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Multi-choice problem: Read the following paragraph and determine if the hypothesis is true:
His hair was white, as my daughters reported when they went to view the body before it was given to the Odonata. Now he is known as The Man Who Changed the World, and there are statues to him everywhere. No one remembers he had a younger brother.
Hypothesis: The Man Who Changed the World had a younger brother
Possible answers: A). Yes. B). No. C). It's impossible to say. | A). | 5 | Flan2021 | super_glue/cb:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Select your answer from the options. How would one describe the sentiment of this tweet?
@sbmczh I don't think you need to worry about that sam. You probably look good anyways
OPT: + negative; + positive; | positive | 5 | Flan2021 | sentiment140:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
A favorite place of ours turned out to be the Four Queens casino , where we had a WONDERFUL dinner . Mine was a great sandwich , but Tony 's was even better ... the " Hawaiian plate " ... terriyaki steak , an egg , and rice . It was SOOOO good ... and only cost $ 7 .
Q with options: Give answer the following question using evidence from the above passage: What may be the reason for knowing what someone else 's food tastes like ?
Available choices:
* None of the above choices ..
* They 've been offered a bite ..
* They stole food off of the plate ..
* They asked the waitress about it .. | They 've been offered a bite . | 4 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
A married bank worker who stole more than £2million from Barclays and squandered it on prostitutes has been jailed for seven years. John Skermer, 45, set up fake bank accounts with overdrafts of £1million, then siphoned the money into his personal account. He spent almost all the cash on call girls, lavishing £1million on one escort alone. The computer geek spent months wining and dining the Thai woman, known as Kookai, travelling to London from his Cheshire home and taking her to expensive hotels and restaurants. John Skermer, with his wife Tracy, leaving court in Runcorn. Skermer stole more than £2million from Barclays and spent it on prostitutes
Skermer's wife
OPTIONS:
- Barclays outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
- Cheshire outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
- John Skermer outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
- Kookai outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
- London outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
- Runcorn outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
- Skermer outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
- Thai outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
- Tracy outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud
| Tracy outside court (left) and Skermer (right), who pleaded guilty to four counts of fraud | 1 | Flan2021 | super_glue/record:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Which sentence about the periodic table of elements is true? Options are:
[i] All elements in period 2 are metals..
[ii] All elements in group 18 are metals..
[iii] Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table..
[iv] Metals are found on the right side of the periodic table..
| [iii] | 6 | Flan2021 | unified_qa_science_inst | zs_opt |
Translate "That this difference is difficult to define is evident from the amount of lobbying we have been experiencing." to Finnish? | Mittavasta edunvalvonnasta päätellen tätä eroa on vaikea määritellä. | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/fi-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
I just took a test in school today. What question was I asked? | Which method below would be the best way to determine if an egg, plastic foam, a piece of wood, or a candle would float on water? | 9 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Is the sentiment of the following sentence positive or negative (see options at the end)?
romeo and juliet/west side story territory , where it plainly has no business going
Choose from:
+ negative;
+ positive; | negative | 4 | Flan2021 | glue/sst2:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Choose your answer.Options are: (A). no (B). yes.
Fred is the only man still alive who remembers my great-grandfather . *He* is a remarkable man.
Do "He" and "Fred" mean the same thing? | (B). | 3 | Flan2021 | super_glue/wsc.fixed:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Hamilton argued that the natural faculties of blacks were as good as those of free whites, and he warned that the British would arm the slaves if the patriots did not. In his 21st-century biography, Chernow cites this incident as evidence that Hamilton and Laurens saw the Revolution and the struggle against slavery as inseparable. Hamilton attacked his political opponents as demanding freedom for themselves and refusing to allow it to blacks. In January 1785, Hamilton attended the second meeting of the New York Manumission Society (NYMS). John Jay was president and Hamilton was the first secretary and later became president. Chernow notes how the membership soon included many of Hamilton's friends and associates. Hamilton was a member of the committee of the society that petitioned the legislature to end the slave trade, and that succeeded in passing legislation banning the export of slaves from New York. In the same period, Hamilton felt bound by the rule of law of the time and his law practice facilitated the return of a fugitive slave to Henry Laurens of South Carolina. He opposed the compromise at the 1787 Constitutional Convention by which the federal government could not abolish the slave trade for 20 years, and was disappointed when he lost that argument. Hamilton never supported forced emigration for freed slaves. Horton has argued from this that he would be comfortable with a multiracial society, and that this distinguished him from his contemporaries. In international affairs, he supported Toussaint L'Ouverture's black government in Haiti after the revolt that overthrew French control, as he had supported aid to the slaveowners in 1791--both measures hurt France. Scant evidence has been interpreted by a few to indicate Hamilton may have owned household slaves, as did many wealthy New Yorkers (the evidence for this is indirect; McDonald interprets it as referring to paid employees).
Do you have any questions? | Give examples that support Hamilton's pro-abolotionist views. | 8 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Answer this question:
who has won the most super bowls in nfl history?? | The Pittsburgh Steelers | 3 | Flan2021 | natural_questions_open:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Story: Stewart tried to finish his favorite task before going to bed. He got so engrossed in it, he forgot to keep the fire going. Shivering, he pulled a bunch of blankets around himself. He became very warm and content.
In the options below, what is the most likely to happen next?
(A). When he woke up it was freezing.
(B). Stewart was glad that he remembered to keep the fire going. | (A). | 5 | Flan2021 | story_cloze/2016:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Students planned an investigation that included adding a quantity of vinegar to a small amount of baking soda. Which is the best tool to measure the volume of the liquid vinegar used in the investigation?
Pick the answer from these options
OPTIONS: +pan balance +spring scale +meter stick +graduated cylinder | graduated cylinder | 6 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Easy:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Is the sentiment of the following sentence positive or negative (see options at the end)?
, uncertain film
Available options: (i). negative. (ii). positive. | (i). | 4 | Flan2021 | glue/sst2:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Data: name = The Punter, eatType = coffee shop, food = Japanese, customer rating = 1 out of 5, familyFriendly = yes, near = Café Sicilia. What is a sentence that describe this data? | The Punter is a mid range Japanese coffee shop with low customer ratings. It is family friendly and is located near Café Sicilia. | 2 | Flan2021 | gem/e2e_nlg:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Fears a giant deadly shark is somewhere off the British coast after a 'shredded' headless dolphn washed up on a beach
The carcass was found with huge teeth marks and puncture wounds
FEARS are growing that a huge shark could be lurking close to a British beach after the headless body of a dolphin was found.
The gruesome find was made on Portreath beach, Cornwall by a passerby who said the shredded carcass had huge teeth marks and puncture wounds.
Charlotte Thomson said: “We woke up this morning and noticed an animal on the beach not moving so went to have a look to see if we could save it but soon realised it was a baby dolphin that had been attacked by something huge.
“Its head had been bitten off and there were puncture marks with huge teeth marks about two inches long and its head and dorsal fin ripped off.
“Wonder what is out there in the sea that did this?
It’s not the first evidence of shark attacks off Cornwall.
Last October a wildlife cruise operator was stunned to spot an injured dolphin of the Cornish coast with a huge bite taken out of it.
Ross Wheeler, of AK Wildlife Cruises, spotted the common dolphin swimming in the pod with a huge chunk missing from its back seemingly bitten off by a large predator.
At the time he said: “Poss shark bite?”
Ms Thomson added her fiance Joey Auger felt the culprit for the latest attack could even be killer whales.
She added: “Joey thinks it could have been an orca or something as they’ve been seen off the Cornish coast.”
The latest incident was reported to the Cornwall Wildlife Trust.
Its head had been bitten off and there were puncture marks with huge teeth marks about two inches long and its head and dorsal fin ripped off.
All marine strandings, dead or alive, should be reported via the 24-hour emergency number 0345 201 2626, operated by the Trust.
Volunteers collect data on strandings to be shared with all interested individuals and organisations.
The data provides information about the marine environment and the health of marine creatures which is vital in to conserve wildlife.
We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at [email protected] or call 0207 782 4368
What was this article about? | FEARS are growing that a huge shark could be lurking close to a British beach after the headless body of a dolphin was found. The gruesome find was made on Portreath beach, Cornwall by a passerby w… | 3 | Flan2021 | newsroom:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write the next sentence.
Lindsey wanted to write a letter to Betty even though she knew
OPT: (I). Lindsey would never send it. (II). Betty would never send it. | (I). | 6 | Flan2021 | winogrande:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Part of Kenneth Grahame's novel was inspired by Goring Weir, which will be developed to provide electricity for 300 homes.
Charles Streeten, appearing for Goring Council, read out a passage where Mole is "listening to the pleasant sound of water lapping over a weir".
The judge described the excerpt as "telling" but dismissed the challenge.
Mr Justice Cranston said: "Books such as Jerome K. Jerome's Three Men In A Boat and Kenneth Grahame's Wind In The Willows have descriptions of the villages or drew inspiration from the site of Goring Weir."
He also said the stretch of the Thames between the villages of Goring and Streatley, located in a conservation area, had a rich cultural history.
However, he added the decision to give the scheme on the Oxfordshire and Berkshire border the go-ahead in March was not irrational and South Oxfordshire District Council was entitled to reach the planning judgment it did.
Mr Streeten fears the scheme will cause noise pollution and visually harm the site.
He read the passage out of the Mole character "mucking about in a boat on the river" to emphasise his point.
Part of the existing weir at Goring Lock will be demolished to make way for the three 3.5m (11ft) diameter screws needed for the scheme.
It will also include a fish pass, eel pass and a flood control gate.
What is a summary of this text? | Extracts from The Wind in the Willows were read out in court in an attempt to stop a hydro-electric scheme. | 3 | Flan2021 | huggingface:xsum | zs_opt |
5 therefore its stature was exalted above all the trees of the field; and its boughs were multiplied, and its branches became long by reason of many waters, when it spread them out.
This is all lower case. Can you fix that? | 5 Therefore its stature was exalted above all the trees of the field; and its boughs were multiplied, and its branches became long by reason of many waters, when it spread them out. | 6 | Flan2021 | true_case | zs_opt |
Last Month saw IBM launch a range of very high performance, very cost effective Unix servers with the release of its latest pSeries machines.
Q: Which is the best summary of this article?
OPT: + World; + Sports; + Business; + Science/Tech;
I think the answer is | Science/Tech | 2 | Flan2021 | ag_news_subset:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
a boy jumps into the blue pool water.
The young boy is jumping into the pool on his belly.
On a scale from 0 to 5, where 0 is "no meaning overlap" and 5 is "means the same thing", how closely does the first sentence resemble the second one?
Pick your answer from:
+ 0;
+ 1;
+ 2;
+ 3;
+ 4;
+ 5; | 3 | 1 | Flan2021 | glue/stsb:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Add spaces between the words in the following text: andthemournersgoaboutthestreets:12:6beforethesilvercordissevered,orthegoldenbowlisbroken,orthepitcherisbrokenatthespring,
| and the mourners go about the streets: 12:6 before the silver cord is severed, or the golden bowl is broken, or the pitcher is broken at the spring, | 6 | Flan2021 | word_segment | zs_opt |
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is an inland and in relative terms upland county having eastward-draining valleys while taking in moors of the Pennines and has a population of 2.2 million. West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972.
West Yorkshire consists of five metropolitan boroughs (City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, City of Leeds and City of Wakefield) and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire (briefly to the south), Greater Manchester (to the south-west), Lancashire (to the north-west), North Yorkshire (to the north and east) and South Yorkshire (to the south and south-east).
Leeds, informally, is the capital of West Yorkshire, Leeds (city) has developed into the third biggest in the UK by population after London and Birmingham, York is the Capital of Yorkshire, the Leeds-Bradford Metropolitan County has grown to become the 4th largest in the UK after Greater London, West Midlands (Birmingham) and Greater Manchester with a population over 2.2 million.
Remnants of a strong industrialisation in coal, wool and iron ore industries remain in the county having attracted people over the centuries, and this can be seen the buildings and architecture. The greatest hub Leeds may become a terminus for a north-east limb of High Speed 2. Major railways and three major motorways traverse the county. In the heart of the county is Leeds Bradford International Airport.
Based on the article and the following list of answers, write a list of questions.
1. It is both.
2. England
3. No.
4. five
5. Yes.
6. 2.2 million
7. 1974
8. The passage of the Local Government Act 1972.
9. unknown
10. informally,
Numbered questions: | 1. Is West Yorkshire an inland or upland county?
2. Where is it located?
3. Do the valleys drain to the west?
4. How many boroughs?
5. Are there more than a million people there?
6. How many?
7. When was it created?
8. After what happened?
9. How large is the capital?
10. What resources have drawn people there? | 9 | Flan2021 | coqa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Choose your answer from:
(A). description;
(B). entity;
(C). abbreviation;
(D). human;
(E). numeric;
(F). location;Would the answer to the question "The Jewish alphabet is called what ?" be an entity, an abbreviation, a description, a human, a location, or a numeric value?
| (B). | 2 | Flan2021 | trec:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
For the third straight season, the Packers started off with a 1-2 record. The Lions' defense dominated the game as the Packers failed to score any points in the second, third, or fourth quarter. The Packers crossed midfield on only three drives, and they had only one such drive in the second half. The Packers' 7 points represented the lowest total that the team scored in a game that Rodgers finished. Rodgers 162 passing yards was his lowest since the 2008 season.
How many points did the Packers score in the second, third and fourth quarters? | 0 | 2 | Flan2021 | drop:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
She has also signed a contract with Random House to write two books .
Pauley also announced Thursday that she has struck a deal with Random House to pen two books .
Select from the options at the end. Are these sentences conveying the same meaning?
Choose your answer from:
a). no
b). yes | b). | 4 | Flan2021 | glue/mrpc:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Arundhati Bhattacharya is talking about the need for more women on the boards of Indian companies. And as the first female boss of India's largest public sector bank, State Bank of India, she knows what she's talking about.
A 2013 ruling making it mandatory for publicly listed firms to have a minimum of one woman director on their boards has helped improve gender diversity, but "we need to stay on it for a few more years for it to have the desired impact," says Mrs Bhattacharya.
In 2015 females made up 11.2% of board members on Indian firms, double the 5.5% in 2010, according to a report by Credit Suisse which analysed 2,400 companies worldwide. The global average in 2015 was 14.7%, with Norway (46.7%) and France (34%) topping the list.
While India has done well compared with China and South Korea, it still lags behind other Asian countries such as Thailand and Malaysia.
But there are real advantages to increasing the number of female directors. Mrs Bhattacharya believes that companies with women directors make better quality decisions due to a wider diversity of views.
Her views are echoed by Naina Lal Kidwai, former head of HSBC India, who is currently an independent director on the board of several companies in India.
She says it will take a bit of time for everyone to become comfortable with the new dynamic but says that men are embracing the change.
"Many women directors tell me it hasn't been easy but they are enjoying it. And in many instances, men have been very encouraging - which is a good sign," says Mrs Kidwai.
Like Mrs Bhattacharya, Mrs Kidwai feels that companies should not restrict themselves to just one female director.
"The rule says a 'minimum of one woman' director but I think the ideal number will be two. This will help women have a stronger voice on the board."
India's recent improvements on female representation have partly been driven by the fact that it was starting from a low base.
But another driver has been that many family-controlled companies - the majority of Indian firms - have appointed female family members, like their mothers, wives and daughters as directors.
One example is India's richest man and chairman of Reliance Group, Mukesh Ambani, who appointed his wife Nita Ambani to the company board in 2014. Other big private corporations that have followed suit include Raymond Group and Godfrey Phillips.
Pranav Haldea, managing director of research firm Prime Data, says many companies have done this just to comply with the new rules.
"Women directors who come from the family have no voice on the board. In some cases, firms have also appointed independent directors, who may not be from the family but have friendly relations with the promoter," he says.
Mrs Kidwai is not too concerned about this. She believes that women in family-controlled businesses have remained on the sidelines because of the patriarchal mindset of Indian society, and says their board induction will give them a chance to prove that they are also capable of running a company, just like their husbands and brothers.
"It's taken for granted that the son will inherit the business but now the daughter in the family will also get a chance to prove her mettle. And this may have a positive impact on succession planning in the future," she says.
While India has made progress in appointing females to board positions, this hasn't been matched by the number of women in senior management posts.
In fact, the number of senior positions held by women has fallen, dropping from 7.8% in 2014 to 7.2% in 2016 and compared with a global average of 13.8%, according to the Credit Suisse study.
Mrs Bhattacharya says the main reason for this is that many women quit or drop out midway through their careers to take up responsibilities at home.
"In India, women are still considered the primary caregivers. And it is expected that they will be the ones to sacrifice [their careers] if someone is needed to look after the family."
Between 2005 and 2014, the number of working-age Indian women with a job dropped by 10%, according to data from the International Labour Organization. The drop was the largest of any country in the world during that period.
While a handful of companies have introduced flexible working hours to help women juggle their responsibilities at home and work, at some stage most women face a difficult choice between career and family responsibilities.
"Women feel more guilt as compared to men while taking that decision. At the core of it all is guilt. Women need more support systems," says Mrs Kidwai.
Nearly 10 million people are entering India's job market every year and nearly half of those are women.
Without that support - which includes men taking up more responsibilities at home - it's unlikely that India will realise its ambition of becoming an economic superpower.
What was that article about? | "Things are changing - but I don't think enough has happened." | 4 | Flan2021 | huggingface:xsum | zs_opt |
Write a sentence that about [Sportpark De Toekomst OWNER AFC Ajax N.V.]. | Sportpark De Toekomst is owned by AFC Ajax N.V. | 6 | Flan2021 | gem/dart:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Pick your answer from:
I. bowl was empty.;
II. pan was empty.;
Complete the following sentence.
John poured the entire bowl of fish into the hot pan on the stove until the
| I. | 3 | Flan2021 | winogrande:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "But once Bakiyev made a deal with the United States, and began exploring an energy deal with China that might have ended Russian leverage over the country, Putin pulled off a coup during Obama's nuclear arms reduction treaty signing with Medvedev, a true "Godfather" moment." to Russian? | Но после того, как Бакиев заключил с Соединенными Штатами сделку и начал рассматривать возможность энергетической сделки с Китаем, способной покончить с российским влиянием в стране, Путин организовал переворот, произошедший как раз в тот момент, как Обама подписывал с Медведевым сделку о сокращении ядерных вооружений - прямо как в фильме "Крестный отец". | 7 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ru-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
What is the solution to this math problem?
Solve -264*x - 1825993 + 1843681 = 0 for x. | 67 | 5 | Flan2021 | math_dataset/algebra__linear_1d:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Review:
of such tools as nudity , profanity and violence
Is this movie review sentence negative or positive?
Select from the following.
[1]. negative;
[2]. positive;
The answer is: | [1]. | 0 | Flan2021 | glue/sst2:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Q: An astronomer is studying two stars that are the same distance from Earth. Star X appears brighter than star Y. Which statement best explains this observation?
What is the correct answer to this question?
Choose your answer from: i. Star X is larger than star Y. ii. Star Y is larger than star X. iii. Star X reflects the Sun’s light better than star Y. iv. Star Y reflects the Sun’s light better than star X....A: | i. | 3 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Challenge:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
a simple example: if the energy becomes stuck in one of the chakras, without going further-her first attempt to balance the, and, if necessary, disable.
Please write the text above using proper case. | A simple example: If the energy becomes stuck in one of the chakras, without going further-her first attempt to balance the, and, if necessary, disable. | 0 | Flan2021 | true_case | zs_opt |
The fatal shooting of Steven Charles Jenkins, a terminally ill AIDS patient, by his friend Philip Lee Saylor at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center has again focused attention on the problems of death and dying in our society.
Select from: (i) yes. (ii) no.
Question: Can we infer the following?
Steven Jenkins was shot by a friend. | (i) | 4 | Flan2021 | super_glue/rte:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Answer the following question. Which late 17th and early 18th century British architect designed Brighton Pavilion, Marble Arch, and the plan for London's Regents Park? | john nash | 5 | Flan2021 | trivia_qa/rc:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
In one sentence, describe what the following article is about:
Now that you know the string notes when they are played open, you can study a chart to see how to play more notes using your left fingers on the cello’s neck. Search “cello notes chart” in your Internet browser to find images of the notes on your cello neck. As you study the notes, practice playing scales to help you memorize them. Start from C major, on the C string If you don’t already read music, learn to read it by taking a lesson, a music class, or by searching for online lessons. Once you can read music, teach yourself some easy songs such as “Twinkle Twinkle Little Star” to practice playing songs. Other easy songs to learn include “Hot Cross Buns” and “Mary Had a Little Lamb.” Taking cello lessons in person is one of the most efficient ways to improve your playing. A teacher can give you feedback on your technique, assign you activities to learn, and offer ways for you to improve. Search “cello lessons near me” online to find a local teacher offering lessons.
Summary: | Study a fingering chart to learn more notes. Learn to read music to make it easier to play songs. Take lessons to learn songs and improve your technique. | 5 | Flan2021 | gem/wiki_lingua_english_en:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Sigh . HAHA so late evening was spent walking through the city centre to finish up my half - done tourist tour from the previous day . Helsinki , I must say is though older than I expected .
Based on the preceding passage, choose your answer for question What country may I be vacationing right now ?
pick from the following. [+] Norway. [+] Denmark. [+] Finland. [+] None of the above choices ..
The answer is: | Finland | 3 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
What is the version of the following sentence with correct punctuation?
Here is an American comrade
| Here is an American comrade. | 9 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
Jill McGill has dragged a knotted stomach around the LPGA Tour for nine years, turning every double bogey into reason for self-immolation.
Q: Which is the best summary of this article?
Options: a). World; b). Sports; c). Business; d). Science/Tech;
I think the answer is | b). | 2 | Flan2021 | ag_news_subset:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Modern criticism of Pope focuses on the man, his circumstances and motivations, prompted by theoretical perspectives such as Marxism, feminism and other forms of post-structuralism. Brean Hammond focuses on Pope's singular achievement in making an independent living solely from his writing. Laura Brown (1985) adopts a Marxist approach and accuses Pope of being an apologist for the oppressive upper classes. Hammond (1986) has studied Pope's work from the perspectives of cultural materialism and new historicism. Along Hammond's lines, Raymond Williams explains art as a set of practices influenced by broad cultural factors rather than simply the vague ideas of genius alone. Hayden Carruth, wrote that it was "Pope's rationalism and pandeism with which he wrote the greatest mock-epic in English literature." In Politics and Poetics of Transgression (1985) Peter Stallybrass and Allon White charge that Pope drew upon the low culture which he despised in order to produce his own "high art". They assert Pope was implicated in the very material he was attempting to exclude, not dissimilar to observations made in Pope's time. Colin Nicholson reads the poetry in terms of the Financial Revolution, showing how Pope responded to the corruption of the traditional 'landed interest' by the newly dominant 'moneyed interest'. Feminists have also criticised Pope's works. Ellen Pollak's The Poetics of Sexual Myth (1985) argues that Pope followed an anti-feminist tradition, that regarded women as inferior to men both intellectually and physically. Carolyn Williams contends that a crisis in the male role during the 18th century in Britain impacted Pope and his writing.
Do you have any questions? | Pope is being criticized/supported for what type of work? | 8 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
How does the sentence end? See options at the end
Kenneth is a British citizen, while Joseph is an American, so
Options are: [-] Kenneth is from the UK.. [-] Joseph is from the UK.. | Kenneth is from the UK. | 0 | Flan2021 | winogrande:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Write a question you would see in a school textbook. | A container is filled with 250 milliliters of water. The total mass of the container and the water is 300 grams. What is the total mass of the container and the water after being in a freezer for 2 hours? | 7 | Flan2021 | ai2_arc/ARC-Challenge:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Basque (/bæsk/ or /bɑːsk/; Basque: euskara, IPA: (eus̺ˈkaɾa)) is the language spoken in the Basque country. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the other languages of Europe and indeed, as a language isolate, to any other known language. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% of Basques in all territories (751,500). Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion.
Based on the above text, what's the best answer to this question: is the basque language related to any other?
A. no B. yes | A. | 5 | Flan2021 | bool_q:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
The Atlantic Ocean and the warming influence of the Gulf Stream affect weather patterns in Ireland. Temperatures differ regionally, with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme. However, due to a temperate oceanic climate, temperatures are seldom lower than −5 °C in winter or higher than 26 °C in summer. The highest temperature recorded in Ireland was 33.3 °C on 26 June 1887 at Kilkenny Castle in Kilkenny, while the lowest temperature recorded was −19.1 °C at Markree Castle in Sligo. Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer. Southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds, while Dublin receives the least. Sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country. The far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Europe, with great potential for wind energy generation.Ireland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of sunshine each year, most areas averaging between 3.25 and 3.75 hours a day. The sunniest months are May and June, which average between 5 and 6.5 hours per day over most of the country. The extreme southeast gets most sunshine, averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer. December is the dullest month, with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the extreme southeast. The sunniest summer in the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887, according to measurements made at the Phoenix Park in Dublin; 1980 was the dullest.
What is the highest temperature recorded in Ireland, 33.3°C or-19.1°C? | 33.3°C | 2 | Flan2021 | drop:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Select from: --negative --positive What would be an example of an negative review? | This review has been way overdue, In fact it's been over six months that we visited this restaurant....the last reviewer must had been to the old Wok & wine. What a disappointment, now I know why we were able to get a reservation on a Saturday night. To start off with the soup had to be sent back because it tasted funny. If you ever had expired tofu you'll know what I mean. Then we ordered duck with plum sauce and the duck was just not edible, it was stringy and fatty. Then they served us old rice it was cold and hard, and they had the nerve to charge us for it. Stay away this is a tourist trap! | 9 | Flan2021 | yelp_polarity_reviews:0.2.0 | zs_opt |
A: Oh, yes. Animals have a way of talking. B: Alfie did. I tell you if I could have gotten a hold of that cat that day. A: I don't know uh, that I'd trade my dog in for the world.
Based on that paragraph can we conclude that this sentence is true?
he would trade his dog in for the world
Choose from:
A). Yes
B). No
C). It's impossible to say | B). | 1 | Flan2021 | super_glue/cb:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Complete: and if he did n't find megan soon , he 'd have to ride out the storm here-alone and without resolution . the only silver lining was that megan had asked anna to hold on to jade only until today . that meant-at least he hoped it did-that megan was bound to show up sooner rather than later . he 'd already phoned anna this morning and told her to give him a call if megan stopped by to pick up | jade | 6 | Flan2021 | lambada:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Can I give 0 stars? When I walked into the showroom, the salesman approached me with an attitude that I was bothering him! I asked for the best price OTD on the motorcycle I wanted and he gave me a price that was 10% ($700) higher than the price I was quoted with Western Honda. I told the salesman that price is high and he said "Go buy it from Western Honda" He did not bother to ask me if I was paying cash (which I was) or try to add incentives to encourage me to buy from him. I have never dealt with a salesman like that in my life (and I am no spring chicken). If they treat everyone this way, I wonder how they sell anything! Don't waste your time, as far as salesmanship - total incompetence. By the way, he lied to me about the price they had advertised online. Dishonest and rude, if that is what you are looking for, by all means visit this shop. The salesman was a total dufus and you can get a much better deal on a Honda with Western Honda. I wish I had the salesman's name, but of course he did not bother to introduce himself. He was an older gentleman in the first office on the left.
Is this review positive or negative?
Select from the following. (A). negative (B). positive
Answer: | (A). | 0 | Flan2021 | yelp_polarity_reviews:0.2.0 | zs_opt |
Premise: A woman in a blue shirt unwraps a gift of a green hat.
Hypothesis: A woman got a gift from a man
.Multi-select problem: Can we conclude that the hypothesis is true if the premise is true?
Choices: (a). yes (b). it is not possible to tell (c). no | (b). | 4 | Flan2021 | snli:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Which entity is this text about?
Scarlett Ingrid Johansson was born in the Manhattan borough of New York City, New York. Her father, Karsten Olaf Johansson, is an architect originally from Copenhagen, Denmark, and her paternal grandfather, Ejner Johansson, was an art historian, screenwriter and film director, whose own father was Swedish. Johansson's mother, Melanie Sloan, a producer, comes from an Ashkenazi Jewish family of Polish and Belarusian descent. She has an older sister, Vanessa, also an actress; an older brother, Adrian; and a twin brother, Hunter.
In 2006, Johansson sang the track "Summertime" for Unexpected Dreams - Songs From the Stars, a non-profit collection of songs recorded by Hollywood actors. She performed with the Jesus and Mary Chain for a Coachella reunion show in Indio, California, in April 2007. The following year, Johansson appeared as the leading lady in Justin Timberlake's music video, for "What Goes Around... Comes Around", which was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year. In May 2008, Johansson released her debut album Anywhere I Lay My Head, which consists of one original song and ten cover versions of Tom Waits songs, and features David Bowie and members from the Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Celebration. Reviews of the album were mixed. Spin was not particularly impressed with Johansson's singing. Some critics found it to be "surprisingly alluring", "a bravely eccentric selection", and "a brilliant album" with "ghostly magic". NME named the album the "23rd best album of 2008", and it peaked at number 126 on the Billboard 200. Johansson started listening to Waits when she was 11 or 12 years old, and said of him, "His melodies are so beautiful, his voice is so distinct and I had my own way of doing Tom Waits songs." In September 2009, Johansson and singer-songwriter Pete Yorn released a collaborative album, Break Up, inspired by Serge Gainsbourg's duets with Brigitte Bardot. The album reached number 41 in the US. In 2010, Steel Train released Terrible Thrills Vol. 1, which includes their favorite female artists singing songs from their self-titled album. Johansson is the first artist on the album, singing "Bullet". Johansson sang "One Whole Hour" for the 2011 soundtrack of the documentary film Wretches & Jabberers (2010). and in 2012 sang on a J. Ralph track entitled "Before My Time" for the end credits of the climate documentary Chasing Ice (2012) In February 2015, Johansson formed a band called the Singles with Este Haim from HAIM, Holly Miranda, Kendra Morris, and Julia Haltigan. The group's first single was called "Candy". Johansson was issued a cease and desist order from the lead singer of the Los Angeles-based rock band the Singles, demanding she stop using their name. In 2016, she performed "Trust in Me" for The Jungle Book soundtrack and "The Promise & The Prize," "Universal Fanfare", "Set It All Free" and "I Don't Wanna" for Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.
Entity: | Scarlett Johansson | 8 | Flan2021 | quac:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
The bully stuck his foot out in front of his classmate.
effect:
Select from: * The bully picked up his classmate. * The bully's classmate tripped. | The bully's classmate tripped. | 5 | Flan2021 | super_glue/copa:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Billy cried because Toby wouldn't accept *his* toy.
Which option(s) below is/are correct for question: are "Billy" and "his" the same entity?
Choices:
1). no;
2). yes; | 2). | 0 | Flan2021 | super_glue/wsc.fixed:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
For the products 9 baby carrier and 12 apron for perambulator no possible risk of health effects was found and no phthalates with content above allowed limits was present
Could you correct the punctuation please? | For the products 9 (baby carrier) and 12 (apron for perambulator) no possible risk of health effects was found and no phthalates with content above allowed limits was present. | 4 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
The critic consesnsus is: Jonas Brothers: The 3-D Concert Experience should please the brothers' adoring followers, but for non-converts, this concert film is largely flat and unenlightening.. What reviews supported this critic consensus? | 1. Girls are crazy. I don't mean they're mildly emotional or excitable. I mean completely nuts. At least the girls flocking to see the new 3D Jonas Brothers movie are.
2. It serves its purpose.
3. I had all four posters on my bedroom closet: Davy, Mickey, Peter and Mike.
4. Love them or loathe them, it's the Jonas Brothers' moment -- you might as well enjoy it.
5. This movie spends too much time on stage, and not enough off.
6. The threat may be as illusory as the thrills in Jonas Brothers are contrived. But that won't stop Jonas junkies from enjoying their magical mystery tour.
7. Young Jonas fans will adore the Brothers' concert flick.
8. This is a concert, not in any way, shape or form, a film.
9. This current squeaky-clean vocal group is way more talented than its elders were.
10. For those of us dwelling outside the Jonas demo, the small charms in the 'candid' moments have little to do with the boys' talents as actors, and a lot to do with the revered icons whose cheeky behavior they're imitating. | 8 | Flan2021 | opinion_abstracts_rotten_tomatoes | zs_opt |
This question has options. Does the word "play" have the same definition in the next two sentences?
Play the casinos in Trouville.
Play the stock market.
Choose your answer from:
* different meanings;
* the same meaning; | different meanings | 6 | Flan2021 | super_glue/wic:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Solve -2270*z + 18695 = -22165 for z.. What is the answer?? | 18 | 9 | Flan2021 | math_dataset/algebra__linear_1d:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Teorii o dřevěných válcích odsuneme na vedlejší kolej.
Could you please translate this to English? | The wooden roller theory falls by the wayside. | 2 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
For much of the world, the Algarve is synonymous with Portugal, yet the Portuguese will tell you the exact opposite: the region has little in common with the rest of the country. The southern stretch of coast is more reminiscent of a North African landscape than a European one. It has no cosmopolitan cities, like Lisbon and Porto, which are farther north. Most of Portugal is known for quaint towns, medieval castles, and grand palaces. The Algarve is more recognizable for impenetrable blocks of tourist apartments, hotels, and meticulously manicured golf courses. And beaches. Think Algarve and the mind pictures long, glorious stretches of golden sands, secluded coves framed by odd ochre-colored rock formations, and deep green waters. With about 160 km (100 miles) of coastline, Portugal's southern province is one of Europe's premier beach destinations. The occasionally chilly ocean is the Atlantic, but the Algarve has a sultry Mediterranean feel. Its consistent climate is the best in Portugal, and one of the kindest in the world: more than 250 days of sunshine a year — more than almost any other international resort area. The moderating effect of the Gulf Stream produces a fresh springtime breeze throughout winter, and in late January and February, white almond blossoms blanket the fields. In summer the heat is intense but rarely unbearable, and regardless, beautiful beaches and innumerable pools are always just a dive away. Magnificent year-round weather has made the Algarve a huge destination for sporting vacations. Superb golf facilities abound — several with tees dramatically clinging to cliffs and fairways just skirting the edge of the ocean — and horseback riding, tennis, big-game fishing, sailing, and windsurfing are immensely popular. Sports, beaches and hospitable weather — not to mention easily organized package vacations — are surely the reasons the Algarve receives as many visitors as the rest of Portugal in its entirety. But it's not just international tourists that descend on the Algarve; many Portuguese from Lisbon and elsewhere in the north have holiday homes and spend their summer vacations here. The coast is neatly divided into the rugged Barlavento to the west and the flat beauty of Sotavento to the east. West is where you'll find the famous orange cliffs and surreal eroded rock stacks.
Question: "What southern stretch of coast is more reminiscent of a North African landscape than a European one?"
Response: "Lisbon"
Choose from: (i). no (ii). yes
Does the response correctly answer the question?
| (i). | 0 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Generate a context and a hypothesis. | Context: Catch the Thief<br>The police were trying to catch a neighborhood thief. They decided to stake-out the entire area that night. They didn't catch the thief so decided to continue the stake-out. Four nights later they saw the thief. All the police officers rushed to grab the guy and they caught him.
Hypothesis: A dozen police officers rushed to grab the guy and they caught him. | 9 | Flan2021 | anli/r3:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Solve -22681*w + 22705*w = 2889 - 873 for w.. What is the answer?? | 84 | 9 | Flan2021 | math_dataset/algebra__linear_1d:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate to Romanian:
The Commission stands ready to work closely with Parliament in order to have this proposal adopted and show the EU's determination to act responsibly towards countries in need.
Romanian: | Comisia este dispusă să colaboreze îndeaproape cu Parlamentul în scopul de a adopta această propunere și a arăta determinarea UE de a acționa responsabil în favoarea țărilor aflate la nevoie. | 4 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/ro-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Loverdos: Greece has attached great importance to the humanitarian aspect of the Iraqi crisis in the aftermath of the war.
Translate to Turkish
Turkish: | Loverdos: Yunanistan, Irak savaşı sonrası yapılan hesaplarda, savaşın insani yanına büyük önem verdi. | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Translate "The man who greeted us as we entered the center explained the situation. "People say the Zapatistas were in all these hills around here." to Spanish. | Un señor nos recibió a la entrada y nos explicó la situación: "Dicen que los zapatistas estaban en todos estos cerros por aquí. | 6 | Flan2021 | para_crawl_enes | zs_opt |
Is it good to get an MBA in logistics and supply chain management?
What is the future scope for procurement, logistics, operations and supply chain management?
Multi-choice problem: Would you say that these questions are the same?
Pick your answer from:
1). no.
2). yes. | 1). | 0 | Flan2021 | glue/qqp:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-choice problem: does word "reseat" have the same meaning in the following two sentences?
Reseat Carnegie Hall.
We should reseat this cinema-the old seats are worn.
Select from the following.
- different meanings;
- the same meaning; | the same meaning | 4 | Flan2021 | super_glue/wic:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Write a sentence not in English. | Puheenjohtajavaltio Saksan on otettava vastuu ja vaadittava jäsenvaltioilta yhteistä kantaa. | 8 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/fi-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Sentence: "They have no went."
Would a linguist rate this sentence to be acceptable linguistically?
Choose from: [+] unacceptable [+] acceptable | unacceptable | 3 | Flan2021 | glue/cola:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Add punctuation to the following sentence: Virola Virola surinamensis South America Furniture constructions
| Virola Virola surinamensis South America Furniture, constructions | 7 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
Choose from the options at the end. Are the following two questions the same?
How has Quora impacted your life?
How has Quora brought changes in your day to day life?
Pick from:
- no;
- yes;
The answer is: | yes | 8 | Flan2021 | glue/qqp:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
When land is cleared, habitats are lost. It may be cleared for agriculture. It may also be used for building new homes or businesses. Within the past 100 years, the amount of land used for agriculture has almost doubled. Land used for grazing cattle has more than doubled. Many wetlands have also been lost to agriculture. The U.S. has lost almost all the natural tall-grass prairies. Thee areas of tall thick grass have virtually disappeared. These areas of land had thick fertile soil. Their grasses had very deep root systems. These deep and thick roots reduced the amount of soil erosion. They also were home to many plants and animals. Prairies were wonderful places. They were home to colorful flowers, prairie dogs, and herds of bison.
Question: "What types of animals did prairies contain?"
Response: "Prairie dogs"
Based on the paragraph, is the response to the question is factually correct?
Possible answers:
+ no
+ yes | yes | 1 | Flan2021 | super_glue/multirc:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Solve this math problem
Solve 0 = 7*z + 164 - 234 for z. | 10 | 1 | Flan2021 | math_dataset/algebra__linear_1d:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
I also join in the goodwill wishes for the New Year expressed by previous speakers.
Translate to Finnish
Finnish: | Yhdyn edellisten puhujien hyvän uuden vuoden toivotuksiin. | 0 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/fi-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
argentina 's foreign minister guido di tella said here thursday he will travel to london friday to discuss the falkland islands with british foreign ministry officials .
Can you generate a short summary of the above paragraph? | argentina foreign minister to visit london | 7 | Flan2021 | gigaword:1.2.0 | zs_opt |
Multi-select: Let's say that "Mark told Pete many lies about himself, which Pete included in his book. He should have been more truthful."
Can we now say that "Pete should have been more truthful."?
Pick your answer from: a). no; b). yes; | a). | 3 | Flan2021 | glue/wnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Produce a long descriptive sentence that uses all these words: 11 Diagonal Street, completionDate, 1983; 11 Diagonal Street, floorCount, 20.
Sentence: | 11 Diagonal Street has 20 floors and was completed in 1983. | 6 | Flan2021 | gem/web_nlg_en:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Generate a context and a hypothesis. | Context: Baltic Pride is an annual LGBT pride parade rotating in turn between the capitals of the Baltic states; Tallinn, Riga and Vilnius. It is held in support of raising issues of tolerance and the rights of LGBT community and is supported by ILGA-Europe. Since 2009 the main organisers have been Mozaīka, the National LGBT Rights Organization LGL Lithuanian Gay League, and the Estonian LGBT Association.
Hypothesis: The Baltic pride only occurs in Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania | 9 | Flan2021 | anli/r1:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
News article:
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the United States is declining rapidly overall but, curiously, is increasing among young adults. Age-specific and birth cohort patterns can provide etiologic clues, but have not been recently examined. Methods: CRC incidence trends in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas from 1974 to 2013 (n = 490 305) were analyzed by five-year age group and birth cohort using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and age-period-cohort modeling. Results: After decreasing in the previous decade, colon cancer incidence rates increased by 1.0% to 2.4% annually since the mid-1980s in adults age 20 to 39 years and by 0.5% to 1.3% since the mid-1990s in adults age 40 to 54 years; rectal cancer incidence rates have been increasing longer and faster (eg, 3.2% annually from 1974–2013 in adults age 20–29 years). In adults age 55 years and older, incidence rates generally declined since the mid-1980s for colon cancer and since 1974 for rectal cancer. From 1989–1990 to 2012–2013, rectal cancer incidence rates in adults age 50 to 54 years went from half those in adults age 55 to 59 to equivalent (24.7 vs 24.5 per 100 000 persons: IRR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92 to 1.10), and the proportion of rectal cancer diagnosed in adults younger than age 55 years doubled from 14.6% (95% CI = 14.0% to 15.2%) to 29.2% (95% CI = 28.5% to 29.9%). Age-specific relative risk by birth cohort declined from circa 1890 until 1950, but continuously increased through 1990. Consequently, compared with adults born circa 1950, those born circa 1990 have double the risk of colon cancer (IRR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.11 to 5.19) and quadruple the risk of rectal cancer (IRR = 4.32, 95% CI = 2.19 to 8.51). Conclusions: Age-specific CRC risk has escalated back to the level of those born circa 1890 for contemporary birth cohorts, underscoring the need for increased awareness among clinicians and the general public, as well as etiologic research to elucidate causes for the trend. Further, as nearly one-third of rectal cancer patients are younger than age 55 years, screening initiation before age 50 years should be considered.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rates have been declining in the United States for several decades, with the pace accelerating to 3% annually from 2003 to 2012 (1). The reduction in risk from 1975 to 2000 is attributed equally to changes in the prevalence of risk factors and the uptake of screening (2), while the recent steep decline is thought to be primarily driven by screening. A recent study speculated that underlying CRC risk also continues to decline (3), while others have reported increasing risk in adults younger than age 50 years, for whom screening is not recommended for those at average risk (4–8). However, none of these studies examined the temporal pattern simultaneously by age, calendar period, and year of birth for a comprehensive interpretation of the contemporary trend. To our knowledge, the last paper that examined trends in CRC by period and birth cohort was published in 1994 based on data through 1990 (9). Herein, we characterize trends in population-based CRC occurrence by tumor location, age at diagnosis, and year of birth using incidence data from 1974 to 2013 and age-period-cohort modeling (10). Age-period-cohort modeling is a quantitative tool used to enhance the understanding of disease trends by attempting to disentangle factors that influence all ages (period effects), such as changes in medical practice, from those that vary by generation (cohort effects), typically as a consequence of behavioral changes.
Methods
Study Design and Data Source
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients age 20 years and older diagnosed with invasive CRC from 1974 through 2013 in the nine oldest Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program areas (Atlanta [from 1975], Connecticut, Detroit, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, Seattle-Puget Sound, San Francisco-Oakland, and Utah) (11,12). The SEER program is the only source for historical population-based cancer incidence in the United States and is considered the gold standard for cancer registration worldwide because of the high quality of data. Diagnosis years 1974–2013 were selected to utilize the most recent available data while maintaining equivalent time period and age intervals, which are required for age-period-cohort modeling. Cases were stratified by tumor subsite (colon, ICD-O-3 codes C18.0, C18.2-C18.9, C26.0 [proximal colon, C18.0, C18.2-C18.4; distal colon, C18.5-C18.7]; rectum, C19.9, C20.9) and excluded appendiceal malignancies, which are considered distinct from those arising in the colorectum (13). Five percent of colon tumors were coded as overlapping or unspecified anatomic location and could not be included in subsite analysis. Because incidence trends during this time period are the same in men and women (14), data were not stratified by sex to improve statistical power.
Statistical Analysis
SEER*Stat (version 8.3.2; National Cancer Institute [NCI]) was used to access CRC cases and calculate delay-adjusted incidence rates, which correct for the lag in case capture affecting recent data years (15), and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All tests of statistical significance were two-sided, and a P value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Incidence rate ratios were considered statically significant when the 95% confidence interval did not include one. Incidence rates were calculated for eleven age groups (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–54, 55–59…80–84, 85+), presented per 100 000 person-years, and age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population for collective age groups (eg, age > 55 years). The magnitude and direction of temporal trends were quantified using the Joinpoint Regression Program (version 4.3.1.0; NCI), which uses permutation analysis to fit a series of joined straight lines on a logarithmic scale to observed rates to estimate the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (16). We calculated the change in proportion of cases diagnosed in young adults (defined as age < 55 years based on like contemporary incidence trends) between 1989–1990 and 2012–2013 by adjusting to the 2012–2013 population in order to account for temporal shifts in underlying age distribution.
Birth cohort models were fitted using NCI’s Age Period Cohort web tool (17). Age-period-cohort modeling provides estimates of parameters that describe relationships between observed incidence rates and age, calendar period, and birth cohort based on age groups and time periods of equal length (18). Input data were case and population counts for eight five-year time periods (1974–1978, 1979–1983…2009–2013) and 14 five-year age groups (20–24, 25–29…80–84, 85+) spanning 21 partially overlapping 10-year birth cohorts. Cohorts are referred to by mid-year of birth (1889, 1894…1989) corresponding to patients born beginning in 1887 through 1991. Cohort effects are presented graphically as IRRs adjusted for age and calendar period effects. To facilitate data interpretation, we chose reference values corresponding to the 1949 cohort, which had the lowest rates. (The choice of reference values is arbitrary and does not affect the interpretation of results.) We also present the local drift, which estimates the age-specific net annual percent change in incidence rates. Heat maps of residuals by age vs period were constructed to screen for systematic lack of fit. In addition, we examined how well observed rates agreed with confidence bands from the age-period-cohort model when the former were plotted together with the latter (Supplementary Figure 1, available online).
Results
There were 490 305 patients age 20 years and older diagnosed with CRC in the nine oldest SEER registries during 1974–2013. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, colon cancer incidence rates were declining in age groups younger than age 50 years and increasing in those age 50 years and older (Figure 1). Conversely, from the mid-1980s through 2013, rates declined in adults age 55 years and older, while increasing by 2.4% per year in adults age 20–29 years and by 1.0% per year in adults age 30–39 years. In the mid-1990s, rates also began increasing in adults age 40 to 49 years (1.3% per year) and 50 to 54 years (0.5% per year). Increasing trends in adults younger than age 50 years were confined to tumors in the distal colon, with the exception of adults age 40 to 49 years, among whom rates are also increasing for proximal tumors (Supplementary Table 1, available online). This is also the only age group for which tumors of unspecified or overlapping location are increasing. Notably, declines in adults age 55 years or older were also generally larger for distal than for proximal tumors.
Figure 1. View largeDownload slide Annual percent change (APC) in age-specific colon cancer incidence rates in the United States, 1974–2013. An asterisk indicates that the APC is statistically significantly different from zero (P < .05) using a two-sided test based on the permutation method. In order to highlight trends, the scale of the y-axis varies.
Figure 1. View largeDownload slide Annual percent change (APC) in age-specific colon cancer incidence rates in the United States, 1974–2013. An asterisk indicates that the APC is statistically significantly different from zero (P < .05) using a two-sided test based on the permutation method. In order to highlight trends, the scale of the y-axis varies.
Compared with colon cancer, incidence trends for rectal cancer are more prolonged for all age groups and the rise in young adults is steeper. Specifically, rectal cancer incidence rates increased by 3.2% per year from 1974 to 2013 in adults age 20 to 29 years and since 1980 in adults age 30 to 39 years, and by 2.3% per year since beginning in the 1990s in adults age 40 to 49 years and 50 to 54 years (Figure 2). In contrast, rates generally declined throughout the entire 40-year study period in adults age 55 years and older. The stronger, more sustained trends for rectal than for colon tumors are reflected in a notable crossover in the local drift, with rectal cancer incidence exhibiting a net increase of 3.9% to 4.0% annually in adults age 20 to 29 years coupled with a net decrease of 2.1% or more annually in adults age 75 and older (Figure 3A).
Figure 2. View largeDownload slide Annual percent change (APC) in age-specific rectal cancer incidence rates in the United States, 1974–2013. An asterisk indicates that the APC is statistically significantly different from zero (P < .05) using a two-sided test based on the permutation method. In order to highlight trends, the scale of the y-axis varies.
Figure 2. View largeDownload slide Annual percent change (APC) in age-specific rectal cancer incidence rates in the United States, 1974–2013. An asterisk indicates that the APC is statistically significantly different from zero (P < .05) using a two-sided test based on the permutation method. In order to highlight trends, the scale of the y-axis varies.
Figure 3. View largeDownload slide Summary age-specific annual percent change (i.e., local drift) and birth cohort rate ratios of colorectal cancer incidence rates in the United States. A) Local drift: summary age-specific annual percent change for colon and rectal cancer. B) Incidence rate ratios by birth cohort for colon and rectal cancer (referent cohort = 1949). Shaded bands indicate 95% confidence interval.
Figure 3. View largeDownload slide Summary age-specific annual percent change (i.e., local drift) and birth cohort rate ratios of colorectal cancer incidence rates in the United States. A) Local drift: summary age-specific annual percent change for colon and rectal cancer. B) Incidence rate ratios by birth cohort for colon and rectal cancer (referent cohort = 1949). Shaded bands indicate 95% confidence interval.
Oppositional trends by age are also causing a convergence in CRC incidence rates in adults age 50 to 54 years and 55 to 59 years (Supplementary Figure 1, available online). Whereas in the early 1990s both colon and rectal cancer incidence rates in adults age 50 to 54 years were half those in adults age 55 to 59 years, in 2012 to 2013 they were just 12.4% lower for colon (31.9 vs 36.4: IRR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.94) and equivalent for rectum (24.7 vs 24.5: IRR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.10). In addition, the age-adjusted proportion of incident cases in adults age 55 years and younger increased from 11.6% (95% CI = 11.1% to 12.2%) in 1989–1990 to 16.6% (95% CI = 16.0% to 17.1%) in 2012 to 2013 for colon cancer and from 14.6% (95% CI = 14.0% to 15.2%) to 29.2% (95% CI = 28.5% to 29.9%) for rectal cancer.
Age-period-cohort modeling of CRC incidence data indicates both period and cohort effects, with deviations for each generally statistically significantly different from zero, particularly for rectal cancer (Supplementary Figure 2, available online). Quantitatively, however, period effects were dwarfed by cohort effects, with cohort deviations 10-fold higher than period deviations. Further, the local drift (net age-specific annual percent change) was statistically significant for all ages for colon cancer and, with the exception of adults age 50 to 54 years for rectal cancer (Figure 3A), consistent with the age-specific trend for that group shown in Figure 2.
Age-specific trends by birth cohort are presented as incidence rate ratios, for which the 1949 cohort is the referent group. Relative risks decreased for consecutive cohorts born from the late 1880s until the 1940s, then increased for subsequent cohorts (Figure 3B). Specifically, compared with people born circa 1950, those born circa 1890 had double the age-specific risk of colon cancer (IRR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.91 to 2.36) and triple the risk of rectal cancer (IRR = 3.06, 95% CI = 2.71 to 3.47). These age-specific relative risks are comparable with those for the youngest birth cohort for both colon (IRR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.11 to 5.19) and rectal cancer (IRR = 4.32, 95% CI = 2.19 to 8.51), despite wider confidence intervals because data are limited to young individuals, who have substantially lower disease rates. While the increase for colon cancer is primarily driven by distal tumors, risk for proximal tumors also appears to be increasing (Supplementary Figure 3, available online). Age-specific incidence trends by year of birth confirm the strong cohort effect (Supplementary Figure 4, available online). Residual analysis conducted to evaluate the goodness of fit of the age-period-cohort models revealed adequate agreement between the modeled and observed data (Supplementary Figure 1, available online).
Discussion
We found variations in CRC incidence patterns by age, tumor subsite, calendar period, and particularly birth cohort. The age-specific risk of CRC dropped for successive generations in the first half of the twentieth century, but has escalated back to the level of those born circa 1890 for current birth cohorts. The cohort effect was qualitatively similar for colon and rectal cancers, but quantitatively larger for rectal cancer, for which there was a net increase of 4% annually for people in their 20s coinciding with a net decrease of 2% annually for those age 75 years and older. As a consequence of these oppositional trends, the probability of a rectal cancer diagnosis for someone in their early 50s is now the same as it is for someone in their late 50s, whereas two decades ago it was just half.
In contrast to colon cancer, rectal cancer incidence has generally been declining in age groups older than 55 years since at least 1974, well before widespread screening, which was self-reported at less than 25% in 1987 (19). This may partly reflect detection and removal of precancerous lesions during clinical inspection of the rectum, which was common practice well before formal CRC screening (20). Inherent differences within the colorectum in the way environmental factors initiate and/or promote carcinogenesis (21), as well as the influence of unknown risk factors, may also have contributed.
While early-onset CRC has a familial component more often than late-onset disease, the majority of cases are sporadic (22). The strong birth cohort effects we observed signal relatively recent changes in exposures that influence risk. Established lifestyle factors associated with CRC include excess body weight, high consumption of processed meat and alcohol, low levels of physical activity and fiber consumption, and cigarette smoking (23,24). The rise in CRC in young adults has likely been attenuated by long-term declines in alcohol consumption and smoking (25), but fueled by increases in cumulative exposure to excess body fat, which have been demonstrated by studies of obesity trends by birth cohort (26). It is not surprising that the timing of the obesity epidemic parallels the rise in CRC because many behaviors thought to drive weight gain, such as unhealthy dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles (27), independently increase CRC risk. Moreover, there are undoubtedly complex epigenetic interactions between obesity, sedentary behavior, and diet (28,29). Evolving research suggests that specific, unhealthy dietary elements, like high–glycemic load carbohydrates, may trigger a cascade of detrimental health effects beyond caloric content (30). A recent study found that de novo introduction of a Western-style high-fat, low-fiber diet initiates inflammation and proliferation in the colonic mucosa within two weeks (31). These findings are consistent with the one-generation jump in CRC risk that has been observed among Japanese migrants to the United States that is attributed to diet (32).
Some of the increased CRC in recent birth cohorts may be due to the detection of prevalent subclinical disease because of rising colonoscopy utilization for diagnostic and screening purposes. According to the National Health Interview Survey, 13.6% of adults age 40 to 49 years reported having a colonoscopy in the past 10 years in 2013, compared with 6.4% in 2000 (Supplementary Table 2, available online) (33). During 2000 to 2011, approximately 17% of colonoscopies were performed in patients younger than age 50 years based on data from the National Endoscopic Database (34). Nevertheless, this is probably not a driving factor for the trends in early-onset disease because the most rapid gains are for individuals in their 20s and 30s, who are least likely to be screened. Moreover, rates have risen at a similar magnitude for early- and advanced-stage disease (7), which is inconsistent with a screening effect.
While primary prevention is the preferable course of action for cancer control, improving health behaviors and further identifying etiologic agents for CRC are long-term endeavors. In the meantime, a number of actions should be taken to ameliorate the rising burden of CRC in young adults. One is to educate the public and clinicians about the rising probability of disease in people younger than age 55 years. Young patients are 58% more likely than older patients to be diagnosed with distant- vs localized-stage CRC (35), largely due to delayed follow-up of symptoms, sometimes for years (36), because cancer is typically not on the radar of young adults or their providers (37). Another obstacle to timely diagnosis is less access to medical care; adults younger than age 55 years are three times more likely to be uninsured than those age 55 years and older—22% vs 7% in 2013 (38). The Affordable Care Act (ACA) may facilitate earlier detection for young CRC patients, as it has for other malignancies (39). The Commonwealth Fund ACA Tracking Survey reported that the proportion of adults age 19 to 34 years who were uninsured reduced from 28% in 2013, prior to the first open enrollment, to 18% in 2016, following the third open enrollment, with a similar decline (18% to 11%) among adults age 35 to 49 years (40).
Rapid declines in CRC incidence in the past decade in age groups older than 55 years are likely the result of increased uptake of screening, which rose from 38% in 2000 to 59% in 2013 in adults age 50 years or older (33). The larger decreases for distal than proximal tumors may reflect the longstanding effects of fecal occult blood tests and flexible sigmoidoscopy, which were the most common screening modalities among older adults until 2005, and possibly higher efficacy of colonoscopy for preventing distal cancers (41–43). However, our finding of rising CRC incidence rates for people in their early 50s, as well as younger age groups, highlights the need for increased adherence to recommended screening. Guidelines state that screening should commence at age 50 years for individuals at average risk of disease, but earlier for those at increased risk, which includes people with a family history of CRC or adenomatous polyps (44). Despite these recommendations, among people with an affected first-degree relative, those younger than age 50 years are half as likely to have had a colonoscopy as those age 50 years or older (45). Nationally, colonoscopy prevalence is lower in adults age 50 to 54 years than in adults age 55 to 59 years, although temporal trends are similar; reported receipt of a colonoscopy in the past 10 years increased from 14% in 2000 to 41% in 2013 in adults age 50 to 54 years and from 16% to 52% in adults age 55 to 59 years (Supplementary Table 2, available online). While national surveys do not collect information on age at screening initiation, one population-based study of non-Hispanic whites with higher-than-average educational attainment, one-quarter of whom were employed in health care, found a mean age at CRC screening initiation of 55 years (46).
Reversing increasing trends in adults age 50 to 54 years requires not only increased adherence to screening guidelines but also screening before age 50 years because the full benefit of polypectomy for preventing CRC requires about a decade to realize (47,48). Beginning screening at age 45 years is not supported by a recent review of the evidence for CRC screening (49,50) and would add approximately 20 million people to the screening-eligible population. Yet it is worth noting that in 2013 there were about 10 400 new CRCs diagnosed in adults age 40 to 49 years and 12 800 cases in adults age 50 to 54 years, similar to the total number of cervical cancers (12 300) (51), for which screening of 95 million women age 21 to 65 years is recommended (52). Moreover, Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) researchers recently reported that beginning screening at age 45 years is “more effective and provided a more favorable balance between life-years gained and screening burden than starting at age 50 years” (49). Endoscopic screening could be particularly useful in stemming the tide of tumors in the distal colon and rectum (53), which are preponderant in young patients.
Our study is somewhat limited by its ecologic nature and the assumptions of the age-period-cohort model, specifically that interactions between age and period can be well described as a birth cohort phenomenon. Also, although the data fit our models well, existing models do not incorporate information on population-level screening or risk factors. Hence, parameters can help identify emerging trends and generate etiologic hypotheses, but the results do not provide any direct evidence about the role of specific exposures or interventions. Even so, as incidence trends in young adults often provide a bellwether of the future disease burden, our results are sobering. Additionally, long-term population-based cancer occurrence data in the United States are limited to nine SEER registries, and thus may not be generalizable to the broader population. However, a recent analysis of age-specific CRC incidence trends from 1998 to 2009 based on national data reported results similar to ours and those of other SEER-based studies (4,6).
In summary, the age-specific risk of a CRC diagnosis dropped for successive generations in the first half of the twentieth century, but escalated back to the level of those born in the late 1800s for current birth cohorts. As the proportion of rectal cancer diagnosed in adults younger than age 55 years years has doubled in just two decades, adherence to guideline-recommended screening initiation should be emphasized and initiation before age 50 years should be reconsidered. These results highlight the need for etiologic research to elucidate causes for the underlying increase in disease risk in young birth cohorts, as well as creative new strategies to curb the obesity epidemic and shift Americans toward healthier eating and more active lifestyles. Beyond awaiting scientific discovery and the widespread adoption of healthier living, meaningful action can be taken to mitigate premature morbidity and mortality from this disease through educational campaigns about the importance of timely follow-up of CRC symptoms, regardless of patient age, and age-appropriate screening.
Funding
This work was supported by the Intramural Research Department of the American Cancer Society and the Intramural Research program of the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute.
Notes
The funders had no role in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
References
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© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. ||||| Colorectal cancer rates are on the rise among millennials and Gen Xers in the U.S., a new study finds. The findings come as rates of these cancers have continued to decline in adults ages 55 and up, according to the study.
People in the U.S. born in 1990 now have double the risk of colon cancer and quadruple the risk of rectal cancer compared to people born in 1950, the scientists found.
In the study, the researchers looked at data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, a government registry of cancer diagnoses. The data included all cases of colon and rectal cancer that occurred from 1974 to 2013 in nine regions of the United States in adults ages 20 and older. [7 Cancers You Can Ward Off with Exercise]
The analysis included nearly 500,000 cases, according to the study, published today (Feb. 28) in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
The researchers found that in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the rates of colon cancer among adults ages 50 and up increased, and the rates among adults under age 50 decreased.
From the mid-1980s through 2013, however, the rates of colon cancer among adults ages 55 and up declined, according to the study. But for younger adults, colon cancer rates increased during the same period. For example, in adults ages 20 to 29, the rate of colon cancer increased by 2.4 percent each year, and for adults ages 30 to 39, the rate increased by 1 percent each year.
In the mid-1990s, the rates of colon cancer increased in adults in their 40s (1.3 percent each year) and adults ages 50 to 54 (0.5 percent each year), the researchers also observed.
For rectal cancer, the changes in the rates were more pronounced, the study said.
While rectal cancer rates decreased throughout the course of the whole study period for adults ages 55 and up, the rate of rectal cancer increased by 3.2 percent each year for those ages 20 to 29. Rectal cancer rates in adults in their 30s increased at the same pace — 3.2 percent each year — starting in 1980, the researchers found. And since the 1990s, rectal cancer rates have increased by 2.3 percent each year for adults ages 40 to 54.
The researchers also looked back at the rates of colorectal cancer for people born each decade dating back to the 1890s. The rates of the disease were lowest for those born in the 1950s, the researchers found.
"Trends in young people are a bellwether for the future disease burden," lead study author Rebecca Siegel, an epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society, said in a statement.
"Our finding that colorectal cancer risk among millennials has escalated back to the level of those born in the late 1800s is very sobering," Siegel said.
The increase in risk for younger generations may be due to lifestyle factors, which include excess weight, high consumption of red meat and alcohol, and low levels of physical activity and fiber consumption, the researchers wrote in the study.
Reversing these factors could help reduce people's risk of developing colorectal cancer, the researchers noted. However, making these changes can take time, so it's important to educate younger adults and their doctors about the rising rates of the disease, the researchers said.
"Educational campaigns are needed to alert clinicians and the general public about this increase, to help reduce delays in diagnosis," Siegel said.
Originally published on Live Science. |||||
What is a shorter version of the above article? | – Colonoscopies are a rite of passage for 50-year-olds—could that one day be true for 30-year-olds? We're not there yet, but we may be on our way. Researchers from the American Cancer Society have identified a sharp rise in colon and rectal cancer rates among millennials and GenXers after reviewing some 500,000 cases dating to 1974. How sharp? Their study, published Tuesday in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, finds people born in 1990 have twice the risk of colon cancer and four times the risk of rectal cancer as someone born in 1950. And here's the longer view: "Colorectal cancer risk among millennials has escalated back to the level of those born" circa 1890, says lead study author Rebecca Siegel in a statement picked up by Live Science. About 135,000 Americans are diagnosed annually with the cancers (and 50,000 die each year, reports USA Today), but those 55 and younger now make up an appreciable number of diagnoses: 29% of rectal cancer and 17% of colon cancer cases. "Colorectal cancer had been thought a success story," as increased screening tamped down overall rates, says Siegel. But what researchers found is a dichotomy between the younger and older groups. For instance, rectal cancer rates were down over the 1974 to 2013 study period for those 55 and up, but grew 3.2% annually for those ages 20 to 29. And "anything more than about 1% a year is a big change," says Siegel. The researchers didn't identify a cause, but point out a trio of risk factors: obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and a low-fiber diet. | 5 | Flan2021 | multi_news:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Q: suite life of zack and cody cody dyes his hair red? A: | "Rumors" | 9 | Flan2021 | natural_questions_open:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Fact: a compass is a kind of tool for determining direction by pointing north
Question: A person is lost in a dense forest, and needs to find their home. They know their home is to the south, and they are headed north. They can find home by using a
What's the answer? Options are:
(i) northern-directing device.
(ii) northern light reader.
(iii) northeastern winds.
(iv) north central credit. | (i) | 5 | Flan2021 | openbookqa:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Read the text and determine if the sentence is true (see options at the end):
John M. Donaldson (January 17, 1854 – December 20, 1941) was an American architect and artist born on January 17, 1854, in Stirling, Scotland. Donaldson was principal designer of the successful Detroit-based architectural firm Donaldson and Meier from 1880 onwards.
Sentence: John M. Donaldson was the only architect at the firm Donaldson and Meier.
Available choices:
+Yes.
+It's impossible to say.
+No. | It's impossible to say | 6 | Flan2021 | anli/r1:0.1.0 | zs_opt |
Translate the following sentence to Turkish:
The announcement comes on the second day of a crucial visit to Belgrade by an EU delegation.
Turkish: | Duyuru, AB heyetinin Belgrad'a yaptığı kilit ziyaretin ikinci gününde geldi. | 5 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/tr-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
1. Contains moments so pure and precise that they take us by surprise.
2. One cannot help but get emotionally involved with this movie.
3. Lesson-laden, tear-jerking fairy tale.
4. It is perceptive about the countless ways in which it is hard to be poor and a stranger in a new land.
5. There’s nothing quite like a movie with characters you fall in love with, characters you actually miss when the lights go up.
6. There are so many beautiful, tender moments in In America ... that it's easy to forgive Sheridan's manipulative ploys.
7. A richly emotional story of a family's salvation, told with heart and surprising humor.
8. The American family is made up of many, many such stories.
9. ... Oscar voters should reward Sheridan (and his co-writing daughters Naomi and Kirsten) with nominations for picture, director and original screenplay.
10. Too precious, perhaps, but there's no denying that it has a magical sweetness.
Write a one sentence summary of the reviews above. | A rich and moving story about an immigrant family adjusting to life in New York. | 0 | Flan2021 | opinion_abstracts_rotten_tomatoes | zs_opt |
Generate a context and a hypothesis. | Context: How did Selden know that the hound was following him? We know he ran a long way. He was screaming for a long time before he fell and we could hear that he was running as he screamed.
Hypothesis: Selden was running as he screamed | 9 | Flan2021 | super_glue/cb:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
Coupling Force Control CFC between tractor and trailer
Could you correct the punctuation please? | Coupling Force Control (CFC) between tractor and trailer. | 4 | Flan2021 | fix_punct | zs_opt |
Single/multi-select question: If "a man in a green t-shirt is skateboarding along a graffiti covered wall in front of a blue door.", can we conclude "the dog was barking"?
Pick from: 1). yes; 2). it is not possible to tell; 3). no; | 3). | 1 | Flan2021 | snli:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Produce a brief English sentence that would be considered grammatically as category: (2).
All categories: Choose your answer from: (1). unacceptable; (2). acceptable; | Was he believed ever to fail students? | 9 | Flan2021 | glue/cola:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Write a dialog with this premise "Mia and David will meet at the gym, and Laura stays home as she doesn't feel well. ". | Mia: Are you going to the gym today?
Laura: I don't feel well, so I'll stay home
David: I'll be there for sure
Mia: great, so let me know when you get there
Mia: ok | 9 | Flan2021 | samsum:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Use the following highlights to write an article:
William Kieren, 79, of Laramie, died on Sunday at a hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado.
Article: | By. Associated Press. PUBLISHED:. 15:14 EST, 9 April 2013. |. UPDATED:. 15:33 EST, 9 April 2013. A man was struck and killed by a car while apparently tending to an injured rabbit on a two-lane highway, Wyoming Highway Patrol said today. William Kieren, 79, of Laramie, died on Sunday at a hospital in Fort Collins. The accident occurred about 9pm on Saturday on Wyoming 230, about six miles west of Laramie. A trooper says Mr Kieren had stopped his. vehicle along the highway and was on or near the center line when he. was struck by an oncoming vehicle. Fatal collision: aWilliam Kieren, 79, died on Sunday at a hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado after being hit on Wyoming 230, west of Laramie. The patrol says the rabbit was still alive on the roadway and was eventually put down by a trooper. According to the Star-Tribune, the driver who hit Mr Kiernen was another Laramie resident, Samantha Brown, 25. She told officials that she saw Mr Kieren's car parked up and had changed. lanes to pass it. Miss Brown didn't see the elderly man in the road until she realized that she had hit something. The 79-year-old died at the Medical Center of the Rockies in Loveland, Colorado. Arrangements for Mr Kieren's funeral are pending with Montgomery-Stryker Funeral Home. Animal lover: The 79-year-old was killed after he stopped on Saturday night to help a rabbit out of the road (stock picture) | 8 | Flan2021 | cnn_dailymail:3.4.0 | zs_opt |
Question: What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?
Answer: Many groups continued their hunter-gatherer ways of life, although their numbers have continually declined, partly as a result of pressure from growing agricultural and pastoral communities.
A single-select problem: Is the question answered in a satisfactory fashion?
Available choices:
1). yes
2). no | 2). | 6 | Flan2021 | glue/qnli:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
Based on the following sentence, what is the effect?
The boy found the television show boring.
Select from: * He recorded it.. * He shut it off.. | He shut it off. | 4 | Flan2021 | super_glue/copa:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
This question has options. Answer the question about text:
I ' m leaving for Marion this afternoon and Drew and I are going to spend a week of seperation . We 're going to be fine we just both got so stressed and took everything out on each other . A lot changes after today .
What might happen after our seperation ?
Options are: i. The world falls apart. ii. We never get back together. iii. None of the above choices .. iv. We make up and improve our relationship. | iv. | 7 | Flan2021 | cosmos_qa:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
Single/multi-select question: Do the following sentences say the same thing?
Former spokesman for U.S. President Ronald Reagan dies
Former Reagan spokesman Larry Speakes dies at 74
Return your answer on a scale from 0 to 5, where 0 is "not similar" and 5 is "very similar".
Choose from:
+0.
+1.
+2.
+3.
+4.
+5. | 4 | 4 | Flan2021 | glue/stsb:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
By. Jennifer Smith. Residents in a mountainside village in Indonesia continued to flee their homes today as a volcano that had lain dormant for more than 400 years erupted for the second time this week. An estimated 25,000 people have now been displaced to temporary evacuation centres as a result of Mount Sinabung in North Sumatra, which has erupted more than 50 times in one night earlier this month. Eleven people are thought to have. been killed, with hundreds more falling ill after breathing in dangerous. gases and ash according to local reports. A villager rides a buffalo out of the area which has been destroyed by volcanic ash after Mount Sinabung erupted for the second time this month. Thousands of villagers have been evacuated to temporary shelters as the volcano which was dormant for more than 400 years before its recent activity remains a risk. Officials confirmed at least 11 people have died as a result of the volcano's eruptions and hundreds are thought to have taken ill after breathing in dangerous gases. While villages have been left covered by volcanic ash and mud following the sporadic eruptions which have prompted thousands to flee their homes. A man and woman walk barefoot through Sigarang Garang carrying few belongings. The remaining residents have been wearing protective masks to shield themselves from harmful gases. Officials. expect the number of evacuees to rise as the volcano, which erupted in. 2010 after laying dormant for four centuries, remains a risk to all. those in its perimeter. Villagers were forced to scramble from their homes last week after the volcano erupted 50 times in one night, spurting lava and gas upon residential areas miles away. Parts of villages remain blanketed by volcanic ash while some buildings have been entirely destroyed. The village of Sigarang Garang has been buried by debris and mud following an eruption on Sunday morning. The few remaining residents were pictured shepherding livestock and children away from the volcano towards one of the many nearby shelters this morning. Villagers load livestock onto the back of a truck in Sigarang Garang which is among the worst affected villages in North Sumatra. A damaged mosque lies abandoned and windows coated in mud and ash in the village of Kuta Gugung following the volcano's most recent eruption. A villager and his dog lie in the back of a truck as they prepare to evacuate the area which has been placed under high alert following the volcano's recent activity. A boy wearing a face mask to protect him from volcanic gases leads a young buffalo in the village of Sigarang Garang in North Sumatra. Parts of the region remain blanketed by volcanic ash after the eruptions which have so far claimed 11 lives and prompted the evacuation of 25,000 people. A small convoy of villagers flee their homes on foot and by motorbike as officials warn residents they are still at risk of eruption. The few remaining residents in Sigarang Garang in North Sumatra ride motorbikes through the ash-covered village where houses and farms have been abandoned. The village has been left covered by ash and mud following the most recent eruption which occurred on Sunday, prompting thousands more people to be evacuated. Barefoot villagers abandoned their homes and farms in the wake of the eruptions and have been forced to move themselves and their livestock into temporary shelters. Thousands of mountainside homes have been damaged or abandoned as a result of the activity. Officials expect the number of evacuees to rise as Mount Sinabung remains a danger to those in its perimeter. A damaged house is among the thousands abandoned by its occupants since the volcano started erupting sporadically in September. Last week the villages of Tiga Pancur, Jewara and Pintu Besi were struck by lava and rocks after Mount Sinabung erupted more than 50 times. A spokesman for the country's disaster mitigation agency confirmed a danger zone had been mapped out at three miles from the crater's mouth, but was extended an extra mile. More than 25,000 people have been evacuated from villages surrounding the volcano and placed in temporary shelters since the crater's alert status was heightened in November. One man said: 'We've lost everything. 'We wonder about our lives after this disaster,' said the father-of-four who is among those in a cramped shelter in Telegah village. The 8,530ft mountain has erupted sporadically since September. It had. been dormant for over 400 years in 2010 when a sudden eruption killed. two people. A truck drives through the countryside that has been entirely covered in grey, volcanic ash following the most recent eruptions. Children sit piled into a truck as villagers push the vehicle through mud in Sigarang Garang on Sunday. Officials expect the number of evacuees to rise as the volcano remains a risk. A damaged home in Sigarang Garang lies among debris and rubble after another eruption in North Sumatra on Sunday morning. A woman carries her belongings on her head as villagers in Sigarang Garang flee their homes after another eruption. Indonesia is highly vulnerable to such natural disasters as it lies in the Pacific basin which is home to a cluster of volcanoes. A woman covers her nose and mouth as she rides away from Mount Sinabung in the back of a truck with a small collection of belongings. Villagers wearing protective face masks as they drive away from Sigarang Garang where homes have been left buried by volcanic ash and debris. The area is vulnerably to volcanic eruptions as it lies in what is known as the Pacific 'ring of fire' which is home to a cluster of active craters. Transportation Ministry spokesman Bambang Ervan said airlines had been notified to avoid routes near the mountain. Mount Sinabung is among about 130 active volcanoes in Indonesia, which is prone to seismic upheaval due to its location on what is known as the Pacific 'Ring of Fire'. The cluster of volcanoes in the basin of the Pacific Ocean is where 90 per cent of the world's earthquakes and occur. Authorities raised the alert of Mount Sinabung to the highest level in November after a string of sporadic eruptions. Though no casualties were reported last week it is now understood that as many as 11 people have died. National Disaster Mitigation Agency spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho said last week: 'Hot lava spewed from the volcano some 60 times, reaching up to five kilometers southeast of the crater. 'This outpour is the biggest we’ve seen in all the recent eruptions.' The rural landscape has been transformed by clouds of ash and debris as homes have been damaged by rocks hurled by the volcano for miles. A spokesman for the island's National Disaster Mitigation Agency described this month's activity as some of the worst the agency had seen. Earlier this week villagers were woken in the dead of the night to the sound of the volcano spewing lava, ash and rock for miles. Abandoned homes and buildings have been destroyed in recent weeks following the volcano's sporadic activity, with as many as 25,000 people now without homes. A damaged mosque in Kuta Gugung is covered by ash after the village was struck by a cloud of volcanic debris this morning in the most recent outburst. Mount Sinabung is pictured erupting last week. The volcano was dormant for 400 years before erupting once in 2010. A cloud of volcanic ash and debris descends upon mountainside villages last week in one of the volcano's many sporadic outbursts.
Summarize the highlights of this article. | More than 25,000 have now been evacuated from villages surrounding Mount Sinabung in North Sumatra. Eleven people have died and hundreds have taken ill as a result of the eruptions which have buried region in ash. Officials expect the number of evacuees to rise as the volcano remains a risk to all those in its perimeter. | 4 | Flan2021 | cnn_dailymail:3.4.0 | zs_opt |
Write a short summary for this text: senior government officials from pakistan and india began talks on sunday on a dam india is planning to build in its portion of kashmir that pakistan says will violate a water-sharing accord between the two countries .
Summary: | pakistani indian officials begin talks on second disputed dam in kashmir | 0 | Flan2021 | gigaword:1.2.0 | zs_opt |
I went to bed.
What is the cause of the preceding sentence?
Options are:
(i) It was a clear night.;
(ii) It was late.; | (ii) | 2 | Flan2021 | super_glue/copa:1.0.2 | zs_opt |
First question: What breed of mosquito is black in colour? Is it very harmful?
Second question: What breed of mosquito is black on colour? Is it very harmful?
Are these two questions asking the same thing?
Options: + no; + yes; | yes | 5 | Flan2021 | glue/qqp:2.0.0 | zs_opt |
How is "Surely they must have hurt him for a long time?" said in Czech? | Nebyl to příjemný pohled -- celý pahýl měl pokrytý mokvajícími boláky. | 6 | Flan2021 | wmt16_translate/cs-en:1.0.0 | zs_opt |
This is some data: Acura TLX, manufacturer, Honda; Honda, division, Acura; Acura TLX, engine, 3.5 (litres).
Generate a detailed description of this data.
Sentence: | Acura is a division of Honda which makes the Acura TLX. The engine size of the Acura TLX is 3.5 litres. | 3 | Flan2021 | gem/web_nlg_en:1.1.0 | zs_opt |
Here is a question about this article: This 164-page monthly magazine is sold separately from the newspaper of record and is Britain's best-selling travel magazine. The first issue of The Sunday Times Travel Magazine was in 2003, and it includes news, features and insider guides.
What is the answer to this question: What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times? | Sunday Times Travel Magazine | 4 | Flan2021 | squad/v1.1:3.0.0 | zs_opt |
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