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our support group anxiety and depression…
Make this proper case. | Our support group anxiety and depression… | 7 | Flan2021 | true_case | zs_opt |
Summarize:
The 20-year-old played three times in the Championship as a substitute for the Trotters at the end of last season.
Kellett goes straight into the Argyle squad for the visit of Carlisle and he is available up to and including the game with Portsmouth on 15 November.
Left-back Kellett will provide cover for Ben Purrington, who against Accrington last month.
Summary: | Plymouth Argyle have signed Bolton Wanderers defender Andy Kellett on a month's loan. | 0 | Flan2021 | huggingface:xsum | zs_opt |
What happens next?
How to choose a low cost airline
Use flight search engines for budget airlines.
Familiarize yourself with the budget airlines available in your country so you can take advantage of flight search engines that cater to them. Flight search engines will provide airfare pricing for every budget airline that accommodates your travel dates/times.
Select from:
*This allows you to easily comparison shop for the cheapest price. Use multiple flight search engines to make sure you don't miss any additional results or cheaper fares..
*Look for flights you've only used for several hours. There are many low-cost airlines that don't offer to use their flights-sometimes-for a certain number of hours..
*You can visit a similar airline and see whether prices are similar. Some booking sites may also give a discounted rate; you should only use this if you want a low cost airline..
*Knowing the budget airlines in your country will help you figure out what options will be available to you and where to get your flight tickets. Search for your prices via airfare websites.. | This allows you to easily comparison shop for the cheapest price. Use multiple flight search engines to make sure you don't miss any additional results or cheaper fares. | 7 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
This question has options. Select from options: Read this fact: "adaptation is when an organism develops a trait over time for survival"
Now answer this question: "An example of adaption is"
Available choices: A. Eating tacos; B. wearing sunblock; C. Reading a book; D. Drinking water; | B. | 1 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Choose your reply from the options at the end. Does "The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there." contain the correct answer to "Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?"
pick from the following.
(1). yes
(2). no | (1). | 4 | Flan2021 | glue/qnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Fact: illness has a negative impact on an organism 's health
Question: Sickness has the potential to
What's the answer? Available options:
[i] strengthen an organism
[ii] test an organism
[iii] eliminate an organism
[iv] eat an organism | [iii] | 5 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
GROSS!!! I threw my burrito away it was so bad!! First understand I like two things from hole in the wall mexican places; bean and cheese burritos and nachos. Yup...that's my list. I know I'm not creative with my choices but what I like is the easiest thing to make so I rarely find a bad one. My fianc\u00e9es friend goes on about how great this place is, so when the craving for nachos hit we went here. I didn't order the nachos because they put nachos cheese on it. I want real shredded greasy cheese, not Taco Bell crap. I ordered the bean and cheese and almost spit it out!! It was whole beans!! Not refried, not slightly mashed, not nothing!! They opened a can of beans, heated them, dumped them on with a slice or two of something they wanted me to believe was cheese, and kinda grilled the tortilla. I ate three bits and after dumping hot sause on it I finally just threw it away. Next time I'll stick to what I know is good; Roberto's!!
Choose: was this review given positively or negatively?
A). negative.
B). positive. | A). | 2 | Flan2021 | yelp_polarity_reviews:0.2.0 | zs_opt |
Write a sentence not in English. | Известно, что наиболее выдающиеся мастера, художники «первого ряда», обладают индивидуальным творческим методом, который уникален. Одним из самых ярких представителей современного искусства является Марк Ротко из Двинска (Даугавпилс), ныне живущий в США. | 8 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ru-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
The Croatian will face competition, especially from the American of Chinese origin, Michael Chang, second-seeded in the tournament. Organizers hope that the tournament will contribute to advancing tennis in their countries.
Does this next sentence follow, given the preceding text?
The Croatian and the Asian-American, Michael Chang (number two) will play eachother, and hopefully popularise the game in their native countries.
OPT: --yes --no | yes | 3 | Flan2021 | super_glue/rte:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Write an article based on this summary:
– Rain on your wedding day? Not really ironic. Not being allowed to read a dystopian novel about book censorship without getting the green light from your parents? Maybe a little ironic. That's the situation Milo Radosh found himself in when he had to get a permission slip signed so he'd be allowed to read Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 for a school book club, the Daily Dot reports. And his dad, Daily Show writer Daniel Radosh, met this rubber-stamp request with a most appropriate online burn. "tfw your kid's school makes you sign a permission slip so he can read Fahrenheit 451," the elder Radosh lamented Monday on Twitter, including emoji depicting a stack of tomes and fire. He also posted both a pic of the permission slip handwritten by his son and a photo of his own reaction note, which Boing Boing says was "exactly the right response." "I love this letter!" Radosh gushes. "What a wonderful way to introduce students to the theme of Fahrenheit 451 that books are so dangerous that the institutions of society—schools and parents—might be willing to team up against children to prevent them from reading one." He goes on to praise the "immersive" way in which the book club is teaching about "insidious censorship" by giving the kids firsthand experience with it. He also says he "assured [Milo] that his teacher would have his back" for handing in this somewhat rebellious reply along with his dad's signature. (A book-burning 101 primer.)
Article: |
Pour one out for Alanis Morissette.
For more than 20 years now, since the release of her hit “Ironic,” she’s had to hear every pedant, every SNOOT, and every 10th-grade English teacher crow that none of the situations in her song are actually ironic. The eternal question of rain-on-your-wedding-day has spawned two decades of thinkpieces (here’s the Times in 2008, Salon in 2014). “Ironic” even has a section on its Wikipedia page entitled “Linguistic usage disputes.” It’s hard to even talk about the literary device now without hearing someone lament the song. Irony, apparently, was described by Socrates, animated by Shakespeare and O. Henry, and killed by a 1995 radio hit. RIP.
Thankfully now Morissette may be free. Last night November*, she went on James Corden’s Late Late Show to reveal a new version of “Ironic” updated for modern situations. (“It’s a traffic jam… when you tried to use Waze.”) And, most importantly, it included this admission:
It’s singing “Ironic”
When there are no ironies
Here’s the video:
Sweet relief. Now maybe, as a culture, we can put this conflict behind us—until Lorde writes a song called “Metonymy.”
***
* Update from reader James Thoroman (posted by Chris while Rob’s away): ||||| Comedy writer has exactly the right response to his kid's Fahrenheit 451 permission slip
Daily Show writer Daniel Radosh's son came home from school with a permission slip that he'd have to sign before the kid could read Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451, which is widely believed to be an anti-censorship book (Bradbury himself insisted that this was wrong, and that the book was actually about the evils of television).
Fahrenheit 451 has been the frequent subject of parental challenges on the flimsiest of grounds, as when fundamentalist Christian Alton Verne, of Conroe, Texas, demanded to have the book removed from the curriculum because the characters occasionally blaspheme and say "damn" ("If they can't find a book that uses clean words, they shouldn't have a book at all").
Radosh responded to the permission slip -- which mentioned these parental challenges -- with a wry note congratulating the teacher for using permission slips to convey the awfulness of heavy-handed attempts to control peoples' access to information.
I love this letter! What a wonderful way to introduce students to the theme of Fahrenheit 451 that books are so dangerous that the institutions of society -- schools and parents -- might be willing to team up against children to prevent them from reading one. It's easy enough to read the book and say, 'This is crazy. It could never really happen,' but pretending to present students at the start with what seems like a totally reasonable 'first step' is a really immersive way to teach them how insidious censorship can be I'm sure that when the book club is over and the students realize the true intent of this letter they'll be shocked at how many of them accepted it as an actual permission slip. In addition, Milo's concern that allowing me to add this note will make him stand out as a troublemaker really brings home why most of the characters find it easier to accept the world they live in rather than challenge it. I assured him that his teacher would have his back.
tfw your kid's school makes you sign a permission slip so he can read Fahrenheit 451 📚 🔥 pic.twitter.com/t9lmD8vKTu — Daniel Radosh (@danielradosh) October 24, 2016
Kid needs permission slip to read 'Fahrenheit 451,' his dad's response is brilliant
[Jay Hathaway/Daily Dot]
(via Neatorama) ||||| | 8 | Flan2021 | multi_news:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
The figure is substantially more than the £130m the search engine agreed to pay in back taxes to UK authorities.
However, France's AFP news agency reported that Google might be able to negotiate and may not pay the full sum.
The company's chief executive, Sundar Pichai, is visiting Paris and was due to meet the France's economy minister Emmanuel Macron on Wednesday night.
It is not clear if they will discuss the tax issue.
Earlier this month, French Finance Minister Michel Sapin ruled out striking a deal with the US company.
Google would not comment on reports of the tax demand and French officials said the matter was confidential.
The tax arrangements of international companies have come under close scrutiny recently.
Several have been accused of using legal methods to minimise their tax bills.
In Google's case, its tax structure allows it to pay tax in Ireland, even when sales appear to relate to the UK.
In January it struck a deal with UK tax authorities to pay an extra £130m in tax for the period from 2005, but that deal was heavily criticised.
Earlier on Wednesday the UK Public Accounts Committee (PAC) said the £130m settlement "seems disproportionately small", compared with the size of its UK business.
Europe's competition authorities have been examining whether some deals struck by big companies with national tax authorities amount to illegal state aid.
Starbucks and Fiat Chrysler were told they must pay back up to €30m (£22m) in taxes after European tax breaks were ruled illegal.
But the two companies disagreed with the ruling, and Starbucks said it would appeal against the decision.
Further investigations into tax deals, including those covering Amazon and Apple, are continuing.
What is a summary of this text? | French authorities have demanded that Google pays €1.6bn ($1.8bn; £1.3bn) in unpaid taxes. | 3 | Flan2021 | huggingface:xsum | zs_opt |
Complete the passage: pick from possible candidates.
By David Kent Ian Wright outside his home in north west London which was raided by knife-wielding robbers Ian Wright has spoken of the 'terrifying' moment an armed gang held a Stanley knife to his wife's throat and threatened to cut off her fingers before they fled with family possessions including the former Arsenal and England star's MBE. The 50-year-old pundit had to cut short his work for ITV at the World Cup in Brazil to look after wife Nancy, 39, and their daughters, aged four and two, following the raid on Wednesday night. Wright went straight to a waiting car which whisked him back to his family after his 11-hour flight from Rio de Janeiro landed at London's Heathrow airport on Thursday lunchtime.
Ian Wright (pictured, right, in Brazil this week) flew home after his wife Nancy (pictured, left, with
OPTIONS:
- Arsenal at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- Brazil at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- David Kent at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- England at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- Heathrow airport at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- ITV at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- Ian Wright at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- London at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- MBE at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- Nancy at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- Rio de Janeiro at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- Stanley at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- World Cup at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
- Wright at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home
| Ian Wright at a charity event in 2008) was held at knifepoint at their north London home | 0 | Flan2021 | super_glue/record:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
How is "Mr President-in-Office of the Council, you have the floor." said in Finnish? | Neuvoston puheenjohtaja, olkaa hyvä. | 6 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/fi-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-select: Is it possible to draw the conclusion that "Mark couldn't convince him." if "Sid explained his theory to Mark but he couldn't convince him."?
Select from the following.
*no.
*yes. | no | 7 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write the next sentence.
The trip was a rewarding experience for Sarah but not Felicia because
Pick from:
[1]. Sarah learned nothing at all.
[2]. Felicia learned nothing at all.
Answer: | [2]. | 1 | Flan2021 | winogrande:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
What is a random fact? | gills are used for breathing water by aquatic animals | 8 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Attributes: name = The Phoenix, food = Fast food, customer rating = low, area = city centre. Produce a detailed sentence about this restaurant. | Located in the city centre, The Phoenix serves fast food and has a low customer rating. | 0 | Flan2021 | gem/e2e_nlg:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Continue writing the following text.
The skateboard was better at executing an ollie when compared to the longboard because the
OPT: -- skateboard was far too heavy.; -- longboard was far too heavy.; | longboard was far too heavy. | 9 | Flan2021 | winogrande:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Q: How many people watch network television ?
Which one of the following options would the answer to this be?
Pick from: A). description; B). entity; C). abbreviation; D). human; E). numeric; F). location;
A: | E). | 8 | Flan2021 | trec:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
If "Emma did not pass the ball to Janie although she saw that she was open.", is "Janie saw that she was open." correct?
Pick your answer from:
A). no
B). yes
Answer: | A). | 2 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write down the solution for this math problem: Solve -235 = 21*l - 193 for l. | -2 | 4 | Flan2021 | math_dataset/algebra__linear_1d:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Агентства кредитных рейтингов опубликовали дезориентирующие рейтинги компаний сомнительного состояния.
Translate to English
English: | Bond rating agencies have issued misleading ratings on companies in questionable health. | 1 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ru-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate the following sentence to German:
(1) The Management Board appointed by the President shall conduct the association's business in accordance with the President's instructions.
German: | (1) Die vom Präsident bestellte Geschäftsführung hat die Geschäfte des Verbandes nach den Weisungen des Präsidenten zu führen. | 5 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/de-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Ne.Žádná odpověď nebude.
Translate to English
English: | No! There ain't gonna be no answer! | 1 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Eritrea
Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school. Student-teacher ratios are high: 45 to 1 at the elementary level and 54 to 1 at the secondary level. There are an average 63 students per classroom at the elementary level and 97 per classroom at the secondary level. Learning hours at school are often less than six hours per day. Skill shortages are present at all levels of the education system, and funding for and access to education vary significantly by gender and location. Illiteracy estimates for Eritrea range from around 40% to as high as 70%.
Q: What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools? | 54 to 1 | 7 | Flan2021 | squad/v1.1:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
Produce a long descriptive sentence that uses all these words: Browns Cambridge eatType coffee shop; Browns Cambridge food Japanese; Browns Cambridge customer rating 5 out of 5; Browns Cambridge area city centre; Browns Cambridge familyFriendly yes; Browns Cambridge near Crowne Plaza Hotel | There's a Japanese coffee shop named Browns Cambridge, located in the city centre near Crowne Plaza Hotel. It is family-friendly and has a 5 out of 5 rating. | 7 | Flan2021 | gem/dart:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Premise:
"In the crypt are interred the remains of Voltaire and Rousseau, Hugo and Zola, assassinated Socialist leader Jean Jaurys, and Louis Braille, the inventor of the alphabet for the blind." Based on this premise, is the hypothesis "Many notable people are buried here, including writers Voltaire and Rousseau." true?
Pick your answer from:
--yes.
--it is not possible to tell.
--no. | yes | 7 | Flan2021 | glue/mnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Produce a brief English sentence that would be considered grammatically as category: 2).
All categories: Pick from:
1). unacceptable.
2). acceptable. | There was a snake behind the car the time bomb was sitting in. | 9 | Flan2021 | glue/cola:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Determine if the sentence is true based on the text below:
someone in his house knows the difference
Choose your answer from:
a). Yes;
b). No;
c). It's impossible to say;
B: if you get it on sale, A: Yeah, yeah, so we bought that or we bought the filets, and then the chicken, or turkey nuggets, and I don't think anybody in my house knows the difference, unless you tell them.
| b). | 8 | Flan2021 | super_glue/cb:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
An atom is the very smallest particle that still the elements properties. All the atoms of an element are alike. They are also different from the atoms of all other elements. For example, atoms of gold are always the same. It does not matter if they are found in a gold nugget or a gold ring. All gold atoms have the same structure and properties. For example, all gold atoms contain 79 protons. One of golds unique properties is that it is a great conductor of electricity. Gold is a better conductor of electricity than copper. Gold is more rare and expensive than copper. Copper is used in house wiring. Gold is far too expensive.
What question would one ask from this paragraph? | Why do we use copper instead of gold in house wiring? | 9 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann). Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with "blue baby syndrome," caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17, he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, Henrietta, to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the "tantalizing sounds" of children playing outside his window. With little to entertain him, he read books as a main activity. He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies. His books, of necessity, replaced the streets of New York, and led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers, such as William James. When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams. Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he placed an ad with the local newspaper hoping to find better work: "Situation Wanted: Secretary, stenographer, Spanish, English, high school education, no experience; $15."
Answer this question "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?" by extracting the answer from the text above. | The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty. | 6 | Flan2021 | quac:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
How is "I'm better now. It's gone. - Sure?" said in Czech? | Už to přešlo! | 6 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Add spaces: OfferingfreeWiFi,thisroomincludesaflat-screensatelliteTVwithaDVDplayerandaniPoddockingstation.
| Offering free WiFi, this room includes a flat-screen satellite TV with a DVD player and an iPod docking station. | 3 | Flan2021 | word_segment | zs_opt |
My parents, Kelly and Kelley, said that it was that time of year to take a family vacation. We've been to big ride parks that have hotels with large pools. This year my parents wanted to do something different. They wanted to take us all to Elk River Castle. After lots of planning we hit the road for our trip. My Brother Kelsey and I enjoyed the long car ride there. Once we arrive, the castle looked much bigger than we had imagined. There was so much to see and so much to do. There was a swimming pool, movie theater and an elevator to take us from floor to floor. What a magical place! I was so excited because we had the whole place to our family! We spent our vacation playing around the huge castle and finding small mysterious places. There was even a tiny room in the back of one of the closets. My brother, Kelsey, and I played hide and go seek for hours, watched movies and swam until the sun went down. It was sad when our vacation finally came to an end but we made some amazing memories. We'll never forget our trip to Elk River Castle!
Question: "Whose idea was it to go to Elk River Castle?"
Response: "My parents, Kelly and Kelley"
Select from the following. a). no. b). yes.
Does the response correctly answer the question?
| a). | 0 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Can you generate a question with a factual answer? | In recent years what has Ann Arbor become? | 9 | Flan2021 | glue/qnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
How is "Through the process known as "hedging," producers, handlers and users of grain buy and sell futures contracts to protect themselves against the possibility that prices will change." said in French? | À l'aide d'une opération de couverture, les producteurs, distributeurs et utilisateurs de céréales achètent et vendent à terme pour se protéger contre les éventuelles fluctuations de prix. | 6 | Flan2021 | wmt14_translate/fr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "Butt out." to Czech? | Máte problém s klientem, pane? - jak bystrá. | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
If "The signs over the shops' doors had pictures that indicated what work was done inside. Although more and more people were learning how to read, each artisan still had signs, not wishing to lose a possible patron merely because he happened to be illiterate.", is "Each artisan still had signs, not wishing to lose a possible patron merely because the artisan happened to be illiterate." correct?
Pick from:
+ no;
+ yes;
Answer: | no | 2 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write a sentence not in English. | Aş dori să adresez, de asemenea, sincere mulţumiri tuturor colegilor mei, Comisiei şi tuturor instituţiilor din Uniunea Europeană, în special funcţionarilor şi personalului, pentru ajutorul şi sprijinul lor. | 8 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ro-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
1. The worst James Bond film ever.
2. Moore should have bowed out after the superb "Octopussy", but this is still a pretty good time at the movies.
3. As lavishly escapist as they are, the latest James Bond films have become strenuous to watch, now that the business of maintaining Bond's casual savoir-faire looks like such a monumental chore.
4. Moore's final Bond picture is one too late. Walken is a fine villian, though.
5. In this 007 film, former real man James Bond not only eats quiche, he literally bakes it.
6. Registers as another high-flying James Bond adventure story.
7. Once 007 was licensed to kill; now he not only eats quiche, he cooks it himself.
8. The aging Roger Moore rehashes his somewhat foppish Bond in this sad '80s installment with Grace Jones as a vampish villainess. Awful, and an embarrassment to the Bond mystique.
9. Moore's tryst with Grace Jones is, on the one hand, a well-intentioned attempt to tear down the Bond-girl color barrier, and, on the other, a rather disturbing image.
10. Roger Moore's final Bond film is a solidly entertaining entry in the series.
Write a one sentence summary of the reviews above. | Absurd even by Bond standards, A View to a Kill is weighted down by campy jokes and a noticeable lack of energy. | 0 | Flan2021 | opinion_abstracts_rotten_tomatoes | zs_opt |
The military also weighed in, warning that it would defend the secularist state at any cost.
Translate to Turkish
Turkish: | Orduda ağırlığını koyarak, laik devleti ne pahasına olursa olsun savunacağı konusunda uyardı. | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
By. Associated Press Reporter. PUBLISHED:. 14:55 EST, 1 January 2014. |. UPDATED:. 15:03 EST, 1 January 2014. The new mayor of Detroit was sworn into office on Wednesday, and despite the New Year's Day holiday - and his limited powers in an insolvent city whose finances are controlled by a state-appointed emergency manager - he is starting work immediately. Mike Duggan was holding initial staff meetings at City Hall on Wednesday after the morning ceremony, continuing the work he has done on Detroit's behalf since voters elected him in November. With outgoing Mayor Dave Bing at his side, Duggan praised his predecessor, calling him one of his heroes. Mike Duggan was sworn in as Detroit's new mayor today, taking over during the most troubled time in the city's history. 'I'm going to continue to build on what he started, and I just want to say thank you,' Duggan said during a brief ceremony punctuated by humor and informality. The former Detroit Medical Center chief has attended a meeting of new mayors hosted by the White House, put together his own administration and lobbied with emergency manager Kevyn Orr for a greater role in the city's immediate turnaround. 'He's been engaged on issues and has been preparing to hit the ground running,' former Detroit Councilwoman Sheila Cockrel said of Duggan. So far, mayoral-type celebrations have been muted, something Cockrel said is noteworthy. 'We're broke. There is no money. Streetlights are still not on. Cops do not come on time,' said Cockrel, who is founder of a government relations advocacy firm. 'When you're in the middle of a bankruptcy, how much celebrating should you be doing? It's about the city. The most important thing for all of us now is getting the city's organization and finances in operating order.' Passing the torch: Duggan, center, shakes hands with outgoing mayor Dave Bing, left. With snow falling on the city Wednesday, Duggan was asked by reporters whether he was going to observe the work of city road crews. 'When you get elected to office, you don't automatically have all the answers,' Duggan said, drawing laughs. Under Michigan's emergency manager law, Orr has control over Detroit's finances. He filed the city's bankruptcy petition in July. On Dec. 3, federal Judge Steven Rhodes made Detroit the largest U.S. city to enter bankruptcy. 'We have a division of responsibilities that I respect,' Duggan said. 'I'm going to do the best job I can.' 'I expect that we're going to have a relationship based on the agreement we've reached,' he added. 'I'm going to disagree on some things.' Orr, who didn't attend the ceremony, was appointed by Governor Rick Snyder in March. Orr has said that Detroit has at least $18 billion in debt. He's negotiating with the city's many creditors and is expected to release a plan of adjustment for Detroit's restructuring early this month. Bing, Duggan's predecessor who didn't seek re-election, had complained of his diminished role since Orr was hired. Duggan pledged to work with the city council and the emergency manager to turn the city around. Duggan announced December 19 that he and Orr agreed to share some of the duties in running the city, with the bulk of financial responsibilities still under the emergency manager's control. 'You're going to see a lot of activity, even in the next two weeks,' Duggan said then. Under the deal with Orr, Duggan takes on blight removal, public lighting and the Fire Department, and will control financial matters relating to the day-to-day function of city government. 'I'm hopeful that with the tools that he was given ... we will see an improvement in service delivery,' said Gabe LeLand, who was elected in November to his first term on the Detroit City Council. At Wednesday's ceremony, Duggan said that he would 'be dealing with things like getting the buses running and the snow plowed and those kind of day-to-day things that people in Detroit deserve.' The nine council members already have taken their official oaths of office. Duggan will officiate at a ceremonial swearing-in for the council on Tuesday, said LeLand. The powers of the council also are restricted under the state's emergency manager law. Detroit councils and mayors have frequently been at odds, dating back decades. Duggan said Wednesday that he has met personally with the new members but acknowledged the possibility of future challenges. 'I have a very good relationship with all of the nine members. ... It always stays like that doesn't it?' Duggan asked Bing, drawing a wave of laughter.
Summarize the highlights of this article. | Mike Duggan, the chief of Detroit Medical Center, is first white mayor in majority-black city since 1974. Kevyn Orr, the city's emergency manager, holds most of the power during the bankruptcy. | 4 | Flan2021 | cnn_dailymail:3.4.0 | zs_opt |
How is "Nevertheless we are the team, welded by one star dream – to help every child, who’s in trouble, find a family, where he or she will be welcomed, beloved and protected. We’re sure that there is kindness and mercy in people’s hearts - and it makes us so optimistic!" said in Russian? | Разные по возрасту, взглядам на жизнь, национальности и роду деятельности. | 6 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ru-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
The students were told that the net applied force from the engine was the same for each vehicle tested. Based on this information, which vehicle had the greatest acceleration (a = F/m)?
Choose from:
a). vehicle 1
b). vehicle 2
c). vehicle 3
d). vehicle 4
| a). | 8 | Flan2021 | unified_qa_science_inst | zs_opt |
Who is Robert Bales? Friends, comrades thought they knew
For those who grew up with him, Robert Bales seemed to have a place reserved on easy street. Captain of the football team and president of the sophomore class at his Ohio high school, Bales after just three years of college had an oceanfront condo in Florida. He was also pulling in more than $100,000 a year as a financial advisor.
His investment work ran into trouble, though, and when the Sept. 11 attacks came, Bales felt what friends said was an irresistible call. He enlisted in
— signed up for the hardest duty anybody could ask for, the infantry — and headed almost straight for
"I thought, 'Jeez, man. That's crazy. You've got it all,' " said Steven Berling, a high school friend.
But Bales had long seemed fascinated by what led nations into combat. "I remember one day in AP [advanced placement] history class, Bobby and the teacher were going back and forth about old wars and … various historic battles," Berling said. "He must have been reading up on all that on his own."
In Iraq, Bales was a soldier "who really believed in it," his former platoon leader, Chris Alexander, said. "It was rare to find an E5 soldier who was as deep a thinker as he was.... He'd get into these epic conversations about the Middle East and our role."
Now, friends are trying to piece together how the gregarious 38-year-old staff sergeant could have become the tragic anti-hero suspected in the late-night massacre of 16 Afghan civilians — a crime that has prompted new questions about how much longer the U.S. can remain in
For soldiers at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington state, where Bales was based during three deployments to Iraq and one in Afghanistan, the events have been dumbfounding. Bales trained his men carefully, oversaw his patrols vigilantly, and treated Iraqi villagers with respect and good humor. That he could have snapped so precipitously is almost beyond comprehension.
There is sympathy for the financial problems, multiple deployments and violence that may have imposed unbearable stress, but also contempt for a soldier who may have put others in the path of potential violent reprisals.
"The picture that's being painted of Staff Sgt. Robert Bales — that 'There but for the grace of God goes any other American soldier' — this is amazingly offensive," said Bryan Suits, who hosts a Seattle-based KFI radio show popular with soldiers and veterans.
Suits, who served three Army deployments, said nearly all long-serving U.S. troops had similar stories of nightmarish deployments. "Everybody's been there. And this is the first time a guy has killed 16 civilians," he said.
But Bales' combat colleagues appear more mystified than angry.
"I know Bales. I worked with him for years. He was a great NCO," Alexander said. "And you don't go from being somebody like that to all of a sudden shooting unarmed people.... There's something more to it."
Longtime friend Michael Blevins, who grew up with Bales in Ohio, said almost the same thing. "I want people to know there is no way the guy I knew did this," he said. "You don't go from being a local hero to a monster."
People from the working-class neighborhood of shady lanes and two-story panel homes in Norwood, Ohio, where Bales grew up said that, even early on, Bales seemed to feel it was his mission to protect the neighborhood.
"When Bobby was 10 or so, there were half a dozen teenagers talking loud and obnoxious in front of his house. He went outside and ran them off after knocking one of them into the bushes," Blevins recalled. "My mother watched the whole thing from her porch. When it was all over, Bobby walked across the street and said, 'I'm sorry they were talking that way and that you had to hear it.' "
Bales attended Ohio State University for three years and went to work as a financial advisor with several firms in Ohio, launching his own investment firm with his brother in Florida.
But according to a report from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Bales and his Ohio firm were the target of a major complaint from a client in 2000. In 2003, Bales and his partners were directed in arbitration to pay more than $1.2 million in compensatory and punitive damages for fraud, breach of fiduciary duty and other charges.
What are the most important parts of this text? | Reporting from Lake Tapps, Wash., and Norwood, Ohio | 5 | Flan2021 | newsroom:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Mă uimește faptul că doar două state membre, Italia și Lituania, au insistat ca Consiliul să includă marcajele de origine și mă întreb de ce nu sunt interesate celelalte țări europene să își protejeze propriile companii în acest mod, deoarece situația actuală le expune mai mult la probleme de concurență neloială și contrafacere.
Translate this to English? | I am really puzzled by the fact that only two Member States, Italy and Lithuania, insisted in the Council on including origin marking, and I wonder what interest the other European countries have in not protecting their own businesses in this way, since they are thus left more exposed to problems of unfair competition and counterfeiting. | 3 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ro-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Q: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?
A: ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.")
Does the answer correctly answer the question
Options:
(I) yes;
(II) no; | (II) | 5 | Flan2021 | glue/qnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Taryn Nicole Terrell-Dryden (born December 28, 1985) is an American professional wrestler, ring announcer, referee, model, actress and stunt woman. She is best known for her time with Impact Wrestling, formerly known as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under her real name Taryn Terrell and also had short stint in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where she performed under the ring name Tiffany. She is a former TNA Knockouts Champion, and she holds the record for the longest reign with the title at 279 days. During her time in WWE, she trained at WWE's then-developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), and served as the final general manager of the now-defunct ECW.
Terrell tried out for the 2007 WWE Diva Search. She made it to the final eight, but was eliminated fourth. In February 2008, WWE signed her to a developmental contract. Terrell debuted in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), WWE's developmental territory, alongside Beverly Mullins, and they competed in various matches together, including lingerie matches. Soon afterwards, Terrell and Mullins drifted apart, leading to Terrell receiving a larger singles wrestling role as she competed against various other FCW Divas, including Mullins (now renamed to Wesley Holiday), Miss Angela, The Bella Twins, Alicia Fox, and Roucka. Terrell made her FCW television debut when she competed in a twist competition, which ended in a no contest. She and Angela were then used as ring announcers. On the March 11, 2008 episode of FCW TV, Terrell teamed up with Nic Nemeth and Brad Allen to defeat The Puerto Rican Nightmares (Eric Perez, Eddie Colon and Angela Fong). On the August 2, 2008 episode of FCW TV, Terrell teamed up with The Bella Twins to defeat Alicia Fox, Roucka and Daisy and again on August 9, 2008. Later on, Terrell, now renamed Tiffany, lost her first FCW televised match in a fatal four-way match including Roucka, Holiday, and Fox. She then teamed with Nikki Bella and Eve Torres on the December 14 episode of FCW TV to defeat Roucka, Holiday, and Fox. Tiffany participated in the tournament to determine the inaugural Queen of FCW, and defeated Holiday in the first round before losing to Fox in the semi-finals. She teamed up with Angela Fong on several occasions, and also competed against Serena Mancini, April Lee, and Fox in a four-pack challenge to determine the new number one contender to the Queen of FCW crown, but was unsuccessful. On July 30, 2009 episode of FCW TV, Tiffany tamed up with Angela Fong and April Lee to defeat Alicia Fox, Roucka and Serena Deeb in a 6-Diva tag team match. On the August 6 episode of FCW TV, Tiffany and Yoshi Tatsu defeated Fox and Ricky Ortiz in a mixed tag team match. Tiffany unsuccessfully challenged the newly crowned Serena Mancini for the Queen of FCW crown and injured her humerus bone, on the September 24 taping of FCW TV. She returned on the February 19, 2010 episode of FCW TV, teaming with Aksana to defeat Courtney Taylor and Liviana in a tag team match.
Answer the following question by taking a quote from the article: what was the developmental contracT? | Terrell debuted in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), WWE's developmental territory, alongside Beverly Mullins, | 0 | Flan2021 | quac:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Claim: Those who have more owe more to the state
What evidence supports this claim? | 1. Wealthy business owners and corporations use state utilities far more than poorer individuals quite often , when for example they use public roads to move their vast fleets of trucks , while individuals only drive their personal car .
2. Warren Buffett , for example , has argued that he could never have amassed anywhere near the sort of wealth he has in a country without the rule of law , such as Bangladesh .
3. First , they have more to lose in the absence of the state .
4. Wealthier people benefit from the state more than do those who are worse off for two reasons .
5. A rich person has much more to lose should there be a reversion to the state of nature ; nothing would shield him from the mob .
6. Without the rule of law , people would no longer be bound by any power to respect one anothers property rights .
7. It does so by funding it through taxation , and those who have more to lose have a greater interest in paying more to ensure its continuity .
8. For this reason it is in the interest of the wealthy to preserve the just rule of law in the state and to uphold its institutions .
9. It is only within a state system that maintains order and provides vital services that markets can form and be maintained .
10. The second benefit the rich have is that they have gained more from the state than have the poor and less well off . | 9 | Flan2021 | opinion_abstracts_idebate | zs_opt |
Do these mean the same?
The main partners of this festival are Parmigiani Fleurier , Manor , Heineken , Vaudoise and UBS .
Main partners of the Festival are Parmigiani Fleurier , Manor , Heineken , Vaudoise Assurances and UBS .
Available choices: (A). no. (B). yes. | (B). | 8 | Flan2021 | paws_wiki:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Translate to Russian:
The gopas, the cowherd men and their families, used to make different preparations from the milk, sell them in the marketplace, and in that way earn their livelihood.
Russian: | Гопы, пастухи и члены их семей, обычно делали различные продукты из молока, продавали их на рынке и таким образом зарабатывали себе на жизнь. | 4 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ru-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Can we draw the following hypothesis from the context?
Context:
B: so there's only been really one working. A: Uh-huh, same here. Uh-huh. B: And, uh, it works for me but I can't see that it would work for probably the majority of people.
Hypothesis: it would work for probably the majority of people
Pick your answer from: (a). Yes. (b). No. (c). It's impossible to say. | (b). | 7 | Flan2021 | super_glue/cb:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
And I was excited by my new importance. Proud and pleased to be playing opposite Frank Donovan who had once stood in for Hayden Coffin. Occasionally perhaps I should notice that he was not the jovial easy-going character I remembered from my humble place in the chorus.
Select from options. Does this next sentence follow, given the preceding text?
Frank Donovan was not the jovial easy-going character she remembered
Pick from:
(A). Yes.
(B). No.
(C). It's impossible to say. | (A). | 3 | Flan2021 | super_glue/cb:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Here is an article:
Two days after China levelled the largest corporate fine in its history against Qualcomm Inc. QCOM for monopolistic practices, the American Chamber of Commerce in China, the chief lobbying group for U.S. companies like Qualcomm, released its annual member survey that asked questions such as, “Do you feel foreign businesses are more or less welcome in China than before?”
One of China’s regulators, the National Development and Reform Commission, spent more than a year investigating Qualcomm’s business in 3G and 4G mobile patents, before deciding to force the chipmaker to accept reduced license fees and unbundle patent packages.
Analysts were mostly positive on the $975-million fine. Some said Qualcomm’s penalties weren’t as severe as they could have been, but others have cautioned the investigation was part of a larger policy targeting foreign firms. AmCham China asked U.S. companies if they think foreigners are indeed targets.
“A majority of our members believe foreign firms have indeed been singled out in these campaigns,” AmCham China chairman James Zimmerman said on Wednesday.
Fifty seven percent of the companies surveyed by AmCham China believed foreign firms were being targeted, while 47% of companies feel less welcome than before, a three percentage point increase from last year. Industrial and R&D intensive industries had the highest percentage of firms feeling unwelcome. Service companies, meanwhile, felt the most welcomed—almost 20% said they felt more welcome than before.
Qualcomm was part of a larger trend in China over the past year. A string of cases against foreign firms culminated last fall after foreign automakers, U.S. tech companies, infant milk powder firms, Japanese auto parts businesses had all incurred fines under China’s anti-monopoly law.
The AmCham China survey is in many ways a reflection of China’s bigger economy. More than 30% of U.S. firms had no investment expansion plans in China this year, the biggest percentage since 2009, as China’s economic growth slows amid a declining real estate market.
For the first time, a majority of companies said China’s notorious air pollution made it difficult to recruit senior executives to work in the country. This comes just two weeks after Beijing’s mayor said the city was unlivable because of its air pollution.
There was positive news to come out of the survey too. Corruption fell off the list of top business challenges, dropping from the four most important challenge two years ago to number thirteen today. Meanwhile, revenue growth for 2015 remained positive among a majority of companies. Although fewer companies are expecting higher margins in 2015, 70% of companies enjoy equal or higher margins in China compared to their global average.
Zimmerman, the AmCham China Chairman and a longtime trade attorney in China, cautioned against reading too much into the results of foreign companies being “targeted.” He noted recent regulatory cases against Chinese companies, including Alibaba Group Inc’s BABA fake-goods case and crackdowns in food safety. Of the antimonopoly enforcement, he said, “I don’t know that it’s unfair.”
Many businesspeople in China have said something similar over the past year: although foreign companies are being leveled with higher fines and higher-profile cases, it’s not certain that Beijing set out specifically to target them. It may just be that China’s young anti-monopoly law—only six years old—is being enforced by inexperienced regulators.
The perception among American businesspeople in China, however, is that the Chinese government is coming after them.
Write a title for it. | U.S. companies are being targeted in China (say U.S. companies) | 9 | Flan2021 | newsroom:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
OPT: (a). begins to butter bread on both sides which gets put onto a flat grill and flipped until both sides are grilled. (b). and powder is added to the bowl. (c). is created and the plate is topped with chocolate. (d). is then shown and the words the girl's brush and cake mix arm is shown on screen.Choose from options above and answer: What most naturally follows?
A finger dips into the bowl to get a sample out and mixing continues for a bit longer. a small brush with melted butter
Answer: | (a). | 6 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Use evidence from the fact that a seismograph is a kind of tool for measuring the size of an earthquake to answer the following question. Choose from options. "A seismograph is a kind of tool for measuring the size of"
Pick your answer from: [i] rivers. [ii] home planet tremors. [iii] volcanic activity. [iv] lakes. | [ii] | 4 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Translate the following sentence to German:
There is a whole series of matters that are of common interest to both parties, and I would also like to highlight the interest shown in our work by our colleagues from the Indonesian Parliament.
German: | Es gibt eine ganze Reihe von beiderseitig interessierenden Themen, und ich möchte auch das Interesse hervorheben, das unsere Kollegen des indonesischen Parlaments an unserer Arbeit zeigen. | 5 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/de-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
@philipbloom True that, and in reality, not much smoother in the GC2k, but.. it's nimble and you can do neat crane shots run&gun style.
How would the sentiment of this tweet be described?
OPT:
-negative
-positive | positive | 1 | Flan2021 | sentiment140:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write a short summary for this text: us shares kept upward momentum wednesday in the wake of upbeat economic comments from fed chairman alan greenspan and microsoft 's announcement of a massive cash payout to shareholders .
Summary: | microsoft greenspan help lift wall street | 0 | Flan2021 | gigaword:1.2.0 | zs_opt |
Kimberley Ann "Kim" Deal (born June 10, 1961) is an American singer, songwriter and musician, best known as the former bassist and backing vocalist of the alternative rock band Pixies, and the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for The Breeders. Deal joined Pixies in January 1986 as the band's bassist, adopting the stage name Mrs. John Murphy for the albums Come on Pilgrim and Surfer Rosa. Following Doolittle and The Pixies' hiatus, she formed The Breeders with Tanya Donelly, Josephine Wiggs and later introduced her identical twin sister Kelley Deal. The Pixies broke up in early 1993, and Deal returned her focus to The Breeders, who released the platinum-selling album Last Splash in 1993.
Deal became the bassist and backing vocalist for Pixies in January 1986, after answering an advertisement in the Boston Phoenix that said, ""Band seeks bassist into Husker Du and Peter, Paul and Mary. Please - no chops." Deal was the only person to call them, even though her main instrument was guitar. She borrowed her sister Kelley's bass guitar to use in the band. To complete the lineup, she suggested they hire David Lovering as drummer, a friend of her husband, whom she met at her wedding reception. For the release of the band's first recording Come on Pilgrim (1987), Deal used the nom de disque "Mrs. John Murphy" in the liner notes. She chose the name as an ironic feminist joke, after conversing with a lady who wished to be called only by her husband's name as a form of respect. For Surfer Rosa (1988), Deal sang lead vocals on the album's only single, "Gigantic" ( sample ), which she co-wrote with Black Francis. Doolittle followed a year later, with Deal contributing the song "Silver" and appearing on slide guitar. By this time, however, tensions began to develop between her and Francis, with bickering and standoffs between the two marring the album's recording sessions. This led to increased stress between the band members. Murphy commented that during the sessions, it "went from just all fun to work". Exhaustion, from releasing three records in two years and constant touring, contributed to the friction, particularly between Francis and Deal. The tension and exhaustion culminated at the end of the US "Fuck or Fight" tour, where they were too tired to attend the end-of-tour party. The band soon announced a hiatus. Answer this question using a quote from the following article:
what did the pixies have to do with kim? | Deal became the bassist and backing vocalist for Pixies in | 7 | Flan2021 | quac:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-choice problem: does word "tendency" have the same meaning in the following two sentences?
Fabric with a tendency to shrink.
Denim has a tendency to fade.
Available options: - different meanings. - the same meaning. | different meanings | 4 | Flan2021 | super_glue/wic:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Answer the questions at the end based on the text.
The Bank of England, formally the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694, it is the second oldest central bank in operation today, after the Sveriges Riksbank. The Bank of England is the world's 8th oldest bank. It was established to act as the English Government's banker and is still one of the bankers for the Government of the United Kingdom. The Bank was privately owned by stockholders from its foundation in 1694 until it was nationalised in 1946.
In 1998, it became an independent public organisation, wholly owned by the Treasury Solicitor on behalf of the government, with independence in setting monetary policy.
The Bank is one of eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom, but it has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales and regulates the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee has a devolved responsibility for managing monetary policy. The Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances", but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days. The Bank's Financial Policy Committee held its first meeting in June 2011 as a macro prudential regulator to oversee regulation of the UK's financial sector.
1. what is the model which most modern central banks are based?
2. does it have a formal name?
3. when was it founded?
4. is it the oldest bank of it's kind?
5. where does it rankl age wise?
6. who is the oldest?
7. who was it established at a banker to?
8. was it nationalized?
9. when?
10. who manages their money policy?
11. who can give them orders?
12. who has to agree with those orders?
13. in what time frame?
14. can it issue bank notes?
15. how many other UK banks can do that?
16. did it ever go public?
17. when?
18. who own;s it?
Numbered answers: | 1. The Bank of England
2. the Governor and Company of the Bank of England
3. 1694
4. no
5. the second oldest central bank
6. the Sveriges Riksbank
7. the English Government
8. yes
9. 1946
10. The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee
11. The Treasury
12. Parliament
13. within 28 days
14. yes
15. Seven
16. yes
17. 1998
18. the Treasury Solicitor | 2 | Flan2021 | coqa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Over all, however, openness to the project of a European Public Prosecutor has grown appreciably as the year has gone by.
Translate to French. | Mais dans l'ensemble, l'intérêt par rapport au projet du procureur européen a clairement augmenté dans le courant de l'année. | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt14_translate/fr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
finally, you can now discover everything you need to know about your bas7 file... instantly!
Please write the text above using proper case. | Finally, you can now discover everything you need to know about your BAS7 file... instantly! | 0 | Flan2021 | true_case | zs_opt |
What is the most logical next event?
How to win your ex boyfriend back (for teen girls )
Try to think of reasons why you broke up.
Maybe you're too clingy? Maybe you're demanding? You should have a talk with him and discuss these problems. If you did something bad, just, it will help the friendship.
Select from:
[A]. Also, try to think of reasons why you want him back. Also, if you're the one who broke up with him and you want him back, think of why you broke up with him in the first place and try to fix that..
[B]. If he says no then you've broken up because you're afraid to stand up for yourself. If your significant other says yes then you definitely screwed up and you are in trouble..
[C]. Just make sure you can think of some good reasons why you broke up with him. Maybe he got out of a bad habit that's causing fighting and or didn't take you back quickly enough..
[D]. Good reasons for breaking up, however, include : You're in high school? You've held off on your boyfriend for a very long time, if he's still hanging around you. You think he's going to change his mind about you.. | [A]. | 8 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write a sentence not in English. | Drei Karten desselben Werts plus zwei unabhängige Seitenkarten. | 8 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/de-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
The 1990 season of the astronomy TV show starring Jack Horkheimer started on January 1, 1990. During this season, the show still had its original name, "Jack Horkheimer: Star Hustler". The show's episode numbering scheme changed several times during its run to coincide with major events in the show's history. The official Star Gazer website hosts the complete scripts for each of the shows.
Does this next sentence follow, given the preceding text?
Star Hustler was on prior to Star Gazer.
Available choices: * Yes; * It's impossible to say; * No; | Yes | 3 | Flan2021 | anli/r1:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
What is the most logical next event?
How to live almost invisibly anywhere
Get a job that allows you to work alone or with as few people as possible.
Consider working the midnight/graveyard shift as these are usually just skeleton crews. The extra pay for shift differential is nice too! An online/work at home job would of course, be perfect.
Available options: 1. On average, you would only be able to work 60 hours. How old you are? The older you get, the more work you will need with a garbage crew.. 2. Locate a laundromat that is open 24 hours, & do your laundry between 1 am & 3 am. Chances are good that all the washers & dryers will be free & you can get out in no time by doing 2 or 3 loads at once.. 3. Study your tasks for leisure so you don't get annoying of those annoying few. Set aside a base for each weekend.. 4. Remember you will receive to in-house services as well. Cultivate your creative creative side by pleasing your surroundings.. | 2. | 8 | Flan2021 | hellaswag:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Fact: as energy required for an activity increases , pulse will increase
Question: As an individual is forced to pedal harder on a bicycle their pulse rate
What's the answer?
a). stays the same
b). decreases
c). stops
d). increases | d). | 5 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Werdegar also said Intel 's servers were not harmed by the computer messages and the thousands of recipients were able to request that the e-mails stop , which Hamidi honored .
She also noted that Intel 's servers were not harmed and that the thousands of Hamidi e-mail recipients were able to request that the e-mails stop , which Hamidi honored .
Select from the options at the end. Do the above sentences mean the same thing?
OPTIONS: [-] no [-] yes | yes | 2 | Flan2021 | glue/mrpc:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Sentence 1: Last year, the state domestic violence coalition received a VAWA grant to set up 13 new local pro bono programs in the 13 communities where there are domestic violence shelters.
Sentence 2: The state received a grant to set up 2 new pro bono programs.
Choose from: (1). yes; (2). it is not possible to tell; (3). no;
Is this second sentence entailed by the first sentence?
| (3). | 3 | Flan2021 | glue/mnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
What is the title of this article:
Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast—either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. However, some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast; this practice is customary with wheat beers. Typically, when serving a hefeweizen wheat beer, 90% of the contents are poured, and the remainder is swirled to suspend the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers.
Title: | Beer | 9 | Flan2021 | squad/v1.1:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
I was looking forward to eating at Julian Serrano's, with the recent health problems at Firefly I have been looking for a new Tapas spot. I am disappointed to say that Julian Serrano's will not be that spot. The food was okay but nowhere near the quality implied by the pricing and not nearly as good as Firefly. Also, worryingly, two out of the three diners in our party got sick shortly after eating, one of them violently ill. The service was nothing special, courteous but when asked for a suggested dish I got blank stares.Disappointingly Julian Serrano's is exactly what it's desperately trying not to be, a run of the mill Las Vegas casino restaurant with a fancy facade. The food is not horrible but for the price you would expect much more.
Choose: was this review given positively or negatively?
Possible answers:
- negative;
- positive; | negative | 2 | Flan2021 | yelp_polarity_reviews:0.2.0 | zs_opt |
The ocean water near the equator absorbs more heat throughout the year than ocean water near the North Pole. Which of the following best explains this difference? Available choices:
1). The equator is closer to the Sun..
2). The equator has higher sea levels..
3). The equator receives more direct sunlight..
4). The equator rotates more quickly on Earth's axis..
| 3). | 6 | Flan2021 | unified_qa_science_inst | zs_opt |
If "The storekeepers stayed in town to run their stores and lived in the rooms behind them.", can we conclude that "The storekeepers stayed in town to run their stores and lived in the rooms behind the stores."
Select from the following. a. no b. yes
I think the answer is | b. | 0 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Claim: The freedom of movement the Schengen area allows increases the difficulties of controlling immigration
What evidence supports this claim? | 1. The borderless nature of the Schengen Area makes it increasingly difficult to track and detain illegal immigrants .
2. It is often easier for illegal immigrants to enter through countries such as Italy or Greece -LRB- and , as is feared when Bulgaria and Romania eventually join , Eastern European countries -RRB- and then continue on to countries like France and Germany .
3. For example , Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi 's decision to grant temporary residence permits to more than 20,000 Tunisian migrants fleeing the violent uprisings in April , was made in the knowledge that many of the migrants would end up travelling to France , the former colonial ruler where many of the migrants have relatives .
4. France accused Italy of abusing the Schengen Agreement . | 9 | Flan2021 | opinion_abstracts_idebate | zs_opt |
What is a one-sentence summary of the following article?
What does your fantasy world look like? If you want your story to feel realistic, you need to create a clear vision of your world for your readers. Describe the sky, buildings, ground, and flora and fauna to help your readers imagine the world for themselves. The setting of your story can be as broad or narrow as you like. For example, your story could be set in a town, city, planet, or universe. If your story is set in an actual place, explain this to your readers. For example, the Harry Potter series starts in modern England and transitions to a hidden world. Middle Earth in The Lord of the Rings is a good example of a foreign universe being explained. Incorporate all the senses into your description. What does it smell like, feel like, and look like? Many famous authors included maps of their fantasy worlds in their work, such as JRR Tolkien’s map of Middle Earth, to help you imagine the setting. This is particularly useful if your fantasy world has multiple different locations in it or if your story includes a journey from 1 place to another. Draw a map on a piece of paper and include the major landmarks, cities, rivers, oceans, etc. Draw a series of trees to represent the looming, mysterious forest in your world. Draw a star to represent the capital of each city. Draw ripples of water to indicate rivers, streams, and oceans. Even if you don’t include the map in the final copy of your story, it can help you to imagine the setting. This gives you great scope to use your imagination. Make note of details such as the political system, the currency used, common cultural practices, and the history of the place. This helps to give your world depth and makes it seem more realistic. If you are creating your story in an actual place, describe any aspects of the place or culture that deviate from real life. Ground your fantasy world in a certain moment in time. If your fantasy worlds take place in the future, invent technological advances to make it seem futuristic. If you're writing something set in a more primitive society, include basic technologies, such as horse and carts instead of cars or hover-boards. Research the technologies to make them realistic. For example, If you want to incorporate a cure for ageing, read some articles on the process of ageing. Understand how and why ageing occurs so you can depict how it could be paused or stopped altogether in a fashion that feels realistic. If you want your story to take place in an ancient world, research how past cultures lived.
Summary: | Describe the physical surroundings of your fantasy world. Draw a map, if it's helpful. Describe the culture and the political setting of your world. Decide what level of technology your society has. | 4 | Flan2021 | gem/wiki_lingua_english_en:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
In your body, what two organs work together to make sure that oxygen gets to all the other organs of your body?
Options are: i. Lungs and kidneys; ii. Heart and lungs; iii. Brain and kidneys; iv. Heart and liver;
| ii. | 5 | Flan2021 | unified_qa_science_inst | zs_opt |
Danny: geez, it's so boooring
Kate: tell me about it *snooze*
Danny: have you heard about Frank and Sue?
Kate: ? no? what about them?
Danny: I've heard they're dating
Kate: pfff, says who
Danny: Michael
Kate: like he knows
Danny: Hahaha, i know, right? :D
Kate: I'd rather believe Frank and Mike are dating :P
Briefly summarize that dialogue. | Danny has info from Michael that Frank and Sue are dating. | 0 | Flan2021 | samsum:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
If "The woman held the girl against her chest.", does it follow that "The woman held the girl against the girl's chest."
(a). no.
(b). yes. | (a). | 1 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Jen was so confident in her preparations for the county spelling bee. She had spent the past month studying the dictionary every night. When the Bee started, Jen survived as others got knocked out. It all came down to the final two and Jen's opponent had messed up.
Write the next sentence, by choosing from:
Pick your answer from: (i). Jen won the spelling bee!. (ii). Jen lost the spelling bee.. | (i). | 3 | Flan2021 | story_cloze/2016:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Asphalt:
The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt").
Please answer a question about this article. If the question is unanswerable, say "unanswerable". What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt? | asphalt/bitumen/pitch | 0 | Flan2021 | squad/v2.0:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
(1) The historical fallacy is a logical fallacy that was described in `` The Psychological Review '' by the philosopher John Dewey in 1896 .
(2) The logical fallacy is a historical fallacy described in 1896 by the philosopher John Dewey in `` The Psychological Review '' .
Do these two sentences mean the same thing?
pick from the following.
[1]. no.
[2]. yes. | [1]. | 3 | Flan2021 | paws_wiki:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
The Valley of Fire Road (also called the Valley of Fire Highway) is a road in northeastern Clark County, Nevada serving the Valley of Fire State Park. The roadway was previously designated State Route 40 (SR 40), and the segment within the state park is currently designated a Nevada Scenic Byway.
Choose your answer: based on the paragraph above can we conclude that "Clark County has a Byway"?
Possible answers:
a). Yes;
b). It's impossible to say;
c). No;
I think the answer is | a). | 0 | Flan2021 | anli/r2:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
How is "We were just being friendly." said in Czech? | Jen se chováme přátelsky. | 6 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
"Aama" (आमा) (Literally: Mother) is the first Nepali movie produced in Nepal, starring Shiva Shankar Manandhar and Bhuvan Chand (Thapa) as the leading actors. The movie was produced by the Information Department of the Nepalese Government and released on October 7, 1964. Bollywood film maker Hira Singh Khatri was invited by the late King Mahendra to direct the first Nepali movie.
Can we draw the following conclusion?
Aama was produced by the Technology Advisor Circuit.
Available options:
1). Yes.
2). It's impossible to say.
3). No. | 3). | 2 | Flan2021 | anli/r1:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write a question about the following article.
I plan on doing some more work next weekend , by which time I 'll have regained my strength . It really is the most satisfying work ; I used to do chores like this all the time growing up , when I had a huge backyard and vegetable garden . Some of the neighbors would let me trim their trees when I asked , and I 'd climb around in them with a hatchet and a hand saw , cutting off the branches that were growing too close to windows and power lines . I 'd rake leaves and pull weeds for dollars .
Question: | What will happen after they are done cleaning the garden and trimming trees ?
Choose from: (i) They will fall out of the tree when in it cutting branches .; (ii) Their yard will stay nice and look great .; (iii) They will be to tired to keep up the work .; (iv) None of the above choices .; | 8 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
I have to show around this girl who does n't know alot of English , but she knows Turkish . I know some Turkish , so I can communicate a little bit with her . The problem is , none of my friends want to hang out with me when she is around . It 's sort of a pain to lug her around , but whatever .
Available options: -- They have other Turkish speaking friends .. -- They are kind to the girl .. -- None of the above choices .. -- They feel sorry for the girl ..
Answer the following question: What may be a fact about the person speaking ?
| They are kind to the girl . | 2 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Create a set of triples that describes the content in the following sentence.
The Akita Museum of Art is located in Akita, Japan.
| Akita Museum of Art COUNTRY Japan
Akita Museum of Art LOCATION Akita, Akita | 9 | Flan2021 | gem/dart:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Remove the spaces from the following sentence: Less commonly, psoriatic arthritis may involve many joints of the body in a symmetrical fashion, mimicking the pattern seen in rheumatoid arthritis. | Lesscommonly,psoriaticarthritismayinvolvemanyjointsofthebodyinasymmetricalfashion,mimickingthepatternseeninrheumatoidarthritis. | 9 | Flan2021 | word_segment | zs_opt |
Avery received a homework assignment due in two weeks. She immediately read through the task. She made a schedule and broke it up into tasks for each day. She completed the tasks on their scheduled day.
Choose from:
A). Avery dropped out of school.;
B). Avery finished her project early.;
Which option is the next sentence? | B). | 0 | Flan2021 | story_cloze/2016:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Article: As with outdoor azaleas, indoor azaleas love acidic soil, well-drained soil. The best sort of soil to use when potting an azalea is a peat-based potting mix that does not contain any lime. You should give your plant a high-potassium fertilizer specially made for acid-loving plants. If possible, get a fertilizer that contains iron. You will be able to tell if your plant is nutrient deficient by looking at the leaves. If they are yellow with green veins, your plant needs more nutrients. This means potting your plant in a pot with a drainage hole. Azaleas don’t do well when they have ‘wet feet’—a result of overwatering—but they do need their soil to be moist. If possible, use distilled water or rainwater to water your plant—hard water like that from a tap contains chlorine and chloramine that the plant does not react well with. As with outdoor azaleas, potted azaleas should not be put in direct sunlight, as too much sunlight could cause their blooms and leaves to turn brown and die. Instead, place your azalea in a brightly lit room where it is never in direct sunlight. Double check that the variety of azalea you had does not need direct sunlight. Some varieties of this plant actually do well in direct sunlight. These plants do best in cool to normal room temperatures. Keep the temperature at 60-70°F(16-21°C) for a healthy plant. If possible, get a humidifier for the room you are planning on keeping your plant in, as these plants thrive in moderate to high humidity. If you can’t get a humidifier, you can place your potted plant on a tray of wet pebbles. This will give the plant the moisture it needs. Indoor azaleas have a hard time reblooming because these plants need a couple of months of low temperatures (their own winter) to be able to produce buds. During fall or winter, help your plant out by putting it in a place where the temperature will hover around 40-55°F (4-13°C). This will allow the plant to become dormant, like it would outside, and produce blooms for the spring. In order to get the most bloom for your buck (so to speak) you will need to prune your plant annually. Prune your plant after it is done flowering. Cut the stem about ¼ of an inch above the area where a leaf or branch is attached to the stem (this is called the leaf node). Using very sharp pruning scissors (so as to avoid tearing the branches) cut the stem away at a 45° angle. This will help your plant to produce many flowers the next time it blooms.
What is a summary? | Use the right soil for a potted azalea. Feed your plant every two weeks during the growing season. Keep your plant’s soil moist but not soggy. Give your azalea the right amount of light. Keep your azalea at the right temperature. Help your plant rebloom. Prune your indoor azalea. | 6 | Flan2021 | gem/wiki_lingua_english_en:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Q: Which of these provides the best evidence that the distribution of Earth's oceans has changed over time?
What is the correct answer to this question?
(A). hot spots on ocean floors; (B). seismic activity along plate boundaries; (C). sediment buildup on continental slope; (D). marine fossils found on land masses;...A: | (D). | 3 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Does the sentence "After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention)." answer the question "What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?"
Options are:
a). yes
b). no | a). | 0 | Flan2021 | glue/qnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
What's an example of a movie review? | 'A Smile LIke Yours' is a pathetic comedy that actually makes no sense. I don't mean that the story was complicated, but the entire plot is based on one thing: a couple's desperate and expensive unsuccessful attempts to conceive children. People who tried that hard must've forgotten of the option of the adoption, to which this movie is not kind to.
Lauren Holly plays Jennifer Robertson, a complete contradiction to anything offered by the women's liberation movement, exhibiting almost no sense of independence. She is quite a boring character as the dreamy housewife with absolutey nothing else on her mind but to have kids. Like a dumb 50's romance comedy, Greg Kinnear is her submitting husband who likewise displays no personality, no independence, and from us, no interest.
They are the two most boring and often annoying characters, and they hardly make for topics of a comedy that should present itself with many mishaps, which should arise from a couple doing all they can to get pregnant. Except, they really don't do anything except go to a fertility clinic and shell out a whole lot of money to do what they could do in the privacy of their own (except for that in vitro fertilization number). The plot hardly allows for any mishaps, because well, the couple don't do anything to create any sort of bizarre situation. They just go to this clinic. So what?
The subplots are meant to test the faithfulness of the couple, a necessary moral element of the story since the couple does plan on conceiving children together. Jennifer works at a new age shop with her friend (played by Joan Cusak), and they are in the business of developing aphrodesiacs. Christopher MacDonald plays the intrested buyer and Jennifer is the promising negotiator of a pretty price for her and her friend's product. The subplot hardly offers much to keep you interested (although Joan Cusak is pretty funny in the restaraunt scene).
Danny (Kinear) is an architect, who finds an opportunity to make some extra money to cover the clinic bills, by taking on a job in Seattle, where his boss is the crass seductress (also another hopeless, helpless female character) who tries to influence Danny (as dumb as he is) to have an affair with her once things are conveniently rocky with him and his wife (for reasons I don't care to give away). Jill Hennesy is good in the role, but her character is too predictable, and too formulaic as a much needed element to create conflict for Danny. It is stupid and once again, hardly interesting.
The overall movie itself is utterly boring, and hardly funny at all (save the restaraunt scene and the airline flight). The plot offers nothing that is really attention-grabbing. Even if the story was entirely about two people trying to conceive, the writers could've figured out several hilarious mishaps to develop out of that. Second, the main characters are completely boring. They are complete silouhettes of dumb 1950s comedies with happy wife and clueless husband. So, even without mishaps present in the plot, the characters themselves offer nothing interesting, let alone funny.
Joan Cusak should've been in the lead and someone else should've taken Kinnear's part. Cusak would've made even a lousy story outrageously funny (as she sometimes does in her co-starring role here). This is definitely one to pass up. | 9 | Flan2021 | imdb_reviews/plain_text:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
What is the most logical completion of this news story?.
(CNN) -- An ex-judge accusing Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez of manipulating court rulings is a fugitive who "sold his soul to the devil" when he agreed to talk with U.S. investigators, the nation's foreign minister said Thursday. "People like him will keep being defeated and his lies will be unveiled," Foreign Minister Nicolas Maduro said. Eladio Aponte Aponte, who was a Supreme Court justice until the Venezuelan government accused him of connections with an alleged drug trafficker last month, told SOiTV in an interview that aired this week that he made rulings in cases based on requests from Chavez and other top officials.
Several of
OPTIONS:
- CNN's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Chavez's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Costa Rican's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- DEA's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Eladio Aponte Aponte's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Ex-judge's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Hugo Chavez's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Nicolas Maduro's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- SOiTV's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Supreme Court's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- U.S.'s remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- United States's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Venezuela's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
- Venezuelan's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez.
| Eladio Aponte Aponte's remarks contradicted previous statements by top Venezuelan officials -- including Chavez. | 8 | Flan2021 | super_glue/record:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
(1) The tiny institutions they founded would not have seemed to them like universities -- they were small and did not offer the higher degrees in medicine and theology .
(2) The tiny institutions they founded would not have found them like universities -- they were small and did not offer the higher degrees in medicine and theology .
Do these two sentences mean the same thing?
Select from:
(A). no;
(B). yes; | (B). | 3 | Flan2021 | paws_wiki:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
How is "I shall be brief." said in German? | Ich werde mich kurz fassen. | 6 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/de-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write a summary based on this article:
(CNN) Every November, America remembers the end of Camelot: a shining time of promise led by John F. Kennedy, our nation's youngest elected president, brought to an abrupt and bloody end by Lee Harvey Oswald's second shot, a bullet to the brain.
While conspiracy theorists debate who pulled that trigger, there's another culprit that often goes unmentioned: Kennedy's lifelong struggle with back pain.
It was his habit of wearing a tightly laced back brace that may have kept him from recoiling to the floor of his car after the assassin's first bullet to the neck, setting him up for the kill shot.
"The brace was a firmly bound corset, around his hips and lower back and higher up," said Dr. Thomas Pait, a spinal neurosurgeon who co-authored a paper about Kennedy's failed back surgeries . "He tightly laced it and put a wide Ace bandage around in a figure eight around his trunk. If you think about it, if you have that brace all the way up your chest, above your nipples, and real tight, are you going to be able to bend forward?"
A portrait of pain
The Kennedy clan closely guarded the true extent of John Kennedy's medical problems well past his death.
Though details escaped over the years -- it's hard to hide news photos of him walking on crutches before and after one of his numerous back surgeries -- it wasn't until 2002, when historian Robert Dallek was allowed access to a collection of documents spanning 1955 and 1963, that specifics began to emerge.
John and Jacqueline Kennedy enjoy lunch during their wedding reception in Newport, Rhode Island, on September 12, 1953.
published in September. Pait and his co-author, neurosurgeon Dr. Justin Dowdy, pored over Dallek's subsequent book , numerous other biographies and scores of documents and X-rays at the JFK Library in Boston to prepare their paper,published in September.
"I was taken aback by the depth of Kennedy's pain," Dowdy said. "How long he dealt with pain despite his short life, how it affected his life and how they were able to conceal most of that from the public and certainly from his political adversaries."
Pait agreed: "He was one of our youngest presidents, and he was also one of our sickest presidents. Yet it was important politically for him to keep up the appearance of youthfulness and vigor."
A sickly child -- Kennedy had scarlet fever at age 2 -- he spent his teenage years in and out of hospitals with abdominal and joint pain, flu-like symptoms and extreme weight loss. At the age of 15, Jack (his family nickname) weighed a mere 117 pounds, according to Dallek's research. By the next year, worried he might have leukemia, doctors began regularly checking his blood count. After a bout of tests at the Mayo Clinic, his physicians delivered a different diagnosis: peptic ulcer disease, or what we now call colitis.
John F. Kennedy at age 16, when he played football for the Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut, 1933.
"God what a beating I'm taking. I've lost 8 lbs. And still going down," Kennedy wrote a classmate , according to Dallek, during the summer of 1934, while tests were underway. "Yesterday I went through the most harassing experience of my life ... an iron tube 12 inches long and 1 inch in diameter up my ass. ... My poor bedraggled rectum is looking at me very reproachfully these days."
Despite a diet of bland foods, nearly constant doctor visits and strong medications, including steroids placed just under the skin to dissolve, his college years at Harvard were plagued by abdominal pain, weight loss and weakness. He began to joke about dying. "Took a peak at my chart yesterday and could see that they were mentally measuring me for a coffin," he wrote a friend
Harvard was also the origin of a new ailment: chronic back pain. It started when he was tackled from the side during a football game, possibly damaging a spinal disc. He began regularly using a corset brace to stabilize his spine and control his discomfort.
"He was blindsided by that tackle, never knew it was coming," Pait said. "He had horrible back pain from it."
The cost of war
Emaciated, with severe back pain and numerous health issues, JFK needed his father's support to get into the Navy during WWII.
After college, it was that back pain, along with his extensive history of other medical problems, that kept Kennedy from his next dream: serving his country in World War II. First the Army and then the Navy turned him down. But Kennedy didn't give up, and with the help of his father's political contacts, he was accepted into the Navy in 1941.
"He made it through the Navy Officer Candidate School in 1941 and then failed his physical again," Pait said. "And then the PT, or Patrol Torpedo, boat experiment began. Again, determined to do more than sit at a desk, Jack pulled more strings. He got into the PT boat training program despite all of his medical problems and his back pain."
Which makes what happened next all the more amazing. According to the JFK Presidential Library , Kennedy's PT-109 was struck by a Japanese destroyer in the inky darkness of August 1, 1943. The impact ripped off the right rear of the boat, tossing most of Kennedy's men into the Pacific Ocean. To get to the closest island, he and his crew swam 3½ miles, with Kennedy towing one of the injured men by a life-vest strap held in his teeth.
"Kennedy was a strong swimmer. The ocean was always part of the whole Kennedy environment, so he grew up in the water as a kid," Pait said. "He called upon his reserves and towed that wounded crewman. It was incredible."
Later that night, Kennedy swam out into the passage, treading water for an hour while he scanned in vain for other PT boats. Over the next few days, he and his men continued to swim from island to island, Kennedy again towing one crewman by his teeth, until they were finally rescued.
Kennedy's bravery earned him the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, and for his injuries, he was awarded a Purple Heart. His heroism also worsened his back injury, securing him a lifelong struggle with back pain.
"After coming back to the states, Kennedy is in a lot of pain; activities are declining; what does this guy do?" Pait asked. "You do what anybody does today. If you have a decline of mobility, you have intractable pain, you look for a solution."
A botched diagnosis?
Doctors continued to fight about the real cause of Kennedy's chronic back pain and the best way to treat it. Part of the problem was the tests used at the time.
"Back then, doctors would stick a needle in the back and inject a dye, air or gas to get pictures of the bones and the spaces between them," Pait explained, a procedure called a myelogram. "Dye was the best, but it was permanent. It would not be absorbed by the body and could cause some serious problems."
Fearful of the consequences of leaving dye behind in their famous patient, Kennedy's doctors chose air as the agent for their evaluation. Unfortunately, Pait said, it did not provide a definitive look at the true problem.
The Wilson plate used in JFK's second surgery to fuse his spine. It was removed months later.
"If Jack Kennedy was treated today, we would have better imaging, with MRIs and higher-field magnets and CT scans," he explained. "We would have a much better image of his underlying pathology and would know whether surgery was the best option."
Kennedy had his sights set on a career in politics. With conservative treatment failing and unable to live with the pain, he made a decision. Against the advice of his doctors at Mayo, he underwent spinal surgery in June 1944, at New England Baptist Hospital.
"Unfortunately, it didn't go well," Pait said. "About six weeks after the first operation, the pain returned, and he was in terrible shape, just awful shape. And with that first failed surgery, his continued campaign against pain was now underway for the rest of his life."
Pait and Dowdy examined Kennedy's pre- and post-surgical X-rays. Their analysis, made from the viewpoint of spinal surgeons, found no abnormalities in the spaces between vertebrae and no sign of underlying bone disease, which had long been suspected due to Kennedy's use of steroids.
"Long-term steroid use can cause bone disease," Pait said, "but we did not see that the steroids had been used to the extent that the bone gave way. He did not have evidence of that sort of fracture, in my opinion."
Would he have gotten better without surgery?
"We all have back pain, and most of us get better and don't need surgery," Pait said. "Would he have fallen into that category? It's tough to say. Back pain is very complex and a tough thing to treat. I think he would have eventually found himself in an operation, as he did, because he had dreams and didn't like this painful enemy he was dealing with."
Kennedy expressed his own disappointment in the outcome: "I think the doc should have read just one more book before picking up the saw." Yet, despite that opinion, he would go under the knife twice more in a desperate bid for pain relief.
The path to 'Dr. Feelgood'
Kennedy's next surgery, in October 1954, nearly killed him. After a metal plate was inserted in his lower back to fuse his spine, he developed a urinary tract infection. He got so sick, the family called a priest to administer last rites. This would be the second time; a priest had also been called in 1947 after Kennedy was diagnosed with Addison's disease, an adrenal gland disorder causing fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss and abdominal pain, reminiscent of his childhood illnesses.
John F. Kennedy and wife Jackie leaving the hospital two months after his 1954 spinal fusion.
Addison's compounded his surgical risk, yet despite the dangers, Kennedy again insisted on the surgery. By this time, he was in the Senate and using crutches almost constantly to travel back and forth for roll calls and official business. His mother, Rose Kennedy, wrote in her memoirs, "Jack was determined to have the operation. He told his father that even if the risks were fifty-fifty, he would rather be dead than spend the rest of his life hobbling on crutches and paralyzed by pain."
Unfortunately, Kennedy never fully recovered from the fusion surgery, developing a staph infection that created an "open, gaping, very sickly looking hole," according to Ted Sorenson, Kennedy's speechwriter. By February of the next year, he was back in the hospital, undergoing surgery to remove the plate; it would be May before he could return to the Senate.
"He was not unlike many Americans who suffer from chronic back pain, in search of solutions to resolve their pain so they can carry on with their lives," Pait said. "It's one reason we have a national crisis in opioids and narcotics: people wanting a solution to their pain."
In fact, Kennedy's next solution was to turn to muscular injections of procaine, a version of lidocaine, a numbing agent that blocks nerve signals to the brain. According to Pait and Dowdy, he would receive "hundreds, if not thousands," of injections over the next four years, which along with muscle strengthening and use of the corset produced "dramatic" improvement in his back pain.
But the grueling campaign leading up to his election as president in 1960 again took a toll on Kennedy, and he would find relief in the hands of Dr. Max Jacobson, who had the nicknames "Miracle Max" and "Dr. Feelgood" for injecting his patients with amphetamine-based concoctions.
"The secret formula was thought to have some methamphetamine in it," Pait said. "He injected Kennedy, and it made the president feel fantastic. He was high. And he was not in pain."
Kennedy was said to have gotten an injection from "Dr. Feelgood" just before his famous debate with Richard Nixon and three such injections on the first day of the Vienna summit with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, which did not go well for Kennedy.
"Kennedy told the press after the summit that Khrushchev 'just beat the hell out of me,' " Pait said. "Later, his brother Bobby confronted Jack about the shots, and Jack said, 'I don't give a damn if it's horse piss, it makes me feel better.' People say that today with the opioid epidemic: 'I don't give a damn what you say, I need my medicine!'
A new beginning
In Dallas, "Kennedy wanted to sit up high and wave at people."
By the end of 1961, concern was so high about the president's use of injections that Rear Adm. George Burkley, who had been White House physician since Eisenhower, took over Kennedy's care.
He brought in a new doctor, Dr. Hans Kraus, known today as the father of sports medicine, who established a multidisciplinary pain center in the late 1950s. It was Kraus' belief that much of back pain originated in weak and deficient muscles.
Kraus put Kennedy on a regimen of weight-lifting, swimming, massage and heat therapy, and began trying to wean the president off the back brace.
"Kraus felt that the brace was getting in the way of Kennedy's strengthening exercises," Pait explained. "For example, today we tell people not to sleep in the brace. We try to get people out of the brace as soon as possible because it makes the muscles lazy.
"Now, by this point, Kennedy had been wearing the brace most of his adult life," he said. "For JFK, his brace was like Linus' blanket, the Peanuts character. Kennedy had to have this brace. It made him sit up straight and gave him pain relief."
Kennedy rides through Dallas on November 22, 1963.
Almost immediately, the new approach had "dramatic" benefits, Pait said, and Kennedy was well on his way to recovery from back pain, perhaps for the first time in his life. Then, in August 1963, just a few months before the visit to Dallas, Kennedy strained his back and began relying on the brace again, despite his doctor's concerns.
"Kennedy said to Kraus, 'Look, I tell you what, when I come back from Dallas, I'll get out of the brace, but I gotta wear it for this trip. I gotta look good.' He wanted to be able to sit up tall and wave at people," Pait explained.
"And of course, we'll never know if he would have survived if he'd followed the doctor's advice and gotten rid of it." ||||| If so, he may have paid a high price. Physicians in the 1930s and 1940s did not realize what is common medical knowledge today—namely, that corticosteroids are effective in treating acute colitis but have deleterious long-term effects, including osteoporosis of lower-back bones and increased incidence of serious infection (owing to suppression of the body's immune system). Kennedy would suffer from all these problems, including outright degeneration of his lumbar spine. In addition, the long-term use of cortico-steroids suppresses normal adrenal function; it may have been the cause of Kennedy's Addison's disease. (Jack's sister Eunice also had Addison's, however, indicating that his disease may have had an inherited component.)
From September of 1934 to June of 1935, Jack's senior year of prep school, the school infirmary had kept a close watch on his blood count; Joe Kennedy passed these records on to the Mayo doctors. At that time there was still concern that Jack might be suffering from leukemia. In retrospect, any changes in his blood count may have been a reaction to the drugs he was taking. When he fell ill the following autumn, a doctor advised that Jack had agranulocytosis, a decrease in granular white blood cells, which made him more susceptible to infections.
Shortly after leaving Choate, Jack had to spend two months at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, in Boston. Uncertain whether they were dealing strictly with colitis or with a combination of colitis and ulcers, and worried that his medicines were playing havoc with his white-blood-cell count, his doctors performed additional tests. According to a letter Jack wrote to Billings, his white-blood-cell count was 6,000 when he entered the hospital and down to 3,500 three weeks later. "At 1500 you die," Jack joked. "They call me '2000 to go Kennedy.'"
By the end of January 1936 he was more worried than ever about his health, though he continued to use humor to defend himself against thoughts of dying. "Took a peak [sic] at my chart yesterday and could see that they were mentally measuring me for a coffin. Eat drink & make Olive [his current girlfriend], as tomorrow or next week we attend my funeral. I think the Rockefeller Institute may take my case ... Flash—they are going to stick that tube up my ass again as they did at Mayo."
From 1938 to the end of 1940, while Kennedy attended Harvard, intestinal problems plagued him relentlessly. In February of 1938 he had gone back to the Mayo Clinic for more studies, but with no good results. In June he spent two weeks in New England Baptist Hospital for the same complaints, but again with no improvement. In October he was still "in rotten shape," but he refused to re-enter the hospital for more of what now seemed like pointless tests. In February of 1939, however, he gave in and went back to the Mayo Clinic. It was the same old routine: a diet of bland foods three times a day and another inspection of his colon and digestive system. By November, under the care of William Murphy, of Harvard, the physician and Nobel laureate who co-discovered the treatment for pernicious anemia and had an uncommon faith in the healing power of liver extracts, Jack recorded that he was going to "take my first liver injection today and I hope they work." They did not. A year later he was still wrestling with abdominal pain, spastic colon, and low weight. If he was taking DOCA and it was limiting the effects of his colitis (and it is not clear that it was), it was certainly worsening his stomach problems. The steroids may also have contributed to the onset of duodenal ulcers, which weren't diagnosed until November of 1943. But there would be no public acknowledgment of any of these ailments, or any outwardly evident self-pity. Refusing to let health concerns stop him became a pattern that allowed Kennedy to pursue a political career.
"Yellow as Saffron"
Serious back problems added to Kennedy's miseries from 1940 on. In 1938 he had begun having "an occasional pain in his right sacro-iliac joint," according to a Navy medical history recorded in December of 1944.
It apparently grew worse but at times he was completely free from symptoms. In the latter part of 1940 while playing tennis he experienced a sudden pain in his lower right back—it seemed to him that "something had slipped." He was hospitalized at the Lahey Clinic ... for ten days. A low back support was applied and he was comfortable. Since that time he has had periodic attacks of a similar nature.
Kennedy's service in the southwest Pacific on PT boats —which he managed to arrange by calling on his father's connections to hide his various illnesses from military physicians—added to his pain, especially after a Japanese destroyer sank his boat, leading to a week-long physical ordeal. (For all the accuracy of the popular accounts praising Kennedy's valor on PT-109, the larger story of his endurance has not been told. Lennie Thom, his executive officer, wrote letters home discussing JFK's back problem and his refusal to report to sick bay: "Jack feigned being well." Kennedy acknowledged to his parents that life on the boats was "not exactly what the Dr ... ordered." But he did not let on to his crew or his commanding officer that he was ill or in pain. And except for his chronic back ailment, which he simply could not hide, and which he seemed to take care of by wearing a "corset-type thing" and sleeping with a plywood board under his mattress, the men on PT-109 saw no poor health. Before the war was over, however, Kennedy found himself once again in the hospital for both back and stomach problems.) |||||
Summary: | – Per the currently accepted narrative, the first bullet to hit John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963, wasn't the one that fatally injured him. It was Lee Harvey Oswald's second shot to the head that ended the president's life, and some are now saying a medical problem Kennedy suffered from may have contributed to his own death: his chronic, debilitating back pain, CNN reports. Spinal neurosurgeon Dr. Thomas Pait assembled research on JFK's lumbar woes—which stretch back to his football-playing days at Harvard and led him to undergo four "largely unsuccessful surgeries"—into a paper recently published in the Journal of Neurosurgery. In it, he ties JFK's death to a possible inability to duck down after Oswald's first bullet, all because he was wearing a stiff, "tightly laced" back brace with a figure-eight Ace bandage wrapped around it that kept him locked in an upright position. "If you have that brace all the way up your chest, above your nipples, and real tight, are you going to be able to bend forward?" Pait notes. CNN and other outlets have covered how important it was for JFK to keep up his illusion of vitality, even though Pait writes he was "patently unhealthy." JFK started using the brace to help support his spine and alleviate pain, but by the early '60s, Dr. Hans Kraus wanted to wean him off it, fearing his overreliance was causing his muscles to atrophy. "When I come back from Dallas, I'll get out of the brace, but I gotta wear it for this trip. I gotta look good," Pait says Kennedy told Kraus before his ill-fated trip. "It is certainly well within the realm of possibility that Kennedy's augmented canvas corset ... played a role in setting up Oswald's final shot," the JAMA paper notes. CNN's take here, including the pain relief JFK sought from "Dr. Feelgood." (An ex-Secret Service agent shared his recollection of Jackie Kennedy trying to save a piece of her husband's skull.) | 1 | Flan2021 | multi_news:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Single/multi-select question: If "Multi-racial children running on a sports field.", can we conclude "There is a jump of different race kids playing on a field"?
Pick your answer from: -- yes. -- it is not possible to tell. -- no. | yes | 1 | Flan2021 | snli:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
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