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ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืœืš ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”
ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื ืืœืฅ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืื• ื•ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื• ืขื ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืคืœ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืœื™ื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™. ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืจื˜ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื”ื•. ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉืืคืชืŸ ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืื• ื‘-1015โ€“1016. ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ ื’ื ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ื—'ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืคื˜ืืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืืœ-ื—ื›ื™ื (996โ€“1021), ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืœื™ื•ืก ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื”, ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™.
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•?
ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช
ืกื™ื’ืœ ืกื“ืฆืงื™
ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ืคื’ืขื™ ื’ื–ื–ืช ื”ืชืฉื "ื“โ€“1994 - ืจืงืข, ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื”ืœ ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ื–ืช", ืื•ืชื• ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืกื“ืฆืงื™. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ื–ืช, ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงืจื ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื–ื”.
ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืกื“ืฆืงื™?
ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช
ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช
ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืึทื˜ึดื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื”; ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืฉืคื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื“ืขื›ื•. ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ืงืจืื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื•ึนื™ื ึถื” (ฮบฮฟฮนฮฝฮท ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื "ืงื™ื ื™"), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช "ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช", ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ื“ืข ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉื ืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ, ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืคื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”. ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœื™ื ื’ื•ืื” ืคืจื ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืœื™ืžื™ื, ืขื ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช (ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืงืจืื” "ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช"), ื•ืžืงืฅ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
ืžื”ื• ื”ื ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื”?
ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืึทื˜ึดื™ืช
ื“ื•ืจื” ื’ืื‘ื”
ื‘ืžืื™ 1943, ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืœืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”, ืคืจืกื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืจืื˜ื ื™ืง ื›ืจื•ื– ืฉื˜ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื›ื™ "ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืจื” ื’ืื‘ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื” ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ 1947 ืœ-1950, ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื’ืื‘ื” ื›ื ืกืคื—ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘-1968 ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ืฅ'. ืขื•ื“ ื–ื›ืชื” ื’ืื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช (ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช: Order Odrodzenia Polski). ื“ื•ืจื” ื’ืื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื” ื‘-1983 ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 95 ืฉื ื™ื.
ืžื™ ืงืจื ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื”?
ื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”
ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1898, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€“ืกืคืจื“, ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1898 ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืกืคืจื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ืื™ื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืชื—ื ืช ืืกืคืงื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืื™ ื’ื•ืื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืชื ืื™ื™ ืžืจืฉืœ ื•ืื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1899 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืกืคืจื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืœืื—ื–ืงืชืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1899 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืกืคืจื“ ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฉืคืขืœื” ืื– ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ืชืžื•ืจืช 25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืกื•. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืกืคืจื“ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชื—ื ืช ืืกืคืงื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืฉืจื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™.
ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืื™ื™ ืžืจื™ืื ื”?
ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ืคืœืื•ื
ืคืœืื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื ื”, ืฉื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืชืจื "ื’ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–'. ืื‘ื™ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืœืžื” ืœื•ืจื™ื ืคืœืื•ื, ืกื•ื—ืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœืจื’ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื”. ื”ืื‘, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืœื”ื‘, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”. ืคืœืื•ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ืชืคืฉื” ื›ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ืขื ืฉื” ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืืžื”ึผ ืืฃ ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื”ื›ื•ืชื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืžื”ึผ, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืœืื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื›ืžื—ื ื›ืช ื•ื›ืื, ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืงืคื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื ืš ืขืงื‘ื™ ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš.
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”?
ืกื•ื—ืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืช
ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช
ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืคื•ื˜ืกื“ืื, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1945, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืขืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื•ืช: ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืช ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืฉืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืฉืจื˜ื˜ื” ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘-1870, ื›ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื”, ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”, ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ื”-ืื ื”ืœื˜, ื‘ืจื ื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืžืงืœื ื‘ื•ืจื’-ืžืขืจื‘ ืคื•ืžืจื ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.
ืœื›ืžื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”?
ืืจื‘ืขื”
ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื ืื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื”
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขื ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืžืขื™ืœ ื™ืจื•ืง. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืื•ื–ื ื• ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืขื“ ืœืกื ื˜ืจื•. ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืžื•ืคื ื” ืœืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ. ื‘ืจืงืข ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืจื•ื— ื—ื•ืจืคื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ, ืงื ื‘ืก ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืคืก ื™ืคื ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืขืฅ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืคืก ื–ื” ื”ื•ื "Geishas in a Landscape" ืฉืœ ืกืื˜ื• ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19. ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืคืจื˜ ื–ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืกื˜ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื ื›ื™, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ืžืง ืœื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ. ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืจื•. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจืื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืื•ื–ื ื• ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื ืคื’ืขื”.
ื‘ืžื” ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขื ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืžืขื™ืœ ื™ืจื•ืง?
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™
ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜
ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ (ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืฆืžื— Indigofera suffruticosa) ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืื™ื”", ืฉื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื“ืจื•ืช, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ, ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืืจื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ื”ืžืื™ื” ื’ื ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ืจืœ ื›ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื™ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื“ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืกื ื•ื˜ื” (ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื™ื) ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื™ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ื™ืจื” ืกืงืœื•ื (Sacalum). ืืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ืกืžื•ืš ืœื˜ื™ืงื•ืœ (Ticul) ื‘ื™ื•ืงื˜ืŸ.ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ "ืžืื™ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœ" ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืงื•ื“ืงืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ Indigofera suffruticosa ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜, ืขื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื ื ืฆื‘ืขื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื”.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืื™ื”?
ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืงื•ื“ืงืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื
ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืคืœ
ืœืงืจืืช ืขื•ื ืช 2001/2002, ื”ืชืžื ื” ืงื•ืคืœ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืืžืŸ ื‘ืจื ื˜ืคื•ืจื“ ืžื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ืงื•ืคืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืขื•ื ื” ืžืกื—ืจืจืช ืขื ื”ืคืกื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื ืื‘ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื’, ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”. ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืจื ื˜ืคื•ืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืขื ืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืกืคื’ื” ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœืคืœื™ื™ืื•ืฃ. ื‘ืจื ื˜ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืขืคื™ืœื” ืœื’ืžืจ ื”ืคืœื™ื™ืื•ืฃ, ืฉื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ืœืกื˜ื•ืง ืกื™ื˜ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืงื•ืคืœ ื‘ืชื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ.
ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ ื ืื‘ืงื” ื‘ืจื ื˜ืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” 2001/2002 ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”?
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื’
The Thing About Harry
ื”ืกืจื˜ ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ืจื’ ื’ื•ืœื™ื•ื˜ื” ื•ืค. ื’'ื™ื™. ื“ื ื™ ืœ-Freeform.โ€ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2019, ื•ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ืคื™ื™ื’' ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืงืฃ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื; ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืื ืกืงืกื•ืืœ, ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืžื• ืื• ื‘ื™ืกืงืกื•ืืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 25 [ื•ื”ื] ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืจื–ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”."ืคื™ื™ื’' ืœื ืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ืกื™, ืืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ืช 2020 ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช 20 ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ, ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืกืžืœื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ื™ื›ื™ืœ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืžื˜ ื”ื ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื.ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฆื•ืœื?
.ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
ื ื™ืจื” ื˜ื ื“ืŸ
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืžื™ืœืื” ื˜ื ื“ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืงื“ืžื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช (Center for American Progress). ื˜ื ื“ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื›ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2010 ื›ืกืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช (COO). ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื˜ื ื“ืŸ ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื“ืกื˜ื” ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื•ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜" ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืงื“ืžื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›"ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื”ืชื•ืžืš ืœื‘ืœื™-ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื›ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืฅ ื‘ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื”".
ืื™ืš ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืงื“ืžื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช?
ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™
ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”
ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™; ืื•ืœื ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉื”ื ื˜ื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืงืชื•ืœื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื, ื’ื ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืื™ื ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื”. ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื ื•ืœืžืกืจื ืœืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืชื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื; ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงื ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืช ืกืงืจืžื ื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื - ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืŸ ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื, ื”ืื ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื?
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื, ื’ื ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™
Rumours
Rumours (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช) ื”ื•ื ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ื”-11 ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื“ ืžืง. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1976 ื•ื™ืฆื ื‘-4 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1977. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจื“ 200, ื•ืฉื”ื” ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš 31 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืงื ื“ื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“. ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื "Go Your Own Way", "Dreams", "Don't Stop" ื•-"You Make Loving Fun" ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ื. "Rumours" ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื”; ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื’ืจืืžื™ ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ืช 1978 ื•ืžื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-45 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื” ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช?
ื‘ืžืฉืš 31 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
ืื”ืœ ืฉืจื” (ืขืžื•ืชื”)
ืื”ืœ ืฉืจื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืœ 6 ื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืžืคืขื™ืœื” 4 ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขืจืš ื“ื™ื•ืจ. ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ืœ ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื” ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘' ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ืช 2005 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื•ืคืฆื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ื ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•: ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชืขืกื•ืงื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืฉื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืฉืžื• "ื‘ืœื‘ ืื—ื“" ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขืกื™ืงื” ื”ืขืžื•ืชื”?
ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
ื’'ื•ื ืงื”
ื’'ื•ึผื ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื’ื ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืคืจืฉ ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื’'ื•ื ืงื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืืŸ (206 ืœืคื ื”"ืกโ€“220 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”) ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ื›ืกืคื™ื ืช ื™ื. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’'ื•ื ืงื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืกื™ื” ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’'ื•ื ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฅ, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’'ื•ื ืงื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’'ื•ื ืงื•ืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืคื•ื—ืช, ืืš ืžืื™ื“ืš ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’'ื•ื ืงื•ืช.
ืื™ืคื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’'ื•ื ืงื•ืช?
ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’
ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜
ื—ืจืกื™ืช ืื˜ืืคื•ืœื’ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืกืžืงื˜ื™ื˜ ืขื ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜. ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืกืžืงื˜ื™ื˜ ื”ื ื—ืจืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืจื™ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื. ื”ื‘ื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื•. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื ืคื—ื™ื ืื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื. ืื˜ืืคื•ืœื’ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ืื• ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืกืจื™ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืื˜ืืคื•ืœื’ื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ื’'ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฅ ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜ ื›ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื—ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื.
ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ื—ืจืกื™ืช ืื˜ืืคื•ืœื’ื™ื˜?
ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืกืžืงื˜ื™ื˜ ืขื ืคืœื™ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ื˜
ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคืœึธื”, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ, ืœืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžืœืš ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืืฉืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืืก, ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืžืืคื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืฉื›ื ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ืช ืื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื ื‘ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช ื•ืžืžืื‘ืง ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ืก ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืขื“ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคืฃ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื—ื•ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”, ืขืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืœื™. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ืก ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขืช ื‘ื” ืชืคืกื” ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ืก ืขืฉื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืžืœื›ืชื•, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืขืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช.
ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืจืช ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ?
ืคืœึธื”
ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœ'
ืžืงื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฉืืžืจื•ื”ื• ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžื˜ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ("ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ื“") ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ - "ืืจื•ืžืžืš ื”' ื›ื™ ื“ื™ืœื™ืชื ื™". ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื“ืจื” ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื’ื ืœื ื•ืกื— ืกืคืจื“, ืืœื ืฉื ืชื•ื•ืกืคื” ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—). ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงืž"ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื—ื“ืจ ืœื ื•ืกื— ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™; ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื›ืœืืœ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื, ื•ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืืžื™ืจืช "ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช" ืœืคื ื™ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืจื‘ื‘ ืžืžื ื”ื’ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ).ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื, ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืฉืžื˜ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืืš ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš, ืœืคื™ ืคืกื™ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื“.
ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื ื”ื’ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ?
ืžืงื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื
ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืœืข ื‘ื•ื•ืืœ ืงืžื•ื ื™ืงื”
ื”ืงืžื•ื ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขืžืง ื™ื“ืขื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืœืข, ืฉืื•ืชื ื›ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืงืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, "ืคึดึผื™ื˜ื•ึนื˜ึดื™" (Pitoti), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ "ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช". ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืžืง ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘-1908 ืื• ื‘-1909 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืงืืคื• ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ื” ืืช ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืœืื ื’ (Walter Laeng)โ€, ื’ืื•ื’ืจืฃ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื‘ืจืฉื”, ืœ"ืคื™ืืŸ ื“ืœ ื’ืจืคื”" (Pian del Greppe), ืืชืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ืคืจ ืฆ'ืžื• (Cemmo), ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืงืืคื• ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ื”, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื™ื•. ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืœืœืื ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืฉื™ ืกืœืข ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "Preda dei Pitoti" ("ืกืœืข ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช"), ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืคื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื•ืฃ ื—ืจื™ืฉ, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื, ื™ืขืœื™ื, ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช. ืœืื ื’ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื (Comitato Nazionale per la Protezione dei Monumenti), ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื‘-1914 ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "Guida d'Italia" ("ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”") ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืžื˜ืขื ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืกืœืขื™ื ืืœื• ื ืžื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืืœ ืงืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื—ืœื• ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื”. ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืงืŸ ื’'ื•ื–ืคื” ื‘ื•ื ืคื™ื ื™ (Giuseppe Bonafini), ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืฆ'ื™ื•ื•ื“ื˜ื” ืงืžื•ื ื• (ื‘ื™ืจืช ื•ืืœ ืงืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช) ื‘ืขืžืง, ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืกื ื•ืคื•ื ื˜ื” ืกืงื•ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื•ืœ (Senofonte Squinabol). ื‘ื•ื ืคื™ื ื™ ืคืจืกื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจืช ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืžืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉืœ ืงืžื•ื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืก ืกื™ืœื™ื•ืก ื ืจื•ื•ื” ืœืขืžืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 16 ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-1929, ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ืžืืจื• (Giovanni Marro) ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•, ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืคืื•ืœื• ื’ืจืฆื™ื•ื–ื™ (Paolo Graziosi) ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื™ืจื ืฆื” ื•ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืจืคืืœื• ื‘ืื˜ืืœื™ื” (Raffaello Battaglia), ืฉื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื“ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื•ื•ืืœ ืงืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื•, ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืžืง ื•ืฉืจื˜ื˜ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื˜ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืืœ ืงืžื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื•ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืžืœืจ ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื ืืจื‘ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืคืจื ืฅ ืืœื˜ื”ื™ื™ื (Franz Altheim), ืื– ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืืœื” (ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ), ื•ืขื•ื–ืจืชื• ืืจื™ืงื” ื˜ืจืื•ื˜ืžืŸ (Erika Trautmann), ืœื•ื•ืืœ ืงืžื•ื ื™ืงื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื ืืจื‘ื” "ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช" ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื•ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืืจื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1935 ืœ-1937. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืคืจืกืžื• ืืช ืžื—ืงืจื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื "ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืจื•ืง ืงืœื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืืœ ืงืžื•ื ื™ืงื”" (Keltische Felsbilder der Val Camonica), ื•"ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืจื•ื ื•ืช" (Vom Ursprung der Runen) ืฉื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžืœืจ. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื•-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ืžื“ืขื™. ื’ื ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ืžืืจื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืื– ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื—ืจื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืคืจืกื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื–ืข ืืจื™. ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคื˜ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช" (Andare per pitoti).
ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืœืข ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช?
ืขื–ื™ื, ื™ืขืœื™ื, ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื
ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”โ€“ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ
ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘-22 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1956, ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ 22 ื•-23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืคืœื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ื– ืฉื”ื•ืคืฅ ื™ื“ื ื™ืช, ื ืชืœื” ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื.ื‘-23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1956 ืฆืขื“ื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜. ืืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›-100,000. ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ืžืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื”ื ืืช ืกืžืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื, ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘-23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1956?
ืฆืขื“ื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜
ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ื ืฆื•ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™, ืงื•ื ืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืชืงืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ" (Strafexpedition), ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื”. ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืชืงืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื•, ืžืฉื ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืžืง ื”ืคื• ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื”ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืžืง (ื›ื™ื•ื ืกื•ืฆ'ื” ื‘ืกืœื•ื‘ื ื™ื”). ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืชืงืคื” ืื—ืช. ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื’ื ืจืœ ืืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืงื ื”ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืช ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืคืœืงื ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืื™ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืฆื ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ื– ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 300 ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•-2,000 ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื ืฆื• ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืกื‘ื˜ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ'.
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ื ืฆื•ืžืคืงื“?
300 ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•-2,000 ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื.
ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ
ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ืื ืฉื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืœืกืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืคื™. ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ื•ืœืกืœ ื“ื™ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ืงื• 2-2 ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืขื ืฆ'ืœืกื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1984 ื›ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989, ื—ืชื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื™ืœื“ ื•ื ืกื“ื™ื™ ืžื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” (ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื– ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื”) ืชืžื•ืจืช 300 ืืœืฃ ืื™ืจื•. ื‘ืžื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ื—ืง ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื” ืขืจืš 17 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืฉืขืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ืชื ื‘ื•ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ืฅ' ืืœื‘ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืคืš ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ ื•ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืคื ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืื– ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993, ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืœื’ืจื™ืžืกื‘ื™ ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžื•ื•ืœืกืœ ืืœืŸ ื‘ืืงืœื™ ื›ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืกืงืื ืช'ืจื•ืค ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“, ื˜ืœืคื•ืจื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ื•ื”ื“ื ืกืคื•ืจื“ ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ืคืจืฉ ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืคืขื™ืœ.
ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืง ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืฉืคื™ืœื“ ื•ื ืกื“ื™ื™?
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช
ืคืœื‘ื™ื•ืก ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื•
ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื•, ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืชืื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื•ืก ืœืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื, ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืืš ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืคืงื˜ ื”ืคืจืื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืคืœื‘ื™ื•ืก ืจื•ืคื™ื ื•ืก, ืฉืฉืœื˜ ืžืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœืข ืกื›ืกื•ืš. ื‘ืฉื ืช 396 ืฆืขื“ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื• ืœืชื•ืš ืื™ืœื™ืจื™ื” ื•ื“ืœืžืื˜ื™ื”, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ืงื˜ื• ืื•ืชื” ืงื™ืกืจื™ื ื›ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืคืขื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืก ืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืืจืงื“ื™ื•ืก ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื”, ื•ืกื˜ืœื™ืงื• ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืกืคืจ ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืืœื• ืœืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื•ืจื•ืคื™ื ื•ืก ื™ืฆื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ืœืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืงืจ ืขืœโ€“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช. ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื•, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจืข ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”.
ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ ืœื—ืžื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ ืฉื ืช 396?
ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื
ืขื“ื™ื ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื
ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื•ืชื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. 'ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื' ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื–ืžืžื• ืฉืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื™ืขื ืฉ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงืจื ืฉื™ื™ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืื“ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ("ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืžื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ื™ื•"). ืœืจื•ื‘ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืืš ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื.ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™: "ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™-ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืžื” - ืื™ื ื” ืขื“ื•ืช". ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืžื”, ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื”.
ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื?
ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื–ืžืžื• ืฉืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื™ืขื ืฉ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ
ืกื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ืื‘ืจืžืก
ืžืฉืจื“ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื• ืขืžื“ ืงืžืค ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2012 ืขื“ 2018 ืžืฉืจื“ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 1.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื, ืขื ื›ืžืขื˜ 700 ืืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืดืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชืด. ืงืžืค ืคื™ืงื— ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืจืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ืฆื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื’ืจื’ ืคืœืืกื˜ ืžืฆืื” ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื›-534 ืืœืฃ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื ืฉืœืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 2016 ืœ-2017, ืžืขืœ 334 ืืœืฃ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจืื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ืคืœืืกื˜ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชื‘ืข ืืช ืงืžืค, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืขืœ ืœ-300 ืืœืฃ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืกืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™. ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ืงืžืค ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ืœื™ืš ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™, ื•ืžืกืจ ื›ื™ ืดืื ื• ืžืขื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืงืคื”ืด.
ืžื™ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื” ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื?
ื’ืจื’ ืคืœืืกื˜
ื˜ืจืืง ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ
ื‘ื“ืจืืคื˜ ื”-NBA ืœืฉื ืช 1974 ื ืœืงื— ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”-22 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืก. ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืจื•ืงื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื—ืœื™ืคื ืžื”ืกืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืื•ืœืกื˜ืืจ ื•ืก ืื ืกืœื“ ื•ืืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื–, ื•ืขื–ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืœื”ืขืคื™ืœ ืœื’ืžืจ ื”-NBA ื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ืœื’ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืจื™ื•ืจืก. ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื’ ืืช ืชืคื•ืงืชื• ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœ-16.0 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•-8.9 ืจื™ื‘ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ืงื• ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืœืื˜ืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื•ืงืก, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืจื›ื– ื˜ื•ื ื”ื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ. ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืงืก ืจืฉื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ 22.4 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•-12.8 ืจื™ื‘ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื”?
ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจืช ืžืงืœื“ืช, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœืขื•ื’ื‘, ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘"ืงื•ื“ืงืก ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'", ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 1360. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘"ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืงืกื”ื™ื™ื" (Buxheim Organ Book), ืฉืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60' ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-15. ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืจื“ ืคืื•ืžืŸ, ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ื ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื•ืœืื•ื˜ื”. ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื—ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ (1537 - 1548) ืื—ืช ืžื›-20 ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 1520 ืœ-1700.
ืื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ืจืช ืžืงืœื“ืช?
"ืงื•ื“ืงืก ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'"
ืื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ืจื™
ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื™"ืฉ ืฉืœ "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”", ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช (ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื โ€“ ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ื“ื•) ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ โ€“ ืฉื•ืขืœื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื” ืฉืคืง. ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืจ ืžื•ื—ื™ืกื™ืŸ), ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื›ื‘ื™ (ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืœ ืงื•ื‘ืื‘), ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืกื•ื•ื™ื“ืืŸ, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืœืฉืช (ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื™ืกื“ื•ื“), ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื -ืคืืจ, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื ื’ื‘ื”, ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืœื˜ ืขื™ื‘ื“ื™ืก, ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขืคื”, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืœืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ื•ืื‘ (ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืœื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ืงืืช). ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ืจืก ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื ื” ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1948 ืœืžืคืงื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ื” ื’' ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ื“ 54 ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ (ืฉืคืœื•ื’ื” ื‘' ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืœื•ื’ืช "ืฉื•ืขืœื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ" ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ). ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ืคื™ืงื“ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืื ืฉื™ ื’ื—"ืœ, ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื. ืื‘ื ืจื™ ื ืคืฆืข ืงืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื•ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื• ื‘-8 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1948 ื‘ืžืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 300 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืืœ-ืžื ืฉื™ื™ื”, ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืจื™ืชืช ืงื˜ืข ืžืžืขื™ื•, ืœืืฉืคื•ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืจื ืจ.
ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืจืฅ?
ืื ืฉื™ ื’ื—"ืœ
ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืจืื•ืฃ
ืจืื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื, ืืš ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืžืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื™ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืœ-SD ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœ"ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš", RSHA, ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ื”-SS, ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ื™ืžืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฆืืช "ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–", ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืœื˜ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืชื ืื˜ื•ื, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชื ื’ื–ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื ื›ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ืขื. ื‘ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941 ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช 1942 ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืจืฆื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืื™ื ื ื™ื™ื—ื™ื. ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืืœืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื” ืจืื•ืฃ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืžื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื?
1937
ื’'ืื ืคืจื ืงื• ื–ื•ืœื”
ื‘ืขื•ื ืช 1999/2000, ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืœืกื™ ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืืœื•ืคื•ืช, ื–ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉ 3 ืฉืขืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืจื‘ืข ื”ื’ืžืจ, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืื ื’ืœื™. ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื•, ืขืงื‘ ื”ื’ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืคืœื•ื™ื“ ื”ืืกืœื‘ื™ื™ื ืง ื•ืื™ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืกืŸ. ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ืฉ ื–ื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื ื•ืจื™ืฅ' ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข, ื›ืฉื‘ืขื˜ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืขืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงืจืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื ื”ืขืงื‘, ืฉืขืจ ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื”ืžืืžืŸ ืฉืœื• ืงืœืื•ื“ื™ื• ืจืื ื™ื™ืจื™ ื›"ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”, ืงืกื". ื‘-2002/2003, ืขื•ื ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆ'ืœืกื™, ื›ื‘ืฉ ื–ื•ืœื” 16 ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื–ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืœื”ืขืคื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืืœื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ.
ืื™ืœื• ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื–ื•ืœื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช?
ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืคืœื•ื™ื“ ื”ืืกืœื‘ื™ื™ื ืง ื•ืื™ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืกืŸ
ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ
ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1969, ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ื ืกื™ื”ืื ื•ืง, ืžืœืš ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœ ืฉืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงืžืจ ืจื•ื–' ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ 50,000 ืœ-150,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 1970 ืœ-1973. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืงืืžืจ ืจื•ื–' ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•. ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืงืืžืจ ืจื•ื–' ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื”. ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ. ื”ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืงืืžืจ ืจื•ื–' ืžืคื ื•ื ืคืŸ ื•ืžื ืขื” ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืฉื”. ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื” ืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื” ืœืงืจื•ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ 1970 ืœ-1973. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืงืืžืจ ืจื•ื–'. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงืืžืจ ืจื•ื–' ืขืงื‘ ืฉื ืืชื ืœื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช.
ืžื™ ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969?
ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ
Love Has No Labels
ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืžืžื”, ื–ื›ื” ืœ-11 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ื™ืžืžื•ืช, ื–ื›ื” ืœ-40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื–ื›ื” ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ืœ-160 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืš ื‘ื›ืš ืœืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015. ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ, ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช CNN ืกื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”-WWE ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจืกืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”, ืื™. ืืœ. ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื˜ืืงื™ื™ ื•ื“ื™ืคืืง ืฆ'ื•ืคืจื” ืคืจืกืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015, ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ืช 2015 ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017, ื”-NFL ื”ืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ Ad Council ืืช ื’ืจืกืช ื”-Kiss cam ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ. ื‘-10 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2016, ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืืžื™ ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืฉื“ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ื–ื”.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืฉื“ื™ืจ?
ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ืช 2015 ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘
ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ืŸ 5
ืชืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ืŸ 5 ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืจืœื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื. ื’'ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื, ื–ืื”ื“ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช. ื“ืœืŸ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืช - ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื - ืขืœ ื›ื ื”. ืžืจืงื•ืก ืงื•ืœ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืกืกืช. ืœื•ื ื“ื• ืžื•ืœืืจื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ืจืืงื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื ื˜ืื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ืช. ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”, ืกื ื˜ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ ืกืœื™ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื“ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”.
ืื™ืš ื ืงืจื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื?
ื–ืื”ื“ื•ื
ื’'ื• ื•ื™ื™ื“
ื‘ืžืื™ 1944 ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืจืกื ืœ, ื•ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1945 ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ืœื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื—ืง; ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”-FA ืžื•ืœ ื•ืกื˜ื”ืื ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1946. ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจืกื ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื, ื•ืกืคื’ ื”ืคืกื“ 0 - 6 ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื•ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืง ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื; ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ 4 - 2 ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ืก ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1946, ืืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืœ-1952 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืจืง ื‘-16 ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื ืก, ืœื™ื•ื ืœ ืกืžื™ืช' ื•ืœื•ืจื™ ืกืงื•ื˜.
ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•?
ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”-FA ืžื•ืœ ื•ืกื˜ื”ืื ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื“ ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1946
ืงืœื•ื“ ื‘ืจื ืืจ
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1839 ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื–. ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืฉืืจื™ื˜ื”" ื‘ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื“ื™ื™ื”" ืืฆืœ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืžื–'ื ื“ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1841 - ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1844 ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื–'ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœื–' ื“ื” ืคืจืื ืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1843, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 30 ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื–' 'ื“ื” ืคืจืื ืก ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืจื•ืคื ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ "ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืฅ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” (agrรฉgation). ืฉื™ืœื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ [ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ]. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1847 ื”ืคืš ืœืกื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื–'ื ื“ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืชื“ืจื” ื•ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘"ืงื•ืœื–' ื“ื” ืคืจืื ืก". ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1853 ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“".
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”?
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1839 ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
ืœื™ื“ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืขืฉื•
ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ื—ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” "ื•ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช...", ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”' ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื“ืขืช ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืชึนึผืœึฐื“ึนืช ื™ึดืฉึฐืืžึธืขึตืืœ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืœึฐื“ึธื” ื”ึธื’ึธืจ ื”ึทืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึดื™ืช ืฉึดืืคึฐื—ึทืช ืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื". ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช "ื•ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื" ื ืขื“ืจืช ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืขืฉื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง.ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ "ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง, ื‘ึถึผืŸ-ืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื”, ื‘ึฐึผืงึทื—ึฐืชึผื•ึน ืึถืช-ืจึดื‘ึฐืงึธื” ื‘ึทึผืช-ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึผืึตืœ ื”ึธืึฒืจึทืžึดึผื™, ืžึดืคึทึผื“ึทึผืŸ ืึฒืจึธื - ืึฒื—ื•ึนืช ืœึธื‘ึธืŸ ื”ึธืึฒืจึทืžึดึผื™, ืœื•ึน ืœึฐืึดืฉึธึผืื”." ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืจืžื– ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื‘ืจื— ืœืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™, ืื—ื™ ืจื‘ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื™ืžื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื•.
ืžื” ืืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ?
"ื•ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช..."
ื“ื ื™ ื ื•ื”
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืง ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉืข. ื ื•ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ื ืกืช, ืจื™ื›ื– ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืขื–ืื ืขื–ืื ืžื”ื›ืœื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช "ืชื™ืง ืขืจืคืืช", ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื– ื”ื›ื ืช ื“ื•"ื— ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2002 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืœืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื”.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืจื“ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื” ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืง?
ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ (ืืœื‘ืžื”)
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื, 112 ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1763. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ืœื ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื• ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ (Code Noir) ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ, ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1685, ื•ืืฉืจ ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ืช, ื–ื•ืœืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1766 ื ืžื ื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ 860 ื ืคืฉ, ืืฃ ืฉืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืงืœื˜ ืœื ืืžื ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืœืฉื ืžืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
ืœืžื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ื“ืช ืœืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ?
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื˜ื•ืื™
ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื˜ื•ืื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ึพ27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1894. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื ืชื—, ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื˜ื•ืื™, ื•ืžื™ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ืื™ (ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืคื™). ืืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช, ืžืื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื”. ื˜ื•ืื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืœื ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ืžืชื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืกื” ื‘ื›ืคืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืคืœื˜ืช ืฆื™ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜ ืื ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื™ืจืก, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืืžื ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืคื™ืจืก. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1908 ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ An Macaomh. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”, ื•ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืื•ืจืคืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืื•ืจืคืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•,"ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ื ืคื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ" ืž -1910, ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืชื™ื•.
ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“?
27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1894
ืงื‘ืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช
ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืจื•ื–ืŸ ืคื™ืงื• ื“ืœื” ืžื™ืจื ื“ื•ืœื” (1494-1463) ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืžืจ ืคืœื‘ื™ื•ืก ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ืชืจื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื“ืœื” ืžื™ืจื ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื•ืขืข ืขื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืืœื™ืžื ื•, ื•ืœื-ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ืœืžื“ื™ื’ื•) ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ื”ืงื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”. ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ (1522-1455), ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืืช ืžืคืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ืœื” ืžื™ืจื ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”. ืกืคืจื• "ืขืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”" ื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘. ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืชืจื’ื ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืงื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœื›ืœืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.ื‘ืฉื ืช 1486 ืคืจืกื ืคื™ืงื• ื“ืœื” ืžื™ืจื ื“ื•ืœื” ืชืฉืข ืžืื•ืช ืชื–ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื–ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืชื™ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”. ื”ืื—ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืชื–ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืชื–ื•ืช, ืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืชื–ื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืคื™ืงื•: "ืฉื•ื ื—ื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืงื‘ืœื”". ื•ืื›ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
ืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืขืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”"?
ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ
ืจืคื•ืื” ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช
ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืขืœื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืœืืง ื”ื•ืง ื“ืื•ืŸ (Black hawk down) ืคืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื ื” 160 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื’ื“ื™ืฉื•, ืกื•ืžืœื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืคืืจื— ืื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื•ืกื’ื ื™ื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื“ืชื• ื ืชืงืœื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื“ืชื• ืขืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื”ื•. ืœืื—ืจ 16 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืกืคื’ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื 78 ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื, 18 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข.
ืื™ืคื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช?
ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื—ืกื•ืŸ
ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื-ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื; ืื•ืจื›ื ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 50 ืœ-70 ืก"ืž, ื•ืžืฉืงืœื ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 2.5 ืœ-4 ืง"ื’. ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื‘, ื”ื–ื ื‘, ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื-ื—ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืจื•ื“. ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขื‘-ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืจ. ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช-ื—ื•ืžื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ ืœืคืจื˜. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ ืœืคืจื˜, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืจืขืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ืžื” ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืกื•ื ื™ื?
ืžืฉืงืœื ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 2.5 ืœ-4 ืง"ื’.
ืœื•ืื™ืก ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ
ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ. ื‘-1590 ื’ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขืžื“ ืืœืžื ืกื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ. ืืœืžื ืกื” ืงื•ื“ื ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคืจื• ื•ืžืช ืฉื ื‘-1583. ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœ 1590 ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“. ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื• ื ืชืคืฉื•, ืขื•ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื•ืชื• ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื• ื“ื” ืคื”. ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ื•ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜. ืงืจื•ื•ื—ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืช ืฉื ื‘-1595, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ื”.
ืื™ืคื” ืžืช ืืœืžื ืกื”?
ืคืจื•
ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ืกื˜ื ื•
ื‘-1660 ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 22 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื•ื‘-1662 ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช" ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ื“ ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื” (ductus parotideus) ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืกื˜ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ ืกื˜ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืช ื ืคื—ื•. ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืคืจืกื ืกื˜ื ื• ื‘-1664 ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ "ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช", ื•ื‘-1667 ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื" ืฉื‘ื• ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืžืชืขื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช "ืžื™ืฆื™ื".
ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ืกื˜ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ?
ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ื“ ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื”
ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงื™ื–
ืงื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘-Disruptor Foundation, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืกืจืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘-2015 ื”ืฉื™ืง ืงื™ื– ืžืกืคืจ ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื ืขืฆืžื• "ืžื•ืชื—" ื•ืžื’ื—ื™ืš ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืื™ืจืื ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื.ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015, ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื˜'ืจื™ืฃ ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืงื™ื– ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื• "ื ื—ื’ื’" ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืชื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™. ืงื™ื– ื”ื—ื ื” ืื•ื• ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื ืื ื˜'ืจื™ืฃ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื—ื™ื ื ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื” ืงื™ื– ื”ืฉื™ืง ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื?
ื‘-2015 ื”ืฉื™ืง ืงื™ื– ืžืกืคืจ ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
ืจื•ืช ืืกืื•ื•ื”
ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื•.ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962 ืืกืื•ื•ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืขื ืคืกืœื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืชื™ื™ืœ ืื‘ืกืจืงื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ืืกืื•ื•ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ืžื–ืจืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื™ื ื”ืžื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืช ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื’'ื™ืจืืจื“ืœื™ ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•. ืœื™ื“ ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” 200 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื‘ื‘ืฆืง, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืงื• ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืชื—ื ืŸ ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช".ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกืคื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื“ื”-ื™ืื ื’ ื‘ืคืืจืง ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013, ืื—ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืžื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 1.4 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืกื•ื•ืื”?
ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช
ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื”ื˜ื”ืจื•ื•ืื“ื”, ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื•ื ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืจื™ ืืฉื•ืงื” (260-218 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”) ื‘ืคืื˜ืœื™ืคื•ื˜ืจื” (ื›ื™ื•ื ืคื˜ื ื”) ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ืžื•ื’ืืœื™ืคื•ื˜ื” ื˜ื™ืกื”. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืคืœื’ื™ื ืื•ืคืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ืœื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ืžื” ืœื™ืžื“ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื”, ื•ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื›ืžื• ืื˜ืจื ืœื™ื–ื (ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”), ื•ื›ื•'. ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืืœื• ื”ื•ืงืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืจื”ืืžื’ืืœื” ืกื•ื˜ื”. ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื” ื”ื™ื” 'ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื™ื–ื”' (ื•ื™ื‘ื”ื’'ืื•ื•ืื“ื™ืŸ), ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื’ืืœื™ืคื•ื˜ื” ื˜ื™ืกื”. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื’ืืœื™ืคื•ื˜ื” ื˜ื™ืกื”, ื”ืงืื˜ื”ื•ื˜ื”ื•, ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ
ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”?
ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ (ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื)
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืกืงื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ ืืš ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื™ื™ื‘ื ืžืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช) ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื›ืš ืขื’ื ื” ื‘-1923 ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืกื•ื›ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกืคื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ื‘-1929 ืœืกื’ืŸ-ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื•ื‘-1934 ืœืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘-1932 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ืืช ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืœื’ื™ . ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ "ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืข"ืž" ื‘-15 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1931. ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืคืื™ืช (ืž"ืž ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60) ื•ืื–ืจื— ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื”.
ืื–ืจื— ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื›ื” ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื ืคืœื“?
ื—ื™ืคื”
ืื•ืœืจื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืœื™
ืื•ืœืจื™ืš ืœืžื“ ืฉื ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืœื˜ื™ื ื™, ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”. ื‘-1497 ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ืœื•ืคื•ืœื•ืก ื‘ื‘ืจืŸ. ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื ื–ืจื, ืื•ืœื ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1498 ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15, ืขื–ื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืœื™ ืืช ื‘ืจืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ื ื”. ื ืจืฉื ื‘ืฉื Udalricus Zwinglij de Glarisยป. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื–ืœ, ื‘ื” ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1506 ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘"ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช" (Magister Artium). ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืจื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžื ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื’ืœืืจื•ืก, ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ืคืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•, ื•ื™ืœื“ื”ืื•ืก, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืœื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื›ื•ืžืจ ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืกืžื›ื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1506.
ืžืชื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื” ืœื›ืžื•ืจื”?
ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1506
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœืžื•ื’
ืœืื—ืจ ืชืฉ"ื—, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ ืงื• ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื ื•ื‘ื•ืžื™ื™ืกืงื™, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™. ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1952 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช "ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—", ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•ืžื™ื™ืกืงื™ ื ื•ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœืžื•ื’ ืžื•ื ื” ืื– ื’ื ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื›ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช "ืชืžืจ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ื ืืœืฅ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืขืงื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื”.ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจื ืืœืžื•ื’ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืชืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื™ื–ื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืืชืจื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื“ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื“ื”", ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช "ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—" ื‘ืžืฆื“ื”.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืคืขืœ "ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—"?
1952
ื”ื ืก ืงืจืืกื”
ื”ื ืก ืงืจืืกื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคืจืื’ ืœืื‘ ืฆ'ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื“ ื”ืœื—ื ื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคืจืื’. ืื—ืจื™ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืกื’ืŸ-ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื ืฆื— ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื–ืžืœื™ื ืกืงื™, ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืืกื”.ื‘ืฉื ืช 1927 ื ืกืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืžืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืืœื‘ืจ ืจื•ืกืœ. ืงืจืืกื”, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืฉื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื–ืžืœื™ื ืกืงื™, ื—ืฉ ืงืจื‘ื” ื’ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื”, ื•ื ืกืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืจืคืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืกืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืงืจืืกื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืคืจืื’, ืฉื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืฉืจืชื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื›ืกื’ืŸ-ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘"ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืชื–ืžื•ืจืชื™ื™ื" ืื•ืคื•ืก 1, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ "ืฉื™ืจื™ ื’ืจื“ื•ื" (Galgenlieder) ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืžื•ืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืจืŸ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืžืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืคืจืื’, ื‘ืžืื™ 1921, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืชืจื™ื, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื•ืœ ื•ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ื”"ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืงื˜ื ื”", ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื™ืจื™ืš, ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื•ืคืจื” "ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื•ื" (Verlobung im Traum) ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ "ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื“ื•ึนื“" ืžืืช ื“ื•ืกื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืกืงื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืจื’ ืกืœ ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”.
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ ื”ื ืก ืงืืจืกื”?
ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืฉื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื–ืžืœื™ื ืกืงื™
ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’
ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ืงื‘ืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’. ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’, ื”ืŸ ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื”ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื’ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื ืืฃ ืื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื•ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืชื• ืœืื™ืฉื”, ื•ืื ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”-20, ื™ื•ืงืฆื” ื’ื ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืœืื™ืฉื”. ื›ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”-21, ื™ื•ืงืฆื” ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”-25 ื™ื™ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื. ืžืจืฆ ืงื‘ืขื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื’ื“ืจื™, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’?
ื ืฉื™ื, ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื
ืžืฉื” ื›ื•ื’ืŸ
. ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ืคืงื“ ื’ื ืืช ื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื•ืกื™ืœื™ ืงื ื“ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ ื™ืื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™, ืฉืงื™ืฉืจื• ืื™ืชื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืคืืŸ ื’ืื•ืจื’ื” ื•ืงืืจืœ ื•ื•ืœืคืกืงื”ืœ.ื‘-1904 ืื• 1905 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื”ืคืกืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,"ื›ืื‘" (Schmerz) - ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ืฉืจืืฉื” ื–ืจื•ืง ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืžืขืœ ื›ืชืคื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ืกืœืข ืžื”ื•ืงืฆืข ื‘ื—ืกืคื•ืก, ืขืžื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืื•-ืงืœืืกื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื‘ืจื ื“, ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืžื’ืžื” ื”ื ืื•-ื‘ืืจื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™.
ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื’ืŸ?
"ื›ืื‘" (Schmerz)
ืกืจื•ื’'ื™ื ื™ ื ืื™ื“ื•
ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจืื‘ืื“. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืื™ื“ื•, ืื’ื•ืจื ืืช' ืฆ'ืื˜ื•ืคืื“ื™ื™, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืœืœืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจืื‘ืื“. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ืงืจื ื›ืš ืขืœ ืฉื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืื™ื“ื•. ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžืื›ืœืก ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืกืจื•ื’'ื™ื ื™ ื ืื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจืื‘ืื“ . ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฆ'ื˜ื•ืคื“ืื™ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจืื‘ืื“ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื ืฉื™ื, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ื’ืœื• ื‘ื”ืขื ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืืกื˜ื•ืช. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื” ื ืงืจื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืื™ื“ื•?
ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”ื‘
ืžื›ื‘ืกื”
ืžื›ื‘ืกื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช - ืžื›ื‘ืกื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืžืคืขืœ, ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืžื›ื‘ืกื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืœืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื•; ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉืฉื•ืœื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›"ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”"[ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื’ื•ื™] ื”ืžื›ื‘ืกืช ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื›ื‘ืกื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื ืื• ืงื•ื“, ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืง ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ื“ ืื• ืจืฉืช, ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื‘ืกื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ื™ื™ื’ื™ื, ืฉื•ืœื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืกื™ื ืฉืฉืœื—, ื›ื™ ืื ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ืœื™ืคื™ื™ื.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ืกื™ื?
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืง ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ื“ ืื• ืจืฉืช
ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื’ื•ื ื–ืœืก
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ, ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื ืจืฉื ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื’ื•ื ื–ืœืก ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”-16 ืฉืœ ืื•ื”ื™ื•. ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ื’'ื™ื ืจื ืืฆ'ื™, ืคืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœืกื ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื‘-6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆื— ื’ื•ื ื–ืœืก ืขื 57% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-525,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื– ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘-NFL ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืคื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืื ื™ื ื’, ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืก ื’'ื™ืžื™ ื”ืืกืœื, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืœืฆื“ ืงื•ืœื™ืŸ ืืœืจื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืžื˜ืงืกืก, ื ืžื ื” ื’ื•ื ื–ืœืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”-NFL ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 2018.
ืžืชื™ ื ืจืฉื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืืŸ?
ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“.
My Heart Will Go On
ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื“ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื ื’ืœืŸ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืคื” ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืคืจื ื’ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืคื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจืงืข ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื”ืœื”. ื–ื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืคืกืงื•ืœ Titanic, ื•ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง".ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืคืงื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืืคื ืกื™ื™ืฃ , ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืขื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืกื“ืจื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ื’ืจืกื” ื–ื•, ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื“ืงื•ืช, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ Let's Talk About Love.
ืžื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืืคื ืกื™ื™ืฃ?
ืงื˜ืขื™ ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ
Daughter
ืกื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืืœื ื” ื˜ื•ื ืจื”, ื’ื“ืœื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืงื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ื•ืจืช'ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื™ืจื™ ื•ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™. ืกื‘ื”, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื—ืฉืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ืจื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืฉืœ ื’'ืฃ ื‘ืืงืœื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ "ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื". ืืœื ื” ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 12 ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืžืจื” ืฉืžืื– ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช "ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช".ืืœื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืฆืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ "ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™". ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืœื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืฆืคื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื›ื•ื— ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืš ืืช ื›ื•ืœื". ืื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช, ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืืœื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืงื•ืจืก ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืฉืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืืœื ื” ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืœื˜ืช ื”ื“ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืคื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ, ื•ืืช ืžื™ื ื™-ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืฉื His Young Heart, ืฉื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘-20 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2011 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ืจ. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”, ื‘-2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืžื™ื ื™-ืืœื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื The Wild Youth. ืžื™ื ื™-ืืœื‘ื•ื ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื›-"ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื." ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืœื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• BBC Radio 1.ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœืงืฉืจ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื "ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืืœื ื” ืชืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืœืคื—ื“". ืืœื ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืžืจื”: "ืื™ื’ื•ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™. ืื ื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœืื™ื’ื•ืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ. ื”ื ืœื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“".ื‘-2012, ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืคืข ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ 700 ืื™ืฉ, ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช 4AD. ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, "Smother", ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• BBC Radio 1 ื•-6Music. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2012, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื”ืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื˜ืจืžืŸ" ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœื. ืืœื ื” ืชื™ืืจื” ื–ืืช ื›-"ืื•ืœื™ (...) ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื".
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื ื” ื˜ื•ื ืจื”?
ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ื•ืจืช'ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืœื˜ื”
ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื›ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืœื˜ื” - ื”ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืœื•ืื” ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1937-1940, ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื' ืืœื™ (Taโ€™ Qali) ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื• ื•ืฉื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ืืœ ืคืืจ (ฤฆal Far) ืกืžื•ืš ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืœื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืคื’ืขื• ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืฉื”. ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ืœื•ืื” ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1958. ืขื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืœื˜ื” ื”ื•ืคืงื“ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ื ื—ื ืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉื“ื” (14/32), ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘, ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘-1987. ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1989 ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1992. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืงืžื” "ื—ื‘ืจืช ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื˜ื” ื‘ืข"ืž" (Malta International Airport plc) ืฉื”ืชืื’ื“ื” ื‘-16 ื‘ืžืื™ 1991 ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1992. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืคืกื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื•, ื•ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1992. ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืกื•ืฃ ืžื˜ืขืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ื”ื•ืคืงื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื˜ื”, ืื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001. ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ืžื›ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ืžืœื˜ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ื•ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคืจื˜ื”.
ื›ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืžืœื˜ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”?
ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ (1939โ€“1945)
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” - ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื - ื›ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืจืก ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•, ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคื ื• ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช (ืจืื• ืขืจืš: ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ (1939โ€“1945) - ืžืชืงืคืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—). ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืืš ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื• ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืžืช ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•. ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1942 ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืื• ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ืื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืกืจ.
ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”?
ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1942
ื•ืœื˜ื”
ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžืœื˜ื”ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ ื ื›ืฉืœ, ื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ื’ืจืื ื“ ืžืืกื˜ืจ (ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืกื“ืจ), ื–ื'ืŸ ื“ื” ืœื” ื•ืœื˜ (Jean Parisot de la Valette), ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื 28 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1566, ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืืก ืฉื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืกื ื˜ ืืœืžื•. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืœื” ื•ืœื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืช ื‘-1568, ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื• ืœืคืจืœื™ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1571 ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื”ืžืกื“ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืžื‘ื™ืจื’ื• (ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื”) ืืœ ื•ืœื˜ื”. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ื˜ืœืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-16 ื•ืขื“ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1798. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืืช ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื™ื˜ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ืืš ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1800 ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘-1814. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื“ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื ื•ืคืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ืืฆื” ืขื ืคืชื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื‘ืœื” ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืขื ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื˜ื” ื‘-21 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1964 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
ืžื™ ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื•ืœื˜ื”?
ื–ื'ืŸ ื“ื” ืœื” ื•ืœื˜
ื”ื”ืขืคืœื”
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“", "ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ" ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•"ื”ื”ื’ื ื”", ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืื– 1937 ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื–ื›ื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืฆื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื’ื•ืœื•ืžื‘, ื‘ืจืœ ื•ื˜ื‘ื ืงื™ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืคืœื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืชืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื’ืืœื™ืช ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ืคื ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื•. ื”ืจืชื™ืข ื’ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื’ืืœื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 5 ืžืืฉืจ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืกืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงื˜.
ืžื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืคืœื”?
ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ
ื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืจื™
ื ื’ืจื™ ืืฃ ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื–ืžืจ. ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” "ืืœ ืชืงืจื ืœื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ" ื‘-1972. ื”ืžื•ืคืข, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื ืกืžื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื–ืžืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื "ืš. ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ื ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืื™, ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื“ืŸ ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœืžื•ืคืข, ื•ื ื’ืจื™. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœื ืขืกืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื“. ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ื• ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื "ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื" ื•"ืงืœื™ืคืกื• ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ".
ืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื” "ืืœ ืชืงืจื ืœื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ"?
ื“ืŸ ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ
ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื ืกืง-ืงืจืœื™ืŸ
ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืชืคืœื’ื• ืžื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืจืœื™ืŸ-ืกื˜ื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืจืงืข ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืงื ืžืกื˜ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื•: ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ืžืœืš ื›ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื‘ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืฆืง, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืžืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœื™ืžืœืš ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื›ื™ื•ื "ืคื™ื ืกืง ืงืจืœื™ืŸ". ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ "ื”ื™ื ื•ืงื" ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืœื ื‘ื ื™ื, ืจืื• ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื ื›ื“ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืื™ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืฉื•ื—ื˜, ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ื›ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช. ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955, ื•ื‘ืขืช ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ืกื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืจืื• ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ.
ืžืชื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืจืงืข ืœืคื™ืœื•ื’ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”?
ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”
ื™ื•ืกื™ ืงืื ืฅ
ื‘-1978 ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ ืจื•ื•ื— "ืฉืจื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ". ื‘-1981 ื’ื™ืœื ืืกื™ืจ ืขื ืžืงื˜ืจืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• "ืžืกื’'ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืฆืžืจืช" ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœืคืจื“ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื“ื˜. ื‘-1987 ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื ื“ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ "ื™ืœื“ื™ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ". ื‘-1988 ื’ื™ืœื ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”" ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื‘-1994 ื’ื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ" ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืœืจื ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื‘ืฉ. ื‘-1997 ื’ื™ืœื ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืงื• 300" ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืœืจื ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื‘ืฉ. ื‘-1998 ื’ื™ืœื ืืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ ืžื™ื ืกืงื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื‘ื ื“ื ื” ื’'ื•ื ืก" ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ ื“ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื’ื™ืœื ืืช ืื‘ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื ื” (ื ืขืžื™ ืคืจื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ') ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื‘ืฉ.
ืื™ื–ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช "ื‘ื ื“ื ื” ื’'ื•ื ืก"?
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ ืžื™ื ืกืงื™
ืืœื™ ืžื’ืŸ
ืžืื– ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉื™ืช 2015 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื’ืŸ ื›ื ื’ืŸ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืืžืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืกื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื›ืกื•ืœืŸ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก (ืขื ืื™ืœืŸ ืจื›ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘"ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื•ืขื•ื“) ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ื ื’ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื‘ืก ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’'ืื–. ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื’'ืื– ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื” ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืขื ืืžื ื™ ื’'ืื– ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•: Red Rodney, Steve Grossman, Eddie Gomez, Dave Liebman, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Sheila Jordan, Stan Getz, McCoy Tyner, Billy Hart, Jessye Norman, Randy Brecker ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
ืื™ืคื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”?
ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
ื“ื’
ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ ืจื•ื–ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžืฆื ืจืื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื›ืื‘, ื•ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคื’ื™ืขื”. ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื›ืื‘ (nociceptors), ื›ืืฉืจ 22 ืžื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ืžื›ื ื™ ื•ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืž-40 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก, ื•-18 ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™. ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืืจืก ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืืฆื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืงื”.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช?
ืžื•ืกื“ ืจื•ื–ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•
ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื” (ืกืจื˜)
ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ืœืง ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืžื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื•, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืจื•ืก ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-24 ืฉืขื•ืช. ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื”ืจ ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื” ื’ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ื”, ืจืืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื• ืคื“ื•ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืžืคืงื— ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืจืง ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•; ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื•. ื’ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ื‘ื“ืœืชื™ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ืขื ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืคื“ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืคืงื“ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ื’ื™ืŸ. ื”ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ื“ ืžืกืขื“ืช ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื”, ื›ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืจื•ืขืฉืช ืžืกืชื ื ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
ืžื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื‘ืจื‘?
ืคื“ื•ื˜ื•ื‘
2006 ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ โ€“ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื‘ืืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ืื‘ึพ2001 ื”ืชื ืงืฉื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืžื“ ืกืขื“ืืช, ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™. ืขื“ 2006 ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ืฉื ื ืžืฆืื• ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืงื—ื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืžืืก ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืืกืžืืขื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ ื–ืื‘ื™. ื‘ึพ14 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืคืงื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืงื—ื™ื ืื™ืจืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื‘ืขื” ื’ื ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืชืขืžื•ืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื›ืชืจ ืืช ื›ืœื ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ืชื‘ืขื• ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืืช ืื—ืžื“ ืกืขื“ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืจืฆื— ื”ืฉืจ. ื”ื›ืชืจ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืืฉ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื ืคืฆืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืืกื™ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจ. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืฉ ืžื ืฉืง ืงืœ ื•ืžืžืงืœืขื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืคื’ื–ื™ ื˜ื ืงื™ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื•ื”ืœ ืกื™ืจ ืœื—ืฅ, ืงื™ื“ื ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฆืž"ื” ืžืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืžืชื—ื ื”ื›ืœื. ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืžื“ ืกืขื“ืืช ื•ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ ื–ืื‘ื™. ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ืคื• 14 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœืจื•ืฆื—ื ืื ืœื ืชื•ืคืกืง ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืคื’ืข.
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืคืงื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื?
ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืžืืก ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.
ืื ื“ืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื“
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื“ Bowl of Fire ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ The Swimming Hour, ื ืกื™ืงื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื–ื™ื“ืงื• (Zydeko, ืชืช-ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื– ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื” ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช) ื•ืขื“ ืจื•ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืžืžื‘ืงืจื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” (The Swimming Hour ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ 9.0 ืžืืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื™ืฆ'ืคื•ืจืง), ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื•ื ื™ื’ื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื” ืœืงื”ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื“ 40 ืื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ื‘ื™ืจื“ ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื›ืžื•ืคืข ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงื” ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ืืš ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘- Bowl of Fire ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืืจื™ืš. ื‘ื™ืจื“ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืคืข ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืกื•ืœื• ื”ื–ื• ืจืžื–ื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™?
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001
ืžืฉื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™
ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื). ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื›ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืชื›ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ื ืขื“ ืื– ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” "ื”ืจื•ื— ื—ืคืฆื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืจืคื” (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ)" (1969), ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ. ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžืชื™ (ื›"ื•, 41), ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืจื•ื— ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1970 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื•" ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืœื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืฆื‘ ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื "ืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื", ืฉื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 64 ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื“ืจื• ื‘ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืจืฉืช ("ื’ืจื™ื“") ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืกืงืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ืคืกืœื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืงื•ืจื™ื•ื–ื™ ื—ืกืจ-ืคืฉืจ.
ืื™ื–ื” ืคืกื•ืง ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™?
ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžืชื™ (ื›"ื•, 41)
ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ (ืืœื‘ืžื”)
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื, 112 ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1763. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ืœื ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื• ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ (Code Noir) ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื•ืื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ, ืžืœืš ืฆืจืคืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1685, ื•ืืฉืจ ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ืช, ื–ื•ืœืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1766 ื ืžื ื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ 860 ื ืคืฉ, ืืฃ ืฉืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืงืœื˜ ืœื ืืžื ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืžืœื˜ื• ืœืฉื ืžืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
ืžื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช?
ืฆื• ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
ื™ื•ืจื’ืŸ ืงืœื•ืค
ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืคืขื™ืœ, ืžื•ื ื” ืงืœื•ืค ื‘-27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2001 ืœืžืืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืฅ 05. ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืขืจืš ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืžืืžืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ 0โ€“1 ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจื’. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžืืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืฅ ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2008. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื™ื ืฅ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื“ืกืœื™ื’ื”, ื•ื”ืขืคื™ืœ ืขืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืค"ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืขื•ื ืช 2006/2007 ื™ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื™ื ืฅ ืœื‘ื•ื ื“ืกืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-16. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขืคื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื“ืกืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืงืœื•ืค ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืขื•ื ืช 2007/2008. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื™ื ืฅ, ืจืฉื ืงืœื•ืค 109 ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช, 78 ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืชื™ืงื• ื•-83 ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื.
ืžืชื™ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืงืœื•ืค ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืฅ?
ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืขื•ื ืช 2007/2008
ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืงืฉื™
ืงืฉื™ ื–ื•ืžืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืงืจืืช ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืžื•ืช 1982. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฆืžื“ ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ, ื‘ื• ื’ื‘ืจื” 3-0 ืขืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื. ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืขืคื™ืœ ืงืฉื™ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืœื’ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืžื•ืช 1994. ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื’ืžืจ, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 2-0 ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื‘ืฉ ืงืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืฆืžืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ 2-2, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ืœื“ื•-ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ. ืงืฉื™ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื ื“ืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ 8-7. ื‘ื’ืžืจ, ื‘ื• ืขืœื” ืงืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘, ื ื•ืฆื—ื” ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” 3-1 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื—ืง ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืงืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982?
ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”
ืžื•ืช
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื•, ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืชื’ื ื‘ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ: "ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึธืœึธื” ืžื•ืช ื‘ึฐึผื—ึทืœึผื•ึนื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ, ื‘ึธึผื ื‘ึฐึผืึทืจึฐืžึฐื ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ, ืœึฐื”ึทื›ึฐืจึดื™ืช ืขื•ึนืœึธืœ ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ, ื‘ึทึผื—ื•ึผืจึดื™ื ืžึตืจึฐื—ึนื‘ื•ึนืช" (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื˜', ื›); ื›ืžืงื•ื ื ืกืชืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืขืจื™ื: "ื”ึฒื‘ึธืืชึธ ืขึทื“ ื ึดื‘ึฐื›ึตื™ ื™ึธื, ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึตืงึถืจ ืชึฐึผื”ื•ึนื ื”ึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึธึผื›ึฐืชึผ? ื”ึฒื ึดื’ึฐืœื•ึผ ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉึทืืขึฒืจึตื™ ืžื•ืช, ื•ึฐืฉึทืืขึฒืจึตื™ ืฆึทืœึฐืžึธื•ึถืช ืชึดึผืจึฐืึถื”?" (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœ"ื—, ื˜ื•-ื™ื–); ื›ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ: "ืœึธื›ึตืŸ ื”ึดืจึฐื—ึดื™ื‘ึธื” ืฉึฐึผืืื•ึนืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉึธืื”ึผ, ื•ึผืคึธืขึฒืจึธื” ืคึดื™ื”ึธ ืœึดื‘ึฐืœึดื™ ื—ึนืง..." (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื”', ื™ื“), ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš: "ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึดืจึฐื—ึดื™ื‘ ื›ึดึผืฉึฐืืื•ึนืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื›ึทืžึธึผื•ึถืช ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ื‘ึธึผืข" (ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื‘', ื”). ื‘ืื™ื•ื‘ (ื™"ื— ื™"ื’) ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ: "ื™ึนืื›ึทืœ ื‘ึทึผื“ึธึผื™ื•, ื‘ึฐึผื›ื•ึนืจ ืžึธื•ึถืช" (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื™"ื—, ื™ื’) โ€“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›-""ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึทึผืœึธึผื”ื•ึนืช" (ืฉื, ื™"ื“).
ืื™ืคื” ืื™ืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืœ-ืžื•ืช?
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื•
ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืœ
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืงื•ืœ ื ืื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืงืจื ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื• ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืงื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉื ืช 1947 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ื ืงืœื˜ื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืคืช ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื›ืคืจื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื‘ืฉื "ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ืคืจื™ ื ื•ืขืจ โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืžื’ื“ื™ืืœ, ืืœื•ื ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื ื•ื•ื” ื”ื“ืกื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• "ืžืกื›ืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ" ื•"ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื".
ื›ืžื” ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื ืคืชื—ื•?
ื—ืžื™ืฉื”
ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื•ืก ืงื˜ื™ื•ืก
ืœื•ืก ืงื˜ื™ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืขืจ ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืืคื™ืคื™ื˜. ื”ื™ืขืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ "ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืœื— ืฆ'ื•ืงื•-ื“ืจื™ื™ืŸ", ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื“ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื“ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ื ืžื ืขื• ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคืœื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืื– ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ื‘-1995 ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืคืืจืง ื›-670 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ืข ื”ื™ื• ืื ื“ืžื™ื™ื.
ืื™ืคื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ?
ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ "ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืœื— ืฆ'ื•ืงื•-ื“ืจื™ื™ืŸ"
ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ืกื˜ื•ื’ื•ื‘
ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1918 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืกื˜ื•ื’ื•ื‘ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ 8 ื‘ืžืื™ ืœ-2 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ (ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื). ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆ'ืงื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื“ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 1919 ื”ื•ื ืขืžืœ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืชืจืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ื•ืœืฉื‘ื™ืงื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืขืฆืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆ'ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืจืกืงืื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื ื–ืจ ืื ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1919 ื”ื•ื ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื›ืœืื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื ืขืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืœืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1920 ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžื˜ื” ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžืื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื•ืคื•ืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ืžืœื˜ ืœื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924 ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ. ื‘-1928 ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื•ื‘-6 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1930 ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœื’ื–ื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ (ืขื“ 1934). ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ื•ืœืฉื‘ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ื•ืœืฉื‘ื™ืงื™ "ื›ื‘ื•ื“". ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1959 ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืกืŸ-ื–'ื ื‘ื™ื™ื‘-ื“ื”-ื‘ื•ืื”.
ืœืืŸ ื ืžืœื˜ ืกื˜ื•ื’ื•ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ?
ืœื™ื•ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื”
ืื•ืคืง (ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืืฉืจืื™)
ืื•ืคืง - ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข"ืž ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข 2012 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืงื•ืื•ืคืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื ืง ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉื™ื•ืงื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืคืง ืฆื™ืจืคื” ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืžืขืœ 5000 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืœืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2016 ืื•ืคืง ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง " ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจืื™". ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืง, ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจืฉืื™ื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืง ืจืฉืื™ ืœืกืคืง. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2018 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” "ื ื•ื”ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื™" ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ื•ื”ืœ ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืื•ืคืง ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื ืงืื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืืฉืจืื™.
ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื”?
ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื ืง ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืžืœืš ืคื•ื ื˜ื•ืก
ื”ืžืœืš ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื–ืืช. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ืคื•ื ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื›ื™ืก, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื“ืื’ ื’ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืžืœืš ืืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืŸ. ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื ื”ื“ืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 92 ืื• 93 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืงืคื“ื•ืงื™ื” ื•ืคืคืœื’ื•ื ื™ื”. ืกื•ืœื”, ืื– ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืงื™ืœื™ืงื™ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื–ืจ ืฉื’ื™ื™ืก ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืคื“ื•ืงื™ื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื, ืกื•ืœื” ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื‘ืงืคื“ื•ืงื™ื” ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื–ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืš ืืจืžื ื™ื”.
ืžืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื”ื“ืฃ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™?
ื‘ืฉื ืช 92 ืื• 93 ืœืคื ื”"ืก
ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืžืœืš ืคื•ื ื˜ื•ืก
ื”ืžืœืš ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื–ืืช. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ืคื•ื ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื›ื™ืก, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื“ืื’ ื’ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืžืœืš ืืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืŸ. ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื ื”ื“ืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 92 ืื• 93 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืงืคื“ื•ืงื™ื” ื•ืคืคืœื’ื•ื ื™ื”. ืกื•ืœื”, ืื– ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืงื™ืœื™ืงื™ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื–ืจ ืฉื’ื™ื™ืก ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงืคื“ื•ืงื™ื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื, ืกื•ืœื” ื ื™ืฆื— ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื‘ืงืคื“ื•ืงื™ื” ื•ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื–ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืš ืืจืžื ื™ื”.
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื”ื“ืฃ ืžื™ืชืจื™ื“ื˜ืก ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™?
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืœื”
ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื•ืก ืงื˜ื™ื•ืก
ืœื•ืก ืงื˜ื™ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืขืจ ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืืคื™ืคื™ื˜. ื”ื™ืขืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ "ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืœื— ืฆ'ื•ืงื•-ื“ืจื™ื™ืŸ", ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื“ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื“ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ื ืžื ืขื• ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคืœื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืื– ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช. ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”. ื‘-1995 ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืคืืจืง ื›-670 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ืข ื”ื™ื• ืื ื“ืžื™ื™ื.
ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ืžื” ื ื™ืฆืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ?
ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืขื™ื ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื", ืฉืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ื•ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืืชื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง", ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961 ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื™ืžืœืš ืจื ื›ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”". ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืชื ื™ื— ืœืชืœื•ื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืžืงืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืœืคืŸ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืงื™ืคื•ื—, ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืืคืœื™ื” ืœืจืขื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืกื“ โ€“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื—ืชืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืืœื•ื ื™: "ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืกืคืง ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื”.
ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืชื” ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ?
"ืืชื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง"
ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื’'ื™ืŸ
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืคืš ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืžืื•ืจืื ื–', ืกื˜ืื“ื”ืื•ื“ืจ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™, ืœืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืื™ืจืœื ื“ ื•ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“. ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืชืฉืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฆืจืคืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื–ืงืง ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืืš ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืžืจืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืก. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืืš ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื” ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื ื–ืจืขื” ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ืฆืข. ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17, ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืžื—ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ื ื”, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื“ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืžืกื™ื.ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘-1689 ื•ืืกืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืก ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืงืงื” ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ืช . ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืœื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™, ืชืžื›ื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1692 ื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืก ืขืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1697. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™. ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืžืกื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ื›-10% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื™, ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื™ืงื•ืง, ื”ืขื“ืจ ื›ืœ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1715โ€“1750 ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื”ื“ื’ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ืš. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืฉื™ื, ืคืชื—ื• ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื. ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ืขื“ 1736 ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื›-1,500 ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช. ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”. ื’ื ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1725 ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-8,500 ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืžืžื›ืจ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื (dramshops), ื—ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ 11 ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืžื ื’ื“, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื ื˜ืชื” ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
ื›ืžื” ืžื–ืงืงื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ื• ืžืฉื ืช 1700 ืขื“ 1736?
1,500
ืืœื‘ืจื˜, ืžืจืงื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืกืŸ
ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื™-ืกืืœื™, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืงื‘ื”. ืžืื– ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื” ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช, ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืจื™ื” ื™ื•ื–ืคื” (ืจื•ื•ืงื”), ืžืจื™ื” ืื ื” ื•ืžืชื™ืœื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ืœื“ื” ืขืžื“ื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืกืคื” ืื™ื ื” ืชืงืคื”, ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื” ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ืžืจื’ืจื˜ื” ืงืจื•ืœื”, ืžืจื™ื” ืืœื™ืงืก ื•ืื ื”, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืจื’ืจื˜ื” ืงืจื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื“ื” ืงืจืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš, ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื•ื”ื ืฆื•ืœืจืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื”ื ืฆื•ืœืจืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื‘ื™.
ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื”ื ืฆื•ืœืจืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื‘ื™?
ืงืจืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš, ื ืกื™ืš ื”ื•ื”ื ืฆื•ืœืจืŸ,
ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ
ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ. ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื•ื•ื ื’ืจื“ื™ืช. ื”ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืคื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื•ืฉืื• ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™, ื•ื‘ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืœืื”ื•ื‘ืชื•: "ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืืžื ื™ื ืืœื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืš ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช".ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ืคื’ืฉ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ ืืช ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื“ื™, ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืืžื ื ืœืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ืžืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื” ืœืื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื—ื–ืจ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœืืจืฅ.
ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื–ืจ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ?
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื—ื–ืจ ื“ื ืฆื™ื’ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœืืจืฅ.
ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืจื”'ืก
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืคื•ืœื™, "ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืฉืคื•ืœื™", ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืง, ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื (ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขืจืชื• ื–ื• ื•ืœืคื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื”ื - ืฉื ืื™ืžื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืจื”'ืก ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืื ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืฉืคื•ืœื™ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจ. ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื›ื™: ื) ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื”"ืง ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™-ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื‘ืจื“ื™ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืงื‘ ื•ื ืงื™' ืžืขื™ื“ ืฉืจืื” ื ื•ืกื— ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™-ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ืืžื• ืื—ืจืช ืžื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื - ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•); ื‘) ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื” ืฉื, ื’) ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืช, ื“) ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฃ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืžื” ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ.) ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื™ืžืฆื ืื™ืฉ ื ืืžืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื•ืฆืงืช ืื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” (ืฉืจืื” ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ 'ื™ืืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ' ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื) ืฉืื– ื™ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืื– ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ?
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืคื•ืœื™
ื”ื ืก ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’
ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2005 ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืœื” ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’ ื•ื›ืœืชื• ืื ื” ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’โ€“ืจื•ื ืœื•ื ื“ ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื’ืืคืžื™ื™ื ื“ืจ (ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ: "Mind the gap" ("ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืคืขืจ" - ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืจืฆื™ืฃ), ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช). ื”ืงืจืŸ ืžืคืชื—ืช ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช, ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืื•"ื, ืขื ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช "ื˜ืจื ื“ืืœื™ื™ื–ืจ" (Trendalyzer) ื”ืžืžื™ืจื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ืจืคื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ. ืœืคื™ ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’, ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืืฆืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•"ื, ืืœื ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืงืฉื” ืขื“ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• 100 ืฉื ื”) ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงืฃ, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืงืจืŸ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2007 ืจื›ืฉื” ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ืช ื˜ืจื ื“ืืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื›ื” ืœื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช.
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ ื™ืกื“ ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’ ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื’ืืคืžื™ื™ื ื“ืจ?
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืœื” ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’ ื•ื›ืœืชื• ืื ื” ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’โ€“ืจื•ื ืœื•ื ื“
ื’ื ื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฆ'ืืจืœืกื˜ืื•ืŸ, ืคืจื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก, ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’'. ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ืื’ ืžืงืจื™ื™ (ื‘ืŸ ืืคืœืง), ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก "ื’'ืื" ืงื•ืคืœื™ืŸ (ื’'ืจืžื™ ืจื ืจ), ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืžื’ืœื•ื•ืืŸ (ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืงืจื•ืœ) ื•ื“ื–ืžื•ื ื“ ืืœื“ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื•ื“ ื”ื ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ื‘ื ืง, ืงืœื™ื™ืจ ืงืื™ื™ืกื™ (ืจื‘ืงื” ื”ื•ืœ), ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจื” ื“ืื’ ืžืชืžื ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื—ื” ื“ืื’ ืžื’ืœื” ืœื” ืฉืื™ืžื• ืขื–ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”-FBI, ืื“ื ืคืจื•ืœื™ (ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ืื), ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืง. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืคืจื’'ื™ (ืคื™ื˜ ืคื•ืกืœืชื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืชืคืกืช.
ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ ื“ืื’ ืžืžื•ื ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘?
ืงืœื™ื™ืจ ืงืื™ื™ืกื™
ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ื ืขืฆืจ ืชื™ื™ืกื™ืจ ื ื’'ืืจ , ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 41, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง. ื ื’'ืืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ืžืืก ื•ื’ื™ื ื” ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ ื•ืงื ืก ื‘ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื”ื. ืžืืกืจื• ื”ื•ืืจืš ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืงื ืก. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคืคื”. ื ื’'ืืจ ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžื”ื›ืœื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ื•ืžืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืงื˜ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืืกืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ืœ-15 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืงื ืก ื›ืกืคื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
ืœืžื” ื ืขืฆืจ ื ื’ืณืืจ?
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง
ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”
ื‘-1806 ื ืชื ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืืกืคืช ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื–. ื”ื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”", ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื›ืฉืขื ื• ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื”". ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ื›ื™ "ืขืชื”, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื ืคืจื“ ืืœื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืžื” [ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช] ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”", ืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืช ืื—ืจืช ื›ืื—. ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื•ืชื•ื• ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”: ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืชืžื•ืจืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆืจ, ื›ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืขื“ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœ "ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”", ืื• "ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (Israรฉlites), ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฆืจืคืช.ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืจืกื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื”, ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ืกืกืช ื•ื ืชืคืฉื” ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืชื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”" ืื• "ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื”ืžื ืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืจื™ืกืจ, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื”, ื‘-1831, ื ืฉื ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”". ื‘-1832, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืจื™ืกืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช der Jude ("ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™"), ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืชืงืฃ ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช. ืจื™ืกืจ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื•ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืช ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง ืžืคื’ืจ, ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืœืชื ื›"ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”". ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืื™ืžืฆื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื’ื™ืืจื™ื ืฉืืžื•ื ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืงืจืข ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ืœื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืง. ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื”, ืื™ืžืฆื• ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื“ืœื•ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืžื”ื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื•ืชื” ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื”, ืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื’ืœืœื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช. ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืขื ื”ื•ืกื˜ื” ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื. ืจืง ืงื ืื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•: ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืจื’'ื™ืžื ื˜ื•, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื›"ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”". ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช ื•ืืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช, ืžื™ืชื ื” ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉื›ืžื•ืชื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื– ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช. ื”ืกืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื•ื”ืชืขืจื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”" (Englishmen of Mosaic persuasion) ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”"ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช" ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื. ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืคื•ืœื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืชื ื™ืช-ื“ืชื™ืช. ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ืช-ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžื™ืชื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืชื.ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”" ืœื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืœื–ืจื ื“ืชื™, ืงื•ื ึฐืคึถืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ; ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื–ื™ืงืชื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”"ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื", ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื”.ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ืช ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื™ื–ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืช ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื”. ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืขื• ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืื• ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื ืžื—ืงื• ืื• ืฉื•ื ื•. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ืืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืฉืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื "ืื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื", ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉื ืฉืื” ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื”ื ืื•-ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืžื ื ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ืืš ื’ื ืื™ืžืฆื” ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ืจื ื“ืชื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื•ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ืขื ืžืชืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช; ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช "ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜". ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ืชื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ื•ืื“ื™ืฉื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื™ืกื˜ื•ืืจ ืืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืš ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืฆืืŸ ืžืจืขื™ืชื ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจืฉืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” 1843 ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื•ื’ ืฉ"ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ืช (Nous ne sommes pas un peuple, nous sommes une religion)."ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืขืœื” ื’ื ืืช ืฉืืœืช ื™ื—ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขืœื™ืœืช ื“ืžืฉืง ื‘-1840, ื”ืงื•ื ืกื™ืกื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื ืขืฉื”. ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ืœืœื ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘-1860 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืืœื™ืื ืก, ืฉืฉืžื” ืœื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื‘ืœ. ื”ืืœื™ืื ืก ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžืžืกื“, ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ. ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืชืจื ื™ืช, ื•ืฆืจืžื” ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช; ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื’ื ื–ื• ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืฉื™ื— ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™, ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืœืงืจืืช ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื. ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืชื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืœื” ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื‘ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื ื‘ืืจืฆื.ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ืคืฆื™ื” ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื—ื“ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื›ื ื” ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช-ื”ืœืื•ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ืจืจื• ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื“ื”ื• ืขื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื; ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืžืกื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกื˜ ื•ื”ืœืื”, ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ื ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืคืœื™ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื—ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื”. ืืš ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืœืื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจื˜ ืœืืžื•ื ืชื, ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช; ื”ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื“ืช ื›ืฉื“ื” ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืืš ืžืขื˜, ื•ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืขื– ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืช. ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ โ€“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ โ€“ ื ื˜ื• ืœืืžืฅ ื›ืžื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืžืื‘ืงื™ื”ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืชืคืฉืช. ื’ื ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื•. ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืขื-ื’ื–ืข", ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื ืจืฉืžื• ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ืช.ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื, ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืงื•ื ืคืกื™ื”. ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ "ื‘ื ื™ ื“ืช ืžืฉื”" ื ื–ืงืง ืœื–ื™ืงื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืชื• ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื•. ืžื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”"ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช", ื ื•ืชืจื• ืืš ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜-ืžืื•ื ืก ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื ื’ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืงื•ืžืคืœืงืกื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืืœื• ื—ืกืจื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืคื” ืœืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1870. ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื”, ืชื™ืืจื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื” ื•ื›ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื.
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื•ื’ ืฉ"ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ืช"?
ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื”ืœืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื•ื›ืช ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ืช ืฉืžื ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื™ืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ืืจื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืชื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”, ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจืฆื— ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืœืŸ. ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืจืคื” ืขืœื™ื” ื“ืขืชื”. ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืœืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื•, ืืš ื ืืœืฅ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื“ืจืš ืกืžื˜ื”, ืฉื ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื”ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืงืจืก ืื•ืจื‘ ื•ืจื•ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ. ื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื•ืื—ื•ืชื”, ืืœืกื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžื–ืขื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ืืœืกื” ื‘ื”ืกืชืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืชื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืื—ื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ื ืชืงืœืช ื‘ืจื•ืฆื— ื•ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืจื“ืฃ, ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืกืžื˜ื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ื•ืœืจืฆื—ื”.
ื‘ืžื” ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื”ืœืŸ ืœืžื—ืจืช?
ื‘ืชื”ืœื•ื›ืช ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™
ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื›ืจื™ื ืงืืกื
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื›ื•ื› ื‘-14 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1959 , ืฉื ื ืื‘ืงื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืืฉื™ื ืงืืกื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืžืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืžื•ื ืชื” ืฉืจื” ืื™ืฉื”. ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื›ื•ื› ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืืกื ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืื ื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืชื™ืจ ืœื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื ืื—ืžื“ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืชื‘ืข ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืœื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื—ืฉืฉ ืงืืกื ืžื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืช.
ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขื ืงืืกื?
ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืจื›ื•ื›
ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ
ืœืคื—ื•ืช 1,833 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™, ื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื›-108 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ (ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ 2005). ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื’ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื›ืœืคื™ื•. ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ื™ ืžื™ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื™ื–ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื›ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื“ืœื™ื. ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืžืžื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืขื•ื“.
ื‘ืžื” ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื” ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื”?
ื‘ื›-108 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ (ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ 2005)
ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช
ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืืคื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืœื ื˜ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก HMS-Bull ืžืืกืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื”. ื‘ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ืจืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืช 13, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœื ื˜ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื ืžืขืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืกืคื™ื ืช ืื ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช. ืฆื•ืœืœื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกืจืŸ (ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’) ืœืกืงื•ื‘ (ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืจื"ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืกืงื•ื‘) ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจืก"ืจื™ื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ืคืจืงืฉ. ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคื ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจืช ื ื–ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ื’ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืžื“ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951.
ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“?
ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™
ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืขื™ื ื”ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื", ืฉืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื ืขืจื›ื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ื•ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืืชื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง", ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961 ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœื™ืžืœืš ืจื ื›ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื "ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”". ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘"ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืชื ื™ื— ืœืชืœื•ื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืžืงืช". ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืœืคืŸ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืงื™ืคื•ื—, ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืืคืœื™ื” ืœืจืขื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืกื“ โ€“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื—ืชืจื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืืœื•ื ื™: "ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืกืคืง ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื". ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื”.
ืžืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ?
1957
ืงืจื‘ ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืฅ
ื‘-08:30 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืจื“ืงืืค ืฉื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช. ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื ืžืกืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืชืช "ืื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจื™ื™ื˜", ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื”, ื ื•ื”ืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืชื•ืชื™ ื”"ืื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืจื™ื™ื˜", ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืฉ ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืžืฉื—ืชืช ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื”"ืื•ื ืกืœื•", ืืช ื”"ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื”ื™ืคืจ" ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื’ืฃ, ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื”. ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื•ื ืขื• ืœืžื’ืข ืขื ื”"ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ื”ื™ืคืจ" ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉื—ืชืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืกืš ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืฉืŸ.
ืžืชื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ?
ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ
ื”ืžืกืš ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœ
ื‘-2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2002 ืฉื•ื“ืจ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืคื”, ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช, ืฉืขืœืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืœืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ, ื•ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” 0โ€“3, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืชืžืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืข. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข, ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื‘ื—ืจื” ื˜ืœืขื“ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžืกืš. ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข. ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืจืง ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืกืง ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœ, ื•ื”ืžืกืš ื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข.
ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœ?
ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืกืง ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœ, ื•ื”ืžืกืš ื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข.
ื’'ืื ืคืจื ืงื• ื–ื•ืœื”
ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื ื•ืื•ืจืกื” ืžื”ืื™ ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1984. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื•ืื•ืจืกื” ืขื‘ืจ ื–ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื˜ื•ืจืก, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ื–ื•ืœื” ืœื ืืคื•ืœื™, ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื“ื™ื™ื’ื• ืžืจืื“ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืจืื“ื•ื ื”, ืขื–ืจ ื–ื•ืœื” ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืกืจื™ื™ื” ื'. ืžืจืื“ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœื”, ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืจืื“ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืžื“ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื›ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ืขื ื ืืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคืจืงืืค ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื–ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืืžืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื“ืื– ืืจื™ื’ื• ืกืืงื™ ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1991. ื‘-1993 ืขื–ื‘ ื–ื•ืœื” ืืช ื ืืคื•ืœื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืคืืจืžื”, ืื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืค"ื, ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืค"ื 1995 ืขืœ ื™ื•ื‘ื ื˜ื•ืก, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืจื™ื™ื” ื' ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื•ืงื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžืืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1996, ืงืจืœื• ืื ืฆ'ืœื•ื˜ื™, ื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ.
ืžืื™ื–ื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืืžืจ ื–ื•ืœื” ืฉืœืžื“ ื”ื›ืœ?
ืžืจืื“ื•ื ื”