0.0039653172716498375,
-0.05066244304180145,
-0.01828276738524437,
-0.007593065034598112,
-0.008061161264777184,
-0.05534340813755989,
-0.04356897994875908,
0.03600742295384407,
-0.010109083727002144,
0.0008917463128454983,
0.0005544580053538084,
-0.008637280203402042,
-0.011657402850687504,
-0.006877417676150799,
-0.061356645077466965,
0.03996823728084564,
-0.02471909485757351,
-0.04655759409070015,
0.009749009273946285,
-0.014114908874034882,
0.008038656786084175,
0.003634499153122306,
0.00861927680671215,
-0.00013362128811422735,
-0.009145884774625301,
-0.02596135064959526,
-0.005432619713246822,
0.05865608900785446,
0.018561825156211853,
0.027563681825995445,
-0.019317980855703354,
-0.013961877673864365,
0.0023157272953540087,
0.04104845970869064,
-0.015870271250605583,
0.017337573692202568,
0.02129838988184929,
-0.013628808781504631,
-0.017859680578112602,
0.001316521316766739,
0.016842471435666084,
-0.027887748554348946,
0.0161043182015419,
-0.031056400388479233,
-0.02682552859187126,
-0.020830292254686356,
0.016167331486940384,
-0.02428700588643551,
-0.03694361448287964,
0.026033366098999977,
0.03271274268627167,
-0.04349696636199951,
0.07878423482179642,
0.05203072354197502,
0.03996823728084564,
-0.02732963301241398,
-0.06358910351991653,
0.010433150455355644,
0.02660948410630226,
0.002032168908044696,
0.01944400742650032,
0.053362999111413956,
-0.013745833188295364,
0.0020242922473698854,
-0.06963834911584854,
0.03849193453788757,
0.03471115231513977,
-0.015096111223101616,
0.04915013164281845,
-0.009902040474116802,
0.022306596860289574,
0.10427749156951904,
-0.04389304667711258,
0.027347635477781296,
0.030408266931772232,
0.007804608438163996,
-0.058584075421094894,
0.01026211492717266,
-0.02590733952820301,
0.020848296582698822,
-0.005765688139945269,
0.05102251470088959,
-0.04079640656709671,
0.02738364413380623,
-0.020722270011901855,
0.008061161264777184,
0.02644745074212551,
0.0014402968809008598,
0.025331221520900726,
0.006337305996567011,
-0.06304899603128433,
-0.004662961233407259,
0.016464393585920334,
-0.051418598741292953,
0.012530582956969738,
-0.034081023186445236,
-0.059988364577293396,
-0.036367494612932205,
-0.011639398522675037,
0.05807996913790703,
0.05552344396710396,
-0.010019064880907536,
0.04173260182142258,
0.040544357150793076,
-0.08504953235387802,
-0.020380200818181038,
0.03906805068254471,
0.028769928961992264,
-0.022036541253328323,
-0.03751973435282707,
-0.022414619103074074,
0.0324786938726902,
0.0010751590598374605,
-0.009361929260194302,
-0.06351709365844727,
0.0313984714448452,
-0.03971618413925171,
0.013565795496106148,
-0.009649989195168018,
-0.002968361834064126,
0.029310040175914764,
0.02108234539628029,
-0.011090286076068878,
-0.015636222437024117,
-0.0350172184407711,
-0.04976225644350052,
0.0318845696747303,
-0.05530739948153496,
-0.028697915375232697,
-0.03102039359509945,
0.01833677850663662,
0.004203866235911846,
0.018237758427858353,
0.006076252553611994,
0.022360607981681824,
0.027617692947387695,
-0.06502940505743027,
-0.04238073527812958,
-0.004284882918000221,
-0.005261584650725126,
-0.013511784374713898,
-0.025709299370646477,
0.019948111847043037,
-0.017166538164019585,
-0.05937623605132103,
0.003364443313330412,
-0.019426003098487854,
0.0006453205132856965,
0.00955997034907341,
0.017967702820897102,
0.030498284846544266,
-0.0019545278046280146,
0.025871332734823227,
0.0319925919175148,
0.0339910052716732,
0.0009333798661828041,
-0.02754567749798298,
0.01629335805773735,
0.0017362328944727778,
0.10708606988191605,
-0.01572624035179615,
0.054011132568120956,
0.02417898364365101,
0.012350545264780521,
0.04594546929001808,
0.000557833700440824,
-0.03597141429781914,
-0.08353721350431442,
-0.0014718032907694578,
-0.00292560295201838,
-0.03627747669816017,
0.0173195693641901,
0.002651046495884657,
0.025133179500699043,
-0.02308075688779354,
-0.0931151881814003,
0.023890923708677292,
-0.010091079398989677,
-0.03521525859832764,
0.00811967346817255,
0.027995770797133446,
-0.00011484398419270292,
0.0016518404008820653,
-0.025547266006469727,
0.06423723697662354,
-0.02617739513516426,
-0.008884831331670284,
0.026573477312922478,
0.01766164042055607,
0.005176066886633635,
0.06888219714164734,
0.04396506026387215,
0.0012107494985684752,
-0.053362999111413956,
0.02965211123228073,
0.01933598518371582,
-0.05807996913790703,
-0.04396506026387215,
-0.0664696991443634,
-0.009132382459938526,
-0.027149595320224762,
0.04252476617693901,
0.031416475772857666,
-0.02639343962073326,
-0.020020125433802605,
-0.01175642292946577,
-0.042452748864889145,
-0.040220290422439575,
0.02407096140086651,
-0.0013300240971148014,
0.003011120483279228,
0.008106171153485775,
0.02808578871190548,
0.04140853509306908,
0.010541172698140144,
-0.018030716106295586,
-0.028751926496624947,
-0.02959810011088848,
0.04547737166285515,
0.027257617563009262,
0.05541542172431946,
-0.03363092988729477,
0.005995235405862331,
0.030624311417341232,
0.02531321719288826,
-0.013979881070554256,
0.022018538787961006,
0.05617157742381096,
0.006881918292492628,
0.003920307848602533,
0.04493726044893265,
-0.04104845970869064,
-0.023152772337198257,
-0.05145460367202759,
-0.03580937907099724,
0.06520944088697433,
0.02515118382871151,
-0.017229551449418068,
-0.03127244487404823,
-0.011891450732946396,
-0.01933598518371582,
-0.04187662899494171,
0.012305536307394505,
0.014673024415969849,
-0.008650782518088818,
-0.015312155708670616,
0.018759867176413536,
-0.008970349095761776,
0.04461319372057915,
0.005387610290199518,
0.006778397131711245,
-0.03678157925605774,
0.0034049516543745995,
-0.02889595553278923,
-0.022306596860289574,
-0.07345513999462128,
0.03638549894094467,
-0.007124968338757753,
-0.026753513142466545,
0.014069899916648865,
-0.05055442079901695,
0.03606143221259117,
-0.02711358852684498,
0.008043157868087292,
-0.023710886016488075,
0.003463463857769966,
0.01707652024924755,
0.03813185915350914,
-0.0016158330254256725,
0.019786078482866287,
0.015069105662405491,
0.005041039083153009,
-0.02813979983329773,
-0.030390262603759766,
-0.00320466049015522,
-0.05768388882279396,
-0.04479323327541351,
-0.0026037865318357944,
0.02362086810171604,
0.03325285390019417,
0.040220290422439575,
-0.029994182288646698,
-0.027671704068779945,
0.020542234182357788,
-0.01148636732250452,
0.06845010817050934,
-0.00993804819881916,
-0.002678052056580782,
-0.005356104113161564,
0.02623140625655651,
0.009713001549243927,
-0.01868785172700882,
0.007723591756075621,
-0.029688118025660515,
0.001203998108394444,
-0.017913691699504852,
-0.00016386189963668585,
0.00547312805429101,
0.01812073402106762,
-0.0037807791959494352,
-0.03823988139629364,
-0.020056134089827538,
-0.06394918262958527,
0.03791581466794014,
-0.0008917463128454983,
0.028661906719207764,
0.005338100250810385,
0.036853596568107605,
0.027995770797133446,
0.011441358365118504,
0.007935135625302792,
0.005900715943425894,
0.010289120487868786,
-0.0035467310808598995,
0.017706649377942085,
-0.0035669852513819933,
0.0007449035183526576,
0.01993010751903057,
0.0029931168537586927,
-0.014700029976665974,
0.04670162498950958,
0.013205721974372864,
-0.021694472059607506,
0.04839397221803665,
0.035881396383047104,
-0.005086048040539026,
0.03809585049748421,
-0.04281282424926758,
0.03229865804314613,
-0.07712789624929428,
0.004946519620716572,
0.0035894897300750017,
0.0027838237583637238,
0.0330188050866127,
0.015303153544664383,
-0.01793169602751732,
0.03798782825469971,
-0.04360498860478401,
-0.0015899527352303267,
0.02927403338253498,
0.011729417368769646,
0.02943606674671173,
0.05350702628493309,
0.014051896519958973,
-0.018453802913427353,
-0.005531640257686377,
0.017832675948739052,
-0.023890923708677292,
0.045117300003767014,
-0.0009412564686499536,
-0.01993010751903057,
0.03417104110121727,
-0.02623140625655651,
-0.01532115787267685,
0.011774426326155663,
0.0031979090999811888,
0.04922214522957802,
-0.05102251470088959,
-0.0022662170231342316,
-0.042668793350458145,
0.005536140874028206,
-0.06805402785539627,
-0.0013198970118537545,
0.024755101650953293,
-0.03510723635554314,
0.013133706524968147,
0.01244056411087513,
-0.016113320365548134,
-0.02727562189102173,
0.047277744859457016,
-0.0152671467512846,
0.024791110306978226,
0.048429980874061584,
0.006701881065964699,
0.013511784374713898,
-0.021172363311052322,
0.023836912587285042,
0.0007297128904610872,
-0.015384171158075333,
0.0011983719887211919,
0.03921208158135414,
0.02434101700782776,
-0.012521580792963505,
-0.004901510197669268,
-0.0002417842042632401,
0.008092667907476425,
-0.023278797045350075,
-0.020992327481508255,
0.028229817748069763,
0.006197777576744556,
0.0016270853811874986,
-0.007039451040327549,
-0.04677363857626915,
0.015798255801200867,
-0.0084977513179183,
0.019516022875905037,
0.08015251904726028,
0.015411176718771458,
0.0009277536883018911,
-0.04004025086760521,
0.0028265826404094696,
0.01596929132938385,
-0.011837439611554146,
0.019966114312410355,
-0.049186136573553085,
0.00840323232114315,
0.0006880793371237814,
-0.029238026589155197,
0.023476839065551758,
-0.04518931359052658,
-0.005189569666981697,
0.05606355518102646,
0.013223725371062756,
0.016950493678450584,
0.03373895213007927,
-0.006746890489012003,
-0.008380726911127567,
0.05599154159426689,
-0.08526557683944702,
0.057827919721603394,
-0.02372889034450054,
0.029202017933130264,
0.04702569171786308,
-0.0352332629263401,
-0.0012917661806568503,
0.0317765474319458,
0.008002649061381817,
0.05746784433722496,
0.015024096705019474,
-0.03627747669816017,
0.05833202227950096,
0.012035480700433254,
-0.005320096388459206,
-0.01572624035179615,
-0.0012726372806355357,
-0.014997091144323349,
-0.0022718431428074837,
0.002333730924874544,
-0.059664297848939896,
-0.02052422985434532,
0.006778397131711245,
0.08022453635931015,
0.0016090816352516413,
0.03143448010087013,
-0.015582211315631866,
-0.0034769666381180286,
-0.010658197104930878,
0.01452899444848299,
0.02590733952820301,
-0.00977601483464241,
0.00844374019652605,
0.004134102258831263,
0.005500133614987135,
0.04529733583331108,
0.030192222446203232,
-0.024917135015130043,
0.0030943877063691616,
0.003969818353652954,
0.040004245936870575,
-0.010253112763166428,
-0.01868785172700882,
0.00013847385707776994,
0.03715965896844864,
0.005360604729503393,
-0.047565802931785583,
0.030462278053164482,
-0.028175806626677513,
0.03260472044348717,
0.012557588517665863,
0.023278797045350075,
-0.012584594078361988,
-0.05192270129919052,
0.036529529839754105,
-0.04058036208152771,
-0.012530582956969738,
0.0028085787780582905,
-0.019317980855703354,
-0.05181467905640602,
0.03921208158135414,
0.03762775659561157,
-0.047673825174570084,
-0.004658460151404142,
0.016824467107653618,
0.003458963008597493,
-0.028373848646879196,
-0.00475297961384058,
0.0041971150785684586,
-0.02900397777557373,
-0.021046338602900505,
0.02655547298491001,
-0.017544616013765335,
0.0020996828097850084,
-0.006863914895802736,
-0.004824994597584009,
0.022468630224466324,
-0.05512736365199089,
-0.03519725427031517,
0.004563940688967705,
0.04389304667711258,
0.038707979023456573,
-0.011441358365118504,
-0.032406680285930634,
0.010451153852045536,
0.011099287308752537,
0.00375377363525331,
-0.021118352189660072,
0.00392480893060565,
-0.015420177951455116,
-0.04036431759595871,
0.05008632317185402,
0.02776172198355198,
0.019371991977095604,
-0.028319837525486946,
-0.03143448010087013,
-0.0035827383399009705,
-0.016095317900180817,
0.03694361448287964,
-0.04371301084756851,
0.0085652656853199,
0.0015685732942074537,
0.030984386801719666,
0.035287272185087204,
0.021100349724292755,
-0.01922796294093132,
0.016149329021573067,
-0.02146042324602604,
0.022720683366060257,
0.03986021503806114,
-0.031704533845186234,
0.0038145361468195915,
-0.022414619103074074,
-0.017976704984903336,
0.031110411509871483,
0.033702947199344635,
0.013106700964272022,
0.0688461884856224,
-0.05372307077050209,
-0.03157850727438927,
0.01836378499865532,
0.0008034156053327024,
0.0012332542100921273,
-0.03787980601191521,
0.054731279611587524,
-0.00685941381379962,
-0.0015978292794898152,
0.035503316670656204,
-0.012890656478703022,
-0.026699502021074295,
-0.00022110807185526937,
-0.0009266284760087729,
0.04317289963364601,
0.012026478536427021,
0.054191168397665024,
0.03784380108118057,
0.03208261355757713,
0.03681758791208267,
-0.013619806617498398,
-0.0005434870254248381,
-0.00035360411857254803,
-0.046305544674396515,
0.01485306117683649,
-0.006809903308749199,
-0.005266085267066956,
-0.024917135015130043,
-0.041084468364715576,
0.04562140256166458,
0.030012184754014015,
-0.009694998152554035,
0.004662961233407259,
0.023224785923957825,
0.006346308160573244,
-0.023602863773703575,
0.04997830092906952,
-0.000051866158173652366,
-0.06380514800548553,
0.03514324128627777,
-0.008830820210278034,
0.006989940535277128,
-0.040220290422439575,
-0.01933598518371582,
0.04410909116268158,
0.011990470811724663,
-0.00718348054215312,
-0.012953669764101505,
-0.04594546929001808,
0.012674611993134022,
0.02047021873295307,
-0.007043951656669378,
0.02727562189102173,
-0.03845592588186264,
0.005252582486718893,
-0.022252585738897324,
0.003774027805775404,
0.059448253363370895,
-0.013736831024289131,
-0.03197459131479263,
-0.02335081249475479,
0.010991265065968037,
0.00232247868552804,
0.01976807415485382,
-0.017517609521746635,
-0.00988403707742691,
-0.002489012898877263,
-0.008574266918003559,
-0.015519198961555958,
0.011945461854338646,
0.007336512207984924,
0.030822353437542915,
0.01987609639763832,
-0.013565795496106148,
0.022072549909353256,
-0.018021713942289352,
0.0023112264461815357,
-0.00046753385686315596,
0.028877951204776764,
-0.018597833812236786,
0.025871332734823227,
-0.017220549285411835,
0.005180567502975464,
0.0016574666369706392,
-0.0155912134796381,
-0.032892778515815735,
0.047169722616672516,
-0.05361504852771759,
-0.03885200619697571,
0.00934392586350441,
-0.025601277127861977,
-0.0342610627412796,
-0.016545409336686134,
-0.02732963301241398,
-0.021658463403582573,
-0.03008420020341873,
0.036691561341285706,
0.03595340996980667,
-0.001327773672528565,
-0.0326407290995121,
0.008749803528189659,
-0.04540535807609558,
0.009740007109940052,
-0.08094467967748642,
0.054515235126018524,
-0.006526344921439886,
-0.02151443436741829,
0.016500400379300117,
0.03845592588186264,
0.023800905793905258,
0.014411970041692257,
-0.009217900224030018,
-0.030786344781517982,
0.008785810321569443,
-0.005576649215072393,
-0.0070799593813717365,
0.016014300286769867,
0.042668793350458145,
0.012701617553830147,
0.014754041098058224,
0.021154360845685005,
0.07298704236745834,
-0.0007460287306457758,
-0.019732067361474037,
0.023476839065551758,
-0.03352290764451027,
0.0313984714448452,
0.02372889034450054,
-0.0171035248786211,
0.03624146804213524,
-0.00292560295201838,
-0.04400106891989708,
-0.01211649738252163,
0.04562140256166458,
0.03303680941462517,
0.002678052056580782,
-0.057827919721603394,
-0.027995770797133446,
-0.05386710166931152,
0.0006053747492842376,
0.0163743756711483,
-0.07950438559055328,
0.03777178376913071,
0.0011494243517518044,
0.05102251470088959,
-0.0015393173089250922,
0.02671750634908676,
0.012674611993134022,
-0.03638549894094467,
0.0350172184407711,
-0.00033194341813214123,
0.03069632686674595,
-0.02596135064959526,
0.057935941964387894,
-0.022522641345858574,
-0.007773102261126041,
0.02569129504263401,
-0.018057722598314285,
-0.034459102898836136,
0.020218167454004288,
0.0173195693641901,
-0.008839821442961693,
-0.02911200001835823,
0.013997885398566723,
0.005972730927169323,
0.00045234322897158563,
0.024521054700016975,
0.0078001078218221664,
0.0034252058248966932,
0.0051220557652413845,
-0.014835057780146599,
-0.027401646599173546,
-0.02412497252225876,
0.08288908004760742,
0.02770771086215973,
0.03773577883839607,
-0.013313744217157364,
0.02335081249475479,
-0.023044750094413757,
-0.008763305842876434,
-0.04324491322040558,
0.013448772020637989,
-0.052822887897491455,
0.033324867486953735,
-0.023314805701375008,
-0.007818111218512058,
-0.003182155778631568,
0.02585332840681076,
0.0354493074119091,
-0.0014267941005527973,
-0.006566853262484074,
0.043208904564380646,
0.06747790426015854,
-0.00015176564920693636,
0.03330686315894127,
0.0318305604159832,
0.05095050111413002,
0.019678056240081787,
0.010649194940924644,
-0.021172363311052322,
0.027149595320224762,
-0.02124437876045704,
0.013052689842879772,
0.007003443315625191,
0.04058036208152771,
-0.009731005877256393,
-0.004597697407007217,
-0.005248081870377064,
0.027995770797133446,
0.019191956147551537,
-0.0019714063964784145,
-0.005788193084299564,
0.020272178575396538,
0.015708237886428833,
-0.01922796294093132,
0.06600160151720047,
-0.02275669015944004,
-0.003436458297073841,
0.011243317276239395,
-0.016032304614782333,
-0.01195446401834488,
-0.0315605029463768,
-0.06542548537254333,
0.02232460118830204,
0.012206516228616238,
-0.010766219347715378,
0.007971142418682575,
-0.04072439298033714,
0.009983057156205177,
-0.03787980601191521,
-0.003580488031730056,
-0.025601277127861977,
-0.012845647521317005,
-0.05980832502245903,
-0.01879587396979332,
-0.020614247769117355,
-0.012080489657819271,
-0.02754567749798298,
0.035611338913440704,
-0.02644745074212551,
-0.06207679584622383,
0.02461107261478901,
0.036097440868616104,
-0.0036547533236443996,
0.03570135682821274,
-0.003274424932897091,
-0.007872122339904308,
-0.04313689097762108,
0.013529788702726364,
0.040652379393577576,
-0.004757480695843697,
0.01618533581495285,
0.017067518085241318,
-0.008938842453062534,
0.0016945992829278111,
0.012827644124627113,
0.007192482240498066,
-0.007701087277382612,
0.017040511593222618,
-0.0335049070417881,
0.00657135434448719,
0.0347471609711647,
-0.030048193410038948,
-0.01420492772012949,
-0.013097699731588364,
-0.060312431305646896,
-0.021172363311052322,
-0.015447183512151241,
-0.02183850109577179,
-0.011027272790670395,
-0.0001936805492732674,
0.006494838744401932,
0.027023568749427795,
0.029093995690345764,
0.0025340223219245672,
0.08260102570056915,
-0.02705957740545273,
-0.05062643438577652,
0.014952081255614758,
-0.006886419374495745,
0.004951020237058401,
-0.025277210399508476,
0.001848755986429751,
-0.03780779242515564,
0.030012184754014015,
-0.02569129504263401,
0.009424942545592785,
0.03217263147234917,
0.007611068431288004,
0.03514324128627777,
-0.0167794581502676,
0.04752979427576065,
-0.030354255810379982
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.