Split (3)

train · 2.16M rows

id int64 0 203k	input stringlengths 66 4.29k	output stringlengths 0 3.83k
12,400	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the possibility of an interaction in the dark sector in the presence of massive neutrinos , and investigate the observational constraints using the most recent cmb anisotropy data in combination with type ia supernovae , baryon acoustic oscillations , and hubble parameter measurements . we find that a coupled quintessence with massive neutrinos is mildly favored by the present observational data . the model with massive neutrinos is found to be a promising one to alleviate the current tension between local and global determinations of hubble constant . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since the discovery of accelerated expansion of universe , there have been numerous efforts on theoretical and observational grounds to explain cause of the cosmic acceleration . the most popular theoretical model , which explains the cosmic acceleration and fits well to the currently available observational data , is the standard @xmath0cdm ( cosmological constant @xmath0 + cold dark matter ) model @xcite . in this model , @xmath0 is a candidate of dark energy ( de ) which is believed to be responsible for the current accelerated expansion of the universe . this model , however , suffers from some theoretical problems @xcite , which motivated the researchers to propose new models of de .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	one such problem is the coincidence problem which refers to the fact that there is no explanation for the same order of the energy densities of dark matter ( dm ) and vacuum energy today . to alleviate the coincidence problem , the interaction between dm and de components of the universe has been proposed / studied in the literature ( see @xcite for recent reviews ) .
12,401	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we demonstrate that simultaneous reconstruction of scattering and absorption of a mesoscopic system using angularly - resolved measurements of scattered light intensity is possible . image reconstruction is realized based on the algebraic inversion of a generalized radon transform relating the scattering and absorption coefficients of the medium to the measured light intensity and derived using the single - scattering approximation to the radiative transport equation . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: there is considerable interest in the development of techniques for three - dimensional optical imaging of biological systems systems . in this context , of particular importance is the imaging of mesoscopic systems , where the photon transport mean free path is of the same order as the system size @xcite . for such systems none of the available optical ballistic imaging modalities @xcite-@xcite or the diffuse optical tomography @xcite can be used . on the mesoscopic length scale , applications to biological systems include imagining of engineered tissues , semitransparent organisms , or superficial tissues .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	this article is the second in a series devoted to the problem of optical imaging in the mesoscopic scattering regime . in ref . @xcite , we have proposed a novel imaging technique that uses angularly - selective measurements of scattered light intensity to reconstruct the attenuation coefficient of an inhomogeneous medium , assuming that the single - light scattering is dominant .
12,402	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we semiclassically investigate schwinger pair production for pulsed rotating electric fields depending on time . to do so we solve the dirac equation for two - component fields in a wkb - like approximation . the result shows that for two - component fields the spin distribution of produced pairs is generally not @xmath0 . as a result the pair creation rates of spinor and scalar quantum electro dynamics ( qed ) are different even for one pair of turning points . for rotating electric fields the pair creation rate is dominated by particles with a specific spin depending on the sense of rotation for a certain range of pulse lengths and frequencies . we present an analytical solution for the momentum spectrum of the constant rotating field . we find interference effects not only in the momentum spectrum but also in the total particle number of rotating electric fields . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since the first investigations of electron - positron pair creation in strong electric fields , also known as the schwinger effect , there has been a lot of theoretical investigations of it . however it has not yet been possible to measure it directly due to the exponentially damped pair creation rate @xmath1 where @xmath2 is the field strength @xmath3 normalized by the critical electric field @xcite @xmath4 as laser powers in future may get closer to reaching this critical field strength , investigations of the effect are of interest . however there is the possibility that different strong field processes , such as qed cascades , will set in which might prevent reaching critical intensities @xcite . +. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	as pointed out in @xcite it might be crucial for the detection of the schwinger effect to evaluate if one can distinguish a qed cascade triggered by an electron which was produced in the schwinger process from one which was triggered by vacuum impurities . to do so one first has to evaluate the properties of the pairs produced via the schwinger effect . the simplest field configurations taken into account for cascade calculations are uniformly rotating electrical fields .
12,403	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: for any surface @xmath0 of genus @xmath1 and ( essentially ) any collection of positive integers @xmath2 with @xmath3 masur and smillie @xcite have shown that there exists a pseudo - anosov homeomorphism @xmath4 with precisely @xmath5 singularities @xmath6 in its stable foliation @xmath7 , such that @xmath7 has precisely @xmath8 separatrices raying out from each @xmath9 . in this paper we prove the analogue of this result for automorphisms of a free group @xmath10 , where `` pseudo - anosov homeomorphism '' is replaced by `` fully irreducible automorphism '' and the gauss - bonnet equality @xmath11 is replaced by the index inequality @xmath12 from @xcite . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in @xcite for every automorphism @xmath13 of a non - abelian free group @xmath10 of finite rank @xmath14 an _ index _ @xmath15 has been defined , which counts in a natural way attracting fixed points at the gromov boundary @xmath16 and the rank of the fixed subgroup @xmath17 of @xmath18 . if @xmath19 , then @xmath20 is simply the number of attractors of the homeomorphism @xmath21 induced by @xmath18 . as main result of @xcite the index inequality @xmath22 has been proved , which strengthens the celebrated scott conjecture , proved in @xcite , and also extends some well known consequences of nielsen - thurston theory for surface homeomorphisms to free group automorphisms , in particular after passing to the _ stable index _. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	@xmath23 ) of the associated outer automorphism @xmath24 , defined below in ( [ eq : index - inequality - star ] ) as sum of @xmath25 for suitable representatives @xmath26 of a positive power of @xmath24 . the main difference to surface homemorphisms , however , where the analog indices always sum up to give via gauss - bonnet the maximal possible value postulated in ( [ eq : index - inequality - star ] ) , is that @xmath15 and even @xmath27 may well be strictly smaller than @xmath28 .
12,404	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: one of the main features of astrophysical shocks is their ability to accelerate particles to extremely high energies . the leading acceleration mechanism , the diffusive shock acceleration is reviewed . it is demonstrated that its efficiency critically depends on the injection of thermal plasma into acceleration which takes place at the subshock of the collisionless shock structure that , in turn , can be significantly smoothed by energetic particles . furthermore , their inhomogeneous distribution provides free energy for mhd turbulence regulating the subshock strength and injection rate . moreover , the mhd turbulence confines particles to the shock front controlling their maximum energy and bootstrapping acceleration . therefore , the study of the mhd turbulence in a compressive plasma flow near a shock is a key to understanding of the entire process . the calculation of the injection rate became part of the collisionless shock theory . it is argued that the further progress in diffusive shock acceleration theory is impossible without a significant advance in these two areas of plasma physics . # 1_proc . # 1th int . cosmic ray conf . _ . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: over the last few years new observations and missions , energetic gamma - ray experiment telescope ( egret ) @xcite , _ chandra _ @xcite , tev- astronomy @xcite , revolutionized the measurement of radiation from a variety of objects in the universe . in most cases the _ primary _ source of the radiation is believed to be accelerated charged particles , often of remarkably high energies , such as @xmath0 or even higher @xcite , usually referred to as the ultra high energy cosmic rays ( uhecr ) . the accelerated particles themselves ( we will also use the term cosmic rays , crs ) are in many cases generated by shock waves ( shocks ) . note , that the latter are the major events where the huge energy of stars , supernovae s ( sn ) or black holes is released in bulk gas motions and ultimately dissipated .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the most successful particle acceleration mechanism is , perhaps the diffusive shock acceleration ( dsa ) @xcite , which is a variant of the original fermi idea ( 1949 ) , also known as the first order fermi acceleration process . according to this mechanism particles gain energy by bouncing off hydromagnetic disturbances frozen into the converging upstream and downstream flow regions near a shock . clearly , the understanding of this mechanism is critical for radiation models since the primary particle spectrum is one of their most important `` input '' characteristics .
12,405	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this study we show how to use gpr data acquired along the infiltration of water inside a single ring infiltrometer to inverse the saturated hydraulic conductivity . we used hydrus-1d to simulate the water infiltration . we generated water content profiles at each time step of infiltration , based on a particular value of the saturated hydraulic conductivity , knowing the other van genuchten parameters . water content profiles were converted to dielectric permittivity profiles using the complex refractive index method relation . we then used the gprmax suite of programs to generate radargrams and to follow the wetting front using arrival time of electromagnetic waves recorded by a ground - penetrating radar ( gpr ) . theoretically , the 1d time convolution between reflectivity and gpr signal at any infiltration time step is related to the peak of the reflected amplitude recorded in the corresponding trace in the radargram . we used this relationship to invert the saturated hydraulic conductivity for constant and falling head infiltrations . we present our method on synthetic examples and on two experiments carried out on sand soil . we further discuss on the uncertainties on the retrieved saturated hydraulic conductivity computed by our algorithm from the van genuchten parameters . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: soil hydraulic properties , represented by the soil water retention @xmath0 and hydraulic conductivity @xmath1 functions , dictate water flow in the vadose zone , as well as partitioning between infiltration and runoff . their evaluation has important implications for modeling available water resources and for flood forecasting . it is also crucial in evaluating the dynamics of chemical pollutants in soil and in assessing the potential of groundwater pollution .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	+ soil hydraulic functions can be described by several mathematical expression @xcite , among them the van genuchten function @xcite . the determination of the parameters defining the van genuchten soil water retention function @xcite is usually done using laboratory experiments , such as the water hanging column @xcite .
12,406	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the potential of a very large volume underwater mediterranean neutrino telescope to observe neutrinos from supernova ( sn ) explosions within our galaxy . the intense neutrino burst emitted in a sn explosion results in a large number of mev neutrinos inside the instrumented volume of the neutrino telescope that can be detected ( mainly ) via the reaction @xmath0 . in this study we simulated the response of the underwater neutrino telescope to the electron antineutrino flux predicted by the garching model for sn explosions . we assumed that the neutrino telescope comprises 6160 direction sensitive optical modules , each containing 31 small photomultiplier tubes . multiple coincidences between the photomultiplier tubes of the same optical module are utilized to suppress the noise produced by @xmath1 radioactive decays and to establish a statistical significant signature of the sn explosion . supernova , neutrino telescope 95.55.vj . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: core collapse supernovae produce huge bursts of mev neutrinos which carry most of the gravitational energy ( @xmath2 ) of a massive star in a timescale of a few seconds . the released energy ( @xmath3 ergs ) is expected to be roughly equipartioned among the different flavors of neutrinos emerging promptly from the dense core , a few hours before the optical signal from the stellar envelope . the neutrino burst s time , flavor and energy structure carry information about the explosion mechanism @xcite and they can also be used to study vacuum and matter neutrino oscillations @xcite , the neutrino mass hierarchy @xcite or even exotic physics phenomena related to large extra dimensions and couplings to axions @xcite . since the sn1987a explosion when 24 neutrinos were detected by the kamiokande - ii , imb and baksan , many other experiments were designed @xcite to observe and study sn neutrinos .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	these detectors can also provide an early alarm for a sn explosion offering the chance to the astronomical community to make unprecedented observations of the early turn - on of the supernova light curve . for this purpose a supernova early warning system ( snews @xcite ) already exists providing also a trigger to detector facilities which are not able to trigger by themselves on a supernova signal . at the time of this writing
12,407	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate effects of a nonadiabatic electron - phonon(boson ) interaction on the quasiparticle self - energy in the lowest order in the coupling constant . existing approaches either overestimate , or underestimate these effects because of different approximations for momentum and frequency dependences of the vertex corrections . the connection between the nonadiabaticity and a possible instability of the interacting fermi system is discussed as well . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the standard description of electron - phonon interaction ( epi ) in metals is based on the so - called born - oppenheimer @xcite ( or adiabatic ) theorem . its main statement says that electrons are not sensitive to the motion of ions and are influenced only by their static electric field . one can to say that . Please generate the next two sentences of the article	fast electrons , due to electroneutrality , follow slow ions . narrow bands and a strong electron - phonon interaction make their velocities comparable in order of magnitude . an appropriate mathematical description is the standard feynman - dyson perturbation theory , where phonons are considered to be uneffected by the epi .
12,408	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the mechanical coupling between a two - dimensional bose - einstein condensate with a graphene sheet via the vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field which are at the origin of the so - called casimir - polder potential . by deriving a self - consistent set of equations governing the dynamics of the condensate and the flexural ( out - of - plane ) modes of the graphene , we can show the formation of a new type of purely acoustic quasi - particle excitation , a phonon - polariton resulting from the coherent superposition of quanta of flexural and bogoliubov modes . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the casimir effect is a consequence of the field - theoretical description of the quantum vacuum and results directly from the quantization of the electromagnetic field . traditionally derived for two infinite uncharged metallic plates placed only a few nanometers apart @xcite , this quantum - mechanical effect has also been investigated in the context of atoms interacting with surfaces @xcite . casimir - polder ( cp ) forces have been a subject of research of its own , both in view of nano - technological applications @xcite and motivated by the possibility of probing fundamental forces at the submicron scale @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	indeed , the effects of a dispersive potential due to a macroscopic surface on an atom , both at zero and finite temperature , are already quite well established @xcite . moreover , experiments with bose - einstein condensates ( bec ) near a surface have attracted a special attention since the early days of microtraps @xcite : if , in one hand , the understanding of the influence of vacuum forces is crucial to the operations in atomic microtraps , on the other , the measurements based on quantum optics of ultracold gases are very accurate , making them a very desirable candidate to probe vacuum forces @xcite .
12,409	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the elastic radial deformation of multiwall carbon nanotubes ( mwnts ) under hydrostatic pressure is investigated within the continuum elastic approximation . the thin - shell theory , with accurate elastic constants and interwall couplings , allows us to estimate the critical pressure above which the original circular cross - section transforms into radially corrugated ones . the emphasis is placed on the rigorous formulation of the van der waals interaction between adjacent walls , which we analyze using two different approaches . possible consequences of the radial corrugation in the physical properties of pressurized mwnts are also discussed . carbon nanotube , high pressure , elastic deformation , radial buckling , van der waals interaction . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: nanomaterials are tiny platforms on which a beautiful interplay between structure and property can be appreciated . for the last decade , advanced nanofabrication techniques have put out various nanostructured materials with novel geometry @xcite , many of which exhibit unprecedented properties not seen in macroscopic structures . among such nanostructures , carbon nanotubes have drawn great deal of attention . the salient feature of carbon nanotubes is their mechanical robustness and resilience @xcite : due to the extremely large stiffness , for instance , their thermal conductivity becomes higher than even that of diamond @xcite . besides , their flexibility in bending @xcite , twisting @xcite , radial compression @xcite , and the associated variations in the physical properties hold promise for developing nanoelectromechanical devices @xcite . towards successful implementations of such ideas ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	computational studies have been playing a vital role in complementing experimental observations , often difficult and incomplete for nanomaterials @xcite . in view of structure - property relations , radial deformation is expected to elicit untouched behavior of multiwall carbon nanotubes ( mwnts ) ; see fig .
12,410	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the neutron skin and halo distributions in medium and heavy nuclei are calculated within the extended thomas - fermi approximation . calculations are carried out for the effective skyrme - like forces using the direct variational method . the analytical expression for the isovector shift of the rms radii @xmath0 as a sum of skin- and halo - like terms is obtained . the contribution of halo and skin terms to @xmath0 are found to be approximately equal . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: for the analysis of the experimental data the simplest two - parameter fermi ( 2pf ) distribution is often used : @xmath1^{-1},\ ] ] where @xmath2 is the half - density radius and @xmath3 is the diffuseness parameter of the distribution . here @xmath4 is for neutron and @xmath5 for proton distributions . there are two opposite pictures in description of a two - component finite fermi system with 2pf .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the first one is the so - called `` neutron skin - type '' distribution having the neutron half - density radius larger than the proton half - density radius , @xmath6 , and equal diffuseness parameters @xmath7 . the second one is the `` neutron halo - type '' distribution having @xmath8 and @xmath9 .
12,411	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use virtual observatory methods to investigate the association between radio and x - ray emission at high redshifts . fifty - five of the 92 hdf(n ) sources resolved by combining merlin+vla data were detected by _ chandra _ , of which 18 are hard enough and bright enough to be obscured agn . the high-@xmath0 population of @xmath1jy radio sources is dominated by starbursts an order of magnitude more active and more extended than any found at @xmath2 and at least a quarter of these simultaneously host highly x - ray - luminous obscured agn . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a region of 100 arcmin@xmath3 around the hubble deep field north ( hdfn 10-arcmin field ) was observed by the uk radio interferometer merlin and the usa vla @xcite . 92 sources brighter than 40 @xmath1jy were found in the combined images , which reach a noise level of @xmath4jy using beam sizes of @xmath5 . these are the only observations apart from the hst images which provide morphological information .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	8.4-ghz data are also available for most of the field @xcite allowing the radio spectral indices to be calculated . we employed data access , crossmatching and manipulation tools now available via the astrogrid workbench and the eurovo .
12,412	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a @xmath0-tuple of disjoint , linearly independent circles in a riemann surface @xmath1 of genus @xmath0 determines a ` heegaard torus ' in its @xmath0-fold symmetric product . changing the circles by a handleslide produces a new torus . it is proved that , for symplectic forms with certain properties , these two tori are hamiltonian - isotopic lagrangian submanifolds . this provides an alternative route to the handleslide - invariance of ozsvth szab s heegaard floer homology . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath1 be a surface of genus @xmath2 . we can express @xmath1 as the boundary @xmath3 of a 3-dimensional handlebody @xmath4 by choosing @xmath0 disjoint , embedded circles , @xmath5 , linearly independent in homology : each of these is filled so as to bound a disc in @xmath4 . conversely , the handlebody @xmath4 determines the equivalence class of the @xmath0-tuple of attaching circles @xmath5 under the equivalence relation generated by isotopies , permutations and _ handleslides _ ( see , for instance , @xcite ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	handleslides are not possible when @xmath6 ( the attaching circle for a genus 1 handlebody is unique up to isotopy ) , so from now on we shall assume that @xmath7 . a handleside is a replacement @xmath8 where @xmath9 is disjoint from @xmath10 and isotopic to another circle @xmath11 , disjoint from @xmath12 , such that @xmath13 bounds an embedded pair of pants in @xmath1 ; see figure 1 .
12,413	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the statistical behavior of two out of equilibrium systems . the first one is a quasi one - dimensional gas with two species of particles under the action of an external field which drives each species in opposite directions . the second one is a one - dimensional spin system with nearest neighbor interactions also under the influence of an external driving force . both systems show a dynamical scaling with domain formation . the statistical behavior of these domains is compared with models based on the coalescing random walk and the interacting random walk . we find that the scaling domain size distribution of the gas and the spin systems is well fitted by the wigner surmise , which lead us to explore a possible connection between these systems and the circular orthogonal ensemble of random matrices . however , the study of the correlation function of the domain edges , show that the statistical behavior of the domains in both gas and spin systems , is not completely well described by circular orthogonal ensemble , nor it is by other models proposed such as the coalescing random walk and the interacting random walk . nevertheless , we find that a simple model of independent intervals describe more closely the statistical behavior of the domains formed in these systems . * keywords : * systems out of equilibrium , random matrices . * pacs : * 05.40.-a , 05.40.fb , 05.50.+q , 45.70.vn . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this article we study of the statistical behavior of two non - equilibrium systems . the first one is a quasi one - dimensional gas introduced in ref . @xcite . there. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, the authors studied the biased diffusion of two species in a fully periodic @xmath0 rectangular lattice half filled with two equal number of two types of particles ( labeled by their charge @xmath1 or @xmath2 ) . an infinite external field drives the two species in opposite directions along the @xmath3 axis ( long axis ) .
12,414	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: variable selection in high dimensional space has challenged many contemporary statistical problems from many frontiers of scientific disciplines . recent technological advances have made it possible to collect a huge amount of covariate information such as microarray , proteomic and snp data via bioimaging technology while observing survival information on patients in clinical studies . thus , the same challenge applies in survival analysis in order to understand the association between genomics information and clinical information about the survival time . in this work , we extend the sure screening procedure @xcite to cox s proportional hazards model with an iterative version available . numerical simulation studies have shown encouraging performance of the proposed method in comparison with other techniques such as lasso . this demonstrates the utility and versatility of the iterative sure independence screening scheme . , . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: survival analysis is a commonly - used method for the analysis of failure time such as biological death , mechanical failure , or credit default . within this context , death or failure is also referred to as an event " . survival analysis tries to model time - to - event data , which is usually subject to censoring due to the termination of study .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the main goal is to study the dependence of the survival time @xmath0 on covariate variables @xmath1 , where @xmath2 denotes the dimensionality of the covariate space . one common way of achieving this goal is hazard regression , which studies how the conditional hazard function of @xmath0 depends on the covariate @xmath3 , which is defined as @xmath4 according to the definition , the conditional hazard function is nothing but the instantaneous rate of failure at time @xmath5 given a particular value @xmath6 for the covariate @xmath7 .
12,415	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the correlation between stellar metallicity and the presence of giant planets is well established . it has been tentatively explained by the possible increase of planet formation probability in stellar disks with enhanced amount of metals . however , there are two caveats to this explanation . first , giant stars with planets do not show a metallicity distribution skewed towards metal - rich objects , as found for dwarfs . second , the correlation with metallicity is not valid at intermediate metallicities , for which it can be shown that giant planets are preferentially found orbiting thick disk stars . none of these two peculiarities is explained by the proposed scenarios of giant planet formation . we contend that they are galactic in nature , and probably not linked to the formation process of giant planets . it is suggested that the same dynamical effect , namely the migration of stars in the galactic disk , is at the origin of both features , with the important consequence that most metal - rich stars hosting giant planets originate from the inner disk , a property that has been largely neglected until now . we illustrate that a planet - metallicity correlation similar to the observed one is easily obtained if stars from the inner disk have a higher percentage of giant planets than stars born at the solar radius , with no specific dependence on metallicity . we propose that the density of @xmath0 in the inner galactic disk ( the molecular ring ) could play a role in setting the high percentage of giant planets that originate from this region . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: metal - rich stars ( [ fe / h]@xmath1 + 0.25 dex ) found in the solar neighborhood , including giant planet hosts , are objects that have migrated from the inner disk ( i.e inside the solar galactocentric radius ) by the effect of radial mixing ( sellwood & binney 2002 ; haywood 2008b ) . this is an intriguing fact , but since it has been proposed that the prevalence of jovian planets on metal - rich stars could be due to the enhanced probability of forming planetesimals in an environment enriched in metals , why should one bother about the galactic origin of the host stars ? the first reason is that the correlation between stellar metallicities and the presence of giant planets is made up of stars of different galactic origins , which could bear some importance on the formation of giant planets themselves .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the second is that the study of the effect of radial mixing permits new insights on two particularities that otherwise do not fit well into the scenario of metal - enhanced planet formation , namely the normal metallicity distribution of giants stars with planets ( pasquini et al . ( 2007 ) , takeda et al .
12,416	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: scintillation light produced in liquid xenon ( lxe ) by alpha particles , electrons and gamma - rays was detected with a large area avalanche photodiode ( laapd ) immersed in the liquid . the alpha scintillation yield was measured as a function of applied electric field . we estimate the quantum efficiency of the laapd to be 45% . the best energy resolution from the light measurement at zero electric field is 7.5%(@xmath0 ) for 976 kev internal conversion electrons from @xmath1bi and 2.6%(@xmath0 ) for 5.5 mev alpha particles from @xmath2am . the detector used for these measurements was also operated as a gridded ionization chamber to measure the charge yield . we confirm that using a laapd in lxe does not introduce impurities which inhibit the drifting of free electrons . , , , , , , laapd , liquid xenon , dark matter . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in recent years , large area avalanche photodiodes ( laapd ) have been successfully applied as photodetectors for a variety of scintillators @xcite , including liquid xenon ( lxe ) @xcite . lxe scintillation light is in the vuv region , centered at 178 nm @xcite , which makes it difficult to detect efficiently . within the context of the r&d for the xenon dark matter project @xcite , we are testing different photodetectors directly coupled to lxe , including uv sensitive photomultipliers ( hamamatsu r9288 and r8520 ) , microchannel plate pmts ( burle 85006 ) , silicon photomultiplier ( sipm ) @xcite and laapds from advanced photonix , inc.(api ) . in this paper. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	we report our first results on the detection of lxe scintillation with a 16 mm diameter laapd , mounted on a custom designed ceramic support @xcite . the interest in laapds for lxe is in their high quantum efficiency ( qe ) at 178 nm , as originally reported by @xcite .
12,417	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate equilibrium accretion flows dominated by @xmath0 pairs . we consider one- and two - temperature accretion disk coronae above a thin disk , as well as hot optically thin two - temperature accretion flows without an underlying thin disk ; we model the latter in the framework of advection - dominated accretion flows ( adafs ) . in all three cases we include equipartition magnetic fields . we confirm the previous result that the equilibrium density of pairs in two - temperature adafs is negligible ; and show that the inclusion of magnetic fields and the corresponding synchrotron cooling reduces the pair density even further . similarly , we find that pairs are unimportant in two - temperature coronae . even when the corona has significantly enhanced heating by direct transfer of viscous dissipation in the thin disk to the corona , the inefficient coulomb coupling between protons and electrons acts as a bottleneck and prevents the high compactness required for pair - dominated solutions . only in the case of a one - temperature corona model do we find pair - dominated thermal equilibria . these pair - dominated solutions occur over a limited range of optical depth and temperature . = 11 versim#1#2 = 12 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: observational and theoretical efforts to understand the emission from high energy x - ray sources ( e.g. agn and black hole x - ray binaries ) have left no doubt about the existence of astrophysical plasmas with electron temperatures of order @xmath1 . as soon as the first hot accretion flow model was constructed ( shapiro , lightman & eardley 1976 , hereafter sle ) it was realized that the production and annihilation of @xmath0 pairs may play an important role in such solutions . since then , enormous progress has been made in our understanding of the nature of @xmath0 equilibria , first in the context of static , isothermal hot plasma clouds ( e.g. lightman 1982 ; svensson 1982 , 1984 ; sikora & zbyszewska 1986 ; kusunose 1987 ; bjrnsson & svensson 1991a ) , and later for more realistic accretion disk models ( e.g. kusunose & takahara 1988 , 1989 , 1990 ; tritz & tsuruta 1989 ; white & lightman 1989 , 1990 ; bjrnsson & svensson 1992 ; bjrnsson et al . 1996 ; kusunose & mineshige 1996 ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	until now , most treatments of pair equilibria ( with the exception of the papers by zdziarski [ 1986 ] , kusunose & takahara [ 1989 ] , and kusunose & zdziarski [ 1994 ] ) have considered non - magnetic plasmas , in which the only photon production mechanisms are bremsstrahlung , double compton scattering and pair annihilation ( several authors include also an external soft photon source , e.g. zdziarski et al . [ 1994 ] ) .
12,418	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: thermodynamics of a spin-1 bose gas with ferromagnetic interactions are investigated via the mean - field theory . it is apparently shown in the specific heat curve that the system undergoes two phase transitions , the ferromagnetic transition and the bose - einstein condensation , with the curie point above the condensation temperature . above the curie point , the susceptibility fits the curie - weiss law perfectly . at a fixed temperature , the reciprocal susceptibility is also in a good linear relationship with the ferromagnetic interaction . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the realization of spinor bose - einstein condensation in optical traps@xcite has stimulated enormous interest in magnetic properties of quantum bose gases@xcite . in optical traps , the hyperfine degree of freedom of confined atoms , such as @xmath0 , is released and therefore the atom can exhibit magnetism . more intriguingly , an exchange - like spin - spin interaction can be present between atoms . in the @xmath1 @xmath0 atoms ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the interaction is ferromagnetic@xcite , so the @xmath0 gas appears to be a prototype of itinerant - boson ferromagnet@xcite . ferromagnetism is one of the central research themes in condensed matter physics @xcite .
12,419	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the transmission through single and double ferromagnetic barriers on the surface of a topological insulator . by adjusting the gate voltage and magnetization oreintation , the ferromagnetic barrier can be tuned into various transmission regions , where the wavevector - dependent tunnelings are quite different . we find that the klein tunneling can be manipulated or even be turned off . these special properties offer the possibility to control electron beams on the `` topological metal '' . various novel devices , such as electronic collimation , wavevector filter , magnetic and electric switchs , and wavevector - based spin valve , may be constructed based on our observed phenomena . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: due to its unique electronic properties , the study about the graphene system has recently drawn great attentions.@xcite . the charge carriers in single - layer graphene behave like `` relativistic '' chiral massless particles and possess a gapless linear energy spectrum . effectively , in low energy regime , graphene can be viewed as a two - dimensional ( 2d ) dirac fermion system . for such dirac - like quasiparticles ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the transport properties are dramatically different from the conventional semiconductors . there is hope to utilize these peculiar transport characteristics to develop novel relativistic electronic devices@xcite .
12,420	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we calculate the density profiles and density correlation functions of the one - dimensional bose gas in a harmonic trap , using the exact finite - temperature solutions for the uniform case , and applying a local density approximation . the results are valid for a trapping potential which is slowly varying relative to a correlation length . they allow a direct experimental test of the transition from the weak coupling gross - pitaevskii regime to the strong coupling , ` fermionic ' tonks - girardeau regime . we also calculate the average two - particle correlation which characterizes the bulk properties of the sample , and find that it can be well approximated by the value of the local pair correlation in the trap center . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the simplest investigations into a many - body system like a bose - einstein condensate comprise studies of thermal equilibrium properties , and the physics of small fluctuations around thermal equilibrium . for one - dimensional systems , very similar behavior is found using either photons in optical fibres or ultra - cold atoms in waveguides . although techniques are not yet as experimentally advanced in the latter case , preliminary theory and some experimental measurements have already taken place .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the atomic systems have the advantage that relatively long interaction times , large interaction strengths and low losses are possible , thus potentially allowing stringent tests of underlying quantum correlations . in this paper , we extend previous studies of correlations to include the experimentally realistic case of atoms in a waveguide with a harmonic longitudinal confining potential . the treatment is at finite temperature , and makes use of exact results for the uniform gas , together with a local density approximation . for strong radial confinement ,
12,421	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the filled skutterudite compound pros@xmath0sb@xmath1 , the first example of a pr - based heavy fermion superconductor , displays superconductivity with @xmath2 k and has an effective mass @xmath3 , where @xmath4 is the free electron mass . for magnetic fields above 4.5 t , sharp features in the normal state electrical resistivity , magnetization , specific heat , and thermal expansion data suggest the occurrence of a phase transition at high fields . this high field ordered phase in the normal state may originate from a combination of crystalline electric field enhanced zeeman splitting and quadrupolar ordering . we present an investigation of the electrical resistivity and magnetization of pros@xmath0sb@xmath1 as a function of temperature between and and magnetic field up to . the data reveal a detailed phase boundary of the high field ordered phase as well as the lower critical field @xmath5 and the onset field of the peak effect in the superconducting state of pros@xmath0sb@xmath1 . pacs number : 74.70.tx , 65.40.-b , 71.27.+a , 75.30.mb keywords : pros@xmath0sb@xmath1 , magnetoresistance , magnetization , peak effect , @xmath5 , high field ordered phase . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the filled skutterudite compound pros@xmath0sb@xmath1 displays superconductivity with @xmath6 and has an effective mass @xmath7 . @xcite this compound is the first example of a pr - based heavy fermion superconductor ( all other known heavy fermion superconductors are intermetallic compounds of the rare earth element ce or the actinide element u ) . inelastic neutron scattering experiments , along with an analysis of magnetic susceptibility @xmath8 and specific heat @xmath9 ) data @xcite for a cubic crystalline electric field ( cef ) , yield a pr@xmath10 energy scheme consisting of a nonmagnetic @xmath11 doublet ground state ( ) , a @xmath12 triplet first exited state ( ) , and higher energy @xmath13 triplet ( ) and @xmath14 singlet ( ) excited states . the heavy fermion properties of the pr - based compounds prinag@xmath15 and prfe@xmath0p@xmath1 have been attributed to the interaction of the charges of the conduction electrons with the electric quadrupole moments of the pr@xmath10 @xmath11 nonmagnetic doublet ground state in the cef . @xcite the evidence for a pr@xmath10 @xmath11 ground state in pros@xmath0sb@xmath1 indicates that the electric quadrupolar fluctuations may be responsible for the heavy fermion state in this compound and could also be involved in the superconductivity . for magnetic fields @xmath16 above @xmath17 t , sharp features in measurements of the normal state electrical resistivity @xcite @xmath18 , magnetization @xcite @xmath19 , specific heat @xcite @xmath20 and thermal expansion @xcite @xmath21 of pros@xmath0sb@xmath1. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	indicate that a phase transition is induced at high fields . the origin of the high - field ordered phase ( hfop ) is still under investigation but may be related to the crossing of the zeeman levels of the @xmath11 and @xmath12 cef states and a corresponding change of the ground state at high fields .
12,422	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report an algorithm for the partition of a line segment according to a given ratio @xmath0 . at each step the length distribution among sets of the partition follows a binomial distribution . we call @xmath1-set to the set of elements with the same length at the step @xmath2 . the total number of elements is @xmath3 and the number of elements in a same @xmath1-set is @xmath4 . in the limit of an infinite partion this object become a multifractal where each @xmath1-set originate a fractal . we find the fractal spectrum @xmath5 and calculate where is its maximum . finally we find the values of @xmath5 for the limits @xmath6 and @xmath7 . keywords : multifractal , binomial distribution , partition of a segment , spectrum of fractal dimensions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: multifractals have been largely employed in the characterization of time series . this tool have been successfully applied in many different areas as economics @xcite , meteorology @xcite , geology @xcite , or biomedical @xcite . several algorithms have been used to find the multifractal spectrum of the time - series , for instance , wavelet analysis @xcite and dfa ( detrended fluctuation analysis ) @xcite . however , despite the large use of multifractals as a time - series analysis technique there is no simple geometrical examples of multifractal sets .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	some years ago it was introduced a multifractal partition of the unit square @xcite . this mathematical object was originally developed to model multifractal heterogeneity in oil reservoirs and to study percolation on complex lattices .
12,423	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: to explain the origin of herbig ae / be stars activity , it has been recently proposed that strong mass - losses trigger rotational instabilities in the envelope of fast rotating stars . the kinetic energy transferred to turbulent motions would then be the energy source of the active phenomena observed in the outer atmosphere of herbig ae / be stars ( vigneron et al . 1990 ; lignires et al . 1996 ) . in this paper , we present a one - dimensional model of angular momentum transport which allows to estimate the degree of differential rotation induced by mass - loss . gradients of angular velocity are very close to @xmath0 ( @xmath1 being the surface rotation rate and @xmath2 the stellar radius ) . for strong mass - loss , this process occurs in a short time scale as compared to other processes of angular momentum transport . application of existing stability criteria indicates that rotational instabilities should develop for fast rotating star . thus , in fast rotating stars with strong winds , shear instabilities are expected to develop and to generate subphotospheric turbulent motions . albeit very simple , this model gives strong support to the assumption made by vigneron et al . 1990 and lignires et al . 1996 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: although far from complete , the overall picture describing the angular momentum evolution of solar type stars is well established . despite modest mass - loss rates , @xmath3 for the sun , magnetised stellar winds strongly brake the rotation of the star . the decrease of the angular velocity then reacts back on the magnetic field by reducing the efficiency of the dynamo process . this picture can not be applied as such to early - type stars .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	first of all , the history of stellar rotation at intermediate and high masses is generally still poorly known ; besides , the presence of magnetic fields in early - type stars has not been established , except for some categories of chemically peculiar stars , as well as for a couple of particular cases ( donati et al . 1997 ; henrichs et al . 2000 ) . on the other hand ,
12,424	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a new interpretation for the second peak of t coronae borealis ( t crb ) outbursts is proposed based on a thermonuclear runaway ( tnr ) model . the system consists of a very massive white dwarf ( wd ) with a tilting accretion disk and a lobe - filling red - giant . the first peak of the visual light curve of t crb outbursts is well reproduced by the tnr model on a wd close to the chandrasekhar mass ( @xmath0 ) , while the second peak is reproduced by the combination of the irradiated m - giant and the irradiated tilting disk . the derived fitting parameters are the wd mass @xmath1 , the m - giant companion mass @xmath2 ( @xmath3 is acceptable ) , the inclination angle of the orbit @xmath4 , and the tilting angle of the disk @xmath5 . these parameters are consistent with the recently derived binary parameters of t crb . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: t coronae borealis ( t crb ) is one of the well observed recurrent novae and characterized by a secondary , fainter maximum occurring @xmath6 days after the primary peak . historically , t crb bursted twice , in 1866 and 1946 , with the light curves very similar each other ( e.g. , @xcite ) . large ellipsoidal variations in the optical light curves during quiescent phase suggest that an m3@xmath74 red - giant component fills its roche lobe ( e.g. , @xcite ; @xcite ; @xcite ) . there have been debates on the nature of the hot component of this binary system .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	webbink ( 1976 ) and webbink et al . ( 1987 ) proposed an outburst mechanism of t crb based on their main - sequence accretor model .
12,425	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we present a new formalism to implement the nuclear particle - vibration coupling ( pvc ) model . the key issue is the proper treatment of the continuum , that is allowed by the coordinate space representation . our formalism , based on the use of zero - range interactions like the skyrme forces , is microscopic and fully self - consistent . we apply it to the case of neutron single - particle states in @xmath0ca , @xmath1pb and @xmath2o . the first two cases are meant to illustrate the comparison with the usual ( i.e. , discrete ) pvc model . however , we stress that the present approach allows to calculate properly the effect of pvc on resonant states . we compare our results with those from experiments in which the particle transfer in the continuum region has been attempted . the latter case , namely @xmath2o , is chosen as an example of a weakly - bound system . such a nucleus , being double - magic and not displaying collective low - lying vibrational excitations , is characterized by quite pure neutron single - particle states around the fermi surface . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the accurate description of the single - particle ( s.p . ) strength in atomic nuclei is , to a large extent , an open issue ( for a recent discussion see , e.g. , ref . @xcite ) . whereas in light nuclei either _ ab - initio _ or shell model calculations are feasible , in the case of medium - heavy nuclei we miss a fully microscopic theory that is able to account for the experimental findings . modern self - consistent models ( either based on the mean - field hamiltonians or on some implementation of density functional theory ) do not reproduce , as a rule , the level density around the fermi surface .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the reader can see , as a recent example , the results shown in ref . @xcite . moreover , the fragmentation of the s.p .
12,426	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use complex network concepts to analyze statistical properties of urban public transport networks ( ptn ) . to this end , we present a comprehensive survey of the statistical properties of ptns based on the data of fourteen cities of so far unexplored network size . especially helpful in our analysis are different network representations . within a comprehensive approach we calculate ptn characteristics in all of these representations and perform a comparative analysis . the standard network characteristics obtained in this way often correspond to features that are of practical importance to a passenger using public traffic in a given city . specific features are addressed that are unique to ptns and networks with similar transport functions ( such as networks of neurons , cables , pipes , vessels embedded in 2d or 3d space ) . based on the empirical survey , we propose a model that albeit being simple enough is capable of reproducing many of the identified ptn properties . a central ingredient of this model is a growth dynamics in terms of routes represented by self - avoiding walks . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the general interest in networks of man - made and natural systems has lead to a careful analysis of various network instances using empirical , simulational , and theoretical tools . the emergence of this field is sometimes referred to as the birth of network science @xcite . in this paper , we use complex network concepts to analyze the statistical properties of public transport networks ( ptn ) of large cities .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	these constitute an example of transportation networks @xcite and share general features of these systems : evolutionary dynamics , optimization , embedding in two dimensional ( 2d ) space . other examples of transportation networks are given by the airport @xcite , railway @xcite , or power grid networks @xcite .
12,427	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we compare entanglement with quantum nonlocality employing a geometric structure of the state space of bipartite qudits . central object is a regular simplex spanned by generalized bell states . the collins gisin linden massar popescu bell inequality is used to reveal states of this set that can not be described by local - realistic theories . optimal measurement settings necessary to ascertain nonlocality are determined by means of a recently proposed parameterization of the unitary group @xmath0 combined with robust numerical methods . the main results of this paper are descriptive geometric illustrations of the state space that emphasize the difference between entanglement and quantum nonlocality . namely , it is found that the shape of the boundaries of separability and bell inequality violation are essentially different . moreover , it is shown that also for mixtures of states sharing the same amount of entanglement , bell inequality violations and entanglement measures are non - monotonically related . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the fact that quantum physics contradicts local - realism is one of the most seminal discoveries . in his pioneering work @xcite , john s. bell showed that the statistical behavior of a bipartite qubit system is irreconcilable with any local - realistic theory when the system is in a singlet state . he revealed that for such theories correlations are bounded by constraints which , however , can be violated if the setup is handled quantum physically . since then much effort has been made to fully understand the origins and conditions that allow to demonstrate and experimentally test this contradiction known as quantum nonlocality . nowadays. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, a variety of so - called bell inequalities is known . recent bell inequalities also cover systems with more than two degrees of freedom @xcite and/or more than two parties @xcite . yet
12,428	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we numerically investigate abundance properties of the galactic globular clusters ( gcs ) by adopting a new `` external pollution '' scenario . in this framework , gcs are assumed to originate in forming low - mass dwarfs embedded in dark matter subhalos at very high redshifts ( @xmath0 ) and thus be chemically influenced by field agb stars of the dwarfs during early gc formation processes . gcs within a dwarf galaxy therefore can be formed from the mixture of ( i ) gas ejected from the field agb stars formed earlier in the dwarf and ( ii ) the interstellar gas infalling to the central region of the dwarf . in this external pollution scenario , the ratio of the total mass of infalling gas to that of agb ejecta during gc formation in a dwarf ( @xmath1 ) and the time scale of gas infall ( @xmath2 ) are the most important key parameters that can determine abundance properties of gcs . we mainly investigate the abundance inhomogeneity among light elements ( e.g. , c , n , o , na , and al ) of stars in gcs by using the latest stellar yield models of metal - poor agb stars _ with and without third dredge - up . _ our principal results for the models with no third dredge - up , which are more consistent with observations , are as follows . \(1 ) both [ n / fe ] and [ c / fe ] can be diverse among stars within a gc owing to chemical pollution from field agb stars . [ n / fe ] distributions in some gcs can clearly show bimodality whereas [ c / fe ] is monomodal in most models . [ n / fe ] distributions depend on @xmath1 such that models with smaller @xmath1 ( i.e. , larger mass fraction of agb ejecta used for gc formation ) show the [ n / fe ] bimodality more clearly . \(2 ) n - rich , c - poor stars in gcs also have higher he abundances owing to pollution from massive agb stars with he - rich ejecta . the number fraction of he - rich stars ( y @xmath3 ) is higher for the models with smaller @xmath1 and shorter @xmath2 for @xmath4 and @xmath5 yr . he abundances of stars correlate with [ n /.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since observational evidence of star - to - star abundance inhomogeneity among the light elements of stars in the galactic globular clusters ( gcs ) was discovered ( e.g. , cohen 1978 ; peterson 1980 ; norris et al . 1981 ; leep et al . 1986 ) , the origin of the inhomogeneity has been extensively discussed both theoretically and observationally ( e.g. , sneden et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	1992 ; norris & da costa 1995 ; smith et al . 2005 ; see gratton et al . 2004 for a recent review ) .
12,429	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: bound electron states in impure graphene are considered . short - range perturbations for defect and impurities of the types `` local chemical potential '' and `` local gap '' are taken into account . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the dirac equation is a fundamental base of the relativistic field theory . however , it is an important model in the non - relativistic solid state theory as well . superconductors with @xmath0pairing @xcite , the cohen - blount two - band model of narrow - gap semiconductors @xcite , @xcite , electronic spectrum of the carbon tubes form an incomplete list of the non - relativistic applications of this equation . during the last two years. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	extremely much attention was payed to the problem of the electronic spectrum of graphene ( see for the review @xcite ) . two - dimensional structure of it and a presence of the cone points in the electronic spectrum make actual a comprehensive study of the external fields effect on the spectrum and other characteristics of the electronic states described by the dirac equation in the 2 + 1 space - time .
12,430	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in shannon information theory the capacity of a memoryless communication channel can not be increased by the use of feedback from receiver to sender . in this paper the use of classical feedback is shown to provide no increase in the unassisted classical capacity of a memoryless quantum channel when feedback is used across non - entangled input states , or when the channel is an entanglement breaking channel . this gives a generalization of the shannon theory for certain classes of feedback protocols when transmitting through noisy quantum communication channels . quantum information , channel capacity , quantum channels , feedback . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: theory of quantum information is a generalization of the shannon theory of information that takes into account the physical nature of the information carrier . previously , information was assumed to be encoded in `` classical '' physical states of a system that are distinct and infinitely copyable . classical physics remains only an approximation to the underlying quantum nature of matter . to understand the true limits that the laws of physics will place on our ability to communicate and process information , the quantum behavior of the information carrier. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	must be addressed . in the classical theory of transmission through noisy channels , the maximum asymptotic rate that information may be transmitted through a discrete memoryless channel ( dmc ) is given by the shannon capacity theorem @xcite .
12,431	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we examine the zero - temperature phase diagram of the two - dimensional levin - wen string - net model with fibonacci anyons in the presence of competing interactions . combining high - order series expansions around three exactly solvable points and exact diagonalizations , we find that the non - abelian doubled fibonacci topological phase is separated from two nontopological phases by different second - order quantum critical points , the positions of which are computed accurately . these trivial phases are separated by a first - order transition occurring at a fourth exactly solvable point where the ground - state manifold is infinitely many degenerate . the evaluation of critical exponents suggests unusual universality classes . quantum phases of matter are often well described by local order parameters and landau - ginzburg symmetry - breaking theory is an efficient tool to analyze transitions between these phases . however , in the late 1980s , a new class of phases that can not be understood in terms of local symmetries has emerged in the context of high - temperature superconductivity @xcite . these phases , dubbed topological because of their sensitivity to the system topology , have stimulated many studies in different domains ( see ref . for a recent review ) . one of the most intriguing properties of topologically ordered phases is that they are robust against local ( not too strong ) perturbations @xcite . this stability makes them especially appealing for quantum computation @xcite as well as good candidates for quantum memories @xcite . several experiments have been proposed to realize the so - called topologically protected qubits @xcite . in this perspective , a theoretical characterization of the robustness of topological phases under strong perturbations as well as the nature of the phase transitions signaling their breakdown is undoubtedly an important issue . thanks to recently proposed exactly solvable lattice models realizing various topological phases of.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the following , we give the series expansions in the different phases for the ground - state energy per plaquette @xmath75 and the quasiparticle gaps @xmath107 , for positive and negative signs of the dimensionless parameter @xmath108 respectively . for the sake of clarity , we give below the numerical values of the coefficients with 16 digits . the ground - state energy per plaquette @xmath75 near @xmath26 ( @xmath109 , @xmath110 ) has been obtained up to order @xmath111 using operator perturbation theory @xcite , whereas quasiparticle gaps @xmath112 were obtained up to order @xmath113 using perturbative continuous unitary transformations .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	@xcite @xmath114\\ \nonumber\\ \delta^+ / j_{\rm{p } } = & \ 1 -1.658359213500126 \,t-2.029179606750063 \,t^2 - 3.107113095525145 \,t^3 - 8.042597266963313 \,t^4\nonumber\\&\ -19.16249885423558 \,t^5 -58.31720409052607 \,t^6 - 164.4421257647495 \,t^7 - 528.5318111014412 \,t^8\nonumber\\&\ -1615.453328025113 \,t^9 , \displaybreak[0]\\ \nonumber\\ \delta^- / j_{\rm{p } } = & \ 1 + 0.8291796067500631 \,t+0.1145898033750315 \,t^2 + 0.5110332556124590 \,t^3 + 0.4044760408194119 \,t^4\nonumber\\&\ + 0.9554382719956335 \,t^5 + 1.784752477740017 \,t^6 + 4.523961920423115 \,t^7 + 11.17294663306187 \,t^8\nonumber\\&\ + 31.20020681009114 \,t^9.\end{aligned}\ ] ] the ground - state energy per plaquette @xmath75 near @xmath57 ( @xmath115 , @xmath116 ) has been obtained up to order @xmath117 using a partitioning technique provided by lwdin @xcite , whereas quasiparticle gaps @xmath112 were obtained up to order @xmath111 using operator perturbation theory @xcite on appropriate periodic clusters . @xmath118\\
12,432	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: multicoloured random graphs : the random dynamics program the random dynamics program of holger nielsen and co - workers is a proposal to explain the origin of all symmetries , including lorentz and gauge invariance without appeal to any fundamental invariance of the laws of nature , and to derive the known physical laws in such a way as to be almost unavoidable . the philosophy of random dynamics is that the most useful assumption that we can make about the fundamental laws is that they are random and then to see how known physics like mechanics and relativity follow from them . it is believed that almost any model of these regularities would appear in some limit for example as energies become small . almost all theories or models at the fundamental level could then explain known physics and specific models would arise from chaotic fundamental physics which has as few starting assumptions as possible . this brief book continues the previous two in the series , the first being a derivation of pure mathematical results and the second containing a sketch of possible physical applications of some of the results in the first volume . in this third volume we focus on the ideas behind the froggatt - nielsen project and suggest how using the formalism and properties of random graphs can be useful in developing the theory , and point towards directions in which it can be more fully extended in future work . in the previous volume we sketched our proposal for the origin of the standard model family structure . here we look in greater detail at some of the other proposals of the random dynamics program and outline possible mathematics and in particular properties of multicoloured random graphs as possible starting points in a research project that applies the mathematics to the physics by judicious interpretation of the various elements of the random models as physical concepts . we would hope that the ideas presented here could be implemented into a detailed formal theory , as part of an.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: * in loving memory of my late father anwar * * my mother adiba * * jacob avner and daniel * the purpose of this book is to publicize both the random dynamics program as well as a possible approach to it using the theory of multicoloured random graphs , by giving a flavour of the properties of these graphs together with a hint of the associated mathematics . the random dynamics project is an approach to physics that differs from the usual bottom - up approach of building on known theory by unifying different phenomena into one theory .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	it is in the spirit of smolin s clearly - argued @xcite need for radical rather than incremental approaches to furthering our understanding of how things work . its premise is that all symmetries , including the most fundamental ones such as lorentz and gauge invariance , can be derived without having to be assumed , even if the most fundamental laws at very high energies do not possess them .
12,433	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: with the widespread use of mobile computing devices in contemporary society , our trajectories in the physical space and virtual world are increasingly closely connected . using the anonymous smartphone data of @xmath0 users in 30 days , we construct the mobility network and the attention network to study the correlations between online and offline human behaviors . in the mobility network , nodes are physical locations and edges represent the movements between locations , and in the attention network , nodes are websites and edges represent the switch of users between websites . we apply the box - covering method to renormalize the networks . the investigated network properties include the size of box @xmath1 and the number of boxes @xmath2 . we find two universal classes of behaviors : the mobility network is featured by a small - world property , @xmath3 , whereas the attention network is characterized by a self - similar property , @xmath4 . in particular , with the increasing of the length of box @xmath1 , the degree correlation of the network changes from positive to negative which indicates that there are two layers of structure in the mobility network . we use the results of network renormalisation to detect the community and map the structure of the mobility network . further , we locate the most relevant websites visited in these communities , and identify three typical location - based behaviors , including the shopping , dating , and taxi - calling . finally , we offer a revised geometric network model to explain our findings in the perspective of spatial - constrained attachment . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: digital media , especially internet and smartphones , provides a new lens to study human behaviors in both the physical space and the virtual world . researchers are getting more interested in studying the relationship between online and offline human behaviors @xcite . for example , ginsberg et al . tried to predict the influenza epidemics using search engine query data @xcite ; bond et al . studied the relationship between facebook use and offline political mobilization @xcite ; zhao et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	investigated the relationship of human movements in cyberspace and physical space using a mobile phone dataset @xcite . in particular , zhao et al . found a superlinear scaling relation between the mean frequency of visit @xmath5 and its fluctuation @xmath6 , and there was a strong correlation for the average frequency of @xmath5 in both spaces @xcite .
12,434	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the murchison widefield array ( mwa ) is a new low frequency interferomeric radio telescope , operating in the benign radio frequency environment of remote western australia . the mwa is the low frequency precursor to the square kilometre array ( ska ) and is the first of three ska precursors to be operational , supporting a varied science mission ranging from the attempted detection of the epoch of reionisation to the monitoring of solar flares and space weather . in this paper we explore the possibility that the mwa can be used for the purposes of space situational awareness ( ssa ) . in particular we propose that the mwa can be used as an element of a passive radar facility operating in the frequency range 87.5 - 108 mhz ( the commercial fm broadcast band ) . in this scenario the mwa can be considered the receiving element in a bi - static radar configuration , with fm broadcast stations serving as non - cooperative transmitters . the fm broadcasts propagate into space , are reflected off debris in earth orbit , and are received at the mwa . the imaging capabilities of the mwa can be used to simultaneously detect multiple pieces of space debris , image their positions on the sky as a function of time , and provide tracking data that can be used to determine orbital parameters . such a capability would be a valuable addition to australian and global ssa assets , in terms of southern and eastern hemispheric coverage . we provide a feasibility assessment of this proposal , based on simple calculations and electromagnetic simulations that shows the detection of sub - metre size debris should be possible ( debris radius of @xmath0 m to @xmath11000 km altitude ) . we also present a proof - of - concept set of observations that demonstrate the feasibility of the proposal , based on the detection and tracking of the international space station via reflected fm broadcast signals originating in south - west western australia . these observations broadly validate our calculations and simulations.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: space debris consists of a range of human - made objects in a variety of orbits around the earth , representing the remnants of payloads and payload delivery systems accumulated over a number of decades . with the increasing accumulation of debris in earth orbit , the chance of collisions between the debris increases ( causing an increase in the number of debris fragments ) . more importantly , the chance of collisions between debris and active satellites increases , posing a risk of damage to these expensive and strategically important assets . this risk motivates the need to obtain better information on the population characteristics of debris ( distribution of sizes and masses , distribution of orbits etc ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	research into space debris is considered a critical activity world - wide and is the subject of the inter - agency space debris coordination committee , previously described in detail in many volumes , including a united nations technical report on space debris @xcite and a report from the committee on the peaceful uses of outer space @xcite . the american astronomical society maintains a committee on light pollution , radio interference and space debris , since space debris poses a risk to important space - based astrophysical observatories .
12,435	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: entangled quantum states are an important element of quantum information techniques . we determine the requirements for states of quadrupolar nuclei with spins @xmath01/2 to be entangled . it was shown that entanglement is achieved at low temperature by applying a magnetic field to a quadrupolar nuclei possess quadrupole moments , which interacts with the electricfield gradient produced by the charge distribution in their surroundings . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: quantum entanglement @xcite , the most characteristic feature of quantum mechanics , is one of the central concepts in quantum information theory and is the feature that distinguishes it most significantly from the classical theory . entanglement is now viewed as a physical resource , which provides a means to perform quantum computation and quantum communication @xcite . it should be emphasized that property of entanglement can be considered regardless of the nature of qubits@xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	one of the most intensively investigated systems is clusters of coupling nuclear spins @xcite which received considerable attention as a platform for the practical implementation of a quantum computer ( qc ) by using nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) technique @xcite . the strength of the coupling ( such as dipole - dipole , scalar or exchange interactions ) between different spins and interaction of the spins with environment determine the decoherence time .
12,436	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we analyse the evolution of scalar and gauge fields during a second order phase transition using a langevin equation approach . we show that topological defects formed during the phase transition are stable to thermal fluctuations . our method allows the field evolution to be followed throughout the phase transition , for both expanding and non - expanding universes . the results verify the kibble mechanism for defect formation during phase transitions . = 0.3 in = 0.2 in = -0.2 in = -0.2 in = 9.2 in = 6.55 in = -0.5 in pubnumber # 1pubnumberdamtp 94 - 87 makepubto @to maketitle makepub 2em title 1.5em 0.5em [ cols="^ " , ] 1em date 1.5em . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: why there is so little anti - matter in the universe , and why the matter coalesced in the way it did are two of the major problems facing cosmology . predictably , both have attracted a great deal of attention spawning a panoply of explanations and theories . some of these theories involve objects known as topological defects@xcite , regions of trapped primordial vacuum , an example of which is the cosmic string .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	a string approach is an appealing one since it can be used to address both questions : the wake left by strings moving through the universe can produce fluctuations which may lead to the accretion of matter into large scale structures@xcite@xcite , whilst their interaction with particles and the decay of string loops can provide mechanisms leading to baryon number violation@xcite and the observed matter bias@xcite . hence , it is important to understand how these strings form , both to predict how many we can expect to have been created and how likely the above processes are . the formation of topological defects is thought to proceed via the kibble mechanism@xcite .
12,437	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this proceedings we summarize our recent letter ( jarvis & mclure 2002 ) where we suggested that by correcting for the inevitable effects of inclination , the black - hole masses of flat - spectrum quasars ( fsq ) with intrinsically powerful radio jets are confined , virtually exclusively , to @xmath0 m@xmath1 . after considering realistic doppler boosting factors , many of the fsq would be more accurately classified as radio - intermediate or radio - quiet quasars . this range in radio luminosity suggests that the fsq are fully consistent with an upper boundary on radio power of the form @xmath2 . [ 1996/06/01 ] a&a . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: one question which has recently received a great deal of attention in the literature is whether or not the mass of an agn s black hole is strongly related to it s radio luminosity . this question is of importance , because if it is established that radio - loud and radio - quiet quasars have different black - hole mass distributions , it may help explain why quasars of comparable optical luminosities can differ in their radio luminosity by many orders of magnitude . on the contrary , if radio - loud and radio - quiet quasars are found to have essentially identical black - hole mass distributions , then the search for the origin of radio loudness must move to some other physical parameter such as black - hole spin . using the spectral data of boroson & green ( 1992 ) , laor ( 2000 ) investigated the relation between black - hole mass and radio luminosity in the palomar - green quasar sample using the virial black - hole mass estimator .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the results from this analysis pointed to an apparent bi - modality in black - hole mass , with virtually all of the radio - loud quasars containing black holes with masses @xmath4m@xmath1 , whereas the majority of quasars with black hole masses @xmath5m@xmath1 were radio quiet . a similar result was arrived at by mclure & dunlop ( 2002 ) using a sample of radio - loud and radio - quiet quasars matched in terms of both redshift and optical luminosity .
12,438	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: motivated by recent interest in tev - scale gravity and especially by the possibility of fast baryon decay mediated by virtual black holes , we study another dangerous aspect of spacetime foam interactions : lepton flavor violation . we correlate existing limits on gravity - induced decoherence in the neutrino sector with a lower bound on the scale of quantum gravity , and find that if spacetime foam interactions do not allow an @xmath0-matrix description the uv cutoff is well beyond the electroweak scale . this suggests that string theory provides the appropriate framework for description of quantum gravity at the tev - scale . what is the meaning of quantum gravity ? it means that spacetime itself is subject to quantum laws , necessitating inherent fluctuations in the fabric ( metric and topology ) of space and time . these microscopic boiling bubbles force on spacetime a foam - like structure @xcite . a heuristic example pictures spacetime to be filled with tiny virtual black holes that pop in and out of existence on a timescale allowed by heisenberg s uncertainty principle @xcite . these black holes conserve energy , angular momentum , and electric and color charge ( unbroken gauged quantum numbers ) , but they _ are believed _ not to conserve global quantum numbers . if this is the case , the transition between initial and final density matrices associated with black hole formation and evaporation is not factorizable into products of @xmath0-matrix elements and their hermitian conjugates . the evolution of such a quantum system is characterized by a superscattering operator @xmath1 that maps initial pure states to final mixed states , @xmath2 with @xmath3 @xcite . in other words , there _ may be _ a loss of quantum information across the black hole event horizons , providing an environment that can induce decoherence of apparently isolated matter systems . in recent years much attention has been devoted to tev - scale gravity models @xcite , as they provide an economic.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: 99 cullen s and perelstein m 1999 _ phys . rev . lett . _ * 83 * 268 abbott b _ et al . _ [ d0 collaboration ] 2001 _ phys .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	lett . _ * 86 * 1156 hoyle c d _ _ 2001 _ phys .
12,439	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recent assays for individual - specific genome - wide dna methylation profiles have enabled epigenome - wide association studies to identify specific cpg sites associated with a phenotype . computational prediction of cpg site - specific methylation levels is important , but current approaches tackle average methylation within a genomic locus and are often limited to specific genomic regions . we characterize genome - wide dna methylation patterns , and show that correlation among cpg sites decays rapidly , making predictions solely based on neighboring sites challenging . we built a random forest classifier to predict cpg site methylation levels using as features neighboring cpg site methylation levels and genomic distance , and co - localization with coding regions , cgis , and regulatory elements from the encode project , among others . our approach achieves @xmath0 prediction accuracy of genome - wide methylation levels at single cpg site precision . the accuracy increases to @xmath1 when restricted to cpg sites within cgis . our classifier outperforms state - of - the - art methylation classifiers and identifies features that contribute to prediction accuracy : neighboring cpg site methylation status , cpg island status , co - localized dnase i hypersensitive sites , and specific transcription factor binding sites were found to be most predictive of methylation levels . our observations of dna methylation patterns led us to develop a classifier to predict site - specific methylation levels that achieves the best dna methylation predictive accuracy to date . furthermore , our method identified genomic features that interact with dna methylation , elucidating mechanisms involved in dna methylation modification and regulation , and linking different epigenetic processes . [ 1995/12/01 ] . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: dna methylation , cpg island , shore , and shelf , random forest classifier , dnase i hypersensitive sites , transcription factor binding sites , ewas epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression or complex phenotype that are not associated with changes in dna sequence and but inherited through cell division . epigenetic markers often change within an individual over time and are cell type specific @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	epigenetics has been shown to play a critical role in cell differentiation , development , and tumorigenesis @xcite . dna methylation is probably the best studied epigenetic modification of dna , but our understanding of dna methylation is still in its infancy . in vertebrates ,
12,440	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have studied the zero and low - temperature behavior of anisotropic alternating antiferromagnetic - ferromagnetic heisenberg spin-1/2 chains in a transverse magnetic field . using the analytical spinless fermion approach , the thermodynamic behavior of the model has been studied . we have introduced a new order parameter to distinguish the gapless luttinger liquid phase from the other gapped phases . the exact diagonalization lanczos results are also used to compare with the spinless fermion ones . we have found a double peak structure in the specific heat curves for the region between the two quantum critical points . using the numerical full diagonalization results , the existence of the double peak structure is confirmed . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the study of continuous phase transitions has been one of the most fertile branches of theoretical physics in the last decades . each phase can usually be characterized by an order parameter . often , the choice of an order parameter is obvious .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	however , in some cases finding an appropriate order parameter is complicated . in particular , many magnetic systems experience the luttinger liquid ( ll ) phase for certain values of some non - thermal control parameter .
12,441	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this contribution , we present an application of a novel perturbation approach ( denoted as an overset approach ) to a generic turbulent channel flow . the derivation of the governing equations ( the non - linear perturbation equations extended with fluctuating viscous terms ) is presented as well as subgrid - scale modeling aspects which results in the overset les ( oles ) method . the application of the overset method is illustrated with a generic fully developed turbulent channel flow , the results of which show excellent agreement with reference direct numerical simulation data . the ability of the overset method to correct for an imperfect background flow is furthermore shown . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: direct numerical simulations ( dns ) provide the ability to simulate turbulent flows with the least amount of physical modeling . this is accompanied by a strong computational demand due to the scale disparity which restricts dns often to simple geometries and moderate reynolds numbers . large - eddy simulation ( les ) offer a way to reduce this computational demand by modeling the small non - resolved length scales ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	+ on the other side of the spectrum are approaches based on the reynolds averaged navier - stokes ( rans ) equations . such rans based approaches are applicable for many engineering applications ( i.e. , complex geometries and high reynolds numbers ) , however , involves significant modeling assumptions that fail to predict complex flow phenomena with high accuracy , e.g. , pressure driven separation and the corresponding flow topology . hybrid rans / les methods offer an attractive alternative to rans or les stand - alone methods where through a suitable combination of rans and les only les is performed in the regions where it is needed and rans in the remainder . for an overview concerning hybrid les / rans approaches the reader is referred to @xcite .
12,442	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: autocatalytic fibril nucleation has recently been proposed to be a determining factor for the spread of neurodegenerative diseases , but the same process could also be exploited to amplify minute quantities of protein aggregates in a diagnostic context . recent advances in microfluidic technology allow analysis of protein aggregation in micron - scale samples potentially enabling such diagnostic approaches , but the theoretical foundations for the analysis and interpretation of such data are so far lacking . here we study computationally the onset of protein aggregation in small volumes and show that the process is ruled by intrinsic fluctuations whose volume dependent distribution we also estimate theoretically . based on these results , we develop a strategy to quantify in silico the statistical errors associated with the detection of aggregate containing samples . our work opens a new perspective on the forecasting of protein aggregation in asymptomatic subjects . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the presence of aberrant conformations of the amyloid @xmath0 peptide and the protein @xmath1-synuclein is considered to be a key factor behind the development of alzheimer s and parkinson s diseases , respectively . the polymerization kinetics of these proteins has been shown to consist of nucleation and growth processes and to be strongly accelerated by the presence in solution of pre - existing fibrils @xcite , thereby circumventing the slow primary nucleation of aggregates . it was found that surfaces , such as lipid bilayers @xcite and hydrophobic nanoparticles @xcite can accelerate the nucleation process dramatically .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	indeed , in the case of @xmath1-synuclein , it was found that in the absence of suitable surfaces , the primary nucleation rate is undetectably slow @xcite . under certain conditions , the surfaces of the aggregates themselves appear to be able to catalyse the formation of new fibrils , leading to autocatalytic behavior and exponential proliferation of the number of aggregates @xcite .
12,443	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we calculate low scale gravity effects on the cross section for neutrino - nucleon scattering at center of mass energies up to the greisen - zatsepin - kuzmin ( gzk ) scale , in the eikonal approximation . we compare the cases of an infinitely thin brane embedded in @xmath0 compactified extra - dimensions , and of a brane with a physical tension @xmath1 tev and @xmath2 tev . the extra dimensional planck scale @xmath3 is set at @xmath4 gev and @xmath5 gev . we also compare our calculations with neutral current standard model calculations in the same energy range , and compare the thin brane eikonal cross section to its saddle point approximation . new physics effects enhance the cross section by orders of magnitude on average . they are quite sensitive to @xmath6 and @xmath3 choices , though much less sensitive to @xmath7 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since neutrinos interact only weakly with matter , neutrino observatories provide a powerful tool for exploring the deepest reaches of stars and galaxies . in recent years there has been an upswell in the number of experiments , either running or about to run , that are aimed at detecting ultra - high energy ( uhe ) neutrinos , neutrinos with energies from the multi - tev range to beyond the eev range . their existence is predicted by a number of theoretical models .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	although the production mechanism can be different - either as a byproduct of creation and decay of pions in the interaction between high energy primary cosmic rays and the cosmic microwave background , as predicted by gzk @xcite , or as products of the same astrophysical sources that generate the cosmic rays observed in the highest energy air showers @xcite -there is wide expectation in the community that neutrinos of galactic or cosmic origin will be detected in the uhe energy range in the near future . many experimental limits on astrophysical neutrino fluxes have already been established .
12,444	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the measurement of the nuclear structure function @xmath0 at the future electron - ion collider ( eic ) will be of great relevance to understand the origin of the nuclear shadowing and to probe gluon saturation effects . currently there are several phenomenological models , based on very distinct approaches , which describe the scarce experimental data quite successfully . one of main uncertainties comes from the schemes used to include the effects associated to the multiple scatterings and to unitarize the cross section . in this paper we compare the predictions of three distinct unitarization schemes of the nuclear structure function which use the same theoretical input to describe the projectile - nucleon interaction . in particular , we consider as input the predictions of the color glass condensate formalism , which reproduce the inclusive and diffractive @xmath1 hera data . our results demonstrate that the experimental analysis of @xmath2 will be able to discriminate between the unitarization schemes . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the measurement of the nuclear structure function in deep inelastic electron - nucleus scattering ( dis ) is the best way to improve our knowledge of the nuclear parton distributions and qcd dynamics in the high energy regime ( see , e.g.@xcite ) . however , after more than 30 years of experimental and theoretical studies , a standard picture of nuclear modifications of structure functions and parton densities has not yet emerged . fixed target dis measurement on nuclei revealed that the ratio of nuclear to nucleon structure functions ( normalized by the atomic mass number ) is significantly different from unity . in particular , these data demonstrate an intricate behavior , with the ratio being less than one at large @xmath3 ( the emc effect ) and at small @xmath3 ( shadowing ) and larger than one for @xmath4 ( antishadowing ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the existing data were taken at lower energies @xcite and therefore the perturbative qcd regime ( @xmath5 gev@xmath6 ) was explored only for relatively large values of the ( bjorken ) @xmath3 variable ( @xmath7 ) . experimentally , this situation will hopefully change with a future high energy electron - ion collider ( eic ) ( for recent reviews see , e.g. @xcite ) , which is supposed to take data at higher energies and explore the region of small @xmath3 ( @xmath8 ) in the perturbative qcd regime .
12,445	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: some of the new developments in the theory of heavy ion collisions are reviewed . much of the last progress have been triggered by the high energies available at rhic . in the near future , the lhc will extend the energy reach in heavy ions by a factor thirty and give access to new qcd regimes characterized by large densities and temperatures and corresponding modified evolution equations . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the advent of collider energies to heavy ion physics is leading to a profound change in the field . the new tools available , specially the access to the large transverse momentum part of the spectrum , allow for an unprecedented characterization of the high density state created in such collisions . accordingly , the traditional goal of producing a _ quark - gluon plasma _ , the deconfined state of quarks and gluons predicted from qcd , has been enlarged to the study of several other mechanisms as thermalization , parton distribution functions at very small-@xmath0 or in medium evolution of parton showers . in general words ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	a new line is emerging which attempt to study how the collective properties of the fundamental interactions appear . for that end , large energy densities in _ extended _ regions need to be produced in contrast with the traditional direction in high energy physics which attempt to create the largest possible energy scales in well localized spacial regions for new physics to become observable
12,446	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: charge - symmetry breaking in the nucleon - nucleon force is investigated within an effective field theory , using a classification of isospin - violating interactions based on power - counting arguments . the relevant charge - symmetry - breaking interactions corresponding to the first two orders in the power counting are discussed , including their effects on the @xmath0he @xmath1 @xmath0h binding - energy difference . the static charge - symmetry - breaking potential linear in the nucleon - mass difference is constructed using chiral perturbation theory . explicit formulae in momentum and configuration spaces are presented . the present work completes previously obtained results . = 0.25 in = 0.25 in = .10 in = 1ex = 2ex = 6ex = 3ex plus 1000pt minus 1000pt # 1 # 1= to + + _ theoretical division , los alamos national laboratory + los alamos , nm 87545 _ + + _ department of physics , university of arizona + tucson , az 85721 _ + and + _ riken - bnl research center , brookhaven national laboratory + upton , ny 11973 _ + + _ department of physics and astronomy , university of iowa + iowa city , ia 52242 _ + + _ department of physics , new mexico state university + las cruces , nm 88003 _ + and + _ division of nuclear physics , u.s . department of energy + sc-23 , germantown building , 1000 independence avenue + washington , d.c . 20585 - 1290 _ + . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: significant advances in understanding isospin violation in the nuclear force have been made in the past decade . experimental progress ( which is reviewed and summarized in refs.@xcite ) has been supplemented recently by the advent of chiral perturbation theory ( chpt)@xcite . this powerful technique casts the symmetries of qcd into effective interactions of the traditional , low - energy degrees of freedom of nuclear physics ( viz . , nucleons and pions ) . these building blocks ( in the lagrangian ) can then be combined in a systematic way to produce nuclear forces that violate isospin in exactly the same way as in qcd .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	an important feature of effective field theories is power counting , which is the technique used to organize calculations@xcite . a well - defined ordering of terms in the lagrangian according to scales intrinsic to qcd and nuclei is used to generate all terms of a particular size .
12,447	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the generation of strong large scale magnetic fields in dense quark matter . the magnetic field growth is owing to the magnetic field instability driven by the electroweak interaction of quarks . we discuss the situation when the chiral symmetry is unbroken in the degenerate quark matter . in this case we predict the amplification of the seed magnetic field @xmath0 to the strengths @xmath1 . in our analysis we use the typical parameters of the quark matter in the core of a hybrid star or in a quark star . we also discuss the application of the obtained results to describe the magnetic fields generation in magnetars . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the origin of strong magnetic fields @xmath2 in some compact stars , called magnetars @xcite , remains an open problem of modern astrophysics . despite the popularity of some models describing the generation of such magnetic fields , which are based on magnetohydrodynamics of stellar plasmas , none of them can satisfactory describe the observational data . these models are reviewed in ref .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	@xcite . recently , the methods of elementary particle physics , mainly the chiral magnetic effect ( cme ) @xcite , were applied in ref .
12,448	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using the parallel / orthogonal space method , we calculate the planar two - loop three - point diagram and two rotated reduced planar two - loop three - point diagrams . together with the crossed topology , these diagrams are the most complicated ones in the two - loop corrections necessary , for instance , for the decay of the @xmath0 boson . instead of calculating particular decay processes , we present the new algorithm which allows one to calculate arbitrary nnlo calculations for massive planar two - loop vertex functions in the general mass case . all integration steps up to the last two ones are performed analytically and will be implemented under xloops as part of the mainz xloops - ginac project . the last two integrations are done numerically using methods like vegas and divonne . thresholds originating from landau singularities are found and discussed in detail . in order to demonstrate the numeric stability of our methods we consider particular feynman integrals which contribute to different physical processes . our results can be generalized to the case of the crossed topology . mz - th/05 - 17 + hep - ph/0508173 + august 2005 + * evaluating massive planar + two - loop tensor vertex integrals * + stefan groote@xmath1 and markus m. knodel@xmath2 + @xmath2 institut fr physik der johannes - gutenberg - universitt , + staudinger weg 7 , 55099 mainz , germany + @xmath3 fsika - keemiateaduskond , tartu likool , the 4 , 51010 tartu , estonia + . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: precision measurements at the lep collider at cern and other colliders like e.g. slc at slac , tevatron at fermilab and hera at desy have reached a precision which has exceeded all expectations . this is true especially for electron colliders @xcite . at the moment the precision of measurements related to the parameters of the standard model of electroweak interactions reaches values up to @xmath4 @xcite . at future colliders like the lhc or the ilc ( including gigaz ) ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	further improvements are expected @xcite . compared to this , theoretical predictions accomplish this precision only in very few cases . to check the validity of the standard model and to be able to draw conclusions about `` new physics '' , progress in theoretical methods and their application is necessary @xcite .
12,449	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the hessian of the entropy function can be thought of as a metric tensor on state space . in the context of thermodynamical fluctuation theory ruppeiner has argued that the riemannian geometry of this metric gives insight into the underlying statistical mechanical system ; the claim is supported by numerous examples . we study these geometries for some families of black holes and find that the ruppeiner geometry is flat for reissner nordstrm black holes in any dimension , while curvature singularities occur for the kerr black holes . kerr black holes have instead flat weinhold curvature . 28 december 2007 * ruppeiner geometry of black hole thermodynamics * + , * narit pidokrajt * + _ department of physics + stockholm university + se-106 91 stockholm + sweden _ + we are here not studying the spacetimes of black holes as such . instead we examine entropy @xmath0 or mass @xmath1 , where @xmath2 is charge and @xmath3 angular momentum . the ruppeiner metric @xcite is the hessian of negative entropy : @xmath4 while the weinhold metric @xcite is the hessian of @xmath5 : @xmath6 . the two metrics are conformally related @xmath7 where @xmath8 , @xmath9 and @xmath10 is the temperature . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the event horizon is given by @xmath11 where @xmath12 is chosen so that the area of a sphere at constant @xmath12 equals @xmath13 . there are two roots @xmath14 and @xmath15 . we find that @xmath16 , @xmath17 , @xmath18 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the entropy is @xmath19 , and we set @xmath20 . solving for @xmath5 the fundamental thermodynamical relation is @xmath21 .
12,450	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we propose the use of coherent control of a multi - qubit cavity qed system in order to explore novel phase transition phenomena in a general class of multi - qubit cavity systems . in addition to atomic systems , the associated super - radiant phase transitions should be observable in a variety of solid - state experimental systems , including the technologically important case of interacting quantum dots coupled to an optical cavity mode . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: there is much current interest in the use of coherent control in order to generate novel matter - radiation states in cavity qed and atom - optics systems @xcite . in addition , the field of cavity qed has caught the interest of workers in the field of solid - state nanostructures , since effective two - level systems can be fabricated using semiconductor quantum dots , organic molecules and even naturally - occuring biological systems such as the photosynthetic complexes lhi and lhii and in biological imaging setups involving fret ( fluoresence resonance energy transfer ) @xcite . such nanostructure systems could then be embedded in optical cavities or their equivalent , such as in the gap of a photonic band - gap material @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	we refer to ref . @xcite for a discussion of the size and energy - gaps of the artificial nanostructure systems which can currently be fabricated experimentally . in a parallel development ,
12,451	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we critique the hypothesis that the first stars were very massive stars ( vms ; @xmath0 @xmath1 ) . we review the two major lines of evidence for the existence of vms : ( 1 ) that the relative metal abundances of extremely metal - poor galactic halo stars show evidence of vms enrichment , and ( 2 ) that the high electron - scattering optical depth ( @xmath2 ) to the cmb found by _ wmap _ requires vms for reionization in a concordance @xmath3cdm cosmology . the yield patterns of vms exploding as pair - instability supernovae are incompatible with the fe - peak and @xmath4-process abundances in halo stars . models including type ii supernovae and/or `` hypernovae '' from zero - metallicity progenitors with @xmath5 @xmath1 can better explain the observed trends . we use the nucleosynthesis results and stellar evolution models to construct an initial mass function ( imf ) for reionization . with a simple metal - transport model , we estimate that halo enrichment curtails metal - free star formation after @xmath6 yr at @xmath7 . because the lifetime - integrated ionizing photon efficiency of metal - free stars peaks at @xmath8 120 @xmath1 and declines at higher mass , an imf with an approximate lower bound at @xmath9 @xmath1 and no vms can maximize the ionizing photon budget and still be consistent with the nucleosynthetic evidence . an imf devoid of low - mass stars is justified independently by models of the formation of primordial stars . using a semi - analytic model for h i and he ii reionization , we find that such an imf can reproduce @xmath10 , consistent with the range from _ wmap _ , without extreme astrophysical assumptions , provided that metal - free star formation persists @xmath11 yr after star formation begins . because stars in the mass range 50 140 @xmath1 are the most efficient sources of ionizing photons , but are expected to collapse to black holes without releasing metals , this imf effectively decouples early metal enrichment and early ionization . such an.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: theoretical ideas about the first , metal - free stars have developed rapidly in recent years , despite the absence of direct observational evidence of their properties . as a specific prediction of the big bang theory , metal - free first stars confront both cosmology and astrophysics generally with important questions : when did the first stars form ? what was their initial mass function ( imf ) ? what were their lifetimes and feedback effects ?. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	where are their remnants ( compact objects and/or metal enrichment ) ? the standard tools of stellar evolution theory have been applied to calculate the evolving structure and radiative spectra of metal - free stars , given their mass ( tumlinson & shull 2000 ; marigo et al . 2000 ; bromm , kudritzki , & loeb 2001 ; schaerer 2002 ; tumlinson , shull , & venkatesan 2003 , hereafter tsv03 ) .
12,452	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: nonequilibrium physics of rare events , or fluctuations , is an unique fingerprint of a given system . by virtue of its very nature , it differs from the nonequilibrium physics enclosed in the system s mean quantities and provides an experimental alternative to conclusively uncover various microscopic structures . here , using a keldysh field theory with fermionic topological constraints , we demonstrate that in noninteracting systems , whose dynamics is driven by majorana states , the effective charge @xmath0 , characterizing the electric current fluctuations , is fractional . this is in contrast to noninteracting dirac systems with the trivial electronic charge , @xmath1 . quite the opposite , in the majorana state we predict two different fractional effective charges at low and high energies , @xmath2 and @xmath3 , which can be accessed at low and high bias voltages , respectively . we show that while the low energy effective charge @xmath2 is sensitive to thermal fluctuations of the current , the high energy effective charge @xmath3 is robust against thermal noise and represents an unique fluctuation signature of majorana fermions in experiments on strongly nonequilibrium systems even at high temperatures . the physics of fluctuation phenomena , or noise , dating back to brownian @xcite motion has received a systematic scientific framework after the einstein s @xcite and smoluchowski s @xcite conceptual theoretical breakthrough proven experimentally by svedberg @xcite and perrin @xcite . spontaneous or excited by external perturbations fluctuations represent an extremely insightful experimental tool known as the fluctuation spectroscopy . this technique is highly sensitive and , as a result , it scans the microscopic structure of a system in question in much more detail than it could be addressed in terms of the expectation values of the system s observables . in equilibrium , nevertheless , kinetics of a given system makes a clever link between random deviations of its physical.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: support from the dfg under the program sfb 689 is acknowledged . 25ifxundefined [ 1 ] ifx#1 ifnum [ 1 ] # 1firstoftwo secondoftwo ifx [ 1 ] # 1firstoftwo secondoftwo `` `` # 1''''@noop [ 0]secondoftwosanitize@url [ 0 ] + 12$12 & 12#1212_12%12@startlink[1]@endlink[0]@bib@innerbibempty @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop _ _ , vol .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	( , ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop _ _ ( , ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop * * , ( ) @noop _ _ , ed . ( , ) @noop * * , ( )
12,453	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study aspects of worldsheet instantons relevant to a heterotic standard model . the non - simply connected calabi - yau threefold used admits @xmath0 wilson lines , and a more detailed investigation shows that the homology classes of curves are @xmath1 . we compute the genus-@xmath2 prepotential , this is the first explicit calculation of the gromov - witten invariants of homology classes with torsion ( finite subgroups)@xcite . in particular , some curve classes contain only a single instanton . this ensures that the beasley - witten cancellation of instanton contributions can not happen on this ( non - toric ) calabi - yau threefold . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: probably the most promising corner of string theory to construct models with realistic particle spectra is heterotic m - theory , also known as the horava witten setup @xcite . in it , the spacetime is taken to be minkowski space @xmath3 times a calabi - yau threefold @xmath4 times an interval @xmath5 in the eleventh direction . the two 10-dimensional boundaries each support a @xmath6 gauge theory , one of which should be broken by instantons and/or wilson lines to the standard model gauge group . the other @xmath7 is then hidden and only couples gravitationally to the visible sector .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	in addition , there can be a number of @xmath8-branes wrapping a curve of the calabi - yau threefold in the interior of the interval . in order to realize weak - scale supersymmetry breaking either the @xmath8-brane or the hidden @xmath7 gauge sector should break supersymmetry and gravitationally mediate the effect to the ( @xmath9 supersymmetric ) visible @xmath10 sector . in order to find a compactification of heterotic m - theory one thus has to specify a calabi - yau threefold @xmath4 and two @xmath6 gauge bundles on it . for our purposes it will be convenient to pick an @xmath11 subgroup in @xmath6 , and use this group embedding to promote @xmath11 bundles ( that is , vector bundles @xmath12 and @xmath13 ) to @xmath6 bundles .
12,454	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we correct some errors in the two papers published with the above title in class . quant . grav . * 19 * ( 2002 ) . in particular , the correct prescription for computing the probabilities is given , in that appropriate normalization factors are introduced . the resulting computation of the semi - classical limit of probabilities actually becomes much simpler , and no cft analysis is necessary . in spite of some mistakes , the conclusions of these two papers are to a large extent unchanged . in particular , we still get an exponentially small answer @xmath0 for the black hole creation - evaporation probability . let us first emphasise that the prescription given in the two papers @xcite should be viewed as more of an outline of a theory of @xmath1 quantum 3d gravity than an actual proposal for such a theory . the arguments of @xcite do lead to quantitative predictions only in the semi - classical limit of the large radius of curvature , when it does not matter which exactly cft is used . in these note we correct the prescription given in @xcite , and correct the answer for the black hole out of two point particles creation probability . the result is still exponentially small @xmath2 , where @xmath3 are the inverse temperature and mass of the black hole being created . the interpretation of this result is basically unchanged from the one given in @xcite . there many gaps in the arguments of @xcite , some of which have been filled after the papers were written , some are still to be settled . the main open issue is still to find the cft which is relevant for @xmath1 quantum gravity and which is referred to in these papers as a relative of liouville theory . once this cft is found , the prescription for computing amplitudes formulated in these two papers can be used for computing probabilities of physically interesting processes . today , four years after the papers have been written , the outlined programme for the construction of the theory of @xmath1 quantum gravity is.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the author is supported by the epsrc advanced fellowship .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article
12,455	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate @xmath0-interactions of free nucleons and their impact on the electron fraction ( @xmath1 ) and r - process nucleosynthesis in ejecta characteristic of binary neutron star mergers ( bnsms ) . for that we employ trajectories from a relativistic bnsm model to represent the density - temperature evolutions in our parametric study . in the high - density environment , positron captures decrease the neutron richness at the high temperatures predicted by the hydrodynamic simulation . circumventing the complexities of modelling three - dimensional neutrino transport , ( anti)neutrino captures are parameterized in terms of prescribed neutrino luminosities and mean energies , guided by published results and assumed as constant in time . depending sensitively on the adopted @xmath2-@xmath3 luminosity ratio , neutrino processes increase @xmath1 to values between 0.25 and 0.40 , still allowing for a successful r - process compatible with the observed solar abundance distribution and a significant fraction of the ejecta consisting of r - process nuclei . if the @xmath2 luminosities and mean energies are relatively large compared to the @xmath3 properties , the mean @xmath1 might reach values @xmath40.40 so that neutrino captures seriously compromise the success of the r - process . in this case , the r - abundances remain compatible with the solar distribution , but the total amount of ejected r - material is reduced to a few percent , because the production of iron - peak elements is favored . proper neutrino physics , in particular also neutrino absorption , have to be included in bnsm simulations before final conclusions can be drawn concerning r - processing in this environment and concerning observational consequences like kilonovae , whose peak brightness and color temperature are sensitive to the composition - dependent opacity of the ejecta . [ firstpage ] nuclear reactions , nucleosynthesis , abundances neutrinos stars : neutron dense matter . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the r - process , or rapid neutron - capture process , of stellar nucleosynthesis is invoked to explain the production of the stable ( and some long - lived radioactive ) neutron - rich nuclides heavier than iron that are observed in stars of various metallicities , as well as in the solar system ( for a review , see * ? ? ? despite important effort to model potential r - process sites , all the proposed scenarios face serious problems and the site(s ) of the r - process is ( are ) not identified yet . until now , type - ii supernovae or @xmath5-ray bursts models have failed to provide convincing evidence for a successful r - processing that could significantly contribute to the galactic enrichment in r - material @xcite. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	. only magneto - rotational supernova explosions with extremely strong pre - collapse magnetic fields and fast rotation seem to provide favourable conditions for r - processing , but such rare events are not expected to be at the origin of the global galactic enrichment in r - process nuclei @xcite . for this reason , special attention is now being paid to neutron star ( ns ) mergers following the confirmation by hydrodynamic simulations that a significant amount of r - process enriched material , typically about @xmath6 to a few @xmath7@xmath8 , can be ejected @xcite . recent nucleosynthesis calculations by @xcite show that the combined contribution of both the dynamical ( prompt ) ejecta expelled during binary ns or ns - black hole ( bh ) mergers and the neutrino and viscously driven outflows generated during the post - merger remnant evolution of relic bh - torus systems can lead to the production of r - process elements from mass number @xmath9 up to thorium and uranium .
12,456	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we explore the application of kernel - based multi - task learning techniques to forecast the demand of electricity in multiple nodes of a distribution network . we show that recently developed output kernel learning techniques are particularly well suited to solve this problem , as they allow to flexibly model the complex seasonal effects that characterize electricity demand data , while learning and exploiting correlations between multiple demand profiles . we also demonstrate that kernels with a multiplicative structure yield superior predictive performance with respect to the widely adopted ( generalized ) additive models . our study is based on residential and industrial smart meter data provided by the irish commission for energy regulation ( cer ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: electricity can not be stored efficiently in large quantities , therefore it is critical to ensure that the amount generated at a given time is sufficient to meet the load plus the losses while not exceeding this amount significantly . predictive methods for accurately forecasting the demand of electricity have thus become important tools that guide planning and operation of utility companies . while electric load forecasting is a well - established , several decades old research area in engineering , new modeling problems keep appearing as technological and legislative transformations affect the power industry . with the advent of smart grids and meters ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	larger and richer sources of data are becoming available , making it possible to build more sophisticated models that enable more accurate billing of electricity and dynamic pricing . a variety of tools from time series analysis , statistics , and more recently machine learning , have been employed for electricity load forecasting . for an overview on the vast body of available literature on the subject , we refer the reader to the recent book by @xcite .
12,457	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper , we will study the effect of having a minimum measurable length on inflationary cosmology . we will analyse the inflationary cosmology in the jacobson approach . in this approach , gravity is viewed as an emergent thermodynamical phenomena . we will demonstrate that the existence of a minimum measurable length will modify the friedmann equations in the jacobson approach . we will use this modified friedmann equation to analyse the effect of minimum measurable length scale on inflationary cosmology . this analysis will be performed using the hamiltonian - jacobi approach . we compare our results to recent data , and find that our model may agree with the recent data . * * a. mohammadi@xmath0 , ahmed farag ali@xmath1 , t. golanbari @xmath2 , + a. aghamohammadi@xmath3 , kh . saaidi @xmath4 , mir faizal@xmath5 + + + + + + + + . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is known that a connection exists between the thermodynamics and gravity . this connection was first investigated in the works of bardeen , carter and hawking @xcite . in this work , it was suggested that an analogy exists between the laws of thermodynamics and gravitational physics . however , the existence of this connection was only established after the discovery of hawking radiation @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the hawking radiation comes from black holes , as black holes behave as hot bodies with a temperature proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole . the black holes also have an entropy associated with them , and this entropy is proportional to the area of the horizon @xcite .
12,458	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the nonforward compton scattering , in particular , the deeply virtual compton scattering from ads / cft . we first calculate the contributions from the _ s_-channel and _ u_-channel supergravity diagrams as well as the four - point interaction diagram which correspond to the compton scatterings on a dilaton target in cft . furthermore , we study the compton scattering on a dilatino target . assuming that protons can be identified as supergravity modes of the dilatino , we compare the calculated deeply virtual compton scattering cross section to the low - energy experimental data from the h1 and zeus collaborations and find good agreement . we also discuss the _ t_-channel graviton exchange contribution and show that it should be dominant in the high - energy limit . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a decade ago , the ads / cft correspondencemaldacena:1997re , witten:1998qj , gubser:1998bc was conjectured . since then , it has provided us with new insights into gauge theories in a strong coupling regime . there has been substantial progress in studying strong coupling gauge theories by applying this technique .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	in particular , polchinski and strassler @xcite studied the deep inelastic scattering ( dis ) of hadrons by using the correspondence in forward compton scattering where the usual structure functions @xmath0 and @xmath1 are calculated for both spinless and spin-@xmath2 hadrons . an infrared cutoff in the fifth dimension at @xmath3 , which breaks the conformal symmetry in cft , is introduced to give rise to confinement .
12,459	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study spin pumping in a @xmath0(yig)/pt/@xmath1(py ) trilayer film by means of the inverse spin hall effect ( ishe ) . when the ferromagnets are not excited simultaneously by a microwave , ishe - induced voltage is of the opposite sign at each ferromagnetic resonance ( fmr ) . the opposite sign is consistent with spin pumping of bilayer films . on the other hand , the voltage is of the same sign at each fmr when both the ferromagnets are excited simultaneously . futhermore , the voltage greatly increases in magnitude . the observed voltage is unconventional ; neither its sign nor magnitude can be expected from spin pumping of bilayer films . control experiments show that the unconventional voltage is dominantly induced by spin pumping at the py / pt interface . interaction between yig and py layers is a possible origin of the unconventional voltage . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: spintronics has attracted attention because it is expected to realize new magnetic memories and computing devices by use of electronic spins.@xcite a necessity of spintronics is to understand the nature of a spin current , a flow of spin angular momentum . the concept of a spin current stems from spin - polarized transport in ferromagnetic metals . ferromagnetic metals conduct a spin - dependent electric current , a charge current accompanied by a spin current .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	this current induces interesting phenomena such as giant magnetoresistance@xcite and current - induced magnetization reversal@xcite . the complete separation into spin and charge currents leads to the concept of a _ pure _ spin current , a flow of electronic spins with _ no _ charge currents .
12,460	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a novel approach , based on robust principal components analysis ( rpca ) and maximal information coefficient ( mic ) , to study the redshift dependence of halo baryonic properties . our data are composed of a set of different physical quantities for primordial minihaloes : dark - matter mass ( @xmath0 ) , gas mass ( @xmath1 ) , stellar mass ( @xmath2 ) , molecular fraction ( @xmath3 ) , metallicity ( _ z _ ) , star formation rate ( sfr ) and temperature . we find that @xmath0 and @xmath1 are dominant factors for variance , particularly at high redshift . nonetheless , with the emergence of the first stars and subsequent feedback mechanisms , @xmath3 , sfr and _ z _ start to have a more dominant role . standard pca gives three principal components ( pcs ) capable to explain more than 97 per cent of the data variance at any redshift ( two pcs usually accounting for no less than 92 per cent ) , whilst the first pc from the rpca analysis explains no less than 84 per cent of the total variance in the entire redshift range ( with two pcs explaining @xmath4 per cent anytime ) . our analysis also suggests that all the gaseous properties have a stronger correlation with @xmath1 than with @xmath0 , while @xmath1 has a deeper correlation with @xmath3 than with _ z _ or sfr . this indicates the crucial role of gas molecular content to initiate star formation and consequent metal pollution from population iii and population ii / i regimes in primordial galaxies . finally , a comparison between mic and spearman correlation coefficient shows that the former is a more reliable indicator when halo properties are weakly correlated . [ firstpage ] cosmology : large - scale structure of universe , early universe ; methods : statistical , n - body simulations . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the standard model of cosmology predicts a structure formation scenario driven by cold dark matter ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ) , where galaxies form from molecular gas cooling within growing dark matter haloes . hence , understanding the correlation between different properties of the dark matter haloes is imperative to build up a comprehensive picture of galaxy evolution .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	many authors have explored the correlation between dark - halo properties , such as mass , spin and shape , both in low- ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ?
12,461	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study observational signatures of two classes of anisotropic inflationary models in which an inflaton field couples to ( i ) a vector kinetic term @xmath0 and ( ii ) a two - form kinetic term @xmath1 . we compute the corrections from the anisotropic sources to the power spectrum of gravitational waves as well as the two - point cross correlation between scalar and tensor perturbations . the signs of the anisotropic parameter @xmath2 are different depending on the vector and the two - form models , but the statistical anisotropies generally lead to a suppressed tensor - to - scalar ratio @xmath3 and a smaller scalar spectral index @xmath4 in both models . in the light of the recent planck bounds of @xmath4 and @xmath3 , we place observational constraints on several different inflaton potentials such as those in chaotic and natural inflation in the presence of anisotropic interactions . in the two - form model we also find that there is no cross correlation between scalar and tensor perturbations , while in the vector model the cross correlation does not vanish . the non - linear estimator @xmath5 of scalar non - gaussianities in the two - form model is generally smaller than that in the vector model for the same orders of @xmath6 , so that the former is easier to be compatible with observational bounds of non - gaussianities than the latter . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the measurements of cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) temperature anisotropies and large - scale structures have significantly improved in accuracy over the last decade @xcite . in particular , the recently released planck data @xcite showed that the primordial power spectrum of curvature perturbations is slightly red - tilted from the exact scale - invariance . this is consistent with the theoretical prediction of standard slow - roll inflation driven by a nearly flat potential of a scalar field @xmath7 ( called `` inflaton '' ) @xcite . while the wmap and planck data support the inflationary scenario overall , there are some anomalies in the data @xcite which are difficult to be addressed in the context of single - field slow - roll inflation . one of them is broken rotational invariance of the cmb perturbations @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the power spectrum of curvature perturbations @xmath8 with broken statistical isotropy can be expressed in the form @xcite _ ( k)= p_^(0 ) ( k)(1+g_*^2 _ k , v ) , [ anispe ] where @xmath9 is the comoving wave number , @xmath10 is the isotropic power spectrum , @xmath2 characterizes the deviation from the isotropy , @xmath11 is a privileged direction close to the ecliptic poles , and @xmath12 is the angle between @xmath9 and @xmath11 . from the wmap data , groeneboom _ et al . _
12,462	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: near - infrared images obtained with wircam on the canada - france - hawaii telescope are used to investigate the recent history of the nearby sculptor group spiral ngc 253 , which is one of the nearest starburst galaxies . bright agb stars are traced out to projected distances of @xmath0 26 kpc ( @xmath1 disk scale lengths ) along the major axis . the distribution of stars in the disk is lop - sided , in the sense that the projected density of agb stars in the north east portion of the disk between 10 and 20 kpc from the galaxy center is @xmath2 dex higher than on the opposite side of the galaxy . a large population of red supergiants is also found in the north east portion of the disk and , with the exception of the central 2 kpc , this area appears to have been the site of the highest levels of star - forming activity in the galaxy during the past @xmath3 gyr . it is argued that such high levels of localized star formation may have produced a fountain that ejected material from the disk , and the extraplanar hi detected by boomsma et al . ( 2005 ) may be one manifestation of such activity . diffuse stellar structures are found in the periphery of the disk , and the most prominent of these is to the south and east of the galaxy . bright agb stars , including cool c stars that are identified based on their @xmath4 colors , are detected out to 15 kpc above the disk plane , and these are part of a diffusely distributed , flattened extraplanar component . comparisons between observed and model luminosity functions suggest that the extraplanar regions contain stars that formed throughout much of the age of the universe . additional evidence of a diffuse , extraplanar stellar component that contains moderately young stars comes from archival galex images . it is suggested that the disk of ngc 253 was disrupted by a tidal encounter with a now defunct companion . this encounter introduced asymmetries that remain to this day , and the projected distribution of stars in and around ngc 253.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: nearby galaxies are unique laboratories for investigating the processes that drive galaxy evolution . the information obtained from the photometric and spectroscopic analyses of individual stars can be employed to probe the history of nearby galaxies to a level of detail that is not possible for distant systems , where stellar content studies are limited to information gleaned from the analysis of integrated light . star counts also provide a means of tracing structures to lower densities than is possible with integrated light , thereby allowing diffuse tidal debris trails and low surface brightness companions , both of which provide clues into the past history of a galaxy , to be identified and characterized .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the majority of large galaxies within @xmath7 mpc are disk - dominated , and studies of their resolved stellar contents reveal considerable diversity in recent star - forming histories . galaxies such as m31 ( williams 2002 ) and ngc 5102 ( davidge 2008a ; 2010 ) have depressed star formation rates ( sfrs ) at the present day when compared with @xmath8 gyr in the past .
12,463	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigated the formation and evolution of cdm subhalos in galaxy - sized and cluster - sized halos by means of @xmath0-body simulations . our aim is to make clear what the `` dwarf galaxy problem '' is . it has been argued that the number of subhalos in simulated galaxy - sized halos is too large compared to the observed number of dwarfs in the local group , while that in cluster - sized halos is consistent with observed number of galaxies in clusters such as the virgo cluster . we simulated nine halos with several different mass resolutions and physical scales . we found that the dependence of the cumulative number of subhalos @xmath1 on their maximum circular velocity @xmath2 is given by @xmath3 , down to the reliability limit , independent of the mass of the main halo . this implies that simulations for cluster - sized halos give too many halos with @xmath4 or less . previous comparisons of cluster - sized halos gave much smaller number of subhalos in this regime simply because of their limited resolution . our result implies that any theory which attempts to resolve the missing dwarf problem should also explain the discrepancy of the simulation and observation in cluster - sized halos . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the cold dark matter(cdm ) scenario@xcite has been the standard theory of the formation and evolution of the structures in the universe . in this scenario , galaxies and clusters of galaxies are formed bottom - up . it has been remarkably successful in explaining the large scale structures @xcite and numerous observational results ( e.g. @xcite ) . until recently , however , the small - scale structures of cdm , like subhalos in a galaxy - sized halo , could not be studied by numerical simulation because of the lack of the computational power .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	recent improvement of computational powers made it possible to study not only dark matter halos , but subhalos in a parent halo . usually these subhalos are interpreted as corresponding to galaxies in cluster - sized halos and satellite dwarf galaxies in galaxy - sized halos .
12,464	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the relatively nearby ( distance=24.1 mpc ) elliptical galaxy ngc821 hosts an extreme example of a quiescent central massive black hole , for which deep @xmath0 observations revealed a nuclear source for the first time , with @xmath1 . we present here a multiwavelength study of this nucleus , including vla observations that detect a radio counterpart to the @xmath0 nuclear source at 1.4 ghz , with a flux density of 127 @xmath2jy and possibly a flat spectral shape ; we also consider new @xmath3 irac observations and archival @xmath4 images . with these data we discuss possible scenarios for the accretion modalities of the sole material that seems available for fuelling , i.e. , the stellar mass losses steadily replenishing the circumnuclear region . the final stages of accretion could be radiatively inefficient and coupled to a compact nuclear jet / outfow . the stellar mass losses could instead end up in a standard disc only if a compton - thick agn is present . two extended sources detected by @xmath0 close to the nucleus could be due to several unresolved knots in a jet . if a jet is present , though , its kinetic energy would be only a very small fraction of the energy associated with the rest mass of the material being accreted . starformation close to the nucleus is not shown by the available data . deeper nicmos , radio and far - ir observations are expected to further constrain the accretion process in this intriguing nucleus . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the connection between the mass of a central supermassive black hole ( hereafter mbh ) and the properties of the host galaxy ( see , e.g. , the @xmath5 relation ; ferrarese & merritt 2000 , gebhardt et al . 2000 ) , together with the recognition that a mbh resides at the center of every massive spheroid in the local universe ( e.g. , ferrarese & ford 2005 ) , has led to the idea that the formation and evolution of the mbh and the host galaxy are intimately related ( e.g. , springel , di matteo & hernquist 2005 , sazonov et al . 2005 , hopkins et al . 2006a ) . in this picture , feedback from the mbh has been advocated to regulate starformation at early epochs , producing the observed galaxy mass function and colors ( e.g. , croton et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	2006 ) ; in later epochs , feedback is required to heat the galactic flows solving the `` cooling flow '' problem ( e.g. , omma et al . 2004 ; ostriker & ciotti 2005 , 2007 ; churazov et al .
12,465	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the contribution of zero - point motion , arising from fluctuations in kaon modes , to the ground state properties of neutron star matter containing a bose condensate of kaons . the zero - point energy is derived via the thermodynamic partition function , by integrating out fluctuations for an arbitrary value of the condensate field . it is shown that the vacuum counterterms of the chiral lagrangian ensure the cancellation of divergences dependent on @xmath0 , the charge chemical potential , which may be regarded as an external vector potential . the total grand potential , consisting of the tree - level potential , the zero - point contribution , and the counterterm potential , is extremized to yield a locally charge neutral , beta - equilibrated and minimum energy ground state . in some regions of parameter space we encounter the well - known problem of a complex effective potential . where the potential is real and solutions can be obtained , the contributions from fluctuations are found to be small in comparison with tree - level contributions . 2 _ . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in recent years the idea that the ground state of nuclear matter at high density contains a bose condensate of kaons has received considerable attention . the existence of this novel state of matter is suggested by the attractive _ s_-wave kaon - nucleon interactions found in low energy effective chiral lagrangians , which , by construction , preserve the symmetries of qcd .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	this is supported experimentally by kaonic atom data which indicate @xcite a strongly attractive @xmath1 optical potential . attractive kaon - nucleon interactions imply that in dense matter , such as that in the interior of neutron stars , the effective kaon mass is lower than in free space .
12,466	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: many growing networks possess accelerating statistics where the number of links added with each new node is an increasing function of network size so the total number of links increases faster than linearly with network size . in particular , biological networks can display a quadratic growth in regulator number with genome size even while remaining sparsely connected . these features are mutually incompatible in standard treatments of network theory which typically require that every new network node possesses at least one connection . to model sparsely connected networks , we generalize existing approaches and add each new node with a probabilistic number of links to generate either accelerating , hyper - accelerating , or even decelerating network statistics in different regimes . under preferential attachment for example , slowly accelerating networks display stationary scale - free statistics relatively independent of network size while more rapidly accelerating networks display a transition from scale - free to exponential statistics with network growth . such transitions explain , for instance , the evolutionary record of single - celled organisms which display strict size and complexity limits . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the rapidly expanding field of network analysis , reviewed in @xcite , has provided examples of networks exhibiting accelerating " network growth , where total link number grows faster than linearly with network size @xcite . for instance , the internet and world wide web appear to grow by adding links more quickly than sites @xcite though the relative change over time is small @xcite . similarly , both the number of links per substrate in the metabolic networks of organisms @xcite and the average number of links per scientist in collaboration networks increases linearly over time @xcite , while also languages appear to evolve via accelerated growth @xcite . these studies have motivated examinations of stochastic accelerating networks where the number of new links added is probabilistic ( though integral and greater than one ) causing network transitions from scale - free to exponential statistics @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	these previous studies of deterministic or stochastic networks have typically considered networks where every node has at least one connection which constrains the rate of acceleration that can be considered . in particular , if each new node added to a network of @xmath0 nodes is accompanied by @xmath1 new links with acceleration parameter @xmath2 , then ensuring that the network is less than fully connected constrains acceleration parameters to the range @xmath3 @xcite . equivalent limits were considered in ref .
12,467	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using spectroscopic data from the deep extragalactic evolutionary probe ( deep ) groth strip survey ( dgss ) , we analyze the gas - phase oxygen abundances in the warm ionized medium for 64 emission - line field galaxies in the redshift range @xmath0 . these galaxies comprise a small subset selected from among 693 objects in the dgss . they are chosen for chemical analysis by virtue of having the strongest emission lines . oxygen abundances relative to hydrogen range between @xmath1 with typical internal plus systematic measurement uncertainties of 0.17 dex . the 64 dgss galaxies collectively exhibit an increase in metallicity with b - band luminosity , i.e. , an l - z relation like that seen among local galaxies . using the dgss sample and local galaxy samples for comparison , we searched for a `` second parameter '' which might explain some of the dispersion seen in the l - z relation . parameters such as galaxy color , emission line equivalent width , and effective radius were explored but found to be uncorrelated with residuals from the the mean l - z relation . subsets of dgss galaxies binned by redshift also exhibit l - z correlations with slopes and zero - points that evolve smoothly with redshift . dgss galaxies in the highest redshift bin ( @xmath2 ) are brighter , on average , by @xmath3 mag at fixed metallicity compared to the lowest dgss redshift bin ( @xmath4 ) and brighter by up to @xmath5 mag compared to local ( @xmath6 ) emission - line field galaxies . alternatively , dgss galaxies in the highest redshift bin ( @xmath2 ) are , on average , 40% ( 0.15 dex ) more metal - poor at fixed luminosity compared to local ( @xmath6 ) emission - line field galaxies . for @xmath7 galaxies , the offset from the local l - z relation is greatest for objects at the low - luminosity ( @xmath8 ) end of the sample and vanishingly small for objects at the high - luminosity end of the sample ( @xmath9 ) . we compare these data to simple single - zone exponential - infall pgase2 models which.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: many recent research programs in galaxy evolution trace changes in correlations between fundamental galaxy properties as a function of cosmic epoch . one such approach compares the number density and luminosity function of galaxies at earlier times ( lilly 1995 ; bershady 1997 ; sawicki , lin , & yee 1997 ; lin 1999 ) to the luminosity function in the nearby universe ( zucca 1997 ; marzke 1998 ; norberg 2002 ) . evidence suggests an increase in the number density of small , blue galaxies at earlier times with only a small amount of passive fading among the more luminous , redder galaxies .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	other investigations compare the relation between rotation velocity and luminosity ( t - f relation ; tully & fisher 1977 ) locally with that observed in more distant disk galaxies ( e.g. , forbes 1995 ; vogt 1996 , 1997 ; simard & pritchet 1998 ) . most results indicate that galaxies of a given rotational amplitude appear 0.2 - 1.0 mag brighter at @xmath13 , although bershady ( 1998 ) argue that the variation is significant for only the bluest galaxies , and kannappan , fabricant & franx ( 2002 ) show that tully - fisher residuals are strongly correlated with galaxy color .
12,468	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we provide a quantitative assessment of the probability distribution function of the concentration parameter of galaxy clusters . we do so by using the probability distribution function of halo formation times , calculated by means of the excursion set formalism , and a formation redshift - concentration scaling derived from results of n - body simulations . our results suggest that the observed high concentrations of several clusters are quite unlikely in the standard @xmath0cdm cosmological model , but that due to various inherent uncertainties , the statistical range of the predicted distribution may be significantly wider than commonly acknowledged . in addition , the probability distribution function of the einstein radius of a1689 is evaluated , confirming that the observed value of @xmath1 is very improbable in the currently favoured cosmological model . if , however , a variance of @xmath2 in the theoretically predicted value of the virial radius is assumed , then the discrepancy is much weaker . the measurement of similarly large einstein radii in several other clusters would pose a difficulty to the standard model . if so , earlier formation of the large scale structure would be required , in accord with predictions of some quintessence models . we have indeed verified that in a viable early dark energy model large einstein radii are predicted in as many as a few tens of high - mass clusters . [ firstpage ] cosmology : large - scale structure of universe gravitational lensing galaxies : clusters : general . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the formation of galaxies and their systems ( ` haloes ' ) is known to be more intricate than its simplified rendering in the context of spherical collapse models . the process is characterised by gradual growth of the system mass and evolution of its morphological properties through multiple merging events , evidence for which comes from observations and hydrodynamical simulations . in clusters , mergers affect also the evolution of intracluster ( ic ) gas density and temperature and their spatial profiles . on the theoretical side ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	studies of halo mergers and related issues began with the works of bond et al . ( 1991 ) and lacey & cole ( 1993 ) , who developed the theory of _ excursion sets _ in the context of structure formation .
12,469	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) polarisation and the 21 cm line fluctuations are powerful probes of cosmological reionisation . we study how the cross - correlation between the cmb polarisation ( @xmath0-modes ) and the 21 cm line fluctuations can be used to gain further understanding of the reionisation history , within the framework of inhomogeneous reionisation . since the @xmath0-mode polarisation reflects the amplitude of the quadrupole component of the cmb temperature fluctuations , the angular power spectrum of the cross - correlation exhibits oscillations at all multipoles . the first peak of the power spectrum appears at the scale corresponding to the quadrupole at the redshift that is probed by the 21 cm line fluctuations . the peak reaches its maximum value in redshift when the average ionisation fraction of the universe is about half . on the other hand , on small scales , there is a damping that depends on the duration of reionisation . thus , the cross - correlation between the cmb polarisation and the 21 cm line fluctuations has the potential to constrain accurately the epoch and the duration of reionisation . cosmology : theory large - scale structure of universe . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the history of the cosmological reionisation is one of the open problems of modern cosmology . questions like what causes the reionisation and how it proceeds are intimately related to the evolution of matter density fluctuations and to the formation of the first structures @xcite . the lack of observational data makes it quite difficult to answer these questions today .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	up to now , the available probes of the reionisation epoch are just a few , e.g. the gunn - peterson test @xcite and the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) radiation , in particular its polarisation @xcite . the observation of the gunn - peterson effect , which probes the amount of neutral hydrogen , suggests that full reionisation was accomplished by @xmath1 @xcite .
12,470	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we fit elliptical isophotes to the hubble deep field - north wfpc-2 and nicmos data to study the rest - frame @xmath0 color profiles and rest - frame b surface brightness profiles of 33 intermediate redshift galaxies ( @xmath1 ) with @xmath2 @xmath3 25 and 50 high redshift galaxies ( @xmath4 ) with @xmath5 @xmath3 27 . from the weighted least - squares fit to the color profiles we find that , at intermediate redshifts , the galaxies possess negative color gradients ( @xmath6 @xmath7/@xmath8log(r ) @xmath9= @xmath10 @xmath11 0.007 mag dex@xmath12 ) indicating a reddening towards the center of the profile similar to local samples whereas , at high redshifts , the galaxies possess positive color gradients ( @xmath6 @xmath7/@xmath8log(r ) @xmath9= 0.272 @xmath11 0.007 mag dex@xmath12 ) indicating that star formation is more centrally concentrated . although the presence of dust can cause some reddening to occur towards the centers of the profiles seen at intermediate redshifts , it can not explain the strong central blueing of light seen at high redshifts . thus , we are witnessing a population of galaxies with strong positive color gradients at high redshifts which do not seem to exist in large numbers at lower redshifts . this indicates that star formation is more centrally concentrated in the distant galaxy sample which differs from the prevalent mode of extended disk star formation that we observe in the local universe . additionally , we find that it is critical to correct for psf effects when evaluating the surface brightness profiles since at small scale lengths and faint magnitudes , an @xmath13 profile can be smoothed out substantially to become consistent with an exponential profile . after correcting for psf effects , we find that at higher look - back time , the fraction of galaxies possessing exponential profiles have slightly decreased while the fraction of galaxies possessing @xmath13 profiles have slightly increased . our results also suggest a statistically insignificant increase in.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: two of the most fundamental and intriguing questions in astronomy are how galaxies form and how they evolve with time . in order to answer these questions , we must be able to compare and contrast the properties of galaxies at different redshifts . whereas we have a wealth of information about galaxies at z @xmath14 1.0 , our knowledge of the properties of galaxies at higher redshifts is limited .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	however , with the advent of the hubble deep field - north ( hdf - n ) project @xcite , we can probe to fainter surface brightness limits and smaller angular scales than before , the sizes , shapes , and colors of distant galaxies which will ultimately yield important clues to understanding their structure , formation , and subsequent evolution . the near - infrared data from nicmos combined with the optical data from wfpc-2 give us the unique opportunity to compare the surface brightness properties of galaxies at the same rest - frame wavelengths over a range of redshifts allowing us to better understand galaxy formation and evolution from an observational standpoint .
12,471	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this paper introduces a relative model risk measure of a product priced with a given model , with respect to another reference model for which the market is assumed to be driven . this measure allows comparing products valued with different models ( pricing hypothesis ) under a homogeneous framework which allows concluding which model is the closest to the reference . the relative model risk measure is defined as the expected shortfall of the hedging strategy at a given time horizon for a chosen significance level . the reference model has been chosen to be heston calibrated to market for a given time horizon ( this reference model should be chosen to be a market proxy ) . the method is applied to estimate and compare this relative model risk measure under volga - vanna and black - scholes models for double - no - touch options and a portfolio of forward fader options . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the optimistic situation during the years before the crisis in the second half of 2008 had trended from simple , marked to marked liquid products to progressively more complex and illiquid products which were marked to model . although the degree of exoticity of products increased , they were still priced under considerably simple modeling assumptions . this led to a lot of reasonable but already limited variations of pricing models which in the very end were priced under refined assumptions of simple models such as black - scholes , hull - white , gaussian copula and so on .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	wrong use of these simple models was one of the reasons which led to the 2008 crisis . after the crisis the trend has evolved toward less exotic and more liquid products valued under more complex pricing assumptions .
12,472	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: scrambling is a process by which the state of a quantum system is effectively randomized . scrambling exhibits different complexities depending on the degree of randomness it produces . for example , the complete randomization of a pure quantum state ( haar scrambling ) implies the inability to retrieve information of the initial state by measuring only parts of the system ( page / information scrambling ) , but the converse is not necessarily the case . here , we formally relate scrambling complexities to the degree of randomness , by studying the behaviors of generalized entanglement entropies in particular rnyi entropies and their relationship to designs , ensembles of states or unitaries that match the completely random states or unitaries ( drawn from the haar measure ) up to certain moments . the main result is that the rnyi-@xmath0 entanglement entropies , averaged over @xmath0-designs , are almost maximal . the result generalizes page s theorem for the von neumann entropies of small subsystems of random states . for designs of low orders , the average rnyi entanglement entropies can be non - maximal : we exhibit a projective 2-design such that all higher order rnyi entanglement entropies are bounded away from the maximum . however , we show that the rnyi entanglement entropies of all orders are almost maximal for state or unitary designs of order logarithmic in the dimension of the system . that is , such designs are indistinguishable from haar - random by the entanglement spectrum . our results establish a formal correspondence between generalized entropies and designs of the same order . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: scrambling describes a property of the dynamics of closed quantum systems , in which initially localized information spreads out over the whole system , thereby becoming inaccessible locally . the concept of scrambling originates from the study of black holes in quantum gravity @xcite . if information escapes from a black hole , the thermal nature of the hawking radiation @xcite indicates that the state of any matter and information falling into the black hole has been scrambled and so gets lost from the perspective of an external observer .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	in particular , the `` fast scrambling conjecture '' @xcite states that the fastest scramblers take time logarithmic in the system size to scramble information , and that black holes are the fastest scramblers . scrambling and similar notions play important roles in other areas of physics as well . for example , scrambling is closely related to many - body localization and thermalization ( see @xcite for a recent review ) : quantum systems that exhibit localization clearly do not scramble or thermalize , since information of local initial conditions fails to spread , and so remains accessible to local measurements .
12,473	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present high signal precision optical reflectance spectra of the large kuiper belt objects 2005 fy9 and 2003 el61 . the spectrum of 2005 fy9 exhibits strong ch@xmath0-ice bands . a comparison between the spectrum and a hapke model indicates the ch@xmath0 bands are shifted 3.25 @xmath1 2.25 relative to pure ch@xmath0-ice , suggesting the presence of another ice component on the surface of 2005 fy9 , possibly n@xmath2-ice , co - ice , or ar . the spectrum of 2003 el61 is remarkably featureless . there is a hint of an o@xmath2-ice band at 5773 ; however , this feature needs to be confirmed by future spectroscopic observations of 2003 el61 with a higher continuum signal precision , sufficient to detect a second weaker o@xmath2-ice band at 6275 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: measuring the surface composition of kuiper belt objects ( kbos ) may provide clues about the composition and environment of the primordial solar nebula as well as the important evolutionary processes occurring in the outer solar system over the last 4.5 gyr . unfortunately , there are only a handful of kbos that are known to exhibit ice absorption bands in their spectra . h@xmath2o - ice bands are seen in spectra of 1996 to66 @xcite , varuna @xcite , quaoar @xcite , and orcus @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	ch@xmath0-ice bands are seen in spectra of pluto @xcite , neptune s satellite triton , which may be a captured kbo @xcite , eris @xcite , and 2005 fy9 @xcite . there are perhaps a dozen objects that exhibit spectra with no ice absorption bands @xcite the recent discovery of extraordinarily bright and large kbos opens up a new opportunity for the physical and chemical studies of kbo surfaces with high signal precision optical reflectance spectroscopy .
12,474	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a new integral equation method for the calculation of two - dimensional scattering from periodic structures involving _ triple - points _ ( multiple materials meeting at a single point ) . the combination of a robust and high - order accurate integral representation and a fast direct solver permits the efficient simulation of scattering from fixed structures at multiple angles of incidence . we demonstrate the performance of the scheme with several numerical examples . acoustic scattering , electromagnetic scattering , triple junctions , multiple material interfaces , boundary integral equations , fast direct solvers 43.20.-f , 41.20.jb , 81.05.xj , 02.60.-x , 02.30.rz 65r20 , 78a45 , 31a10 , 35j05 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the interaction of acoustic or electromagnetic waves with structured , periodic materials is often complicated by the fact that the scattering geometry involves domains where multiple media meet at a single point . examples include the design of diffraction gratings , the development of high efficiency solar cells , and non - destructive optical inspection in semiconductor manufacturing ( metrology ) @xcite . the geometry of a typical scattering problem is shown in fig .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	[ fig - geom1 ] . , that for the trapezoidal - shaped scatterers is @xmath0 and that of the two layers beneath are @xmath1 and @xmath2 , respectively . we assume that the lowest interface ( here between the @xmath1 and @xmath2 layers ) is located at @xmath3 and that the maximum height of the scatterers is at @xmath4 .
12,475	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the resonant quantum dynamics of an excited two - level emitter is investigated via classical modulation of its transition frequency while simultaneously the radiator interacts with a broadband electromagnetic field reservoir . the frequency of modulation is selected to be of the order of the bare - state spontaneous decay rate . in this way , one can induce quantum interference effects and , consequently , quantum coherences among multiple decaying transition pathways . depending on the modulation depth and its absolute phase , both the spontaneous emission and the frequency shift may be conveniently modified and controlled . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: spontaneous emission is a well established fundamental phenomenon @xcite . it occurs due to interaction of excited emitters with the vacuum modes of the environmental electromagnetic field reservoir . useful applications of spontaneous radiation control may arise , for instance , in higher frequency coherent light generation @xcite or spontaneous parametric down conversion processes @xcite . on the other side ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	spontaneous emission often plays a negative role in quantum processing of information @xcite . therefore , it is not surprising that a significant amount of work is carried out regarding its control .
12,476	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: for a smooth curve @xmath0 , we define its elastic energy as @xmath1 where @xmath2 is the curvature . the main purpose of the paper is to prove that among all smooth , simply connected , bounded open sets of prescribed area in @xmath3 , the disc has the boundary with the least elastic energy . in other words , for any bounded simply connected domain @xmath4 , the following isoperimetric inequality holds : @xmath5 . the analysis relies on the minimization of the elastic energy of drops enclosing a prescribed area , for which we give as well an analytic answer . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath6 be a smooth , bounded simply connected open set in the plane ( the exact smoothness which is required will be made precise in section [ prel ] ) and let us denote by @xmath7 its boundary . following l. euler , we define its elastic energy as @xmath8 where @xmath9 is the curvature abscissa and @xmath10 is the curvature . we will denote by @xmath11 the area of @xmath6 and @xmath12 its perimeter . the aim of this paper is to prove the following isoperimetric inequality .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	[ bhe05 ] for any bounded , smooth , simply connected open set @xmath13 @xmath14 where equality holds only for the disc . in other words , using the behavior of the elastic energy on rescaling , we get that for every @xmath15 , the disc is the unique solution for the minimization problem @xmath16 more precisely , if we perform any scaling of ratio @xmath17 , we have @xmath18 and @xmath19 . therefore , it is classical to prove that the following three minimization problems are equivalent ( in the sense that any solution of one gives a solution of the others after a suitable scaling ) : ( i ) : : @xmath20 ( ii ) : : @xmath21 ( iii ) : : @xmath22 let us make some comments .
12,477	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have carried out a comprehensive multiwavelength study of bright - rimmed globule tc2 in the trifid nebula , using the iram 30 m telescope , the vla centimeter array and the infrared space observatory ( iso ) . tc2 is one of the very few globules to exhibit signs of active ongoing star formation while being photoevaporated by the ly - c flux of the exciting star of the nebula ( @xmath0 ) . the globule consists of a cold dense core of mass @xmath1 surrounded by a lower density envelope of molecular gas . the impinging ly - c photons induce the propagation of an ionization front into the globule . the evaporation of the ionized gas forms a thin layer of density @xmath2 around the globule , which could be mapped with the vla . the globule is illuminated mainly on its rear side , by a fuv field of intensity @xmath3 . it creates a photon - dominated region ( pdr ) below the surface , which was mapped and characterized with the isocam circular variable filter and the short wavelength spectrometer ( sws ) onboard the infrared space observatory . the physical conditions derived from the analysis of the far - infrared lines @xmath4}}$ ] @xmath5 , @xmath6 and @xmath7}}$ ] @xmath8 , and the continuum emission are in good agreement with some recent pdr models . the emission of the pahs band at 6.2 , 7.7 , 8.6 and @xmath9 is detected over the whole globule . the relative intensity variations observed across the globule , in the pdr and the photoionized envelope , are consistent with the changes in the ionization fraction . in the head of tc2 , we find a second kinematic component which is the signature of the radiatively - driven collapse undergone by the globule . this component indicates that the pdr propagates at low velocity inside the body of tc2 . the molecular emission suggests that the star formation process was probably initiated a few @xmath10 ago , in the large burst which led to the formation of the nebula . the globule has already evaporated half the mass of its envelope . .... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is well established that the bright - rimmed globules found in regions are often sites of star formation . reipurth ( 1983 ) first showed that these objects do form stars and subsequent work based on iras data by sugitani et al . ( 1991 ) confirmed that they are indeed active `` stellar factories '' which produce intermediate - mass ( herbig aebe ) stars .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	these condensations are local clumps which emerge from the expanding nebula or form from the fragmentation of the dense molecular layer surrounding the ionized gas . the various theoretical works ( bertoldi , 1989 ; bertold & mckee , 1990 ; lefloch & lazareff , 1994 ) and and the numerous observational studies on bright - rimmed globules ( see e.g. cernicharo et al . 1992 ; lefloch & lazareff , 1995 ) have enabled to draw the following evolutionary picture , summarized in fig . 1 .
12,478	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we look at observational constraints on the thawing class of scalar field models proposed to explain the late time acceleration of the universe . using the recently introduced ` statefinder hierarchy ' , we compare these thawing class of models with other widely studied dark energy ( and modified gravity ) models to check the underlying parameter degeneracies . we put constraints on the deviations of these thawing models from the canonical @xmath0cdm model using a large class of observational data , e.g , the supernova type ia data , the bao data , the cmb data and data from the measurements of the hubble parameter using red - envelope galaxies . we also forecast constraints using a simulated dataset for the future jdem sne survey . our study shows that , although with current data it is difficult to distinguish different thawing models from @xmath0cdm , a future jdem like mission would be able tell apart thawing models from @xmath0cdm for currently acceptable values of @xmath1 . cosmology : dark energy , thawing model , scalar fields . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: one of the great mysteries of the universe today is the nature of dark energy which drives the late time cosmic acceleration . this has been confirmed by number of observational results including type - ia supernovae @xcite , cosmic microwave background radiation ( cmbr ) ( komatsu et al . ( 2011 ) ) as well as the latest surveys of the large scale structure ( eisenstein et al . ( 2005 ) ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	there has been wide range of contrasting proposals to explain this late time cosmic acceleration . most popular of these is to include a dark candidate with a large negative pressure ( also known as dark energy ) in the energy budget of the universe ( bean et al .
12,479	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: psr j2032 + 4127 is a radio - loud gamma - ray - emitting pulsar ; it is orbiting around a high - mass be type star with a very long orbital period of @xmath0years , and is approaching periastron , which will occur in late 2017/early 2018 . this system comprises with a young pulsar and a be type star , which is similar to the so - called gamma - ray binary psr b1259 - 63/ls2883 . it is expected therefore that psr j2032 + 4127 shows an enhancement of high - energy emission caused by the interaction between the pulsar wind and be wind / disk around periastron . ho et al . recently reported a rapid increase in the x - ray flux from this system . in this paper , we also confirm a rapid increase in the x - ray flux along the orbit , while the gev flux shows no significant change . we discuss the high - energy emissions from the shock caused by the pulsar wind and stellar wind interaction and examine the properties of the pulsar wind in this binary system . we argue that the rate of increase of the x - ray flux observed by swift indicates ( 1 ) a variation of the momentum ratio of the two - wind interaction region along the orbit , or ( 2 ) an evolution of the magnetization parameter of the pulsar wind with the radial distance from the pulsar . we also discuss the pulsar wind / be disk interaction at the periastron passage , and propose the possibility of formation of an accretion disk around the pulsar . we model high - energy emissions through the inverse - compton scattering process of the cold - relativistic pulsar wind off soft photons from the accretion disk . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: psr j2032 + 4127 is a radio - loud gamma - ray - emitting pulsar discovered by the fermi large area telescope ( fermi - lat ) and it is a young pulsar with a spin period @xmath1ms , spin - down power @xmath2 and spin - down age @xmath3kyr ( abdo et al . this pulsar had been regarded as isolated pulsar ( camilo et al . 2009 ) because of the lack of apparent variation in its rotation caused by reasonable orbital motion . lyne et al . ( 2015 ) found the variation of the observed pulsar rotation rate , which is consistent with the doppler effect of the orbital motion around the high - mass be star mt91 213 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	their study suggests that the orbital period is very long , @xmath4yr , and the orbit is extremely elongated with an eccentricity @xmath5 . ho et al . (
12,480	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a regular circle - valued morse function on the knot complement @xmath0 is a function @xmath1 which separates critical points and which behaves nicely in a neighborhood of the knot . such a function induces a handle decomposition on the knot exterior @xmath2 , with the property that every regular level surface contains a seifert surface for the knot . we rearrange the handles in such a way that the regular surfaces are as simple " as possible . to make this precise the concept of _ circular width for @xmath3 _ is introduced . when @xmath3 is endowed with a handle decomposition which realizes the circular width we will say that the knot @xmath4 is in _ circular thin position_. we use this to show that many knots have more than one non - isotopic incompressible seifert surface . we also analyze the behavior of the circular width under some knot operations . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath5 be a smooth 3-manifold . classical morse theory deals with a real - valued function @xmath6 . this function corresponds to a handle decomposition of @xmath5 namely @xmath7 , where @xmath8 is a collection of 0-handles , @xmath9 is a collection of 1-handles , @xmath10 is a collection of 2-handles and @xmath11 is a collection of 3-handles . in @xcite scharlemann and thompson. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	introduce the concept of _ thin position _ for 3-manifolds ; the idea is to build the manifold as described before , with a sequence of 1-handles and 2-handles chosen to keep the boundaries of the intermediate steps as simple as possible . the morse theory of circle - valued maps @xmath12 , as in the real case , relates the topology of a manifold @xmath5 to the critical points of @xmath13 .
12,481	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present the -letgs analysis of , a bright seyfert 1 galaxy . the spectrum shows a variety of features arising from different physical environments in the vicinity of the black hole . we detect three absorption components , located at the redshift of the source . one of them is likely to arise from the host galaxy . an additional component due to absorption by a collisionally ionized gas at z=0 is also observed . such an absorption can be produced in the outskirts of our galaxy or in the local group . the emission spectrum is rich in narrow and broad emission features . we tested the hypothesis that the broad emission lines originate in the broad line region ( blr ) , as studied in the uv band . we find that at least 2 components with different ionization parameters are necessary to simultaneously interpret the broad emission line measured in the uv ( by and fuse ) and in the x - rays . address = sron , sorbonnelaan , 2 , 8534ca utrecht , the netherlands , altaddress = astronomical institute , utrecht university , p.o . box 80000 , 3508ta utrecht , the netherlands address = sron , sorbonnelaan , 2 , 8534ca utrecht , the netherlands address = sron , sorbonnelaan , 2 , 8534ca utrecht , the netherlands address = casa , university of colorado , 389 ucb , boulder , co , usa address = casa , university of colorado , 389 ucb , boulder , co , usa address = stsi , 3700 san martin drive , baltimore , md 21218 , usa . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the high spectral resolution now available in the x - ray band led to a deeper understanding of the physical processes occurring in active galaxies . is a type 1 seyfert galaxy . for these objects , according to the standard model ( e.g. * ? ? ? * ) , our line of sight should intercept an outflowing , highly ionized gas .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	it is now recognized that many components , differing in ionization level , column density , and outflowing velocity , are actually constituting this outflow ( e.g. * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ?
12,482	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use the distances introduced in a previous joint paper to exhibit the gradient flow structure of some drift - diffusion equations for a wide class of entropy functionals . functional inequalities obtained by the comparison of the entropy with the entropy production functional reflect the contraction properties of the flow . our approach provides a unified framework for the study of the kolmogorov - fokker - planck ( kfp ) equation . optimal transport , kantorovich - rubinstein - wasserstein distance , generalized poincar inequality , continuity equation , action functional , gradient flows , kolmogorov - fokker - planck equation 26a51 , 26d10 , 53d25 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: our starting point concerns nonnegative solutions with finite mass of the heat equation in @xmath0 @xmath1 it is straightforward to check that for any smooth enough solution of and any @xmath2 convex function @xmath3 , @xmath4 so that @xmath5 plays the role of a lyapunov functional . to extract some information out of such an identity , one needs to analyze the relation between @xmath5 and @xmath6 . this can be done using green s function or moment estimates , with the drawback that these quantities are explicitly @xmath7-dependent . it is simpler to rewrite the equation in self - similar variables and replace by the fokker - planck ( fp ) equation @xmath8 this can be done without changing the initial data by the time - dependent change of variables @xmath9 we shall restrict our approach to nonnegative initial data @xmath10 . by linearity. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, we can further assume that @xmath11 without loss of generality . we shall also assume that @xmath3 is defined on @xmath12 .
12,483	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the dynamics of bosonic atoms in a double well potential under the influence of dissipation . the main effect of dissipation is to destroy quantum coherence and to drive the system towards a unique steady state . we study how the atom - atom interaction affects the decoherence process . we use a systematic approach considering different atomic densities . we show that , for two atoms , the interaction already strongly suppresses decoherence : a phenomenon we refer to as `` interaction impeded decoherence '' . for many atoms , thanks to the increased complexity of the system , the nature of the decoherence process is dramatically altered giving rise to an algebraic instead of exponential decay . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: every device , may it be classical or quantum , operates surrounded by an environment which affects to a certain degree its properties . understanding the interplay between the different physical processes at work and the dissipative processes induced by the environment is thus of paramount importance . this is of particular interest for the development of technologies based on quantum mechanics as the environment can , for example , destroy the quantum coherence between different parts of the device and thus completely spoil its functionalities . various quantum systems affected by dissipative processes have been studied in solid - state physics @xcite , atomic and molecular physics @xcite and quantum optics @xcite . however , at the moment , a complete understanding of the physics of strongly correlated quantum many - body systems coupled to an environment is lacking . in recent years , due to rapid technological progress ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	cold atom experimentalists have been able to build quantum emulators , systems mimicking with a high degree of precision modeled hamiltonians . for this reason , these cold atoms have become an ideal test - bed to study quantum dynamical systems .
12,484	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the panda detector is under design to be installed at the hesr storage ring for antiproton of the future fair facility in darmstadt , germany . fundamental questions of hadron and nuclear physics interactions of antiprotons with nucleons and nuclei will be pursued using a multipurpose set - up which includes innovative detectors . here , the fair facility and the panda detector are described . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the panda spectrometer @xcite is one of the large apparatuses at the future facility for antiproton and ion research ( fair ) in europe . gluonic excitations and the physics of strange and charm quarks will be accessible with unprecedented accuracy , allowing high - precision tests of strong interaction . the fair facility ( shown in figure [ fair ] ) is under construction at the gsi laboratory in germany .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	science goals of the international fair project span a broad range of research fields , from atomic and plasma physics to the structure of the matter , from the quark - gluon structure of hadrons to physics of astronomical objects . the existing linear and sis18 accelerators at gsi will be used as injector for the new system .
12,485	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we evaluate the optical gap and stokes shift of several candidate 1 nm silicon nanocrystal structures using density functional and quantum monte carlo ( qmc ) methods . we find that the combination of absorption gap calculations and stokes shift calculations may be used to determine structures . we find that although absorption gaps calculated within b3lyp and qmc agree for spherical , completely hydrogenated silicon nanocrystals , they disagree in clusters with different surface bonding networks . the nature of the stokes shift of the ultrabright luminescence is examined by comparing possible relaxation mechanisms . we find that the exciton which reproduces the experimental value of the stokes shift is most likely a state formed by a collective structural relaxation distributed over the entire cluster . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the investigation of semiconducting nanoclusters is one of the most promising directions in the search for new materials to construct optical and electronic devices , new laser materials , and biological markers @xcite . the properties of nanosize clusters are typically very different from their parent bulk compounds ; for example , surface passivated silicon nanoclusters show a number of interesting effects such as ultrabright luminescence @xcite and nonlinear optical effects @xcite , whereas crystalline bulk silicon is optically uninteresting because of its small and indirect gap . previous theoretical studies have employed various methods to model and understand the basic structural and electronic properties of nanosize clusters such as tight - binding @xcite , empirical pseudopotentials @xcite , density functional theory ( dft ) @xcite , gw - bethe salpeter ( gw - bse ) @xcite , and quantum monte carlo ( qmc ) @xcite . despite the significant progress that has been made , especially in interpreting the properties of larger clusters ( @xmath0 2 nm , @xmath0 500 atoms ) , many open questions still exist as to how new physical effects begin to dominate the electronic structure of these clusters as the surface to volume ratio increases .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	these effects include the possibility of surface states , reconstructions , and impurities . recent optical measurements of silicon nanocrystals synthesized in macroscopic quantities using a process of first etching and then sonically breaking up a silicon wafer @xcite appear to have predominantly spherical shapes , show ultrabright luminescence , and are produced in remarkably uniform batches .
12,486	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: multidimensional two - particle bose - einstein correlation functions of charged hadrons are reported for @xmath0 collisions at 2.76 and 7 tev in terms of different components of the pair relative momentum , extending the previous one - dimensional ( 1-d ) analyses of cms . this allows for investigating the extension of the source accessible to the femtoscopic correlation technique in different directions , revealing a more detailed picture of the emitting source in these collisions at increasing energies . the measurements are performed for different intervals of the pair average transverse momentum , @xmath1 , and for increasing charged particle multiplicitiy , @xmath2 . results in 1-d , 2-d and 3-d show a decrease of the fit radius parameters with @xmath1 , whereas a clear rise with @xmath2 is observed in all cases . in addition , the fit radius parameters at both energies show close similarity in size and behavior within the same intervals of ( @xmath3 ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: femtoscopic bose - einstein correlations , also known as hbt / gglp effect , were investigated in ref . @xcite by cms for pp collisions at @xmath40.9 tev @xcite , 2.36 tev @xcite and 7 tev @xcite . such phenomenon was discovered by goldhaber , s. goldhaber , w. lee and a. pais ( gglp effect ) @xcite , being the analogous in high - energy collisions to a similar method proposed by r. hanbury - brown and r. q. twiss ( hbt effect ) @xcite for estimating angular dimensions of stars .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	a broad investigation was carried out in these studies in terms of the invariant relative momenum @xmath5 . in ref . @xcite , similarly to what was previously observed in @xmath6 collisions @xcite , an anticorrelation was reported .
12,487	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: pks0349 - 27 is a classical frii radio galaxy with an agn host which has a spectacular , spiral - like structure in its extended emission line gas ( eelg ) . we have measured the velocity field in this gas and find that it splits into 2 cloud groups separated by radial velocities which at some points approach 400 kms.@xmath0 measurements of the diagnostic emission line ratios [ oiii]5007/h@xmath1 , [ sii ] 6716 + 6731/h@xmath2 , and [ nii]6583/h@xmath2 in these clouds show no evidence for the type of hii region emission associated with starburst activity in either velocity system . the measured emission line ratios are similar to those found in the nuclei of narrow - line radio galaxies , but the extended ionization / excitation can not be produced by continuum emission from the active nucleus alone . we present arguments which suggest that the velocity disturbances seen in the eelg are most likely the result of a galaxy - galaxy collision or merger but can not completely rule out the possibility that the gas has been disrupted by the passage of a radio jet . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: pks0349 - 27 is a prime example of a classical , double - lobed ( frii ) radio galaxy ( @xcite ) with a narrow emission line nuclear spectrum . it is also a spectacular example of a radio agn host with an extended gaseous component which has a structure reminiscent of a barred spiral ( @xcite ; see figure1b in section [ images ] ) . it has a redshift of @xmath319800kms@xmath0 ( @xcite ) , corresponding to a scale of @xmath30.96kpc@xmath4 this galaxy appears to fit into the `` rotator '' class of frii , double - lobed , radio galaxies defined by @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	earlier kinematic studies of this object have suggested that its centrally concentrated ionized gas is in rapid rotation as well as expansion ( with a rotation axis at @xmath3pa140 - 180@xmath5 , @xcite ) . its non - nuclear spectrum has been extensively observed ( op cit . and @xcite ) and incorporated in several analytical discussions of the type of ionization / excitation conditions found in the non - nuclear regions of active galaxies ( op cit . and @xcite ) .
12,488	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we apply the optimized effective potential method ( opm ) to the multiplet energies of the 3d@xmath0 transition metal atoms , where the orbital dependence of the energy functional with respect to orbital wave function is the single - configuration hf form . we find that the calculated opm exchange potential can be represented by the following two forms . firstly , the difference between opm exchange potentials of the multiplet states can be approximated by the linear combination of the potentials derived from the slater integrals @xmath1 and @xmath2 for the average energy of the configuration . secondly , the opm exchange potential can be expressed as the linear combination of the opm exchange potentials of the single determinants . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the density functional theory ( dft ) has a important problem with the calculation of transition metal complexes . in spite of the recent development of the exchange - correlation functionals , it is difficult to evaluate the multiplet energies using the kohn - sham method , because these electronic structures are not always written in a single slater determinant . several methods have been proposed to calculate the multiplet energies using dft . one of these methods has been proposed by ziegler @xcite , wood @xcite and von barth @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	they have carried out the computation of the multiplet energies using the diagonal sum rule , in which the sum of the multiplet energies is equal to the corresponding sum of the single determinant energies . the method reproduces the multiplet energies of p electron system , but the method does not give correct multiplet energies for the d electron system .
12,489	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this paper aims at investigating the achievable performance and the issues that arise in ultra - dense networks ( udns ) , when the signal propagation includes both the line - of - sight ( los ) and non - line - of - sight ( nlos ) components . backed by an analytical stochastic geometry - based model , we study the coverage , the area spectral efficiency ( ase ) and the energy efficiency of udns with los / nlos propagation . we show that when los / nlos propagation components are accounted for , the network suffers from low coverage and the ase gain is lower than linear at high base station densities . however , this performance drop can partially be attenuated by means of frequency reuse , which is shown to improve the ase vs coverage trade - off of cell densification , provided that we have a degree of freedom on the density of cells . in addition , from an energy efficiency standpoint , cell densification is shown to be inefficient when both los and nlos components are taken into account . overall , based on the findings of our work that assumes a more advanced system model compared to the current state - of - the - art , we claim that highly crowded environments of users represent the worst case scenario for ultra - dense networks . namely , these are likely to face serious issues in terms of limited coverage . ultra - dense , los / nlos , area spectral efficiency , partially loaded , energy efficiency , coverage . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: there is a common and widely shared vision that next generation wireless networks will witness the proliferation of small - cells . as a matter of fact , researchers foresee network densification as one of key enablers of the 5 ^ -th^ generation ( 5 g ) wireless networks @xcite . although it refers to a concept rather than being a precise definition , the term _ ultra - dense networks _ is used to describe networks characterized by a massive and dense deployment of small - cells , in which the amount of base stations may grow up to a point where it will exceed the amount of user devices @xcite . as. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	wireless networks evolve , performance requirements for the new technology are becoming more and more stringent . in fact , the 5 g requirements are set to a data rate increase up to a 1000-fold with respect to current 4 g systems@xcite , as well as for high energy efficiency @xcite in order to limit the energy expenditure of network operators .
12,490	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we predict the branching ratios of @xmath0 , @xmath1 and @xmath2 decays in the framework of the 2hdm , in the split fermion scenario . we observe that the branching ratios are not sensitive to a single extra dimension , however , this sensitivity is considerably large for two extra dimensions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the lepton flavor violating ( lfv ) z decays are clean from the theoretical point of view since they are free from the long distance effects . on the other hand , they are rich in the sense that they exist at least at one loop level and carry a considerable information about the free parameters of the model used . therefore , it is worthwhile to analyze these decays and there is an extensive work related to them in the literature @xcite-@xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	since the lepton flavor is conserved in the sm , for the flavor violation in the lepton sector , one needs to extend the sm . the so called @xmath3sm model , which is constructed by taking neutrinos massive and permitting the lepton mixing mechanism @xcite , is one of the candidate .
12,491	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: at the heart of many scientific applications is the solution of algebraic systems , such as linear systems of equations , eigenvalue problems , and optimization problems , to name a few . tops , which stands for towards optimal petascale simulations , is a scidac applied math center focused on the development of solvers for tackling these algebraic systems , as well as the deployment of such technologies in large - scale scientific applications of interest to the u.s . department of energy . in this paper , we highlight some of the solver technologies we have developed in optimization and matrix computations . we also describe some accomplishments achieved using these technologies in unedf , a scidac application project on nuclear physics . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: over the last couple of decades , simulation science has become as important as theoretical and experimental science . the success of simulation science hinges on the ability to perform the calculations efficiently . the inner most kernel in these calculations is often the solution of algebraic systems , including , but not limited to , systems of linear and nonlinear equations , eigenvalue problems , optimization problems , and sensitivity analysis .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	tops , which stands for _ towards optimal petascale simulations _ , is a multi - institutional scidac applied math center that focuses on the development of solvers for tackling these algebraic systems , as well as the deployment of such technologies in large - scale scientific applications , particularly those of interest to the u.s . department of energy . in this paper
12,492	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we present an algorithm for enumerating without repetitions all the non - crossing generically minimally rigid bar - and - joint frameworks under edge constraints ( also called constrained non - crossing laman frameworks ) on a given generic set of @xmath0 points . our algorithm is based on the reverse search paradigm of avis and fukuda . it generates each output graph in @xmath1 time and @xmath2 space , or , slightly different implementation , in @xmath3 time and @xmath4 space . in particular , we obtain that the set of all the constrained non - crossing laman frameworks on a given point set is connected by flips which restore the laman property . _ key words : _ geometric enumeration ; rigidity ; constrained non - crossing minimally rigid frameworks ; constrained delaunay triangulation . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath5 be a graph with vertices @xmath6 and @xmath7 edges . @xmath5 is a _ minimally rigid graph _ ( also called _ laman graph _ ) if @xmath8 and every subset of @xmath9 vertices spans at most @xmath10 edges . an embedding of the graph @xmath11 on a set of points @xmath12 is a mapping of the vertices to points in the euclidean plane @xmath13 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the edges @xmath14 of @xmath5 are mapped to straight line segments @xmath15 . an embedding is _ planar _ or _ non - crossing _ if no pair of segments @xmath16 and @xmath17 corresponding to non - adjacent edges @xmath18 have a point in common .
12,493	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider the joint design of transmit beamforming and receive signal - splitting ratios in the downlink of a wireless network with simultaneous radio - frequency ( rf ) information and energy transfer . under constraints on the signal - to - interference - plus - noise ratio ( sinr ) at each user and the total transmit power at the base station , the design objective is to maximize either the sum harvested energy or the minimum harvested energy . we develop a computationally efficient path - following method to solve these challenging nonconvex optimization problems . we mathematically show that the proposed algorithms iteratively progress and converge to locally optimal solutions . simulation results further show that these locally optimal solutions are the same as the globally optimal solutions for the considered practical network settings . energy harvesting , nonconvex optimization , path - following algorithm , signal splitting , transmit beamforming . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: rf information and energy transfer , which treats wireless receivers as either conventional information decoding ( i d ) receivers or energy harvesting ( eh ) receivers , has emerged as an attractive paradigm for green communication in the next - generation wireless networks @xcite . in particular , transmit beamforming to improve the quality - of - service of rf information and energy transfer has drawn significant research interest @xcite . there are two important beamforming problems in optimizing the harvested energy : ( i ) maximization of the total harvested energy ( i.e. , ` sum eh maximization problem ' ) , and ( ii ) maximization of the most disadvantaged eh receiver in the network ( i.e. , ` max - min eh problem ' ) . both problems are subject to the minimum sinr constraint at the i d receivers and the total transmit power constraint at the base station ( bs ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	they are indefinite quadratic programs in the beamforming vectors , which are typically recast as nonconvex rank - one matrix constrained semidefinite programs ( sdps ) in the beamforming outer products . the rank - one matrix constraints are then omitted , allowing for suboptimal sdp relaxation @xcite . meanwhile , it is realistic for the users located in the vicinity of the bs to conduct both i d and eh functions by a signal splitting ( ss ) based receiver @xcite .
12,494	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the curl - modes of cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) polarization probe horizon - scale primordial gravitational waves related to inflation . a significant source of confusion is expected from a lensing conversion of polarization related to density perturbations to the curl mode , during the propagation of photons through the large scale structure . either high resolution cmb anisotropy observations or 21 cm fluctuations at redshifts 30 and higher can be used to _ delens _ polarization data and to separate gravitational - wave polarization signature from that of cosmic - shear related signal . separations based on proposed lensing reconstruction techniques for reasonable future experiments allow the possibility to probe inflationary energy scales down to 10@xmath0 gev . beyond cmb polarization , at frequencies between 0.01 hz to 1 hz , space - based laser interferometers can also be used to probe the inflationary gravitational wave background . the confusion here is related to the removal of merging neutron star binaries at cosmological distances . given the low merger rate and the rapid evolution of the gravitational wave frequency across this band , reliable removal techniques can be constructed . we discuss issues related to joint constraints that can be placed on the inflationary models based on cmb polarization information and space - based interferometers such as the big bang observer . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) is now a well known probe of the early universe . the temperature fluctuations in the cmb , especially the so - called acoustic peaks in the angular power spectrum of cmb anisotropies , capture the physics of primordial photon - baryon fluid undergoing oscillations in the potential wells of dark matter ( hu et al . 1997 ) . the associated physics involving the evolution of a single photon - baryon fluid under compton scattering and gravity. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	are both simple and linear , and many aspects of it have been discussed in the literature since the early 1970s ( peebles & yu 1970 ; sunyaev & zeldovich 1970 ) . the gravitational redshift contribution at large angular scales ( e.g. , sachs & wolfe 1968 ) and the photon - diffusion damping at small angular scales ( e.g. , silk 1968 ) complete this description . by now , the structure of the first few acoustic peaks is well studied with nasa s wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( wmap ) mission ( e.g. , spergel et al . 2003 ) , while in the long term , esa s planck surveyor , will extend this to a multipole of @xmath1 2000 .
12,495	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use the diffusion quantum monte carlo ( dmc ) method to calculate the ground state phase diagram of solid molecular hydrogen and examine the stability of the most important insulating phases relative to metallic crystalline molecular hydrogen . we develop a new method to account for finite - size errors by combining the use of twist - averaged boundary conditions with corrections obtained using the kwee - zhang - krakauer ( kzk ) functional in density functional theory . to study band - gap closure and find the metallization pressure , we perform accurate quasi - particle many - body calculations using the @xmath0 method . in the static approximation , our dmc simulations indicate a transition from the insulating cmca-12 structure to the metallic cmca structure at around 375 gpa . the @xmath0 band gap of cmca-12 closes at roughly the same pressure . in the dynamic dmc phase diagram , which includes the effects of zero - point energy , the cmca-12 structure remains stable up to 430 gpa , well above the pressure at which the @xmath0 band gap closes . our results predict that the semimetallic state observed experimentally at around 360 gpa [ phys . rev . lett . * 108 * , 146402 ( 2012 ) ] may correspond to the cmca-12 structure near the pressure at which the band gap closes . the dynamic dmc phase diagram indicates that the hexagonal close packed @xmath1 structure , which has the largest band gap of the insulating structures considered , is stable up to 220 gpa . this is consistent with recent x - ray data taken at pressures up to 183 gpa [ phys . rev . b * 82 * , 060101(r ) ( 2010 ) ] , which also reported a hexagonal close packed arrangement of hydrogen molecules . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: solid molecular hydrogen is the simplest and most fundamental quantum molecular crystal . at high pressure it is predicted to become not only a metallic atomic solid @xcite but also a high-@xmath2 superconductor @xcite and perhaps a superfluid @xcite . although there are experimental results for the structure and phase diagram of high - pressure hydrogen at room temperature , @xcite the crystal structures appearing in the complex low - temperature high - pressure phase diagram are not yet completely determined .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	spectroscopic investigations using infra - red ( ir ) and raman methods suggest the existence of three phases @xcite . phase i , which is stable up to 110 gpa , is a molecular solid composed of quantum rotors arranged in a hexagonal - close - packed ( hcp ) structure .
12,496	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a korean - japanese planet search program has been carried out using the 1.8 m telescope at bohyunsan optical astronomy observatory ( boao ) in korea , and the 1.88 m telescope at okayama astrophysical observatory ( oao ) in japan to search for planets around intermediate - mass giant stars . the program aims to show the properties of planetary systems around such stars by precise doppler survey of about 190 g or k type giants together with collaborative surveys of the east - asian planet search network . so far , we detected two substellar companions around massive intermediate - mass giants in the korean - japanese planet search program . one is a brown dwarf - mass companion with 37.6 @xmath0 orbiting a giant hd 119445 with 3.9 @xmath1 , which is the most massive brown dwarf companion among those found around intermediate - mass giants . the other is a planetary companion with 1.8 @xmath0 orbiting a giant star with 2.4 @xmath1 , which is the lowest - mass planetary companion among those detected around giant stars with @xmath2 1.9 @xmath1 . plotting these systems on companion mass vs. stellar mass diagram , there seem to exist two unpopulated regions of substellar companions around giants with 1.53 @xmath1 and planetary companions orbiting giants with 2.44 @xmath1 . the existence of these possible unpopulated regions supports a current characteristic view that more massive substellar companions tend to exist around more massive stars . address = korea astronomy and space science institute , 61 - 1 hwaam - dong , yuseong - gu , daejeon 305 - 348 , south korea , email : [email protected] address = korea astronomy and space science institute , 61 - 1 hwaam - dong , yuseong - gu , daejeon 305 - 348 , south korea , email : [email protected] address = okayama astrophysical observatory , national astronomical observatory of japan , asakuchi , okayama 719 - 0232 , japan , altaddress = department of astronomical science , the graduate university for advanced studies , shonan village ,.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: many of the over 380 exoplanets discovered to date orbit solar mass ( 0.71.5 @xmath1 ) stars . this observational bias occurs because the main targets of previous doppler spectroscopy - based exoplanet searches have been solar - type stars . these studies have revealed a variety of their planetary systems ( e.g. @xcite ; @xcite ) whose statistical properties are now used to constrain planet - formation models ( e.g. @xcite ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	however , only about 35 and 25 planets were detected around intermediate - mass ( 1.55 @xmath1 ) and low - mass ( @xmath3 0.7 @xmath1 ) stars in surveys of evolved g - k type ( sub ) giants and k - m type dwarfs , respectively , so far . the planetary systems around such stars are not well understood .
12,497	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: building on viazovska s recent solution of the sphere packing problem in eight dimensions , we prove that the leech lattice is the densest packing of congruent spheres in twenty - four dimensions , and that it is the unique optimal periodic packing . in particular , we find an optimal auxiliary function for the linear programming bounds , which is an analogue of viazovska s function for the eight - dimensional case . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the sphere packing problem asks how to arrange congruent balls as densely as possible without overlap between their interiors . the _ density _ is the fraction of space covered by the balls , and the problem is to find the maximal possible density . this problem plays an important role in geometry , number theory , and information theory .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	see @xcite for background and references on sphere packing and its applications . although many interesting constructions are known , provable optimality is very rare . aside from the trivial case of one dimension ,
12,498	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we develop a new route through which to explore @xmath0 the kernel of the @xmath1shape group homomorphism determined by a general space @xmath2 , and establish , for each locally path connected , paracompact hausdorff space @xmath2 , @xmath3 is precisely the spanier group of @xmath2 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is generally challenging to understand the fundamental group of a locally complicated space @xmath4 a common tactic is to consider the image @xmath5 as a subgroup of the first shape homotopy group @xmath6 via the natural homomorphism @xmath7 arising from the ech expansion . in particular , if @xmath8 is injective , @xmath2 is said to be @xmath9-shape injective and one gains a characterization of the elements of @xmath10 as sequences in an inverse limit of fundamental groups of polyhedra . thus @xmath11 can be thought of as the data of the fundamental group forgotten when passing to the first shape group . in this paper. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, we develop a new lens in which to study @xmath8 and identify new characterizations of @xmath11 in terms of familiar subgroups of the fundamental group . the spanier group @xmath12 of a space @xmath2 , introduced in frvz11 , is a subgroup of @xmath10 useful for identifying loops deformable into arbitrarily small neighborhoods @xcite .
12,499	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a new version of the casimir effect where the two plates conduct in specific , different , directions is considered . by direct functional integration the evaluation of the casimir energy as a function of the angle between the conduction directions is reduced to quadratures . other applications of the method and a magnetic casimir variant are mentioned . hep - th/9802149 + february 14 , 1998 + 2.cm * a new variant of the casimir effect and its exact evaluation . * 2.cm oded kenneth and shmuel nussinov 0.5 cm the casimir force per unit area [ 1 ] @xmath0 attracts two parallel conducting plates at a distance @xmath1 apart in vacuum . its independence of atomic and qed parameters reflects the perfect conductor idealization where all details are subsumed into boundary conditions @xmath2 . these , in turn , quantize the @xmath3 component of the wave number vector for modes in the region between the plates , @xmath4 . the problem then reduces to evaluating the change in vacuum energy of all the transverse modes inside this region : @xmath5 a careful regularization of this formally divergent expression yields [ 2 ] @xmath6 and @xmath7 . the tiny casimir forces are elusive . past efforts [ 3 ] verified eq . ( 1 ) rather roughly and only recently a 5% precision experiment was done [ 4 ] . in this paper we focus mainly on a new variant of the casimir effect : each of the two plates conduct in a specific direction : @xmath8 for plate one and @xmath9 on plate two so that only the components @xmath10 and @xmath11 need to vanish on plates i and ii respectively , and @xmath12 is arbitrary . the two polarizations contribute equally to @xmath13 . by the above twist " these polarizations can generate a controlled @xmath14 and a casimir torque , @xmath15 . the casimir force can be derived also [ 5 ] by evaluating the pressure imbalance due to reflection of vacuum modes " off the outside surface of the plate and of the ( fewer ) internal modes off the inside surfaces . .... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: we would like to thank z. nussinov for pointing us to us the recent quant - ph reference by golestanian and kardar , and to gilda reyes for help with the preparation of the manuscript . [ 1 ] h. b. g. casimir , proc . k. ned akad wet . *. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	51 * , 793 ( 1948 ) . [ 2 ] see , e.g. , c. itzykson and j. b. zuber , _ quantum field theory _ , mcgraw hill ( 1985 ) , p. 137 .

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.