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10,900	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we briefly review three ways that environmental noise can slow - down ( or speed - up ) quantum transitions ; ( i ) lamb shifts , ( ii ) over - damping and ( iii ) orthogonality catastrophe . we compare them with the quantum zeno effect induced by observing the system . these effects are relevant to poor qubits ( those strongly coupled to noise ) . we discuss berry phases generated by the orthogonality catastrophe , and argue that noise may make it _ easier _ to observe berry phases . address = institut laue - langevin , 6 rue jules horowitz , b.p . 156 , 38042 grenoble , france . our presentation for icnf 2009 is based on our work entitled _ `` noise suppressing non - adiabaticity : observing a berry phase alone '' _ @xcite . here , we review the literature about the ways in which environmental noise can change the rate of quantum transitions ( noise - induced quantum zeno effects ) , and then briefly discuss the applications of these ideas to noise - induced berry phases , such as those in ref . @xcite . since qubits have been created and studied in experiments , theoretical descriptions of dissipation in two - level system have a renewed relevance . a `` good '' qubit is a fully controllable two - level system which is sufficiently weakly coupled to environmental noise that it experiences only weak dissipation ( often well - described by the bloch - redfield equation @xcite ) . for quantum computing , qubits need to have coherent oscillations with a quality factor of @xmath0 or more ( ten - thousand coherent oscillations before decaying ) . only then will errors be rare enough that they could be fixed by error correction codes . in contrast a `` poor '' qubit is a controllable two - level system which is strongly coupled to its environment , and thus experiences strong dissipation . the theory for this was discussed by leggett _ et al _ @xcite , but there are still many open questions . it is worth noting that even the best qubits are only `` good '' for.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the quantum zeno effect @xcite , the transitions of a quantum system are slowed down ( or stopped ) by the fact one is observing the system . it is the quantum mechanical equivalent of saying that `` a watched pot never boils '' ( i.e. a watched system never makes transitions ) . however , there is an analogy between observing a system ( projective measurements of its state ) and environmental noise .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	indeed one can model a measurement device as a large object with many degrees of freedom interacting with the system . thus one can ask whether environmental - noise induces a quantum zeno effect , and ( if so ) what its nature is .
10,901	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the latest results from the cdf and d0 collaborations on the top - quark pair - production cross section and limits on electroweak production are presented . included are measurements of properties of the top quark such as charge , lifetime , and the decay branching ratio @xmath0 . in addition to measurements about the top quark , the selected event samples are used to study the helicity of the @xmath1 boson and to search for additional exotic quarks ( @xmath2 ) and resonances in the @xmath3 invariant mass spectrum . address = fermilab , p.o . box 500 , batavia , il 60510 , usa . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the top quark was discovered in 1995 by the cdf and d0 collaborations at the fermilab tevatron collider @xcite . the cdf and d0 collaborations are currently taking data in run 2 of the tevatron . the increased luminosity and higher collision energy of @xmath4 = 1.96 tev allows for precise measurement of top quark production and decay properties .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the cdf and d0 detectors are described in ref . @xcite and @xcite .
10,902	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: it is proven that every set @xmath0 of distinct points in the plane with cardinality @xmath1 can be a subset of the vertices of a crossing - free straight - line drawing of any planar graph with @xmath2 vertices . it is also proven that if @xmath0 is restricted to be a one - sided convex point set , its cardinality increases to @xmath3{n } \right \rceil$ ] . the proofs are constructive and give rise to @xmath4-time drawing algorithms . as a part of our proofs , we show that every maximal planar graph contains a large induced biconnected outerplanar graphs and a large induced outerpath ( an outerplanar graph whose weak dual is a path ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: computing drawings of planar graphs is an extensively studied subject . in its most classical setting , the problem is to design an algorithm that receives as input a planar graph @xmath5 and it produces as output a drawing of @xmath5 such that no two edges of the drawing cross . aesthetic requirements , such as minimizing the number of bends along the edges , using a small area , or representing the faces as convex or star - shaped polygons can be specified as additional optimization goals .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	in addition to these geometric optimization goals , a graph drawing algorithm can receive as input a set of semantic constraints which define placement and/or routing requirements for some of the vertices and/or some of the edges . for example , a subset of the vertices must be collinear , some of the edges must be horizontal , the size or shape of some edges or vertices is defined in advance ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) .
10,903	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: based on the consideration that the black hole horizon and the cosmological horizon of kerr - de sitter black hole are not independent each other , we conjecture the total entropy of the system should have an extra term contributed from the correlations between the two horizons , except for the sum of the two horizon entropies . by employing globally effective first law and effective thermodynamic quantities , we obtain the corrected total entropy and find that the region of stable state for kerr - de sitter is related to the angular velocity parameter @xmath0 , i.e. , the region of stable state becomes bigger as the rotating parameters @xmath0 is increases . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the astronomical observations show that our universe is probably approaching de sitter spacetime . the cosmological constant corresponds to vacuum energy and is usually considered as a candidate of dark energy . the accelerating universe will evolve into another de sitter phase . in order to construct the entire history of evolution of the universe. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, we should have a clear perspective to the classical and quantum properties of de sitter spacetime @xcite . however , as is well known that in de sitter space there is no spatial infinity and no asymptotic killing vector which is globally timelike .
10,904	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: powerful outflows from star - forming galaxies are expected to push away the neutral intergalactic medium ( igm ) around those galaxies , and produce absorption - free gaps in the ly@xmath0 forest . we analyze the abundance of gaps of various sizes in three high resolution spectra of quasars at @xmath1 3 3.5 . the gap statistics agrees well with a model in which galactic halos above a minimum mass scale of @xmath2 produce bubbles with a characteristic radius of @xmath3 mpc . both numbers are consistent with naive theoretical expectations , where the minimum galaxy mass reflects the threshold for infall of gas out of a photo - ionized igm . the observed gaps are typically bounded by deep absorption features as expected from the accumulation of swept - up gas on the bubble walls . = 0.1 in 1.0 in .1 in .1 in . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the formation and evolution of galaxies is regulated by their feedback on the surrounding intergalactic medium ( igm ) . radiative feedback owing to photo - ionization heating by a cosmic uv background or hydrodynamic feedback owing to outflows driven by supernovae or quasars , can suppress the infall of igm gas onto low - mass dark - matter halos ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) . the feedback introduces a minimum halo mass above which halos can efficiently accrete gas from the igm and host star formation or quasar activity .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	infall of gas is suppressed if the gravitational potential well of a halo is shallow , explaining why dwarf galaxies have a much lower abundance than expected for low - mass halos ( e.g. , @xcite ) . in this _ letter _ , we examine a simple observational method to reveal the scars left by hydrodynamic outflows from galaxies on the igm .
10,905	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: images from the hubble deep field ( hdf ) north and south show a large percentage of dusty , high redshift galaxies whose appearance falls outside traditional classification systems . the nature of these objects is not yet fully understood . since the hdf preferentially samples restframe uv light , hdf morphologies are not dust or ` mask ' penetrated . the appearance of high redshift galaxies at near - infrared restframes remains a challenge for the new millennium . the next generation space telescope ( ngst ) could routinely provide us with such images . in this contribution , we quantitatively determine the dust - penetrated structures of high redshift galaxies such as ngc 922 in their near - infrared restframes . we show that such optically peculiar objects may readily be classified using the dust penetrated z@xmath00 templates of @xcite and @xcite . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: several studies have recently been conducted to elucidate the morphology of high redshift objects ( e.g. , glazebrook et al . @xcite ; driver et al . @xcite ; abraham et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	@xcite ; abraham et al . @xcite ; bouwens et al .
10,906	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the conventional wisdom that the rate of incidence of absorption systems , @xmath0 ( excluding ` associated systems ' having velocity @xmath1c relative to the agn of less than @xmath2 5000 km.s@xmath3 ) is totally independent of the background agn , has been challenged by a recent finding that @xmath0 for strong absorption systems towards distant blazars is @xmath4 times the value known for normal optically - selected quasars ( qsos ) . this has led to the suggestion that a significant fraction of even the absorption systems with @xmath1 as high as @xmath5 may have been ejected by the relativistic jets in the blazars , which are expected to be pointed close to our direction . here we investigate this scenario using a large sample of 115 flat - spectrum radio - loud quasars ( fsrqs ) which too possess powerful jets , but are only weakly polarized . we show , for the first time , that @xmath0 towards fsrqs is , on the whole , quite similar to that known for qsos and the comparative excess of strong absorption systems seen towards blazars is mainly confined to @xmath6 . the excess relative to fsrqs can probably result from a likely closer alignment of blazar jets with our direction and hence any gas clouds accelerated by them are more likely to be on the line of sight to the active quasar nucleus . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: study of mg ii absorption line systems in the spectra of qsos has provided a means of detecting distant normal field galaxies which happen to be situated close to the lines of sight to the qsos ( e.g. , bergeron et al . 1991 ; steidel et al . 1994 ) . barring the so called ` associated systems ' ( having @xmath7 ) , the absorption line systems are customarily believed to arise in intervening structures that are wholly unrelated to the background qso .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	this view was , however , challenged by the finding that the occurrence rate , @xmath0 , of absorption systems in the spectra of grbs is nearly 4 times the value found for qsos , when strong lines having rest - frame equivalent width @xmath8 are considered ( prochter et al . later studies have supported this unexpected trend , albeit the excess factor is found to be smaller , 2.1 @xmath9 0.6 ( sudilovsky et al . 2007 ; vergani et al . 2009 ; tejos et al .
10,907	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a general analytic procedure is developed for the post - newtonian limit of @xmath0-gravity with metric approach in the jordan frame by using the harmonic gauge condition . in a pure perturbative framework and by using the green function method a general scheme of solutions up to @xmath1 order is shown . considering the taylor expansion of a generic function @xmath2 it is possible to parameterize the solutions by derivatives of @xmath2 . at newtonian order , @xmath3 , all more important topics about the gauss and birkhoff theorem are discussed . the corrections to `` standard '' gravitational potential ( @xmath4-component of metric tensor ) generated by an extended uniform mass ball - like source are calculated up to @xmath1 order . the corrections , yukawa and oscillating - like , are found inside and outside the mass distribution . at last when the limit @xmath5 is considered the @xmath0-gravity converges in general relativity at level of lagrangian , field equations and their solutions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the study of possible modifications of einstein s theory of gravity has a long history which reaches back to the early 1920s @xcite . corrections to the gravitational lagrangian , leading to higher - order field equations , were already studied by several authors @xcite shortly after general relativity ( gr ) was proposed . developments in the 1960s and 1970s @xcite , partly motivated by the quantization schemes proposed at that time , made clear that theories containing _ only _ a @xmath6 term in the lagrangian were not viable with respect to their weak field behavior .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	buchdahl , in 1962 @xcite , rejected pure @xmath6 theories because of the non - existence of asymptotically flat solutions . in recent years , the effort to give a physical explanation to the today observed cosmic acceleration @xcite has attracted a good amount of interest in @xmath0-gravity , considered as a viable mechanism to explain the cosmic acceleration by extending the geometric sector of field equations without the introduction of dark matter and dark energy .
10,908	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in a recent paper it was proposed that for some * nonlinear * shell models of turbulence one can construct a * linear * advection model for an auxiliary field such that the scaling exponents of all the structure functions of the linear and nonlinear fields coincide . the argument depended on an assumption of continuity of the solutions as a function of a parameter . the aim of this paper is to provide a rigorous proof for the validity of the assumption . in addition we clarify here when the swap of a nonlinear model by a linear one will _ not _ work , . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: shell models of turbulence @xcite serve a useful purpose in studying the statistical properties of turbulent fields due to their relative ease of simulation . in particular , shell models allowed accurate direct numerical calculation of the scaling exponents of their associated structure functions , including convincing evidence for their universality @xcite . in contrast , for the navier - stokes equations that model actual fluid turbulence simulations are very much harder , and in addition one still does not know whether these equations in 3-dimensions are mathematically globally well posed . this problem does not exist in shell models @xcite , adding to their numerical attractiveness a possibility to prove various properties and results rigorously @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	consider for example the sabra shell model @xcite which , like other shell models of turbulence , is a truncated description of the dynamics of fourier modes , preserving some of the structure and conservation laws of the navier - stokes equations : @xmath0+f_n \ . \label{sabra}\end{aligned}\ ] ] here @xmath1 , with @xmath2 and the boundary conditions @xmath3 , are the velocity modes restricted to ` wavevectors ' @xmath4 with @xmath5 determined by the inverse outer scale of turbulence . the model contains one additional parameter , @xmath6 , and it conserves two quadratic invariants ( when the force and the dissipation term are absent ) for all values of @xmath6 .
10,909	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: single - particle energies of @xmath0 and @xmath1 hyperons in several nuclei are obtained from the relevant self energies . the latter are constructed within the framework of a perturbative many - body approach employing present realistic hyperon - nucleon interactions such as the models of the jlich and nijmegen groups . the effects of the non - locality and energy - dependence of the self energy on the bound states are investigated . it is also shown that , although the single - particle hyperon energies are well reproduced by local woods - saxon hyperon - nucleus potentials , the wave functions from the non - local self energy are far more extended . implications of this behavior on the mesonic weak decay of @xmath0 hypernuclei are discussed . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: hypernuclei are bound systems of neutrons , protons and one or more strange baryons , such as the @xmath0 or @xmath1 hyperons . understanding the behavior of hypernuclei ( how they are produced , their spectroscopy and decay mechanisms ) has been the subject of intense investigations during the last decades , see e.g. , refs.@xcite . one of the main goals of such studies is to explore how the presence of the new degree of freedom ( strangeness ) alters and broadens the knowledge achieved from conventional nuclear physics .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	several features of the @xmath0 single - particle properties in the nucleus , being essentially different from those of the nucleon , have clearly emerged from these efforts . it is well accepted nowadays that the depth of the @xmath0-nucleus potential is around @xmath2 mev , which is 20 mev less attractive than the corresponding nucleon - nucleus one .
10,910	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a detailed account of the two - photon states generated by spdc in both type i and type ii phase matching , including the effects of anisotropy of the nonlinear medium and the frequency spread of the down - converted fields . accurate as well as simplified expressions are derived for type i and type ii phase matching in the context of fourier optics . the main results are compared with experimental data available in the literature , showing good agreement in all cases . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the course of the last three decades , spontaneous parametric down - conversion ( spdc ) has proven to be a valuable tool in the experimental investigation of fundamental properties of the electromagnetic field in the quantum domain @xcite , including nonclassical correlations , entanglement and nonlocality . the fact that spdc is capable of generating pairs of photons in a wide range of frequencies and wave vectors , in addition to the fact that these photons may be entangled in a number of different degrees of freedom , qualifies spdc also as a unique tool in the demonstration of quantum information procedures and protocols @xcite . in many applications , especially in the pioneering ones , a basic knowledge of a few properties of the two - photon states generated by spdc is enough to explain the effects discussed .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	as the applications become more sophisticated , for example in those that combine correlations in more than one degree of freedom , a more comprehensive approach is necessary in order to enhance the capabilities of quantum state engineering . in this direction , the use of fourier optics concepts in two - photon optics represents a significant step .
10,911	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present very long baseline interferometry ( vlbi ) observations 217 days after the @xmath0-ray burst of 2003 march 29 . these observations provide further measurements of the size and position of grb 030329 that are used to constrain the expansion rate and proper motion of this nearby grb . the expansion rate appears to be slowing down with time , favoring expansion into a constant density interstellar medium , rather than a circumstellar wind with an r@xmath1 density profile . we also present late time arecibo observations of the redshifted and oh absorption spectra towards grb 030329 . no absorption ( or emission ) is seen allowing us to place limits on the atomic neutral hydrogen of @xmath2 cm@xmath1 , and molecular hydrogen of @xmath4 cm@xmath1 . finally , we present vla limits on the radio polarization from the afterglow of @xmath52% at late times . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: our understanding of the origin of gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) has continued to advance rapidly in the years since the first x - ray @xcite , optical @xcite and radio @xcite afterglows were discovered . in particular the nearby afterglow from has solidified the grb - supernova connection @xcite , and provided the first grb with a well determined expansion rate @xcite . this event has presented a unique opportunity to test afterglow models @xcite , and to explore the environment around a grb .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	afterglow models invoke gas - rich environments around at least some of the grbs . several basic properties of this circumburst medium are presently unknown , and need to be addressed in order to better understand the afterglow and its evolution . for example , in the simplest emission models , the density of the ambient medium is related to the afterglow flux density @xcite .
10,912	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a simplified dynamical model of the `` bullet '' system of two colliding clusters . the model constrains the masses of the system by requiring that the orbits of the main and sub components satisfy the cosmological initial conditions of vanishing physical separation a hubble time ago . this is also known as the timing argument . the model considers a system embedded in an over - dense region . we argue that a relative speed of @xmath0 between the two components is consistent with cosmological conditions if the system is of a total mass of @xmath1 is embedded in a region of a ( mild ) over - density of 10 times the cosmological background density . combining this with the lensing measurements of the projected mass , the model yields a ratio of 3:1 for the mass of the main relative to that of the subcomponent . the effect of the background weakens as the relative speed between the two components is decreased . for relative speeds lower than @xmath2 , the timing argument yields masses which are too low to be consistent with lensing . h # 1martin : # 1 # 1adi : # 1 # 1#1 # 1#1 # 1#1 cosmology : theory , large - scale structure of the universe clusters . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the system ie 0657 - 56 of two colliding clusters ( termed the bullet " ) , is particularly interesting among such systems . x - ray observations of this system show a prominent bow - shock generated by the supersonic motion ( mach number of @xmath3 ) of the sub - cluster ( the bullet ) relative to the gaseous component of the main cluster . the estimated speed of the bullet relative to the main cluster is @xmath4 , while the relative line - of - sight velocities between the groups of galaxies associated with the two components is only @xmath5 . therefore , the relative motion between the two clusters is almost entirely perpendicular to the line - of - sight ( barrena et al . 2002 ; markevitch et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	2004 ) . the current dynamical state of the system must be consistent with that evolved in an expanding universe .
10,913	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use geometric techniques to investigate several examples of quasi - isometrically embedded subgroups of thompson s group @xmath0 . many of these are explored using the metric properties of the shift map @xmath1 in @xmath0 . these subgroups have simple geometric but complicated algebraic descriptions . we present them to illustrate the intricate geometry of thompson s group @xmath0 as well as the interplay between its standard finite and infinite presentations . these subgroups include those of the form @xmath2 , for integral @xmath3 , which were shown to occur as quasi - isometrically embedded subgroups by burillo and guba and sapir . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: bridson asked the question of whether a quasi - isometry exists between thompson s group @xmath0 and the group @xmath4 . burillo @xcite provides an example of a quasi - isometric embedding of @xmath5 into @xmath0 as possible evidence addressing this question . we state his example in [ sec : examples ] below . while investigating this question , we came across some interesting examples of quasi - isometric embeddings into @xmath0 which we describe below . these quasi - isometric embeddings all have simple geometric interpretations , which are often easier to express than the corresponding algebraic or group theoretic definitions .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	we present these examples to illustrate the beautiful geometry evident in thompson s group @xmath0 . our examples are based on the interaction between the finite and infinite presentations of @xmath0 and the representation of elements of @xmath0 as pairs of binary rooted trees .
10,914	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report on the detailed study of multi - component spin waves in an @xmath0 fermi gas where the high spin leads to novel tensorial degrees of freedom compared to @xmath1 systems . the excitations of a spin - nematic state are investigated from the linear to the nonlinear regime , where the tensorial character is particularly pronounced . by tuning the initial state we engineer the tensorial spin - wave character , such that the magnitude and the sign of the counterflow spin currents are effectively controlled . a comparison of our data with numerical and analytical results shows good agreement . spin - interaction driven phenomena are crucial for the behavior of many quantum systems , e.g. , ferromagnets @xcite and high - temperature superconductors @xcite and they are also relevant in spintronics applications @xcite . apart from condensed matter systems with an electronic spin of @xmath1 , dilute atomic gases show a wealth of novel spin excitations , where the spin is provided by the internal hyperfine structure of the atoms . pioneering experiments with hydrogen @xcite and helium @xcite showed the existence of transverse spin waves , which arise from intrinsic spin - exchange interactions @xcite . longitudinal spin waves in two - component mixtures have been observed in non - condensed bosonic @xmath2rb gases @xcite . for weakly interacting fermions , slow spin currents were reported near the zero - crossing of a feshbach resonance @xcite and the interaction - induced damping of dipole oscillations was studied @xcite . prominent examples for spin dependent phenomena in strongly interacting fermionic systems are the miscibility of spin mixtures @xcite and the quest for itinerant ferromagnetism @xcite . in contrast to conventional two - component systems , the hyperfine structure of many atoms also allows for spinor gases with @xmath3 , which offer a whole new set of possibilities to study spin - dependent phenomena @xcite . this includes spin - changing collisions @xcite , hidden.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: * in this supplemental material we discuss the preparation of our fermionic quantum gas ( s1 ) , the detection after tof and _ in situ _ ( s2 ) and the data analysis ( s3 ) . the theoretical model is introduced in ( s4 ) and the linearized calculation is presented in ( s5 ) . for the tensor expansion in the @xmath0 system see ( s6 ) . * we sympathetically cool about @xmath76 spin - polarized @xmath14k atoms in the state @xmath15 and @xmath77 to @xmath78 using @xmath2rb in a magnetic trap . afterwards we transfer the atoms to a crossed circular - elliptical optical dipole trap with @xmath79 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the @xmath80 radii are @xmath81 for the circular beam and @xmath82 and @xmath83 of the elliptical beam , where the tight focus is in the vertical direction . using rf - pulses and rf - sweeps , an equal mixture of the two hyperfine states @xmath84 and @xmath85 is prepared and evaporatively cooled in the trap by a @xmath86 exponential intensity ramp .
10,915	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report on a long - term single - dish and vlbi monitoring for intermittent flare activities of a dominant blue - shifted h@xmath0o maser ( dbsm ) associated with a southern high mass young stellar object , g353.273 + 0.641 . bi - weekly single - dish monitoring using hokkaido university tomakomai 11-m radio telescope has shown that a systematic acceleration continues over four years beyond a lifetime of individual maser features . this fact suggests that the h@xmath0o maser traces a region where molecular gas is steadily accelerated . there were five maser flares during five - years monitoring , and maser distributions in four of them were densely monitored by the vlbi exploration of radio astrometry ( vera ) . the overall distribution of the maser features suggests the presence of a bipolar jet , with the 3d kinematics indicating that it is almost face - on ( inclination angle of @xmath1 8@xmath217@xmath2 from the line - of - sight ) . most of maser features were recurrently excited within a region of 100@xmath3100 au@xmath4 around the radio continuum peak , while their spatial distributions significantly varied between each flare . this confirms that episodic propagations of outflow shocks recurrently invoke intermittent flare activities . we also measured annual parallax , deriving the source distance of 1.70 @xmath5 kpc that is consistent with the commonly - used photometric distance . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: astronomical masers such as h@xmath0o and sio are unique tools for studying mass - loss activities in high mass star formation . these maser species are basically excited in strong shocks on a working surface between a protostellar outflow and a dense envelope ( e.g. , @xcite ; @xcite ) . the masers allow us to directly observe an intrinsic outflow driven by individual high mass young stellar objects ( hmysos ) within 10@xmath6 au scale , minimizing any contamination from a mass entrainment and/or outflows driven by nearby cluster members .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	outflow properties such as size , velocity and morphology , predicted from interferometric maser studies vary source to source , e.g. , collimated jet ( @xcite ) , disk wind ( @xcite ; @xcite ) , wide angle outflow ( @xcite ) , expanding shell ( @xcite ; @xcite;@xcite ) , equatorial outflow ( @xcite ) or combination of jet and wide angle outflow ( @xcite ) . such divergences are possibly related to a number of factors such as stellar mass , evolutionary stage , geometry of surrounding envelope and driving mechanism of host outflows .
10,916	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the kinematic and morphological properties of a string of [ ar iii ] bright knots in the crab nebula are examined using 1994 1999 _ hst _ wfpc-2 images of the remnant . we find that five southern [ ar iii ] bright knots exhibit ordinary radial motions away from the nebula s center of expansion with magnitudes consistent with their projected radial displacements . this result does not support the suggestion by @xcite that these knots might be moving rapidly away from the crab pulsar due to a collimated wind . the _ hst _ images also do not show that the [ ar iii ] knots have unusual morphologies relative to other features in the remnant . our proper motion results , when combined with radial velocity estimates , suggest these knots have relatively low space velocities implying relatively interior remnant locations thus placing them closer to the ionizing radiation from the crab s synchrotron nebula . this might lead to higher knot gas temperatures thereby explaining the knots unusual line emission strengths as @xcite suspected . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: for over half a century , the crab nebula has played a key role as a laboratory for many seminal discoveries regarding supernovae and their remnants @xcite . it is also the brightest and best studied example of `` plerionic '' remnants which are powered by a compact central object ( see reviews @xcite ) . despite its many astronomical firsts , the detection by @xcite of chains of semi - stellar , optical knots showing unusually strong [ ar iii ] line emission was both remarkable and puzzling .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the discovery came about through a search looking for north - south , bi - polar axial phenomena directly associated with the crab pulsar and related to the remnant s east - west band of strong helium emission filaments @xcite and the n - s hourglass structure seen in polarized light of the crab s synchrotron nebula @xcite . using a fabry - perot imager centered at 5015.3 , @xcite found about a dozen , semi - stellar [ o iii ] @xmath05007 emission knots aligned in arcs , perhaps helical @xcite , from the pulsar s position with seven to the north and four to the south . the northern arc of knots appeared situated inside a corridor through the remnant s filamentary structure , the eastern edge of which seemed to merge with the western edge of the crab s well - known northern `` jet '' @xcite .
10,917	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using first - principles plane wave calculations we predict that electronic and magnetic properties of graphene nanoribbons can be affected by defect - induced itinerant states . the band gaps of armchair nanoribbons can be modified by hydrogen saturated holes . defects due to periodically repeating vacancy or divacancies induce metallization , as well as magnetization in non - magnetic semiconducting nanoribbons due to the spin - polarization of local defect states . antiferromagnetic ground state of semiconducting zigzag ribbons can change to ferrimagnetic state upon creation of vacancy defects , which reconstruct and interact with edge states . even more remarkable is that all these effects of vacancy defects are found to depend on their geometry and position relative to edges . it is shown that these effects can , in fact , be realized without really creating defects . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: its unusual electronic energy band structure and charge carriers resembling massless dirac fermions have made graphene honeycomb structure an active field of research@xcite . quasi 1d graphene ribbons have even more interesting electronic and magnetic properties depending on their size and symmetry@xcite . these are edge states of zigzag ribbons with opposite spin polarization@xcite and band gaps varying with the width of the ribbon@xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	theoretical studies have predicted that energetic electrons and ions can induce polymorphic atomic defects , such as vacancies in graphene @xcite . using high - resolution tem the observation of vacancies have been reported @xcite .
10,918	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study quasi - monte carlo integration for twice differentiable functions defined over a triangle . we provide an explicit construction of infinite sequences of points including one by basu and owen ( 2015 ) as a special case , which achieves the integration error of order @xmath0 for any @xmath1 . since a lower bound of order @xmath2 on the integration error holds for any linear quadrature rule , the upper bound we obtain is best possible apart from the @xmath3 factor . the major ingredient in our proof of the upper bound is the dyadic walsh analysis of twice differentiable functions over a triangle under a suitable recursive partitioning . keywords : quasi - monte carlo , digital nets and sequences , numerical integration on triangle , dyadic walsh analysis + msc classifications : primary , 42c10 , 65d32 ; secondary , 41a55 , 65c05 , 65d30 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper we study numerical integration of twice differentiable functions defined over a triangle @xmath4 . for an integrable function @xmath5 , we denote the true normalized integral of @xmath6 by @xmath7 where @xmath8 denotes the lebesgue measure of @xmath9 . as an approximation of @xmath10 , we consider a linear algorithm of the form @xmath11 for an @xmath12-element point set @xmath13 and a set of real - valued weights @xmath14 . in particular , a quasi - monte carlo ( qmc ) integration is an equal - weight quadrature rule where the weights sum up to 1 , i.e. , a linear algorithm with the special choice @xmath15 for all @xmath16 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	therefore , @xmath10 is simply approximated by @xmath17 if an infinite sequence of points @xmath18 is given , the first @xmath12 elements of @xmath19 are used as @xmath20 . we define the norm in @xmath21 by @xmath22 and study the worst - case absolute error over the unit ball of @xmath21 , i.e. , @xmath23 thus an obvious goal in this context is to construct a good point set or sequence in @xmath9 such that the quantity @xmath24 is small either for some @xmath12 or uniformly for all @xmath1 .
10,919	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: bistable biochemical switches are ubiquitous in gene regulatory networks and signal transduction pathways . their switching dynamics , however , are difficult to study directly in experiments or conventional computer simulations , because switching events are rapid , yet infrequent . we present a simulation technique that makes it possible to predict the rate and mechanism of flipping of biochemical switches . the method uses a series of interfaces in phase space between the two stable steady states of the switch to generate transition trajectories in a ratchet - like manner . we demonstrate its use by calculating the spontaneous flipping rate of a symmetric model of a genetic switch consisting of two mutually repressing genes . the rate constant can be obtained orders of magnitude more efficiently than using brute - force simulations . for this model switch , we show that the switching mechanism , and consequently the switching rate , depends crucially on whether the binding of one regulatory protein to the dna excludes the binding of the other one . our technique could also be used to study rare events and non - equilibrium processes in soft condensed matter systems . biochemical switches are essential for the functioning of living cells . these switches are networks of chemical reactions that exhibit more than one stable steady state ; in the presence of noise , flipping can occur between these states . well - characterized examples include the lysis - lysogeny switch in bacteriophage @xmath0 @xcite and the lac repressor in _ e. coli _ @xcite . experimental and theoretical studies have established the presence of bistability in other biochemical networks , including those regulating the cell cycle and developmental fate @xcite . in addition , synthetic switches have been constructed _ in vivo _ @xcite . computational modeling has an important role to play in explaining the properties of biochemical switches . a stochastic approach is required to obtain the mechanism and.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this article , the ffs method is used to calculate switching rates for biochemical networks simulated with the gillespie algorithm @xcite . this algorithm is an application to chemical reactions of the kinetic monte carlo technique @xcite , first introduced by bortz _ et al _ @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the system is specified by a set of chemical components @xmath4 and a list of allowed reactions , together with their rate constants . the concentrations @xmath5 of all the components are assumed to be homogeneous in space ; the state of the system at any instant in time is defined by @xmath6 .
10,920	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the jet in 3c273 is a high - power quasar jet with radio , optical and x - ray emission whose size and brightness allow a detailed study of the emission processes acting in it . we present deep chandra observations of this jet and analyse the spectral properties of the jet emission from radio through x - rays . we find that the x - ray spectra are significantly softer than the radio spectra in all regions of the bright part of the jet except for the first bright `` knot a '' , ruling out a model in which the x - ray emission from the entire jet arises from beamed inverse - compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons in a single - zone jet flow . within two - zone jet models , we find that a synchrotron origin for the jet s x - rays requires fewer additional assumptions than an inverse - compton model , especially if velocity shear leads to efficient particle acceleration in jet flows . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since the launch of the chandra x - ray observatory , it has become evident that x - ray emission is a common feature of jets in radio galaxies and quasars ( see , e.g. , @xcite for low - power radio galaxies , @xcite and @xcite for x - ray surveys of powerful radio galaxies and quasars , the overview articles by @xcite and @xcite for emission mechanisms , and the xjet home page for an up - to - date list of x - ray emission associated with extragalactic jets ) . typically , the x - ray emission from low - power jets ( @xcite [ fr ] class i ) fits on a single synchrotron spectrum with their radio and optical emission and is thus satisfactorily explained as synchrotron emission ( with the interesting problem of having to accelerate x - ray emitting synchrotron electrons _ in situ _ ) . however , the spectral energy distribution ( sed ) of high - power ( fr ii ) jets usually shows the so - called `` bow - tie '' problem , i.e. , their x - ray spectrum does not fit on an extrapolation of the observed radio / optical synchrotron spectrum .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	a representative case in point is the first new x - ray jet detection by chandra , pks 0637 - 752 @xcite , with an observed cutoff to the synchrotron emission in the optical range , but a fairly hard x - ray spectrum . ] ( @xmath0 ) and an x - ray flux per frequency decade ( i.e. , @xmath1 ) exceeding the optical one . as the predicted x - ray intensity from synchrotron self - compton ( ssc ) emission
10,921	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the spontaneous emission from a regular lateral array or a randomly distributed ensemble of quantum dots under strong excitation ( full inversion ) conditions . we focus on the similarities and differences between the cases of random and regular arrangement of the dots and show that there is very little difference between the evolution of luminescence in these two cases , both for identical dots and for a realistically inhomogeneously broadened ensemble . this means that the enhanced emission or superradiance effect is not due to accidental clustering of pairs of dots . moreover , we point out that observation of an enhanced emission under weak excitation does not prove that true superradiance will develop in a fully inverted system . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the phenomenon of collectively enhanced emission , described by dicke for ensembles of atoms @xcite , can also occur in quantum dots ( qds ) @xcite . the cooperative radiation effect is due to the collective interaction of the two emitters with quantum radiation field . in the case of non - identical dots and in the absence of interactions , the collective emission appears if the interband transition energies in various qds differ by no more than the emission line width @xcite , which requires the dots to be nearly identical , beyond the recent technological possibilities .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	however , coupling between the dots restores the collective nature of the emission and leads to accelerated or slowed down emission even for dots with different transitions energies @xcite . two typical couplings that may appear in a system of qds are long - range coulomb interactions and short - range couplings that may result from a combination of carrier tunneling and coulomb correlation effects .
10,922	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study how the presence of a background magnetic field , of intensity compatible with current observation constraints , affects the linear evolution of cosmological density perturbations at scales below the hubble radius . the magnetic field provides an additional pressure that can prevent the growth of a given perturbation ; however , the magnetic pressure is confined only to the plane orthogonal the field . as a result , the `` jeans length '' of the system not only depends on the wavelength of the fluctuation but also on its direction , and the perturbative evolution is anisotropic . we derive this result analytically and back it up with direct numerical integration of the relevant ideal magnetohydrodynamics equations during the matter - dominated era . before recombination , the kinetic pressure dominates and the perturbations evolve in the standard way , whereas after that time magnetic pressure dominates and we observe the anisotropic evolution . we quantify this effect by estimating the eccentricity @xmath0 of a gaussian perturbation in the coordinate space that was spherically symmetric at recombination . for a perturbations at the sub - galactic scale , we find that @xmath1 at @xmath2 taking the background magnetic field of order @xmath3 gauss . cosmological perturbations , cosmological magnetic fields , structure formation , magnetohydrodynamics . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: our theoretical knowledge of the universe is based on the standard cosmological model , that provides a convenient framework to satisfactorily explain the majority of cosmological observations , like the anisotropy pattern of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) @xcite , the large - scale structure of the universe @xcite , the hubble diagram of distant type ia supernovae @xcite and the abundances of light elements @xcite . the standard cosmological model relies on the assumption that the universe , at least at large scales , is highly homogeneous and isotropic , and its geometry is thus described by the robertson - walker metric . in fact , the distribution of luminous red galaxies shows that the present universe is homogeneous on scales greater than @xmath4 mpc @xcite , while the isotropy of the cmb itself ( which has a black - body distribution at @xmath5k with temperature fluctuations of order @xmath6 or less ) is an indication of the isotropy of the universe as a whole and a strong evidence for homogeneity at the time of hydrogen recombination ( nearly 400.000 years after the big bang , corresponding to a cosmological redshift @xmath7 ) . on the other hand , below the `` homogeneity scale '' of 100 mpc ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the distribution of matter is definitely inhomogeneous . such a dichotomy between the smoothness in the matter - energy distribution at @xmath8 and the clumpiness of the recent universe ( for @xmath9 ) below a certain scale is explained by the mechanism of gravitational instability : the structures we observe today have been formed through the growth of tiny density perturbation seeds that , accordingly to the currently accepted model , were created in the early universe during a phase of inflationary expansion .
10,923	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider a two - level system coupled to contacts as a model for charge pump under external laser pulse . the model represents a charge - transfer molecule in a junction , and is a generalization of previously published results [ b. d. fainberg , m. jouravlev , and a. nitzan . phys . rev . b * 76 * , 245329 ( 2007 ) ] . effects of local field for realistic junction geometry and non - markov response of the molecule are taken into account within finite - difference time - domain ( fdtd ) and on - the - contour equation - of - motion ( eom ) formulations , respectively . our numerical simulations are compared to previously published results . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: driven transport and coherent control at the nanoscale are well established areas of research . quantum ratchets,@xcite molecular charge,@xcite spin@xcite and heat pumps,@xcite and nano - plasmonics@xcite are just several examples of areas of recent developments . advances in optical techniques , in particular near - field optical microscopy , allow single molecule manipulation@xcite and induction of bond specific chemistry.@xcite combined with molecular junction fabrication techniques,@xcite optical spectroscopy methods are becoming an important observation and diagnostic tool in molecular electronics.@xcite experimental developments led to surge of theoretical activity in the field of optically assisted transport@xcite and optical response of molecular junctions.@xcite in particular , ref .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	considered molecular junctions composed of molecules with strong charge - transfer transition into their excited state@xcite as a possible constituent for light - induced molecular charge pump , when change of molecular dipole occurs along the junction axis . consideration was done within a two - level ( homo - lumo ) model with ground and excited ( homo and lumo ) states of the molecule strongly coupled to different contacts . in junction
10,924	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: quantum dots with conduction electrons or holes originating from several bands are considered . we assume the particles are confined in a harmonic potential and assume the electrons ( or holes ) belonging to different bands to be different types of fermions with isotropic effective masses . the density functional method with the local density approximation is used . the increased number of internal ( kohn - sham ) states leads to a generalisation of hund s first rule at high densities . at low densitites the formation of wigner molecules is favored by the increased internal freedom . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in simple models of quantum dots , the conduction electrons ( or holes ) of a semiconductor are confined into a two - dimensional harmonic trap ( for reviews see @xcite ) . the band structure of the material is taken into account through the effective mass approximation , and screening effects are accounted for by the dielectric constant . the problem is then reduced to solving the many - particle problem of interacting electrons in a two - dimensional harmonic potential .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the electrons have spin as an internal degree of freedom. neglecting spin - orbit coupling , the spin - up and spin - down electrons can be treated as separate interacting particles , and consequently we can say that the normal electron gas is a two - component gas , the components being the spin - up and spin - down electrons . similarly , we will call the polarised electron gas as a one - component system ( sometimes also called a system of spin - less fermions ) . the simple picture will fail in describing more complex structures where the number of degrees of freedom of the electrons is increased either by several two - dimensional layers or by multiple valleys of the band structure . for example , in a vertical double - layer quantum dot the electrons confined in the two layers form ( in the vertical direction )
10,925	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we show that the distance between a finite filling slope and a reducible filling slope on the boundary of a hyperbolic knot manifold is at most one . v c u _ 2sl(2,c ) ps . psl(2,c ) _ _ _ let @xmath0 be a knot manifold , i.e. a connected , compact , orientable @xmath1-manifold whose boundary is a torus . a knot manifold is said to be _ hyperbolic _ if its interior admits a complete hyperbolic metric of finite volume . let @xmath2 denote the manifold obtained by dehn filling @xmath0 with slope @xmath3 and let @xmath4 denote the distance between two slopes @xmath3 and @xmath5 on @xmath6 . when @xmath0 is hyperbolic but @xmath2 is nt , we call the corresponding filling ( slope ) an _ exceptional _ filling ( slope ) . perelman s recent proof of thurston s geometrisation conjecture implies that a filling is exceptional if and only if it is either reducible , toroidal , or seifert fibred . these include all manifolds whose fundamental groups are either cyclic , finite , or very small ( i.e. contain no non - abelian free subgroup ) . sharp upper bounds on the distance between exceptional filling slopes of various types have been established in many cases , including : @xmath7 : : @xmath8 if both @xmath3 and @xmath5 are reducible filling slopes @xcite @xmath7 : : @xmath8 if both @xmath3 and @xmath5 are cyclic filling slopes @xcite @xmath7 : : @xmath8 if @xmath3 is a cyclic filling slope and @xmath5 is a reducible filling slope @xcite @xmath7 : : @xmath9 if @xmath3 is a cyclic filling slope and @xmath5 is a finite filling slope @xcite @xmath7 : : @xmath9 if @xmath3 is a reducible filling slope and @xmath5 is a very small filling slope @xcite @xmath7 : : @xmath10 if both @xmath3 and @xmath5 are finite filling slopes @xcite @xmath7 : : @xmath10 if @xmath3 is a reducible filling slope and @xmath5 is a toroidal filling slope @xcite @xcite @xmath7 : : @xmath11 if both @xmath3 and @xmath5 are toroidal filling.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: figure [ inv1 ] depicts an involution @xmath192 on @xmath136 under which @xmath193 is invariant , has its boundary components interchanged , and @xmath194 . then @xmath192 extends to an involution of @xmath99 since its restriction to @xmath195 coincides with the restriction to @xmath139 of the standard involution of @xmath137 . evidently @xmath196 and @xmath197 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	figure [ inv2 ] depicts an involution @xmath198 on @xmath142 under which each of the annuli @xmath199 , and @xmath200 are invariant . further , it interchanges the components of @xmath201 and as in the previous paragraph , @xmath198 extends to an involution of @xmath100 .
10,926	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an approach to land surface temperature ( lst ) estimation that relies upon bayesian inference has been tested against multiband infrared radiometric imagery from the terra modis instrument . the algorithm employed requires minimal knowledge of surface emissivity , starting from a parsimoniously chosen ( hence , uninformative ) range of prior band emissivity knowledge . two estimation methods have been tested . the first is the iterative contraction mapping of joint expectation values for lst and surface emissivity described in a previous paper . in the second method , the bayesian algorithm is reformulated as a maximum _ a - posteriori _ ( map ) search for the maximum joint _ a - posteriori _ probability for lst , given observed sensor aperture radiances and _ a - priori _ probabilities for lst and emissivity . two modis data granules each for daytime and nighttime were used for the comparison . the granules were chosen to be largely cloud - free , with limited vertical relief in those portions of the granules for which the sensor zenith angle @xmath0 . level 1b radiances were used to obtain 500 lst estimates per granule for comparison with the level 2 modis lst product . the bayesian lst estimators accurately reproduce standard modis product lst values . in particular , the mean discrepancy for the map retrievals is @xmath1 , and its standard deviation does not exceed @xmath2 . the @xmath3 confidence intervals for individual lst estimates associated with assumed uncertainty in surface emissivity are of order @xmath4 . the appendix presents a proof of convergence of the iterative contraction mapping algorithm . the expectation values of surface temperature in multiple bands , and jointly in all bands , converge to a fixed point , within a stipulated convergence criterion . provided the support @xmath5 $ ] for the calculation of the expectation value brackets the maximum in the joint posterior probability for lst , the fixed point coverges to the map lst estimate in the.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: land surface temperature ( lst ) is a vitally important remotely observable tracer of mass and energy exchange across the interface between the atmosphere and the ground . lst derived from satellite observations is of interest in its own right for local climate studies and climate change monitoring , and as a component of studies of land cover , land cover change , surface moisture , and precision farming , among others @xcite . unfortunately , few surfaces at the bottom of the atmosphere radiate as blackbodies , and the parameterization of their surface state by means of emissivities complicates the task of accurate temperature determination .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	this paper continues the development of bayesian lst estimators that do not require accurate knowledge of surface emissivity , given radiance in multiple bands @xcite . the approach may be considered as complementary to the widespread use of regression - law based split - window algorithms .
10,927	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: based on the width of its main sequence , and an actual observed split when viewed through particular filters , it is widely accepted that 47 tucanae contains multiple stellar populations . in this contribution , we divide the main - sequence of 47 tuc into four color groups , which presumably represent stars of various chemical compositions . the kinematic properties of each of these groups is explored via proper - motions , and a strong signal emerges of differing proper - motion anisotropies with differing main - sequence color ; the bluest main - sequence stars exhibit the largest proper - motion anisotropy which becomes undetectable for the reddest stars . in addition , the bluest stars are also the most centrally concentrated . a simiilar analysis for smc stars , which are located in the background of 47 tuc on our frames , yields none of the anisotropy exhibited by the 47 tuc stars . we discuss implications of these results for possible formation scenarios of the various populations . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: previous to about 1980 , the general paradigm for globular star clusters was that they were simple stellar populations , that is all stars had uniform chemical composition and were all the same age . however , since that time , numerous spectroscopic studies have shown that many of these clusters exhibit chemical composition variations among their stars likely caused by h - burning via the hot cno cycle ( see gratton et al . 2004 for a nice review ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	recent imaging observations with the hubble space telescope ( hst ) that produced exquisitely precise photometry has extended this picture to many if not all clusters ( see piotto 2009 for a recent review ) . however , what is currently lacking is detailed insight into the manner of formation of the various stellar populations in such a cluster .
10,928	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an orthogonal approach to the fuzzification of both multisets and hybrid sets is presented . in particular , we introduce @xmath0-multi - fuzzy and @xmath0-fuzzy hybrid sets , which are general enough and in spirit with the basic concepts of fuzzy set theory . in addition , we study the properties of these structures . also , the usefulness of these structures is examined in the framework of mechanical multiset processing . more specifically , we introduce a variant of fuzzy p systems and , since simple fuzzy membrane systems have been introduced elsewhere , we simply extend previously stated results and ideas . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: intuitively , a set is a collection of elements ( e.g. , numbers or symbols ) that is completely determined by them . the elements of a set are pairwise different . if we relax this restriction and allow repeated occurrences of any element , then we end up with a mathematical structure that is known as _ multiset _ ( see @xcite for a historical account of the development of the multiset theory ; also , see @xcite for a recent account of the mathematical theory of multisets ) . multisets are really useful structures and they have found numerous applications in mathematics and computer science .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	for example , the prime factorization of an integer @xmath1 is a multiset @xmath2 whose elements are primes . also , every monic polynomial @xmath3 over the complex numbers corresponds in a natural way to the multiset @xmath4 of its roots .
10,929	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a measurement by microlensing of the planetary mass function of planets with masses ranging from @xmath0 to @xmath1 and orbital radii from 0.5 to 10 au was reported recently . a strategy for extending the mass range down to @xmath2 is proposed here . this entails monitoring the peaks of a few tens of microlensing events with moderately high magnifications with 1 - 2 m class telescopes . planets of a few earth masses are found to produce deviations of @xmath3 to the peaks of microlensing light curves with durations @xmath4 hr in events with magnification @xmath5 if the projected separation of the planet lies in the annular region @xmath6 . similar deviations are produced by earth mass planets in the annular region @xmath7 . it is possible that sub - earths could be detected very close to the einstein ring if they are sufficiently abundant , and also planetary systems with more than one low mass planet . [ firstpage ] gravitational lensing : micro stars : planetary systems . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recently , cassan et al . ( 2012 ) conducted a fairly comprehensive census of planets in the milky way using the microlensing technique . for planets at orbital radii of 0.5 - 10 au they reported that @xmath8 of stars host planets with masses in the range @xmath9 , @xmath10 host cool neptunes with masses @xmath11 , and @xmath12 host super - earths with masses @xmath13 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the results are encouraging for a discipline so young , but the uncertainties are large for the lower mass planets , and also the measurements do not extend down to planets of earth - mass . in this paper we attempt to address these problems by proposing a modified strategy for detecting low - mass planets by microlensing .
10,930	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report on the study of a new liquid scintillator target for neutrino interactions in the framework of the research and development program of the borexino solar neutrino experiment . the scintillator consists of 1,2dimethyl4(1phenylethyl)benzene ( phenyl o xylylethane , pxe ) as solvent and 1,4-diphenylbenzene ( para - terphenyl , p - tp ) as primary and 1,4-bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene ( bis - msb ) as secondary solute . the density close to that of water and the high flash point makes it an attractive option for large scintillation detectors in general . the study focused on optical properties , radioactive trace impurities and novel purification techniques of the scintillator . attenuation lengths of the scintillator mixture of 12 m at 430 nm were achieved after purification with an alumina column . a radio carbon isotopic ratio of @xmath0 has been measured in the scintillator . initial trace impurities , e.g. @xmath1u at @xmath2 g / g could be purified to levels below @xmath3 g / g by silica gel solid column purification . borexino collaboration h.o . back@xmath4 , m. balata@xmath5 , a. de bari@xmath6 , t. beau@xmath7 , a. de bellefon@xmath7 , g. bellini@xmath8 , j. benziger@xmath9 , s. bonetti@xmath8 , a. brigatti@xmath8 , c. buck@xmath10 , b. caccianiga@xmath8 , l. cadonati@xmath11 , f. calaprice@xmath9 , g. cecchet@xmath6 , m. chen@xmath12 , a. di credico@xmath5 , o. dadoun@xmath13 , d. dangelo@xmath14 , a. derbin@xmath15 , m. deutsch@xmath16 , f. elisei@xmath17 , a. etenko@xmath18 , f. von feilitzsch@xmath19 , r. fernholz@xmath9 , r. ford@xmath20 , d. franco@xmath8 , b. freudiger@xmath21 , c. galbiati@xmath9 , f. gatti@xmath22 , s. gazzana@xmath5 , m.g . giammarchi@xmath8 , d. giugni@xmath8 , m. gger - neff@xmath23 , a. goretti@xmath5 , c. grieb@xmath19 , e. de haas@xmath9 , c. hagner@xmath24 , w. hampel@xmath10 , e. harding@xmath25 , f.x . hartmann@xmath10 , t. hertrich @xmath19 , h. hess@xmath19 , g. heusser@xmath10 , a. .... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: organic liquid scintillators are used in large quantities for rare event detection in particle astrophysics . the main objective in these experiments is the real time spectroscopy of neutrinos from steady - state sources such as the sun , nuclear reactors and from beta decays in the crust and mantle of the earth , as well as from transient sources such as supernovae . despite the large target mass of several hundreds of tons , the signal rates of the steady - state sources are typically in the range of a few events per day down to a few events per year at mev or sub - mev energies .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	thus , background signal rates created by radioactivity and cosmic ray interactions need to be extremely low . low backgrounds can be achieved by locating the detectors deep underground to suppress the cosmic ray muon flux , shielding the scintillator target against the ambient radioactivity from the surrounding rocks , and suppressing and removing radioactive impurities present in trace amounts in the detector and ancillary systems as well as in the liquid scintillator itself .
10,931	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we discuss the strong couplings @xmath0 and @xmath1 for vector ( @xmath2 ) and pseudoscalar ( @xmath3 ) mesons , at least one of which is a charmonium state @xmath4 or @xmath5 . the strong couplings are obtained as residues at the poles of suitable form factors , calculated in a broad range of momentum transfers using a dispersion formulation of the relativistic constituent quark model . the form factors obtained in this approach satisfy all constraints known for these quantities in the heavy - quark limit . our results suggest sizably higher values for the strong meson couplings than those reported in the literature from qcd sum rules . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: strong couplings involving three mesons are complicated objects posing a great challenge for their theoretical study . the @xmath6 coupling , for which most theoretical analyses predicted values sizably smaller than the one later measured by cleo @xcite , illustrates this statement very well . in this letter , we address the strong three - meson couplings involving @xmath4 and @xmath5 states .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	these quantities can not be measured directly in strong @xmath4 and @xmath5 decays , but they are important for our understanding of the @xmath4 and @xmath5 properties in a hadronic medium @xcite . most results for charmonium couplings arose from rather detailed qcd sum - rule calculations @xcite . in the past , however , the application of qcd sum rules to three - meson couplings faced a great problem : qcd sum rules strongly underestimated the @xmath6 coupling ( see , e.g. , @xcite ) and the origin of this discrepancy has not been fully clarified . we thus present an alternative analysis of the family of @xmath4 and @xmath5 couplings using the relativistic dispersion approach @xcite , one of the approaches which managed to predict correctly the @xmath6 coupling @xcite before the cleo measurement .
10,932	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we propose a new way to generate an observable geometric phase by means of a completely incoherent phenomenon . we show how to imprint a geometric phase to a system by `` adiabatically '' manipulating the environment with which it interacts . as a specific scheme we analyse a multilevel atom interacting with a broad - band squeezed vacuum bosonic bath . as the squeezing parameters are smoothly changed in time along a closed loop , the ground state of the system acquires a geometric phase . we propose also a scheme to measure such geometric phase by means of a suitable polarization detection . whenever a pure quantum state undergoes a parallel transport along a closed path , it gathers information on the geometric structure of the hilbert space in which it lies . in this letter we will show that a a possible way to generate such a parallel transport is by way of an irreversible quantum evolution . in several models of interaction with the environment there are some `` protected '' subspaces , like the decoherence free subspaces ( dfs ) , which are left unaffected @xcite . states lying in these subspaces are _ stationary _ , i.e. they do not evolve in time . a typical example is the ground state of an atomic system , which , trivially , remain unaffected by the coupling with the electromagnetic field . however , there are situations in which the interaction between a system and an engineered environment can generate non - trivial ground states @xcite . for instance , when a group of atoms collectively interacts with a broad band squeezed vacuum , the highly non - classical correlations which are present in the field are transferred to the atomic system , which relaxes in a complex pure equilibrium state . in such a scenario , the control over the engineered reservoir allows an indirect control on the state of the system to which it is coupled @xcite . of particular interest is the possibility to change in time the reservoir parameters in such a way that the `` protected '' system.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: this work was supported in part by the eu under grant ist - topqip , `` topological quantum information processing '' ( contract ist-2001 - 39215 ) . a.c . acknowledges support from marie curie rtn project conquest . v.v . acknowledges also support from epsrc and the british council in austria . g. m. palma , k .- a .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	suominen , and a. k. ekert . lond . , a * 452 * 567 , ( 1996 ) ; l .- m . duan and g .- c .
10,933	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have used the galex ultraviolet telescope to study stellar populations and star formation morphology in a well - defined sample of more than three dozen nearby optically - selected pre - merger interacting galaxy pairs . we have combined the galex nuv and fuv images with broadband optical maps from the sloan digitized sky survey to investigate the ages and extinctions of the tidal features and the disks . we have identified a few new candidate tidal dwarf galaxies in this sample , as well as other interesting morphologies such as accretion tails , ` beads on a string ' , and ` hinge clumps ' . in only a few cases are strong tidal features seen in hi maps but not in galex . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: tidal disturbances have played an important role in reshaping galaxies and triggering star formation over cosmic time . this is confirmed by h@xmath0 , far - infrared , and mid - infrared studies showing that the mass - normalized star formation rates of pre - merger optically - selected interacting galaxies are enhanced by a factor of two on average compared to normal spirals @xcite . with the advent of the galaxy evolution explorer ( galex ) , a new window on star formation in galaxies is now available . the addition of uv helps to break the age@xmath1extinction degeneracy in population synthesis modeling ( e.g. , @xcite ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	furthermore , since the uv traces somewhat older and lower mass stars ( @xmath2400 myrs ; o to early - b stars ) than h@xmath0 ( @xmath210 myrs ; early- to mid - o stars ) , it provides a measure of star formation over a longer timescale than h@xmath0 studies . galex imaging has shown that some tidal features in interacting galaxies are quite bright in the uv ( e.g. , @xcite ) . in some cases ,
10,934	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: several results in tropical geometry have related the @xmath0-invariant of an algebraic plane curve of genus one to the cycle length of a tropical curve of genus one . in this paper , we prove that for a plane cubic over the field of puiseux series the negative of the generic valuation of the @xmath0-invariant is equal to the cycle length of the tropicalization of the curve , if there is a cycle at all . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: tropical geometry is a new and active field of research . roughly , its main idea is to replace algebraic varieties by piece - wise linear objects called tropical varieties . these objects may be easier to deal with and new methods from combinatorics can be used to handle them .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	a lot of work has been done to `` translate '' terms and definitions to the tropical world . sometimes a translation is justified by the appropriate use of the new tropical object rather than by an argument why this is the correct tropicalization .
10,935	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper , we present a novel approach to the problem of merging of bzier curves with respect to the @xmath0-norm . we give illustrative examples to show that the solution of the conventional merging problem may not be suitable for further modification and applications . as in the case of the degree reduction problem , we apply the so - called restricted area approach proposed recently in ( p. gospodarczyk , computer - aided design 62 ( 2015 ) , 143151 ) to avoid certain defects and make the resulting curve more useful . a method of solving the new problem is based on box - constrained quadratic programming approach . bzier curve , merging , multiple segments , parametric continuity , quadratic programming , box constraints . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: nowadays , people of various professions use different cad systems . there are many ways to represent curves and surfaces , therefore , the exchange of geometric data between those systems often requires approximate conversion . as it was stated in @xcite , there are two main operations that should be considered : degree reduction and merging . in the past @xmath1 years , both problems have been extensively investigated . in this paper , we focus on the constrained merging of segments of a composite bzier curve , i.e. , we look for a single bzier curve that approximates multiple adjacent bzier curves and satisfies certain conditions .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	we propose the so - called _ box constraints _ , which appear for the first time in the context of the merging problem . a conventional problem of merging is to approximate multiple adjacent bzier curves with a single bzier curve which minimizes a selected error function and satisfies some continuity constraints at the endpoints .
10,936	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the systematic numerical approximation of a class of allen - cahn type problems modeling the motion of phase interfaces . the common feature of these models is an underlying gradient flow structure which gives rise to a decay of an associated energy functional along solution trajectories . we first study the discretization in space by a conforming galerkin approximation of a variational principle which characterizes smooth solutions of the problem . well - posedness of the resulting semi - discretization is established and the energy decay along discrete solution trajectories is proven . a problem adapted implicit time - stepping scheme is then proposed and we establish its well - posed and decay of the free energy for the fully discrete scheme . some details about the numerical realization by finite elements are discussed , in particular the iterative solution of the nonlinear problems arising in every time - step . the theoretical results are illustrated by numerical tests which also provide further evidence for asymptotic expansions of the interface velocities derived by alber et al . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ allen - cahn equation , phase - field models , gradient systems , mean curvature flow , finite elements , implicit time stepping _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 65m60,74n20,35j93,53c44 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: we consider the systematic numerical approximation of a class of allen - cahn type equations describing , for instance , the motion of anti - phase boundaries in crystalline solids @xcite , the evolution of interfaces in more general phase field models @xcite , or the geometric evolution by mean curvature @xcite . for motivation of our considerations , let us briefly consider two particular examples which have been studied in detail in @xcite . as a first model problem , we consider the generalized allen - cahn equation @xmath0 here @xmath1 is an order parameter which takes values close to zero in one phase of the medium and close to one in the other , @xmath2 is the double well potential , @xmath3 is a source term due to external loading , and @xmath4 , @xmath5 are model parameters .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the coefficient @xmath6 plays the role of a regularization parameter that allows to widen the transition zone between the phases and thus to alleviate the numerical simulation . for the choice @xmath7 , @xmath8 , @xmath9 , and @xmath10 , one obtains the standard allen - cahn equation @xmath11 which has been studied intensively in the literature ; see e.g. @xcite and the references given there .
10,937	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a measurement of the inclusive cross - section for the photoproduction of protons in the central fragmentation region at hera is presented . the measured cross - section is compared with the prediction of the pythia mc model . the obtained value of the diquark suppression factor in the lund string model is different from that obtained in @xmath0 data . the dependence of the cross - section as a function of the transverse mass @xmath1 is shown to be similar for different hadrons produced in photoproduction at hera . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: production of low momentum particles in the region away from the beam remnant is a key laboratory to study the non - perturbative effect of hadronisation , the process of conversion of the partonic final state into hadrons . the lack of understanding of this phenomenon leads to a huge variety of phenomenological models , each with a large number of free parameters . an example of such a model is the lund string model @xcite and its implementation in the jetset monte carlo ( mc ) model@xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	comparison of the predictions of this model with accurate data from the lep experiments @xcite allows some of the parameters to be precisely fixed . it is possible to test the universality of the fragmentation prescription in such models , by comparing the predictions of the mc , tuned with @xmath0 data , to the hera data in photoproduction . in this paper
10,938	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: pulsars traveling at supersonic speeds are often accompanied by cometary bow shocks seen in h@xmath0 . we report on the first detection of a pulsar bow shock in the far - ultraviolet ( fuv ) . we detected it in fuv images of the nearest millisecond pulsar j0437@xmath14715 obtained with the _ hubble space telescope_. the images reveal a bow - like structure positionally coincident with part of the previously detected h@xmath0 bow shock , with an apex at @xmath2 ahead of the moving pulsar . its fuv luminosity , @xmath3 erg s@xmath4 , exceeds the h@xmath0 luminosity from the same area by a factor of 10 . the fuv emission could be produced by the shocked ism matter or , less likely , by relativistic pulsar wind electrons confined by strong magnetic field fluctuations in the bow shock . in addition , in the fuv images we found a puzzling extended ( @xmath5 in size ) structure overlapping with the limb of the bow shock . if related to the bow shock , it could be produced by an inhomogeneity in the ambient medium or an instability in the bow shock . we also report on a previously undetected x - ray emission extending for about @xmath6 ahead of the pulsar , possibly a pulsar wind nebula created by shocked pulsar wind , with a luminosity @xmath7 erg s@xmath4 . based on observations made with the nasa / esa hubble space telescope , obtained at the space telescope science institute , which is operated by the association of universities for research in astronomy , inc . , under nasa contract nas 5 - 26555 . these observations are associated with programs go 12917 and go 10568 . ] . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: rotation powered pulsars are known to be sources of magnetized relativistic winds whose interaction with the ambient medium produces spectacular pulsar wind nebulae ( pwne ) , observable from the radio to tev @xmath8-rays . when a pulsar is moving through the interstellar medium ( ism ) with a speed exceeding the ism sound speed , a cometary bow shock is expected to form . in the hydrodynamical approximation ( see , e.g. , ) the pulsar wind is confined to the interior of the contact discontinuity surface , which separates the shocked ism from the shocked pulsar wind , while the shocked ism is confined between the forward shock and contact discontinuity surfaces . the highly relativistic pulsar wind bulk flow experiences a termination shock , where the flow speed drops below the sound speed in the outflow . in the idealized case of initially isotropic wind the termination shock has a bullet shape ( see , e.g. , figure 9 in @xcite , and figures 1 and 2 in ) . in reality. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, pulsar winds can be highly anisotropic , with a polar component along the pulsar spin axis and an equatorial component , as demonstrated by x - ray observations of pwne created by young pulsars ( see @xcite for a review ) . therefore , the shape of the shocks and the nebula appearance may depend on the angle between the velocity vector and the spin axis of the pulsar @xcite .
10,939	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: acoustic modes can be used to study the physics of the interior of a cavity , and this is especially useful when the inside region is inaccessible . many astrophysicists use such sound waves as an essential tool in their research . here we focus on two separate sub - fields in which oscillations on the surface of a sphere are studied helioseismology and cmbology the surface being either the solar or cosmic photosphere . both research areas use the language of spherical harmonics , as well as sharing many close similarities in the underlying physics . however , there are also many fundamental differences , which we explain in this pedagogical article . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: ` cmbology ' ( or cmb - cosmology ) , the study of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background ( cmb @xcite ) , and helioseismology , the study of acoustic oscillations on the surface of the sun @xcite , are two fields of much experimental and theoretical interest today . in the last decade , our knowledge of both areas has increased dramatically through an active ground and space - based observational programme . this has led to substantial improvement in the quantification of models for both the early universe and the interior of the sun , and hence given us a deeper understanding of the underlying physics . these two areas are vastly different in terms of scale .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	firstly , consider the difference in physical size . cosmology literally `
10,940	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the detailed formulation for loop quantum cosmology ( lqc ) in the bianchi i model with a massless scalar field was recently constructed . in this paper , its effective dynamics with the lqc discreteness corrections is studied and the equations of motion are analytically solved , showing that the big bang singularity is replaced by the big bounces , which take place up to three times , once in each diagonal direction , whenever each of the area scale factors approaches its critical value in the planck regime measured by the reference of the scalar field momentum . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the comprehensive formulation for loop quantum cosmology ( lqc ) in the spatially flat - isotropic model has been constructed @xcite . with a massless scalar field serving as the _ emergent time _ , the result shows that the quantum evolution is _ deterministic across the deep planck regime _ and in the backward evolution of the states which are semiclassical at late times , _ the big bang is replaced by a big bounce_. based on the same principles , the construction was further improved by a more direct implementation of the underlying physical ideas of loop quantum gravity ( lqg ) @xcite . in the improved dynamics , _ the big bounce occurs precisely when the matter density enters the planck regime _ , regardless of the value of the momentum @xmath0 of the scalar field . both the precursor strategy ( `` @xmath1-scheme '' ) and the improved strategy ( `` @xmath2-scheme '' ) were applied and reconstructed for the bianchi i model to include anisotropy @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the analytical investigation shows that the state in the kinematical hilbert space associated with the classical singularity is _ completely decoupled _ in the difference evolution equation , indicating that the classical singularity is resolved in the quantum evolution and the big bounce may take place when any of the area scales undergoes the vanishing behavior . while a thorough numerical investigation remains to be done to draw the definite conclusion for the details of the quantum evolution in the bianchi i model , this paper studies its effective dynamics with lqc discreteness corrections .
10,941	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we prove a function - field version of chebotarev s density theorem in the framework of difference algebraic geometry by developing the notion of galois coverings of generalised difference schemes , and using hrushovski s twisted lang - weil estimate . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: * the main result . * the classical function fields version of chebotarev s theorem states that the local frobenius substitutions associated with a galois covering of algebraic varieties over a finite field are equidistributed with respect to a suitably defined dirichlet density . it can be proved using the lang - weil estimate for the number of points of varieties over finite fields , together with an ` untwisting trick ' . we encourage the interested reader to compare the original number - theoretic theorem and the function field version by consulting @xcite , and to find a beautiful unification in @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	we prove an analogue of the function fields version of chebotarev s theorem in _ difference algebraic geometry_. suppose @xmath0 is an _ tale galois covering _ of finite - dimensional difference schemes over a finite field with a power of frobenius . intuitively , @xmath1 is a set of endomorphisms of @xmath2 closed under a binary operation reminiscent of conjugation and a finite group with operators @xmath3 acts on @xmath4 in a particular fashion so that @xmath5 identifies @xmath6 with the quotient @xmath7 and @xmath8 identifies with @xmath9 . let @xmath10 be a conjugacy domain in @xmath1 . for a point @xmath11 with values in the algebraic closure of a finite field equipped with a power of frobenius @xmath12 , the _ frobenius substitution _ at @xmath13 is the element @xmath14 which matches the action of the frobenius power @xmath12 on @xmath13 , i.e. , @xmath15 for a point @xmath16 , the _ frobenius substitution _ at @xmath17 is the conjugacy class @xmath18 of any @xmath19 with @xmath20 . the following is an informal restatement of theorem [ chebotarev - density ] .
10,942	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the validity of the generalized second law ( gsl ) of gravitational thermodynamics in the framework of @xmath0 modified teleparallel gravity . we consider a spatially flat frw universe containing only the pressureless matter . the boundary of the universe is assumed to be enclosed by the hubble horizon . for two viable @xmath0 models containing @xmath1 and @xmath2 , we first calculate the effective equation of state and deceleration parameters . then , we investigate the null and strong energy conditions and conclude that a sudden future singularity appears in both models . furthermore , using a cosmographic analysis we check the viability of two models . finally , we examine the validity of the gsl and find that for both models it is satisfied from the early times to the present epoch . but in the future , the gsl is violated for the special ranges of the torsion scalar @xmath3 . = 16truecm = 23truecm = -1.3truecm = -2truecm = 1.20 cm = 1.60 cm * keywords : * cosmology of theories beyond the sm , modified gravity . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: observational data coming from the type ia supernovae ( sneia ) surveys , large scale structure ( lss ) , and cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) anisotropy spectrum indicate that the expansion of our present universe is accelerating rather than slowing down @xcite . this cosmic acceleration can not be explained by the four known fundamental interactions in the standard models , which is the greatest challenge today in the modern physics . the proposals that have been put forward to explain this observed phenomenon can basically be classified into two categories .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	one is to assume that in the framework of einstein s general relativity ( gr ) , an exotic component with negative pressure called dark energy ( de ) is necessary to explain this observed phenomena . for a good review on the dynamics of different de models see @xcite and references therein .
10,943	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using wavelet analysis approach , we can derive a measure of the _ disorder _ content of solar activity , following the temporal evolution of the so - called _ wavelet entropy_. the interesting feature of this parameter is its ability to extract a dynamical complexity information , in terms of frequency distribution of the energy content , avoiding restrictions , common in the nonlinear dynamics theory , such as stationarity . the analysis is performed on the monthly time series of sunspot numbers . from the time behaviour of the wavelet entropy we found a clear increase in the disorder content of solar activity for the current @xmath0 solar cycle . this result suggests general low accuracies for current solar cycle prediction methods . moreover , we pointed out a possible connection between wavelet entropy behaviour and solar excursion phases of solar dipole . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: multiscale analysis , based on the wavelet approach , has been successfully used for many different physical applications , including global solar activity ( ochadlick et al . @xcite ; lawrence et al . intermittence features have been well analysed through the use of a continuous wavelet transforms on the monthly sunspot numbers time series . more recently , different authors used longer daily sunspot numbers time series to investigate more accurately new subtle periodicities and their evolutions ( frick et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	@xcite ; ballester et al . @xcite ; fligge et al .
10,944	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: born - infeld electromagnetic waves interacting with a static magnetic background are studied in an expanding universe . the non - linear character of born - infeld electrodynamics modifies the relation between the energy flux and the distance to the source , which gains a new dependence on the redshift that is governed by the background field . we compute the luminosity distance as a function of the redshift and compare with maxwellian curves for supernovae type ia . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the discovery of an unexpected diminution in the observed energy fluxes coming from supernovae type ia @xcite , which are thought of as standard candles , has been interpreted in the context of the standard cosmological model as evidence for an accelerating universe dominated by something called dark energy . this fact is one of the most puzzling and deepest problems in cosmology and fundamental physics today . although the cosmological constant seems to be the simplest explanation for the phenomenon , several dynamical scenarios have been tried out ( see , for instance , @xcite and references therein ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	it is worthwhile to emphasize that the evidence for an accelerating universe mainly relies on energy flux measurements for type ia supernovae at different values of cosmological redshifts . they provide the most direct and consistent way to determine the recent expansion history of the universe .
10,945	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we analyze the effect of weak disorder on the competition between antiferromagnetic order and superconductivity in a model for iron - based superconductors . under the assumption of an approximate particle - hole symmetry we show that conventional @xmath0 superconductivity can not be realized in the case of coexisting magnetic and superconductive orders , observed experimentally at intermediate doping levels . this result holds for arbitrary impurity concentrations , and , in particular , in the clean limit . the inclusion of disorder further amplifies the phase competition between itinerant antiferromagnetism and conventional superconductivity . in addition , we analyze the effect of disorder on the characteristic length scales of the two order parameters , and find that in a disordered sample the staggered moment fluctuates on shorter scales than the superconductive order parameter , even if both length scales are the same in the clean limit . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: phase competition is a hallmark of strongly correlated electron systems that exhibit ground states with rather distinct order yet of comparable energy . changing parameters in the hamiltonian by applying external fields , stress , or chemical composition allows one to tune from one state to another . complex phase diagrams divulge , on the one hand , our limitation to make quantitative predictions for a given compound . on the other hand ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the nature of the competing ordered states reflects the relevant degrees of freedom in a low energy description . an important aspect of phase competition that is crucial for a realistic description of correlated materials is the role of disorder and impurities .
10,946	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study supersymmetric qed in ads@xmath0 with massless matter . at 1-loop the ultra - violet regulator of the theory generates a contribution to the gaugino mass that is navely inconsistent with unbroken supersymmetry . we show that this effect , known in flat space as anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking , is required to cancel an infra - red contribution arising from the boundary conditions in ads space , which necessarily break chiral symmetry . we also discuss an analogous uv / ir cancellation that is independent of supersymmetry . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in phenomenologically interesting models the effects of broken supersymmetry in the visible sector are conveniently parameterized , working in an off - shell formulation , by the expectation values of the auxiliary components of some hidden sector supermultiplets . among the auxiliary fields , the scalar @xmath1 , belonging to the graviton supermultiplet , @xmath2 , stands out as special . indeed , unlike for auxiliary fields belonging to matter and gauge hidden sector multiplets , the coupling of @xmath1 is completely fixed ( at the leading relevant order ) once the masses and self - couplings of the low energy effective theory , prior to supersymmetry breaking , are specified . this property just follows from @xmath1 being a partner of @xmath3 whose coupling is equally well specified by the energy momentum tensor of the low energy effective theory .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the scenario of ` anomaly mediated ' ( am ) supersymmetry breaking corresponds to the limiting case in which the contribution of @xmath1 dominates over all of the others @xcite . the name ` anomaly mediated ' is due to the fact that in the mssm @xmath1 only couples to the visible fields at the quantum level , via a supersymmetric analogue of the dilatation anomaly of non - supersymmetric field theory .
10,947	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we theoretically investigate laser induced quantum transport in a single quantum dot attached to electric contacts . our approach , based on nonequilibrium green function technique , allows to include thermal effects on the photon - induced quantum transport and excitonic dynamics , enabling the study of non - markovian effects . by solving a set of coupled integrodifferential equations , involving correlation and propagator functions , we obtain the photocurrent and the dot occupation as a function of time . two distinct sources of decoherence , namely , incoherent tunneling and thermal fluctuations , are observed in the rabi oscillations . as temperature increases a thermally activated pauli blockade results in a suppression of these oscillations . additionally , the interplay between photon and thermal induced electron populations results in a switch of the current sign as time evolves and its stationary value can be maximized by tunning the laser intensity . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: quantum transport in semiconductor quantum dots and molecular systems is a subject of intense study nowadays.@xcite these nanoscaled devices provide a formidable environment to study fundamental aspects of quantum physics , involving many - body correlations and light - matter interaction in regimes out of equilibrium.@xcite these systems have a great potential to form a new generation of optoelectronic devices based on the unique electronic structure that arises from the quantum confinement . for instance , quantum dots can produce a wealth of visible colors depending upon its size , even white light with relatively high efficiency@xcite and potential to integrability with nanoelectronics.@xcite additionally , with the great technological advances in the manufacturing of semiconductor quantum dot system , it became possible to coherent monitor and control electron populations in two - level systems via different pump - probe techniques.@xcite in all these experiments the main signature of quantum coherent nonlinearity is rabi oscillations , which has no classical counterpart . more recently , rabi oscillations was also reported in organic light - emitting diode.@xcite such coherent optical manipulations constitute a fundamental ingredient to quantum information processing in solid state devices that use electron - spin or excitonic states as qubits.@xcite interestingly , holes in semiconductor quantum dots have been revealed as an alternative to electrons in the manufacturing of spin qubits.@xcite it was originally demonstrated by zrenner _ _ et al.__@xcite that coherent rabi oscillations in a two - level quantum dot photodiode can be monitored by photocurrents .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	additionally , it was proposed that a photocurrent in a self - assembled quantum dot photodiode can become spin - polarized due to an effective exchange interaction via biexciton state.@xcite this result points out the potentiality of the present system to future spintronic devices . it was also observed that the double dot structures present the ability to increase the coherence time of indirect excitons.@xcite recently , thermal effects on the excitonic rabi rotations in a quantum dot system were investigated experimentally.@xcite it was evidenced acoustic phonons as the main source of damping of the rabi oscillations . in the present work
10,948	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the detector for the miniboone @xcite experiment at the fermi national accelerator laboratory employs 1520 8 inch hamamatsu models r1408 and r5912 photomultiplier tubes with custom - designed bases . tests were performed to determine the dark rate , charge and timing resolutions , double - pulsing rate , and desired operating voltage for each tube , so that the tubes could be sorted for optimal placement in the detector . seven phototubes were tested to find the angular dependence of their response . after the super - k phototube implosion accident , an analysis was performed to determine the risk of a similar accident with miniboone . miniboone , phototube , photomultiplier tube , r1408 , r5912 29.40.ka . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the miniboone experiment @xcite is a @xmath0 oscillation search at fermi national accelerator laboratory designed to confirm or rule out the lsnd signal @xcite . the fermilab booster accelerates protons to 8 gev ; these protons strike a beryllium target , generating mesons which decay to produce the miniboone @xmath1 beam . the neutrinos interact in a 12 m diameter sphere filled with mineral oil of food - grade purity , and the erenkov light from charged particles produced in these interactions is detected by 8 inch hamamatsu @xcite photomultiplier tubes ( pmts ) lining the sphere .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	there are 1280 pmts in the light - tight inner signal region : 956 are hamamatsu model r1408 , inherited from the lsnd experiment ; the remainder are hamamatsu model r5912 . light produced in the outer concentric veto region is detected by an additional 240 r5912 pmts .
10,949	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a new analytical three - parameter formula to fit observed column density profiles of prestellar cores . it represents a line - of - sight integral through a spherically symmetric or disc - like isothermal cloud . the underlying model resembles the bonnor - ebert model in that it features a flat central region leading into a power - law decline @xmath0 in density , and a well - defined outer radius . however , we do not assume that the cloud is in equilibrium , and can instead make qualitative statements about its dynamical state ( expansion , equilibrium , collapse ) using the size of the flat region as a proxy . instead of having temperature as a fitting parameter , our model includes it as input , and thus avoids possible inconsistencies . it is significantly easier to fit to observational data than the bonnor - ebert sphere . we apply this model to l1689b and b68 . we show that l1689b can not be in equilibrium but instead appears to be collapsing , while our model verifies that b68 is not far from being a hydrostatic object . [ firstpage ] ism : clouds ism : globules stars : formation . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in recent years , observational advances have made it possible to measure column density profiles in prestellar cores . various methods are being used in the literature . @xcite measured mm continuum emission , while @xcite utilized mid - ir absorption , and @xcite measured dust extinction and reddening of the light of background stars in the near - ir .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	a fourth method is to use flux measurements in optically thin lines @xcite . most of the column density profiles measured in these ways show certain prominent common features : a central flat region , followed by a power - law decline .
10,950	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in a series of two papers we investigate the universal spectral statistics of chaotic quantum systems in the ten known symmetry classes of quantum mechanics . in this first paper we focus on the construction of appropriate ensembles of star graphs in the ten symmetry classes . a generalization of the bohigas - giannoni - schmit conjecture is given that covers all these symmetry classes . the conjecture is supported by numerical results that demonstrate the fidelity of the spectral statistics of star graphs to the corresponding gaussian random - matrix theories . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: based on earlier ideas of wigner @xcite dyson introduced a three - fold classification of quantum systems according to their behavior under time - reversal and spin rotation @xcite . this symmetry classification turned out to be very useful , for instance in semiclassical , disordered and random - matrix approaches to complex quantum systems . the success of random - matrix theory is based on universal features in spectra of complex quantum systems . while not capable of predicting single eigenvalues random - matrix theory has become one of the key ingredients in predicting physical features that depend on non - trivial spectral statistics @xcite . in each symmetry class. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	various universality classes have been identified each described by some ensemble of random matrices .
10,951	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a method for estimating epidemic parameters in network - based stochastic epidemic models when the total number of infections is assumed to be small . we illustrate the method by reanalyzing the data from the 2014 democratic republic of the congo ( drc ) ebola outbreak described in maganga et al . ( 2014 ) . mark g. burch karly a. jacobsen joseph h. tien grzegorz a. rempaa . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the best known models for the spread of infectious disease in human populations are based on the classical sir model of kermack and mckendrick @xcite . the same system of ordinary differential equations ( odes ) may be derived as the large population limit of a density - dependent markov jump process using the methods of kurtz @xcite . this stochastic formulation brings a number of mathematically attractive properties such as explicit likelihood formulas and ease of simulation .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	nevertheless , a drawback of the kermack and mckendrick - type models is that they can be unrealistic in describing the interactions of infectives and susceptibles as they are based on assumptions of homogeneous mixing @xcite . in recent years there has been considerable interest in developing alternatives to the classical sir , for instance , via network - based epidemic models , as reviewed by pellis et al . @xcite and house and keeling @xcite .
10,952	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i discuss some central issues in particle physics which are potentially relevant to cosmology . i first briefly review the present ( glorious ) experimental status of the standard model , emphasizing that it provides a firm foundation both for early universe cosmology and for further exploration toward the basic laws of nature . i then provide a critique , arguing that while there are no clear discrepancies , there are several major , specific deficiencies of the standard model which clearly point up its provisional character . i elaborate on the story theorists have made up to address one of these problems , the problem of scattered multiplets , and show how upon following it out one finds , within existing experiments , encouragement bordering on evidence for certain ambitious ideas regarding unification and supersymmetry . i briefly describe and contrast two paradigms of supersymmetry breaking , which have markedly different experimental and cosmological consequences . i call attention to specific connections with cosmology where appropriate throughout ; and near the end i make some more global remarks . finally i venture a speculation suggesting , in a fairly concrete way , the possibility that the laws of physics can not , in principle , be disentangled from cosmology . .7ex .7ex gev tev _ i.e. _ @=11 caption#1[#2]#3 @=12 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the core of the standard model @xcite of particle physics is easily displayed in a single figure , here figure 1 . there are gauge groups @xmath0 for the strong , weak , and electromagnetic interactions . the gauge bosons associated with these groups are minimally coupled to quarks and leptons according to the scheme depicted in the figure .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the non - abelian gauge bosons within each of the @xmath1 and @xmath2 factors also couple , in a canonical minimal form , to one another . the @xmath3 group is spontaneously broken to the @xmath4 of electromagnetism . this breaking is parameterized in a simple and ( so far ) phenomenologically adequate way by including an @xmath0 @xmath5 scalar ` higgs ' field which condenses , that is has a non - vanishing expectation value in the ground state .
10,953	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we can break symmetry by eliminating solutions within each symmetry class . for instance , the lex - leader method eliminates all but the smallest solution in the lexicographical ordering . unfortunately , the lex - leader method is intractable in general . we prove that , under modest assumptions , we can not reduce the worst case complexity of breaking symmetry by using other orderings on solutions . we also prove that a common type of symmetry , where rows and columns in a matrix of decision variables are interchangeable , is intractable to break when we use two promising alternatives to the lexicographical ordering : the gray code ordering ( which uses a different ordering on solutions ) , and the snake - lex ordering ( which is a variant of the lexicographical ordering that re - orders the variables ) . nevertheless , we show experimentally that using other orderings like the gray code to break symmetry can be beneficial in practice as they may better align with the objective function and branching heuristic . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: symmetry occurs in many combinatorial problems . for example , when coloring a graph , we can permute the colors in any proper coloring . symmetry can also be introduced by modelling decisions ( e.g. using a set of finite domain variables to model a set of objects will introduce the symmetries that permute these variables ) . a common method to deal with symmetry is to add constraints which eliminate symmetric solutions ( e.g. @xcite ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	unfortunately , breaking symmetry by adding constraints to eliminate symmetric solutions is intractable in general @xcite . more specifically , deciding if an assignment is the smallest in its symmetry class for a matrix with row and column symmetries is np - hard , supposing rows are appended together and compared lexicographically . there is , however , nothing special about appending rows together or comparing solutions lexicographically .
10,954	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the dark matter ( dm ) haloes around spiral galaxies appear to conspire with their baryonic content : empirically , significant amounts of dm are inferred only below a universal characteristic acceleration scale . moreover , the discrepancy between the baryonic and dynamical mass , which is usually interpreted as the presence of dm , follows a very tight mass discrepancy acceleration ( mda ) relation . its universality , and its tightness in spiral galaxies , poses a challenge for the dm interpretation and was used to argue in favour of modified newtonian dynamics ( mond ) . here , we test whether or not this applies to early - type galaxies . we use the dynamical models of fast - rotator early - type galaxies by cappellari et al . based on atlas@xmath0 and sluggs data , which was the first homogenous study of this kind , reaching @xmath1@xmath2 , where dm begins to dominate the total mass budget . we find the early - type galaxies to follow an mda relation similar to spiral galaxies , but systematically offset . also , while the slopes of the mass density profiles inferred from galaxy dynamics show consistency with those expected from their stellar content assuming mond , some profiles of individual galaxies show discrepancies . [ firstpage ] galaxies : elliptical and lenticular , cd gravitation dark matter . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the masses of galaxies , and in fact of any larger dynamically bound structure in the universe , inferred from dynamics are found to exceed the masses of the observed baryons in these structures @xcite . this phenomenon is usually explained by postulating ( non - baryonic ) dark matter , which is also the backbone of structure formation in cosmological simulations ( e.g. * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ?. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	* ) and serves well in accounting for the characteristics of the cosmic microwave background radiation ( e.g. * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ?
10,955	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the chiral invariant qhd - iii model of serot and walecka is applied in the calculation of some meson properties . the electromagnetic interaction is included by extending the symmetry of the model to the local @xmath0 group . the minimal and nonminimal contributions to the electromagnetic lagrangian are obtained in a new representation of qhd - iii . strong decays of the axial - vector meson , @xmath1 , and the electromagnetic decays @xmath2 and @xmath3 are calculated . the low - energy parameters for the @xmath4 scattering are calculated in the tree - level approximation . the effect of the auxiliary higgs bosons , introduced in qhd - iii in order to generate masses of the vector and axial - vector mesons via the higgs mechanism , is studied as well . this is done on the tree level for @xmath5 scattering and on the level of one - loop diagrams for the @xmath6 decay . it is demonstrated that the model successfully describes some features of meson phenomenology in the non - strange sector . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: relativistic models built with hadronic degrees of freedom have been very successful in describing different properties of nuclei and hadrons at low and intermediate energies ( for comprehensive reviews see refs . @xcite ) . in some of these models , the hadronic lagrangian has symmetries which are inspired by the underlying qcd theory .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	this allows one to have fewer parameters , thereby reducing ambiguities in the hadronic models . one of the first models which incorporated the @xmath7 symmetry was the gauged linear @xmath8 model ( glsm ) developed in ref .
10,956	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in the optical pumping systems based on the pump - probe arrangement , the spin polarization of the atoms is generally monitored utilizing the probe laser beam , in which way an extra perturbation must be introduced and thus affects the normal operation of the sensors . by investigating the absorption rate of the circularly polarized pump laser , here we demonstrate the feasibility of extracting the electron - spin polarization from the transmitted pump laser intensity . we experimentally validate the method in a spin - exchange relaxation free ( serf ) magnetometer and the results are in excellent agreement with the theory . the scheme operates in a non - perturbative mode and features a real - time observation . we also study the corresponding magnetic field response of the serf magnetometer and a term arising from the diffusion effects has been added to the original model to explain the discrepancy of the response . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in optical pumping , absorption of the near - resonance circularly polarized light could lead to large population imbalances in atomic ground states and induce the polarization of the atoms@xcite . a variety of applications , from traditional studies on nuclear resonance gyroscope@xcite , atomic clock , optical pumped magnetometer to the recently developed experiments in atomic spin gyroscope , have use the electron - spin polarization for precise measurements . among them , the recently developed serf magnetometer features a higher sensitivity and a much more portable package , compared to the superconducting quantum interference devices ( squids ) , thus provides a better way to measure magnetocardiography ( mcg ) and magnetoencephalography ( meg ) signals . with a sufficient high cell temperature and weakly shielded environment , such that @xmath0 ( @xmath1 is the time between spin - exchange collisions and @xmath2 is the spin precession rate ) , the spin - exchange collisions would not broaden the magnetic resonance linewidth and it indicates the realization of the serf regime@xcite . as the operation principle of the sensors mentioned above relies on the spin polarization , the value of the polarization would affect the performance of these sensors .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	thus , it is necessary to monitor the polarization of the alkali - metal atoms . a general experimental technique by turning the pump laser beam on and off has been used to calculate the spin polarization@xcite . by applying an oscillating magnetic field , the transverse electronic paramagnetic resonance ( epr ) spectroscopy is another efficient method to obtain the population status .
10,957	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present multi - wavelength observations of stellar features in the hi tidal bridge connecting m81 and m82 in the region called arp s loop . we identify eight young star - forming regions from galaxy evolution explorer ultraviolet observations . four of these objects are also detected at h@xmath0 . we determine the basic star formation history of arp s loop using f475w and f814w images obtained with the advanced camera for surveys on board the hubble space telescope . we find both a young ( @xmath1 10 myr ) and an old ( @xmath2 gyr ) stellar population with a similar spatial distribution and a metallicity @xmath3 . we suggest that the old stellar population was formed in the stellar disk of m82 and/or m81 and ejected into the intergalactic medium during a tidal passage ( @xmath4 200300 myr ago ) , whereas the young uv - bright stars have formed in the tidal debris . the uv luminosities of the eight objects are modest and typical of small clusters or ob associations . the tidal bridge between m81m82 therefore appears to be intermediate between the very low levels of star formation seen in the magellanic bridge and actively star - forming tidal tails associated with major galaxy mergers . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the m81 group contains three major closely interacting galaxies : m81 , m82 and ngc 3077 . studies of this triple system at radio wavelengths have shown an extremely disturbed hi distribution with tidal bridges connecting the three galaxies ( e.g. gottesman & weliachew 1975 ; van der hulst 1979 ; appleton , davies & stephenson 1981 ; yun , ho & lo 1994 ) . within the tidal bridges , hi knots with optical counterparts are seen .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the most prominent of these to the east / north - east of m81 are holmberg ix and arp s loop or a0952@xmath569 ( arp 1965 ) . it has been suggested ( e.g. boyce et al . 2001 ) that these are forming tidal dwarf galaxies .
10,958	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: observations from the space telescope imaging spectrograph define the flux of the dbq4 star lds749b from 0.121.0 @xmath0 m with an uncertainty of @xmath11% relative to the three pure hydrogen wd primary _ hst _ standards . with @xmath2 , @xmath3 , and a trace of carbon at @xmath41@xmath5 of solar , a he model atmosphere fits the measured stis fluxes within the observational noise , except in a few spectral lines with uncertain physics of the line broadening theory . upper limit to the atmospheric hydrogen and oxygen fractions by number are 1@xmath6 and 7@xmath7 , respectively . the excellent agreement of the model flux distribution with the observations lends confidence to the accuracy of the modeled ir fluxes beyond the limits of the stis spectrophotometry . the estimated precision of @xmath11% in the predicted ir absolute fluxes at 30 @xmath0 m should be better than the model predictions for vega and should be comparable to the absolute accuracy of the three primary wd models . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the dbq4 star lds749b ( wd2129 + 00 ) has long been considered for a flux standard ( e.g. , bohlin et al . 1990 ) . to establish the flux on the _ hubble space telescope _ ( _ hst _ ) white dwarf ( wd ) flux scale , stis spectrophotometry was obtained in 20012002 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the virtues of lds749b as a flux standard include an equatorial declination and a significantly cooler flux distribution than the 3300061000 k primary da standards gd71 , gd153 , and g191b2b . full stis wavelength coverage is provided from 0.1151.02 @xmath0 m , and the peak in the sed is near 1900 . at @xmath8 ( landolt & uomoto 2007 ) , lds749b is among the faintest _ hst _ standards and is suitable for use with larger ground - based telescopes and with the more sensitive _
10,959	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we construct lindbladians associated with _ controlled _ stochastic hamiltonians in weak coupling . this allows to determine the power spectrum of the noise from measurements of dephasing rates ; to optimize the control and to test numerical algorithms that solve controlled stochastic schrdineger equations . a few examples are worked out in detail . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: this article describes lindbladians associated with _ controlled _ stochastic hamiltonians in weak coupling . controlled stochastic hamiltonians arise in the context of `` dynamical decoupling '' and `` coherent control '' and are used to examine protocols for extending the coherence time of qubits @xcite . lindbladians in the weak coupling limit have been rigorously studied in @xcite in the _ time independent _ setting .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	recently , controls aimed at extending the coherence of qubits have been suggested in @xcite and periodically controlled lindbladians have been studied in @xcite . however a careful derivation of the lindbladians for the controlled stochastic evolutions and in particular eq .
10,960	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we theoretically investigate the stability of a two cascaded cavity optomechanical system with optical parametric amplifiers ( opas ) inside the two coupled cavities , and study the steady - state entanglement between two distant mechanical resonators . we show that the parameter regime where the system is unstable without opas , such as relatively high laser intensity and blue detuning , can be exploited to build the steady - state mechanical entanglement by modulating the parametric gain . the application of opas is helpful to preserve the mechanical entanglement suffered from the dissipation at some finite temperature . the scheme provides an alternative way for improving and engineering the quantum entanglement of two distant mechanical oscillators . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: quantum entanglement is a key resource for quantum information processing and quantum communication . one now has a fairly good understanding of how to produce entanglement among microscopic systems , such as atoms @xcite , ions @xcite , or artificial qubits @xcite . in recent years there has been considerable interest in studying macroscopic entanglement in the context of cavity optomechanics @xcite , where the great experimental advance has made it possible to study the quantum effects and the preparation of nonclassical states for the optomechanical systems , including the realization of the squeezed light @xcite , squeezed mechanical resonator @xcite , macroscopic superposition state @xcite , and mechanical entanglement @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	macroscopic entanglement of mechanical resonators plays a key role in testing the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics , quantum information processing , and ultrahigh - precision measurements @xcite . the generation of stationary entanglement with two or several mechanical objects in an optical cavity has been widely discussed @xcite .
10,961	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in the first part of this paper we try to explain to a general mathematical audience some of the remarkable web of conjectures linking representations of galois groups with algebraic geometry , complex analysis and discrete subgroups of lie groups . in the second part we briefly review some limited recent progress on these conjectures . 4.5 mm * 2000 mathematics subject classification : * 11f80 . * keywords and phrases : * galois representations , @xmath0-function , automorphic forms . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: -5 mm the organisers requested a talk which would both be a colloquium style talk understandable to a wide spectrum of mathematicians and one which would survey the recent developments in the subject . i have found it hard to meet both desiderata , and have opted to concentrate on the former . thus the first three sections of this paper contain a simple presentation of a web of deep conjectures connecting galois representations to algebraic geometry , complex analysis and discrete subgroups of lie groups .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	this will be of no interest to the specialist . my hope is that the result is not too banal and that it will give the non - specialist some idea of what motivates work in this area .
10,962	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present an algorithm for enumerating exactly the number of hamiltonian chains on regular lattices in low dimensions . by definition , these are sets of @xmath0 disjoint paths whose union visits each lattice vertex exactly once . the well - known hamiltonian circuits and walks appear as the special cases @xmath1 and @xmath2 respectively . in two dimensions , we enumerate chains on @xmath3 square lattices up to @xmath4 , walks up to @xmath5 , and circuits up to @xmath6 . some results for three dimensions are also given . using our data we extract several quantities of physical interest . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the subject of hamiltonian circuits and walks plays an important role in mathematics and physics alike . given a connected undirected graph @xmath7 , a _ hamiltonian circuit _ ( or cycle ) is a cycle ( i.e. , a closed loop ) through @xmath7 that visits each of the @xmath8 vertices of @xmath7 exactly once @xcite . in particular , a hamiltonian circuit has length @xmath8 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	similarly , a _ hamiltonian walk _
10,963	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the starburst / seyfert composite galaxy iras 01072 + 4954 ( @xmath0 ) is an enigmatic source that combines a seyfert 1-like x - ray emission with a starburst optical spectrum that lacks broad line emission . we performed high angular resolution observations of the central kiloparsec of this galaxy in the near - infrared . combining our data with 2mass images of the whole galaxy , we obtain and model the surface brightness profile . we find indications for the presence of an elongated bar - like structure in both data sets . we also model the line of sight velocity distribution of the stars in the bulge . the derived photometrical and kinematical parameters of the bulge are used to evaluate the black hole mass through scaling relations . we find that all reliable estimations of the black hole mass are consistent with the presence of an intermediate mass black hole of @xmath1 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: tight correlations between the mass of supermassive black holes and the properties of their host galaxies @xcite suggest a co - evolution triggered by merging events . at the lower end of the black hole mass range , @xmath2 , where dwarf galaxies and bulges of late type spirals among other sources are located , such correlations are less clear @xcite . for example , pseudobulges , barred galaxies and narrow line seyfert 1s ( nlsy1s ) appear to lie below the @xmath3 relation established for higher mass systems @xcite , which has been interpreted as a sign of evolution triggered by secular processes and/or not fully grown systems @xcite . intermediate mass black holes at the center of galaxies ( imbhs ; @xmath4 ) constitute ideal cases for tracing the behavior of these correlations at the low - mass end .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the characteristics of this population are of particular interest for studying galaxy evolution and to put constraints on models of primordial black hole seed formation @xcite . during the past decade , imbhs and their hosts have been studied in the optical mainly from _ sdss _ data , but recently also with images taken with wfpc2 on _ hst _ and in the x - rays @xcite .
10,964	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we generalize the recent invariant polytope algorithm for computing the joint spectral radius and extend it to a wider class of matrix sets . this , in particular , makes the algorithm applicable to sets of matrices that have finitely many spectrum maximizing products . a criterion of convergence of the algorithm is proved . as an application we solve two challenging computational open problems . first we find the regularity of the butterfly subdivision scheme for various parameters @xmath0 . in the `` most regular '' case @xmath1 , we prove that the limit function has hlder exponent @xmath2 and its derivative is `` almost lipschitz '' with logarithmic factor @xmath2 . second we compute the hlder exponent of daubechies wavelets of high order . * keywords : * _ matrix , joint spectral radius , invariant polytope algorithm , dominant products , balancing , subdivision schemes , butterfly scheme , daubechies wavelets _ . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the _ joint spectral radius _ of a set of matrices ( or linear operators ) originated in early sixties with rota and strang @xcite and found countless applications in functional analysis , dynamical systems , wavelets , combinatorics , number theory , automata , formal languages , etc . ( see bibliography in @xcite ) . we focus on finite sets of matrices , although all the results are extended to arbitrary compact sets .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	if the converse is not stated , we assume a fixed basis in @xmath3 and identify an operator with the corresponding matrix . everywhere below @xmath4 is an arbitrary family of @xmath5-matrices , @xmath6 is the set of all @xmath7 products of @xmath8 matrices from @xmath9 ( with repetitions permitted ) .
10,965	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: let @xmath0 be a convex co - compact subgroup of @xmath1 , and let @xmath2 be the sequence of `` congruence '' subgroups of @xmath0 . let @xmath3 be the resonances of the hyperbolic laplacian on the `` congruence '' surfaces @xmath4 . we prove two results on the density of resonances in @xmath5 as @xmath6 : the first shows at least @xmath7 resonances in slowly growing discs , the other one is a bound from above in boxes @xmath8 , with @xmath9 , where we prove a density estimate of the type @xmath10 with @xmath11 for all @xmath12 , @xmath13 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recently , `` thin '' subgroups of @xmath14 have attracted some attention in number theory . by `` thin '' we mean an _ infinite index _ subgroup @xmath15 whose dimension of the limit set @xmath16 satisfies @xmath17 . while the results of bourgain - gamburd - sarnak @xcite focus on the density of almost primes found among entries of the orbits of thin subgroups , the works of bourgain and kontorovich @xcite are concerned with the density of various subsets of @xmath18 obtained through the action of @xmath0 . one of the key steps of the proofs involves reduction ( localization ) modulo @xmath19 where @xmath19 is a square - free integer , in particular one is led to consider `` congruence subgroups '' @xmath2 defined by @xmath20 a critical ingredient is the spectral theory of the _ infinite area _. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	hyperbolic surfaces @xmath21 where uniform estimates on the spectrum of the laplacian are often required . let us recall some basic known facts about the laplacian on these objects .
10,966	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study higher - dimensional soliton and hairy black hole solutions of the einstein equations non - minimally coupled to a scalar field . the scalar field has no self - interaction potential but a cosmological constant is included . non - trivial solutions exist only when the cosmological constant is negative and the constant governing the coupling of the scalar field to the ricci scalar curvature is positive . at least some of these solutions are stable when this coupling constant is not too large . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the existence and uniqueness of black hole solutions of the einstein equations with various types of matter has been a rich avenue of research for many years . the classic `` no - hair '' theorems ( see , for example , @xcite for a review ) proved the uniqueness of the kerr - newman family of metrics describing four - dimensional , asymptotically flat , black hole solutions of the einstein equations with an electromagnetic field or in a vacuum . more recently , there has been an explosion of interest in the generalization of these uniqueness results to higher - dimensional black holes , and particular , in the non - uniqueness of higher - dimensional rotating black holes ( see , for example , @xcite ) . black hole solutions of the einstein - scalar field system have been studied for almost as long as those of the einstein - maxwell system ( see @xcite for a detailed review , and @xcite for a summary ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the case of a minimally coupled scalar field has been the most extensively studied , with a number of `` no - hair '' results proved , in asymptotically flat space , particularly for static , spherically symmetric black holes @xcite . these results depend on some assumptions about the form of the self - interaction potential , typically that it is positive semi - definite . when these assumptions are not satisfied , asymptotically flat black hole and soliton solutions of the field equations can be constructed , some numerically with a particular choice of self - interaction potential @xcite , and there are also analytic solutions ( often with unusual potentials ) @xcite , which can be generated from vacuum solutions in the static case @xcite . including a cosmological constant changes the picture for minimally coupled scalar fields , providing the self - interaction potential is non - zero @xcite .
10,967	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we describe an end to end neural model for named entity recognition ( ner ) which is based on bi - directional rnn - lstm . almost all ner systems for hindi use language specific features and handcrafted rules with gazetteers . our model is language independent and uses no domain specific features or any handcrafted rules . our models rely on semantic information in the form of word vectors which are learnt by an unsupervised learning algorithm on an unannotated corpus . our model attained state of the art performance in both english and hindi without the use of any morphological analysis or without using gazetteers of any sort . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: named entity recognition ( ner ) is a very important task in natural language processing . in the ner task , the objective is to find and cluster named entities in text into any desired categories such as person names ( per ) , organizations ( org ) , locations ( loc ) , time expressions , etc . ner is an important precursor to tasks like machine translation , question answering , topic modelling and information extraction among others .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	various methods have been used in the past for ner including hidden markov models , conditional random fields , feature engineering approaches using support vector machines , max entropy classifiers for finally classifying outputs and more recently neural network based approaches . development of an ner system for indian languages is a comparatively difficult task .
10,968	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the effect of pre - collisional velocity correlations on granular shear flow by molecular dynamics simulations of the inelastic hard sphere system . comparison of the simulations with the kinetic theory reveals that the theory overestimates both the energy dissipation rate and the normal stress in the dense flow region . we find that the relative normal velocity of colliding particles is smaller than that expected from random collisions , and the discrepancies in the dissipation and the normal stress can be adjusted by introducing the idea of the collisional temperature , from which we conclude that the velocity correlation neglected in the kinetic theory is responsible for the discrepancies . our analysis of the distributions of the pre - collisional velocity suggests that the correlation grows through multiple inelastic collisions during the time scale of the inverse of the shear rate . as for the shear stress , the discrepancy is also found in the dense region , but it depends strongly on the particle inelasticity . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: granular media can flow like a fluid under a certain situation . in the case of _ the rapid granular flow _ , where the density is relatively low and interactions are dominated by the instantaneous collisions , the kinetic theory of dense gases @xcite is extended to the inelastic hard spheres to derive the constitutive relations @xcite . in the theory , the density correlations is taken into account to some extent but not the velocity correlations in most of the cases . as the flow gets denser , however , the molecular chaos assumption becomes questionable .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	in addition , the interactions may no longer be approximated by the instantaneous collisions but enduring contacts take place around the random closed packing fraction . the comprehensive granular rheology including the rather complicated dense regime has not been established yet . during the last several years
10,969	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the expansion of ionization fronts in uniform and spherically symmetric power - law density distributions is a well - studied topic . however , in many situations , such as a star formed at the edge of a molecular cloud core , an offset power - law density distribution would be more appropriate . in this paper a few of the main issues of the formation and expansion of hii regions in such media are outlined and results are presented for the particular cases where the underlying power laws are @xmath0 and @xmath1 . a simple criterion is developed for determining whether the initial photoionized region will be unbounded , which depends on the power - law exponent and the ratio of the equivalent strmgren radius produced by the star in a uniform medium to the stellar offset distance . in the expansion stage , the ionized volumes will eventually become unbounded unless pressure balance with the external medium is reached before the ionization front velocity becomes supersonic with respect to the ionized gas . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the theoretical study of the formation and evolution of regions in non uniform media is motivated by the observational result that the molecular clouds where massive star form generally possess density gradients ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ) . the assumed density law is taken to be a power law @xmath2 with exponents ranging from 1 to 3 @xcite obtained from molecular line studies . submillimeter continuum dust emission observations of the molecular material around embedded ultracompact regions gives an exponent in the range 1.25 to 2.25 . the most commonly found value for the power - law exponent is @xmath3 , which correponds to an isothermal , self - gravitating sphere .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	however , steeper density laws , @xmath4 have been inferred from radio continuum spectra of a sample of ultracompact regions @xcite . numerical studies of region expansion near the edge of a molecular cloud ( the so - called `` champagne flows '' ) , were carried out by tenorio - tagle and collaborators . in this model , an region formed near
10,970	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study theoretically the kaonic atom and kaonic nucleus formations in the in flight ( @xmath0 ) reactions using the green function method , which is suited to evaluate formation rates both of stable and unstable bound systems . we consider @xmath1c and @xmath2o as the targets and calculate the spectra of the ( @xmath0 ) reactions . we conclude that no peak structure due to kaonic nucleus formation is expected in the reaction spectra calculated with the chiral unitary kaon nucleus optical potential . in the spectra with the phenomenological deep kaon nucleus potential , we may have possibilities to observe some structures due to the formation of the kaonic nucleus states . for all cases , we find clear signals due to the kaonic atom formations in the reaction spectra , which show the very interesting structures like the @xmath3resonance dip@xmath3 instead of the @xmath3resonance peak@xmath3 for the atomic @xmath4 state formation . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: kaonic atoms and kaonic nuclei carry important information concerning the @xmath5nucleon interaction in nuclear medium . this information is very important to know the kaon properties at finite density and , for example , to determine the constraints on kaon condensation in high density matter . in recent years , there have been important developments in the studies of kaonic nuclear states , which are kaon nucleus bound systems by the strong interaction inside the nucleus .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	experimental studies of the kaonic nuclear states using in flight ( @xmath6 ) reactions were proposed and performed by kishimoto and his collaborators @xcite . and the first theoretical results of the energy spectra of the in flight ( @xmath6 ) reaction were obtained in ref .
10,971	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: sonoluminescence may be studied in detail by intensity correlations among the emitted photons . as an example , we discuss an experiment to measure the size of the light - emitting region by the hanbury brown - twiss effect . we show that single bubble sonoluminescence is almost ideally suited for study by this method and that plausible values for the physical parameters are within easy experimental reach . a sequence of two and higher order photon correlation experiments is outlined . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the field of sonoluminescence has undergone an explosion in recent years since the discovery of single bubble sonoluminescence ( sbsl ) [ 1 - 4 ] . in sbsl , a gas bubble in liquid is trapped at a velocity node of an acoustic field . under certain conditions , the bubble emits intense flashes of light ( @xmath0 photons / flash ) . the shape of the spectrum is the subject of much investigation ; superficially it may be described as roughly that of a black - body at temperatures in excess of 20000 k. although the conditions for sbsl are now well - characterized for certain systems such as air bubbles in water , investigators have been denied a detailed look at the physical origins of this puzzling phenomenon due to the transient nature of the light flash . for example , attempts to directly measure the duration of the flash have resulted only in an upper limit of 50 - 150 ps [ 5 ] . likewise , while it is possible to make nanosecond scale measurements of the bubble size as a function of time by mie scattering , this technique can resolve only the liquid - gas interface [ 6 ] ; giving a value around 1 @xmath1 . in any case , the suggested mechanism of shock wave separation and implosion would result in a much smaller radius for the physical process which converts the phonons to photons .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	we propose the use of bose - einstein correlations to measure the spatial and temporal characteristics of the light - emitting region . bose - einstein correlations have been used for many years in astronomy and nuclear physics to extend the accessible range of time and length scales . in these fields
10,972	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we study the photon production in single and double diffractive processes considering the resolved pomeron model . we estimate the rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the cross section for the diffractive double photon and photon+jet production . a comparison with the inclusive production is presented . we predict large values for the total cross sections , which makes the experimental analysis of these observables feasible at lhc energies . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a long - standing puzzle in the particle physics is the nature of the pomeron ( @xmath0 ) . this object , with the vacuum quantum numbers , was introduced phenomenologically in the regge theory as a simple moving pole in the complex angular momentum plane , to describe the high - energy behaviour of the total and elastic cross - sections of the hadronic reactions @xcite . due to its zero color charge the pomeron is associated with diffractive events , characterized by the presence of large rapidity gaps in the hadronic final state .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the diffractive processes have attracted much attention as a way of amplifying the physics programme at hadronic colliders , including searching for new physics ( for a recent review see , e.g. ref . the investigation of these reactions at high energies gives important information about the structure of hadrons and their interaction mechanisms .
10,973	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the phase diagram of a two - fluid bosonic system is investigated . the proton - neutron interacting boson model ( ibm-2 ) possesses a rich phase structure involving three control parameters and multiple order parameters . the surfaces of quantum phase transition between spherical , axially - symmetric deformed , and @xmath0 triaxial phases are determined , and the evolution of classical equilibrium properties across these transitions is investigated . spectroscopic observables are considered in relation to the phase diagram . and two - fluid systems , algebraic models , phase transitions , proton - neutron interacting boson model ( ibm-2 ) , triaxial nuclear deformation 21.60.fw , 21.60.ev , 21.10.re . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the phase structure of quantum many - body systems has in recent years been a subject of great experimental and theoretical interest . models based upon algebraic hamiltonians are well - suited to the study of phase transitions . they possess a well - defined classical limit @xcite , allowing classical order parameters to be determined . and for certain specific forms of their hamiltonians , algebraic models exhibit dynamical symmetries , which correspond to qualitatively distinct ground - state equilibrium configurations . these constitute the phases of the system @xcite . algebraic models have found extensive application to the spectroscopy of many - body systems , including nuclei @xcite and molecules @xcite . in the present work ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the phase structure of a system comprised of two interacting fluids is investigated . the phase structure of one - fluid algebraic models , especially the interacting boson model ( ibm ) @xcite for nuclei , has been studied in detail @xcite .
10,974	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this paper investigates the capacity region of the three - receiver awgn broadcast channel where the receivers ( i ) have private - message requests , and ( ii ) may know some of the messages requested by other receivers as side information . we first classify all 64 possible side information configurations into eight groups , each consisting of eight members . we next construct transmission schemes , and derive new inner and outer bounds for the groups . this establishes the capacity region for 52 out of 64 possible side information configurations . for six groups ( i.e. , groups 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , and 8 in our terminology ) , we establish the capacity region for all their members , and show that it tightens both the best known inner and outer bounds . for group 4 , our inner and outer bounds tighten the best known inner bound and/or outer bound for all the group members . moreover , our bounds coincide at certain regions , which can be characterized by two thresholds . for group 7 , our inner and outer bounds coincide for four members , thereby establishing the capacity region . for the remaining four members , our bounds tighten both the best known inner and outer bounds . broadcast channel , awgn , capacity , side information . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: consider _ private - message _ broadcasting over the three - receiver additive white gaussian noise ( awgn ) broadcast channel where each receiver may know some of the messages requested by other receivers as side information . we investigate the capacity region of the channel for _ all possible side information configurations_. broadcast channels model communication networks where one transmitter wishes to transmit a number of messages to multiple receivers @xcite . the capacity region of broadcast channels is not known in general , except for a few special classes , e.g. , degraded broadcast channels , which include awgn broadcast channels @xcite . in broadcast channels. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, the receivers may know some of the source messages a priori , referred to as receiver message side information . this is motivated by applications such as multimedia broadcasting with packet loss , and the downlink phase of multi - way relay channels @xcite .
10,975	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present electronic and magnetic properties of a honeycomb compound in@xmath0cu@xmath1vo@xmath2 in this paper . we find that the parent phase is a charge transfer insulator with an energy gap of about 1.5 ev . singly occupied d@xmath3 electrons of copper ions contribute an @xmath4 = 1/2 spin , while vanadium ions show nonmagnetism . oxygen 2@xmath5 orbitals hybridizing with a small fraction of cu 3@xmath6 orbitals dominate the density of states near @xmath7 . the planar nearest - neighbor , next - nearest - neighbor and interplane superexchange couplings of cu spins are @xmath8 @xmath9 16.2 mev , @xmath10 @xmath9 0.3 mev and @xmath11 @xmath9 1.2 mev , suggesting a low - dimensional antiferromagnet @xcite . we propose that the magnetic frustration along the @xmath12-axis leads to a quantum spin disorder in in@xmath0cu@xmath1vo@xmath2 , in accordance with the recent experiments . 300 pt . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: atoms in reduced dimensional lattice , for example , in two - dimensional ( 2d ) honeycomb lattice , has low coordinate number and small spin number . together with magnetic frustration , these electrons may experience strong spin fluctuations and probably form extremely low - dimensional ( low - d ) antiferromagnet ( afm ) , or even exotic spin liquid , quantum disorder , or quantum spin hall state , so it has attracted great interest in recent theories @xcite . a recent synthesized honeycomb compound in@xmath0cu@xmath1vo@xmath2 @xcite is such a system with reduced dimensionality and frustration . according to the chemical valence analysis ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the copper ions with 3@xmath13 configuration contribute a spin-1/2 magnetic moment , while the 3@xmath6 orbitals in vanadium ions are empty and contribute no magnetic moment . due to the large separation between cu / v - o layers , the copper spins form a quasi-2d honeycomb lattice @xcite .
10,976	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: relying on the equivalence principle , a first approach of the general theory of relativity is presented using the spacetime metric of an observer with a constant proper acceleration . within this non inertial frame , the equation of motion of a freely moving object is studied and the equation of motion of a second accelerated observer with the same proper acceleration is examined . a comparison of the metric of the accelerated observer with the metric due to a gravitational field is also performed . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the study of a motion with a constant proper acceleration is a classical exercise of special relativity that can be found in many textbooks @xcite . with its analytical solution , it is possible to show that the limit speed of light is asymptotically reached despite the constant proper acceleration . the very prominent notion of event horizon can be introduced in a simple context and the problem of the twin paradox can also be analysed . in many articles of popularisation. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, it is sometimes stated that the point of view of an observer with a constant proper acceleration can not be treated within the theory of special relativity and that theory of general relativity is absolutely necessary . actually , this is not true .
10,977	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the exponential decay of the relative entropy associated to a fully discrete porous - medium equation in one space dimension is shown by means of a discrete bakry - emery approach . the first ingredient of the proof is an abstract discrete bakry - emery method , which states conditions on a sequence under which the exponential decay of the discrete entropy follows . the second ingredient is a new nonlinear summation - by - parts formula which is inspired by systematic integration by parts developed by matthes and the first author . numerical simulations illustrate the exponential decay of the entropy for various time and space step sizes . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the bakry - emery method allows one to establish convex sobolev inequalities and to compute exponential decay rates towards equilibrium for solutions to diffusion equations @xcite . the key idea of bakry and emery is to differentiate a so - called entropy functional twice with respect to time and to relate the second - order derivative to the entropy production . our aim is to develop a discrete version of this technique , and in this paper , we present a step forward in this direction .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the study of discrete bakry - emery methods and related topics is rather recent . caputo et al .
10,978	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the statistical methods based on the classical boltzmann - gibbs ( bg ) approach are at heart of essentially all descriptions of multiparticle production processes . in many cases , however , one observes some deviations from the expected behaviour . it is also known that conditions necessary for the bg statistics to apply are usually satisfied only approximately . two attitudes are possible in such situations : either to abandon statistical approach trying some other model or to generalise it to the so called nonextensive statistics ( widely used in the similar circumstances in many other branches of physics ) . we shall provide here an overview of possible imprints of non - extensitivity existing both in high energy cosmic ray physics and in multiparticle production processes in hadronic collisions , in particular in heavy ion collisions . + pacs numbers : 05.40.fb 24.60.-k 05.10.gg + _ keywords : _ high energy multiparticle production , nonextensive statistics , thermal models + [ 3ex ] 0.3 cm 0.3 cm -2 cm = 10000 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the high energy collisions are usually connected with production of large number of secondaries ( mostly @xmath0 and @xmath1 mesons ) . the strong interactions involved here make their detail descriprion _ from first principles _ impossible and one is forced to turn to phenomenological models of various kinds . the statistical models were the first successful approaches to the multiparticle production processes since the beginning of the subject almost half century ago @xcite and they remain still very much alive today , especially in all analysis of multiparticle data performed from the point of view of the possible formation of the new state of matter - the quark gluon plasma ( qgp ) @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	they are all based on the boltzmann - gibbs form of entropy , which is identical to the so called shannon entropy used in the information theory approach . + we would like to stress at this point that information theory can be also applied to hadronic processes @xcite .
10,979	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: observation of a protophobic 16.7 mev vector boson has been reported by a @xmath0be nuclear transition experiment . such a new particle could mediate between the standard model and a dark sector which includes the dark matter . in this letter , we show some simple models which satisfy the thermal relic abundance under the current experimental bounds from the direct and the indirect detections . in a model , it is found that an appropriate self - scattering cross section to solve the small scale structure puzzles can be achieved . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: although the dark matter has been gravitationally confirmed by astrophysical observations in various way , one has no information on the properties , e.g. , the mass and the coupling . in a various dark matter models , a kind of popular model includes a light new boson which mediates between the standard model and a dark sector , e.g. , ref . such a light particle simultaneously plays an important role in order to solve several problems , for instance , the small scale structure problems @xcite , the lithium problem @xcite , and the muon @xmath1 anomaly @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	recently , a @xmath0be nuclear transition experiment has reported a signal which can be interpreted as an unknown light vector boson @xcite . the vector boson ( @xmath2 ) is observed as a resonance in @xmath3 pairs whose invariant mass is @xmath4mev .
10,980	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the problem of multi - area interchange scheduling under system uncertainty is considered . a new scheduling technique is proposed for a multi - proxy bus system based on stochastic optimization that captures uncertainty in renewable generation and stochastic load . in particular , the proposed algorithm iteratively optimizes the interface flows using a multidimensional demand and supply functions . optimality and convergence are guaranteed for both synchronous and asynchronous scheduling under nominal assumptions . interchange scheduling , decentralized optimization , multi - area system , multiple proxy bus , seam issue , stochastic optimization . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: cost function of generating units in area @xmath0 with form @xmath1 , where @xmath2 is positive definite . vector of net load forecast for area @xmath0 . vector of net load forecast for area @xmath0 at time @xmath3 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	vector of dispatch for area @xmath0 . vector of all interface flows with predetermined directions where the @xmath4th element is denoted by @xmath5 .
10,981	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present results of including heating and cooling in cosmological simulations of the @xmath0cdm cosmology and demonstrate their effects on scaling laws of galaxy clusters . the scaling relations when radiative cooling is included are in good agreement with observations but the fraction of cooled gas is on the upper limit allowed by observations . on the contrary , the preheating model has a more realistic cooled fraction but the scaling relations are less well reproduced . -1.0truecm # 1_#1 _ # 1_#1 _ = # 1 1.25 in .125 in .25 in . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the predicted x - ray luminosity and temperature relation from self - similarity ( @xmath1 is shallower than the observed one ( @xmath2 ) . the steepening of the relation implies that low temperature clusters are less luminous than they would have been if self - similarity were to hold . a physical explanation of this effect is that as the luminosity is roughly proportional to the gas density squared , there must exist processes which lower the density preferentially in low temperature clusters , hence the steepening of the relation .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	such processes are for example preheating and radiative cooling of the gas . ponman , cannon , & navarro ( 1999 ) have shown that the observed core entropies of low temperature clusters are in excess of what can be achieved by gravitational collapse alone .
10,982	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we consider fermion masses and mixings in a renormalizable susy @xmath0 gut with yukawa couplings of scalar fields in the representation @xmath1 . we investigate a scenario defined by the following assumptions : i ) a single large scale in the theory , the gut scale . ii ) small neutrino masses generated by the type i seesaw mechanism with negligible type ii contributions . iii ) a suitable form of spontaneous cp breaking which induces hermitian mass matrices for all fermion mass terms of the dirac type . our assumptions define an 18-parameter scenario for the fermion mass matrices for 18 experimentally known observables . performing a numerical analysis , we find excellent fits to all observables in the case of both the normal and inverted neutrino mass spectrum . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the group @xmath0 is a favourite candidate for grand unified theories ( guts ) @xcite because its 16-dimensional irreducible representation ( irrep ) , the spinor representation , contains all chiral fermions included in a standard model ( sm ) family plus an additional neutrino sm gauge singlet . moreover , such theories allow for type i @xcite and type ii @xcite seesaw mechanisms ( see also @xcite ) for the light neutrino masses . in the construction of @xmath0 theories , there are two options @xcite , either using low - dimensional scalar irreps but accepting non - renormalizable terms in the lagrangian , or one sticks to renormalizable terms , then one has to accept high - dimensional scalar irreps according to @xcite @xmath2 where the subscripts `` s '' and `` as '' denote , respectively , the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of the tensor product . in this paper , we deal with the second option .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	a special renormalizable model is the so - called `` minimal susy @xmath0 gut '' ( msgut ) @xcite , which uses , for the yukawa couplings , one scalar in the @xmath3 and one in the @xmath4 irrep in order to account for all fermion masses and mixings ; it contains , in addition , one @xmath5 and one @xmath6 scalar irrep , in order to perform the suitable symmetry breakings . this model has built - in the gauge - coupling unification of the minimal susy extension of the standard model ( mssm ) .
10,983	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: high - quality entangled photon pairs generated via spontaneous parametric down - conversion have made great contributions to the modern quantum information science and the fundamental tests of quantum mechanics . however , the quality of the entangled states decreases sharply when moving from biphoton to multiphoton experiments , mainly due to the lack of interactions between photons . here , for the first time , we generate a four - photon greenberger - horne - zeilinger state with a fidelity of @xmath0 , which is even comparable to the best fidelity of biphoton entangled states . thus , it enables us to demonstrate an ultrahigh - fidelity entanglement swapping the key ingredient in various quantum information tasks . our results push the fidelity of multiphoton entanglement generation to a new level and would be useful in some demanding tasks , e.g. , we successfully demonstrate the genuine multipartite nonlocality of the observed state in the nonsignaling scenario by violating a novel hardy - like inequality , which requires very high state - fidelity . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: photons are promising candidates for quantum information processing @xcite , due to their weak interaction to environment and easy single - qubit operations . in photonic quantum information processing , preparing high - quality entangled states of photons plays a key role . the reason is that photons lack of interactions , while photonic quantum information protocols usually can be realized with off - line - generated entangled photons , such as the one - way quantum computation @xcite , and the quantum teleportation @xcite . today. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, biphoton entanglement generation has become general in laboratory . the most convenient way arises from the spontaneous parametric down - conversion ( spdc ) processes in nonlinear crystals .
10,984	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report the results from an _ asca _ observation of the high - luminosity , radio - loud quasar pks 0637@xmath0752 ( redshift 0.654 ) , covering the 0.815 kev band in the quasar - frame . we find the source to have a luminosity @xmath1 in the 210 kev band , a factor of @xmath2 lower than during a previous _ ginga _ observation . the continuum appears to be well modeled by a simple power - law with @xmath3 , with no evidence for absorption by material intrinsic to the quasar , or fe - k emission ( with an equivalent width @xmath4 ev at 90% confidence ) . however we do find evidence for a narrow emission line at an energy @xmath5 kev and equivalent width @xmath6 ev ( both in the quasar frame ) . line emission at these energies has not been observed in any other active galaxy or quasar to date . we reject the possibility that this line is the result of instrumental artifacts , and briefly explore possible identifications . _ accepted july 1998 for publication in astrophysical journal letters _ . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the picture emerging from many x - ray studies over the last couple of decades of active galactic nuclei ( agns ) is that emission features in the x - ray spectra present in low - luminosity objects ( seyfert 1 galaxies ) become scarce in agns with 210 kev intrinsic luminosity exceeding @xmath7 @xmath8 ( synonymously , quasars ) . these trends are discussed at length in nandra _ ( 1997a , 1998 ) and reeves _ et al . _. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	( 1997 ; and references therein ) . the transition to a featureless x - ray power - law continuum ( except for possible line - of - sight absorption at low energies ) in the high luminosity agns , especially radio loud sources , is not fully understood but may be related to the complete ionization of matter responsible for emission - line features and/or beaming of the x - ray continuum swamping out emission - line features .
10,985	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the matching of continuous gravitational wave ( cgw ) signals in an all sky search with reference to earth based laser interferometric detectors . we consider the source location as the parameters of the signal manifold and templates corresponding to different source locations . it has been found that the matching of signals from locations in the sky that differ in their co - latitude and longitude by @xmath0 radians decreases with source frequency . we have also made an analysis with the other parameters affecting the symmetries . we observe that it may not be relevant to take care of the symmetries in the sky locations for the search of cgw from the output of ligo - i , geo600 and tama detectors . * keywords : * gravitational wave methods : data analysis pulsars : general . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the first generation of kilometer - scale gravitational wave ( gw ) laser interferometric detectors with sensitivity in the frequency band 10 hz to few khz and ultra cryogenic bar detectors sensitive at frequencies around 1 khz will start collecting data soon . the tama 300 ( tsubona 1995 ) has already done the first large scale data acquisition ( tagoshi et al . 2001 ) , while ligo ( abramovici et al . 1992 ) and geo600 ( danzmann 1995 ) have recently carried out their first science observations .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	virgo ( bradaschia et al . 1991 ) may become operational in couple of years . also , an eighty meter research interferometer aciga ( mccleland et al . 2000 ) near perth , australia is under construction , hoping that it may be possible to extend it to multi - kilometer scale in the future . at present , majority of searches are focussed in the detection of _ chirp _ and burst signals .
10,986	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recent contributions address the problem of language coexistence as that of two species competing to aggregate speakers , thus focusing on the dynamics of linguistic traits across populations . they draw inspiration from physics and biology and share some underlying ideas e. g. the search for minimal schemes to explain complex situations or the notion that languages are extant entities in a societal context and , accordingly , that objective , mathematical laws emerge driving the aforementioned dynamics . different proposals pay attention to distinct aspects of such systems : some of them emphasize the distribution of the population in geographical space , others research exhaustively the role of bilinguals in idealized situations ( e. g. isolated populations ) , and yet others rely extremely on equations taken unchanged from physics or biology and whose parameters bear actual geometrical meaning . despite the sources of these models so unrelated to linguistics sound results begin to surface that establish conditions and make testable predictions regarding language survival within populations of speakers , with a decisive role reserved to bilingualism . here we review the most recent works and their interesting outcomes stressing their physical theoretical basis , and discuss the relevance and meaning of the abstract mathematical findings for real - life situations . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: language is a defining trait and a prominent way of communication for the human species @xcite . on the other hand , languages are social constructs with an entity of their own @xcite . these emergent objects , the shared codes that allow communication , are our concern throughout this paper .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	we talk about contact situations when speakers of different tongues come together . they decide what language to adopt when talking to each other , and this leads to certain dynamics of use and knowledge across populations .
10,987	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an analysis of the fluorine abundance in galactic agb carbon stars * ( 24 n - type , 5 sc - type and 5 j - type ) * is presented . this study uses the state - of - the - art carbon rich atmosphere models and improved atomic and molecular line lists in the @xmath0 m region . f abundances significantly lower are obtained in comparison to previous study in the literature . the main reason of this difference is due to molecular blends . in the case of carbon stars of sc - type , differences in the model atmospheres are also relevant . the new f enhancements are now in agreement with the most recent theoretical nucleosynthesis models in low - mass agb stars , solving the long standing problem of f in galactic agb stars . nevertheless , some sc - type carbon stars still show larger f abundances than predicted by stellar models . the possibility that these stars are of larger mass is briefly discussed . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the first observational evidence of @xmath1f stellar nucleosynthesis was reported by jorissen , smith & lambert ( 1992 , hereafter jsl ) . these authors derived f enhancements up to a factor 50 solar in a sample of galactic agb stars , and found a correlation between this enhancement and the c / o ratio . since the c / o is expected to increase as a consequence of third dredge up ( tdu ) episodes during the agb phase ( e.g. busso et al . 1999 ) , this was interpreted as a clear evidence of f production in these stars . further observational evidence of such a production exists from studies of post - agb stars ( werner , rauch & kruk 2005 ) and planetary nebulae ( otsuka et al . 2008 ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	other sites for f production have also been proposed : wolf - rayet stars ( meynet & arnould 2000 ) and neutrino spallation in core - collapse supernovae ( woosley & haxton 1988 ) . however , the role of these sources in the f budget is still uncertain ( cunha et al . 2003 ; palacios , arnould & meynet 2005 ) . nevertheless , from galactic chemical evolution models , renda et al .
10,988	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: here we review some of the main issues related to multi - wavelength source identification and characterization , with particular emphasis on the field of surveys carried out over the last years . this complex and time - consuming process is going to represent one of the main difficulties over the coming years , when significantly larger surveys , both in area and depth , will be carried out with the new generations of space- and ground - based facilities like e.g. , , , ps . , and . the virtual observatory can offer a reliable way to approach to a new concept of data handling and multi - wavelength source characterization , provided that uniform and rigorous data analyses and extensive quality checks are performed . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the increasing number of large surveys carried out over the last decade has revolutionized the fields of observational cosmology and astrophysics but , at the same time , it has posed several problems . first of all , despite former surveys , which were primarily focused on censing and determining the properties of a given source class in a given band , recent surveys have been truly characterized by an observational multi - wavelength approach , whose final goal is to estimate the physical source properties over the entire electromagnetic spectrum and investigate how different selection criteria at different wavelengths are able to provide a complete census of such sources . although an unbiased source selection is hard to achieve , current surveys in e.g. the obscured active galactic nuclei ( agn ) research field have allowed us to assess how biases work in source selection at different wavelengths , e.g. in the mid - ir vs. x - rays ( e.g. , fiore et al . 2008 , 2009 ; donley et al . 2008 and references therein ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	similar conclusions can be easily extended to other source classes and bands . if , on the one hand , this approach is clearly consuming in terms of telescope / facility time and man - power , on the other hand it allows for a proper characterization of the intrinsic properties of a given source population . although the science goals which motivate surveys at different wavelengths may be different , there are some common aspects which will be discussed in the following in order to understand the complex processes behind the build - up of source catalogs and the achievement of the published results .
10,989	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the demand on mobile electronics to continue to shrink in size while increase in efficiency drives the demand on the internal passive components to do the same . power amplifiers require inductors with small form factors , high quality factors , and high operating frequency in the single - digit ghz range . this work explores the use of magnetic materials to satisfy the needs of power amplifier inductor applications . this paper discusses the optimization choices regarding material selection , device design , and fabrication methodology . the inductors achieved here present the best performance to date for an integrated magnetic core inductor at high frequencies with a 1 nh inductance and peak quality factor of 4 at @xmath03 ghz . such compact inductors show potential for efficiently meeting the need of mobile electronics in the future . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the past couple decades , tremendous effort has been put forth towards incorporating thin - film magnetic cores into integrated passive circuit elements , including inductors and transformers @xcite , for a variety of applications . the traditional operating frequency and flux - amplification properties of integrated magnetic films have made them ideal for power management applications up to now @xcite . however , the cost of depositing such films thick enough for power electronics devices has limited their usage in integrated systems to date . more recently , as mobile electronics have begun to demand higher inductances and quality factors in smaller form factors than previously achievable by spiral air - core inductors in that frequency range @xcite , magnetic cores are being redesigned to compete to meet the new need @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, of the device compared to its air - core equivalent . the inductance enhancement was evaluated within the frequency band where the inductance is flat . of the four inductors clustered at high frequencies ,
10,990	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an extended study of exclusive vector meson production in @xmath0 interactions has been performed by the h1 and the zeus collaborations at the hera collider . recent measurements are reported and discussed within the framework of the dipole model and pqcd . # 1#2#3 _ ann . phys . ( ny ) _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ astrophys . j. _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ astrophys . j. lett . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ acta . phys . pol . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ ann . rev . nucl . part . sci . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ computer phys . comm . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ eur . phys . j. _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ erratum _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ ibid . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ j. math . phys . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ int . j. mod . phys . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ jetp lett . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ j. phys . g. _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ mod . phys . lett . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ nature ( london ) _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ nuovo cim . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ nucl . instr . meth . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ nucl . phys . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ proc . cam . phil . soc . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ phys . lett . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ phys . rep . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ phys . rev . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ phys . rev . lett . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ proc . roy . soc . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ prog . th . phys . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . ps . # 1#2#3 _ physica scripta _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ rev . mod . phys . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ rep . prog . phys . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ sov . j. nucl . phys . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ sov . phys . jept _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 # 1#2#3 _ sov . phys .- usp . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . # 1#2#3 _ zeit . phys . _ * # 1 * ( # 2 ) # 3 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the sharp rise of the electromagnetic proton structure function , @xmath1 , toward low values of bjorken @xmath2 , discovered at hera @xcite , and the observation of a large fraction of diffractive - like events @xcite are attributed to a large gluon density in the proton at very low @xmath2 values , typically @xmath3 . the rise of @xmath1 with decreasing @xmath2 can be accommodated by the qcd , dglap evolution equations @xcite in nlo down to momentum transfer squared @xmath4 @xcite . this suggests that perturbative effects set in at relatively low values of the interaction scale .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	however , the validity of the dglap evolution equation is established through fits to data which involve many unknown parameters and therefore it may be doubtful . exclusive vector meson ( v ) production at high @xmath5 has been proposed as an alternative method to infer the gluon content of the proton @xcite .
10,991	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: there is a standard story about decay in multi - dimensional flux landscapes : that from any state , the fastest decay is to take a small step , discharging one flux unit at a time ; that fluxes with the same coupling constant are interchangeable ; and that states with @xmath0 units of a given flux have the same decay rate as those with @xmath1 . we show that this standard story is false . the fastest decay is a giant leap that discharges many different fluxes in unison ; this decay is mediated by a ` minimal ' brane that wraps the internal manifold and exhibits behavior not visible in the effective theory . we discuss the implications for the cosmological constant . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: landscapes built of a large number of different fluxes give rise to a vast discretuum of vacua , and so will naturally contain ones that , like our own , have a tiny cosmological constant @xcite . in this paper , we show that transitions between these vacua typically occur by giant leaps , discharging many fluxes in unison ; such transitions dramatically alter the cosmological constant . in a previous paper @xcite , we found effects that enhance giant leaps , which relate to the presence of a radion . in this paper , we find a different set of enhancements , which exist even when the radion is fixed . in sec .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	[ sec : multiflux ] , we study landscapes built of many genuinely different fluxes , and in sec . [ sec : monkey ] we study the more sophisticated case where these different fluxes arise from a single higher - dimensional flux wrapping many different cycles of the internal manifold .
10,992	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the classical poincar inequality establishes that for any bounded regular domain @xmath0 there exists a constant @xmath1 such that @xmath2 in this note we show that @xmath3 can be taken independently of @xmath4 when @xmath4 is in a certain class of domains . our result generalizes previous results in this direction . dedicated to a. ambrosetti , a guide who definitively changed my life . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: this paper is concerned with the following classical result , known as poincar inequality ( or poincar - friedrichs inequality ) : [ poincare ] let @xmath5 be a bounded domain satisfying the interior cone condition , and @xmath6 . then , there exists a constant @xmath1 such that @xmath7 the proof is very simple and standard . assume , reasoning by contradiction , that @xmath8 is a sequence such that @xmath9 by the rellich - kondrachov theorem , one obtains that @xmath10 , where : @xmath11 but if @xmath12 almost everywhere in a domain , then @xmath13 must be constant ( see chapter 9 of @xcite , for instance ) . and this yields the desired contradiction . as one can observe , two main ingredients come into play in the proof : first , the compactness of the @xmath14 embedding .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	for that one needs the interior cone condition on @xmath4 and its boundedness . second , the connectedness of the domain . in this paper
10,993	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: three different methods of measuring cosmology with gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) have been proposed since a relation between the @xmath0-ray energy @xmath1 of a grb jet and the peak energy @xmath2 of the @xmath3 spectrum in the burst frame was reported by ghirlanda and coauthors . in method i , to calculate the probability for a favored cosmology , only the contribution of the @xmath4 relation that is already best fitted for this cosmology is considered . we apply this method to a sample of 17 grbs , and obtain the mass density @xmath5 ( @xmath6 ) for a flat @xmath7cdm universe . in method ii , to calculate the probability for some certain cosmology , contributions of all the possible @xmath4 relations that are best fitted for their corresponding cosmologies are taken into account . with this method , we find a constraint on the mass density @xmath8 ( @xmath6 ) for a flat universe . in method iii , to obtain the probability for some cosmology , contributions of all the possible @xmath4 relations associated with their unequal weights are considered . with this method , we obtain an inspiring constraint on the mass density @xmath9 ( @xmath6 ) for a flat universe , and a @xmath10 for the concordance model of @xmath11 . compared with the previous two methods , method iii makes the observed 17 grbs place much more stringent confidence intervals at the same confidence levels . furthermore , we perform a monte carlo simulation and use a larger sample to investigate the cosmographic capabilities of grbs with different methods . we find that , a larger grb sample could be used to effectively measure cosmology , no matter whether the @xmath12 relation is calibrated by low-@xmath13 bursts or not . ongoing observations on grbs in the _ swift _ era are expected to make the cosmological utility of grbs progress from its babyhood into childhood . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the traditional cosmology has been revolutionized by modern sophisticated observation techniques in distant type ia supernovae ( sne ia ) ( e.g. riess et al . 1998 ; schmidt et al . 1998 ; perlmutter et al . 1999 ) , cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) fluctuations ( e.g. bennett et al . 2003 ; spergel et al . 2003 ) , and large - scale structure ( lss ) ( e.g. allen et al . 2003 ; tegmark et al . each type of cosmological data trends to play an unique role in measuring cosmology . in modern cosmology. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	, it has been convincingly suggested that the global mass - energy budget of the universe , and thus its dynamics , is dominated by a dark energy component , and that the currently accelerating universe has once been decelerating ( e.g. , riess et al . the cosmography and the nature of dark energy as well as its evolution with redshift are one of the most important issues in physics and astronomy today .
10,994	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we calculate the ppn parameters @xmath0 and @xmath1 for scalar - tensor gravity with a generic coupling function @xmath2 and scalar potential @xmath3 in the jordan conformal frame in the case of a static spherically symmetric source . since the potential generally introduces a radial dependence to the effective gravitational constant as well as to @xmath0 and @xmath1 , we discuss the issue of defining these ppn parameters and compare our expressions with previous calculations in simpler cases . we confront our results with current observational constraints on the values of @xmath0 and @xmath1 and thus draw restrictions on the form of the functions @xmath2 and @xmath3 around their asymptotic background values . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe and the phenomenon of dark energy has brought about a new surge of interest in alternatives to einstein s general relativity in the recent years @xcite . one of the most simple and paradigmatic of these is the jordan - brans - dicke theory where the gravitational interaction is mediated by an extra scalar degree of freedom @xmath4 in addition to the usual tensor ones @xcite . a more generic scalar - tensor gravity ( stg ) action is characterized by two arbitrary functions , the coupling function @xmath5 in the kinetic term of the scalar field and the potential @xmath6 @xcite . in cosmology. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the stg models of dark energy allow evolving effective barotropic index @xmath7 and dynamical crossing of the `` phantom divide '' @xcite which remains a curious possibility in the combined observational data @xcite and could be a sign pointing beyond the standard @xmath8cdm scenario based on general relativity . however interesting its performance in cosmology , a viable gravitational theory must also pass the tests on local scales , e.g. , give a good account of the motions in our solar system .
10,995	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: oscillatory tunneling magnetoresistance ( tmr ) as a function of spacer thickness is investigated theoretically for a magnetic tunnel junction with a nonmagnetic layer inserted between the tunnel barrier and the ferromagnetic layer . tmr is characterized in an analytical form , that is expressed with the transmission and reflection amplitudes of single interfaces at the fermi level , and by the extremal wave vectors . electronic structures with multiple bands are taken into account in the derivation characterizing the tmr , and the proposed analytical expression can be directly applied to real junctions . based on our model , the features of tmr dependence on spacer thickness are discussed , including selection rules for the oscillation period . numerical calculations are performed using an envelope - function theory for several cases , and we show that our model is in good agreement with the exact result . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since high tunneling magnetoresistance ( tmr ) was first observed at room temperature,@xcite magnetic tunnel junctions ( mtjs ) have been a focus of interest . extensive research has been carried out to understand and improve the properties of mtjs . a huge increase in tmr with lower junction resistance was achieved when alo@xmath0 tunnel barriers were replaced by mgo , and this was followed by realizations of memory devices based on mtjs with mgo barriers.@xcite tunneling current in the mtj is spin polarized , which adds another dimension to the tunneling effect , and scientific attention has thus been drawn to the spin - dependent tunneling phenomenon . when a nonmagnetic ( nm ) layer is inserted between a ferromagnetic ( fm ) layer and the insulating ( i ) tunnel barrier of the mtj ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the spin polarization of the tunneling current changes and the tmr is directly affected . an early theoretical work predicted the oscillatory tmr as a function of the nm thickness due to the quantum well states inside the nm layer.@xcite in sputtered samples , it has been shown that an nm layer between the tunnel barrier and fm layer could be detrimental to tmr , and the tmr decreases as a function of nm thickness.@xcite these experimental results have been explained theoretically with a free electron model , and the decay of tmr was attributed to a loss of coherence in the electron propagation.@xcite different experimental results have been obtained for a crystalline nm layer inserted between the tunnel barrier and the fm layer .
10,996	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the anomaly ( cusp ) in the mass spectrum of @xmath0 from @xmath1 decay has been observed in the na48/2 experiment . using the recently developed interpretation of this effect in terms of chiral perturbative theory , the pion scattering parameters are measured . the preliminary result for the pion scattering length difference , based on the part of statistics , is @xmath2 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the na48/2 experiment at the cern sps is searching for the charge asymmetry in the decays @xmath3 and @xmath4 . the experiment uses two simultaneous oppositely charged beams with a central momentum of 60 gev / c and a momentum band @xmath5 , propagating along the same beam line . the decay volume is a 114 m long vacuum tank with a diameter of 1.92 m for the first 66 m , and 2.4 m for the rest .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the detected particles are dominated by the @xmath6 decay products . charged particles are measured by the magnetic spectrometer , consisting of four drift chambers @xcite and a dipole magnet , located between the second and third chambers .
10,997	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an area large enough ( 180 @xmath0 ) to put constraints on a possible low mass brown dwarf population in the pleiades has been surveyed to very faint magnitudes in @xmath1 , @xmath2 and @xmath3 . the completeness limit , i=21.6 , corresponds to a mass of 0.01 @xmath4 for a cluster age of 70 myr and 0.035 @xmath4 for 120 myr . the result is consistent with previous investigations at higher masses that the brown dwarf initial mass function is a @xmath5 , or even less steep , power law . thus low mass brown dwarfs can not contribute significantly to the pleiades mass . one new possible pleiades member was found , mass @xmath6 @xmath4 ( age 120myr ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: brown dwarfs ( bds ) are stellar - like objects . the only difference from ordinary stars is that the mass is too low to bring up the central temperature to the level of stable hydrogen burning , thus the bd luminosity decreases with time . as an example , from 70 myr to 10 gyr , a 0.08 @xmath4 object at the hydrogen burning limit would decrease a factor 15 in luminosity , while a 0.06 @xmath4 would go a factor 700 ( burrows et al . the ideal target for a bd search thus is a fairly young , nearby and rich star cluster .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	the pleiades is the obvious choice in the northern hemisphere , being at @xmath7 pc and 70 - 120 myr old . several recent authors have proposed an age above 100 myr . in this paper
10,998	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: electronic structure of recently discovered isotypic ternary borides li@xmath0pd@xmath1b and li@xmath0pt@xmath1b , with noncentrosymmetric crystal structures , is studied with a view to understanding their superconducting properties . estimates of the fermi - surface averaged electron - phonon matrix element and hopfield parameter are obtained in the rigid ion approximation of gaspari and gyorffy [ phys . rev . lett . * 28 * ( 1972 ) 801 ] . the contribution of the lithium atoms to the electron - phonon coupling is found to be negligible , while both boron and palladium atoms contribute equally strongly to the hopfield parameter . there is a significant transfer of charge from lithium , almost the entire valence charge , to the b - pd(pt ) complex . the electronic structure and superconducting properties of li@xmath0pd@xmath1b , thus , can be understood from the viewpoint of the compound being composed of a connected array of b - pd tetrahedra decoupled from the backbone of li atoms , which are connected by relatively short bonds . our results suggest that conventional @xmath2-wave electron - phonon interaction without explicit consideration of so coupling can explain qualitatively the observed @xmath3 in li@xmath0pd@xmath1b . however , such an approach is likely to fail to describe superconductivity in li@xmath0pt@xmath1b . and electron - phonon coupling , hopfield parameter , rigid ion and muffin - tin approximations , linear muffin - tin orbitals 74.70.-b , 74.62.fj , 74.25.kc , 71.20.-b . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the recently synthesized isotypic metal - rich ternary borides li@xmath0pd@xmath1b and li@xmath0pt@xmath1b @xcite , with noncentrosymmetric crystal structures , have received considerable attention because of their superconducting properties @xcite . the superconducting transition temperature @xmath3 of li@xmath0pd@xmath1b is about @xmath4 k , while its isotypic pt - based counterpart li@xmath0pt@xmath1b shows a @xmath3 between @xmath5 and @xmath6 k @xcite . badica and co - workers @xcite have been able to synthesize a series of pseudo - binary solid solutions li@xmath0b(pd@xmath7pt@xmath8)@xmath1 with @xmath9 varying from @xmath10 to @xmath11 and they report having observed superconductivity in the entire @xmath9-range .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	@xmath3 decreases monotonically from @xmath12 @xmath4 k as @xmath9 increases from @xmath10 , dropping to @xmath13@xmath14 k for @xmath15 . the electronic structure of the two end compounds of the solid solution li@xmath0pd@xmath1b and li@xmath0pt@xmath1b have been discussed by chandra and co - workers @xcite .
10,999	Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report multi - epoch vlbi h@xmath0o maser observations towards the compact cluster of ysos close to the herbig be star lkh@xmath1 234 . this cluster includes lkh@xmath1 234 and at least nine more ysos that are formed within projected distances of @xmath210 arcsec ( @xmath29,000 au ) . we detect h@xmath0o maser emission towards four of these ysos . in particular , our vlbi observations ( including proper motion measurements ) reveal a remarkable very compact ( @xmath20.2 arcsec = @xmath2180 au ) , bipolar h@xmath0o maser outflow emerging from the embedded yso vla 2 . we estimate a kinematic age of @xmath240 yr for this bipolar outflow , with expanding velocities of @xmath220 km s@xmath3 and momentum rate @xmath4 @xmath5 @xmath6 m@xmath7 yr@xmath3 km s@xmath3@xmath8/@xmath9 , powered by a yso of a few solar masses . we propose that the outflow is produced by recurrent episodic jet ejections associated with the formation of this yso . short - lived episodic ejection events have previously been found towards high - mass ysos . we show now that this behaviour is also present in intermediate - mass ysos . these short - lived episodic ejections are probably related to episodic increases in the accretion rate , as observed in low - mass ysos . we predict the presence of an accretion disk associated with vla 2 . if detected , this would represent one of the few known examples of intermediate - mass stars with a disk - yso - jet system at scales of a few hundred au . [ firstpage ] masers stars : formation ism : individual objects : lkh@xmath1 234 ism : jets and outflows . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the early stages of evolution of low - mass stars are relatively well characterised by the formation of a system with a central protostar , accreting material from a rotating accretion disk at scales of a few hundreds of astronomical units ( au ) , and simultaneously ejecting a collimated outflow with the presence and crucial role of magnetic fields . accretion and mass - loss processes , two closely related mechanisms , govern the formation of low - mass stars ( e.g. , girart , rao & marrone 2006 ; mckee & ostriker 2007 ; machida , inutsuka & matsumoto 2008 ; armitage 2011 ; williams & cieza 2011 ) . spatio - kinematical studies of jets and herbig - haro ( hh ) objects show that outflows from low - mass young stellar objects ( ysos ) are non - steady , but presenting variability in the ejection velocity as well as pulsed events , probably related to recurrent instabilities in the accretion disks ( e.g. , zinnecker , mccaughrean & rayner 1998 ; reipurth & bally 2001 ; estalella et al . 2012 ) . with respect to the formation of massive stars ( @xmath10 10 m@xmath7 ) , there are several examples showing the presence of massive disk - protostar - jet systems at scales of thousand au ( in some cases with magnetic fields oriented parallel to the collimated outflows ) , indicating that stars at least up to @xmath220 m@xmath7 form via an accretion disk as low - mass do ( e.g. , patel et al . 2005 ; jimnez - serra et al . 2007 ; torrelles et al . 2007 ; davies et al . 2010 ; carrasco - gonzlez et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article	2010 , 2012a ; vlemmings et al . 2010 ; fernndez - lpez et al . 2011

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