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6,400 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report the first detection of a planetary - mass companion to a star using the high resolution spectrograph ( hrs ) of the hobby - eberly telescope ( het ) .
the het - hrs now gives routine radial velocity precision of 2 - 3ms@xmath0 for high snr observations of quiescent stars .
the planetary - mass companion to the metal - rich k0v star hd37605 has an orbital period of 54.23 days , an orbital eccentricity of 0.737 , and a minimum mass of 2.84 jupiter masses .
the queue - scheduled operation of the hobby - eberly telescope enabled us to discovery of this relatively short - period planet with a total observation time span of just two orbital periods .
the ability of queue - scheduled large - aperture telescopes to respond quickly to interesting and important results demonstrates the power of this new approach in searching for extra - solar planets as well as in other ares of research requiring rapid response time critical observations . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: traditional ground based radial velocity searches for extra - solar planetary systems have used medium- and large - size telescopes assigned to the program for particular nights of observing . while this type of approach has been extremely successful , resulting in about 120 detections of planetary - mass companions to solar - type stars ,
the vagaries of the telescope scheduling process introduces certain restrictions and constraints on the optimal acquisition of time - critical observations . in radial velocity surveys
, it is often the case that once a candidate planetary system has been identified and a preliminary orbit determined , additional observations must be obtained at particular orbital phases in order to place tighter constraints on particular orbital elements . obtaining the necessary data at the optimal orbital phase may be extremely difficult if observing runs are scheduled for a few nights once per month , or even less frequently . thus a telescope that is queue scheduled , such as the hobby - eberly telescope , ( het ) permits the observer to react quickly to the data and to obtain timely follow - up observations of critical targets at the orbital phases where they are needed ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | we report use of the het to detect a planetary companion in a 54.23day period orbit to the star hd37605 .
the ability of the het observing queue to accommodate our observing needs enabled us to discover the planet with only a total of 100 days ( slightly less than two orbital periods ) elapsing between the first and final observations . |
6,401 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the first optically resolved electron tracks from an @xmath0fe x - ray source are presented together with the resulting energy spectrum .
these tracks were produced in a tpc operating in low pressure carbon tetrafluoride ( cf@xmath1 ) gas , and imaged using a fast lens and low noise ccd optical system . using gem / thgem amplification devices , effective gas gains of @xmath2
were obtained in pure cf@xmath1 at low pressures in the 25 - 100 torr range .
the detector s very high signal - to - noise and the low gas pressures allowed individual ionization tracks from 5.9 kev x - ray interactions to be imaged and resolved .
the ability to resolve tracks of such low energies has important applications in dark matter and other rare event searches , as well as in x - ray polarimetry .
a practical application of the optical signal from @xmath0fe is that it provides a tool for mapping the detector spatial uniformity .
optical tpc , @xmath0fe electron tracks , gems , thick gems , @xmath3 , ccd camera .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the capability of a high resolution and high signal - to - noise detector used to study properties of low energy recoils is demonstrated .
motivated by directional searches for dark matter , all measurements were taken at low pressures in the 25 - 100 torr range , where low energy tracks are long enough to be resolved .
we show that at these low pressures , with sufficient gas gain and light collection efficiency , the electron tracks produced from interactions of 5.9 kev @xmath0fe x - rays can be _ optically _ imaged and resolved using a low - noise , high quantum efficiency ccd ( charge - coupled device ) camera ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | optical @xmath0fe spectra have been obtained with a pmt readout for a gem - based detector in 750 torr he / cf@xmath4@xcite and a capillary plate detector in 760 torr ar / cf@xmath1 @xcite but , to our knowledge , this is the first time it has been done using a ccd imaging system at such low pressures . in addition , the ability to operate at low pressures has allowed the low energy electrons tracks to be clearly resolved .
although this has been demonstrated using charge readouts ( e.g. , a pixellated readout ) for 5.9 kev recoils @xcite and optically for 15 - 22 kev recoils @xcite , to our knowledge this is the first time it has been done using optical imaging for @xmath0fe energies . |
6,402 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study higher order tangents and higher order laplacians on p.c.f . self - similar sets with fully symmetric structures , such as @xmath0 or @xmath1 symmetric fractals .
firstly , let @xmath2 be a vertex point in the graphs that approximate the fractal , we prove that for any @xmath3 defined near @xmath2 , the higher oder weak tangent of @xmath3 at @xmath2 , if exists , is the uniform limit of local multiharmonic functions that agree with @xmath3 in some sense near @xmath2 .
secondly , we prove that the higher order laplacian on a fractal can be expressible as a renormalized uniform limit of higher order graph laplacians on the graphs that approximate the fractal .
the main technical tool is the theory of local multiharmonic functions and local monomials analogous to @xmath4 .
the results in this paper are closely related to the theory of local taylor approximations , splines and entire analytic functions .
some of our results can be extended to general p.c.f .
fractals . in appendix of the paper ,
we provide a recursion algorithm for the exact calculations of the boundary values of the monomials for @xmath0 or @xmath1 symmetric fractals , which is shorter and more direct than the previous work on the sierpinski gasket .
[ multiblock footnote omitted ] corresponding author . ] .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: analysis on post critically finite ( p.c.f . )
fractals has been well developed since kigami s original papers [ ki1,ki2 ] on the direct analytic construction of the laplacian on the familiar sierpinski gasket @xmath5 ( see fig .
1.1 ) , which now has been viewed as the `` post child '' for the theory ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | recently , there are several works in connection with the differential calculus on fractals that involve derivatives , tangents , multiharmonic functions , higher order laplacians , analogous to the theory of analysis on manifolds .
please see [ bssy , cq , drs , dsv , nsty , s1-s3 , su , t2 ] and the references therein . |
6,403 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study first and second order coherence of trapped dilute bose gases using appropriate correlation functions .
special attention is given to the discussion of second order or density correlations .
except for a small region around the surface of a bose - einstein condensate the correlations can be accurately described as those of a locally homogeneous gas with a spatially varying chemical potential .
the degrees of first and second order coherence are therefore functions of temperature , chemical potential , and position .
the second order correlation function is governed both by the tendency of bosonic atoms to cluster and by a strong repulsion at small distances due to atomic interactions . in present experiments
both effects are of comparable magnitude . below the critical temperature
the range of the bosonic correlation is affected by the presence of collective quasi - particle excitations .
the results of some recent experiments on second and third order coherence are discussed .
it is shown that the relation between the measured quantities and the correlation functions is much weaker than previously assumed . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the defining property of a bose - einstein condensate is the macroscopic occupation of a single one - particle quantum state @xcite , a condition often referred to a off - diagonal long range order .
even though bose - einstein condensation has been long known to exist in systems such as superfluid @xmath0he , the off - diagonal long range order itself was inaccessible to direct experimental verification .
the achievement of bose - einstein condensation in dilute alkali gases @xcite , however , has revived interest in such direct experimental access ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | indeed , after a number of theoretical studies @xcite , it has become possible to demonstrate off - diagonal long range order as made manifest by an interference experiment @xcite and that finding has been confirmed by excellent agreement between experiment and theory @xcite .
the ability of a bose - einstein condensate to produce an interference pattern of high visibility is closely related to the first order coherence of an optical laser beam . |
6,404 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report here the first observation of electromagnetically induced transparency ( eit ) in @xmath0ne .
the power broadening of the eit linewidth is measured as a function of neon pressure and rf excitation power .
doppler effects on the eit broadening are found even at low pressures and low intensities , where the linewidth should be governed only by homogeneous effects . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: electromagnetically induced transparency ( eit ) occurs when a three level system interacts with two resonant laser fields .
this interaction results in a sharp transparency window for one of the beams in the otherwise absorptive media .
the spectral width of this window can be narrower than the atomic line width ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | eit was first predicted in 1989 by harris et al @xcite and realized experimentally shortly after in strontium vapor @xcite and in lead vapor @xcite . due to
its narrow spectral width eit is a prominent candidate for applications in spectroscopy and magnetometry @xcite . |
6,405 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: numerical simulations of diffusion - limited and reaction - limited cluster - cluster aggregation processes of identical particles are performed in a two - dimensional box .
it is shown that , for concentrations larger than a characteristic gel concentration , the morphology of the resulting spanning cluster at the gel time @xmath0 exhibits a crossover length @xmath1 between percolation ( @xmath2 ) and aggregation ( @xmath3 ) .
@xmath1 vanishes when increasing @xmath4 , and , at a critical concentration value @xmath5 ( where @xmath6 ) the entire spanning cluster scales as the percolating cluster obtained by standard percolation .
even if for @xmath7 the long - range correlations are similar to that of percolation , the vanishing links in the structure suggest that an homogeneous regime appears at small scales . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the aggregation processes of small particles have attracted a great theoretical interest in the last decade @xcite , due to their wide range of applications . on can distinguish particle - cluster aggregation , whose prototype is the witten - sander model @xcite , and cluster - cluster aggregation @xcite . while the former model applies to field - induced growth processes , such as electrodeposition @xcite , dielectric breakdown @xcite , viscous fingering @xcite , etc ... , the latter explains true aggregation processes such as polymerisation @xcite , oil in water emulsions @xcite , soot particles in flames @xcite , flocculation of colloidal particles @xcite . among
cluster - cluster aggregation processes one distinguishes diffusion - limited cluster - cluster aggregation ( dlca ) @xcite and chemically - limited ( also called reaction - limited ) aggregation ( rlca ) @xcite which correspond respectively to fast ( fully screened ) and slow ( partially screened ) aggregation of colloids @xcite .
the cca processes leads to a flocculation regime when the concentration is smaller than a characteristic gel concentration @xmath8 , and to a gelation regime otherwise . in flocculation regime.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | it remains a single fractal cluster at the end of the aggregation process with a fractal dimension @xmath9 equal to 1.45 in dlca case ( and 1.65 in rlca case ) . in the gelation regime
it appears an `` infinite '' cluster at a given time @xmath0 ( hereafter refered as the gelling cluster ) . |
6,406 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: coupling by reflection mixed with synchronous coupling is constructed for a class of stochastic differential equations ( sdes ) driven by lvy noises . as an application
, we establish the exponential contractivity of the associated semigroups @xmath0 with respect to the standard @xmath1-wasserstein distance for all @xmath2 .
in particular , consider the following sde : @xmath3 where @xmath4 is a symmetric @xmath5-stable process on @xmath6 with @xmath7 .
we show that if the drift term @xmath8 satisfies that for any @xmath9 , @xmath10 holds with some positive constants @xmath11 , @xmath12 , @xmath13 and @xmath14 , then there is a constant @xmath15 such that for all @xmath2 , @xmath16 and @xmath9 , @xmath17.\ ] ] ./style / arxiv - general.cfg .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper , we consider the following stochastic differential equation ( sde ) driven by lvy noises : @xmath18 where @xmath4 is a @xmath19-dimensional lvy process , and @xmath20 is a continuous vector field such that for any @xmath9 , @xmath21 holds for some constant @xmath22 .
it is a standard result that in this case the sde ( [ ito - sde ] ) enjoys the unique strong solution .
denote by @xmath0 the semigroup associated to ( [ ito - sde ] ) . if the initial value @xmath23 is distributed as @xmath24 , then for any @xmath16 , the distribution of @xmath25 is @xmath26 ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | we are concerned with the exponential contractivity of the map @xmath27 with respect to the standard @xmath1-wasserstein distance @xmath28 for all @xmath29 . given two probability measures @xmath24 and @xmath30 on @xmath6 , the standard @xmath1-wasserstein distance @xmath28 for all @xmath2 ( with respect to the euclidean norm @xmath31 ) is given by @xmath32 equipped with @xmath28 , the totality @xmath33 of probability measures having finite moment of order @xmath34 becomes a complete metric space .
the following result is well known . |
6,407 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study two and three meson decays of the tau lepton within the framework of the resonance chiral theory , that is based on the following properties of @xmath0 : its chiral symmetry in the massless case , its large-@xmath1 limit , and the asymptotic behaviour it demands to the relevant form factors .
+ most of the couplings in the lagrangian are determined this way rendering the theory predictive .
our outcomes can be tested thanks to the combination of a very good experimental effort ( current and forthcoming , at b- and tau - charm - factories ) and the very accurate devoted monte carlo generators .
= 11.6pt .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: our purpose is to provide a description of the semileptonic decays of the tau lepton that incorporates as many theoretical restrictions derived from the fundamental interaction , @xmath0 @xcite , as possible .
this is a very convenient scenario to investigate the hadronization of @xmath0 because one fermionic current is purely leptonic and thus calculable unambiguously so that we can concentrate our efforts on the other one , involving light quarks coupled to a @xmath3 current .
+ the decay amplitude for the considered decays may be written as : @xmath4 where the strong interacting part is encoded in the hadronic vector , @xmath5 : @xmath6 symmetries let us decompose @xmath5 depending on the number of final - state pseudoscalar ( @xmath7 ) mesons , @xmath8 ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | + one meson tau decays can be predicted in terms of the measured processes @xmath9 , since the matrix elements are related .
this provides a precise test of charged current universality @xcite . on the other side |
6,408 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i describe the current status of a collaboration with j. d. romano , r. h. price , and w. krivan to model the geometry of and gravitational radiation emitted by a binary system of compact objects in the regime where non - perturbative gravitational effects exist , but the rate of inspiral is still small relative to the orbital frequency .
the method of looking for a stationary spacetime which approximates the evolving solution is initially being tested on a simpler model with an additional translational symmetry .
this report consists of a general description of the method , followed by summaries of three techniques in varying stages of development : the simplification of the einstein equations in the presence of two commuting killing vectors which form a non - orthogonally - transitive symmetry group , the boundary conditions appropriate to the balance of ingoing and outgoing radiation needed to reconcile a stationary radiating solution with conservation of energy , and the treatment of gravitational waves far from the sources as linearized perturbations to the levi - civita spacetime .
the poster presentation with which this paper is associated is available on line at http://www-itp.unibe.ch/@xmath0whelan/poster.ps.gz and the current status of the project is described at http://www-itp.unibe.ch/@xmath0whelan/qsbi.html i="10 .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a pair of compact objects ( black holes or neutron stars ) in binary orbit about one another is stable in newtonian gravity . in general relativity , however , the system will emit gravitational radiation , causing the bodies to spiral in towards one another .
the gravitational radiation given off by this system is a prime candidate for detection by upcoming gravitational wave telescopes such as virgo and ligo
. when the compact objects are far apart , all gravitational effects are weak and one can use the post - newtonian approximation , expanding in powers of @xmath1 . the final `` plunge '' , where the objects cease to orbit and collide rapidly , can be modelled by full general relativistic three - plus - one supercomputer simulations ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | an intermediate late inspiral phase , where strong gravitational effects are important , but the fraction of total energy lost to gravitational radiation each orbit is small , can not be handled by supercomputer evolutions , which become unstable after several orbits . to handle strong gravity and slow inspiral
, we need to use an approximation scheme . |
6,409 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: motivated by the theory of unitary representations of finite dimensional lie supergroups , we describe those lie superalgebras which have a faithful finite dimensional unitary representation .
we call these lie superalgebras unitary .
this is achieved by describing the classification of real finite dimensional compact simple lie superalgebras , and analyzing , in a rather elementary and direct way , the decomposition of reductive lie superalgebras ( @xmath0 is a semisimple @xmath1-module ) over fields of characteristic zero into ideals . + _ keywords : _ unitary , reductive , compact lie superalgebras , central extension , spin representation + _ msc : _ 17b20 ; 22e45 .
@xmath2 _ _
@xmath3 _ _ .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: sec:0 a real lie algebra @xmath4 is called _ compact _ if it is the lie algebra of a compact lie group ( ( * ? ? ?
there are many characterizations of compact lie algebras : thm:0.1 for a finite dimensional real lie algebra @xmath4 , the following are equivalent : * @xmath4 is compact .
* @xmath4 carries a positive definite invariant symmetric bilinear form ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | * @xmath4 has a faithful finite dimensional unitary representation , i.e. , it is isomorphic to a subalgebra of @xmath5 for some @xmath6 . in this paper
we discuss variants of compactness for finite dimensional real lie superalgebras . |
6,410 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the esr response from highly metal - semiconductor(m - sc ) separated swcnts for temperatures @xmath0 between 0.39 and 200k is characteristically different for the two systems .
the signal originates from defect spins but interaction with free electrons leads to a larger line width for m tubes . the latter decreases with increasing @xmath0 whereas it increases with @xmath0 for sc tubes .
the spins undergo a ferromagnetic phase transition below around 10k .
indirect exchange is suggested to be responsible for the spin - spin interaction , supported by rkky interaction in the case of m tubes . for sc tubes spin - lattice relaxation via an orbach process is suggested to determine the line width . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: electron spin resonance from single - walled carbon nanotubes ( swcnts ) has been a subject of extensive studies in the recent past , starting in 1997 @xcite and continuing until most recently a set of new papers @xcite appeared . in several of the early papers response from localized and itinerant spins
was claimed as well as from various collective phenomena such as ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic ordering or even superconductivity @xcite .
the discussion about the observation of spins from itinerant electrons entered a new state with the publication of a recent theoretical work @xcite where electrons in a tomonaga - luttinger liquid state ( tll ) were postulated to have an extremely broad esr absorption line , even at temperatures below 4 k. the tll state was well demonstrated for swcnt from photo emission ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is a consequence of the quasi - onedimensional ( 1d ) nature of the electrons in the tubes @xcite .
the discovery of possibilities to quantitatively separate semiconducting ( sc ) and metallic ( m ) tubes @xcite can be considered as a crucial step forward to tackle the problem , particularly if tubes were grown from non - magnetic catalysts @xcite . |
6,411 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using first - principles density functional theory calculations , we showed that electronic and magnetic properties of bare and ti adatom adsorbed single - layer silicene and germanene , which are charged or exerted by a perpendicular electric field are modified to attain new functionalities .
in particular , when exerted by a perpendicular electric field , the symmetry between the planes of buckled atoms is broken to open a gap at the dirac points .
the occupation of @xmath0-orbitals of adsorbed ti atom changes with charging or applied electric field to induce significant changes of magnetic moment .
we predict that neutral silicene uniformly covered by ti atoms becomes a half - metal at a specific value of coverage and hence allows the transport of electrons in one spin direction , but blocks the opposite direction .
these calculated properties , however exhibit a dependence on the size of the vacuum spacing between periodically repeating silicene and germanene layers , if they are treated using plane wave basis set within periodic boundary condition .
we clarified the cause of this spurious dependence and show that it can be eliminated by the use of local orbital basis set .
when charged or subjected to an external electric field , the electronic structure of two - dimensional ( 2d ) materials show important modifications . in particular graphene ,
a single layer of honeycomb structure of carbon atoms , is a semimetal and has an ambipolar character with @xmath1 and @xmath2 bands , which cross linearly at the fermi level .
depending on the polarity of the excess charge in graphene , the dirac points shift up or down the fermi level .
for example , the excess electrons cause the dirac points to dip below the fermi level . this way , semimetal graphene changes into a metal .
when electrons are depleted , the dirac points move up and graphene becomes hole - doped .
electric field applied perpendicular to graphene layers breaks the symmetry between both sides of the plane of carbon....
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper , we investigated the effects of charging and applied perpendicular electric field on the electronic , magnetic and chemical properties of silicene and germanene by performing first - principles dft spin - polarized and spin - unpolarized calculations using pbc within supercell geometry with varying vacuum spacing @xmath3 .
we used pw , as well as local , atomic orbital ( ao ) basis sets .
first , we clarified how the effects of charging and perpendicular electric field calculated from first - principle pw method can depend on the vacuum spacing @xmath3 as an artifact of the method ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | furthermore , we showed that this artifact can be eliminated if silicene or germanene , which are exerted by a @xmath10 or charged by excess electrons @xmath11 are treated using the ao basis set . with the premises that silicene and germanene
can attain new functionalities through the charging and the applied electric field , present results will be crucial for future theoretical and experimental studies . in order to show the effects of external effects , such as @xmath10 and @xmath11 |
6,412 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: for any pseudo - anosov diffeomorphism on a closed orientable surface @xmath0 of genus greater than one , it is known by the work of bers and thurston that the topological entropy agrees with the translation distance on the teichmller space with respect to the teichmller metric . in this paper
, we consider random walks on the mapping class group of @xmath0 .
the drift of a random walk is defined as the translation distance of the random walk .
we define the topological entropy of a random walk and prove that it almost surely agrees with the drift on the teichmller space with respect to the teichmller metric . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath0 be a closed orientable surface of genus @xmath1 . according to the nielsen - thurston classification @xcite , every non - periodic irreducible automorphism of @xmath0 is isotopic to a pseudo - anosov diffeomorphism .
thurston proved that the topological entropy of any pseudo - anosov diffeomorphism @xmath2 coincides with @xmath3 where @xmath4 is the dilatation of @xmath2 ( c.f .
* expos 10 ) ) . also by the work of bers @xcite ,.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | @xmath3 is known to be equal to the translation distance of @xmath2 on the teichmller space with respect to the teichmller metric .
the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a `` random version '' of the work of bers and thurston . |
6,413 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the phenomenological consequences of a hidden higgs sector extending the standard model ( sm ) , in which the `` shadow higgs '' are uncharged under the sm gauge groups .
we consider a simple @xmath0 model with one higgs singlet .
one mechanism which sheds light on the shadow sector is the mixing between the neutral gauge boson of the sm and the additional @xmath0 gauge group .
the mixing happens through the usual mass - mixing and also kinetic - mixing , and is the only way the `` shadow @xmath1 '' couples to the sm .
we study in detail modifications to the electroweak precision tests ( ewpts ) that the presence of such a shadow sector would bring , which in turn provide constraints on the kinetic - mixing parameter , @xmath2 , left free in our model .
the shadow @xmath1 production rate at the lhc and ilc depends on @xmath2 .
we find that observable event rate at both facilities is possible for a reasonable range of @xmath2 allowed by ewpts . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the pursuit of physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) it is very common to encounter one or more abelian gauge symmetry than the sm @xmath0 hypercharge .
two familiar examples are the grand unified theories ( guts ) based on @xmath3 that breaks to @xmath4 , where @xmath5 is the sm gauge group and @xmath6 which ultimately breaks to @xmath7 . because of their guts parentage the extra @xmath1 bosons from the breaking of the @xmath0 symmetries have tree level couplings to the sm particles ; in particular the fermions .
this makes them highly visible and their phenomenology has been well studied @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | more recently extra dimensional models with extra @xmath0 gauge symmetries in the brane world scenario are increasingly popular .
a feature of this newer construction is that the extra @xmath0 factors can be hidden from the visible sector . |
6,414 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the rupture of a medium under stress typifies breakdown phenomena .
more generally , the latter encompass the dynamics of systems of many interacting elements governed by the interplay of a driving force with a pinning disorder , resulting in a macroscopic transition .
a simple mean - field formalism incorporating these features is presented and applied to systems representative of fracture phenomena , social dilemmas , and magnets out of equilibrium .
the similarities and differences in the corresponding mathematical structures are emphasized .
the solutions are best obtained from a graphical method , from which very general conclusions may be drawn . in particular , the various classes of disorder distribution are treated without reference to a particular analytical or numerical form , and are found to lead to qualitatively different transitions . finally , the notion of effective ( or phenomenological ) theory is introduced and illustrated for non - equilibrium disordered magnets . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: when boarding passengers , airline personnel usually call a limited number of rows at a time `` now seating rows 20 to 30 ! '' to ensure an efficient and orderly filling of the aircraft .
nevertheless , there are always some hurried individuals who unduly join the forming line before their row is called , only to be rebuked by the flight attendant . in most instances the line
is barely disrupted , while in some cases , such as delayed flights , the `` avalanching '' of disobedient passengers creates a long , disorderly line , absorbing nearly everyone ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | why is this ?
let us consider the mechanism by which the line forms in greater detail . |
6,415 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report the discovery and spectroscopic confirmation of the quad - like lensed quasar system found in the dark energy survey ( des ) year 1 ( y1 ) data .
this system was discovered during a search for des y1 strong lensing systems using a method that identified candidates as red galaxies with multiple blue neighbors .
consists of a central red galaxy surrounded by three bright ( @xmath0 ) blue objects and a fourth red object .
subsequent spectroscopic observations using the gemini south telescope confirmed that the three blue objects are indeed the lensed images of a quasar with redshift @xmath1 , and that the central red object is an early - type lensing galaxy with redshift @xmath2 .
is the first quad lensed quasar system to be found in des and begins to demonstrate the potential of des to discover and dramatically increase the sample size of these very rare objects . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: strong gravitational lensing systems provide valuable tools for studying the properties and evolution of galaxies and quasars , for measuring the distribution of dark matter , and for constraining cosmological parameters
. in particular , lensed quasar systems can provide information on , for example , intervening absorption line systems ( e.g. , * ? ? ?
* ) , properties of quasar host galaxies ( e.g. , * ? ? ?.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | * ) , dark matter subtructure in the lens ( e.g. , * ? ? ?
* ) , and the stellar content of the lensing galaxy ( e.g. , * ? ? ? |
6,416 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report the discovery of four doubly imaged quasar lenses .
all the four systems are selected as lensed quasar candidates from the sloan digital sky survey data .
we confirm their lensing hypothesis with additional imaging and spectroscopic follow - up observations .
the discovered lenses are sdss j0743 + 2457 with the source redshift @xmath0 , the lens redshift @xmath1 , and the image separation @xmath2 , sdss j1128 + 2402 with @xmath3 and @xmath4 , sdss j1405 + 0959 with @xmath5 , @xmath6 , and @xmath7 , and sdss j1515 + 1511 with @xmath8 , @xmath9 , and @xmath10 .
it is difficult to estimate the lens redshift of sdss j1128 + 2402 from the current data .
two of the four systems ( sdss j1405 + 0959 and sdss j1515 + 1511 ) are included in our final statistical lens sample to derive constraints on dark energy and the evolution of massive galaxies . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: gravitationally lensed quasars have proven to be a useful tool for a variety of astrophysical and cosmological studies , as described e.g. , in @xcite
. applications of quasar lenses include constraints on cosmological parameters ( e.g. , * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | * ; * ? ? ?
* ) and measurements of mass distributions for galaxy- and cluster - scale halos ( e.g. , * ? ? ? |
6,417 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the far - infrared surveyor ( fis ) is one of two focal plane instruments on the akari satellite .
fis has four photometric bands at 65 , 90 , 140 , and 160 @xmath0 , and uses two kinds of array detectors .
the fis arrays and optics are designed to sweep the sky with high spatial resolution and redundancy .
the actual scan width is more than eight arcmin , and the pixel pitch is matches the diffraction limit of the telescope .
derived point spread functions ( psfs ) from observations of asteroids are similar to the optical model .
significant excesses , however , are clearly seen around tails of the psfs , whose contributions are about 30% of the total power .
all fis functions are operating well in orbit , and its performance meets the laboratory characterizations , except for the two longer wavelength bands , which are not performing as well as characterized .
furthermore , the fis has a spectroscopic capability using a fourier transform spectrometer ( fts ) .
because the fts takes advantage of the optics and detectors of the photometer , it can simultaneously make a spectral map .
this paper summarizes the in - flight technical and operational performance of the fis . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the first extensive survey of the far - infrared sky was made by the _ infrared astronomy satellite _ ( iras ) launched in 1983 , more than two decades ago .
iras provided point source catalogs , as well as infrared sky maps , for almost the entire sky , revealing the infrared view of the universe .
the iras products became a standard dataset , not only for infrared astronomy but also for many other fields . with the widespread use of the iras dataset , observations in the infrared.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | are now considered an irreplaceable tool .
compared with the datasets at other wavelengths , the iras dataset appears rather shallow , although it provides an unbiased and wide area coverage survey . |
6,418 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i present a model for the star formation properties of 2 starburst galaxies . here , i discuss models for the formation of high- submillimeter galaxies , as well as the co- conversion factor for these systems .
i then apply these models to literature observations .
i show that when using a functional form for that varies smoothly with the physical properties in galaxies , galaxies at both local and high- lie on a unimodal kennicutt - schmidt star formation law , with power - law index of @xmath0 .
the inferred gas fractions of these galaxies are large ( @xmath1 ) , though a factor @xmath2 lower than most literature estimates that utilize locally - calibrated co- conversion factors . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the seminal paper by @xcite opened a new frontier for understanding star formation in the universe . in the two decades since their discovery of co emission from ultraluminous infrared galaxy ( ulirg ) iras f10214 + 4724
, the field of detecting and characterizing the star forming interstellar medium ( ism ) has seen an explosion of activity . indeed , great progress has been made .
thanks to pioneering efforts on older facilities , as well as upgrades to cm / mm - wave telescopes , the detection of co through 6 has now become routine ( see , for example , the contribution by riechers in this volume ) ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | similarly , the development of novel galaxy selection techniques in the optical , infrared and submillimeter has allowed for the discovery of copious numbers of star forming galaxies in the early universe .
the flood of new data has opened up a variety of questions regarding the nature of star formation in these galaxies , and , at times , presented a somewhat confusing picture . |
6,419 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present families , and sets of families , of periodic orbits that provide building blocks for boxy and peanut ( hereafter b / p ) edge - on profiles .
we find cases where the b / p profile is confined to the central parts of the model and cases where a major fraction of the bar participates in this morphology .
a b / p feature can be built either by 3d families associated with 3d bifurcations of the x1 family , or , in some models , even by families related with the @xmath0-axis orbits and existing over large energy intervals .
the ` x ' feature observed inside the boxy bulges of several edge - on galaxies can be attributed to the peaks of successive x1v1 orbits ( skokos et al .
2002a , hereafter paper i ) , provided their stability allows it .
however in general , the x1v1 family has to overcome the obstacle of a ss transition in order to support the structure of a b / p feature .
other families that can be the backbones of b / p features are x1v4 and z3.1s .
the morphology and the size of the boxy or peanut - shaped structures we find in our models is determined by the presence and stability of the families that support b / p features .
the present study favours the idea that the observed edge - on profiles are the imprints of families of periodic orbits that can be found in appropriately chosen hamiltonian systems , describing the potential of the bar .
@xmath1 wasyfont = = = = = = = = # 1 # 1 # 1 # 1 @mathgroup@group @mathgroup@normal@groupeurmn @mathgroup@bold@groupeurbn @mathgroup@group @mathgroup@normal@groupmsamn @mathgroup@bold@groupmsamn = `` 019 = ' ' 016 = `` 040 = ' ' 336 = " 33e = = = = = = = = # 1 # 1 # 1 # 1 = = = = = = = = [ firstpage ] galaxies : evolution kinematics and dynamics structure .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: disk galaxies , when observed edge - on , often exhibit a box- or peanut - like structure . since this is confined to the inner parts of the galaxy , and since it extends in the vertical direction outside the disk , this structure has been called a boxy or peanut bulge .
yet there are many ways in which it differs from ordinary bulges .
the b / p structures have their maximum thickness not at the center of the galaxy , like in usual @xmath2 spheroids , but ` at two points symmetrically spaced on either side of the center ' @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | another difference from @xmath2-bulges and ellipticals is that b / p structures rotate ` cylindrically ' , i.e. their observed rotation is independent of the height above the plane , which bulges and ellipticals do not ( e.g. kormendy & illingworth 1982 ) .
there is one more characteristic of b / p features related to their kinematics . |
6,420 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the properties of 5d gravitational flux tubes are considered . with the cross section and 5th dimension in the planck region such tubes
can be considered as string - like objects , namely @xmath0strings . a model of attachment of @xmath0string to a spacetime
is offered .
it is shown that the attachment point is a model of an electric charge for an observer living in the spacetime .
magnetic charges are forbidden in this model .
_ dept .
phys . and microel . engineer . , krsu , bishkek , + kievskaya str .
44 , 720000 , kyrgyz republic _ .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recently @xcite it was assumed that some kind of gravitational flux tube solutions in the 5d kaluza - klein gravity can be considered as string - like objects , namely @xmath0strings .
the idea is that the gravitational flux tubes can be very thin ( approximately @xmath1 ) and arbitrary long .
evidently that such object looks like to a string attached to two universes or to remote parts of a single universe ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the thickness of this object is so small that near to the point of attachment to an external universe the handles of a spacetime foam will appear between this object and the universe .
this is like a delta of the river flowing into the sea . |
6,421 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have used high - resolution , high signal - to - noise spectra obtained with the vlt and uves to determine abundances of 17 elements in 4 red giants in the sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy .
our [ fe / h ] values range from 2.10 to 0.97 , confirming previous findings of a large metallicity spread .
we have combined our data with similar data for five sculptor giants studied recently by shetrone et al .
to form one of the largest samples of high resolution abundances yet obtained for a dwarf spheroidal galaxy , covering essentially the full known metallicity range in this galaxy .
these properties allow us to establish trends of [ x / fe ] with [ fe / h ] for many elements , x. the trends are significantly different from the trends seen in galactic halo and globular cluster stars .
this conclusion is evident for most of the elements from oxygen to manganese .
we compare our sculptor sample to their most similar galactic counterparts and find substantial differences remain even with these stars .
the many discrepancies in the relationships between [ x / fe ] as seen in sculptor compared with galactic field stars indicates that our halo can not be made up in bulk of stars similar to those presently seen in dwarf spheroidal galaxies like sculptor , corroborating similar conclusions reached by shetrone et al . ,
fulbright and tolstoy et al .
these results have serious implications for the searle - zinn and hierarchical galaxy formation scenarios .
we also find that the most metal - rich star in our sample is a heavy element - rich star .
this star and the [ ba / eu ] trend we see indicates that agb stars must have played an important role in the evolution of the s - process elements in sculptor .
a very high percentage of such heavy element stars are now known in dwarf spheroidals compared to the halo , further mitigating against the formation of the halo from such objects . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the complex relationships among the nearby dwarf spheroidal ( dsph ) galaxies , the globular clusters and the general halo of our galaxy are far from clear , though all belong to baade s ( 1944 ) original population ii .
it is of interest to discuss the similarities and differences of their stellar populations in terms of possible scenarios for the origin of the galactic halo . according to eggen , lynden - bell & sandage ( 1962 ) the galactic halo , including the globular clusters , formed in a single monolithic event of gravitational collapse lasting about @xmath0 years .
during that time , the vast majority of halo stars and stars in the globulars formed to provide the present population ii ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | an alternative scenario was suggested by searle & zinn ( 1978 ) in which the halo was accumulated by the capture of many small systems such as dsphs over a timescale at least an order of magnitude longer .
many current versions of hierarchical galaxy formation theories invoke similar scenarios ( e.g. klypin et al . |
6,422 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we show that the deep expected in the diffuse photon spectrum above the threshold of @xmath0-pair production , i.e. , at energies @xmath1 ev , may be absent due to the synchrotron radiation by the electron component of the extragalactic ultra - high energy cosmic rays ( uhe cr ) in the galactic magnetic filed .
the mechanism we propose requires small ( @xmath2 g ) extragalactic magnetic fields and large fraction of photons in the uhe cr . for a typical photon flux expected in top - down scenarios of uhe cr
, the predicted flux in the region of the deep is close to the existing experimental limit .
the sensitivity of our mechanism to the extragalactic magnetic field may be used to improve existing bounds on the latter by two orders of magnitude .
# 1height#1 depth#1 width0pt * generation of @xmath3 ev photons by uhe cr in the galactic magnetic filed . * + s. l. dubovsky , p. g. tinyakov + .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the spectrum of diffuse photons is expected to have a deep of more than two orders of magnitude at energies @xmath4 ev @xcite .
this deep is similar in nature to the well - known greisen - zatsepin - kuzmin ( gzk ) cutoff @xcite and is caused by electron pair production on the cosmic microwave background , @xmath5 .
the cross section of the latter process reaches its maximum of @xmath6 near the threshold at @xmath7 ev and decreases at higher energies ( see , e.g. , ref ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the attenuation length of photons in the region of the deep is of order 100 kpc , so the deep in the spectrum is a universal feature of models in which high energy photons have extragalactic origin .
indeed , the existence of the deep is confirmed by simulations in various models of uhe cr ( for a review see , e.g. , refs.@xcite ) . for instance , in the region of the deep the top - down models typically give the photon flux by means of the relation @xmath8 . ] of order @xmath9 ev@xmath10@xmath11s@xmath12sr@xmath12 , while at ultra - high energies , @xmath13 ev , the predicted flux is more than two orders of magnitude larger and reaches @xmath14 ev@xmath10@xmath11s@xmath12sr@xmath12 . |
6,423 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: hierarchical assembly within clusters of galaxies is tied directly to the evolution of the brightest cluster galaxies ( bcgs ) , which dominate the stellar light in the centres of rich clusters . in this paper
we investigate the number of mergers onto bcgs in 14 x - ray selected clusters over the redshift range @xmath0 using hst imaging data .
we find significant differences in the numbers of companion galaxies to bcgs between the clusters in our sample indicating that bcgs in similar mass clusters can have very different merging histories . within a 50 kpc radius around the bcgs
we find an average of @xmath1 companion galaxies with mass ratios ( companion : bcg ) between 1:1 and 1:20 .
the infalling companions show a 50/50 split between major ( 1:1 - 1:2 ) and minor ( 1:31:20 ) mergers . when compared to similar work using lower redshift clusters ,
these results demonstrate that both major and minor merging was more common in the past .
since the dynamical timescales for merging onto the bcg are relatively short compared with the look - back time to @xmath2 our results suggest that the bcg stellar mass may increase by as much as 1.8 times since @xmath3
. however the growth rate of bcgs will be substantially less if stripped material from nearby companions ends up in the diffuse intracluster light .
[ firstpage ] galaxies : clusters : general - galaxies : clusters : intracluster medium - galaxies : interactions - galaxies : evolution - galaxies : elliptical and lenticular , cd .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: brightest cluster galaxies ( bcgs ) are the most massive and most homogeneous class of galaxy observed in the universe .
their large stellar luminosities and unique position at the centres of galaxy clusters make them easily identified from cluster surveys and observed out to high redshift . occupying the dense regions in cluster cores , the formation of bcgs
can be explained by dynamical friction induced major merging ( white 1976 ; ostriker & hausman 1977 ) ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the same general picture subsequently emerges from simulations which show that bcgs could form through dissipationless merging of similar - mass systems ( e.g. dubinski , mihos & hernquist , 1999 ) .
more generally , work on elliptical galaxies from semi - analytic simulations indicates that they originate from an early period of rapid star formation and major merging at @xmath4 with subsequent mass assembly becoming dominated by non - dissipative ( dry ) minor merging ( e.g. khochfar & silk 2006 ) a conclusion which fits reasonably well with the `` downsizing '' behaviour results from deep optical / ir surveys ( e.g. cirasuolo et al . |
6,424 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present ppmap , a bayesian procedure that uses images of dust continuum emission at multiple wavelengths to produce resolution - enhanced image cubes of differential column - density as a function of dust temperature and position .
ppmap is based on the generic point process " formalism , whereby the system of interest ( in this case , a dusty astrophysical structure such as a filament or prestellar core ) is represented by a collection of points in a suitably defined state space .
it can be applied to a variety of observational data , such as _ herschel _ images , provided only that the image intensity is delivered by optically thin dust in thermal equilibrium .
ppmap takes full account of the instrumental point spread functions and does not require all images to be degraded to the same resolution .
we present the results of testing using simulated data for a prestellar core and a fractal turbulent cloud , and demonstrate its performance with real data from the hi - gal survey . specifically , we analyse observations of a large filamentary structure in the cma ob1 giant molecular cloud .
histograms of differential column - density indicate that the warm material ( @xmath0 k ) is distributed log - normally , consistent with turbulence , but the column - densities of the cooler material are distributed as a high density tail , consistent with the effects of self - gravity .
the results illustrate the potential of ppmap to aid in distinguishing between different physical components along the line of sight in star - forming clouds , and aid the interpretation of the associated pdfs of column density .
[ firstpage ] techniques : high angular resolution techniques : image processing methods : data analysis stars : formation submillimetre : ism ism : clouds . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: observations of thermal dust emission from galactic structures , such as starless cores , filaments , and bubbles in the interstellar medium ( ism ) , can provide key information on the initial conditions for star formation .
significant advances in the modelling of these structures have been made possible by the availability of submillimetre imaging data at multiple wavelengths , such as that provided by _
@xcite and various ground - based telescopes ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the data carry information on physical parameters such as the density and temperature structure of prestellar cores and their filamentary environments , as well as that of the turbulent medium from which those structures are believed to evolve .
the parameter estimation typically involves the fitting of modified blackbody models to the observed spectral energy distributions ( seds ) . |
6,425 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we demonstrate , for the first time , the realization of an entirely guided - wave squeezing experiment at a telecom wavelength .
the state generation relies on waveguide non - linear optics technology while squeezing collection and transmission are implemented by using only telecom fibre components .
we observe up to @xmath0db of squeezing emitted at 1542 nm in cw pumping regime .
the compactness and stability of the experiment , compared to free - space configurations , represent a significant step towards achieving out - of - the - lab cv quantum communication , fully compatible with existing telecom fibre networks .
we believe that this work stands as a promising approach for real applications as well as for `` do - it - yourself '' experiments .
generation and manipulation of continuous variable ( cv ) non - classical states of light are the object of intense research due to their importance in both fundamental and applied physics @xcite . among others , a valuable feature of cv quantum resources is that they can be generated in a deterministic way at the output of non - linear optical media @xcite . moreover , cv entanglement is affected but never vanishes completely for any level of external loss @xcite . on these bases
, cv quantum optics has experienced an increasing interest for its application to quantum key distribution ( qkd ) @xcite , with many proposals based on both single - mode @xcite and two - mode squeezed light @xcite .
entanglement distillation and entanglement swapping schemes for long distance quantum communication have been demonstrated @xcite and systematic studies have been performed on the robustness of non - classicality against the communication channel losses @xcite .
+ a further step towards real - world applications of cv quantum communication has been done by generating squeezed light in the telecom c - band of wavelengths , where low - loss optical fibres and high performance standard components are available @xcite . in the perspective of implementing....
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the authors acknowledge financial support from the agence nationale de la recherche ( anr ) through the @xmath32 ( anr-14-ce32 - 0019 ) and @xmath33 ( anr-2011-emma-0002 ) projects .
a. z. acknowledges financial support from the universit nice sophia antipolis .
f. k. acknolewdges financial support from the foundation simone et cino del duca ( institut de france).the authors would like to thank laurent labont , philippe bouyer , and baptiste battelier for technical support ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | 0 j. laurat , g. keller , j. a. oliveira - huguenin , c. fabre , t. coudreau , a. serafini , g. adesso , f. illuminati , j. opt .
b * 7 * , s577 ( 2005 ) . |
6,426 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have investigated the nonlinear amplitude vector equation governing the evolution of optical pulses in optical and uv region .
we are normalizing this equation for the cases of different and equal transverse and longitudinal size of optical pulses or modulated optical waves , of week and strong dispersion .
this gives us the possibility to reduce the amplitude equation to different nonlinear evolution equations in the partial cases .
for some of these nonlinear equations exact vortex solutions are found .
conditions for experimental observations of these vortices are determined .
we have found large spectral zones on the wings of the electron resonances of metal vapors and also near to the plasma frequency where the amplitude equation can be reduced to 3d+1 vector nonlinear schrdinger equation .
pacs 42.81.dp;05.45.yv;42.65.tg .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the investigation of optical pulses and of modulated periodical waves in wave guide structures as fibers and planar waveguides is connected with the additional requirements to the optical property of the materials .
one standard way for confinement the optical beams and pulses is by variation of the linear or nonlinear refractive index in plane , which is transverse to the propagation direction . in an isotropic
dispersive media the refractive index depends only on the frequency , the group velocity depends on the chromatic dispersion and the wave guide modes can not be introduced in linear regime of propagation ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | to provide one correct analysis in this case we need to get in mind also the different spatial size of the optical pulses .
the longitudinal spatial size is determined from the time duration by the relations @xmath0 , where a typical value of the group index @xmath1 in transparency region of pure silica is ( @xmath2 ) . |
6,427 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using infrared , radio continuum and spectral observations , we performed a detailed investigation of the hii region rcw175 .
we determined that rcw175 , which actually consists of two separate hii regions , g29.1 - 0.7 and g29.0 - 0.6 , is located at a distance of 3.2 @xmath0 0.2 kpc .
based on the observations we infer that the more compact g29.0 - 0.6 is less evolved than g29.1 - 0.7 and was possibly produced as a result of the expansion of g29.1 - 0.7 into the surrounding interstellar medium .
we compute a star formation rate for rcw175 of ( 12.6 @xmath0 1.9 ) @xmath1 10@xmath2 m@xmath3 yr@xmath4 , and identified 6 possible young stellar object candidates within its vicinity .
additionally , we estimate that rcw175 contains a total dust mass of 215 @xmath0 53 m@xmath3 .
rcw175 has previously been identified as a source of anomalous microwave emission ( ame ) , an excess of emission at cm wavelengths often attributed to electric dipole radiation from the smallest dust grains .
we find that the ame previously detected in rcw175 is not correlated with the smallest dust grains ( polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or small carbonaceous dust grains ) , but rather with the exciting radiation field within the region .
this is a similar result to that found in the perseus molecular cloud , another region which harbors ame , suggesting that the radiation field may play a pivotal role in the production of this new galactic emission mechanism .
finally , we suggest that these observations may hint at the importance of understanding the role played by the major gas ions in spinning dust models . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: dust is known to be ubiquitous in our galaxy , playing a crucial role in the heating , cooling and reprocessing of the interstellar medium ( ism ) .
it is therefore no surprise that dust exists within hii regions , and several studies have been aimed at revealing the distribution of dust within these ionized regions ( e.g. * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | * ; * ? ? ?
hii regions are the result of the formation of early type ob stars , with their exact shape and size dependent on the surrounding environment and the balance between photoionization and recombination . |
6,428 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: electron pairing and ferromagnetism in various cluster geometries are studied with emphasis on tetrahedron and square pyramid under variation of interaction strength , electron doping and temperature .
these exact calculations of charge and spin collective excitations and pseudogaps yield intriguing insights into level crossing degeneracies , phase separation and condensation .
criteria for spin - charge separation and reconciliation driven by interaction strength , next nearest coupling and temperature are found .
phase diagrams resemble a number of inhomogeneous , coherent and incoherent nanoscale phases seen recently in high t@xmath0 cuprates , manganites and cmr nanomaterials .
= 1.5 cm .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: systems with correlated electrons display a rich variety of physical phenomena and properties : different types of magnetic ordering , ( high - tc ) superconductivity , ferroelectricity , spin - charge separation , formation of spatial inhomogeneities @xcite ( phase separation , stripes , local gap and incoherent pairing , charge and spin pseudogaps ) .
the realization of these properties in clusters and bulk depends on interaction strength @xmath1 , doping , temperature , the detailed type of crystal lattice and sign of coupling @xmath2 @xcite .
studies of perplexing physics of electron behavior in non - bipartite lattices encounter enormous difficulties ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | exact solutions at finite temperatures exist only in a very few cases @xcite ; perturbation theory is usually inadequate while numerical methods have serious limitations , such as in the quantum monte - carlo method and its notorious sign problem . on the contrary
, one can get important insights from the exact solutions for small clusters ( molecules " ) . |
6,429 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have used high resolution transmission spectroscopy to study the exciton level spectrum in cu@xmath0o subject to a longitudinal external electric field , i.e. , in the geometry where the transmitted light is propagating along the field direction .
different experimental configurations given by the field orientation relative to the crystal and the light polarization have been explored .
we focus on the range of small principal quantum numbers @xmath1 .
the number of exciton states belonging to a particular principal quantum number increases with @xmath2 , leading to an enhanced complexity of the spectra .
still , in particular for @xmath3 a spectral separation of the different lines is feasible and identification as well as assignment of the dominant state character are possible .
we find a strong dependence of the spectra on the chosen light propagation direction and polarization configuration , reflecting the inadequacy of the hydrogen model for describing the excitons . with increasing the field excitonic states with different parity become mixed , leading to optical activation of states that are dark in zero field .
as compared with atoms , due to the reduced rydberg energy states with different @xmath2 can be brought into resonance in the accessible electric field strength range .
when this occurs , we observe mostly crossing of levels within the experimental accuracy showing that the electron and hole motion remains regular .
the observed features are well described by detailed calculations accounting for the spin - orbit coupling , the cubic anisotropy effects , and the symmetry - imposed optical selection rules . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: application of electric and magnetic fields has turned out to be extremely helpful for developing a detailed understanding of atoms , as the electronic level structure is modified by characteristic energy shifts and/or lifting multiple state degeneracies .
the latter is associated with the symmetry reduction from the so(3 ) group of all rotations down to u(1 ) for rotations about the field , caused by introduction of the preferential field direction in space .
typically , the separation between atomic levels belonging to different principal quantum numbers @xmath2 is so large that resonances between these states can hardly occur for the field strengths accessible in the laboratory ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | this is different for rydberg atoms where the valence electron has been promoted into a level with high @xmath4 @xcite . in this range , for the hydrogen atom the levels of the stark ladder simply cross each other , when they come into resonance by application of an electric field .
by contrast , for many - electron atoms the excited electron experiences close to the nucleus a deviation from the @xmath5-coulomb potential due to the core electrons . the influence of this deviation is often comprised in the quantum defect , by which the rydberg formula for the excited electron binding energy is modified to @xmath6 , where @xmath7 is the rydberg energy and @xmath8 is the quantum defect for an electron with orbital angular momentum @xmath9 . |
6,430 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: previously , in an effective field theory formulated by us , we have carried out parameter - free calculations of a large number of low - energy two - nucleon properties .
an experiment at the institut laue - langevin is currently measuring spin - dependent effects in the polarized @xmath0 capture process @xmath1 at threshold . noting that spin - dependent observables for this reaction are sensitive to terms of chiral orders higher than hitherto studied , we extend our effective theory approach to this process and make _ parameter - free predictions _ on the spin - dependent observables .
-.7 in .25 in # 1 # 1| # 1 | # 1 # 1#2#3#4 # 1 * # 2 * ( # 4 ) # 3 . 0.4 cm effective field theory approach to 0.4 cm @xmath2 at threshold and mannque rho@xmath3 0.5 cm @xmath4 _ school of physics , korea institute for advanced study , seoul 130 - 012 , korea _
@xmath5 _ theory group , triumf , vancouver , b.c . ,
canada v6 t 2a3 _
@xmath6 _ department of physics and astronomy , university of south carolina + columbia , sc 29208 , usa + _
@xmath7 _ department of physics , seoul national university , seoul 151 - 742 , korea _
@xmath8 _ service de physique thorique , ce saclay , 91191 gif - sur - yvette , france _ 0.5 cm .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: an experiment by mller _ et al _
@xcite at the institut laue - langevin ( ill ) is currently measuring spin - dependent effects in the thermal neutron capture process n+pd+ , [ polnp ] wherein , as indicated , both the incident neutron and the target proton are polarized . at threshold ,
the initial nuclear state is in either the @xmath9 or @xmath10 channel , where @xmath11 is the isospin ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the process ( [ polnp ] ) therefore receives contributions from the isovector m1 matrix element ( m1v ) between the initial @xmath12 ( @xmath13 ) and the final deuteron ( @xmath14 ) state , along with the isoscalar m1 matrix element ( ) and the isoscalar e2 ( ) matrix element between the initial @xmath15 ( @xmath14 ) and the final deuteron @xmath16 states .
contribution recently considered by chen , rupak and savage @xcite . ] since m1v is by far the largest amplitude ( see below ) , the spin - averaged cross section @xmath17 is totally dominated by m1v . |
6,431 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the evolution of multivariant patterns in thin plates of magnetic shape memory materials with an applied magnetic field was studied theoretically .
a geometrical domain - model is considered composed of straight stripe - like martensite variants with constant internal magnetization ( high anisotropy limit ) and magnetic domain wall orientation fixed by the twin boundaries . through
integral transforms of the demagnetization energy , the micromagnetic energy is cast into a form convenient for direct numerical evaluation and analytical calculations .
the equilibrium geometrical parameters of multivariant patterns with straight and oblique twin boundaries have been derived as functions of the applied field and the material parameters of a plate .
it is shown that the oblique multivariant states exist only in plates with thicknesses @xmath0 larger than a certain critical value @xmath1 . in samples with @xmath2
a magnetic - field - driven transformation occurs directly between single variant states . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys like ni - mn - ga heusler alloys the high magnetocrystalline anisotropy fixes the magnetization along the easy magnetization axis of martensite variants @xcite .
this `` one - to - one correspondence '' between magnetic domains and the martensite variants allows to rearrange the crystallographic variants by applying a magnetic field @xcite .
hence , magnetic energy determines the evolution of the multivariant states in magnetic fields ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the martensitic microstructure can be described by adapting the phenomenological theory of magnetic domains @xcite .
a detailed understanding of this coupling between microstructure and magnetic domain structure can be achieved for suitably simple geometrical systems . here |
6,432 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the recent observations of @xcite have shown multiple plasma ejections and the intermittent nature of magnetic reconnection in the solar chromosphere , highlighting the need for fast reconnection to occur in highly collisional plasma . however ,
the physical process through which fast magnetic reconnection occurs in partially ionized plasma , like the solar chromosphere , is still poorly understood .
it has been shown that for sufficiently high magnetic reynolds numbers , sweet
parker current sheets can become unstable leading to tearing mode instability and plasmoid formation , but when dealing with a partially ionized plasma the strength of coupling between the ions and neutrals plays a fundamental role in determining the dynamics of the system .
we propose that as the reconnecting current sheet thins and the tearing instability develops , plasmoid formation passes through strongly , intermediately , and weakly coupled ( or decoupled ) regimes , with the time scale for the tearing mode instability depending on the frictional coupling between ions and neutrals .
we present calculations for the relevant time scales for fractal tearing in all three regimes .
we show that as a result of the tearing mode instability and the subsequent non - linear instability due to the plasmoid - dominated reconnection , the sweet parker current sheet tends to have a fractal - like structure , and when the chromospheric magnetic field is sufficiently strong the tearing instability can reach down to kinetic scales , which are hypothesized to be necessary for fast reconnection . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous process where magnetic fields undergo topological rearrangement and which converts the magnetic energy into heat and various forms of plasma energy .
some of the key issues related with magnetic reconnection are : 1 .
how does fast magnetic reconnection occur and what determines the reconnection rate ?.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | two - dimensional magnetohydrodynamic ( mhd ) simulations of _ coronal _ magnetic reconnection show that the reconnection rate depends strongly on the resistivity model @xcite . in the case of uniform resistivity ,
the reconnection becomes steady sweet parker type , while in the case of anomalous resistivity , the reconnection tends to non - steady petschek type . |
6,433 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: sphericons and d - forms are 3d objects created and described by artists , which have separately received attention in the mathematical literature in the last 15 or so years .
the attempt to classify a seamed , crocheted form geometrically led to the observation , which appears not to have been previously made explicit , that these objects are related .
general results concerning @xmath0-icons and seam- , d- and pita - forms are given .
instructions to crochet such forms are provided in the appendix .
sphericon , d - form , pita - form , developable surface , crochet 51m04 ; 97m80 .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in january 2016 , a crocheter on the social networking site ravelry @xcite posted images of a coin purse she had made as a christmas present , and started a discussion thread asking readers of a particular forum if they could help her identify the name of its 3d shape ( hereafter termed _ the shape _ ) .
the purse , shown in figure [ purse ] , had been constructed following a pattern @xcite by making a flat oval , and attaching a zipper to its edge in such a way that when the zipper closed , the purse was not folded over exactly in half onto itself ( flat ) , but sat up , enclosing an intriguingly - shaped volume .
the crocheter had read the german version @xcite of an ian stewart column on the sphericon @xcite , and believed that the shape might be sort - of - but - not - quite a sphericon . however , the paper templates for making one s own sphericons that she had seen @xcite have curved edges only , which her oval did not . in fact _.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | oval _ is rather loose a term , and broadly means _
egg - like_. the purse in question had been constructed from a _ stadium _ , the 2d shape made from a rectangle and two semi - circles , as shown in figure [ stad ] . |
6,434 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using the general , model independent form of the effective hamiltonian , the general expressions of the longitudinal , normal and transversal polarization asymmetries for @xmath0 and @xmath1 and combinations of them for the exclusive @xmath2 decay are found .
the sensitivity of lepton polarizations and their combinations on new wilson coefficients are studied .
it is found that there exist regions of wilson coefficients for which the branching ratio coincides with the standard model result while the lepton polarizations differ substantially from the standard model prediction .
hence , studying lepton polarization in these regions of new wilson coefficients can serve as a promising tool for establishing new physics beyond the standard model .
16.3 true cm 23.0 true cm -0.8 true in 0.00 true in plus 1000pt minus 1000pt # 1 pacs numbers : 12.60.i , 13.20.v , 13.25.hw .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the two @xmath3 meson factories babar and belle , which have already started operation , open an exciting new era in studying physics of @xmath3 mesons .
both factories have already presented thrilling results on cp violation @xcite .
the physics program of the b factories contain two main directions : detailed study of cp violation in @xmath4 decays and precise measurement of rare flavor changing neutral current ( fcnc ) processes ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is well known that fcnc processes are very sensitive to the new physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) .
so , main goal of the investigations undergoing at @xmath3 factories is to find inconsistencies within the sm , in particular find indications for new physics in the flavor and cp violating sector @xcite . |
6,435 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: with the exception of terzan 5 , all the galactic globular clusters that possess significant metallicity spreads , such as @xmath0 cen and m22 , are preferentially the more luminous clusters with extended horizontal branches . here
we present radial velocities and chemical abundances for seven bright giants in the globular cluster m62 , a previously little - studied cluster .
with @xmath1 = @xmath29.18 , m62 is the ninth most luminous galactic globular cluster and has an extended horizontal branch . within our sample ,
we find ( i ) no evidence for a dispersion in metallicity , [ fe / h ] , beyond the measurement uncertainties , ( ii ) star - to - star abundance variations for c , o , na and al with the usual correlations between these elements as seen in other globular clusters , and ( iii ) a global enrichment for the elements zr , ba and la at the level [ x / fe ] @xmath3 + 0.4 dex . for elements heavier than la , the abundance ratios are consistent with the scaled - solar @xmath4-process distribution .
below la , the abundances are anomalous when compared to the scaled - solar @xmath5-process or @xmath4-process distributions . for these elements ,
the abundance signature in m62 is in agreement with predictions of the @xmath5-process from fast - rotating massive stars , although the high [ rb / y ] ratio we measure may be a challenge to this scenario .
[ firstpage ] stars : abundances galaxy : abundances globular clusters : individual : ngc 6266 .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a small , but growing , number of galactic globular clusters exhibit a star - to - star variation in the relative abundances of the heavy elements .
@xmath0 centauri is the most well - known member of this group with its stars spanning a range in metallicity = @xmath6 from [ fe / h ] @xmath3 @xmath22.0 to [ fe / h ] @xmath3 @xmath20.5 ; for certain elements , the abundance ratios with respect to iron , [ x / fe ] , exhibit considerable variations with metallicity ( e.g. , @xcite ) . as the most massive galactic globular cluster and in light of its complex chemical enrichment history , @xmath0 cen is regarded to be the core of a disrupted dwarf galaxy ( e.g. , @xcite ) .
m54 is the second most massive galactic globular cluster ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | it displays a key characteristic shared by @xmath0 centauri but absent in the majority of clusters , namely , a metallicity dispersion @xcite , albeit of smaller amplitude than that found in @xmath0 centauri . that m54 is the nuclear star cluster of the sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy lends further support to the hypothesis that massive globular clusters with metallicity variations may be the nuclei of disrupted dwarf galaxies ( although @xcite argue that the nucleus of sgr likely formed independently of m54 ) . when considering the ensemble of globular clusters with unusual chemical abundance ratios cen and m54 , the other clusters include m15 @xcite , ngc 362 @xcite , ngc 1851 @xcite , ngc 2419 @xcite , ngc 3201 @xcite , ngc 5824 @xcite , ngc 6656 @xcite , ngc 7089 @xcite and terzan 5 @xcite ] ( dispersions in metallicity and/or neutron - capture elements ) , it is clear that these objects are preferentially the more luminous , and therefore the more massive , clusters .
@xcite considered globular clusters with an extended horizontal branch ( i.e. , a horizontal branch with extremely blue stars ) which likely signifies the presence of he abundance variations @xcite . |
6,436 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use velocity and metallicity information from sdss and segue stellar spectroscopy to fit an orbit to the narrow @xmath0 stellar stream of grillmair and dionatos .
the stars in the stream have a retrograde orbit with eccentricity @xmath1 ( perigalacticon of 14.4 kpc and apogalacticon of 28.7 kpc ) and inclination approximately @xmath2 . in the region of the orbit which is detected
, it has a distance of about 7 to 11 kpc from the sun . assuming a standard disk plus bulge and logarithmic halo potential for the milky way stars plus dark matter , the stream stars are moving with a large space velocity of approximately @xmath3 at perigalacticon . using this stream alone , we are unable to determine if the dark matter halo is oblate or prolate .
the metallicity of the stream is [ fe / h ] @xmath4
. observed proper motions for individual stream members above the main sequence turnoff are consistent with the derived orbit .
none of the known globular clusters in the milky way have positions , radial velocities , and metallicities that are consistent with being the progenitor of the gd-1 stream . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: data from tidal stream debris is a valuable resource for constraining galactic structure . in the last decade ,
several streams , with both globular cluster and dwarf galaxy progenitors , have been discovered in the milky way @xcite , as well as in nearby galaxies @xcite . by examining the density , kinematics , distribution , and structure of various tidal streams surrounding the milky way , a clearer picture of how our halo was built
can be developed @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | in addition , stellar streams can be used as probes of the galactic gravitational potential , and thus constrains the shape of the dark matter halo @xcite .
@xcite , hereafter gd , announced the detection of a @xmath0 cold stellar stream in the galactic halo ( the stream itself we refer to henceforth as gd-1 , following gd ) , using stellar density counts extracted from the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ; york et al . |
6,437 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the rle of the magnetoelectric effect upon optical reflectivity is studied by adapting an electrodynamic - based model for a system composed by a 2d metallic film in contact with an extended multiferroic material exhibiting weak ferromagnetism .
the well - known _ nakayama s _ boundary condition is reformulated by taking into account the magnetoelectric coupling as well as an externally applied magnetic field @xmath0 in an arbitrary direction . it is found that the reflectance shows strong fluctuations for incident radiation close to the characteristic antiferromagnetic resonance frequency associated with the multiferroic material in the thz regime . these results were verified for a 10 nm metallic foil by using a finite element method ( fem ) and the rouard s approach , for a wide range of wavelengths ( 0.1 - 5 mm ) , showing good agreement with respect to nakayama s outcome , for the particular material bamnf@xmath1 .
+ + _ keywords : _ multiferroics , magnetoelectric effect , surface plasmon , reflectance . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: magnetoelectric ( me ) effects in multiferroic ( mf ) or ferromagnetic ( metallic ) films have brought remarkable interest since promising technological applications in spintronics and ultrafast electric field control on magnetic data storage are seen as imminent@xcite,@xcite .
characterization of the relative strength for the me coupling can be obtained by implementing terahertz spectroscopy in rare earth manganites of the type rmno@xmath2 ( r = tb , gd , dy , eu : y ) @xcite,@xcite,@xcite,@xcite demonstrating that the generated electromagnons ( mixed spin - waves and photon states ) represent , among others , the signature of the me effect for an approximate range of frequencies between 10 @xmath3 and 40 @xmath3 at temperatures where antiferromagnetic resonance modes ( afmr ) coexist , or more recently , the key mechanism for controllable magnetochromism in ba@xmath4mg@xmath4fe@xmath5o@xmath6 hexaferrites @xcite . the magnetoelectric effect emerges when a magnetic field @xmath7 can induce a polarization vector @xmath8 at zero applied electric field ( @xmath9 ) .
likewise , the magnetization of the substance @xmath10 can be generated for an electric field @xmath11 with @xmath12 ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the minimal coupling for describing the thermodynamic potential associated with this effect is given by @xmath13 , where @xmath14 is an unsymmetrical magnetoelectric tensor , whose components depend on the magnetic symmetry class@xcite . the primary origin for the me coupling is commonly associated with the dzyaloshinskii - moriya relativistic exchange - interaction @xcite,@xcite which is appropriate for the description of asymmetric spin wave dispersion on double layer fe - films@xcite as well as for those materials where weak ferromagnetism emerges , namely the ilmenite fetio@xmath2 , tbmno@xmath2 , eu@xmath15y@xmath16mno@xmath2 ( @xmath17 at @xmath18 k@xcite ) or the widely studied pyroelectric ferromagnet bamnf@xmath1 @xcite . weak ferromagnetism on this compound is generated by canting effects between antiferromagnetic sub - lattices , leading to a spontaneous polarization @xmath8 perpendicular to the resulting magnetization @xmath10@xcite .
considerations in the symmetry change of the static polarization and magnetization fields have brought interesting unconventional optical phenomena labeled as non - reciprocal dichroism associated with the sign reversal of @xmath19 , recently reported in the perovskite eu@xmath20y@xmath21mno@xmath22 , with magnetoelectric activity for photon energies around 0.8 mev ( sub thz regime ) in the cycloidal phase at 4 k@xcite . |
6,438 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we show that any graph , in the sequence given by haagerup in 1991 as that of candidates of principal graphs of subfactors , is not realized as a principal graph except for the smallest two .
this settles the remaining case of a previous work of the first author . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: this paper completes the proof that the pairs of graphs as in fig .
[ graph ] are not realized as ( dual ) principal graphs of any subfactor for @xmath0 .
these graphs are a part of the list of graphs given by haagerup in 1991 in @xcite as candidates which might be realized as ( dual ) principal graphs of subfactors ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | bisch proved that a subfactor with ( dual ) principal graph ( 4 ) in @xcite does _ not _ exist @xcite by checking the inconsistency of fusion rules on the graph .
haagerup and the first author proved that two pairs of graphs : the case @xmath1 of ( 2 ) ( see figure [ graph ] ) as well as the case ( 3 ) in @xcite , are realized as ( dual ) principal graphs of subfactors , and that such subfactors are unique respectively ( @xcite ) . |
6,439 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a new analysis is given of numerical simulation data on the archetype square lattice ising spin glasses ( isg ) with a bimodal ( @xmath0 ) and gaussian interaction distributions .
it is well established that the ordering temperature of both models is zero .
the gaussian has a non - degenerate ground state so exponent @xmath1 and it has a continuous distribution of energy levels . for the bimodal model , above a size - dependent cross - over temperature @xmath2
there is a regime of effectively continuous energy levels ; below @xmath2 there is a distinct regime dominated by the highly degenerate ground state plus an energy gap to the excited states .
@xmath2 tends to zero at very large @xmath3 leaving only the effectively continuous regime in the thermodynamic limit .
we show that in this regime the critical exponent @xmath4 is not zero , so the effectively continuous regime @xmath5d bimodal isg is not in the same universality class as the @xmath5d gaussian isg .
the simulation data on both models are analyzed using a scaling variable @xmath6 suitable for zero temperature transition isgs , together with appropriate scaling expressions .
accurate simulation estimates can be obtained for the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic limit reduced susceptibility @xmath7 and second moment correlation length @xmath8 over the entire range of temperature from zero to infinity . the gaussian critical exponent from the simulations @xmath9 is in full agreement with
the well established value from the literature .
the bimodal exponent from the thermodynamic limit regime analysis is @xmath10 , once again different from the gaussian value . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the canonical edwards - anderson ( ea ) model ising spin glasses ( isgs ) in dimension @xmath11 have been the subject of very many numerical studies .
there is now consensus supported by analytic arguments that the two archetype models , the isgs on square lattices with near neighbor interactions having distributions which are either gaussian or bimodal ( @xmath0 ) , have zero temperature transitions @xcite . for the gaussian case , where the interaction distribution is continuous and the ground state is unique
, there is now also general consensus concerning the low temperature thermodynamic limit ( thl ) behavior and exponents . in the bimodal case.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | there is an `` effectively continuous energy level distribution '' regime coming down from high temperatures and ending with a crossover at a size dependent temperature @xmath2 to a ground state dominated regime @xcite .
interpretations differ considerably concerning the critical exponents for the bimodal interaction case |
6,440 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the essential spectral radius of a sub - markovian process is defined as the infimum of the spectral radiuses of all local perturbations of the process . when the family of rescaled processes satisfies sample path large deviation principle , the spectral radius and the essential spectral radius are expressed in terms of the rate function .
the paper is motivated by applications to reflected diffusions and jump markov processes describing stochastic networks for which the sample path large deviation principle has been established and the rate function has been identified while essential spectral radius has not been calculated . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: for a sub - markovian process @xmath0 on a locally compact set @xmath1 endowed with a non - negative radon measure @xmath2 , _ spectral radius _
@xmath3 is defined as the infimum over all those @xmath4 for which the resolvent function @xmath5 is @xmath2-integrable on compact subsets of @xmath1 for every compact set @xmath6 . under some general assumptions ,
the quantity @xmath3 can be described in several ways : * for an irreducible discrete time markov chain @xmath7 on a countable set @xmath1 , @xmath8 is a common radius of convergence of the series @xmath9 where @xmath10 are the transition probabilities of @xmath7 ( see seneta @xcite and vere - jones @xcite ) . *.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | @xmath11 where the supremum is taken over all compact subsets @xmath12 and @xmath13 is the sub - markovian semi - group associated to @xmath0 .
* @xmath3 is the infimum over all @xmath4 for which there is a positive measurable function @xmath14 which is @xmath2-integrable on compact subsets of @xmath1 and such that @xmath15 for all @xmath16 . |
6,441 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the wealth evolution in a system of agents that exchange wealth through a disordered network in presence of an additive stochastic gaussian noise .
we show that the resulting wealth distribution is shaped by the degree distribution of the underlying network and in particular we verify that scale free networks generate distributions with power - law tails in the high - income region .
numerical simulations of wealth exchanges performed on two different kind of networks show the inner relation between the wealth distribution and the network properties and confirm the agreement with a self - consistent solution .
we show that empirical data for the income distribution in australia are qualitatively well described by our theoretical predictions .
[ 1999/12/01 v1.4c il nuovo cimento ] .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: empirically the literature reports several behaviors for the income and wealth distributions in different countries .
a century ago , the italian social economist pareto suggested a power - law @xcite distribution in the high - income range , namely , in terms of cumulative distribution : @xmath0 , with @xmath1 being the pareto index @xcite . on the other hand montroll
@xcite suggested a lognormal distribution with power law tail for the usa personal income ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | more recently , wealth and income distributions in the usa and in the united kingdom have been described by an exponential distribution with power law high - end tails @xcite . whereas , the japanese personal income distribution appears to follow lognormal distributions also with power law tails @xcite . in some recent papers zipfs law
has also been proposed @xcite . in this paper |
6,442 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we examine the results of a coordinated _ hst__rxte__cgro _ campaign to study the microquasar gro j165540 during its 19967 outburst , focusing on interpretation of the overall anti - correlation seen between optical and x - ray fluxes during the early months of the outburst .
our tools include echo - mapping , optical / uv continuum spectral modelling and analysis of spectral variability .
we conclude by suggesting one possible interpretation for the anti - correlation . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: during the early stages of the 19967 outburst of the microquasar gro j165540 , _ hst _ , _ rxte _ and _ cgro _ light curves reveal an enigmatic behaviour , shown in fig .
[ longlcfig ] . over a period of about 3 months , during which optical and uv fluxes declined steadily , the x - ray brightness of the object _ increased_. the hard x - ray rise in particular appears almost _ anti - correlated _ with the optical / uv decline ;
this is difficult to reconcile with models in which the optical / uv flux is produced by reprocessing in an irradiated accretion disc , e.g. king & ritter ( 1998 ) , for which the optical flux is expected to track x - ray behaviour ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | nonetheless , comparison of optical and x - ray light curves reveals correlated variability ; echo mapping suggests that this is due to the disc being significantly irradiated , contrary to what the long term light curves would suggest .
our _ hst _ data set spans 1996 may 14 to july 22 , comprising five separate observations , during four of which the _ rxte_/pca also observed the source . |
6,443 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we get the leading term of the gurevich - pitaevskii special solution of the kdv equation in the oscillation zone without using averaging methods . nondissipative shock wave , cusp catastrophe .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the gurevich - pitaevskii ( gp ) special universal solution of the korteweg - de vries ( kdv ) equation @xmath0 was introduced in @xcite in connection with the problem of description of collisionless shock waves ( sagdeev showed in @xcite that such waves are of oscillating character ) .
the behaviour of the gp special solution for @xmath1 and @xmath2 is determined in the main from the cubic canonical equation of the cusp catastrophe @xmath3 the gp solution to the kdv equation is one of the most interesting special functions of the modern nonlinear mathematical physics . in @xcite it is shown that in problems of dispersion hydrodynamics ( in particular , in problems of plasma theory ) the gp special solution appears near the points of overturning of simple waves . from the results of @xcite , @xcite ,
@xcite one actually sees that the same universal special function appears near the points of overturning of the generic state solutions to diverse dispersion perturbations of the equations of one - dimensional motion of ideal incompressible liquid @xmath4 here , @xmath5 is the density of the liquid , @xmath6 the velocity and @xmath7 , where @xmath8 is the speed of sound and @xmath9 the pressure . in particular , this is the case for solutions of the shallow water equations @xmath10 where @xmath11 is the free boundary , @xmath12 the potential of bottom velocity and @xmath13 the acceleration of gravity ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the right - hand sides can actually be written as complete series in powers of the parameter @xmath14 by the procedure given for instance in ( * ? ? ?
* ch . 1 , 4 ) ( and not only as the so - called second approximations , as stated in @xcite ) . in the 1990s |
6,444 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider a hubbard - like model of strongly - interacting spinless fermions and hardcore bosons on a square lattice , such that nearest neighbor occupation is forbidden .
stripes ( lines of holes across the lattice forming antiphase walls between ordered domains ) are a favorable way to dope this system below half - filling . the problem of a single stripe can be mapped to a spin-1/2 chain , which allows understanding of its elementary excitations and calculation of the stripe s effective mass for transverse vibrations . using lanczos exact diagonalization
, we investigate the excitation gap and dispersion of a hole on a stripe , and the interaction of two holes .
we also study the interaction of two , three , and four stripes , finding that they repel , and the interaction energy decays with stripe separation as if they are hardcore particles moving in one ( transverse ) direction .
to determine the stability of an array of stripes against phase separation into particle - rich phase and hole - rich liquid , we evaluate the liquid s equation of state , finding the stripe - array is not stable for bosons but is possibly stable for fermions . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: stripes have been an area of active study in the high - temperature superconductivity research .
they are modulations of charge and spin densities , and can be static or dynamic . in 1995 ,
tranquada and coworkers@xcite observed the coexistence of superconducting and stripe domain order for the material la@xmath0nd@xmath1sr@xmath2cuo@xmath3 at around doping @xmath4 ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the stripes are one - dimensional objects on a two - dimensional plane , and they have been called `` self - organized one dimensionality.''@xcite search for stripes in the hubbard and @xmath5 models has been intense and is still going strong ( see ref . for a review of some experimental results and theoretical considerations ) .
> from the theory side , there are basically two roads . |
6,445 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present an initial matching of the source positions of the _ chandra _ nuclear bulge x - ray sources to the new ukidss - gps near - infrared survey of the nuclear bulge .
this task is made difficult by the extremely crowded nature of the region , despite this , we find candidate counterparts to @xmath0 of the x - ray sources . we show that detection in the @xmath1-band for a candidate counterpart to an x - ray source preferentially selects those candidate counterparts in the foreground whereas candidate counterparts with only detections in the @xmath2 and @xmath3-bands are more likely to be nuclear bulge sources .
we discuss the planned follow - up for these candidate counterparts . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the @xcite and @xcite _ chandra _ surveys of the nuclear bulgerevealed a large population of weak , hard point - like x - ray sources that could account for up to 10% of the previously observed `` diffuse '' x - ray emission from the nuclear bulge .
numerous studies have tried to characterise these newly discovered x - ray sources of the nuclear bulge surveys based on their x - ray properties .
@xcite suggest that a large fraction may be wind - accreting neutron stars with high mass companions . @xcite and.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | @xcite propose that they could be white dwarfs accreting from main sequence counterparts ( cataclysmic variables , polars and intermediate polars ) . @xcite and
@xcite believe them to be neutron stars with low mass companions and @xcite have speculated that they could be isolated neutron stars and black holes accreting from the interstellar medium . |
6,446 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the possibility to distinguish between the standard model higgs boson and the lightest higgs boson in split supersymmetry .
we point out that the best way to distinguish between these two higgs bosons is through the decay into two photons .
it is shown that there are large differences of several percent between the predictions for @xmath0 in the two models , making possible the discrimination at future photon - photon colliders .
once the charginos are discovered at the next generation of collider experiments , the well defined predictions for the higgs decay into two photons will become a cross check to identify the light higgs boson in split supersymmetry . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: despite the great success of the standard model ( sm ) , the mechanism for electroweak symmetry breaking remains to be tested in experiments .
there are many reasons to believe there is physics beyond the sm . in particular , the minimal supersymmetric standard model ( mssm ) is one of the best motived theories where it is possible to describe the cold dark matter in the universe and where the unification of the gauge couplings is achieved . in low energy supersymmetry
it is assumed that the susy breaking scale is at tev following the naturalness criterion ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | recently , arkani - hamed and dimopoulos @xcite , have noticed that gauge coupling unification can be achieved in a supersymmetric model where all scalars , except for one higgs doublet , are very heavy .
most of the unpleasant aspects of low energy supersymmetry , such as excessive flavour and cp violation , very fast dimension 5 proton decay , and tight constraints on the higgs mass , are eliminated . at the same time , there is a candidate to describe the cold dark matter in the universe . |
6,447 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study in this paper the movement of a rigid solid inside an incompressible navier - stokes flow , within a bounded domain .
we consider the case where slip is allowed at the fluid / solid interface , through a navier condition .
taking into account slip at the interface is very natural within this model , as classical no - slip conditions lead to unrealistic collisional behavior between the solid and the domain boundary .
we prove for this model existence of weak solutions of leray type , up to collision , in three dimensions .
the key point is that , due to the slip condition , the velocity field is discontinuous across the fluid / solid interface .
this prevents from obtaining global @xmath0 bounds on the velocity , which makes many aspects of the theory of weak solutions for dirichlet conditions inappropriate . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the general concern of this paper is the dynamics of solid bodies in a fluid flow .
this dynamics is relevant to many natural and industrial processes , like blood flows , sprays , or design of micro swimmers .
a main problem to understand this dynamics is to compute the drag exerted by the flow on the bodies . from the mathematical point of view ,.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | a natural approach to this problem is to use the euler or navier - stokes equations to model the flow .
however , this generates serious difficulties . |
6,448 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the plastic response of a model glass to a local shear transformation in a quiescent system .
the deformation of the material is induced by a spherical inclusion that is gradually strained into an ellipsoid of the same volume and then reverted back into the sphere .
we show that the number of cage - breaking events increases with increasing strain amplitude of the shear transformation .
the results of numerical simulations indicate that the density of cage jumps is larger in the cases of weak damping or slow shear transformation .
remarkably , we also found that , for a given strain amplitude , the peak value of the density profiles is a function of the ratio of the damping coefficient and the time scale of the shear transformation . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses , such as high strength and low ductility , are both of fundamental scientific interest and technological importance @xcite .
it is now well recognized that the plastic deformation of metallic glasses below their glass transition temperature involves irreversible rearrangements of small clusters of atoms @xcite .
the plastic flow of amorphous materials in response to applied shear stress can be described using the shear transformation zone model , which takes into account the density and internal state of the localized zones @xcite . in recent years.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | , various deformation mechanisms including elementary plastic events and shear band formation were studied at different length and time scales using atomistic simulations and finite element modeling @xcite .
notably , the energy landscape analysis had shown that a large strain cycle rejuvenates the glass by increasing the potential energy , while a small strain cycle overages the glass by moving the system to deeper energy minima @xcite . |
6,449 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we discuss the potential of the sudbury neutrino observatory ( sno ) to constraint the four neutrino mixing schemes favoured by the results of all neutrino oscillations experiments .
our results show that some information on the value of @xmath0 can be obtained by the first sno measurement of the cc ratio , while considerable improvement on the knowledge of this mixing will be achievable after the measurement of the nc / cc ratio . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the sudbury neutrino observatory is a second generation water cerenkov detector using 1000 tonnes of heavy water , d@xmath1o , as detection medium .
sno was designed to address the problem of the deficit of solar neutrinos by having sensitivity to all flavours of neutrinos and not just to @xmath2 , allowing for a model independent test of the oscillation explanation of the observed deficit .
such sensitivity can be achievable because energetic neutrinos can interact in the d@xmath1o of sno via three different reactions ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | electron neutrinos may interact via the charged current ( cc ) reaction .
all non - sterile neutrinos may also interact via neutral current ( nc ) and via elastic scattering ( es ) ( smaller cross section ) . |
6,450 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the formation of complex organic molecules ( coms ) in protostellar environments is a hotly debated topic . in particular , the relative importance of the gas phase processes as compared to a direct formation of coms on the dust grain surfaces is so far unknown .
we report here the first high - resolution images of acetaldehyde ( ch@xmath0cho ) emission towards the chemically rich protostellar shock l1157-b1 , obtained at 2 mm with the iram plateau de bure interferometer .
six blueshifted ch@xmath0cho lines with @xmath1 = 26 - 35 k have been detected .
the acetaldehyde spatial distribution follows the young ( @xmath2 2000 yr ) outflow cavity produced by the impact of the jet with the ambient medium , indicating that this com is closely associated with the region enriched by iced species evaporated from dust mantles and released into the gas phase .
a high ch@xmath0cho relative abundance , 23 @xmath3 10@xmath4 , is inferred , similarly to what found in hot - corinos .
astrochemical modelling indicates that gas phase reactions can produce the observed quantity of acetaldehyde only if a large fraction of carbon , of the order of 0.1% , is locked into iced hydrocarbons .
[ firstpage ] molecular data stars : formation radio lines : ism submillimetre : ism ism : molecules .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: complex organic molecules ( coms ) have a key role among the many molecules so far detected in space : since they follow the same chemical rules of carbon - based chemistry , which terrestrial life is based on , they may give us an insight into the universality of life .
of course , large biotic molecules are not detectable in space , certainly not via ( sub)millimeter observations .
however , to determine whether pre - biotic molecules may form in space , we first need to understand the basic mechanisms that form smaller coms . there is an extensive literature on the subject and still much debate on how coms may form in space ( e.g. herbst & van dishoeck 2009 ; caselli & ceccarelli 2012 ; bergin 2013 ) ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | two basic processes are , in principle , possible : coms may form on the grain surfaces or in gas phase .
it is possible and even probable that the two processes are both important in different conditions for different molecules . |
6,451 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we demonstrate plasma discharges with extremely high temperature of bulk electrons at the large axially symmetric magnetic mirror device gdt ( budker institute , novosibirsk ) . according to thomson scattering measurements , the on - axis electron temperature averaged over several sequential shots
is @xmath0ev with peak values exceeding 900ev in few shots .
this corresponds to at least threefold increase as compared to previous experiments both at the gdt and at other comparable machines , thus demonstrating the maximum quasi - stationary ( @xmath1ms ) electron temperature achieved in open traps .
the breakthrough is made possible with application of sophisticated electron cyclotron resonance heating in addition to standard heating by neutral beams .
the reported increase of the electron temperature along with previous experiments , which demonstrated high - density plasma confinement with @xmath2% , provide a firm basis for extrapolating to fusion relevant applications of open magnetic systems . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: open magnetic systems for plasma confinement have a number of potential advantages when considered as a basis for fusion reactors with various thermonuclear applications starting from neutron sources with a thermonuclear gain factor @xmath3 @xcite and ending with power plants with @xmath4 @xcite .
in addition to simplicity of their design , the advantages of open systems are proven capability of high-@xmath5 plasma confinement ( @xmath5 is a ratio between the plasma and magnetic field pressures ) , relatively low wall loading by plasma heat and radiation , and possibility of direct conversion of plasma `` exhaust '' to electricity . the hot ion component with energy optimal for fusion applications is commonly sustained in such systems by injection of high - power neutral beams ( nbi ) .
in turn , the electron plasma component is heated due to relaxation of nbi driven energetic ions ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | electrons with their superior mobility are carrying most of the heat flux , which goes mainly along the magnetic field lines and hits the end plates outside the magnetic mirrors .
due to direct contact with cold wall the electron temperature ( @xmath6 ) ends up essentially lower than the mean energy of fast ions . |
6,452 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we review the soft x ray properties of 3c 390.3 , 3c 120 , 3c 382 and 3c 445 , the only broad line radio galaxies ( blrg ) for which good quality gratings data are currently available .
the _ xmm newton_/rgs data of 3c 390.3 and 3c 120 were re analyzed searching for warm absorbers , already discovered in 3c 382 and 3c 445 .
we confirm the absence of ionized absorption features in 3c 120 , but find signatures of outflowing gas ( v@xmath0 10@xmath1 km s@xmath2 ) in 3c 390.3 .
its warm absorber ( log@xmath3 2 erg cm s@xmath2 , n@xmath4 10@xmath5 @xmath6 ) , similar to that observed in 3c 382 , is probably placed in the narrow line regions .
its gas content is slower and less dense than the accretion disk wind discovered in 3c 445 . independently from the location of the warm gas , the outflowing masses ( @xmath7 ) of blrgs are significantly ( but improbably ) predominant with respect to the accretion masses ( @xmath8 ) , suggesting a clumpy configuration of the warm absorber .
however , even assuming overestimated values of @xmath7 , the kinetic luminosity of the outflow ( @xmath9 ) is well below 1@xmath10 of the kinetic power of the jet ( p@xmath11 ) .
thus , the jet remains the major driver of the radio loud agn feedback at least on pc scale and beyond .
the warm absorber parameters ( n@xmath12 , @xmath13 ) of blrgs span similar range of values of type 1 radio quiet agns
. however , when the mass outflow rate of blrgs and seyfert 1s is plotted as a function of the radio loudness , r = log [ @xmath14 l@xmath15/l@xmath16 $ ] , the mass outflow rate seems to increase with radio power .
galaxies : active x - rays : galaxies galaxies : general galaxies : radio galaxies techniques : spectroscopic .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the last few years high resolution x ray spectroscopy has made progress in the exploration of the circumnuclear environment of radio loud ( rl ) agns .
studies performed on obscured rl sources ( grandi et al .
2007 hereafter g07 ; sambruna et al . 2007 ; reeves et al ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | 2010 hereafter r10 ; piconcelli et al .
2008 ; torresi et al . 2009 |
6,453 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present iterative monte carlo algorithm for which the temperature variable is attracted by a critical point .
the algorithm combines techniques of single histogram reweighting and linear filtering .
the 2d ising model of ferromagnet is studied numerically as an illustration . in that case , the iterations uncovered stationary regime with invariant probability distribution function of temperature which is peaked nearly the pseudocritical temperature of specific heat . the sequence of generated temperatures is analyzed in terms of stochastic autoregressive model .
the error of histogram reweighting can be better understood within the suggested model .
the presented model yields a simple relation , connecting variance of pseudocritical temperature and parameter of linear filtering . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the critical phenomena , typical of many body systems , have attracted remarkable scientific interest since a long time .
the monte carlo ( mc ) stochastic techniques @xcite serve to estimate thermodynamic averages from samples of the configuration space .
many advanced simulation approaches are rooted in elementary updates of metropolis algorithm @xcite , which generates a markovian chain of spin configurations ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | most of the efforts try to improve mc method within the critical region .
the efficiency of mc method have been increased by the development of sampling and data processing techniques . |
6,454 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a density perturbation produced in an underdense plasma was used to improve the quality of electron bunches produced in the laser - plasma wakefield acceleration scheme .
quasi - monoenergetic electrons were generated by controlled injection in the longitudinal density gradients of the density perturbation . by tuning the position of the density perturbation along the laser propagation axis , a fine control of the electron energy from a mean value of @xmath0 mev to @xmath1 mev has been demonstrated with a relative energy - spread of @xmath2 , divergence of @xmath3 mrad and charge of @xmath4 pc . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: [ [ section ] ] higher energy gains , reduced energy spread , smaller emittance and better stability of laser- plasma accelerated electrons@xcite are critical issues to address for future development and applications of compact particle accelerators and radiation sources@xcite .
plasma density perturbation as a means of controlling electron acceleration@xcite and electron injection@xcite in laser - generated plasma wakefield is an active research topic .
radial density gradients can modify the structure of wakefields and influence the process of injection by wavebreaking through a dependence of the plasma wavelength on the transverse co - ordinate@xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | injection of electrons into a narrow phase space region of the wakefield is necessary for generating accelerated electron bunches with good quality in terms of energy spread and divergence .
decreasing density profile along the laser propagation direction can lead to controlled injection of electrons and is expected to generate electron bunches with better beam quality in comparison to self - injection in a homogeneous plasma by reducing the threshold of injection within a narrow phase region of the wakefield@xcite . |
6,455 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: higgs physics at hadron colliders as the lhc is reviewed within the standard model ( sm ) and its minimal supersymmetric extension ( mssm ) by summarizing the present state - of - the - art of theoretical predictions for the production cross sections and decay rates . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the discovery of a resonance at the lhc @xcite that is compatible with the standard - model ( sm ) higgs boson @xcite marked a milestone in particle physics .
the existence of the higgs boson is inherently related to the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking @xcite while preserving the full gauge symmetry and the renormalizability of the sm @xcite .
its mass , the last missing parameter of the sm , has been measured to be ( @xmath0 ) gev @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the existence of the higgs boson allows the sm particles to be weakly interacting up to high - energy scales without violating the unitarity bounds of scattering amplitudes @xcite .
this , however , is only possible for particular higgs - boson couplings to all other particles so that with the knowledge of the higgs - boson mass all its properties are uniquely fixed . |
6,456 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the non - equilibrium dynamics of an isolated polymer in a stationary elongational flow .
we compute the relaxation time to the steady - state configuration as a function of the weissenberg number .
a strong increase of the relaxation time is found around the coil
stretch transition , which is attributed to the large number of polymer configurations .
the relaxation dynamics of the polymer is solved analytically in terms of a central two - point connection problem for the singly confluent heun equation . _
j. phys . a : math . gen .
_ * 39 * , 1069110701 ( 2006 ) .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: dilute polymer solutions exhibit physical behaviours that distinguish them from ordinary newtonian fluids .
even a small polymer concentration can considerably change the large - scale behaviour of the flow by enhancing viscosity and reducing the turbulent drag .
a comprehensive understanding of hydrodynamical properties of polymer solutions is still lacking despite the large number of industrial applications ( e.g. sreenivasan and white 2000 ) . a starting point for the theoretical description of dilute polymer solutions is the dynamics of isolated polymer molecules ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the knowledge of how a single molecule is deformed by the velocity gradient allows the development of constitutive models that in turn can be used to calculate the large scale flow .
the stationary dynamics of a single , isolated polymer has received much attention to date ( see larson 2005 , shaqfeh 2005 , for a review ) . on the contrary , less is known about non - equilibrium dynamics of isolated polymers in flow . since rouse ( 1953 ) and zimm s ( 1956 ) seminal works , experimental , numerical , and theoretical studies focused on the internal relaxation dynamics of a polymer floating in a solvent under the influence of brownian fluctuations . |
6,457 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a short period eclipsing binary star cv boo is tested for the possible existence of additional bodies in the system with a help of the light equation method .
we use data on the moments of minima from the literature as well as from our observations during 2014 may
july .
a variation of the cv boo s orbital period is found with a period of @xmath0 d. this variation can be explained by the influence of a third star with a mass of @xmath1 in an eccentric orbit with @xmath2 . a possibility that the orbital period changes on long time scales is discussed .
the suggested tertiary companion is near the chaotic zone around the central binary , so cv boo represents an interesting example to test its dynamical evolution .
a list of 14 minima moments of the binary obtained from our observations is presented . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: modern astronomy pays close attention to the physics and evolution of triple and multiple stars .
the stability of orbits in such systems , see , e.g. @xcite , the influence of additional bodies on the central binary , and the dynamical evolution of orbits in multiple systems , see , e.g. @xcite are particularly interesting .
some important astrophysical phenomena can be associated with the evolution and dynamical interactions of triple stars ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | type ia supernovae may originate in triples due to the evolution of the central binary under the influence of a third star @xcite or due to the dynamical interaction and subsequent direct collision of white dwarfs in triple systems @xcite .
the giant eruption of eta carinae in 19th century could be the result of a merger of a massive close binary , triggered by the gravitational interaction with a massive tertiary companion , which is the current member of the binary @xcite . |
6,458 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the existence of juxtaposed regions of distinct cultures in spite of the fact that people s beliefs have a tendency to become more similar to each other s as the individuals interact repeatedly is a puzzling phenomenon in the social sciences .
here we study an extreme version of the frequency - dependent bias model of social influence in which an individual adopts the opinion shared by the majority of the members of its extended neighborhood , which includes the individual itself .
this is a variant of the majority - vote model in which the individual retains its opinion in case there is a tie among the neighbors opinions .
we assume that the individuals are fixed in the sites of a square lattice of linear size @xmath0 and that they interact with their nearest neighbors only . within a mean - field framework
, we derive the equations of motion for the density of individuals adopting a particular opinion in the single - site and pair approximations .
although the single - site approximation predicts a single opinion domain that takes over the entire lattice , the pair approximation yields a qualitatively correct picture with the coexistence of different opinion domains and a strong dependence on the initial conditions .
extensive monte carlo simulations indicate the existence of a rich distribution of opinion domains or clusters , the number of which grows with @xmath1 whereas the size of the largest cluster grows with @xmath2 .
the analysis of the sizes of the opinion domains shows that they obey a power - law distribution for not too large sizes but that they are exponentially distributed in the limit of very large clusters .
in addition , similarly to other well - known social influence model axelrod s model we found that these opinion domains are unstable to the effect of a thermal - like noise . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: despite the tendency of social actors to become more similar to each other through their local interactions @xcite , global polarization , i.e. , the existence of stable multicultural regimes , is a ubiquitous phenomenon in human society @xcite .
this issue has been addressed by somewhat idealized agent - based simulations of human behavior producing highly nontrivial insights on the nature of the collective behavior that results from the homogenizing local interactions ( see @xcite for a recent review ) . in this line ,
a particularly successful model is axelrod s model for the dissemination of culture or social influence @xcite . in axelrod s model ,.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the agents are placed at the sites of a square lattice of size @xmath3 and can interact with their nearest neighbors only .
the culture of an agent is represented by a string of @xmath4 cultural features , where each feature can adopt a certain number @xmath5 of distinct traits . |
6,459 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a molecular dynamics simulation of water confined in a silica pore is performed in order to compare it with recent experimental results on water confined in porous vycor glass at room temperature .
a cylindrical pore of @xmath0 is created inside a vitreous @xmath1 cell , obtained by computer simulation .
the resulting cavity offers to water a rough hydrophilic surface and its geometry and size are similar to those of a typical pore in porous vycor glass .
the site - site distribution functions of water inside the pore are evaluated and compared with bulk water results .
we find that the modifications of the site - site distribution functions , induced by confinement , are in qualitative agreement with the recent neutron diffraction experiment , confirming that the disturbance to the microscopic structure of water mainly concerns orientational arrangement of neighbouring molecules .
a layer analysis of md results indicates that , while the geometrical constraint gives an almost constant density profile up to the layers closest to the interface , with an uniform average number of hydrogen bonds ( hb ) , the hydrophilic interaction produces the wetting of the pore surface at the expenses of the adjacent water layers .
moreover the orientational disorder togheter with a reduction of the average number of hb persists in the layers close to the interface , while water molecules cluster in the middle of the pore at a density and with a coordination similar to bulk water . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recent literature reports on many studies about the structural and dynamical properties of water confined in different environments .
@xcite the interest on this subject arises mainly from evidence of the relevance of the water - substrate interaction in determining either stability and enzymatic activity of proteins or swelling of clay minerals . in this respect
it is also important to elucidate to what extent water itself is significantly perturbed from its bulk behavior , when confined within a porous material , and in particular how far from the interface does the perturbation propagate through the liquid and whether it depends on the nature of the interaction ( hydrophilic or hydrophobic ) ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | all the experimental studies of the dynamics of water molecules confined in different substrates agree in suggesting a slowing down of the translational single molecule motion @xcite compared to the bulk liquid phase , while the same kind of agreement is not found in the interpretation of structural data .
@xcite most neutron diffraction studies are indeed interpreted in terms of more extensive hydrogen bonding than in bulk water , at least in the water layers closer to the interface and below room temperature @xcite , contrarily to what found in a recent study performed by some of us . |
6,460 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: hints for a gev component in the emission from grbs are known since the egret observations during the 90s and they have been recently confirmed by the data of the fermi satellite .
these results have , however , shown that a fully satisfactory interpretative framework of the grb phenomena is still lacking .
the magic telescope opens the possibility to extend the measurement of grbs in the several tens up to hundreds of gev energy range . from the theoretical point of view
, both leptonic and hadronic processes have been suggested to explain the possible gev / tev counterpart of grbs .
observations with ground - based telescopes of very high energy photons ( e@xmath030 gev ) from these sources are going to play a key role in discriminating among the different proposed emission mechanisms which are barely distinguishable at lower energies .
magic telescope observations of the grb090102 ( z=1.547 ) field from 03:14:52 ut to 06:54:01 ut are analyzed to derive upper limits to the gev / tev emission .
we compare these results to the expected emissions evaluated for different processes in the framework of the standard fireball model .
the results we obtained are compatible with the expected emission but can not yet set further constraints on the theoretical scenario .
however , the difficulty in modeling the low energy data for this event makes it difficult to fix in an unambiguous way the physical parameters which describe the fireball .
nonetheless , the magic telescope , thanks to its low energy threshold and fast repositioning , is opening for the first time the possibility to fill the energy gap between space - based gamma detectors and the ground - based measurements .
this will makes possible grbs multiwavelength studies in the very high energy domain . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since the discovery of gamma - ray burst ( grb ) afterglows in the late 90 s @xcite , these energetic phenomena have been targets of observational efforts at essentially all electromagnetic wavelengths .
the wealth of available information put severe constraints on the various families of interpretative scenarios , showing an unexpected richness and complexity of possible behaviors @xcite .
the first observations at mev - gev energies , with the energetic gamma - ray experiment telescope ( egret ) on - board the compton gamma - ray observatory ( cgro ) @xcite , showed that the observations in the high energy ( he : 1 mev-30 gev ) and in the very high energy range ( vhe : 30 gev - 30 tev ) can be powerful diagnostic tools for the emission processes and physical conditions of grbs . the launch of _ fermi _.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | @xcite , with its large area telescope ( lat ) @xcite , showed that , at least for the brightest events , gev emission from grbs is a relatively common phenomenon @xcite confirming that our comprehension of grb physics is still unsatisfactory . in this context
, multiple efforts have been performed in grbs observations by the new generation of ground - based imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes ( iacts ) , such as magic , hess or veritas . in all cases |
6,461 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we examine how concurrency has been embodied in mainstream programming languages . in particular , we rely on the evolutionary talking borrowed from biology to discuss major historical landmarks and crucial concepts that shaped the development of programming languages .
we examine the general development process , occasionally deepening into some language , trying to uncover evolutionary lineages related to specific programming traits .
we mainly focus on concurrency , discussing the different abstraction levels involved in present - day concurrent programming and emphasizing the fact that they correspond to different levels of explanation .
we then comment on the role of theoretical research on the quest for suitable programming abstractions , recalling the importance of changing the working framework and the way of looking every so often .
this paper is not meant to be a survey of modern mainstream programming languages : it would be very incomplete in that sense .
it aims instead at pointing out a number of remarks and connect them under an evolutionary perspective , in order to grasp a unifying , but not simplistic , view of the programming languages development process . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is widely acknowledged that theoretical research and applications development evolve at different speeds , driven by different aims .
research theory investigates new problems and new ideas , taking its time to study different solutions that tackle problems from different points of view .
it often happens that while deeply studying one of these solutions , new ideas or entirely new problems emerge , opening the way to entirely new ( sub)theories . the development of applications , instead , is much more oriented towards effective solutions ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | moreover , the choice between different solutions is often dictated by technology constraints or market constraints such as cost - effectiveness and rapid productivity .
the ( relative ) low speed and the wide scope of the theory often result in a ( relative ) lack of integration of results . |
6,462 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present the first mid - infrared spectra of brown dwarfs , together with observations of a low - mass star .
our targets are the m3.5 dwarf gj 1001a , the l8 dwarf denis - p j0255@xmath04700 , and the t1/t6 binary system @xmath1 indi ba / bb . as expected , the mid - infrared spectral morphology of these objects changes rapidly with spectral class due to the changes in atmospheric chemistry resulting from their differing effective temperatures and atmospheric structures . by taking advantage of the unprecedented sensitivity of the infrared spectrograph on the spitzer space telescope
we have detected the 7.8 methane and 10 ammonia bands for the first time in brown dwarf spectra . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: within the past few years the number of known brown dwarfs has increased dramatically , with both the sloan digital sky survey ( sdss ; * ? ? ? * ) and two micron all - sky survey ( 2mass ; * ? ? ?
* ) accounting for the bulk of the discoveries .
these objects have been identified based on broad - band photometry with follow - up optical and near - infrared spectroscopy ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the integrated data from these investigations has yielded important information about the variation of the chemical composition and of the effects of condensates in brown dwarfs in term of their spectral types ( e. g. * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ? |
6,463 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate phase structure of the @xmath0-dimensional gauged nambu - jona - lasinio ( njl ) model with @xmath1 extra dimensions compactified on tev scale , based on the improved ladder schwinger - dyson ( sd ) equation in the bulk .
we assume that the bulk ( dimensionless ) running gauge coupling in the sd equation for the @xmath2 gauge theory with @xmath3 massless flavors is given by the truncated kaluza - klein effective theory and hence has a nontrivial ultraviolet fixed point ( uvfp ) , resulting in the walking coupling .
we find the critical line in the parameter space of two couplings , the gauge coupling ( value fixed at the uvfp ) and the ( dimensionless ) four - fermion coupling , which is similar to that of the gauged njl model with fixed ( walking ) gauge coupling in four dimensions .
it is shown that _ in the presence of such walking gauge interactions _ the four - fermion interactions become `` nontrivial '' and `` renormalizable '' even in higher dimensions , similarly to the four - dimensional gauged njl model .
such a renormalizability / nontriviality holds only in the restricted region of the critical line ( `` nontrivial window '' ) with the gauge coupling larger than a _
non - vanishing _
value ( `` marginal triviality ( mt ) '' point ) , in contrast to the four - dimensional case where such a renormalizability holds for all regions of the critical line except for the pure njl point ( without gauge coupling ) . in the nontrivial window
the renormalized effective potential yields a nontrivial interaction which is conformal invariant .
the existence of the nontrivial window implies `` cutoff insensitivity '' of the physics prediction in spite of the ultraviolet dominance of the dynamics . in the formal limit @xmath4 , the nontrivial window shrinks to the pure njl point but with a nontrivial condition which coincides with the known condition of the renormalizability / nontriviality of the four - dimensional gauged njl model , @xmath5 .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: growing attention has recently been paid to the model buildings based on the scenario of extra dimensions compactified with tev scale @xcite .
along such a scenario the top quark condensate ( top - mode standard model : tmsm ) @xcite was reconsidered by several authors @xcite in the versions with compactified extra dimensions , where the ad hoc four - fermion couplings in the original tmsm may be replaced by the strong attractive forces due to kaluza - klein ( kk ) modes of the bulk standard model ( sm ) gauge bosons . in particular , arkani - hamed , cheng , dobrescu and hall ( acdh ) @xcite proposed a version of the tmsm where the third generation quarks / leptons as well as the sm gauge bosons are put in the bulk , while other generations in the brane . in a series of papers
@xcite we investigated the full gauge dynamics ( _ without four - fermion interactions _ ) in the bulk , based on the ladder schwinger - dyson ( sd ) equation ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | we further studied @xcite phenomenological implications on the acdh scenario and found that @xmath6 ( four extra dimensions ) will be a viable case which predicts a correct top mass , @xmath7 gev , and a characteristic higgs mass , @xmath8 gev , from the requirement that only the top can condense ( `` topped mac '' or tmac requirement ) . actually , the most prominent feature of the gauge theories with extra dimensions is that the theories become strongly coupled , with the coupling growing by the power running in the ultraviolet region beyond the compactification scale .
let us take a class of @xmath2 gauge theories with massless @xmath3 flavors . |
6,464 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a mechanism based on internal self - annihilation of dark matter accreted from the galactic halo in the inner regions of neutron stars that may trigger the full or partial conversion into a quark star .
we explain how this effect may induce a gamma ray burst that could be classified as short , according to the usual definition based on time duration of the prompt gamma - ray emission .
this mechanism differs in many aspects from the most discussed scenario associating short gamma - ray bursts with compact object binary mergers .
we list possible observational signatures that should help to distinguish between these two possible classes of progenitors
. short gamma ray burst , dark matter , neutron star , quark star . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: gamma ray bursts ( grbs ) are interesting highly energetic phenomena for which there is still no definitive explanation on the originating mechanism ( see e.g. * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ?
* ) . regarding the initial event that triggers a grb , the combination of the observed short variability timescales and huge radiated energies points towards cataclysmic events leading to the formation of a stellar compact object with mass @xmath0 and radius @xmath1 releasing a gravitational energy @xmath2 erg ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | specifically , according to their time duration , grbs can be classified as @xmath3 ( lgrbs ) if the duration of the gamma - ray signal is larger than 2 s and short ( sgrbs ) in other cases @xcite , although the boundary is not sharply delimited ( see e.g. * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ? |
6,465 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: silicates are an important component of interstellar dust and the structure of these grains amorphous versus crystalline is sensitive to the local physical conditions .
we have studied the infrared spectra of a sample of ultra - luminous infrared galaxies . here , we report the discovery of weak , narrow absorption features at 11 , 16 , 19 , 23 , and 28@xmath0 m , characteristic of crystalline silicates , superimposed on the broad absorption bands at 10 and 18@xmath0 m due to amorphous silicates in a subset of this sample .
these features betray the presence of forsterite ( mg@xmath1sio@xmath2 ) , the magnesium - rich end member of the olivines .
previously , crystalline silicates have only been observed in circumstellar environments .
the derived fraction of forsterite to amorphous silicates is typically 0.1 in these ulirgs .
this is much larger than the upper limit for this ratio in the interstellar medium of the milky way , 0.01 .
these results suggest that the timescale for injection of crystalline silicates into the ism is short in a merger - driven starburst environment ( e.g. , as compared to the total time to dissipate the gas ) , pointing towards massive stars as a prominent source of crystalline silicates .
furthermore , amorphization due to cosmic rays , which is thought to be of prime importance for the local ism , lags in vigorous starburst environments . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: silicates are an important component of interstellar and circumstellar dust .
many galactic sources show broad emission or absorption features at 10 and 18 @xmath0 m due to the si
o stretching and o si o bending vibrations of silicate bonds . because of the width of these features , these silicates must have an amorphous structure ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | these broad amorphous silicate features have also been observed in a variety of extragalactic environments , including seyfert galaxies ( e.g. * ? ? ?
* ; * ? ? ? |
6,466 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: late - time @xmath0 photometry of the peculiar type ic sn 2002ap , taken between 2002 june 12 and 2003 august 29 with the magnum telescope , is presented .
the light curve decline rate is derived in each band and the color evolution is studied through comparison with nebular spectra and with sn 1998bw . using the photometry , the @xmath1 bolometric light curve is built , extending from before light maximum to day 580 after explosion .
the light curve has a late - time shape strikingly similar to that of the hypernova sn 1998bw .
the decline rate changes from 0.018 mag / day between day 130 and 230 to 0.014 mag / day between day 270 and 580 . to reproduce the late - time light curve
, a dense core must be added to the 1-d hypernova model that best fits the early - time observations , bringing the ejecta mass from 2.5 @xmath2 to 3 @xmath2 without much change in the kinetic energy , which is @xmath3 ergs .
this is similar to the case of other hypernovae and suggests asymmetry . a large @xmath4-band bump developed in the spectral energy distribution after @xmath5 day 300 , probably caused by strong [ si i ] 1.646@xmath6 m and 1.608@xmath6 m emissions .
the near - infrared flux contribution increased simultaneously from @xmath7 to @xmath8 at day 580 .
the near - infrared light curves were compared with those of other type ib / c supernovae , among which sn 1983i seems similar to sn 2002ap both in the near - infrared and in the optical . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: there is growing interest in type ib / c supernovae ( sne ) following the discovery of a subclass that display very broad - lined spectra , indicating the existence of ejecta expanding with velocity @xmath9 .
models of the optical spectra and the light curves ( lcs ) of this high - velocity subclass , also called hypernovae ( hne , e.g. , @xcite ) , have concluded that these are the explosions of massive c+o stars , producing up to 10 times the kinetic energy of normal core - collapse sne ( e.g. , @xcite ) .
it is unclear why some hne are apparently associated with grbs , i.e. , sn 1998bw and grb 980425 , @xcite , sn 2003dh and grb 030329 @xcite , and sn 2003lw and grb 031203 @xcite , while others are not ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the type ic sn 2002ap , discovered in m74 @xcite , is one of the nearest sne in recent years .
its host galaxy has a distance modulus of only @xmath10 ( @xcite ; see also @xcite for the latest review ) . |
6,467 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we develop a new approach to study the nonlinear evolution in the large - scale structure of the universe both in real space and in redshift space , extending the standard perturbation theory of gravitational instability .
infinite series of terms in standard eulerian perturbation theory are resummed as a result of our starting from a lagrangian description of perturbations .
delicate nonlinear effects on scales of the baryon acoustic oscillations are more accurately described by our method than the standard one .
our approach differs from other resummation techniques recently proposed , such as the renormalized perturbation theory , etc .
, in that we use simple techniques and thus resulting equations are undemanding to evaluate , and in that our approach is capable of quantifying the nonlinear effects in redshift space .
the power spectrum and correlation function of our approach are in good agreement with numerical simulations in literature on scales of baryon acoustic oscillations .
especially , nonlinear effects on the baryon acoustic peak of the correlation function are accurately described both in real space and in redshift space .
our approach provides a unique opportunity to analytically investigate the nonlinear effects on baryon acoustic scales in observable redshift space , which is requisite in constraining the nature of dark energy , the curvature of the universe , etc .
, by redshift surveys . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recent progress in cosmology is largely stimulated by precise measurements of the universe .
the redshift survey of galaxies is one of the most important methods in distinguishing cosmological models .
the baryon acoustic oscillations ( baos ) in the early universe @xcite , which were first detected in the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) anisotropy power spectrum @xcite , were also detected in the large - scale structure probed by redshift surveys @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the expansion history and curvature of the universe can be geometrically measured by galaxy clustering in redshift space @xcite , and the bao signature in the large - scale structure yields a standard ruler @xcite for this purpose .
therefore , accurately measuring the bao scales in a statistical quantity such as the power spectrum or correlation function of galaxies , one can constrain the structure of the universe , such as the nature of dark energy @xcite . to utilize the baos as a standard ruler in the universe , |
6,468 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the @xmath0p@xmath1@xmath0f@xmath1 pairing model is generally considered to provide an adequate description of the superfluid states of neutron matter at densities some 2 - 3 times that of saturated symmetrical nuclear matter .
the problem of solving the system of bcs gap equations expressing the @xmath0p@xmath1@xmath0f@xmath1 model is attacked with the aid of the separation approach .
this method , developed originally for quantitative study of s - wave pairing in the presence of strong short - range repulsions , serves effectively to reduce the coupled , singular , nonlinear bcs integral equations to a set of coupled algebraic equations . for the first time , sufficient precision becomes accessible to resolve small energy splittings between the different pairing states . adopting a perturbative strategy , we are able to identify and characterize the full repertoire of real solutions of the @xmath0p@xmath1@xmath0f@xmath1 pairing model , in the limiting regime of small tensor - coupling strength . the p
f channel coupling is seen to lift the striking parametric degeneracies revealed by a earlier separation treatment of the pure , uncoupled @xmath0p@xmath1 pairing problem . remarkably , incisive and robust results are obtained solely on the basis of analytic arguments . unlike the traditional ginzburg - landau approach ,
the analysis is not restricted to the immediate vicinity of the critical temperature , but is equally reliable at zero temperature .
interesting connections and contrasts are drawn between triplet pairing in dense neutron matter and triplet pairing in liquid @xmath0he . * @xmath0p@xmath1@xmath0f@xmath1 pairing in dense neutron matter : + the spectrum of solutions * 1 cm m. v. zverev@xmath2 , j. w. clark@xmath3 , and v. a. khodel@xmath4 1 cm _
@xmath2russian research center kurchatov institute , + moscow , 123182 , russia + @xmath3mcdonnell center for the space sciences and department of physics , + washington university , st .
louis , mo 63130 - 4899 _ 0.5 cm ....
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is widely accepted that triplet pairing between constituent spin-1/2 fermions gives rise to superfluid phases in liquid @xmath0he at millikelvin temperatures and in the neutronic component of the quantum fluid interior of a neutron star at temperatures in the hundred kev range and below . in both cases ,
the density is so high that the familiar singlet s - wave gap is quenched by the dominant effect of the short - range repulsion in that channel . instead
, pairing is favored in a channel with an odd orbital momentum @xmath5 , and therefore in the triplet spin state ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the pairing mechanisms active in these two examples produce interesting distinctions between them . in superfluid @xmath0he , pairing is triggered by spin fluctuations @xcite , and the b - state ( or b - phase ) with total angular momentum @xmath6 occupies most of the superfluid phase diagram .
however , the spin - fluctuation mechanism induces relatively tiny energy splittings between states with different @xmath7 values . |
6,469 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a variational basis - set calculational scheme for elastic scattering of positronium atom by helium atom in s wave and apply it to the calculation of the scattering length .
highly correlated trial functions with appropriate symmetry are used in this calculation .
we report numerical result for the scattering length in atomic unit : @xmath0 .
this corresponds to a zero - energy elastic cross section of @xmath1 .
* pacs number(s ) : 34.90.+q , 36.10.dr * = 1.5 true cm = -.6 true cm .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recent successful measurements of ortho positronium ( ps ) scattering cross sections by h@xmath2 , n@xmath2 , he , ne , ar , c@xmath3h@xmath4 , and c@xmath5h@xmath6 @xcite have spurred renewed theoretical activity in this subject @xcite . of these , the ps - he system is of special interest as it is the simplest system in which there are experimental results for total cross section @xcite and pickoff quenching rate @xcite . the experimental results for partial and differential cross sections for this system should be available soon @xcite .
a complete understanding of this system is necessary before a venture to more complex targets .
the pioneering calculations in this system using the static exchange approximation were performed by barker and bransden @xcite and by fraser and kraidy @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | there have also been r - matrix @xcite , close - coupling ( cc ) @xcite and model - potential @xcite calculations for ps - he scattering .
more recently , there has been successful calculation of ps scattering by h @xcite , he @xcite , ne @xcite , ar @xcite , and h@xmath2 @xcite using a regularized model exchange potential in a coupled - channel formulation . however , there is considerable discrepancy among the different theoretical ps - he cross sections at zero energy which we discuss below . |
6,470 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the magnetoelectric coupling at the surface of a topological insulator .
we are in particular interested in the surface current induced by a static zeeman / exchange field .
this surface current can be related to the orbital magnetization of the system . for an insulator with zero chern number ,
the orbital magnetization is independent of the details at the boundary . with the appearance of surface states in the topological insulator , it is not immediately obvious if the response is not affected by the conditions at the surface .
we investigate this question using exact diagonalization to a lattice model . by applying a time - reversal symmetry - breaking term near the boundary , no matter
if the surface states are gapped out , we still find no change in the surface current .
this arises from cancelations between pauli and van - vleck contributions between surface and bulk scattering states .
we also show that the surface current response is independent of the chemical potential when it is within the bulk gap .
our results are consistent with the claim that orbital magnetization is a bulk property .
_ keywords _ : topological insulator , current response , orbital magnetization .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the discovery of topological insulator @xcite has generated strong activities in the condensed matter and high - energy physics communities .
a prominent property of a topological insulator is the existence of gapless surface states in the form of a dirac hamiltonian with momentum and spin directions locked with each other @xcite .
there have been many interesting theoretical predictions , e.g. @xcite , based on the current - spin coupling of this surface hamiltonian ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | if the fermi energy is within the bulk gap , it is easy to expect that some physical quantities or phenomena , such as the landau - level spectrum in a perpendicular field @xcite , transport phenomena involving the surface states @xcite , or the rkky interactions @xcite between spins on the surface , can be evaluated from an effective surface hamiltonian . on the other hand
, one may question if some physical quantities do not just rely on effective surface models @xcite . |
6,471 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we theoretically investigate the trion - polariton and the effects of a two - dimensional electron gas on its single particle properties .
focussing on the trion and exciton transitions , we set up an effective model and calculate the optical absorption of the quantum well containing the 2deg . including the light - matter coupling
, we compute the rabi splitting and polariton lineshapes as a function of 2deg density .
the role of finite temperature is investigated .
the spatial extent of the trion - polariton is also calculated .
we find a substantial charge build - up at short distances as long as the rabi frequency does not exceed the trion binding energy .
all our calculations take into account the fermi - edge singularity and the anderson orthogonality catastrophe . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: embedding a quantum well ( qw ) inside a semiconductor microcavity results in the formation of the so - called microcavity polaritons ; a coherent superpositon of the cavity mode and an exciton , when the cavity is tuned to an excitonic transition in the qw . over the last 15 years
, these bosonic quasiparticles were shown to have many nice properties for studying quantum optics and many - body physics in integrated photonic structures .
for example , their photonic component allows for a direct observation of the polaritons and a large coherence length , while the matter component is responsible for polariton interactions ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | bose - einstein condensation of polaritons and their superfluid properties have been investigated in detail both experimentally and theoretically @xcite .
the presence of charges inside the quantum well that could interact with the polaritons , has been put aside until recently . from the theoretical side , |
6,472 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we analyze the star formation history ( sfh ) of galaxies as a function of present - day environment , galaxy stellar mass and morphology .
the sfh is derived by means of a non - parametric spectrophotometric model applied to individual galaxies at @xmath0 in the wide - field nearby galaxy - cluster survey ( wings ) clusters and the padova millennium galaxy and group catalogue ( pm2gc ) field .
the field reconstructed evolution of the star formation rate density ( sfrd ) follows the values observed at each redshift , except at @xmath1 where our estimate is @xmath2 higher than the high - z observed value .
the slope of the sfrd decline with time gets progressively steeper going from low mass to high mass haloes .
the decrease of the sfrd since @xmath3 is due to 1 ) quenching 50% of the sfrd in the field and 75% in clusters at @xmath1 originated in galaxies that are passive today and 2 ) the fact that the average sfr of today s star - forming galaxies has decreased with time .
we quantify the contribution to the sfrd(z ) of galaxies of today s different masses and morphologies .
the current morphology correlates with the current star formation activity but is irrelevant for the past stellar history .
the average sfh depends on galaxy mass , but galaxies of a given mass have different histories depending on their environment .
we conclude that the variation of the sfrd(z ) with environment is not driven by different distributions of galaxy masses and morphologies in clusters and field , and must be due to an accelerated formation in high mass haloes compared to low mass ones even for galaxies that will end up having the same galaxy mass today .
[ firstpage ] galaxies : clusters : general galaxies : evolution galaxies : formation galaxies : star formation . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the quest to understand when galaxies formed their stars and assembled their mass , two complementary observational techniques can be employed : direct observations of galaxies at different redshifts , and reconstruction of the previous galaxy history from fossil records at a given epoch .
the main advantage of the first method is that measuring the current star formation is less uncertain than estimating the past history , especially in galaxies in which the light of young stars outshines the older population , in particular at high redshift ( papovich et al .
2001 ; zibetti et al . 2009 ; conroy 2013 ) . on the other hand ,.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the second method has the benefit of tracing the evolution of each individual galaxy , without having to infer histories in a statistical sense with the problems involved in the identification of progenitors and descendants .
both methods heavily rely on spectrophotometric modeling , to calibrate the star formation rate ( sfr ) indicators and derive the star formation histories ( sfhs ) , and are affected by the choice of the initial mass function ( imf ) . on a cosmic scale , |
6,473 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i review our understanding of the structure and kinematics of the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) , with a particular focus on recent results .
this is an important topic , given the status of the lmc as a benchmark for studies of microlensing , tidal interactions , stellar populations , and the extragalactic distance scale .
i address the observed morphology and kinematics of the lmc ; the angles under which we view the lmc disk ; its in - plane and vertical structure ; the lmc self - lensing contribution to the total microlensing optical depth ; the lmc orbit around the milky way ; and the origin and interpretation of the magellanic stream .
our understanding of these topics is evolving rapidly , in particular due to the many large photometric and kinematic datasets that have become available in the last few years .
it has now been established that : the lmc is considerably elongated in its disk plane ; the lmc disk is thicker than previously believed ; the lmc disk may have warps and twists ; the lmc may have a pressure - supported halo ; the inner regions of the lmc show unexpected complexities in their vertical structure ; and precession and nutation of the lmc disk plane contribute measurably to the observed line - of - sight velocity field
. however , many open questions remain and more work is needed before we can expect to converge on a fully coherent structural , dynamical and evolutionary picture that explains all observed features of the lmc . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) is one of our closest neighbor galaxies at a distance of @xmath0 .
the sagitarrius dwarf is closer at @xmath1 , but its contrast with respect to the milky way foreground stars is so low that it was discovered only about a decade ago .
the lmc is therefore the closest , big , easily observable galaxy from our vantage point in the milky way . as such.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | , it has become a benchmark for studies on various topics .
it is of fundamental importance for studies of stellar populations and the interstellar medium ( ism ) , it is being used to study the presence of dark objects in the galactic halo through microlensing ( e.g. , alcock et al . |
6,474 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we compute the stresses in an elastic medium confined in a vertical column , when the material is at the coulomb threshold everywhere at the walls .
simulations are performed in 2 dimensions using a spring lattice , and in 3 dimensions , using finite element method .
the results are compared to the janssen model and to experimental results for a granular material . the necessity to consider elastic anisotropy to render qualitatively the experimental findings
is discussed . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the mechanical status of granular matter is presently one of the most open and debated issues @xcite .
this state of matter exhibits many unusual mechanical and rheological properties such as stress induced organization at the microscopic @xcite or at the mesoscopic @xcite level which may yield macroscopic effects such as stress induced anisotropy @xcite .
this issue sets fundamental questions relevant to the understanding of many other systems exhibiting jamming such as dense colloids or more generally soft glassy materials @xcite . for practical applications ,.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the quasistatic rheology of granular assemblies is described using a phenomenological approach , based on an elasto - plastic modelling of stress - strain relations @xcite .
so far , there is no consensus on how to express correctly the macroscopic constitutive relations solely out of microscopic considerations and under various boundary conditions or loading histories . |
6,475 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the x - ray cascade from antiprotonic atoms was studied for @xmath0cd , @xmath1cd , @xmath2sn , @xmath1sn , @xmath3sn , and @xmath4sn . widths and shifts of the levels due to
strong interaction were deduced .
isotopic effects in the cd and sn isotopes are clearly seen .
the results are used to investigate the nucleon density in the nuclear periphery .
the deduced neutron distributions are compared with the results of the previously introduced radiochemical method and with hfb calculations . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: antiprotonic atoms are a specific tool to study the strong interaction and the nucleon density in the nuclear periphery .
the strong interaction potential leads to widths and energy shifts of antiproton - atomic levels compared to the purely electromagnetic interaction .
the measurement of these widths and shifts gives information on the strength of the interaction , which is often expressed by an effective scattering length in the optical potential model @xcite , and on the nucleon density in the region where the annihilation takes place ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | in contrast to other methods which are sensitive to the charge distribution and usually probe the whole nucleus with the nuclear periphery giving only a small contribution , antiprotons are sensitive to the matter density at the nuclear periphery ( they probe the nucleon density at distances about 2 fm larger than the half - denstity charge radius ) . by investigating different isotopes of one element , the effect of additional nucleons can be deduced .
the major part of the effect comes from the higher nucleon density in the nuclear periphery of isotopes with more neutrons @xcite . |
6,476 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the n2 index ( [ nii]@xmath06584/h@xmath1 ) is used to determine emission line galaxy metallicities at all redshifts , including high redshift , where galaxies tend to be metal - poor .
the initial aim of the work was to improve the calibrations used to infer oxygen abundance from n2 employing updated low - metallicity galaxy databases .
we compare n2 and the metallicity determined using the direct method for the set of extremely metal - poor galaxies compiled by @xcite .
to our surprise , the oxygen abundance presents a tendency to be constant with n2 , with a very large scatter .
consequently , we find that the existing n2 calibrators overstimate the oxygen abundance for most low metallicity galaxies , and then they can be used only to set upper limits to the true metallicity in low - metallicity galaxies . an explicit expression for this limit
is given .
in addition , we try to explain the observed scatter using photoionization models .
it is mostly due to the different evolutionary state of the hii regions producing the emission lines , but it also arises due to differences of n / o among the galaxies . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: optical bright emission lines have been used for many years as the main source of information to derive physical properties and chemical abundances both in nearby and distant galaxies .
these optical emission - lines are excited by the uv radiation emitted by young massive stars in the gas clouds surrounding on - going star - formation complexes in galaxies .
the total metallicity ( @xmath2 ) of the gas - phase is one of the most relevant pieces of information that can be extracted . in particular.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | , the regime of low metallicity is particularly important in the context of unevolved / young objects resembling the first protogalaxies and or star - formation in the high redshift universe .
the most accurate method to derive @xmath2 using the bright collisionally excited emission - lines is the determination of the total oxygen abundance assuming , e.g. , that the different metals are present in solar proportion . |
6,477 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: three fundamental variational principles used for solving elastodynamic eigenvalue problems are studied within the context of elastic wave propagation in periodic composites ( phononics ) .
we study the convergence of the eigenvalue problems resulting from the displacement rayleigh quotient , the stress rayleigh quotient and the mixed quotient .
the convergence rates of the three quotients are found to be related to the continuity and differentiability of the density and compliance variation over the unit cell . in general
, the mixed quotient converges faster than both the displacement rayleigh and the stress rayleigh quotients , however , there exist special cases where either the displacement rayleigh or the stress rayleigh quotient shows the exact same convergence as the mixed - method .
we show that all methods converge faster for smoother material property variations , but when density variation is rough , the difference between the mixed quotient and stress rayleigh quotient is higher and similarly , when compliance variation is rough , the difference between the mixed quotient and displacement rayleigh quotient is higher . since eigenvalue problems such as those considered in this paper tend to be highly computationally intensive , it is expected that these results will lead to fast and efficient algorithms in the areas of phononics and photonics .
phononics , variational methods , bandstructure .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the periodic modulation of stress wave existing in periodic composites results in exotic dynamic response .
the phononic band - structure@xcite induced by the periodic modulation of stress waves has close similarities with areas like electronic band theory@xcite and photonics@xcite .
the rich wave - physics resulting from the periodic modulations offers potential for novel applications such as refractive acoustic devices@xcite , ultrasound tunneling@xcite , waveguiding@xcite , reversed doppler effect@xcite , sound focusing@xcite , hypersonic control@xcite , negative refraction@xcite , gradient - index refraction@xcite , etc ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the first step in realizing these applications is to calculate the phononic band - structure . additionally , some research areas such as phononic band - structure optimization@xcite and inverse problems in dynamic homogenization@xcite depend heavily on the speed , efficiency , accuracy and versatility of the band - structure calculating algorithm . there
exist several techniques by which band - structures of photonic and phononic composites can be calculated . |
6,478 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: within the framework of imqmd05 , we study several isospin sensitive observables , such as dr(n / p ) ratios , isospin transport ratio ( isospin diffusion ) , yield ratios for lcps between the projectile region and mid - rapidity region for the reaction systems ni+ni , zn+zn , sn+sn at low - intermediate energies .
our results show that those observables are sensitive to the density dependence of symmetry energy , and also depend on the cluster formation mechanism . by comparing these calculations to the data ,
the information of the symmetry energy and reaction mechanism is obtained . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the nuclear symmetry energy plays an important role in the properties of nuclei and neutron stars @xcite . to a good approximantion
, it can be written as @xmath0 where @xmath1 , is the isospin asymmetry ; @xmath2 , @xmath3 , are the neutron , proton densities , and @xmath4 describes the density dependence of the symmetry energy .
theoretical predictions for @xmath4 from microscopic nucleon - nucleon interactions show large uncertainties , especially in the region of suprasaturation density @xcite . constraining.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the density dependence of the symmetry energy has become one of the main goals in nuclear physics and has stimulated many theoretical and experimental studies @xcite .
heavy ion collisions ( hic ) with asymmetric nuclei provide a unique opportunity for laboratory studies of the density dependence of the symmetry energy because a large range of densities can be momentarily achieved during hics . in theoretical studies with transport models , the isospin ratio observables which are constructed from the isospin contents of emitted nucleons or fragments , such as y(n)/y(p ) and dr(n / p ) for emitted nucleons@xcite |
6,479 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we address the distributed estimation of an unknown scalar parameter in wireless sensor networks ( wsns ) .
sensor nodes transmit their noisy observations over multiple access channel to a fusion center ( fc ) that reconstructs the source parameter .
the received signal is corrupted by noise and channel fading , so that the fc objective is to minimize the mean - square error ( mse ) of the estimate . in this paper , we assume sensor node observations to be correlated with the source signal and correlated with each other as well
. the correlation coefficient between two observations is exponentially decaying with the distance separation .
the effect of the distance - based correlation on the estimation quality is demonstrated and compared with the case of unity correlated observations .
moreover , a closed - form expression for the outage probability is derived and its dependency on the correlation coefficients is investigated .
numerical simulations are provided to verify our analytic results . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recent advances of micro - sensor fabrication technology allow for producing cheap and small sensor nodes with wireless communication capabilities . consequently , wireless sensor networks ( wsns ) become an economically sound solution to wide range of applications such as environmental and wildlife habitat monitoring , target tracking for defense purposes , and health care @xcite .
typical wsn consists of large number of sensor nodes deployed in an area of interest to collect specific information about the surrounding environment .
the need for large number of sensor nodes in wsns while being cost - effective constraints the industry standards to produce battery - powered sensor nodes with simple hardware . as a result of the limited energy and processing capabilities of sensor nodes ,.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the collected information has to be sent to a fusion center ( fc ) for centralized processing .
one important application of wsns is the distributed estimation of scalar parameters ( see , e.g. , @xcite , and references therein ) . in such application , |
6,480 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the anais ( annual modulation with nai(tl ) scintillators ) experiment aims at the confirmation of the dama / libra signal using the same target and technique at the canfranc underground laboratory ( lsc ) .
250 kg of ultra pure nai(tl ) crystals will be used as target , divided into 20 modules , 12.5 kg mass each , and coupled to two high efficiency photomultiplier tubes from hamamatsu .
the anais-25 set - up at the lsc consists of two prototypes , amounting 25 kg nai(tl ) , grown from a powder having a potassium level under the limit of our analytical techniques , and installed in a convenient shielding at the lsc .
the background has been carefully analyzed and main results will be summarized in this paper , focusing on the alpha contamination identified in the prototypes and the related background contributions .
status of fulfillment of anais experimental goals and prospects for the building of anais-250 experiment will be also revised .
dark matter search , sodium iodide , annual modulation , scintillation 29.40.mc , 29.40.wk , 95.35.+d .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: anais project aims at the study of the annual modulation signal attributed to galactic dark matter particles@xcite using 250 kg nai(tl ) at the canfranc underground laboratory ( lsc ) , in spain .
the dama experiment , at the laboratori nazionali del gran sasso , in italy , reported first evidence of the presence of an annual modulation in the detection rate compatible with that expected for a dark matter signal , just in the region below 6kevee ( electron equivalent energy ) with a high statistical significance@xcite .
this signal was further confirmed by the libra experiment , using 250 kg of more radiopure nai(tl ) detectors@xcite . using the same target than dama / libra experiment makes possible for anais to confirm such a result in a model independent way . to achieve this goal.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | , anais detectors should be as good ( or better ) as ( than ) those of dama / libra in terms of energy threshold and radioactive background below 10kevee : energy threshold below 2kevee and background at 1 - 2counts / kev / kg / day .
after the operation of several prototypes at the lsc@xcite , the main challenge for anais is the achievement of the required low background level , being contaminations in the bulk of the crystal still dominant in the background . |
6,481 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: compliant environments can mediate interactions between mechanically active cells like fibroblasts . starting with a phenomenological model for the behaviour of single cells
, we use extensive monte carlo simulations to predict non - trivial structure formation for cell communities on soft elastic substrates as a function of elastic moduli , cell density , noise and cell position geometry . in general
, we find a disordered structure as well as ordered string - like and ring - like structures .
the transition between ordered and disordered structures is controlled both by cell density and noise level , while the transition between string- and ring - like ordered structures is controlled by the poisson ratio .
similar effects are observed in three dimensions .
our results suggest that in regard to elastic effects , healthy connective tissue usually is in a macroscopically disordered state , but can be switched to a macroscopically ordered state by appropriate parameter variations , in a way that is reminiscent of wound contraction or diseased states like contracture .
keywords : cell - matrix adhesion , mechanotransduction , tissue organization , elastic interactions .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in order to develop and maintain tissues , cells in multicellular organisms have to interact with each other and the extracellular matrix ( ecm ) . cellular communication proceeds mainly through specific interactions provided by receptor - ligand binding . in solution , gradients in ligand concentration encode spatial information .
for example , morphogen gradients guide cell differentiation @xcite , and gradients of chemoattractants or chemorepellants direct cell motility ( _ chemotaxis _ ) @xcite . for cells adhering to each other or to the ecm
, physical properties of the environment like topography and mechanics provide additional information supplementing specific biochemical cues ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | in particular , cells in their natural environment typically orient along fiber bundles of the ecm , a principle termed _ contact guidance _ @xcite . in general , cells preferentially orient along directions with minimal curvature @xcite .
while contact guidance provides only a bidirectional cue for cell migration , unidirectional cues result from spatial gradients in adhesiveness ( _ haptotaxis _ ) @xcite , substrate rigidity ( _ durotaxis _ ) @xcite and substrate tension ( _ tensotaxis _ ) @xcite . |
6,482 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a technically simple and physically clear method is suggested for the direct measurement of brightness temperature of two - dimensional electron gas ( 2deg ) in the channel of a high electron mobility transistor ( hemt ) .
the usage of the method was demonstrated with the pseudomorphic hemt as a specimen .
the optimal hemt dc regime , from the point of view of the `` back action '' problem , was found to belong to the unsaturated area of the static characteristics possibly corresponding to the ballistic electron transport mode .
the proposed method is believed to be a convenient tool to explore the ballistic transport , electron diffusion , 2deg properties and other electrophysical processes in the heterostructures . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is a common knowledge that the impact of a measuring device onto the object - under - test should be minimized if working with signal sources of essentially quantum nature .
this is a general problem of non - disturbing quantum measurements . for electronic detecting facilities , especially amplifiers ,
this means minimizing the energy , of noise or other origin , irradiated backwards to the object - under - test ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the effect is a so called `` back action '' , the phenomenon causing uncontrolled destruction of a quantum state of the object , e.g. , the qubit decoherencing , etc . @xcite .
the back action is detected and requires a quantitative description in a wide frequency band , orders of magnitude wider than the amplifier operation frequency band . |
6,483 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the atlas and cms collaborations at the cern large hadron collider ( lhc ) have devoted considerable effort to the study of susy signatures and measurements .
this talk provides an overview of what can be learned at the lhc if tev - scale susy exists .
= cmss10 scaled 1 by -6.5 in by 2 by -by -8.9 in by 2 by - to 0pt --to 8.9 in = 6.5 in brookhaven national laboratory ' '' '' ' '' '' to ' '' '' ' '' '' * susy signatures at lhc * .5 in * frank e. paige * _ physics department _
_ brookhaven national laboratory _ _ upton , ny 11973 usa _
.75 in abstract the atlas and cms collaborations at the cern large hadron collider ( lhc ) have devoted considerable effort to the study of susy signatures and measurements .
this talk provides an overview of what can be learned at the lhc if tev - scale susy exists .
invited talk at the _
susy02 : the 10th international conference on supersymmetry and unification of fundamental interactions _ ( june 1723 , 2002 , desy , hamburg ) . this manuscript has been authored under contract number de - ac02 - 98ch10886 with the u.s .
department of energy .
accordingly , the u.s .
government retains a non - exclusive , royalty - free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution , or allow others to do so , for u.s .
government purposes . * susy signatures at lhc * * frank e. paige * _ brookhaven national laboratory , upton , ny 11973 usa _ .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: susy is perhaps the most promising candidate for physics beyond the standard model ; it also provides a good test of detector performance .
the atlas @xcite and cms @xcite collaborations at the cern large hadron collider ( lhc ) have therefore devoted a lot of effort to studying susy signatures and measurements .
this talk provides an overview of that work with emphasis on new results since the overviews in ref . and ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | the susy cross section at the lhc is dominated by the associated strong production of gluinos and squarks .
if @xmath0 parity is conserved , these decay into the lightest susy particle @xmath1 , which escapes the detector , plus quarks , gluons , and perhaps other standard model particles . thus , susy provides signatures containing at least jets and large missing transverse energy @xmath2 . |
6,484 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: cooperative behavior is widespread in nature , even though cooperating individuals always run the risk to be exploited by free - riders .
population structure effectively promotes cooperation given that a threshold in the level of cooperation was already reached .
however , the question how cooperation can emerge from a single mutant , which can not rely on a benefit provided by other cooperators , is still puzzling . here
, we investigate this question for a well - defined but generic situation based on typical life - cycles of microbial populations where individuals regularly form new colonies followed by growth phases .
we analyze two evolutionary mechanisms favoring cooperative behavior and study their strength depending on the inoculation size and the length of a life - cycle . in particular , we find that population bottlenecks followed by exponential growth phases strongly increase the survival and fixation probabilities of a single cooperator in a free - riding population . * the emergence of cooperation from a single mutant during microbial life - cycles * + + anna melbinger@xmath0 , jonas cremer@xmath1 , erwin frey@xmath2 + + * 1 * arnold sommerfeld center for theoretical physics and center for nanoscience , department of physics , ludwig - maximilians - universitt mnchen , germany + * 2 * department of physics , ucsd , 9500 gilman drive , la jolla , ca , usa + @xmath3 e - mail : [email protected] .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: cooperative behavior often provides a strong benefit for populations . but why are cooperators not undermined by non - cooperative individuals which take the benefit but save the costs for its provision @xcite ? for higher developed organisms , there are several ways to escape this _ dilemma of cooperation _ : for individuals , which are capable to recognize other individuals , memorizing previous interactions and controlling their handling accordingly , reciprocity , and punishment can promote cooperation @xcite .
however , those mechanisms can not act in organisms of modest complexity like microbes or during the early course of life where memory and recognition were mostly lacking . in such scenarios ,
cooperation might prevail due to the structure of the population @xcite ; this idea has been studied both theoretically and experimentally in the context of kin- , group- and multilevel selection @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | if cooperators more likely interact with other cooperators ( positive assortment ) , they keep most of their benefit for themselves and are less exploited by non - cooperators .
however , due to the costs of cooperation , a fitness disadvantage compared to non - cooperators is still present : positive assortment supports cooperation but is not necessarily sufficient to ensure its maintenance . |
6,485 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we prove russo - seymour - welsh - type uniform bounds on crossing probabilities for the fk ising model at criticality , independent of the boundary conditions .
our proof relies mainly on smirnov s fermionic observable for the fk ising model , which allows us to get precise estimates on boundary connection probabilities .
it remains purely discrete , in particular we do not make use of any continuum limit , and it can be used to derive directly several noteworthy results some new and some not among which the fact that there is no spontaneous magnetization at criticality , tightness properties for the interfaces , and the existence of several critical exponents , in particular the half - plane one - arm exponent . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is fair to say that the two - dimensional ising model has a very particular historical importance in statistical mechanics .
this model of ferromagnetism has been the first natural model where the existence of a phase transition , a property common to many statistical mechanics models , has been proved , in peierls 1936 work @xcite . in a series of seminal papers ( particularly @xcite ) ,
onsager computed several macroscopic quantities associated with this model ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | since then , the ising model has attracted a lot of attention , and it has probably been one of the most studied models , giving birth to an extensive literature , both mathematical and physical .
a few decades later , in 1969 , fortuin and kasteleyn introduced a dependent percolation model , for which the probability of a configuration is weighted by the number of clusters ( connected components ) that it contains . |
6,486 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper , we report high - precision absolute distance and vibration measurements performed with frequency scanned interferometry .
absolute distance was determined by counting the interference fringes produced while scanning the laser frequency .
high - finesse fabry - perot interferometers were used to determine frequency changes during scanning .
a dual - laser scanning technique was used to cancel drift errors to improve the absolute distance measurement precision . a new dual - channel fsi demonstration system is also presented which is an interim stage toward practical application of multi - channel distance measurement . under realistic conditions ,
a precision of 0.3 microns was achieved for an absolute distance of 0.57 meters .
a possible optical alignment system for a silicon tracker is also presented . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the motivation for this project is to design a novel optical system for quasi - real time alignment of tracker detector elements used in high energy physics ( hep ) experiments .
fox - murphy _ et.al .
_ from oxford university reported their design of a frequency scanned interferometer ( fsi ) for precise alignment of the atlas inner detector @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | given the demonstrated need for improvements in detector performance , we plan to design and prototype an enhanced fsi system to be used for the alignment of tracker elements in the next generation of electron - positron linear collider detectors .
current plans for future detectors require a spatial resolution for signals from a tracker detector , such as a silicon microstrip or silicon drift detector , to be approximately 7 - 10 @xmath0@xcite . to achieve this required spatial resolution |
6,487 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the standard model of cosmology suggests the existence of two components , `` dark matter '' and `` dark energy '' , which determine the fate of the universe .
their nature is still under investigation , and no direct proof of their existences has emerged yet . there exist alternative models which reinterpret the cosmological observations , for example by replacing the dark energy / dark matter hypothesis by the existence of a unique dark component , the _ dark fluid _ , which is able to mimic the behaviour of both components . after a quick review of the cosmological constraints on this unifying dark fluid , we will present a model of dark fluid based on a complex scalar field and discuss the problem of the choice of the potential . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the standard model of cosmology suggests that the total energy density of the universe is presently dominated by the densities of two components : the _ dark matter _
component , which is a pressureless matter fluid having an attractive behaviour , and the _ dark energy _ , whose main properties are a negative pressure and a nearly constant energy density today , which evoke the idea of vacuum energy .
the nature of both components remains unknown , and in the near future we can hope that the large hadron collider ( lhc ) will be able to provide hints on the nature of dark matter . in spite of the mysteries of the dark components ,.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is generally considered that dark matter can be modeled as a system of collisionless particles , whereas the most usual models of dark energy are the scalar field based quintessence models .
however , many difficulties in usual dark energy and dark matter models still question the cosmological standard model bases , leaving room for other models to be investigated . in this paper |
6,488 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in an earlier paper we developed a parton bubble model ( pbm ) for rhic , high - energy heavy - ion collisions . pbm was based on a substructure of a ring of localized bubbles ( gluonic hot spots ) which initially contain 3 - 4 partons composed of almost entirely gluons .
the bubble ring was perpendicular to the collider beam direction , centered on the beam , at midrapidity , and located on the expanding fireball surface of au au central collisions ( 0 - 10% ) at @xmath0=200 gev .
the bubbles emitted correlated particles at kinetic freezeout , leading to a lumpy fireball surface . for a selection of charged particles ( 0.8 gev / c
@xmath1 @xmath2 @xmath1 4.0 gev / c ) , the pbm reasonably quantitatively ( within a few percent ) explained high precision rhic experimental correlation analyses in a manner which was consistent with the small observed hbt source size in this transverse momentum range .
we demonstrated that surface emission from a distributed set of surface sources ( as in the pbm ) was necessary to obtain this consistency . in this paper
we give a review of the above comparison to central au au collisions .
the bubble formation can be associated with gluonic objects predicted by a glasma flux tube model ( gftm ) that formed longitudinal flux tubes in the transverse plane of two colliding sheets of color glass condensate ( cgc ) , which pass through one another .
these sheets create boost invariant flux tubes of longitudinal color electric and magnetic fields .
a blast wave gives the tubes near the surface transverse flow in the same way it gave transverse flow to the bubbles in the pbm . in this paper
we also consider the equivalent characteristics of the pbm and gftm and connect the two models .
in the gftm the longitudinal color electric and magnetic fields have a non - zero topological charge density @xmath3 .
these fields cause a local strong cp violation which effects charged particle production coming from quarks and anti - quarks created in the tube or bubble .
....
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: our interest in and the eventual development of the pbm goes back many years to the early nineteen eighties .
van hove s work@xcite in the early eighties considered the bubbles as small droplets of quark - gluon plasma ( qgp ) assumed to be produced in ultra - relativistic collisions of hadrons and/or nuclei .
his work recognized that experimental detectors only see what is emitted in the final state at kinetic freezeout ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | therefore final state predictions of his string model work on plasma bubbles or any other theory required specific convincing predictions that are observable in the final state which can be measured by experiment .
his work predicted that the final state rapidity distribution dn / dy of hadrons would exhibit isolated maxima of width @xmath4 ( single bubble ) or rapidity bumps of a few units ( due to those cases producing a few bubbles ) . |
6,489 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in a markovian model for a financial market , we characterize the best arbitrage with respect to the market portfolio that can be achieved using nonanticipative investment strategies , in terms of the smallest positive solution to a parabolic partial differential inequality ; this is determined entirely on the basis of the covariance structure of the model .
the solution is intimately related to properties of strict local martingales and is used to generate the investment strategy which realizes the best possible arbitrage .
some extensions to non - markovian situations are also presented . and . . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in a markovian model for an equity market with mean rates of return @xmath0 and covariance rates @xmath1 , @xmath2 , for its asset capitalizations @xmath3 at time @xmath4 , what is the highest return on investment [ as in ( [ maxretinv ] ) below ] that can be achieved relative to the market on a given time
horizon @xmath5 $ ] , using nonanticipative investment strategies ?
what are the weights assigned to the different assets by such an investment strategy that accomplishes this ? answers : under suitable conditions , @xmath6 and @xmath7,\ ] ] respectively . here.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | $ ] is the smallest nonnegative solution of the linear parabolic partial differential inequality @xmath9 subject to the initial condition @xmath10 , for the linear operator @xmath11 with @xmath12 , @xmath13 and @xmath14 .
furthermore , @xmath15 is the probability that the @xmath16-valued diffusion process @xmath17 with infinitesimal generator @xmath18 as above and @xmath19 does not hit the boundary of the orthant @xmath20 by time @xmath21 . |
6,490 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the dirac particle living in the @xmath0-dimensional configuration space with a junction for a spintronic qubit . we give concrete formulae explicitly showing the one - to - one correspondence between every self - adjoint extension of the minimal dirac operator and the boundary condition of the wave functions of the dirac particle .
we then show that the boundary conditions are classified into two types : one of them is characterized by two parameters and the other is by three parameters .
then , we show that benvegn and dabrowski s four - parameter family can actually be characterized by three parameters , concerned with the reflection , penetration , and phase factor . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the current cutting - edge technology has developed seeking the realization of quantum information and quantum computation .
for such realization , the mathematical modeling of the system of some quantum devices will play an important role .
one of the candidates for qubit is electron spin , that is , the so - called _ electron - spin qubit _ or the _ spintronic qubit _ , from the point of the view of spintronics @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | it is remarkable that the transportation of a single electron as a qubit has been demonstrated experimentally @xcite as well as the spin - conserved transport tunneling through a junction was experimentally demonstrated in organic spintronics @xcite . in addition , the spin - flip and the phase - shift was demonstrated in the experiment for the spin state of an electron - hole pair in a semiconductor quantum dot @xcite , while the spin alignment was studied in the process of the spin - transport in organic spintronics @xcite .
the experimental development makes us hopeful that an integrated circuit for qubit and a quantum network are really demonstrated in future . |
6,491 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the flavor asymmetry of the nucleon sea is discussed in an unquenched quark model for baryons in which the effects of quark - antiquark pairs ( @xmath0 , @xmath1 and @xmath2 ) are taken into account in an explicit form .
the inclusion of @xmath3 pairs leads automatically to an excess of @xmath4 over @xmath5 quarks in the proton , in ageement with experimental data .
keywords : protons and neutrons , quark models , flavor symmetries , gottfried sum rule se discute la asimetra de sabor del nuclen en una extensin del modelo de cuarks en que se toman en cuento de manera explcita los efectos de creacin de pares cuark - anticuark ( @xmath0 , @xmath1 y @xmath2 ) .
la inclusin de los pares @xmath3 lleva inmediatamente a un exceso de cuarks @xmath4 sobre @xmath5 en el protn , de acuerdo con los datos experimentales .
descriptores : protones y neutrones , modelos de cuarks , simetra de sabor , regla de suma de gottfried .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the flavor content of the nucleon sea provides an important test for models of nucleon structure .
a flavor symmetric sea leads to the gottfried sum rule @xmath6 @xcite , whereas any deviation from this value is an indication of the @xmath7 asymmetry of the nucleon sea .
the first clear evidence of a violation of the gottfried sum rule came from the new muon collaboration ( nmc ) @xcite , which was later confirmed by drell - yan experiments @xcite and a measurement of semi - inclusive deep - inelastic scattering @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | all experiments show evidence that there are more @xmath4 quarks in the proton than there are @xmath5 quarks .
the experimental results and theoretical ideas on the flavor asymmetric sea are summarized in several review articles @xcite . in the constituent quark model ( cqm ) , the proton is described in terms of a @xmath8 valence - quark configuration . therefore , a violation of the gottfried sum rule implies the existence of higher fock components ( such as @xmath9 configurations ) in the proton wave function . |
6,492 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: aging in complex systems is studied @xmath0 the sandpile model .
relaxation of avalanches in sandpiles is observed to depend on the time elapsed since the beginning of the relaxation .
lvy behavior is observed in the distribution of characteristic times . in this way ,
aging and self - organized criticality appear to be closely related . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the current literature of complex systems , aging is frequently reported as a phenomenon observed in spin glasses and other disordered systems , rather than in biological systems @xcite , though some works have been devoted to biological aging of populations @xcite .
relevant contributions have been brought presenting this phenomenon from a general perspective , revealing that temporal autocorrelation functions in the bak - sneppen model display aging behavior similar to glassy systems@xcite . to our knowledge
those papers give , up to now , the more relevant contribution to the relation between soc and aging ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | up to our knowledge , a detailed study of individual aging from the viewpoint of self - organized critical systems has not yet been performed .
it is well known that biological aging manifests itself in an individual as the slowing down of many processes as , _ |
6,493 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a novel approach is suggested for the statistical description of quantum systems of interacting particles .
the key point of this approach is that a typical eigenstate in the energy representation ( shape of eigenstates , se ) has a well defined classical analog which can be easily obtained from the classical equations of motion .
therefore , the occupation numbers for single - particle states can be represented as a convolution of the classical se with the quantum occupation number operator for non - interacting particles .
the latter takes into account the wavefunctions symmetry and depends on the unperturbed energy spectrum only . as a result ,
the distribution of occupation numbers @xmath0 can be numerically found for a very large number of interacting particles . using the model of interacting spins
we demonstrate that this approach gives a correct description of @xmath0 even in a deep quantum region with few single - particle orbitals .
2 in many physical systems such as complex atoms , heavy nuclei and interacting spins , highly excited eigenstates in the unpertured many - particles basis can be treated as a chaotic superposition of a very large number of components , for a relatively strong interaction among particles ( see , e.g. @xcite ) .
this fact has been used in @xcite in order to develop a statistical description of closed systems with a finite number of fermi - particles . in particular
, it was analytically shown that for a strong enough interaction , a smooth dependence of occupation numbers on the energy occurs , which is related to global properties of chaotic eigenstates . as is known , the direct numerical computation of excited eigenstates is strongly restricted due to a very large number of many - particles states , which grows extremely fast with the number of particles . however , the mean values of occupation numbers turn out to depend on the average shape of chaotic eigenstates in the unperturbed basis , not on exact , specific values of their components....
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: fmi acknowledges the support by conacyt ( mexico ) grant no . 34668-e .
w. wang , f.m . izrailev and g. casati ,
phys . rev . *.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | e 57 * , 323 ( 1998 ) ; f. borgonovi , i. guarneri and f.m .
izrailev , phys . rev . * e 57 * , 5291 ( 1998 ) ; l. meza - montes , f.m . |
6,494 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: area metric manifolds emerge as effective classical backgrounds in quantum string theory and quantum gauge theory , and present a true generalization of metric geometry . here , we consider area metric manifolds in their own right , and develop in detail the foundations of area metric differential geometry . based on the construction of an area metric curvature scalar , which reduces in the metric - induced case to the ricci scalar ,
we re - interpret the einstein - hilbert action as dynamics for an area metric spacetime .
in contrast to modifications of general relativity based on metric geometry , no continuous deformation scale needs to be introduced ; the extension to area geometry is purely structural and thus rigid .
we present an intriguing prediction of area metric gravity : without dark energy or fine - tuning , the late universe exhibits a small acceleration . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a new theoretical concept which , once formulated , naturally emerges in many related contexts , deserves further study .
even more so , if it makes us view well - established theories in a novel way , and meaningfully points beyond standard theory .
area metrics , we argue in this paper , are such an emerging notion in fundamental physics ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | an area metric may be defined as a fourth rank tensor field which allows to assign a measure to two - dimensional tangent areas , in close analogy to the way a metric assigns a measure to tangent vectors . in more than three dimensions ,
area metric geometry is a true generalization of metric geometry ; although every metric induces an area metric , not every area metric comes from an underlying metric . |
6,495 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we construct two infinite families of knots each of which admits a seifert fibered surgery with none of these surgeries coming from dean s primitive / seifert - fibered construction .
this disproves a conjecture that all seifert fibered surgeries arise from dean s primitive / seifert - fibered construction .
the @xmath0-pretzel knot belongs to both of the infinite families . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath1 be a knot in the @xmath2-sphere @xmath3
. then we denote by @xmath4 the @xmath2-manifold obtained by @xmath5-surgery on @xmath1 , i.e. , by attaching a solid torus to @xmath6int@xmath7 in such a way that @xmath5 bounds a meridian disk of the filling solid torus . using the preferred meridian - longitude pair of @xmath8 ,
we parametrize slopes @xmath5 of @xmath1 by @xmath9 ; then we also write @xmath10 for @xmath11 ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | we begin by recalling berge s @xcite construction , an explicit construction which yields several infinite families of knots each admitting a lens space dehn surgery .
let @xmath1 be a knot contained in a genus two heegaard surface @xmath12 for @xmath3 , i.e. , @xmath13 , where @xmath14 and @xmath15 denote genus two handlebodies . |
6,496 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the perturbative expansion in @xmath0 yang - mills theory compactified on @xmath1 where the compact space is a torus @xmath2 , with @xmath3 being a thermal circle with period @xmath4 ( @xmath5 is the temperature ) while @xmath6 is a circle with length @xmath7 where @xmath8 is an energy scale .
a linde - type analysis indicates that perturbative calculations for the pressure in this theory break down already at order @xmath9 due to the presence of a non - perturbative scale @xmath10 .
we conjecture that a similar result should hold if the torus is replaced by any compact surface of genus one . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: although finite - temperature field theory provides the natural framework to describe thermodynamic properties and phase transitions in plasmas involving gauge fields , its perturbative realization faces dreadful obstacles produced by severe infrared divergences in the gauge sector @xcite . in the case of quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) at finite temperature @xmath5 , where the theory is defined in @xmath11 and the compact direction in @xmath12 lies along the euclidean time with period @xmath4 , one can say that the domain of validity of the _ naive _ , plain perturbation expansion is tremendously restricted @xcite ( see also refs .
@xcite ) . along the years , this difficulty stimulated the development of techniques that reorganize the perturbative series , improving significantly the weak - coupling expansion ( for reviews , see refs .
@xcite ) . in particular.
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | , one can build an effective theory by using the separation of scales provided by @xmath5 , @xmath13 , and @xmath14 , which is known as dimensionally reduced effective theory , or electrostatic qcd ( eqcd ) @xcite .
the pressure , for instance , is currently known up to @xmath15 at high temperatures and at most moderate chemical potentials @xmath16 @xcite . |
6,497 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the cauchy problem for the korteweg de vries ( kdv ) equation with small dispersion and with monotonically increasing initial data using the riemann - hilbert ( rh ) approach .
the solution of the cauchy problem , in the zero dispersion limit , is obtained using the steepest descent method for oscillatory riemann - hilbert problems . the asymptotic solution is completely described by a scalar function @xmath0 that satisfies a scalar rh problem and a set of algebraic equations constrained by algebraic inequalities .
the scalar function @xmath0 is equivalent to the solution of the lax - levermore maximization problem .
the solution of the set of algebraic equations satisfies the whitham equations .
we show that the scalar function @xmath0 and the lax - levermore maximizer can be expressed as the solution of a linear overdetermined system of equations of euler - poisson - darboux type .
we also show that the set of algebraic equations and algebraic inequalities can be expressed in terms of solutions of a different set of linear overdetermined systems of equations of euler - poisson - darboux type .
furthermore we show that the set of algebraic equations is equivalent to the classical solution of the whitham equations expressed by the hodograph transformation . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the cauchy problem for the korteweg de vries ( kdv ) equation @xmath1 in the zero - dispersion limit has been widely studied .
the physical interest in this limit is due to the fact that it describes the phenomenon of shock waves in dissipationsless dispersive media .
dispersive shock waves are characterized by the appearance of rapid modulated oscillations ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | gurevich and pitevskii @xcite suggested that these oscillations could be modeled by the solution of the one - phase whitham equations @xcite .
the multiphase or @xmath2-phase whitham equations were derived by flaschka , forest and mc laughlin @xcite . |
6,498 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recently galvo and hardy have shown that quantum cloning can improve the performance of some quantum computation tasks .
however such performance enhancement is possible only if quantum correlations survive the cloning process .
we investigate preservation of the quantum correlations in the process of non local cloning of entangled pairs of two level systems .
we consider different kinds of quantum cloning machines and compare their effectiveness in the cloning of non maximally entangled pure states .
a mean entanglement is introduced in order to obtain a quantitative evaluation of an average efficiency for the different cloning machines .
we show that a reduction of the quantum correlations is significant and it strongly depends upon the kind of cloning machine used .
losses of the entanglement are largest in the case of the universal quantum cloning machine .
generally , in all cases considered the losses of the entanglement are so drastic that the method of enhancement for the performance of the quantum computation using the quantum cloning seems to be questionable . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: quantum correlations allow one to perform many communicational and computational tasks with efficiency unattainable using classical devices and they are at the heart of all considerations in quantum information theory . on the other hand the quantum correlations are very sensitive to any disturbances and easily suffer degradation .
any operation performed on a quantum correlated system can result in decreasing entanglement .
one of the most important feature of information encoded in the quantum systems is that while classical informations can be copied exactly , quantum information can not be cloned with perfect accuracy ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | more precisely , it is not possible to obtain a perfect copy of an arbitrary , unknown quantum state using unitary transformations .
this so - called no - cloning theorem recognized by wootters and zurek @xcite follows directly from the linearity of quantum mechanics . |
6,499 | Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: thermally excited phonon spectra of 2d yukawa solids and liquids in the presence of an external magnetic field are studied using computer simulations .
special attention is paid to the variation of wave spectra in terms of several key parameters , such as the strength of coupling , the screening parameter , and the intensity of the magnetic field .
in addition , comparisons are made with several analytical theories , including random - phase approximation , quasi - localized charge approximation , and harmonic approximation , and the validity of those theories is discussed in the present context . .
And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: there has been a great deal of interest in studying collective dynamics of two - dimensional ( 2d ) strongly coupled coulomb systems ( sccss ) in the presence of an external magnetic field @xcite .
early studies were mainly concerned with the 2d electron gas and/or liquid systems , and were largely motivated by their potential applications in the semiconductor industry , e.g. , for metal - oxide - semiconductor ( mos ) structures @xcite .
recently , interests have turned to a slightly different system , i.e. , the so - called strongly coupled complex ( dusty ) plasmas ( scdps ) @xcite ..
Please generate the next two sentences of the article | complex ( dusty ) plasma is a suspension of micron - sized charged dust particles in a weakly ionized plasma with electrons , ions , and neutral atoms or molecules @xcite .
therein , dust particles acquire a few thousand electron charges by absorbing surrounding electrons and ions , and consequently interact with each other via a dynamically screened coulomb potential @xcite while undergoing brownian motion due primarily to frequent collisions with the neutral molecules . |
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