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Where is the Rudka County | Rudka [ˈrutka] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcianka, within Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Trzcianka, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Czarnków, and 72 km (45 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań. | Rudka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcianka, within Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Trzcianka, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Czarnków, and 72 km (45 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań. | summarization | Instruction: Where is the Rudka County
Context: Rudka [ˈrutka] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcianka, within Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Trzcianka, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Czarnków, and 72 km (45 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.
Response: Rudka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Trzcianka, within Czarnków-Trzcianka County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Trzcianka, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Czarnków, and 72 km (45 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań. | 1,911 |
Who is Bryan Adams | Bryan Guy Adams OC OBC FRPS (born November 5, 1959) is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, composer, and photographer. He has been cited as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, and is estimated to have sold between 75 million and more than 100 million records and singles worldwide. Adams was the most played artist on Canadian radio in the 2010s and has had 25 top-15 singles in Canada and a dozen or more in each of the US, UK, and Australia. | Bryan Guy Adams was born on November 5, 1959 and is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, composer, and photographer. He has been cited as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, and is estimated to have sold between 75 million and more than 100 million records and singles worldwide.
Adams was the most played artist on Canadian radio in the 2010s and has had 25 top-15 singles in Canada and a dozen or more in each of the US, UK, and Australia. | summarization | Instruction: Who is Bryan Adams
Context: Bryan Guy Adams OC OBC FRPS (born November 5, 1959) is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, composer, and photographer. He has been cited as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, and is estimated to have sold between 75 million and more than 100 million records and singles worldwide. Adams was the most played artist on Canadian radio in the 2010s and has had 25 top-15 singles in Canada and a dozen or more in each of the US, UK, and Australia.
Response: Bryan Guy Adams was born on November 5, 1959 and is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, composer, and photographer. He has been cited as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, and is estimated to have sold between 75 million and more than 100 million records and singles worldwide.
Adams was the most played artist on Canadian radio in the 2010s and has had 25 top-15 singles in Canada and a dozen or more in each of the US, UK, and Australia. | 2,227 |
Where was the 2017 European Judo Championships held | The men's 90 kg competition at the 2017 European Judo Championships in Warsaw was held on 22 April at the Torwar Hall. | open_qa | Instruction: Where was the 2017 European Judo Championships held
Context:
Response: The men's 90 kg competition at the 2017 European Judo Championships in Warsaw was held on 22 April at the Torwar Hall. | 1,247 |
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What is Linux? | Linux is an open-source UNIX-like operating system initially developed by Linus Torvalds and now with thousands of contributors around the world. Linux is actually the operating system kernel and the other components necessary to form an operating system are coming from other open source projects and in particular the GNU project. For this reason, the operating system is sometimes referred to as GNU/Linux. | open_qa | Instruction: What is Linux?
Context:
Response: Linux is an open-source UNIX-like operating system initially developed by Linus Torvalds and now with thousands of contributors around the world. Linux is actually the operating system kernel and the other components necessary to form an operating system are coming from other open source projects and in particular the GNU project. For this reason, the operating system is sometimes referred to as GNU/Linux. | 2,518 |
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From the passage mention the name of the kids of Nita Ambani. Display the results in comma separated format. | He married Nita Ambani in 1985 and they have two sons, Akash and Anant, and a daughter, Isha, who is Akash's twin. They met after his father attended a dance performance which Nita took part in and thought of the idea of arranging a marriage between the two.
They live in Antilia, a private 27-storey building in Mumbai, which was valued at US$1 billion and was the most expensive private residence in the world at the time it was built. The building requires a staff of 600 for maintenance, and it includes three helipads, a 160-car garage, private movie theater, swimming pool, and fitness center.
In 2007, Ambani gifted his wife a $60 million Airbus A319 for her 44th birthday. The Airbus, which has a capacity of 180 passengers, has been custom-fitted to include a living room, bedroom, satellite television, WiFi, sky bar, Jacuzzi, and an office.
Ambani was titled "The World's Richest Sports Team Owner" after his purchase of the IPL cricket team Mumbai Indians for $111.9 million in 2008.
Mukesh Ambani is a strict vegetarian and teetotaler.
During the fiscal year ending 31 March 2012, he reportedly decided to forgo nearly ₹240 million from his annual pay as chief of Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL). He elected to do this even as RIL's total remuneration packages to its top management personnel increased during that fiscal year. Mukesh Ambani holds a 50.4% stake in the company. This move kept his salary capped at ₹150 million for the fourth year in a row.
In early 2019, a court in Mumbai held his younger brother, Anil Ambani, in criminal contempt for non-payment of personally guaranteed debt Reliance Communications owed to Swedish gearmaker Ericsson. Instead of jail time, the court gave Anil a month to come up with the funds. At the end of the month, Mukesh bailed out his younger brother, paying the debt. In 2021, he was the subject of a bomb scare when a green Mahindra Scorpio SUV packed with explosives was found near a Mumbai skyscraper housing Ambani. | Akash, Anant, Isha | information_extraction | Instruction: From the passage mention the name of the kids of Nita Ambani. Display the results in comma separated format.
Context: He married Nita Ambani in 1985 and they have two sons, Akash and Anant, and a daughter, Isha, who is Akash's twin. They met after his father attended a dance performance which Nita took part in and thought of the idea of arranging a marriage between the two.
They live in Antilia, a private 27-storey building in Mumbai, which was valued at US$1 billion and was the most expensive private residence in the world at the time it was built. The building requires a staff of 600 for maintenance, and it includes three helipads, a 160-car garage, private movie theater, swimming pool, and fitness center.
In 2007, Ambani gifted his wife a $60 million Airbus A319 for her 44th birthday. The Airbus, which has a capacity of 180 passengers, has been custom-fitted to include a living room, bedroom, satellite television, WiFi, sky bar, Jacuzzi, and an office.
Ambani was titled "The World's Richest Sports Team Owner" after his purchase of the IPL cricket team Mumbai Indians for $111.9 million in 2008.
Mukesh Ambani is a strict vegetarian and teetotaler.
During the fiscal year ending 31 March 2012, he reportedly decided to forgo nearly ₹240 million from his annual pay as chief of Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL). He elected to do this even as RIL's total remuneration packages to its top management personnel increased during that fiscal year. Mukesh Ambani holds a 50.4% stake in the company. This move kept his salary capped at ₹150 million for the fourth year in a row.
In early 2019, a court in Mumbai held his younger brother, Anil Ambani, in criminal contempt for non-payment of personally guaranteed debt Reliance Communications owed to Swedish gearmaker Ericsson. Instead of jail time, the court gave Anil a month to come up with the funds. At the end of the month, Mukesh bailed out his younger brother, paying the debt. In 2021, he was the subject of a bomb scare when a green Mahindra Scorpio SUV packed with explosives was found near a Mumbai skyscraper housing Ambani.
Response: Akash, Anant, Isha | 2,417 |
Q: Am I eligible for a booster dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and if so, which one? | A: Individuals may receive a single booster dose of one of the authorized bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, when eligible, as follows:
Children who are 6 months through 5 years of age who received primary vaccination with Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine may receive a single booster dose of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.
Children who are 6 months through 4 years of age who received primary vaccination with three doses of the monovalent Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine may receive a single booster dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent at least 2 months after completion of primary vaccination.
Children who are 5 years of age who received primary vaccination with Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine may receive either the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent or Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19, Bivalent as a single booster dose at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.
Children who are 5 years of age who received primary vaccination doses with Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, including children whose third dose was with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent, may receive only the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent as a single booster dose at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.
Individuals who are 6 years of age and older may receive a single booster dose with either the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent or the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19, Bivalent at least 2 months after either:
Completion of a primary vaccination with any FDA-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine.
or
The most recent booster dose with any FDA-authorized or approved monovalent COVID-19 vaccine. | general_qa | Instruction: Q: Am I eligible for a booster dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and if so, which one?
Context:
Response: A: Individuals may receive a single booster dose of one of the authorized bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, when eligible, as follows:
Children who are 6 months through 5 years of age who received primary vaccination with Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine may receive a single booster dose of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.
Children who are 6 months through 4 years of age who received primary vaccination with three doses of the monovalent Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine may receive a single booster dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent at least 2 months after completion of primary vaccination.
Children who are 5 years of age who received primary vaccination with Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine may receive either the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent or Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19, Bivalent as a single booster dose at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.
Children who are 5 years of age who received primary vaccination doses with Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, including children whose third dose was with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent, may receive only the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent as a single booster dose at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.
Individuals who are 6 years of age and older may receive a single booster dose with either the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent or the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19, Bivalent at least 2 months after either:
Completion of a primary vaccination with any FDA-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine.
or
The most recent booster dose with any FDA-authorized or approved monovalent COVID-19 vaccine. | 4,012 |
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What is the boarding process at Southwest Airlines | Southwest Airlines offers a unique boarding process where the passenger is not given a specific seat, they are instead boarded in the order that they checked-in for the flight. Passengers are given the opportunity to upgrade their ticket, either through a loyalty program (Southwest Rewards) or by purchasing an Early Bird Check-In for a fee. | general_qa | Instruction: What is the boarding process at Southwest Airlines
Context:
Response: Southwest Airlines offers a unique boarding process where the passenger is not given a specific seat, they are instead boarded in the order that they checked-in for the flight. Passengers are given the opportunity to upgrade their ticket, either through a loyalty program (Southwest Rewards) or by purchasing an Early Bird Check-In for a fee. | 3,375 |
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From this passage, tell me what was Osborne Computer Corporation's mistake. | The Osborne effect is a social phenomenon of customers canceling or deferring orders for the current, soon-to-be-obsolete product as an unexpected drawback of a company's announcing a future product prematurely. It is an example of cannibalization.
The term alludes to the Osborne Computer Corporation, whose second product did not become available until more than a year after it was announced. The company's subsequent bankruptcy was widely blamed on reduced sales after the announcement.
The Osborne Effect states that prematurely discussing future, unavailable products damages sales of existing products. The name comes from the planned replacement of the Osborne 1, an early personal computer first sold by the Osborne Computer Corporation in 1981. In 1983, founder Adam Osborne pre-announced several next-generation computer models (the Osborne Executive and Osborne Vixen), which were only prototypes, highlighting the fact that they would outperform the existing model as the prototypes dramatically cut down assembly time. A widely held belief was that sales of the Osborne 1 fell sharply as customers anticipated those more advanced systems, leading to a sales decline from which Osborne Computer was unable to recover. This belief appeared in the media almost immediately after the company's September 1983 bankruptcy:
To give the jazzy $2,495 Osborne Executive a running start, Adam began orchestrating publicity early in 1983. We, along with many other magazines, were shown the machine in locked hotel rooms. We were required not to have anything in print about it until the planned release date in mid-April. As far as we know, nothing did appear in print, but dealers heard about the plans and cancelled orders for the Osborne 1 in droves. In early April, Osborne told dealers he would be showing them the machine on a one-week tour the week of 17 April, and emphasized that the new machine was not a competitor for the Osborne 1. But dealers didn't react the way Osborne expected; said Osborne, "All of them just cancelled their orders for the Osborne 1."
Osborne reacted by drastically cutting prices on the Osborne 1 in an effort to stimulate cash flow. But nothing seemed to work, and for several months sales were practically non-existent.
Pre-announcement is done for several reasons: to reassure current customers that there is improvement or lower cost coming, to increase the interest of the media and investors in the company's future prospects, and to intimidate or confuse competitors. When done correctly, the sales or cash flow impact to the company is minimal, with the revenue drop for the current product being offset by orders or completed sales of the new product as it becomes available. However, when the Osborne effect occurs, the quantity of unsold goods increases and the company must react by discounting and/or lowering production of the current product, both of which depress cash flow. | It's widely believed that Osborne Computer Corporation's bankruptcy was caused by the premature announcement of some highly performant successor models to their flagship Osborne 1 personal computer. The announcement was initially restricted, but as the news spread dealers cancelled orders for Osborne 1 in droves. The company drastically reduced the prices of Osborne 1 in reaction. This, however, didn't stop the decline in sales. | information_extraction | Instruction: From this passage, tell me what was Osborne Computer Corporation's mistake.
Context: The Osborne effect is a social phenomenon of customers canceling or deferring orders for the current, soon-to-be-obsolete product as an unexpected drawback of a company's announcing a future product prematurely. It is an example of cannibalization.
The term alludes to the Osborne Computer Corporation, whose second product did not become available until more than a year after it was announced. The company's subsequent bankruptcy was widely blamed on reduced sales after the announcement.
The Osborne Effect states that prematurely discussing future, unavailable products damages sales of existing products. The name comes from the planned replacement of the Osborne 1, an early personal computer first sold by the Osborne Computer Corporation in 1981. In 1983, founder Adam Osborne pre-announced several next-generation computer models (the Osborne Executive and Osborne Vixen), which were only prototypes, highlighting the fact that they would outperform the existing model as the prototypes dramatically cut down assembly time. A widely held belief was that sales of the Osborne 1 fell sharply as customers anticipated those more advanced systems, leading to a sales decline from which Osborne Computer was unable to recover. This belief appeared in the media almost immediately after the company's September 1983 bankruptcy:
To give the jazzy $2,495 Osborne Executive a running start, Adam began orchestrating publicity early in 1983. We, along with many other magazines, were shown the machine in locked hotel rooms. We were required not to have anything in print about it until the planned release date in mid-April. As far as we know, nothing did appear in print, but dealers heard about the plans and cancelled orders for the Osborne 1 in droves. In early April, Osborne told dealers he would be showing them the machine on a one-week tour the week of 17 April, and emphasized that the new machine was not a competitor for the Osborne 1. But dealers didn't react the way Osborne expected; said Osborne, "All of them just cancelled their orders for the Osborne 1."
Osborne reacted by drastically cutting prices on the Osborne 1 in an effort to stimulate cash flow. But nothing seemed to work, and for several months sales were practically non-existent.
Pre-announcement is done for several reasons: to reassure current customers that there is improvement or lower cost coming, to increase the interest of the media and investors in the company's future prospects, and to intimidate or confuse competitors. When done correctly, the sales or cash flow impact to the company is minimal, with the revenue drop for the current product being offset by orders or completed sales of the new product as it becomes available. However, when the Osborne effect occurs, the quantity of unsold goods increases and the company must react by discounting and/or lowering production of the current product, both of which depress cash flow.
Response: It's widely believed that Osborne Computer Corporation's bankruptcy was caused by the premature announcement of some highly performant successor models to their flagship Osborne 1 personal computer. The announcement was initially restricted, but as the news spread dealers cancelled orders for Osborne 1 in droves. The company drastically reduced the prices of Osborne 1 in reaction. This, however, didn't stop the decline in sales. | 9,430 |
Who is MLK Jr.? | Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. A Black church leader and a son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination in the United States. | Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. A Black church leader and a son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination in the United States.
King participated in and led marches for the right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other civil rights. He oversaw the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King was one of the leaders of the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The civil rights movement achieved pivotal legislative gains in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.
The SCLC put into practice the tactics of nonviolent protest with some success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were several dramatic standoffs with segregationist authorities, who frequently responded violently. King was jailed several times. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963 forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In 1964, the FBI mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.
On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped organize two of the three Selma to Montgomery marches. In his final years, he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty, capitalism, and the Vietnam War. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by national mourning, as well as anger leading to riots in many U.S. cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2003. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the federal holiday was first observed in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, and King County in Washington was rededicated for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011. | information_extraction | Instruction: Who is MLK Jr.?
Context: Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. A Black church leader and a son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination in the United States.
Response: Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. A Black church leader and a son of early civil rights activist and minister Martin Luther King Sr., King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through nonviolence and civil disobedience. Inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi, he led targeted, nonviolent resistance against Jim Crow laws and other forms of discrimination in the United States.
King participated in and led marches for the right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other civil rights. He oversaw the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King was one of the leaders of the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The civil rights movement achieved pivotal legislative gains in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.
The SCLC put into practice the tactics of nonviolent protest with some success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were several dramatic standoffs with segregationist authorities, who frequently responded violently. King was jailed several times. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963 forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In 1964, the FBI mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.
On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped organize two of the three Selma to Montgomery marches. In his final years, he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty, capitalism, and the Vietnam War. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by national mourning, as well as anger leading to riots in many U.S. cities. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2003. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the federal holiday was first observed in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor, and King County in Washington was rededicated for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated in 2011. | 8,400 |
If you are traveling outside the country, categorize each of the following as either: ‘Mandatory’, ‘Good to have’, ‘Least important’. Passport, Cash of the country visiting, Power bank, Book, Pen, Laptop | Mandatory: Passport
Good to have: Cash of the country visiting, Powerbank
Least important: Book, Pen, Laptop | classification | Instruction: If you are traveling outside the country, categorize each of the following as either: ‘Mandatory’, ‘Good to have’, ‘Least important’. Passport, Cash of the country visiting, Power bank, Book, Pen, Laptop
Context:
Response: Mandatory: Passport
Good to have: Cash of the country visiting, Powerbank
Least important: Book, Pen, Laptop | 13,681 |
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I'm a vegan and traveling to new york city next month, can you suggest some vegan restaurants that i can eat at during my trip? | There are a lot of vegan restaurant options in Manhattan! Some highly rated suggestions for you:
1. Jajaja Mexicana for some good vegan mexican food
2. Planta Queen - for vegan food options
3. AbcV - vegan spot for seasonal plates and cocktails
4. Ras plant based - for plant based ethiopian cuisine
5. Bar Verde - for vegan mexican options
6. May Kaidee - for vegan thai options
7. Lady Bird - for creative vegan small plates and cocktails | open_qa | Instruction: I'm a vegan and traveling to new york city next month, can you suggest some vegan restaurants that i can eat at during my trip?
Context:
Response: There are a lot of vegan restaurant options in Manhattan! Some highly rated suggestions for you:
1. Jajaja Mexicana for some good vegan mexican food
2. Planta Queen - for vegan food options
3. AbcV - vegan spot for seasonal plates and cocktails
4. Ras plant based - for plant based ethiopian cuisine
5. Bar Verde - for vegan mexican options
6. May Kaidee - for vegan thai options
7. Lady Bird - for creative vegan small plates and cocktails | 3,079 |
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What is Python? | Python is a programming language that has a design emphasis on code readability and is strongly typed. You can interact with this programming language through writing 'python code' using proper coding syntax and semantics. The code that is written can be used to build tools, applications, websites, and streaming services. You can also automate tasks with python, analyze data, and perform machine learning and data science. | open_qa | Instruction: What is Python?
Context:
Response: Python is a programming language that has a design emphasis on code readability and is strongly typed. You can interact with this programming language through writing 'python code' using proper coding syntax and semantics. The code that is written can be used to build tools, applications, websites, and streaming services. You can also automate tasks with python, analyze data, and perform machine learning and data science. | 9,673 |
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Classify each of the following as either a plant or an animal: Oak Tree, mouse, grass, daisy, zebra, venus fly trap, hawk, whale. | The following are plants: Oak Tree, grass, daisy, venus fly trap. The following are animals: Mouse, Zebra, hawk, whale. | classification | Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a plant or an animal: Oak Tree, mouse, grass, daisy, zebra, venus fly trap, hawk, whale.
Context:
Response: The following are plants: Oak Tree, grass, daisy, venus fly trap. The following are animals: Mouse, Zebra, hawk, whale. | 1,418 |
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Let's think of a two different methods to learn how to skateboard | One way to learn how to skateboard is to purchase a skateboard, new or used, and practice riding it. Once you feel comfortable riding, you can begin practicing tricks. This would be considered a "self-taught" method of learning how to ride a skateboard. Another method would be "instructional." Instructional method of learning to skateboard would include formal training from an expert or someone proficient in skateboarding. This person or people would help accelerate your knowledge by giving you tips about how to execute riding a skateboard and doing tricks. | brainstorming | Instruction: Let's think of a two different methods to learn how to skateboard
Context:
Response: One way to learn how to skateboard is to purchase a skateboard, new or used, and practice riding it. Once you feel comfortable riding, you can begin practicing tricks. This would be considered a "self-taught" method of learning how to ride a skateboard. Another method would be "instructional." Instructional method of learning to skateboard would include formal training from an expert or someone proficient in skateboarding. This person or people would help accelerate your knowledge by giving you tips about how to execute riding a skateboard and doing tricks. | 14,479 |
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How to make a Pizza dough? | Combine about 1 cup (125g) of white flour, yeast, granulated sugar, and kosher salt in a big bowl. You may add garlic powder and dried basil powder as well. Add virgin olive oil and warm water and stir thoroughly. Gradually add another cup of white flour and keep stirring until the dough is shaped into a ball and doesn't stick to the bowl. | brainstorming | Instruction: How to make a Pizza dough?
Context:
Response: Combine about 1 cup (125g) of white flour, yeast, granulated sugar, and kosher salt in a big bowl. You may add garlic powder and dried basil powder as well. Add virgin olive oil and warm water and stir thoroughly. Gradually add another cup of white flour and keep stirring until the dough is shaped into a ball and doesn't stick to the bowl. | 10,416 |
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Classify each of the following as either a typical cat name or dog name: Spot, Whiskers, Mittens, Buddy, Fido, Rover, Lassie, Rex, Felix, Socks, Tiger | Typical cat names: Whiskers, Mittens, Felix, Socks, Tiger
Typical dog names: Spot, Buddy, Fido, Rover, Lassie, Rex | classification | Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a typical cat name or dog name: Spot, Whiskers, Mittens, Buddy, Fido, Rover, Lassie, Rex, Felix, Socks, Tiger
Context:
Response: Typical cat names: Whiskers, Mittens, Felix, Socks, Tiger
Typical dog names: Spot, Buddy, Fido, Rover, Lassie, Rex | 1,053 |
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What is Accrued income security | This is a security (investment) which pays interest at regular intervals. When it is sold, interest may have built up and this interest will be paid to the new owner. Interest built up like this is called accrued interest. | open_qa | Instruction: What is Accrued income security
Context:
Response: This is a security (investment) which pays interest at regular intervals. When it is sold, interest may have built up and this interest will be paid to the new owner. Interest built up like this is called accrued interest. | 12,500 |
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From the passage provided, extract the different bordering regions to Southeast Asia | Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and north-west of mainland Australia which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is completely in the Northern Hemisphere. Timor-Leste and the southern portion of Indonesia are the only parts in Southeast Asia that are south of the Equator. | Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. | information_extraction | Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the different bordering regions to Southeast Asia
Context: Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and north-west of mainland Australia which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is completely in the Northern Hemisphere. Timor-Leste and the southern portion of Indonesia are the only parts in Southeast Asia that are south of the Equator.
Response: Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia and the Indian Ocean. | 7,541 |
Who won the masters in golf in 2019? | Tiger Woods won his fifth Green Jacket, and fifteenth major, by one stroke ahead of three runners-up. It left him one shy of Jack Nicklaus's record six Masters wins, and three short of his record eighteen major wins. At age 43, he became the eleventh oldest player to win a major, and the second oldest Masters winner, again only bettered by Nicklaus who won at age 46. It was 11 years after his last major win, the 2008 U.S. Open, and 14 years since his last Masters win beating the previous record of 13 years held by Gary Player. Due to the high profile of Woods, and his storied fall from the top of the game due to personal issues and injuries, the victory generated a large amount of publicity around the world, and is regarded as one of the great sporting comebacks. | open_qa | Instruction: Who won the masters in golf in 2019?
Context:
Response: Tiger Woods won his fifth Green Jacket, and fifteenth major, by one stroke ahead of three runners-up. It left him one shy of Jack Nicklaus's record six Masters wins, and three short of his record eighteen major wins. At age 43, he became the eleventh oldest player to win a major, and the second oldest Masters winner, again only bettered by Nicklaus who won at age 46. It was 11 years after his last major win, the 2008 U.S. Open, and 14 years since his last Masters win beating the previous record of 13 years held by Gary Player. Due to the high profile of Woods, and his storied fall from the top of the game due to personal issues and injuries, the victory generated a large amount of publicity around the world, and is regarded as one of the great sporting comebacks. | 7,001 |
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Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Electro, Black Lightning | Electro is Marvel, Black Lightning is DC | classification | Instruction: Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Electro, Black Lightning
Context:
Response: Electro is Marvel, Black Lightning is DC | 1,580 |
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Why is security important for organizations? | Organizations are typically focused on executing on their mission and taking care of their customers' needs. Security often feels like it is an unnecessary overhead, it actually slows one down from being able to focus on the core of their mission - kind of feels like brakes on a car. How fast would you go in a car without brakes? It turns out that security (like brakes) does slow you down, but also is the reason you are willing to go fast. | general_qa | Instruction: Why is security important for organizations?
Context:
Response: Organizations are typically focused on executing on their mission and taking care of their customers' needs. Security often feels like it is an unnecessary overhead, it actually slows one down from being able to focus on the core of their mission - kind of feels like brakes on a car. How fast would you go in a car without brakes? It turns out that security (like brakes) does slow you down, but also is the reason you are willing to go fast. | 8,498 |
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What is the game called Lacrosse | Lacrosse is a team sport played with a lacrosse stick and a lacrosse ball. It is the oldest organized sport in North America,[ with its origins with the indigenous people of North America as early as the 12th century.The game was extensively modified by European colonists, reducing the violence, to create its current collegiate and professional form.
Players use the head of the lacrosse stick to carry, pass, catch, and shoot the ball into the goal. The sport has four versions that have different sticks, fields, rules and equipment: field lacrosse, women's lacrosse, box lacrosse and intercrosse. The men's games, field lacrosse (outdoor) and box lacrosse (indoor), are contact sports and all players wear protective gear: helmet, gloves, shoulder pads, and elbow pads. The women's game is played outdoors and does not allow body contact but does allow stick to stick contact.The only protective gear required for women players is eyegear, while goalies wear helmets and protective pads. Both men's and women's field lacrosse have 6v6 versions played on smaller fields, gaining acceptance in multi-sport events. Intercrosse is a mixed-gender non-contact sport played indoors that uses an all-plastic stick and a softer ball.
The modern sport is governed by World Lacrosse and is the only international sport organization to recognize First Nations bands and Native American tribes as sovereign nations.The organization hosts the World Lacrosse Championship for men, the Women's Lacrosse World Cup, the World Indoor Lacrosse Championship for box lacrosse, and the Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships for both men and women. Each is held every four years. Lacrosse at the Summer Olympics has been contested at two editions of the Summer Olympic Games, 1904 and 1908.It was also held as a demonstration event at the 1928, 1932, and 1948 Summer Olympics. | general_qa | Instruction: What is the game called Lacrosse
Context:
Response: Lacrosse is a team sport played with a lacrosse stick and a lacrosse ball. It is the oldest organized sport in North America,[ with its origins with the indigenous people of North America as early as the 12th century.The game was extensively modified by European colonists, reducing the violence, to create its current collegiate and professional form.
Players use the head of the lacrosse stick to carry, pass, catch, and shoot the ball into the goal. The sport has four versions that have different sticks, fields, rules and equipment: field lacrosse, women's lacrosse, box lacrosse and intercrosse. The men's games, field lacrosse (outdoor) and box lacrosse (indoor), are contact sports and all players wear protective gear: helmet, gloves, shoulder pads, and elbow pads. The women's game is played outdoors and does not allow body contact but does allow stick to stick contact.The only protective gear required for women players is eyegear, while goalies wear helmets and protective pads. Both men's and women's field lacrosse have 6v6 versions played on smaller fields, gaining acceptance in multi-sport events. Intercrosse is a mixed-gender non-contact sport played indoors that uses an all-plastic stick and a softer ball.
The modern sport is governed by World Lacrosse and is the only international sport organization to recognize First Nations bands and Native American tribes as sovereign nations.The organization hosts the World Lacrosse Championship for men, the Women's Lacrosse World Cup, the World Indoor Lacrosse Championship for box lacrosse, and the Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships for both men and women. Each is held every four years. Lacrosse at the Summer Olympics has been contested at two editions of the Summer Olympic Games, 1904 and 1908.It was also held as a demonstration event at the 1928, 1932, and 1948 Summer Olympics. | 7,912 |
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From the given text, Provide me step by step instructions on how to prepare tea. | Steeping, or brewing, is the process of making tea from leaves and hot water, generally using 2 grams (0.071 oz) of tea per 100 millilitres (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of water (H2O) or about 1 teaspoon of green tea per 150 ml cup. Steeping temperatures range from 61 °C (142 °F) to 87 °C (189 °F) and steeping times from 30 seconds to three minutes. | 1. To brew/steep tea, use 2gm tea leaves per 100ml of water and let it brew between 61 °C to 87 °C for 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
2. For green tea, use 1 teaspoon of green tea per 150 ml of water and let it brew between 61 °C to 87 °C for 30 seconds to 3 minutes. | summarization | Instruction: From the given text, Provide me step by step instructions on how to prepare tea.
Context: Steeping, or brewing, is the process of making tea from leaves and hot water, generally using 2 grams (0.071 oz) of tea per 100 millilitres (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of water (H2O) or about 1 teaspoon of green tea per 150 ml cup. Steeping temperatures range from 61 °C (142 °F) to 87 °C (189 °F) and steeping times from 30 seconds to three minutes.
Response: 1. To brew/steep tea, use 2gm tea leaves per 100ml of water and let it brew between 61 °C to 87 °C for 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
2. For green tea, use 1 teaspoon of green tea per 150 ml of water and let it brew between 61 °C to 87 °C for 30 seconds to 3 minutes. | 5,910 |
The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the novelist | Abdulrazak Gurnah (England) | open_qa | Instruction: The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the novelist
Context:
Response: Abdulrazak Gurnah (England) | 6,442 |
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From the passage list down the various Gods whom Bhrigu visited. List the results in comma separated format. | Once, the sages wanted to decide the deity to dedicate a ritual. The sages appointed the sage Bhrigu to select the god. Bhrigu decided to test the gods. He first went to the King of Svarga, Indra, who ignored the sage, and was busy in enjoying the dance of apsaras in heaven. Bhrigu cursed Indra that he would only be referred to as an egoistic soul, all over the universe. He next visited Brahma. Brahma was busy with his four heads in chanting the Vedas, performing meditation, creating the world, and spending his time with his wife, Saraswati. Next, he visited Shiva. Shiva was busy in his Rudradhyanam with his wife, Parvati, at his feet. Bhrigu cursed Shiva that he would be worshipped only in the formless Lingam. At last, Bhrigu went to Vishnu. Vishnu was sleeping on Adishesha, and Lakshmi was at his feet. When Bhrigu arrived, he first saw Vishnu's feet, and felt humiliated. Enraged, he kicked Vishnu on his chest. Awakened, Vishnu started massaging Bhrigu's feet, and served him with great hospitality. Bhrigu was pleased, and ordered the sages to perform the rites to Vishnu. Lakshmi quarreled with Vishnu, as she felt that Bhrigu insulted her indirectly by hitting Vishnu on his chest where she lived, and thus left Vaikuntha.
She settled on earth in disguise as a young-sage like boy in the ancient city of Karvir, and meditated the name of Vishnu (Regarded by adherents to be the site of the Mahalakshmi temple). Vishnu soon arrived on earth, searching for his consort. He failed to find her, and instead settled on the Seshachalam hills. This happened to be the spot in Tirupati where Varaha had rested and taught Karma Yoga to the people till the beginning of Kali Yuga, after having rescuing Bhudevi from the wicked Hiranyaksha. Vishnu sat inside an anthill in his disguise, which was situated under a tamarind tree, and started chanting the name of his wife, Mahalakshmi.
The whole earth became gloomy. On the request of Parvati and Saraswati, Shiva and Brahma incarnated as a cow and a calf respectively, in the Chola kingdom. This cow and calf were being grazed daily by a shepherd of Chola kingdom in the Seshachalam hills. Everyday, the cow used to pour her milk into the anthill to lessen the thirst of Vishnu. Due to this, the cow and calf became pale and unhealthy. The shepherd noticed this, and felt that something was awry. The next day, the shepherd took the animals for grazing, and as was the custom, the cow poured milk into the anthill. The shepherd saw this act, and he threw an axe (parasu) on the cow and calf. Vishnu noticed, and in order to protect them, Vishnu arose from the anthill and the axe hit his own forehead (the blood poured as his namam on his head). An enraged Vishnu cursed the shepherd that he would die immediately, and the latter succumbed to the blow of his own axe. This news reached the Chola king. The ruler suspected the absence of the shepherd. He went near the grazing field, and was surprised to see the corpse of the shepherd. He went to the grazing field, where the cows were offering their milk to Vishnu. However, Vishnu was in disguise, and so the king could not identify him. The king strung his arrow, believing that the milk should serve the kingdom rather than the boy he saw. Vishnu, once again, emerged, and grew enormous, stopped the arrows from passing further and he cursed the king for not maintaining the dharma of his kingdom. The king repented and surrendered at the deity's feet. Unlike the shepherd, the king had realised his mistake, which pleased Vishnu, and hence presented him with the boon that he would marry the king's daughter in his next birth.
In his next birth, Vishnu incarnated as Srinivasa, to a woman named Vakuladevi. It is said that in the Dvapara Yuga, Krishna presented Yashoda with a boon that he would be born to the former in the Kali Yuga. Vakuladevi is regarded as the reincarnation of Yashoda. Meanwhile, the goddess Lakshmi was born at the palace of Akasha Raja, the next birth of the Chola king. Srinivasa was a forest-dweller. One day, he met a beautiful girl named Padmavati, the princess of the Chola dynasty. Padmavati fell in love with Srinivasa , and decided to marry him. According to the boon of Vishnu to the Chola king in their previous births, Srinivasa has to marry Padmavati, princess of Chola dynasty. For the marriage expenses, Srinivasa borrowed riches from Kubera, and promised to repay the loan with interest at the end of the Kali Yuga. | Indra, Brahma, Saraswati, Shiva, Parvati, Vishnu, Lakshmi | information_extraction | Instruction: From the passage list down the various Gods whom Bhrigu visited. List the results in comma separated format.
Context: Once, the sages wanted to decide the deity to dedicate a ritual. The sages appointed the sage Bhrigu to select the god. Bhrigu decided to test the gods. He first went to the King of Svarga, Indra, who ignored the sage, and was busy in enjoying the dance of apsaras in heaven. Bhrigu cursed Indra that he would only be referred to as an egoistic soul, all over the universe. He next visited Brahma. Brahma was busy with his four heads in chanting the Vedas, performing meditation, creating the world, and spending his time with his wife, Saraswati. Next, he visited Shiva. Shiva was busy in his Rudradhyanam with his wife, Parvati, at his feet. Bhrigu cursed Shiva that he would be worshipped only in the formless Lingam. At last, Bhrigu went to Vishnu. Vishnu was sleeping on Adishesha, and Lakshmi was at his feet. When Bhrigu arrived, he first saw Vishnu's feet, and felt humiliated. Enraged, he kicked Vishnu on his chest. Awakened, Vishnu started massaging Bhrigu's feet, and served him with great hospitality. Bhrigu was pleased, and ordered the sages to perform the rites to Vishnu. Lakshmi quarreled with Vishnu, as she felt that Bhrigu insulted her indirectly by hitting Vishnu on his chest where she lived, and thus left Vaikuntha.
She settled on earth in disguise as a young-sage like boy in the ancient city of Karvir, and meditated the name of Vishnu (Regarded by adherents to be the site of the Mahalakshmi temple). Vishnu soon arrived on earth, searching for his consort. He failed to find her, and instead settled on the Seshachalam hills. This happened to be the spot in Tirupati where Varaha had rested and taught Karma Yoga to the people till the beginning of Kali Yuga, after having rescuing Bhudevi from the wicked Hiranyaksha. Vishnu sat inside an anthill in his disguise, which was situated under a tamarind tree, and started chanting the name of his wife, Mahalakshmi.
The whole earth became gloomy. On the request of Parvati and Saraswati, Shiva and Brahma incarnated as a cow and a calf respectively, in the Chola kingdom. This cow and calf were being grazed daily by a shepherd of Chola kingdom in the Seshachalam hills. Everyday, the cow used to pour her milk into the anthill to lessen the thirst of Vishnu. Due to this, the cow and calf became pale and unhealthy. The shepherd noticed this, and felt that something was awry. The next day, the shepherd took the animals for grazing, and as was the custom, the cow poured milk into the anthill. The shepherd saw this act, and he threw an axe (parasu) on the cow and calf. Vishnu noticed, and in order to protect them, Vishnu arose from the anthill and the axe hit his own forehead (the blood poured as his namam on his head). An enraged Vishnu cursed the shepherd that he would die immediately, and the latter succumbed to the blow of his own axe. This news reached the Chola king. The ruler suspected the absence of the shepherd. He went near the grazing field, and was surprised to see the corpse of the shepherd. He went to the grazing field, where the cows were offering their milk to Vishnu. However, Vishnu was in disguise, and so the king could not identify him. The king strung his arrow, believing that the milk should serve the kingdom rather than the boy he saw. Vishnu, once again, emerged, and grew enormous, stopped the arrows from passing further and he cursed the king for not maintaining the dharma of his kingdom. The king repented and surrendered at the deity's feet. Unlike the shepherd, the king had realised his mistake, which pleased Vishnu, and hence presented him with the boon that he would marry the king's daughter in his next birth.
In his next birth, Vishnu incarnated as Srinivasa, to a woman named Vakuladevi. It is said that in the Dvapara Yuga, Krishna presented Yashoda with a boon that he would be born to the former in the Kali Yuga. Vakuladevi is regarded as the reincarnation of Yashoda. Meanwhile, the goddess Lakshmi was born at the palace of Akasha Raja, the next birth of the Chola king. Srinivasa was a forest-dweller. One day, he met a beautiful girl named Padmavati, the princess of the Chola dynasty. Padmavati fell in love with Srinivasa , and decided to marry him. According to the boon of Vishnu to the Chola king in their previous births, Srinivasa has to marry Padmavati, princess of Chola dynasty. For the marriage expenses, Srinivasa borrowed riches from Kubera, and promised to repay the loan with interest at the end of the Kali Yuga.
Response: Indra, Brahma, Saraswati, Shiva, Parvati, Vishnu, Lakshmi | 9,231 |
How many years were Ian Kemps masterly culmination of his career at Manchester? | Ian Manson Kemp (26 June 1931 – 16 September 2011) was a musicologist and academic.
Biography
Born in Edinburgh on 26 June 1931, Kemp was the son of Roland Kemp, a radio engineer. He attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Chelmsford and Felsted School, before completed National Service in Germany. In 1951, he began undergraduate studies at St John's College, Cambridge under Patrick Hadley and Robin Orr. On graduating in 1954, he began working for Schott & Co., the music publisher. In 1959, he was appointed an assistant lecturer at the University of Aberdeen; he briefly returned to Schott's (1962–64) as head of promotion, but then went back to Aberdeen, this time to take up a senior lectureship. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, in 1971, remaining there until his appointment to the West Riding Chair of Music at the University of Leeds in 1977. He moved to the University of Manchester in 1981 to be Professor of Music, and remained there until retirement in 1991.
Kemp's time at Schott's brought him into contact with distinguished composers, including Michael Tippett, Alexander Goehr, Peter Maxwell Davies and Harrison Birtwistle. He became an expert on Tippett's music, and at Aberdeen he edited Michael Tippett: A Symposium on his 60th Birthday in 1965. His time at Manchester, which The Guardian considers the "culmination" of his career, saw him write a biography of Tippett in 1984, which The Times considered "masterly". He was also a specialist in Paul Hindemith, surveying his work in 1970, and Hector Berlioz, editing the Cambridge Opera Handbook on Berlioz's Les Troyens in 1989.
In his retirement, he lived in North London and then Sussex, but health problems slowed down his scholarly output. He died on 16 September 2011, leaving a widow, the conductor Sian Edwards, and their son, and five children from his first marriage to Gill Turner. | For 10 years, between 1981 and his retirement in 1991 | closed_qa | Instruction: How many years were Ian Kemps masterly culmination of his career at Manchester?
Context: Ian Manson Kemp (26 June 1931 – 16 September 2011) was a musicologist and academic.
Biography
Born in Edinburgh on 26 June 1931, Kemp was the son of Roland Kemp, a radio engineer. He attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Chelmsford and Felsted School, before completed National Service in Germany. In 1951, he began undergraduate studies at St John's College, Cambridge under Patrick Hadley and Robin Orr. On graduating in 1954, he began working for Schott & Co., the music publisher. In 1959, he was appointed an assistant lecturer at the University of Aberdeen; he briefly returned to Schott's (1962–64) as head of promotion, but then went back to Aberdeen, this time to take up a senior lectureship. He was elected a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, in 1971, remaining there until his appointment to the West Riding Chair of Music at the University of Leeds in 1977. He moved to the University of Manchester in 1981 to be Professor of Music, and remained there until retirement in 1991.
Kemp's time at Schott's brought him into contact with distinguished composers, including Michael Tippett, Alexander Goehr, Peter Maxwell Davies and Harrison Birtwistle. He became an expert on Tippett's music, and at Aberdeen he edited Michael Tippett: A Symposium on his 60th Birthday in 1965. His time at Manchester, which The Guardian considers the "culmination" of his career, saw him write a biography of Tippett in 1984, which The Times considered "masterly". He was also a specialist in Paul Hindemith, surveying his work in 1970, and Hector Berlioz, editing the Cambridge Opera Handbook on Berlioz's Les Troyens in 1989.
In his retirement, he lived in North London and then Sussex, but health problems slowed down his scholarly output. He died on 16 September 2011, leaving a widow, the conductor Sian Edwards, and their son, and five children from his first marriage to Gill Turner.
Response: For 10 years, between 1981 and his retirement in 1991 | 7,886 |
classify each of the following strings as positive or negative: ':)', ':(', 'i love you', 'i do not like you', 'happy', 'sad' | positive: ':)', 'i love you', 'happy'
negative: ':(', 'i do not like you', 'sad' | classification | Instruction: classify each of the following strings as positive or negative: ':)', ':(', 'i love you', 'i do not like you', 'happy', 'sad'
Context:
Response: positive: ':)', 'i love you', 'happy'
negative: ':(', 'i do not like you', 'sad' | 11,976 |
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Without quoting directly from the text give me a summary of what skateboarding is. | Skateboarding is an action sport originating in the United States that involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard, as well as a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry job, and a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue, with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. | Skateboarding is an action sport originating in the United States that involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard, as well as a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry job, and a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue, with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding would be represented at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, for both male and female teams.
Since the 1970s, skateparks have been constructed specifically for use by skateboarders, freestyle BMXers, aggressive skaters, and more recently, scooters. However, skateboarding has become controversial in areas in which the activity, although illegal, has damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas, and parks. | summarization | Instruction: Without quoting directly from the text give me a summary of what skateboarding is.
Context: Skateboarding is an action sport originating in the United States that involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard, as well as a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry job, and a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue, with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world.
Response: Skateboarding is an action sport originating in the United States that involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard, as well as a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry job, and a method of transportation. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue, with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding would be represented at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, for both male and female teams.
Since the 1970s, skateparks have been constructed specifically for use by skateboarders, freestyle BMXers, aggressive skaters, and more recently, scooters. However, skateboarding has become controversial in areas in which the activity, although illegal, has damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas, and parks. | 3,646 |
Show me general reviews received for game Meat Puppet using given text as a reference | Next Generation reviewed the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Meat Puppet is the sort of game that keeps you playing just to see what happens next, so it's probably best not to give away anything else. With better control, it would have rated a star higher, no question. As it is, the gameplay is just solid enough to let you keep coming back."
Siew-Ching Goh for Australian newspaper The Age said "why set your heart on a showdown when the more likely outcome is being late for the appointment? You'll still have a lot of fun, anyway, running around with Lotos." | 1. The game received a three out of five star review from Next Generation, who also noted that "Meat Puppet is the kind of game that keeps you playing just to see what happens next, so it's probably best not to give away anything else."
2. Without a doubt, it would have received a higher rating with better control. The gameplay is currently just reliable enough to keep you coming back.
3. "Why set your heart on a showdown when the more likely outcome is being late for the appointment?," wrote Siew-Ching Goh for the Australian publication The Age. You'll still have a great time playing with Lotos, though. | summarization | Instruction: Show me general reviews received for game Meat Puppet using given text as a reference
Context: Next Generation reviewed the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Meat Puppet is the sort of game that keeps you playing just to see what happens next, so it's probably best not to give away anything else. With better control, it would have rated a star higher, no question. As it is, the gameplay is just solid enough to let you keep coming back."
Siew-Ching Goh for Australian newspaper The Age said "why set your heart on a showdown when the more likely outcome is being late for the appointment? You'll still have a lot of fun, anyway, running around with Lotos."
Response: 1. The game received a three out of five star review from Next Generation, who also noted that "Meat Puppet is the kind of game that keeps you playing just to see what happens next, so it's probably best not to give away anything else."
2. Without a doubt, it would have received a higher rating with better control. The gameplay is currently just reliable enough to keep you coming back.
3. "Why set your heart on a showdown when the more likely outcome is being late for the appointment?," wrote Siew-Ching Goh for the Australian publication The Age. You'll still have a great time playing with Lotos, though. | 11,547 |
Why is Stephen Curry the best player in the NBA? | Stephen Curry is arguably the best player in the NBA today. Stephen Curry is a transcendent NBA superstar and an all-time great. Despite being relatively undersized by NBA standards at 6 foot 2 inches and 185 pounds, he has been a highly productive NBA player. Stephen Curry possesses the greatest 3-point shooting ability in NBA history. In 2022, he surpassed Ray Allen to become the all-time leader in 3-pointers made. That said, Stephen Curry's highly accurate 3-point shooting is not the only unique skill Curry brings to the court. He also possesses the uncanny ability to use off-ball movement, ball-handling skills, and a lightning fast release to create quality shots. The results of Stephen Curry's amazing skillset are evident through his career accolades. He is a 4-time NBA champion, 2-time MVP, and an NBA Finals MVP. | creative_writing | Instruction: Why is Stephen Curry the best player in the NBA?
Context:
Response: Stephen Curry is arguably the best player in the NBA today. Stephen Curry is a transcendent NBA superstar and an all-time great. Despite being relatively undersized by NBA standards at 6 foot 2 inches and 185 pounds, he has been a highly productive NBA player. Stephen Curry possesses the greatest 3-point shooting ability in NBA history. In 2022, he surpassed Ray Allen to become the all-time leader in 3-pointers made. That said, Stephen Curry's highly accurate 3-point shooting is not the only unique skill Curry brings to the court. He also possesses the uncanny ability to use off-ball movement, ball-handling skills, and a lightning fast release to create quality shots. The results of Stephen Curry's amazing skillset are evident through his career accolades. He is a 4-time NBA champion, 2-time MVP, and an NBA Finals MVP. | 7,289 |
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Extract the name of the comedy films that Cage performed in. Separate them with a comma. | Cage made his acting debut in the 1981 television pilot The Best of Times, which was never picked up by ABC. His film debut followed in 1982, with a minor role as an unnamed co-worker of Judge Reinhold's character in the coming-of-age film Fast Times at Ridgemont High, having originally auditioned for Reinhold's part. His experience on the film was marred by cast members endlessly quoting his uncle's films, which inspired him to change his name. Cage's first starring role came opposite Deborah Foreman in the romantic comedy Valley Girl (1983), in which he played a punk who falls in love with the titular valley girl, a plot loosely inspired by Romeo and Juliet. The film was a modest box office success and has been branded a cult classic. He auditioned for the role of Dallas Winston in his uncle's film The Outsiders, based on S.E. Hinton's novel, but lost to Matt Dillon. Cage, however, would co-star in Coppola's adaptation of another Hinton novel, Rumble Fish, in that year.
In 1984, Cage appeared in three period films, none of which fared well at the box office. In the drama, Racing with the Moon (1984), Cage featured opposite Sean Penn as friends who are awaiting deployment to the U.S. Marine Corps. Coppola's crime drama The Cotton Club saw him play a fictionalized version of mob hitman Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll, earning praise from critic Paul Attanasio for "artully his few moments to sketch a brawny, violent thug". His final release of the year was Alan Parker's drama Birdy, in which he starred with Matthew Modine as two close friends and their trauma inflicted by serving in the Vietnam War. Cage lost weight for the role and had two of his front teeth pulled out to appear disfigured. Despite massively underperforming at the box office, the film, and Cage and Modine's performances, received positive reviews, with The New York Times critic Janet Maslin writing, "Mr. Cage very sympathetically captures Al's urgency and frustration. Together, these actors work miracles with what might have been unplayable."
In 1986, Cage starred in the little-seen Canadian sports drama The Boy in Blue and his uncle's fantasy comedy Peggy Sue Got Married (1987) as the husband to Kathleen Turner's character, who has travelled back in time to their high school days. He then starred in the Coen brothers' crime comedy Raising Arizona (1987) as a dim-witted ex-con. Cage's biggest breakthrough came in 1987 with the romantic comedy Moonstruck, in which he starred alongside Cher as a hot-tempered baker who falls in love with his estranged brother's widowed fiancé. The film was a hit with critics and audiences alike, earning Cage a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy In his retrospective review, Roger Ebert wrote that he felt Cage's performance was worthy of an Oscar. | Valley Girl, Peggy Sue Got Married, Raising Arizona, Moonstruck | information_extraction | Instruction: Extract the name of the comedy films that Cage performed in. Separate them with a comma.
Context: Cage made his acting debut in the 1981 television pilot The Best of Times, which was never picked up by ABC. His film debut followed in 1982, with a minor role as an unnamed co-worker of Judge Reinhold's character in the coming-of-age film Fast Times at Ridgemont High, having originally auditioned for Reinhold's part. His experience on the film was marred by cast members endlessly quoting his uncle's films, which inspired him to change his name. Cage's first starring role came opposite Deborah Foreman in the romantic comedy Valley Girl (1983), in which he played a punk who falls in love with the titular valley girl, a plot loosely inspired by Romeo and Juliet. The film was a modest box office success and has been branded a cult classic. He auditioned for the role of Dallas Winston in his uncle's film The Outsiders, based on S.E. Hinton's novel, but lost to Matt Dillon. Cage, however, would co-star in Coppola's adaptation of another Hinton novel, Rumble Fish, in that year.
In 1984, Cage appeared in three period films, none of which fared well at the box office. In the drama, Racing with the Moon (1984), Cage featured opposite Sean Penn as friends who are awaiting deployment to the U.S. Marine Corps. Coppola's crime drama The Cotton Club saw him play a fictionalized version of mob hitman Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll, earning praise from critic Paul Attanasio for "artully his few moments to sketch a brawny, violent thug". His final release of the year was Alan Parker's drama Birdy, in which he starred with Matthew Modine as two close friends and their trauma inflicted by serving in the Vietnam War. Cage lost weight for the role and had two of his front teeth pulled out to appear disfigured. Despite massively underperforming at the box office, the film, and Cage and Modine's performances, received positive reviews, with The New York Times critic Janet Maslin writing, "Mr. Cage very sympathetically captures Al's urgency and frustration. Together, these actors work miracles with what might have been unplayable."
In 1986, Cage starred in the little-seen Canadian sports drama The Boy in Blue and his uncle's fantasy comedy Peggy Sue Got Married (1987) as the husband to Kathleen Turner's character, who has travelled back in time to their high school days. He then starred in the Coen brothers' crime comedy Raising Arizona (1987) as a dim-witted ex-con. Cage's biggest breakthrough came in 1987 with the romantic comedy Moonstruck, in which he starred alongside Cher as a hot-tempered baker who falls in love with his estranged brother's widowed fiancé. The film was a hit with critics and audiences alike, earning Cage a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy In his retrospective review, Roger Ebert wrote that he felt Cage's performance was worthy of an Oscar.
Response: Valley Girl, Peggy Sue Got Married, Raising Arizona, Moonstruck | 3,819 |
In which cities was the AFL Grand Final played during COVID-19 ? | The COVID-19 pandemic affected the scheduling of the match in 2020 and 2021, as outbreaks of the virus in Melbourne during finals precluded unrestricted travel and mass gatherings in Victoria. In 2020, when most of the league's clubs had been relocated to Queensland for the majority of the season, the grand final was played at the Gabba in Brisbane, the first time it had been played outside Victoria. It was also played at night, the first time it was not played in the afternoon time slot. The following season, it was played at Optus Stadium in Perth in a twilight timeslot | The AFL Grand Final was played in Brisbane in 2020 and Perth in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Usually the AFL Grand Final is played in Melbourne, Victoria. | summarization | Instruction: In which cities was the AFL Grand Final played during COVID-19 ?
Context: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the scheduling of the match in 2020 and 2021, as outbreaks of the virus in Melbourne during finals precluded unrestricted travel and mass gatherings in Victoria. In 2020, when most of the league's clubs had been relocated to Queensland for the majority of the season, the grand final was played at the Gabba in Brisbane, the first time it had been played outside Victoria. It was also played at night, the first time it was not played in the afternoon time slot. The following season, it was played at Optus Stadium in Perth in a twilight timeslot
Response: The AFL Grand Final was played in Brisbane in 2020 and Perth in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Usually the AFL Grand Final is played in Melbourne, Victoria. | 14,960 |
How is the weather in India? | India being very near to the equator has a good balance in weather with day and night almost 12 hours throughout the day. With a very large coastline in the south and Himalayan mountains to the north, India experience hotter summers and colder winters as well, and gets extreme in some parts of the country | open_qa | Instruction: How is the weather in India?
Context:
Response: India being very near to the equator has a good balance in weather with day and night almost 12 hours throughout the day. With a very large coastline in the south and Himalayan mountains to the north, India experience hotter summers and colder winters as well, and gets extreme in some parts of the country | 3,290 |
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What is Azure HDInsight? | Azure HDInsight is a cloud-based service from Microsoft for big data analytics that helps organizations process large amounts of streaming or historical data. It runs popular open-source frameworks—including Apache Hadoop, Spark, Hive, Kafka, and more. | open_qa | Instruction: What is Azure HDInsight?
Context:
Response: Azure HDInsight is a cloud-based service from Microsoft for big data analytics that helps organizations process large amounts of streaming or historical data. It runs popular open-source frameworks—including Apache Hadoop, Spark, Hive, Kafka, and more. | 7,271 |
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Which are the fastest animals on earth? | There are different ways to categorize which are the fastest animals on earth. The fastest animal in the entire animal kingdom is the peregrine falcon, reaching speeds of up to 389 km/h (242mph) in vertical flight when diving to hunt. The fastest land animal in the world is the cheetah, being able to run at speeds of up to 120.7 km/h (75mph). The fastest swimming animal in the world is the swordfish, reaching speeds of up to 98.27 km/h (60). In comparison, the current human speed record is 44.72 km/h (278mph) and was set by Usain Bolt. | open_qa | Instruction: Which are the fastest animals on earth?
Context:
Response: There are different ways to categorize which are the fastest animals on earth. The fastest animal in the entire animal kingdom is the peregrine falcon, reaching speeds of up to 389 km/h (242mph) in vertical flight when diving to hunt. The fastest land animal in the world is the cheetah, being able to run at speeds of up to 120.7 km/h (75mph). The fastest swimming animal in the world is the swordfish, reaching speeds of up to 98.27 km/h (60). In comparison, the current human speed record is 44.72 km/h (278mph) and was set by Usain Bolt. | 13,043 |
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Who created Tetris? | Tetris was created by soviet software engineer Alexey Pajitnov in 1984. It was later bought by Nintendo and became one of the most popular games ever, selling over 35 million copies. | open_qa | Instruction: Who created Tetris?
Context:
Response: Tetris was created by soviet software engineer Alexey Pajitnov in 1984. It was later bought by Nintendo and became one of the most popular games ever, selling over 35 million copies. | 14,129 |
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Classify the below places based on whether they are mountains or river.
Everest, Niles, Hudson, Nanga Parbat | Everest, Nanga Parbat - Mountains
Niles, Hudson- River | classification | Instruction: Classify the below places based on whether they are mountains or river.
Everest, Niles, Hudson, Nanga Parbat
Context:
Response: Everest, Nanga Parbat - Mountains
Niles, Hudson- River | 14,273 |
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What event triggered the start of WWI? | WWI began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand | open_qa | Instruction: What event triggered the start of WWI?
Context:
Response: WWI began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand | 6,158 |
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Why are pulse tools used in product assembly over impact wrenches? | Impact wrenches are widely used in many industries, such as automotive repair, heavy equipment maintenance, product assembly, major construction projects, and any other instance where a high torque output is needed. For product assembly, a pulse tool is commonly used, as it features a reactionless tightening while reducing the noise levels the regular impacts suffer from. Pulse tools use oil as a medium to transfer the kinetic energy from the hammer into the anvil. This gives a smoother impulse, a slightly lower torque to weight ratio and a possibility to design a shut off mechanism that shuts the tool down when achieving the correct torque. Pulse tools are not referred to as "impact wrenches" as the performance and technology are not the same. | Pulse tools are used for product assembly because they have reactionless tightening and are able to reduce noise levels | summarization | Instruction: Why are pulse tools used in product assembly over impact wrenches?
Context: Impact wrenches are widely used in many industries, such as automotive repair, heavy equipment maintenance, product assembly, major construction projects, and any other instance where a high torque output is needed. For product assembly, a pulse tool is commonly used, as it features a reactionless tightening while reducing the noise levels the regular impacts suffer from. Pulse tools use oil as a medium to transfer the kinetic energy from the hammer into the anvil. This gives a smoother impulse, a slightly lower torque to weight ratio and a possibility to design a shut off mechanism that shuts the tool down when achieving the correct torque. Pulse tools are not referred to as "impact wrenches" as the performance and technology are not the same.
Response: Pulse tools are used for product assembly because they have reactionless tightening and are able to reduce noise levels | 13,593 |
Given these two paragraphs, where did Jimmy Carter go to college? | Carter attended Plains High School from 1937 to 1941, graduating from the eleventh grade, since the school did not have a twelfth grade. By that time, Archery and Plains had been impoverished by the Great Depression, but the family benefited from New Deal farming subsidies, and Carter's father took a position as a community leader. Carter himself was a diligent student with a fondness for reading. A popular anecdote holds that he was passed over for valedictorian after he and his friends skipped school to venture downtown in a hot rod. Carter's truancy was mentioned in a local newspaper, although it is not clear he would have otherwise been valedictorian. As an adolescent, Carter played on the Plains High School basketball team, and also joined a youth organization named the Future Farmers of America, which helped him develop a lifelong interest in woodworking.
Carter had long dreamed of attending the United States Naval Academy. In 1941, he started undergraduate coursework in engineering at Georgia Southwestern College in nearby Americus, Georgia. The following year, he transferred to the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, and he earned admission to the Naval Academy in 1943. He was a good student but was seen as reserved and quiet, in contrast to the academy's culture of aggressive hazing of freshmen. While at the academy, Carter fell in love with Rosalynn Smith, a friend of his sister Ruth. The two married shortly after his graduation in 1946. He was a sprint football player for the Navy Midshipmen. Carter graduated 60th out of 821 midshipmen in the class of 1947 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as an ensign. | Jimmy Carter received his Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1947. However, he began his undergraduate studies at Georgia Southwestern College. A year later, he transferred to the Georgia Institute of Technology before ultimately earning his admission into the Naval Academy where he would complete his studies. | closed_qa | Instruction: Given these two paragraphs, where did Jimmy Carter go to college?
Context: Carter attended Plains High School from 1937 to 1941, graduating from the eleventh grade, since the school did not have a twelfth grade. By that time, Archery and Plains had been impoverished by the Great Depression, but the family benefited from New Deal farming subsidies, and Carter's father took a position as a community leader. Carter himself was a diligent student with a fondness for reading. A popular anecdote holds that he was passed over for valedictorian after he and his friends skipped school to venture downtown in a hot rod. Carter's truancy was mentioned in a local newspaper, although it is not clear he would have otherwise been valedictorian. As an adolescent, Carter played on the Plains High School basketball team, and also joined a youth organization named the Future Farmers of America, which helped him develop a lifelong interest in woodworking.
Carter had long dreamed of attending the United States Naval Academy. In 1941, he started undergraduate coursework in engineering at Georgia Southwestern College in nearby Americus, Georgia. The following year, he transferred to the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, and he earned admission to the Naval Academy in 1943. He was a good student but was seen as reserved and quiet, in contrast to the academy's culture of aggressive hazing of freshmen. While at the academy, Carter fell in love with Rosalynn Smith, a friend of his sister Ruth. The two married shortly after his graduation in 1946. He was a sprint football player for the Navy Midshipmen. Carter graduated 60th out of 821 midshipmen in the class of 1947 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as an ensign.
Response: Jimmy Carter received his Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1947. However, he began his undergraduate studies at Georgia Southwestern College. A year later, he transferred to the Georgia Institute of Technology before ultimately earning his admission into the Naval Academy where he would complete his studies. | 10,662 |
What are five words that rhyme with light? | Here are five words that rhyme with light: knight, fight, kite, right and trite. | open_qa | Instruction: What are five words that rhyme with light?
Context:
Response: Here are five words that rhyme with light: knight, fight, kite, right and trite. | 13,022 |
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Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what is hallucination? | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model | In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data. | closed_qa | Instruction: Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what is hallucination?
Context: A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model
Response: In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data. | 2,927 |
Who are the last 10 Masters Champions? | 2022 — Scottie Scheffler
2021 — Hideki Matsuyama
2020 — Dustin Johnson
2019 — Tiger Woods
2018 — Patrick Reed
2017 — Sergio Garcia
2016 — Danny Willett
2015 — Jordan Spieth
2014 — Bubba Watson
2013 — Adam Scott | open_qa | Instruction: Who are the last 10 Masters Champions?
Context:
Response: 2022 — Scottie Scheffler
2021 — Hideki Matsuyama
2020 — Dustin Johnson
2019 — Tiger Woods
2018 — Patrick Reed
2017 — Sergio Garcia
2016 — Danny Willett
2015 — Jordan Spieth
2014 — Bubba Watson
2013 — Adam Scott | 4,074 |
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How should I make a good pizza tonight? | Make a delicious pizza by starting with the ingredients. First, gather flour, water, yeast and salt. Combine these ingredients and let the dough rise. Roll the dough into a circle. Next, gather tomatoes and crush them with a hint of salt and olive oil. Spread this mixture on top of the dough. Cover the mixture with heaps of cheese and fresh basil. Drizzle the pizza with olive oil. Then put the pizza in a very hot oven and let it cook for 6 minutes. Finally, eat your delicious pizza. | open_qa | Instruction: How should I make a good pizza tonight?
Context:
Response: Make a delicious pizza by starting with the ingredients. First, gather flour, water, yeast and salt. Combine these ingredients and let the dough rise. Roll the dough into a circle. Next, gather tomatoes and crush them with a hint of salt and olive oil. Spread this mixture on top of the dough. Cover the mixture with heaps of cheese and fresh basil. Drizzle the pizza with olive oil. Then put the pizza in a very hot oven and let it cook for 6 minutes. Finally, eat your delicious pizza. | 6,077 |
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Tell me if the following tourist attractions in Barcelona are free or paid: Park Güell, Parc de la Ciutadella, La Boqueria, Tibidabo, Casa Battló, La Rambla, Born Centre Cultural, La Sagrada Familia, La Pedrera, La Barceloneta, Palau de Música Catalana, Camp Nou | Park Güell - paid
Parc de la Ciutadella - free
La Boqueria - free
Tibidabo - free
Casa Battló - paid
La Rambla - free
Born Centre Cultural - free
La Sagrada Familia - paid
La Pedrera - paid
La Barceloneta - free
Palau de Música Catalana - paid
Camp Nou - paid | classification | Instruction: Tell me if the following tourist attractions in Barcelona are free or paid: Park Güell, Parc de la Ciutadella, La Boqueria, Tibidabo, Casa Battló, La Rambla, Born Centre Cultural, La Sagrada Familia, La Pedrera, La Barceloneta, Palau de Música Catalana, Camp Nou
Context:
Response: Park Güell - paid
Parc de la Ciutadella - free
La Boqueria - free
Tibidabo - free
Casa Battló - paid
La Rambla - free
Born Centre Cultural - free
La Sagrada Familia - paid
La Pedrera - paid
La Barceloneta - free
Palau de Música Catalana - paid
Camp Nou - paid | 10,359 |
|
Who is the largest employer in the world? | The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the U.S. government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces. The DoD is the largest employer in the world, with over 1.34 million active-duty service members (soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen, and guardians) as of June 2022. The DoD also maintains over 778,000 National Guard and reservists, and over 747,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.87 million employees. Headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C., the DoD's stated mission is to provide "the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security". | classification | Instruction: Who is the largest employer in the world?
Context:
Response: The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the U.S. government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces. The DoD is the largest employer in the world, with over 1.34 million active-duty service members (soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen, and guardians) as of June 2022. The DoD also maintains over 778,000 National Guard and reservists, and over 747,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.87 million employees. Headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C., the DoD's stated mission is to provide "the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security". | 4,038 |
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Who is the prime minister of India? | Currently, The prime minister of India is Mr Narendra Modi since 2014. He belongs to Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP). | open_qa | Instruction: Who is the prime minister of India?
Context:
Response: Currently, The prime minister of India is Mr Narendra Modi since 2014. He belongs to Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP). | 1,061 |
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Arrange these weapons from oldest to newest, based on the date they were first invented.
Sword
Nuclear Bomb
Hand Axe
Gatling Gun
Rifle | The correct order is handaxe, sword, rifle, gatling gun, nuclear bomb.
The handaxe is a Stone Age weapon that has existed for more than one million years and long predates homo sapiens. The earliest swords were invented around 3,300 BC in Europe during the beginning of the Bronze Age. The first rifles were likely developed during the 15th century, although their exact origins are unknown. The Gatling gun was invented in 1862 and was first used in battle during the US civil war. The nuclear bomb was invented in 1945 as part of the Manhattan Project. | classification | Instruction: Arrange these weapons from oldest to newest, based on the date they were first invented.
Sword
Nuclear Bomb
Hand Axe
Gatling Gun
Rifle
Context:
Response: The correct order is handaxe, sword, rifle, gatling gun, nuclear bomb.
The handaxe is a Stone Age weapon that has existed for more than one million years and long predates homo sapiens. The earliest swords were invented around 3,300 BC in Europe during the beginning of the Bronze Age. The first rifles were likely developed during the 15th century, although their exact origins are unknown. The Gatling gun was invented in 1862 and was first used in battle during the US civil war. The nuclear bomb was invented in 1945 as part of the Manhattan Project. | 8,688 |
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Which countries became members of NATO between the years of 1999 and 2009? | Politically, the organization sought better relations with the newly autonomous Central and Eastern European states, and diplomatic forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up during this post-Cold War period, including the Partnership for Peace and the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative in 1994, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and the NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council in 1998. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO, and the organization also issued new guidelines for membership with individualized "Membership Action Plans". These plans governed the addition of new alliance members: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, and North Macedonia in 2020. The election of French President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 led to a major reform of France's military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent. | Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Albania, France (rejoined) | closed_qa | Instruction: Which countries became members of NATO between the years of 1999 and 2009?
Context: Politically, the organization sought better relations with the newly autonomous Central and Eastern European states, and diplomatic forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up during this post-Cold War period, including the Partnership for Peace and the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative in 1994, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and the NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council in 1998. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO, and the organization also issued new guidelines for membership with individualized "Membership Action Plans". These plans governed the addition of new alliance members: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, and North Macedonia in 2020. The election of French President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 led to a major reform of France's military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent.
Response: Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Albania, France (rejoined) | 14,731 |
Why are some people in Argentina called Portenos? | "Porteños" comes from the word Puerto, which means Port in Spanish. Porteños was first introduced to describe the people that lived near the main Port in Argentina which is in Buenos Aires, the Capital of Argentina. So Porteños is used to refer to people that live in Buenos Aires. If referring to a female the right use of the word would be PorteñA, with an "a" at the end. | general_qa | Instruction: Why are some people in Argentina called Portenos?
Context:
Response: "Porteños" comes from the word Puerto, which means Port in Spanish. Porteños was first introduced to describe the people that lived near the main Port in Argentina which is in Buenos Aires, the Capital of Argentina. So Porteños is used to refer to people that live in Buenos Aires. If referring to a female the right use of the word would be PorteñA, with an "a" at the end. | 13,523 |
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Give me a sample of three of Australian Animals. | Kangaroo, Koala and Emu are three well known Australian Animals. | brainstorming | Instruction: Give me a sample of three of Australian Animals.
Context:
Response: Kangaroo, Koala and Emu are three well known Australian Animals. | 12,010 |
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If there are only two genera remaining, what happened to the other 24? | According to the World Register of Marine Species, there are only two genera in this family. Previously there were about 26, but most of these have been reallocated as sub-genera of the remaining two genera, Mycale and Phlyctaenopora: | Most of the other 24 were reallocated as sub-genera of the remaining two genera. | closed_qa | Instruction: If there are only two genera remaining, what happened to the other 24?
Context: According to the World Register of Marine Species, there are only two genera in this family. Previously there were about 26, but most of these have been reallocated as sub-genera of the remaining two genera, Mycale and Phlyctaenopora:
Response: Most of the other 24 were reallocated as sub-genera of the remaining two genera. | 8,709 |
find the country that had wars with Egypt, and country that formed an ally to Egypt | Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt declared itself a republic, and in 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which dissolved in 1961. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Egypt endured social and religious strife and political instability, fighting several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, and occupying the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords, officially withdrawing from the Gaza Strip and recognising Israel. After the Arab Spring, which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the country faced a protracted period of political unrest. Egypt's current government, a semi-presidential republic led by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi since 2014, has been described by a number of watchdogs as authoritarian and responsible for perpetuating the country's poor human rights record. | Throughout Egypt modern history, it had formed some allies as well as had fought wars with other countries, form the text provided:
1- Israel is the country that had several wars with Egypt
2- Syria is the country that formed an ally with Egypt | information_extraction | Instruction: find the country that had wars with Egypt, and country that formed an ally to Egypt
Context: Modern Egypt dates back to 1922, when it gained independence from the British Empire as a monarchy. Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt declared itself a republic, and in 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic, which dissolved in 1961. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Egypt endured social and religious strife and political instability, fighting several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, and occupying the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords, officially withdrawing from the Gaza Strip and recognising Israel. After the Arab Spring, which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the country faced a protracted period of political unrest. Egypt's current government, a semi-presidential republic led by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi since 2014, has been described by a number of watchdogs as authoritarian and responsible for perpetuating the country's poor human rights record.
Response: Throughout Egypt modern history, it had formed some allies as well as had fought wars with other countries, form the text provided:
1- Israel is the country that had several wars with Egypt
2- Syria is the country that formed an ally with Egypt | 6,876 |
Who is known as The Invincibles in English football? | In football, "The Invincibles" is a nickname used to refer to the Preston North End team of the 1888–89 season, managed by William Sudell, and the Arsenal team of the 2003–04 season managed by Arsène Wenger. Preston North End earned the nickname after completing an entire season undefeated in league and cup competition (27 games), while Arsenal were undefeated in the league (38 games) in a run that stretched to a record 49 games. The actual nickname of the Preston team was the "Old Invincibles" but both versions have been in use. | Preston North End & Arsenal Football Club | closed_qa | Instruction: Who is known as The Invincibles in English football?
Context: In football, "The Invincibles" is a nickname used to refer to the Preston North End team of the 1888–89 season, managed by William Sudell, and the Arsenal team of the 2003–04 season managed by Arsène Wenger. Preston North End earned the nickname after completing an entire season undefeated in league and cup competition (27 games), while Arsenal were undefeated in the league (38 games) in a run that stretched to a record 49 games. The actual nickname of the Preston team was the "Old Invincibles" but both versions have been in use.
Response: Preston North End & Arsenal Football Club | 2,954 |
List the name of the areas surrounding Greece and group by directions from the passage. List the results in comma separated format. | Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin, featuring thousands of islands. The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions, and has a population of approximately 10.5 million. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki and Patras.
Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization, being the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, theatre and the Olympic Games. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as poleis (singular polis), which spanned the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world, from the eastern Mediterranean to the North Western parts of India. The subsequent Hellenistic period saw the height of Greek culture and influence in antiquity. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, which was culturally and linguistically predominantly Greek. The Greek Orthodox Church, which emerged in the first century AD, helped shape modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox world. After falling under Ottoman rule in the mid-15th century, Greece emerged as a modern nation state in 1830 following a war of independence. Over the first hundred years the kingdom of Greece sought its territorial expansion, which was mainly achieved in the early 20th century, during the Balkan Wars and up until the catastrophe of Greece's Asia Minor Campaign in 1922. The short-lived republic that followed, beset by the ramifications of civil strife, came to an end in 1936, when the imposition of a royalist dictatorship inaugurated a long period of authoritarian rule, marked by military occupation during World War II, civil war and military dictatorship. Greece achieved record economic growth from 1950 through the 1970s, allowing it to join the ranks of developed nations. Democracy was restored in 1974–75, and Greece has been a parliamentary republic ever since. The country's rich historical legacy is reflected in part by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. | Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, Turkey to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. | information_extraction | Instruction: List the name of the areas surrounding Greece and group by directions from the passage. List the results in comma separated format.
Context: Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin, featuring thousands of islands. The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions, and has a population of approximately 10.5 million. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki and Patras.
Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization, being the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, theatre and the Olympic Games. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as poleis (singular polis), which spanned the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world, from the eastern Mediterranean to the North Western parts of India. The subsequent Hellenistic period saw the height of Greek culture and influence in antiquity. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, which was culturally and linguistically predominantly Greek. The Greek Orthodox Church, which emerged in the first century AD, helped shape modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox world. After falling under Ottoman rule in the mid-15th century, Greece emerged as a modern nation state in 1830 following a war of independence. Over the first hundred years the kingdom of Greece sought its territorial expansion, which was mainly achieved in the early 20th century, during the Balkan Wars and up until the catastrophe of Greece's Asia Minor Campaign in 1922. The short-lived republic that followed, beset by the ramifications of civil strife, came to an end in 1936, when the imposition of a royalist dictatorship inaugurated a long period of authoritarian rule, marked by military occupation during World War II, civil war and military dictatorship. Greece achieved record economic growth from 1950 through the 1970s, allowing it to join the ranks of developed nations. Democracy was restored in 1974–75, and Greece has been a parliamentary republic ever since. The country's rich historical legacy is reflected in part by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Response: Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, Turkey to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. | 11,010 |
Tell me about the football career of Adao | Carlos Manuel Pereira Pinto (born 3 April 1960), commonly known as Adão, is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central midfielder.
Club career
Born in Chaves, Vila Real District, Adão started his career with hometown club G.D. Chaves, moving to the Primeira Liga in 1980 with Varzim SC. He appeared in only eight games in his first season, which ended in relegation, but helped with 27 and three goals to an immediate promotion.
In summer 1985, Adão joined Vitória de Guimarães. In his second year he played 30 matches as starter and scored twice – including once in 1–0 away win over S.C. Braga in the Minho derby – as his team finished in third position.
Adão signed with C.F. Os Belenenses for 1988–89. On 12 October 1988, in that campaign's UEFA Cup, he scored the game's only goal at home against Bayer 04 Leverkusen, as the Lisbon side ousted the title holders 2–0 on aggregate. Later in the season he also appeared in the final of the Portuguese Cup, won after beating S.L. Benfica.
Aged 30, Adão moved to F.C. Penafiel, spending his last three years (of five overall) in the second division. Over the course of 11 seasons, he amassed top-tier totals of 279 games and 16 goals. | Carlos Manuel Pereira Pinto (born 3 April 1960), commonly known as Adao, is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central midfielder.
Born in Chaves, Vila Real District, Adao started his career with hometown club G.D. Chaves, moving to the Primeira Liga in 1980 with Varzim SC. He appeared in only eight games in his first season, which ended in relegation, but helped with 27 and three goals to an immediate promotion.
In summer 1985, Adao joined Vitoria de Guimaraes. In his second year he played 30 matches as starter and scored twice – including once in 1–0 away win over S.C. Braga in the Minho derby – as his team finished in third position.
Adao signed with C.F. Os Belenenses for 1988–89. On 12 October 1988, in that campaign's UEFA Cup, he scored the game's only goal at home against Bayer 04 Leverkusen, as the Lisbon side ousted the title holders 2–0 on aggregate. Later in the season he also appeared in the final of the Portuguese Cup, won after beating S.L. Benfica.
Aged 30, Adao moved to F.C. Penafiel, spending his last three years (of five overall) in the second division. Over the course of 11 seasons, he amassed top-tier totals of 279 games and 16 goals. | summarization | Instruction: Tell me about the football career of Adao
Context: Carlos Manuel Pereira Pinto (born 3 April 1960), commonly known as Adão, is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central midfielder.
Club career
Born in Chaves, Vila Real District, Adão started his career with hometown club G.D. Chaves, moving to the Primeira Liga in 1980 with Varzim SC. He appeared in only eight games in his first season, which ended in relegation, but helped with 27 and three goals to an immediate promotion.
In summer 1985, Adão joined Vitória de Guimarães. In his second year he played 30 matches as starter and scored twice – including once in 1–0 away win over S.C. Braga in the Minho derby – as his team finished in third position.
Adão signed with C.F. Os Belenenses for 1988–89. On 12 October 1988, in that campaign's UEFA Cup, he scored the game's only goal at home against Bayer 04 Leverkusen, as the Lisbon side ousted the title holders 2–0 on aggregate. Later in the season he also appeared in the final of the Portuguese Cup, won after beating S.L. Benfica.
Aged 30, Adão moved to F.C. Penafiel, spending his last three years (of five overall) in the second division. Over the course of 11 seasons, he amassed top-tier totals of 279 games and 16 goals.
Response: Carlos Manuel Pereira Pinto (born 3 April 1960), commonly known as Adao, is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central midfielder.
Born in Chaves, Vila Real District, Adao started his career with hometown club G.D. Chaves, moving to the Primeira Liga in 1980 with Varzim SC. He appeared in only eight games in his first season, which ended in relegation, but helped with 27 and three goals to an immediate promotion.
In summer 1985, Adao joined Vitoria de Guimaraes. In his second year he played 30 matches as starter and scored twice – including once in 1–0 away win over S.C. Braga in the Minho derby – as his team finished in third position.
Adao signed with C.F. Os Belenenses for 1988–89. On 12 October 1988, in that campaign's UEFA Cup, he scored the game's only goal at home against Bayer 04 Leverkusen, as the Lisbon side ousted the title holders 2–0 on aggregate. Later in the season he also appeared in the final of the Portuguese Cup, won after beating S.L. Benfica.
Aged 30, Adao moved to F.C. Penafiel, spending his last three years (of five overall) in the second division. Over the course of 11 seasons, he amassed top-tier totals of 279 games and 16 goals. | 533 |
What are 3 things to consider when picking a mountain to ski at? | Here are 3 things you should consider when picking a mountain visit:
* Skill level - some mountains have runs that are better suited toward beginners or experts.
* Conditions - some mountains might have gotten better or worse snow throughout the season. Weather can vary widely as well on any given day, so be sure to check ahead of time.
* Budget - the prices of ski lift tickets and ski gear can vary widely, check to see if each mountain fits your criteria to have a good day on the slopes. | general_qa | Instruction: What are 3 things to consider when picking a mountain to ski at?
Context:
Response: Here are 3 things you should consider when picking a mountain visit:
* Skill level - some mountains have runs that are better suited toward beginners or experts.
* Conditions - some mountains might have gotten better or worse snow throughout the season. Weather can vary widely as well on any given day, so be sure to check ahead of time.
* Budget - the prices of ski lift tickets and ski gear can vary widely, check to see if each mountain fits your criteria to have a good day on the slopes. | 11,014 |
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Given this paragraph about Jiu-Jitsu, who taught Carlos Gracie. | Brazilian jiu-jitsu was initially developed in 1925 by Brazilian brothers Carlos, Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., George, and Hélio Gracie, after Carlos was taught jiu-jitsu by a travelling Japanese judoka, Mitsuyo Maeda, who himself mastered his ground fighting while interacting with Taro Miyake (Tanabe student), Sadakazu Uyenishi (Handa, Tanabe) and Yukio Tani (Tenjin Shinyo-ryu) and catch wrestlers in Europe. | Mitsuyo Maeda | closed_qa | Instruction: Given this paragraph about Jiu-Jitsu, who taught Carlos Gracie.
Context: Brazilian jiu-jitsu was initially developed in 1925 by Brazilian brothers Carlos, Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., George, and Hélio Gracie, after Carlos was taught jiu-jitsu by a travelling Japanese judoka, Mitsuyo Maeda, who himself mastered his ground fighting while interacting with Taro Miyake (Tanabe student), Sadakazu Uyenishi (Handa, Tanabe) and Yukio Tani (Tenjin Shinyo-ryu) and catch wrestlers in Europe.
Response: Mitsuyo Maeda | 7,535 |
What are 5 really good golf ball brands for amateur players | Vice, Bridgestone, Taylormade, Srixon, Callaway | brainstorming | Instruction: What are 5 really good golf ball brands for amateur players
Context:
Response: Vice, Bridgestone, Taylormade, Srixon, Callaway | 9,224 |
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How do I find the best interior decorator and best price? | There are many ways to find the best interior decorator. You can use tools like Angie's List, Yelp, or Google to first search for an interior decorator. After you find someone evaluate their qualifications based on other projects they have completed. If you like their portfolio ask them about pricing and share your requirements for your interior design project requirements. After an agreement is made the interior project can be executed successfully between both parties for the best cost and best choice for interior designer. | open_qa | Instruction: How do I find the best interior decorator and best price?
Context:
Response: There are many ways to find the best interior decorator. You can use tools like Angie's List, Yelp, or Google to first search for an interior decorator. After you find someone evaluate their qualifications based on other projects they have completed. If you like their portfolio ask them about pricing and share your requirements for your interior design project requirements. After an agreement is made the interior project can be executed successfully between both parties for the best cost and best choice for interior designer. | 4,921 |
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How many cats did Freddie Mercury have? | Freddie Mercury had ten cats. | open_qa | Instruction: How many cats did Freddie Mercury have?
Context:
Response: Freddie Mercury had ten cats. | 487 |
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What makes Sachin Tendulkar so special? | Sachin Tendulkar is wonderful not because of his cricketing prowess; if that were the case, roughly the same degree of adoration would have been held for Rahul Dravid, who is also in the same league in terms of performance...
164 Tests, 13288 runs at 52.88 versus Sachin's 200 Tests, 15921 runs at 53.86
As you can see, there is nothing to select between the two.
Of course, Sachin has a significant advantage in one-dayers: 39 vs 44 in averages. Yet not nearly enough to deserve Sachin's adoration. | Sachin Tendulkar is wonderful not because of his cricketing prowess; if that were the case, roughly the same degree of adoration would have been held for Rahul Dravid, who is also in the same league in terms of performance...
164 Tests, 13288 runs at 52.88 versus Sachin's 200 Tests, 15921 runs at 53.86
As you can see, there is nothing to select between the two.
Of course, Sachin has a significant advantage in one-dayers: 39 vs 44 in averages. Yet not nearly enough to deserve Sachin's adoration.
Sachin is great in my opinion mostly because of his age when he first entered the cricket scene; to perform what he did at the age of 16 is incredible. Consider yourself at 16...and then consider Imran, Waqar, and Wasim blasting into you at 16 in front of a partisan crowd, with all of India watching. Consider yourself as a 16-year-old fighting the arch-enemy Pakistan. Imagine yourself at the age of 16 being smashed on the body with a leather ball. Consider yourself at 16 years old, attempting to focus on the ball in front of a roaring crowd.
That is what he did....
And a legend was born!
His achievements from 16 - 22 are the stuff of legend; and that is his primary claim to greatness.
Yes, there are other factors: his simplicity, his focus, his concentration, his determination, his longevity etc... but the primary one is the aspect listed above.
But even that does not explain his sustained claim to greatness over the years,
To this, we must add that he is a fighter who enjoys a good challenge. The manner he dealt with the top fast bowlers of the day, like as Allan Donald. And his famed war with Shane Warne... these battles, and more, when he faced the opposition, are unique to him; almost.
And then there's the fact that he's believed to have the purest game with the widest range of shots... To watch him bat is to witness beauty in action, poetry in motion. There is no better sight than Sachin in full flow...
And the icing on the cake?
He has succeeded in all forms of the game. Try and find me 2 other players who have done that. | summarization | Instruction: What makes Sachin Tendulkar so special?
Context: Sachin Tendulkar is wonderful not because of his cricketing prowess; if that were the case, roughly the same degree of adoration would have been held for Rahul Dravid, who is also in the same league in terms of performance...
164 Tests, 13288 runs at 52.88 versus Sachin's 200 Tests, 15921 runs at 53.86
As you can see, there is nothing to select between the two.
Of course, Sachin has a significant advantage in one-dayers: 39 vs 44 in averages. Yet not nearly enough to deserve Sachin's adoration.
Response: Sachin Tendulkar is wonderful not because of his cricketing prowess; if that were the case, roughly the same degree of adoration would have been held for Rahul Dravid, who is also in the same league in terms of performance...
164 Tests, 13288 runs at 52.88 versus Sachin's 200 Tests, 15921 runs at 53.86
As you can see, there is nothing to select between the two.
Of course, Sachin has a significant advantage in one-dayers: 39 vs 44 in averages. Yet not nearly enough to deserve Sachin's adoration.
Sachin is great in my opinion mostly because of his age when he first entered the cricket scene; to perform what he did at the age of 16 is incredible. Consider yourself at 16...and then consider Imran, Waqar, and Wasim blasting into you at 16 in front of a partisan crowd, with all of India watching. Consider yourself as a 16-year-old fighting the arch-enemy Pakistan. Imagine yourself at the age of 16 being smashed on the body with a leather ball. Consider yourself at 16 years old, attempting to focus on the ball in front of a roaring crowd.
That is what he did....
And a legend was born!
His achievements from 16 - 22 are the stuff of legend; and that is his primary claim to greatness.
Yes, there are other factors: his simplicity, his focus, his concentration, his determination, his longevity etc... but the primary one is the aspect listed above.
But even that does not explain his sustained claim to greatness over the years,
To this, we must add that he is a fighter who enjoys a good challenge. The manner he dealt with the top fast bowlers of the day, like as Allan Donald. And his famed war with Shane Warne... these battles, and more, when he faced the opposition, are unique to him; almost.
And then there's the fact that he's believed to have the purest game with the widest range of shots... To watch him bat is to witness beauty in action, poetry in motion. There is no better sight than Sachin in full flow...
And the icing on the cake?
He has succeeded in all forms of the game. Try and find me 2 other players who have done that. | 10,094 |
What is the difference between a guitar and bass? | The main difference between a guitar and a bass is the number of strings that they have. A guitar typically has six strings, while a bass typically has four. Additionally, guitars are typically larger and more expensive than basses. | open_qa | Instruction: What is the difference between a guitar and bass?
Context:
Response: The main difference between a guitar and a bass is the number of strings that they have. A guitar typically has six strings, while a bass typically has four. Additionally, guitars are typically larger and more expensive than basses. | 10,996 |
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What is the best lure color when fishing for blue Marlin on the Big Island | The best lure color as of 2022 was yellow and black skirt with black head | creative_writing | Instruction: What is the best lure color when fishing for blue Marlin on the Big Island
Context:
Response: The best lure color as of 2022 was yellow and black skirt with black head | 5,905 |
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Quel a été l'impact de la révolution française ? | La Révolution française est une période de bouleversements sociaux et politiques de grande envergure en France, dans ses colonies et en Europe à la fin du xviiie siècle. La période habituellement comprise s'étend entre l'ouverture des États généraux, le 5 mai 1789, et au plus tard le coup d'État de Napoléon Bonaparte le 9 novembre 1799 (18 brumaire de l'an VIII). Cette période de l'histoire de France a mis fin à l'Ancien Régime en remplaçant la monarchie absolue par une suite de régimes plus ou moins définis, dont la Première République un peu plus de trois ans après la prise de la Bastille.
La Révolution française a légué de toutes nouvelles formes politiques, notamment au travers de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 qui proclame l'égalité des citoyens devant la loi, les libertés fondamentales, et la souveraineté de la Nation, et se constituant autour d'un État. « Mythe national », ses valeurs et les institutions de la Révolution dominent encore aujourd'hui la vie politique française. La Révolution a entraîné la suppression de la société d'ordres (féodalité, privilèges…), une plus grande division de la propriété foncière, la limitation de l'exercice du pouvoir politique, le rééquilibrage des relations entre l'Église et l'État et la redéfinition des structures familiales.
Elle fut marquée par des périodes de grande violence, notamment pendant la Terreur, dans le cadre de la tentative de contre-révolution de la guerre de Vendée, au cours de laquelle plusieurs centaines de milliers de personnes trouvèrent la mort, lors des insurrections fédéralistes ou dans le cadre de luttes entre factions révolutionnaires rivales, qui ont abouti à la mort successive des principales figures révolutionnaires. | la révolution française a eu plusieurs impacts, sociaux et politiques. On doit à la révolution française la déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, ainsi que l'égalité des chances pour accéder au pouvoir politique, la séparation de l' église et l'état et une meilleure posture pour les femmes au sein de la société | summarization | Instruction: Quel a été l'impact de la révolution française ?
Context: La Révolution française est une période de bouleversements sociaux et politiques de grande envergure en France, dans ses colonies et en Europe à la fin du xviiie siècle. La période habituellement comprise s'étend entre l'ouverture des États généraux, le 5 mai 1789, et au plus tard le coup d'État de Napoléon Bonaparte le 9 novembre 1799 (18 brumaire de l'an VIII). Cette période de l'histoire de France a mis fin à l'Ancien Régime en remplaçant la monarchie absolue par une suite de régimes plus ou moins définis, dont la Première République un peu plus de trois ans après la prise de la Bastille.
La Révolution française a légué de toutes nouvelles formes politiques, notamment au travers de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 qui proclame l'égalité des citoyens devant la loi, les libertés fondamentales, et la souveraineté de la Nation, et se constituant autour d'un État. « Mythe national », ses valeurs et les institutions de la Révolution dominent encore aujourd'hui la vie politique française. La Révolution a entraîné la suppression de la société d'ordres (féodalité, privilèges…), une plus grande division de la propriété foncière, la limitation de l'exercice du pouvoir politique, le rééquilibrage des relations entre l'Église et l'État et la redéfinition des structures familiales.
Elle fut marquée par des périodes de grande violence, notamment pendant la Terreur, dans le cadre de la tentative de contre-révolution de la guerre de Vendée, au cours de laquelle plusieurs centaines de milliers de personnes trouvèrent la mort, lors des insurrections fédéralistes ou dans le cadre de luttes entre factions révolutionnaires rivales, qui ont abouti à la mort successive des principales figures révolutionnaires.
Response: la révolution française a eu plusieurs impacts, sociaux et politiques. On doit à la révolution française la déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, ainsi que l'égalité des chances pour accéder au pouvoir politique, la séparation de l' église et l'état et une meilleure posture pour les femmes au sein de la société | 4,333 |
Of the following, which are characters from the TV show "I Love Lucy:" Lucy Ricardo, Ethel Mertz, Donald Trump, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Ricky Ricardo, Fred Mertz, Batman, John Smith | Lucy Ricardo, Ethel Mertz, Ricky Ricardo, Fred Mertz | classification | Instruction: Of the following, which are characters from the TV show "I Love Lucy:" Lucy Ricardo, Ethel Mertz, Donald Trump, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Ricky Ricardo, Fred Mertz, Batman, John Smith
Context:
Response: Lucy Ricardo, Ethel Mertz, Ricky Ricardo, Fred Mertz | 11,034 |
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What are the four major subregions in Central Otago? | "The Central Otago wine region is broken into multiple sub-regions, each with its own climate and characteristics.
Bannockburn is a small Geographical Indication on the southern banks of the Kawarau River near Cromwell and is a very warm area that was known by gold miners as ""the Heart of the Desert"". Grapes ripen early on sandy, silty loam soils. The elevation ranges from 220 to 370 metres (720 to 1,210 ft).
Bendigo lies east of the Clutha River / Mata-Au and Lake Dunstan, with grapes planted at both medium elevation (220 metres (720 ft)) and high elevation terraces (330 to 350 metres (1,080 to 1,150 ft)). This warm area has semi arid soils at variable depths, with free draining soils at the lower levels and shallower soils at higher elevations. The Bendigo sub-region includes the vineyards at Tarras and Maori Point.
Gibbston is a tight valley enclosed by mountainous terrain. About 250 hectares of vines are planted on sloping land on the southern bank of the Kawarau River. Gibbston is the coolest and highest of the sub-regions with vineyards between 320 and 420 metres (1,050 and 1,380 ft) altitude. It is sometimes referred to as the Queenstown subregion.
Wānaka, the smallest of the sub-regions, has vineyards planted between the banks of Lake Wānaka and the town of Luggate to the east. Ranging between 290 to 320 metres (950 to 1,050 ft) above sea level, the vineyards have a similar but slightly warmer climate than those at Gibbston.
The Alexandra Basin is surrounded by the Clutha River / Mata-Au and Manuherikia River and regularly records New Zealand's hottest summer temperatures. Schist outcrops dominate the arid landscape. A wide diurnal shift moderates the high temperatures.
The Cromwell Basin contains the highest concentration of vines, in an area bounded by the Kawarau River, Lake Dunstan and the Pisa mountain range. It is a warm district characterised by semi arid, high terraces and moraines and gently sloping fans." | The Central Otago wine region is broken into multiple sub-regions: Bannockburn, Bendigo, Bendigo and Wānaka | closed_qa | Instruction: What are the four major subregions in Central Otago?
Context: "The Central Otago wine region is broken into multiple sub-regions, each with its own climate and characteristics.
Bannockburn is a small Geographical Indication on the southern banks of the Kawarau River near Cromwell and is a very warm area that was known by gold miners as ""the Heart of the Desert"". Grapes ripen early on sandy, silty loam soils. The elevation ranges from 220 to 370 metres (720 to 1,210 ft).
Bendigo lies east of the Clutha River / Mata-Au and Lake Dunstan, with grapes planted at both medium elevation (220 metres (720 ft)) and high elevation terraces (330 to 350 metres (1,080 to 1,150 ft)). This warm area has semi arid soils at variable depths, with free draining soils at the lower levels and shallower soils at higher elevations. The Bendigo sub-region includes the vineyards at Tarras and Maori Point.
Gibbston is a tight valley enclosed by mountainous terrain. About 250 hectares of vines are planted on sloping land on the southern bank of the Kawarau River. Gibbston is the coolest and highest of the sub-regions with vineyards between 320 and 420 metres (1,050 and 1,380 ft) altitude. It is sometimes referred to as the Queenstown subregion.
Wānaka, the smallest of the sub-regions, has vineyards planted between the banks of Lake Wānaka and the town of Luggate to the east. Ranging between 290 to 320 metres (950 to 1,050 ft) above sea level, the vineyards have a similar but slightly warmer climate than those at Gibbston.
The Alexandra Basin is surrounded by the Clutha River / Mata-Au and Manuherikia River and regularly records New Zealand's hottest summer temperatures. Schist outcrops dominate the arid landscape. A wide diurnal shift moderates the high temperatures.
The Cromwell Basin contains the highest concentration of vines, in an area bounded by the Kawarau River, Lake Dunstan and the Pisa mountain range. It is a warm district characterised by semi arid, high terraces and moraines and gently sloping fans."
Response: The Central Otago wine region is broken into multiple sub-regions: Bannockburn, Bendigo, Bendigo and Wānaka | 4,618 |
Why was Michael Jackson the "King of Pop"? | Michael Jackson dominated the pop music genre for decades. His music traveled worldwide and was a music sensation across the globe. He was famous since he was a young boy. He stunned the music world with trademark moves like the "moonwalk" and "robot" dance moves. | open_qa | Instruction: Why was Michael Jackson the "King of Pop"?
Context:
Response: Michael Jackson dominated the pop music genre for decades. His music traveled worldwide and was a music sensation across the globe. He was famous since he was a young boy. He stunned the music world with trademark moves like the "moonwalk" and "robot" dance moves. | 11,385 |
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Give me a bulleted list of the Seven Wonders of Portugal and their construction dates: | In Portugal, you can find these 7 wonders:
- Castle of Guimarães, 10th century
- Castle of Óbidos, 1195
- Batalha Monastery, 1385
- Alcobaça Monastery, 1153
- Jerónimos Monastery, 1502
- Pena Palace, 1854
- Belém Tower, 1521 | brainstorming | Instruction: Give me a bulleted list of the Seven Wonders of Portugal and their construction dates:
Context:
Response: In Portugal, you can find these 7 wonders:
- Castle of Guimarães, 10th century
- Castle of Óbidos, 1195
- Batalha Monastery, 1385
- Alcobaça Monastery, 1153
- Jerónimos Monastery, 1502
- Pena Palace, 1854
- Belém Tower, 1521 | 932 |
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Given a reference text about Anoop Nautiyal, what did his work focus on? | Anoop Nautiyal is a social activist based in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. His work has focused on issues of environment and sustainable development of the state. He is the founder of Social Development Communities Foundation, an NGO and think tank based in Dehradun, which works works at the grassroots level for the empowerment of communities, as well as the sustainable development of the mountain state of Uttarakhand. He is a prolific social communicator and has also been a columnist for the Indian Express.
He had a brief foray in the political space and contested the 2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election.
Anoop Nautiyal attended Shri Ram College of Commerce and National Institute of Fashion Technology in New Delhi.[1 | Anoop Nautiyal's work has focused on issues regarding the environment and sustainable development. | closed_qa | Instruction: Given a reference text about Anoop Nautiyal, what did his work focus on?
Context: Anoop Nautiyal is a social activist based in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. His work has focused on issues of environment and sustainable development of the state. He is the founder of Social Development Communities Foundation, an NGO and think tank based in Dehradun, which works works at the grassroots level for the empowerment of communities, as well as the sustainable development of the mountain state of Uttarakhand. He is a prolific social communicator and has also been a columnist for the Indian Express.
He had a brief foray in the political space and contested the 2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election.
Anoop Nautiyal attended Shri Ram College of Commerce and National Institute of Fashion Technology in New Delhi.[1
Response: Anoop Nautiyal's work has focused on issues regarding the environment and sustainable development. | 1,010 |
In which European country is this school located? | The Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Lope de Vega (IES Lope de Vega) is a public high school in Madrid, Spain. It is located in the calle de San Bernardo. It is operated by the regional administration of the Community of Madrid. | Spain | closed_qa | Instruction: In which European country is this school located?
Context: The Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Lope de Vega (IES Lope de Vega) is a public high school in Madrid, Spain. It is located in the calle de San Bernardo. It is operated by the regional administration of the Community of Madrid.
Response: Spain | 2,858 |
Classify each of the following as either a television show or a movie: The Wire, The Sopranos, Game of Thrones, Mad Men, Harry Potter, Westworld, Iron Man. | The Wire is a television show that aired on HBO.
The Sopranos is a television show that aired on HBO.
Game of Thrones is a television show that aired on HBO.
Mad Men is a television show that aired on Showtime.
Harry Potter is a movie that was released by Warner Brothers Studios.
Westworld is a television show that aired on HBO.
Iron Man is a movie that was released by Marvel Studios. | classification | Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a television show or a movie: The Wire, The Sopranos, Game of Thrones, Mad Men, Harry Potter, Westworld, Iron Man.
Context:
Response: The Wire is a television show that aired on HBO.
The Sopranos is a television show that aired on HBO.
Game of Thrones is a television show that aired on HBO.
Mad Men is a television show that aired on Showtime.
Harry Potter is a movie that was released by Warner Brothers Studios.
Westworld is a television show that aired on HBO.
Iron Man is a movie that was released by Marvel Studios. | 13,915 |
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Please give me the potential implications of overfitting described in the following text | Consequences
The most obvious consequence of overfitting is poor performance on the validation dataset. Other negative consequences include:
A function that is overfitted is likely to request more information about each item in the validation dataset than does the optimal function; gathering this additional unneeded data can be expensive or error-prone, especially if each individual piece of information must be gathered by human observation and manual data-entry.
A more complex, overfitted function is likely to be less portable than a simple one. At one extreme, a one-variable linear regression is so portable that, if necessary, it could even be done by hand. At the other extreme are models that can be reproduced only by exactly duplicating the original modeler's entire setup, making reuse or scientific reproduction difficult.
It may be possible to reconstruct details of individual training instances from an overfitted machine learning model's training set. This may be undesirable if, for example, the training data includes sensitive personally identifiable information (PII). This phenomenon also presents problems in the area of artificial intelligence and copyright, with the developers of some generative deep learning models such as Stable Diffusion and GitHub Copilot being sued for copyright infringement because these models have been found to be capable of reproducing certain copyrighted items from their training data. | The potential implications of overfitting are:
- poor performance of the validation set.
- a function that is overfitted is likely to request more information about each item in the validation dataset.
- A overfitted function is likely to be less portable than a simple one.
- it may be possible to reconstruct details of individual training instances from an overfitted machine learning model's training set. | summarization | Instruction: Please give me the potential implications of overfitting described in the following text
Context: Consequences
The most obvious consequence of overfitting is poor performance on the validation dataset. Other negative consequences include:
A function that is overfitted is likely to request more information about each item in the validation dataset than does the optimal function; gathering this additional unneeded data can be expensive or error-prone, especially if each individual piece of information must be gathered by human observation and manual data-entry.
A more complex, overfitted function is likely to be less portable than a simple one. At one extreme, a one-variable linear regression is so portable that, if necessary, it could even be done by hand. At the other extreme are models that can be reproduced only by exactly duplicating the original modeler's entire setup, making reuse or scientific reproduction difficult.
It may be possible to reconstruct details of individual training instances from an overfitted machine learning model's training set. This may be undesirable if, for example, the training data includes sensitive personally identifiable information (PII). This phenomenon also presents problems in the area of artificial intelligence and copyright, with the developers of some generative deep learning models such as Stable Diffusion and GitHub Copilot being sued for copyright infringement because these models have been found to be capable of reproducing certain copyrighted items from their training data.
Response: The potential implications of overfitting are:
- poor performance of the validation set.
- a function that is overfitted is likely to request more information about each item in the validation dataset.
- A overfitted function is likely to be less portable than a simple one.
- it may be possible to reconstruct details of individual training instances from an overfitted machine learning model's training set. | 1,984 |
What is the smallest country in the world? | The smallest country in the world is Vatican City, with an area of less than .5 square kilometers. It is fully encircled by the Italian capital of Rome, and has existed as a sovereign nation since 1929. Due to its small size it is considered to be a microstate. | open_qa | Instruction: What is the smallest country in the world?
Context:
Response: The smallest country in the world is Vatican City, with an area of less than .5 square kilometers. It is fully encircled by the Italian capital of Rome, and has existed as a sovereign nation since 1929. Due to its small size it is considered to be a microstate. | 6,759 |
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Where was Sarah Schechter born? | Schechter was born in Boston and grew up in Brookline, Massachusetts and New York City. Her father, Danny Schechter, a grandson of Russian-Jewish immigrant socialists, was a human rights activist, author, filmmaker and television producer. | Sarah Schechter was born in Boston, Massachusetts. | closed_qa | Instruction: Where was Sarah Schechter born?
Context: Schechter was born in Boston and grew up in Brookline, Massachusetts and New York City. Her father, Danny Schechter, a grandson of Russian-Jewish immigrant socialists, was a human rights activist, author, filmmaker and television producer.
Response: Sarah Schechter was born in Boston, Massachusetts. | 12,884 |
Which is a species of fish? Panga or Pangea | Panga | classification | Instruction: Which is a species of fish? Panga or Pangea
Context:
Response: Panga | 1,547 |
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why is twitter messages limited to 140 characters | Twitter was originally designed for phone text messages and most phones had a limited amount of characters to send messages. | open_qa | Instruction: why is twitter messages limited to 140 characters
Context:
Response: Twitter was originally designed for phone text messages and most phones had a limited amount of characters to send messages. | 8,410 |
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What are the unethical behaviors in the corporate world? Illustrate with an example. | Boeing 737 Max
Boeing is an American multinational company that manufactures aircraft, military equipment, rockets, missiles, and telecommunication equipment. The Boeing 737 series aircraft is the most popular commercial jet in the world. In March 2019 and December 2020, the Boeing 737 Max commercial jets belonging to Ethiopian and LION Air crashed, grounding the 737 Max jets. These incidents triggered the crisis at Boeing.
The Boeing 737 Max crisis is a classic example of chained unethical behaviors exhibited by an organization and how one unethical behavior quickly led to another in an attempt to cover up the previous one.
Motivated blindness
Motivated blindness was the initial cause for the people involved in the 737 Max jet design. It started with Boeing’s chief technical test pilot, David Forkner, who repeatedly spotted erratic behavior on the jets MCAS (Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System). Despite egregious MCAS, David later urged FAA (Federal Aviation Authority) to remove the MCAS mentioned from the 737 Max instruction manual. Boeing management failed to overlook David ForKner’s and other faults and chose to remain ignorant.
Indirect blindness
Similarly, a lot is afoul with FAA. Months before the crash of 2 jets, Boeing had known about the issues and delayed the flight data submission to FAA. Despite the warnings from FAA, Boeing got away with it quickly. The indirect blindness of the FAA added insult to injury to the crisis.
Slippery slope
Boeing was on a slippery slope, and the downward spiral continued with David Forkner requesting FAA to remove the mentions of MCAS from the jet’s instruction manual. Another test pilot, Gustavsson, claimed that David Forkner kept him out of the loop.
Overvaluing outcomes
On the whole, Boeing was unaware of the looming crisis and, at every stage, was overvaluing the outcomes of getting the jet out of the production lines and getting it FAA-approved.
Recommendations
The managers at Boeing must implement processes that root out conflicts of interest. For example, when David Forkner captured the erratic behavior of MCAS, the stringent process to capture test data and the data must be published to a governance board to resolve any conflict of interest.
Similarly, for FAA-related transactions and interactions, the governance board must oversee whether the transactions might invite unethical behavior and take ownership of the implications.
Boeing’s governance board must continuously monitor for trivial ethical infractions and address them immediately. It has to examine both “good” and “bad” decisions for their ethical implications. | creative_writing | Instruction: What are the unethical behaviors in the corporate world? Illustrate with an example.
Context:
Response: Boeing 737 Max
Boeing is an American multinational company that manufactures aircraft, military equipment, rockets, missiles, and telecommunication equipment. The Boeing 737 series aircraft is the most popular commercial jet in the world. In March 2019 and December 2020, the Boeing 737 Max commercial jets belonging to Ethiopian and LION Air crashed, grounding the 737 Max jets. These incidents triggered the crisis at Boeing.
The Boeing 737 Max crisis is a classic example of chained unethical behaviors exhibited by an organization and how one unethical behavior quickly led to another in an attempt to cover up the previous one.
Motivated blindness
Motivated blindness was the initial cause for the people involved in the 737 Max jet design. It started with Boeing’s chief technical test pilot, David Forkner, who repeatedly spotted erratic behavior on the jets MCAS (Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System). Despite egregious MCAS, David later urged FAA (Federal Aviation Authority) to remove the MCAS mentioned from the 737 Max instruction manual. Boeing management failed to overlook David ForKner’s and other faults and chose to remain ignorant.
Indirect blindness
Similarly, a lot is afoul with FAA. Months before the crash of 2 jets, Boeing had known about the issues and delayed the flight data submission to FAA. Despite the warnings from FAA, Boeing got away with it quickly. The indirect blindness of the FAA added insult to injury to the crisis.
Slippery slope
Boeing was on a slippery slope, and the downward spiral continued with David Forkner requesting FAA to remove the mentions of MCAS from the jet’s instruction manual. Another test pilot, Gustavsson, claimed that David Forkner kept him out of the loop.
Overvaluing outcomes
On the whole, Boeing was unaware of the looming crisis and, at every stage, was overvaluing the outcomes of getting the jet out of the production lines and getting it FAA-approved.
Recommendations
The managers at Boeing must implement processes that root out conflicts of interest. For example, when David Forkner captured the erratic behavior of MCAS, the stringent process to capture test data and the data must be published to a governance board to resolve any conflict of interest.
Similarly, for FAA-related transactions and interactions, the governance board must oversee whether the transactions might invite unethical behavior and take ownership of the implications.
Boeing’s governance board must continuously monitor for trivial ethical infractions and address them immediately. It has to examine both “good” and “bad” decisions for their ethical implications. | 2,157 |
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Please explain how a perpetrator's state of mind is relevant to guilt in committing a crime | In jurisprudence, animus nocendi (from Latin animus 'mind', and noceo 'to harm') is the subjective state of mind of the perpetrator of a crime, with reference to the exact knowledge of illegal content of his behaviour, and of its possible consequences.
In most modern legal systems, the animus nocendi is required as an essential condition to give a penal condemnation.
The animus nocendi is usually demonstrated by the verified presence of these elements:
knowledge of a law that prohibited the discussed action or conduct (unless there exists a systemic obligation, pending on every citizen, that considers that the law has to be known by every adult — in this case the knowledge is presumed a priori; see also Ignorantia juris non excusat);
knowledge of the most likely consequences of his action;
precise intention of breaking the law or of causing the verified effects of the action.
When the author of the crime had no animus nocendi, it is usually considered that the crime still exists, but the author is innocent, unless a responsibility for guilt can be found in his conduct: the typical case of a car accident in which a wrong or even hazardous manoeuvre causes personal injuries to another car driver, is then managed as a crime for the presence of injuries, yet the author will not be prosecuted as the author of the injuries (he did not want to hurt the other driver, thus he had no animus nocendi), but simply as the author of a dangerous conduct that indirectly caused said effects, and would be held responsible at a guilt title. | In most legal systems, it is required to demonstrate that the perpetrator of a crime had intent to harm, also known by the legal term "animus nocendi"(from the Latin animus "mind" and noceo "to harm"). Put plainly, this means having foreknowledge of the illegality of his act and the repercussions of the crime. Intention is important in establishing guilt for a specific crime. A good example is a car accident fatality: the driver responsible would be guilty of causing the accidental death of the victim (manslaughter), but not guilty of murder -- unless it could be established that the driver at fault intended to kill the victim. | summarization | Instruction: Please explain how a perpetrator's state of mind is relevant to guilt in committing a crime
Context: In jurisprudence, animus nocendi (from Latin animus 'mind', and noceo 'to harm') is the subjective state of mind of the perpetrator of a crime, with reference to the exact knowledge of illegal content of his behaviour, and of its possible consequences.
In most modern legal systems, the animus nocendi is required as an essential condition to give a penal condemnation.
The animus nocendi is usually demonstrated by the verified presence of these elements:
knowledge of a law that prohibited the discussed action or conduct (unless there exists a systemic obligation, pending on every citizen, that considers that the law has to be known by every adult — in this case the knowledge is presumed a priori; see also Ignorantia juris non excusat);
knowledge of the most likely consequences of his action;
precise intention of breaking the law or of causing the verified effects of the action.
When the author of the crime had no animus nocendi, it is usually considered that the crime still exists, but the author is innocent, unless a responsibility for guilt can be found in his conduct: the typical case of a car accident in which a wrong or even hazardous manoeuvre causes personal injuries to another car driver, is then managed as a crime for the presence of injuries, yet the author will not be prosecuted as the author of the injuries (he did not want to hurt the other driver, thus he had no animus nocendi), but simply as the author of a dangerous conduct that indirectly caused said effects, and would be held responsible at a guilt title.
Response: In most legal systems, it is required to demonstrate that the perpetrator of a crime had intent to harm, also known by the legal term "animus nocendi"(from the Latin animus "mind" and noceo "to harm"). Put plainly, this means having foreknowledge of the illegality of his act and the repercussions of the crime. Intention is important in establishing guilt for a specific crime. A good example is a car accident fatality: the driver responsible would be guilty of causing the accidental death of the victim (manslaughter), but not guilty of murder -- unless it could be established that the driver at fault intended to kill the victim. | 4,684 |
What is the difference between futures and options? | An option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (or sell) an asset at a specific price at any time during the life of the contract. A futures contract obligates the buyer to purchase a specific asset, and the seller to sell and deliver that asset, at a specific future date. | open_qa | Instruction: What is the difference between futures and options?
Context:
Response: An option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy (or sell) an asset at a specific price at any time during the life of the contract. A futures contract obligates the buyer to purchase a specific asset, and the seller to sell and deliver that asset, at a specific future date. | 10,970 |
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What is a ceiling joist? | The main framing members used to span various structures in modern building construction. | open_qa | Instruction: What is a ceiling joist?
Context:
Response: The main framing members used to span various structures in modern building construction. | 9,357 |
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Classify these technologies as frontend or backend oriented: React, Kafka, MySQL, JavaScript, gRPC, SQL, Prometheus, Android, Swift, Redis, JDBC | React, Android, Swift and JavaScript are frontend oriented, while Kafka, MySQL, gRPC, SQL, Prometheus, Redis and JDBC are backend oriented. | classification | Instruction: Classify these technologies as frontend or backend oriented: React, Kafka, MySQL, JavaScript, gRPC, SQL, Prometheus, Android, Swift, Redis, JDBC
Context:
Response: React, Android, Swift and JavaScript are frontend oriented, while Kafka, MySQL, gRPC, SQL, Prometheus, Redis and JDBC are backend oriented. | 2,473 |
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Give me a list of Serie A winners in the last 5 years. | 2021-2022: AC Milan
2020-2021: Inter
2019-2020: Juventus
2018-2019: Juventus
2017-2018: Juventus | brainstorming | Instruction: Give me a list of Serie A winners in the last 5 years.
Context:
Response: 2021-2022: AC Milan
2020-2021: Inter
2019-2020: Juventus
2018-2019: Juventus
2017-2018: Juventus | 8,255 |
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At the concert last night, identify each of these musicians as singer, drummer, guitarist, or bassist: Steve Harris, Bruce Dickinson, George Lynch, Nicko McBrain, Angus Young | Steve Harris - bassist
Bruce Dickinson - singer
George Lynch - guitarist
Nicko McBrain - drummer
Angus Young - guitarist | classification | Instruction: At the concert last night, identify each of these musicians as singer, drummer, guitarist, or bassist: Steve Harris, Bruce Dickinson, George Lynch, Nicko McBrain, Angus Young
Context:
Response: Steve Harris - bassist
Bruce Dickinson - singer
George Lynch - guitarist
Nicko McBrain - drummer
Angus Young - guitarist | 2,984 |
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List the trim levels available for the F-150 Lightning. Separate them with a comma. | For the 2022 model year, the F-150 Lightning is available in four trim levels: Pro, XLT, Lariat, and Platinum. The Pro trim is only available with the smaller-capacity battery, and the Platinum only offers the higher-capacity battery, although all other trims include the smaller-capacity battery as standard equipment, but also offer the higher-capacity battery as an option. | The F-150 Lightning is available in four trim levels: Pro, XLT, Lariat, and Platinum. | information_extraction | Instruction: List the trim levels available for the F-150 Lightning. Separate them with a comma.
Context: For the 2022 model year, the F-150 Lightning is available in four trim levels: Pro, XLT, Lariat, and Platinum. The Pro trim is only available with the smaller-capacity battery, and the Platinum only offers the higher-capacity battery, although all other trims include the smaller-capacity battery as standard equipment, but also offer the higher-capacity battery as an option.
Response: The F-150 Lightning is available in four trim levels: Pro, XLT, Lariat, and Platinum. | 10,480 |
Why is professional wrestling entertaining? | Professional wrestling is one of the best forms of entertainment. First, it's an incredible display of physical talent. Professional wrestling and acrobats are showcasing their physical attributes in a partially choregraphed dance. There is an element of improv in professional wrestling. Wrestlers often are calling the match as the action happens. The next set of moves can be greatly influenced from the crowd's reaction. The "pop" of the crowd, if you will. Finally, the best wrestlers are ones that are amplified versions of their true selves. The audience can detect an inauthentic speech on the mic. Those wrestlers who combine their charisma to their true gimmick are the ones that turn the normal fan to a mark. | general_qa | Instruction: Why is professional wrestling entertaining?
Context:
Response: Professional wrestling is one of the best forms of entertainment. First, it's an incredible display of physical talent. Professional wrestling and acrobats are showcasing their physical attributes in a partially choregraphed dance. There is an element of improv in professional wrestling. Wrestlers often are calling the match as the action happens. The next set of moves can be greatly influenced from the crowd's reaction. The "pop" of the crowd, if you will. Finally, the best wrestlers are ones that are amplified versions of their true selves. The audience can detect an inauthentic speech on the mic. Those wrestlers who combine their charisma to their true gimmick are the ones that turn the normal fan to a mark. | 1,579 |
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Extract the key dates and events in the life of Albert Einstein in a bulleted list in the format {date} - {event} | Einstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)[note 1] the following year. In 1897, at the age of 17, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life, and in 1903 he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, Einstein became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time Prussian.
In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, as a Jew, objected to the policies of the newly elected Nazi government; he settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally denounced the idea of nuclear weapons. | 1895 - Moved to Switzerland
1897 - Enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich
1900 - Graduated from the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school
1901 - Became a Swiss citizen
1903 - Started a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern
1905 - Awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich
1914 - Moved to Berlin to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin
1917 - Became the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics
1917 - Became a German citizen again
1933 - Settled in the United States
1940 - Became an American citizen | information_extraction | Instruction: Extract the key dates and events in the life of Albert Einstein in a bulleted list in the format {date} - {event}
Context: Einstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)[note 1] the following year. In 1897, at the age of 17, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life, and in 1903 he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, Einstein became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time Prussian.
In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, as a Jew, objected to the policies of the newly elected Nazi government; he settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally denounced the idea of nuclear weapons.
Response: 1895 - Moved to Switzerland
1897 - Enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich
1900 - Graduated from the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school
1901 - Became a Swiss citizen
1903 - Started a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern
1905 - Awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich
1914 - Moved to Berlin to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin
1917 - Became the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics
1917 - Became a German citizen again
1933 - Settled in the United States
1940 - Became an American citizen | 2,807 |
Given this paragraph about Saffron, where does this name originally come from? | A degree of uncertainty surrounds the origin of the English word "saffron". It might stem from the 12th-century Old French term safran, which comes from the Latin word safranum, from the Arabic (زَعْفَرَان), za'farān, which comes from the Persian word zarparan meaning "gold strung" (implying either the golden stamens of the flower or the golden color it creates when used as flavor). | It comes from the Persian word zarparan | closed_qa | Instruction: Given this paragraph about Saffron, where does this name originally come from?
Context: A degree of uncertainty surrounds the origin of the English word "saffron". It might stem from the 12th-century Old French term safran, which comes from the Latin word safranum, from the Arabic (زَعْفَرَان), za'farān, which comes from the Persian word zarparan meaning "gold strung" (implying either the golden stamens of the flower or the golden color it creates when used as flavor).
Response: It comes from the Persian word zarparan | 13,749 |
What's the best baseball team? | Denoting one baseball team as "best" is a very difficult. Many factors may be involved when determining the best baseball team. For instance, are we looking at current season performance? History of championships in the past? Number of fans? Best statistics? Most notable? Please help me by being more specific about what "best" means to you. | general_qa | Instruction: What's the best baseball team?
Context:
Response: Denoting one baseball team as "best" is a very difficult. Many factors may be involved when determining the best baseball team. For instance, are we looking at current season performance? History of championships in the past? Number of fans? Best statistics? Most notable? Please help me by being more specific about what "best" means to you. | 2,184 |
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List five items you would need to survive in the wilderness. | Water, food, Knife, First Aid Kit, Lighter or Matches, | brainstorming | Instruction: List five items you would need to survive in the wilderness.
Context:
Response: Water, food, Knife, First Aid Kit, Lighter or Matches, | 907 |
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What is an expert system, and when did they first emerge? | Boom 1980–1987
In the 1980s a form of AI program called "expert systems" was adopted by corporations around the world and knowledge became the focus of mainstream AI research. In those same years, the Japanese government aggressively funded AI with its fifth generation computer project. Another encouraging event in the early 1980s was the revival of connectionism in the work of John Hopfield and David Rumelhart. Once again, AI had achieved success.
The rise of expert systems
An expert system is a program that answers questions or solves problems about a specific domain of knowledge, using logical rules that are derived from the knowledge of experts. The earliest examples were developed by Edward Feigenbaum and his students. Dendral, begun in 1965, identified compounds from spectrometer readings. MYCIN, developed in 1972, diagnosed infectious blood diseases. They demonstrated the feasibility of the approach.
Expert systems restricted themselves to a small domain of specific knowledge (thus avoiding the commonsense knowledge problem) and their simple design made it relatively easy for programs to be built and then modified once they were in place. All in all, the programs proved to be useful: something that AI had not been able to achieve up to this point.
In 1980, an expert system called XCON was completed at CMU for the Digital Equipment Corporation. It was an enormous success: it was saving the company 40 million dollars annually by 1986. Corporations around the world began to develop and deploy expert systems and by 1985 they were spending over a billion dollars on AI, most of it to in-house AI departments. An industry grew up to support them, including hardware companies like Symbolics and Lisp Machines and software companies such as IntelliCorp and Aion. | An expert system is a program that uses logical rules derived from expert knowledge to answer questions or solve problems in a specific domain of knowledge. The first expert system, called Dendral, was developed in 1965 by Edward Feigenbaum and his students and identified compounds from spectrometer readings. | closed_qa | Instruction: What is an expert system, and when did they first emerge?
Context: Boom 1980–1987
In the 1980s a form of AI program called "expert systems" was adopted by corporations around the world and knowledge became the focus of mainstream AI research. In those same years, the Japanese government aggressively funded AI with its fifth generation computer project. Another encouraging event in the early 1980s was the revival of connectionism in the work of John Hopfield and David Rumelhart. Once again, AI had achieved success.
The rise of expert systems
An expert system is a program that answers questions or solves problems about a specific domain of knowledge, using logical rules that are derived from the knowledge of experts. The earliest examples were developed by Edward Feigenbaum and his students. Dendral, begun in 1965, identified compounds from spectrometer readings. MYCIN, developed in 1972, diagnosed infectious blood diseases. They demonstrated the feasibility of the approach.
Expert systems restricted themselves to a small domain of specific knowledge (thus avoiding the commonsense knowledge problem) and their simple design made it relatively easy for programs to be built and then modified once they were in place. All in all, the programs proved to be useful: something that AI had not been able to achieve up to this point.
In 1980, an expert system called XCON was completed at CMU for the Digital Equipment Corporation. It was an enormous success: it was saving the company 40 million dollars annually by 1986. Corporations around the world began to develop and deploy expert systems and by 1985 they were spending over a billion dollars on AI, most of it to in-house AI departments. An industry grew up to support them, including hardware companies like Symbolics and Lisp Machines and software companies such as IntelliCorp and Aion.
Response: An expert system is a program that uses logical rules derived from expert knowledge to answer questions or solve problems in a specific domain of knowledge. The first expert system, called Dendral, was developed in 1965 by Edward Feigenbaum and his students and identified compounds from spectrometer readings. | 7,872 |
Why do people chose to homeschool their children? | Choosing how and where to educate your child is a very important family decision. Parents have different values and make different decisions accordingly. Homeschooling is on the rise due to the pandemic, safety, quality of the curriculum and ideological factors. This trend is documented in the United States and many other countries such as Canada, Australia, Mexico, France, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. According to the National Home Education Research Institute, homeschooled children usually score 15 to 30 percentile points above public school students on standardized tests. Some research has found that overall, 78% of the compared and reviewed studies confirm that homeschooled children performed significantly better than their public schooled peers in terms of academic performance. Social and Emotional Skills are an area where homeschools have perceived weakness, but that is not true. Infact, 87% of peer-reviewed studies on the subject indicate that they perform statistically significantly better than those in conventional schools. | general_qa | Instruction: Why do people chose to homeschool their children?
Context:
Response: Choosing how and where to educate your child is a very important family decision. Parents have different values and make different decisions accordingly. Homeschooling is on the rise due to the pandemic, safety, quality of the curriculum and ideological factors. This trend is documented in the United States and many other countries such as Canada, Australia, Mexico, France, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. According to the National Home Education Research Institute, homeschooled children usually score 15 to 30 percentile points above public school students on standardized tests. Some research has found that overall, 78% of the compared and reviewed studies confirm that homeschooled children performed significantly better than their public schooled peers in terms of academic performance. Social and Emotional Skills are an area where homeschools have perceived weakness, but that is not true. Infact, 87% of peer-reviewed studies on the subject indicate that they perform statistically significantly better than those in conventional schools. | 836 |
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How are rainbows formed | Rainbows are formed by a combination of various factors: the physics of light, it's components and interaction that combined with the dynamics of the rain droplets and the angle of sun hitting the water droplets.
Contrary to popular belief, the rain droplets are spherical and when light passes through this denser sphere, the light is scattered due to refraction into it's component wavelengths corresponding to the VIBGYOR pattern. | open_qa | Instruction: How are rainbows formed
Context:
Response: Rainbows are formed by a combination of various factors: the physics of light, it's components and interaction that combined with the dynamics of the rain droplets and the angle of sun hitting the water droplets.
Contrary to popular belief, the rain droplets are spherical and when light passes through this denser sphere, the light is scattered due to refraction into it's component wavelengths corresponding to the VIBGYOR pattern. | 8,455 |
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Give me a list of the best movies I've never seen. | Top 10 movies I've ever seen, in no particular order. The Godfather, Dead Poet's Society, Rear Window, Scarface, Inception, Top Gun, Jaws, Skyfall, The Shawshank Redemption, A Few Good Men | brainstorming | Instruction: Give me a list of the best movies I've never seen.
Context:
Response: Top 10 movies I've ever seen, in no particular order. The Godfather, Dead Poet's Society, Rear Window, Scarface, Inception, Top Gun, Jaws, Skyfall, The Shawshank Redemption, A Few Good Men | 6,021 |
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What is the difference between bourbon and whiskey? | While all bourbons are whiskeys, they have to be made with at least 51% corn to be classified as a bourbon. | open_qa | Instruction: What is the difference between bourbon and whiskey?
Context:
Response: While all bourbons are whiskeys, they have to be made with at least 51% corn to be classified as a bourbon. | 5,970 |
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What Indian sport is like baseball? | Baseball is bat-ball game played in field and involved scoring runs, Baseball game is played with 9 players per team and played with two teams in a game. The fielding team’s positions are made up of a pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, third baseman, and three outfielders at left field, centre field and right field. While the rules of playing an Indian sport like baseball may be different, the intent of the game is still about scoring runs and involve fielders with similar responsibilities which is called CRICKET. | creative_writing | Instruction: What Indian sport is like baseball?
Context:
Response: Baseball is bat-ball game played in field and involved scoring runs, Baseball game is played with 9 players per team and played with two teams in a game. The fielding team’s positions are made up of a pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, third baseman, and three outfielders at left field, centre field and right field. While the rules of playing an Indian sport like baseball may be different, the intent of the game is still about scoring runs and involve fielders with similar responsibilities which is called CRICKET. | 5,990 |
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Determine if the following states are East or West of the Mississippi River: Michigan, Georgia, Virginia, Oregon, Colorado, New Jersey, Nebraska, Texas. | Michigan, Georgia, Virginia, and New Jersey are East of the Mississippi River. Texas, Nebraska, Oregon, and Colorado are West of the Mississippi. | classification | Instruction: Determine if the following states are East or West of the Mississippi River: Michigan, Georgia, Virginia, Oregon, Colorado, New Jersey, Nebraska, Texas.
Context:
Response: Michigan, Georgia, Virginia, and New Jersey are East of the Mississippi River. Texas, Nebraska, Oregon, and Colorado are West of the Mississippi. | 8,943 |
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Given a reference text about the electrolytic detector, when was it replaced and what replaced it? | The electrolytic detector, or liquid barretter, was a type of detector (demodulator) used in early radio receivers. First used by Canadian radio researcher Reginald Fessenden in 1903, it was used until about 1913, after which it was superseded by crystal detectors and vacuum tube detectors such as the Fleming valve and Audion (triode). It was considered very sensitive and reliable compared to other detectors available at the time such as the magnetic detector and the coherer. It was one of the first rectifying detectors, able to receive AM (sound) transmissions. On December 24, 1906, US Naval ships with radio receivers equipped with Fessenden's electrolytic detectors received the first AM radio broadcast from Fessenden's Brant Rock, Massachusetts transmitter, consisting of a program of Christmas music. | The electrolytic detector was replaced around 1913 by crystal and vacuum tube detectors. | closed_qa | Instruction: Given a reference text about the electrolytic detector, when was it replaced and what replaced it?
Context: The electrolytic detector, or liquid barretter, was a type of detector (demodulator) used in early radio receivers. First used by Canadian radio researcher Reginald Fessenden in 1903, it was used until about 1913, after which it was superseded by crystal detectors and vacuum tube detectors such as the Fleming valve and Audion (triode). It was considered very sensitive and reliable compared to other detectors available at the time such as the magnetic detector and the coherer. It was one of the first rectifying detectors, able to receive AM (sound) transmissions. On December 24, 1906, US Naval ships with radio receivers equipped with Fessenden's electrolytic detectors received the first AM radio broadcast from Fessenden's Brant Rock, Massachusetts transmitter, consisting of a program of Christmas music.
Response: The electrolytic detector was replaced around 1913 by crystal and vacuum tube detectors. | 8,499 |
Tell me which following countries are in Asia: United States, Canada, Britain, France, Australia, Korea, China, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Brazil | Given your list, only Korea, China, and Japan are countries in Asia. | classification | Instruction: Tell me which following countries are in Asia: United States, Canada, Britain, France, Australia, Korea, China, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Brazil
Context:
Response: Given your list, only Korea, China, and Japan are countries in Asia. | 5,792 |
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From the passage provided, extract supported consumers for Spark streaming. Separate them with a comma. | Spark Streaming uses Spark Core's fast scheduling capability to perform streaming analytics. It ingests data in mini-batches and performs RDD transformations on those mini-batches of data. This design enables the same set of application code written for batch analytics to be used in streaming analytics, thus facilitating easy implementation of lambda architecture. However, this convenience comes with the penalty of latency equal to the mini-batch duration. Other streaming data engines that process event by event rather than in mini-batches include Storm and the streaming component of Flink. Spark Streaming has support built-in to consume from Kafka, Flume, Twitter, ZeroMQ, Kinesis, and TCP/IP sockets.
In Spark 2.x, a separate technology based on Datasets, called Structured Streaming, that has a higher-level interface is also provided to support streaming.
Spark can be deployed in a traditional on-premises data center as well as in the cloud. | Kafka, Flume, Twitter, ZeroMQ, Kinesis, TCP/IP sockets | information_extraction | Instruction: From the passage provided, extract supported consumers for Spark streaming. Separate them with a comma.
Context: Spark Streaming uses Spark Core's fast scheduling capability to perform streaming analytics. It ingests data in mini-batches and performs RDD transformations on those mini-batches of data. This design enables the same set of application code written for batch analytics to be used in streaming analytics, thus facilitating easy implementation of lambda architecture. However, this convenience comes with the penalty of latency equal to the mini-batch duration. Other streaming data engines that process event by event rather than in mini-batches include Storm and the streaming component of Flink. Spark Streaming has support built-in to consume from Kafka, Flume, Twitter, ZeroMQ, Kinesis, and TCP/IP sockets.
In Spark 2.x, a separate technology based on Datasets, called Structured Streaming, that has a higher-level interface is also provided to support streaming.
Spark can be deployed in a traditional on-premises data center as well as in the cloud.
Response: Kafka, Flume, Twitter, ZeroMQ, Kinesis, TCP/IP sockets | 5,623 |
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