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5,806 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: adenomatoid tumors , although rare , are the most common tumors of the paratesticular tissues , accounting for approximately 30% of all paratesticular tumors . in men ,
they are located in the epididymis , testicular tunicae , and rarely , the spermatic cord with most arising in or adjacent to the lower or upper pole of the epididymis .
although benign in nature but because they are difficult to differentiate from testicular malignancy these men are often subjected to radical orchiectomy .
recently , some authors have tried to define the imaging characteristics of these tumors but since these tumors are rare and experience is limited imaging is still not considered as diagnostic .
we report a case that was diagnosed on the basis of clinical suspicion , biochemical investigations , fine - needle aspiration cytology findings and radiological tests and thereby high orchiectomy could be avoided .
a 52-year - old male presented with complaints of a painless nodule in right scrotal sac for last 2-years that was gradually but very slowly increasing in size .
there was no history suggestive of urinary infection , genitor - urinary tuberculosis or epididymo - orchitis .
examination revealed a pea - sized firm , well - marginated , smooth swelling present at the lower pole of testis but that could not be separated with epididymis .
scrotal ultrasonography revealed a solid mass at the lower pole of right testis that was relatively hyperechoic as compared to the testicular parenchyma [ figure 1 ] .
scrotal mri revealed a well - defined lenticular lesion at lower part of right testis .
the lesion displayed signals isointense to slightly hypointense on both t1- and t2-weighted images with adjacent hypointense band .
fine - needle aspiration from the mass revealed absence of malignant cells . in view of long clinical history , negative tumor markers ,
findings typical of adenomatoid tumor on sonography and mri , as reported previously , and absence of malignant cells on cytology local excision was performed under local... | paratesticular tumors are rare tumors that are difficult to diagnose preoperatively and therefore , many patients are subjected to inguinal orchiectomy . however , radical orchiectomy can be avoided as the diagnosis of paratesticular tumor can be made on the basis of clinical suspicion , findings of tumor markers and radiological tests . |
5,807 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: proton pump inhibitors ( ppis ) potently inhibit gastric acid secretion , and are widely used for prevention and treatment of various acid - related diseases including peptic ulcers and gastro - esophageal reflux diseases .
although their acid inhibitor potency is far stronger than that of histamine h2 receptor antagonists ( h2ras ) , ppis are reported to have some weak points in comparison with those drugs .
a disadvantage of the acid inhibitory effect of ppis is the strong influence of cyp2c19 , a hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme that degrades ppis . in patients with high activity of the cyp2c19 enzyme ( extensive metabolizers ) , the effect of ppi administration is not adequately strong , because of enzymatic degradation . on the other hand , in patients with a low cyp2c19 enzyme activity ( poor metabolizers ) ,
another disadvantage is slow onset of the acid inhibitory effect after ppi administration . to improve these weak points , new types of ppis
rabeprazole is a new type of ppi that is not strongly influenced by cyp2c19 enzyme activity , because it is not mainly degraded by cyp2c19 .
in addition , this drug is reported to inhibit acid secretion more quickly than first generation ppis including omeprazole and lansoprazole .
another agent is esomeprazole , an s - isomer of omeprazole that is a mixture of s- and r - isomers .
esomeprazole has also been reported to not be effectively degraded by cyp2c19 and its effect is not strongly influenced by its enzyme activity .
the acid suppressing effects of rabeprazole ( 20 mg ) and esomeprazole ( 40 mg ) have been investigated , with those of the latter reported to be equal or superior to the former .
the standard doses of rabeprazole and esomeprazole in japan are 10 and 20 mg , respectively , per day .
those ppis at those doses have not been directly compared in regard to quickness of acid inhibition and acid inhibitory potency in cases with different cyp2c19 enzyme activities .
it is considered that intra - gastric ph monitoring soon after acute single... | comparisons between the acid inhibitory effects of rabeprazole and esomeprazole after single oral administration with standard doses have not been previously presented .
we examined intra - gastric ph after oral administrations of these two proton pump inhibitors using 24-h ph monitoring .
fifty - four normal volunteers not infected by helicobacter pylori were investigated . using a cross - over design , we administered 10 mg of rabeprazole or 20 mg of esomeprazole in 27 at 30 min after supper and in the remaining 27 subjects at 15 min before supper , and performed 24-h ph monitoring .
intra - gastric ph data were nearly identical when the proton pump inhibitors were taken after meals . even if the data were compared in different cyp2c19 genotypes , rabeprazole and esomeprazole did not show the difference . in poor metabolizer , both of the drugs showed stronger acid inhibition . when taken before meals , intra - gastric ph after esomeprazole administration was slightly but not significantly higher than that observed after rabeprazole administration not only in daytime but also in nighttime period . in conclusion , rabeprazole and esomeprazole were similarly effective when administered after a meal . |
5,808 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: we recruited 17 current and 17 ex - smokers with copd to form our study sample .
copd was diagnosed according to the gold criteria.1 participants were allowed to have any degree of bdr following inhalation of 200 g salbutamol , but no history of asthma as confirmed by two physicians independently .
smoking intensity was defined both as pack - years , and number of cigarettes smoked on average per day when smoking , regardless of years of smoking history .
all participants were in a stable condition at the time of the study and free from acute exacerbations of symptoms and/or from upper respiratory tract infections for at least one month preceding the study .
participants did not have any active concurrent medical problems and/or a clinical history of allergic diseases ( eg , rhinitis ) .
atopic status was assessed by skin prick testing to a panel of seven common aeroallergens and a positive response was defined by a weal diameter of 3 mm .
participants had not used corticosteroids in any form in the last three months or long acting bronchodilators in the past 4 weeks .
pulmonary function tests were performed for all participants according to ats standards.15 bdr was assessed by remeasuring spirometry in all participants 20 minutes after the inhalation of 200 g of salbutamol from a metered dose inhaler .
gas transfer factor was measured by the single breath carbon monoxide method,16 and lung volumes were measured in a body plethysmograph post bronchodilator .
carboxyhemoglobin levels were measured during lung function testing and reviewed to confirm the nonsmoking status of the ex - smokers .
sputum induction was performed with hypertonic saline inhalation , following well established methods.17,18 sputum plugs free of salivary contamination were selected and processed according to an adaptation of the method used by pin et al.17 bal and endobronchial biopsies were obtained and processed as described previously.19,20 briefly , participants were pre - medicated with nebulized ( 5 mg ) and sedation was achieved... | rationalesmoking effects on physiological and gross pathology in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) are relatively well described .
however , there is little known in copd about the detailed interrelationships between lung function and inflammatory profiles in different airway compartments from the same individual and whether airway inflammation in these different compartments differs in ex- and current smokers with established copd.objectiveswe compared sputum , bronchoalveolar ( bal ) , and airway wall inflammatory profiles in current versus ex - smokers and related this to smoking intensity and lung function in 17 current and 17 ex - smokers with mild to moderate copd.resultscurrent smokers had more sputum mast cells ( % differential and absolute numbers ) , whereas ex - smokers had increased sputum neutrophils . in bal
, there was a significant increase in eosinophils in current smokers , but ex - smokers had significantly increased neutrophils , lymphocytes , and epithelial cells .
there were no cell profile differences observed in airway biopsies between current and ex - smokers and there were no correlations between the individual inflammatory cell populations in any of the airway compartments . in current smokers only , smoking intensity was negatively correlated with lung function , and associated with a reduction in overall cellularity of both sputum and bal.conclusionairway inflammation persists in ex - smokers with copd , but differs from copd current smokers .
the impact of smoking appears to vary in different airway compartments and any direct relationships between cellularity and lung function tended to be negative , ie , worse lung function indicated the presence of fewer cells . |
5,809 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: previous studies found interactions between the meaning of words and the screen location where the words were presented ( i.e. , spatial position ) . for instance , people were faster to decide that a stork flies if the word stork was presented at the top of the screen rather than at the bottom of the screen ( eti and domijan , 2007 ) .
similar effects were found in a semantic relatedness judgment task ( zwaan and yaxley , 2003 ) and also in a letter identification task in which participants identified a single letter ( x or o ) presented at the top or bottom of the screen immediately following the name of an object with a typical location ( e.g. , cowboy boot , estes et al . , 2008 ) .
researchers also found interactions between word meaning and spatial position when words refer to more abstract concepts , such as valence or power ( richardson et al .
, 2003 ; meier and robinson , 2004 ; schnall and clore , 2004 ; schubert , 2005 ; meier et al . , 2007 ;
although these abstract concepts have no inherent perceptual spatial positions , they are connected to spatial concepts through metaphorical relations such as good is up and bad is down .
these interactions between word meaning and spatial location provide important insight into the underlying mental representations of meaning .
the first explanation is that readers understand the meaning of a category by mentally simulating associated sensory - motor information ( e.g. , barsalou , 1999 ) .
thus , a representation of the meaning of flying animal involves simulating looking up at the sky and seeing the animal fly .
because such simulations occupy sensory - motor systems , they might interfere with other sensory - motor processing .
indeed , interference was found when people simultaneously performed mental visual imagery and a visual perception task ( craver lemley and reeves , 1992 ) .
( 2008 ) showed a similar interference effect without explicit imagery instructions . in their task ,
participants viewed word pairs in the center of the screen that referred... | we report an experiment that compared two explanations for the effect of congruency between a word 's on screen spatial position and its meaning . on one account ,
congruency is explained by the match between position and a mental simulation of meaning .
alternatively , congruency is explained by the polarity alignment principle . to distinguish between these accounts we presented the same object names ( e.g. , shark , helicopter ) in a sky decision task or an ocean decision task , such that response polarity and typical location were disentangled .
sky decision responses were faster to words at the top of the screen compared to words at the bottom of the screen , but the reverse was found for ocean decision responses .
these results are problematic for the polarity principle , and support the claim that spatial attention is directed by mental simulation of the task - relevant conceptual dimension . |
5,810 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: bioresorbable scaffolds ( brs ) have been designed to overcome problems related to the long - term persistence of metallic stents implanted in coronary arteries .
several randomized controlled trials ( rcts ) comparing polymeric brs with new - generation drug - eluting stents ( des ) found similar clinical outcomes at 1 year . a recent meta - analysis , though , showed an increased risk of definite or probable scaffold thrombosis for brs ( 1.3% compared with 0.5% ) .
as the true benefit of brs is expected to ensue later , long - term data of rcts are awaited .
absorbable metal scaffolds constitute an attractive alternative to polymeric brs , as they conform more to the technique of percutaneous coronary intervention with des .
we assessed a novel second - generation drug - eluting absorbable metal scaffold ( dreams 2 g ) , which has been redesigned iteratively by ( i ) improving the design of the magnesium backbone of its previous version and ( ii ) using the same drug polymer combination ( sirolimus / poly - l - lactide ) as the new - generation biodegradable polymer stent orsiro ( biotronik ag , buelach , switzerland ) .
six - month outcomes were recently published , showing favourable angiographic and clinical outcomes with a low rate of target lesion failure ( tlf ) and no definite or probable scaffold thrombosis .
we aimed to evaluate if those results are sustained at 12 months , a time point when the magnesium scaffold is expected to be degraded .
a detailed description of the study has been recently published . in brief , biosolve - ii is a prospective , multi - centre , first - in - man study to evaluate the safety and performance of dreams 2 g ( biotronik ag , buelach , switzerland ) .
the study is in compliance with the declaration of helsinki , good clinical practice , iso14155 , and was approved by the institutional ethics committees at the participating 13 institutions in europe , south america , and asia .
eligible patients had stable or unstable angina or documented silent ischaemia , a... | aimsmetal absorbable scaffolds constitute a conceptually attractive alternative to polymeric scaffolds .
promising 6-month outcomes of a second - generation drug - eluting absorbable metal scaffold ( dreams 2 g ) , consisting of an absorbable magnesium scaffold backbone , have been reported .
we assessed the 12-month safety and performance of this novel device.methods and resultsthe prospective , international , multi - centre , first - in - man biosolve - ii trial enrolled 123 patients with up to two de novo lesions with a reference diameter between 2.2 and 3.7 mm .
all patients were scheduled for angiographic follow - up at 6 months , and if subjects consented at 12 months .
dual antiplatelet therapy was recommended for 6 months .
quantitative coronary angiography ( qca ) parameters remained stable from 6 to 12 months [ paired data of 42 patients : in - segment late lumen loss 0.20 0.21 mm vs. 0.25 0.22 mm , p = 0.117 , 0.05 0.21 mm ( 95% ci : 0.01;0.12 ) ; in - scaffold late lumen loss 0.37 0.25 mm vs. 0.39 0.27 mm , p = 0.446 , 0.03 0.22 ( 95% ci : 0.04;0.10 ) , respectively ] .
intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography findings corroborated the qca results .
target lesion failure occurred in four patients ( 3.4% ) , consisting of one death of unknown cause , one target - vessel myocardial infarction , and two clinically driven target lesion revascularization .
no additional event occurred beyond the 6-month follow - up . during the entire follow - up of 12 months
, none of the patients experienced a definite or probable scaffold thrombosis.conclusionthe novel drug - eluting metal absorbable scaffold dreams 2 g showed a continuous favourable safety profile up to 12 months and stable angiographic parameters between 6 and 12 months.clinicaltrials.gov identifiernct01960504 . |
5,811 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: swine have served as an important biomedical model for humans for decades ; previous authors have summarized such models in more detail 1 - 5 .
limitations on reference citations for this review has meant that only the most recent will be cited to cover the latest developments and the broadest range of current pig models .
advances using these genomic tools are described in the other reviews in this issue 6 , 7 .
generally speaking , studying animal models of human disease helps scientists understand the mechanisms involved in the disease pathogenesis and thus provides tools for development of gene therapy to cure the disease / condition in humans . to date , the humanized mouse has been widely used to advance our understanding of human hematopoiesis , innate and adaptive immunity , autoimmunity , infectious diseases , cancer biology and regenerative medicine 8 . unfortunately , the humanized mouse and many mouse disease models often do not faithfully mimic the relevant human conditions .
an example is the well developed swine atherosclerosis model which has facilitated analyses of disease progression and pathogenesis and testing of new therapeutics 9 , 10 .
this review will probe , as detailed examples , genomic studies of melanoma and of infectious disease resistance , highlighting issues to consider in designing such genomic studies .
it will end with a short discussion of the potential for genomic approaches to develop new alternatives for control of viral infectious diseases , targeting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ( prrsv ) , and the potential for applying knowledge gained with this virus for human infectious disease studies .
as outlined in table 1 the swine has been used as a major mammalian model for human biology 11 . the similarity in size , particularly for miniature pigs , and physiology , and in organ development and disease progression
the ability to deliberately time studies , image internal vessels and organs using standard human technologies , and collect repeated... | this review is a short update on the diversity of swine biomedical models and the importance of genomics in their continued development .
the swine has been used as a major mammalian model for human studies because of the similarity in size and physiology , and in organ development and disease progression .
the pig model allows for deliberately timed studies , imaging of internal vessels and organs using standard human technologies , and collection of repeated peripheral samples and , at kill , detailed mucosal tissues .
the ability to use pigs from the same litter , or cloned or transgenic pigs , facilitates comparative analyses and genetic mapping .
the availability of numerous well defined cell lines , representing a broad range of tissues , further facilitates testing of gene expression , drug susceptibility , etc .
thus the pig is an excellent biomedical model for humans . for genomic applications
it is an asset that the pig genome has high sequence and chromosome structure homology with humans . with
the swine genome sequence now well advanced there are improving genetic and proteomic tools for these comparative analyses .
the review will discuss some of the genomic approaches used to probe these models .
the review will highlight genomic studies of melanoma and of infectious disease resistance , discussing issues to consider in designing such studies .
it will end with a short discussion of the potential for genomic approaches to develop new alternatives for control of the most economically important disease of pigs , porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome ( prrs ) , and the potential for applying knowledge gained with this virus for human viral infectious disease studies . |
5,812 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: fabrication of a natural looking restoration is one of the challenges in esthetic dentistry because shade matching with natural teeth is a difficult task due to the complicated optical properties of teeth.1 an esthetic restoration should reproduce morphologic , optical , and biologic characteristics of teeth under varied clinical conditions .
switches of ambient light sources and condition cause perceived color shifts of restorations and shade guides.2,3 all - ceramic restorations can be made to match natural teeth in terms of color , surface texture , and translucency4 ; therefore , they address the demand for esthetic restorations.5,6 optical properties of zirconia have introduced new opportunities for achieving superior esthetics.1 based on a clinical evaluation of shade matching maintenance of an all - ceramic system , 97 to 100% of restorations were rated alfa.7 however , one of the clinical problems for all - ceramics is that the allowed thickness for a restoration is limited , which is generally regarded as 1.5 mm.4 shade matching is one of the most pivotal esthetic tasks . although shade matching is usually performed by visual methods , instrumental color taking enhances the validity of visual shade matching.8,9 shade matching performance has been improved through the development of new shade guides and electronic color taking devices for dentistry.1 electronic color taking devices showed excellent repeatability,10 and the use of spectrophotometer ( sp ) allowed accurate color evaluation of teeth and restorations.11 however , color parameters measured by instruments vary by the measurement protocols.12 perceived color of an object is decided by reflected and transmitted visible light , and an object can only reflect and transmit the spectrum of light that shines on it . since lightings show varied source - dependent spectral power distributions ( spds ) , shade matching performance is highly influenced by the light sources.13 therefore , the impact of illuminating lights on the color of dental... | purposeperceived color of ceramics changes by the spectral power distribution of ambient light .
this study aimed to quantify the amount of shifts in color and color coordinates of clinically simulated seven all - ceramics due to the switch of three ambient light sources using a human vision simulating spectroradiometer.materials and methodscie color coordinates , such as l * , a * and b*,of ceramic specimens were measured under three light sources , which simulate the cie standard illuminant d65 ( daylight ) , a ( incandescent lamp ) , and f9 ( fluorescent lamp ) .
shifts in color and color coordinate by the switch of lights were determined .
influence of the switched light ( d65 to a , or d65 to f9 ) , shade of veneer ceramics ( a2 or a3 ) , and brand of ceramics on the shifts was analyzed by a three - way anova.resultsshifts in color and color coordinates were influenced by three factors ( p<.05 ) .
color shifts by the switch to a were in the range of 5.9 to 7.7 e*abunits , and those by the switch to f9 were 7.7 to 10.2 ; all of which were unacceptable ( e*ab > 5.5 ) . when switched to a , cie
a * increased ( a * : 5.6 to 7.6 ) , however , cie b * increased ( b * : 4.9 to 7.8 ) when switched to f9.conclusionclinically simulated ceramics demonstrated clinically unacceptable color shifts according to the switches in ambient lights based on spectroradiometric readings .
therefore , shade matching and compatibility evaluation should be performed considering ambient lighting conditions and should be done under most relevant lighting condition . |
5,813 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: nonvalvular atrial fibrillation ( nvaf ) , a treatable risk factor for ischemic stroke , is considered a worldwide epidemic predicted to increase in the coming decades .
indeed , in 2010 , the estimated global prevalence of af was 33.5 million.1 oral anticoagulation is the cornerstone treatment for nvaf patients with a moderate or high risk of thromboembolic complication.2
although direct oral anticoagulants ( dabigatran , rivaroxaban , apixaban ) have been on the market since 2010 , vitamin k antagonists ( vkas : warfarin , acenocoumarol , fluindione ) remain a standard treatment in the management of nvaf .
recently , several studies have examined the risks of bleeding and of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism ( is / se ) associated with perioperative heparin bridging anticoagulation in patients with nvaf.3 , 4 , 5 , 6 however , no studies have investigated bridging risks during vka initiation in outpatient settings .
it has been shown that the bleeding risk is highest during the first month of vka initiation.7 this risk may be greatest when a vka is combined with another antithrombotic agent , particularly in patients for whom a bridging therapy is indicated .
bridging therapy at the initiation of vka therapy consists of transitioning a bridging agent ( lowmolecularweight heparin [ lmwh ] or other pentasaccharide , eg , fondaparinux and unfractionated heparin ) to a vka .
there is an overall consensus in favor of a bridging therapy prior to urgent cardioversion in patients with lifethreatening hemodynamic instability caused by newonset nvaf.8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 the recommendation in guidelines9 , 10 , 12 and summaries of product characteristics14 , 15 is less clear for those with stable nvaf who do not require rapid anticoagulation . in reallife conditions , a bridging regimen is commonly used in those with a low stroke risk.16 , 17 , 18 , 19 this practice is not supported by evidence .
vka use has declined recently in favor of direct oral anticoagulants ; however , the latest available... | backgroundseveral studies have recently examined the risks of bleeding and of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism associated with perioperative heparin bridging anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation . however , few studies have investigated bridging risks during vitamin k antagonist initiation in outpatient settings.methods and resultsa retrospective cohort study was conducted on individuals starting oral anticoagulation between january 2010 and november 2014 for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation managed in outpatient care and identified from french healthcare insurance . bleeding and ischemic
stroke and systemic embolism events were identified from the hospitalization database .
adjusted hazard ratios with 95% ci were estimated using cox models during the first and 2 following months of anticoagulation .
of 90 826 individuals , 30% had bridging therapy .
a total of 318 ( 0.35% ) cases of bleeding and 151 ( 0.17% ) ischemic stroke and systemic embolism cases were identified during the first month of followup and 231 ( 0.31% ) and 122 ( 0.16% ) during the 2 following months , respectively . at 1 month of followup , the incidence of bleeding was higher in the bridged group compared with the nonbridged group ( 0.47% versus 0.30% ; p<0.001 ) , and this increased risk persisted after adjustment for covariates ( hazard ratio=1.60 ; 95% ci , 1.282.01 ) .
this difference disappeared after the first month of treatment ( 0.93 ; 0.701.23 ) .
no significant difference in the occurrence of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism was observed either at 1 month of followup or later.conclusionsat vitamin k antagonist initiation for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation managed in ambulatory settings , bridging therapy is associated with a higher risk of bleeding and a similar risk of arterial thromboembolism compared with no bridging therapy . |
5,814 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: illness associated with infection with mers - cov is characterized primarily by mild - to - severe respiratory complaints , most requiring hospital admission for pneumonitis or acute respiratory distress syndrome . as of june 11 , 2015 , ecdc has reported 1,288 laboratory - confirmed cases , including 498 deaths ( 1 ) .
overall , a large proportion of mers cases is suspected to be a result of zoonotic transmission ( 1 ) with growing evidence for dromedary camels ( camelus dromedarius ) as a reservoir .
mers - cov - specific antibodies have been detected in camels across the middle east and the african continent , suggesting a geographically widespread distribution ( 2 ) .
analysis of an outbreak associated with a barn in qatar found dromedaries and humans to be infected with nearly identical strains of mers - cov ( 3 ) and further support for camels as reservoir came from a study in saudi arabia ( ksa ) that found widespread circulation of different genetic variants of mers - cov in camels , with geographic clustering of human and camel mers - cov sequences ( 4 ) .
however , few other studies provided evidence for zoonotic transmission of mers - cov from camels ( 5 ) .
we investigated the rate of mers - cov circulation in dromedaries at the slaughterhouse in qatar , previously linked to two mers cases in qatar .
a random group of 105 camels that presented for slaughter in february ( n=53 ) and march ( n=52 ) 2014 were sampled for mers - cov analysis ( table 1 ) .
animals either had come directly from within qatar or ksa , or had been sold through the central animal market ( cm ) .
swabs and lymph nodes were tested for mers - cov rna by internally controlled rt - pcr targeting upe and n genes , as described ( 3 , 6 ) .
( 7 ) was obtained from the first group of 53 samples and among others sequences generated from this group have been used to define a general mers - cov typing fragment ( 8) . in total , 59% of the camels showed evidence for virus shedding in at least one type of swab at the time of slaughter (... | two of the earliest middle east respiratory syndrome ( mers ) cases were men who had visited the doha central animal market and adjoining slaughterhouse in qatar .
we show that a high proportion of camels presenting for slaughter in qatar show evidence for nasal mers - cov shedding ( 62/105 ) .
sequence analysis showed the circulation of at least five different virus strains at these premises , suggesting that this location is a driver of mers - cov circulation and a high - risk area for human exposure .
no correlation between rna loads and levels of neutralizing antibodies was observed , suggesting limited immune protection and potential for reinfection despite previous exposure . |
5,815 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: a common upper airway and digestive tract is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually fatal and exact incidence of which is not known .
the diagnosis is assumed to be made if there is inability to perform endotracheal intubation of a newborn with respiratory distress in an expert hand in a neonate not cried at birth .
we present a newborn clinically suspected as a case of esophageal atresia with tracheo - esophageal fistula that was diagnosed retrospectively to have laryngeal atresia with absent vocal cords and a common aerodigestive tract continuing distally with trachea .
we received a spontaneous vaginally delivered male outborn baby at 35 weeks period of gestation , weighing 1900 grams to a 24-years - old primigravida with antenatal risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus and polyhydramnios .
the baby was born limp without any cry and required immediate resuscitation with bag and mask ventilation .
the initial intubation was reportedly difficult , and baby required frequent et suctioning for copious secretions .
clinically , a strong suspicion of esophageal atresia ( ea ) and tracheo - esophageal fistula ( tef ) was made as feeding tube did not pass into the stomach .
the chest x - ray revealed lower end of feeding tube going very low almost to t 6/7 level , and serial x rays revealed the feeding tube going sometimes to left side and sometimes to the right side , in retrospect , we came to know that it was in the trachea and was negotiating to left or right main bronchus .
baby also had other associated anomalies at birth i.e. imperforate anus and absent right kidney .
the evaluation with ultrasound revealed dilated left renal pelvis with non - visualized right kidney .
the newborn was then placed in the left lateral decubitus position and a right posterolateral thoracotomy was performed .
tracheo - esophageal fistula was isolated just one cm above the carina and was transfixed and ligated .
the feeding tube could not be seen or felt in the operative field on maneuvering by anesthesiologist .
a... | a common upper airway and digestive tract is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually fatal and its exact incidence is not known .
it is a diagnostic challenge as it requires high index of suspicion .
it should be considered in a neonate with respiratory distress in a non - vigorous baby requiring endotracheal intubation , which is difficult even in expert hand .
we present a newborn with suspected tracheo - esophageal fistula that was diagnosed intraoperatively to have absent upper blind pouch of the esophagus and on autopsy found to have laryngeal atresia with absent vocal cords and a common aerodigestive tract continuing distally with trachea .
the neonate was ventilated with endotracheal tube ( ett ) placement which in retrospect we came to know that it was in the esophagus .
the neonate also had associated multiple congenital anomalies of vacterl association .
the importance of teamwork between neonatologist , pediatric surgeon , anesthesiologist , and radiologist is highlighted for diagnosis and management of such rare cases . |
5,816 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: hiv infection induces a deficient immunologic milieu that enables other oncogenic viruses such as ebv to escape immune control in a multifactorial way , which can lead to the onset of lymphoma .
the incidence of hiv - related pcnsl has decreased since the widespread introduction of haart .
presentation of the disease is more frequent in persons with reduced performance status , cd4-counts below 100/l and high hiv viremia levels [ 4 - 6 ] . in immunocompetent populations , outcome and toxicity of different therapy regimens are largely agedependent .
significantly reduced survival and neurotoxicity rates of up to 90% occur with combined chemotherapy - radiation regimens in the above 60 year age group . in all age groups , combination radiochemotherapies , with mostly intrathecal ( it ) administration of methotrexate ( mtx ) and/or cytarabine ,
prolong overall median survival rates by up to 55 months [ 7 - 9 ] .
however , they can cause increased treatment - associated mortality , with high rates of infection and neurotoxicity .
intensive chemotherapy - only regimens show less neurotoxicity with similar survival rates [ 7 - 10 ] .
higher response rates are obtained with intensive autologous stem - cell - rescue protocols [ 11 - 14 ] .
in contrast to therapeutic success demonstrated for immunocompetent patients , the outcome of hiv - associated pcnsl is still considered poor .
median survival rates range from four to six weeks with best supportive care alone and 3 to 5 months with cranial radiation treatment [ 4,15 - 17 ] .
most hiv - positive pcnsl patients are in clinically poor condition , and have advanced immunosuppression . moreover ,
hiv - associated leukoencephalopathy in advanced hiv disease is frequent , considering that neurotoxicity is one of the most frequent debilitating side effects in combined chemo - radiotherapy protocols .
haart induced immune recovery improves survival of patients with aids - associated pcnsl and systemic lymphoma , but these patients still have reduced overall survival along... | purposecombined immunomodulatory and antiviral treatment was administered to three patients with newly diagnosed hiv - associated primary central nervous system lymphoma ( pcnsl ) in an attempt to improve outcomes.patients and methodsthree patients from our institution who were recently diagnosed with hiv - associated pcnsl received intravenous azidothymidine ( azt ) 1.6 gr .
bid for two weeks , followed by oral azt 250 mg bid from day 15 .
in addition , complementary highly active antiretroviral therapy ( haart ) with a second nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( nrti ) plus one protease inhibitor ( pi ) and interleukin 2 ( il-2 ) subcutaneously 2 million units twice daily ( bid ) plus foscarnet 90 mg / kg bid were administered on days 1 - 14 .
one patient received anti - epsteinbarr virus ( ebv)-maintenance therapy with ganciclovir , followed by cidofovir [ 1].resultsall patients experienced progressive disease while on induction therapy , and switched early to whole - brain radiation therapy ( wbrt ) as second linetreatment . no grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed .
two patients died on days 50 and 166 respectively due to progressive disease . the third patient with histologically proven lymphoproliferation and only suspected pcnsl remained alive at 53 months .
he was on haart and remained clinically and neurologically stable.conclusionalthough il-2 , haart , high - dose azt and foscarnet are used for other hiv - related conditions , they did not demonstrate benefit in lymphoma remission for 2 hivassociated pcnsl patients .
the third patient went into delayed remission after additional radiotherapy and was in good clinical and neurological health status over 53 months after diagnosis . |
5,817 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: a prospective analysis was carried out in amrita institute of medical sciences , kerala which is a tertiary care hospital , to compare the outcome of hemodialysis patients from different socioeconomic status .
patients were allotted in different shifts either in morning , afternoon or evening , based on their preferences .
the patient sociodemographics , cost details of dialysis , adverse reactions occurred during dialysis , cost to manage such adverse reactions , regularity , affordability , outcome and patient satisfaction to dialysis , etc .
a total of 79 patients were undergoing dialysis per week in three different shifts during the study period .
sampling was done and every second patient in the op was selected for the study . for simple analysis , patients undergoing dialysis thrice in a week , without considering the duration of dialysis were included in the study .
patients with major illness such as severe cardiac or neurological problems and those who avail reimbursement were excluded .
based on the education , occupation and income , patients were categorized into upper , middle , and lower socioeconomic classes .
patient perspective was taken for the analysis of cost component and the details were collected by direct patient interview .
details of direct medical cost , direct non - medical cost and indirect cost were analyzed .
direct medical cost includes cost of hemodialysis , laboratory investigation , erythropoietin , av fistula , blood transfusion , x - ray and medications whereas direct non - medical costs include cost of food , transportation , and extra family care .
other costs such as intangible cost and opportunity costs were excluded . from the data obtained ,
overall costs of hemodialysis per session as well as total cost for a period of 6 months were calculated .
the patient data were collected by using the patient data collection form and by the direct patient interview .
patient 's demographics , socioeconomic status , comorbid conditions , cost of therapy , regularity , and... | background : in india the incidence of end stage renal disease ( esrd ) is increasing day by day and the option for the treatment of esrd is dialysis or transplantation . in the present scenario , due to the cost of treatment normal people can afford only hemodialysis rather than transplantation .
since the cost of hemodialysis differs across the country , research is needed to evaluate its exact cost.aim:this study is to analyze the healthcare cost of hemodialysis in a private hospital of south india.materials and methods : this is a prospective , observational study carried out in a tertiary care hospital .
patients who are undergoing routine hemodialysis in this hospital were selected for the study .
patient data as well as cost details were collected for a period of six months .
thirty patients were selected for the study and a total of 2160 dialysis sessions were studied .
patient perspective was taken for the analysis of cost .
both direct and indirect costs were analyzed .
this includes cost of dialysis , investigations , erythropoietin , food , transportation , lost wages etc .
socioeconomic status of the patient was also studied.result:the total cost per session was found to be around rs .
4500 .
fifty six percent contributes direct medical cost whereas 20% contributes direct non medical cost .
twenty four percent cost was due to indirect costs .
since the patients are paying from their own pocket , only the upper or upper middle class patient can undergo hemodialysis regularly.conclusion:these findings are important to find out the impact of cost of hemodialysis on patients suffering from esrd .
further studies related to costs and outcome , otherwise known as pharmacoeconomic studies , are needed to analyze the pros and cons of renal replacement therapy and to improve the quality of life of esrd patients .
thus pharmacoeconomical studies are needed to realize that government has to take initiative to provide insurance or reimbursement for the common people . |
5,818 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: malignant lymphoma ( ml ) can involve the central nervous system either primarily or by secondary spread , which tends to occur late in the disease as part of widespread dissemination8,18 ) .
the rate of epidural mass formation in all cases of mls is 0.8 - 2.86,14,19,21 ) . owing to this rate of occurrence , a small number of research studies and case reports
we report a rare case of primary spinal epidural lymphoma that presented with progressive myelopathy .
a 47-year - old man presented with progressive lower extremity weakness and numbness associated with fecal and urinary incontinence over 2 weeks .
a physical examination revealed hypoesthesia on the medial aspect of both thighs with bilateral motor weakness ( gr 4 - 4 + ) .
there was no abnormality of laboratory findings except the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated ( esr-32mm / h ; reference value - less than 20mm / h ) .
preoperative magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) of the thora columbar region showed an isointense spinal medulla on t1-weighted images and a slightly hyperintense t2-weighted images of the spinal cord extending from t9-l2 .
intraoperatively , a grayish epidural mass was identified and resected to decompress the cord and cauda equina .
proliferation of small blastic cells , with a lymphoblastic aspect and starry sky pattern , was seen .
further immunohistochemical characterization showed that results from tumor testing were positive for cd20 , cd3 , cd5 , bcl-2 , cyclin d1 and negative for cd23 , cd10 and t - cell markers ( fig .
further work - up , including computed tomography ( ct ) scans of the chest and the abdomen , iliac crest bone marrow biopsy , and ultrasound of the lymph nodes showed no extramedullary lymphoma manifestation .
the patient had no history of immune disorder , and human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) testing was negative .
the treatment regimen consisted of radiotherapy , 40gy administered in 20 fractions , from t9-l2 , followed by combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide , adriamycin , oncovin ,... | we report the case of a 47-year - old man who presented with progressive paraparesis and sphincter changes over 2 weeks .
magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spinal epidural mass from t9 to l2 .
we performed a decompressive laminectomy and mass removal .
the histopathology was consistent with a small lymphocytic lymphoma .
no metastatic lesion was noted in the chest and abdomen - pelvic computerized tomography ( ct ) and positron emission tomography computerized tomography ( pet - ct ) scan .
the final diagnosis was primary spinal lymphoma , so we performed chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy . at one year follow - up , he had no neurological deficit and no recurrence on neurologic and radiologic exams .
primary spinal cord lymphomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal cord tumors .
early surgical management is mandatory to achieve a recovery of neurologic function , especially if the patient has a neurological deficit . |
5,819 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: japanese encephalitis virus ( jev ) is a mosquito - borne microorganism that causes encephalitis in humans and reproductive failure in pregnant sows .
jev has been recently recognized as a reemerging pathogen as it has expanded into new territories such as the torres strait and australia [ 5,10,18 - 20 ] .
based on a sequence analysis of the c / prm and e genes , jev has been classified into five genotypes ; their relationships have been characterized .
jev genotype 1 , which was distributed in limited regions such as thailand and cambodia before the 1990s , has expanded into northeastern asian countries including vietnam , china , japan , and korea .
although the exact mechanisms for the expansion of this genotype are unknown , several factors such as bird migration , wind - blown mosquitoes , and the transport of animals infected with jev have been suggested .
additionally , climate changes caused by recent global warming and extreme weather patterns may have significantly impacted the transmission of vector - borne diseases such as jev , west nile virus ( wnv ) , and tick - borne encephalitis virus ( tbev ) .
this is because rapid weather and climate changes can directly or indirectly affect migratory birds and mosquitoes .
sero - epidemiological studies are critical for predicting potentially important viral disease outbreaks and preventing the introduction of new jev genotypes into korea .
recently , saito et al . suggested that wild ducks captured in hokkaido , japan can transmit vector - borne viruses into new territories .
migratory birds may serve as viral reservoirs or amplifying hosts , but they do not develop clinical symptoms . although migrating wild birds may be a major jev vector , no epidemiological survey of jev , which could provide valuable information for establishing control measures to prevent jev outbreaks in swine and humans , has been properly conducted for wild birds in korea .
thus , we performed a serological survey to determine the prevalence of antibodies against jev in wild... | climate change induced by recent global warming may have a significant impact on vector - borne and zoonotic diseases .
for example , the distribution of japanese encephalitis virus ( jev ) has expanded into new regions .
we surveyed the levels of hemagglutination - inhibition ( hi ) antibodies against jev ( family flaviviridae , genus flavivirus ) in wild birds captured in korea .
blood samples were collected from 1,316 wild birds including the following migratory birds : oceanodroma castro ( n = 4 ) , anas formosa ( n = 7 ) , anas penelope ( n = 20 ) , fulica atra ( n = 30 ) , anas acuta ( n = 89 ) , anas crecca ( n = 154 ) , anas platyrhynchos ( n = 214 ) , aix galericulata ( n = 310 ) , and anas poecilorhyncha ( n = 488 ) . all were captured in 16 locations in several korea provinces between april 2007 and december 2009 . out of the 1,316 serum samples tested , 1,141 ( 86.7% ) were positive for jev .
wild birds captured in 2009 had a higher seroprevalence of ant - jev antibodies than those captured in 2007 . wild birds with an hi antibody titer of 1 : 1,280 or higher accounted for 21.2% ( 280/1,316 ) of the animals tested .
these findings indicated that wild birds from the region examined in our study have been exposed to jev and may pose a high risk for introducing a new jev genotype into korea . |
5,820 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: | meta - c h
arylation and methylation of 3-phenylpropanoic
acid and phenolic derivatives were developed using an easily removable
nitrile template .
the combination of a weakly coordinating u - shaped
template and mono - protected amino acid ligand was crucial for the
cross - coupling of c
h bonds with organoborons . |
5,821 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: loss of primary teeth with severe injuries to the surrounding bone will also interfere with the normal growth and development .
some severe forms of dentoalveolar injuries associated with the loss of multiple primary teeth would result in large bone defects , healing of which is often complicated .
such injuries would require a guide or path for the osteoblasts to regenerate and promote new bone formation .
although many methods of bone reconstruction exist , they all have specific indications and limitations .
the concept of an induced membrane represents a strategy for bone regeneration , particularly in cases of large bone defects secondary to trauma , infection or tumor excision .
this concept of induced bone regeneration with guidance for the bone growth is called as guided bone regeneration ( gbr ) .
the principle of gbr remains similar to guided tissue regeneration ( gtr ) where a biocompatible membrane is placed over bone defect , which keeps the area secluded and help in bone promotion .
this article describes the use of concept of gbr for favorable healing of the bone following multiple dentoalveolar fracture associated with intrusion of multiple primary teeth .
a 2-year - old boy reported to the pedodontic emergency following trauma due to self - fall and with the complaint of loss of upper front teeth .
a thorough history was taken and medical examination was done to rule out any head and neck injuries and other complications .
dental examination revealed the de - gloving injury in the region of maxillary anterior teeth with severe intrusion of 51 , 52 , and 61 [ figure 1 ] .
radiographic examination confirmed the intrusion of 51 , 52 , and 61 with 61 impinging on the developing permanent tooth which was in nolla 's stage v ( crown almost completed ) [ figure 2 ] . on examination of the region under
relative analgesia ( conscious sedation with 60% no2 and 40% o2 ) , multiple vertical fractures in the labial cortical plate were noticed , which extended from the socket crest up to the nasal notch [... | traumatic injuries in the primary dentition pose major challenges for management .
this emergency treatment requires proper planning so as to achieve favorable results .
trauma causing severe dentoalveolar injuries , especially in children , needs an interdisciplinary approach so as to retain normal functional anatomy for that age .
this article describes a clinical innovative technique , which utilizes a resorbable membrane in management of pediatric dentoalveolar trauma .
the membrane was shaped to cover the multiple alveolar bone fracture , thereby favoring the healing of the bone defects .
the use of this resorbable membrane maintained a secluded space for the bone growth and prevented overgrowth of the soft tissue in the region of the defect .
this resulted in uneventful healing leading to well - maintained functional bone contour , which further favored the esthetic rehabilitation as well as protected the underlying permanent tooth buds . |
5,822 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: usually , gartner 's duct cysts are on the anterolateral vaginal wall and its chances of being present on the posterior vaginal wall are relatively rare .
its incidence of all the vaginal cysts is 12.5% . as it may arise from remnants of wolffian duct
vaginal cyst can be histologically classified as epithelial , inclusion , mullerian , mesonephric , and urothelial in addition to other rare types .
these present with symptoms of visible palpable mass , dyspareunia , voiding disturbances , vaginal discharge , and pain .
a patient , 54-year - old para 4 live 4 , presented herself in the outpatient department of gynaecology , sgrdimsr , amritsar , with chief complaints of mass protruding out from vagina for the last 7 years . on eliciting further history
, she narrated that this mass initially was of lemon size which gradually progressed to the size of orange due to which the patient started having discomfort while changing posture / walking .
she also gave h / o irregular periods for last 2 years with one episode of profuse bleeding with clots for 10 days prior to visit to the hospital .
previous menstrual history was uneventful with menstrual flow of 3 - 4 days/28 days / regular with moderate flow .
p / v revealed a pedunculated posterior vaginal wall cyst with smooth pale pink intact surface lining hanging from middle level with 1.5 cm base protruding out of introitus [ figure 1 ] .
k 90 catheterization in situ , cyst separate from posterior lip of cervix , cyst arising from posterior vaginal wall , and protruding out of introitus polypoidal / rectum ( p / r ) rectal mucosa was free , base of polypoidal cyst was free , and anterior rectal wall was otherwise smooth and normal . on investigations :
hemoglobin 12.4 g% , platelet count 2.9 lacs / cmm , total leukocyte count 6600/cmm , blood urea 24 mg% , serum creatinine 0.7 mg / dl , and cancer antigen 125 - 12 /ml .
tvs a well - defined cystic mass lesion of 6.5 cm 4.5 cm 3.7 cm protruding out of the vagina .
cyst contained fluid with dense internal echoes... | cyst of posterior vaginal wall is very rare .
this case relates to a patient who presented with polypoidal mass protruding out from vagina which could have been easily mistaken as uterovaginal prolapse , but appropriate clinical evaluation supported with investigations clinched the diagnosis easily . |
5,823 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: nephron - sparing surgery ( nss ) offers equivalent oncologic control , as does radical nephrectomy in patients with appropriately selected stage t1 renal tumors [ 1 , 2 ] .
additionally , nss has been associated with decreased risks for renal impairment [ 35 ] and cardiovascular events [ 6 , 7 ] , which may explain the improved overall survival , documented in partial nephrectomy series .
as the benefits of nss become apparent , the indications may continue to expand . in order to establish standards for future comparisons
, we must fully appreciate the efficacy , safety , and limitations of nss for renal masses larger than 7 cm .
therefore , we reviewed our experience and reported the results in 17 patients with renal masses , which had a maximum diameter of more than 7 cm on preoperative imaging studies , treated with either open or robot - assisted laparoscopic nss during 13 years .
between 2001 and 2012 , a single surgeon ( te ) performed 139 nsss ( 97 open , 35 robot - assisted , and 7 laparoscopic nsss ) in one center .
we retrospectively reviewed the charts of the patients , whose renal tumors measured more than 7 cm in diameter on preoperative imaging ( n = 17 , 17.52% ) .
preoperative evaluation consisted of laboratory tests and cross - sectional imaging studies ( computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging ) .
( radius , exophytic / endophytic , nearness , anterior / posterior , location ) scoring system . based on preoperative radiologic findings ,
open nephron - sparing surgery ( onss ) was performed using the intercostal ( between 11th and 12th ribs ) extraperitoneal flank approach , as previously described elsewhere in detail .
robot - assisted nephron - sparing surgeries ( ransss ) were performed using the da vinci surgical system ( intuitive surgical , inc . ,
sunnyvale , ca , usa ) with a 5-port approach , including two 8 mm ports for robotic instruments , one 12 mm port for the robotic scope , and 2 ports for the bedside assistant .
ransss were carried out through the... | objectives . to document the feasibility of nephron - sparing surgery ( nss ) for the surgical treatment of renal masses measuring larger than 7 cm ( ct2 ) on preoperative imaging . methods .
a total of 139 patients have undergone nss between 2001 and 2012 by a single surgeon in our clinic . of these
, we identified 17 patients whose tumors were measuring greater than 7 cm on preoperative imaging studies and were limited to the kidney .
their charts were retrospectively reviewed .
results .
mean age of the study population was 49.8 11.3 years .
thirteen patients were managed by open nss , while 4 patients have undergone robot - assisted nss .
mean diameter and mean r.e.n.a.l .
score of the tumors that were enucleoresected were 8.2 cm and 8.5 , respectively .
a total of 5 clavien grade 2 and higher complications were recorded within 30 days of surgery .
histopathologic examination revealed benign histology in almost 1/4 of the cases . after a median followup of 33 months , all of our patients were alive .
only one patient ( 5.8% ) experienced local recurrence .
conclusions .
nss is a feasible and safe option for large ( > 7 cm ) renal masses .
it may be considered not only for imperative conditions but also for highly selected cases with a normal contralateral kidney . |
5,824 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: in the early days of biological research , mutations that caused discernable phenotypes were the primary tool for understanding how a biological system worked in the absence of a mutation a gene was invisible . today , biologists are armed with a whole arsenal of tools to regulate gene , mrna , and protein abundance and activity , thereby promoting the discovery of mechanisms and how a system gone awry can lead to disease ( 1 ) . among these are tools for suppressing the activity of a gene or gene product ( e.g. site - directed mutagenesis , rna interference , small molecule inhibitors ) or enhancing activity ( e.g. activating mutations or receptor agonist ) .
for instance , interfering with protein activity using small - molecule inhibitors should have a phenotype similar to reducing the abundance of the corresponding mrna with anti - sense oligonucleotides ( 2 ) .
likewise , similar responses are expected whether increases in intracellular protein concentration are achieved via an inducible promoter or by addition of recombinant protein ( 3 ) . as such
, perturbations form the core of understanding how biological systems work , how diseases arise , and how they can be treated .
any serious attempt to analyze a biological process starts by identification and characterization of perturbations that have been used in prior work .
this task requires a framework that can be systematically applied and that is amenable to both manual and automatic means .
currently , there is no established categorization that sufficiently represents the range of described experimental manipulations beyond high - level semantic and grammatical classifications ( 4,5 ) or description of techniques ( 6 ) .
for example , the closest concept we have found is altered expression, defined as altered expression level of a gene / protein ( 7 ) .
we believe that this concept is overly specific and fails to cover important phenomena , among others , changes in protein activity or gene mutations .
we propose , instead , taking the existing... | molecular perturbations provide a powerful toolset for biomedical researchers to scrutinize the contributions of individual molecules in biological systems .
perturbations qualify the context of experimental results and , despite their diversity , share properties in different dimensions in ways that can be formalized .
we propose a formal framework to describe and classify perturbations that allows accumulation of knowledge in order to inform the process of biomedical scientific experimentation and target analysis .
we apply this framework to develop a novel algorithm for automatic detection and characterization of perturbations in text and show its relevance in the study of gene phenotype associations and protein protein interactions in diabetes and cancer .
analyzing perturbations introduces a novel view of the multivariate landscape of biological systems . |
5,825 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: however , a few reports have described esophageal injury after pvi , including the development of lethal atrioesophageal fistulae . in addition ,
periesophageal nerve ( pen ) injury after pvi may rarely cause pyloric spasms and gastric hypomotility .
the c - acetate breath test has been used to diagnose delayed gastric emptying induced by gastric hypomotility and/or pyloric spasms .
the objectives of this study were to clarify the impact of pvi on gastric motility , the prevalence of gastric hypomotility after pvi , and the relationship between de novo esophageal injury and gastric hypomotility following pvi .
the c - acetate breath test and esophagogastroduodenoscopy ( egd ) were performed before and after the procedure to achieve these objectives .
thirty - one consecutive patients with symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent af were included in this prospective study .
patients with a history of pvi , the maze procedure , gastrostomy , an eating disorder , or episodes of acute coronary syndrome , emboli , or decompensated heart failure within 3 months before enrollment were excluded .
we enrolled 20 patients who underwent ablation procedures other than pvi as the control group .
egd was performed in all patients within 3 months before the ablation procedure and within 3 days after the procedure .
esophageal injury was defined as a de novo lesion detected on the anterior wall of the midthoracic esophageal region after pvi that had not been detected before the procedure .
administration of rabeprazole ( 30 mg / day ) was scheduled to start the day after pvi and was re - evaluated on the day of the gastric emptying test after pvi to avoid worsening any esophageal injury .
oral medications , other than rabeprazole , that affected gastric peristalsis were initiated or changed in all patients within a month before the ablation and in the hospital .
measurements of the gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms scale and the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale were obtained before and after pvi .
these scales are... | backgroundpulmonary vein isolation ( pvi ) has become an important option for treating patients with atrial fibrillation ( af ) .
periesophageal nerve ( pen ) injury after pvi causes pyloric spasms and gastric hypomotility .
this study aimed to clarify the impact of pvi on gastric motility and assess the prevalence of gastric hypomotility after pvi.methodsthirty consecutive patients with af underwent pvi under luminal esophageal temperature ( let ) monitoring .
the 13c - acetate breath test was conducted before and after the procedure for all patients ( pvi group ) .
gastric emptying was evaluated using the time to peak concentration of 13co2 ( tmax ) .
this test was also conducted in another 20 patients who underwent catheter ablation procedures other than pvi ( control group).resultsthe number of patients with abnormal tmax ( 75 min ) increased from seven ( 23% ) to 13 ( 43% ) and from three ( 15% ) to five ( 25% ) after the procedure in the pvi group and control group , respectively .
the mean tmax was longer after pvi than before pvi ( 6414 min vs. 5715 min , p=0.006 ) , whereas there was no significant difference before and after the procedure in the control group .
however , no significant difference in tmax was observed between the two groups ( p=0.27 ) .
no patients suffered from symptomatic gastric hypomotility.conclusionsasymptomatic gastric hypomotility occurred more often after pvi . however , the average impact of pvi on gastric motility was minimal . |
5,826 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: various glomerular diseases can be caused by the deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin g ( igg ) .
renal disease related to the deposition of monoclonal igg containing both heavy and light chains can occur in type 1 cryoglobulinemia , randall - type light- and heavy - chain deposition disease ( lhcdd ) , light- and heavy - chain amyloidosis and immunotactoid glomerulonephritis [ 15 ] .
proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal igg deposits ( pgnmid ) is a relatively newly described entity mimicking immune complex glomerulonephritis ( gn ) that does not conform to any of those subtypes .
it represents a form of proliferative gn with electron - dense deposits ( edds ) localized to glomeruli and immunofluorescence ( if ) findings of monoclonal igg deposits .
recurrent pgnmid in the renal allograft has been described in a few case series [ 68 ] . in this article
pathologic features of three cases of pgnmid in the renal allograft showing the variable course and manifestation of the disease .
our three cases , like most other reported cases , have no bone marrow involvement and no evidence of monoclonal protein on electrophoresis and immunofixation studies .
a 61-year - old caucasian female developed end - stage kidney disease ( eskd ) secondary to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis ( mpgn ) based on a native kidney biopsy in 2001 , with no further information about if or electron microscopy ( em ) . in december 2006 , her serum creatinine ( scr ) was 530 mol / l and she underwent a preemptive unrelated living kidney transplantation . in 2014 , she was found to have a random urine protein / gram creatinine ( upcr ) of 452 mg / mmol and an scr of 132 mol / l , up from 106 mol / l .
her workup for a lymphoproliferative disorder was negative , as was her serologic workup ( see table 1 ) . on biopsy , if showed diffuse granular positivity for igg , c3 and c1q .
em showed edds , mostly in the mesangium and subendothelial regions ( please see figures 17 ) .
she was later switched to carfilzomib , as she... | glomerulopathy due to dysproteinemia can have a wide spectrum of pathologic and clinical features based on specific characteristics of the abnormal protein and the response induced within the parenchymal tissue .
monoclonal immunoglobulin g ( igg ) deposition can manifest as a different glomerular disease .
proliferative glomerulonephritis ( gn ) with monoclonal igg deposits ( pgnmid ) is a unique entity mimicking immune complex gn that does not conform to any of those subtypes .
igg monoclonal granular deposition in the glomeruli with a pattern similar to immune complex disease suggested by c3 and c1q deposition should prompt consideration of pgnmid . literature is scarce in terms of recurrence of disease in renal allografts . in this article
we present the clinical
pathologic features of three cases of pgnmid in the renal allograft showing the variable course and manifestation of the disease . |
5,827 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the relationship between inflammation and hypertension has been investigated for many years.1 ) experimental studies have shown that inflammatory cytokines contribute to hypertension by increasing vascular tone and impairing endothelial function .
the relationships between hypertension and high - sensitivity crp ( hs - crp ) , tumor necrosis factor- , interleukin ( il)-6 , and il-18 are well known,2 ) but the relationship between il-18 and left ventricular hypertrophy ( lvh ) is not well studied .
inflammatory cells are activated during acute coronary syndromes , and some indexes such as the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio3 ) and the white blood cell ( wbc ) count to mean platelet volume4 ) ratio are associated with worse prognosis . like inflammatory cells ,
il-18 was elevated in acute coronary syndromes , and high levels were correlated with worse prognosis.5 ) in addition , the role of il-18 in carotid intima media thickness ( a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis ) is well established.6 ) in experimental animal studies , there is growing evidence regarding the relationship aming il-18 , hypertension , and lvh .
il-18 knockout mice subjected to pressure overload developed less hypertrophy , but also had worse contractile function.7 ) daily administration of il-18 in healthy mice induces myocardial hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction.8 ) these results suggest that il-18 is involved in the hypertrophic response in overload cardiomyopathy . in clinical trials ,
hypertensive patients tend to have higher il-18 concentrations than normotensive groups,9)10 ) but the relationship between il-18 and lvh , which is a marker of end - organ damage , is unknown in humans . in this study , we aimed to investigate the relationship between il-18 and left ventricular mass ( lvm ) in apparently healthy subjects with or without hypertension who were free of atherosclerotic disease .
we performed an observational , cross - sectional study in order to examine the relationships between inflammation , hypertension , and lvh... | background and objectivesin clinical trials , hypertensive patients tend to have higher interleukin-18 ( il-18 ) concentrations than normotensive groups , but the relationship between il-18 and left ventricular hypertrophy ( lvh ) , which is a marker of end - organ damage , is not well studied .
we aimed to investigate the relationship between il-18 and lvh in apparently healthy subjects free of clinically significant atherosclerotic disease.subjects and methodswe enrolled 198 subjects ( 102 women and 96 men ) between may 2006 and march 2007 , who were free of cardiovascular or immune diseases , but were suspected to have hypertension .
twenty - four - hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and two - dimensional echocardiography were performed .
lipid profiles , high - sensitivity crp ( hs - crp ) , il-18 , and whole blood cell counts were measured for all subjects.resultswhite blood cell count , hs - crp , left ventricular mass , left ventricular mass index ( lvmi ) , and il-18 were higher in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive group ( p=0.045 , p=0.004 , p<0.0001 , p=0.001 , and p=0.017 respectively ) .
twenty - four hour day and night systolic and diastolic blood pressure averages were positively correlated with il-18 level in the entire study population . in multivariate regression analysis , left ventricular mass index and hs - crp level were independently associated with il-18 level in both the hypertensive group and the entire study population ( =0.154 , =0.149 p=0.033 , p=0.040 and =0.151 , =0.155 p=0.036 , p=0.032 respectively)conclusionwe found that il-18 level independently predicted lvmi in both the general population and in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients . |
5,828 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: although an increasing number of studies indicate that primary brain tumors and their treatment are often associated with cognitive deficits , there is still limited knowledge about their incidence , nature , severity , and causes .
since patients with diffuse infiltrative gliomas ( who grade 24 ) can not be cured , palliation of symptoms and maintenance or improvement of physical functioning and health - related quality of life ( hrqol ) are important goals of treatment .
evaluation of treatment in these patients should thus not only focus on ( progression - free ) survival , but should also aim at functional outcome and at adverse treatment effects on the normal brain .
functional outcome refers to neurological , cognitive , professional , and social performance of an individual , usually abstracted as hrqol . with regard to the effects of tumor and treatment on the normal brain ,
cognitive functioning is a useful outcome measure for brain tumor patients , since cognitive deficits , even mild , may negatively affect hrqol , professional reintegration , interpersonal relationships , and leisure activities .
many potential factors contribute to cognitive functioning . in attempting to determine the isolated effect of resective surgery on cognition ,
these factors include premorbid level of cognitive functioning , distant mechanical effects on the normal brain by the lesion , epilepsy , medication , and other oncological treatments .
cognitive functioning and hrqol assessment are used as secondary outcome measures in several clinical trials and can also serve as an early indicator of disease progression and have prognostic significance [ 2 , 3 ] , thereby providing additional arguments in clinical decision making . to illustrate the clinical decision making process , a typical patient is described .
this case description allows us to describe the patterns of cognitive functioning related to tumor and/or treatment within an ecological context , stressing the importance of conceptualizing patients cognitive... | compared to classical oncological outcome measures such as time to progression and survival , the importance of cognitive functioning in patients with diffuse infiltrative brain tumors has only recently been recognized .
apart from the relatively low incidence and the invariably fatal outcome of gliomas , the general assumption that cognitive assessment is time - consuming and burdensome contributes to this notion .
our understanding of the effects of brain surgery on cognition , for instance , is largely based on studies in surgical patients with refractory epilepsy , with only a limited number of studies in surgical patients with gliomas .
the impact of other factors affecting cognition in glioma patients such as direct tumor effects , radiotherapy and chemotherapy , and medical treatment , including anti - epileptic drugs and steroids , have been studied more extensively .
the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of cognition in patients with diffuse infiltrative gliomas and the impact of resective surgery as well as other tumor and treatment - related factors . |
5,829 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: an opaque bubble layer is a rare complication of femtosecond laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ) , which occurs during intracorneal femtosecond laser ablation when gas bubbles are produced and trapped in the corneal interface.1 although intraoperative complications concerning the opaque bubble layer are not yet elucidated , femtosecond laser manufacturers have designed specific modifications for lasik flap creation in order to minimize the opaque bubble layer effect.1 fs200 wavelight ( alcon laboratories inc .
, fort worth , tx , usa ) provides a venting dissection tunnel - like chimney modification through which the gas bubbles escape from the interface to the hinge side of the limbus.1 diffuse lamellar keratitis ( dlk ) is an early post - lasik sterile complication located mainly in the flap periphery and sometimes extending to the central area of the flap in more aggressive stages , and could lead to decreased vision.2 risk factors have already been described , ie , epithelial defects , endotoxins released from sterilizer reservoir biofilms , traumatic flap dislocation , atopy , and other external agents ( eg , instrument cleaning solutions , povidone - iodine).3 in this case report , we present a patient with dlk located in the femtosecond lasik flap chimney tunnel .
uncorrected distance visual acuity was counting fingers in both eyes . corrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes , with a manifest refraction of 7.00 to 1.2510 in the right eye and 7.00 to 0.50180 in the left eye .
keratometric readings ( galilei dual scheimpflug analyzer ; ziemer ophthalmology , biel , switzerland ) were 41.58/40.77 diopters and 42.30/40.48 diopters in the right and left eyes , respectively .
central corneal thickness was 563 m and 568 m for the right and left eyes , respectively .
ophthalmic examination showed clear corneas with mild vascularization in the corneal periphery , especially in the superior part of the cornea ; no other anterior or posterior segment abnormality was detected... | here we report a case of a 29-year - old myopic female who underwent femtosecond laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ) and , on the first postoperative day slit - lamp examination revealed a dense , white , granular reaction with the presence of some blood droplets ( stage i diffuse lamellar keratitis [ dlk ] ) in her left eye , specifically localized into the femtosecond lasik flap tunnel ( not extended to the flap interface ) .
the patient received intensive treatment with topical corticosteroids and 5 days later the granular reaction had completely resolved .
a new site of dlk , ie , the flap tunnel , in femtosecond - assisted lasik is presented .
dlk into the flap tunnel could be managed with corticosteroids if detected early , without affecting the flap interface . |
5,830 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: giant cell tumor ( gct ) accounts for about 7 to 10% of all cases of primary spinal tumors .
patients with gct are usually diagnosed in the third or fourth decade of life , and there is a slight female preponderance152325 ) .
gct usually occurs in the metaepiphyseal ends of the long bone , and it rarely occurs in the spine2611 ) .
savini et al.28 ) reported that only 2.9% of all gct incidences occur in the spine , and goldenberg et al.14 ) reported that spine involvement is 1.3% in a study of 218 cases of gct .
a research conducted by mayo clinic reported incidence of up to 6.5% of gct in the spine27 ) .
gct in the spine usually involves sacrum , but it also occurs in other parts of the spine .
gct is classified as benign tumor histopathologically , but it had a locally aggressive tendency . and , if it is incompletely excised , it shows a high recurrence rate .
there is a reason for a relatively worse prognosis in gct patients , compared to other benign primary spinal tumor patients7826 ) .
many studies reported from 10 to 40% local recurrence rate after spinal gct treatment , depending on surgical protocols46141821 ) . in case of recurrence
, excision is conducted when another operation is possible . if re - operation is considered difficult , radiation therapy ( rt ) is introduced . generally ,
however , due to the characteristics of spine , there is a possibility of neural or vascular injury , which will result in difficult wide en bloc excision10 ) .
some authors reported that rt is not effective in local tumor control and has a risk of malignant transformation of gct15252728 ) .
recent studies reported chemotherapy as effective in case of recurrence or when there are complications1591329 ) .
the objective of this study is to obtain the results of treatment gct in the spine .
in addition , we analyzed whether local recurrence is influenced by surgical protocols , or rt .
the subjects of our study were 242 patients treated for gct from 2000 to 2012 . patients with involved gct spine were 19 cases , and... | objectivethe treatment of giant cell tumor ( gct ) is mainly performed surgically .
however , gct in spine seems difficult to treat because of the limited surgical accessibility and proximity . in this report
, we analyzed the outcome of gct treatment in spine.methodsbetween 2000 and 2012 , 19 patients received treatment for gct in spine .
median age at their first diagnosis was 31 years , 10 patients were male , and 9 female .
fourteen tumors were located in the sacrum , 1 in cervical , 1 in thoracic and 3 in lumbar spine . as primary treatment , gross total removal ( gtr ) was done in 6 patients , and subtotal removal ( str ) in 13 patients .
radiation therapy ( rt ) as an adjuvant therapy was performed in 2 cases in gtr group and 10 cases in str group.resultsduring the follow - up , 7 patients had local recurrence ( 36.8% ) .
the average period until recurrence after primary treatment was 14 months .
no recurrence was detected in gtr group .
recurrence was noted in 7 out of 13 patients who underwent str .
these differences were statistically significant ( p=0.024 ) .
a median of recurrence free period ( rfp ) was 84 months .
also average rfp of the rt group was 112 months , and non - rt group was 65 months .
these differences were statistically significant ( p=0.041).conclusiontreatment of choice for gct in spine is a complete removal of tumor without neurological deficits . in case of incomplete removal , radiation therapy may be a useful adjuvant treatment modality . |
5,831 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: integrating sensory information and producing the appropriate motor output are the basic functions of the nervous system , and the neural networks underlying these two functions are tightly linked .
the basal ganglia are involved in various functions , including motor learning , planning , and execution , as well as in decision making and reward ( haber , 2008 ; middleton and strick , 2000 ; schultz et al . ,
the input layer of the basal ganglia , striatum , receives glutamatergic inputs from multiple cortical areas , including sensory , motor , and prefrontal cortices ( alloway et al . , 2009 ;
these projections are characterized by a high degree of divergence and convergence ( flaherty and graybiel , 1991 ) , enabling striatal neurons to integrate inputs from different cortical areas and modalities ( chudler et al . , 1995 ;
nagy et al . , 2005 , 2006 ; wilson et al . , 1983 ) .
corticostriatal projections originate from both hemispheres and are mediated by different subtypes of pyramidal neurons ( carman et al . , 1965 ;
kress et al . , 2013 ; knzle , 1975 ; lei et al . , 2004 ; wall et al . ,
2013 ) , suggesting that striatal neurons may receive bilateral sensory input with different synaptic properties .
striatal neurons respond to sensory input from different modalities such as tactile , auditory , and visual input ( brown et al . , 1996 ;
nagy et al . , 2005 ; schulz et al . , 2009 ; wilson et al . , 1983 ) .
due to the high convergence in the corticostriatal pathway and the loose topographical correspondence ( kincaid et al . , 1998 )
, individual striatal neurons may be involved in tactile - visual sensory integration ; however , such synaptic integration at the single neuron level has not yet been shown in striatum .
striatal projection neurons ( msns ) are divided into two main subpopulations according to their projection via the direct or indirect pathway ( alexander and crutcher , 1990 ; smith et al . ,
1998 ) , with direct pathway neurons facilitating motor activity and indirect... | summarythe basal ganglia are involved in sensorimotor functions and action selection , both of which require the integration of sensory information . in order to determine how such sensory inputs are integrated , we obtained whole - cell recordings in mouse dorsal striatum during presentation of tactile and visual stimuli .
all recorded neurons responded to bilateral whisker stimulation , and a subpopulation also responded to visual stimulation .
neurons responding to both visual and tactile stimuli were located in dorsomedial striatum , whereas those responding only to whisker deflections were located dorsolaterally .
responses were mediated by overlapping excitation and inhibition , with excitation onset preceding that of inhibition by several milliseconds .
responses differed according to the type of neuron , with direct pathway msns having larger responses and longer latencies between ipsilateral and contralateral responses than indirect pathway msns .
our results suggest that striatum acts as a sensory hub with specialized functional roles for the different neuron types . |
5,832 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: renal transplantation prolongs survival and improves quality of life for most patients who require renal replacement therapy .
. epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) , cytomegalovirus ( cmv ) and varicella zoster virus ( vzv ) can all cause serious illnesses in transplanted patients .
the spectrum of illness caused by ebv ranges from an acute infectious mononucleosis - like illness to a highly malignant b cell tumour .
we describe a patient who developed a lymphoma after her second transplant in whom long - term remission has been achieved by reduction in immunosuppression and the use of rituximab , a monoclonal antibody with activity against b lymphocytes .
this prompted us to test for susceptibility to ebv infection in the scottish adult renal transplant pool .
a 38-year - old woman presented with left leg , tiredness , sore throat and sweats , 16 months after a second cadaveric renal graft .
positive anti - vca igm and negative ebna igg supported a diagnosis of glandular fever .
her underlying diagnosis was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis , an early recurrence of which had led to the loss of her first graft .
her second transplant was perfectly matched , but highly sensitized , so she had been given basiliximab as induction therapy followed by prednisolone , tacrolimus and mycophenolate .
imaging by ultrasound and ct showed a 6 cm soft tissue mass inferior to the transplanted kidney , encircling the femoral vessels .
a diagnosis of monoclonal polymorphic high - grade non - hodgkin 's lymphoma was made by a ct - guided biopsy ( figure 1 ) .
the cells in this tumour were confirmed immunohistochemically as lymphocytes of b - cell origin by their cd20 and cd79a positivity . in situ
withdrawal of tacrolimus and mycophenolate followed by infusion of rituximab 375 mg / m once weekly for 4 weeks led to a significant reduction in tumour size .
when last seen at the clinic 6 years after her initial presentation with post - transplant lymphoproliferative disorder ( ptld ) , serum creatinine was 137
mol / l with the... | we report a case of high - grade non - hodgkin 's lymphoma following epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) infection in a 38-year - old renal transplant recipient who was successfully treated with rituximab and remains alive 6 years later with reasonable graft function .
we subsequently undertook a survey showing that 1.8% of the scottish adult transplant pool are susceptible to ebv infection . though a vaccine for ebv is currently not yet available , routine screening of potential renal transplant recipients for ebv should help identify those at increased risk of post - transplant lymhoproliferative disorder ( ptld ) , while tailoring of immunosuppression and antiviral prophylaxis with ganciclovir may help reduce the emergence of this potentially life - threatening disease . |
5,833 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the synthesis of -amino acids has been a subject of great
interest and importance for quite some time but especially because it was discovered that -peptides derived from -amino acids have many
of the properties of -peptides but are much more proteolytically
stable .
there has been a decided uptick in the efforts to develop
catalytic asymmetric methods for the synthesis of -amino acids
in the past decade .
our interest in this
area follows from our experiences in the development of the catalytic
asymmetric synthesis of aziridines .
we
have found that aziridines can be prepared with a high degree of enantio-
and diastereoselection by a three - component coupling of an aldehyde ,
an amine , and ethyl diazoacetate under the aegis of a borox catalyst
( scheme 1 ) .
high yields
of aziridine-2-carboxylates can be realized starting with aryl , alkyl ,
or alkynyl aldehydes with a typical selectivity for the cis isomer
of 50:1 .
the enantioselection
can depend on the nature of the amine substitutent or on the nature of the ligand ; with the right combination ,
a minimum of 96% ee can be obtained with aryl , alkynyl , and first ,
second , and third degree aliphatic aldehydes .
the
diastereoselection for the aziridine can be switched to trans with
the use of a diazoacetamide .
the purpose
of the present work is to explore the reductive opening of cis - aziridine-2-carboxylates , with the goal of directing
opening at the c-2 position to provide for an efficient and highly
stereoselective catalytic asymmetric route to -amino esters .
a number of methods are known for the reductive opening
of aziridine-2-carboxylates
to give -amino esters .
the nature of the reducing
agent can be quite critical when it comes to aziridines with an aryl
group in the 3-position . as illustrated in scheme 2 ,
such aziridines are prone to reductive opening , resulting
in -amino esters by hydrogenolysis or lewis or brnsted
acid - mediated reduction .
however , this proclivity
for... | a general study is undertaken to
examine the scope of the reductive
ring opening of aziridine-2-carboxylates with samarium diiodide . the
competition between c c and c n bond cleavage is examined
as a function of the nature of the n - substituent of the aziridine ,
the nature of the substituent in the 3-position of the aziridine ,
and whether the substituent in the 3-position is in a cis or trans
relationship with the carboxylate in the 2-position .
the desired c
n
bond cleavage leads to -amino esters that are the predominant
products for most aziridines with an n - activating group .
however ,
c c cleavage products are observed with an aryl group in the
3-position ; this can be particularly pronounced with cis - aziridines where a nearly equal mixture of the two is observed .
exclusive formation of the c n cleavage product is observed
for all aziridines with the strongly n - activating p - toluene sulfonate group . similarly high selectivity is observed
for the 2-trimethylsilylethyl sulfonate group ( ses ) , which is easier
to remove . the utility of these methods is illustrated in the synthesis
of protected forms of ( r)-3-dopa
and l - dopa from the same aziridine , the former by smi2-mediated reductive opening at c-2 and the latter by palladium - mediated
reductive opening at c-3 . |
5,834 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: death by suicide is a leading cause of death,1 and initiatives to advance suicide prevention programmes are a high priority in many countries.2 harmful alcohol use has been recognised as a strong risk factor for suicide death.2 in psychological autopsy studies , alcohol use disorder was strongly associated with suicide death ( or=5.2 , 95% ci 3.3 to 8.3),3 and heavy alcohol use was also strongly linked with suicide death ( or=6.2 , 95% ci 5.6 to 6.9 in men).4 in a recent systematic review of the prospective studies , however , the magnitude of the association between alcohol use disorder and suicide death was reported to be moderate ( pooled risk ratio=1.74 , 95% ci 1.26 to 2.21 ) .
the strong associations reported in psychological autopsy studies and case control studies may have resulted , at least in part , from several biases such as surrogate interview bias and recall bias .
furthermore , when usual alcohol consumption rather than alcohol use disorder is considered in the general population , evidence of the impact of usual alcohol consumption on suicide death is less than convincing .
control studies based on a prospective cohort , have indicated that alcohol consumption was not associated with a higher risk of suicide death , compared to no alcohol consumption , even in the group with the highest consumption in each study,511 with a few exceptions.12
13 overall , the association between usual alcohol consumption and suicide death is unclear .
since the majority of adults drink alcohol at some point in their life , a better understanding of usual alcohol consumption and suicide death should inform decision - making for better suicide prevention strategies in the general population .
the purpose of this study was to prospectively examine the association of usual alcohol intake - related variables including alcohol intake frequency , average alcohol consumption and quantity of alcohol consumed on a drinking day with suicide death in a community dwelling elderly population in korea .
we tried to... | backgroundthe evidence from prospective studies on whether greater usual alcohol consumption is associated with a higher risk of death by suicide in the general population is inconclusive.methods6163 participants ( 2635 men ; 3528 women ) in a 1985 survey among rural residents in korea aged 55 years and above were followed until 2008 .
a cox model was used to calculate hrs of suicide death after adjustment for demographic , socioeconomic and health - related confounders.results37 men and 24 women died by suicide .
elderly persons who consumed alcohol daily , 70 g alcohol ( 5 drinks ) or more per drinking day , or 210 g alcohol ( 15 drinks ) or more per week had higher suicide mortality ( p<0.05 ) , compared with non - drinkers .
an increase of one drinking day per week ( hr=1.17 , 95% ci 1.05 to 1.31 ) , 70 g ( 5 drinks ) additional alcohol intake per drinking day ( hr=1.38 , 95% ci 1.13 to 1.70 ) , and 140 g ( 10 drinks ) additional alcohol intake per week was associated with a 17% , 38% and 12% higher risk of suicide death , respectively .
women had a higher relative risk of suicide death associated with alcohol consumption , compared with men.conclusionsa greater frequency and amount of usual alcohol consumption was linearly associated with higher suicide death .
given the same amount of alcohol consumption , women might have a higher relative risk of suicide than men .
our findings support the lower the better for alcohol intake , no protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption , and a sex - specific guideline ( lower alcohol threshold for women ) as actions to prevent suicide death . |
5,835 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: purulent conditions of the mediastinum and lungs spread by continuity through the interfascial spaces of the neck are among the rarest complications of odontogenic inflammatory processes of the oral cavity .
descending necrotizing mediastinitis ( dnm ) is a noteworthy example of such infection , originating from inflammatory conditions within the oral cavity and teeth .
descending necrotizing mediastinitis develops in patients between 30 and 50 years old and occurs six times more frequently among men .
the symptoms characteristic of dnm include strong retrosternal pain ( intensifying during breathing and coughing ) , rapid breathing , tachycardia , increased body temperature , and inflammatory infiltration of the neck and chest .
treatment consists in combining broad - spectrum antibiotic therapy with radical dissection and drainage of the purulent foci located in the chest and mediastinum . despite intensive treatment ,
dnm mortality remains high , amounting to as much as 20 - 50% of cases .
the aim of this study was to present the case of a 26-year - old woman treated at the clinical department of maxillofacial surgery and the department of anesthesiology and intensive care of the regional specialist hospital in rzeszw , in whom , in consequence of odontogenic infection and phlegmon of the face and neck , dnm developed with numerous lung and mediastinal abscesses , resulting in the patient 's death . descending necrotizing mediastinitis as a complication of odontogenic infections
is rarely encountered in everyday practice ; therefore , it appears purposeful to report the case of this patient who was recently treated at our department .
the 26-year - old female patient was admitted to the clinical department of maxillofacial surgery of the regional specialist hospital in rzeszw due to a swelling of the left cheek ( which spread to the mental region before involving bilaterally the submandibular region ) , difficulties with swallowing , and limited jaw opening .
several days before the appearance of the... | this paper presents the case of a 26-year - old female patient in whom descending necrotizing mediastinitis ( dnm ) developed as a complication of an odontogenic purulent infection of the mouth . despite the efforts of a multidisciplinary treatment team , the patient died with symptoms of septic shock and multiple organ failure . according to the literature , and
as confirmed by our own observations , successful treatment requires early tomographic diagnosis , radical surgery , combination antibiotic therapy , and intensive care . |
5,836 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: cervical cancer represents the third most common cancer in women worldwide , with 86% of all deaths occurring in developing countries , where there is lack of access to prevention , early diagnosis and treatment ( jemal et al . , 2011 ) .
in brazil , cervical cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer among women between 15 and 44 years of age ( who / ico , 2010 ) .
most cervical cancers can be detected early through a routine exfoliative cytology test ( papanicolaou test ) , a screening which has been used for more than 50 years in an effort to decrease the number of deaths from cervical cancer ( stack , 1997 ) .
dna testing has also been reported as an important tool for detecting hpv ( mayrand et al . , 2007 ) and is being introduced in some countries as an adjunct to the papanicolaou test or as the primary screening test ( castle et al . , 2012 ) . in developing countries ,
this introduction has been controversial , mainly because cytology - based screening programs suffer from lack of basic healthcare infrastructure ( bradford and goodman , 2013 ) . in a meta - analysis study ,
hpv types 16 , 18 , 31 , 33 and 45 were shown to be the most prevalent types associated with cervical carcinomas in latin america ( ciapponi et al . , 2011 ) .
chromosomes or chromosome segments that fail to be incorporated into nuclei during cell division configure micronuclei ( mn ) .
the mn test , readily performed via microscopy , has been successfully used to screen population groups at risk for cancer , representing a sensitive indicator of genetic damage ( samanta and dey , 2012 ) .
the frequency of mn appears to increase in carcinogen - exposed tissue before there are any clinical symptoms ( gayathri et al . , 2012 ) .
considering the fact that oncogenic hpv viral proteins may induce cytogenetic changes in exfoliated cells of the uterine cervix , a positive correlation between micro - nucleated cells and dysplasia in papanicolaou smears has been reported ( gandhi and kaur , 2003 ; guzmn et al .
, 2003 ; corts -... | the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between hpv - dna and micronucleus ( mn ) frequency in women with normal cervical cytology .
a total of 158 normal cervical smears were analyzed cytologically .
the hpv genome was amplified using the gp5+/biogp6 + consensus primers .
hpv - dna of high - risk types 16 , 18 , 31 , 33 , 39 , 45 and 59 were also investigated .
of the 158 samples , 20 ( 12.7% ) and 47 ( 29.7% ) were positive for hpv - dna and mn , respectively .
evidence for mn was found in 11 out of 20 ( 55% ) hpv - dna positive samples and in 36 out of 138 ( 26.1% ) hpv - dna negative ones .
mn presence was significantly higher in hpv - dna positive samples ( p = 0.016 )
. on the other hand , the absence of mn observed in a considerable number of hpv - dna negative samples ( 102 ) may be of great value in predicting the absence of hpv . the mean age of hpv - dna positive women ( 34.2 12.6 ) was significantly lower than the mean age of hpv - dna negative women ( 43.9 13.7 ) ( p = 0.003 ) .
infection by one or multiple hpv types was found in 11 out of 20 ( 55.0% ) and 9 out of 20 ( 45.0% ) samples , respectively .
the evaluation of mn using cervical smears collected for cytology tests could , thus , be used as additional information to monitor a population s exposure to hpv . |
5,837 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: hypercalcemia , syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone , cushing 's syndrome , and skeletal - connective tissue syndromes are common in patients with lung cancer , especially those with small cell lung cancer ( sclc ) .
approximately two thirds of sclc patients present with metastatic stage at the time of diagnosis .
lambert - eaton syndrome occurs in 3%percnt ; of sclc patients as neurological paraneoplastic syndrome .
however , the association of malignancy and guillain - barr syndrome ( gbs ) is not well known .
it is a rare disease that occurs at a rate of 1.11 cases per 100,000 person - years .
however , once infected , up to 20%percnt ; of patients develop severe disability , and approximately 5%percnt ; die .
there have been reports of paraneoplastic gbs in different cancers . to the best of the present authors knowledge ,
there are 6 published reports of gbs in sclc [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] . here
, we report a case of a 52-year - old man who was diagnosed with gbs in sclc with chemotherapy .
he was diagnosed with sclc , limited disease , at another hospital 5 years ago .
he had been recommended concurrent chemoradiotherapy at that time but had wanted to be treated with chemotherapy only .
after 6 cycles , complete remission was noted , and prophylactic cranial irradiation was given .
a year later , he had relocated residence and visited our hospital , presenting with relapsed lung cancer but refusing treatment . after 7 months , further disease progression and pancreatic metastasis was noted on computed tomography ( ct ) scanning .
meanwhile , superior vena cava syndrome occurred , and radiation therapy was delivered in the middle of chemotherapy . a ct scan for the response showed disease progression .
he was started on cisplatin , doxorubicin , and cyclophosphamide ( cap ) and also received palliative brain radiotherapy due to brain metastasis during the chemotherapy .
however , in his fifth year of cancer diagnosis , he presented with lower - limb weakness and was admitted... | guillain - barr syndrome ( gbs ) is defined as an acute , autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy .
it is a rare disease that occurs at a rate of 1.11 cases per 100,000 person - years .
however , once infected , up to 20%percnt ; of patients develop severe disability , and approximately 5%percnt ; die .
there have been reports of gbs in different cancers . among them
, there are 6 previous reports of gbs in small cell lung cancer . here
, we report a case of a 52-year - old man who was diagnosed with gbs in the setting of small cell lung cancer with chemotherapy . |
5,838 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: calcinosis cutis is the pathologic deposition of insoluble calcium salt in the skin and subcutaneous tissue .
it is classified into four main subtypes : dystrophic , metastatic , idiopathic , and iatrogenic .
dystrophic calcinosis cutis follows inflammation , infection , connective tissue diseases , and so on .
complications of acne vulgaris such as calcinosis cutis are rarely reported previously in the literature .
a 55-year - old man who is a diagnosed case of obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) presented with symptoms of sinusitis for a period of 15 days .
a computed tomography ( ct ) scan was done to confirm the diagnosis of sinusitis .
however , ct scan showed multiple soft tissue calcification distributed all over the face mainly in the region of distribution of acne vulgaris suggestive of calcinosis cutis [ figure 1 ] .
the patient was given antibiotics and supportive treatment for sinusitis after which he recovered completely .
he reported that he had severe acne vulgaris in his adolescence for which he did not take any treatment . on retrospective questioning
however , the patient also had multiple skin - colored papules of various sizes ranging from pin head to maximum of 5 mm over the face predominantly on cheeks [ figure 2 ] , nose , and forehead for a period of 25 years .
the plasma calcium , phosphate , vitamin d , and parathormone levels were within normal range .
however , all other hematological and biochemical investigations including complete blood count and peripheral smear , liver , kidney function tests , and urine microscopy were normal .
antinuclear antibody , rheumatoid factor , p- and c - anca , anti - topoisomerase , anticentromere antibodies , and hiv serology were negative .
computed tomography scan showing multiple soft tissue calcification distributed all over the face mainly in the region of distribution of acne vulgaris suggestive of calcinosis cutis a punch biopsy from the acne scars on the face showing areas of small calcific deposits in the upper - to - mid dermis a punch... | acne vulgaris is a common dermatological disease commonly affecting the adolescent and young adults .
it is characterized by the presence of pleomorphic skin lesions such as comadones , papules , pustules , and nodules .
the common complications are postacne hyperpigmentation and scarring causing psychological impact .
calcinosis cutis is the pathologic deposition of insoluble calcium salt in the skin and subcutaneous tissue .
calcinosis cutis following acne vulgaris is rarely reported in the literature .
we report a case of calcinosis cutis in acne vulgaris in a 55-year - old man . |
5,839 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: several antibiotic or antimicrobial agents have been tested including chlorhexidine , povidone - iodine , and fluoride mouthrinses.2 another approach to bacterially- mediated diseases has been the use of probiotics which has been defined as bacterial cultures or living micro - organisms which upon ingestion in certain numbers , exert health benefits beyond inherent general nutrition and support a good healthy intestinal bacterial flora. the idea was that the harmless bacteria in the fermented products competed with pathogens injurious to health . a wide range of probiotic products containing different bacterial strains are commercially available such as lozenges , sucking tablets , chewing gums , dairy products such as milk , ice cream , cheese , yoghurt , etc.1 the archetypical probiotic food is yoghurt ( curd ) and daily consumption of dairy products seems to be most natural way to ingest probiotic bacteria.3 dairy yoghurt is produced using a culture of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp .
in addition , lactobacillus acidophilus , lactobacillus bifidus and lactobacillus casei are also sometimes used in culturing yoghurt .
recent studies have shown that certain gut bacteria including lactobacilli and bifidobacterium may exert beneficial effects in the oral cavity by inhibiting cariogenic streptococci and candida species.1 in this study , the probiotic yogurt ( curd ) containing lactobacillus acidophilus has been used to investigate its effects on salivary ph and streptococcus mutans counts .
this study was carried out in 40 healthy caries - free school children aged 10 - 12 years .
a complete oral examination was also carried out using the who format after obtaining an informed consent . using simple random sampling ( lottery method ) the samples were allocated to either test or control groups .
forty healthy children in the age group of 10 - 12 yearscaries free children ( d m f t = 0 )
forty healthy children in the age group of 10 - 12 years caries free children ( d m f t = 0 )
children with decayed... | background : antimicrobial methods of controlling dental caries that include probiotic agents can play a valuable role in establishing caries control in children at moderate to high risk for developing dental caries .
several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of use of various probiotic products including curd .
the objective of this study was to compare the effect of short - term consumption of probiotic curd containing lactobacillus acidophilus and normal curd on salivary streptococcus mutans counts , as well as salivary ph.materials and methods : forty , caries - free , 10 - 12 years old children were selected and randomly allocated to two groups .
test group consisted of 20 children who consumed 200ml of probiotic curd daily for 30 days .
control group consisted of 20 children who were given 200ml of regular curd for 30 days .
salivary ph and salivary streptococcus mutans counts were recorded at baseline and after 30 days and statistically compared using the student 's t-test.results:consumption of probiotic curd resulted in a statistically significant reduction in s. mutans colony counts ( p<0.001 ) as compared to regular curd .
however , there was a slight reduction in ph ( p>0.05 ) in both the groups.conclusion:short-term consumption of probiotic curds can reduce oral s. mutans counts .
however , this caused a slight reduction in salivary ph . |
5,840 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: we initially studied 90 patients ( age 21 years ) who had newly diagnosed all and were enrolled on the st .
, we subsequently studied an additional 170 patients with all enrolled on the same treatment protocol , using publicly available snp data we had previously reported .
jude children s research hospital , and informed consent was obtained from patients , their guardians , or both before enrollment .
leukemia cells were isolated by applying a ficoll - hypaque gradient to bone marrow aspirates obtained at diagnosis ( median , 97% blast cells ) .
normal leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood samples obtained after the successful completion of remission induction therapy ( on days 4548 after the start of treatment ) . to assess gene copy number loss in msh2-l leukemia cells ,
dna was extracted from leukemia cells and normal peripheral blood leukocytes ( obtained when patients were in complete remission ) and genotyped for 600k snps using the affymetrix genechip human mapping 50k - hind-240 , 50k - xba-240 , 250k - sty and 250k nsp snp arrays .
dna was restriction enzyme digested , pcr - amplified , purified , labeled , fragmented and hybridized to the arrays according to the manufacturer s instructions .
snp array data were analyzed using dchip for chromosomal abnormalities . to improve the accuracy of copy number inference using dchip , we applied a normalization procedure that uses snps exclusively from regions shown to be diploid in the normal leukocytes and maps signals from those snps to a common target probability distribution .
the snps with an estimated copy number lower than 1.40 were considered as evidence of deletions .
we initially performed snp analysis on prkcz , because it is known to regulate msh2 stability .
this led us to subsequently perform a broader pathway analysis , to interrogate additional genes upstream of prkcz ( figure 1c ) .
for each snp , we evaluated the over - representation of deletions in msh2-l leukemia cells compared to msh - h leukemias , using fisher s exact test... | dna mismatch repair enzymes ( e.g. , msh2 ) maintain genomic integrity , and their deficiency predisposes to several human cancers and to drug resistance .
we found that leukemia cells from a substantial proportion of patients ( ~11% ) with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( all ) have low or undetectable msh2 protein levels ( msh2-l ) , despite abundant wild - type msh2 mrna .
msh2-l leukemia cells contained partial or complete somatic deletions of 14 genes that regulate msh2 degradation ( frap1 , herc1 , prkcz , pik3c2b ) ; these deletions were also found in adult all ( 16% ) and sporadic colorectal cancer ( 13.5% ) .
knockdown of these genes in human leukemia cells recapitulated the msh2 protein deficiency by enhancing msh2-degradation , leading to significant reduction in dna mismatch repair ( mmr ) and increased resistance to thiopurines .
these findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism whereby somatic deletions of genes regulating msh2 degradation result in undetectable levels of msh2 protein in leukemia cells , mmr deficiency and drug resistance . |
5,841 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: for well over a decade ,
the cost of in vitro and in vivo screening of absorption , distribution , metabolism ,
excretion , and toxicity ( adme / tox ) properties of molecules has motivated
efforts to develop various in silico methods to efficiently
pre - filter candidates for actual physical testing . by relying on very large , internally consistent datasets ,
large
pharmaceutical companies have succeeded in developing highly predictive
but ultimately proprietary models . at one pharmaceutical company , for example , many
of these models ( e.g. , volume of distribution , aqueous kinetic solubility ,
acid dissociation constant , distribution coefficient , microsomal clearance ,
cyp3a4 time - dependent inhibition ) as well as other endpoints have achieved such
high accuracy that they have essentially put the experimental assays
out of business .
it is likely that most large pharmaceutical companies
can now perform experimental assays for a small fraction of compounds
pre - filtered through the proprietary adme / tox and physicochemical
property computational models , thus improving cost efficiency while
minimizing in vitro and animal experimentation .
extra - pharma
computational efforts have not been so successful , largely because
they have , by necessity , drawn upon considerably smaller datasets ,
in many cases trying to combine information from the literature .
this situation , however , has improved with larger datasets publicly
available in pubchem , chembl , cdd , and others , and some drug companies depositing
their data ( e.g. , the recently deposited astrazeneca data in chembl ) ,
which can be useful for model building .
adme / tox properties have
been modeled by us and many other groups using an array of machine
learning algorithms such as support vector machines , bayesian modeling , gaussian
processes , and many others .
a more exhaustive review of the different machine
learning approaches is outside the scope of this work .
these combined
... | on the order of hundreds of absorption ,
distribution , metabolism ,
excretion , and toxicity ( adme / tox ) models have been described in the
literature in the past decade which are more often than not inaccessible
to anyone but their authors .
public accessibility is also an issue
with computational models for bioactivity , and the ability to share
such models still remains a major challenge limiting drug discovery .
we describe the creation of a reference implementation of a bayesian
model - building software module , which we have released as an open
source component that is now included in the chemistry development
kit ( cdk ) project , as well as implemented in the cdd vault and
in several mobile apps .
we use this implementation to build an array
of bayesian models for adme / tox , in vitro and in vivo bioactivity , and other physicochemical properties .
we show that these models possess cross - validation receiver operator
curve values comparable to those generated previously in prior publications
using alternative tools .
we have now described how the implementation
of bayesian models with fcfp6 descriptors generated in the cdd vault
enables the rapid production of robust machine learning models from
public data or the user s own datasets .
the current study sets
the stage for generating models in proprietary software ( such as cdd )
and exporting these models in a format that could be run in open source
software using cdk components .
this work also demonstrates that we
can enable biocomputation across distributed private or public datasets
to enhance drug discovery . |
5,842 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: interictal depressive symptoms , and interictal major depressive episodes , are quite common in epilepsy in general but appear to be particularly linked to tle .
this link between these two disorders has been a source of great interest to both neurologists and psychiatrists for many years and has generated an expansion of knowledge in both fields that has been used to better understand not only these two disorders , but the relationship of mood , cognition , and temporolimbic function in other related conditions as well . despite this
, a review of the literature reveals that there is limited cohesive guidance regarding the prevalence of depression in tle patients and the clinical features by which diagnosis can be made , nor are there universally accepted guidelines for the management of depression in this population .
difficulties in study design , variable sample populations , and the challenges of confirming temporal lobe focus in some patient populations are all possible contributors to this gap
. however , many established authorities in this field have been making significant efforts to overcome these issues and move towards a cohesive approach to diagnosis and management of depression in the tle population .
although there have been many studies examining the frequency of depression in temporal lobe epilepsy patients , it has been difficult to establish a clear pattern with respect to prevalence , particularly in comparison to other types of epilepsy .
historically , depressive symptoms have been considered to be more frequent in epilepsy with a temporal lobe focus than in extra - tle or generalized epilepsy [ 38 ] .
however , several other studies have not been able to document any such differences [ 2 , 917 ] .
firstly , concomitant or additive mechanisms may play a role in the development of depressive symptoms in sufferers of tle .
rodin et al . noted that many patients with tle have more than one seizure type , and that the number of seizures rather than the location of the focus may be... | depression in temporal lobe epilepsy has been established as a frequent occurrence , and various possible mechanisms for this significant comorbidity have been posited . however , there is still little to guide a clinician in the recognition and management of depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy .
this is in part due to the lack of consistent findings in earlier studies , which was likely partly due to variabilities in methodology , sampling , and diagnosis of both temporal lobe epilepsy and depression .
however , in recent years , significant effort has been made to address these issues and provide a framework for diagnosis and management of depression in this population .
the following is a review of the literature , with special emphasis on clinical phenomenology of depressive symptoms , described bidirectional risk between depression and temporal lobe epilepsy , and treatment strategies in the context of potential drug interactions with antiepileptic drugs . |
5,843 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: timely immunization receipt is commonly assessed by up - to - date ( utd ) rates for a combination of vaccine series , such as the 4 : 3 : 1 : 3 : 3 : 1 series recommended between birth and 18 months of age by the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) and the advisory committee for immunization practice ( acip ) .
the 4 : 3 : 1 : 3 : 3 : 1 series contains 4 dtap ( diphtheria / tetanus / pertussis ) , 3 ipv ( polio ) , 1 mmr ( measles / mumps / rubella ) , 3 hbv ( hepatitis b ) , 3 hib ( haemophilus influenzae ) , and 1 varicella vaccines .
the need for four early dtap immunizations is due to the continual reoccurrence of pertussis in the us , its risk to infants , and the difficulty in building adequate disease protection to pertussis .
children who are not complete for their early childhood shots generally lack only one visit or shot , and the commonly missing component is the fourth dtap due between 15 and 18 months of age [ 2 , 3 ] .
the lack of a fourth dtap frequently holds down series utd rates even when all other vaccines are well delivered . the utd rate for completing four dtaps as measured by the national immunization survey by 19 to 35 months of age lags behind most other early childhood immunizations .
immunization utd rates are used as measurable proxies for the overall receipt of appropriate early medical care and well - child visits .
the dtap series by itself is also recommended as a proxy measure for receipt of all other early childhood immunizations . as the only shot directly due by schedule at the 1.5-year - old well - baby visit ,
a lack of a timely fourth dtap may imply a lack of appropriate well - child visits and services in this period .
the purpose of this study is to assess whether children who miss a timely fourth dtap are also missing timely provider encounters during the 15- to 18-month period or are failing to have immunization eligible visits during this period .
a challenge that this study addresses is that the usual data sources used to assess... | the successful completion of early childhood immunizations is a proxy for overall quality of early care .
immunization statuses are usually assessed by up - to - date ( utd ) rates covering combined series of different immunizations . however , series utd rates often only bear on which single immunization is missing , rather than the success of all immunizations . in the us , most series utd rates are limited by missing fourth dtap - containing immunizations ( diphtheria / tetanus / pertussis ) due at 15 to 18 months of age . missing 4th dtap immunizations
are associated either with a lack of visits at 15 to 18 months of age , or to visits without immunizations .
typical immunization data however can not distinguish between these two reasons .
this study compared immunization records from the oregon alert iis with medical encounter records for two - year olds in the oregon health plan . among those with 3 valid dtaps by 9 months of age , 31.6% failed to receive a timely 4th dtap ; of those without a 4th dtap , 42.1% did not have any provider visits from 15 through 18 months of age , while 57.9% had at least one provider visit .
those with a 4th dtap averaged 2.45 encounters , while those with encounters but without 4th dtaps averaged 2.23 encounters . |
5,844 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: substrate proteins were expressed with c - terminal his6 tags , and assayed in 50 mm tris , 50 mm k acetate , ph 8.0 , with 100 m sam as the methyl donor .
all reactions were incubated 1 h at 30c and analyzed for methylation by immunoblot . for elisa assays ,
reactions were incubated as above then transferred to protein a - coated elisa plates pretreated with anti - me2-spk .
after 1 h , the reaction was removed and wells were treated with 1% sds for 30 min .
efficient removal of the initiating met is dependent on the identity of the second residue . to avoid this problem , we created fusions from residues 210 of rcc1 with his6-tag plus factor x cleavage site at the n - terminus , and c - terminal gfp .
xpk - egfp substrate proteins were expressed in e.coli and purified on ni - nta beads , then cleaved using factor x. on - bead endoproteinase glu - c and asp - n digestions were used to identify the immunoprecipitated proteins .
the retained n - termini were then eluted from the beads and analyzed for methylation ( supplementary fig .
substrate proteins were expressed with c - terminal his6 tags , and assayed in 50 mm tris , 50 mm k acetate , ph 8.0 , with 100 m sam as the methyl donor .
all reactions were incubated 1 h at 30c and analyzed for methylation by immunoblot . for elisa assays ,
reactions were incubated as above then transferred to protein a - coated elisa plates pretreated with anti - me2-spk .
after 1 h , the reaction was removed and wells were treated with 1% sds for 30 min .
efficient removal of the initiating met is dependent on the identity of the second residue . to avoid this problem , we created fusions from residues 210 of rcc1 with his6-tag plus factor x cleavage site at the n - terminus , and c - terminal gfp .
xpk - egfp substrate proteins were expressed in e.coli and purified on ni - nta beads , then cleaved using factor x.
on - bead endoproteinase glu - c and asp - n digestions were used to identify the immunoprecipitated proteins .
the retained n - termini were then eluted from the... | the post - translational methylation of -amino groups was first discovered over 30 years ago on the bacterial ribosomal proteins l16 and l3312 , but almost nothing is known about the function or enzymology of this modification .
several other bacterial and eukaryotic proteins have since been shown to be -n - methylated310 . however , the ran guanine nucleotide - exchange factor , rcc1 , is the only protein for which any biological function of -n - methylation has been identified3 , 11 .
methylation - defective mutants of rcc1 have reduced affinity for dna and cause mitotic defects3 , 11 , but further characterization of this modification has been hindered by ignorance of the responsible methyltransferase .
all fungal and animal n - terminally methylated proteins contain a unique n - terminal motif , met-(ala / pro / ser)-pro - lys , indicating they may be targets of the same , unknown enzyme3,12 .
the initiating met is cleaved , and the exposed -amino group is mono- , di- , or trimethylated .
here we report the discovery of the first -n - methyltransferase , which we named n - terminal rcc1 methyltransferase ( nrmt ) .
substrate docking and mutational analysis of rcc1 defined the nrmt recognition sequence and enabled the identification of numerous new methylation targets , including set / taf - i / phapii and the retinoblastoma protein , rb .
knockdown of nrmt recapitulates the multi - spindle phenotype seen with methylation - defective rcc1 mutants3 , demonstrating the importance of alpha - n - methylation for normal bipolar spindle formation and chromosome segregation . |
5,845 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the following genetically modified mice and crosses between them were used for electrophysiological analysis : nestin - gfp ( cb57bl/6 background ) , pv - cre ( jax laboratory ; stock number : 008069 ; stock name : b6;129p2-pvalb / j ) , sst - cre ( jax laboratory ; stock number : 013044 ; stock name : sst / j ) , vip - cre ( jax laboratory , stock number : 010908 ; stock name : vip / j ) .
the following mice were used for neurogenesis analysis : wild - type ( c57bl/6 ) , nestin - creer;z / eg;2 ( ref ; c57bl/6 ) and nestin - creer;z / eg ( c57bl/6 ) , pv - cre ( b6;129 ) , sst - cre ( b6;129 ) , and vip - cre ( b6;129 ) .
socially isolated animals were individually housed right after weaning for at least 6 weeks before tamoxifen or edu injection , and had free access to food and water .
a single dose of tamoxifen ( tmx ; 62 mg / kg ) was i.p .
injected into 6- to 10-week - old mice as previously described . for optogenetic manipulations ,
cre - dependent recombinant aav vectors were used based on a dna cassette carrying two pairs of incompatible loxp sites with the opsin genes ( chr2-h134-mcherry , chr2-h134-yfp , or enphr3.0-yfp ) inserted between lox sites in the reverse orientation as described previously ( supplementary fig .
the recombinant aav vectors were serotyped with aav2/9 for chr2 ( packaged at the upenn vector core ) , and aav9 for enphr3.0 ( packaged at university of north carolina vector core ) .
the following final viral concentrations were used for aav viruses ( x10 particles / ml ) : 7.4 ( chr2-yfp ) , 36 ( chr2-mcherry ) , and 8 ( enphr3.0-yfp ) , respectively .
aav was stereotaxically delivered into the dentate gyrus using the following coordinates ( in mm ) : anterioposterior = 2 from bregma ; lateral = 1.5 ; ventral = 2.2 .
were implanted at the same injection sites right after aav injection with the dorsal - ventral depth of 1.6 mm from the skull .
animals were then allowed to recover for at least 3 weeks from surgery . for analysis of rgl activation at the population level after... | adult neurogenesis arises from neural stem cells within specialized niches13 .
neuronal activity and experience , presumably acting upon this local niche , regulate multiple stages of adult neurogenesis , from neural progenitor proliferation to new neuron maturation , synaptic integration and survival1 , 3 .
whether local neuronal circuitry has a direct impact on adult neural stem cells is unknown .
here we show that in the adult hippocampus nestin - expressing radial glia - like quiescent neural stem cells49 ( rgls ) respond tonically to the neurotransmitter gaba via 2 subunit - containing gabaa rs .
clonal analysis9 of individual rgls revealed a rapid exit from quiescence and enhanced symmetric self - renewal after conditional 2 deletion .
rgls are in close proximity to gad67 + terminals of parvalbumin - expressing ( pv+ ) interneurons and respond tonically to gaba released from these neurons .
functionally , optogenetic control of dentate pv+ , but not somatostatin- or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( vip)-expressing , interneuron activity can dictate the rgl choice between quiescence and activation .
furthermore , pv+ interneuron activation restores rgl quiescence following social isolation , an experience that induces rgl activation and symmetric division8 .
our study identifies a niche cell - signal - receptor trio and a local circuitry mechanism that control the activation and self - renewal mode of quiescent adult neural stem cells in response to neuronal activity and experience . |
5,846 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the mdc cohort is a population - based prospective cohort including 28,449
participants , with baseline data collection conducted throughout the years
199196 ( 22 ) .
the study population
includes individuals born during 192350 ( 23 ) and living in malm , the third - largest city in sweden , with about
295,000 citizens .
the participation rate was approximately 40% ( 24 ) . among mdc participants recruited from november 1991 to
february 1994 ( n = 12,445 ) ,
a random 50% was invited to further participate in
a carotid artery disease study , the mdc cardiovascular cohort . in total , 6,103
individuals underwent a review of their medical history , a physical examination and a
laboratory assessment of cardiovascular risk factors ( 22 , 24 , 25 ) .
information on ldl , hdl , and triglyceride
fasting blood concentrations was available in 5,363 individuals .
totally , information
on diet , fads genotype , and blood lipids was available in 4,943
individuals .
after excluding individuals with diabetes mellitus ( self - reported
diagnosis or using anti - diabetes medication , n = 123 ) , users of lipid - lowering
medication ( n = 117 ) , and those with a history of cardiovascular event
( coronary event or stroke , n = 117 ) , the study sample included 4,635
individuals ( 4568 years , 60.3% female ) .
information about the history of
cardiovascular event ( coronary event or stroke ) was taken from the national swedish
hospital discharge register and the local register of stroke ( 24 ) .
all individuals provided written , informed consent , and
the ethics committee of lund university approved the mdc study protocols .
( t / c ) was performed by
matrix - assisted laser desorption ionization time - of - flight mass spectrometry on the
sequenom mass - array platform ( san diego , ca ) .
genotyping was successful in 5,806
( 96% ) of the 6,055 individuals with dna available and the rs174547 was in
hardy - weinberg equilibrium ( p = 0.92 ) .
in addition , 5,490 of
the 6,055... | polymorphisms of the fa desaturase ( fads ) gene cluster have been
associated with ldl , hdl , and triglyceride concentrations . because fads converts
-linolenic acid ( ala ) and linoleic acid into pufas , we investigated the
interaction between different pufa intakes and the fads polymorphism
rs174547 ( t > c ) on fasting blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations .
we included
4,635 individuals ( 60% females , 4568 years ) from the swedish population - based
malm diet and cancer cohort .
dietary intakes were assessed by a modified diet
history method including 7-day registration of cooked meals .
the c - allele of rs174547
was associated with lower ldl concentration ( p = 0.03 ) .
we
observed significant interaction between rs174547 and long - chain -3 pufa
intakes on ldl ( p = 0.01 ) ; the c - allele was only associated
with lower ldl among individuals in the lowest tertile of long - chain -3 pufa
intakes ( p < 0.001 ) .
in addition , significant interaction was
observed between rs174547 and the ratio of ala and linoleic fa intakes on hdl
( p = 0.03 ) .
however , no significant associations between
the c - allele and hdl were detected within the intake tertiles of the ratio .
our
findings suggest that dietary intake levels of different pufas modify the associated
effect of genetic variation in fads on ldl and hdl |
5,847 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: we report a 10-year - old girl with multiple vasculitic skin lesions and foot drop without the usual history of asthma or sinusitis which later proved to be css on biopsy .
a previously healthy 10-year - old arab girl presented with bilateral asymmetrically distributed multiple tender and nonblanching erythematous skin nodules in the lower extremities , ranging between 0.5 and 1 cm in size [ figure 1 ] .
she was well - looking and her vital signs were as follows : temperature 36.5 c , pulse rate 90/min , blood pressure 90/60 mmhg , respiratory rate 14/min , and o2 saturation 98% in room air .
physical examination of the head , eye , ear , nose throat , lungs , heart , abdomen , central nervous system , and lymph nodes did not reveal any abnormal findings .
joint examination showed a mildly swollen and tender left ankle , with some restriction of dorsiflexion .
the admitting diagnosis was cellulitis possibly secondary to insect bite and she was started on parenteral cloxacillin therapy with analgesics .
her full blood count results were as follows : hb 13.8 g / dl , white cell count 27.6 10/l , 31% neutrophils , 10% lymphocytes , 59% eosinophils ( absolute eosinophil count 14.9 10/l ) , and platelets 343 10/l .
erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 68 mm / h and serum c reactive protein 24 mg / l ( normal < 6 mg / l ) .
there was a further rise of the white cell count to 30.5 10/l and eosinophils to 67% ( 20.3 10/l ) within 48 h. blood and stool cultures were sterile .
multiple nodular erythematous skin lesions of the lower extremities with a tender , oedematous , and erythematous surrounding skin with foot drop of the left leg .
a left foot drop with sensory loss over the lateral aspect of the left leg was noted on the third day of admission .
chest x - ray showed multiple fluffy bilateral perihilar infiltrates and computed tomography of the para nasal sinuses was normal .
serum immunoglobulin 's levels were within normal range except for marginal elevation of ige levels .
enzyme - linked immunosorbent... | churg - strauss syndrome ( css ) is rare in children .
it consists of a small- and medium - sized vessel vasculitis , with skin and peripheral nerve involvement .
it is characterized by eosinophilia , extravascular necrotizing granuloma , and eosinophilic infiltration of multiple organs particularly the lungs , but may also involve the gastrointestinal tract , the heart , and the kidneys .
the condition is usually associated with a preceding history of asthma or allergic sinusitis .
it has rarely been reported in children , where most of the cases had pre - existing asthma , allergic rhinitis , or atopic disease .
we report a 10-year - old arab girl proven to have css , with no history of asthma or allergic rhinitis , who presented with tender cutaneous nodules of lower extremities , foot drop , and peripheral eosinophilia , without any clinical respiratory symptoms or signs . |
5,848 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: diagnostic laparoscopy is often used to identify specific intraabdominal pathology as the cause for chronic abdominal and pelvic pain .
however , few studies have determined that laparoscopic adhesiolysis , as the only operative intervention , ameliorates a significant amount of chronic abdominal pain .
furthermore , only anecdotal reports of the role of laparoscopic adhesiolysis in the setting of acute or chronic bowel obstruction have been published .
our study was designed to investigate the role of laparoscopic adhesiolysis in the treatment of patients with chronic abdominal pain or recurrent bowel obstruction , not attributed to other obvious pathology .
between september 1996 and april 1999 , hospital records of 35 patients who underwent laparoscopic adhesiolysis were retrospectively reviewed .
fifteen patients , who had other major abdominal procedures in conjunction with adhesiolysis , were excluded from the study .
these procedures included cholecystectomy ( 7 ) , repair of incisional hernia ( 2 ) , appendectomy ( 2 ) , gastrostomy ( 2 ) , colon resection ( 1 ) , and nissen fundoplication ( 1 ) .
the extensive adhesiolysis in these 15 patients who were operated on for other specific pathologies was considered incidental .
therefore , these patients were excluded from our study . after obtaining approval from the institutional review board
assessment of symptomatic relief was determined by the questionnaire , and peri - operative morbidity and mortality were assessed by reviewing the inpatient and outpatient charts as well as through the review of the responses to the questionnaires .
of the 20 patients who underwent adhesiolysis only , 2 patients were lost to follow - up .
patients comprised 17 females and 1 male , with a mean age of 52 years ( range 35 to 78 ) .
all operations were completed by 1 surgeon experienced in laparoscopy , at a major medical institution under general anesthesia .
thirteen operations were undertaken for chronic abdominal / pelvic pain , and 5 for bowel obstruction .
of the... | background : major abdominal operations result in random and unpredictable scar tissue formation .
intraabdominal scar tissue may contribute to recurrent episodes of bowel obstruction , chronic abdominal pain , or both .
laparoscopic adhesiolysis may provide relief of symptoms in patients with prior abdominal surgery with chronic abdominal pain or recurrent bowel
obstruction.methods:between september 1996 and april 1999 , 35 patients underwent laparoscopic adhesiolysis .
fifteen of the patients had adhesiolysis in conjunction with other major laparoscopic procedures and were excluded from the study .
twenty of the patients who underwent adhesiolysis only were retrospectively assessed for symptomatic relief as well as peri - operative morbidity and mortality.results:two of 20 patients were not available for long - term follow - up . in the 18 remaining patients ,
laparoscopic adhesiolysis was performed on 13 patients with abdominal pain and 5 patients with recurrent bowel obstruction .
the follow - up period ranged from 1 to 32 ( mean 11 ) months .
sixteen of the 18 ( 88.9% ) operations were completed laparoscopically .
two operations were converted to open for partial enterectomy .
an additional enterotomy was repaired laparoscopically .
all 3 operative complications were encountered in patients operated on during hospitalization for active bowel obstruction . no mortalities or blood transfusions occurred .
one patient required rehospitalization for nonoperative management of an intraabdominal hematoma .
fourteen of the 18 ( 77.8% ) had subjective improvement in their quality of life after operation .
only 1 patient has required repeat adhesiolysis.conclusions:laparoscopic adhesiolysis is a safe and effective management option for patients with prior abdominal surgery with chronic abdominal pain or recurrent bowel obstruction not attributed to other intraabdominal pathology .
laparoscopic intervention in patients with active bowel obstruction may increase the risk of operative... |
5,849 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the specific targeting of nanoparticles to target cells in an organ of interest has been a long - term goal of many laboratories interested in using nanoparticles to mediate the functional delivery of biopharmaceutical agents ( including nucleic acids ) to defined target cells .
one of the main problems in using targeting ligands in conjunction with nanoparticles is the competition between specific - binding mediated cell entry and non - specific enhanced cell uptake mechanisms ( andreu et al , 2008 ) .
previously , we have observed that non - specific effects can be completely overwhelming ( waterhouse et al , 2005 ) , an observation that has led to a series of further studies ( wang et al , 2009 ) intended to determine and characterize those factors that might influence non - specific enhanced cell uptake mechanisms such as nanoparticle size and heterogeneity , surface hydrophilicity and charge , not to forget other factors such as ligand conformation , points of attachment and surface density .
recently , we described how ph - triggered , pegylated sirna nanoparticles ( also known as ph - triggered sirna - abc nanoparticles according to our recently described abcd nanoparticle structural paradigm ( kostarelos and miller , 2005 ; thanou et al , 2007 ; miller , 2008a ; miller , 2008b ) .
these nanoparticles with a surface - covering of 5mol% polyethylene glycol 2000 ( peg ) were able to mediate the passive targeting of sirna to liver cells in vivo , thereby providing proof of concept for an effective rnai therapeutic approach to the treatment of hepatitis b virus infections ( sifectplus nanoparticles ) ( carmona et al , 2009 ) .
in addition , pegylated sirna nanoparticles enabled for long - term circulation ( ltc sirna - abc nanoparticles ; lesirna nanoparticles ) were shown to do the same to tumour cells in vivo , thereby providing proof of concept for an effective rnai therapeutic approach to cancer treatment ( kenny et al , 2011 ) . in the case of
the ph - triggered , pegylated sirna nanoparticles , the... | a key goal of our research is the targeted delivery of functional biopharmaceutical agents of interest , such as small interfering rna ( sirna ) , to selected cells by means of receptor - mediated nanoparticle technologies .
recently , we described how ph - triggered , pegylated sirna - nanoparticles ( ph triggered sirna - abc nanoparticles ) were able to mediate the passive targeting of sirna to liver cells in vivo .
in addition , pegylated sirna nanoparticles enabled for long - term circulation ( ltc sirna - abc nanoparticles , lesirna nanoparticles ) were shown to do the same to tumour cells in vivo .
further gains in the efficiency of sirna delivery are expected to require active targeting with nanoparticles targeted for delivery and cellular uptake by means of attached biological ligands .
here we report on the development of a new synthetic chemistry and a bioconjugation methodology that allows for the controlled formulation of pegylated nanoparticles which surface - present integrin - targeting peptides unambiguously and so enable integrin receptor - mediated cellular uptake .
furthermore , we present delivery data that provide a clear preliminary demonstration of physical principles that we propose should underpin successful , bonefide receptor - mediated targeted delivery of therapeutic and/or imaging agents to cells . |
5,850 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: conventional x - ray diagnosis is a significant source of radiation exposure among the population .
therefore , there is the need for x - ray examinations to be conducted using techniques that keep the patients exposure as low as possible , but does not compromise on image quality . to be able to keep doses as low as reasonable achievable ,
the basic safety standard ( bss ) recommends optimization procedures in radiology for guidance . in the optimization of x - ray examination techniques ,
the patient dose should be characterized by a quantity that better accounts for radiation risk .
knowledge of organ and effective dose are necessary if the risk of radiation exposure is of concern .
patient dose is often described by the patient s entrance surface dose , which is measured on the patient s skin at the center of the x - ray beam .
an alternative is to take free - in - air measurements without the contribution of backscatter radiation from the patient and express in terms of incident air kerma ( iak ) .
radiation dose to the various organs or tissues in the body can not be measured directly in patients undergoing x - ray examinations , but they can be estimated with reasonable accuracy if sufficient data on the x - ray examination parameters are available .
it is important to provide information on patient doses to all relevant stakeholders for continuous optimization .
this study estimated radiation dose to organs of patients during ls radiography by using pcxmc , a pc based monte carlo program that calculates organ doses in medical x - ray examinations .
this study was carried out at a university hospital using a philips x - ray machine with serial number 982527 and model number 989000085271 with total inherent filtration of 2.5 mm al .
the radiographic image was processed using a cassette ( 18 43 cm ) with a screen - film combination . in all , 100 adult patients undergoing ls radiography were randomly selected for the study .
the examinations were performed by a qualified radiographer and the image... | radiation dose to organs of 100 adult patients undergoing lumbar spine ( ls ) radiography at a university hospital have been assessed .
free in air kerma measurement using an ionization chamber was used for the patient dosimetry .
organ and effective dose to the patients were estimated using pcxmc ( version 1.5 ) software .
the organs that recorded significant dose due to ls radiography were lungs , stomach , liver , adrenals , kidney , pancreas , spleen , galbladder , and the heart .
it was observed that the stomach recorded the highest dose ( 48.2 1.2 gy ) for ls
anteroposterior ( ap ) .
the spleen also recorded the highest dose ( 41.2 0.5 gy ) for ls lateral ( lat ) .
the mean entrance surface air kerma ( esak ) of ls lat ( 122.2 gy ) was approximately twice that of ls ap ( 76.3 gy ) , but the effective dose for both examinations were approximately the same ( ls lat = 8.6 sv and ls ap = 10.4 sv ) .
the overall stochastic health effect of radiation to patients due to ls radiography in the university hospital is independent of the projection of the examination ( ap or lat ) . |
5,851 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: normal cells grow and divide in an ordered fashion , in accordance with the cell cycle .
defective apoptosis ( programmed cell death ) which results in enhanced growth describes most cancer cells .
several proteins control the timing of the events in the cell cycle , which is tightly regulated to ensure that cells divide only when necessary .
the loss of this regulation is the hallmark of cancer [ 1 , 2 ] .
initially , somatic cell fusion and nuclear transplantation studies , together with the selective use of growth factors and inhibitors of macromolecular biosynthesis , established the fundamental parameters of cell cycle regulation [ 3 , 4 ] .
our understanding of the complexities of apoptosis and the mechanisms evolved by tumor cells to resist engagement of cell death has focused research effort into the development of strategies designed to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells [ 57 ] .
several previous studies demonstrated that certain phytochemicals present in medicinal herbs exert antitumorigenic activity by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells [ 811 ] .
the mechanism , of apoptosis are now mostly well known , involving activation of caspases ( cysteinyl , aspartate - specific proteases ) , which cleave to inactivate or activate target substrates within a cell and bcl2 family members in response to a wide variety of physiological and injury - induced signals .
caspases are synthesized in most if not all cells as inactive zymogens , which must be proteolytically cleaved at two ( or three in some cases ) aspartate residues to generate the active mature enzyme .
apical and more susceptible to modification by endogenous regulatory proteins , in turn cleave and activate the downstream executioner
caspases , such as caspase-3 also known as apopain , sca-1 , yama , and cpp32 ( alias ) , which enact the final , irreversible commitment to death .
these then cleave their target substrates to orchestrate the proteolytic dismantling of the cell [ 14 , 15 ] .
this sequence of events culminating in the... | we aimed to investigate the apoptotic effects of the methanolic extract of dorema glabrum seed on wehi-164 , cancerous cells in comparison with l929 , normal cells and compared them with the cytotoxic effects of taxol .
so , mtt test and dna fragmentation assay were performed on cultured and treated cells .
also electrophoresis which was followed by immunoblotting was done to survey the production of caspase-3 and bcl2 proteins , and to inquire into their relative genes expression , rt - pcr was used . according to our findings ,
the methanolic extract of dorema glabrum seed can alter cells morphology as they shrink and take a spherical shape and lose their attachment too .
so , the plant extract inhibits cell growth albeit in a time- and dose - dependent manner and results in degradation of chromosomal dna .
induction of apoptosis by the plant extract was proved by the reduction of pro - caspase-3 and bcl2 proteins and increase in caspase-3 gene expression and decrease in that of bcl2 too .
our data well established the antiproliferative effect of methanolic extract of dorema glabrum seed and clearly showed that the plant extract can induce apoptosis and not necrosis in vitro .
these results demonstrated that dorema glabrum seed might be a novel and attractive therapeutic candidate for tumor treatment . |
5,852 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: we encountered a woman with a preexisting large focal nodular hyperplasia ( fnh ) of the liver , persisting during two separate pregnancies .
her elevated serum -glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels before pregnancy were reduced during both pregnancies , but returned to prepregnancy levels after delivery .
focal nodular hyperplasia ( fnh ) is a benign lesion of the liver that is not uncommon in adults and is frequently observed in healthy individuals .
it is unclear , however , whether pregnancy in women with fnh increases the risks of fnh growth and complications or alters hepatic function in patients .
we encountered a woman with a large fnh , who experienced two pregnancies and delivered healthy infants at term uneventfully .
the courses of her pregnancies and the effects of pregnancy on fnh , including lesion size and hepatic function were evaluated at the same institution .
the patient was a 25-year - old , gravida 0 , para 0 , female , who had been followed up since the age of 18 years at the internal medicine outpatient ward of our institution because of a large fnh . at the age of 13 years
, a nodule measuring 8 cm was observed in the patient , at a medical institution near her residence .
a biopsy was performed , and on histological analysis of the specimen , she was diagnosed with fnh . because the nodule was located near the hepatic hilus , surgical intervention was not performed . at the age of 25 years , the patient married and moved near our hospital . an mri taken before her first pregnancy showed that the nodule was 11 cm in diameter ( figs.1a and 2a ) .
a high intensity area was observed at the center of the lesion , a finding compatible with central scar tissue , with a moderately high intensity area observed at the surface of the lesion .
( c ) during her second pregnancy at 34 weeks of gestation . before becoming pregnant ,
her liver function tests showed that her serum aspartate aminotransferase ( ast ) and alanine aminotransferase ( alt ) concentrations were in the normal... | key clinical messagewe encountered a woman with a preexisting large focal nodular hyperplasia ( fnh ) of the liver , persisting during two separate pregnancies .
fnh size was not affected by either pregnancy .
her elevated serum -glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels before pregnancy were reduced during both pregnancies , but returned to prepregnancy levels after delivery . |
5,853 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: disturbed calcium metabolism may play an important role in the patho - physiology of essential hypertension .
ionized calcium ( ca ) acts as an intracellular second messenger in excitation - contraction coupling in vascular smooth muscle ( vsm ) cells .
the free intracellular calcium concentration determines the tension in vsm cells , thereby contributing to peripheral vascular resistance ( pvr ) .
zidek et al . also found an increased intracellular calcium activity in normotensive subjects with a familial hypertensive disposition in comparison with normotensives without family history of htn .
three extracellular calcium fractions : ionized , protein - bound , and complexed calcium are in equilibrium with one another in the serum .
ionized calcium ( ca ) is the physiologically active form whereas protein - bound calcium is apparently inactive .
the function of complexed calcium , which is bound to small anions such as bicarbonate , citrate , phosphate , and lactate , is uncertain .
treatment of htn is multi - dimensional comprising of dietary modification , weight reduction , regular exercise , and medication .
the calcium channel blockers ( ccbs ) namely nifedipine , amlodipine , diltiazem , verapamil , etc . , form one of the mainstay treatments in htn because they considerably reduce the morbidity and mortality in htn and coronary artery disease .
ccbs block the voltage - gated calcium channels in vsm cells resulting in vasodilatation and decrease in peripheral resistance .
since ccbs act on sarcolemma and reduce the entry of ca from extracellular fluid ( ecf ) to intracellular fluid ( icf ) , it is assumed that the serum ( extracellular ) calcium levels may be altered in hypertensive individuals who are on ccbs .
this study may give an insight into the role of deranged calcium homeostasis in htn .
a total of 31 individuals including 19 hypertensive patients and 12 normotensive subjects in the age group of 3570 years and belonging to both genders attending the out - patient department of general medicine... | background : the alterations in extracellular calcium level may influence intracellular calcium level and possibly play a role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.aim:the purpose was to find out the association between serum calcium levels and hypertension ; and to compare the serum calcium levels between normotensive controls , hypertensive subjects on calcium channel blockers , and hypertensive subjects on antihypertensive medication other than calcium channel blockers.materials and methods : thirty one individuals including normotensives ( n = 12 ) and hypertensives ( n = 19 ) were enrolled for the study and their blood pressure recorded .
hypertensive group was sub divided into two : hypertensives on calcium channel blockers and hypertensives on antihypertensive medication other than calcium channel blockers .
serum calcium levels were measured by accucare calcium arsenazo iii kit .
differences between the groups were analyzed using anova.results:no significant difference in serum calcium level was found between normotensive and hypertensive groups ; and no correlation was found between calcium levels and the blood pressure . also the difference in serum calcium levels in hypertensive group on calcium channel blockers and those on antihypertensive other than calcium channel blockers was insignificant.conclusions:serum calcium levels
are tightly regulated .
subtle changes in serum levels do not affect blood pressure . |
5,854 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: in recent years , there has been an increasing interest in applying multivariate pattern ( mvp ) analysis to neural data , especially from functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ; haynes and rees , 2006 ; norman et al . , 2006 ;
o'toole et al . , 2007 ) , more than a decade after the first application in studies employing positron emission tomography ( pet ; moeller and strother , 1991 ; kippenhahn et al . , 1992 ) and fmri ( e.g. , mcintosh et al . , 1996 ) .
employing multivariate statistical learning methods allows refocusing research on how information is encoded , instead of exclusively looking at where it could be detected in the brain ( o'toole et al . , 2007 ) .
( 2004 ) who revealed a combinatorial encoding of object category information in human ventral temporal cortex . shortly after these initial studies
, kamitani and tong ( 2005 ) showed that the already known fine - grained columnar representation of visual orientation in primary visual cortex is represented in fmri data , despite a coarser spatial resolution .
( 2008 ) demonstrated that even more information is contained in the fmri signal , by being able to reconstruct actual visual stimuli from blood oxygenation level - dependent ( bold ) response patterns in early visual cortex .
unlike the aforementioned studies , their model was able to generalize from unstructured basic visual features to geometric shapes and letters .
in addition to the most popular mvp analysis approach ( i.e. , classification ) , analysis of the full covariance structure of a dataset can also be used to investigate similarity structures of brain response patterns .
this transformation of neural responses into the domain of stimulus space ( o'toole et al . , 2007 ) represents a powerful tool for exploratory analysis that can , for example , help to deduce the purpose of a functional processing unit of the brain .
their flexibility even allows for comparative analyses across different species . by employing such a technique , kriegeskorte et al .
( 2008 ) showed... | encouraged by a rise of reciprocal interest between the machine learning and neuroscience communities , several recent studies have demonstrated the explanatory power of statistical learning techniques for the analysis of neural data . in order to facilitate a wider adoption of these methods ,
neuroscientific research needs to ensure a maximum of transparency to allow for comprehensive evaluation of the employed procedures .
we argue that such transparency requires neuroscience - aware
technology for the performance of multivariate pattern analyses of neural data that can be documented in a comprehensive , yet comprehensible way .
recently , we introduced pymvpa , a specialized python framework for machine learning based data analysis that addresses this demand . here , we review its features and applicability to various neural data modalities . |
5,855 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: rett syndrome ( rtt ) is a rare form of autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) , which mostly affects girls with worldwide prevalence rate ranges from 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 20,000 live births [ 15 ] .
rtt is a clinically defined condition with a large spectrum of phenotypes associated with a wide genotypic variability [ 6 , 7 ]
. classic or typical rtt , the most common form of the condition , is caused in about 9095% of cases by de novo mutations in the mecp2 , a gene mapped on chromosome x and encoding methyl - cpg binding protein 2 [ 7 , 8 ] .
the clinical picture of classical form progresses through 4 stages and is characterized by normal development for the first 6 to 18 months , followed by loss of purposeful hand movements , failure of speech development , autistic - like behavior , slowed brain and head growth , and mental retardation . to date , it is not known how mecp2 mutations lead to rtt phenotypes ; therefore the identification of the pathways that are affected by mecp2 functions could bring new insight in the rtt pathogenetic mechanisms .
mecp2 was originally thought to function as a transcription repressor by binding to methylated cpg dinucleotides , but recent studies have individuated more functions related to mecp2 [ 10 , 11 ] .
in fact mecp2 is now considered a multifunctional protein , since it is implicated not only in genome transcriptional silencing , but also in transcriptional activation , by regulating chromatin and nuclear architecture ; therefore , its malfunction or mutation can lead to severe cellular function alterations .
hence , it is very difficult to understand the link between mecp2 mutation and the clinical feature present in rtt .
one of the most common approaches used to better understand the molecular pathways involved in genetic disorders has been the determination of gene expression profiling , since it provides the opportunity to evaluate possible transcriptome alterations at both gene and gene - network levels .
this approach should not be considered an end point but a... | rett syndrome ( rtt ) is mainly caused by mutations in the x - linked methyl - cpg binding protein ( mecp2 ) gene . by binding to methylated promoters on cpg islands ,
mecp2 protein is able to modulate several genes and important cellular pathways .
therefore , mutations in mecp2 can seriously affect the cellular phenotype .
today , the pathways that mecp2 mutations are able to affect in rtt are not clear yet .
the aim of our study was to investigate the gene expression profiles in peripheral blood lymphomonocytes ( pbmc ) isolated from rtt patients to try to evidence new genes and new pathways that are involved in rtt pathophysiology .
limma ( linear models for microarray ) and sam ( significance analysis of microarrays ) analyses on microarray data from 12 rtt patients and 7 control subjects identified 482 genes modulated in rtt , of which 430 were upregulated and 52 were downregulated .
functional clustering of a total of 146 genes in rtt identified key biological pathways related to mitochondrial function and organization , cellular ubiquitination and proteosome degradation , rna processing , and chromatin folding .
our microarray data reveal an overexpression of genes involved in atp synthesis suggesting altered energy requirement that parallels with increased activities of protein degradation . in conclusion
, these findings suggest that mitochondrial - atp - proteasome functions are likely to be involved in rtt clinical features . |
5,856 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: fanconi syndrome ( fs ) is a rare disease characterized by defects in proximal tubular function , including impairment of reabsorption of solutes such as glucose , uric acid , phosphate , amino acid , and bicarbonate .
patients with fs may present normoglycemic glycosuria , low molecular weight proteinuria , hypophosphatemia , and normal anion gap metabolic acidosis .
multiple myeloma is a neoplastic bone marrow disease characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells and overproduction of monoclonal protein .
free light chain overproduction is associated with toxic effects to proximal tubular cells in the kidneys , which may induce fs . in this case , the patient who had presented proteinuria initially was diagnosed with fs and multiple myeloma , after reviewing her results from blood laboratory work , urine analysis , and bone marrow examination .
in addition , kidney pathology confirmed the presence of rod - shaped casts in proximal tubules .
a 48-year - old woman visited the nephrology clinic for proteinuria , which was detected at a local hospital .
she had been producing foamy urine and experiencing nocturia for 2 months , and she was suffering from bilateral flank pain for 6 months .
she had no specific underlying disease or related family history . however , she had been taking a course of chinese medicine for the past 6 months . at presentation , her vital signs were stable ( blood pressure : 128/80 mmhg , heart rate : 62 beats / minute , respiration rate : 18 breaths / minute , body temperature : 36.4c ) , and her general physical examination was unremarkable .
results from the blood testing , which included complete blood count , coagulation test , total bilirubin , aspartate transaminase , alanine transaminase , cholesterol , glucose , erythrocyte sedimentation rate , c - reactive protein , and thyroid function test were in the normal range .
the patient s protein level was 6.6 g / dl and her albumin level was 4.9 g / dl , so her globulin was low ( 1.6 g / dl ) .
her creatinine was 1.02 ... | fanconi syndrome ( fs ) is a rare condition that is characterized by defects in the proximal tubular function .
a 48-year - old woman was admitted for evaluation of proteinuria .
the patient showed normal anion gap acidosis , normoglycemic glycosuria , hypophosphatemia , and hypouricemia .
thus , her condition was compatible with fs .
the m peak was found behind the beta globulin region in urine protein electrophoresis . upon bone marrow examination
, we found that 24% of cells were cd138 + plasma cells with kappa restriction . from a kidney biopsy
, we found crystalline inclusions within proximal tubular epithelial cells .
thereafter , she was diagnosed with fs accompanied by multiple myeloma .
the patient received chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation , and obtained very good partial hematologic response .
however , proximal tubular dysfunction was persistent until 1 year after autologous stem cell transplantation .
in short , we report a case of fs accompanied by multiple myeloma , demonstrating crystalline inclusion in proximal tubular cells on kidney biopsy . |
5,857 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: in orthodontic treatment , tooth movement is related to the response to applied orthodontic forces that cause remodelling of the periodontal tissues , especially alveolar bone .
the typical 2- to 3-year treatment period is burdensome for patients , so it is very important to accelerate alveolar bone remodelling during treatment in order to abbreviate the required time .
recently , various biostimulatory effects of low energy laser irradiation that involves wound healing and fibroblast proliferation , collagen synthesis , and nerve regeneration have been reported . in particular , the acceleration of bone regeneration by laser treatment has been a focus of contemporary researches .
therefore , if laser irradiation can cause the acceleration of bone remodelling , it may also have great benefit in abbreviating the orthodontic treatment period .
the present study was designed to examine the effects of low - energy laser irradiation on alveolar bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement and on formation of new keratinized gingiva .
low level laser therapy ( lllt ) is also known as soft laser therapy and bio - stimulation .
the use of lllt in health care has been documented in the literature for more than 30 years and many research studies have demonstrated that lllt is effective for some specific applications in dentistry .
recently , various effects of low - energy laser irradiation have been reported , including wound healing , fibroblast proliferation , collagen synthesis and nerve regeneration .
in particular , the focus of recent studies has been the acceleration of bone regeneration by laser treatment . in orthodontics
, low - energy laser irradiation can be useful for several different treatments , such as : reduction of post - adjustment pain , treatment of traumatic ulcers in the oral mucosa induced by an orthodontic appliance , increasing keratinized gingiva .
it is also been demonstrated that lllt stimulates the velocity of tooth movement and the osteoclastogenesisin the pressure site via... | background : recently , various biostimulation 's effects of low energy laser irradiation have been reported .
the present study was designed to examine the effects of low - energy laser irradiation on alveolar bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement and finally on formation of new keratinized gingiva.materials and methods:22 patients and 27 teeth in vestibular mucosal without keratinized gingiva were selected .
every patient was treated with self ligating appliances . in every orthodontic session
the patient was treated with diode laser biostimulation . at the moment of debonding , 27 teeth involved in the research were evaluated in terms of quality and quantity of attached gingiva .
bop and cal loss were investigated.results:every tooth considered at the end of orthodontic treatment showed an attached gingiva around the crown : the average of keratinized gingiva at the end of the study was 3.10 mm and the mean increasing at each month was 0,49 mm.conclusions:the combination between self ligating appliances and laser 's biostimulation could improve the differentiation of periodontal ligaments stem cells in fibroblasts , able to promote attached gingiva around the crown of the teeth erupted in oral vestibular mucosa . |
5,858 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: breast cancer is an increasingly visible disease , and a rapidly growing cause of mortality , in developing countries . in africa , where breast cancer may often present at an earlier age and
can progress more aggressively [ 2 , 3 ] , little is known about pathways and triggers for women to take action ( e.g. , seek medical advice ) based on their recognition of symptoms . in ethiopia ,
breast cancer is typically a fatal disease with high mortality [ 4 , 5 ] , unlike the experience of the western world where breast cancer is frequently treatable and with lower mortality .
ethiopia has an increasingly comprehensive set of breast cancer prevention , diagnosis , and treatment interventions available for women though stigma toward cancer , poor knowledge and awareness of cancer signs and treatability , and system overload continue to account for delays in reaching care .
an important component of the knowledge - action chain is understanding ethiopian women 's recognition of symptoms of breast cancer and their motivations for taking action .
ethiopian women typically present for care at a late stage in the disease , where treatment is most ineffective , and while system - related barriers to care account for a portion of that delay in access , women 's attitudes and lack of awareness of breast cancer symptoms also account for a stalled initiation of action . as the health system and treatments available for
breast cancer in ethiopia continually expand and are accessible to the population , more women can potentially access care at an earlier time when treatment may be more useful , provided women recognize and take action when they experience a symptom that could potentially signal breast cancer .
this evaluation includes a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the experience of participants with breast cancer who , ultimately , successfully accessed the services of the ethiopia breast cancer project ( ebcp ) and reports on their recognition of symptoms , their attitudes upon noticing those symptoms , and... | objective . this study assessed the initial experiences , symptoms , and actions of patients in ethiopia ultimately determined to have breast cancer .
methods .
69 participants in a comprehensive breast cancer treatment program at the main national cancer hospital in ethiopia were interviewed using mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches .
participants ' narratives of their initial cancer experience were coded and analyzed for themes around their symptoms , time to seeking advice , triggers for action , and contextual factors .
the assessment was approved by the addis ababa university faculty of medicine institutional review board .
results .
nearly all women first noticed lumps , though few sought medical advice within the first year ( average time to action : 1.5 years ) .
eventually , changes in their symptoms motivated most participants to seek advice .
most participants did not think the initial lump would be cancer , nor was a lump of any particular concern until symptoms changed . conclusion .
given the frequency with which lumps are the first symptom noticed , raising awareness among participants that lumps should trigger medical consultation could contribute significantly to more rapid medical advice - seeking among women in ethiopia .
primary care sites should be trained and equipped to offer evaluation of lumps so that women can be referred appropriately for assessment if needed . |
5,859 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: participants consisted of 4 students who attended two special education schools at the elementary level .
all students were diagnosed as having adhd , and their age range was between 9 to 11 years .
three of the four students were diagnosed with a combined type of adhd , and one person was diagnosed to have the hyperactive impulsive type by a child psychiatrist .
the researcher directly observed the inattentive behaviors ( such as inattention to teacher and materials , not following through instructions , leaving seat ) of the participants in the classroom .
inattentive behaviors of participants ( target behaviors ) were observed during two sessions each week ( each session lasted 30 minutes ) .
all target behaviors were recorded using duration per occurrence recording procedure , and percentages of the behaviors were calculated .
self - monitoring of attention was used as a cognitive - behavioral technique for increasing self - control in the participants .
the programs included the following components :
self - monitoring cues tape : an audiotape including tones or beeps at irregular intervals .
when a student first begins to use self - monitoring , the pre - recorded tones are essential for his / her success ( 5 ) .
a self - monitoring card : it includes a self - assessment question ( was i paying attention ? ) and spaces in which participants indicate being off - task or on - task when the tones sound . percentages of inattentive behaviors in experimental phases during self - monitoring , students were engaged to work in classroom assignments or follow their teacher 's instructions ( 5 ) . the desired goal of self - monitoring was to achieve self - control in classroom situation and to work without external cues features ( tape and card ) .
thus , during self - monitoring sessions , external cues were phased out , and students were expected to control their off - task behaviors internally .
the results indicated that the percentages of off - task or inattentive behaviors in the classroom situation... | beneficial effects of stimulants on core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) have been reported in several studies .
behavioral interventions have also been proposed as empirically supported interventions for adhd .
although cognitive - behavioral therapies ( cbt ) have been criticized for the lack of evidence - based data , some studies have indicated the positive effects of cbt techniques on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) .
this article reports the effects of self - monitoring technique , as a cbt technique , on inattentive behaviors of children with adhd . |
5,860 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: a prospective case series of 10 patients was conducted by the national university hospital , diabetic foot team , in singapore .
the study population was made up of six males and four females with a mean age of 54 ( range : 3766 years ) . in this study ,
the indications for usage of renasys go included ray ( toe and metatarsal ) amputation wounds , post - drainage wounds of abscess and post - debridement wounds for necrotizing fasciitis and ulcers of the heel , dorsum of foot and of the sole .
four ulcers were ray amputation wounds , two were wounds post - drainage of abscess , one was on the dorsum of the foot , one was on the left shin , one was on the left foot and one was on the right calf .
each ulcer was classified as either a grade 2 ulcer or a grade 3 ulcer , according to wagner 's classification ( 10 ) .
documentation in the study protocol included the patient 's demographics , diabetic history , presence of complications and infection markers .
all wounds were monitored and photographed as they progressed and wound dimensions were measured with a ruler ( fig .
the location and diagnosis of the ulcer was recorded as well as the presence of any granulation tissue .
clinical investigations performed prior to therapy included markers of infection ( leukocyte count , c - reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ) .
a swab from the wound was sent for culture and sensitivity tests before application of the npwt system .
the npwt settings , mode of application , date of initiation and end of npwt , number and date of npwt dressing changes were recorded .
prior to renasys - go npwt treatment , adequate surgical debridement was performed on all wounds to remove any necrotic and infected tissue .
the npwt dressing was cut to fit the size and shape of the wound and the number of pieces used recorded to ensure all pieces were removed at each dressing change .
the wounds were sealed using semi - permeable film drape and a hole was cut in the center of the film .
the soft port was placed directly over... | introductionthis case series aims to study the effectiveness of renasys - go negative pressure wound therapy system in the healing of diabetic lower limb ulcers.materials and methodsan electronic vacuum pump ( renasys - go , smith & nephew gmbh ) was used to apply negative pressure wound therapy on wounds , with pressure settings determined according to clinical indication .
changes in wound dimension , infection status and duration of treatment were recorded over the course of renasys - go therapy in 10 patients with diabetic lower limb ulcers.resultshealing was achieved in all wounds , three by secondary closure and seven by split - thickness skin grafting . eight wounds showed a reduction in wound size .
the average duration of treatment with renasys - go therapy was 15.9 days , and all wounds showed sufficient granulation and were cleared of bacterial infection at the end of therapy.conclusionsrenasys - go therapy may be beneficial in the treatment of diabetic lower limb ulcers and wounds . in this study , which included wounds presenting as post - surgery ray amputation , metatarsal excision wounds , post - debridement abscesses and ulcers , the renasys - go therapy prepared all wounds for closure via split - thickness skin grafting or secondary healing by promoting granulation tissue and reducing bacterial infection in approximately 2 weeks . |
5,861 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: while public health and biodefense often have overlapping elements , the capabilities needed to support each mission are not identical .
thus , the dhs scientific response to ebola required initial investments of time and resources to develop additional capabilities and protocols , contributing to the time lag in obtaining actionable results .
we are currently working to expand capabilities to hasten our next response , which should generate results weeks to months faster in the next crisis .
this includes identifying and establishing protocols for working with a wide range of disease transmission matrices ( ie , blood , sweat , tears , etc ) and surfaces that may harbor microbes ( eg , wood , carpet , furniture , clothing ) . by developing agent - agnostic capabilities , dhs s&t will be able to respond quickly and efficiently to a broad array of public health events , generating complete , informative , actionable data no matter what the future threats might be .
generating and using a master question list for ebola was central to s&t 's communication , research prioritization , and response .
it allowed us to work closely across the federal government including hhs , dod , and the white house via the ebola task force through informal communication , regular meetings , scientific information sharing , and formal coordination to maximize unique resources and mission space while collectively supporting a synergistic response .
it is by no means revolutionary that organizing known information and using it to make informed decisions is helpful , but a crisis response is less about breakthroughs and more about systematic application of tried and true principles .
we are currently working to develop master question lists for a number of diseases representing high - impact human health risks .
these master question lists follow the same general structure as the ebola list , with careful attention to ensure a broad applicability .
for example , one category is decontamination : what are effective methods to... | the department of homeland security 's ( dhs ) science and technology ( s&t ) directorate plays a role in public health that extends beyond biodefense .
these responsibilities were exercised as part of the 2014 - 16 ebola outbreak , leading to productive and beneficial contributions to the international public health response and improved operations in the united states .
however , we and others have identified numerous areas for improvement .
based on our successes and lessons learned , we propose a number of ways that dhs , the interagency , and academia can act now to ensure improved responses to future public health crises .
these include pre - developing scientific capabilities to respond agnostically to threats , and disease - specific master question lists to organize and inform initial efforts .
we are generating dhs - specific playbooks and tools for anticipating future needs and capturing requests from dhs components and our national and international partners , where efforts will also be used to refine and exercise communication and information - sharing practices .
these experiences and improvement efforts have encouraged discussions on the role of science in developing government policy , specifically responding to public health crises .
we propose specific considerations for both scientists and government decision makers to ensure that the best available science is incorporated into policy and operational decisions to facilitate highly effective responses to future health crises . |
5,862 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: a 58-year - old woman presented to the emergency department with a stuporous mental state , ophthalmoplegia , and severe dysarthria .
she had a prior history of cardiac valve replacement surgery for both mitral and aortic regurgitations 10 years earlier .
her national institutes of health stroke scale ( nihss ) score was 14 and modified rankin scale ( mrs ) score was 5 . a ct scan of the head five hours after the onset of symptoms showed a hyperdense basilar artery on two consecutive 5-mm cut images , indicating an acute basilar artery embolism . after obtaining written informed consent for the endovascular therapy from the patient 's family , the angiographic procedure began 5.5 hours after the onset of stroke .
at this point , a loading dose of abciximab ( 0.25 mg / kg ) was administered intravenously . rapid recanalization was achieved using a minimum dose of thrombolytic agents by performing direct angioplasty first followed by intra - arterial thrombolysis .
the balloon catheter was advanced into the occlusion site and inflated to 4 atm for 30 seconds .
immediately after the angioplasty , the basilar artery was partially recanalized with a restoration of the blood flow to the both superior cerebellar arteries .
a microcatheter was then placed just proximal to the occlusion site , and 400,000 units of urokinase were infused at a constant rate for one hour .
the completion angiograms demonstrated a partial recanalization of the basilar artery with embolus remaining in the basilar tip and the restoration of blood flow to both the posterior and superior cerebellar arteries .
in addition , angiograms demonstrated a single perforating thalamic artery that was divided into two branches ( figs .
1b , c ) . after the endovascular procedure , the patient showed progressive clinical improvement and regained complete consciousness within a few hours .
a non - enhanced ct scan obtained immediately after the endovascular therapy showed bilateral symmetrical high attenuations in the paramedian thalamic regions ( fig... | a 58-year - old woman presented with an acute embolic occlusion of the distal basilar artery . she underwent angioplasty and intra - arterial thrombolysis .
angiography performed after recanalization revealed a single perforating thalamic artery .
a nonenhanced ct scan carried out immediately after the procedure revealed hyperdense lesions in the bilateral paramedian portions of the thalami , which disappeared on the 24-hour follow - up ct scan .
three months later , the patient improved to functional independence , but had some memory dysfunction and vertical gaze palsy .
this case suggests that contrast enhancement or extravasation can occur in the thalamus after intra - arterial thrombolysis performed to recanalize a basilar artery occlusion . |
5,863 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: zoon 's balanitis or balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis is a benign chronic disease of unknown origin .
zoon 's balanitis , unlike some other inflammatory penile dermatoses , is generally not thought to be a precursor for neoplasia .
we herein report the case of an uncircumcised man , who developed clinically and histopathologically evident squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in an area affected by zoon 's balanitis .
a 71-year - old uncircumcised man presented with a 3-month history of extremely painful genital sores associated with swollen foreskin and dysuria , not preceded by any flu - like symptoms .
the patient reported that he has suffered from zoon 's balanitis for 12 years , confirmed by a histopathological examination .
he treated the condition with topical corticosteroids with relative improvement and paid periodic visits for 7 years ; after that he stopped performing any follow - ups .
clinical examination revealed a well - demarcated , highly indurated , glistening erythematous plaque ( about 3 cm in diameter ) on the glans and adjacent preputial mucosa .
a 3-mm punch biopsy of the glans was performed showing typical features of a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma ( nests of atypical cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large vesicular nucleus ) ( fig .
zoon 's balanitis is characterized by a solitary red - orange plaque of the glans and prepuce .
although the etiology is unknown , different factors have been reported to be involved in its genesis ( local infections , poor hygiene , heat , friction , and constant rubbing ) .
histopathologic examination demonstrate an inflammatory infiltrate of predominantly plasma cells , atrophy of epidermis , spongiosis , tortuous dermal blood vessels , and exocytosis of inflammatory cells [ 2 , 3 ] .
it is generally considered to be a benign condition , and its association with malignancies has been rarely reported . in 1999
, a case of penis carcinoma arising in a patient with zoon 's balanitis was described by joshi ,... | zoon 's balanitis or balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis is a chronic disease of unknown origin .
this condition usually manifests in middle - aged or elderly uncircumcised men . although of unknown etiology
, different factors have been reported to be involved in its genesis ( local infections , poor hygiene , heat , friction , and constant rubbing ) .
it is generally considered to be a benign condition , and its association with malignancies has been rarely reported .
we report the case of an uncircumcised man , who developed clinically and histopathologically evident squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in an area affected by zoon 's balanitis . |
5,864 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the genomic revolution raised expectations of unprecedented advances in health care,1,2 but actual scientific progress remains constrained by the double bind of limited available empirical data and concerns over human safety in research .
failure to address this issue could result in general disappointment over inadequate translation of scientific knowledge into actual improvements in the quality of human life , leading to loss of confidence in science - based initiatives and continued trends toward pseudoscientific and antiscientific alternatives epitomized by the antivaccination movement.3 on a more positive note , timely resolution of the issue could empower the global health system .
this commentary thus aims to outline possible future directions of health research with emphasis on antibody - mediated immunity as a concept central to pharmaceutical product development that prioritizes human safety .
global health may be defined as collaborative transnational research and action for promoting health for all , wherein
health for all refers back to the 1978 declaration of alma ata as proclaimed by the world health organization ( who).4 in the preamble to the who constitution , health itself is defined as a state of complete physical , mental and social well - being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity , which has been criticized as practically meaningless.5 a more pragmatic view of health is that of just health , which entails meeting health needs fairly via consensus - building among stakeholders , subject to real - world constraints on available resources.6 to inform the negotiation of just health , health outcomes must be predicted for resource - allocation options .
modern science , in the sense of empirically validated predictive mathematical models,7,8 provides means for predicting outcomes relevant to health and other human needs , thereby enabling translation of scientific knowledge into practical applications.9 this motivates the pursuit of biomedical research , often with the... | if new scientific knowledge is to be more efficiently generated and applied toward the advancement of health , human safety must be more effectively addressed in the conduct of research . given the present difficulties of accurately predicting biological outcomes of novel interventions in vivo
, the imperative of human safety suggests the development of novel pharmaceutical products in tandem with their prospective antidotes in anticipation of possible adverse events , to render the risks of initial clinical trials more acceptable from a regulatory standpoint .
antibody - mediated immunity provides a generally applicable mechanistic basis for developing antidotes to both biologicals and small - molecule drugs ( such that antibodies may serve as antidotes to pharmaceutical agents as a class including other antibodies ) and also for the control and prevention of both infectious and noninfectious diseases via passive or active immunization .
accordingly , the development of prophylactic or therapeutic passive - immunization strategies using antipeptide antibodies is a plausible prelude to the development of corresponding active - immunization strategies using peptide - based vaccines . in line with this scheme , global proliferation of antibody- and vaccine - production technologies , especially those that obviate dependence on the cold chain for storage and transport of finished products , could provide geographically distributed breakout capability against emerging and future health challenges . |
5,865 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: purified herba epimedii extract ( chuan - ke - zhi , ckz ) , a chinese medicine preparation , has already attracted more and more attention in recent years for its curative effects on respiratory system diseases , such as bronchial asthma , chronic bronchitis , and chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema [ 14 ] . and this purified extract was also reported to be able to regulate human humoral and cellular immunity [ 59 ] ; therefore , it has been gradually extended to the treatment of various cancers and immunological diseases [ 1013 ] .
although ckz has been clinically applied for many years , there are still some difficulties and challenges on its in vivo process and mechanism of action . nowadays the pharmacokinetic research of traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) are usually carried out in accordance with the research method of western medicine ; however , not like western medicine tcm always contains numerous compounds , which generally display different pharmacokinetic behaviour and may interact with each other in organism . therefore in order to evaluate the rationality and compatibility of chinese herbal compound formula , it is obviously important and necessary to investigate the pharmacokinetics of marker component as well as the possible interaction of other ingredients contained in tcm . according to the existing phytochemical and pharmacological studies [ 1420 ] , herba epimedii contains a large number of flavonoid glycosides .
most of them are characterized by an isopentenyl group substitution at the c8 position of flavonoid skeleton .
these 8-isopentenyl flavonoid glycosides , of which epimedins a , b , and c and icariin are the principal and representative , are thought to be main bioactive components of herba epimedii and its extract preparation . as a purified extract
, ckz contains more abundant 8-isopentenyl flavonoid glycosides than this crude drug , and epimedin c is the most dominant compound , which is visually exhibited in figure 1 . in the present study ,
therefore , the... | chuan - ke - zhi ( ckz ) , a purified herba epimedii extract , is a potent chinese medicine preparation whose main bioactive components are a class of flavonoid glycosides such as epimedins a , b , and c and icariin . and epimedin c is far more abundant than other flavones in this extract .
this study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of epimedin c and what effects , if any , other ingredients in ckz have on its pharmacokinetics .
epimedin c , ckz , and a combination of epimedins a , b , and c and icariin were , respectively , administrated to rats , and then the pharmacokinetic parameters of epimedin c in the three groups were calculated and compared .
the result indicated that clz , mrt0 , and auc0 of epimedin c were significantly different among the three groups ( p < 0.05 ) , and compared with the epimedin c group , the absorption of epimedin c significantly increased in the ckz group . furthermore , in this study the absolute bioavailability of epimedin c was also investigated by comparing intramuscular and intravenous administration of epimedin c. as a result , epimedin c could be quickly absorbed with extremely high absolute bioavailability after intramuscular administration . |
5,866 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: in 2006 , an unidentified respiratory disease occurred in rhesus monkeys
( macaca mulatta ) at a breeding farm in the guangxi zhuang
autonomous region in southern china .
the farm , the largest in china , comprised
31,260 monkeys , of which 1 in 5 was unweaned .
the morbidity rate in young monkeys was 60% ,
with an 30% death rate ( 25% and 5% , respectively , for adults ) . in 2007
,
surviving monkeys were vaccinated with an inactivated suspension made from the
livers and lungs of dead animals .
after vaccination , the number of cases decreased
during 2007 and 2008 to 100200 per year .
cases occurred throughout 2006 . because most authorized suppliers of monkeys to
research laboratories in china obtain their breeding stock from this farm , the
disease spread throughout china , particularly to experimental animal facilities in
wuhan , kunming , and beijing ( 14 ) .
the disease also was introduced into a few
wildlife parks in china ; however , perhaps because of the low population density of
susceptible animals in these locations , further spread has not been reported .
initially , cdv was not suspected as the causative agent of the monkeys
illness . in late 2008 , however , tissue specimens from infected animals that had been
stored in a freezer for 2 years were analyzed and found to contain cdv .
four serum
samples from adult monkeys whose illnesses had naturally resolved had titers of
432 virus neutralizing antibodies against cdv , whereas virus neutralizing
antibodies could not be detected in 3 serum samples from uninfected monkeys .
after
this identification , all experimental monkeys were vaccinated with attenuated cdv
vaccine starting in early 2009 . whether the vaccines actually boosted immunity or
whether they were simply given coincident with waning of the outbreak from
increasing immunity
, the number of cases has since remained low ( 130 in 2009
and 2030 in 2010 [ not all confirmed ] ) .
additionally , anti - cdv serum seemed
to help infected animals... | since 2006 , canine distemper outbreaks have occurred in rhesus monkeys at a
breeding farm in guangxi , people s republic of china .
approximately
10,000 animals were infected ( 25%60% disease incidence ) ; 5%30%
of infected animals died .
the epidemic was controlled by vaccination .
amino acid
sequence analysis of the virus indicated a unique strain . |
5,867 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: warts are benign epithelial neoplasms of the skin and mucosa resulting from human papillomavirus ( hpv ) infection .
they are a common dermatologic complaint , with an estimated incidence of 10% in children and young adults ( 1 ) .
even if disease progression is naturally self - limited , the course of the disease is unpredictable , and treatment may be necessary .
several treatment methods are available for treatment of warts ; however , most methods have specific disadvantages and side effects .
topical management requires the application of drugs for long durations and treatment success is , therefore , highly dependent on patient compliance ( 2 ) .
laser treatment is based on the principle of photodermal or photomechanical destruction of the target tissue .
depending on the pulse duration and energy density , this may result in the coagulation ( photodermal effect ) or blasting ( photomechanical effect ) of these structures ( 2 ) .
many studies have used 585-nm pulsed dye lasers for the treatment of warts , with the wart blood vessels as the target tissue ( 1 - 4 ) .
this is because hemoglobin in blood has strong absorption peaks at wavelengths ranging from 585 to 595 nm ( 5 ) .
moreover , hemoglobin has a significant , albeit more modest , absorption peak between 800 and 1,100 nm .
therefore , it has been postulated that 1,064-nm nd : yag lasers could be used in the treatment of telangiectases ( 5 ) .
in addition , since there is decreased light absorption by melanin at this wavelength , there is reduced risk of pigmentary side effects ( 4 ) .
previous studies have shown that 1,064-nm nd : yag lasers used at longer widths can be used to treat telangiectasias of the lower extremities ( 5 ) , face ( 6 ) , and venous lake ( 7 ) .
we used a long - pulsed nd : yag laser in the treatment of warts , with the wart blood vessels as the target , and evaluated clinical outcomes .
over the course of 1 yr , 369 patients ( mean age , 21 yr ; range , 3 - 67 yr ) ( table 1 ) with recalcitrant or untreated warts were... | various treatment methods have been adopted in the management of warts ; however , there is still no consensus on first - line treatment .
this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of long - pulsed nd : yag laser in the treatment of warts . over the course of 1
yr , 369 patients with recalcitrant or untreated warts were exposed to a long - pulsed nd : yag laser .
the following parameters were used : spot size , 5 mm ; pulse duration , 20 msec ; and fluence , 200 j / cm2 .
no concomitant topical treatment was used . in all , 21 patients were lost during follow up ; hence , the data for 348 patients were evaluated .
the clearance rate was 96% ( 336 of the 348 treated warts were eradicated ) . the clearance rate of verruca vulgaris after the first treatment was very high ( 72.6% ) , whereas the clearance rate of deep palmopantar warts after the first treatment was low ( 44.1% ) . during a median follow - up period of 2.24 months ( range , 2 - 10 months ) ,
11 relapses were seen ( recurrence rate , 3.27% ) . in conclusion ,
long - pulsed nd : yag laser is safe and effective for the removal or reduction of warts and is less dependent on patient compliance than are other treatment options . |
5,868 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: during our continuing search for structurally unique secondary metabolites from marine dinoflagellates , we have isolated a series of cytotoxic macrolides , amphidinolides , as well as long chain polyhydroxyl metabolites from dinoflagellates amphidinium sp . .
( strain number y-52 ) , which was isolated from the inside cells of the okinawan marine acoel flatworm pseudaphanostoma luteocoloris , and isolated polyhydroxyl metabolites , luteophanols a ~ c [ 23 ] .
further investigation of extracts of the cultured dinoflagellate ( y-52 ) led to the isolation of a new polyhydroxyl metabolite , luteophanol d ( 1 ) , possessing two tetrahydropyran rings and twenty three hydroxy groups on c63-linear aliphatic chain . in this paper
the dinoflagellate was unialgally cultured at 25 c for two weeks in seawater medium enriched with 1% es supplement .
the extract was partitioned between hexane and 1 m nacl aq , and the aqueous phase was successively extracted with chcl3 and then n - buoh .
the n - buoh soluble materials were subjected to gel filtration on sephadex lh-20 ( meoh and then meoh / h2o , 1:1 ) followed by purification with reversed - phase hplc ( meoh / h2o ) to afford luteophanol d ( 1 , 0.00023 % , wet weight )
. esims of luteophanol d { 1 , [ ]d + 4.7 ( c 0.25 , meoh ) } showed the pseudomolecular ion peak at m / z 1329 ( m+na ) , and its molecular formula , c66h114o25 , was established by hresims [ m / z 1329.7522 ( m+na ) , -2.5 mmu ] .
the uv and ir spectra indicated the presence of conjugated diene chromophore ( max 232 nm ) and hydroxy group ( max 3430 cm ) , respectively .
the h and c nmr data revealed that 1 contained two sp quaternary carbons , twelve sp methines , two sp methylenes , twenty - seven sp methines , of which twenty - six were oxymethines , twenty - one sp methylenes including one oxymethylene , and two methyl groups .
since eight out of ten elements of unsaturation implied by the molecular formula were accounted for , 1 was inferred to possess two rings .
this suggested that luteophanol d... | luteophanol d ( 1 ) , a new polyhydroxyl linear carbon - chain metabolite , has been isolated from the cultured marine dinoflagellate amphidinium sp . , which was isolated from okinawan marine acoel flatworm pseudaphanostoma luteocoloris .
the structure of 1 was elucidated by detailed analyses of 2d nmr spectra .
luteophanol d ( 1 ) possesses two tetrahydropyran rings and twenty - three hydroxyl groups on c63-linear aliphatic chain with one exo - methylene and two methyl branches . |
5,869 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: acute aortic dissection is defined as the rapid development of a false , blood - filled channel within the tunica media of the aorta .
three acute aortic dissections are ultimately diagnosed out of every 1000 emergency department patients presenting with acute back , chest , or abdominal pain .
mortality in untreated acute aortic dissection is estimated at more than 1% per hour after the onset of symptoms , whereas 30-day survival for appropriately treated patients is greater than 80% .
therefore , the timely diagnosis and rapid management of acute aortic dissection are of paramount importance to the emergency physician . diagnosis is delayed more than 24 hours after the initial presentation in almost half of all cases , highlighting the need for emergency physicians to maintain appropriate clinical suspicion for acute aortic dissection in patients with chest , back , or abdominal pain .
failure to diagnose acute aortic dissection carries a significant risk for poor outcomes because of the consequences of progressive disease ( e.g. , aortic rupture ) and the possibility of treating a falsely diagnosed myocardial infarction ( mi ) or pulmonary embolism ( pe ) with anticoagulation , a potentially catastrophic error .
surgery on the aortic arch requires cardiopulmonary bypass , profound hypothermia , and a period of circulatory arrest .
focal and diffuse neurologic deficits are the major complications associated with the resection of the aortic arch , occurring in 3% to 18% of patients .
a 38-year - old woman was admitted to the emergency room with chest pain and dyspnea .
the patient s past surgical history was the bental operation , performed 7 years earlier , and the stenting of the descending aorta 6 months previously due to aortic dissection .
the patient s medical history was significant for hyperthyroidism and asthma , and her physical examination revealed blood pressure of 160/90 mmhg , heart rate of 90 beats per minute , metallic sound on heart auscultation , reduced breathing sounds in the left lung on... | abstractaortic dissection begins with the formation of a tear in the aortic intima , and it directly exposes an underlying diseased medial layer to the driving force of the intraluminal blood .
this blood penetrates the diseased medial layer and cleaves the media longitudinally , thereby dissecting the aortic wall .
herein , we report the case of a 38-year - old woman , who presented with chest pain and dyspnea . after physical examination , laboratory evaluation , echocardiography , and ct angiography , extensive aortic dissection was diagnosed involving the innominate and left common carotid arteries .
accordingly , the debranching of the aortic arch arteries was performed . during the procedure
, the patient was monitored with bilateral regional cerebral tissue oximetry .
the patient did not show any signs of complications either in the postoperative period or at postoperative three - month weekly follow - up or at subsequent monthly follow - up for the past year . |
5,870 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development and use of carbon nanotubes as field - effect transistors ( cntfets ) .
these devices have advantages over traditional metal oxide semiconductor transistors , including higher circuit integration,1 increased gain , and higher mobility.2 the device consists of a single - wall ( swcnt ) or multi - wall ( mwcnt ) carbon nanotube acting as the channel of a field - effect transistor , connected to two metal source and drain electrodes , and has its drain current controlled by a gate electrode . in general , a positive gate voltage shifts the fermi level of the carbon nanotube toward the conduction band while a negative gate voltage shifts the fermi level toward the valence band.3 hysteresis is a peculiar effect in cntfets and is observed when the gate voltage is swept in the forward and reverse directions , leading to a hysteretic effect that is difficult to predictably analyze due to the different nonlinear effects that are present .
hysteresis is typically related to charge injection from the carbon nanotube into the gate oxide dielectric , particularly at large gate bias , where the charges then become confined until the gate polarity reverses as a part of the voltage sweep.4 mathematical models have been developed to characterize hysteresis behavior , such as the limiting - loop proximity ( lp),5 preisach,6 and jiles
has not generated accurate approximations for cntfet drain current versus gate voltage or isd vg electrical characteristics primarily because they do not take into account the specific properties of the nanotube .
one theoretical model often used to describe cntfets was proposed,8 based on the physical effects of ballistic conduction , wherein electrons in the nanotube are not affected by scattering.9 ballistic transport has nearly been achieved in cntfet modeling by the use of proper contact materials such as palladium and gold , thereby reducing transport barriers and approaching the theoretical conductance limit of the device (... | theoretical models are adapted to describe the hysteresis effects seen in the electrical characteristics of carbon nanotube field - effect transistors .
the ballistic transport model describes the contributions of conduction energy sub - bands over carbon nanotube field - effect transistor drain current as a function of drain - source and gate - source voltages as well as other physical parameters of the device . the limiting - loop proximity model , originally developed to understand magnetic hysteresis , is also utilized in this work .
the curves obtained from our developed model corroborate well with the experimentally derived hysteretic behavior of the transistors .
modeling the hysteresis behavior will enable designers to reliably use these effects in both analog and memory applications . |
5,871 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: although four major models are presently being debated , only the out - of - africa suite has received strong support from interpretations of both the fossil record and dna [ 16 ] . yet
, the evolutionary origin of aboriginal australians remains controversial owing to the presence of considerable variability in cranial morphology during the pleistocene and interpretations of its possible phylogenetic importance [ 1 , 2 , 718 ] .
moreover , there is sharp disagreement about the possible alternative causes of this variation and its significance to a global understanding of the evolutionary history of modern homo sapiens [ 1 , 2 , 11 , 12 , 17 , 18 ] .
long before a human fossil record was known for australia , various speculative evolutionary sequences were devised linking nonmodern hominins to aboriginal australians . in particular , it was proposed that pithecanthropus ( homo erectus ) or the late - surviving ngandong population of this species ( sometimes referred to h. soloensis ) played a role in their origins .
this idea has been an enduring theme of palaeoanthropology for more than 100 years : from klaatsch through to westaway and groves . a recent major review of the question of modern human origins identified three major issues for australian palaeoanthropology to be resolved : ( 1 ) the relationship of the first australians to later inhabitants of the continent , ( 2 ) whether late pleistocene morphological diversity may have been accentuated by the severity of the last glacial maximum , leading to isolation and the forcing of morphological change in some australian populations , and ( 3 ) if archaic populations such as those known from ngandong did survive into the late pleistocene , an analogous situation to that in europe might have existed , raising the possibility of gene flow with dispersing h. sapiens .
, the very earliest fossil remains from australia ( e.g. , willandra lakes human 3 ) do seem to fit metrically and morphologically within the range of living aborigines .
stringer 's ... | the origin of aboriginal australians has been a central question of palaeoanthropology since its inception during the 19th century .
moreover , the idea that australians could trace their ancestry to a non - modern pleistocene population such as homo erectus in southeast asia have existed for more than 100 years , being explicitly linked to cranial robusticity .
it is argued here that in order to resolve this issue a new program of research should be embraced , one aiming to test the full range of alternative explanations for robust morphology .
recent developments in the morphological sciences , especially relating to the ontogeny of the cranium indicate that character atomisation , an approach underpinning phylogenetic reconstruction , is fraught with difficulties .
this leads to the conclusion that phylogenetic - based explanations for robusticity should be reconsidered and a more parsimonious approach to explaining aboriginal australian origins taken .
one that takes proper account of the complex processes involved in the growth of the human cranium rather than just assuming natural selection to explain every subtle variation seen in past populations . in doing so
, the null hypothesis that robusticity might result from phenotypic plasticity alone can not be rejected , a position at odds with both reticulate and deep - time continuity models of australian origins . |
5,872 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: all the samples were collected from patients undergoing surgical ablation of larynx squamous cell carcinoma at the head and neck surgery division of the department of ophthalmology , otorhinolaryngology and head & neck of ribeirao preto medical school , usp ( brazil ) .
inclusion criteria were : histopathological diagnosis of lscc , elective surgeries for lscc in patients without previous treatments and patients ' allowance to donate part of their tumor for genetic studies .
exclusion criteria were : doubtful diagnosis of lscc , unavailable post - surgical follow - up , patients without complete clinical data or signed agreement for collection of samples .
a total of twenty nine lscc tumor samples and thirteen adjacent non - neoplastic tissues proceed for the transcriptome analysis . clinical information and tnm staging classification of the lscc patients
most of the patients were male ( 96.8% ) , all of them were smokers and alcoholic , including both current and former .
thirty five percent of the tumors were originated from glottis , followed by larynx ( 29.0% ) and supraglottis ( 22.6% ) .
patients were further classified according to the tnm system : 48.4% of the patients were in early staging and 51.6% in late staging .
this study was approved by the ethics committee of ribeirao preto medical school , university of sao paulo ( usp ) ( proc .
after lscc histopathological confirmation and microdissection of the tumors from their non - neoplastic adjacent tissue , the samples were store in liquid nitrogen .
after extraction , the rna was purified with rneasy kit ( qiagen , usa ) and quantified with nanodrop spectrophotometer ( thermo scientific , usa ) .
its quality was evaluated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis ( 28s and 18s ribosomal rna detection ) . for the microarray analysis
it was used the whole human genome oligo microarray kit 4 44k ( agilent , g4112f , usa ) .
cdna was hybridized to the microarray chip in the fluidics station 450 system ( affymetrix , usa ) , using the quick amp labeling... | laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ( lscc ) is one of the most common malignancies of the head and neck tumors zhang et al . , 2013 [ 1 ] ) .
previous studies have associated its occurrence with social activities , such as tobacco and alcohol consumption ( hashibe et al . , 2007a [ 2 ] ; hashibe et al . , 2007b [ 3 ] ; shangina et al . , 2006
[ 4 ] ) . here
, we performed a genome - wide gene expression profiling in thirty - one patients positively diagnosed for lscc , in order to investigate new targets involved in tumorigenesis . |
5,873 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the current recommendation for treatment of bilateral inguinal hernia is to repair both sides during the same surgery and anaesthetic procedure and to use the mesh on the transverse or pre - peritoneal fascia .
laparoscopic hernia repair became feasible after the incorporation of the principles of the technique described by stoppa et al .
two alternative techniques were improved and have been used routinely : the transabdominal preperitoneal ( tapp ) and the total extraperitoneal ( tep ) .
both approaches use meshes larger than those used with an open anterior approach to reinforce the abdominal wall in the inguinal region and perform parietalisation of the spermatic cord structures .
studies have shown evidence favouring the techniques with a tension - free mesh because they cause less pain and a lower post - operative recurrence .
laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair has existed for almost 20 years , but its acceptance is not unanimous .
some factors such as the need for extensive training , the tenuous benefit to the patient , and the higher cost explain the hesitation to adopt the laparoscopic approach as a standard procedure for all patients .
the present clinical trial was designed to compare the results of bilateral inguinal hernia repair between patients who underwent the conventional stoppa technique and laparoscopic total extraperitoneal repair ( lte ) with a single mesh and without staple fixation .
this controlled , randomised clinical trial was approved by the ethics committee for the research projects analysis of the clinics hospital / university of so paulo medical school ( hcfmusp ) , and was conducted as part of the general surgery and trauma subject at hcfmusp between september 2010 and february 2011 . prior to being included
, the patients were informed about the study and then filled out the informed consent term that is standardised in the institution .
totally , 50 patients were considered eligible for the study : male patients with bilateral inguinal hernia ( nyhus classification ) ,... | background : the present clinical trial was designed to compare the results of bilateral inguinal hernia repair between patients who underwent the conventional stoppa technique and laparoscopic total extraperitoneal repair ( lte ) with a single mesh and without staple fixation.patients and methods : this controlled , randomised clinical trial was conducted at general surgery and trauma of the clinics hospital , medical school , the university of so paulo between september 2010 and february 2011 .
totally , 50 male patients , with a bilateral inguinal hernia , older than 25 years were considered eligible for the study .
the following parameters were analysed during the early post - operative period : ( 1 ) the intensity of surgical trauma , operation time , c - reactive protein ( crp ) levels , white blood cell count , bleeding and pain intensity ; ( 2 ) quality of life assessment ; and ( 3 ) post - operative complications.results:lte procedure was longer than the stoppa procedure ( 134.6 min 38.3 vs. 90.6 min 41.3 ; p < 0.05 ) .
the levels of crp were higher in the stoppa group ( p < 0.05 ) but the number of leucocytes , haematocrit , and haemoglobin were similar between the groups ( p > 0.05 ) .
there was no difference in pain during the 1st and 7th post - operative , physical functioning , physical limitation , the impact of pain on daily activities , and the carolinas comfort scale during the 7th and 15th post - operative ( p > 0.05 ) .
complications occurred in 88% of stoppa group ( 22 patients ) and 64% in lte group ( 16 patients ) ( p
< 0.05).conclusion : the comparative study between the stoppa and lte approaches for the bilateral inguinal hernia repair demonstrated that : ( 1 ) the lte approach showed less surgical trauma despite the longer operation time ; ( 2 ) quality of life during the early post - operative period were similar ; and ( 3 ) complication rates were higher in the stoppa group . |
5,874 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the advent of minimally invasive surgery has provided surgeons new techniques for treating clinical disease . within the field of spinal surgery ,
techniques in lumbar interbody arthrodesis have shown a continued evolution of procedural approach and instrumentation .
minimally invasive spine surgery aims to reduce approach related morbidity , while producing clinical outcomes comparable to its open predecessors .
one important example of this is the development of minimally invasive techniques for lumbar interbody fusion , including transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion ( tlif )
. the mi - tlif technique , has displayed comparable outcomes to open tlif , while adding the benefits of less approach - related morbidity , decreased intraoperative blood loss , and shorter hospital stays .
however , critics of the technique have noted that the mi - tlif has longer operative times and exposes patients to increased fluoroscopic radiation . over the past decade
mi - tlif has been shown to have a number of benefits , especially with regard to peri - operative outcomes .
ultimately , comparing the known literature of a traditional , open tlif approach to published reports on mi - tlif will identify the unique risks and benefits associated with each .
this understanding may help guide improved clinical decision making for patients presenting with lumbar degenerative disk disease . in this paper
, we evaluate the literature to examine the efficacy of mi - tlif compared to its open counterpart .
in addition , key studies discussing the risks and benefits of mi - tlif were included to more thoroughly explore the nature of the technique and its application .
in this paper , the authors have used the pubmed / medline search engines to search for relevant reports addressing the topic of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion .
, a few historical reports have been added for completeness . included in this search was the following key phrases : minimally invasive ,
further , although articles were first identified by... | this paper reviews the current published data regarding open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion ( tlif ) in relation to minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion ( mi - tlif ) .
introduction .
mi - tlif , a modern method for lumbar interbody arthrodesis , has allowed for a minimally invasive method to treat degenerative spinal pathologies .
currently , there is limited literature that compares tlif directly to mi - tlif .
thus , we seek to discuss the current literature on these techniques . methods . using a pubmed search , we reviewed recent publications of open and mi - tlif , dating from 2002 to 2012 .
we discussed these studies and their findings in this paper , focusing on patient - reported outcomes as well as complications .
results .
data found in 14 articles of the literature was analyzed . using these reports , we found mean follow - up was 20 months .
the mean patient study size was 52 .
seven of the articles directly compared outcomes of open tlif with mi - tlif , such as mean duration of surgery , length of post - operative stay , blood loss , and complications . conclusion .
although high - class data comparing these two techniques is lacking , the current evidence supports mi - tlif with outcomes comparable to that of the traditional , open technique .
further prospective , randomized studies will help to further our understanding of this minimally invasive technique . |
5,875 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the most recent network technologies are enabling a variety of new applications thanks to the provision of increased bandwidth and better management of quality of service .
nevertheless , telemedical services involving multimedia data are still lacking behind , due to the concern of the end users , that is , clinicians and also patients , about the low quality provided .
wireless and mobile telemedicine underpins applications such as the transmission of video data from an ambulance , the rapid retrieval and remote display of video data stored in hospital databases , remote ( first - level ) diagnosis in rural areas , for example , robotic teleultrasonography and telesurgery .
one of the key challenges is the ability to stream medical video over wireless channels .
although wireless multimedia telemedicine services have been proposed before in [ 15 ] , the application of these technologies in real scenarios has been constrained by the unacceptably poor quality of the medical multimedia data arising from the limited bandwidth .
it would be desirable to store approximately 30 seconds of dynamic heart images per patient ( i.e. , three sections of the heart and 10 seconds for each section ) .
even if frames are digitized with 512 512 pixels with 8 bits each and the frame rate is 25 hz , the size of the uncompressed digital video sequence would be ( 512 512 8 3 10 25 ) bits
medical video compression techniques are thus required . for telemedical applications , such techniques must offer high fidelity in order to avoid the loss of vital diagnostic information . to achieve this ,
lossless compression techniques are often considered , but have the disadvantage of low - compression rates .
therefore , when transmission is over band - limited and error - prone channels , a compromise must be made between compression fidelity and protection and resilience to channel errors and packet loss .
it has been estimated that lossy compression ratios of 1 : 5 to 1 : 29 do not result in a lowering of diagnostic... | the most recent network technologies are enabling
a variety of new applications , thanks to the provision of increased bandwidth and better management of quality of service .
nevertheless , telemedical services involving multimedia data are still lagging behind , due to the concern of the end users , that is ,
clinicians and also patients , about the low quality provided . indeed
, emerging network technologies should be appropriately
exploited by designing the transmission strategy focusing on quality provision for end users .
stemming from this principle , we
propose here a context - aware transmission strategy for medical video transmission over wimax systems .
context , in terms of
regions of interest ( roi ) in a specific session , is taken into account for the identification of multiple regions of interest ,
and compression / transmission strategies are tailored to such context information .
we present a methodology based on h.264
medical video compression and flexible macroblock ordering ( fmo ) for roi identification .
two different unequal error
protection methodologies , providing higher protection to the most diagnostically relevant data , are presented . |
5,876 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the case we present here is about a 22-year - old female patient referred to the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics with the chief complaint of pain in the left lower back tooth for the past 2 days .
her medical history was noncontributory and she gave a dental history of root canal treatment was done in that tooth before 2 months in a dental clinic . on clinical examination , it was found access opening was done in a grossly decayed left mandibular second molar .
the treatment was continued by complete caries excauation and canal exploration after rubber dam isolation . on microscopic exploration of the floor of the pulp chamber a canal
re is an extra third root in mandibular molars present on the lingual side , which is shorter in length than other two roots .
however , here , it is seen on buccal side called as rp . on careful exploration on mesial root , presence of three canals
after working length estimation done [ figure 1 ] , all the canals were enlarged until 20 size k file and biomechanical preparation was completed by protaper rotary systems .
all three mesial canals were enlarged until f1 , distal canal until f3 and the extra third root on buccal side until f2 with copious irrigation of saline simultaneously . then the master cones checkup were done as shown in figure 2 .
then the final irrigation was done with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid , 3% sodium hypochlorite and by saline .
canals were dried with paper points and obturated with gutta - percha cones of respective sizes with kerr sealer .
figure 4 shows the post obturation magnified view of floor of the pulp chamber showing the five canals with rp in middle .
working length determination post obturation radiograph microscopic image of floor of pulp chamber showing type b rp
the mandibular molars usually have two roots with two canals in mesial roots and one canal in distal root .
it is more common that mandibular molars having four canals with two in mesial and distal root viz . the first molar .
however , recent... | mandibular first molar commonly has two roots , the mesial and the distal root .
surprisingly in some mandibular first molar has an unusual extra third root in between mesial and distal root .
this extra root is the most commonly seen in lingual side and is called as radix entomolaris . if this extra root is seen on the buccal side , it is termed as radix paramolaris ( rp ) , which is a very rare phenomenon .
recently , various case report studies has shown the presence of third canal in the mesial and distal roots of mandibular molars .
they are named as middle mesial and middle distal canal , respectively . here ,
we present a case report of mandibular second molar showing three canals in the mesial root and a rp . |
5,877 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: stabilizer muscles of the trunk in the human body refer to the deep muscles that contribute
to stabilization .
stabilizer muscles in the waist region include the diaphragm , pelvic floor
muscles , transversus abdominis , internal abdominal oblique , and multifidus1 . among these stabilizer muscles ,
trunk stabilizer muscles are activated before the body initiates
motion to stabilize the vertebral column3,4,5 .
when there is back pain , pain prevents some movements of the lumbar spine and pelvis , and
such a phenomenon weakens the stabilizer muscles , which can lead to chronic back pain6 .
it has been confirmed that the contraction
of stabilizer muscles is reduced and the order of muscle recruitment is reversed in patients
with back pain7 .
therefore , physical
therapy in patients with back pain focuses on rehabilitation of the stabilizer muscles to
reduce pain , and improve muscle endurance and muscle strength8,9,10,11 .
these
exercises are based on six principles : concentration , control , centering , flowing movement ,
precision , and breathing14 . among these
basic principles
, breathing applies to all ranges of motion during all exercises , and
breathing promotes activation of the trunk stabilizer muscles14 .
even though study of effects of pilates breathing on trunk muscle
activation during the trunk flex in a previous study was existed15 , there was not studied another movement of trunk ( for
example , extension ) or function associated movement .
it is necessary to investigate the actual effects of breathing on the trunk stabilizer
muscles in various trunk movements .
therefore , the purpose of the present study was to
investigate the effects of pilates breathing on trunk muscle activities during trunk flexion
and extension exercise . additionally , the relationship between pilates breathing and
lifting , which is associated with back pain , was evaluated .
participants
did not have a history of trunk surgeries , existing back pain , or prior pilates experience... | [ purpose ] to investigate the effects of pilates breathing on trunk muscle activation .
[ subjects and methods ] twenty - eight healthy female adults were selected for this study .
participants trunk muscle activations were measured while they performed curl - ups ,
chest - head lifts , and lifting tasks .
pilates breathing trainings were performed for 60
minutes per each session , 3 times per week for 2 weeks .
post - training muscle activations
were measured by the same methods used for the pre - training muscle activations . [ results ]
all trunk muscles measured in this study had increased activities after pilates breathing
trainings .
all activities of the transversus abdominis / internal abdominal oblique , and
multifidus significantly increased .
[ conclusion ] pilates breathing increased activities of
the trunk stabilizer muscles .
activation of the trunk muscle indicates that practicing
pilates breathing while performing lifting tasks will reduce the risk of trunk
injuries . |
5,878 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: metabolic encephalopathies are among one of the common causes of admission to hospital in the elderly age group .
depending on the severity and rate of development of hypercalcemia , patient can present with mild drowsiness to coma . in more than 90% of cases , hyperparathyroidism is the cause ; however , in an emergency setting , malignancy related hypercalcemia is the commonest cause .
milk alkali syndrome ( mas ) can cause acute , subacute or chronic hypercalcemia , which has been reported as early as in 1923 , though the term mas was coined in 1949 . though it became uncommon after some time , recently it has witnessed resurgence after increased general awareness about osteoporosis and overuse of calcium carbonate and vitamin d. injection teriparatide is known to cause transient hypercalcemia up to 6 hours of its administration ; severe hypercalcemia causing encephalopathy is not known .
here , we report a case of hypercalcemic encephalopathy caused by mas in which a permissive role was played by injection teriparatide and other factors .
an 82-year - old male presented to emergency with history of sudden onset with gradual deterioration of mental sensorium of 8 days duration .
other history elicited from attendants revealed that the patient suffered from low impact fracture of third and fourth lumbar vertebrae 3 months back for which he was evaluated and found to have osteoporosis ( l1l4 vertebrae : t - score 3.1 , z - score 1.1 ; femur neck : t - score 3.0 , z - score 0.7 ) . during evaluation
, he was detected to have prostatic carcinoma for which he was being treated with depot preparation of injection treptorelin acetate [ gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( gnrh ) analogue ] 11.25 mg once in 3 months .
he was prescribed oral calcium carbonate 500 mg thrice daily and cholecalciferol 60,000 u monthly .
however , the patient was consuming 56 tablets of calcium carbonate ( each tablet containing 500 mg elemental calcium ) and his diet consisted of milk ( 1.5 l / day ) and plenty of curd .
he was started... | an 82-year - old male , a known case of severe osteoporosis with vertebral fracture and prostatic carcinoma , was treated with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue , calcium carbonate , cholecalciferol sachet and injection teriparatide .
his diet consisted of milk and curd .
he developed altered behavior and generalized weakness , and on investigation , hypercalcemia , hypokalemia , and metabolic alkalosis with low parathyroid hormone levels were detected .
injection teriparatide was stopped and he was managed with forced saline diuresis and injection zoledronic acid .
he was diagnosed as a case of milk alkali syndrome in whom teriparatide and prolonged immobilization played a permissive role in the development of hypercalcemic encephalopathy . |
5,879 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: during the surgical removal of impacted lower third molar teeth , since the region is constricted and the visibility is insufficient and the position and bony structure of the teeth may be rigid , the patient is affected by trauma causing postoperative problems such as pain , edema , decreased function , and trismus .
these challenges cause problems for surgeons and patients since they disturb the aesthetics and function .
moreover , they may affect the activities of daily living and may result in a severe labor force loss . to prevent all these complications ,
the most commonly used drugs for the prevention of inflammation after extraction of impacted lower third molar teeth are non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) .
it inhibits cyclooxygenase and the lipoxygenase enzyme , thus preventing the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes that play an essential role in inflammation by diminishing active oxygen radicals and inhibiting migration and phagocytosis of leucocytes .
in addition to its anti - inflammatory effects by these mechanisms , it also has analgesic and antipyretic effects .
corticosteroids are another group of drugs that also suppress the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes at initial phases and thereby inhibit inflammation .
methylprednisolone , a type of corticosteroid , inhibits the development of macrophages in the inflammation zone , diminishing the number and proliferation of fibroblasts in connective tissue , and suppressing the immune system .
methylprednisolone , by stabilizing cellular and organelle membranes , reduces kinin and bradykinin formation and blocks histamine and histamine - like substances intracellularly .
various routes and times of administration ( e.g. , oral , intravenous , and intramuscular ; preoperative and perioperative ) have recently been proposed because of limited benefits when the therapy was applied postoperatively .
although there are many studies in the literature about the effectiveness of corticosteroids and nsaids on reducing... | backgroundthe aim of the present study was to compare the effects of preemptive intravenous tenoxicam and methylprednisolone administrations on extraction of impacted third molars.material/methodsthis was a placebo - controlled , randomized , double - blind , clinical trial .
a total of 60 adult patients ages 1840 years with the complaints of impacted third molar teeth were included in the study.resultsthe postoperative swelling ratios ( p<0.05 ) and pain scores ( p<0.05 ) were significantly better in both study groups than in the control group and there was no statistically significant difference between methylprednisolone and tenoxicam groups with regards to the edema and pain relief.conclusionspreoperative administration of 80 mg methylprednisolone achieves better control of trismus than tenoxicam without any significant differences in edema and pain control in impacted third molar teeth extraction . |
5,880 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the practice of clinical laboratory medicine requires that test results be assessed to determine if the patient is normal or is subject to some pathological condition .
thus it s imperative that laboratories report test results along with reference intervals , in the past , typically called normal ranges . establishing reference intervals has always been a challenge as significant differences may exist in disease frequencies ; biological variation in analytes among ethnic groups , genders and ages ; specimen collection techniques ; test performance ; test interpretation ; and other factors .
physicians rely on the availability of appropriate and reliable reference intervals to accurately interpret laboratory test results combined with data collected during medical interview and clinical examination .
although health professionals understand the importance of reference intervals , many laboratories still do not have comprehensive data , especially ranges that are specific for their typical patient populations .
there continues to be significant gaps in the available reference intervals as frequently intervals cited in the literature were obtained using older methodologies and instrumentation and cover a limited range of age groups or a relatively small number of samples .
ferruccio ceriotti , a former chair of the ifcc committee for reference intervals and decision limits ( c - ridl ) , noted that
the theory of reference values was developed more than 30 years ago , but its application in most clinical laboratories is still incomplete today . and that this is due to the fact that obtaining a
good reference interval is a very demanding activity , in terms of time , money and knowledge ( 1 ) .
cerriotti also noted that the time , effort and money required to establish reference intervals are large and clinical laboratories are disinclined to modify reference intervals as this is a demanding task also requiring education of clinicians and patients .
large multicentre studies are needed to make real... | backgrounddefining reference intervals is a major challenge because of the difficulty in recruiting volunteers to participate and testing samples from a significant number of healthy reference individuals .
historical literature citation intervals are often suboptimal because they re be based on obsolete methods and/or only a small number of poorly defined reference samples.methodsblood donors in hong kong gave permission for additional blood to be collected for reference interval testing .
the samples were tested for twenty - five routine analytes on the abbott architect clinical chemistry system .
results were analyzed using the rhoads ep evaluator software program , which is based on the clsi / ifcc c28-a guideline , and defines the reference interval as the 95% central range.resultsmethod specific reference intervals were established for twenty - five common clinical chemistry analytes for a chinese ethnic population .
the intervals were defined for each gender separately and for genders combined .
gender specific or combined gender intervals were adapted as appropriate for each analyte.conclusiona large number of healthy , apparently normal blood donors from a local ethnic population were tested to provide current reference intervals for a new clinical chemistry system .
intervals were determined following an accepted international guideline .
laboratories using the same or similar methodologies may adapt these intervals if deemed validated and deemed suitable for their patient population .
laboratories using different methodologies may be able to successfully adapt the intervals for their facilities using the reference interval transference technique based on a method comparison study . |
5,881 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: symptomatic irreversible pulpitis is a pulpal state characterized by mild / severe pain that lingers after removal of a stimulus . in such cases ,
pulpectomy / extraction is required to alleviate the symptoms and prevent apical periodontitis . however , as the severity of pulpal inflammation can not be measured quantitatively , it must be based on clinical findings rather than histological diagnosis ; moreover , there is poor correlation between the two .
in addition , pulps of teeth clinically diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis were shown to have the potential to heal after pulpotomy with appropriate biomaterials such as mineral trioxide aggregate ( mta ) and calcium enriched mixture ( cem ) cement.[37 ] a systematic review revealed that to reduce the risk of carious pulp exposure , partial caries removal ( indirect pulp therapy [ ipt ] ) can result in long - term success compared with complete caries removal in the deep lesion .
a clinical trial demonstrated high survival rate of permanent teeth when deep carious lesions were managed without exposing the pulp by placing an indirect pulp cap .
these results demonstrated that the teeth pulps remained symptomless and maintained their healing potential and defensive capacity after treatment .
elimination of the bulk of the infected dentin and sealing the remaining carious lesion from oral fluids with appropriate materials is an accepted treatment for badly decayed teeth . in addition , performance of ipt is simpler / more economical than rct .
cem cement has been introduced as a water - based and tooth - colored endodontic biomaterial . after mixing with liquid , the ph of cem increases to > 10 .
it is assumed that in a high ph environment the calcium ions that are released from cem react with endogenous phosphates to form hydroxyapatite ; this would explain the favorable sealing ability / biocompatibility of the cement .
an in vitro study revealed that the anti - bacterial properties of cem are similar to calcium hydroxide .
cem has been employed as a root -... | dental pulp has the ability of repair / regeneration . indirect pulp therapy ( ipt ) is recommended for pulp preservation in asymptomatic teeth with extremely deep caries as well as teeth with clinical symptoms of reversible pulpitis . in this case study , we performed ipt with calcium enriched mixture ( cem ) cement on a symptomatic permanent molar . after clinical / radiographic examinations the tooth was diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis and associated apical periodontitis .
ipt involved partial caries removal , the placement of cem cement pulp cap and overlying adhesive permanent restoration . at the 1 week
follow - up , patient 's spontaneous symptoms had resolved .
one - year follow - up demonstrated pulp vitality , clinical function , as well as the absence of pain / tenderness to percussion / palpation / cold sensitivity tests ; periapical radiograph showed a healing periradicular lesion with newly formed bone , that is normal pulp with normal periodontium .
these favorable results indicate that ipt / cem may be a good treatment option in comparison to endodontic treatment in young patients .
ipt of deep - caries lesion is an easier , more practical and valuable treatment plan than complete caries removal . |
5,882 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the child who chronically breathes through the mouth might also have difficulties with functional capacity , compromised respiratory system , damaging lung ventilation with lower thoracic expansibility and , consequently , may develop a weakness of the respiratory muscles.1
2
3
4
5
currently researchers and clinicians are increasingly seeking methods of instrumental evaluation , especially with the goal to gather data complementary to clinical evaluations because it is necessary to evaluate the breathing muscles and consequences of those respiratory changes in the mouth breathing child.6
because the literature points to a physiologic relationship between mouth breathing standard and respiratory muscle strength and because there are few studies that evaluate the respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathers , the present study had the objective to develop a review to investigate studies that used the methods of evaluation of muscle strength in mouth breathers . the review was made in order to gather the clinical evidence available in the literature to answer the clinical question .
first , the research question was formulated , considering the goal of the review in this study : what are the evaluation methods of respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathers ?
next , a systematic search was made in medline databases via pubmed , latin american literature in the health sciences ( lilacs ) , and scientific electronic library online ( scielo ) , between november 2011 and october 2012 , and included papers and dissertations covering the evaluation methods of rms in inspiration and expiration during mouth breathing defining the eligibility criteria .
the keywords used for search followed the description of decs / mesh terms , being : muscle strength , mouth breathing , evaluation studies .
the combinations between those words were made in each database mentioned above , using the boolean operator and , without language restriction ( table 1 ) .
levels of evidence.7
studies with the major strength... | introduction the child who chronically breathes through the mouth may develop a weakness of the respiratory muscles .
researchers and clinical are seeking for methods of instrumental evaluation to gather complementary data to clinical evaluations . with this in mind , it is important to evaluate breathing muscles in the child with mouth breathing .
objective to develop a review to investigate studies that used evaluation methods of respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathers .
data synthesis the authors were unanimous in relation to manovacuometry method as a way to evaluate respiratory pressures in mouth breathing children .
two of them performed with an analog manovacuometer and the other one , digital .
the studies were not evaluated with regard to the method efficacy neither the used instruments .
conclusion there are few studies evaluating respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathing people through manovacuometry and the low methodological rigor of the analyzed studies hindered a reliable result to support or refuse the use of this technique . |
5,883 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: as discussed by both citron and nerem
and also bergman and nerem ,
the medical device industry evolved in the second half of the 20 century . first , there was kidney dialysis , a technology accredited to the pioneering work of a dutch physician , willem kolff . beyond the treatment of chronic kidney failure , kolff 's technologies formed the foundation to the membrane oxygenator .
in turn , this led to cardiopulmonary bypass being performed safely for extended periods of time .
there followed the development of prosthetic heart valves with the first implant being performed in 1952 .
clinically - practical electrical stimulation therapies for cardiac rhythm disorders began to emerge in the 1950s . in 1958 ,
c. walton lillehei collaborated with earl bakken , an electrical engineer , in the use of the world 's first transistorized battery - powered cardiac pacemaker that was externally powered .
however , a few years later , in 1960 , william chardack implanted the first pacemaker that was completely internal , i.e. within the body .
this was possible because of the mercury / zinc battery that had been designed by wilson greatbach , an engineer who passed away in 2011 .
this industry grew in the last 50 years to become a major industry with $ 200 billion in annual sales , with a workforce of 300,000 , and an industry that invests seven percent of revenues back into r&d .
bioengineering in universities has developed in parallel to the development of the medical device / implant industry . back in the 1950s and 1960s , bioengineering involved the application of the traditional engineering disciplines to problems in medicine and biology .
however , this all began to change in the 1970s with the establishment of academic departments , called either biomedical engineering or bioengineering .
this development grew slowly until the 1990s when there was an acceleration in the formation of such academic units .
this was due to many factors ; chief among these was the impact of the biological revolution and the... | the development of the modern era of bioengineering and the advances in our understanding of the cardiovascular system have been intertwined over the past one - half century .
this is true of bioengineering as an area for research in universities .
bioengineering is ultimately the beginning of a new engineering discipline , as well as a new discipline in the medical device industry . |
5,884 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: he reported chronic non - productive cough , weakness for the preceding three weeks , loss of appetite , and weight loss of about ten kilograms in six months .
the interview and the medical history documentation indicated that he was suffering from diabetes type 2 , paroxysmal atrial fibrillation , hypertension , chronic renal failure grade 3 , and from generalised atherosclerosis . at age 45
it was located in segment 6 of the right lung , with diameter of 4.5 cm and lysis in the centre .
in addition , the ct revealed in the enlarged lower pulmonary vein and in left atrium of the heart an hourglass - shaped structure with dimensions 5.4 1.6 cm .
the results of laboratory tests of serum revealed the elevation of d - dimers ( 791 ng / ml ) and c - reactive protein concentration ( 37 mg / l ) . in bronchofiberoscopy
the additional longitudinal echo ranging from right pulmonary vein ostia to the mouth of mitral valve was recorded
b ) the loss of contrast in the left atrium and thickening of the pulmonary vein .
after cardiothoracic consultation the patient was qualified for surgery . in the first stage sternotomy with extracorporeal circulation was performed .
we incised the left heart atrium and revealed a pale pink tumour , which we removed completely from the atrium and from the final section of the right lower pulmonary vein . in intraoperative cytology of the tumour imprints the pathologist found non - small cell lung carcinoma cells .
we decided to perform a right - sided thoracotomy in the second stage with right lower lung lobectomy and mediastinal lymphadenectomy .
2c the incised right pulmonary vein is shown with its wall infiltration forming the beginning section of the cardiovascular part of the tumour .
a ) intracardiac part of the tumour just before the resection and ( b ) just after the resection .
c ) right lower lobe the pulmonary vein is cut and the infiltration of the vein wall is shown .
in the final examination of the tumour the pathologist diagnosed mixed heterogeneous lung cancer (... | computed tomography is performed in every patient before lung tumour resection .
the presented case realises how important it is to perform this study with contrast . in a 75-year - old male we detected a tumour ingrowing from the right lung through the right lower pulmonary vein into the left atrium of the heart .
the patient was qualified for primary sternotomy with extracorporeal circulation and resection of the intracardiac part of the tumour . in the second stage ,
right - sided thoracotomy was performed , and right lower lung lobectomy was done .
mixed heterogeneous lung cancer was diagnosed ( squamous cell and non - small cell endocrine ) in stage iiia .
the perioperative period was uncomplicated .
the patient , due to renal failure , was not eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy .
if the patient were qualified for lobectomy based directly on computed tomography without contrast , there would have been a high risk of perioperative death due to embolic incidents and heart failure .
effective multidisciplinary collaboration allowed us to avoid this sort of complication . |
5,885 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: a total of 24 male sprague - dawley rats aged 10 weeks were obtained from a specific pathogen - free colony at samtako co. ( osan , republic of korea ) and used after one week of quarantine and acclimation . the institutional animal care and use committee of chonnam national university approved the protocols for the animal study , and the animals were cared for in accordance with the guidelines for animal experiments of chonnam national university .
ach was purchased from sigma - aldrich co. ( st . louis , mo , usa ) .
the test chemical was diluted to the appropriate concentration with corn oil ( sigma - aldrich , st .
louis , mo , usa ) and was administered orally to rats for 7 days .
healthy males were assigned randomly into four experimental groups of 6 rats each : three treatment groups receiving 3 , 10 , and 30 mg / kg / day ach and a vehicle control group .
the doses selected were on the basis of toxicity studies described earlier . all animals were observed daily for any clinical signs of toxicity and body weights were measured on days 0 , 1 , 2 , and 7 of the test . at the scheduled termination day ( day 7 of the study ) , all male rats were euthanized by carbon dioxide and exsanguination from the aorta .
the absolute weights of the prostates , seminal vesicles , testes and epididymides were measured and their weights relative to body weight calculated .
the left testis was homogenized and sonicated with 12 ml distilled water for sperm head count .
the sperm suspension was put into a hemacytometer ( neubauer , germany ) and the number of homogenization - resistant sperm heads was counted under a light microscope ( leica , germany ) . for motility measurements , the sperm was obtained from the left cauda epididymis , placed in hanks ' balanced salt solution ( ph 7.2 ) containing 5 mg / ml bovine serum albumin ( sigma chemical co. , st .
louis , mo , usa ) and maintained at 37. motility was observed using a microscope with a stage warmer .
sperm morphology was also examined using optical microscopy of... | this study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of -chlorohydrin ( ach ) on epididymal function and antioxidant system in male rats .
the test chemical was administered to male rats by gavage at doses of 0 , 3 , 10 , and 30 mg / kg / day for 7 days .
twenty - four male rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups , with six rats in each group .
spermatotoxicity was assessed by measurement of reproductive organ weight , testicular sperm head count , epididymal sperm motility and morphology , histopathologic examination , and oxidative damage analysis in rats . at 30 mg / kg / day , an increase in the incidence of clinical signs , epididymis weight , and gross necropsy findings of the epididymis , a decrease in the sperm motility , and an increased incidence of histopathological changes of the epididymis were observed in a dose - dependent manner . at 10 mg / kg / day , an increased incidence of clinical signs and histopathological changes and decreased sperm motility were observed . in the oxidative damage analysis ,
an increase in the malondialdehyde concentration and a decrease in the glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in the epididymal tissue were detected at 3 mg / kg / day .
the results show that graded doses of ach elicit depletion of the antioxidant defense system and that the spermatotoxicity of ach may be due to the induction of oxidative stress . |
5,886 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: this disease presents a slightly higher predominance in males , and most patients are diagnosed within the first fourth decades of life.1 although up to one third of dermoid cysts are found at birth , most of them are diagnosed in the second and third decades.2
almost 7% of all dermoids are located in the head and neck.3 they are frequently found in the region of the lateral part of the eyebrow , in the periorbital region , and in the midline nasal region . in the neck
they usually occur in the submental region , above the hyoid and always in the midline.3 this tumor accounts for fewer than 5% of all intracranial masses.2
tumors arising from the sinonasal region usually present late as their symptoms are often banal and may be overlooked by patients and their clinicians . the recent onset of unilateral nasal symptoms , without improvement with medical therapy , and orbital and neurologic symptoms should be investigated with imaging studies .
computed tomography ( ct ) and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) are used to characterize tumors of this region.4
endoscopic sinus surgery is a well - established technique for the treatment of sinus diseases , including chronic sinusitis and nasal neoplasms .
endoscopic sinus surgery to approach nasal neoplasms is limited , as the tumor can be too extensive.5 in this report , we discuss diagnosis , differential diagnosis , and possible approaches to lesions arising from the pterygopalatine fossa .
a 23-year - old man was admitted to a tertiary care center after a car accident , in which he sustained a pelvic / femoral fracture . there was no evidence of any associated injury , and a conversion to tracheostomy after long - term intubation
the patient was referred for brain mri ; a heterogeneous ovoid lesion hyperintense in t2-weighted imaging in the pterygopalatine fossa was discovered . as a matter of fact ,
this lesion was indenting the middle fossa and was closely related to the maxillary artery , sphenopalatine ganglia , and maxillary posterior wall .
the... | objective to describe a case of dermoid cyst arising from the pterygopalatine fossa and review the literature .
methods we report a case of a 23-year - old man who suffered a car accident 2 years before otolaryngologic attendance .
he had one episode of generalized tonic - clonic seizure and developed a reduction of visual acuity of the left side after the accident .
neurologic investigation was performed and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an incidental finding of a heterogeneous ovoid lesion in the pterygopalatine fossa , hyperintense on t2-weighted imaging .
results endoscopic sinus surgery with transpterygoid approach was performed .
the ovoid lesion was noted in the pterygopalatine fossa .
puncture for intraoperative evaluation showed a transparent thick fluid .
surprisingly , hair and sebaceous glands were found inside the cyst capsule .
the cyst was excised completely .
histologic examination revealed a dermoid cyst .
the patient currently has no evidence of recurrence at 1 year postoperatively .
conclusion this unique case is a rare report of a dermoid cyst incidentally diagnosed
. an endoscopic transnasal transpterygoid approach may be performed to treat successfully this kind of lesion .
although rare , it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of expansive lesions in the pterygopalatine fossa , including schwannoma , angiofibroma , esthesioneuroblastoma , osteochondroma , cholesterol granuloma , hemangioma , lymphoma , and osteoma . |
5,887 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma ( asa ) is an acquired or hereditary keratoderma of unknown etiology .
drug - induced cases of asa of the palms have been reported , associated with rofecoxib , celecoxib , aspirin , and in one case , tobramycin used for cystic fibrosis .
several pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed , including structural or functional defects of the horny layer during adolescence , primary disease of the sweat ducts , increased sodium concentration in the skin , thereby increasing the water - retention capacity of the horny layer or a reaction to drugs .
we present a case of a woman who used spironolactone for polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) and developed asa 2 weeks later , after withdrawing the drug .
a 21-year - old woman presented to our outpatient clinic with complaints of palmar eruption .
she noted wrinkling and edema of the skin on the palms after soaking in water for 5 - 10 min , 3 weeks earlier . the wrinkling and edema were accompanied by sensations of tightness , tingling , and pruritus .
the condition became better 10 - 15 minutes after exposure to water had ceased , but did not completely resolve .
these findings regressed gradually after drying the hands , but were not completely resolved . on dermatological examination ,
whitish , keratodermic , macerated plaques , and dilated punctae were observed over the volar surface of the hands [ figure 1 ] . after soaking the hands in water for 5 min ,
the lesions became more translucent , noticeable , and symptomatic [ figure 2 ] . before soaking the hands in water , whitish keratodermic macerated plaques and dilated punctae
were observed after soaking the hands in water for 5 min , the lesions became more translucent , noticeable , and symptomatic from her medical history , we learned that she used spironolactone for pcos up to 2 months earlier .
she denied any concomitant hyperhidrosis , a personal or family history of cystic fibrosis , abnormal scalp hair , or atopic diathesis .
her cousin had similar lesions years ago ,... | aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma is a rare , transient , and usually bilaterally symmetric , palmoplantar keratoderma .
patients complain of tingling and pain in the hands starting a few minutes after exposure to water and lasting for 20 - 30 minutes after removal .
clinically , there is marked wrinkling with edematous white papules on the palms or , less often , the soles .
we present the case of a 21-year - old woman who used spironolactone for polycystic ovary syndrome and had similar clinical features 2 weeks later , after withdrawing the drug . |
5,888 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: scorpions are fascinating animals . their venom with various potentialities has made them look both scary and fascinating .
the venom of some species of scorpion has a remarkable impact on religious attitudes , concepts , and views of different societies in the east and west .
also , they are believed by a few traditional groups in some parts of the world .
ancient egyptians believed that scorpions were created through decomposed corpses , crocodiles , and lizards . according to an algerian legend ,
therefore , they built the palace using totally smooth and flattened stones to be impenetrable by scorpions .
one day , a basket of grapes with a scorpion hidden in it was brought to the prince .
such legends describe to some extent the story of how the human is stung by scorpions .
relatives of an authority in ahvaz jundishapur university of medical sciences ( ajums ) took some vegetables for him .
his spouse was stung by a scorpion while cleaning them , and lost her life some days later .
treatment of those stung by venomous animals and their safety in ancient iran has contributed to the formation of various stories and legends .
mithridates vi was a cautious man and because he was afraid of being poisoned by his solders , he was accustomed to use some poison in his food every day .
the king was coincidentally defeated by the romans ; then , he decided to commit suicide .
however , whatever poison he ate he did not succeed , so he ordered one of his soldiers to stab him .
it seems that getting accustomed to a little and then gradually more amounts of poison has been common in ancient iran . on this occasion , mithridates vi is known as the first immunologist in iran .
mithradatism is the practice of protecting oneself against a poison by gradually self - administrating nonlethal amounts for the body to become accustomed to the poison .
later , galen made an antidote and named it therikos mithridatus . in countries such as sudan
, scorpions are put in sesame oil to make medicine for those stung by scorpions... | due to the medical and therapeutic importance of scorpions in iranian traditional medicine , this review was conducted on the treatment of scorpion sting as performed by traditional healers in order to realize complications , clinical manifestations , diversities , and deficiencies in the prevention , control , and treatment as mentioned in the pertained literatures .
this study tried to make known and investigate attitudes of the iranian national and traditional medicine towards controlling these venomous animals .
keywords and articles were searched through relevant sites on the internet .
we investigated different journals and references for the iranian traditional medicine .
based on the articles and books found , we tried to find suitable solutions to problems from the viewpoint of traditional medicine .
scorpion sting dates back to ancient iran and has been widely reflected in the resources of iranian traditional medicine .
the traditional medicine offers various guidelines that can be beneficial in this respect .
new attitude towards scorpion sting with regard to traditional medicine resources can enhance control and prevention of scorpion stings .
consequently , this attitude leads authorities and researchers to a decreased level of scorpion stings or related consequences . |
5,889 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: insulator proteins confer activity to insulators sequences , a class of functional elements with important roles in the regulation of chromosomal organization . in this study , we investigated the origin of the seven known proteins associated with insulator activity in d. melanogaster . to find potential orthologs of these proteins in other organisms , we followed two independent strategies . on the one hand , we performed blast searches and analyzed a large number of candidate sequences in phylogenetic experiments ( table 1 ; figs .
s1s4 ) . on the other hand , we combined hmm searches and mcl clustering to examine which of the candidates share orthology with a known drosophila insulator ( table s4 ) . with both methods we found robust evidence that the known drosophila insulators ( except ctcf ) are restricted to arthropods and have been acquired successively during arthropod evolution ( fig . 2 ;
, we did not find evidence for the existence of known drosophila insulator proteins outside the arthropods by analyzing seven genomes from four protostome phyla ( annelida , mollusca , platyhelminthes , nematoda ) .
it is unlikely that a lack of sensitivity is responsible for this result as we find ctcf orthologs in the annelid capitella spi , in the mollusc lottia gigantea , and in the nematode trichinella spiralis , faithfully replicating the results of previous work with an independent method ( heger et al .
the detection of ctcf in all 19 analyzed arthropod genomes , including so far unknown orthologs ( e.g. , from the myriapod strigamia maritima and the strepsipteran m. moldrzyki ) , further confirms the specificity and sensitivity of our approach .
second , the zf proteins ctcf and su(hw ) are consistently present in arthropods from which genome sequences are available plus in some additional orders with a significant number of ests . in both cases , the presence of orthologous sequences in the three subgroups of arthropods indicates that the common ancestor of arthropods already had these proteins .
such an... | alteration of regulatory dna elements or their binding proteins may have drastic consequences for morphological evolution .
chromatin insulators are one example of such proteins and play a fundamental role in organizing gene expression .
while a single insulator protein , ctcf ( ccctc - binding factor ) , is known in vertebrates , drosophila melanogaster utilizes six additional factors .
we studied the evolution of these proteins and show here that
in contrast to the bilaterian - wide distribution of ctcf all other d. melanogaster insulators are restricted to arthropods .
the full set is present exclusively in the genus drosophila whereas only two insulators , su(hw ) and ctcf , existed at the base of the arthropod clade and all additional factors have been acquired successively at later stages .
secondary loss of factors in some lineages further led to the presence of different insulator subsets in arthropods .
thus , the evolution of insulator proteins within arthropods is an ongoing and dynamic process that reshapes and supplements the ancient ctcf - based system common to bilaterians .
expansion of insulator systems may therefore be a general strategy to increase an organism s gene regulatory repertoire and its potential for morphological plasticity . |
5,890 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: antimicrobial resistance can also lead to a delay in the administration of appropriate drugs , and the drugs required to treat resistant pathogens can be toxic ( 2 ) .
antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide problem with the exception of a few countries in northern europe ( 3 ) .
however , even in sweden , where resistant bacteria are rare , increases of ciprofloxacin- resistant escherichia coli and imipenem - resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa have been reported ( 4 ) .
the prevalence of resistant bacteria varies significantly in different countries as it is influenced by the amount of antimicrobial agents used .
the major reasons for performing surveillance are to determine the size of the problem , to see whether resistance is increasing or not , to detect any previously unknown types of resistance , and to determine whether any particular type of resistance is spreading or is associated with an outbreak ( 1 ) .
analysis of routine susceptibility data has some limitations , which include its inaccuracy , but it does not require much resource .
longitudinal studies of resistance trends are considered most beneficial for the detection of subtle changes in resistance ( 5 ) .
a previous nationwide surveillance in korea showed increasing resistance rates of enterococcus faecium to vancomycin , enterobacteriaceae to fluoroquinolones , the 3rd generation cephalosporins , cephamycins and fluoroquinolones , and p. aeruginosa and acinetobacters to carbapenems ( 6 ) .
it is hoped that the korean national health insurance program , which in 2001 abolished over - the - counter sales of antimicrobial agents and started to scrutinize proper use of antimicrobial agents at hospitals , has had some impact upon reducing resistant bacteria .
the aim of the surveillance in 2001was : to determine any changing trends in the above - mentioned serious resistances in particular , besides the common resistances at korean nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance ( konsar ) hospitals in different locations , and to... | the 5th year konsar surveillance in 2001 was based on routine test data at 30 participating hospitals .
it was of particular interest to find a trend in the resistances of enterococci to vancomycin , of enterobacteriaceae to the 3rd generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone , and of pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacters to carbapenem .
resistance rates of gram - positive cocci were : 70% of staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin ; 88% and 16% of enterococcus faecium to ampicillin and vancomycin , respectively .
seventy - two percent of pneumococci were nonsusceptible to penicillin .
the resistance rates of enterobacteriaceae were : escherichia coli , 28% to fluoroquinolone ; klebsiella pneumoniae , 27% to ceftazidime , and 20% to cefoxitin ; and enterobacter cloacae , 40% to cefotaxime and ceftazidime .
the resistance rates of p. aeruginosa were 21% to ceftazidime , 17% to imipenem , and those of the acinetobacters were 61% to ceftazidime , aminoglycosides , fluoroquinolone and cotrimoxazole .
thirty - five percent of non - typhoidal salmonellae were ampicillin resistant , and 66% of haemophilus influenzae were -lactamase producers .
notable changes over the 1997 - 2001 period were : increases in vancomycin - resistant e. faecium , and amikacin- and fluoroquinolone - resistant acinetobacters . with the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria ,
nationwide surveillance has become more important for optimal patient management , for the control of nosocomial infection , and for the conservation of the newer antimicrobial agents . |
5,891 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the etiology of kienbock 's disease , also
known as ( osteonecrosis of the lunate , remains
controversial .
it commonly occurs in patients
twenty to fourty years old and presents with pain
and stiffness in the dorsomedial aspect of the wrist .
several risk factors have been established to help
explain its etiology : acute or repetitive trauma ,
variation in blood supply to the lunate , differences
in the anatomy and shape of the lunate bone , and
venous congestion ( 1 , 2 ) . abnormal biomechanics
at the radiocarpal joint between the distal radius
and ulna has also been implicated in kienbock 's
disease ( 3 , 4 ) .
ulnar variance describes the length
relationship between the articular surfaces of the
radius and ulna at the radiocarpal joint .
positive
ulnar variance indicates that the ulna is longer than
the radius , while negative ulnar variance indicates
that the ulna is shorter at the wrist joint . in neutral
ulnar variance 80% of the axial load at the wrist
is transmitted through the distal radius . as ulnar
variance decreases to more negative values , the load transmission across the distal radiocarpal
joint increases , subsequently exposing the lunate
to abnormally higher pressures and potentially
increasing the risk of kienbock 's disease ( 3 , 4 ) .
kienbock 's disease is also associated
with systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) ( 5 - 8 ) ,
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome ( 9 ) , sickle
cell anemia ( 10 ) , and crohn 's enteritis ( 11 ) .
multiple hereditary osteochondromata ( 12 ) , carpal
coalition ( 13 , 14 ) and congenital shortening of the
ulna in langer - giedion syndrome ( 15 ) , are other
anatomic abnormalities that have been reported
with kienbock 's disease .
rheumatic diseases ,
including scleroderma ( 16 - 18 ) , rheumatoid arthritis
( 19 ) , gout ( 20 , 21 ) and dermatomyositis ( 22 ) have
been published in association with kienbock 's , but
there have been no identifiable cases in patients
with juvenile idiopathic... | kienbock 's disease or osteonecrosis of the lunate is an uncommon
cause of wrist pain . .
though there have been several reports of cases in patients
with various rheumatologic diseases , the precise etiology has currently not been
established .
we report a case of kienbock 's disease that occurred in a patient with
juvenile idiopathic arthritis . to our knowledge
, this is the first case report with an
association between these two conditions . |
5,892 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: pharmacopuncture refers to be in the limelight acupuncture therapy that treat diseases by using techniques such as warming ( chunghwa ) , alcohol extraction or pressing to extract drugs from one or more oriental medicines and then injecting them into specific acupoints related to the disease and adjusting meridian functions .
cathami semen is the seed of the safflower and is composed of 20%-30% fatty oil ( acids ) , whose main constituents are glycerides , linoleic acid , and oleic acid , as well as serotonin , serotonin conjugate , and serotobenin .
carthamus tinctorious l. contains safflower - yellow cathamin , which reportedly extends blood vessels , excites the uterus , and reduces blood cholesterol . in oriental medicine ,
carthamus tinctorious l. has warmness , which can affect detoxification , pain relief and blood circulation .
carthmi - flos herbal acupuncture ( cf ) , a representative meridian pharmacopuncture medicine , is an oriental medicine made by extracting and refining oil from cathami semen .
cf was prepared in a sterile laborotary at the korean pharmacopuncture institute ( kpi ) .
after the seeds had been cleaned , ground and peeled , they were screw pressed on a prepared mat .
water soluble carthmi - flos herbal acupuncture ( wcf ) was prepared by homogenizing cf , water for injection ( wfi ) and an emulsifier .
pharmacopuncture with carthamus tinctorious l. is a representative pharmacopuncture method whose efficacy was demonstrated by many studies .
various studies on the effects of pharmacopuncture with carthamus tinctorious l. in treating painful diseases , such as anti - pain effects in an arthritis model on experimental animals , pain - relief effects in degenerative knee arthritis patients , and effects in reducing backache according to the oswestry disability index , were conducted , as were studies on immune - function and blood - vessel effects , including its anti - carcinogenic activity and its effect on suppressing blood clots induced by endotoxin .
other studies addressed... | objectives : this experiment was conducted to examine the toxicity of water soluble carthmi - flos herbal acupuncture ( wcf ) by administering a single intramuscular dose of wcf in 6-week - old , male and female sprague - dawley rats and to find the lethality dose for wcf.methods:the experiment was conducted at biotoxtech according to good laboratory practices under a request by the korean pharmacopuncture institute .
this experiment was performed based on the testing standards of toxicity test standards for drugs by the ministry of food and drug safety .
subjects were divided into 4 groups : 1 control group in which normal saline was administered and 3 test groups in which 0.1 , 0.5 or 1.0 ml of wcf was administered ; a single intramuscular dose was injected into 5 males and 5 females in each group .
general symptoms and body weights were observed / measured for 14 days after injection . at the end of the observation period , hematological and clinical chemistry tests were performed , followed by necropsy and histopathological examinations of the injected sections.results:no mortalities were observed in any group .
also , symptoms , body weight , hematology , clinical chemistry and necropsy were not affected
. however , histopathological examination of the injected part in one female in the 1.0-ml group showed infiltration of mononuclear cells and a multi - nucleated giant cell around eosinophilic material.conclusion:administration of single intramuscular doses of wcf in 3 groups of rats showed that the approximate lethal dose of wcf for all rats was in excess of 1.0 ml , as no mortalities were observed for injections up to and including 1.0 ml . |
5,893 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: stress may be broadly defined as the constellation of physiological and behavioral responses to any challenge that overwhelms , or is perceived to overwhelm , selective homeostatic systems of the individual ( selye , 1980 ; day , 2005 ) .
a hallmark feature of stress entails activation of the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal ( hpa ) axis .
this neuroendocrine cascade is initiated when visceromotor neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus ( pvh ) stimulate the release of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone ( acth ) into the bloodstream , which , in turn , activates glucocorticoid ( gc ; cortisol in humans , corticosterone in rodents ) secretion from the adrenal gland ( antoni , 1986 ) .
gcs are the end - products of hpa axis activation , and facilitate catabolic processes throughout the body during stress by increasing energy metabolism and utilization .
gcs also have activating effects on cardiovascular output , and inhibit non - essential processes , such as immune and reproductive functions . finally , hpa axis activation during stress
alters cognitive and emotional processes relevant for behavioral adaptation ( e.g. , shors et al . , 1992 ; mcintyre et al . , 2003 ) .
despite the critical role that stress plays for adaptive coping and survival of the individual , it is widely implicated in the onset of psychiatric disease , most notably depression and post - traumatic stress disorder ( kessler , 1997 ; yehuda , 2002 ) .
initial studies revealed that patients hospitalized for major depressive illness commonly manifested hypercortisolemia and hpa axis insensitivity to gc receptor agonist treatment ( i.e. , dexamethasone supression test ; carroll et al . , 1976 ) .
a wealth of research implicates elevated gcs in compromised brain function , disruptions in the neural circuits imparting negative feedback control over the hpa axis , and further endangerment of brain regions targeted by gcs ( for reviews , see sapolsky et al . , 1986 ; conrad , 2008 ) .
since the neural substrates providing... | a network of interconnected cell groups in the limbic forebrain regulates hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal ( hpa ) axis activation during emotionally stressful experiences , and disruption of these systems is broadly implicated in the onset of psychiatric illnesses .
a significant challenge has been to unravel the circuitry and mechanisms providing for regulation of hpa output , as these limbic forebrain regions do not provide any direct innervation of hpa effector cell groups in the paraventricular hypothalamus ( pvh ) .
recent evidence will be highlighted that endorses a discrete region within the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis serving as a neural hub for integrating and relaying hpa - inhibitory influences to the pvh during emotional stress , whereas the prevailing view has involved a more complex organization of mulitple cell groups arranged in parallel between the forebrain and pvh .
a hypothesis will be advanced that accounts for the capacity of this network to constrain the magnitude and/or duration of hpa axis output in response to emotionally stressful experiences , and for how chronic stress - induced synaptic reorganization in key cell groups may lead to an attrition of these influences , resulting in hpa axis hyperactivity . |
5,894 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) and obesity are increasingly assuming importance as public health problems in our country , especially among the north indians . both conditions have a complex etiopathogenesis and epidemiology .
it is well - known that across the globe indians are genetically and environmentally predisposed to develop metabolic syndrome ( ms ) , diabetes and cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) at younger age and lower indices of body fat .
worldwide increased body iron store ( bis ) has been emerging as putative risk factor for development of insulin resistance and cvd .
basic , clinical , and epidemiological studies have generated enough scientific evidence to suggest that iron overload is proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic .
measurement of bis involves use of many variables , of which serum ferritin ( sf ) has been found to be a reliable tool , providing that confounding effects by inflammatory , hepatic , or neoplastic diseases are excluded . body circumference measures , such as waist circumference ( wc ) represent adiposity and these have been undisputedly associated with , insulin resistance syndrome and t2 dm , thus wc may be significantly associated with bis as reflected by sf concentrations .
this study was carried out to study the relationship of bis with t2 dm and obesity in north indian population .
the basic idea was to evaluate the utility of sf as an additional marker of ms ; and to identify the subgroup of individuals at risk for iron - related tissue damage , diabetes and cvd .
this was a cross - sectional observational study carried out on a randomized sample of patients presenting to our medical outpatient department for a period of 10 months ( february - november 2009 ) .
the study population was categorized into four groups consisting of : group a : normal healthy individuals ( controls ) ; group b : obese nondiabetic individuals ; group c : lean diabetic patients ; group d : obese diabetic patients .
this study was restricted to men and postmenopausal women to eliminate... | introduction : evidence from various epidemiological and clinical studies suggests that iron overload is proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic .
excess body iron has been positively associated with insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes and obesity.aim of the study : to study the relationship of body iron stores with type 2 diabetes and obesity in middle aged north indian population.materials and methods : the participant population consisted of four groups of randomly selected participants ( between 40 and 65 years of age and postmenopausal women ) ; group a : normal individuals ( controls ) , group b : obese nondiabetic individuals , group c : lean diabetic patients , group d : obese diabetic patients .
blood was examined for hematological , biochemical estimations , c - reactive protein , and serum ferritin ( sf).observation and results : a total of 197 participants were enrolled .
the mean sf levels ( ng / ml ) among males were : group a ( n = 18 ) 148.56 119.90 ; group b ( n = 25 ) 129.11 94.77 ; group c ( n = 27 ) 127.96 109.65 and group d ( n = 22 ) 148.36 104.94 . the mean sf levels ( ng / ml ) among females were : group a ( n = 23 ) 67.44 37.59 ; group b ( n = 25 ) 59.62 43.56 ; group c ( n = 24 ) 77.97 91.46 and group d ( n = 33 ) 66.46 86.05 .
no statistical difference was found among the groups in both the sexes.conclusions:our observation is in sharp contrast to the earlier studies published from the west stressing that iron stores are increased in obesity and diabetes .
we conclude that sf may not be a strong risk factor in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes in middle aged north indians . |
5,895 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: enema administration has been a common practice worldwide for several centuries for the treatment of chronic constipation and for preparation of patient for a diagnostic test or a surgery .
it seldom causes so prolonged lower gastrointestinal bleed that requires massive blood transfusion and rarely requires colectomy .
we report an unusual complication of herbal enema in the form of severe ileo - colitis with persistent massive lower gastrointestinal bleed immediately after administration of enema for the treatment of chronic constipation .
the bleeding was refractory to conservative treatment and was managed with emergency total laparoscopic colectomy .
a 57-year - old male patient presented with persistent massive bleeding per rectum for one month that developed immediately after administration of herbal enema by a religious quack for the treatment of chronic constipation .
he was admitted at some other hospital for the same complaint and was managed conservatively with oral glucocorticoid , 5-aminosalicylate preparation , metronidazole , entofoam ( hydrocortisone acetate ) and sucralfate enema .
he had history of 48 units of blood transfusions during the course of conservative management to raise the haemoglobin above 8 mg / dl , but the condition did not improve and the patient was referred to our centre for further management . on clinical examination ,
the patient was pale , had tachycardia ( pulse , 136/min . ) and hypotension ( systolic blood pressure , 70 mmhg ) .
colonoscopy revealed extensive ulcerations and friability of entire colon , more on left colon and ileal intubation also showed multiple ulcerations [ figure 1 ] .
cect of abdomen showed distended small and large bowel with no air - fluid level .
endoscopic view : ulcerations and friability of colonic mucosa we gave the patient a trial of conservative management because the condition was not permissible to withstand a major abdominal surgery .
conservative management did not work and once again patient developed massive lower... | various colonic side - effects of herbal enema have been reported in literature ranging from mild abdominal discomfort to self - limiting haemorrhagic colitis .
it rarely requires blood transfusion or subtotal colectomy .
we report a 57-year - old male patient developing severe ileo - colitis with persistent massive rectal bleeding immediately after herbal enema administration for the treatment of chronic constipation and was resistant to conservative management .
patient was managed successfully with emergency total laparoscopic colectomy .
post - operative recovery of the patient was excellent . |
5,896 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) is a psychobiological disorder that is described by attention deficit , hyperactivity , and reduced impulse control .
based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , fifth edition ( dsm - v ) , adhd is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development .
the inattention manifests behaviorally in adhd as wandering off task , lacking persistence , having difficulty sustaining focus and being disorganized , and is not due to defiance or lack of comprehension .
hyperactivity refers to excessive motor activity ( such as a child running about ) when it is not appropriate , or excessive fidgeting , tapping , or talkativeness ( 1 ) . based on dsm - v results ,
the 3 subtypes that are related to adhd include predominantly hyperactive , predominantly inattentive , and a combination of one or more of the aforementioned types .
a child must demonstrate at least 6 of the 9 symptoms and adolescents must demonstrate at least 5 of the 9 symptoms in a cluster form before the 3 subtypes ( 1 ) .
past research illustrated that symptoms related to hyperactivity may decrease as the child grows older , while the child s inattentiveness remains relatively unchanged ( 2 , 3 ) .
barkley defined the main characteristic of adhd as difficulty in behavioral inhibition ( 4 ) .
unintentional behavior possessed by the child diagnosed with adhd appeared to affect their academic achievement throughout their academic career .
in addition , these children displayed problems with their social skills and difficulty communicating , due to the apparent frustrations with their academic performance ( 5 ) .
the dsm - v shows that the rate of adhd was greater in males than in females , with a ratio of nearly 2:1 in children and 1.6:1 in adults ( 1 ) .
attention deficit includes the combination of biologically determined reactivity of the nervous system and failure to self - regulate , and environmental... | context : the aim of this study was to determine the experimental evidence of treatment / intervention programs for deficits in social skills , attention , and behavioral disorder in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd).evidence acquisition : meta - analysis procedures were employed to investigate whether children and adolescents with adhd exhibit deficits in attention and social skills .
a total of 17 empirical research studies published between 2000 and 2013 met our inclusion criteria .
attention and social skills measures were categorized according to both modality and type of processing required.results:children with adhd exhibited deficits in multiple components of attention and social skills that were not related to language - learning disorders and weaknesses in general intellectual abilities . the overall percentage effect for attention and social skills in students with adhd was calculated ( effect size = 0 .
79 , confidence interval = 0.57 - 1.08 ) .
this meta - analysis study showed that treatment programs reduced attention deficit and social skills in adhd children and adolescents.conclusions:the evidence of attention and social skills deficits in children with adhd supports recent studies in adhd deficits .
further research is required to explain in detail the nature , severity , and specificity of the deficits in individuals with adhd . |
5,897 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: therapeutic proteins and peptides have potential to elicit immune responses [ 1 , 2 ] , resulting in anti - drug antibodies ( adas ) that can pose problems for both patient safety and product efficacy .
clinical consequences can range from relatively mild to serious adverse events [ 35 ] , such as anaphylaxis , cytokine release syndrome , and cross - reactive neutralization of endogenous proteins mediating critical functions .
ada can affect drug efficacy and biodistribution and drug clearance , and complicate the interpretations of toxicity and pharmacokinetic ( pk ) and pharmacodynamic ( pd ) data [ 68 ] . during drug development immunogenicity
is examined by risk - based approach along with specific strategies for developing fit - for - purpose bioanalytical approaches .
enzyme - linked immunosorbent assays ( elisa ) and electrochemiluminescence ( ecl ) immunoassays are the most widely used platform for ada detection due to their high sensitivity and throughput
. lower affinity ada can be detected by surface plasmon resonance , biolayer interferometry , or other platforms .
typically , detection of ada is followed by assessments of the magnitude ( titer ) of the ada response and the in vitro neutralizing ability of ada , especially in late - stage clinical studies .
additional characterization of ada such as immunoglobulin subclass or isotype determinations , domain - mapping , relative binding affinity , cross - reactivity with endogenous proteins , or complement activating ability of the ada may be driven by product - specific , indication - specific , or risk assessment - based objectives [ 9 , 12 , 13 ] .
recommendations for ada assay development , method validation , and testing strategies have been published by the ligand - binding assay bioanalytical focus group ( lbabfg ) of american association of pharmaceutical scientists ( aaps ) [ 10 , 12 , 1416 ] .
additionally , scientific publications on risk - based approaches to immunogenicity assessments [ 9 , 12 , 1719 ] and regulatory documents from... | therapeutic proteins and peptides have potential to elicit immune responses resulting in anti - drug antibodies that can pose problems for both patient safety and product efficacy . during drug development immunogenicity is usually examined by risk - based approach along with specific strategies for developing fit - for - purpose bioanalytical approaches .
enzyme - linked immunosorbent assays and electrochemiluminescence immunoassays are the most widely used platform for ada detection due to their high sensitivity and throughput . during the past decade , lc / ms has emerged as a promising technology for quantitation of biotherapeutics and protein biomarkers in biological matrices , mainly owing to its high specificity , selectivity , multiplexing , and wide dynamic range . in fully taking these advantages ,
we describe here an immunocapture - lc / ms methodology for simultaneous isotyping and semiquantitation of ada in human plasma .
briefly , ada and/or drug - ada complex is captured by biotinylated drug or anti - drug ab , immobilized on streptavidin magnetic beads , and separated from human plasma by a magnet .
ada is then released from the beads and subjected to trypsin digestion followed by lc / ms detection of specific universal peptides for each ada isotype .
the lc / ms data are analyzed using cut - point and calibration curve .
the proof - of - concept of this methodology is demonstrated by detecting preexisting ada in human plasma . |
5,898 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: they act via mechanisms classified as central or peripheral ; though some act through both pathways
. the antitussive effect of an ethanolic seed extract of picralima nitida ( pne ) has previously been established by the authors .
however , the mode of activity of cough medicines could be attributed to at least five reasons : pharmacological , physiological , true placebo , psychological and non - specific action .
plant / plant products exhibiting antitussive activity may not have one mode of expressing this pharmacological effect.3 , 4 the purport of this study was to establish the possible mode of antitussive and expectorant activity of an ethanolic seed extract of p. nitida .
this will be ascertained by ; evaluating muco - suppression effect , assessing mast cell stabilization effect , and establishing antibacterial , anxiolytic , antioxidant activity in various rodent models .
the pods of p. nitida were collected from the knust botanical garden in kumasi , ghana , in february , 2013 .
the pods were opened , the seeds removed , air - dried , and milled into powder .
the powder weighing four ( 4 ) kg was extracted by cold maceration with 70% ethanol over a period of 72 h. the resulting extract was then concentrated at a temperature of 40 c and under low pressure to a syrupy mass in a rotary evaporator ( rotavapor r-210 , buchi , switzerland ) .
the syrupy mass obtained was then dried in a hot air oven ( gallenkamp , uk ) maintained at 40 c to obtain 0.532 kg ( % yield : 13.3% ) of a solid mass of p. nitida extract ( pne ) .
macau ) ; ammonium chloride ( philip harris , hyde - cheshire ; uk ) ; phenol red and sodium chloride ( bdh chemicals ltd , poole , england ) ; ketotifen fumarate ( novartis pharma ag , basle , switzerland ) ; compound 48/80 and toluidine blue ( sigma chemical co. , st .
louis , mo , usa ) ; sodium hydroxide ( avondale , england ) ; acetic acid , diazepam ( sigma aldrich inc . , st .
louis , mo , usa ) , caffeine ( sigma aldrich inc . , st .
balb / c mice ( 2030 g ) and a... | it has been established that picralima nitida has antitussive effect .
this study therefore aimed at determining the possible mode of antitussive and expectorant activity of an ethanolic seed extract of p. nitida ( pne ) .
the muco - suppressant , mast cell stabilization , and the anxiolytic effects of pne were ascertained using ammonium chloride - induced phenol red secretion in balb / c mice ; compound 48/80-induced mesenteric mast cell degranulation assay ; and the open field and the elevated plus maze models respectively .
antibacterial potential was ascertained by the agar plate diffusion method and its antioxidant potential by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate ( dpph ) free radical scavenging , linoleic acid lipid peroxidation , reducing power , and total antioxidant assays .
data obtained was analyzed using one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) with dunnett 's multiple comparison post hoc test .
pne ( 100500 mg / kg ) reduced ( p 0.050.001 ) tracheal phenol red secretion .
the extract ( 100500 g / ml ) also dose - dependently ( p 0.050.0001 ) stabilized mast cells .
pne ( 100500 mg / kg ) increased open arm activities in the elevated plus maze ( p 0.05 ) as well as central zone exploration ( p 0.05 ) in the open field test .
pne ( 1050 mg / ml ) showed activity against staphylococcus aureus , streptococcus pneumonia , escherichia coli , klebsiella pneumonia , and salmonella typhi . by the assays
, pne showed significant antioxidant effect .
the ethanolic seed extract of p. nitida has demonstrated very significant mast cell stabilizing , mucus suppressant , and antioxidant activity as well as substantial antibacterial and anxiolytic properties ; all of which could contribute to its antitussive and expectorant property . |
5,899 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: biliary cast syndrome ( bcs ) is characterized by the presence of casts within the intra- or extrahepatic biliary system .
retained lithogenic material in the bile duct may lead to obstruction of the biliary tract and also to cholangitis [ 1 , 2 ] .
bcs is an uncommon complication which is mostly described in orthotopic liver transplantation [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] .
bcs is characterized by the presence of casts causing obstruction in the bile duct tree .
formation in this syndrome included exudative inflammation of the bile duct epithelium [ 6 , 7 ] , ischemic injury to the biliary endothelium , use of postoperative biliary drainage tubes and biliary infection .
bcs has also rarely been reported in non - liver transplant patients [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] .
there is no recommended standard management for patients who develop cholangiopathy secondary to bcs , and each case should be managed individually .
we describe a male long - term opium inhaler with bcs who underwent successful endoscopic removal of the cast by balloon enteroscopy - guided endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography .
a 52-year - old man , who was a known case of opium addiction , presented with the chief complaint of epigastric pain for 1 week prior to admission .
routine laboratory evaluation revealed cholestatic liver enzyme elevation with alkaline phosphatase 1,810 iu / l ( reference range 80306
iu / l ) , total bilirubin 0.5 mg / dl ( reference range 0.11.2 mg / dl ) with normal aminotransferases , high erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( 90 mm / s ) and normal prothrombin time .
serum levels of fasting blood sugar , blood nitrogen urea , creatinine , triglyceride , total and low - density lipoprotein cholesterol and uric acid as well as thyroid function tests were in the normal range .
an abdominal ct scan demonstrated dilated intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts ( the common bile duct measured 11 mm ) .
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a distended gallbladder and a dilated bile duct with the conclusion of... | biliary cast syndrome ( bcs ) is an uncommon complication which is mostly described in orthotopic liver transplantation .
however , bcs has also been reported rarely in non - liver transplant patients .
we describe a male long - term opium inhaler with bcs who underwent successful endoscopic cast removal by balloon enteroscopy - guided endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography . a 52-year - old man , who was a known case of opium addiction , presented with the chief complaint of epigastric pain for 1 week prior to admission .
routine laboratory evaluation revealed cholestatic liver enzyme elevation .
a cholestatic pattern was seen in radiographic modalities .
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a linear filling defect in the intra- and extrahepatic duct .
a long biliary cast was successfully removed using an extractor balloon .
after removal of the biliary cast the patient is receiving ursodeoxycholic acid and does not report any problem 4 months after treatment .
it seems that biliary dyskinesia due to long - term opium use can be a predisposing factor for biliary cast formation . |
5,900 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: splenectomy is the preferred treatment for many hematologic diseases and is a necessary skill for any surgeon . in the early 1990s
laparoscopic splenectomy ( ls ) took shape as a viable alternative to open surgery ( os ) and quickly became the standard of care for many splenic disorders .
previously published data have shown that ls is associated with decreased postoperative pain ; shorter recovery time ; decreased blood loss ; and decreased pulmonary , wound , and infectious complications . a report published in 2009 , based on cases recorded in the nationwide inpatient sample ( nis ) database , demonstrated that from 1998 through 2006 only 8.8% of splenectomies were performed with a laparoscopic approach , with no single year having greater than 12% of splenectomies performed laparoscopically .
we used more recent data to update these statistics and identify any trends in the use of ls in the united states .
the nis was queried for both oss and lss performed from the beginning of 2005 through 2010 .
the icd-9 diagnostic and procedure codes that were included covered all splenic diseases , abdominal pain diagnoses ( 789.00 , 789.02 , 789.07 , and 789.09 ) , and procedure codes ( 41.5 for splenectomy ) .
laparoscopic peritoneoscopy ( 54.21 ) and laparoscopic enterolysis ( 54.51 ) were used to capture the laparoscopic cases .
we excluded partial splenectomies and those performed for traumatic injury and vascular anomaly and as part of a pancreatectomy .
the remaining patients were examined for age , comorbid conditions , and conversion to open splenectomy ( cs ) .
we then evaluated for postoperative complications , including deep vein thrombosis , pulmonary embolus , hemorrhage , portal vein thrombosis , postoperative pneumonia , cardiac complications , stroke , shock , renal failure , wound dehiscence , fistula , mortality , and length of stay .
the top 8 admitting diagnoses leading to splenectomy were identified ( table 1 ) . a bivariate logistic regression
was then performed to evaluate for factors that... | background and objectives : laparoscopic splenectomy ( ls ) has been shown to offer superior outcomes when compared to open splenectomy ( os ) . despite the potential advantages associated with the minimally invasive technique
, laparoscopy appears to be underused .
we sought to evaluate the nationwide trends in ls.methods:the nationwide inpatient sample ( nis ) database was queried for both os and ls procedures performed from 2005 through 2010 .
partial splenectomies and those performed for traumatic injury , vascular anomaly , or as part of a pancreatectomy were excluded .
the included cases were examined for age of the patient and comorbid conditions .
we then evaluated the postoperative complications , overall morbidity , mortality , and length of hospital stay.results:a total of 37,006 splenectomies were identified .
of those , os accounted for 30,108 ( 81.4% ) cases , ls for 4,938 ( 13.3% ) , and conversion to open surgery ( cs ) for 1,960 ( 5.3% )
. the overall rate of morbidity was significantly less in the ls group than in the os group ( 7.4% vs 10.4% ; p < .0001 ) .
the ls group had less mortality ( 1.3% vs 2.5% ,
p < .05 ) and a shorter length of stay ( 5.6 8 days vs 7.5 9 days).conclusions : despite the benefits conferred by ls , it appears to be underused in the united states .
there has been an improvement in the rate of splenectomies completed laparoscopically when compared to nis data from the past ( 8.8% vs 13% ; p < .05 ) .
the conversion rate is appreciably higher for ls than for other laparoscopic procedures , suggesting that splenectomies require advanced laparoscopic skills and that consideration should be given to referring patients in need of the procedure to appropriately experienced surgeons . |
5,901 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: the prevalence of overweight among danish children aged 68 years was 15% and 21% among boys and girls , respectively .
ideally , the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity should begin as early as possible , which may even be before birth .
changes to the intrauterine environment , caused by stress or malnutrition of the mother during pregnancy , may modify fetal metabolism by influencing regulatory hormonal pathways .
such disturbances may persist after fetal life and affect the growth and health of the child .
psychosocial factors such as maternal distress during pregnancy , physiological or psychological , increase the release of glucocorticoids ( cortisol ) .
cortisol may be passed on from the mother to the child through the placenta and potentially affect the developmental processes of the child .
expecting mothers who reported higher levels of stress or who worried about their pregnancy were found to have higher levels of salivary cortisol measured in the evening .
measures of maternal stress during pregnancy have been associated with later health of the child including the risk of offspring pediatric disease , cerebral palsy , astma ( in boys only ) , and type 1 diabetes , but not with epilepsy or autism .
also maternal bereavement due to loss of a relative , either while pregnant or one year before conception , has also been linked to childhood overweight but it is not known if this association is present at lower maternal stress levels .
we investigated whether children of mothers , who felt anxious , depressed , stressed , or worried while pregnant , had a higher risk of overweight at 7 years of age . since different hormonal changes during pregnancy
may potentially trigger different expressions in boys and girls , we also took into account the sex of the child .
the study was based on the danish national birth cohort ( dnbc ) , which was established from 1996 to 2002 where 100,419 pregnancies were enrolled from a total of 92,276 mainly scandinavian women .
a description of the... | background . maternal distress during pregnancy increases the intrauterine level of glucocorticoids , which may have long - term health consequences for the child .
objective . to examine
if distress as a combined measure of anxiety , depression , and stress of the mother during pregnancy was associated with offspring childhood overweight at age 7 .
methods .
we performed a cohort study using prospective data from 37,764 women and child dyads from the danish national birth cohort ( 19962002 ) . at a telephone interview at approximately 30 weeks gestation
, the women reported whether they felt anxious , depressed , or stressed . the 95 percentile for body mass index in an international reference defined childhood overweight at any given age .
logistic regression was used for the analyses .
results .
the prevalence of overweight children at 7 years of age was 9.9% .
prenatal exposure to maternal distress during pregnancy was not associated with childhood overweight at 7 years of age ( adjusted or 1.06 ( 95% ci 0.96 ; 1.18 ) ) . in analyses stratified on sex , a small tendency of overweight
was seen in boys ( or 1.15 ( 0.99 ; 1.33 ) ) , but not in girls ( or 0.98 ( 0.85 ; 1.13 ) ) .
conclusions . maternal distress during pregnancy appeared to have limited ,
if any , influence on the risk of overweight in offspring at 7 years of age . |
5,902 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: one of the central challenges to biology is understanding biological information flow such as how genotypes manifest into functional phenotypes .
historically , biological experiments have been difficult to conduct leading to a scarcity of data . however , technological improvements in experimental high - throughput measurements have shifted biology to being a data - rich field , driving a need for analytical tools to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of biological data .
metabolic engineering applies biological information to genetically modify cellular function , usually toward production of a targeted chemical or protein product .
metabolic engineering research requires knowledge of integrated cellular function and molecular detail to be successful .
broadly , there are two types of approaches that lead to successful metabolic engineering results : directed designs built upon knowledge or combinatorial screening that leverages high - throughput experimental techniques . within the past fifteen years
, computational tools have been developed to leverage biological data in the analysis and design of microbial strains for metabolic engineering and have facilitated prospective metabolic engineering design .
these tools began with genome - scale metabolic models that aid in the analysis and prediction of whole cell function and have expanded to include tools for predicting the function of specific dna sequences . here
, a brief overview is presented on the development and progression of computational tools that can be applied to metabolic engineering .
individual fields of systems biology , synthetic biology , computational biology , or metabolic engineering are expansive enough for multiple reviews .
the specific focus of this mini - review is to focus on a subset of tools from systems biology and synthetic biology that can be used in combination to enable prospective in silico strain design .
key developments associated with genome - scale metabolic models and algorithms that can be used to... | metabolic engineering modifies cellular function to address various biochemical applications .
underlying metabolic engineering efforts are a host of tools and knowledge that are integrated to enable successful outcomes .
concurrent development of computational and experimental tools has enabled different approaches to metabolic engineering .
one approach is to leverage knowledge and computational tools to prospectively predict designs to achieve the desired outcome .
an alternative approach is to utilize combinatorial experimental tools to empirically explore the range of cellular function and to screen for desired traits .
this mini - review focuses on computational systems biology and synthetic biology tools that can be used in combination for prospective in silico strain design . |
5,903 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: reducing post - operative pain is an important issue in perioperative patient care.the release of proteolytic and inflammatory mediators after surgical manipulation may cause powerful nociceptive impulses that trigger pain ( 1 ) .
the primary phenomenon in inflammatory pain conduction is the stimulation of the spinal cord s n - methyl - dimethyl - aspartate ( nmda ) receptors to the active forms of glutamate and aspartate amino acids ( 2 ) .
ketamine , a non - competitive nmda antagonist , prevents central sensitization of nociceptors at subanesthetic doses with blocking afferent noxious stimulation ( 3 - 5 ) recently , several studies have shown that the pre - incisional infiltration of the wounds with ketamine could reduce mean pain score after surgery , prolong the time before the first analgesic administration and reduce the total amount of analgesics consumed ( 6 ) .
a recent systematic review on perioperative effects of ketamine showed that intravenous administration of ketamine is an effective complementary for postoperative analgesia and that the pain - relieving effects of ketamine are free of the type of intraoperative opioid prescribed , ketamine amount , and timing of ketamine administration ( 7 ) .
however , to our knowledge no study has compared the analgesic effects of surgical site infiltration of bupivacaine - ketamine with that of iv injection of the ketamine alone . the present prospective , randomized study was therefore designed to estimate the analgesic effects of the low doses of iv ketamine or intra nephrostomy tract infiltration of two different doses of ketamine plus bupivacaine on pain score after tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( pcnl ) surgery .
the present prospective , randomized , controlled clinical trial was performed at sina teaching hospital between july 2011 and may 2012 . after being approved by the ethical board committee of tehran university of medical sciences and registered in the iranian registry of clinical trials ( irct ) website ( 2013092612695n1 ) ,
one... | background : recently , the use of ketamine as a systemic and local analgesic drug in reducing post - operative pain is studied more frequently.objectives:the aim of the present study was to assess the analgesic efficacy of iv ketamine injection inaddition to nephrostomy tract infiltration of ketamine - bupivacaine on postoperative pain relief after tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( pcnl).patients and methods : patients ( n = 100 ) , with renal stone who were candidates for pcnl were randomized to five groups with 20 cases in each : group c , 10 ml of saline solution was infiltrated into the nephrostomy tract ; group b , 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was infiltrated into the nephrostomy tract ; group bk1 , 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine plus 0.5 mg / kg ketamine was infiltrated into the nephrostomy tract ; group bk2 , 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine plus 1.5 mg / kg ketamine was infiltrated into the nephrostomy tract ; group k , 10 ml of saline solution containing 0.5 mg / kg ketamine was intravenously administered .
post - operative pain scores were compared between groups as the primary objective .
comparison of sedation scores , rescue analgesic consumption , time to the first rescue analgesics administration , hemodynamic and spo2 values were regarded as the secondary objective .
results : mean vas scores in the first 30 min and total analgesic consumption in the first 24 h of post - operative period were significantly lower in groups bk1 and bk2 in comparison with the other groups ( p < 0.05 ) . also , time to first rescue analgesics administration was longer in the same groups ( p < 0.05 ) .
conclusions : infiltration of ketamine plus bupivacaine provides superior analgesic effects in pcnl surgery compared with other methods . |
5,904 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: myosins are a large and diverse family of molecular motors important for cell migration and motility .
the human genome encodes 39 myosin genes , subdivided into 12 different classes ( berg et al . , 2001 , peckham and knight , 2009 ) .
the remaining three encode the non - muscle ( nm ) myosin isoforms 2a , 2b , and 2c , which contribute to cell shape , adhesion , and cytokinesis ( mogilner and keren , 2009 , vicente - manzanares et al . , 2009 ) .
myosin isoforms in the remaining classes contribute to a wide range of functions , including organelle trafficking , membrane tethering , golgi organization , actin organization , and actin polymerization ( hartman and spudich , 2012 ) .
early studies have shown that 811 different myosin isoforms are co - expressed in epithelial cell lines , leukocytes , liver cells , and myoblasts ( bement et al .
some myosin isoforms are expressed widely , whereas others ( e.g. , myo7a and myo3 ) are restricted to a small tissue subset ( dos and burnside , 2000 , hasson et al . , 1995 ) .
it has never been determined how variation in myosin expression profile between closely related cell types contributes to a variation in cellular phenotype .
modulating myosin expression could help to drive a cell toward a more migratory phenotype and , therefore , metastasis in cancer .
here we determined the myosin isoform expression profile in a range of prostate cell lines and in silico and then investigated four of the overexpressed myosin isoforms to uncover how each contribute to the more highly metastatic phenotype of pc-3 cells ( pulukuri et al . , 2005 ) .
we analyzed myosin expression for all 26 of the non - muscle myosin genes in the three most widely used prostate cancer cell lines : pc-3 , du145 , and lncap ( weber et al . , 2004 ) .
pc-3 cells are considered to have a higher metastatic potential than lncap cells ( aalinkeel et al . , 2004 ) .
class 2 muscle myosin isoforms were excluded because they are not expressed in non - muscle cells .
we also analyzed a matched pair... | summarywe investigated the myosin expression profile in prostate cancer cell lines and found that myo1b , myo9b , myo10 , and myo18a were expressed at higher levels in cells with high metastatic potential .
moreover , myo1b and myo10 were expressed at higher levels in metastatic tumors . using an sirna - based approach
, we found that knockdown of each myosin resulted in distinct phenotypes . myo10 knockdown ablated filopodia and decreased 2d migration speed .
myo18a knockdown increased circumferential non - muscle myosin 2a - associated actin filament arrays in the lamella and reduced directional persistence of 2d migration .
myo9b knockdown increased stress fiber formation , decreased 2d migration speed , and increased directional persistence .
conversely , myo1b knockdown increased numbers of stress fibers but did not affect 2d migration . in all cases ,
the cell spread area was increased and 3d migration potential was decreased .
therefore , myosins not only act as molecular motors but also directly influence actin organization and cell morphology , which can contribute to the metastatic phenotype . |
5,905 | Assuming you're helping a researcher in a hurry, could you summarize the essence of this research for them?
Study: since 2009 the international judo federation ( ijf ) established a world ranking list based on different competitions levels . before the last olympic games the athletes received a specific number of points according to their performance in the following competition : continental open , 100 points ; grand prix , 300 points ; continental championships , 400 points ; grand slam , 500 points ; world masters , 700 points ; world championship , 900 points ; olympic games , 1,000 points .
the champion received 100% of these points , while the silver and bronze medalists received 60% and 40% of these points , respectively .
as the ranking is dynamic across the season , points scored in the last 12 months are 100% valid , while points obtained in the 1324 months before a given date are reduced to 50% .
additionally , nowadays the best five results in the 24 months range plus the performance either in the continental championship or in the world masters are considered . according to the ranking position , the first eight athletes taking part in a specific competition are seeded in the draw . furthermore , the 22 and 14 best ranked male and female athletes area directly classified to the olympic games , respectively ( international judo federation , 2016 ) .
the olympic games are the most relevant competition for judo athletes ( franchini and takito , 2014 ) and the most traditional nations in this sport need to invest a considerable amount of money to maintain their athletes taking part in the main competitions of the judo world tour ( franchini et al . ,
although the ranking system has been criticized due to the home advantage effect noticed in these competitions ( ferreira julio et al . , 2013
; krumer , 2017 ) and to its low predictive value for the olympic games performance ( franchini and julio , 2015 ) , the fact that the draws are seeded has a strong influence on some countries trying to have a larger number of athletes among the top eight in each weight category .
however , little is known concerning the real... | the main purpose of the present study was to calculate the probability based on a bayesian approach to win a medal in the olympic games given the athlete is seeded and to verify if the number one ranked athlete has any advantage compared to other seeded athletes concerning his / her chances to be olympic champion . for this , data from athletes who took part in the london 2012 and rio 2016 olympic games were considered . for males the probability of seeded athletes to win a medal was 41.1% and 42.9% , while for females it was 35.7% and 44.6% at london 2012 and rio 2016 , respectively .
furthermore , the probability of athletes ranked as number one to become olympic champion among the seeded athletes was 19.5% and 36.8% for males and 32.3% and 36.8% for females in london 2012 and rio 2016 , respectively .
based on these results the cost - benefit of investing human and financial resources to qualify an athletes among the top eight competitors and his / her exposure to competitions resulting in technical - tactical analysis of the opponent and higher risk of injury should be carefully analyzed when determining the competition calendar to each athlete . |
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