# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
# 
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
# 
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""
Support for inter-process calls.
"""
import httplib
try:
  from cStringIO import StringIO
except ImportError:
  from StringIO import StringIO
from avro import io
from avro import protocol
from avro import schema

#
# Constants
#

# Handshake schema is pulled in during build
HANDSHAKE_REQUEST_SCHEMA = schema.parse("""
{
    "type": "record",
    "name": "HandshakeRequest", "namespace":"org.apache.avro.ipc",
    "fields": [
        {"name": "clientHash",
	 "type": {"type": "fixed", "name": "MD5", "size": 16}},
        {"name": "clientProtocol", "type": ["null", "string"]},
        {"name": "serverHash", "type": "MD5"},
 	{"name": "meta", "type": ["null", {"type": "map", "values": "bytes"}]}
 ]
}

""")

HANDSHAKE_RESPONSE_SCHEMA = schema.parse("""
{
    "type": "record",
    "name": "HandshakeResponse", "namespace": "org.apache.avro.ipc",
    "fields": [
        {"name": "match",
         "type": {"type": "enum", "name": "HandshakeMatch",
                  "symbols": ["BOTH", "CLIENT", "NONE"]}},
        {"name": "serverProtocol",
         "type": ["null", "string"]},
        {"name": "serverHash",
         "type": ["null", {"type": "fixed", "name": "MD5", "size": 16}]},
 	{"name": "meta",
         "type": ["null", {"type": "map", "values": "bytes"}]}
    ]
}

""")

HANDSHAKE_REQUESTOR_WRITER = io.DatumWriter(HANDSHAKE_REQUEST_SCHEMA)
HANDSHAKE_REQUESTOR_READER = io.DatumReader(HANDSHAKE_RESPONSE_SCHEMA)
HANDSHAKE_RESPONDER_WRITER = io.DatumWriter(HANDSHAKE_RESPONSE_SCHEMA)
HANDSHAKE_RESPONDER_READER = io.DatumReader(HANDSHAKE_REQUEST_SCHEMA)

META_SCHEMA = schema.parse('{"type": "map", "values": "bytes"}')
META_WRITER = io.DatumWriter(META_SCHEMA)
META_READER = io.DatumReader(META_SCHEMA)

SYSTEM_ERROR_SCHEMA = schema.parse('["string"]')

# protocol cache
REMOTE_HASHES = {}
REMOTE_PROTOCOLS = {}

BIG_ENDIAN_INT_STRUCT = io.struct_class('!I')
BUFFER_HEADER_LENGTH = 4
BUFFER_SIZE = 8192

#
# Exceptions
#

class AvroRemoteException(schema.AvroException):
  """
  Raised when an error message is sent by an Avro requestor or responder.
  """
  def __init__(self, fail_msg=None):
    schema.AvroException.__init__(self, fail_msg)

class ConnectionClosedException(schema.AvroException):
  pass

#
# Base IPC Classes (Requestor/Responder)
#

class BaseRequestor(object):
  """Base class for the client side of a protocol interaction."""
  def __init__(self, local_protocol, transceiver):
    self._local_protocol = local_protocol
    self._transceiver = transceiver
    self._remote_protocol = None
    self._remote_hash = None
    self._send_protocol = None

  # read-only properties
  local_protocol = property(lambda self: self._local_protocol)
  transceiver = property(lambda self: self._transceiver)

  # read/write properties
  def set_remote_protocol(self, new_remote_protocol):
    self._remote_protocol = new_remote_protocol
    REMOTE_PROTOCOLS[self.transceiver.remote_name] = self.remote_protocol
  remote_protocol = property(lambda self: self._remote_protocol,
                             set_remote_protocol)

  def set_remote_hash(self, new_remote_hash):
    self._remote_hash = new_remote_hash
    REMOTE_HASHES[self.transceiver.remote_name] = self.remote_hash
  remote_hash = property(lambda self: self._remote_hash, set_remote_hash)

  def set_send_protocol(self, new_send_protocol):
    self._send_protocol = new_send_protocol
  send_protocol = property(lambda self: self._send_protocol, set_send_protocol)

  def request(self, message_name, request_datum):
    """
    Writes a request message and reads a response or error message.
    """
    # build handshake and call request
    buffer_writer = StringIO()
    buffer_encoder = io.BinaryEncoder(buffer_writer)
    self.write_handshake_request(buffer_encoder)
    self.write_call_request(message_name, request_datum, buffer_encoder)

    # send the handshake and call request; block until call response
    call_request = buffer_writer.getvalue()
    return self.issue_request(call_request, message_name, request_datum)

  def write_handshake_request(self, encoder):
    local_hash = self.local_protocol.md5
    remote_name = self.transceiver.remote_name
    remote_hash = REMOTE_HASHES.get(remote_name)
    if remote_hash is None:
      remote_hash = local_hash
      self.remote_protocol = self.local_protocol
    request_datum = {}
    request_datum['clientHash'] = local_hash
    request_datum['serverHash'] = remote_hash
    if self.send_protocol:
      request_datum['clientProtocol'] = str(self.local_protocol)
    HANDSHAKE_REQUESTOR_WRITER.write(request_datum, encoder)

  def write_call_request(self, message_name, request_datum, encoder):
    """
    The format of a call request is:
      * request metadata, a map with values of type bytes
      * the message name, an Avro string, followed by
      * the message parameters. Parameters are serialized according to
        the message's request declaration.
    """
    # request metadata (not yet implemented)
    request_metadata = {}
    META_WRITER.write(request_metadata, encoder)

    # message name
    message = self.local_protocol.messages.get(message_name)
    if message is None:
      raise schema.AvroException('Unknown message: %s' % message_name)
    encoder.write_utf8(message.name)

    # message parameters
    self.write_request(message.request, request_datum, encoder)

  def write_request(self, request_schema, request_datum, encoder):
    datum_writer = io.DatumWriter(request_schema)
    datum_writer.write(request_datum, encoder)

  def read_handshake_response(self, decoder):
    handshake_response = HANDSHAKE_REQUESTOR_READER.read(decoder)
    match = handshake_response.get('match')
    if match == 'BOTH':
      self.send_protocol = False
      return True
    elif match == 'CLIENT':
      if self.send_protocol:
        raise schema.AvroException('Handshake failure.')
      self.remote_protocol = protocol.parse(
                             handshake_response.get('serverProtocol'))
      self.remote_hash = handshake_response.get('serverHash')
      self.send_protocol = False
      return True
    elif match == 'NONE':
      if self.send_protocol:
        raise schema.AvroException('Handshake failure.')
      self.remote_protocol = protocol.parse(
                             handshake_response.get('serverProtocol'))
      self.remote_hash = handshake_response.get('serverHash')
      self.send_protocol = True
      return False
    else:
      raise schema.AvroException('Unexpected match: %s' % match)

  def read_call_response(self, message_name, decoder):
    """
    The format of a call response is:
      * response metadata, a map with values of type bytes
      * a one-byte error flag boolean, followed by either:
        o if the error flag is false,
          the message response, serialized per the message's response schema.
        o if the error flag is true, 
          the error, serialized per the message's error union schema.
    """
    # response metadata
    response_metadata = META_READER.read(decoder)

    # remote response schema
    remote_message_schema = self.remote_protocol.messages.get(message_name)
    if remote_message_schema is None:
      raise schema.AvroException('Unknown remote message: %s' % message_name)

    # local response schema
    local_message_schema = self.local_protocol.messages.get(message_name)
    if local_message_schema is None:
      raise schema.AvroException('Unknown local message: %s' % message_name)

    # error flag
    if not decoder.read_boolean():
      writers_schema = remote_message_schema.response
      readers_schema = local_message_schema.response
      return self.read_response(writers_schema, readers_schema, decoder)
    else:
      writers_schema = remote_message_schema.errors
      readers_schema = local_message_schema.errors
      raise self.read_error(writers_schema, readers_schema, decoder)

  def read_response(self, writers_schema, readers_schema, decoder):
    datum_reader = io.DatumReader(writers_schema, readers_schema)
    result = datum_reader.read(decoder)
    return result

  def read_error(self, writers_schema, readers_schema, decoder):
    datum_reader = io.DatumReader(writers_schema, readers_schema)
    return AvroRemoteException(datum_reader.read(decoder))

class Requestor(BaseRequestor):

  def issue_request(self, call_request, message_name, request_datum):
    call_response = self.transceiver.transceive(call_request)

    # process the handshake and call response
    buffer_decoder = io.BinaryDecoder(StringIO(call_response))
    call_response_exists = self.read_handshake_response(buffer_decoder)
    if call_response_exists:
      return self.read_call_response(message_name, buffer_decoder)
    else:
      return self.request(message_name, request_datum)

class Responder(object):
  """Base class for the server side of a protocol interaction."""
  def __init__(self, local_protocol):
    self._local_protocol = local_protocol
    self._local_hash = self.local_protocol.md5
    self._protocol_cache = {}
    self.set_protocol_cache(self.local_hash, self.local_protocol)

  # read-only properties
  local_protocol = property(lambda self: self._local_protocol)
  local_hash = property(lambda self: self._local_hash)
  protocol_cache = property(lambda self: self._protocol_cache)

  # utility functions to manipulate protocol cache
  def get_protocol_cache(self, hash):
    return self.protocol_cache.get(hash)
  def set_protocol_cache(self, hash, protocol):
    self.protocol_cache[hash] = protocol

  def respond(self, call_request):
    """
    Called by a server to deserialize a request, compute and serialize
    a response or error. Compare to 'handle()' in Thrift.
    """
    buffer_reader = StringIO(call_request)
    buffer_decoder = io.BinaryDecoder(buffer_reader)
    buffer_writer = StringIO()
    buffer_encoder = io.BinaryEncoder(buffer_writer)
    error = None
    response_metadata = {}
    
    try:
      remote_protocol = self.process_handshake(buffer_decoder, buffer_encoder)
      # handshake failure
      if remote_protocol is None:  
        return buffer_writer.getvalue()

      # read request using remote protocol
      request_metadata = META_READER.read(buffer_decoder)
      remote_message_name = buffer_decoder.read_utf8()

      # get remote and local request schemas so we can do
      # schema resolution (one fine day)
      remote_message = remote_protocol.messages.get(remote_message_name)
      if remote_message is None:
        fail_msg = 'Unknown remote message: %s' % remote_message_name
        raise schema.AvroException(fail_msg)
      local_message = self.local_protocol.messages.get(remote_message_name)
      if local_message is None:
        fail_msg = 'Unknown local message: %s' % remote_message_name
        raise schema.AvroException(fail_msg)
      writers_schema = remote_message.request
      readers_schema = local_message.request
      request = self.read_request(writers_schema, readers_schema,
                                  buffer_decoder)

      # perform server logic
      try:
        response = self.invoke(local_message, request)
      except AvroRemoteException as e:
        error = e
      except Exception as e:
        error = AvroRemoteException(str(e))

      # write response using local protocol
      META_WRITER.write(response_metadata, buffer_encoder)
      buffer_encoder.write_boolean(error is not None)
      if error is None:
        writers_schema = local_message.response
        self.write_response(writers_schema, response, buffer_encoder)
      else:
        writers_schema = local_message.errors
        self.write_error(writers_schema, error, buffer_encoder)
    except schema.AvroException as e:
      error = AvroRemoteException(str(e))
      buffer_encoder = io.BinaryEncoder(StringIO())
      META_WRITER.write(response_metadata, buffer_encoder)
      buffer_encoder.write_boolean(True)
      self.write_error(SYSTEM_ERROR_SCHEMA, error, buffer_encoder)
    return buffer_writer.getvalue()

  def process_handshake(self, decoder, encoder):
    handshake_request = HANDSHAKE_RESPONDER_READER.read(decoder)
    handshake_response = {}

    # determine the remote protocol
    client_hash = handshake_request.get('clientHash')
    client_protocol = handshake_request.get('clientProtocol')
    remote_protocol = self.get_protocol_cache(client_hash)
    if remote_protocol is None and client_protocol is not None:
      remote_protocol = protocol.parse(client_protocol)
      self.set_protocol_cache(client_hash, remote_protocol)

    # evaluate remote's guess of the local protocol
    server_hash = handshake_request.get('serverHash')
    if self.local_hash == server_hash:
      if remote_protocol is None:
        handshake_response['match'] = 'NONE'
      else:
        handshake_response['match'] = 'BOTH'
    else:
      if remote_protocol is None:
        handshake_response['match'] = 'NONE'
      else:
        handshake_response['match'] = 'CLIENT'

    if handshake_response['match'] != 'BOTH':
      handshake_response['serverProtocol'] = str(self.local_protocol)
      handshake_response['serverHash'] = self.local_hash

    HANDSHAKE_RESPONDER_WRITER.write(handshake_response, encoder)
    return remote_protocol

  def invoke(self, local_message, request):
    """
    Aactual work done by server: cf. handler in thrift.
    """
    pass

  def read_request(self, writers_schema, readers_schema, decoder):
    datum_reader = io.DatumReader(writers_schema, readers_schema)
    return datum_reader.read(decoder)

  def write_response(self, writers_schema, response_datum, encoder):
    datum_writer = io.DatumWriter(writers_schema)
    datum_writer.write(response_datum, encoder)

  def write_error(self, writers_schema, error_exception, encoder):
    datum_writer = io.DatumWriter(writers_schema)
    datum_writer.write(str(error_exception), encoder)

#
# Utility classes
#

class FramedReader(object):
  """Wrapper around a file-like object to read framed data."""
  def __init__(self, reader):
    self._reader = reader

  # read-only properties
  reader = property(lambda self: self._reader)

  def read_framed_message(self):
    message = []
    while True:
      buffer = StringIO()
      buffer_length = self._read_buffer_length()
      if buffer_length == 0:
        return ''.join(message)
      while buffer.tell() < buffer_length:
        chunk = self.reader.read(buffer_length - buffer.tell())
        if chunk == '':
          raise ConnectionClosedException("Reader read 0 bytes.")
        buffer.write(chunk)
      message.append(buffer.getvalue())

  def _read_buffer_length(self):
    read = self.reader.read(BUFFER_HEADER_LENGTH)
    if read == '':
      raise ConnectionClosedException("Reader read 0 bytes.")
    return BIG_ENDIAN_INT_STRUCT.unpack(read)[0]

class FramedWriter(object):
  """Wrapper around a file-like object to write framed data."""
  def __init__(self, writer):
    self._writer = writer

  # read-only properties
  writer = property(lambda self: self._writer)

  def write_framed_message(self, message):
    message_length = len(message)
    total_bytes_sent = 0
    while message_length - total_bytes_sent > 0:
      if message_length - total_bytes_sent > BUFFER_SIZE:
        buffer_length = BUFFER_SIZE
      else:
        buffer_length = message_length - total_bytes_sent
      self.write_buffer(message[total_bytes_sent:
                                (total_bytes_sent + buffer_length)])
      total_bytes_sent += buffer_length
    # A message is always terminated by a zero-length buffer.
    self.write_buffer_length(0)

  def write_buffer(self, chunk):
    buffer_length = len(chunk)
    self.write_buffer_length(buffer_length)
    self.writer.write(chunk)

  def write_buffer_length(self, n):
    self.writer.write(BIG_ENDIAN_INT_STRUCT.pack(n))

#
# Transceiver Implementations
#

class HTTPTransceiver(object):
  """
  A simple HTTP-based transceiver implementation.
  Useful for clients but not for servers
  """
  def __init__(self, host, port, req_resource='/'):
    self.req_resource = req_resource
    self.conn = httplib.HTTPConnection(host, port)
    self.conn.connect()

  # read-only properties
  sock = property(lambda self: self.conn.sock)
  remote_name = property(lambda self: self.sock.getsockname())

  # read/write properties
  def set_conn(self, new_conn):
    self._conn = new_conn
  conn = property(lambda self: self._conn, set_conn)
  req_resource = '/'

  def transceive(self, request):
    self.write_framed_message(request)
    result = self.read_framed_message()
    return result

  def read_framed_message(self):
    response = self.conn.getresponse()
    response_reader = FramedReader(response)
    framed_message = response_reader.read_framed_message()
    response.read()    # ensure we're ready for subsequent requests
    return framed_message

  def write_framed_message(self, message):
    req_method = 'POST'
    req_headers = {'Content-Type': 'avro/binary'}

    req_body_buffer = FramedWriter(StringIO())
    req_body_buffer.write_framed_message(message)
    req_body = req_body_buffer.writer.getvalue()

    self.conn.request(req_method, self.req_resource, req_body, req_headers)

  def close(self):
    self.conn.close()

#
# Server Implementations (none yet)
#

