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New Zealand artist Emily (Emare) Karaka (born Auckland in 1952) is a New Zealand artist of Māori (Ngāti Tai ki Tāmaki, Ngati Hine, Ngāpuhi) descent Her work is recognised for "its expressive intensity, her use of high key colour, and her gritty address of political issues related to Māori land rights and the Treaty of Waitangi". Biography --------- Karaka grew up in Glen Innes in Auckland in a family of five siblings. Her brother Dilworth Karaka is in the New Zealand band Herbs. Karaka herself brought her family up in Glen Innes and lives there still. Career ------ A largely self-taught artist, Karaka credits many figures in New Zealand art as mentors, including Greer Twiss, Colin McCahon, Gretchen Albrecht, Tony Fomison, Arnold Manaaki Wilson, Philip Clairmont and Allan Maddox. In a 2014 interview she said: > Greer Twiss was my teacher at intermediate school, and I met Colin McCahon at Greer's house when I was 12. They became my kaitiaki. They steered me away from Tamaki College because they didn't consider the arts curriculum there was sufficient, and steered me to Auckland Girls' Grammar. > > That was great because I had people like Liz Mountain [Elizabeth Ellis]. She'd just come out of training school so she had a lot of energy and the commitment to keep to your cultural landscape and develop it. > > Karaka is seen as part of the first generation of contemporary Māori artists and she is often placed alongside painters Robyn Kahukiwa and Kura Te Waru Rewiri in discussions of New Zealand art history. She acknowledges Katarina Mataira, Selwyn Muru and Arnold Wilson as kaumātua (respected elders) who paved the way for the next generation of Māori artists. Recent exhibitions ------------------ Rāhui, 29 April - 4 June 2021. Visions Gallery, Auckland. Two Artists: Emily Karaka & Shona Rapira Davies, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 2015. Curated by Megan Tamati-Quennell, this exhibition contrasted the work of these two senior female Māori artists and explored how their early work aligned with the 'Mana Wahine' movement; 'a movement that developed from the momentum of the feminist art and Māori protest movements of the 1970s'. Five Māori Painters, Auckland Art Gallery, 2014. Curated by Ngahiraka Mason, this exhibition brought together the work of senior artists Karaka, Robyn Kahukiwa, and Kura Te Waru Rewiri with artists from a younger generation, Saffron Te Ratana and Star Gossage. Karaka had a work presented, Kingitanga ki Te Ao (They Will Throw Stones), (2020) at the 22nd Sydney Biennale. Further information ------------------- * The Big Art Trip Series 1 Episode 2 features Emily Karaka * Five Māori Painters: Emily Karaka interview recorded by Auckland Art Gallery 2014 * Emily Karaka talks about her 1984 work The Treaties audio-recording from the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa * Interview with Ngahiraka Mason, curator of Five Māori Painters Standing Room Only, Radio New Zealand National, 2014 * Personal and political Shona Rapira Davies and Emily Karaka interviewed by curator Megan Tamati-Quennell * Emily Karaka in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * VIAF \| \| Artists \| * Auckland * New Zealand Artists * Te Papa (New Zealand) * ULAN \|
Rev Francis Le Grix White FRSE FGS (1819–1887) was a 19th-century British vicar remembered as an amateur geologist. Life ---- He was descended from the Norman family of Le Grix de Neuville, and obtained a coat of arms to mark this. He was born in 1819, the only son of John White of Culham Street in London. He was educated at Worcester College then studied law at Oxford University, becoming a barrister at the Middle Temple in 1844. He then took a change in direction, studying divinity at Oxford, and graduating BA in 1848 and MA in 1849. In 1857 he became vicar of Croxton, Staffordshire remaining there to 1869. In 1872 he is listed as private chaplain to the Marquess of Drogheda. In 1876 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Charles Neaves, Henry Cotterill, Daniel Sandford (his brother-in-law), and Andrew Wood. He died on 17 May 1887 in Penrith. Family ------ In 1847, in Rothesay, he was married to Cecilia Catherine Charlotte Sandford (died 1898), daughter of Prof Daniel Sandford. They did not have any children. He was uncle to the footballer, Cecil Holden-White, who was an executor of his will. Publications ------------ * Forgotten Seigneurs of the Alenconnais (1880)
\| Part of a series on the \| \| --- \| \| History of Tanzania \| \| Coat of Arms of Tanzania \| \| Timeline \| \| Pre-colonial period \| \| * Oldowan stone tool culture * Olduvai Gorge * Laetoli footprints * Mumba Cave hunter-gatherers * Cushitic expansion * Luxmanda * Bantu expansion * Nilotic expansion * Indian Ocean trade * History of Zanzibar * Menouthias * Rhapta * Urewe culture * Swahili culture * Kilwa Sultanate * Engaruka \| \| Colonial period \| \| * Vasco da Gama and Portuguese expansion * Omani Empire * East African slave trade * Sultanate of Zanzibar * Zanzibar slave trade * Scramble for Africa * German East Africa * Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty * Maji Maji Rebellion * East African Campaign * British East Africa * Tanganyika Territory \| \| Modern history \| \| * Tanganyika * Zanzibar Revolution * Julius Nyerere * Ujamaa * Uganda–Tanzania War * 1998 United States embassy bombings * East African Community * COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania \| \| flag Tanzania portal \| \| * v * t * e \| The modern-day African Great Lakes state of Tanzania dates formally from 1964, when it was formed out of the union of the much larger mainland territory of Tanganyika and the coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The former was a colony and part of German East Africa from the 1880s to 1919 when, under the League of Nations, it became a British mandate. It served as a British military outpost during World War II, providing financial help, munitions, and soldiers. In 1947, Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory under British administration, a status it kept until its independence in 1961. The island of Zanzibar thrived as a trading hub, successively controlled by the Portuguese, the Sultanate of Oman, and then as a British protectorate by the end of the nineteenth century. Julius Nyerere, independence leader and "baba wa taifa" (father of the nation) for Tanganyika, ruled the country for decades, while Abeid Amaan Karume, governed Zanzibar as its president and Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania. Following Nyerere's retirement in 1985, various political and economic reforms began. He was succeeded in office by President Ali Hassan Mwinyi. Prehistory ---------- ### Early Stone Age Olduvai Gorge site also known as "The Cradle of Mankind" Louis and Mary Leakey Tanzania is home to some of the oldest hominid settlements unearthed by archaeologists. Prehistoric stone tools and fossils have been found in and around Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, an area often referred to as "The Cradle of Mankind". Acheulian stone tools were discovered there in 1931 by Louis Leakey, after he had correctly identified the rocks brought back by Hans Reck to Germany from his 1913 Olduvai expedition as stone tools. The same year, Louis Leakey found older, more primitive stone tools in Olduvai Gorge. These were the first examples of the oldest human technology ever discovered in Africa, and were subsequently known throughout the world as Oldowan after Olduvai Gorge. The first hominid skull in Olduvai Gorge was discovered by Mary Leakey in 1959, and named Zinj or Nutcracker Man, the first example of Paranthropus boisei, and is thought to be more than 1.8 million years old. Other finds including Homo habilis fossils were subsequently made. At nearby Laetoli the oldest known hominid footprints, the Laetoli footprints, were discovered by Mary Leakey in 1978, and estimated to be approximately 3.6 million years old and probably made by Australopithecus afarensis. The oldest hominid fossils ever discovered in Tanzania also come from Laetoli and are the 3.6 to 3.8 million year old remains of Australopithecus afarensis—Louis Leakey had found what he thought was a baboon tooth at Laetoli in 1935 (which was not identified as afarensis until 1979), a fragment of hominid jaw with three teeth was found there by Kohl-Larsen in 1938–39, and in 1974–75 Mary Leakey recovered 42 teeth and several jawbones from the site. ### Middle Stone Age Mumba Cave in northern Tanzania includes a Middle Stone Age (MSA) to Later Stone Age (LSA) archaeological sequence. The MSA represents the time period in Africa during which many archaeologists see the origins of modern human behavior. ### Later Stone Age and Pastoral Neolithic Reaching back approximately 10,000 years in the Later Stone Age, Tanzania is believed to have been populated by hunter-gatherer communities, probably Khoisan-speaking people. Between approximately 4,000 to 3,000 years ago, during a time period known as the Pastoral Neolithic, pastoralists who relied on cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys came into Tanzania from the north. Two archaeological cultures are known from this time period, the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (whose peoples may have spoken a Southern Cushitic language) and the Elmenteitan (whose peoples may have spoken a Southern Nilotic language). Luxmanda is the largest and southernmost-known Pastoral Neolithic site in Tanzania. ### Iron Age Approximately 2000 years ago, Bantu-speaking people began to arrive from western Africa in a series of migrations collectively referred to as the Bantu expansion. These groups brought and developed ironworking skills, agriculture, and new ideas of social and political organization. They absorbed many of the Cushitic peoples who had preceded them, as well as most of the remaining Khoisan-speaking inhabitants. Later, Nilotic pastoralists arrived, and continued to immigrate into the area through to the eighteenth century. One of Tanzania's most important Iron Age archeological sites is Engaruka in the Great Rift Valley, which includes an irrigation and cultivation system. Early coastal history --------------------- Travellers and merchants from the Persian Gulf and Western India have visited the East African coast since early in the first millennium CE. Greek texts such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolemy's Geography list a string of market places (emporia) along the coast. Finds of Roman-era coins along the coast confirm the existence of trade, and Ptolomey's Geography refers to a town of Rhapta as "metropolis" of a political entity called Azania. Archaeologists have not yet succeeded in identifying the location of Rhapta, although many believe it lies deeply buried in the silt of the delta of the Rufiji River. A long documentary silence follows these ancient texts, and it is not until Arab geographical treatises were written about the coast that our information resumes. Remains of those towns' material culture demonstrate that they arose from indigenous roots, not from foreign settlement. And the language that was spoken in them, Swahili (now Tanzania's national language), is a member of the Bantu language family that spread from the northern Kenya coast well before significant Arab presence was felt in the region. By the beginning of the second millennium CE the Swahili towns conducted a thriving trade that linked Africans in the interior with trade partners throughout the Indian Ocean. From c. 1200 to 1500 CE, the town of Kilwa, on Tanzania's southern coast, was perhaps the wealthiest and most powerful of these towns, presiding over what some scholars consider the "golden age" of Swahili civilization. In the early 14th century, Ibn Battuta, a Berber traveller from North Africa, visited Kilwa and proclaimed it one of the best cities in the world. Islam was practised on the Swahili coast as early as the eighth or ninth century CE. In 1498, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama became the first known European to reach the African Great Lakes coast; he stayed for 32 days. In 1505 the Portuguese captured the island of Zanzibar. Portuguese control lasted until the early eighteenth century, when Arabs from Oman established a foothold in the region. Assisted by Omani Arabs, the indigenous coastal dwellers succeeded in driving the Portuguese from the area north of the Ruvuma River by the early eighteenth century. Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840. He focused on the island and developed trade routes that stretched as far as Lake Tanganyika and Central Africa. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the Indian Ocean slave trade. Due to the Arab and Persian domination at this later time, many Europeans misconstrued the nature of Swahili civilization as a product of Arab colonization. However, this misunderstanding has begun to dissipate over the past 40 years as Swahili civilization is becoming recognized as principally African in origin. Tanganyika (1850–1890) ---------------------- Tanganyika as a geographical and political entity did not take shape before the period of High Imperialism; its name only came into use after German East Africa was transferred to the United Kingdom as a mandate by the League of Nations in 1920. What is referred to here, therefore, is the history of the region that was to become Tanzania. A part of the Great Lakes region, namely the western shore of Lake Victoria consisted of many small kingdoms, most notably Karagwe and Buzinza, which were dominated by their more powerful neighbors Rwanda, Burundi, and Buganda. European exploration of the interior began in the mid-19th century. In 1848 the German missionary Johannes Rebmann became the first European to see Mount Kilimanjaro. British explorers Richard Burton and John Speke crossed the interior to Lake Tanganyika in June 1857. In January 1866, the Scottish explorer and missionary David Livingstone, who crusaded against the slave trade, went to Zanzibar, from where he sought the source of the Nile, and established his last mission at Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. After having lost contact with the outside world for years, he was "found" there on 10 November 1871. Henry Morton Stanley, who had been sent in a publicity stunt to find him by the New York Herald newspaper, greeted him with the now famous words "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" In 1877, the first of a series of Belgian expeditions arrived on Zanzibar. In the course of these expeditions, in 1879 a station was founded in Kigoma on the eastern bank of Lake Tanganyika, soon to be followed by the station of Mpala on the opposite western bank. Both stations were founded in the name of the Comite D'Etudes Du Haut Congo, a predecessor organization of the Congo Free State. German colonial interests were first advanced in 1884. Karl Peters, who formed the Society for German Colonization, concluded a series of treaties by which tribal chiefs ceded territory to the society. Prince Otto von Bismarck's government in 1885 granted imperial protection to the German East Africa Company established by Peters with Bismark's encouragement. At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the fact that Kigoma had been established and supplied from Zanzibar and Bagamoyo led to the inclusion of German East Africa into the territory of the Conventional Basin of the Congo, to Belgium's advantage. At the table in Berlin, contrary to widespread perception, Africa was not partitioned; rather, rules were established among the colonial powers and prospective colonial powers as how to proceed in the establishment of colonies and protectorates. While the Belgian interest soon concentrated on the Congo River, the British and Germans focused on Eastern Africa and in 1886 partitioned continental East Africa between themselves; the Sultanate of Zanzibar, now reduced to the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, remained independent, for the moment. The Congo Free State was eventually to give up its claim on Kigoma (its oldest station in Central Africa) and on any territory to the east of Lake Tanganyika, to Germany. German East Africa ------------------ Main article: German East Africa "A History of Tanzania" references that the Germans established a direct rule where German administrators controlled all aspects of the colony’s government. At the top of the administration was a governor who enforced laws, created local decrees, and controlled the military. The governor appointed district officers who were in charge of everything in their districts. Their responsibilities included collecting taxes, awarding punishment, and commanding the local police force. Lands with high populations often had economic potential. In these areas, the Germans forced out the occupants so they could develop these fertile lands for themselves. All resistance to the Germans in the interior ceased and they could now set out to organize German East Africa. They continued brutally to exercise their authority with disregard and contempt for existing local structures and traditions. While the German colonial administration brought cash crops, railroads, and roads to Tanganyika, European rule provoked African resistance. Between 1891 and 1894, the Hehe—led by Chief Mkwawa—resisted German expansion, but were eventually defeated. After a period of guerrilla warfare, Mkwawa was cornered and committed suicide in 1898. ### Maji Maji resistance Main article: Maji Maji Rebellion Widespread discontent re-emerged, and in 1902 a movement against forced labour for a cotton scheme rejected by the local population started along the Rufiji River. The tension reached a breaking point in July 1905 when the Matumbi of Nandete led by Kinjikitile Ngwale revolted against the local administrators (akida) and suddenly the revolt grew wider from Dar Es Salaam to the Uluguru Mountains, the Kilombero Valley, the Mahenge and Makonde plateaux, the Ruvuma in the southernmost part and Kilwa, Songea, Masasi, and from Kilosa to Iringa down to the eastern shores of Lake Nyasa. The resistance culminated in the Maji Maji Resistance of 1905–1907. The resistance, which temporarily united a number of southern tribes ended only after an estimated 300,000 Africans had died from fighting or starvation. Research has shown that traditional hostilities played a large part in the resistance. Germans had occupied the area since 1897 and totally altered many aspects of everyday life. They were actively supported by the missionaries who tried to destroy all signs of indigenous beliefs, notably by razing the 'mahoka' huts where the local population worshiped their ancestors' spirits and by ridiculing their rites, dances and other ceremonies. This would not be forgotten or forgiven; the first battle which broke out at Uwereka in September 1905 under the Governorship of Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen turned instantly into an all-out war with indiscriminate murders and massacres perpetrated by all sides against farmers, settlers, missionaries, planters, villages, indigenous people and peasants. Known as the Maji-Maji war with the main brunt borne by the Ngoni people, this was a merciless rebellion and by far the bloodiest in Tanganyika. ### World War I Main article: East African Campaign (World War I) Battle of Tanga, fought between the British and Germans during World War I Before the outbreak of the war, German East Africa had been prepared to resist any attack that could be made without extensive preparation. For the first year of hostilities, the Germans were strong enough to conduct offensive operations in their neighbours' territories by, for example, repeatedly attacking railways in British East Africa. The strength of German forces at the beginning of the war is uncertain. Lieutenant-General Jan Smuts, the commander of British forces in east Africa beginning in 1916, estimated them at 2,000 Germans and 16,000 Askaris. The white adult male population in 1913 numbered over 3,500 (exclusive of the German garrison). In addition, the indigenous population of over 7,000,000 formed a reservoir of manpower from which a force might be drawn, limited only by the supply of German officers and equipment. "There is no reason to doubt that the Germans made the best of this material during the ... nearly eighteen months which separated the outbreak of war from the invasion in force of their territory." The geography of German East Africa also was a severe impediment to British and allied forces. The coastline offered few suitable points for landing and was backed by unhealthy swamps. The line of lakes and mountains to the west proved to be impenetrable. Belgian forces from the Belgian Congo had to be moved through Uganda. On the south, the Ruvuma River was fordable only its upper reaches. In the north, only one practicable pass about five miles wide existed between the Pare Mountains and Mount Kilimanjaro, and here the German forces had been digging in for eighteen months. Germany commenced hostilities in 1914 by unsuccessfully attacking from the town of Tanga. The British then attacked the town in November 1914 but were thwarted by General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck's forces at the Battle of Tanga. The British Royal Navy occupied Mafia Island in January 1915. However, the "attack on Tanga and the numerous smaller engagements that followed [showed] the strength ... of [German forces] and made it evident that a powerful force must be organized before the conquest of [German East Africa] could be ... undertaken. Such an enterprise had ... to await more favourable conditions on European battlefields and elsewhere. But in July, 1915, the last German troops in S.W. Africa capitulated ... and the nucleus of the requisite force ... became available." British forces from the northeast and southwest and Belgian forces from the northwest steadily attacked and defeated German forces beginning in January 1916. In October 1916, General Smuts wrote, "With the exception of the Mahenge Plateau [the Germans] have lost every healthy or valuable part of their Colony". Cut-off from Germany, General Von Lettow by necessity conducted a guerilla campaign throughout 1917, living off the land and dispersing over a wide area. In December, the remaining German forces evacuated the colony by crossing the Ruvuma River into Portuguese Mozambique. Those forces were estimated at 320 German troops and 2,500 Askaris. 1,618 Germans and 5,482 Askaris were killed or captured during the last six months of 1917. In November 1918, his remaining force surrendered near present-day Mbala, Zambia consisting of 155 Europeans, 1,165 Askaris, 2,294 African porters etc. and 819 African women. Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany relinquished all her overseas possessions, including German East Africa. Britain lost 3,443 men in battle plus 6,558 men to disease. The equivalent numbers for Belgium were 683 and 1,300. Germany lost 734 Europeans and 1,798 Africans. Von Lettow's scorched earth policy and the requisition of buildings meant a complete collapse of the Government's education system, though some mission schools managed to retain a semblance of instruction. Unlike the Belgian, British, French and Portuguese colonial masters in central Africa, Germany had developed an educational program for her Africans that involved elementary, secondary and vocational schools. "Instructor qualifications, curricula, textbooks, teaching materials, all met standards unmatched anywhere in tropical Africa." In 1924, ten years after the beginning of the First World War and six years into British rule, the visiting American Phelps-Stokes Commission reported: In regards to schools, the Germans have accomplished marvels. Some time must elapse before education attains the standard it had reached under the Germans. But by 1920, the Education Department consisted of 1 officer and 2 clerks with a budget equal to 1% of the country's revenue—less than the amount appropriated for the maintenance of Government House. British administration after World War I ---------------------------------------- In 1919, the population was estimated at 3,500,000.[] The first British civilian administrator after the end of World War I was Sir Horace Archer Byatt CMG, appointed by Royal Commission on 31 January 1919. The colony was renamed Tanganyika Territory in January 1920. In September 1920 by the Tanganyika Order in Council, 1920, the initial boundaries of the territory, the Executive Council, and the offices of governor and commander-in-chief were established. The governor legislated by proclamation or ordinance until 1926. Britain and Belgium signed an agreement regarding the border between Tanganyika and Ruanda-Urundi in 1924. The administration of the Territory continued to be carried out under the terms of the mandate until its transfer to the Trusteeship System under the Charter of the United Nations by the Trusteeship Agreement of 13 December 1946. ### British rule through indigenous authorities Governor Byatt took measures to revive African institutions by encouraging limited local rule. He authorized the formation in 1922 of political clubs such as the Tanganyika Territory African Civil Service Association, which in 1929 became the Tanganyika African Association and later constituted the core of the nationalist movement.[better source needed] Under the Native Authority Ordinances of 1923, limited powers were granted to certain recognized chiefs who could also exercise powers granted by local customary law. Sir Donald Cameron became the governor of Tanganyika in 1925. "His work ... was of great significance in the development of colonial administrative policy, being associated especially with the vigorous attempt to establish a system of 'Indirect Rule' through the traditional indigenous authorities." He was a major critic of Governor Byatt's policies about indirect rule, as evidenced by his Native Administration Memorandum No. 1, Principles of Native Administration and their Application. In 1926, the Legislative Council was established with seven unofficial (including two Indians) and thirteen official members, whose function was to advise and consent to ordinances issued by the governor. In 1945, the first Africans were appointed to the council. The council was reconstituted in 1948 under Governor Edward Twining, with 15 unofficial members (7 Europeans, 4 Africans, and 4 Indians) and 14 official members. Julius Nyerere became one of the unofficial members in 1954. The council was again reconstituted in 1955 with 44 unofficial members (10 Europeans, 10 Africans, 10 Indians, and 14 government representatives) and 17 official members. Governor Cameron in 1929 enacted the Native Courts Ordinance No. 5, which removed those courts from the jurisdiction of the colonial courts and provided for a system of appeals with final resort to the governor himself. ### Railway development In 1928, the Tabora to Mwanza railway line was opened to traffic. The line from Moshi to Arusha opened in 1930. ### 1931 census In 1931 a census established the population of Tanganyika at 5,022,640 natives, in addition to 32,398 Asians and 8,228 Europeans. ### Health and education initiatives Under British rule, efforts were undertaken to fight the Tsetse fly (a carrier of sleeping sickness), and to fight malaria and bilharziasis; more hospitals were built. In 1926, the colonial administration provided subsidies to schools run by missionaries, and at the same time established its authority to exercise supervision and to establish guidelines. Yet in 1935, the education budget for the entire country of Tanganyika amounted to only US$290,000, although it is unclear how much this represented at the time in terms of purchasing power parity. ### Tanganyika wheat scheme The British Government decided to develop wheat growing to help feed a war-ravaged and severely rationed Britain and eventually Europe at the hoped-for Allied victory at the end of the Second World War. An American farmer in Tanganyika, Freddie Smith, was in charge, and David Gordon Hines was the accountant responsible for the finances. The scheme had 50,000 acres (202 km2) on the Ardai plains just outside Arusha; 25,000 acres (101 km2) on Mount Kilimanjaro; and 25,000 acres (101 km2) towards Ngorongoro to the west. All the machinery was lend/lease from the US, including 30 tractors, 30 ploughs, and 30 harrows. There were western agricultural and engineering managers. Most of the workers were Italian prisoners of war from Somalia and Ethiopia: excellent, skilled engineers and mechanics. The Ardai plains were too arid to be successful, but there were good crops in the Kilimanjaro and Ngorongoro areas. ### World War II Two days after Nazi Germany invaded Poland, the United Kingdom declared war and the British forces in Tanganyika were ordered to intern the German males living in Tanganyika. The British government feared that these Axis country citizens would attempt to help the Axis forces and some of the Germans living in Dar es Salaam did attempt to flee the country but were stopped and later interned by Roald Dahl and a small group of Tanganyikan soldiers of the King's African Rifles. During the war about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the Allied forces. and were part of the 375,000 British colonial troops who fought against the Axis forces. Tanganyikans fought in units of the King's African Rifles and fought in the East African Campaign in Somalia and Abyssinia against the Italians, in Madagascar against the Vichy French during the Madagascar Campaign, and in Burma against the Japanese during the Burma Campaign. Tanganyika became an important source of food and Tanganyika's export income greatly increased from the pre-war years of the Great Depression. However, despite the additional income, the war caused inflation within the country. ### Transition to independence In 1947, Tanganyika became a United Nations trust territory under British control. "Its geography, topography, climate, geopolitics, patterns of settlement and history made Tanganyika the most significant of all UN Trust Territories." But two-thirds of the population lived in one-tenth of the territory because of water shortages, soil erosion, unreliable rainfall, tsetse fly infestations, and poor communications and transportation infrastructures. Stamp of British East Africa with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II #### Multi-ethnic population In 1957, only 15 towns had more than 5,000 inhabitants, with the capital Dar es Salaam having the country's highest population of 128,742. Tanganyika was a multi-racial territory, which made it unique in the trusteeship world. Its total non-African population in 1957 was 123,310 divided as follows: 95,636 Asians and Arabs (subdivided as 65,461 Indians, 6,299 Pakistanis, 4,776 Goans, and 19,100 Arabs), 3,114 Somalis, and 3,782 "coloured" and "other" individuals. The white population, which included the Europeans (British, Italians, Greeks, and Germans) and white South Africans, totalled 20,598 individuals. Tanganyika's ethnic and economic make-up posed problems for the British. Their policy was geared to ensuring the continuance of the European presence as necessary to support the country's economy. But the British also had to remain responsive to the political demands of the Africans. Many Africans were government servants, business employees, labourers, and producers of important cash crops during this period. But the vast majority were subsistence farmers who produced barely enough to survive. The standards of housing, clothing, and other social conditions were "equally quite poor." The Asians and Arabs were the middle class and tended to be wholesale and retail traders. The white population were missionaries, professional and government servants, and owners and managers of farms, plantations, mines, and other businesses. "White farms were of primary importance as producers of exportable agricultural crops." #### Co-operative farming started Britain, through its colonial officer David Gordon Hines, encouraged the development of farming co-operatives to help convert subsistence farmers to cash husbandry. The subsistence farmers sold their produce to Indian traders at poor prices. By the early 1950s, there were over 400 co-operatives nationally. Co-operatives formed "unions" for their areas and developed cotton ginneries, coffee factories, and tobacco dryers. A major success for Tanzania was the Moshi coffee auctions that attracted international buyers after the annual Nairobi auctions. The disastrous Tanganyika groundnut scheme began in 1946 and was abandoned in 1951. #### UN trust territory After Tanganyika became a UN trust territory, the British felt extra pressure for political progress. The British principle of "gradualism" was increasingly threatened and was abandoned entirely during the last few years before independence. Five UN missions visited Tanganyika, the UN received several hundred written petitions, and a handful of oral presentations made it to the debating chambers in New York City between 1948 and 1960. The UN and the Africans who used the UN to achieve their purposes were very influential in driving Tanganyika towards independence. The Africans attended public gatherings in Tanganyika with UN representatives. There were peasants, urban workers, government employees, and local chiefs and nobles who personally approached the UN about local matters needing immediate action. And finally, there were Africans at the core of the political process who had the power to mould the future. Their goal was political advancement for Africans, with many supporting the nationalist movement, which had its roots in the African Association (AA). It was formed in 1929 as a social organization for African government servants in Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. The AA was renamed the Tanganyika African Association (TAA) in 1948 and ceased being concerned with events in Zanzibar. #### African nationalism Beginning in 1954, African nationalism centered on the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), which was a political organization formed by Julius Nyerere in that year as the successor to the TAA. The TANU won the Legislative Council elections in 1958, 1959, and 1960, with Nyerere becoming chief minister after the 1960 election. Internal self-government started on 1 May 1961 followed by independence on 9 December 1961. Zanzibar -------- Main article: History of Zanzibar Location of Zanzibar within Tanzania Zanzibar today refers to the island of that name, also known as Unguja, and the neighboring island of Pemba. Both islands fell under Portuguese domination in the 16th and early 17th centuries but were retaken by Omani Arabs in the early 18th century. The height of Arab rule came during the reign of Sultan Seyyid Said, who moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, established a ruling Arab elite, and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labor. Zanzibar and Pemba were world-famous for their trade in spices and became known as the Spice Islands; in the early 20th century, they produced approximately 90% of the world's supply of cloves. Zanzibar was also a major transit point in the African Great Lakes and Indian Ocean slave trade. Zanzibar attracted ships from as far away as the United States, which established a consulate in 1833. The United Kingdom's early interest in Zanzibar was motivated by both commerce and the determination to end the slave trade. In 1822, the British signed the first of a series of treaties with Sultan Said to curb this trade, but not until 1876 was the sale of slaves finally prohibited. The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of 1890 made Zanzibar and Pemba a British protectorate, and the Caprivi Strip in Namibia became a German protectorate. British rule through a Sultan remained largely unchanged from the late 19th century until 1957, when elections were held for a largely advisory Legislative Council. Independence and Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar ------------------------------------------------- Julius Nyerere demanding political independence for Tanganyika in 1961. In 1954, Julius Nyerere, a school teacher who was then one of only two Tanganyikans educated to university level, organized a political party—the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). On 9 December 1961, Tanganyika became independent, though retaining the British monarch as Queen of Tanganyika, and Nyerere became Prime Minister, under a new constitution. On 9 December 1962, a republican constitution was implemented with Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere as Tanganyika's first president. Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom on 10 December 1963, as a constitutional monarchy under its Sultan. On 12 January 1964, the African majority revolted against the sultan and a new government was formed with the ASP leader, Abeid Karume, as President of Zanzibar and Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. In the first few days of what would come to be known as the Zanzibar Revolution, between 5,000 and 15,000 Arabs and Indians were murdered. During a series of riots, followers of the radical John Okello carried out thousands of rapes and destroyed homes and other property. Within a few weeks, a fifth of the population had died or fled. It was at this time that the Tanganyika army revolted and Britain was asked by Julius Nyerere to send in troops. Royal Marines Commandos were sent by air from England via Nairobi and 40 Commando came ashore from the aircraft carrier HMS Bulwark. Several months were spent with Commandos touring the country disarming military outposts. When the successful operation ended, the Royal Marines left to be replaced by Canadian troops. On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October of that year. The name Tanzania is a blend of Tanganyika and Zanzibar and previously had no significance. Under the terms of this union, the Zanzibar Government retains considerable local autonomy. Recent history -------------- To form a sole ruling party in both parts of the union, Julius Nyerere merged TANU with the Zanzibar ruling party, the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) of Zanzibar to form the CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi-CCM Revolutionary Party), on February 5, 1977. The merger was reinforced by principles enunciated in the 1982 union constitution and reaffirmed in the constitution of 1984. Nyerere believed multiple political parties, in a country with hundreds of ethnic groups, were a threat to national unity and therefore sought ways to ensure a one party system. In a post-colonial and unstable social environment, Nyerere 'well aware of the divisiveness of ethnic chauvinism moved to excise tribalism from national politics'. To further his aim for national unity Nyerere established Kiswahili as the national language. Nyerere introduced African socialism, or Ujamaa, literal meaning 'family-hood'. Nyerere's government had made Ujamaa the philosophy that would guide Tanzania's national development; 'the government deliberately de-emphasized urban areas to deconcentrate and ruralize industrial growth (Darkoh, 1994). the main urban area of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, was for several long decades the main victim of this de-emphasis, largely because it 'remained for Nyerere a reminder of a colonial legacy. Scope of the state expanded rapidly into virtually every sector. In 1967, nationalizations transformed the government into the largest employer in the country. It was involved in everything from retailing to import-export trade and even baking. This created an environment ripe for corruption. Cumbersome bureaucratic procedures multiplied and excessive tax rates set by officials further damaged the economy. Enormous amounts of public funds were misappropriated and put to unproductive use. Purchasing power declined at an unprecedented rate and even essential commodities became unavailable. A system of permits (vibali) allowed officials to collect huge bribes in exchange for the vibali. A foundation for systemic corruption had been laid. Officials became widely known as Wabenzi ("people of the Benz"). By mid-1979, corruption had reached epidemic proportions as the economy collapsed. Nyerere's Tanzania had a close relationship with the People's Republic of China, the United Kingdom and Germany. In 1979 Tanzania declared war on Uganda after the Soviet-backed Uganda invaded and tried to annex the northern Tanzanian province of Kagera. Tanzania not only expelled Ugandan forces, but, enlisting the country's population of Ugandan exiles, also invaded Uganda itself. On April 11, 1979, the Ugandan president Idi Amin was forced to leave the capital, Kampala, ending the Uganda-Tanzania War. The Tanzanian army took the city with the help of the Ugandan and Rwandan guerrillas. Amin fled into exile. In October 1985, Nyerere handed over power to Ali Hassan Mwinyi, but retained control of the ruling party, Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), as Chairman until 1990, when he handed that responsibility to Mwinyi. In 1990, a coalition of ethnic and cultural groups of Zanzibar demanded a referendum on independence. They declared that the merger with the mainland Tanzania, based on the now dead ideology of socialism, had transformed Zanzibar from a bustling economic power to a poor, neglected appendage. Their demands were neglected. However, the ruling party comfortably won the elections amid widespread irregularities and its candidate Benjamin William Mkapa was subsequently sworn in as the new president of Tanzania in the country's ever multi-party election on 23 November 1995. Contested elections in late 2000 led to a massacre in Zanzibar in January 2001, with the government shooting into crowds of protesters, killing 35 and injuring 600. In December 2005, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete was elected the fourth president for a five-year term. One of the deadly 1998 U.S. embassy bombings occurred in Dar Es Salaam; the other was in Nairobi, Kenya. In 2004, the undersea earthquake on the other side of the Indian Ocean caused tsunamis along Tanzania's coastline in which 11 people were killed. An oil tanker also temporarily ran aground in the Dar Es Salaam harbour, damaging an oil pipeline. In 2008, a power surge cut off power to Zanzibar, resulting in the 2008 Zanzibar Power blackout. In 2015, after the ten-year term of president Jakaya Kikwete, the presidential election was won by John Magufuli. In October 2020, president Magufoli was re-elected in the election full of fraud and irregularities according to the opposition. Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) has held power since independence in 1961. It is the longest-serving ruling party in Africa. Every president of Tanzania has represented the party. According to Human Rights Watch since the election of President John Magufuli in December 2015, Tanzania has witnessed a marked decline in respect for free expression, association and assembly. On 19 March 2021, Vice President Samia Suluhu Hassan became the new president after the sudden death of President John Magufuli. She was the first female President of Tanzania. Recent archaeological discoveries --------------------------------- In February 2021, Polish archaeologists from Jagiellonian University announced the discovery of ancient rock art with anthropomorphic figures in a good condition at the Amak’hee 4 rockshelter site in Swaga Swaga Game Reserve in Tanzania. The paintings found at the rock shelter were made with a reddish dye and included buffalo heads, a giraffe head and neck, and domesticated cattle. They have been dated back to approximately several hundred years ago. Archaeologists estimated that these paintings may describe a ritual of the Sandawe people, although their present religion does not contain elements of anthropomorphization of buffaloes. Further reading --------------- * Gibbons, Ann (2007). The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor. Anchor Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-7696-3. * Hyden, Goran (1980). Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley: University of California Press. * Iliffe, John (1971). Agricultural Change in Modern Tanganyika (Historical Association of Tanzania Paper no. 10. (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1971), 47 pp. * Kjekshus, Helge (1996). Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History. London: James Currey. * Koponen, Juhani (1988). People and Production in Late Pre-colonial Tanzania: History and Structures. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of International Studies. * Koponen, Juhani (1994). Development for Exploitation: German Colonial Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1884–1914. * Paice, Edward (2007). Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa. London: Orion Publishing. * Waters, Tony (2007). The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: Life Beneath the Level of the Marketplace. Lanham: Lexington Books.
1998 American film *The Tic Code* (also known as *Lessons in the Tic Code) is a drama film directed by Gary Winick and written by Polly Draper. It tells of a single mother, the relationship she forms with a jazz musician who has Tourette syndrome, and her young son—a piano prodigy—also with the disorder. The musician and the boy form a friendship, and the film is loosely based upon the experiences of Draper's jazz musician husband Michael Wolff, who provided the film's score. Draper, known for her role in Thirtysomething, portrays the mother; Gregory Hines plays the musician; and Christopher George Marquette stars as the young boy. Principal photography took place in 1997 in New York City. The Tic Code* appeared at several film festivals in 1998 and 1999, where it won a number of awards. It received a limited theatrical release in the United States on August 4, 2000, and a DVD release in February 2001. Critical response to the film was generally favorable. Plot ---- Miles Caraday is a jazz piano prodigy who has Tourette syndrome. Miles has a school friend, Todd who seems not to be bothered by Miles' condition. Miles wants to become a jazz pianist against the wishes of his classical-oriented instructor Miss Gimpole. At a local nightspot, Miles becomes friends with a jazz saxophonist, Tyrone Pike, who also has Tourette's but learned ways to cover up his condition. In the film, Tyrone tells Denny Harley who bullies Miles that the reason they both tic is: Tyrone: [...] because we both know the code. Denny: [...] Code, what code? Tyrone: [...] 'the tic code'. Denny: So you and Miles made this whole thing up? Tyrone: No, the C.I.A. did; a lot of people know about it now. Cast ---- * Gregory Hines plays Tyrone Pike, a jazz saxophonist and Laura's boyfriend. Hines also studied Wolff to imitate his ticcing and develop the character. During filming, Hines committed himself to spending a full day as a Touretter; after being stared at by a taxi driver, Hines reflected that he had not considered how embarrassing the disorder could be. He also studied tapes of Alex Foster to learn how to finger the saxophone. * Polly Draper plays Laura Caraday, a single mother. * Christopher Marquette plays Laura's son Miles Caraday, a young jazz piano prodigy with Tourette Syndrome. Marquette learned how to play the piano from Wolff. He also studied ticcing from Wolff and watched videotapes, including the documentary Twitch and Shout, to perfect his technique. In preparation for the role, Marquette practiced ticcing in public. The film also features Desmond Robertson as Todd, Miles' friend; Carol Kane as Miss Gimpole, Miles' music instructor and teacher; Robert Iler as Denny Harley, a bully; Bill Nunn and Tony Shalhoub as bartenders Kingston and Phil; Camryn Manheim as Mrs. Lily Swensrut, one of Laura's customers; and James McCaffrey as Michael Caraday, Laura's ex-husband. Wolff cameos as Sound Engineer #2. Filming ------- The Tic Code was in development for five years before finally being made. Principal photography took place on location in New York City in 1997, on a budget of US$2 million. The film was directed by Gary Winick, who took over after original director Norman René died during pre-production. It was written by Polly Draper, who also produced alongside Karen Tangorra, Midge Sanford, Sarah Pillsbury and Larry Meistrich. Draper based the screenplay on the experiences of her jazz musician husband Michael Wolff, who has Tourette syndrome. Wolff's involvement as co-producer ensured the cooperation of jazz club The Village Vanguard, which granted the production permission to use its name and exterior shots of the building. Herman Leonard loaned his collection of photographs of famous jazz musicians, and the Blue Note jazz club allowed its name to be used on fake fliers. Wolff provided the film's score and played the piano. Alex Foster also contributed to the soundtrack for scenes of Hines playing the saxophone. Post production --------------- The Tic Code appeared at the first Newport International Film Festival in June 1998. It was subsequently shown at the Wine Country Film Festival in July–August 1998, and at the Hamptons International Film Festival in October 1998. The film also appeared at several film festivals in 1999, including the Vancouver Reel to Real Festival on March 3, 1999, the Berlin International Film Festival, and the Giffoni Film Festival. On April 2, 1999, it aired on the Starz! television network. The distribution rights were subsequently picked up by insurance company-backed film library Chaross Pictures, which buys independent films that have run into financial difficulty before it was sold to Lions Gate Entertainment in May 1999. Lions Gate gave The Tic Code a limited theatrical release in the United States, opening on August 4, 2000. It grossed US$205,000 from nine theaters and closed on October 5, 2000. Awards and reception -------------------- The Tic Code received generally favorable reviews from film critics. Rotten Tomatoes reported that 77% of critics gave the film a positive write-up, based upon a sample of 26, with an average score of 6.6/10. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 64, based on 17 reviews. In 1998, the film won the Audience Award for Most Popular Feature at the Hamptons International Film Festival. It also received a "special recognition" award from the festival jury. Polly Draper won the Bronze Gryphon award for Best Actress at the Giffoni Film Festival, and Christopher George Marquette obtained the Bronze Gryphon award for Best Actor. In 1999, the film earned the Crystal Bear award at the Berlin International Film Festival. The film also took the Best Overall Film award at the first Vancouver Reel to Reel Festival.
American museum administrator Leslie Greene Bowman (born November 9, 1956) is an American museum administrator and decorative arts historian who has served as president of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which owns and runs Monticello, since 2008. She previously worked in progressively responsible curatorial roles at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (1980–1997) and served as director of the National Museum of Wildlife Art (1997–1999) and Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library (1999–2008). Life and career --------------- Born in Springfield, Ohio, Bowman received her PhB from Miami University in 1978 and her MA from the Winterthur Program in Early American Culture, which the Winterthur Museum jointly administers with the University of Delaware, in 1981. She has taught American decorative arts history at University of Southern California and University of California, Los Angeles and worked as a consultant curator for Oakland Museum of California. Among her signature accomplishments at Winterthur Museum was arranging for a 2002 conservation easement on the 970-acre property to ensure it would never be developed, along with a campaign to attract new audiences through children's programming and rotating and traveling exhibitions. She has been a member of the Committee for the Preservation of the White House since 1993, serving under five presidents. In 2016, the Daughters of the American Revolution awarded her its Historic Preservation Medal. She has served as a trustee of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, board member of the Association of Art Museum Directors, and accreditation commissioner for the American Alliance of Museums. She is a historian of the American Arts and Crafts movement. Bowman collaborated to curate three traveling exhibitions and author accompanying exhibition catalogs entitled American Arts & Crafts: Virtue in Design (1990), American Rococo, 1750–1775: Elegance in Ornament (1992, coauthor Morrison Heckscher from the Metropolitan Museum of Art), and The Arts and Crafts Movement in California: Living the Good Life (1993). Personal life ------------- Bowman was married to Cortland Neuhoff and had one daughter, Haley Neuhoff.
American photographer Photograph of Robert Toombs, former Secretary of State of the Confederacy, by Heustis Cook Rosewell Plantation in Gloucester County, Virginia Huestis Pratt Cook (1868–1951) was an American photographer based in Richmond, Virginia. He captured many images on glass-plate negatives, a technique he learned from his father. He took over his father's studio after his death and had a full photography business. He was a son of George S. Cook, known for taking the first photograph of active combat in 1863 during the American Civil War. The senior Cook developed expertise in daguerrotypes and had been active in Charleston, South Carolina and Richmond, Virginia. Biography --------- Huestis Pratt Cook was born in 1868 in Charleston, South Carolina to George Smith Cook (1819-1902) and his second wife Lavinia Pratt. She was the niece of George Cook's late wife Elizabeth, who died in 1864. His father moved the family to Richmond in 1880, when Heustis was twelve. There the senior Cook had his last photography studio. Heustis attended local schools and also learned photography from his father, including techniques with glass-plate negatives, developing and printing. The eldest son, George LaGrange Cook, had also become a photographer and had stayed in Charleston, taking over their father's studio there. After a decade, he joined the rest of the family in Richmond. Heustis Cook married Mary Latimer and set up his own photography business. After his father died in 1902, Cook took over the studio at 913 East Main Street in Richmond. Huestis Cook is known for his photographs of African Americans. Cook's work also includes self portraits but encompasses a wide range of subjects. Together he and his father had amassed a large collection of photos of people and places in the city of Richmond, images produced from glass-plate negatives. After Cook's death in 1951, his widow, Mary Latimer Cook, later helped researchers discover thousands of the family's photographs and glass plate negatives. In 1954, during the directorship of Virginia McKenney Claiborne, some 10,000 images were acquired by The Valentine, the museum of Richmond. They are being catalogued, organized, and digitized. The Valentine featured 40 of the images in an exhibit in July 2019. Further reading --------------- * Shadows in Silver; A Record of Virginia, 1850-1900, In Contemporary Photographs Taken by George and Huestis Cook, with Additions from the Cook Collection by A. Lawrence Kocher and Howard Dearstyne, New York: Scribner (1954)
Canadian politician This article is about the Conservative Party of Canada politician. For the press secretary to Paul Martin, see Scott Reid (political advisor). For the Newfoundland and Labrador Member of the House of Assembly, see Scott Reid (Newfoundland and Labrador politician). Scott Jeffrey Reid MP (born January 25, 1964) is a Canadian politician. He has served in the House of Commons of Canada since 2000, and currently represents the Ontario riding of Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston as a member of the Conservative Party. Personal life ------------- Reid was born in Hull, Quebec. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in political science and a Master of Arts in Russian history from Carleton University in Ottawa, and has written on federalism and the Canadian constitution. He was raised in his father's Unitarian church, and remains a member of that faith. His mother is Jewish. Reid lives in Perth with his wife, Robyn Mulcahy. He separated from his earlier spouse, Lynda Cuff–Reid, early in 2013. Reid also serves on the board of directors of Giant Tiger Stores Ltd. a family-owned business founded by his father, Gordon Reid.[] Early life ---------- Reid worked full-time in 1985–1989 for the Canadian merchandising chain Giant Tiger. Reid focused primarily on intellectual activities before running for public office, working as an author, journalist, researcher and lecturer. In 1990–1991, he worked in Port Townsend, Washington, writing for the American journal Liberty. He reported on events in Ottawa between 1992 and 1994 for the Alberta Report, and wrote opinion pieces for the National Post newspaper in 1999 and 2000. During the 1997–98 academic year, he was an instructor at the University of Western Sydney in Australia. ### As author In the early nineties, Reid published two books: Canada Remapped: How the Partition of Quebec Will Reshape the Nation (1992) and Lament for a Notion: The Life and Death of Canada's Bilingual Dream (1993). In 2014, Reid and former Liberal MP Mario Silva co-edited a book, Tackling Hate: Combating Antisemitism: The Ottawa Protocol. As well, Reid has written chapters in a number of edited books, and published articles in magazines and academic journals. Many of his writings focus on subjects such as the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the role of the judiciary, property rights, national unity (with an emphasis on the consequences of Quebec separation) and Official Bilingualism. #### National unity and partition In Canada Remapped, Reid argues that the Canadian government should establish a clear legal framework to "govern the mechanics" of both provincial separation and the partition of a seceding province. While he does not endorse separation or partition, he argues that such a legal framework may be necessary to prevent the sectarian violence of Northern Ireland and the former Yugoslavia from surfacing in Canada, should Quebec voters choose to secede. He concludes the work by advising that a "legal, constitutional method" for provincial secession be entrenched in the Canadian Constitution. #### Official bilingualism The title of Reid's second book, Lament for a Notion, is an allusion to George Grant's 1965 classic, Lament for a Nation. Reid asserts in this work that Canada's system of official bilingualism has been an expensive failure, based on a utopian model developed by former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau rather than on what Reid suggests is the more practical model of "territorial bilingualism", proposed by the 1963–1970 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (B&B Commission). He also argues that the existing system of bilingualism costs the Canadian economy four billion dollars every year to sustain. Under Reid's model of territorial bilingualism, official language services would be extended only to those "relatively limited areas" of the country where "French or English is the language of the local majority or a strong local minority, but not of the provincial majority." He argues that this approach would involve "the smallest amount of disruption to individuals" of any proposed model of official bilingualism, and so describes it as the "most just" approach from a utilitarian point of view. Lament for a Notion received mixed reviews in the Canadian press. The Montreal Gazette ran a strongly negative review by George Tombs, who rejected Reid's calculations of the cost of official bilingualism as arbitrary and unreliable. A subsequent review in the literary journal Books in Canada described Reid's work as narrowly ideological; this review included the line, "Reid's notion of justice is a familiar one: justice is whatever the marketplace provides; injustice is whatever government does." Other reviews were more positive. Denis Smith wrote in the Toronto Star that Lament was a "hard-headed, fair and devastating account" of the existing system of official bilingualism, adding that its recommendations were "sensible" and "very difficult to refute". The Calgary Herald described the book as "a remarkable study: Informed, provocative, even visionary". #### On the Constitution and Charter of Rights In a 1996 essay, "Penumbras for the People" (1996), Reid advocated the adoption of a law that would permit Parliament to invoke Section 33 of the Charter of Rights (the so-called "Notwithstanding Clause", which permits Parliament and the provincial legislatures to re-enact laws that have been struck down by the courts as being in violation of the Charter), only if its use had first been authorized in a national referendum. In a follow-up article written for the National Post in 1999, Reid argued that this approach would empower the Canadian electorate, and "reduce the power of the courts to make arbitrary judgments as to the meaning of vaguely drafted Charter rights". Reid further argued that this "democratization" of the Notwithstanding Clause would provide greater clarity to Section 1 of the Charter of Rights, which permits laws to remain in effect even if they infringe on Charter-protected rights, as long as the infringements are (to use the words used in Section 1) "reasonable" and "can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society". He wrote that it is difficult for judges to determine which infringements are "demonstrably justified", and that "one can scarcely imagine a more appropriate way of demonstrably justifying what constitutes a reasonable limit on rights in a free and democratic society," than by popular referendums. #### Electoral reform Reid's first involvement with this issue took place in 1997, when he was the researcher assigned to a Reform Party task force on electoral reform. From 2004 to 2005, Reid served on a House of Commons committee studying electoral reform, and authored a dissenting report on behalf of Conservative MPs, advocating that any change to the electoral system should be designed by a Citizens’ Assembly on the model used the previous year in British Columbia. In a 2005 article in the Canadian Parliamentary Review, Reid argued that Canada should choose between different electoral models using "a preferential referendum whereby voters would place a "1" on the ballot beside their preferred option, a "2" beside the option that they like second-best, and so on. If no single option won a majority of the votes, the least-favoured option would be dropped from the ballot, and the ballots of voters who had chosen this option as their first preference would be redistributed to the options that had been their respective second choices. This process would continue until a single option achieves a clear majority." ### Political advisor (1994–2000) Reid served as a constitutional advisor to Reform Party leader Preston Manning in the 1990s, and was the Senior Researcher for the parliamentary caucus of the Reform Party from 1994 to 1997. After the formation of the Canadian Alliance in 2000, he worked as a speechwriter and organizer in Stockwell Day's leadership campaign. In the same year, Reid criticized Jean Chrétien's Clarity Act as failing to provide a clear framework for future referendums on Quebec separatism. Opposition MP (2000–2006) ------------------------- Reid was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the 2000 federal election as a member of the Canadian Alliance. He narrowly defeated Liberal incumbent Ian Murray in the riding of Lanark—Carleton to become one of only two Alliance representatives from Ontario. After the election, he was appointed as Alliance critic for Intergovernmental Affairs (including official languages) and served in 2001–02 as the vice-chair of the Standing Joint Committee of the House of Commons and Senate on Official Languages. Reid was Stephen Harper's primary Ontario organizer in 2002, during Harper's successful challenge against Stockwell Day for the Alliance leadership. Reid was part of the five-person transition team that arranged for Harper to assume the leadership, following Harper's March 2002 victory. The following year, he was appointed as a lead negotiator for the Alliance in the merger talks with the Progressive Conservative Party that led to the creation of the Conservative Party of Canada. For the 2004 election campaign, Reid transferred to the riding of Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington. Early in the contest, he provoked controversy by re-asserting that official bilingualism is too broadly applied in Canada and that the policy should be reviewed by the House of Commons and Senate Standing Committees on Official Languages. The comment provoked an immediate reaction from Prime Minister Paul Martin, who warned that Reid's proposals reflected "the kind of Canada that Stephen Harper wants." Georges Arès, the president of the Fédération des communautés francophones et acadiennes, also expressed concern. Reid clarified that his views did not represent Conservative Party policy, and he resigned as the party's official languages critic later the same day. Some in the media felt that both the controversy and Reid's reaction had been overblown. An editorial in the National Post argued that "perhaps no one in Parliament understands the Official Languages Act better than Scott Reid," and expressed the hope that Reid would soon "be restored to that portfolio, either as critic or minister, after the election is over." An Ottawa Citizen editorial stated that "the level of political debate in Canada has plunged again with the verbal attack on ... Scott Reid." The controversy did not hurt Reid's chances for re-election; he defeated Liberal incumbent Larry McCormick by over 10,000 votes. The Liberals were cut down to a minority government in the 38th Canadian parliament, and Reid remained on the Official Opposition front bench as his party's critic for Democratic Reform and for Fednor (Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario). Government MP (2006–2015) ------------------------- Reid was re-elected in the 2006 federal election, in which the Conservatives won a minority government. He served as deputy Government House Leader. While an opposition MP, Reid had argued that returning officers in elections should be appointed by a non-partisan agency instead of the government. This measure was included in the Harper government's Accountability Act, introduced in 2006. In May of the same year, Reid brought forward a motion to prevent the Federal Ethics Commissioner from making public the identities of employers of dependent children of Members of Parliament. The Commissioner had been given this power to safeguard against conflict-of-interest situations, but Reid and other MPs argued that it was a violation of privacy. Reid proposed several amendments at the Conservative Party's 2008 convention in Winnipeg. Two of his amendments, which would have changed the weighting of ridings in leadership elections, were defeated. Two other amendments to make the party more democratic were passed easily: one calls for members of the party's National Council to be elected by preferential ballot, and the other mandates that postal ballots be used for leadership elections. Return to opposition (2015–present) ----------------------------------- In the 2015 federal election, the Conservatives were removed from power. Reid was re-elected from Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston, essentially a reconfigured version of his old riding, with a 14.1% margin of victory—his smallest margin of victory since his initial election to the House of Commons in 2000. Reid was subsequently named to the House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform, and served as one of the two vice-chairs of the committee. He lost his seat on the Human Rights subcommittee, but retained his membership on the Procedure and House Affairs Committee, and was named Conservative critic for the Democratic Institutions portfolio. At the Conservative Party's 2016 national convention, Reid participated in an effort to amend the party constitution so that Rona Ambrose, then the interim party leader, would be permitted to become a candidate in the party's 2017 leadership race. Reid afterward described Ambrose as "the best prime minister Canada never had." Subsequently, however, he supported Andrew Scheer's leadership campaign. Reid endorsed Leslyn Lewis in the 2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election. ### Opposition to COVID-19 emergency measures On 24 March 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic raged, the Commons sat briefly "at noon as scheduled and then suspended for behind-the-scenes negotiations". Reid "defied his own party orders to stay away from Ottawa" in order that he ensure that legislation outlining COVID-19 relief measures did not receive unanimous consent. Reid had referred to the legislation in a blog post as a "Henry VIII Bill" for allowing the executive to function without the approval of Parliament. In the event, Hansard has no record on that date of his full-throated dissent. He also stated that his objection was completely procedural, and that he had no objection to the bill provided it was delivered to MPs with sufficient time to read and understand it. Ideology -------- Reid describes himself as more libertarian than conservative, and holds a combination of civil libertarian and socially conservative views. In 2001 he published an article in Policy Options arguing that the federal government should turn over to individual provinces the power to decide whether marijuana would be made legal within their own boundaries. (Reid noted that this was how Canada had dealt with the issue of alcohol prohibition a century earlier, and maintained that this approach "would be the most effective method of reflecting in Canadian law our culturally based, and therefore evolving, views towards drugs.") On November 27, 2017, Reid was the only MP to break party ranks and vote in support of C-45, a bill that would eventually legalize cannabis. In 2001, he was one of four Canadian Alliance MPs to break party ranks and vote against the Chrétien government's Anti-Terrorism Act, arguing that it violated traditional civil liberties and should be time-limited by a "Sunset Clause".[] Reid opposes both capital punishment and abortion, but has voted on such issues based on the preferences of his constituents, rather than on the basis of his own views. Reid voted against the Martin government's same-sex marriage legislation in 2005, after consulting his constituents on the issue (although he also argued that the bill infringed upon religious rights). In 2012, he voted against re-opening the abortion debate, despite his own pro-life views, after conducting another consultation. Reid supports marijuana legalization and was the only Conservative MP to vote in favour of the Cannabis Act, the law which legalized recreational cannabis use nationwide in Canada. ### Human rights During his first two terms as an MP, Reid became closely associated with efforts to end the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners in the People's Republic of China. A motion (M-236) drafted by Reid, which called upon Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to raise the issue of thirteen imprisoned Falun Gong practitioners with close family ties to Canada, was unanimously adopted by the House of Commons on October 24, 2002. This action has been credited with causing the release of some of the prisoners and their subsequent emigration to Canada. Despite Reid's efforts, the Canadian immigration department declined to admit Mingli Lin, a prisoner who was named in Motion M-236, and Lin was re-arrested in 2005. Between 2007 and 2015, Reid chaired the International Human Rights subcommittee of the House Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs. Reid chaired the steering committee of the Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism (CPCCA), a multi-partisan group of MPs which organized an international conference on antisemitism in Ottawa in 2010, and was vice-chair of the CPCCA's inquiry panel into domestic antisemitism within Canada, which published its report in 2011. ### Provincial politics Reid was a founding member of the Lanark Landowners Association, the first of the county-based property rights associations that developed into the Ontario Landowners Association. A longtime friend and supporter of the OLA's first president, Randy Hillier, Reid encouraged Hillier to run for the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario candidacy for the 2007 provincial election in Reid's riding of in Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington. Prior to the nomination, some members of the provincial party expressed concern about Hillier's candidacy, and the Toronto Star speculated that the party might disqualify him. Reid responded that he would be "very disappointed" if Hillier were prevented from running, adding "I can't think of anything more dangerous to our prospects [of winning in this riding]". In October 2007, Hillier was elected MPP for Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington by a narrow margin. In 2009, Reid was one of two Ontario MPs to endorse Randy Hillier's bid for the provincial PC leadership. ### Other initiatives * Reid has held 11 "constituency referendums" in which he asked his constituents how he should vote on a moral issue. This includes votes on the Anti-Terrorism Act (2001), the Species at Risk Act (2002), the Civil Marriage Act (2005) and a parliamentary motion on reopening the abortion debate (2012). He has then voted as instructed by constituents. On two of these occasions, this caused him to vote against his party. * Each year, Reid donates to charity the proceeds of the $20,000 pay raise that MPs voted themselves in 2001. Each year the money is used to purchase defibrillators for use in hockey rinks, seniors centres, and local police forces in his riding. Reid explained his decision to make the donations by saying, "MPs were making $109,000 at the time. If a single guy living in a small town can't get by on $109,000, he's not trying too hard." * In an annual survey conducted by the Hill Times newspaper in May 2006, Reid was voted second in the "Most Generous MP" category, second in the "Most Fun to Work For" category, third in the "Throws the Best Parties" category, and second in the "Worst-Dressed Male MP" category. Reid's dress habits have since met with greater media approval; in 2007 Reid told the Hill Times that he thought Fred Astaire and the Duke of Windsor were "the two best-dressed men of the 20th century," and in the December 2013 issue of iPolitics, Reid was cited as one of the "Top 10 list of the best dressed MPs, chosen for their extra thought on style...." * Each June since 2003, Reid has held an artisanal beer tasting event on Parliament Hill. Reid says the event "promotes small-scale, artisanal, value-added production that is ... closely associated with the land, agriculture, recapturing the traditional way of doing things." Despite this, Reid has the lowest hospitality budget in the House of Commons, prompting CBC reporter Terry Milewski to brand Reid the "supreme leader of the Tightwads." Electoral record ---------------- \| * v * t * e 2019 Canadian federal election: Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston \| \| --- \| \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| Expenditures \| \| \| Conservative \| Scott Reid \| 30,077 \| 48.1 \| +0.2 \| $31,656.25 \| \| \| Liberal \| Kayley Kennedy \| 15,441 \| 24.7 \| -11.1 \| $24,751.79 \| \| \| New Democratic \| Satinka Schilling \| 8,835 \| 14.1 \| – \| $13.181.99 \| \| \| Green \| Stephen Kotze \| 7,011 \| 11.2 \| +7.7 \| $25,332.91 \| \| \| People's \| Matthew Barton \| 1,117 \| 1.8 \| – \| none listed \| \| Total valid votes/expense limit \| 62,481 \| 100.0 \| – \| $112,784.66 \| \| Total rejected ballots \| 434 \| 0.69 \| +0.30 \| \| Turnout \| 62,915 \| 72.5 \| -0.39 \| \| Eligible voters \| 86,806 \| \| \| Conservative hold \| Swing \| +5.65 \| \| Source: Elections Canada \| \| 2015 Canadian federal election: Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston \| \| --- \| \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| Expenditures \| \| \| Conservative \| Scott Reid \| 27,399 \| 47.9 \| -12.18 \| $44,082.97 \| \| \| Liberal \| Phil Archambault \| 19,325 \| 33.8 \| +17.42 \| $60,112.47 \| \| \| New Democratic \| John Fenik \| 8,073 \| 14.1 \| -4.02 \| $26,561.89 \| \| \| Green \| Anita Payne \| 2,025 \| 3.5 \| -1.38 \| $4,231.95 \| \| \| Libertarian \| Mark Budd \| 418 \| 0.7 \| – \| $1,284.49 \| \| Total valid votes/Expense limit \| 57,240 \| 100 \| \| $211,962.28 \| \| Total rejected ballots \| 222 \| 0.39 \| – \| \| Turnout \| 57,462 \| 72.89 \| – \| \| Eligible voters \| 78,826 \| \| \| Conservative hold \| Swing \| -14.8 \| \| Source: Elections Canada \| \| 2011 Canadian federal election: Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington \| \| --- \| \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| Expenditures \| \| \| Conservative \| Scott Reid \| 33,754 \| 57.27 \| +1.39 \| $38,507 \| \| \| New Democratic \| Doug Smyth \| 12,174 \| 20.65 \| +7.53 \| $11,967 \| \| \| Liberal \| David Remington \| 9,940 \| 16.86 \| -4.94 \| $53,903 \| \| \| Green \| John Baranyi \| 2,702 \| 4.58 \| -3.96 \| $15,798 \| \| \| Independent \| Ralph Lee \| 370 \| 0.63 \| – \| $1,542 \| \| Total valid votes \| 58,940 \| 100 \| – \| \| Total rejected ballots \| 170 \| 0.29 \| +0.04 \| \| Turnout \| 59,110 \| 65.53 \| +4.49 \| \| Eligible voters \| 90,197 \| – \| – \| \| 2008 Canadian federal election: Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington \| \| --- \| \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| Expenditures \| \| \| Conservative \| Scott Reid \| 30,272 \| 55.88 \| +4.81 \| $47,946 \| \| \| Liberal \| David Remington \| 11,809 \| 21.80 \| -2.93 \| $54,213 \| \| \| New Democratic \| Sandra Willard \| 7,112 \| 13.12 \| -3.03 \| $12,999 \| \| \| Green \| Chris Walker \| 4,629 \| 8.54 \| +3.31 \| $12,887 \| \| \| Marijuana \| Ernest Rathwell \| 347 \| 0.64 \| -0.20 \| $0 \| \| Total valid votes/Expense limit \| 54,169 \| 100 \| $94,298 \| \| Total rejected ballots \| 137 \| 0.25 \| -0.11 \| \| Turnout \| 54,306 \| 61.04 \| -6.63 \| \| * v * t * e 2006 Canadian federal election: Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington \| \| --- \| \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| ±% \| Expenditures \| \| \| Conservative \| Scott Reid \| 30,367 \| 51.07 \| +2.30 \| $79,120 \| \| \| Liberal \| Geoff Turner \| 14,709 \| 24.73 \| -6.24 \| $70,090 \| \| \| New Democratic \| Helen Forsey \| 9,604 \| 16.15 \| +3.03 \| $12,483 \| \| \| Green \| Mike Nickerson \| 3,115 \| 5.23 \| +0.39 \| $8,973 \| \| \| Progressive Canadian \| Jeffrey Bogaerts \| 735 \| 1.23 \| – \| \| \| \| Marijuana \| Ernest Rathwell \| 501 \| 0.84 \| -0.01 \| \| \| \| Canadian Action \| Jerry Ackerman \| 429 \| 0.72 \| – \| $7,594 \| \| Total valid votes \| 59,460 \| 100 \| \| Total rejected ballots \| 217 \| 0.36 \| \| Turnout \| 59,677 \| 67.67 \| \| Electors on the lists \| 88,185 \| \| 2004 Canadian federal election: Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington \| \| --- \| \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| \| Conservative \| Scott Reid \| 27,566 \| 48.77 \| \| \| Liberal \| Larry McCormick \| 17,507 \| 30.97 \| \| \| New Democratic \| Ross Sutherland \| 7,418 \| 13.12 \| \| \| Green \| John Baranyi \| 2,736 \| 4.84 \| \| \| Independent \| Bill Vankoughnet \| 820 \| 1.45 \| \| \| Marijuana \| George Kolaczynski \| 479 \| 0.85 \| \| Total valid votes \| 56,526 \| 100 \| \| * v * t * e 2000 Canadian federal election: Lanark—Carleton \| \| --- \| \| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| Expenditures \| \| \| Alliance \| Scott Reid \| 24,670 \| 38.93 \| $74,059.08 \| \| \| Liberal \| Ian Murray \| 22,811 \| 35.99 \| $55,838.83 \| \| \| Progressive Conservative \| Bryan Brulotte \| 12,430 \| 19.61 \| $44,930.08 \| \| \| New Democratic \| Theresa Kiefer \| 1,946 \| 3.07 \| $1,246.34 \| \| \| Green \| Stuart Langstaff \| 871 \| 1.37 \| $4,165.48 \| \| \| Canadian Action \| Ross Elliott \| 388 \| 0.61 \| $4,019.98 \| \| \| Independent \| John Baranyi \| 150 \| 0.24 \| $0.00 \| \| \| Natural Law \| Britt Roberts \| 107 \| 0.17 \| $0.00 \| \| Total valid votes \| 63,373 \| 100.00 \| \| \| Total rejected ballots \| 192 \| \| \| \| Turnout \| 63,565 \| 66.11 \| \| \| Electors on the lists \| 96,157 \| \| \| \| Sources: Official Results, Elections Canada and Financial Returns, Elections Canada. \|
Naval battle between Octavian and Antony/Cleopatra (31 BC) The Battle of Actium was a naval battle fought between Octavian's maritime fleet, led by Marcus Agrippa, and the combined fleets of both Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII Philopator. The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC in the Ionian Sea, near the former Roman colony of Actium, Greece, and was the climax of over a decade of rivalry between Octavian and Antony. In early 31 BC, the year of the battle, Antony and Cleopatra were temporarily stationed in Greece. Mark Antony possessed 500 ships and 70,000 infantry, and made his camp at Actium, and Octavian, with 400 ships and 80,000 infantry, arrived from the north and occupied Patrae and Corinth, where he managed to cut Antony's southward communications with Egypt (via the Peloponnese) with help from Marcus Agrippa. Octavian previously gained a preliminary victory in Greece, where his navy successfully ferried troops across the Adriatic Sea under the command of Marcus Agrippa. Octavian landed on mainland Greece, opposite of the island of Corcyra (modern Corfu) and proceeded south, on land. Trapped on both land and sea, portions of Antony's army deserted and fled to Octavian's side (daily), and Octavian's forces became comfortable enough to make preparations for battle. Antony's fleet sailed through the bay of Actium on the western coast of Greece, in a desperate attempt to break free of the naval blockade. It was there that Antony's fleet faced the much larger fleet of smaller, more manoeuvrable ships under commanders Gaius Sosius and Agrippa. Antony and his remaining forces were spared only due to a last-ditch effort by Cleopatra's fleet that had been waiting nearby. Octavian pursued them and defeated their forces in Alexandria on 1 August 30 BC—after which Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Octavian's victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions. He adopted the title of Princeps ("first citizen"), and in 27 BC was awarded the title of Augustus ("revered") by the Roman Senate. This became the name by which he was known in later times. As Augustus, he retained the trappings of a restored Republican leader, but historians generally view his consolidation of power and the adoption of these honorifics as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. Background ---------- Further information: War of Actium A reconstructed statue of Augustus as a younger Octavian, dated c. 30 BC A Roman bust of the consul and triumvir Mark Antony, Vatican Museums The alliance among Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus, commonly known as the Second Triumvirate, was renewed for a five-year term at Tarentum in 37 BC. However, the triumvirate broke down when Octavian saw Caesarion, the professed son of Julius Caesar and Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, as a major threat to his power. This occurred when Mark Antony, the other most influential member of the triumvirate, abandoned his wife, Octavian's sister Octavia Minor. Afterward he moved to Egypt to start a long-term romance with Cleopatra, becoming Caesarion's de facto stepfather. Octavian and the majority of the Roman Senate saw Antony as leading a separatist movement that threatened to break the Roman Republic's unity.[] Octavian's prestige and, more importantly, his legions' loyalty had been boosted by Julius Caesar's legacy of 44 BC, by which he was officially adopted as Caesar's only son and the sole legitimate heir of his enormous wealth. Antony had been the most important and most successful senior officer in Caesar's army (magister equitum) and, thanks to his military record, claimed a substantial share of the political support of Caesar's soldiers and veterans. Both Octavian and Antony had fought against their common enemies in the Liberators' civil war that followed the assassination of Caesar. After years of loyal cooperation with Octavian, Antony started to act independently, eventually arousing his rival's suspicion that he was vying to become sole master of Rome. When he left Octavia Minor and moved to Alexandria to become Cleopatra's official partner, many Roman politicians suspected that he was trying to become the unchecked ruler of Egypt and other eastern kingdoms while still maintaining his command over the many Roman legions in the East.[] As a personal challenge to Octavian's prestige, Antony tried to get Caesarion accepted as a true heir of Caesar, even though the legacy did not mention him. Antony and Cleopatra formally elevated Caesarion, then 13, to power in 34 BC, giving him the title "King of the Kings" (Donations of Alexandria). Such an entitlement was seen as a threat to Roman republican traditions.[] It was widely believed that Antony had once offered Caesarion a diadem.[] Thereafter, Octavian started a propaganda war, denouncing Antony as an enemy of Rome and asserting that he intended to establish a monarchy over the Roman Empire on Caesarion's behalf, circumventing the Roman Senate.[] It was also said that Antony intended to move the imperial capital to Alexandria. As the Second Triumvirate formally expired on the last day of 33 BC, Antony wrote to the Senate that he did not wish to be reappointed. He hoped that it might regard him as its champion against the ambition of Octavian, whom he presumed would not be willing to abandon his position in a similar manner.[] The causes of mutual dissatisfaction between the two had been accumulating. Antony complained that Octavian had exceeded his powers in deposing Lepidus, in taking over the countries held by Sextus Pompeius and in enlisting soldiers for himself without sending half to him. Octavian complained that Antony had no authority to be in Egypt; that his execution of Sextus Pompeius was illegal; that his treachery to the king of Armenia disgraced the Roman name; that he had not sent half the proceeds of the spoils to Rome according to his agreement; and that his connection with Cleopatra and acknowledgement of Caesarion as a legitimate son of Caesar were a degradation of his office and a menace to himself. In 32 BC, one-third of the Senate and both consuls, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius, allied with Antony. The consuls had determined to conceal the extent of Antony's demands. Ahenobarbus seems to have wished to keep quiet, but on 1 January Sosius made an elaborate speech in favor of Antony, and would have proposed the confirmation of his act had it not been vetoed by a tribune. Octavian was not present, but at the next meeting made a reply that provoked both consuls to leave Rome to join Antony; Antony, when he heard of it, after publicly divorcing Octavia, went at once to Ephesus with Cleopatra, where a vast fleet was gathered from all parts of the East, of which Cleopatra furnished a large proportion. After staying with his allies at Samos, Antony moved to Athens. His land forces, which had been in Armenia, came down to the coast of Asia and embarked under Publius Canidius Crassus. Octavian kept up his strategic preparations. Military operations began in 32 BC, when his general Agrippa captured Methone, a Greek town allied to Antony. But by the publication of Antony's will, which Lucius Munatius Plancus had put into Octavian's hands, and by carefully letting it be known in Rome what preparations were going on at Samos and how Antony was effectively acting as the agent of Cleopatra, Octavian produced such a violent outburst of feeling that he easily obtained Antony's deposition from the consulship of 31 BC, for which Antony had been designated. In addition to the deposition, Octavian procured a proclamation of war against Cleopatra. This was well understood to mean against Antony, though he was not named. In issuing a war declaration, the Senate deprived Antony of any legal authority. Battle ------ Antony initially planned to anticipate an attack by descent upon Italy toward the end of 32 BC; he went as far as Corcyra. Finding the sea guarded by a squadron of Octavian's ships, Antony retired to winter at Patrae while his fleet for the most part lay in the Ambracian Gulf, and his land forces encamped near the promontory of Actium, while the opposite side of the narrow strait into the Ambracian Gulf was protected by a tower and troops. After Octavian's proposals for a conference with Antony were scornfully rejected, both sides prepared for the struggle the next year. The early months passed without any notable events, other than some successful forays by Agrippa along the coasts of Greece, primarily designed to divert Antony's attention. In August, troops landed near Antony's camp on the north side of the strait. Still, Antony could not be tempted out. It took some months for his full strength to arrive from the various places in which his allies or his ships had wintered. During these months Agrippa continued his attacks upon Greek towns along the coast, while Octavian's forces engaged in various successful cavalry skirmishes, so that Antony abandoned the strait's north side between the Ambracian Gulf and the Ionian Sea and confined his soldiers to the southern camp. Cleopatra now advised that garrisons be put into strong towns and that the main fleet return to Alexandria. The large contingent furnished by Egypt gave her advice as much weight as her personal influence over Antony, and it appears that this movement was agreed to. Octavian learned of this and debated how to prevent it. At first of a mind to let Antony sail and then attack him, he was prevailed upon by Agrippa to give battle. On 1 September he addressed his fleet, preparing them for battle. The next day was wet and the sea was rough. When the trumpet signal for the start rang out, Antony's fleet began issuing from the straits and the ships moved into line and remained quiet. Octavian, after a short hesitation, ordered his vessels to steer to the right and pass the enemy's ships. For fear of being surrounded, Antony was forced to give the word to attack. ### Order of battle Order of battle. The two fleets met outside the Gulf of Actium on the morning of 2 September. Antony's fleet had 250 larger galleys, with towers full of armed men. He led them through the straits towards the open sea. Octavian's fleet had 400 galleys. His fleet was waiting beyond the straits, led by the experienced admiral Agrippa, commanding from the left wing of the fleet, Lucius Arruntius the centre and Marcus Lurius the right. Titus Statilius Taurus commanded Octavian's armies, and observed the battle from shore to the north of the straits. Antony and Lucius Gellius Poplicola commanded the Antonian fleet's right wing, Marcus Octavius and Marcus Insteius commanded the centre, while Gaius Sosius commanded the left wing; Cleopatra's squadron was behind them. Sosius launched the initial attack from the fleet's left wing while Antony's chief lieutenant Publius Canidius Crassus commanded the triumvir's land forces. Pelling notes that the presence of two former consuls on Antony's side commanding the wings indicates that it was there that the major action was expected to take place. Octavius and Insteius, commanding Antony's centre, were lower-profile figures. ### Combat Plan of the battle by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, Paris, 1734 It is estimated that Antony had around 140 ships, to Octavian's 260. Antony had shown up to Actium with a much larger force of around 500 ships, but could not man all of them. The problem facing Antony was desertion. Plutarch and Dio speak of how desertion and disease plagued Antony's camp. What Antony lacked in quantity was made up for in quality: his ships were mainly the standard Roman warship, quinqueremes with smaller quadriremes, heavier and wider than Octavian's, making them ideal weapon platforms, however, due to their larger size they were less manoeuvrable than Octavian's ships. Antony's personal flagship, like his admirals', was a "ten". An "eight" war galley had around 200 heavy marines, archers and at least six ballista catapults. Larger than Octavian's ships, Antony's war galleys were very difficult to board in close combat and his troops were able to rain missiles onto smaller and lower ships. The harpax, Agrippa's device made for grappling and boarding enemy ships, made this task a bit easier. The galleys' bows were armoured with bronze plates and square-cut timbers, making a successful ramming attack with similar equipment difficult. The only way to disable such a ship was to smash its oars, rendering it immobile and isolated from the rest of its fleet. Antony's ships' main weakness was lack of manoeuvrability; such a ship, once isolated from its fleet, could be swamped with boarding attacks. Also, many of his ships were undermanned with rowing crews; there had been a severe malaria outbreak while they were waiting for Octavian's fleet to arrive. Ballistae on a Roman ship Octavian's fleet was largely made up of smaller "Liburnian" vessels. His ships, though smaller, were still manageable in the heavy surf and could outmanoeuvre Antony's ships, get in close, attack the above-deck crew with arrows and ballista-launched stones, and retreat. Moreover, his crews were better-trained, professional, well-fed and rested. A medium ballista could penetrate the sides of most warships at close range and had an effective range of around 200 yards. Most ballistas were aimed at the marines on the ships' fighting decks. Before the battle one of Antony's generals, Quintus Dellius, defected to Octavian, bringing with him Antony's battle plans. Shortly after midday, Antony was forced to extend his line from the protection of the shore and finally engage the enemy. Seeing this, Octavian's fleet put to sea. Antony had hoped to use his biggest ships to drive back Agrippa's wing on the north end of his line, but Octavian's entire fleet, aware of this strategy, stayed out of range. By about noon the fleets were in formation but Octavian refused to be drawn out, so Antony was forced to attack. The battle raged all afternoon without decisive result. Cleopatra's fleet, in the rear, retreated to the open sea without engaging. A breeze sprang up in the right direction and the Egyptian ships were soon out of sight. Lange argues that Antony would have had victory within reach were it not for Cleopatra's retreat. The Battle of Actium (1672) by Laureys a Castro Antony had not observed the signal, and believing that it was mere panic and all was lost, followed the fleeing squadron. The contagion spread fast; everywhere sails unfurled and towers and other heavy fighting gear went by the board. Some fought on, and only long after nightfall, when many a ship was blazing from the firebrands thrown upon them, was the work done. Making the best of the situation, Antony burned the ships he could no longer man while clustering the remainder tightly together. With many oarsmen dead or unfit to serve, the powerful, head-on ramming tactic for which the Octaries had been designed was now impossible. Antony transferred to a smaller vessel with his flag and managed to escape, taking a few ships with him as an escort to help break through Octavian's lines. Those left behind were captured or sunk. J. M. Carter gives a differing account of the battle. He postulates that Antony knew he was surrounded and had nowhere to run. To turn this to his advantage, he gathered his ships around him in a quasi-horseshoe formation, staying close to the shore for safety. Then, should Octavian's ships approach his, the sea would push them into the shore. Antony foresaw that he would not be able to defeat Octavian's forces, so he and Cleopatra stayed in the rear of the formation. Eventually Antony sent the ships on the northern part of the formation to attack. He had them move out to the north, spreading out Octavian's ships, which until this point were tightly arranged. He sent Sosius to spread the remaining ships to the south. This left a hole in the middle of Octavian's formation. Antony seized the opportunity and, with Cleopatra on her ship and him on a different ship, sped through the gap and escaped, abandoning his entire force. With the end of the battle, Octavian exerted himself to save the crews of the burning vessels and spent the whole night on board. The next day, as much of the land army had not escaped to their own lands, submitted, or were followed in their retreat to Macedonia and forced to surrender, Antony's camp was occupied, bringing an end to the war. ### Alternative theories Scientists researching the "dead water" phenomenon are investigating whether the Egyptian fleet may have been trapped in dead water, which can substantially reduce the speed of a ship. Aftermath --------- Further information: Death of Cleopatra A (restructured) Roman statue of Cleopatra wearing a diadem and 'melon' hairstyle similar to coinage portraits, marble, found near the Tomba di Nerone, Rome along the Via Cassia, Museo Pio-Clementino The battle had extensive political consequences. Under cover of darkness some 19 legions and 12,000 cavalry fled before Antony was able to engage Octavian in a land battle. Thus, after Antony lost his fleet, his army, which had been equal to Octavian's, deserted. Though he had not laid down his imperium, Antony was a fugitive and a rebel without that shadow of a legal position the presence of the consuls and senators had given him in the previous year. Some of the victorious fleet went in pursuit of him, but Octavian visited Greece and Asia and spent the winter at Samos, though he had to briefly visit Brundisium to settle a mutiny and arrange for assignations of land. At Samos Octavian received a message from Cleopatra with the present of a gold crown and throne, offering to abdicate in favor of her sons. She was allowed to believe that she would be well treated, for Octavian was anxious to secure her for his triumph. Antony, who had found himself generally deserted, after vainly attempting to secure the army stationed near Paraetonium under Pinarius and sending his eldest son Antyllus with money to Octavian and an offer to live at Athens as a private citizen, found himself in the spring attacked on two sides. Cornelius Gallus was advancing from Paraetonium and Octavian landed at Pelusium, with the connivance, it was believed, of Cleopatra. Antony was defeated by Gallus and, returning to Egypt, advanced on Pelusium. The Augustan-era Actium Cameo, depicting Octavian in a quadriga drawn by four "mermen," with the two on each side carrying symbols of the naval victory Despite a minor victory at Alexandria on 31 July 30 BC, more of Antony's men deserted, leaving him with insufficient forces to fight Octavian. A slight success over Octavian's tired soldiers encouraged him to make a general attack, in which he was decisively beaten. Failing to escape by ship, he stabbed himself in the stomach upon mistakenly believing false rumours propagated by Cleopatra claiming that she had committed suicide. He did not die at once, and when he found out that Cleopatra was still alive, he insisted on being taken to the mausoleum where she was hiding and died in her arms. She was soon brought to the palace and vainly attempted to move Octavian to pity. Cleopatra killed herself on 12 August 30 BC. Most accounts say she put an end to her life by the bite of an asp conveyed to her in a basket of figs. Octavian had Caesarion killed later that month, finally securing his legacy as Caesar's only 'son', while sparing Cleopatra's children by Antony, with the exception of Antony's older son. Octavian admired the bravery of Cleopatra and gave her and Antony a public military funeral in Rome. The funeral was grand and a few of Antony's legions marched alongside the tomb. A day of mourning throughout Rome was enacted. This was partly due to Octavian's respect for Antony and partly because it further helped show the Roman people how benevolent Octavian was. Octavian had previously shown little mercy to surrendered enemies and acted in ways that had proven unpopular with the Roman people, yet he was given credit for pardoning many of his opponents after the Battle of Actium. Further, after the battle, upon Octavian's return to Rome he celebrated his triple triumph spread over three days: the first for his victory over Illyria, the second for the Battle of Actium, and the third for his conquest of Egypt. Terrace wall of Octavian's campsite memorial, with cuttings for ship's ramsTerrace wall of Octavian's campsite memorial, with cuttings for ship's rams Octavian's victory at Actium gave him sole, uncontested control of "Mare Nostrum" ("Our Sea", i.e. the Roman Mediterranean) and he became "Augustus Caesar" and the "first citizen" of Rome. The victory, consolidating his power over every Roman institution, marked Rome's transition from republic to empire. Egypt's surrender after Cleopatra's death marked the demise of both the Hellenistic Period and the Ptolemaic Kingdom, turning it into a Roman province. To commemorate his victory, Octavian founded the nearby city of Nicopolis ("City of Victory") in 29 BC on the southernmost promontory of Epirus, opposite Actium at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf. On a hill just north of the new city, at the site where he had made his camp in 31 BC, he constructed a victory monument decorated with the bronze rostra (rams) taken from the captured warships of Antony's fleet. Further reading --------------- * Military Heritage published a feature about the Battle of Actium (Joseph M. Horodyski, August 2005, Volume 7, No. 1, pp. 58–63, 78), ISSN 1524-8666. * Califf, David J. (2004). Battle of Actium. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0791074404. OCLC 52312409. * Green, Peter (1990). Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. University of California Press. ISBN 0520056116. OCLC 13332042. * Gurval, Robert Alan (1995). Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472105906. OCLC 32093780. * Sheppard, Si (2009). Actium 31 BC: Downfall of Antony and Cleopatra (PDF). Oxford: Osprey Publishing (published 2009-06-10). ISBN 978-1-84603-405-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-23. Library resources about Battle of Actium --- * Resources in your library * Resources in other libraries
Hong Kong activist and politician In this Chinese name, the family name is Leung. Leung Kwok-hung (Chinese: 梁國雄; born 27 March 1956), also known by his nickname "Long Hair" (長毛), is a Hong Kong politician and social activist. He was a member of the Legislative Council, representing the New Territories East. A Trotskyist in his youth, he was a founding member of the Revolutionary Marxist League. He became a political icon with his long hair and Che Guevara T-shirt in the protests before he was elected to the Legislative Council in 2004. In 2006, he co-founded a social democratic party, the League of Social Democrats (LSD) of which he was the chairman from 2012 to 2016. In 2017, he announced his candidacy for the 2017 Chief Executive election, through unofficial public petition, but withdrew after failing to receive enough signatures. On 14 July 2017, Leung was disqualified by the court over his manner on oath of office at the inaugural meeting of the Legislative Council on 12 October 2016 as a result of the oath-taking controversy. Early life and social activism ------------------------------ Leung was born on 27 March 1956 in Hong Kong to a family from the Guangdong Province. Born in Shau Kei Wan, he later moved into Chai Wan Estate. He was raised in a single family after his father left home when Leung was six-years-old, while his mother was an amah in a British family to support the family and Leung had to live with relatives back in Shau Kei Wan who had seven children. Leung was educated at the Clementi Secondary School. Leung credits his political awakening to the Cultural Revolution and the 1967 Hong Kong riots, participating in the "Maoist student movement". He and his mother were members of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU), the left-wing pro-communist labour union at the time. After the falls of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four which crushed the Maoist idealism, Leung reflected his political belief, and delved himself into Trotskyism under the influence of the social activist icons at that time such as Ng Chung-yin. In 1975, he co-founded the Revolutionary Marxist League, a Trotskyist vanguard party, in which he became active in political actions. He was arrested multiple times, including in the protests of supporting the 1976 April Fifth Tiananmen Incident and Chinese democracy movement. His first prosecution was in 1979 when he protested for the Yau Ma Tei boat people. Later in the same year he was charged and jailed for a month for "unlawful assembly" for a protest at the Victoria Park. Members of the April Fifth Action in Victoria Park, Hong Kong in 2009 to commemorate the victims in the 1989 Tiananmen massacre. After his release, he worked as a construction worker from 1981 to 1986. In 1986, Leung worked for Kowloon Motor Bus as an overnight vehicle cleaner. Around 1988, he formed the April Fifth Action after the Revolutionary Marxist League was disbanded. The group is well known for its aggressive and civil disobedience-style actions to protest against the governments of China and Hong Kong during celebrations and visits of state leaders, often resulting in confrontations with the Hong Kong police. They usually carry a coffin as their trademark protest prop. Leung supported the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and has been member of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China. He has been briefly jailed several times for offences such as shouting from Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) public viewing gallery, burning the national flag of the People's Republic of China and forcibly breaking into an opposition political event. In 2000, he and Koo Sze-yiu were prosecuted for disrupting a LegCo meeting and were later jailed for 14 days, becoming the first dissents to be jailed after the handover of Hong Kong in 1997. Before that he had been charged for 14 times, 11 of which were convicted. Legislative Council bids and founding of LSD -------------------------------------------- Leung first contested in the Legislative Council election in 2000, where he ran in the New Territories East. He received 18,235 votes, about six percent of the total vote share and was not elected. On 1 July 2003, protests against the National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003 that had been proposed by the unpopular Tung Chee-hwa administration attracted more than 500,000 people marching in the streets. The further antagonism towards the government helped further boost the popularity of pro-democracy activists including Leung Kwok-hung. In the 2003 District Council election, Leung challenged the pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) legislator Choy So-yuk's seat in the Kam Ping constituency which was seen as pro-Beijing traditional stronghold. He called out the DAB as the "loyalist party" and received 1,149, only 284 short to defeat Choy. Leung ran again in the Legislative Council election in 2004 in New Territories East and succeeded in winning a seat in LegCo with 60,925 votes at the expense of the moderate Andrew Wong, former Legislative Council President, He received over 200% increase in votes compared to the 18,235 votes in 2000. His campaigns include universal suffrage, workers' rights and welfare for the less well off. His political agenda include introduction of a liveable minimum wage, comprehensive social security, collective bargaining and taxing speculative business. Although he expresses his fondness for Che Guevara and the ideals of revolutionary Marxism, Leung has not included a proletarian revolution agenda on his election platform and many of his ideas and proposals would be readily accepted by most mainstream social liberal and social democratic parties in other countries. For the swearing-in ceremony of the Hong Kong Legislative Council on 6 October 2004, Leung's fellow members arrived in business attire. He, in contrast, wore a T-shirt with Tiananmen Square on the front and Che Guevara on the back. When he was called to come forward and take the oath, he raised his left fist, encircled with a black wristband, a memorial to those who died in the 1989 protests. He had planned to alter his oath of office, but a Hong Kong judge said such a step would make it impossible for him to serve. Instead, Leung added his own messages to the standard oath, demanding vindication for those killed in the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, calling for the release of political prisoners and an end to one-party rule on the Mainland. He shouted at the ceremony: "Long live democracy! Long live the people!" He was then sworn in as a council member. Observers watched closely the reaction from the PRC government, as Leung's statements touched upon a politically sensitive issue that is considered taboo in official public settings. Leung's populist and unorthodox confrontational style contrasts with the usually restrained atmosphere of LegCo. Rita Fan, the then LegCo President, seemed more concerned by Leung's attire for LegCo meetings than any of his political opinions. One legislator commented that "LegCo has to get used to Leung, and he has to get used to LegCo." Leung in his iconic Che Guevara T-shirt in 2005 In 2005, Leung took part in the protests against the WTO Conference in Hong Kong and was injured during the demonstration.[] Leung was arrested along with 900 other demonstrators. As with almost all other persons rounded up on that day, Leung was released shortly after and was not prosecuted. In 2006, Leung co-founded the social democratic party League of Social Democrats (LSD) with legislator Albert Chan and radical pro-democrat radio host Wong Yuk-man. In the 2008 Legislative Council election, Leung was re-elected in the New Territories East while Chan and Wong were also elected in New Territories West and Kowloon West respectively which made the LSD in the third largest pro-democracy party after Democratic Party and Civic Party, which took a more moderate and pro-middle class position as compared to the LSD. Denied entry to Sichuan in 2008 ------------------------------- Leung has not had a Home Return Permit since 1989, after the Tiananmen Massacre, having been denied one by the Chinese authorities, but he was able to visit mainland China once in the company of his mother in about 2003. He was also able to visit mainland China in 2005, on an invitation to Hong Kong legislators, including pan-democrats, to visit Guangdong. Some of the other pan-democrat legislators also had not had an individual permit since 1989. On 4 July 2008 Leung was scheduled to visit areas in Sichuan damaged by the Sichuan earthquake as part of a 20-member delegation. Leung's travel permit application was rejected at the last minute on suspicions he would protest in China during the three-day trip. Sichuan officials claimed to have seen Internet reports saying Leung planned to do something not relevant to the purpose of the trip. Rita Fan confirmed those were the grounds of denial. Leung responded saying: "It's so ironic. People said the Olympic Games will make China more open up. I think it's going backward." Five Constituencies Referendum ------------------------------ In 2010, Leung and four other pro-democrat legislators launched the "Five Constituencies Referendum" to press the government to implement universal suffrage of the Chief Executive and Legislative Council by resigning from each constituency and trigger a territory-wide by-election. Leung explained that his resignation in January was, "in keeping with [his] campaign promise... to fight for direct elections." Although being elected in May with 108,927 votes, the campaign failed to draw high turnout rate due to the boycott by the pro-Beijing camp,. Leung accused the Democratic Party for not participating in the campaign and instead reached a controversial agreement with the Beijing government over the reform proposal. In the 2011 District Council elections, LSD chairman Andrew To's refusal of fielding candidates against the Democrats led former chairman Wong Yuk-man and legislator Albert Chan to quit the party with hundreds party members over the disagreement as well as the intra-party factional struggles. Leung, being the only legislator left in the party refused to follow Wong and Chan. Leung subsequently took over as party chairman after To resigned when he lost his seat in the District Council elections. Leung himself also ran in the election against DAB legislator Ip Kwok-him in his stronghold Kwun Lung but lost with a wide margin of 1,800 votes. After the 2010 by-election, the government considered the resignations were abusive to the system and planned to plug the loophole. A Legislative Council (Amendment) Bill 2012 was proposed to disqualify a resigned member of the Legislative Council from participating in a subsequent by-election. Leung participated in the filibustering against the bill with Albert Chan and Wong Yuk-man, submitting 1,306 amendments altogether, which began the radical democrats' filibustering practice against the government bills in the following years. On morning of 17 May 2012, LegCo President Jasper Tsang, adopted Article 92 of the Standing Order, which allows the president follow foreign parliament rules for unregulated behaviours to terminate the debate. In the end, all amendments were defeated and the Bill was passed on 1 June 2012. Third term as Legislative Councillor ------------------------------------ In the 2012 Legislative Council election, with 48,295 votes, among the highest votes in the constituency. In 2013, he and other radical pan-democrats started filibustering by moving a total of 710 amendments on the Budget Appropriation Bill debate, to press for a universal pension scheme and a HK$10,000 cash handout. The government warned that the service would shut down if the budget bill do not pass. LegCo President Jasper Tsang ordered to end the filibuster on 13 May after 55 hours spent to debate 17 of the 148 amendments. The Appropriation Bill was passed on 21 May 2013 with 684 amendments negatived. Leung opposed the government's constitutional package on the 2016/2017 Legislative Council and Chief Executive elections. After the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) set the restrictive framework on the Chief Executive candidates, the student activist groups organised a week-long student strike. On 26 September 2014 toward the end of the strike, 100 protesters led by student leader Joshua Wong rushed into the square of the government headquarters. The police clearance drew thousands of protesters at the scene. In the next morning, the Occupy Central with Love and Peace led by scholar Benny Tai announced their early launch of the planned occupy protests. Feeling being highjacked, some protesters began to leave the scene, while Leung Kwok-hung dropped to his knees in front of the protesters, asking them for staying in the scene. "If you want to achieve a goal in the long term – in this case, true democracy in Hong Kong – you need to unify all powers who are fighting for this goal and establish a platform to let them all participate", he later told the press. For his long term experiences in protests, he became one of the leaders in the 2014 Hong Kong protests and kept being seen in the scene, but he was criticised by some militant radicals for his non-violence doctrine. In May 2015, Leung was barred from entering Malaysia along with Joshua Wong on grounds that their presence in the country would damage Malaysia's ties with China. Leung condemned the Malaysian government and accused it of violating his basic rights. In 2016 Legislative Council election Leung was once again re-elected with 35,595 votes. Leung came in ninth in the nine-seat constituency, with only 1,051 votes separating him from the unelected Christine Fong due to the infighting among the pan-democracy camp and surges of many localist candidates with more radical agenda. Oath-taking controversy and disqualification -------------------------------------------- Main article: Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy At the inaugural meeting of the 6th Legislative Council on 12 October, he took the oath-taking ceremony as his protest platform like his previous oaths. He wore a black T-shirt with the word "civil disobedience" in Chinese and held an opened yellow umbrella symbolising the Umbrella Revolution with many words thereon, including "ending the one-party rule", and a paper board showing the words "NPC 831 decision" and a cross on it. He paused many times while reading the oath and tore a piece of paper with the words "NPC 831 decision". His oath was validated by the clerk. However, after the oaths of the two localist legislators Sixtus Leung and Yau Wai-ching of Youngspiration were invalidated by the clerk, the duo were unprecedentedly legally challenged by Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying and Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen. On 7 November 2016, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) interpreted of the Article 104 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, standardising the manners of the oath-taking when taking public office. As a result, the duo were disqualified by the court. Subsequently, the government launched a second legal action against Leung and three other pro-democracy legislators, Lau Siu-lai, Yiu Chung-yim and Nathan Law, which resulted in their disqualifications from the Legislative Council on 14 July 2017. 2017 Chief Executive bid ------------------------ Main article: 2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election Leung Kwok-hung launched his Chief Executive bid in February 2017 through a "public nomination" mechanism conducted by post-Occupy group Citizens United in Action, in which he would seek to secure 37,790 votes from members of the public, one per cent of the city's registered voters before he would canvass for the nominations from the Election Committee. He explained his decision was to urge the pro-democrat electors not to vote for any pro-establishment candidates who could not represent the pro-democracy camp at all even if they see them as "lesser evils", as some pro-democrats had inclined to support John Tsang, the relatively liberal pro-establishment candidate to prevent a hardliner Carrie Lam from winning. He also aimed to reflect the spirit of the 2014 Umbrella Movement and the voice of those low-income people. His bid was supported by four radical democrat legislators People Power's Raymond Chan, Demosisto's Nathan Law, Lau Siu-lai and Eddie Chu, while the mainstream pro-democrats cast doubt over Leung's candidacy, believing it would contribute to the victory to Carrie Lam. On 25 February, Leung announced he would not run for the Chief Executive, as he only secured 20,234 nominations from the general public, about 17,000 fewer than the threshold. Among the 20,234 nominations, 13,440 were collected in public while the rest of them online. Leung stated that he being able to collect more than 20,000 nominations with personal contact information and identity card numbers had proved that "civil nomination" is achievable. Arrests, attack, and criminal convictions ----------------------------------------- On 18 April 2020, Leung was arrested as one of 15 Hong Kong high-profile democracy figures, on suspicion of organizing, publicizing or taking part in several unauthorized assemblies between August and October 2019 in the course of the anti-extradition bill protests. Following protocol, the police statement did not disclose the names of the accused. A day prior to his arrest, he was stabbed with a sharp object while demonstrating in solidarity with pro-democracy legislator Dennis Kwok, who had been strongly criticized by the pro-Beijing camp. The attack happened in front of the Liaison Office and he was helped by fellow activist Raphael Wong before being moved to a hospital, where he was later discharged at his own request. In September 2020, the 81-year-old man who stabbed him went on trial for the attack and was controversially praised by the magistrate for "loving society". The elderly man was also quoted as saying he wanted activists Joshua Wong and Ted Hui "to die as soon as possible", and included Leung in the same wish. He was sentenced in October 2020 to a prison term of three months and six days. In August 2020, Leung was among a large group of pro-democracy figures charged for the banned vigil commemorating the 31st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. On 6 September 2020, he was arrested when protesting the postponement of the 2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council election. On 15 September 2020 he appeared before the court for the banned Tiananmen anniversary gathering where he criticized the Chinese Communist Party. On 8 December 2020, Leung was arrested again for "unauthorised assembly" during the July 1 protest of that year and was released on bail pending a court appearance. His party condemned his arrest. ### Arrest under National Security Law Leung speaking at the 2020 pro-democracy primary debates On 6 January 2021, Leung was arrested along with more than 50 other pan-democrats, accused of violating the national security law over their participation in the pro-democracy primaries of 2020. He is accused of "subverting state power." Leung was released on bail on 7 January. On 28 February 2021, Leung was formally charged, along with 46 others, with subversion and was arrested again. On 4 March, he was denied bail and he remained in prison. On 12 March, Leung was again denied bail citing national security risks. On 29 March 2021, the High Court denied him bail again and he will remain in custody until the next hearing on the case on 31 May 2021. On 13 May 2021, High Court judge Esther Toh, upheld her decision to deny bail to Leung alleging his determinate opposition to the government and the national security law. Toh also argued that Leung had foreign and international support if released and that he was at high risk of reoffending. On 5 September 2022, Leung pleaded not-guilty to subversion charges. ### Convictions On 16 April 2021, Leung was found guilty of taking part in unauthorised assembly and was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. On 24 May 2021, Leung pleaded guilty over another unauthorised assembly in 2019 which turned violent. Leung was defiant during the mitigation hearing in court and said that however he pleaded guilty, he believed he had done nothing wrong. On 28 May 2021, Leung was sentenced to an additional 18 months' imprisonment over the 2019 unauthorised assembly. On 16 October 2021, Leung was sentenced to further eight months' imprisonment over un unauthorised assembly in July 2020, in a protest against the national security law. In March 2022, an additional sentence of two weeks in prison was added to Leung's overall sentence, after he was convicted of contempt during his time at LegCo. In July 2022, Leung and seven other activists, appealed his conviction for violating COVID-19 restrictions during Labour Day in 2020, citing "disproportionate" measures from the government. On 18 October 2022, the appeal was rejected by a court. ### Health in prison In early May 2022, Leung's wife said that Leung had been frequently visiting hospital from prison due to a heart condition, but dismissed rumors that Leung was seriously ill with COVID-19. Leung's wife also said that his mental health had "upheavals". Image and sartorial preference ------------------------------ Leung speaking at a protest in 2003 Leung is widely referred to by the sobriquet "Long Hair" (長毛), and press photographs show him with long locks as early as 1977. He has several other nicknames including "Mr Kwoktastic", "Kwok It Up" and "The Kwokmaster". Leung is reputed to have vowed not to cut his hair until the government of the People's Republic of China apologised for the Tiananmen Square massacre although he has denied this on several occasions. Leung is a smoker and can often be seen sporting a T-shirt with the iconic likeness of his favoured Che Guevara and smoking a cigarette. He is a fan of the Homeless World Cup and has accompanied Hong Kong's team to the tournament for several years. He says he learned English by listening to the British Forces Broadcasting Service radio station. Personal life ------------- Leung is married to fellow activist and deputy secretary-general of the League of Social Democrats Chan Po-ying. The couple wed in January 2021, after 45 years together, anticipating Leung's re-arrest and conviction under the National Security Law, and alert to the greater prison visiting rights of spouses.
Island in Prague, Czech Republic Štvanice island in 1910 Štvanice is an island on the Vltava river in Czechia, between the Prague districts of Holešovice and Karlín. At the end of the 17th century, a wooden arena was built there. Until 1816, the island was used for dog hunts involving various animals such as bears, bulls, deer, and cows, although these were repeatedly banned. This is the origin of the island's name, which translates to hunt or chase. In 1931, Štvanice Stadium was built on the island and originally consisted entirely of [wood. This later became the ice skating centre of Prague, until its demolition in 2011. Ice Hockey World Championships were held at the stadium four times: in 1933, 1938, 1947, and 1959. It was here that in 1947, the Czechoslovakia men's national ice hockey team won the world championship for the first time. In 1986, a modern tennis arena was built on Štvanice, with nine outdoor and two indoor courts. The central court has a capacity of 8,000 seats and is the annual site of the ATP and WTA Prague Open tournaments. The island also has a roofed skatepark and as such, it is the only place wthat allows year-round skateboarding in Prague. In 2006, a neighbouring indoor skate bowl was added to the facility. In the eastern part of the island, there used to be a public swimming pool, which in the 1990s had a nudist resort. This was of interest for being set up almost directly in the centre of Prague, near a hydropower plant and an adjustable water slalom track. The island is spanned by the Hlávkův bridge and Negrelli viaduct. Gallery ------- * Štvanice tennis arenaŠtvanice tennis arena * Štvanice skateparkŠtvanice skatepark * Former winter stadium of Štvanice, shortly before demolitionFormer winter stadium of Štvanice, shortly before demolition * Negrelli viaductNegrelli viaduct * Hydropower plantHydropower plant * Sport canal of ŠtvaniceSport canal of Štvanice
Indian footballer Manish Maithani is an Indian football player who played as a central midfielder for Southern Samity and currently coaches a local club in Dehradun DESA FC. Career ------ ### Mohun Bagan After two seasons playing as a youth with Indian National Youth Teams Maithani signed for Mohun Bagan A.C. in 2009. On 28 March, he had scored the equalizer against Shillong Lajong F.C. after coming in as a substitute. ### Mohammedan (loan) After the 2012–13 season ended, Maithani signed with IMG-Reliance to join their Indian Super League but due to objection from the I-League clubs in which they said they would not sign any players who joined the ISL it meant that Maithani would be without a club for a long period of time. Then, on 30 October 2013, it was announced that Mohammedan S.C. had broken that barrier when they signed Maithani on loan. Maithani made his debut for Mohammedan in the I-League on 24 October 2013 United S.C. at the Salt Lake Stadium; in which he came on as a substitute for Jerry Zirsanga in the 73rd minute as Mohammedan drew the match 0–0. ### FC Pune City Mathani was drafted in by Indian Super League side FC Pune City for the 2014 Indian Super League.He played 2 matches in the 2014 Indian Super League.The next year he played 8 matches for the team. ### Vitória de Guimarães B Mathani was loaned out to 2nd division side Vitória de Guimarães B in Portugal from FC Pune City for 5 months. ### Doon Elite Soccer Academy (DESA) Maithani started playing and coaching simultaneously, starting a local football academy. He has been coaching a promising bunch of talent in his academy with national players like Rishi Upadhyay and Anubhav Rawat who has recently been selected in the Uttrakhand squad for Santosh Trophy 2021. ### 2022-2023 Season (DESA FC) DESA FC started the season in Dehradun District Soccer League winning all the games of Group Stage and advancing to the league stages comfortably. International ------------- Manish made his senior international debut against Azerbaijan for India on 27 February 2012. Honours ------- India U23 * SAFF Championship: 2009
Building in Tasmania, Australia Parliament House, Hobart, located on Salamanca Place in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, is the meeting place of the Parliament of Tasmania. The building was originally designed as a customs house but changed use in 1841 when Tasmania achieved self-government. The building served both purposes from 1841 to 1904, when the customs offices were relocated. History ------- A photograph of Parliament House in 1869. The island of Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) was claimed and subsequently settled by Great Britain in 1803. Initially, it was administered by the Governor of New South Wales, as part of that British Colony. In 1825 Tasmania became an independent British colony, administered separately from New South Wales, and the Legislative Council was formed as an appointed six man body to advise the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land who had sole governance of the colony. The council initially held their meetings in a room adjacent to the old Government House that was located near to the present site of Franklin Square, but by 1841 they relocated their meetings to the 'Long Room' (now the Members' Lounge) in the Customs House. In 1850 the British Parliament enacted the Australian Colonies Government Act, which gave Van Diemen's Land the right to elect its first representative government. The size of the Legislative Council was increased from six to 24. Eight members were appointed by the Governor, and 16 were elected by property owners. The new Legislative Council met for the first time in 1852, and by 1854 they had passed the Tasmanian Constitution Act, granting Van Diemen's Land responsible self-government and a new bicameral parliament. In 1855 Queen Victoria granted Royal Assent and Van Diemen's Land became a self-governing British Colony. The following year, 1856, one of the new parliament's first acts was to change the name of the colony from Van Diemen's Land to Tasmania. In April 1856 renovations began to the Customs House to allow it to accommodate the new bicameral parliament, and on 2 December 1856 the first sessions of parliament were held, with the new House of Assembly sitting in the Long Room, and the Legislative Council moved to their new chamber at the opposite end of the building. The bicameral Tasmanian parliament continued to govern Tasmania as an independent colony until 1 January 1901 when Tasmania joined with five other Australian colonies, and federated to become parts of the new Commonwealth of Australia. The Tasmanian colonial parliament then became the Tasmanian State Parliament, and has since continued to take responsibility for internal domestic issues such as education, healthcare, and policing. Construction ------------ Parliament House was originally designed as the Customs House in colonial Georgian architecture style by skilled colonial architect John Lee Archer in 1830. The site for the building had originally been a market, but had been converted into timber yards in the 1820s. The site was reserved in 1832 for the building of a customs house due to its close location to the wharves of Sullivans Cove (the building was originally closer to the water's edge than it is today following further reclamation). Between 1832 and 1840 golden honey coloured sandstone was quarried from locations in the Queens Domain and Salamanca Place (now the site of Salamanca Square), and a small railway was constructed to ferry the blocks to the construction site. Construction began in on 5 January 1835, and using mostly convict labour, the basement level had been completed by March 1836. By 1838 the second story had been added and the building was ready for staff of the Customs Department to move into on 1 September 1840. By 1841 the building was operating as the colony's customs house. At that time, the Legislative Council, which had been formed in 1825, were meeting in a room adjacent to the old Government House, but the location was less than adequate for such meetings. It was proposed that the meetings should be held in the spacious new 'Long Room' of the Customs House, and 19 June 1841, the first Legislative Council meeting was held within the building. Parliament House decorated in 1901 for Australian Federation celebrations. Following the establishment of responsible self-government in 1856, the building was renovated in April of that year in order to make provisions for housing the new bicameral parliament. The new House of Assembly met in the Long Room, where the Legislative Council had previously met, and the Legislative Council moved into a new ornate Chamber, where they still meet today. The Customs Department finally moved out of the building altogether in 1904, moving to a new location in Davey Street next to the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, leaving the building be solely occupied by the Parliament of Tasmania. Between 1938 and 1940 Parliament House was again renovated to construct a new chamber for the House of Assembly, and convert the Long Room, where they had been meeting for the previous 82 years, into a Member's Lounge. The new House of Assembly Chamber was formally opened on 14 May 1940, whilst Tasmania was involved in Australia's World War II commitments. In December 1940 extensions were also added to the Legislative Council Chamber to create the Murray Street wing. Further alterations were made to the building beginning in 1977. Member's offices, a Hansard office, Parliamentary Library and Museum, committee rooms, a dining room, reception area, interview rooms and other additional facilities were added, and a formal re-opening was held on 16 April 1980. The most recent alterations began in 1998 and are currently still underway (as of 2008), and are in the form of conservation work, and restoration of sections of the building to try and revert it to its original character. The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom features prominently throughout Parliament House in stained-glass windows and engravings. This reflects Tasmania's former status as a British colony, and that the building was predominantly constructed during that time. Tasmania continued to utilise the Royal Arms on official documents until 1953, despite having adopted its own arms in 1919. Legislative Council ------------------- Main article: Tasmanian Legislative Council The Legislative Council is the Upper House, and debates bills that have been passed to it for review having been already approved by the House of Assembly. Once the Legislative Council also approves a bill, it becomes an act of parliament, and is given to the Governor of Tasmania for royal assent, by which it is made into a law. The Legislative Council is the older body of the two parts of the Tasmanian Government. Having first met in 1825, it has continued to act as part of Tasmania's government ever since. Originally a six-man advisory group of members appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land, it was expanded to 24 members (eight appointed, and 16 elected) in 1850, and was reduced to its current level of 15 members in 1856 upon the establishment of the current bicameral parliament. The Legislative Council is chaired by the President of the Tasmanian Legislative Council, who is currently Sue Smith, the only female chair of an Australian Upper House. Elections for the Legislative Council are held every six years using a proportional representation system. The state is divided into 15 electoral divisions of the Legislative Council, with one member being elected from each electorate. The 15 members are referred to as 'Members of the Legislative Council' (MLCs). Electoral divisions for the Legislative Council are: Apsley, Derwent, Elwick, Hobart, Huon, Launceston, Mersey, Montgomery, Murchison, Nelson, Pembroke, Rosevears, Rumney, Western Tiers, Windermere. The Legislative Council originally met in a side room of the old Government House. When Parliament House opened as the Customs House in 1840, the council moved their meetings to the Long Room, where they stayed until the bicameral parliament was established in 1856. That year a special Legislative Council chamber was constructed. The Chamber is plushly decorated with a red decor, seating and carpet, and cedar wooden paneling along the walls. The wooden paneling and ceiling is spectacularly hand-stenciled. The President sits on a large chair at one of the chamber, and members are seated in two rows along either wall, facing each other. Seats to the right side of the President are known as the 'President's Reserve', and to the left is the Press Gallery. There is also a public gallery by which citizens may observe the council in session. A Black Rod is present in the chamber as a symbol of royal authority for the Upper House. A large portrait of Queen Victoria by J. Prescott Knight RA, overlooks the chamber from a side wall, in honour of her granting responsible self-government to Tasmania. Queen Elizabeth II, the Queen of Australia sat in the ornamental President's Chair, when she opened the Tasmania Parliament on 22 February 1954, the only occasion when the Tasmanian Parliament has been officially opened by its head of state. House of Assembly ----------------- Main article: Tasmanian House of Assembly The Tasmanian House of Assembly was established in 1856 as part of Tasmania's adoption of responsible self-government. Tasmania chose to adopt the same system of government as in the United Kingdom, with a bicameral parliament. Whereas the Legislative Council mirrored the House of Lords in the United Kingdom by having appointed members, the House of Assembly mirrored the House of Commons in being an entirely elected body. This meant that whilst the Legislative Council became the Upper House, the House of Assembly became the Lower House, where new bills were to be drafted and first debated, before being passed upwards to the Legislative Council. This system still operates today. Initially it consisted of 30 members from 24 electoral districts, with each district represented by one member, expect Hobart which had five members, and Launceston which had two members. Upon federation, the House of Assembly was reduced to 30 members. The 24 previous electoral districts were replaced with five new federal districts of Braddon, Bass, Franklin, Lyons and Denison. Tasmania is the only Australian state which uses its federal electorates for its state lower house. Each electorate elects five members, creating the total of 25 members (since the 1998 downsizing of parliament). Members are known as Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs). They are elected using the Hare-Clark system for a period of four years. When it was first formed in 1856, the House of Assembly met in the Long Room, which had just been vacated by the Legislative Council. In 1940 the current House of Assembly Chamber was constructed, and features a green decor, seating and carpet, with blackwood wooden paneling around the walls. The Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly sits on an elevated chair at one end of the Chamber, whilst all of the members sit in a horseshoe seating arrangement facing him. Three clerks sit in front of the Speaker. Traditionally, the Premier of Tasmania, and the party which has formed government sit to the right of the Speaker, and the opposition party sit at the opposite end of the horseshoe. A ceremonial mace of authority is to be found to the Speaker's side. There is a public gallery overlooking the chamber by which citizens may come and observe their government in session. Bibliography ------------ * Parliament House - Parliamentary Library * - Legislative Council * - House of Assembly * Parliaments at Work
Industrial concentration in southwestern Kansas Kansas The Golden Triangle of Meat-packing or Golden Triangle of Beef refers to the influence of meat-packing in three southwestern Kansas counties and their principal cities: Dodge City, Garden City, and Liberal. While population decreased in many counties in western Kansas during the 20th century, these three cities and their environs experienced population increases from 1980 to 2020. The increases were primarily due to employment opportunities at four large slaughter houses and meat-packing plants. The large majority of the employees at the meat packing plants are Hispanics, most foreign-born and many presumed to be undocumented. Unlike the rest of the state, Hispanics by 2020 made up a majority of the population of these three counties plus one adjacent county. The industry ------------ Until the mid 20th century, the meat-packing industry usually moved live cattle or carcasses by rail from producing areas to meat-packing facilities near large cities such as Chicago and Kansas City. This began to change in the 1960s, as companies began to move slaughterhouses and meat-packing plants to where cattle were raised. Southwestern Kansas was attractive to the meat-packing companies because of an abundance of groundwater obtainable from the Ogallala Aquifer. The abundance of water permitted irrigation to be used for growing large quantities of animal feed. Precipitation in this "Dust Bowl" region is sometimes inadequate for agriculture. The increased production of animal feed permitted the establishment of large feedlots in which cattle could be collected and fattened before being sent to slaughterhouses. Finally, the slaughterhouses themselves needed large quantities of water, estimated at 800 U.S. gal (3,000 L) of water for each butchered animal. (The Ogallala Aquifer is being depleted, with one estimate that it will be dry in the Golden Triangle region about 2040. The National Beef Plant in Dodge City. In 1980, Iowa Beef Packers (known as IBP) opened what was then the world's largest beef packing plant in Holcomb, Kansas, 10 mi (16 km) west of Garden City. The plant employs 3,600 people and slaughters 6,000 cattle every day. The facility is now owned by Tyson Foods. Finney County induced the company to locate the plant near Garden City by providing the company with $100 million in industrial revenue bonds and $3.5 million in property tax relief. In 1983, a small meat packing plant in Garden City, later owned by ConAgra, began expanding and eventually employed 2,300 people. The plant burned down in 2000 and has never reopened. The two largest employers in Ford County (Dodge City) are National Beef with 2,950 employees and Cargill Meat Solutions, 2,700 employees. National Beef purchased a large Dodge City slaughterhouse in 1992. Cargill began operations in Dodge City in 1979 and its plant eventually reached a capacity of slaughtering and processing 6,000 cattle per day. National Beef also owns and operates a slaughterhouse and beef packing plant in Liberal with a capacity of processing 6,000 cattle per day and employing about 3,500 people. That number of employees comprises about one-third of the total employed work force in Seward County where Liberal is located. By the mid-1990s, the meat-packing industry in the Golden Triangle was slaughtering 23,500 cattle daily. As the ConAgra plant in Garden City burned down in 2000, the 21st century capacity is somewhat lower. Population ---------- The three counties with large meat packing plants are among the four counties in Kansas with a majority Hispanic population. Grant, the fourth county with a majority of Hispanics, is also in southwest Kansas, but has several vegetable processing plants rather than a large packing plant. The employees at the meat-packing plants in these three counties comprise about two-thirds of the total employees of meat-packing plants in Kansas. The majority of workers at meat-packing plants are foreign-born Hispanics. Nationally, 66.8 percent of meat-packing employees are Hispanic and 56 percent of all workers are foreign-born. By contrast with the heavily Hispanic and foreign-born population of the Golden Triangle counties, Hispanics make up only 13.02 percent of the total population of Kansas. \| County \| City \| 1980 total population \| 2020 total population \| 2020 Hispanic population \| Hispanic percentage of population \| Number of meat-packing plant employees \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Finney \| Garden City \| 23,825 \| 38,470 \| 19,883 \| 51.68% \| 3,600 \| \| Ford \| Dodge City \| 24,315 \| 34,287 \| 19,666 \| 57.36% \| 5,700 \| \| Grant \| Ulysses \| 6,977 \| 7,352 \| 3,862 \| 52.53% \| - \| \| Seward \| Liberal \| 17,071 \| 21,964 \| 14,406 \| 65.59% \| 3,500 \| Sources: Texas County, a neighboring county in Oklahoma, in 2020 was the only Hispanic-majority county in the state and also had a large meat-processing plant. Labor ----- While the establishment of a large meat-packing industry in southwest Kansas was facilitated by the abundance of water, animal feed, feedlots, and local governments offering incentives to investors, there was no similar abundance of labor in the small cities and towns of the region. Unemployment was low; the population was largely non-Hispanic white; and most Anglos were not interested in the hard and dangerous work associated with a meat-packing plant. As one commentator said, "Your Anglo community is not going to work there, pretty much regardless of the wage. The entire meatpacking industry depends on immigrant labor, and always has." In the 1980s, IBP recruited workers from far and wide for its Garden City plant, including 2,000 former refugees from Southeast Asia, mostly Vietnamese. In the 1990s, IBP opened an office in Mexico City to recruit Mexican and Central American workers. By 2000, Hispanics comprised 77 percent of IPB's work force in Garden City. In February 2023, a company hired to clean the Cargill meat-packing plant in Dodge City was fined for employing 26 underage workers, aged 13 to 17, in the plant. Social and economic impacts --------------------------- In 2007, a scholar summed up the social impacts of the packing plants: "influx of immigrants and refugees, housing shortages, rising demands for social services, increases in various social disorders, the creation of lots of relatively low-paying or part-time jobs, and relative falls in income levels." He pointed out also that these same issues characterize the meat-packing industry whatever its location. In Garden City, Spanish speaking children made up more than one-half of the school population and Mexican-owned businesses abounded. In 2006, Pew Research Center estimated that 27 percent of the employees of meat processing plants nationwide were undocumented aliens. Several raids by immigration officers on meat-packing facilities elsewhere ignited fears of the same in the Golden Triangle, but large-scale raids never occurred. Overall, however, problems associated with the rapid growth of an immigrant population have either not been serious or have been overcome. In 2018, Deborah and James Fallows titled an article about Dodge City, "A Conservative Town Embraces its Immigrant Population, Documented or Undocumented." They quoted a researcher of the Center for Rural Affairs stating that "Latinos and immigrants are not only bringing population growth to rural America, they are also bringing economic growth... Economists have found that, nationwide, rural counties with larger proportions of Latino populations tend to be better off economically than those with smaller Latino populations. Rural counties with higher proportions of Latinos tend to have lower unemployment rates and higher average per capita incomes." In 2021, a Hispanic woman and second-generation immigrant was elected to the City Commission in Liberal and another Hispanic, also a second-generation immigrant, ran for the City Commission of Dodge City. A Hispanic man, born in Mexico and undocumented (although a DACA recipient), is the Deputy City Manager of Dodge City. In 2022, several department heads in the Garden City government have Hispanic surnames. Garden City's first Hispanic mayor was elected in 1973. Muslim immigrants ----------------- In 2006, Muslims from Somalia, Burma, Sudan, and Ethiopia began arriving in Garden City and in 2021 they were joined by a few Afghans. In 2022, one thousand Muslims were estimated to live in Garden City, and most of the adults worked in the meat-packing plant. In 2016, three Anglo men from near Garden City were arrested for plotting to bomb a makeshift mosque in an apartment house largely occupied by Muslims. The three men were sentenced to 25, 26, and 30 years imprisonment.
For the Icelandic Parliament, see Althing. *Altinget.dk* or most often simply *Altinget* is a politically independent Danish online newspaper covering Danish politics. It has are the largest editorial staff at Christiansborg, the home of the Danish Parliament, the Folketing. It has offices on Ny Kongensgade in Copenhagen. History ------- Altinget.dk (1st floor) Altinget was founded in January 2000 by Rasmus Nielsen, who was the editor-in-chief and managing director from 2000 until 2017. Nielsen remains the owner of Altinget and holds the office of chairman of the media's decition-making executive committee. In 2014, Altinget opened a branch in Sweden with headquarters in its capital Stockholm. Jakob Nielsen was appointed editor-in-chief in 2017. In November 2019, Christoph Nørgaard was appointed Altinget's managing director. In 2022, they also opened in Norway. Awards ------ In 2004, the newspaper was the first medium to receive the eJour award from Danmarks Journalisthøjskole in recognition of good internet journalism in Scandinavia. At the 2009 European Parliament election in June (week 23), Altinget topped Danske Specialmedier's list of websites with the most visitors. In 2010, Altinget received the Anders Bording Media Award. In 2015, Altinget received the Danish Publicist Club's award for public service. The jury, which consisted of Christian Jensen, Thomas Svaneborg, A.P. Mathiasen, Connie Hedegaard, Jacob Mollerup, Per Mikael Jensen, Elisabet Svane, Kim Hundevadt and Jacob Moll gave the award.
Daily publication in England, 1711 to 1712 *The Spectator* was a daily publication founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in England, lasting from 1711 to 1712. Each "paper", or "number", was approximately 2,500 words long, and the original run consisted of 555 numbers, beginning on 1 March 1711. These were collected into seven volumes. The paper was revived without the involvement of Steele in 1714, appearing thrice weekly for six months, and these papers when collected formed the eighth volume. Eustace Budgell, a cousin of Addison's, and the poet John Hughes also contributed to the publication. \| Run \| Editors \| Numbers \| Dates \| Frequency \| Collected edition \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Original \| Addison & Steele \| 1–555 \| 1 Mar 1711 – 6 Dec 1712 \| Daily \| Vols. I–VII \| \| Revival \| Addison \| 556–635 \| 18 Jun 1714 – 20 Dec 1714 \| 3 times/wk \| Vol. VIII \| Aims ---- In Number 10, Mr. Spectator states that The Spectator will aim "to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality". The journal reached an audience of thousands of people every day, because "the Spectators was something that every middle-class household with aspirations to looking like its members took literature seriously would want to have." He hopes it will be said he has "brought philosophy out of closets and libraries, schools, and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffee–houses". Women were a target audience for The Spectator, because one of the aims of the periodical was to increase the number of women who were "of a more elevated life and conversation." Steele states in The Spectator, No. 10, "But there are none to whom this paper will be more useful than to the female world." He recommends that readers of the paper consider it "as a part of the tea-equipage" and set aside time to read it each morning. The Spectator sought to provide readers with topics for well-reasoned discussion, and to equip them to carry on conversations and engage in social interactions in a polite manner. In keeping with the values of Enlightenment philosophies of their time, the authors of The Spectator promoted family, marriage, and courtesy. Readership ---------- Title pages of the c. 1788 edition of the collected edition of Addison and Steele's The Spectator Despite a modest daily circulation of approximately 3,000 copies, The Spectator was widely read; Joseph Addison estimated that each number was read by thousands of Londoners, about a tenth of the capital's population at the time. Contemporary historians and literary scholars, meanwhile, do not consider this to be an unreasonable claim; most readers were not themselves subscribers but patrons of one of the subscribing coffeehouses. These readers came from many stations in society, but the paper catered principally to the interests of England's emerging middle class—merchants and traders large and small. The Spectator also had many readers in the American colonies. In particular, James Madison read the paper avidly as a teenager. It is said to have had a big influence on his world view, lasting throughout his long life. Benjamin Franklin was also a reader, and the Spectator influenced his style in his "Silence Dogood" letters. Jürgen Habermas sees The Spectator as instrumental in the formation of the public sphere in 18th century England. Although The Spectator declares itself to be politically neutral, it was widely recognised as promoting Whig values and interests. The Spectator continued to be popular and widely read in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was sold in eight-volume editions. Its prose style, and its marriage of morality and advice with entertainment, were considered exemplary. The decline in its popularity has been discussed by Brian McCrea and C. S. Lewis. Notable essays -------------- ### Inkle and Yarico In The Spectator, No.11, Steele created a frame narrative that would come to be a very well known story in the eighteenth century, the story of Inkle and Yarico. Although the periodical essay was published on 13 March 1711, the story is based on Richard Ligon's publication in 1647. Ligon's publication, A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbadoes, reports on how the cruelties of the transatlantic slave trade contribute to slave-produced goods such as tobacco and sugarcane. Mr. Spectator goes to speak with an older woman, Arietta, whom many people visit to discuss various topics. When Mr. Spectator enters the room, there is already another man present speaking with Arietta. They are discussing "constancy in love," and the man uses the tale of The Ephesian Matron to support his point. Arietta is insulted and angered by the man's hypocrisy and sexism. She counters his tale with one of her own, the story of Inkle and Yarico. Thomas Inkle, a twenty-year-old man from London, sailed to the West Indies to increase his wealth through trade. While on an island, he encounters a group of Indians, who battle and kill many of his shipmates. After fleeing, Inkle hides in a cave where he discovers Yarico, an Indian maiden. They become enamored with one another's clothing and physical appearances, and Yarico for the next several months hides her lover from her people and provides him with food and fresh water. Eventually, a ship passes, headed for Barbadoes, and Inkle and Yarico use this opportunity to leave the island. After reaching the English colony, Inkle sells Yarico to a merchant, even after she tells him that she is pregnant. Arietta closes the tale stating that Inkle simply uses Yarico's declaration to argue for a higher price when selling her. Mr. Spectator is so moved by the story that he takes his leave. Steele's text was so well known and influential that seven decades after his publication, George Colman modified the short story into a comic opera, Inkle and Yarico. Editions -------- * The standard edition of The Spectator is Donald F. Bond's edition in five volumes, published in 1965. Selections can be found in The Norton Anthology of English Literature. * Ross, Angus (ed.) Selections from The Tatler and The Spectator (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982) ISBN 0-14-043-130-6. Edited with an introduction and notes. Out of print. Further reading --------------- * Henry W. Kent (1903). "Spectator". Bibliographical Notes on One Hundred Books Famous in English Literature. NY: Grolier Club. * Cowan, Brian; Cornelis, Emilie (2022). "Contributors to the Tatler, Spectator, and Guardian periodicals (Act. 1709–1714)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.105462. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
1915 film *Such Is Life* is a 1915 American silent drama film directed by Joe De Grasse and featuring Lon Chaney, Pauline Bush and Olive Carey. The film is now considered to be lost. Plot ---- Polly, the maid at a theatrical boarding house, falls in love with Will Deming, a handsome stage actor living at the house. Will is the only one in the place who pays any attention to Polly whatsoever. She often dreams of herself as Mrs. Will Deming. Meanwhile Olive Trent, an aspiring young actress, rents a room at the house while trying to break into show business. Will sees Olive at an agency and tries to help her start a career, but she rejects his advances, not realizing he's just trying to help her out. Will doesn't realize that he and Olive actually live in the same house. Tod Wilkes (Lon Chaney), a comic burlesque performer also living at the house, has his eye on Olive as well, and he offers her a degrading job in his seedy burlesque show. At first she refuses, but eventually accepts when her money runs out. After rehearsing with Tod in his room one night, he grabs her and tries to molest her passionately. She manages to escape and on the way back to her own room, she is spotted by Will who offers her a respectable job with his company. Will and Olive both leave together the next day for Syracuse to begin their new project, while Polly sadly watches their departure. Neither of them even say goodbye to her. Polly sadly shakes her head and mutters "Such is life." Cast ---- * Pauline Bush as Polly * William C. Dowlan as Will Deming * Olive Carey as Olive Trent * Lon Chaney as Tod Wilkes, the seedy burlesque performer * Felix Walsh Reception --------- "This story...is so interesting the observer wishes there was another reel. All the types are good; the slavey (maid), the burlesque man (Chaney), the matinee idol and the girl looking for her first engagement. The entire cast is pleasing. The slavey sacrifices her own love to save the girl's happiness. A pleasing offering."—Moving Picture World "This comedy-drama features Pauline Bush.....The picture contains a number of pathetic themes and others which are equally humorous. A nice combination"—Motion Picture News
1968 studio album by Mama Cass *Dream a Little Dream* is the debut solo album by American singer Cass Elliot immediately following the breakup of The Mamas & the Papas, though she was still billed as "Mama Cass" for this release. Capitalizing on the success of her first solo song as the album's title, it was released in October 1968 by Dunhill Records. The album was re-released by MCA Japan in 2001. Conception ---------- Cass Elliot had agreed to a three-album deal as a solo artist with Dunhill Records less than a month after her split with the Mamas & the Papas. Elliot chose John Simon as producer to help her steer the album. She had liked his work with The Band and found him to be the perfect person to work with. Both Elliot and Simon agreed that this would be her album and Simon was keen on allowing her the chance to choose her own material and to shine on her own.[] Album ----- Elliot's original title for the album was going to be "In the Words of My Friends," called this because most of the songs she chose were written by friends and family. The album itself is very much a concept album. While working with the Mamas & the Papas, Elliot felt severely limited in her desire to try different musical styles and took this album as that opportunity. The album contains touches of country, blues, rock, jazz, gospel, and bluegrass. When interviewed about the split, she told the Los Angeles Free Press, "I have a lot of things inside me to sing and I can't expect the others to wait around until I have got things out of my system. It's not that I wanted to leave the group, it's just that I wanted to do some things on my own."[] The album was recorded in no more than ten days at Wally Heider's studio in Los Angeles. Instead of spending countless hours doing retakes as she had done with the Mamas & the Papas, she recorded almost every song live. Elliot was also keen to try, with the help of Simon, some experimental techniques such as adding sound effects to the songs. "Dream a Little Dream of Me" was introduced at the beginning of the album with the sound of rain and a thunderstorm and then with the static of someone changing a radio station. At the end of the song, a radio DJ announces that an ensuing earthquake has hit Los Angeles as "California Earthquake" begins. Several other songs on the album lead into the next song to create the feeling that the same song is still playing. John Sebastian's "Darling Be Home Soon" and Joni Mitchell's "Sisotowbell Lane" were both recorded but ultimately dropped from the album. These finally saw the light of day in 2005 when The Complete Cass Elliot Collection: 1968-71 was released; it featured all the material recorded for Dunhill on Elliot's first three solo albums, along with several other singles and unreleased rarities. Track listing ------------- 1. "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (Wilbur Schwandt, Fabian Andre, Gus Kahn) (US Pop #12/AC #2/UK #11) - 3:24 2. "California Earthquake" (John Hartford) (US #67) - 2:42 3. "The Room Nobody Lives In" (John Sebastian) - 2:38 4. "Talkin' to Your Toothbrush" (John Simon) - 2:19 5. "Blues for Breakfast" (Richard Manuel) - 2:56 6. "You Know Who I Am" (Leonard Cohen) - 3:57 7. "Rubber Band" (Cyrus Faryar) - 3:17 8. "Long Time Loving You" (Stuart Scharf) - 1:59 9. "Jane, The Insane Dog Lady" (John Simon) - 2:00 10. "What Was I Thinking Of" (Leah Cohen) - 3:50 11. "Burn Your Hatred" (Graham Nash) - 2:25 12. "Sweet Believer" (Cyrus Faryar) - 4:55 Reception --------- Professional ratings\| Review scores \| \| --- \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| Allmusic \| link \| When Elliot presented the album to the studio heads of Dunhill, they were less than pleased; they had expected her to produce material similar to her work with the Mamas & the Papas. They felt the album she had made was only marketable to a hippie audience, and thus went about marketing it toward the underground media. Elliot was displeased with this; she felt that the album really showed who she was and where she was at that moment, and that, had the album been promoted properly, it would have been a hit. Dunhill was also keen on keeping the "Mama Cass" name alive, hence the decision to bill her under that name, despite Elliot wanting to separate herself from that image as much as possible and to be known as Cass Elliot. Despite the clashes between Elliot and Dunhill, the album sold over 150,000 copies and was a moderate success, landing at #87 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. To promote the album, Elliot had an interview with Rolling Stone magazine, followed by a then-extraordinary $40,000 a week gig at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. Personnel --------- * Cass Elliot - vocals * Stephen Stills - guitar, vocals * John Sebastian - guitar, harmonica * James Burton - guitar, dobro * Cyrus Faryar - guitar, ukulele * Harvey Brooks - bass guitar * Joe Osborn - bass guitar on "Dream a Little Dream of Me" * Paul Harris - organ, piano * John Simon - piano, arrangements * Larry Knechtel - keyboards on "Dream a Little Dream of Me" * Plas Johnson - saxophone * Jim Gordon - drums * Hal Blaine - drums on "Dream a Little Dream of Me" * Reinol "Dino" Andino - congas * Renais Faryar - vocals on "The Room Nobody Lives In" and "Rubber Band" * Brenda Holloway - backing vocals on "You Know Who I Am" * Philip Austin - voice * Denny Doherty, Jill Gibson, John Phillips, Michelle Phillips, Scott McKenzie - backing vocals on "Dream a Little Dream of Me" * The Blossoms - backing vocals on "Blues for Breakfast" and "You Know Who I Am" Technical * Gary Burden - art direction, design * Henry Diltz - photography \| * v * t * e Cass Elliot \| \| --- \| \| Albums \| * Dream a Little Dream * Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama * Cass Elliot * The Road Is No Place for a Lady \| \| Collaborations \| * Dave Mason & Cass Elliot \| \| Compilations \| * Mama's Big Ones \| \| Live \| * Don't Call Me Mama Anymore \| \| Singles \| * "Dream a Little Dream of Me" * "Move in a Little Closer, Baby" * "It's Getting Better" * "Make Your Own Kind of Music" * "New World Coming" * "One Way Ticket" * "Baby I'm Yours" \| \| Related articles \| * The Mamas & the Papas \|
Road in Thailand Borommaratchachonnani Road and parallel overpass in the phase of Chimphli Subdistrict, Taling Chan District Borommaratchachonnani Road in the beginning phase near Borommaratchachonnani Intersection and Tesco Lotus Pinklao Borommaratchachonnani Road (Thai: ถนนบรมราชชนนี, RTGS: Thanon Borommaratchachonnani, pronounced [tʰā.nǒn bɔ̄ː.rōm.mā.râːt.t͡ɕʰā.t͡ɕʰōn.nā.nīː]), the most part of which is Highway 338 (ทางหลวงแผ่นดินหมายเลข 338), is a main road in Bangkok's Thonburi side (west bank of Chao Phraya River) and Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Borommaratchachonnani Road has a starting point at the Borommaratchachonnani Intersection in the areas of Bangkok Noi and Bang Phlat's Pinklao neighbourhood in Bangkok. Then headed to the west through Taling Chan and Thawi Watthana as far as entering the area of Phutthamonthon, Sam Phran in Nakhon Pathom and ending at the intersection with Petchkasem Road in the area of Nakhon Chai Si, total length is 33.984 km (21.117 mi). The road was the result of the opening of Phra Pinklao Bridge across to Phra Nakhon area in 1973, the bridge was expanded by construction Somdet Phra Pinklao Road from the foot of the bridge linking Charansanitwong Road. It was later expanded to be Bangkok Noi-Nakhon Chai Si Highway (ทางหลวงสายบางกอกน้อย-นครชัยศรี) in 1979 and completed in 1984. At first, the road has no official name yet, people therefore popularly call it Pinklao-Nakhon Chai Si Road (ถนนปิ่นเกล้า-นครชัยศรี). Until the year 1991, King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) graciously named "Borommaratchachonnani" ('King's mother') in honour of his mother, Princess Srinagarindra. In 1998, a parallel Borommaratchachonnani Elevated Highway was opened to alleviate traffic jams. Total length is 14 km (8.6 mi). Borommaratchachonnani Road runs through many important places such as Tesco Lotus Pinklao, Central Plaza Pinklao, Chaophraya Hospital, Southern Bus Terminal, Southern Railway, Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thongsuk College, Thonburi 2 Hospital, Phutthamonthon, Mahidol University and Prince Mahidol Hall, Thai Human Imagery Museum etc. Moreover, this road is serves as the location of Borommaratchachonnani Depot, the main terminal and depot of BMTA's bus zone 6, which provides a total of 18 routes. It is located on the inbound side near Khukhanan Loi Fah [Parallel Elevated Highway] Police Station in Thawi Watthana. It moved from the original location, Phutthamonthon Sai 2 Road in Bang Khae and was available for the first day on April 1, 2019.
Spanish colonial governor and general (1816–1876) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Caballero and the second or maternal family name is Fernández de Rodas. Antonio Caballero y Fernández de Rodas (1816-1876) was a 19th-Century Spanish general who was notable for his participation in the Ten Years' War and the Spanish Glorious Revolution. Biography --------- One of the first fronts on which he intervened in was the First Carlist War, where he has already aroused the interest of his superiors. In 1854 he was part of the Vicalvarada and distinguished himself by joining the Liberal Union. In the days of Leopoldo O'Donnell he was promoted to brigadier and took part in the Hispano-Moroccan War. In 1861 he put an end to the Loja insurrection. After intervening in the war in Morocco, he returns to Madrid and had an argument with Nicolás María Rivero that would end in a duel. This circumstance did not favor him at all as he ended up being exiled to the Canary Islands, where they also sent General Francisco Serrano and others. ### Little War and Spanish Glorious Revolution With the Duke de la Torre and other generals exiled to the Canary Islands, he returned to the peninsula in September 1868 to join the Glorious Revolution against Isabel II. He was one of the signers of the Cádiz Manifesto in September 1868 and participated in the Battle of Alcolea, in which he was one of its most important generals. At the head of a division he contributed to the triumph of the uprising troops. He was promoted on his merits to lieutenant general. Appointed director general of the Infantry, in July 1869 he was sworn in as Captain General of Cuba, where the first independence insurrection had broken out shortly before. He traveled to Cuba together with the new mayor, José Emilio de Santos, with the mandate to pacify the island and end corruption in the administration, but it only took him a year to return to Spain. In 1872 he was elected senator for the provinces of Almería and Córdoba, opting for the representation of the former. In 1873 he participated in the Third Carlist War on April 23 together with Generals Serrano and Topete in order to prevent the proclamation of the federal Republic, the failure of the movement led him to flee in disguise but was captured in Torrelodones, although thanks to a safe-conduct from Estanislao Figueras he was released. Caballero died in Madrid in 1876
Genre of music The indie classical genre is generally used to describe the music that follows certain classical music practices but is produced and distributed through independent record labels. The term was brought into widespread circulation by New Amsterdam Records’ publicity apparatus, intended to represent composers whose "music slips through the cracks between genres." The term "indie classical" became controversial and by 2013, it had been strongly resisted by participants in the very community that the record label initially sought to describe. The term remains unsettled and its use has declined, although currently it is sometimes used interchangeably with "alt-classical" or "neo-classical", generally as a marketing label for music that crosses over between classical and other popular genres, associating artists who have little in common with the original movement. Terminology ----------- According to composer and co-founder of New Amsterdam Records, Judd Greenstein, the intention behind the term "indie classical" was a shorthand description of the kind of music they were making under a "do-it-yourself" institutional spirit. Both Judd Greenstein and composer Matt McBane have hesitantly taken credit for inventing the term. Others use it to describe composers and artists who seem to operate outside the established tradition in both style and technique. For New Amsterdam, indie classical was not intended to provide a context with which to comprehend its individual albums and compositions, but a term to brand the label’s identity and describe its innovations in the classical music market. The term's usefulness is still debatable, and because it was promoted by publicists and accepted by journalists, "indie classical" could also be dismissed as outsider public relations jargon. Peter McCallum criticized its linguistic vagueness, describing it as a "lazy term, a marketer’s ‘too-hard’ basket, avoiding the hard work of tracing musical lineage." History ------- Although the term "indie classical" had appeared in Billboard magazine as far back as 1950 in reference to "small-scale classical record labels", the current use of the term can be traced to New Amsterdam Records, established in 2007 by composers William Brittelle, Sarah Kirkland Snider and Judd Greenstein. These composers wanted to carve out a place for themselves and for other composers who did not feel represented within "contemporary classical music" or "new music", which lead to the creation of their record label. In a December 2007 press release, they proclaimed that their mission was to represent "music without walls, from a scene without a name." This announcement was accompanied by their website which sought to "foster a sense of connection among musicians and fans in this ‘indie classical’ scene", effectively ascribing a name to it. Parallel to New Amsterdam’s evolution, other independent record labels pursuing similar objectives had emerged. Labels such as Nonclassical and Bedroom Community germinated as an effort by traditionally trained composers to find a niche and defy convention. ### Controversy As the term continued to spread through the public and major publications, indie classical soon became a source of contention online, and media outlets used their own criteria to decide which artists were included in the movement. The online music magazine Pitchfork expanded the genre to include indie rock artists like Sufjan Stevens and Jonny Greenwood, and situated the movement as a successor to the minimalist scene of downtown NY and the group Bang on a Can. Nico Muhly, an established American composer with an international reputation, had become the poster child of indie classical for many writers. In a contentious blog post, he expressed his aversion to it, saying that "nothing is gained by that description, even if it makes the PR people’s jobs easier. It attracts haters and lumps people together in a way that belies how actual communities of musicians function." Muhly’s commentary articulated the problematic stylistic associations with indie music, and his criticism noticeably affected the integrity of the indie classical term, debilitating its utilization and tarnishing it as a negative qualifier. The cultural capital that indie classical as a brand helped its community gain - the success in reaching a Pitchfork demographic, and the success of Muhly as a spokesperson for his scene - ultimately undermined that strength and led to its abandonment. Greenstein and his colleagues became uncomfortable with the utilization of indie classical to represent a single aesthetic, and by 2013 the label had ceased using the term. Their current mission statement is to support "composers and performers whose work transcends traditional and outdated genre distinctions." Ideology -------- The indie classical movement was a direct reaction against the conservatism of classical conservatory training and the insulation of popular music genre boundaries. According to Ginanne Mitic: "The generation coming up now in classical music are frustrated by the isolation of classical music and a lot have grown up other genres of music as well. .. [indie classical] is a way of doing classical music that are not the old ways. .. certainly and deliberately it has overtones with indie rock that are homemade, new and out on the edge." This discontent with academia encourages musicians to find a new community, and the resultant cross-pollination encourages a DIY attitude out of necessity. Bryce Dessner explains how The Kronos Quartet delineated the perfect ethos for this movement: "non-profit, artist-driven, and with their own record labels. The precursor to this was punk rock and the DIY culture of the early ‘80s." In addition, the musicians began to question the role of the composer above other musicians, explicitly highlighting the importance of the collective nature in their works. Initially, the term was specifically sought after by the composers themselves, as opposed to being imposed upon them as a marketing label. However, after the controversy some composers preferred a "post-genre" label; they had to be more aggressive about defining their own identity, given the media’s predisposition to classify them as "classical". ### Modes of Dissemination The independent distribution of the music was at the core of this movement. Co-creator of New Amsterdam Records, Judd Greenstein, clarified that the term was "not about the sound of the music. .. instead it is used to describe the approach to disseminating that music, and framing it for potential audiences." One major distinction in indie classical is regarding monetization. While other music navigates through the commercial marketplace, the indie classical movement is mainly monetized through the nonprofit world. This directly limits the type and size of audiences, which is why the scene remains under the radar of mainstream listeners. Music ----- Linked by an ethos more than a musical approach, the indie classical movement encompasses a wide range of styles while evading an overarching aesthetic idiosyncrasy. The biggest problem when considering indie classical as a musical genre is that their music does not have a shared sound. Composer Missy Mazzoli describes it as "more of a social movement than a musical one." These circumstances make it challenging to pinpoint collective musical features. Some artists, particularly within the New Amsterdam label, display certain compositional and aesthetic aspects of postminimalism: a steady pulse, additive and subtractive procedures, and tonality that is diatonic but non-functional. Isaac Schankler hesitantly outlines musical qualities of the movement: influences by pop, rock and/or minimalism; rejection of the traditional distinction between ‘high culture’ and ‘low culture’; resistance to genre identifiers, or a musical embodiment of a cultural anxiety. Some important traits of these musicians are the inherited practices from their classical training: prominent use of notation for learning and performing the music, a reserved audience behaviour, and mastery of the technical possibilities in their instrument. As Muhly explains: "What you have here is classically trained composers relinquishing control. .. and replacing it with a type of community music-making more commonly found in rock bands." ### Geography and Venues Initially, the movement originated from composers in the United States, more specifically from downtown Manhattan and Brooklyn. Afterwards, artists from European countries like Iceland and England began to associate themselves with the indie classical movement. The Spotify "Indie Classical" playlist, the most popular of its kind with over eighty thousand followers, shows that 66% of the artists are from the United States, 12% from Iceland, and 9% from the United Kingdom. Venue choice was crucial in the success of this music; artists seemed as comfortable performing in bars and nightclubs as they did in concert halls. In New York, the most important venues to the indie classical scene were cross-cultural venues such as Manhattan’s Le Poisson Rouge and the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. In the UK, the Nonclassical record label presented their showcases as if they were rock gigs, hosting a monthly club night at The Macbeth. Related Composers ----------------- Some composers that are linked to this genre are Gabriel Kahane, Judd Greenstein, Caroline Shaw, Sarah Kirkland Snider, David Lang, Missy Mazzoli, Nico Muhly, Anna Meredith, Gabriel Prokofiev, William Brittelle, Ólafur Arnalds, Nils Frahm, Sufjan Stevens, and Jonny Greenwood. Related Groups -------------- Ensembles usually associated with this genre are Bang On A Can All-Stars, Alarm Will Sound, yMusic, Roomful of Teeth, Eighth Blackbird, Now Ensemble, and The Living Earth Show.
Species of flowering plant *Angelica pachycarpa, the Portuguese angelica, is a herbaceous perennial plant native to north western Spain and western Portugal, and naturalised in New Zealand. It inhabits forests, grasslands and stream sides and is occasionally grown as an ornamental garden subject for its glossy foliage and umbels of white flowers. Distribution ------------ It is present in coastal regions of north western Spain from Santander west to the Portugal-Spain border and has a disjunct population in the Berlengas archipelago off central-western Portugal. Description ----------- Angelica pachycarpa* is a short-lived, stout fleshy plant. It grows about one meter tall, with very glossy dark green foliage. It has creamy-white to greenish-white flowers in flat umbels that are ten to twenty centimeters wide. The foliage and hollow stems have a faint aniseed odor. The stems are grooved. The base foliage is two to three pinnate and noticeable petiolate; the stem leaves are one to three pinnate with very short petioles. The fruit are up to twelve millimeters long, brown with lighter colored wings, and have a pepper-like scent. Angelica pachycarpa is found growing in the Crithmo-Armerion maritimae (Géhu 1968) community of plants in Spain and Portugal which includes these species also: Armeria berlengensis, Armeria euscadiensis, Armeria maritima subsp. miscella, Armeria pubigera subsp. depilata, Armeria pubigera subsp. pubigera, Centaurea borjae, Daucus gingidium subsp. atlanticum, Leucanthemum ircutianum subsp. crassifolium, Leucanthemum merinoi, Leucanthemum pluriflorum, Rumex acetosa subsp. biformis, Rumex rupestris, Sesamoides suffruticosa subsp. latifolia, Silene uniflora, Spergularia rupicola subsp. rupicola, Trifolium occidentale.
Church in Hampshire , United Kingdom Church in Hampshire , United Kingdom Swanwick Shore Strict Baptist Chapel is a Strict Baptist place of worship in Lower Swanwick, a village in the Borough of Fareham in Hampshire, England. It has been in continuous use for worship since 1844, when it succeeded a converted boat-shed which had become unsuitable. Worshippers had gathered there since 1835, led by a pastor who had previously attended a different chapel nearby and who continued to lead the congregation until his death in 1892. Historic England has listed the simple brick building at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance. History ------- In the early 19th century, Nonconformist Christians living in the Swanwick area of South Hampshire were provided for at an Independent (later Congregational) chapel which opened at nearby Sarisbury in 1803, several years after worshippers began meeting in local houses. George Harding, a regular attendee, sometimes ministered in the chapel, but after a few years it was temporarily closed. By the time it reopened, Harding's beliefs had changed and were more closely aligned with those of the Strict Baptist movement. He began to minister to people sympathetic to that cause, initially in houses and then from 1835 in a boat-shed he acquired and fitted out as a meeting house. This wooden building was "not an ideal place": measuring 120 by 12 by 8 feet (36.6 m × 3.7 m × 2.4 m) and built entirely of wood, it often overheated, regularly flooded—especially at high tide on the River Hamble, a tidal river on which the shed stood—and soon became so popular as a place of worship that no more people could get in. In 1844, the building was condemned, and Harding arranged for a new permanent chapel to be built close to the site. John Moody, who owned the riverside boatyard where he founded Moody Yachts and where the old shed stood, assisted with this. It was completed the same year; the date is commemorated on a stone in the gable. George Harding remained as pastor until his death in 1892. A vestry was built to the rear of the chapel in the 1870s, but few changes have taken place to the building since then apart from some small alterations in the late 20th century. The chapel was awarded Grade II listed status on 26 September 2005; this defines it as a "nationally important" building of "special interest". As of February 2001 it was one of 406 Grade II listed buildings, and 423 listed buildings of all grades, in the Borough of Fareham. Architecture ------------ The chapel stands back slightly from Bridge Road (the A27), historically the main route between Southampton, Fareham and Portsmouth. Externally the building is very simple: of red and grey brick with a slate-tiled roof, it has a symmetrical east-facing façade with two large, slightly recessed, arched blind windows set below the gable and above a central doorway. Between the round-arched tops of the blank windows is a datestone (click for image) reading baptist chapel / erected / 1844. The bricks are laid in the Flemish bond pattern, and at the bottom there is a rendered plinth. The panelled double doors sit below a slate projection carried on plain brackets. The north and south elevations are similar: they have two sash windows set between projecting brick pilasters. The north face has a small additional window, a later addition. The vestry to the rear is, like the chapel itself, of one storey but is shorter; the walls are rendered, and there is a single sash window.
Attitude control device used in spacecraft A small reaction wheel viewed in profile A momentum/reaction wheel comprising part of a high-accuracy Conical Earth Sensor to maintain a satellite's precise attitude A reaction wheel (RW) is used primarily by spacecraft for three-axis attitude control, and does not require rockets or external applicators of torque. They provide a high pointing accuracy, and are particularly useful when the spacecraft must be rotated by very small amounts, such as keeping a telescope pointed at a star. A reaction wheel is sometimes operated as (and referred to as) a momentum wheel, by operating it at a constant (or near-constant) rotation speed, to provide a satellite with a large amount of stored angular momentum. Doing so alters the spacecraft's rotational dynamics so that disturbance torques perpendicular to one axis of the satellite (the axis parallel to the wheel's spin axis) do not result directly in spacecraft angular motion about the same axis as the disturbance torque; instead, they result in (generally smaller) angular motion (precession) of that spacecraft axis about a perpendicular axis. This has the effect of tending to stabilize that spacecraft axis to point in a nearly-fixed direction, allowing for a less-complicated attitude control system. Satellites using this "momentum-bias" stabilization approach include SCISAT-1; by orienting the momentum wheel's axis to be parallel to the orbit-normal vector, this satellite is in a "pitch momentum bias" configuration. A control moment gyroscope (CMG) is a related but different type of attitude actuator, generally consisting of a momentum wheel mounted in a one-axis or two-axis gimbal. When mounted to a rigid spacecraft, applying a constant torque to the wheel using one of the gimbal motors causes the spacecraft to develop a constant angular velocity about a perpendicular axis, thus allowing control of the spacecraft's pointing direction. CMGs are generally able to produce larger sustained torques than RWs with less motor heating, and are preferentially used in larger or more-agile (or both) spacecraft, including Skylab, Mir, and the International Space Station. Theory ------ Reaction wheels are used to control the attitude of a satellite without the use of thrusters, which reduces the mass fraction needed for fuel. They work by equipping the spacecraft with an electric motor attached to a flywheel, which, when its rotation speed is changed, causes the spacecraft to begin to counter-rotate proportionately through conservation of angular momentum. Reaction wheels can rotate a spacecraft only around its center of mass (see torque); they are not capable of moving the spacecraft from one place to another (see translational force). Implementation -------------- For three-axis control, reaction wheels must be mounted along at least three directions, with extra wheels providing redundancy to the attitude control system. A redundant mounting configuration could consist of four wheels along tetrahedral axes, or a spare wheel carried in addition to a three axis configuration. Changes in speed (in either direction) are controlled electronically by computer. The strength of the materials used in a reaction wheel determine the speed at which the wheel would come apart, and therefore how much angular momentum it can store. Since the reaction wheel is a small fraction of the spacecraft's total mass, easily controlled, temporary changes in its speed result in small changes in angle. The wheels therefore permit very precise changes in a spacecraft's attitude. For this reason, reaction wheels are often used to aim spacecraft carrying cameras or telescopes. Over time, reaction wheels may build up enough stored momentum to exceed the maximum speed of the wheel, called saturation. However, slowing down the wheels imparts a torque causing undesired rotation. Designers therefore supplement reaction wheel systems with other attitude control mechanisms to cancel out the torque caused by "desaturating" the reaction wheels. Typically designers use "reaction control systems"; arrays of small chemical rocket engines that fire as the wheels slow down to counter the torque the wheels are imparting on the spacecraft as they slow down. More fuel efficient methods for reaction wheel desaturation have been developed over time. By reducing the amount of fuel the spacecraft needs to be launched with, they increase the useful payload that can be delivered to orbit. These methods include magnetorquers (better known as torque rods), which transfer angular momentum to the Earth through its planetary magnetic field requiring only electrical power and no fuel. They are however limited to areas of space with a sufficiently large magnetic field (such as in low Earth orbit). In the absence of a sufficiently strong magnetic field, the next most efficient practice is to use high-efficiency attitude jets such as ion thrusters. Examples of spacecraft using reaction wheels -------------------------------------------- ### Beresheet Beresheet was launched on a Falcon 9 rocket on 22 February 2019 1:45 UTC, with the goal of landing on the Moon. Beresheet uses the low-energy transfer technique to save fuel. Since its fourth maneuver in its elliptical orbit, to prevent shakes when the amount of liquid fuel ran low, there was a need to use a reaction wheel. ### James Webb Space Telescope The James Webb Space Telescope has six reaction wheels built by Rockwell Collins Deutschland. ### LightSail 2 LightSail 2 was launched on 25 June 2019, focused around the concept of a solar sail. LightSail 2 uses a reaction wheel system to change orientation by very small amounts, allowing it to receive different amounts of momentum from the light across the sail, resulting in a higher altitude. Failures and mission impact --------------------------- The failure of one or more reaction wheels can cause a spacecraft to lose its ability to maintain attitude (orientation) and thus potentially cause a mission failure. Recent studies conclude that these failures can be correlated with space weather effects. These events probably caused failures by inducing electrostatic discharge in the steel ball bearings of Ithaco wheels, compromising the smoothness of the mechanism. ### Hubble Space Telescope Two servicing missions to the Hubble Space Telescope have replaced a reaction wheel. In February 1997, the Second Servicing Mission (STS-82) replaced one after 'electrical anomalies', rather than any mechanical problem. Study of the returned mechanism provided a rare opportunity to study equipment that had undergone long-term service (seven years) in space, particularly for the effects of vacuum on lubricants. The lubricating compound was found to be in 'excellent condition'. In 2002, during Servicing Mission 3B (STS-109), astronauts from the shuttle Columbia replaced another reaction wheel. Neither of these wheels had failed and Hubble was designed with four redundant wheels, and maintained pointing ability so long as three were functional. ### Hayabusa In 2004, during the mission of the Hayabusa spacecraft, an X-axis reaction wheel failed. The Y-axis wheel failed in 2005, causing the craft to rely on chemical thrusters to maintain attitude control. ### Kepler From July 2012 to May 11, 2013, two out of the four reaction wheels in the Kepler telescope failed. This loss severely affected Kepler's ability to maintain a sufficiently precise orientation to continue its original mission. On August 15, 2013, engineers concluded that Kepler's reaction wheels cannot be recovered and that planet-searching using the transit method (measuring changes in star brightness caused by orbiting planets) could not continue. Although the failed reaction wheels still function, they are experiencing friction exceeding acceptable levels, and consequently hindering the ability of the telescope to properly orient itself. The Kepler telescope was returned to its "point rest state", a stable configuration that uses small amounts of thruster fuel to compensate for the failed reaction wheels, while the Kepler team considered alternative uses for Kepler that do not require the extreme accuracy in its orientation needed by the original mission. On May 16, 2014, NASA extended the Kepler mission to a new mission named K2, which uses Kepler differently, but allows it to continue searching for exoplanets. On October 30, 2018, NASA announced the end of the Kepler mission after it was determined that the fuel supply had been exhausted. ### Dawn The NASA space probe Dawn had excess friction in one reaction wheel in June 2010. It was originally scheduled to depart Vesta and begin its two-and-a-half-year journey to Ceres on August 26, 2012; however, a problem with another of the spacecraft's reaction wheels forced Dawn to briefly delay its departure from Vesta's gravity until September 5, 2012, and it planned to use thruster jets instead of the reaction wheels during the three-year journey to Ceres. The loss of the reaction wheels limited the camera observations on the approach to Ceres. ### Swift Observatory On the evening of Tuesday, January 18, 2022, a possible failure of one of the Swift Observatory's reaction wheels caused the mission control team to power off the suspected wheel, putting the observatory in safe mode as a precaution. This was the first time a reaction wheel failed on Swift in 17 years. Swift resumed science operations on February 17, 2022.
Medical condition Langer Mesomelic Dysplasia (LMD) is a rare congenital disorder characterised by altered bone formation, which typically causes affected individuals to experience shortening of the bones of the extremities as well as an abnormally short stature. Signs and symptoms ------------------ The disease is characterized by severe shortening of long bones, affecting the limb's middle segments more than the proximal and distal segments. There is a severe underdevelopment or complete absence of the ulna and fibula (hypoplasia or aplasia), along with a thickened and curved radius and tibia. Additionally, these anomalies can lead to deformities of the hands and feet, and there may be hypoplasia of the lower jaw as well. Intellectual and motor development of affected persons are normal. Adults reach approximate height of 130 cm. Pathogenesis ------------ The disease is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of the short-stature homeobox gene (SHOX), located at the pseudoautosomal region PAR1 of the human sex chromosomes, or this gene's enhancer region. In other words, it is a genetic abnormality inherited in a recessive manner. Carrying only one mutant allele (heterozygosity) presents as Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis. Mutations of the enhancer regions may be connected to less severe presentation. Diagnosis --------- Diagnosis may be suspected on the basis of the clinical and radiologic findings, which are already present at birth, and can supported by molecular analysis of the SHOX gene. The disease may also be suspected through ultrasound during the second trimester of gestation. ### Classification LMD is part of the mesomelic and rhizomelic skeletal dysplasias, which are primary bone diseases where the person's short stature is due to a lack of complete bone development of the limb's long bones. Treatment --------- Children with Langer mesomelic dysplasia are given Growth hormone; it does not affect the bone anomalies, but it can increase the final height reached by 7 to 10 cm. In selected patients, orthopaedic surgery may be helpful to try to gain some functionality of severely impaired joints.[] ### Prognosis Life expectancy is normal; walking may be delayed.
For other uses, see Bracket (disambiguation). 14th episode of the 3rd season of How I Met Your Mother "The Bracket" is the 14th episode in the third season of the television series How I Met Your Mother and 58th overall. It originally aired on March 31, 2008. Plot ---- Barney attempts to track down and identify a woman who is stalking him in order to warn women he picks up from having sex with him. He narrows down a list of 64 women most likely to want revenge, then has the gang help him eliminate possibilities tournament style. Lily, the only person who has seen the stalker, forces him to confront his "final four," none of whom is the stalker, although the woman from "Ted Mosby, Architect" started tedmosbyisajerk.com under the impression that Barney's identity is Ted's. Lily is irked by Barney’s refusal to apologize to the women he has hurt but Barney reasons that they were consenting adults, he showed them a good time, and remembered each and every one — even going so far as to scrapbook each experience. Eventually, they concoct a plan where Robin will pretend to be a girl that Barney wants to hook up with, while Lily stays by the jukebox at MacLaren's, and the rest of the guys hang out at the booth. When Barney pretends to go to the bathroom, he notices a woman approaching Robin. Barney finally apologizes to the woman when he thinks that she is the avenger but he does not recall having slept with her. This turns out to be a friend of Robin's, but Lily nonetheless is proud of Barney for finally giving out a sincere apology. The woman warning Barney’s potential conquests is not revealed, but Future Ted reassures that she will be revealed another time. At the end of the episode, Barney writes of the experience in his oft-mentioned blog in a scene similar to the computerized diary scenes of Doogie Howser, M.D., in which Neil Patrick Harris (Barney) stars. After glancing over at another conquest he snagged through deception, he concludes that the lesson to all this is that he is "awesome." Production ---------- The episode was originally named "The Final Four". Many blogs and reviews refer to it by that name. The tie-in website was initially bought to prevent it being exploited by cybersquatters,[] then a simple website was added. Associate producer Carl MacLaren had the idea to do a song for the website, which sprawled into a much longer 20-minute work. The song syncs up slightly with the episode a la the alleged The Dark Side of the Moon/Wizard of Oz sync, which can be seen on the season 3 DVD. The vocals were performed by Charlene Amoia (Wendy the Waitress). Critical response ----------------- Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B rating. IGN gave the episode a rating of 7.6 out of 10. Omar G of Television Without Pity rated the episode A+. It was the only episode of the season rated A+, and described as "one of the best episodes of the show".
Former Leipzig stock exchange building The Alte Handelsbörse or Alte Börse (Old exchange) in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany, is the city's oldest assembly building of merchants, and also the oldest Baroque building. Built as the Börse in 1678, it is now used as an event venue and is known in English as the Old Stock Exchange. History ------- Leipzig has always been an important trading centre, being at the intersection of two historical trade routes, and trade fairs have been held here for nearly a millennium. The initiative to build a Börse, as a neutral exchange place to conduct business and seal deals, came in 1667 from 30 major merchants after complaints by foreign merchants. The city council took the decisive decision to build the Börse on 6 May 1678. The building was probably designed by Johann Georg Starcke [de], a master builder at the court of John George II, Elector of Saxony, in Dresden. Construction began at the Naschmarkt [de] adjacent to the Old Town Hall on 30 May 1678. The Börse was used already from 1679, but the artwork in the interior was completed only in 1687. The ground floor had rooms rented to merchants, the upper floor offered a hall, Börsensaal, for auctions, balls and other events. Alte Börse at the end of the Naschmarkt, c. 1880 After the end of the German campaign of 1813 and the reopening of the exchange, the building was rebuilt and extended in 1816 according to the designs of the Leipzig building director Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe and the Karlsruhe building director Friedrich Weinbrenner. With the growth of the trade fair in the second half of the 19th century, it was decided to build the new stock exchange [de]. When it was completed in 1886, the old exchange building was named Alte Handelsbörse (or Alte Börse). After 1887, the Börsensaal served as a meeting room for the city councillors. Between 1905 and 1907, a porch built in 1816 was demolished and the original shape of the building was restored. During the Second World War, the Börse burnt down completely in 1943, resulting in the irretrievable loss of the valuable stucco ceiling and ceiling paintings. The building was secured with an emergency roof. Restoration of the exterior began in 1955, completed in 1962. Since then, the Alte Börse has been used for cultural events such as readings, concerts and exhibitions. Between 1992 and 1995, the facade and the interior were extensively renovated, with a focus on the original colouring of the facades and the window glazing in the style of the 17th century. Architecture ------------ Goethe monument [de] in front of the Alte Börse The design of the Börse shows parallels in many details to the Palais im Großen Garten [de] and the Lusthaus in the Italian Garden in Dresden. Builders involved included the Leipzig master mason Christian Richter, the stonemasons Andreas Junghans from Rochlitz, Hans Caspar Beck from Laucha and Melchior Bock from Zeitz as well as the master carpenter Christian Schmied. The last features to be completed were a stucco ceiling by Giovanni Simonetti and seven allegorical ceiling paintings by Johann Heinrich am Ende [de]. The Börse is a freestanding building with two floors and a flat roof, accessed by an open two-way staircase. It has a plaster facade, embellished all around with flat pilasters with Ionic capitals and festoons. A sandstone balustrade has round-arched portals. Above the staircase, two winged putti hold the Leipzig city coat of arms. The front features two statues, of Apollo and Mercury, the god of the merchants, while the back has Minerva and Venus. The facades of the building are evenly spaced on all sides with high rectangular windows and low transverse rectangular windows above. The Alte Handelsbörse thus combines elements of both Dutch and Italian Baroque. Further reading --------------- * Walter Hentschel: Die Alte Börse in Leipzig und ihr Architekt. (in German) Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1964. * Nikolaus Pevsner: Leipziger Barock. Die Baukunst der Barockzeit in Leipzig. (in German) Dresden/Leipzig: Seemann-Verlag 1928/1990. * Alberto Schwarz: Das Alte Leipzig – Stadtbild und Architektur, (in German) Beucha 2018, ISBN 978-3-86729-226-9, pp. 88–91. * Bernd Weinkauf: Architekturführer – Die 100 wichtigsten Leipziger Bauwerke, (in German) 1st edition, 2011, Jaron Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-89773-913-0, p. 44. * Alte Handelsbörse (in German) leipzig-lexikon.de
Kingdom in West Africa Gajaaga, also known as Galam, was a Soninke kingdom in on the upper Senegal river that existed from before 1000CE to 1858. The area today is split between Senegal and Mali. It was sometimes referred to as the Land of Gold, which it exported in large quantities, and 'Galam' in fact means 'gold' in Wolof. In the middle of the 17th century, Gajaaga was perhaps the most powerful state in the upper Senegal river region. It controlled both banks of the river from the area of Kayes downstream to Bakel. History ------- The Bacili dynasty established a successor state to the Ghana Empire, preserving the traditional snake cult of Wagadu. They came to the region from the Inner Niger Delta sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries CE and conquered the native 'Gaja' Soninke people, but their control was only truly cemented in the 13th century. At some point Gajaaga became a tributary of the Mali Empire, remaining so until 1506 when Songhai attacks broke Malian power in the Sahel. With the rise of the Deniankes in Futa Toro, Gajaaga became a nominal tributary state in the late 16th century. In 1690, Fula Torodbe cleric Malick Sy came to Gajaaga seeking a place to practice his interpretation of sharia. The tunka gave him control over a town and eventually the entire sparsely-populated area of Bundu. In the 18th century, however, Bundu's power increased as they captured land from their former overlords, and Gajaaga declined. Gajaaga also lost land to the kingdoms of Khasso and Guidimaka. At the beginning of the 18th century they suffered raids by the Trarza Moors and Kaarta. The French built a fort in Gajaaga in 1700, from which came most of the slaves traded out of Saint-Louis in the decades following. The penetration of the slave trade and the rising influence of Moroccan Orman forces in the Senegal river valley created widespread social upheaval that affected Gajaaga as much as its neighbors. Beginning in 1700 the kingdom saw frequent succession disputes and civil wars, destroying the confederation's itnernal unity. They culminated in a 1750 invasion by Kaarta and Khasso which, though defeated, signaled Gajaaga's weakness. After a long absence during the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, the French re-established a fort at Bakel in 1820 and gave a monopoly on river trade to the 'Companie de Galam' in 1824, all to try and divert trade away from the British posts along the Gambia river. While remaining nominally neutral in local conflicts, the French pressured rulers by increasing or decreasing custom payments and gifts, creating rivalries between factions and villages. The two tunka of Gooy and Kamera competed for the Gajaaga throne from 1833 to 1841 with the French playing a prominent role as they tried to weaken the powerful state of Kaarta. In 1844 the French signed separate treaties with the leaders of the two provinces Gooy and Kamera, recognizing their de facto separation. The 1848 abolishing of the Companie's monopoly led to an explosion of new trading posts and even more conflicts between local leaders for control of the trade and resulting customs revenue, which the French "cannonade politics" did little to assuage. Merchants in Saint-Louis increasingly demanded conquest as a way to establish order. The threat of El Hadj Omar Saidou Tall gave French governor Louis Faidherbe the excuse he needed to do as they requested. In 1855 he annexed Bakel and Medine, where he built another fort. Tall's 1857 failure to capture this fort confirmed French power in the region. In 1858 they annexed half of Gooy and made the rest a protectorate, bringing an end to a millennium of Bacilli rule in Gajaaga. Government and Society ---------------------- The core of the state was two provinces, Gooy and Kamera, with their capitals at Tiyaabu and Makhaana respectively. Each was led by a tunka, the oldest of whom ruled the entire kingdom. The tunka was commander-in-chief of the army and administrator of justice and had the right to tax the population, although villages retained considerable autonomy at least until the arrival of Europeans. The ruling class or dambe were supported by sakko griots who memorized and recited their illustrious lineage. Gajaaga society was marked by a complex series of hierarchies. One involved nobles, freemen, and slaves; another cleavages distinguished between natives and strangers, Muslims and animists, job groups, or degree of servitude and status of the master or patron in question. Some slaves were allowed to maintain their names and inheritance over generations; others were chattel tasked with domestic work; others were destined for the slave trade. Different social groups lived in designated villages. The most prominent were the animist warrior aristocracy and the marabouts, with each family among the latter linked in a patronage relationship to one among the former. Over time the economic and social disruptions created by European penetration and the slave trade led to near-constant warfare, much of it civil. The aristocracy's monopoly on guns led to increased oppression for the lower classes and a winner-take-all attitude in succession disputes. The decline of the slave trade in the early 19th century took away Gajaaga's most important export, further weakening the state and paving the way for formal colonization. Economy ------- Gajaaga was a riverine state, and much of the economy rested on a dual agricultural system where one crop was planted in the uplands during the rainy season, while another was grown in the floodplain as the Senegal river's annual flood tapered off during the dry season. This gave the inhabitants insurance against inconsistent rains. The ruling class, marabouts, and well-off free men had slaves to work their fields. By the 17th century Gajaaga was the center of an extensive Soninke trading diaspora linking it with Diarra and Timbuktu to the east, southeast to Segou, and south to Tanda and Wuli on the upper Gambia river. Marabout jula families traded ivory, slaves, gold, and cloth woven by slaves that also functioned as currency. Gajaaga in the 18th century was one of the states most connected to European commerce. Every year when the water rose trading ships would leave Saint-Louis at the mouth of the river, arriving in Gajaaga around September. The trading season lasted a few months, at which point the merchants would return downriver and the local jula would begin stocking and preparing for the next year. Slaves, captives from the wars of the Bamana Empire and the Imamate of Fula Djallon or locals captured by raiders from the Sahara, were the most important trade item. Gajaaga provided most of the slaves shipped out of Saint-Louis, as well as many of the slaves sold to the British along the Gambia river. During the 17th and early 18th centuries European competition and the insecurity created by constant slave-raiding and warfare gradually strangled the domestic cloth manufacturing and ironworking industries, but a domestic gunpowder industry arose in its place. Sources ------- * Bathily, Abdoulaye (1986). "La Traite Atlantique des Esclaves et ses Effets Économiques et Sociaux en Afrique: La Cas du Galam, Royaume de l'Hinterland Sénégambien au Dix-Huitième Siècle". Journal of African History. 27 (2): 260–293. doi:10.1017/S0021853700036677. JSTOR 181136. S2CID 162342876. Retrieved 3 July 2023. * Barry, Boubacar (1998). Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. * Curtin, Philip D. (1975). "The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu". Cahiers d'études africaines. 15 (58): 189–202. doi:10.3406/cea.1975.2592. JSTOR 4391387. * Chastanet, Monique (October 1987). "De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858" (PDF). Cahiers du C.R.A. 5: 87–108. Retrieved 1 July 2023. * Gomez, Michael (2002). Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521528474. * Green, Toby (2020). A Fistful of Shells. UK: Penguin Books.
Sayerlack is an Italian multinational company leading the wood coatings market. The company, which employs over 300 people in Italy, has two production sites: the main one is in Pianoro (Bologna), and the second one is in Mariano Comense (Como). The R&D laboratories are located in Pianoro and in Mariano Comense. Headquarters and sales offices are in Pianoro. Production is mainly dedicated to the industrial market, with the Linea Pro professional products; the DIY market is served by the Linea Blu product range. Sayerlack distributes its products in over 80 countries worldwide through its foreign branches (France, Great Britain, Spain, Singapore and the USA) and a global distribution network. Since 2010, the Sayerlack brand has belonged to the American Group Sherwin-Williams, the leading coating company in America and the third in the world. History ------- Sayerlack was established in 1954 in Bologna for the purposes of producing coatings to finish, protect and ennoble wood, with particular emphasis on furniture, accessories for furniture and fittings. In 1958, the first R&D centre opened, and in 1988, the first waterborne coatings were created, representing an innovative product for the industry. In 1987, the British Group Hickson International PLC acquired 100% of the company. In 1990, following a series of acquisitions by Hickson International PLC, Hickson Coatings Europa was born; in December 1993, Hickson Coatings Italia was created. In July 2000, the American Group Arch Chemicals, Inc. acquired 90% of the shares of Hickson International PLC and starting from August 2000 Hickson Coatings Italia S.p.A. (owner of the Sayerlack brand) became part of it. In 2010, the American multinational corporation Sherwin-Williams acquired Sayerlack. Products -------- The range of Sayerlack products comprises polyurethane, water-based, nitrocellulose, polyester, UV and water-based UV coatings, and stains. Coatings are designed for bathroom, kitchen, living room, bedroom furniture, parquet flooring, doors and windows, nautical furnishing, and picture frames; besides these products, the Sayerlack range includes fire retardant and antibacterial coatings, and stains for wood.
American businessman William Leon Brault (February 27, 1927 – January 17, 2012) was an American businessman known for founding the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame and serving as the executive director of the Green Bay Area Visitor and Convention Bureau. A native of Two Rivers, Wisconsin, Brault served in the United States Navy during World War II before attending St. Norbert College and the Milwaukee Business College. In the early 1960s, Brault helped found the Green Bay Area Visitor and Convention Bureau; he was later named the organization's executive director, a post he would hold until 1994. During his tenure with the Bureau, Brault won numerous awards for his advocacy and work supporting tourism in Green Bay. As a way to promote tourism, Brault approached Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi with an idea to create a hall of fame recognizing the past players, coaches and contributors to the Packers organization. Founded in 1966, the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame became the first hall of fame to honor a single professional American football team. Brault served in leadership positions within the hall of fame organization and helped expand it over the next 38 years. He was elected to the Packers Hall of Fame in 1995 in recognition of his contributions to the team. Early life ---------- William Brault was born on February 27, 1927, in Two Rivers, Wisconsin. In 1939, the Brault family moved to Green Bay, Wisconsin. Brault attended St. Luke Grade School (in Two Rivers) and St. Francis Xavier grade school (in Green Bay) before graduating from Catholic Central High School in 1945. After graduation, Brault began service in the United States Navy during World War II; he was educated and trained at the Great Lakes Naval Academy before serving in the Pacific Theater in the Naval Air Transport service. He was honorably discharged from the Navy after World War II ended. After leaving the military, he attended St. Norbert College and the Milwaukee Business College. Career ------ ### Business After moving to Green Bay, the Brault family opened a restaurant, Brault's Cafe, on Main Street. Brault began his career working with his father at the restaurant. The Cafe expanded to include another location and a catering business. In the 1950s, the restaurant closed and the business focused its efforts on just catering. At one point, the Brault's had the concessions contract for Brown County Veterans Memorial Arena. As a kid, Brault travelled across the country with his father's band, the Art Brault's Canadians. ### Green Bay Area Visitor and Convention Bureau Brault became associated with tourism after the local chamber of commerce asked him to assist with the formation of the Green Bay Visitor and Convention Bureau in the early 1960s. In 1966, Brault was hired part-time to lead the bureau. Three years later, the Bureau broke off from the chamber and became its own organization. Brault was named the bureau's first president, a role he would serve in until 1994. During his 25 years with the Bureau, he worked in many capacities to advocate for tourism in Green Bay. The Bureau oversaw the Brown County Veterans Memorial Arena, with Brault thus managing booking arena shows and facility concessions. He worked on developing a number of other projects in the area, including Shopko Hall, the Resch Center, the National Railroad Museum and Dutchman's Landing Riverfront amusement park. In 1968, he was given an award for promoting Wisconsin prior to Super Bowl I. He founded the Wisconsin Association of Convention and Visitors Bureaus in 1979, receiving their lifetime achievement award 15 years later in 1994. During his career, he was appointed to various state and national Tourism Task Forces and Congressional Caucus seeking tourism funding. He also attended signing ceremonies with Governor Tommy Thompson and President Ronald Reagan when local and national tourism bills were signed. He was also a member of the International Association of Convention and Visitors Bureaus and International Association of Auditorium Managers, both of which gave him numerous awards. In 1981, Brault, the Bureau and Brown County board of supervisors had a public disagreement regarding how Brown County Veterans Memorial Arena was being managed. The county had entered into a contract with the Bureau to manage the Arena, which included handling ticket sales, booking entertainers and concessions. However, one supervisor became unhappy with how the Bureau was being managed and made charges regarding a lack of financial accountability, advocating for the Bureau to release all of their financial statements. The disagreement centered on the contract between the County and the Bureau, and whether the contract required just summarized financial statements or all receipts. Brault countered that the County brought on the Bureau to manage the Arena as a company, not as a government entity, and that releasing all receipts would be a breach of privacy and contract with individual entertainers and would open up more government intrusion in the management of the Bureau and the Arena. ### Green Bay Packers Black and white photo showing President Ford with Packers players during the Hall of Fame dedication ceremonyPresident Gerald Ford touring the Packers Hall of Fame with Packers players in 1976 The same year that Brault was named as the executive director of the Visitor and Convention Bureau, Brault had an idea to build a hall of fame dedicated to the Green Bay Packers. Brault sought the approval of Vince Lombardi, the Packers general manager and head coach. Lombardi gave his approval with the caveat that the hall of fame not interfere with his existing players. The hall of fame opened on July 1, 1967, in Brown County Veterans Memorial Arena, although the exhibits were temporary. In 1967, the Packer Hall of Fame Association, a separate corporate entity from the team, was founded and annual induction banquets were subsequently launched in 1970. Brault ran the hall of fame for the first few years and then was part of the seven-person committee that ran the Hall of Fame Association. In 1975, the hall of fame was reorganized, with the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame, Inc. formed. Brault remained on the board of directors that ran the organization. The Hall did not become a permanent site until 1976 when its new home, an addition to the Brown County Veterans Arena, was formally dedicated on April 3, 1976, by President Gerald Ford. Outside of the Hall of Fame was a Receiver Statue that was dedicated to the invention of the forward pass. The hall of fame became a massive tourism draw for the city and region, with visitor counts typically exceeding those of the larger Pro Football Hall of Fame. In 1995, Brault was inducted into the hall of fame he helped found. Personal life ------------- Brault married his wife Carol (née Corbeill) on July 22, 1950; the couple had four children. Brault was active in his local community; he served on the St. Norbert College's Parent's Club and was a member of the American Legion. Although noted as someone who worked within the tourism and entertainment industry, many of Brault's pastimes were activities that did not involve going out, such as swimming, fishing, woodworking and cross-country skiing. Brault died on January 17, 2012, at the age of 84.
2002 studio album by Common *Electric Circus* is the fifth studio album by American rapper Common, released on December 10, 2002, on the now-defunct MCA Records. The album was highly anticipated and praised by many critics for its ambitious vision. However, it was not as commercially successful as his previous album, Like Water for Chocolate, selling under 300,000 copies. An eclectic album, Electric Circus features fusions of several genres such as hip hop, pop, rock, electronic, and neo soul. "I wasn't feeling hip hop," the rapper remarked. "So my motivation for that album were other genres of music, like Pink Floyd and Jimi Hendrix. It wasn't hip hop." This was Common's second and last album for MCA, as well as the final album released under the label, which would soon be merged into Geffen Records a year later. Music ----- > > The label hadn't heard my music until I got near the end of the album. At one point it was like 'yo, man, you departed so far from the last album... the music you're making ain't really conducive to what's going on in modern music right now'. > > > Common, Chicago Sun-Times interview Common worked with a large (and eclectic) number of musicians on Electric Circus. Among them were Mary J. Blige (who provided vocals for the album's lead single, "Come Close"), The Neptunes, Lætitia Sadier (of Stereolab), Cee-Lo Green, J Dilla, Bilal and Jill Scott. The music on Electric Circus challenges the boundaries of the hip hop genre in a similar fashion to The Roots' Phrenology (2002) and Outkast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (2003). This is especially the case on tracks like the grungy "Electric Wire Hustler Flower" (featuring P.O.D.'s Sonny Sandoval in the chorus), the abstract "Aquarius", and the electronic "New Wave". Erykah Badu joins Common for a duet on ("Jimi Was A Rock Star"), which is a dedication to Jimi Hendrix. The second Neptunes collaboration on the record, the cross-genre "I Got A Right Ta", is a musical departure from the styles of both artists, and features Pharrell singing the hook in a blues-inspired style. A triumphant sounding Common proclaims himself "the only cat in hip hop that can go into a thrift shop, bring that get up to the ghetto and get props". The song was placed on the B-Side of "Come Close". "Between Me, You & Liberation", in which Common discusses sexual abuse and its effects on a young woman, confronting his homophobia after learning about the sexuality of a longtime friend, and the loss of a relative to cancer, contains themes considered to be wholly unusual for a rap song at the time of its release, and is, perhaps, the rapper's most vulnerable moment on record. About "Liberation..." Pop Matters wrote that it's "one of those rare occasions when a male hip-hop artist owns up to his investment in some of the genre's more unsavory sexual politics". Musically, the song is very downbeat and moody, and features a guest spot from rapper/singer/producer Cee-lo Green (making this the pair's third collaboration after One Day It'll All Make Sense's "G.O.D.", and Like Water For Chocolate's "A Song For Assata"). Following LWFC's tributes to Fela Kuti, and Assata Shakur, Electric Circus pays homage to someone altogether more familiar (Jimi Hendrix) on "Jimi Was A Rock Star". The 8 minute-plus song is a duet between Common and his then-girlfriend Erykah Badu, which gradually builds up into its cryptic, chanting finale. This song is Common's first all-singing performance. The center-piece of the album, the epic "Heaven Somewhere", features 6 vocalists who all give insight into what their interpretation of Heaven is. Common's father Lonnie Lynn ends the affair with an introspective look at his ideal place. Reception --------- ### Critical Professional ratings\| Aggregate scores \| \| --- \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| Metacritic \| 80/100 \| \| Review scores \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| AllMusic \| \| \| Blender \| \| \| Entertainment Weekly \| A \| \| The Guardian \| \| \| NME \| 8/10 \| \| Pitchfork \| 6.5/10 (2003)8.4/10 (2017) \| \| Q \| \| \| Rolling Stone \| \| \| Spin \| 6/10 \| \| The Village Voice \| B \| The album's style tended to divide critics; most praised its ambitious vision while some criticized it for the same reason. Most of the criticism tended to revolve around the album's experimental nature. Some felt Common had strayed too far from his previous sound. Longtime Common fans also viewed his relationship with Erykah Badu as having an overly experimental influence on him, while some critics compared the album to Marvin Gaye's I Want You and Richard Ashcroft's Human Conditions, both of which were experimental works that initially received mixed criticism. In a 2003 review, Nick Southall of Stylus Magazine gave the album a D+ and wrote: > > > > So, is this genius or is this madness? As enjoyable as it is on occasion, I’m inclined to side with the latter. Marvin Gaye tried it. Richard Ashcroft tried it. One of them did a fantastic job, the other did not. Common sits somewhere between the two. Odd. Very, very odd. > > > Official reviews were mostly positive. "Pushing past the accepted boundaries of contemporary black pop" is how PopMatters described the album by giving it all ten stars. Likewise, Playlouder gave it four stars out of five, calling it "a brilliant, visionary album", as did Rolling Stone who only gave it three stars out of five and saw it as "breaking hip-hop rules with a freewheeling fearlessness." Ink Blot Magazine's Matt Cibula called it his "favorite record of 2002". The Independent gave it a favorable review and called it "is the most heartening recent development in hip hop, the kind of album that might help lead the genre out of its present darkness." The Village Voice gave it an average review and said it "sounds chocolatey and recombinant even when it doth protest the Enlightened Guy angle too much." RapReviews gave it a score of 7 out of 10 and said, "Last time around on 'Like Water for Chocolate' Common still had his Chicago flows, just spiced a little differently with Okayplayer oregano. This could and SHOULD have worked again, but the mix this time is bitter and leaves me feeling a little salty. The 'Electric Circus' could rightly have been called the 'Eclectic Circus' for the unconventional way it tries to combine disparate elements into a cohesive whole." In the decades since release, critical reappraisals of Electric Circus have noted the album's artistic significance, with Pitchfork describing the album as providing "the groundwork for what we see black popular music as now [...] a flawed but classic album". Others have noted its enduring influence on hip-hop, with Patrick Corcoran considering Electric Circus as one of two albums — the other being The New Danger by Mos Def — to demonstrate that hip-hop had no limits. Corcoran concludes that artists like Kendrick Lamar would not have been "inspired to craft the transcendent" To Pimp a Butterfly without Electric Circus. Electric Circus was also chosen by Record Collector for inclusion in their 70 Landmark Albums of the Last 70 Years ### Commercial Despite the critical approval, the record debuted at #47 on the Billboard 200 chart, 31 spots lower than Like Water for Chocolate's highest chart position. With "Come Close" as the only single, the album quickly fell off the charts altogether, and MCA Records halted any further promotion. Part of the reason for its lack of promotion was MCA's absorption under Geffen Records in the summer of 2003, a mere six to seven months after the album's release. Since both labels were under the Universal Music Group, Common's record contract would be carried over to Geffen, which itself was a subsidiary of another Universal Music label, Interscope Records, whose co-founder Jimmy Iovine oversaw the direction of both labels. Either way, the handling of Electric Circus (an already under-performing album) was neglected. The lack of promotion may have also led to only 295,000 copies being sold based on 2005 Nielsen SoundScan statistics. In a 2006 interview concurrent with the release of The Roots' album Game Theory, Questlove, the album's executive producer, maintained that Common's relationship with Erykah Badu had little influence on the album and stated that the greater influence was the recording atmosphere at the famous Electric Lady Studios (built by Jimi Hendrix) and the group of artists that Common was collaborating with at the time: > > > > To understand that record is to understand the history of what Electric Lady Studios was to this whole Soulquarian unit. We started off in the spring of '96 and that's where we created Things Fall Apart for The Roots, D'Angelo's Voodoo, Erykah's Mama's Gun, Common's Like Water for Chocolate, the Black Star record, Mos Def's record, Bilal's record, Musiq's album... Pretty much the left of center of hip-hop was using that place as much more than a studio. That place was like a clubhouse: you'd [go] even if you didn't have a session, just hopin' somethin' would come up. > > > Album cover ----------- The album's cover appears to be a nod to "Midnight Marauders", the third studio album by American hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest, released on November 9, 1993. Also, The Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, another work known for its experimental nature. The images (a mixture of known personalities, personal friends, and family of the artist) represent those directly or indirectly involved in, or influential to the making of the album. The 87 people depicted in the photos are: Common (in the center), (from top-left to bottom-right) Prince, Leroy Matthais, Simon Johns, Chad Hugo, Larenz Tate, Stic.man, Pharrell, Mattie Turner, Kenyetta Snyder, Big Daddy Kane, Vinia Mojica, Erykah Badu, Rahsaan Abraham, James Poyser, Tim Gane, DJ Dumi, Questlove, Black Thought, Grandma Gipson, Marie Daulne, Richard Pryor, Marlon Everett, Jay Dee (J Dilla), Mary Campbell, Steef Van De Gevel, M-1, Don "Babatunde" Eaton, Tye Tribbett, Pino Palladino, Abiodun Oyewole, Andrew Dosunmu, Umar Bin Hassan, Louis Farrakhan, Joseph Sharrieff, Steve Mandel, Jimi The Cat, Dartanian Donaldson, Mary Hansen, Steve Hess, Morgane Lhote, Kimberly Jones, Aunt Stella, Q-Tip, Marc Baptiste, Grandma Mable Lynn, Derek Dudley, Uncle Charles, Uncle Steve, John Hancock, Bob Power, Koryan Wright, Ashaka Givens, Dwayne Lyle, Eevin Wright, Russ Elevado, Marcus Murray, Barbara Sims, Rachelle, Cee-Lo Green, Jill Scott, Bayatae Abraham, Charlie Malone, Jeff Lee Johnson, Assata Shakur, Leslie Sims, Angela Murray, Kolleen "Queenie" Wright, Lætitia Sadier, Cousin Bianca, Omoye Lynn, Mary J. Blige, Grandma Elva Brown, Millie Malone, Chris Webber, Bilal, Lonnie "Pops" Lynn, Jimi Hendrix, George Daniels, Fred Hampton Jr. Fred Hampton, Omar, Seven, Karriem Riggins, Ma, and Ralph. Track listing ------------- Writing credits by Allmusic.com. \| No. \| Title \| Writer(s) \| Producer(s) \| Length \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1. \| "Ferris Wheel" (featuring Vinia Mojica and Marie Daulne) \| * Lonnie Lynn * Ahmir Thompson * James Poyser * Vinia Mojica * Marie Daulne \| * ?uestlove * James Poyser \| 2:48 \| \| 2. \| "Soul Power" \| * Lynn * James Yancey * Thompson * Poyser \| * J Dilla * ?uestlove * James Poyser \| 4:38 \| \| 3. \| "Aquarius" (featuring Bilal) \| * Lynn * Thompson * Poyser * Yancey * Pino Palladino * Erykah Badu \| * ?uestlove * James Poyser * J Dilla * Pino Palladino \| 4:54 \| \| 4. \| "Electric Wire Hustler Flower" (featuring Sonny Sandoval) \| * Lynn * Poyser * Yancey \| * James Poyser * J Dilla \| 5:54 \| \| 5. \| "The Hustle" (featuring Omar and Dart Chillz) \| * Lynn * Karriem Riggins * Omar Lye-Fook * Dartanian Donaldson \| Karriem Riggins \| 4:20 \| \| 6. \| "Come Close" (featuring Mary J. Blige) \| * Lynn * Pharrell Williams * Chad Hugo \| The Neptunes \| 4:35 \| \| 7. \| "New Wave" (featuring Lætitia Sadier) \| * Lynn * Thompson * Poyser * Yancey * Lætitia Sadier \| * ?uestlove * James Poyser * J Dilla \| 5:08 \| \| 8. \| "Star \69 (PS With Love)" (featuring Bilal) \| Lynn * Thompson * Poyser * Yancey \| * ?uestlove * James Poyser * J Dilla \| 5:30 \| \| 9. \| "I Got a Right Ta" (featuring Pharrell Williams) \| * Lynn * Williams * Hugo \| The Neptunes \| 4:54 \| \| 10. \| "Between Me, You and Liberation" (featuring Cee Lo Green) \| * Lynn * Thompson * Poyser * Yancey * Palladino * Thomas Callaway \| * ?uestlove * James Poyser * J Dilla * Pino Palladino \| 6:23 \| \| 11. \| "I Am Music" (featuring Jill Scott) \| * Lynn * Thompson * Poyser * Yancey * Palladino * Jeff Lee Johnson * Jill Scott \| * ?uestlove * James Poyser * J Dilla * Pino Palladino * Johnson \| 5:21 \| \| 12. \| "Jimi Was a Rock Star" (featuring Erykah Badu) \| * Lynn * Thompson * Poyser * Yancey * Palladino * Johnson * Badu \| * ?uestlove * James Poyser * J Dilla * Pino Palladino * Johnson \| 8:32 \| \| 13. \| "Heaven Somewhere" (featuring Omar, Cee Lo Green, Bilal, Jill Scott, Mary J. Blige, Erykah Badu and Lonnie "Pops" Lynn) \| * Lynn * Thompson * Poyser * Palladino * Lye-Fook * Bilal Oliver * Scott * Mary J. Blige * Badu \| * ?uestlove * James Poyser * Pino Palladino \| 10:24 \| 2003 DVD\| No. \| Title \| Notes \| Length \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1. \| "Come Close" (with Mary J. Blige) \| Music video \| 4:18 \| \| 2. \| "The Making of Come Close" \| Short documentary, explaining the making of the video \| \| \| 3. \| "Electric Circus" \| Studio session footage \| \| Notes * ^[a] signifies a co-producer. Personnel --------- By Allmusic.com. \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| * ?uestlove: Assistant, Drums, Executive Producer, Handclapping, Mixing, Producer * Jon Adler: Assistant * Marc Baptiste: Photography * Anthony Bell: Engineer * Damen Bennett: Flute * Bilal: Vocals (Background) * Mary J. Blige: Vocals * Jill Scott: Vocals (Background) * Erykah Badu: Vocals (Background) * Jim Bottari: Assistant * Josh Butler: Vocal Engineer * Cee-Lo: Vocals * Michael Chavez: A&R * Jeff Chestek: Assistant, Engineer, String Engineer * Andrew Coleman: Engineer * Common: Executive Producer * Tom Coyne: Mastering * Tim Day: Engineer * Timothy Day: Engineer * J Dilla: Drums, Moog, Electric Guitar, Producer * Derek Dudley: Executive Producer * Russell Elevado: Mixing * Todd Fairall: Assistant, Engineer * Larry Gold: String Arrangements * Alicia Graham: A&R * Kenny J. Gravillis: Design * The Guess Who: A&R * Nick Howard: Assistant * Bobbi Humphrey: Flute * Femi Jiya: Assistant, Engineer \| * Jef Lee Johnson: Guitar, Producer * Scott Kieklak: Vocal Engineer * Koski Budabin, Dylan: Assistant * Dustin Kreidler: Assistant * Joe Lepinski: Assistant * Steve Mandel: Assistant, Engineer * Mark McLaughlin: Assistant * Shinobu Mitsuoka: Assistant * Ryan Moys: Engineer * Pino Palladino: Bass, Producer * Nicholas Payton: Trumpet * Bob Power: Mixing * Bob Powers: Mixing * James Poyser: Associate Executive Producer, Guitar, Handclapping, Keyboards, Piano, Producer * Prince: Guitar, Keyboards * Karriem Riggins: Producer * Steve Russell: Vocal Engineer * Chris Steinmetz: Engineer * Phil Tan: Mixing * Greg Tardy: Cornet * Shawn Taylor: Assistant * Mike Tocci: Assistant, Engineer * G.A.: Vocals (Background) * Tye Tribbett: Vocals (Background) * Steef Van De Gevel: Assistant * Patrick Viala: Mixing * Blair Wells: Digital Editing * Pharrell Williams: Vocals (Background) \| Chart history ------------- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Weekly charts \| Chart (2002) \| Peak position \| \| --- \| --- \| \| US Billboard 200 \| 47 \| \| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) \| 9 \| \| Year-end charts \| Chart (2003) \| Position \| \| --- \| --- \| \| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) \| 76 \| \| ### Singles \| Year \| Song \| Peak positions \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| US Hot 100 \| US R&B \| US Rap \| \| 2002 \| "Come Close" \| 65 \| 21 \| 18 \|
Principal railway station serving Yangon, Myanmar Yangon Central railway station (Burmese: ရန်ကုန် ဘူတာကြီး [jàɰ̃ɡòʊɰ̃ bùdàdʑí]), also known as Yangon Central Station, is the largest railway station in Myanmar. It is located within downtown Yangon, and serves as the gateway to Myanmar Railways' 3,126 mi (5,031 km) rail network whose reach covers Upper Myanmar (Naypyidaw, Mandalay, Shwebo), upcountry (Myitkyina), Shan hills (Taunggyi, Kalaw), and the Taninthayi coast (Mawlamyine, Ye). The station was first built in 1877 by the British, and was later rebuilt in 1911. However, the station was destroyed by the retreating British in 1943 from advancing Japanese forces. The current station building was designed by U Tin in traditional Burmese architectural style, making prominent use of indigenous tiered roofs called pyatthat, and was completed on 5 June 1954. Yangon Central railway station has been designated a landmark building since 1996. History ------- ### 1877–1954 Old Rangoon Central railway station in 1890s Yangon Central railway station was first built in 1877 by the British to support Burma's first railway line, from Yangon to Pyay. The station was located on the southern side of the railway compound on the upper block of Phayre Street (now Pansodan Street) in the downtown area. The building was designed in the British Victorian style and the access roads were bordered by grassy lawns. The beauty of the property prompted locals to praise the new structure as the Fairy Station. The station became a favorite target for Japanese bombers during World War II. In 1943 it was destroyed by British forces retreating to India. The station was rebuilt following the war according to a design based on Burmese traditional architectural styles, drawn by engineer Hla Thwin. The new structure was 5,110 square metres (55,000 sq ft) in size. To the north were grass lawns, gardens and wide access lanes. The new design was approved by the Railway Authority on 7 May 1946. Construction was started in January 1947 by engineer Sithu U Tin and completed in May 1954 at a total cost of K4.75 million. The opening ceremony of the new Yangon Central railway station was held on 5 June 1954. The structure is listed on the Yangon City Heritage List. ### 1954–present Yangon central railway station terminal In December 2007, the Yangon city government announced a master plan that would have resulted in Yangon Central being relocated to a satellite town, East Dagon, 32 kilometres (20 mi) from downtown Yangon at an unspecified date; this did not come to fruition. Railway lines ------------- The following lines pass through or terminate at Yangon Central: * Yangon Circular Railway * Yangon–Mandalay Railway * Yangon–Mawlamyaing Railway * Yangon–Bagan Railway * Yangon–Aunglan–Bagan Railway * Yangon–Pyay Railway Homeless people --------------- It is home of many homeless people who made the railway terminal as their permanent residence.
The infinite alleles model is a mathematical model for calculating genetic mutations. The Japanese geneticist Motoo Kimura and American geneticist James F. Crow (1964) introduced the infinite alleles model, an attempt to determine for a finite diploid population what proportion of loci would be homozygous. This was, in part, motivated by assertions by other geneticists that more than 50 percent of Drosophila loci were heterozygous, a claim they initially doubted. In order to answer this question they assumed first, that there were a large enough number of alleles so that any mutation would lead to a different allele (that is the probability of back mutation to the original allele would be low enough to be negligible); and second, that the mutations would result in a number of different outcomes from neutral to deleterious. They determined that in the neutral case, the probability that an individual would be homozygous, F, was: {\displaystyle F={1 \over 4N\_{e}u+1}} where u is the mutation rate, and Ne is the effective population size. The effective number of alleles n maintained in a population is defined as the inverse of the homozygosity, that is {\displaystyle n={1 \over F}=4N\_{e}u+1} which is a lower bound for the actual number of alleles in the population. If the effective population is large, then a large number of alleles can be maintained. However, this result only holds for the neutral case, and is not necessarily true for the case when some alleles are subject to selection, i.e. more or less fit than others, for example when the fittest genotype is a heterozygote (a situation often referred to as overdominance or heterosis). In the case of overdominance, because Mendel's second law (the law of segregation) necessarily results in the production of homozygotes (which are by definition in this case, less fit), this means that population will always harbor a number of less fit individuals, which leads to a decrease in the average fitness of the population. This is sometimes referred to as genetic load, in this case it is a special kind of load known as segregational load. Crow and Kimura showed that at equilibrium conditions, for a given strength of selection (s), that there would be an upper limit to the number of fitter alleles (polymorphisms) that a population could harbor for a particular locus. Beyond this number of alleles, the selective advantage of presence of those alleles in heterozygous genotypes would be cancelled out by continual generation of less fit homozygous genotypes. These results became important in the formation of the neutral theory, because neutral (or nearly neutral) alleles create no such segregational load, and allow for the accumulation of a great deal of polymorphism. When Richard Lewontin and J. Hubby published their groundbreaking results in 1966 which showed high levels of genetic variation in Drosophila via protein electrophoresis, the theoretical results from the infinite alleles model were used by Kimura and others to support the idea that this variation would have to be neutral (or result in excess segregational load).
Italian scientist Cristina Roccati (24 October 1732 in Rovigo – 16 March 1797 in Rovigo) was an Italian physicist and poet who earned a degree at the University of Bologna (1751). This was the third academic qualification ever bestowed on a woman by an Italian university. Biography --------- Roccati was born to Giovan Battista and Antonia Campo, who belonged to a well-off family in Rovigo, Italy. Roccati studied classical languages under Peter Bertaglia Arquà, rector of the seminary at Rovigo, and at the age of 15 she won accolades from the Accademia dei Concordi Ordna for her poems.[] In 1747, she was given permission by her parents to study natural philosophy at the University of Bologna under the guardianship of Bertaglia. There, she was admitted to the university the same year as the first non-Bolognese student. She studied literature, logic, metaphysics, morality, meteorology and astronomy, but she concentrated much of her effort on physics and natural science. She was decorated for her poems and sonnets in Bologna, just as she had been in Rovigo. She became a member of the Academy of Concordia (1749), the Accademia degli Apatisti in Florence (1750) and the Accademia nell'Arcadia (under the name Aganice Aretusiana) (1753), as well as the Accademia degli Ardenti in Bologna and the Ricoverati in Padua.[] On 5 May 1751, during a time when opportunities for higher education were often denied to women, Roccati, who was considered a prodigy, was awarded a degree in philosophy becoming, according to Wertheim, "only the third woman ever to gain academic qualifications." She went on to study at the University of Padua with concentrations in Newtonian physics, Greek and Hebrew, while continuing to cultivate her literary interests and compose new verses. Beginning in 1751, she was active as a teacher in physics at the Accademia dei Concordi di Rovigo (and taught there until at least 1777). In 1752, however, her family fell into financial ruin forcing her to interrupt her studies at Padua and return home to Rovigo where she taught physics. At the Accademia dei Concordi in Rovigo, Roccati held evening courses in Newtonian physics for other members. Of her lesson plans for those lectures, only 51 have been found. In 1754, she was elected president of the Accademia dei Concordi of Rovigo. Cristina Roccati died in Rovigo on 16 March 1797. Further reading --------------- * Wertheim, Margaret (1997). Pythagoras' Trousers: God, Physics, and the Gender Wars. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31724-4. * Findlen, Paula (2003). "Becoming a Scientist: Gender and Knowledge in Eighteenth-Century Italy". Science in Context. 16 (1/2): 59–87. doi:10.1017/S026988970300070X. * Focaccia, Miriam (2017). "ROCCATI, Cristina". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 88: Robusti–Roverella (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6. \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * VIAF \| \| National \| * Italy \| \| People \| * Italian People \|
Title in the Peerage of England Marquess of Pembroke was a title in the Peerage of England created by King Henry VIII for his future spouse Anne Boleyn. Background ---------- The Marquess of Pembroke The then extinct title of Earl of Pembroke had been very significant for the House of Tudor. It was held by Henry VIII's grand-uncle, Jasper Tudor, and it referred to the birthplace of King Henry VII. Henry VIII decided to raise his lover to the dignity of a marquess prior to finally marrying her. He chose to grant her the Marquessate of Pembroke. Creation -------- On Sunday, 1 September 1532, Anne Boleyn was granted the Marquessate of Pembroke and land, mostly in Wales, worth over £1,000. The investiture ceremony was performed by Henry VIII himself in Windsor Castle. The ceremony was an elaborate affair, witnessed by the highest ranking peers and clergy in the kingdom, including Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire and Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Anne's father and uncle respectively; Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (Henry's brother-in-law); Edward Lee, Archbishop of York; John Stokesley, Bishop of London; and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester. The French ambassador was also present. The Bishop of Winchester read the patent of creation while Anne knelt before the King who then invested her with the coronet, the robe of estate and the charters of creation and of the lands. The 16th-century spelling of her title was often marquesse or marquess, sometimes lady marquesse; a feminine, like duchess, of the relatively rare title marquys. Succession ---------- The marquessate was granted to Anne and her heirs male, but the patent did not include the usual provision that the said heirs male had to be of legitimate birth, thus enabling the title to pass to any illegitimate son Anne might have had. The attending peers did not fail to notice this unusual omission. End of the Marquessate ---------------------- It is not clear how the Marquessate of Pembroke ceased to exist. The latest it could have become extinct is upon Anne's death, without male heirs, on 19 May 1536. However, it could have become extinct earlier, either: * by merging with the Crown (i.e. became indistinct from other property of the Crown) on Anne's marriage to the King being declared valid on 28 May 1533 (similar to the way titles held by the heir to the throne merge into the crown upon accession); or * by forfeiture of the title upon Anne's 15 May 1536 conviction for high treason. The effect of the marriage of a peer to a reigning monarch is unclear. Likewise, although forfeiture of titles was a common form of punishment for peers at this time, the historical record is unclear.
American singer-songwriter (born 1985) Colbie Marie Caillat (/ˈkoʊlbi kəˈleɪ/ ⓘ KOHL-bee kə-LAY; born May 28, 1985) is an American singer-songwriter. She rose to fame through social networking website Myspace. At that time, she was the number one unsigned artist of her genre. After signing with Universal Republic Records, she released her debut album, Coco, in July 2007. The album included the hit singles "Bubbly" and "Realize", and is certified 2× Platinum. In 2008, she recorded a duet with Jason Mraz, "Lucky", which won a Grammy Award. In August 2009 she released Breakthrough, her second album, which became her first album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200. It has been certified gold by the RIAA. Breakthrough was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2010 Grammy Awards. She was also part of the group that won Album of the Year at the 2010 Grammy Awards for her featured vocals and writing on Taylor Swift's Fearless album. In July 2011, she released her third studio album, All of You. In October 2012 she released her first Christmas album, Christmas in the Sand. From 2018 to 2020, she was a member of the country music group Gone West. Caillat has sold over six million albums worldwide and over 10 million singles. In 2009 she was named Billboard magazine's 94th-best-selling music artist of the 2000s. Life and career --------------- ### 1985–2006: Early life Caillat performing at The Malibu Inn, 2007 Caillat was born in Malibu, California, and grew up in Newbury Park, California. Her father, Ken Caillat, co-produced Fleetwood Mac's Rumours (1977), Tusk (1979), and Mirage (1982) albums. When she was an infant, her parents gave her the nickname "Coco", which she would later name her debut album. Caillat took piano lessons as a child, but lacked significant inspiration until she turned 11 years old, when she became enthralled with Lauryn Hill's performance in Sister Act 2. She realized that she wanted to be a singer, and began taking vocal lessons, performing onstage for the first time in sixth grade. Since then she has covered the Roberta Flack song "Killing Me Softly", which had previously been covered by Lauryn Hill, and Hill's own "Tell Him". Caillat soon met producer Mikal Blue, who hired her to sing on techno songs used at fashion shows. Caillat began playing the acoustic guitar at age 19, and Blue helped her record her first song. She auditioned for American Idol but was rejected at the pre-audition stage and was unable to sing for the judges. The second time she auditioned for the show, she sang her own original song, "Bubbly", and was rejected once again. However, Caillat expressed gratitude at the judges' decision, saying "I was shy. I was nervous. I didn't look the greatest. I wasn't ready for it yet. I was glad, when I auditioned, that they said no." The popularity of Caillat's MySpace profile led her to become the number-one unsigned singer in her genre for four consecutive months. ### 2007–2008: Coco Caillat performing in Birmingham, Alabama, November 2007 Caillat's debut album, Coco, was released on July 10, 2007, in Australia and Asia and a week later in North America. Its deluxe edition was released on September 3, 2008, in Japan and November 11, 2008, worldwide. The album was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA with shipments to U.S. retailers of 2,000,000 units. The album's first single, "Bubbly", peaked at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Pop 100. It also topped the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks charts for 19 and 14 weeks, respectively. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on December 13, 2007, with sales of more than 2.6 million downloads in the US. On November, 20, she released the Christmas song "Mistletoe" and peaked at number 75 at Billboard Hot 100. The song was the most downloaded holiday song of 2007. It was also featured in the film Baby Mama. The second single from Coco, "Realize", was released on January 23, 2008, peaking at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming her second Top 20 hit in the United States. "The Little Things", was released as the third single in Germany on March 7, 2008, and in United States in October 2008. The single did not chart well in the US, and was her weakest charting single from the album, peaking at number seven on US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100. She also recorded a French translated version of this song. The original music video was released only in Europe and was shot in San Francisco. Another music video for the song was shot in Hawaii and was a prequel to "Bubbly". The fourth and final single from the album in the United States was, "Somethin' Special (Beijing Olympic Mix)", released on July 29, 2008. The song was included only in the deluxe edition. It was released to give support to the American athletes participating in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, in China, and also was included on the AT&T Team USA Soundtrack. Caillat also sings on "You" by Schiller and appears in the music video. She has been involved in the soundtrack of the movie Imagine That; she and Mikal Blue cover the Beatles song "Here Comes the Sun". She is also featured in Colombian singer Juanes' album La vida... es un ratico (en vivo) in the song "Hoy Me Voy". In October, the song "Midnight Bottle" was included in the soundtrack of Brazilian soap opera Três Irmãs. She also played herself in this soap opera and performed the song. Caillat provided background vocals for and co-wrote Taylor Swift's song "Breathe", on her album, Fearless. ### 2009–2012: Breakthrough and All of You Caillat performing at the Breakthrough World Tour On January 13, 2009, Caillat also released a duet with Jason Mraz, called "Lucky", on his album, We Sing, We Dance, We Steal Things. Caillat's second album, Breakthrough, was released in August 2009. Most of the album was co-written by Jason Reeves and features guitarist David Becker on two tracks. Becker has worked with Caillat's father Ken. Caillat had writer's block during the recording sessions, so she enlisted her friends Kara DioGuardi and Jason Reeves, and they went to Hawaii for three weeks, rented a beach house and wrote songs. Breakthrough debuted at number-one on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 106,000 copies, becoming her first album to debut at the top and an improvement of the first week sales of her debut album Coco (2007), which started at number five with only 51,000 copies. It was also Universal Music Group's sixth consecutive number-one album to debut at the top. It was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The first single, "Fallin' for You", was released on June 29, 2009. The "lilting" mid-tempo ballad "features an instantly catchy chorus and toe tapping melody," as defined by Melinda Newman of HitFix. It achieved chart success in the United States, reaching number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100, her second highest-charting single and her highest debut with 118,000 first-week downloads, spending fourteen weeks at number two on the Adult Pop Songs and topping the Adult Contemporary chart. Elsewhere, it reached the top-twenty in four other countries and top-forty in the remaining territories. Initially "Begin Again" and "You Got Me" were under consideration to be the album's second single, however "I Never Told You" was released instead on February 16, 2010. It reached number forty-eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was more successful on the Adult Pop Songs, where it peaked at number three, and on the Adult Contemporary, reaching number eleven. Caillat was recognized as BMI's songwriter of the year. In July 2010, Caillat performed "God Bless America" during the seventh inning stretch at the 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In September 2010, Caillat performed the national anthem in the season opener game of the National Football League in New Orleans and a Monday Night Football game in Chicago. In December 2010, Caillat performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway. In 2010, Caillat visited the Watkins Glen, New York shelter of Farm Sanctuary, an organization she supports. Caillat's third album, All of You, was released on July 6, 2011. The set, largely produced by Greg Wells, features one guest appearance by rapper/actor Common, who graces "Favorite Song", while her songwriting collaborators include Ryan Tedder, Toby Gad, Jason Reeves and Rick Nowels. All of You debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 with first week sales of 70,000 copies. However, it managed to top the Digital Albums Chart. As of June 2014 the album has sold 331,000 copies according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album's lead single, "I Do", was released on February 7, 2011, and was a success, debuting at number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song gathered positive reviews from music critics. The second single "Brighter Than the Sun" was released on May 17, 2011, and reached number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Caillat promoted the album on Today on July 12, 2011, and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 14, 2011. The song "What If" debuted at number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100, due to strong digital downloads on the week of the album release. Potential singles cited in the future include "Shadow" and "Before I Let You Go". Fans chose the next single of the album via an online poll on Caillat's website, with "Favorite Song" receiving the most votes. The song was released as the third single on May 8, 2012, peaking at number 21 on the Hot Adult Pop Songs chart. Caillat appeared in the third episode of the cancelled NBC television series The Playboy Club as 1960s singer Lesley Gore. In the episode broadcast on October 3, 2011, Caillat sang Gore's 1963 hit, "It's My Party". Cast for the part in August 2011, Caillat taped her portion of the episode in Chicago. ### 2012–2015: Christmas in the Sand and Gypsy Heart Caillat with longtime-collaborator Jason Reeves Caillat completed a Christmas album titled Christmas in the Sand that was released on October 23, 2012. The album features collaborations with Brad Paisley, Gavin DeGraw, Justin Young and Jason Reeves. She also began working on her fourth album, set to be released after her Christmas album. In mid-2012, it was announced that Universal Republic Records was going defunct; all other artists including Caillat moved from the label to Republic Records, thus reviving that label. Caillat and Gavin DeGraw wrote the song "We Both Know" together for the soundtrack of the 2013 film Safe Haven. The song was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 2014 Grammys. Caillat sang the national anthem at the 3rd game of the 2013 World Series between the Boston Red Sox and the St. Louis Cardinals on October 26, 2013. Caillat's new single, "Hold On" was released to digital retailers on November 19, 2013. The song would be released as the lead single from the new album, but for uncertain reasons wasn't included in the domestic version, included only in international release. In United States the song was a non-album single. "Try" was released as the Gypsy Heart album's second single worldwide and lead single in United States on June 9, 2014. It was written by Caillat, Babyface and Jason Reeves and was produced by Babyface. Caillat says about "Try", "It's this song I've had in my head my entire life about personal insecurities, imperfections, self-confidence issue." The song hit number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August of that year and later went platinum in the USA. A lyric video was released June 10, 2014, featuring fans, as well as female celebrities such as Hoda Kotb, Miranda Lambert, Sara Bareilles, Katharine McPhee and the members of Fifth Harmony without makeup. The official video shows Caillat along with other women with makeup, which they remove later on in the video. On July 2 she released a lyric-video for "Live It Up". The official lyric-video for "Never Gonna Let You Down" was released on October 25. The fourth album, Gypsy Heart, was released only on September 30, and was produced by American record producer Babyface. It features songwriting collaborations with past co-writer, Jason Reeves, as well as new co-writers and producers Max Martin, Julian Bunetta, and Johan Carlsson. The album debuted at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 for chart dated October 18, 2014, with 16,000 copies sold in the first week. The album has sold 91,000 copies in the United States as of October 2016. Caillat co-wrote "Chasing the Sun" along with Jason Reeves and Toby Gad for Hilary Duff. The song was released as the first single for Duff's fifth album. Caillat penned a song for The Walking Dead: Songs of Survival Vol. 2 called "The Way I Was" which was included exclusively for the Walmart version of the soundtrack album. ### 2016–2017: The Malibu Sessions In 2016, Caillat parted ways with her major record label and launched her own independent label called PlummyLou Records, named after her family dogs. Caillat also moved to Nashville this same year. On July 22, 2016, Caillat released "Goldmine", the first single from her new album, The Malibu Sessions. The album was released on October 7, 2016, and contained the unreleased title track, "Gypsy Heart", from her previous album. "Goldmine" peaked in the Billboard Adult Top 40, while The Malibu Sessions peaked in the top 40 of the Billboard 200 Albums chart. The Malibu Sessions also reached the top 10 of the Billboard U.S. Independent Albums chart, peaking at number seven. During the fall of 2016, Caillat undertook an acoustic world tour for The Malibu Sessions. The tour continued into the summer of 2017. In 2017, Caillat also released her first-ever campaign with White House Black Market titled "Women to Women". For the campaign, Caillat recorded a cover of "We Are Family" by Sister Sledge. ### 2018–2020: Gone West During 2018, Caillat formed a band called Gone West with her fiancé Justin Young, longtime collaborator Jason Reeves, and his wife Nelly Joy. The group debuted at the Grand Ole Opry on October 26, 2018. Gone West signed with label Grayscale Entertainment. On August 12, 2020, Caillat announced on Instagram the band had broken up. In September 2020, Caillat was featured on the Disney+ series Becoming. ### 2021–present: Return to solo career and Along the Way In 2021, Caillat rerecorded her vocals for her 2008 Taylor Swift collaboration, "Breathe," from Fearless (Taylor's Version). The rerecording was released on April 9, 2021, along with a "meditative" lyric video. Upon its release, "Breathe (Taylor's Version)" appeared on several Billboard charts. On July 28, 2021, Caillat signed with Creative Artists Agency. In September 2021, Caillat released a cover of the song, "White Christmas", which was a collaboration with country singer Brett Young. The duet appeared on Young's album, Brett Young & Friends Sing the Christmas Classics. In December of that year, Caillat made an appearance on CMT Crossroads Christmas to perform her duet with Young. In early 2022, Caillat embarked on the Coco Live 15th Anniversary Tour, where she performed her album Coco live from start to finish. The tour continued through the summer and into the fall. On October 21, 2022, Caillat released "Iris", a cover of the 1998 hit by the Goo Goo Dolls. The cover was featured in an ad for Kroger. According to her official website, Caillat recorded a new album in Nashville. Her new single "Worth It" was released on April 21, 2023. She announced her new album Along the Way, due October 6, after the release of the second single of the project called "Pretend". Along the Way is her first solo country album. She released the album's third single "Wide Open" in July 2023. Artistry -------- Caillat has a contralto vocal range. She has experimented with genres such as rock, hip-hop, country, R&B and dance music, particularly on her fifth studio album Gypsy Heart. Personal life ------------- Caillat was in a relationship with singer Justin Young from 2009 to 2020. The two were engaged in May 2015. They announced that they had ended their engagement in April 2020. In 2010, Caillat posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine, alongside Emmanuelle Chriqui, Regina Hall, Kara DioGuardi, and Jessica Capshaw. Caillat supports various charities including Farm Sanctuary, United Service Organizations, Wish Upon A Hero, MusiCares, Earth's Call Fund, the Humane Society of the United States, and WE Charity. Discography ----------- Main article: Colbie Caillat discography * Coco (2007) * Breakthrough (2009) * All of You (2011) * Christmas in the Sand (2012) * Gypsy Heart (2014) * The Malibu Sessions (2016) * Along the Way (2023) Filmography ----------- Television\| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2008 \| Três Irmãs \| Herself \| Episode: "November 13, 2008" \| \| 2009 \| Saturday Night Live \| Herself \| Episode: "Steve Martin/Jason Mraz" \| \| 2011 \| The Playboy Club \| Lesley Gore \| Episode: "An Act of Simple Duplicity" \| \| 2011 \| So Random! \| Herself \| Episode: "Colbie Caillat" \| \| 2011 \| Majors & Minors \| Guest mentor \| Episodes: "One World – Part 1" and "Fly Away" \| \| 2020 \| Becoming \| Herself \| Episode: "Colbie Caillat" \| \| 2023 \| Barmageddon \| Herself \| Episode: "David Arquette vs. Colbie Caillat" \| \| Tours ----- \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Headlining* Coco Summer Tour (2007) * Coco World Tour (2008) * Breakthrough World Tour (2009–10) * All of You Summer Tour (2011–12) * Gypsy Heart Tour (2014) * The Malibu Sessions Tour (2016–17) * Coco Live 15th Anniversary Tour (2022) \| Co-headlining* Girls Night Out, Boys Can Come Too (with Christina Perri) (2015) Fixed special guest* Summer Tour (John Mayer) (2008) * Summer Tour (Gavin DeGraw) (2012) \| Awards and nominations ---------------------- \| Year \| Awards \| Category \| Recipient \| Outcome \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2008 \| Teen Choice Awards \| Choice Breakthrough Artist \| Herself \| Nominated \| \| Choice Music – Love Song \| "Bubbly" \| Nominated \| \| American Music Awards \| T-Mobile Breakthrough Artist \| Herself \| Nominated \| \| Billboard Music Awards \| Rising Star \| Herself \| Won \| \| 2009 \| BMI Pop Awards \| Songwriter of the Year \| Herself \| Won \| \| Song of The Year \| "Bubbly" \| Won \| \| Teen Choice Awards \| Choice Music: Hook Up \| "Lucky" \| Nominated \| \| 2010 \| Grammy Awards \| Album of the Year \| Fearless (as featured artist of Taylor Swift) \| Won \| \| Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals \| "Lucky" (with Jason Mraz) \| Won \| \| "Breathe" (with Taylor Swift) \| Nominated \| \| Best Pop Vocal Album \| Breakthrough \| Nominated \| \| People's Choice Awards \| Favorite Music Collaboration \| "Lucky" (with Jason Mraz) \| Nominated \| \| 2014 \| Grammy Awards \| Best Song Written for Visual Media \| "We Both Know" \| Nominated \| \| 2015 \| MTV Video Music Awards \| Best Video with a Message \| "Try" \| Nominated \| \| 2016 \| BMI Pop Awards \| Award-Winning Song \| Won \|
American lawyer Elaine Denniston is an American lawyer who supported the Apollo program as a keypunch operator. She supported the Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) team working on the software to control both the Apollo command and service module. Early life and education ------------------------ Denniston was born in Roxbury, Boston in 1939. She graduated from Girls’ Latin School, a college preparatory high school located in Boston, in 1957. Apollo program -------------- In 1965, Denniston was hired by Kelly Services, an employment agency. She was assigned to MIT Instrumentation Lab (now Draper Laboratory), and was hired directly by the lab within a few months of starting. Denniston joined the GNC team developing the software to approach and land on the surface of the moon. Denniston worked as a keypunch operator, taking the developed source code and entering it onto the keypunch cards. According to Denniston: > I punched the cards that eventually were turned into the program for the guidance system for the Apollo project. Punching cards is punching cards whether you’re in an insurance company or working on the Apollo project. The programmers would give me 11-inch by 17-inch sheets of paper. They would write the program in blocks. My job was to keypunch it onto the cards. Remember, direct access to computers didn’t happen back then. > > Denniston was known for catching errors made by the programmers, such as a missing symbol or closing parentheses. At the time, the punchcards would be processed overnight, and an error could waste the entire run. Denniston left MIT after two years due to lack of opportunity for advancement. She cited training someone who eventually became her boss in the department. She was told that they needed someone to come in for support, no matter the time of day. She was the mother of two at the time, and felt this was the reason she was overlooked for advancement: "I think looking back that was the only time I felt being a woman was against me, so to speak". Later career ------------ Following her departure from the MIT Instrumentation Lab, Denniston returned to school and graduated from Radcliffe College in 1973. She went on to attend Boston University Law School. She has spent her career in the public sector, working for the district attorney's office as well as the city of Boston. In 1981, Denniston helped found the group Massachusetts Black Women Attorneys, a nonprofit bar association dedicated to helping Black women attorneys. Denniston retired in 2012.
Village in New York, United States Canastota is a village located inside the Town of Lenox in Madison County, New York, United States. The population was 4,556 at the 2020 census. The village was incorporated in 1835, but was reorganized in 1870. Located along the banks of the Erie Canal, which was completed through the Mohawk River valley by 1825, Canastota was a vibrant trading and commercial town during the mid-nineteenth century for a wide agricultural area and an important stop on the in-between the cities of Rome and Syracuse. Although the section of the canal running through the village was abandoned by the 1920s, much of the section remains intact and is now part of the Old Erie Canal State Historic Park. The village of Canastota is in the southern part of the Town of Lenox. History ------- Perspective map and list of landmarks for Canastota from 1885 by L.R. Burleigh ### Native Peoples Kniste Stota was the historic name of the Canastota, a term used by the local Oneida Nation, meaning "cluster of pines near still waters".[] The area that makes up Canastota was once inhabited by people of the Oneida Nation, a member of the Haudenosanee confederacy. The Nation's homelands before European settlement of central New York consisted of more than six million acres from the St. Lawrence River to the Susquehanna River. ### Captain Reuben Perkins The village was originally founded by Captain Reuben Perkins, a veteran of the Revolutionary War who served in the battles of Plattsburgh, Saratoga, and Stony Point. In 1800 Captain Perkins moved his family to a log cabin located on Quality Hill along the Seneca Turnpike. In 1810, Captain Perkins purchased 329 and 2/10 acres of land from the Oneida Nation and permanently settled his family in a cabin on the intersection of what would become James St. and Main St. Perkins later won a contract for the two miles of the Erie Canal through Canastota, and served as its superintendent. In 1814 Perkins sold 100 acres of his land and again in 1832, he sold his remaining land holdings. ### The Erie Canal Construction of the Erie Canal through Canastota began in 1817. As the historic waterway was opened, from 1819 through 1825 it caused a surge of growth and development in the area. Workers and their employers soon moved their families to the area and eventually schools, businesses, and religious organizations sprung up. As soon as this section of the canal was opened, a line of packets was established, making regular trips between Syracuse and Utica, stopping at all intermediate towns. Trade sprang up at once between Canastota and other villages, making it one of the foremost villages in central New York. The first post office was established in 1829 with Ichabod S. Spencer as postmaster, and by 1831 there were three public houses, three stores and a hatter business in the village and the population totaled 406. When the canal was superseded by the construction of railroads, and later the New York Thruway, some canal towns were cut off from the main lines of commerce. ### Liberty Party National Convention On the first and second days of September, 1852, the national convention of the Liberty Party was held at the Dutch Reformed Church in Canastota. Much of the conventions business was to hear reports from delegates regarding the attitude towards the abolition of slavery in their respective areas. Among the speakers and attendees were Frederick Douglass, Gerrit Smith, and Jermain Wesley Loguen. Later debate during the convention focused on whether the party should nominate its own presidential candidate or if they should support the nomination of the Free Democracy Party. The 170th anniversary of the convention was celebrated in 2022, attended by representatives from the Village of Canastota, the Town of Lenox, and the William G. Pomeroy foundation. A marker was placed as a dedication to the convention on the site where it was held. ### The Terrible Fire of 1873 On Sunday, October 26, 1873, a fire started in a hay barn located to the east of the village. Some sixty tons of hay and the barn it was stored in burned completely. Just after 1:30am the following morning, another fire was discovered in a small barn on Spencer St. which soon spread to the Eagle Hotel and other surrounding dwellings and businesses. Urged forward by fierce winds, the fire soon raged through several blocks, leaving smoldering ruins in its wake. In total, over thirty buildings were completely destroyed. No deaths were reported in the next days edition of the Canastota Herald, though many were reported to have sustained serious burns to their faces and hands as they worked tirelessly to retrieve personal items and other goods from the burning buildings. Many of the early records of the village were lost in this fire. The Herald later reported that in a letter to the Relief Committee, Gerrit Smith wrote, "Let not Canastota despair. She has still more left than she has lost. She has the sympathies and prayers of her fellowman left; above all, the loving God is left to her." Mr. Smith enclosed his letter with a check for $1000. ### 1908 New York To Paris Race The 1908 Race from New York to Paris travelled directly through Canastota. Geography --------- According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.3 square miles (8.5 km2), all land. Demographics ------------ Historical population\| Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1840 \| 800 \| \| — \| \| 1850 \| 900 \| \| 12.5% \| \| 1860 \| 1,081 \| \| 20.1% \| \| 1870 \| 1,492 \| \| 38.0% \| \| 1880 \| 1,569 \| \| 5.2% \| \| 1890 \| 2,774 \| \| 76.8% \| \| 1900 \| 3,030 \| \| 9.2% \| \| 1910 \| 3,247 \| \| 7.2% \| \| 1920 \| 3,995 \| \| 23.0% \| \| 1930 \| 4,235 \| \| 6.0% \| \| 1940 \| 4,150 \| \| −2.0% \| \| 1950 \| 4,458 \| \| 7.4% \| \| 1960 \| 4,896 \| \| 9.8% \| \| 1970 \| 5,033 \| \| 2.8% \| \| 1980 \| 4,773 \| \| −5.2% \| \| 1990 \| 4,673 \| \| −2.1% \| \| 2000 \| 4,425 \| \| −5.3% \| \| 2010 \| 4,804 \| \| 8.6% \| \| 2020 \| 4,556 \| \| −5.2% \| \| U.S. Decennial Census \| As of the census of 2000, there were 4,425 people, 1,872 households, and 1,173 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,332.3 inhabitants per square mile (514.4/km2). There were 1,994 housing units at an average density of 600.3 per square mile (231.8/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.31% White, 0.93% African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.38% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.13% of the population. There were 1,872 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.96. In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $34,155, and the median income for a family was $43,049. Males had a median income of $31,296 versus $24,047 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,324. About 10.0% of families and 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over. Economy ------- The presence of fertile soils made Canastota an agricultural center in Central New York and a source of vegetables for the region. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Italian families immigrated here to become tenant farmers and landowners. The village was sometimes referred to as the onion capital of the world, and onions once accounted for a large portion of the village income. During the 1850s, Charles Spencer constructed compound microscopes and achromatic objective microscopes. Robert Tolles became his partner. The manufacturing operation moved elsewhere following the fire of 1873. Herman Casler of Canastota invented the Biograph, an early motion picture machine. The first showing of movies using of the biograph occurred at the Bruce Opera House in Canastota. In 1904, Harry D. Weed invented the Tire chain, and patented his invention while working for the Marvin and Casler Machine Shop in Canastota.[] Arts and culture ---------------- There are 16 sites in Canastota listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Canastota has produced two world boxing champions, Carmen Basilio and Billy Backus, and is the location of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. Notable people -------------- * Billy Backus, former World Welterweight Champion * Carmen Basilio, former World Welterweight and Middleweight Champion * Milton De Lano, former US Congressman * Edmund Giambastiani, admiral of US Navy * Margaret Shulock, cartoonist
British businessman and banker Arms of Goschen family: Argent, a heart gules, flamant and transfixed by an arrow bendwise, point upwards proper Sir (William) Henry Neville Goschen, 1st Baronet, KBE, JP, DL (30 October 1865 – 7 July 1945), known as Harry Goschen, was a British businessman and banker from the prominent Goschen family. Family and early life --------------------- Harry was born at 7 Chapel Street, Grosvenor Square, London, the son of Henry Goschen (1837–1932) and Augusta Eleanor Shakerley, niece of Sir Charles Shakerley, 1st Baronet. Henry Goschen was the younger brother of George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen. Their grandfather was prominent publisher and printer Georg Joachim Göschen of Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony. His third son Wilhelm Heinrich (William Henry) Göschen (1793–1866) came to England in 1814 and founded together with the German merchant Heinrich Frühling (1790–1841) the merchant bank Frühling & Göschen, of Leipzig and London. He married an English woman and had several children, including George, Henry and Edward. His younger brother was Major General Arthur Goschen. Harry was educated at Eton College from 1879 to 1884. In 1886, he was gazetted as a lieutenant in the 24th Middlesex Volunteer Rifles, the London Regiment. Career ------ Goschen joined the family merchant banking firm Frühling & Göschen, and became involved in insurance. He was director of the Ocean Marine Insurance Co. Sun Insurance Office and Sun Life Assurance Society. His personality and role during the First World War were later recalled in The Times: > Thus born with the family gift for finance, Harry Goschen easily succeeded to a position in the City which he confirmed by his native shrewdness and common sense, and above al by his kindliness, accessibility, and straight-forward candour. Those who worked with him and consulted him were sure of getting from him sound and disinterested views as to the practical aspects of a problem. This faculty, combined with his unfailing readiness to work hard for what he believed to be the best interests of the City, and of the national and international well-being which is its chief concern, caused Sir Harry Goschen to be called to offices of high responsibility in the critical period during and after the 1914–18 war. With his stalwart, balky person, round, friendly. spectacled face, and general appearance of massive strength, he was the embodiment of imperturbable steadiness and confidence, at a time when various forms of nervous hysteria abroad were reducing the world's monetary system to chaos. > > In 1920, he merged his families bank Frühling & Göschen with Cunliffe Brothers, owned by Lord Cunliffe, to form Goschens & Cunliffe. During his career, he served as chairman of the London Clearing banks, the National Provincial Bank and the Accepting Houses Committee, and as a director of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China. Goschen also sat on various other boards and charities, including commissioner of the Public Works Loan Board, Warden of the Royal Chapel of the Savoy, Member House Committee of the London Hospital and served as Prime Warden of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. Goschen was appointed a deputy lieutenant for Essex in 1920. He retired from business in 1936. Honours ------- Goschen was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1918 Birthday Honours for his services during the First World War. He was knighted in the same order (KBE) in April 1920, for "valuable services on many Government Committees" during the war. In the 1927 Birthday Honours, Goschen was created a Baronet, of Durrington House in the Parish of Sheering and County of Essex, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, for public services. He was also a Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Personal life ------------- On 23 November 1893, Goschen married Christian (1871–1951), daughter of Lt.-Col. James Augustus Grant. They had one daughter, Christian Eleanor Margaret, in 1895. She married Claud Douglas-Pennant, grandson of Edward Douglas-Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn, and younger brother of the fifth Baron Penrhyn. He died at Durrington House, his Essex estate, in 1945. The baronetcy became extinct upon his death.
Guillermo Laza stadium is an association football stadium located in the Villa Soldati neighbourhood in Buenos Aires, it has a capacity is 3,000 in its three stands, one of which is for seating. Its facilities include press cabins, training field and indoor stadium. The stadium is owned and operated by Deportivo Riestra, which inaugurated the venue in 1993. History ------- Riestra first used a field in the Nueva Pompeya neighbourhood, until they built their first stadium in Lacarra Avenue of Villa Soldati in 1950. The Blanquinegro squad owned this field until 1981, when Riestra suffered its expropriation by the Argentine military dictatorship to build a highway. Afterwards, Riestra remained without a home field for more than 12 years, sending home matches to nearby stadiums such as Barracas Central and Sacachispas fields. The Blanquinegro club acquired a 2.5 hectares field to build a sports complex in 1979. After losing their stadium, plans were changed to build a new stadium in the place. On 20 February 1993 the Guillermo Laza stadium was opened, named to honour a former vice-president of the club. Riestra defeated Atlas 1–0 that day, their first match in the new stadium. In 2009 Riestra made the last payment of their mortgage, an important upside for the club's financial position. Between 2012 and 2013 the club made several improvements to their property, including training facilities to host youth teams fixtures, as well as a new full-seater stand with a capacity of 500. In 2015 the Héctor Salorio indoor stadium was inaugurated, used by the futsal teams with a capacity of 200. Tenants ------- Apart from Deportivo Riestra, the stadium has been also used by other clubs such as Yupanqui, Fénix, and Deportivo Paraguayo.
Military unit of Nazi Germany Military unit The 1st Panzer Army (German: 1. Panzerarmee) was a German tank army that was a large armoured formation of the Wehrmacht during World War II. When originally formed on 1 March 1940, the predecessor of the 1st Panzer Army was named Panzer Group Kleist (Panzergruppe Kleist) with Colonel General Ewald von Kleist in command. Service history --------------- Panzer Group Kleist was the first operational formation of several Panzer corps in the Wehrmacht. Created for the Battle of France on 1 March 1940; it was named after its commander Ewald von Kleist. Panzer Group Kleist played an important role in the Battle of Belgium. Panzer corps of the Group broke through the Ardennes and reached the sea, forming a huge pocket, containing several Belgian, British, and French armies. When the armistice was signed, the Group was deployed in occupied France, being renamed to Panzer Group 1 (Panzergruppe 1) in November. In April 1941, Panzer Group 1 took part in the invasion of Yugoslavia as part of Field Marshal Maximilian von Weichs's Second Army. ### 1941 Position of Panzergruppe 1 Kleist at the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa Position of Panzergruppe 1 Kleist at the opening phase of Operation Barbarossa In May 1941 Panzer Group 1 was attached to Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt's Army Group South at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa. At the start of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, Panzer Group 1 included the III, XIV and XLVIII Army Corps (motorized) with five panzer divisions and four motorized divisions (two of them SS) equipped with 799 tanks. Panzer Group 1 served on the southern sector of the Eastern Front against the Red Army and was involved the Battle of Brody which involved as many as 3,000 Red Army tanks. The units of the Group closed the encirclement around the Soviet armies near Uman and near Kiev. After the fall of Kiev Panzer Group 1 was enlarged to become the 1st Panzer Army (on October 6, 1941) with Kleist still in command. The army captured Rostov, but was forced to retreat eight days later. ### 1942 In January 1942, Army Group Kleist, which consisted of the First Panzer Army along with the Seventeenth Army, was formed with its namesake, Kleist, in command. Army Group Kleist played a major role in repulsing the Red Army attack in the Second Battle of Kharkov in May 1942. Army Group Kleist was disbanded that month. The First Panzer Army, still under Kleist, which had been attached to Army Group South earlier, became part of Army Group A under Field Marshal Wilhelm List. Army Group A was to lead the thrust into the Caucasus during Operation Blue and capture Grozny and the Baku (current capital of Azerbaijan) oilfields. The First Panzer Army was to spearhead the attack. Rostov, Maykop, Krasnodar and the Kuban region were captured. In September 1942, the offensive by Army Group A stalled in the Caucasus and List was sacked. After Adolf Hitler briefly took personal control of Army Group A, he appointed Kleist to the command on 22 November 1942. As Kleist took over, Colonel-General Eberhard von Mackensen took the reins of the First Panzer Army. In December 1942, as the German 6th Army was being crushed in the Battle of Stalingrad, the Red Army launched an offensive against Army Group A. The First Panzer Army was ordered to retreat through Rostov in January 1943, before the Soviet forces could cut it off in the Kuban. By February 1943, the army had been withdrawn west of the Don River and Kleist withdrew the remains of his forces from Caucasus into the Kuban, east of the Strait of Kerch. ### 1943 In January 1943, von Mackensen's First Panzer Army became attached to Army Group Don under Field Marshal Erich von Manstein. The month after that, von Manstein redeployed the First Panzer Army together with the Fourth Panzer Army to counter-attack the Soviet breakthrough from the Battle of Stalingrad. The First Panzer Army contributed to the success of the Third Battle of Kharkov in March 1943. In July 1943, the Army, with the help of the XXIV Panzer Corps, repelled the Soviet Izyum-Barvenkovo Offensive. In October 1943 Soviet forces crossed the Dnieper River between Dnipropetrovsk and Kremenchug. The First Panzer Army counter-attacked along with the 8th Army, but failed to dislodge the Soviet forces. At the end of that month, as the Red Army closed in on Kiev, von Mackensen was replaced by Colonel-General Hans-Valentin Hube. ### 1944 The First Panzer Army remained attached to Army Group South from March 1943 to July 1944. By that time German troops had been pulled out from Ukraine. In March 1944, crisis hit the First Panzer Army as it was encircled by two Soviet fronts in the Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. A successful breakthrough was made, saving most of the manpower but losing the heavy equipment. That same month Hitler, who insisted his armies fight an inflexible defense to the last man, dismissed von Manstein. In October 1941, when the First Panzer Army had been formed, it was a large army consisting of four corps, several infantry, panzer, motorized, mountain, and SS divisions, along with a Romanian army and some Italian, Romanian, Hungarian, and Slovak divisions. By the spring of 1944, the First Panzer Army had shrunk considerably, consisting of only three corps, two infantry, four panzer, and one SS division. After July 1944 it retreated from Ukraine and Poland before fighting with Army Group A in Slovakia (Battle of the Dukla Pass). ### 1945 During its existence, from October 1941 to May 1945, the First Panzer Army spent its entire time on the Eastern Front. In the spring of 1945, the First Panzer Army's main task was to defend the Ostrava region in the north of Moravia, which was at the time the last large industrial area in the hands of Third Reich. There the First Panzer Army was facing the advance of 4th Ukrainian Front from the north-east (Ostrava-Opava Operation, 10 March – 5 May 1945) and had lost most of its heavy and medium tanks. At the same time however the Panzer Army was flanked by the 2nd Ukrainian Front from the south (Bratislava-Brno Operation, 25 March – 5 May 1945). German defensive lines finally collapsed in the early hours of Prague Offensive. The staff of First Panzer Army, along with other commands subordinated to Army Group Center, surrendered to the Soviet forces on 9 May 1945 in the area of Deutsch-Brod, while the remnants of its Panzer-units were scattered and captured all the way from Olomouc to Vysočina Region. Its last commander was general Walter Nehring, who abandoned his staff and fled south to surrender to the American forces. Commanders ---------- \| No. \| Portrait \| Commander \| Took office \| Left office \| Time in office \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1 \| Ewald von Kleist \| Kleist, EwaldGeneraloberstEwald von Kleist(1881–1954) \| 1 March 1940 \| 21 November 1942 \| 2 years, 265 days \| \| 2 \| Eberhard von Mackensen \| Mackensen, EberhardGeneraloberstEberhard von Mackensen(1889–1969) \| 21 November 1942 \| 29 October 1943 \| 342 days \| \| 3 \| Hans-Valentin Hube \| Hube, HansGeneraloberstHans-Valentin Hube(1890–1944) \| 29 October 1943 \| 21 April 1944 † \| 175 days \| \| 4 \| Erhard Raus \| Raus, ErhardGeneraloberstErhard Raus(1889–1956) \| 21 April 1944 \| 15 August 1944 \| 116 days \| \| 5 \| Gotthard Heinrici \| Heinrici, GotthardGeneraloberstGotthard Heinrici(1886–1971) \| 15 August 1944 \| 19 March 1945 \| 216 days \| \| 6 \| Walter Nehring \| Nehring, WalterGeneral der PanzertruppeWalter Nehring(1892–1983) \| 19 March 1945 \| 8 May 1945 \| 50 days \| Chiefs of the general staff --------------------------- * Generalmajor Kurt Zeitzler (creation – 24 April 1942) * Generalmajor Ernst-Felix Fäckenstedt (24 April 1942 – 15 March 1943) * Generalmajor Walther Wenck (15 March 1943 – 15 March 1944) * Generalmajor Carl Wagener (15 March 1944 – 5 November 1944)
Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power "Corrupt" redirects here. For other uses, see Corrupt (disambiguation). For other uses, see Corruption (disambiguation). A map depicting Corruption Perceptions Index in the world in 2022; a higher score indicates lower levels of corruption. 100 – 90 89 – 80 79 – 70 69 – 60 59 – 50 49 – 40 39 – 30 29 – 20 19 – 10 9 – 0 No data Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain. Corruption may involve many activities which include bribery, influence peddling and embezzlement and it may also involve practices which are legal in many countries. Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts with an official capacity for personal gain. Corruption is most common in kleptocracies, oligarchies, narco-states, and mafia states.[] Corruption and crime are endemic sociological occurrences which appear with regular frequency in virtually all countries on a global scale in varying degrees and proportions. Recent data suggests corruption is on the rise. Each individual nation allocates domestic resources for the control and regulation of corruption and the deterrence of crime. Strategies which are undertaken in order to counter corruption are often summarized under the umbrella term anti-corruption. Additionally, global initiatives like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 also have a targeted goal which is supposed to substantially reduce corruption in all of its forms. Definitions and scales ---------------------- A billboard in Zambia exhorting the public to "Just say no to corruption". Stephen D. Morris, a professor of politics, wrote that political corruption is the illegitimate use of public power to benefit a private interest. Economist Ian Senior defined corruption as an action to secretly provide a good or a service to a third party to influence certain actions which benefit the corrupt, a third party, or both in which the corrupt agent has authority. World Bank economist Daniel Kaufmann extended the concept to include "legal corruption" in which power is abused within the confines of the law—as those with power often have the ability to make laws for their protection. The effect of corruption in infrastructure is to increase costs and construction time, lower the quality and decrease the benefit. Corruption is a complex phenomenon and can occur on different scales. Corruption ranges from small favors between a small number of people (petty corruption), to corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society, including corruption as one of the symptoms of organized crime (systemic corruption). A number of indicators and tools have been developed which can measure different forms of corruption with increasing accuracy; but when those are impractical, one study suggests looking at bodyfat as a rough guide after finding that obesity of cabinet ministers in post-Soviet states was highly correlated with more accurate measures of corruption. ### Petty corruption Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale and takes place at the implementation end of public services when public officials meet the public. For example, in many small places such as registration offices, police stations, state licensing boards, and many other private and government sectors.[clarification needed] ### Grand corruption Grand corruption is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political, legal and economic systems. Such corruption is commonly found in countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments but also in those without adequate policing of corruption. The government system in many countries is divided into the legislative, executive and judicial branches in an attempt to provide independent services that are less subject to grand corruption due to their independence from one another. ### Systemic corruption Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption) is corruption which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organization or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system. Factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretionary powers; monopolistic powers; lack of transparency; low pay; and a culture of impunity. Specific acts of corruption include "bribery, extortion, and embezzlement" in a system where "corruption becomes the rule rather than the exception." Scholars distinguish between centralized and decentralized systemic corruption, depending on which level of state or government corruption takes place; in countries such as the post-Soviet states both types occur. Some scholars argue that there is a negative duty[clarification needed] of western governments to protect against systematic corruption of underdeveloped governments. Corruption has been a major issue in China, where society depends heavily on personal relationships. By the late 20th century that combined with the new lust for wealth, produced escalating corruption. Historian Keith Schoppa says that bribery was only one of the tools of Chinese corruption, which also included, "embezzlement, nepotism, smuggling, extortion, cronyism, kickbacks, deception, fraud, squandering of public money, illegal business transactions, stock manipulation and real estate fraud." Given the repeated anti-corruption campaigns it was a prudent precaution to move as much of the fraudulent money as possible overseas. In Latin American countries, corruption is permitted as a result of the cultural norms of the institution. In countries like the United States, there is a relatively strong sense of trust among strangers, one that is not found in Latin American countries. In Latin American countries, this trust does not exist, whereas the social norms imply that no stranger is responsible for the wellbeing or happiness of another stranger. Instead, the trust is found in acquaintances. Acquaintances are treated with trust and respect—a level of trust that is not found among acquaintances in countries like the United States. This is what permits for corruption in Latin American countries. If there is a strong enough trust within an administration that no one will betray the rest, corruptive policies will take place with ease. In the United States, this could not occur, as there is not a strong enough trust among the members of an administration to allow for corruption. In Latin American countries, there is a stronger value in individuality, which includes that of acquaintances, unlike in countries like the United States, which fails to include acquaintances. Causes ------ Per R. Klitgaard corruption will occur if the corrupt gain is greater than the penalty multiplied by the likelihood of being caught and prosecuted. Since a high degree of monopoly and discretion accompanied by a low degree of transparency does not automatically lead to corruption, a fourth variable of "morality" or "integrity" has been introduced by others. The moral dimension has an intrinsic component and refers to a "mentality problem", and an extrinsic component referring to circumstances like poverty, inadequate remuneration, inappropriate work conditions and inoperable or over-complicated procedures which demoralize people and let them search for "alternative" solutions. According to a 2017 survey study, the following factors have been attributed as causes of corruption: * Greed of money, desires. * Higher levels of market and political monopolization * Low levels of democracy, weak civil participation and low political transparency * Higher levels of bureaucracy and inefficient administrative structures * Low press freedom * Low economic freedom * Large ethnic divisions and high levels of in-group favoritism * Gender inequality * Poverty * Political instability * Weak property rights * Contagion from corrupt neighboring countries * Low levels of education * Lack of commitment to society * Extravagant family * Unemployment * Lack of proper policies against corruption It has been noted that in a comparison of the most corrupt with the least corrupt countries, the former group contains nations with huge socio-economic inequalities, and the latter contains nations with a high degree of social and economic justice. Social norms have been posited as an explanation for why some environments are corrupt and others are not. By sector --------- Corruption can occur in many sectors, whether they be public or private industry or even NGOs (especially in public sector). However, only in democratically controlled institutions is there an interest of the public (owner) to develop internal mechanisms to fight active or passive corruption, whereas in private industry as well as in NGOs there is no public control. Therefore, the owners' investors' or sponsors' profits are largely decisive. ### Public sector Public corruption includes corruption of the political process and of government agencies such as tax collectors and the police, as well as corruption in processes of allocating public funds for contracts, grants, and hiring. Recent research by the World Bank suggests that who makes policy decisions (elected officials or bureaucrats) can be critical in determining the level of corruption because of the incentives different policy-makers face. #### Judicial In the Renaissance fresco The Good and the Bad Judge (Monsaraz, Portugal), the Bad Judge, depicted as having two faces, is shown taking bribes: the nobleman to the right offers him gold coins from a purse, and the villein to the left gives him a pair of partridges. Judicial corruption refers to the corruption-related misconduct of judges, through the receiving or giving of bribes, the improper sentencing of convicted criminals, bias in the hearing and judgement of arguments and other forms of misconduct. Judicial corruption can also be conducted by prosecutors and defense attorneys. An example of prosecutorial misconduct, occurs when a politician or a crime boss bribes a prosecutor to open investigations and file charges against an opposing politician or a rival crime boss, in order to hurt the competition. Governmental corruption of the judiciary is broadly known in many transitional and developing countries because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter critically undermines the separation of powers, because it fosters financial dependence on the judiciary. The proper distribution of a nation's wealth, including its government's spending on the judiciary, is subject to constitutional economics. The judiciary may be corrupted by acts of the government, such as through budget planning and various privileges, and by private acts. Corruption in judiciary may also involve the government using its judicial arm to oppress opposition parties. Judicial corruption is difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries. #### Military Military corruption refers to the abuse of power by members in the armed forces, in order for career advancement or for personal gain by a soldier or soldiers. One form of military corruption in the United States Armed Forces is a military soldier being promoted in rank or being given better treatment than their colleagues by their officers due to their race, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, religious beliefs, social class or personal relationships with higher-ranking officers in spite of their merit. In addition to that, the US military has also had many instances of officers sexually assaulting fellow officers and in many cases, there were allegations that many of the attacks were covered up and victims were coerced to remain silent by officers of the same rank or of higher rank. Another example of military corruption, is a military officer or officers using the power of their positions to commit activities that are illegal, such as skimming logistical supplies such as food, medicine, fuel, body armor or weapons to sell on the local black market. There have also been instances of military officials, providing equipment and combat support to criminal syndicates, private military companies and terrorist groups, without approval from their superiors. As a result, many countries have a military police force to ensure that the military officers follow the laws and conduct of their respective countries but sometimes the military police have levels of corruption themselves. #### Natural resources Within less democratic countries, the presence of resources such as diamonds, gold, oil, and forestry increases the prevalence of corruption. Corruption includes industrial corruption, consisting of large bribes, as well as petty corruption such as a poacher paying off a park ranger to ignore poaching. The presence of fuel extraction and export is unambiguously associated with corruption, whereas mineral exports only increased corruption in poorer countries. In wealthier countries, mineral exports such as gold and diamonds are actually associated with reduced corruption. The international Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative seeks to create best practices for good governance of gas, oil, and minerals, particularly focusing on the state management of revenue from these resources. Any valued natural resource can be affected by corruption, including water for irrigation, land for livestock grazing, forests for hunting and logging, and fisheries. The presence or perception of corruption also undermines environmental initiatives. In Kenya, farmers blame poor agricultural productivity on corruption, and thus are less likely to undertake soil conservation measures to prevent soil erosion and loss of nutrients. In Benin, mistrust of government due to perceived corruption led small farmers to reject the adaptation of measures to combat climate change. #### Political Main article: Political corruption A political cartoon from Harper's Weekly, 26 January 1878, depicting U.S. Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz investigating the Indian Bureau at the U.S. Department of the Interior. The original caption for the cartoon is: "THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR INVESTIGATING THE INDIAN BUREAU. GIVE HIM HIS DUE, AND GIVE THEM THEIR DUES." Political corruption is the abuse of public power, office, or resources by elected government officials for personal gain, by extortion, soliciting or offering bribes. It can also take the form of office holders maintaining themselves in office by purchasing votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers' money. Evidence suggests that corruption can have political consequences- with citizens being asked for bribes becoming less likely to identify with their country or region. The political act of graft (American English), is a well known and now global form of political corruption, being the unscrupulous and illegal use of a politician's authority for personal gain, when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to illegally private interests of the corrupted individual(s) and their cronies. In some cases government institutions are "repurposed" or shifted away from their official mandate to serve other, often corrupt purposes. The Kaunas "Golden Toilet" The Kaunas golden toilet case was a major Lithuanian scandal. In 2009, the municipality of Kaunas (led by mayor Andrius Kupčinskas) ordered that a shipping container was to be converted into an outdoor toilet at a cost of 500,000 litai (around 150,000 euros). It was to also require 5,000 litai (1,500 euros) in monthly maintenance costs. At the same time when Kaunas's "Golden Toilet" was built, Kėdainiai tennis club acquired a very similar, but more advanced solution for 4,500 euros. Because of the inflated cost of the outdoor toilet, it was nicknamed the "Golden Toilet". Despite the investment, the "Golden Toilet" remained closed for years due to the dysfunctionality and was a subject of a lengthy anti-corruption investigation into those who had created it and the local municipality even considered demolishing the building at one point. The group of public servants involved in the toilet's procurement received various prison sentences for recklessness, malfeasance, misuse of power and document falsifications in a 2012 court case, but were cleared of their corruption charges and received compensation, which pushed the total construction cost and subsequent related financial losses to 352,000 euros. On 7 July 2020, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a global think tank, released a report claiming the Emirati city, Dubai, of being an enabler of global corruption, crime and illicit financial flows. It stated that the global corrupt and criminal actors either operated through or from Dubai. The city was also called a haven for trade-based money laundering, as it gives space to free trade zones, with minimal regulatory laws and customs enforcement. A report in September 2022 revealed that British Members of Parliament received a total of £828,211 over a period of eight years from countries of the Saudi-led coalition in the Yemeni Civil War. The money was granted in the form of all-expenses-paid trips to 96 MPs by Saudi Arabia (at least £319,406), Bahrain (£197,985), the United Arab Emirates (£187,251), Egypt (£66,695) and Kuwait (£56,872). MPs also received gifts, including a £500 food hamper, tickets for a Burns Supper, an expensive watch and a day out at the Royal Windsor Horse Show. The Saudi-led coalition was alleged of attempting to buy influence in the UK. While the MPs registered the trips and gifts at Westminster as per the rules, critics called it "absolutely shameful" to accept donations from countries with poor human rights records. #### Police Main article: Police corruption A 1902 cartoon depicts a police officer whose eyes are covered with a cloth labelled "bribes". Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, personal gain, career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing or selectively pursuing an investigation or arrest or aspects of the "thin blue line" itself where force members collude in lies to protect their precincts, unions and/or other law enforcement members from accountability. One common form of police corruption is soliciting or accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities. When civilians become witnesses to police brutality, officers are often known to respond by harassing and intimidating the witnesses as retribution for reporting the misconduct. Whistleblowing is not common in law enforcement in part because officers who do so normally face reprisal by being fired, being forced to transfer to another department, being demoted, being shunned, losing friends, not being given back-up during emergencies, receiving professional or even physical threats as well as having threats be made against friends or relatives of theirs or having their own misconduct exposed. In America another common form of police corruption is when white supremacist groups, such as Neo-Nazi Skinheads or Neo-Confederates (such as the Ku Klux Klan), recruit members of law enforcement into their ranks or encourage their members to join local police departments to repress minorities and covertly promote white supremacy. Another example is police officers flouting the police code of conduct in order to secure convictions of suspects—for example, through the use of surveillance abuse, false confessions, police perjury and/or falsified evidence. Police officers have also been known to sell forms of contraband that were taken during seizers (such as confiscated drugs, stolen property or weapons). Corruption and misconduct can also be done by prison officers, such as the smuggling of contraband (such as drugs or electronics) into jails and prisons for inmates or the abuse of prisoners. Another form of misconduct is probation officers taking bribes in exchange for allowing paroles to violate the terms of their probation or abusing their paroles. More rarely, police officers may deliberately and systematically participate in organized crime themselves, either while on the job or during off hours. In most major cities, there are internal affairs sections to investigate suspected police corruption or misconduct. Similar entities include the British Independent Police Complaints Commission. ### Private sector Private sector corruption occurs when any institution, entity or person that is not controlled by the public sector company, household and institution that is not controlled by the public sector engages in corrupt acts. Private sector corruption may overlap with public sector corruption, for example when a private entity operates in conjunction with corrupt government officials, or where the government involves itself in activity normally performed by private entities. #### Legal Main article: Attorney misconduct Corruption facilitated by lawyers is a well known form of judicial misconduct. Such abuse is called Attorney misconduct. Attorney misconduct can be either conducted by individuals acting on their own accord or by entire law firms. A well known example of such corruption are mob lawyers. Mob lawyers are attorneys who seek to protect the leaders of criminal enterprises as well as their criminal organizations, with the use of unethical and/or illegal conduct such as making false or misleading statements, hiding evidence from prosecutors, failing to disclose all relevant facts about the case, or even giving clients advice on how to commit crimes in ways that would make prosecution more difficult for any investigating authorities. #### Corporate See also: Corporate crimePetrobras headquarters in downtown Rio de Janeiro In criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation (i.e. a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities), or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity (see vicarious liability and corporate liability). Some negative behaviours by corporations may not be criminal; laws vary between jurisdictions. For example, some jurisdictions allow insider trading. ##### Examples Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. — Petrobras, more commonly known as simply Petrobras (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˌpɛtɾoˈbɾas]), is a semi-public Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The company's name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation – Petrobras. The company was ranked No. 58 in the 2016 Fortune Global 500 list. From 2014 to 2021, an investigation known as Operation Car Wash examined allegations of corporate and political collusion and corruption by Petrobras. Odebrecht is a privately held Brazilian conglomerate consisting of businesses in the fields of engineering, real estate, construction, chemicals and petrochemicals. The company was founded in 1944 in Salvador da Bahia by Norberto Odebrecht, and the firm is now present in South America, Central America, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Its leading company is Norberto Odebrecht Construtora [pt]. Odebrecht is one of the 25 largest international construction companies and led by Odebrecht family. In 2016, the firm's executives were examined during Operation Car Wash part of an investigation over Odebrecht Organization bribes to executives of Petrobras, in exchange for contracts and influence. Operation Car Wash is an ongoing criminal money laundering and bribes related corporate crime investigation being carried out by the Federal Police of Brazil, Curitiba Branch, and judicially commanded by Judge Sérgio Moro since 17 March 2014. #### Education Corruption in education is a worldwide phenomenon. Corruption in admissions to universities is traditionally considered one of the most corrupt areas of the education sector. Recent attempts in some countries, such as Russia and Ukraine, to curb corruption in admissions through the abolition of university entrance examinations and introduction of standardized computer-graded tests have met backlash from part of society, while others appreciate the changes. Vouchers for university entrants have never materialized. The cost of corruption is that it impedes sustainable economic growth. Endemic corruption in educational institutions leads to the formation of sustainable corrupt hierarchies. While higher education in Russia is distinct with widespread bribery, corruption in the US and the UK features a significant amount of fraud. The US is distinct with grey areas and institutional corruption in the higher education sector. Authoritarian regimes, including those in former Soviet republics, encourage educational corruption and control universities, especially during the election campaigns. This is typical for Russia, Ukraine, and Central Asian regimes, among others. The general public is well aware of the high level of corruption in colleges and universities, including thanks to the media. Doctoral education is no exception, with dissertations and doctoral degrees available for sale, including for politicians. Russian Parliament is notorious for "highly educated" MPs High levels of corruption are a result of universities not being able to break away from their Stalinist past, over bureaucratization, and a clear lack of university autonomy. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies are employed to study education corruption, but the topic remains largely unattended by the scholars. In many societies and international organizations, education corruption remains a taboo. In some countries, such as certain eastern European countries, some Balkan countries and certain Asian countries, corruption occurs frequently in universities. This can include bribes to bypass bureaucratic procedures and bribing faculty for a grade. The willingness to engage in corruption such as accepting bribe money in exchange for grades decreases if individuals perceive such behavior as very objectionable, i.e. a violation of social norms and if they fear sanctions regarding the severity and probability of sanctions. #### Healthcare Corruption, the abuse of entrusted power for private gain, as defined by Transparency International is systemic in the health sector. The characteristics of health systems with their concentrated supply of a service, high discretionary power of its members controlling the supply, and low accountability to others are the exact constellation of the variables described by Klitgaard, on which corruption depends. Corruption in health care poses a significant danger to the public welfare. It is widespread, and yet little has been published in medical journals about this topic and as of 2019 there is no evidence on what might reduce corruption in the health sector. Corruption occurs within the private and public health sectors and may appear as theft, embezzlement, nepotism, bribery up til extortion, or as undue influence. and occurs anywhere within the sector, be it in service provision, purchasing, construction and hiring. In 2019, Transparency International has described the 6 most common ways of service corruption as follows: absenteeism, informal payments from patients, embezzlement, inflating services also the costs of services, favouritism and manipulation of data (billing for goods and services that were never sent or done). #### Labor unions Labor unions leaders may be involved in corrupt action or be influenced or controlled by criminal enterprises. For example, for many years the Teamsters were substantially controlled by the Mafia. #### Arms trafficking "Arms for cash" can be done by either a state-sanctioned arms dealer, firm or state itself to another party it just regards as only a good business partner and not political kindred or allies, thus making them no better than regular gun runners. Arms smugglers, who are already into arms trafficking may work for them on the ground or with shipment. The money is often laundered and records are often destroyed. It often breaks UN, national or international law. Main article: Mitterrand–Pasqua affairThe Mitterrand–Pasqua affair, also known informally as Angolagate, was an international political scandal over the secret and illegal sale and shipment of arms from the nations of Central Europe to the government of Angola by the Government of France in the 1990s. It led to arrests and judiciary actions in the 2000s, involved an illegal arms sale to Angola despite a UN embargo, with business interests in France and elsewhere improperly obtaining a share of Angolan oil revenues. The scandal has subsequently been tied to several prominent figures in French politics. 42 individuals, including Jean-Christophe Mitterrand, Jacques Attali, Charles Pasqua and Jean-Charles Marchiani, Pierre Falcone. Arcadi Gaydamak, Paul-Loup Sulitzer, Union for a Popular Movement deputy Georges Fenech, Philippe Courroye [fr] the son of François Mitterrand and a former French Minister of the Interior, were charged, accused, indicted or convicted with illegal arms trading, tax fraud, embezzlement, money laundering and other crimes. #### Philosophy The 19th-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer acknowledged that academics, including philosophers, are subject to the same sources of corruption as the societies which they inhabit. He distinguished the corrupt "university" philosophers, whose "real concern is to earn with credit an honest livelihood for themselves and ... to enjoy a certain prestige in the eyes of the public" from the genuine philosopher, whose sole motive is to discover and bear witness to the truth. To be a philosopher, that is to say, a lover of wisdom (for wisdom is nothing but truth), it is not enough for a man to love truth, in so far as it is compatible with his own interest, with the will of his superiors, with the dogmas of the church, or with the prejudices and tastes of his contemporaries; so long as he rests content with this position, he is only a φίλαυτος [lover of self], not a φιλόσοφος [lover of wisdom]. For this title of honor is well and wisely conceived precisely by its stating that one should love the truth earnestly and with one's whole heart, and thus unconditionally and unreservedly, above all else, and, if need be, in defiance of all else. Now the reason for this is the one previously stated that the intellect has become free, and in this state, it does not even know or understand any other interest than that of truth. ### Religious organizations Main articles: Simony, Cardinal-nephew, Benefice § Pluralism, Mental reservation, Casuistry § Early modern times, and Detraction § Controversies involving detraction Wikiquote has quotations related to *Corruption in religion. The history of religion includes numerous examples of religious leaders calling attention to the corruption which existed in the religious practices and institutions of their time. The Jewish prophets Isaiah and Amos berate the rabbinical establishment of Ancient Judea for failing to live up to the ideals of the Torah. In the New Testament, Jesus accuses the rabbinical establishment of his time of hypocritically following only the ceremonial parts of the Torah and neglecting the more important elements of justice, mercy and faithfulness. Corruption was one of the important issues which led to the Investiture Controversy. In 1517, Martin Luther accused the Catholic Church of widespread corruption, including the selling of indulgences. In 2015, Princeton University professor Kevin M. Kruse advances the thesis that business leaders in the 1930s and 1940s collaborated with clergymen, including James W. Fifield Jr. in order to develop and promote a new hermeneutical approach to Scripture which would de-emphasize the social Gospel and emphasize themes, such as individual salvation, which were more congenial to free enterprise. > Business leaders, of course, had long been working to "merchandise" themselves through the appropriation of religion. In organizations such as Spiritual Mobilization, the prayer breakfast groups, and the Freedoms Foundation, they had linked capitalism and Christianity and, at the same time, they likened the welfare state to godless paganism. > > Methods ------- In systemic corruption and grand corruption, multiple methods of corruption are used concurrently with similar aims. ### Bribery Main article: Bribery An election leaflet with money stapled to it Bribery involves the improper use of gifts and favours in exchange for personal gain. This is also known as kickbacks or, in the Middle East, as baksheesh. It is a common form of corruption. The types of favors given are diverse and may include money, gifts, real estate, promotions, sexual favors, employee benefits, company shares, privileges, entertainment, employment and political benefits. The personal gain that is given can be anything from actively giving preferential treatment to having an indiscretion or crime overlooked. Bribery can sometimes form a part of the systemic use of corruption for other ends, for example to perpetrate further corruption. Bribery can make officials more susceptible to blackmail or to extortion. ### Embezzlement, theft and fraud Main article: Embezzlement Embezzlement and theft involve someone with access to funds or assets illegally taking control of them. Fraud involves using deception to convince the owner of funds or assets to give them up to an unauthorized party. Examples include the misdirection of company funds into "shadow companies" (and then into the pockets of corrupt employees), the skimming of foreign aid money, scams, electoral fraud and other corrupt activity. ### Graft Main article: Graft (politics) The political act of graft* is when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected to maximize the benefits to private interests of the corrupt individuals. ### Extortion and blackmail Main article: Extortion While bribery is the use of positive inducements for corrupt aims, extortion and blackmail centre around the use of threats. This can be the threat of physical violence or false imprisonment as well as exposure of an individual's secrets or prior crimes. This includes such behavior as an influential person threatening to go to the media if they do not receive speedy medical treatment (at the expense of other patients), threatening a public official with exposure of their secrets if they do not vote in a particular manner, or demanding money in exchange for continued secrecy. Another example can be a police officer being threatened with the loss of their job by their superiors, if they continued with investigating a high-ranking official. ### Influence peddling Influence peddling is the illegal practice of using one's influence in government or connections with persons in authority to obtain favors or preferential treatment, usually in return for payment. ### Networking Main article: Business networking Networking (both Business and Personal) can be an effective way for job-seekers to gain a competitive edge over others in the job-market. The idea is to cultivate personal relationships with prospective employers, selection panelists, and others, in the hope that these personal affections will influence future hiring decisions. This form of networking has been described as an attempt to corrupt formal hiring processes, where all candidates are given an equal opportunity to demonstrate their merits to selectors. The networker is accused of seeking non-meritocratic advantage over other candidates; advantage that is based on personal fondness rather than on any objective appraisal of which candidate is most qualified for the position. Euro bank notes hidden in sleeve. ### Abuse of discretion Main article: Abuse of discretion Abuse of discretion refers to the misuse of one's powers and decision-making facilities. Examples include a judge improperly dismissing a criminal case or a customs official using their discretion to allow a banned substance through a port. ### Favoritism, nepotism and clientelism Main article: Nepotism Favouritism, nepotism and clientelism involve the favouring of not the perpetrator of corruption but someone related to them, such as a friend, family member or member of an association. Examples would include hiring or promoting a family member or staff member to a role they are not qualified for, who belongs to the same political party as you, regardless of merit. Measurement ----------- Several organizations measure corruption as part of their development indexes. The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys." The index has been published annually by the non-governmental organization Transparency International since 1995. On the supply side, Transparency International used to publish the Bribe Payers Index, but stopped in 2011. The Global Corruption Index (GCI), designed by the Global Risk Profile to be in line with anti-corruption and anti-bribery legislation, covers 196 countries and territories. It measures the state of corruption and white-collar crimes around the world, specifically money laundering and terrorism financing. Absence of corruption is one of the eight factors the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index measures to evaluate adherence to the rule of law in 140 countries and jurisdictions around the globe. The annual index measures three forms of government corruption across the executive branch, the judiciary, the military and police, and the legislature: bribery, improper influence by public or private interests, and misappropriation of public funds or other resources. Relationship to economic growth ------------------------------- Corruption can negatively impact the economy both directly, through for example tax evasion and money laundering, as well as indirectly by distorting fair competition and fair markets, and by increasing the cost of doing business. It is strongly negatively associated with the share of private investment and, hence, it lowers the rate of economic growth. Corruption reduces the returns of productive activities. If the returns to production fall faster than the returns to corruption and rent-seeking activities, resources will flow from productive activities to corruption activities over time. This will result in a lower stock of producible inputs like human capital in corrupted countries. Corruption creates the opportunity for increased inequality, reduces the return of productive activities, and, hence, makes rent-seeking and corruption activities more attractive. This opportunity for increased inequality not only generates psychological frustration to the underprivileged but also reduces productivity growth, investment, and job opportunities. Some expert have suggested that corruption actually stimulated economic growth in East and Southeast Asian countries. An often cited example is South Korea, where president Park Chung Hee favoured a small number of companies, and later used this financial influence to pressure these chaebol to follow the government's development strategy. This 'profit-sharing' corruption model incentivizes government officials to support economic development, as they would personally benefit financially from it. Prevention ---------- According to the amended Klitgaard equation, limitation of monopoly and regulator discretion of individuals and a high degree of transparency through independent oversight by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the media plus public access to reliable information could reduce the problem. Djankov and other researchers have independently addressed the role information plays in fighting corruption with evidence from both developing and developed countries. Disclosing financial information of government officials to the public is associated with improving institutional accountability and eliminating misbehavior such as vote buying. The effect is specifically remarkable when the disclosures concern politicians' income sources, liabilities and asset level instead of just income level. Any extrinsic aspects that might reduce morality should be eliminated. Additionally, a country should establish a culture of ethical conduct in society with the government setting the good example in order to enhance the intrinsic morality. ### Enhancing civil society participation Creating bottom-up mechanisms, promoting citizens participation and encouraging the values of integrity, accountability, and transparency are crucial components of fighting corruption. As of 2012, the implementation of the "Advocacy and Legal Advice Centres (ALACs)" in Europe had led to a significant increase in the number of citizen complaints against acts of corruption received and documented and also to the development of strategies for good governance by involving citizens willing to fight against corruption. Anti-corruption programmes -------------------------- See also: List of anti-corruption agencies United Nations Convention against Corruption The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA, USA 1977) was an early paradigmatic law for many western countries i.e. industrial countries of the OECD. There, for the first time the old principal-agent approach was moved back where mainly the victim (a society, private or public) and a passive corrupt member (an individual) were considered, whereas the active corrupt part was not in the focus of legal prosecution. Unprecedented, the law of an industrial country directly condemned active corruption, particularly in international business transactions, which was at that time in contradiction to anti-bribery activities of the World Bank and its spin-off organization Transparency International. As early as 1989 the OECD had established an ad hoc Working Group in order to explore "the concepts fundamental to the offense of corruption, and the exercise of national jurisdiction over offenses committed wholly or partially abroad." Based on the FCPA concept, the Working Group presented in 1994 the then "OECD Anti-Bribery Recommendation" as precursor for the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions which was signed in 1997 by all member countries and came finally into force in 1999. However, because of ongoing concealed corruption in international transactions several instruments of Country Monitoring have been developed since then by the OECD in order to foster and evaluate related national activities in combating foreign corrupt practices. One survey shows that after the implementation of heightened review of multinational firms under the convention in 2010 firms from countries that had signed the convention were less likely to use bribery. In 2013, a document produced by the economic and private sector professional evidence and applied knowledge services help-desk discusses some of the existing practices on anti-corruption. They found: * The theories behind the fight against corruption are moving from a principal agent approach to a collective action problem. Principal–agent theories seem not to be suitable to target systemic corruption. * The role of multilateral institutions has been crucial in the fight against corruption. UNCAC provides a common guideline for countries around the world. Both Transparency International and the World Bank provide assistance to national governments in term of diagnostic and design of anti-corruption policies. * The use of anti-corruption agencies have proliferated in recent years after the signing of UNCAC. They found no convincing evidence on the extent of their contribution, or the best way to structure them. * Traditionally anti-corruption policies have been based on success experiences and common sense. In recent years there has been an effort to provide a more systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies. They found that this literature is still in its infancy. * Anti-corruption policies that may be in general recommended to developing countries may not be suitable for post-conflict countries. Anti-corruption policies in fragile states have to be carefully tailored. * Anti-corruption policies can improve the business environment. There is evidence that lower corruption may facilitate doing business and improve firm's productivity. Rwanda in the last decade has made tremendous progress in improving governance and the business environment providing a model to follow for post-conflict countries. * Armenia aims to achieve zero corruption through raising awareness on the societal hazards. After the lavish spending accusations on the Armenian anti-corruption council, through action strategies with implementation and observing instruments progress is noticeable. In recent years, anti-corruption efforts have also been criticised for overemphasising the benefits of the eradication of corruption for economic growth and development, following a diversity of literature which has suggested that anti-corruption efforts, the right kind of institutions and "good governance" are key to economic development. This criticism is based on the observed fact that a variety of countries, such as Korea and China but also the US in the 19th and early 20th century, saw high economic growth and broader socio-economic development coinciding with significant corruption In popular culture ------------------ See also: Kleptocracy Tour In some countries people travel to corruption hot spots or a specialist tour company takes them on corruption city tours, as is the case in Prague. Corruption tours have also occurred in Chicago and Mexico City. Films about corruption include Runaway Jury, The Firm, Syriana, The Constant Gardener, and All the President's Men. Legal corruption ---------------- Though corruption is often viewed as illegal, a concept of "legal corruption" has been described by Daniel Kaufmann and Pedro Vicente. It might be termed as processes which are corrupt, but are protected by a "legal" (that is, specifically permitted, or at least not proscribed by law) framework. ### Examples In 1994, the German Parliamentary Financial Commission in Bonn presented a comparative study on "legal corruption" in industrialized OECD countries They reported that in most industrial countries foreign corruption was legal, and that their foreign corrupt practices ranged from simple, through governmental subsidization (tax deduction), up to extreme cases as in Germany, where foreign corruption was fostered, whereas domestic was legally prosecuted. The German Parliamentary Financial Commission rejected a Parliamentary Proposal by the opposition, which had been aiming to limit German foreign corruption on the basis of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA from 1977), thus fostering national export corporations. In 1997 a corresponding OECD Anti-Bribery Convention was signed by its members. It took until 1999, after the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention came into force, that Germany withdrew the legalization of foreign corruption. #### Foreign corrupt practices of industrialized OECD countries 1994 study A study on foreign corrupt practices of industrialized OECD countries 1994 (Parliamentary Financial Commission study, Bonn) indicates widespread acceptance of bribes in business practices. Belgium: bribe payments are generally tax deductible as business expenses if the name and address of the beneficiary is disclosed. Under the following conditions kickbacks in connection with exports abroad are permitted for deduction even without proof of the receiver: * Payments must be necessary in order to be able to survive against foreign competition * They must be common in the industry * A corresponding application must be made to the Treasury each year * Payments must be appropriate * The payer has to pay a lump-sum to the tax office to be fixed by the Finance Minister (at least 20% of the amount paid). In the absence of the required conditions, for corporate taxable companies paying bribes without proof of the receiver, a special tax of 200% is charged. This special tax may, however, be abated along with the bribe amount as an operating expense. Denmark: bribe payments are deductible when a clear operational context exists and its adequacy is maintained. France: basically all operating expenses can be deducted. However, staff costs must correspond to an actual work done and must not be excessive compared to the operational significance. This also applies to payments to foreign parties. Here, the receiver shall specify the name and address, unless the total amount in payments per beneficiary does not exceed 500 FF. If the receiver is not disclosed the payments are considered "rémunérations occult" and are associated with the following disadvantages: * The business expense deduction (of the bribe money) is eliminated. * For corporations and other legal entities, a tax penalty of 100% of the "rémunérations occult" and 75% for voluntary post declaration is to be paid. * There may be a general fine of up 200 FF fixed per case. Japan: in Japan, bribes are deductible as business expenses that are justified by the operation (of the company) if the name and address of the recipient is specified. This also applies to payments to foreigners. If the indication of the name is refused, the expenses claimed are not recognized as operating expenses. Canada: there is no general rule on the deductibility or non-deductibility of kickbacks and bribes. Hence the rule is that necessary expenses for obtaining the income (contract) are deductible. Payments to members of the public service and domestic administration of justice, to officers and employees and those charged with the collection of fees, entrance fees etc. for the purpose to entice the recipient to the violation of his official duties, can not be abated as business expenses as well as illegal payments according to the Criminal Code. Luxembourg: bribes, justified by the operation (of a company) are deductible as business expenses. However, the tax authorities may require that the payer is to designate the receiver by name. If not, the expenses are not recognized as operating expenses. Netherlands: all expenses that are directly or closely related to the business are deductible. This also applies to expenditure outside the actual business operations if they are considered beneficial to the operation for good reasons by the management. What counts is the good merchant custom. Neither the law nor the administration is authorized to determine which expenses are not operationally justified and therefore not deductible. For the business expense deduction it is not a requirement that the recipient is specified. It is sufficient to elucidate to the satisfaction of the tax authorities that the payments are in the interest of the operation. Austria: bribes justified by the operation (of a company) are deductible as business expenses. However, the tax authority may require that the payer names the recipient of the deducted payments exactly. If the indication of the name is denied e.g. because of business comity, the expenses claimed are not recognized as operating expenses. This principle also applies to payments to foreigners. Switzerland: bribe payments are tax deductible if it is clearly operation initiated and the consignee is indicated. US: (rough résumé: "generally operational expenses are deductible if they are not illegal according to the FCPA") UK: kickbacks and bribes are deductible if they have been paid for operating purposes. The tax authority may request the name and address of the recipient." #### "Specific" legal corruption: exclusively against foreign countries Referring to the recommendation of the above-mentioned Parliamentary Financial Commission's study, the then Kohl administration (1991–1994) decided to maintain the legality of corruption against officials exclusively in foreign transactions and confirmed the full deductibility of bribe money, co-financing thus a specific nationalistic corruption practice (§4 Abs. 5 Nr. 10 EStG, valid until 19 March 1999) in contradiction to the 1994 OECD recommendation. The respective law was not changed before the OECD Convention also in Germany came into force (1999). According to the Parliamentary Financial Commission's study, however, in 1994 most countries' corruption practices were not nationalistic and much more limited by the respective laws compared to Germany. Development of the shadow economy in (West-) Germany 1975–2015. Original shadow economy data from Friedrich Schneider, University Linz. Particularly, the non-disclosure of the bribe money recipients' name in tax declarations had been a powerful instrument for Legal Corruption during the 1990s for German corporations, enabling them to block foreign legal jurisdictions which intended to fight corruption in their countries. Hence, they uncontrolled established a strong network of clientelism around Europe (e.g. SIEMENS) along with the formation of the European Single Market in the upcoming European Union and the Eurozone. Moreover, in order to further strengthen active corruption the prosecution of tax evasion during that decade had been severely limited. German tax authorities were instructed to refuse any disclosure of bribe recipients' names from tax declarations to the German criminal prosecution. As a result, German corporations have been systematically increasing their informal economy from 1980 until today up to 350 bn € per annum (see diagram on the right), thus continuously feeding their black money reserves. ### Siemens corruption case In 2007, Siemens was convicted in the District Court of Darmstadt of criminal corruption against the Italian corporation Enel Power SpA. Siemens had paid almost €3.5 million in bribes to be selected for a €200 million project from the Italian corporation, partially owned by the government. The deal was handled through black money accounts in Switzerland and Liechtenstein that were established specifically for such purposes. Because the crime was committed in 1999, after the OECD convention had come into force, this foreign corrupt practice could be prosecuted. It was the first time a German court of law convicted foreign corrupt practices like a national practice, although the corresponding law did not yet protect foreign competitors in business. During the judicial proceedings it was disclosed that numerous such black accounts had been established in the past decades. Historical responses in philosophical and religious thought ----------------------------------------------------------- Philosophers and religious thinkers have responded to the inescapable reality of corruption in different ways. Plato, in The Republic, acknowledges the corrupt nature of political institutions, and recommends that philosophers "shelter behind a wall" to avoid senselessly martyring themselves. > Disciples of philosophy ... have tasted how sweet and blessed a possession philosophy is, and have also seen and been satisfied of the madness of the multitude, and known that there is no one who ever acts honestly in the administration of States, nor any helper who will save any one who maintains the cause of the just. Such a savior would be like a man who has fallen among wild beasts—unable to join in the wickedness of his fellows, neither would he be able alone to resist all their fierce natures, and therefore he would be of no use to the State or to his friends, and would have to throw away his life before he had done any good to himself or others. And he reflects upon all this, and holds his peace, and does his own business. He is like one who retires under the shelter of a wall in the storm of dust and sleet which the driving wind hurries along; and when he sees the rest of mankind full of wickedness, he is content if only he can live his own life and be pure from evil or unrighteousness, and depart in peace and good will, with bright hopes. > > — Plato, Republic, 496d The New Testament, in keeping with the tradition of Ancient Greek thought, also frankly acknowledges the corruption of the world (ὁ κόσμος) and claims to offer a way of keeping the spirit "unspotted from the world." Paul of Tarsus acknowledges his readers must inevitably "deal with the world," and recommends they adopt an attitude of "as if not" in all their dealings. When they buy a thing, for example, they should relate to it "as if it were not theirs to keep." New Testament readers are advised to refuse to "conform to the present age" and not to be ashamed to be peculiar or singular. They are advised not be friends of the corrupt world, because "friendship with the world is enmity with God." They are advised not to love the corrupt world or the things of the world. The rulers of this world, Paul explains, "are coming to nothing" While readers must obey corrupt rulers in order to live in the world, the spirit is subject to no law but to love God and love our neighbors as ourselves. New Testament readers are advised to adopt a disposition in which they are "in the world, but not of the world." This disposition, Paul claims, shows us a way to escape "slavery to corruption" and experience the freedom and glory of being innocent "children of God". Corruption by country --------------------- * Corruption in Afghanistan * Corruption in Albania * Corruption in Angola * Corruption in Argentina * Corruption in Armenia * Corruption in Australia * Corruption in Austria * Corruption in Azerbaijan * Corruption in Bahrain * Corruption in Bangladesh * Corruption in Belarus * Corruption in Belgium * Corruption in Benin * Corruption in Bolivia * Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina * Corruption in Botswana * Corruption in Brazil * Corruption in Bulgaria * Corruption in Cambodia * Corruption in Cameroon * Corruption in Canada * Corruption in Chad * Corruption in Chile * Corruption in China * Corruption in Colombia * Corruption in Costa Rica * Corruption in Croatia * Corruption in Cuba * Corruption in Cyprus * Corruption in Czech Republic * Corruption in Denmark * Corruption in Ecuador * Corruption in Egypt * Corruption in Estonia * Corruption in Equatorial Guinea * Corruption in Ethiopia * Corruption in the European Union * Corruption in Finland * Corruption in France * Corruption in Georgia * Corruption in Germany * Corruption in Ghana * Corruption in Greece * Corruption in Haiti * Corruption in Hungary * Corruption in Iceland * Corruption in India * Corruption in Indonesia * Corruption in Iran * Corruption in Iraq * Corruption in Ireland * Corruption in Israel * Corruption in Italy * Corruption in Jordan * Corruption in Kenya * Corruption in Kosovo * Corruption in Kuwait * Corruption in Laos * Corruption in Latvia * Corruption in Lebanon * Corruption in Liberia * Corruption in Lithuania * Corruption in Luxembourg * Corruption in Malaysia * Corruption in Mauritania * Corruption in Mauritius * Corruption in Mexico * Corruption in Moldova * Corruption in Mongolia * Corruption in Montenegro * Corruption in Myanmar * Corruption in Nepal * Corruption in the Netherlands * Corruption in New Zealand * Corruption in Nicaragua * Corruption in Nigeria * Corruption in North Korea * Corruption in North Macedonia * Corruption in Norway * Corruption in Pakistan * Corruption in Panama * Corruption in Papua New Guinea * Corruption in Paraguay * Corruption in Peru * Corruption in the Philippines * Corruption in Poland * Corruption in Portugal * Corruption in Romania * Corruption in Russia * Corruption in Saudi Arabia * Corruption in Senegal * Corruption in Serbia * Corruption in Singapore * Corruption in Slovakia * Corruption in Slovenia * Corruption in Somalia * Corruption in South Africa * Corruption in South Korea * Corruption in South Sudan * Corruption in Spain * Corruption in Sudan * Corruption in Sweden * Corruption in Switzerland * Corruption in Tajikistan * Corruption in Tanzania * Corruption in Thailand * Corruption in Tunisia * Corruption in Turkey * Corruption in Turkmenistan * Corruption in Uganda * Corruption in Ukraine * Corruption in the United Kingdom * Corruption in the United States * Corruption in Uruguay * Corruption in Uzbekistan * Corruption in Vanuatu * Corruption in Venezuela * Corruption in Vietnam * Corruption in Yemen * Corruption in Zambia * Corruption in Zimbabwe Further reading --------------- Wikiquote has quotations related to *Corruption. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corruption. Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021). "Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon". Journal of Development Studies. 57 (8): 1373–1396. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622. S2CID 229717871. * Butscher, Anke. "Corruption" (2012). University Bielefeld – Center for InterAmerican Studies. * Cohen, Nissim (2012). Informal payments for healthcare – The phenomenon and its context. Journal of Health Economics, Policy and Law, 7 (3): 285–308. * Garifullin Ramil Ramzievich Bribe-taking mania as one of the causes of bribery. The concept of psychological and psychotherapeutic approaches to the problem of bribery and bribe-taking mania. J. Aktualnye Problemy Ekonomiki i Prava" ("Current Problems in Economics and Law"), no. 4(24), 2012, pp. 9–15 * Heidenheimer, Arnold J. and Michael Johnston, eds. Political corruption: Concepts and contexts (2011). * Heywood, Paul M. ed. Routledge Handbook of Political Corruption (2014) * Johnston, Michael Syndromes of Corruption (2006). * Li, Ling. "Politics of Anticorruption in China: Paradigm Change of the Party's Disciplinary Regime 2012–2017," Journal of Contemporary China, 28:115, 47–63, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2018.1497911 * McCormick, Richard L. "The discovery that business corrupts politics: A reappraisal of the origins of Progressivism" American Historical Review 86 (1981): 247–74. * Mantzaris, E. Tsekeris, C. and Tsekeris, T. (2014). Interrogating Corruption: Lessons from South Africa. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 7 (1): 1–17. * Rajan, Sudhir Chella A Social Theory of Corruption (2020). * Sharma, Vivek Swaroop. "Give Corruption a Chance" in The National Interest 128, November/December 2013: 38–45. Full text available at: . * Wallis, John Joseph. "The concept of systematic corruption in American history." in Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's economic history (U of Chicago Press, 2006). 23–62. online \| * v * t * e Corruption \| \| --- \| \| Corruption in different fields \| * Corporate crime * Corruption in local government * Interest group corruption * Police corruption * Political corruption \| \| Measures of corruption \| * Corruption Perceptions Index * Economics of corruption \| \| Forms or aspectsof corruption \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| General \| * Baksheesh * Black market / Grey market * Bribery * Collusion * Commercial bribery * Confidence trick * Embezzlement * Extortion * Fraud * Graft (politics) * Honest services fraud * Kickback * Match fixing * Money laundering + Cryptocurrency and crime + Hawala and crime * Noble cause corruption * Professional courtesy * Slush fund * Tax evasion * Tax haven + Offshore investment + Offshore financial centre \| \| State \| * Clientelism * Coronelism * Crony capitalism * Cronyism * Elite capture * Failed state * Kleptocracy * Mafia state * Nepotism * Plutocracy * Political scandal * Regulatory capture * Rent-seeking + Rent-setting * State capture * State crime \| \| Elections \| * Ballot stuffing * Electoral fraud * Election security * Gerrymandering * Vote pairing * Vote suppression \| \| \| Institutions dealing with corruption \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| International \| * Global Financial Integrity * Global Witness * Group of States Against Corruption * International Anti-Corruption Academy * Mo Ibrahim Foundation * Transparency International * UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations \| \| National \| * Oficina Anticorrupción (Argentina) * Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission * Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) (Bangladesh) * Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory (Burundi) * National Anti-Corruption Observatory (Cameroon) * National Supervisory Commission (China) + Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) + Commission Against Corruption (Macau) * USKOK (Croatia) * Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption * Central Vigilance Commission (India) * KPK (Indonesia) * Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (Latvia) * Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program (Liberia) * Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania * BIANCO (Madagascar) * Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission * Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar (Myanmar) * Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (Nigeria) * National Accountability Bureau (Pakistan) * Investigation Task Force Sweep (Papua New Guinea) * Central Anticorruption Bureau (Poland) * Anti-Corruption General Directorate (Romania) * National Anticorruption Directorate (Romania) * Investigative Committee of Russia (Russia) * Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission * Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (Singapore) * Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia * Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (South Korea) * Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera (Spain) * National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine (Ukraine) * Warioba Commission (Tanzania) * Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption (Vietnam) \| \| \| Anti-corruption \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Laws andenforcement \| * Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 (pending) * Foreign Corrupt Practices Act * Foreign Extortion Prevention Act * Freedom of information laws by country * The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 * UK Bribery Act of 2010 * Whistleblower protection \| \| Internationalinstrumentsand efforts \| * Inter-American Convention Against Corruption * International asset recovery * International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities * OECD Anti-Bribery Convention * United Nations Convention against Corruption \| \| Protestmovements \| * 2011 Azerbaijani protests * 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement * 2012 Indian anti-corruption movement * Anti-austerity movement in Spain * Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity * Russian anti-corruption campaign * Yo Soy 132 * 2017–2019 Romanian protests * 2017–2018 Russian protests \| \| \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * FAST \| \| National \| * France * BnF data * Germany * Israel * United States * Japan * Czech Republic \|
Manufacturer of photovoltaics SolarWorld is a German company dedicated to the manufacture and marketing photovoltaic products worldwide by integrating all components of the solar value chain, from feedstock (polysilicon) to module production, from trade with solar panels to the promotion and construction of turn-key solar power systems. The group controls the development of solar power technologies at all levels in-house. SolarWorld AG is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Photovoltaik Global 30 Index and the ÖkoDAX. In May 2017, wholly owned subsidiary SolarWorld Americas, based in Oregon, US, joined fellow American solar panel manufacturer Suniva in its Section 201 trade action to request relief from what it claimed are unfair practices from solar panel importers to the United States. The requested remedy was a tariff on imported solar panels. FirstSolar, the largest US solar panel manufacturer, joined the action on October 10, 2017, while the Solar Energy Industry Association (the major American solar trade association) was leading the opposition to the tariff requests. The company filed for insolvency of its German subsidiaries alone in May 2017. While subsidiary SolarWorld America was not itself insolvent, it subsequently was put up for sale or other action to help resolve the debts of the German parent company. In the beginning of August 2017, leaving all liabilities behind, all the assets alone were acquired by the original Founder of SolarWorld Ag, Frank Asbeck along with Qatar Solar Technologies (QSTec) to form SolarWorld Industries GmbH, thus becoming completely debt-free and the only Solar Manufacturer in the world with zero-debt and zero liability. According to the Press Release issued by SolarWorld Industries GmbH, it will now have just 500 employees, drastically down from earlier, thus cutting costs. According to the company, the company will continue its transition to mono PERC-only cells production. The new entity, SolarWorld Industries GmbH takes over the production facilities and distribution businesses in Europe, Asia and Africa. "We plan to start with a production capacity of 700 MW, which can also be boosted to the previous capacity of more than 1GW. At launch, the company will have 515 employees. Of these, more than 12% are employed in research and more than 5% are trainees," he said adding that the new company had already signed a 25MW order, without giving further details. The newly founded SolarWorld Industries GmbH filed for insolvency again in March 2018. In June 2018 the regional public TV station MDR reported, that most of SolarWorlds production workers have been transferred into other forms of employment and production will be closed by end of September. More than two years after the insolvency, the Solarworld factory in Freiberg gets a new opportunity. The buildings are sold for around twelve million euros to the new owner. The Swiss company Meyer Burger wants to produce solar cells in Freiberg and Bitterfeld-Wolfen. The production is expected to start in the first half of 2021. History ------- SolarWorld was founded in 1988 as individual company by engineer and chief executive officer Frank Asbeck, and engaged in projects to produce renewable energy. In 1998, these activities were transferred to the newly founded SolarWorld AG, which went public on 11 August 1999. In 2006 Shell divested its crystalline silicon solar business activities to SolarWorld. SolarWorld has received German Sustainability Award in the category of "Germany’s Most Sustainable Production 2008". Since 2010 the company has a joint venture with Qatar Solar Technologies (QSTec). Due to a financial crisis, Solarworld was restructured and QSTec became the largest shareholder in 2013. In 2012, Washington, D.C. based law firm, Wiley Rein, was hacked. According to Bloomberg News, the hackers wanted information about the German manufacturer SolarWorld. SolarWorld's computers were hacked about the same time. In 2016, SolarWorld started ‘gradually’ migrating cell production to PERC and five busbar technology. At the core of SolarWorld's high-tech strategy is migrating all solar cell production to PERC (Passivated Emitter Rear Cell) technology and moving from three busbars to five in order to boost conversion efficiencies and limit capital expenditures at the same time as these changes are relatively simple and low-risk ramps, compared to entire new cell concepts such as heterojunction, according to Neuhaus at PV CellTech. SolarWorld's PV CellTech presentation also revealed that average efficiencies of PERC cells in high-volume production had achieved 21.4%, resulting in PV module power distribution average of 303.3W. SolarWorld has also developed a bi-facial version of its current PERC cell that has entered production and more capacity is expected to be allocated to bi-facial cells and modules. On May 10, 2017, SolarWorld AG filed for insolvency citing "ongoing price distortions" and "no longer a positive forecast for the future". According to Mr. Piepenburg, the administrator, it is now of major importance to maintain business operations as smoothly as possible. In May 2016, a lawsuit brought by U.S. silicon supplier Hemlock was reported as "threatening the continued existence of the company" with damage claims up to $770 million. The German facilities of SolarWorld were purchased by its founder Frank Asbeck in conjunction with Qatar Solar Technologies. Three days later, an appeals court upheld the verdict in the Hemlock case, resulting in SolarWorld AG being responsible to pay the damage claims. SolarWorld Americas, the largest U.S. crystalline-silicon solar manufacturer for more than 42 years, is continuing to implement efficiencies and working with external partners to position the company for stabilization and a continued competitive position in the marketplace. Solarworld USA spokesman Ben Santarris said the company is sticking with the assumption of continuing normal operations, and continued to work with suppliers and customers to determine what the right size of the company should be going forward. On August 18, 2017, however, news came that the German administrator of SolarWorld AG's bankruptcy had put SolarWorld Americas up for sale, though no potential buyers had been identified at that time. The US-based subsidiary, which reportedly produced half of "SolarWorld" branded modules worldwide, was put "in something of a limbo" by the bankruptcy and a spokesperson stated the company had entered an "open ended" mergers and acquisitions process. Facilities ---------- Within the SolarWorld Group many specialized workers were employed in the enterprise's units located in Bonn (headquarters), Freiberg, and Hillsboro, Oregon (US headquarters). The business also had a manufacturing facility in Hillsboro, Oregon, purchased in 2007 from Japan's Komatsu Group. In 2008, it was the largest solar cell manufacturing facility in North America. That factory was taken over by SunPower in October 2018, as part of SunPower's acquisition of SolarWorld Americas. International distribution center in Bonn, Germany In 2013 SolarWorld took over production from Bosch Solar Energy in Arnstadt and continued to employ about 800 workers. SolarWorld AG has sales offices in Germany, Spain, US, South Africa, UK and Singapore. Grid parity ----------- Main article: Grid parity In 2010, SolarWorld called for lowering Germany's lucrative solar feed-in tariffs and its CEO, Frank Asbeck, supported a 10 percent to 15 percent drop for the incentives. In 2011, utility-scale solar power stations achieved grid parity for domestic consumers as guaranteed tariffs fell below retail electricity prices. Feed-in tariffs continued to drop well below the gross domestic electricity price. Since the beginning of 2012, newly installed, small rooftop PV system also have achieved grid parity. The current policy is to revise tariffs on a monthly basis reducing them by 1 percent unless actual deployment does not meet agreed upon targets. As of spring 2015, tariffs ranged from 8 to 12 euro-cents per kilowatt-hour depending on the PV system's size. Vehicles -------- The solar car SolarWorld No. 1 SolarWorld is the main sponsor of the SolarWorld No. 1 solar car developed by the FH Bochum SolarCar Team. On 19 November 2008, SolarWorld AG announced a bid to buy German automaker Opel from General Motors. The bid was for 1 billion Euro, 250 million being paid in cash and 750 million being paid in bank credits. SolarWorld specified conditions such as Opel should be split from General Motors. Solarworld announced that it intends to create the first electric automotive OEM. However, GM rejected the bid saying "Opel is not for sale". Further reading --------------- * European consortium mulls mega solar factory to outshine Chinese, Deutsche Welle website, May 20, 2014.
Filipino swimmer Raphael Matthew "Timmy" Chua (born October 5, 1982) is a Filipino former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. He is a two-time medalist in the same stroke at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games in his home city Manila. Chua started swimming at age eleven, when he and his brother decided to join the swimming team at the Philippine Columbian Association Sports Club. In 1995, he attended a swimming camp headed by American coach Mike Cody. He aimed three main goals: to claim a gold medal at the SEA Games, to advance further into the finals at the Asian Games, and most importantly, to place in the top 16 at the Olympics. In preparation for an international level, Chua was trained by Ryuzo Ishikawa, a Japanese import who served as his longest coach and mentor during his entire career. Chua qualified for the men's 100 m breaststroke at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by achieving a FINA B-standard entry time of 1:04.93 from the Hong Kong Long Course Championships, three weeks before the Games were scheduled to begin. Despite of his eligibility from FINA, Chua had been battling with the Philippine Amateur Swimming Association (PASA) for failing to inform officials and not granting a permission to compete for the qualifying tournament. On the first day of the Games, Chua challenged seven other swimmers in heat two, including three-time Olympians Jean Luc Razakarivony of Madagascar and Yevgeny Petrashov of Kyrgyzstan. He edged out Latvia's Pāvels Murāns to take a fourth spot by 0.08 of a second, outside his personal best of 1:06.37. Chua failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed fiftieth overall out of 60 swimmers in the morning preliminaries. At the 2005 Southeast Asian Games in Manila, Chua collected two bronze medals in the 100 m breaststroke (1:04.35) and 400 m medley relay (3:52.70), as a member of the host nation team. Shortly after the SEA Games, Chua retired from his 12-year swimming career, when he made a final decision to finish his engineering course at the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City. He is a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi. After a long Olympic stint, Chua is currently a technical sales and service manager for LaFarge, a multinational French company that handles cement. He is also a part-time member of the Philippine Olympic Committee board.
Device designed to scare birds A traditional scarecrow Bird scarers is a blanket term used to describe devices designed for deterring birds by startling, confusing or otherwise repeling them, typically employed in commercial settings by farmers to dissuade birds from consuming and defecating on recently planted arable crops. Numerous bird scarers are also readily available to the public direct to consumer, or by means of purchase from independent retailers. Bird scarers are also often present on airfields to prevent birds from accumulating in proximity to runways and causing a potential hazard to the bird and/or aircraft as well as potentially increasing the frequency an airstrip requires maintenance, and wind turbines. Visual Scarers -------------- ### Scarecrow One of the oldest designs of bird scarer is the scarecrow which is in the shape of a human figure. The scarecrow idea has been built upon numerous times, and not all visual scare devices are shaped like humans. The "Flashman Birdscarer," Iridescent tape, "TerrorEyes" balloons, and other visual deterrents are all built on the idea of visually scaring birds. This method doesn't work so well with all species, considering that some species frequently perch on scarecrows. By analogy, people make monkey scarers to protect their cropland in Ethiopia. Monkey scarer in Debre Sema'it, Ethiopia ### Hawk kite A stationary modelled owl used as a bird scarer at Lysaker, Norway Many species of bird are also naturally afraid of predators such as birds of prey. "Hawk kites" are designed to fly from poles in the wind and hover above the field to be protected. They are shaped to match the silhouette of a bird of prey. ### Helikites The Helikite bird scarer is a lighter-than-air combination of a helium balloon and a kite. Helikites fly up to 200vft in the air with or without wind. Although they do not look like hawks, they fly and hover high in the sky behaving like birds of prey. Helikites successfully exploit bird pests' instinctive fear of hawks and can reliably protect large areas of farmland. ### Lasers The use of lasers can be an effective method of bird scaring, although there is some evidence to suggest some birds are "laser-resistant". As the effectiveness of the laser decreases with increasing light levels, it is likely to be most effective at dawn and dusk. Although some lasers prove to be effective during daylight hours. The method relies on birds being startled by the strong contrast between the ambient light and the laser beam. During low light conditions this technique is very selective and can be tuned to frequencies and wavelengths that individual bird species don't like, but at night the light beam is visible over a large distance and can cause widespread (non-species specific) disturbance. Lasers use can be limited due to safety concerns of the beam and some nations have laws which prohibit lasers above a certain power from being used. Lasers are being looked at as an additional scaring system to add to wildlife management programs. Manually operated laser torches and automated laser bird deterrent robots that move the laser automatically towards the birds are available on the market. Research conducted at Wageningen University shows the potential of laser technology to prevent the spreading of Avian Influenza. When the laser was used at a poultry farm, a 99.7% wild bird reduction rate was recorded. ### Dead birds The use of model or actual dead birds is used to signal danger to others. Initially, birds often approach the corpse but usually leave when they see the unnatural position of the bird. This approach has been frequently used in attempts to deter gulls from airports. Pheasant feed sacks often have an image of an owl with large eyes so that when empty they can be strung up to scare predators. [] ### Balloons An example of a visual bird-scare balloon Balloons are an inexpensive deterrent. However, this method relies on the movement of balloons, which is something that birds can become used to. The addition of eye illustrations on the balloons has been shown to increase this method's effectiveness as it combats the birds' ability to adapt. Commercially available "scare-eye" balloons have holographic eyes that follow birds wherever they go. The long-term effectiveness of this method can be increased by periodically moving the placement of the scare devices. In the United Kingdom the use of balloons is subject to approval from the Civil Aviation Authority, especially around airfields. Auditory scarers ---------------- Audible bird scarers use noise stimuli that makes birds uncomfortable. However, once birds realize these pose no real threats, they can easily become habituated to sounds that seemed initially frightening. If just being placed in situ and left, audible bird scarers can easily become ineffective bird control solutions, however when managed on an ongoing basis or used as part of a greater bird deterrent system, sound methods can deliver quality results. ### Sōzu (shishi odoshi) One very old design is the Japanese sōzu, known metonymically as a shishi odoshi (although the term shishi odoshi properly refers to any method of scaring wild animals, including the Western scarecrow). Instead of using a visual method to distract pests, as the scarecrow does, it uses the sound of a heavy pipe repeatedly and rhythmically hitting a rock, using water as a timing device. The sōzu is also used in Japanese popular culture to denote inordinate amounts of wealth, combined with a traditional sensibility: by design, the shishi odoshi uses copious amounts of water, meaning either a very high water bill, or that it is situated on high-value land with a stream or river running through it. ### Propane cannons A typical propane gas gun bird scarer Propane scare cannons are one of the most common types of bird scarer available in Europe and America. It is a propane-powered gas gun which produces a periodic explosion. The audible bang can reach very loud volumes, in excess of 150 decibels, causing a flight reaction in birds. The similarity between a scare cannon and a 12 gauge shotgun is thought to cause a startle/fear reaction, although it is also effective against birds that have not been exposed to hunting pressure. Birds can become habituated to the sound of regular cannon detonations, especially if it does not vary in its magnitude, pitch, or time interval. However, regularly moving the cannon, utilizing on-demand firing options, including radio control, and combining cannons with other methods of deterrents can prevent habituation. Propane scare cannons are very loud and can be disruptive to people living nearby. One study found that restricting cannon use to only hours when birds are active and incorporating better bird damage plans drastically reduced the number of complaints from neighbours. ### Electronic repellers Sonic bird repellers are not effective; the birds quickly acclimate to them. Usually consisting of a central unit and several speakers, the system emits digitally recorded distress calls of birds, and, in some cases, calls of predators of the target species. Some emitters randomize pitch, magnitude, time interval, sound sequence and other factors in an attempt to prevent birds from getting used to them. Many of the sounds produced are regarded as annoying to people. ### Ultrasonic scarers Ultrasonic devices are static sound-emitting bird deterrents, which, in theory, will annoy birds to keep them away from enclosed or semi-enclosed areas. Ultrasonic scarers are not harmful to birds, however, there is debate around birds' ability to hear these frequencies at loud enough decibels. Birds are believed to have similar hearing to humans, with studies showing birds do not hear on an ultrasonic level, meaning that ultrasonic scarers often have little or no effect in deterring birds. ### Cartridge scarers Cartridge scarers include a wide variety of noise-producing cartridges usually fired from rockets or rope bangers, or on aerodromes from modified pistols or shotguns, which produce a loud bang and emit flashes of light. They include shellcrackers, screamer shells and whistling projectiles, exploding projectiles, bird bangers and flares. Bird banger cartridges commonly use a low explosive known as flash powder. Cartridges are projected from a shotgun with a range of 45–90 metres (148–295 ft), or pistols with a range of approximately 25 metres (82 ft), before exploding. Bird scaring cartridges can produce noise levels of up to 160 dB at varying ranges but in some countries both the cartridges and the gun require a firearms certificate. Pyrotechnics have proved effective in dispersing birds at airports, landfill sites, agricultural crops and aquaculture facilities. At airports in the United Kingdom, shellcrackers fired from a modified pistol are the most common means of dispersing birds, as they allow the bird controller to have some directional control over birds in flight, so they can be steered away from runways. However, as with all similar noises, there is a high risk of birds becoming used to any pyrotechnics or cartridge explosions. ### Benign acoustic deterrence In 2013, Dr. John Swaddle and Dr. Mark Hinders at the College of William and Mary created a new method of deterring birds using benign sounds projected by conventional and directional (parametric) speakers. The initial objectives of the technology were to displace problematic birds from airfields to reduce bird strike risks, minimize agricultural losses due to pest bird foraging, displace nuisance birds that cause extensive repair and chronic clean-up costs, and reduce bird mortality from flying into man-made structures. The sounds, referred to as a "Sonic Net," do not have to be loud and are a combination of wave forms—collectively called "colored noise"—forming non-constructive and constructive interference with how birds talk to each other. Technically, the Sonic Net technology is not a bird scarer, but discourages birds from flying into or spending time in the target area. The impact on the birds is similar to talking in a crowded room, and since they cannot understand each other they go somewhere else. Early tests at an aviary and initial field trials at a landfill and airfield indicate that the technology is effective and that birds do not habituate to the sound. The provisional and full patents were filed in 2013 and 2014 respectively, with further research and commercialization of the technology being ongoing. Other ----- 1986 U.S. Air Force video about methods to scare birds away from airfields ### Humans Historically, humans have been employed to scare birds from crops, using a variety of deterrents including throwing stones, flashing with mirrors, or operating noise devices. This is only cost-effective where the cost of labour is sufficiently low relative to agricultural profit margins. In Victorian England, children were employed to do this job. In the Huleh Valley in Northern Israel, rural labourers, primarily Arabs and Druze, use USVs and multiple devices to keep common cranes off high-value crops. ### Dogs The control of birds and other wildlife such as deer through harassment by trained border collies has been used at aerodromes, golf courses and agricultural land. The dogs represent an actual threat, and so elicit flight reactions. Habituation is unlikely as they can continually pursue and change their behaviour. Border collies are used as they are working dogs bred to herd animals and to avoid attack, and they respond well to whistle and verbal commands. A single border collie and its handler can keep an area of approximately 50 square kilometres (19 square miles; 5,000 hectares; 12,000 acres) free of larger birds and wildlife. However, although they are effective at deterring ground foraging birds such as waders and wildfowl, they are not so useful for species that spend most of their time flying or perching, such as raptors and swallows. In 1999, Southwest Florida International Airport became the first commercial airport in the world to employ a border collie in an airfield wildlife control programme. After the use of the collie, numbers and species of birds on the airport declined and most birds that remained congregated in a drainage ditch away from the runway. The number of bird strikes dropped to zero compared to 13 for the same period the previous year. Several other airports and airbases have now started similar programmes. At Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, bird strike damage to aircraft caused by birds has been reduced from an average of US$600,000 per year for the proceeding two years to US$24,000 per year after the initiation of a bird control programme that included the use of border collies. ### Predators Harris's hawk Using predators as a natural bird deterrent has become a recommended form of controlling bird infestations. Specially selected species are trained to deal with working in un-natural environments with distractions and dangers they would not usually encounter. The success of this method of bird control is based on the fact that many birds have a natural fear of falcons and hawks as predators, so their presence in the area encourages problem species to disperse. The natural reaction of most prey species is to form a flock and attempt to fly above the falcon. If this fails, they will attempt to fly for cover and leave the area. ### Radio controlled aircraft Radio-controlled model aircraft have been used to scare or 'haze' bird pests since the early 1980s, mainly over airfields, but have also been used over agricultural areas, fisheries and landfill sites. This method has been shown to be very effective and birds habituate more slowly to a treatment in which they are being actively hazed. At Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, balsa wood radio-controlled aircraft are one of the primary bird harassment methods used to keep the airfield clear of raptors and other large birds, and they have also proved effective at dispersing the base's redwing blackbird roost. ### Fireworks Fireworks can also be used as bird scarers, and some jurisdictions issue special licences for agricultural fireworks. This practice has been criticised as a loophole for the sale of consumer fireworks. Again, the loud bangs can also irritate people living on nearby properties. ### Combination scarers These combine multiple deterrents, such as using a pop up scarecrow combined with a gas gun, which in turn activates the distress call of a bird. These combination scarers are often managed by computers and synchronised across an area via the use of radio links. This synchronisation becomes more effective if there is some kind of detection system involved such as bird detecting radar.
Cinematic term used to describe stylized feature film crime dramas "Film Noir" redirects here. For the album, see Film Noir (album). Film noir (/nwɑːr/; French: [film nwaʁ]) is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylized Hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that emphasize cynical attitudes and motivations. The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the "classic period" of American film noir. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key, black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the prototypical stories and attitudes expressed in classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression. The term film noir, French for 'black film' (literal) or 'dark film' (closer meaning), was first applied to Hollywood films by French critic Nino Frank in 1946, but was unrecognized by most American film industry professionals of that era. Frank is believed to have been inspired by the French literary publishing imprint Série noire, founded in 1945. Cinema historians and critics defined the category retrospectively. Before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noir were referred to as "melodramas". Whether film noir qualifies as a distinct genre or whether it should be considered a filmmaking style is a matter of ongoing and heavy debate among film scholars. Film noir encompasses a range of plots; common archetypical protagonists include a private investigator (The Big Sleep), a plainclothes police officer (The Big Heat), an aging boxer (The Set-Up), a hapless grifter (Night and the City), a law-abiding citizen lured into a life of crime (Gun Crazy), a femme fatale (Gilda) or simply a victim of circumstance (D.O.A.). Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, the term has been used to describe films from around the world. Many films released from the 1960s onward share attributes with films noir of the classical period, and often treat its conventions self-referentially. Latter-day works are typically referred to as neo-noir. The clichés of film noir have inspired parody since the mid-1940s. Definition ---------- The Stranger, full film The question of what defines film noir, and what sort of category it is, provoke continuing debate. "We'd be oversimplifying things in calling film noir oneiric, strange, erotic, ambivalent, and cruel ..."—this set of attributes constitutes the first of many attempts to define film noir made by French critics Raymond Borde [fr] and Étienne Chaumeton in their 1955 book Panorama du film noir américain 1941–1953 (A Panorama of American Film Noir), the original and seminal extended treatment of the subject. They emphasize that not every noir film embodies all five attributes in equal measure—one might be more dreamlike; another, particularly brutal. The authors' caveats and repeated efforts at alternative definition have been echoed in subsequent scholarship, but in the words of cinema historian Mark Bould, film noir remains an "elusive phenomenon." Though film noir is often identified with a visual style that emphasizes low-key lighting and unbalanced compositions, films commonly identified as noir evidence a variety of visual approaches, including ones that fit comfortably within the Hollywood mainstream. Film noir similarly embraces a variety of genres, from the gangster film to the police procedural to the gothic romance to the social problem picture—any example of which from the 1940s and 1950s, now seen as noir's classical era, was likely to be described as a melodrama at the time. > > It is night, always. The hero enters a labyrinth on a quest. He is alone and off balance. He may be desperate, in flight, or coldly calculating, imagining he is the pursuer rather than the pursued. > > > A woman invariably joins him at a critical juncture, when he is most vulnerable. [Her] eventual betrayal of him (or herself) is as ambiguous as her feelings about him. > > > Nicholas Christopher, Somewhere in the Night (1997) While many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Foster Hirsch defines a genre as determined by "conventions of narrative structure, characterization, theme, and visual design." Hirsch, as one who has taken the position that film noir is a genre, argues that these elements are present "in abundance." Hirsch notes that there are unifying features of tone, visual style and narrative sufficient to classify noir as a distinct genre. Others argue that film noir is not a genre. It is often associated with an urban setting, but many classic noirs take place in small towns, suburbia, rural areas, or on the open road; setting is not a determinant, as with the Western. Similarly, while the private eye and the femme fatale are stock character types conventionally identified with noir, the majority of films in the genre feature neither. Nor does film noir rely on anything as evident as the monstrous or supernatural elements of the horror film, the speculative leaps of the science fiction film, or the song-and-dance routines of the musical. An analogous case is that of the screwball comedy, widely accepted by film historians as constituting a "genre": screwball is defined not by a fundamental attribute, but by a general disposition and a group of elements, some—but rarely and perhaps never all—of which are found in each of the genre's films. Because of the diversity of noir (much greater than that of the screwball comedy), certain scholars in the field, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, treat it as not a genre but a "style". Alain Silver, the most widely published American critic specializing in film noir studies, refers to film noir as a "cycle" and a "phenomenon", even as he argues that it has—like certain genres—a consistent set of visual and thematic codes. Screenwriter Eric R. Williams labels both film noir and screwball comedy a "pathway" in his screenwriters taxonomy; explaining that a pathway has two parts: 1) the way the audience connects with the protagonist and 2) the trajectory the audience expects the story to follow. Other critics treat film noir as a "mood," a "series", or simply a chosen set of films they regard as belonging to the noir "canon." There is no consensus on the matter. Background ---------- ### Cinematic sources Marlene Dietrich, an actress frequently called upon to play a femme fatale. The aesthetics of film noir were influenced by German Expressionism, an artistic movement of the 1910s and 1920s that involved theater, music, photography, painting, sculpture and architecture, as well as cinema. The opportunities offered by the booming Hollywood film industry and then the threat of Nazism led to the emigration of many film artists working in Germany who had been involved in the Expressionist movement or studied with its practitioners. M (1931), shot only a few years before director Fritz Lang's departure from Germany, is among the first crime films of the sound era to join a characteristically noirish visual style with a noir-type plot, in which the protagonist is a criminal (as are his most successful pursuers). Directors such as Lang, Jacques Tourneur, Robert Siodmak and Michael Curtiz brought a dramatically shadowed lighting style and a psychologically expressive approach to visual composition (mise-en-scène) with them to Hollywood, where they made some of the most famous classic noirs. By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, making as many as six films a year. Movies of his such as 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932) and Private Detective 62 (1933) are among the early Hollywood sound films arguably classifiable as noir—scholar Marc Vernet offers the latter as evidence that dating the initiation of film noir to 1940 or any other year is "arbitrary". Expressionism-orientated filmmakers had free stylistic rein in Universal horror pictures such as Dracula (1931), The Mummy (1932)—the former photographed and the latter directed by the Berlin-trained Karl Freund—and The Black Cat (1934), directed by Austrian émigré Edgar G. Ulmer. The Universal horror film that comes closest to noir, in story and sensibility, is The Invisible Man (1933), directed by Englishman James Whale and photographed by American Arthur Edeson. Edeson later photographed The Maltese Falcon (1941), widely regarded as the first major film noir of the classic era. Josef von Sternberg was directing in Hollywood during the same period. Films of his such as Shanghai Express (1932) and The Devil Is a Woman (1935), with their hothouse eroticism and baroque visual style anticipated central elements of classic noir. The commercial and critical success of Sternberg's silent Underworld (1927) was largely responsible for spurring a trend of Hollywood gangster films. Successful films in that genre such as Little Caesar (1931), The Public Enemy (1931) and Scarface (1932) demonstrated that there was an audience for crime dramas with morally reprehensible protagonists. An important, possibly influential, cinematic antecedent to classic noir was 1930s French poetic realism, with its romantic, fatalistic attitude and celebration of doomed heroes. The movement's sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932), a forerunner of noir. Among films not considered noir, perhaps none had a greater effect on the development of the genre than Citizen Kane (1941), directed by Orson Welles. Its visual intricacy and complex, voiceover narrative structure are echoed in dozens of classic films noir. Italian neorealism of the 1940s, with its emphasis on quasi-documentary authenticity, was an acknowledged influence on trends that emerged in American noir. The Lost Weekend (1945), directed by Billy Wilder, another Vienna-born, Berlin-trained American auteur, tells the story of an alcoholic in a manner evocative of neorealism. It also exemplifies the problem of classification: one of the first American films to be described as a film noir, it has largely disappeared from considerations of the field. Director Jules Dassin of The Naked City (1948) pointed to the neorealists as inspiring his use of location photography with non-professional extras. This semidocumentary approach characterized a substantial number of noirs in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Along with neorealism, the style had an American precedent cited by Dassin, in director Henry Hathaway's The House on 92nd Street (1945), which demonstrated the parallel influence of the cinematic newsreel. ### Literary sources Magazine cover with illustration of a terrified-looking, red-haired young woman gagged and bound to a post. She is wearing a low-cut, arm-bearing yellow top and a red skirt. In front of her, a man with a large scar on his cheek and a furious expression heats a branding iron over a gas stove. In the background, a man wearing a trenchcoat and fedora and holding a revolver enters through a doorway. The text includes the tagline "Smashing Detective Stories" and the cover story's title, "Finger Man".The October 1934 issue of Black Mask featured the first appearance of the detective character whom Raymond Chandler developed into the famous Philip Marlowe. The primary literary influence on film noir was the hardboiled school of American detective and crime fiction, led in its early years by such writers as Dashiell Hammett (whose first novel, Red Harvest, was published in 1929) and James M. Cain (whose The Postman Always Rings Twice appeared five years later), and popularized in pulp magazines such as Black Mask. The classic film noirs The Maltese Falcon (1941) and The Glass Key (1942) were based on novels by Hammett; Cain's novels provided the basis for Double Indemnity (1944), Mildred Pierce (1945), The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), and Slightly Scarlet (1956; adapted from Love's Lovely Counterfeit). A decade before the classic era, a story by Hammett was the source for the gangster melodrama City Streets (1931), directed by Rouben Mamoulian and photographed by Lee Garmes, who worked regularly with Sternberg. Released the month before Lang's M, City Streets has a claim to being the first major film noir; both its style and story had many noir characteristics. Raymond Chandler, who debuted as a novelist with The Big Sleep in 1939, soon became the most famous author of the hardboiled school. Not only were Chandler's novels turned into major noirs—Murder, My Sweet (1944; adapted from Farewell, My Lovely), The Big Sleep (1946), and Lady in the Lake (1947)—he was an important screenwriter in the genre as well, producing the scripts for Double Indemnity, The Blue Dahlia (1946), and Strangers on a Train (1951). Where Chandler, like Hammett, centered most of his novels and stories on the character of the private eye, Cain featured less heroic protagonists and focused more on psychological exposition than on crime solving; the Cain approach has come to be identified with a subset of the hardboiled genre dubbed "noir fiction". For much of the 1940s, one of the most prolific and successful authors of this often downbeat brand of suspense tale was Cornell Woolrich (sometimes under the pseudonym George Hopley or William Irish). No writer's published work provided the basis for more noir films of the classic period than Woolrich's: thirteen in all, including Black Angel (1946), Deadline at Dawn (1946), and Fear in the Night (1947). Another crucial literary source for film noir was W. R. Burnett, whose first novel to be published was Little Caesar, in 1929. It was turned into a hit for Warner Bros. in 1931; the following year, Burnett was hired to write dialogue for Scarface, while The Beast of the City (1932) was adapted from one of his stories. At least one important reference work identifies the latter as a film noir despite its early date. Burnett's characteristic narrative approach fell somewhere between that of the quintessential hardboiled writers and their noir fiction compatriots—his protagonists were often heroic in their own way, which happened to be that of the gangster. During the classic era, his work, either as author or screenwriter, was the basis for seven films now widely regarded as noir, including three of the most famous: High Sierra (1941), This Gun for Hire (1942), and The Asphalt Jungle (1950). Classic period -------------- ### Overview The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the classic period of American film noir. While City Streets and other pre-WWII crime melodramas such as Fury (1936) and You Only Live Once (1937), both directed by Fritz Lang, are categorized as full-fledged noir in Alain Silver and Elizabeth Ward's film noir encyclopedia, other critics tend to describe them as "proto-noir" or in similar terms. The film now most commonly cited as the first "true" film noir is Stranger on the Third Floor (1940), directed by Latvian-born, Soviet-trained Boris Ingster. Hungarian émigré Peter Lorre—who had starred in Lang's M—was top-billed, although he did not play the primary lead. (He later played secondary roles in several other formative American noirs.) Although modestly budgeted, at the high end of the B movie scale, Stranger on the Third Floor still lost its studio, RKO, US$56,000 (equivalent to $1,217,900 in 2023), almost a third of its total cost. Variety magazine found Ingster's work: "...too studied and when original, lacks the flare [sic] to hold attention. It's a film too arty for average audiences, and too humdrum for others." Stranger on the Third Floor was not recognized as the beginning of a trend, let alone a new genre, for many decades. > > Whoever went to the movies with any regularity during 1946 was caught in the midst of Hollywood's profound postwar affection for morbid drama. From January through December deep shadows, clutching hands, exploding revolvers, sadistic villains and heroines tormented with deeply rooted diseases of the mind flashed across the screen in a panting display of psychoneurosis, unsublimated sex and murder most foul. > > > Donald Marshman, Life (August 25, 1947) Most film noirs of the classic period were similarly low- and modestly-budgeted features without major stars—B movies either literally or in spirit. In this production context, writers, directors, cinematographers, and other craftsmen were relatively free from typical big-picture constraints. There was more visual experimentation than in Hollywood filmmaking as a whole: the Expressionism now closely associated with noir and the semi-documentary style that later emerged represent two very different tendencies. Narrative structures sometimes involved convoluted flashbacks uncommon in non-noir commercial productions. In terms of content, enforcement of the Production Code ensured that no film character could literally get away with murder or be seen sharing a bed with anyone but a spouse; within those bounds, however, many films now identified as noir feature plot elements and dialogue that were very risqué for the time. Black-and-white image of a man and a woman sitting side by side on a couch, viewed at an angle. The man, in profile in the left foreground, stares off to the right of frame. He wears a trenchcoat, and his face is shadowed by a fedora. He holds a cigarette in his left hand. The woman, to the right and rear, stares at him. She wears a dark dress and lipstick of a deeply saturated hue.Out of the Past (1947) directed by Jacques Tourneur, features many of the genre's hallmarks: a cynical private detective as the protagonist, a femme fatale, multiple flashbacks with voiceover narration, dramatically shadowed photography, and a fatalistic mood leavened with provocative banter. Pictured are noir icons Robert Mitchum and Jane Greer. Thematically, films noir were most exceptional for the relative frequency with which they centered on portrayals of women of questionable virtue—a focus that had become rare in Hollywood films after the mid-1930s and the end of the pre-Code era. The signal film in this vein was Double Indemnity, directed by Billy Wilder; setting the mold was Barbara Stanwyck's femme fatale, Phyllis Dietrichson—an apparent nod to Marlene Dietrich, who had built her extraordinary career playing such characters for Sternberg. An A-level feature, the film's commercial success and seven Oscar nominations made it probably the most influential of the early noirs. A slew of now-renowned noir "bad girls" followed, such as those played by Rita Hayworth in Gilda (1946), Lana Turner in The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), Ava Gardner in The Killers (1946), and Jane Greer in Out of the Past (1947). The iconic noir counterpart to the femme fatale, the private eye, came to the fore in films such as The Maltese Falcon (1941), with Humphrey Bogart as Sam Spade, and Murder, My Sweet (1944), with Dick Powell as Philip Marlowe. The prevalence of the private eye as a lead character declined in film noir of the 1950s, a period during which several critics describe the form as becoming more focused on extreme psychologies and more exaggerated in general. A prime example is Kiss Me Deadly (1955); based on a novel by Mickey Spillane, the best-selling of all the hardboiled authors, here the protagonist is a private eye, Mike Hammer. As described by Paul Schrader, "Robert Aldrich's teasing direction carries noir to its sleaziest and most perversely erotic. Hammer overturns the underworld in search of the 'great whatsit' [which] turns out to be—joke of jokes—an exploding atomic bomb." Orson Welles's baroquely styled Touch of Evil (1958) is frequently cited as the last noir of the classic period. Some scholars believe film noir never really ended, but continued to transform even as the characteristic noir visual style began to seem dated and changing production conditions led Hollywood in different directions—in this view, post-1950s films in the noir tradition are seen as part of a continuity with classic noir. A majority of critics, however, regard comparable films made outside the classic era to be something other than genuine film noir. They regard true film noir as belonging to a temporally and geographically limited cycle or period, treating subsequent films that evoke the classics as fundamentally different due to general shifts in filmmaking style and latter-day awareness of noir as a historical source for allusion. These later films are often called neo-noir. ### Directors and the business of noir Black-and-white image of a man and woman, both with downcast expressions, sitting side by side in the front seat of a convertible. The man, on the right, grips the steering wheel. He wears a jacket and a pullover shirt. The woman wears a checkered outfit. Behind them, in the night, the road is empty, with a two widely separated lights way off in the distance.A scene from In a Lonely Place (1950), directed by Nicholas Ray and based on a novel by noir fiction writer Dorothy B. Hughes. Two of noir's defining actors, Gloria Grahame and Humphrey Bogart, portray star-crossed lovers in the film. While the inceptive noir, Stranger on the Third Floor, was a B picture directed by a virtual unknown, many of the films noir still remembered were A-list productions by well-known film makers. Debuting as a director with The Maltese Falcon (1941), John Huston followed with Key Largo (1948) and The Asphalt Jungle (1950). Opinion is divided on the noir status of several Alfred Hitchcock thrillers from the era; at least four qualify by consensus: Shadow of a Doubt (1943), Notorious (1946), Strangers on a Train (1951) and The Wrong Man (1956), Otto Preminger's success with Laura (1944) made his name and helped demonstrate noir's adaptability to a high-gloss 20th Century-Fox presentation. Among Hollywood's most celebrated directors of the era, arguably none worked more often in a noir mode than Preminger; his other noirs include Fallen Angel (1945), Whirlpool (1949), Where the Sidewalk Ends (1950) (all for Fox) and Angel Face (1952). A half-decade after Double Indemnity and The Lost Weekend, Billy Wilder made Sunset Boulevard (1950) and Ace in the Hole (1951), noirs that were not so much crime dramas as satires on Hollywood and the news media respectively. In a Lonely Place (1950) was Nicholas Ray's breakthrough; his other noirs include his debut, They Live by Night (1948) and On Dangerous Ground (1952), noted for their unusually sympathetic treatment of characters alienated from the social mainstream. Rita Hayworth in the trailer for The Lady from Shanghai (1947) Orson Welles had notorious problems with financing but his three film noirs were well-budgeted: The Lady from Shanghai (1947) received top-level, "prestige" backing, while The Stranger (1946), his most conventional film, and Touch of Evil (1958), an unmistakably personal work, were funded at levels lower but still commensurate with headlining releases. Like The Stranger, Fritz Lang's The Woman in the Window (1944) was a production of the independent International Pictures. Lang's follow-up, Scarlet Street (1945), was one of the few classic noirs to be officially censored: filled with erotic innuendo, it was temporarily banned in Milwaukee, Atlanta and New York State. Scarlet Street was a semi-independent, cosponsored by Universal and Lang's Diana Productions, of which the film's co-star, Joan Bennett, was the second biggest shareholder. Lang, Bennett and her husband, the Universal veteran and Diana production head Walter Wanger, made Secret Beyond the Door (1948) in similar fashion. Before leaving the United States while subject to the Hollywood blacklist, Jules Dassin made two classic noirs that also straddled the major/independent line: Brute Force (1947) and the influential documentary-style The Naked City (1948) were developed by producer Mark Hellinger, who had an "inside/outside" contract with Universal similar to Wanger's. Years earlier, working at Warner Bros. Hellinger had produced three films for Raoul Walsh, the proto-noirs They Drive by Night (1940), Manpower (1941) and High Sierra (1941), now regarded as a seminal work in noir's development. Walsh had no great name during his half-century as a director but his noirs White Heat (1949) and The Enforcer (1951) had A-list stars and are seen as important examples of the cycle. Other directors associated with top-of-the-bill Hollywood films noir include Edward Dmytryk (Murder, My Sweet (1944), Crossfire (1947))—the first important noir director to fall prey to the industry blacklist—as well as Henry Hathaway (The Dark Corner (1946), Kiss of Death (1947)) and John Farrow (The Big Clock (1948), Night Has a Thousand Eyes (1948)). Most of the Hollywood films considered to be classic noirs fall into the category of the B movie. Some were Bs in the most precise sense, produced to run on the bottom of double bills by a low-budget unit of one of the major studios or by one of the smaller Poverty Row outfits, from the relatively well-off Monogram to shakier ventures such as Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC). Jacques Tourneur had made over thirty Hollywood Bs (a few now highly regarded, most forgotten) before directing the A-level Out of the Past, described by scholar Robert Ottoson as "the ne plus ultra of forties film noir". Movies with budgets a step up the ladder, known as "intermediates" by the industry, might be treated as A or B pictures depending on the circumstances. Monogram created Allied Artists in the late 1940s to focus on this sort of production. Robert Wise (Born to Kill [1947], The Set-Up [1949]) and Anthony Mann (T-Men [1947] and Raw Deal [1948]) each made a series of impressive intermediates, many of them noirs, before graduating to steady work on big-budget productions. Mann did some of his most celebrated work with cinematographer John Alton, a specialist in what James Naremore called "hypnotic moments of light-in-darkness". He Walked by Night (1948), shot by Alton though credited solely to Alfred Werker, directed in large part by Mann, demonstrates their technical mastery and exemplifies the late 1940s trend of "police procedural" crime dramas. It was released, like other Mann-Alton noirs, by the small Eagle-Lion company; it was the inspiration for the Dragnet series, which debuted on radio in 1949 and television in 1951. Movie poster with a border of diagonal black and white bands. On the upper right is a tagline: "He went searching for love ... but fate forced a DETOUR to Revelry ... Violence ... Mystery!" The image is a collage of stills: a man playing the clarinet; a smiling man and woman in evening dress; the same man, with a horrified expression, holding the body of another man with a bloody head injury; the body of a woman, asleep or dead, splayed out over the end of a bed, a telephone beside her; leaning against either side of a lamppost, the same man a third time, wearing a green suit and tie and holding a cigarette, and a woman wearing a knee-length red dress and black pumps, smoking. Credits at the bottom feature the names of three actors: Tom Neal, Ann Savage, and Claudia Drake.Detour (1945) cost $117,000 to make when the biggest Hollywood studios spent around $600,000 on the average feature. Produced at small PRC, however, the film was 30 percent over budget. Several directors associated with noir built well-respected oeuvres largely at the B-movie/intermediate level. Samuel Fuller's brutal, visually energetic films such as Pickup on South Street (1953) and Underworld U.S.A. (1961) earned him a unique reputation; his advocates praise him as "primitive" and "barbarous". Joseph H. Lewis directed noirs as diverse as Gun Crazy (1950) and The Big Combo (1955). The former—whose screenplay was written by the blacklisted Dalton Trumbo, disguised by a front—features a bank hold-up sequence shown in an unbroken take of over three minutes that was influential. The Big Combo was shot by John Alton and took the shadowy noir style to its outer limits. The most distinctive films of Phil Karlson (The Phenix City Story [1955] and The Brothers Rico [1957]) tell stories of vice organized on a monstrous scale. The work of other directors in this tier of the industry, such as Felix E. Feist (The Devil Thumbs a Ride [1947], Tomorrow Is Another Day [1951]), has become obscure. Edgar G. Ulmer spent most of his Hollywood career working at B studios and once in a while on projects that achieved intermediate status; for the most part, on unmistakable Bs. In 1945, while at PRC, he directed a noir cult classic, Detour. Ulmer's other noirs include Strange Illusion (1945), also for PRC; Ruthless (1948), for Eagle-Lion, which had acquired PRC the previous year and Murder Is My Beat (1955), for Allied Artists. A number of low- and modestly-budgeted noirs were made by independent, often actor-owned, companies contracting with larger studios for distribution. Serving as producer, writer, director and top-billed performer, Hugo Haas made films like Pickup (1951), The Other Woman (1954) and Jacques Tourneur, The Fearmakers (1958). It was in this way that accomplished noir actress Ida Lupino established herself as the sole female director in Hollywood during the late 1940s and much of the 1950s. She does not appear in the best-known film she directed, The Hitch-Hiker (1953), developed by her company, The Filmakers, with support and distribution by RKO. It is one of the seven classic film noirs produced largely outside of the major studios that have been chosen for the United States National Film Registry. Of the others, one was a small-studio release: Detour. Four were independent productions distributed by United Artists, the "studio without a studio": Gun Crazy; Kiss Me Deadly; D.O.A. (1950), directed by Rudolph Maté and Sweet Smell of Success (1957), directed by Alexander Mackendrick. One was an independent distributed by MGM, the industry leader: Force of Evil (1948), directed by Abraham Polonsky and starring John Garfield, both of whom were blacklisted in the 1950s. Independent production usually meant restricted circumstances but Sweet Smell of Success, despite the plans of the production team, was clearly not made on the cheap, though like many other cherished A-budget noirs, it might be said to have a B-movie soul. Perhaps no director better displayed that spirit than the German-born Robert Siodmak, who had already made a score of films before his 1940 arrival in Hollywood. Working mostly on A features, he made eight films now regarded as classic-era noir (a figure matched only by Lang and Mann). In addition to The Killers, Burt Lancaster's debut and a Hellinger/Universal co-production, Siodmak's other important contributions to the genre include 1944's Phantom Lady (a top-of-the-line B and Woolrich adaptation), the ironically titled Christmas Holiday (1944), and Cry of the City (1948). Criss Cross (1949), with Lancaster again the lead, exemplifies how Siodmak brought the virtues of the B-movie to the A noir. In addition to the relatively looser constraints on character and message at lower budgets, the nature of B production lent itself to the noir style for economic reasons: dim lighting saved on electricity and helped cloak cheap sets (mist and smoke also served the cause). Night shooting was often compelled by hurried production schedules. Plots with obscure motivations and intriguingly elliptical transitions were sometimes the consequence of hastily written scripts. There was not always enough time or money to shoot every scene. In Criss Cross, Siodmak achieved these effects, wrapping them around Yvonne De Carlo, who played the most understandable of femme fatales; Dan Duryea, in one of his many charismatic villain roles; and Lancaster as an ordinary laborer turned armed robber, doomed by a romantic obsession. \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Classic-era film noirs in the National Film Registry \| \| 1940–49 \| * The Maltese Falcon * Shadow of a Doubt * Laura * Double Indemnity * Mildred Pierce * The Lost Weekend * Detour * Gilda * The Big Sleep * The Killers * Notorious * Out of the Past * The Lady from Shanghai * Force of Evil * The Naked City * All the King's Men * White Heat \| \| 1950–58 \| * Gun Crazy * D.O.A. * In a Lonely Place * The Asphalt Jungle * Sunset Boulevard * The Hitch-Hiker * The Big Heat * Kiss Me Deadly * The Night of the Hunter * The Phenix City Story * Sweet Smell of Success * Touch of Evil \| Outside the United States ------------------------- "Générique" ("Nuit sur les Champs-Élysées") The moody, evocative music improvised by jazz trumpeter Miles Davis's quintet for Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958) is regarded as one of the definitive noir scores. --- Problems playing this file? See media help. Some critics regard classic film noir as a cycle exclusive to the United States; Alain Silver and Elizabeth Ward, for example, argue, "With the Western, film noir shares the distinction of being an indigenous American form ... a wholly American film style." However, although the term "film noir" was originally coined to describe Hollywood movies, it was an international phenomenon. Even before the beginning of the generally accepted classic period, there were films made far from Hollywood that can be seen in retrospect as films noir, for example, the French productions Pépé le Moko (1937), directed by Julien Duvivier, and Le Jour se lève (1939), directed by Marcel Carné. In addition, Mexico experienced a vibrant film noir period from roughly 1946 to 1952, which was around the same time film noir was blossoming in the United States. During the classic period, there were many films produced in Europe, particularly in France, that share elements of style, theme, and sensibility with American films noir and may themselves be included in the genre's canon. In certain cases, the interrelationship with Hollywood noir is obvious: American-born director Jules Dassin moved to France in the early 1950s as a result of the Hollywood blacklist, and made one of the most famous French film noirs, Rififi (1955). Other well-known French films often classified as noir include Quai des Orfèvres (1947) and Les Diaboliques (1955), both directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot. Casque d'Or (1952), Touchez pas au grisbi (1954), and Le Trou (1960) directed by Jacques Becker; and Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), directed by Louis Malle. French director Jean-Pierre Melville is widely recognized for his tragic, minimalist films noir—Bob le flambeur (1955), from the classic period, was followed by Le Doulos (1962), Le deuxième souffle 1966), Le Samouraï (1967), and Le Cercle rouge (1970). In the 1960s, Greek films noir "The Secret of the Red Mantle" and "The Fear" allowed audience for an anti-ableist reading which challenged stereotypes of disability. . Black-and-white image of two men facing the left of frame, walking in front of a brick wall. A bold series of vertically striped shadows covers the entire image. The middle-aged man to the right wears a white fedora, a medium-dark suit, and an open-collared white shirt. In front of him, to the left of the image, a younger, taller man wears a cream-toned suit, a white beret and shirt, and a light striped tie. Each man holds a pistol in his right hand.Stray Dog (1949), directed and cowritten by Akira Kurosawa, contains many cinematographic and narrative elements associated with classic American film noir. Scholar Andrew Spicer argues that British film noir evidences a greater debt to French poetic realism than to the expressionistic American mode of noir. Examples of British noir (sometimes described as "Brit noir") from the classic period include Brighton Rock (1947), directed by John Boulting; They Made Me a Fugitive (1947), directed by Alberto Cavalcanti; The Small Back Room (1948), directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger; The October Man (1950), directed by Roy Ward Baker; and Cast a Dark Shadow (1955), directed by Lewis Gilbert. Terence Fisher directed several low-budget thrillers in a noir mode for Hammer Film Productions, including The Last Page (a.k.a. Man Bait; 1952), Stolen Face (1952), and Murder by Proxy (a.k.a. Blackout; 1954). Before leaving for France, Jules Dassin had been obliged by political pressure to shoot his last English-language film of the classic noir period in Great Britain: Night and the City (1950). Though it was conceived in the United States and was not only directed by an American but also stars two American actors—Richard Widmark and Gene Tierney—it is technically a UK production, financed by 20th Century-Fox's British subsidiary. The most famous of classic British noirs is director Carol Reed's The Third Man (1949), from a screenplay by Graham Greene. Set in Vienna immediately after World War II, it also stars two American actors, Joseph Cotten and Orson Welles, who had appeared together in Citizen Kane. Elsewhere, Italian director Luchino Visconti adapted Cain's The Postman Always Rings Twice as Ossessione (1943), regarded both as one of the great noirs and a seminal film in the development of neorealism. (This was not even the first screen version of Cain's novel, having been preceded by the French Le Dernier Tournant in 1939.) In Japan, the celebrated Akira Kurosawa directed several films recognizable as films noir, including Drunken Angel (1948), Stray Dog (1949), The Bad Sleep Well (1960), and High and Low (1963). Spanish author Mercedes Formica's novel La ciudad perdida (The Lost City) was adapted into film in 1960. Among the first major neo-noir films—the term often applied to films that consciously refer back to the classic noir tradition—was the French Tirez sur le pianiste (1960), directed by François Truffaut from a novel by one of the gloomiest of American noir fiction writers, David Goodis. Noir crime films and melodramas have been produced in many countries in the post-classic area. Some of these are quintessentially self-aware neo-noirs—for example, Il Conformista (1969; Italy), Der Amerikanische Freund (1977; Germany), The Element of Crime (1984; Denmark), and El Aura (2005; Argentina). Others simply share narrative elements and a version of the hardboiled sensibility associated with classic noir, such as Castle of Sand (1974; Japan), Insomnia (1997; Norway), Croupier (1998; UK), and Blind Shaft (2003; China). Neo-noir and echoes of the classic mode --------------------------------------- See also: Neo-noir The neo-noir film genre developed mid-way into the Cold War. This cinematological trend reflected much of the cynicism and the possibility of nuclear annihilation of the era. This new genre introduced innovations that were not available to earlier noir films. The violence was also more potent. ### 1960s and 1970s While it is hard to draw a line between some of the noir films of the early 1960s such as Blast of Silence (1961) and Cape Fear (1962) and the noirs of the late 1950s, new trends emerged in the post-classic era. The Manchurian Candidate (1962), directed by John Frankenheimer, Shock Corridor (1963), directed by Samuel Fuller, and Brainstorm (1965), directed by experienced noir character actor William Conrad, all treat the theme of mental dispossession within stylistic and tonal frameworks derived from classic film noir. The Manchurian Candidate examined the situation of American prisoners of war (POWs) during the Korean War. Incidents that occurred during the war as well as those post-war functioned as an inspiration for a "Cold War Noir" subgenre. The television series The Fugitive (1963–67) brought classic noir themes and mood to the small screen for an extended run. Black-and-white image of a man seen from mid-chest up, wearing a fedora and a jacket with a houndstooth-like pattern. He holds a cigarette between the middle and index fingers of his left hand and strokes his upper lip with his thumb. He stands in front of what appears to be a mirrored doorway.As car thief Michel Poiccard, a.k.a. Laszlo Kovacs, Jean-Paul Belmondo in À bout de souffle (Breathless; 1960). Poiccard reveres and styles himself after Humphrey Bogart's screen persona. Here he imitates a characteristic Bogart gesture, one of the film's motifs. In a different vein, films began to appear that self-consciously acknowledged the conventions of classic film noir as historical archetypes to be revived, rejected, or reimagined. These efforts typify what came to be known as neo-noir. Though several late classic noirs, Kiss Me Deadly (1955) in particular, were deeply self-knowing and post-traditional in conception, none tipped its hand so evidently as to be remarked on by American critics at the time. The first major film to overtly work this angle was French director Jean-Luc Godard's À bout de souffle (Breathless; 1960), which pays its literal respects to Bogart and his crime films while brandishing a bold new style for a new day. In the United States, Arthur Penn (1965's Mickey One, drawing inspiration from Truffaut's Tirez sur le pianiste and other French New Wave films), John Boorman (1967's Point Blank, similarly caught up, though in the Nouvelle vague's deeper waters), and Alan J. Pakula (1971's Klute) directed films that knowingly related themselves to the original films noir, inviting audiences in on the game. A manifest affiliation with noir traditions—which, by its nature, allows different sorts of commentary on them to be inferred—can also provide the basis for explicit critiques of those traditions. In 1973, director Robert Altman flipped off noir piety with The Long Goodbye. Based on the novel by Raymond Chandler, it features one of Bogart's most famous characters, but in iconoclastic fashion: Philip Marlowe, the prototypical hardboiled detective, is replayed as a hapless misfit, almost laughably out of touch with contemporary mores and morality. Where Altman's subversion of the film noir mythos was so irreverent as to outrage some contemporary critics, around the same time Woody Allen was paying affectionate, at points idolatrous homage to the classic mode with Play It Again, Sam (1972). The "blaxploitation" film Shaft (1971), wherein Richard Roundtree plays the titular African-American private eye, John Shaft, takes conventions from classic noir. The most acclaimed of the neo-noirs of the era was director Roman Polanski's 1974 Chinatown. Written by Robert Towne, it is set in 1930s Los Angeles, an accustomed noir locale nudged back some few years in a way that makes the pivotal loss of innocence in the story even crueler. Where Polanski and Towne raised noir to a black apogee by turning rearward, director Martin Scorsese and screenwriter Paul Schrader brought the noir attitude crashing into the present day with Taxi Driver (1976), a crackling, bloody-minded gloss on bicentennial America. In 1978, Walter Hill wrote and directed The Driver, a chase film as might have been imagined by Jean-Pierre Melville in an especially abstract mood. Hill was already a central figure in 1970s noir of a more straightforward manner, having written the script for director Sam Peckinpah's The Getaway (1972), adapting a novel by pulp master Jim Thompson, as well as for two tough private eye films: an original screenplay for Hickey & Boggs (1972) and an adaptation of a novel by Ross Macdonald, the leading literary descendant of Hammett and Chandler, for The Drowning Pool (1975). Some of the strongest 1970s noirs, in fact, were unwinking remakes of the classics, "neo" mostly by default: the heartbreaking Thieves Like Us (1974), directed by Altman from the same source as Ray's They Live by Night, and Farewell, My Lovely (1975), the Chandler tale made classically as Murder, My Sweet, remade here with Robert Mitchum in his last notable noir role. Detective series, prevalent on American television during the period, updated the hardboiled tradition in different ways, but the show conjuring the most noir tone was a horror crossover touched with shaggy, Long Goodbye-style humor: Kolchak: The Night Stalker (1974–75), featuring a Chicago newspaper reporter investigating strange, usually supernatural occurrences. ### 1980s and 1990s A blonde woman wearing a white jacket, top, and short skirt, her face half in shadow, sitting in an arm chair with her legs crossed. She holds a cigarette to her mouth with her right hand, and raises a lighter with her left. Behind her is dark furniture and the corner of the room, walled with white brick. From between the furniture and walls, unseen, floor-level lights cast a bluish glow over the scene.Sharon Stone as Catherine Tramell, archetypal modern femme fatale, in Basic Instinct (1992). Her diabolic nature is underscored by an "extra-lurid visual code", as in the notorious interrogation scene. The turn of the decade brought Scorsese's black-and-white Raging Bull (1980, cowritten by Schrader). An acknowledged masterpiece—in 2007 the American Film Institute ranked it as the greatest American film of the 1980s and the fourth greatest of all time—it tells the story of a boxer's moral self-destruction that recalls in both theme and visual ambiance noir dramas such as Body and Soul (1947) and Champion (1949). From 1981, Body Heat, written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan, invokes a different set of classic noir elements, this time in a humid, erotically charged Florida setting. Its success confirmed the commercial viability of neo-noir at a time when the major Hollywood studios were becoming increasingly risk averse. The mainstreaming of neo-noir is evident in such films as Black Widow (1987), Shattered (1991), and Final Analysis (1992). Few neo-noirs have made more money or more wittily updated the tradition of the noir double entendre than Basic Instinct (1992), directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Joe Eszterhas. The film also demonstrates how neo-noir's polychrome palette can reproduce many of the expressionistic effects of classic black-and-white noir. Like Chinatown, its more complex predecessor, Curtis Hanson's Oscar-winning L.A. Confidential (1997), based on the James Ellroy novel, demonstrates the opposite tendency—the deliberately retro film noir; its tale of corrupt cops and femmes fatale is seemingly lifted straight from a film of 1953, the year in which it is set. Director David Fincher followed the immensely successful neo-noir Seven (1995) with a film that developed into a cult favorite after its original, disappointing release: Fight Club (1999), a sui generis mix of noir aesthetic, perverse comedy, speculative content, and satiric intent. "Dub Driving" Angelo Badalamenti has scored most of David Lynch's noir-related work. His work on this track typifies a "modern noir" style, which the director explicitly sought for Lost Highway (1997). --- Problems playing this file? See media help. Working generally with much smaller budgets, brothers Joel and Ethan Coen have created one of the most extensive oeuvres influenced by classic noir, with films such as Blood Simple (1984) and Fargo (1996), the latter considered by some a supreme work in the neo-noir mode. The Coens cross noir with other generic traditions in the gangster drama Miller's Crossing (1990)—loosely based on the Dashiell Hammett novels Red Harvest and The Glass Key—and the comedy The Big Lebowski (1998), a tribute to Chandler and an homage to Altman's version of The Long Goodbye. The characteristic work of David Lynch combines film noir tropes with scenarios driven by disturbed characters such as the sociopathic criminal played by Dennis Hopper in Blue Velvet (1986) and the delusionary protagonist of Lost Highway (1997). The Twin Peaks cycle, both the TV series (1990–91) and a film, Fire Walk with Me (1992), puts a detective plot through a succession of bizarre spasms. David Cronenberg also mixes surrealism and noir in Naked Lunch (1991), inspired by William S. Burroughs' novel. Perhaps no American neo-noirs better reflect the classic noir B movie spirit than those of director-writer Quentin Tarantino. Neo-noirs of his such as Reservoir Dogs (1992) and Pulp Fiction (1994) display a relentlessly self-reflexive, sometimes tongue-in-cheek sensibility, similar to the work of the New Wave directors and the Coens. Other films from the era readily identifiable as neo-noir (some retro, some more au courant) include director John Dahl's Kill Me Again (1989), Red Rock West (1992), and The Last Seduction (1993); four adaptations of novels by Jim Thompson—The Kill-Off (1989), After Dark, My Sweet (1990), The Grifters (1990), and the remake of The Getaway (1994); and many more, including adaptations of the work of other major noir fiction writers: The Hot Spot (1990), from Hell Hath No Fury, by Charles Williams; Miami Blues (1990), from the novel by Charles Willeford; and Out of Sight (1998), from the novel by Elmore Leonard. Several films by director-writer David Mamet involve noir elements: House of Games (1987), Homicide (1991), The Spanish Prisoner (1997), and Heist (2001). On television, Moonlighting (1985–89) paid homage to classic noir while demonstrating an unusual appreciation of the sense of humor often found in the original cycle. Between 1983 and 1989, Mickey Spillane's hardboiled private eye Mike Hammer was played with wry gusto by Stacy Keach in a series and several stand-alone television films (an unsuccessful revival followed in 1997–98). The British miniseries The Singing Detective (1986), written by Dennis Potter, tells the story of a mystery writer named Philip Marlow; widely considered one of the finest neo-noirs in any medium, some critics rank it among the greatest television productions of all time. ### Neon-noir Among big-budget auteurs, Michael Mann has worked frequently in a neo-noir mode, with such films as Thief (1981) and Heat (1995) and the TV series Miami Vice (1984–89) and Crime Story (1986–88). Mann's output exemplifies a primary strain of neo-noir, or as it is affectionately called, "neon noir", in which classic themes and tropes are revisited in a contemporary setting with an up-to-date visual style and rock- or hip hop-based musical soundtrack. Neo-noir film borrows from and reflects many of the characteristics of the film noir: the presence of crime and violence, complex characters and plot-lines, mystery, and moral ambivalence, all of which come into play in the neon-noir sub-genre. But more than just exhibiting the superficial traits of the genre, neon-noir emphasizes the socio-critique of film noir, recalling the specific socio-cultural dimensions of the interwar years when noirs first became prominent; a time of global existential crisis, depression and the mass movement of the rural population to cities. Long shots or montages of cityscapes, often portrayed as dark and menacing, are suggestive of what Dueck referred to as a ‘bleak societal perspective’, providing a critique on global capitalism and consumerism. Other characteristics include the use of highly stylized lighting techniques such chiaroscuro, and neon signs and brightly lit buildings that provide a sense of alienation and entrapment. Accentuating the use of artificial and neon lighting in the films-noir of the '40s and '50s, neon-noir films accentuate this aesthetic with electrifying color and manipulated light in order to highlight their socio-cultural critiques and their references to contemporary and pop culture. In doing so, neon-noir films present the themes of urban decay, consumerist decadence and capitalism, existentialism, sexuality, and issues of race and violence in the contemporary culture, not only in America, but the globalized world at large. Neon-noirs seek to bring the contemporary noir, somewhat diluted under the umbrella of neo-noir, back to the exploration of culture: class, race, gender, patriarchy, and capitalism. Neon-noirs present an existential exploration of society in a hyper-technological and globalized world. Illustrating society as decadent and consumerist, and identity as confused and anxious, neon-noirs reposition the contemporary noir in the setting of urban decay, often featuring scenes set in underground city haunts: brothels, nightclubs, casinos, strip bars, pawnshops, laundromats. Neon-noirs were popularized in the '70s and '80s by films such as Taxi Driver (1976), Blade Runner (1982), and films from David Lynch, such as Blue Velvet (1986) and later, Lost Highway (1997). Other titles from this era included Brian De Palma's Blow Out (1981) and the Coen Brothers' debut Blood Simple (1984). More currently, films such as Harmony Korine’s highly provocative Spring Breakers (2012), and Danny Boyle’s Trance (2013) have been especially noted for their neon-infused rendering of film noir; while Trance was celebrated for ‘shak(ing) the ingredients (of the noir) like colored sand in a jar’, Spring Breakers notoriously produced a slew of criticism referring to its ‘fever-dream’ aesthetic and ‘neon-caked explosion of excess’ (Kohn). Another neon-noir endowed with the 'fever-dream' aesthetic is The Persian Connection, expressly linked to Lynchian aesthetics as a neon-drenched contemporary noir. Neon-noir can be seen as a response to the over-use of the term neo-noir. While the term neo-noir functions to bring noir into the contemporary landscape, it has often been criticized for its dilution of the noir genre. Author Robert Arnett commented on its "amorphous" reach: "any film featuring a detective or crime qualifies". The neon-noir, more specifically, seeks to revive noir sensibilities in a more targeted manner of reference, focalizing socio-cultural commentary and a hyper-stylized aesthetic. ### 2000s and 2010s The Coen brothers make reference to the noir tradition again with The Man Who Wasn't There (2001); a black-and-white crime melodrama set in 1949; it features a scene apparently staged to mirror one from Out of the Past. Lynch's Mulholland Drive (2001) continued in his characteristic vein, making the classic noir setting of Los Angeles the venue for a noir-inflected psychological jigsaw puzzle. British-born director Christopher Nolan's black-and-white debut, Following (1998), was an overt homage to classic noir. During the new century's first decade, he was one of the leading Hollywood directors of neo-noir with the acclaimed Memento (2000) and the remake of Insomnia (2002). Director Sean Penn's The Pledge (2001), though adapted from a very self-reflexive novel by Friedrich Dürrenmatt, plays noir comparatively straight, to devastating effect[neutrality is disputed]. Screenwriter David Ayer updated the classic noir bad-cop tale, typified by Shield for Murder (1954) and Rogue Cop (1954), with his scripts for Training Day (2001) and, adapting a story by James Ellroy, Dark Blue (2002); he later wrote and directed the even darker Harsh Times (2006). Michael Mann's Collateral (2004) features a performance by Tom Cruise as an assassin in the lineage of Le Samouraï. The torments of The Machinist (2004), directed by Brad Anderson, evoke both Fight Club and Memento. In 2005, Shane Black directed Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, basing his screenplay in part on a crime novel by Brett Halliday, who published his first stories back in the 1920s. The film plays with an awareness not only of classic noir but also of neo-noir reflexivity itself. With ultra-violent films such as Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (2002) and Thirst (2009), Park Chan-wook of South Korea has been the most prominent director outside of the United States to work regularly in a noir mode in the new millennium. The most commercially successful neo-noir of this period has been Sin City (2005), directed by Robert Rodriguez in extravagantly stylized black and white with splashes of color. The film is based on a series of comic books created by Frank Miller (credited as the film's codirector), which are in turn openly indebted to the works of Spillane and other pulp mystery authors. Similarly, graphic novels provide the basis for Road to Perdition (2002), directed by Sam Mendes, and A History of Violence (2005), directed by David Cronenberg; the latter was voted best film of the year in the annual Village Voice poll. Writer-director Rian Johnson's Brick (2005), featuring present-day high schoolers speaking a version of 1930s hardboiled argot, won the Special Jury Prize for Originality of Vision at the Sundance Film Festival. The television series Veronica Mars (2004–07) and the movie Veronica Mars (2014) also brought a youth-oriented twist to film noir. Examples of this sort of generic crossover have been dubbed "teen noir". Neo-noir films released in the 2010s include Kim Jee-woon’s I Saw the Devil (2010), Fred Cavaye’s Point Blank (2010), Na Hong-jin’s The Yellow Sea (2010), Nicolas Winding Refn’s Drive (2011), Claire Denis' Bastards (2013) and Dan Gilroy's Nightcrawler (2014). ### 2020s The Science Channel broadcast the 2021 science documentary series Killers of the Cosmos in a format it describes as "space noir." In the series, actor Aidan Gillen in animated form serves as the host of the series while portraying a private investigator who takes on "cases" in which he "hunts down" lethal threats to humanity posed by the cosmos. The animated sequences combine the characteristics of film noir with those of a pulp fiction graphic novel set in the mid-20th century, and they link conventional live-action documentary segments in which experts describe the potentially deadly phenomena. ### Science fiction noir See also: Tech noir A man with close-cropped hair wearing a brown jacket sits at a counter, holding a pair of chopsticks poised over a rice bowl. Rain cascades down beside him as if from the edge of an awning. In the foreground is a teapot, several bottles, and other dining accessories. Steam or smoke rises from an unseen source. In the background, two standing men look down at the central figure. The goateed man on the left wears a dark snap-brim hat, a black coat with upturned collar, and a gold-trimmed vest. The man on the right, partly obscured by the steam, is wearing a constabulary-style uniform, featuring large wrap-around shades and a hat or helmet with a glossy, stiff brim. There is a bluish cast to the entire image.Harrison Ford as detective Rick Deckard in Blade Runner (1982). Like many classic noirs, the film is set in a version of Los Angeles where it constantly rains. The steam in the foreground is a familiar noir trope, while the "bluish-smoky exterior" updates the black-and-white mode. In the post-classic era, a significant trend in noir crossovers has involved science fiction. In Jean-Luc Godard's Alphaville (1965), Lemmy Caution is the name of the old-school private eye in the city of tomorrow. The Groundstar Conspiracy (1972) centers on another implacable investigator and an amnesiac named Welles. Soylent Green (1973), the first major American example, portrays a dystopian, near-future world via a noir detection plot; starring Charlton Heston (the lead in Touch of Evil), it also features classic noir standbys Joseph Cotten, Edward G. Robinson, and Whit Bissell. The film was directed by Richard Fleischer, who two decades before had directed several strong B noirs, including Armored Car Robbery (1950) and The Narrow Margin (1952). The cynical and stylized perspective of classic film noir had a formative effect on the cyberpunk genre of science fiction that emerged in the early 1980s; the film most directly influential on cyberpunk was Blade Runner (1982), directed by Ridley Scott, which pays evocative homage to the classic noir mode (Scott subsequently directed the poignant 1987 noir crime melodrama Someone to Watch Over Me). Scholar Jamaluddin Bin Aziz has observed how "the shadow of Philip Marlowe lingers on" in such other "future noir" films as 12 Monkeys (1995), Dark City (1998) and Minority Report (2002). Fincher's feature debut was Alien 3 (1992), which evoked the classic noir jail film Brute Force. David Cronenberg's Crash (1996), an adaptation of the speculative novel by J. G. Ballard, has been described as a "film noir in bruise tones". The hero is the target of investigation in Gattaca (1997), which fuses film noir motifs with a scenario indebted to Brave New World. The Thirteenth Floor (1999), like Blade Runner, is an explicit homage to classic noir, in this case involving speculations about virtual reality. Science fiction, noir, and anime are brought together in the Japanese films of 90s Ghost in the Shell (1995) and Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004), both directed by Mamoru Oshii. The Animatrix (2003), based on and set within the world of The Matrix film trilogy, contains an anime short film in classic noir style titled "A Detective Story". Anime television series with science fiction noir themes include Noir (2001) and Cowboy Bebop (1998). The 2015 film Ex Machina puts an understated film noir spin on the Frankenstein mythos, with the sentient android Ava as a potential femme fatale, her creator Nathan embodying the abusive husband or father trope, and her would-be rescuer Caleb as a "clueless drifter" enthralled by Ava. Parodies -------- Film noir has been parodied many times in many manners. In 1945, Danny Kaye starred in what appears to be the first intentional film noir parody, Wonder Man. That same year, Deanna Durbin was the singing lead in the comedic noir Lady on a Train, which makes fun of Woolrich-brand wistful miserablism. Bob Hope inaugurated the private-eye noir parody with My Favorite Brunette (1947), playing a baby-photographer who is mistaken for an ironfisted detective. In 1947 as well, The Bowery Boys appeared in Hard Boiled Mahoney, which had a similar mistaken-identity plot; they spoofed the genre once more in Private Eyes (1953). Two RKO productions starring Robert Mitchum take film noir over the border into self-parody: The Big Steal (1949), directed by Don Siegel, and His Kind of Woman (1951). The "Girl Hunt" ballet in Vincente Minnelli's The Band Wagon (1953) is a ten-minute distillation of—and play on—noir in dance. The Cheap Detective (1978), starring Peter Falk, is a broad spoof of several films, including the Bogart classics The Maltese Falcon and Casablanca. Carl Reiner's black-and-white Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982) appropriates clips of classic noirs for a farcical pastiche, while his Fatal Instinct (1993) sends up noir classic (Double Indemnity) and neo-noir (Basic Instinct). Robert Zemeckis's Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) develops a noir plot set in 1940s Los Angeles around a host of cartoon characters. Head and right hand of a man, shot from a slightly low angle. The man, whose hair is in a Mohawk, looks down at the camera with an odd smile. A spot of blood is on his upper left cheek, and a three-inch line of blood runs from his lower left cheek to his jaw. With his blood-drenched thumb and index finger, he makes the shape of a pistol, pointed at the side of his head."Loneliness has followed me my whole life, everywhere. In bars, in cars, sidewalks, stores, everywhere. There's no escape. I'm God's lonely man." Robert De Niro as neo-noir antihero Travis Bickle in Taxi Driver (1976) Noir parodies come in darker tones as well. Murder by Contract (1958), directed by Irving Lerner, is a deadpan joke on noir, with a denouement as bleak as any of the films it kids. An ultra-low-budget Columbia Pictures production, it may qualify as the first intentional example of what is now called a neo-noir film; it was likely a source of inspiration for both Melville's Le Samouraï and Scorsese's Taxi Driver. Belying its parodic strain, The Long Goodbye's final act is seriously grave. Taxi Driver caustically deconstructs the "dark" crime film, taking it to an absurd extreme and then offering a conclusion that manages to mock every possible anticipated ending—triumphant, tragic, artfully ambivalent—while being each, all at once. Flirting with splatter status even more brazenly, the Coens' Blood Simple is both an exacting pastiche and a gross exaggeration of classic noir. Adapted by director Robinson Devor from a novel by Charles Willeford, The Woman Chaser (1999) sends up not just the noir mode but the entire Hollywood filmmaking process, with each shot seemingly staged as the visual equivalent of an acerbic Marlowe wisecrack. In other media, the television series Sledge Hammer! (1986–88) lampoons noir, along with such topics as capital punishment, gun fetishism, and Dirty Harry. Sesame Street (1969–curr.) occasionally casts Kermit the Frog as a private eye; the sketches refer to some of the typical motifs of noir films, in particular the voiceover. Garrison Keillor's radio program A Prairie Home Companion features the recurring character Guy Noir, a hardboiled detective whose adventures always wander into farce (Guy also appears in the Altman-directed film based on Keillor's show). Firesign Theatre's Nick Danger has trodden the same not-so-mean streets, both on radio and in comedy albums. Cartoons such as Garfield's Babes and Bullets (1989) and comic strip characters such as Tracer Bullet of Calvin and Hobbes have parodied both film noir and the kindred hardboiled tradition—one of the sources from which film noir sprang and which it now overshadows. It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia parodied the noir genre in its season 14 episode "The Janitor Always Mops Twice." Identifying characteristics --------------------------- A man, seen from mid-chest up, hangs by his hands from the edge of an apparently tall structure, gazing down in fear. He is wearing a dark suit and an orange tie with a clip. In the distance behind him is a cityscape at night or in the early morning. There is a bluish cast to the background.Some consider Vertigo (1958) a noir on the basis of plot and tone and various motifs, but it has a modernist graphic design typical of the 1950s and a more modern set design, which would remove it from the category of film noir. Others say the combination of color and the specificity of director Alfred Hitchcock's vision exclude it from the category. In their original 1955 canon of film noir, Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton identified twenty-two Hollywood films released between 1941 and 1952 as core examples; they listed another fifty-nine American films from the period as significantly related to the field of noir. A half-century later, film historians and critics had come to agree on a canon of approximately three hundred films from 1940 to 1958. There remain, however, many differences of opinion over whether other films of the era, among them a number of well-known ones, qualify as films noir or not. For instance, The Night of the Hunter (1955), starring Robert Mitchum in an acclaimed performance, is treated as a film noir by some critics, but not by others. Some critics include Suspicion (1941), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, in their catalogues of noir; others ignore it. Concerning films made either before or after the classic period, or outside of the United States at any time, consensus is even rarer. To support their categorization of certain films as noirs and their rejection of others, many critics refer to a set of elements they see as marking examples of the mode. The question of what constitutes the set of noir's identifying characteristics is a fundamental source of controversy. For instance, critics tend to define the model film noir as having a tragic or bleak conclusion, but many acknowledged classics of the genre have clearly happy endings (e.g. Stranger on the Third Floor, The Big Sleep, Dark Passage, and The Dark Corner), while the tone of many other noir denouements is ambivalent. Some critics perceive classic noir's hallmark as a distinctive visual style. Others, observing that there is actually considerable stylistic variety among noirs, instead emphasize plot and character type. Still others focus on mood and attitude. No survey of classic noir's identifying characteristics can therefore be considered definitive. In the 1990s and 2000s, critics have increasingly turned their attention to that diverse field of films called neo-noir; once again, there is even less consensus about the defining attributes of such films made outside the classic period. Roger Ebert offered "A Guide to Film Noir", writing that "Film noir is... 1. A French term meaning 'black film', or film of the night, inspired by the Series Noir, a line of cheap paperbacks that translated hard-boiled American crime authors and found a popular audience in France 2. A movie which at no time misleads you into thinking there is going to be a happy ending. 3. Locations that reek of the night, of shadows, of alleys, of the back doors of fancy places, of apartment buildings with a high turnover rate, of taxi drivers and bartenders who have seen it all. 4. Cigarettes. Everyone in film noir is always smoking, as if to say, 'On top of everything else, I've been assigned to get through three packs today. The best smoking movie of all time is Out of the Past, in which Robert Mitchum and Kirk Douglas smoke furiously at each other. At one point, Mitchum enters a room, Douglas extends a pack and says 'Cigarette?' and Mitchum, holding up his hand, says, 'Smoking.' 5. Women who would just as soon kill you as love you, and vice versa. 6. For women: low necklines, floppy hats, mascara, lipstick, dressing rooms, boudoirs, calling the doorman by his first name, high heels, red dresses, elbowlength gloves, mixing drinks, having gangsters as boyfriends, having soft spots for alcoholic private eyes, wanting a lot of someone else's women, sprawling dead on the floor with every limb meticulously arranged and every hair in place. 7. For men: fedoras, suits and ties, shabby residential hotels with a neon sign blinking through the window, buying yourself a drink out of the office bottle, cars with running boards, all-night diners, protecting kids who shouldn't be playing with the big guys, being on first-name terms with homicide cops, knowing a lot of people whose descriptions end in 'ies,' such as bookies, newsies, junkies, alkys, jockeys and cabbies. 8. Movies either shot in black-and-white, or feeling like they were. 9. Relationships in which love is only the final flop card in the poker game of death. 10. The most American film genre, because no other society could have created a world so full of doom, fate, fear and betrayal, unless it were essentially naive and optimistic." ### Visual style The low-key lighting schemes of many classic films noir are associated with stark light/dark contrasts and dramatic shadow patterning—a style known as chiaroscuro (a term adopted from Renaissance painting). The shadows of Venetian blinds or banister rods, cast upon an actor, a wall, or an entire set, are an iconic visual in noir and had already become a cliché well before the neo-noir era. Characters' faces may be partially or wholly obscured by darkness—a relative rarity in conventional Hollywood filmmaking. While black-and-white cinematography is considered by many to be one of the essential attributes of classic noir, the color films Leave Her to Heaven (1945) and Niagara (1953) are routinely included in noir filmographies, while Slightly Scarlet (1956), Party Girl (1958), and Vertigo (1958) are classified as noir by varying numbers of critics. Film noir is also known for its use of low-angle, wide-angle, and skewed, or Dutch angle shots. Other devices of disorientation relatively common in film noir include shots of people reflected in one or more mirrors, shots through curved or frosted glass or other distorting objects (such as during the strangulation scene in Strangers on a Train), and special effects sequences of a sometimes bizarre nature. Night-for-night shooting, as opposed to the Hollywood norm of day-for-night, was often employed. From the mid-1940s forward, location shooting became increasingly frequent in noir. In an analysis of the visual approach of Kiss Me Deadly, a late and self-consciously stylized example of classic noir, critic Alain Silver describes how cinematographic choices emphasize the story's themes and mood. In one scene, the characters, seen through a "confusion of angular shapes", thus appear "caught in a tangible vortex or enclosed in a trap." Silver makes a case for how "side light is used ... to reflect character ambivalence", while shots of characters in which they are lit from below "conform to a convention of visual expression which associates shadows cast upward of the face with the unnatural and ominous". ### Structure and narrational devices A man and a woman, seen in profile, starring intensely at each other. The man, on the left, is considerably taller. He wears a brown pin-striped suit, holds a key in one hand and grips the woman's arm with the other. She is wearing a pale green top. Lit from below and to the side, they cast bold, angled shadows on the wall behind them.Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster were two of the most prolific stars of classic noir. The complex structure of Sorry, Wrong Number (1948) involves a real-time framing story, multiple narrators, and flashbacks within flashbacks. Films noir tend to have unusually convoluted story lines, frequently involving flashbacks and other editing techniques that disrupt and sometimes obscure the narrative sequence. Framing the entire primary narrative as a flashback is also a standard device. Voiceover narration, sometimes used as a structuring device, came to be seen as a noir hallmark; while classic noir is generally associated with first-person narration (i.e. by the protagonist), Stephen Neale notes that third-person narration is common among noirs of the semidocumentary style. Neo-noirs as varied as The Element of Crime (surrealist), After Dark, My Sweet (retro), and Kiss Kiss Bang Bang (meta) have employed the flashback/voiceover combination. Bold experiments in cinematic storytelling were sometimes attempted during the classic era: Lady in the Lake, for example, is shot entirely from the point of view of protagonist Philip Marlowe; the face of star (and director) Robert Montgomery is seen only in mirrors. The Chase (1946) takes oneirism and fatalism as the basis for its fantastical narrative system, redolent of certain horror stories, but with little precedent in the context of a putatively realistic genre. In their different ways, both Sunset Boulevard and D.O.A. are tales told by dead men. Latter-day noir has been in the forefront of structural experimentation in popular cinema, as exemplified by such films as Pulp Fiction, Fight Club, and Memento. ### Plots, characters, and settings Crime, usually murder, is an element of almost all films noir; in addition to standard-issue greed, jealousy is frequently the criminal motivation. A crime investigation—by a private eye, a police detective (sometimes acting alone), or a concerned amateur—is the most prevalent, but far from dominant, basic plot. In other common plots the protagonists are implicated in heists or con games, or in murderous conspiracies often involving adulterous affairs. False suspicions and accusations of crime are frequent plot elements, as are betrayals and double-crosses. According to J. David Slocum, "protagonists assume the literal identities of dead men in nearly fifteen percent of all noir." Amnesia is fairly epidemic—"noir's version of the common cold", in the words of film historian Lee Server. Black-and-white film poster with an image of a young man and woman holding each other. They are surrounded by an abstract, whirlpool-like image; the central arc of the thick black line that define it encircles their head. Both are wearing white shirts and look forward with tense expressions; his right arm cradles her back, and in his hand he holds a revolver. The stars' names—Teresa Wright and Robert Mitchum—feature at the top of the whirlpool; the title and remainder of the credits are below.By the late 1940s, the noir trend was leaving its mark on other genres. A prime example is the Western Pursued (1947), filled with psychosexual tensions and behavioral explanations derived from Freudian theory. Films noir tend to revolve around heroes who are more flawed and morally questionable than the norm, often fall guys of one sort or another. The characteristic protagonists of noir are described by many critics as "alienated"; in the words of Silver and Ward, "filled with existential bitterness". Certain archetypal characters appear in many film noirs—hardboiled detectives, femme fatales, corrupt policemen, jealous husbands, intrepid claims adjusters, and down-and-out writers. Among characters of every stripe, cigarette smoking is rampant. From historical commentators to neo-noir pictures to pop culture ephemera, the private eye and the femme fatale have been adopted as the quintessential film noir figures, though they do not appear in most films now regarded as classic noir. Of the twenty-six National Film Registry noirs, in only four does the star play a private eye: The Maltese Falcon, The Big Sleep, Out of the Past, and Kiss Me Deadly. Just four others readily qualify as detective stories: Laura, The Killers, The Naked City, and Touch of Evil. There is usually an element of drug or alcohol use, particularly as part of the detective's method to solving the crime, as an example the character of Mike Hammer in the 1955 film Kiss Me Deadly who walks into a bar saying "Give me a double bourbon, and leave the bottle". Chaumeton and Borde have argued that film noir grew out of the "literature of drugs and alcohol". Film noir is often associated with an urban setting, and a few cities—Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Chicago, in particular—are the location of many of the classic films. In the eyes of many critics, the city is presented in noir as a "labyrinth" or "maze". Bars, lounges, nightclubs, and gambling dens are frequently the scene of action. The climaxes of a substantial number of film noirs take place in visually complex, often industrial settings, such as refineries, factories, trainyards, power plants—most famously the explosive conclusion of White Heat, set at a chemical plant. In the popular (and, frequently enough, critical) imagination, in noir it is always night and it always raining. A substantial trend within latter-day noir—dubbed "film soleil" by critic D. K. Holm—heads in precisely the opposite direction, with tales of deception, seduction, and corruption exploiting bright, sun-baked settings, stereotypically the desert or open water, to searing effect. Significant predecessors from the classic and early post-classic eras include The Lady from Shanghai; the Robert Ryan vehicle Inferno (1953); the French adaptation of Patricia Highsmith's The Talented Mr. Ripley, Plein soleil (Purple Noon in the United States, more accurately rendered elsewhere as Blazing Sun or Full Sun; 1960); and director Don Siegel's version of The Killers (1964). The tendency was at its peak during the late 1980s and 1990s, with films such as Dead Calm (1989), After Dark, My Sweet (1990), The Hot Spot (1990), Delusion (1991), Red Rock West (1993) and the television series Miami Vice. ### Worldview, morality, and tone Black-and-white image of a man and a woman, seen from mid-chest up, their faces in profile, gazing into each other's eyes. He embraces her in a dip with his right arm and holds her right hand to his chest with his left hand. He wears a pin-striped suit and a dark tie. She wears a white top. On the left, the background is black; on the right, it is lighter, with a series of diagonal shadows descending from the upper corner."You've got a touch of class, but I don't know how far you can go." "A lot depends on who's in the saddle." Bogart and Bacall in The Big Sleep. Film noir is often described as essentially pessimistic. The noir stories that are regarded as most characteristic tell of people trapped in unwanted situations (which, in general, they did not cause but are responsible for exacerbating), striving against random, uncaring fate, and are frequently doomed. The films are seen as depicting a world that is inherently corrupt. Classic film noir has been associated by many critics with the American social landscape of the era—in particular, with a sense of heightened anxiety and alienation that is said to have followed World War II. In author Nicholas Christopher's opinion, "it is as if the war, and the social eruptions in its aftermath, unleashed demons that had been bottled up in the national psyche." Films noir, especially those of the 1950s and the height of the Red Scare, are often said to reflect cultural paranoia; Kiss Me Deadly is the noir most frequently marshaled as evidence for this claim. Film noir is often said to be defined by "moral ambiguity", yet the Production Code obliged almost all classic noirs to see that steadfast virtue was ultimately rewarded and vice, in the absence of shame and redemption, severely punished (however dramatically incredible the final rendering of mandatory justice might be). A substantial number of latter-day noirs flout such conventions: vice emerges triumphant in films as varied as the grim Chinatown and the ribald Hot Spot. The tone of film noir is generally regarded as downbeat; some critics experience it as darker still—"overwhelmingly black", according to Robert Ottoson. Influential critic (and filmmaker) Paul Schrader wrote in a seminal 1972 essay that "film noir is defined by tone", a tone he seems to perceive as "hopeless". In describing the adaptation of Double Indemnity, noir analyst Foster Hirsch describes the "requisite hopeless tone" achieved by the filmmakers, which appears to characterize his view of noir as a whole. On the other hand, definitive film noirs such as The Big Sleep, The Lady from Shanghai, Scarlet Street and Double Indemnity itself are famed for their hardboiled repartee, often imbued with sexual innuendo and self-reflexive humor. ### Music The music of film noir was typically orchestral, per the Hollywood norm, but often with added dissonance. Many of the prime composers, like the directors and cameramen, were European émigrés, e.g. Max Steiner (The Big Sleep, Mildred Pierce), Miklós Rózsa (Double Indemnity, The Killers, Criss Cross), and Franz Waxman (Fury, Sunset Boulevard, Night and the City). Double Indemnity is a seminal score, initially disliked by Paramount's music director for its harshness but strongly endorsed by director Billy Wilder and studio chief Buddy DeSylva. There is a widespread popular impression that "sleazy" jazz saxophone and pizzicato bass constitute the sound of noir, but those characteristics arose much later, as in the late-1950s music of Henry Mancini for Touch of Evil and television's Peter Gunn. Bernard Herrmann's score for Taxi Driver makes heavy use of saxophone.[] Citations --------- 1. ↑ "Film Noir". American Cinema. Annenberg Learner. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2021-04-18. 2. ↑ See, e.g. Biesen (2005), p. 1; Hirsch (2001), p. 9; Lyons (2001), p. 2; Silver and Ward (1992), p. 1; Schatz (1981), p. 112. Outside the field of film noir scholarship, "dark film" is also offered on occasion; see, e.g. Block, Bruce A. The Visual Story: Seeing the Structure of Film, TV, and New Media (2001), p. 94; Klarer, Mario, An Introduction to Literary Studies (1999), p. 59. 3. ↑ Naremore (2008), pp. 4, 15–16, 18, 41; Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 4–5, 22, 255. 4. ↑ Foteini Vlachou, Nandia (6 September 2016). "Parody and the noir". I Know Where I'm Going. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020. 5. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 3. 6. ↑ Borde and Chaumeton (2002), p. 2. 7. ↑ Borde and Chaumeton (2002), pp. 2–3. 8. ↑ Bould (2005), p. 13. 9. ↑ See, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 4; Bould (2005), p. 12; Place and Peterson (1974). 10. ↑ See, e.g. Naremore (2008), p. 167–68; Irwin (2006), p. 210. 11. ↑ Neale (2000), p. 166; Vernet (1993), p. 2; Naremore (2008), pp. 17, 122, 124, 140; Bould (2005), p. 19. 12. ↑ Christopher, Nicholas (1997). Somewhere in the Night: Film Noir and the American City. New York, NY: Free Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-684-82803-0. OCLC 36330881. 13. ↑ For overview of debate, see, e.g. Bould (2005), pp. 13–23; Telotte (1989), pp. 9–10. For description of noir as a genre, see, e.g. Bould (2005), p. 2; Hirsch (2001), pp. 71–72; Tuska (1984), p. xxiii. For the opposing viewpoint, see, e.g. Neale (2000), p. 164; Ottoson (1981), p. 2; Schrader (1972); Durgnat (1970). 14. ↑ Conrad, Mark T. (2006). The Philosophy of Film Noir. University Press of Kentucky. 15. ↑ Ottoson (1981), pp. 2–3. 16. ↑ See Dancyger and Rush (2002), p. 68, for a detailed comparison of screwball comedy and film noir. 17. ↑ Schatz (1981), pp. 111–15. 18. ↑ Silver (1996), pp. 4, 6 passim. See also Bould (2005), pp. 3, 4; Hirsch (2001), p. 11. 19. ↑ Silver (1996), pp. 3, 6 passim. See also Place and Peterson (1974). 20. ↑ Silver (1996), pp. 7–10. 21. ↑ Williams, Eric R. (2017). The screenwriters taxonomy : a roadmap to collaborative storytelling. New York, NY: Routledge Studies in Media Theory and Practice. ISBN 978-1-315-10864-3. OCLC 993983488. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-06-07. 22. ↑ See, e.g. Jones (2009). 23. ↑ See, e.g. Borde and Chaumeton (2002), pp. 1–7 passim. 24. ↑ See, e.g. Telotte (1989), pp. 10–11, 15 passim. 25. ↑ For survey of the lexical variety, see Naremore (2008), pp. 9, 311–12 n. 1. 26. ↑ Bould (2005), pp. 24–33. 27. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 9–11. 28. ↑ Vernet (1993), p. 15. 29. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 11–13. 30. ↑ Davis (2004), p. 194. See also Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 133; Ottoson (1981), pp. 110–111. Vernet (1993) notes that the techniques now associated with Expressionism were evident in the American cinema from the mid-1910s (pp. 9–12). 31. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 6. 32. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 6–9; Silver and Ward (1992), pp. 323–24. 33. ↑ Spicer (2007), pp. 26, 28; Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 13–15; Bould (2005), pp. 33–40. 34. ↑ McGarry (1980), p. 139. 35. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 20; Schatz (1981), pp. 116–22; Ottoson (1981), p. 2. 36. ↑ Biesen (2005), p. 207. 37. ↑ Naremore (2008), pp. 13–14. 38. ↑ Krutnik, Neale, and Neve (2008), pp. 147–148; Macek and Silver (1980), p. 135. 39. ↑ Widdicombe (2001), pp. 37–39, 59–60, 118–19; Doherty, Jim. "Carmady". Thrilling Detective Web Site. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-02-25. 40. ↑ See, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 6; Macek (1980), pp. 59–60. 41. ↑ Irwin (2006), pp. 71, 95–96. 42. ↑ Irwin (2006), pp. 123–24, 129–30. 43. ↑ White (1980), p. 17. 44. ↑ Irwin (2006), pp. 97–98, 188–89. 45. ↑ Silver and Ward (1992), p. 333, as well as entries on individual films, pp. 59–60, 109–10, 320–21. For description of City Streets as "proto-noir", see Turan (2008). For description of Fury as "proto-noir", see Machura, Stefan, and Peter Robson, Law and Film (2001), p. 13. For description of You Only Live Once as "pre-noir", see Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 9. 46. 1 2 See, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 19; Irwin (2006), p. 210; Lyons (2000), p. 36; Porfirio (1980), p. 269. 47. ↑ Biesen (2005), p. 33. 48. ↑ Variety (1940). 49. ↑ Marshman (1947), pp. 100–1. 50. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 4, 19–26, 28–33; Hirsch (2001), pp. 1–21; Schatz (1981), pp. 111–16. 51. ↑ See, e.g. Naremore (2008), pp. 81, 319 n. 13; Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 86–88. 52. ↑ See, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 30; Hirsch (2001), pp. 12, 202; Schrader (1972), pp. 59–61 [in Silver and Ursini]. 53. ↑ Schrader (1972), p. 61. 54. ↑ See, e.g. Silver (1996), p. 11; Ottoson (1981), pp. 182–183; Schrader (1972), p. 61. 55. ↑ See, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 19–53. 56. ↑ See, e.g. Hirsch (2001), pp. 10, 202–7; Silver and Ward (1992), p. 6 (though they phrase their position more ambiguously on p. 398); Ottoson (1981), p. 1. 57. ↑ See, e.g. entries on individual films in Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 34, 190–92; Silver and Ward (1992), pp. 214–15; 253–54, 269–70, 318–19. 58. ↑ Biesen (2005), p. 162. 59. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 188, 202–3. 60. ↑ For overview of Welles's noirs, see, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 210–11. For specific production circumstances, see Brady, Frank, Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles (1989), pp. 395–404, 378–81, 496–512. 61. ↑ Bernstein (1995). 62. ↑ McGilligan (1997), pp. 314–17. 63. ↑ Schatz (1998), pp. 354–58. 64. ↑ See, e.g. Schatz (1981), pp. 103, 112. 65. ↑ See, e.g. entries on individual films in Silver and Ward (1992), pp. 97–98, 125–26, 311–12. 66. ↑ See Naremore (2008), pp. 140–55, on "B Pictures versus Intermediates". 67. ↑ Ottoson (1981), p. 132. 68. ↑ Naremore (2008), p. 173. 69. ↑ Hayde (2001), pp. 3–4, 15–21, 37. 70. ↑ Erickson (2004), p. 26. 71. ↑ Sarris (1985), p. 93. 72. ↑ Thomson (1998), p. 269. 73. ↑ Naremore (2008), pp. 128, 150–51; Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 97–99. 74. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 59–60. 75. ↑ Clarens (1980), pp. 245–47. 76. ↑ See, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 83–85; Ottoson (1981), pp. 60–61. 77. ↑ Muller (1998), pp. 176–77. 78. ↑ Krutnik, Neale, and Neve (2008), pp. 259–60, 262–63. 79. ↑ See Mackendrick (2006), pp. 119–20. 80. ↑ See, e.g. Silver and Ward (1992), pp. 338–39. 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Retrieved 2018-04-25. 180. ↑ Bould (2005), p. 18. 181. ↑ Borde and Chaumeton (2002), pp. 161–63. 182. ↑ Silver and Ward (1992) list 315 classic films noir (passim), and Tuska (1984) lists 320 (passim). Later works are much more inclusive: Paul Duncan, The Pocket Essential Film Noir (2003), lists 647 (pp. 46–84). The title of Michael F. Keaney's Film Noir Guide: 745 Films of the Classic Era, 1940–1959 (2003) is self-explanatory. 183. ↑ Treated as noir: Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 34; Hirsch (2001), pp. 59, 163–64, 168. Excluded from canon: Silver and Ward (1992), p. 330. Ignored: Bould (2005); Christopher (1998); Ottoson (1981). 184. ↑ Included: Bould (2005), p. 126; Ottoson (1981), p. 174. Ignored: Ballinger and Graydon (2007); Hirsch (2001); Christopher (1998). Also see Silver and Ward (1992): ignored in 1980; included in 1988 (pp. 392, 396). 185. ↑ See, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 4; Christopher (1998), p. 8. 186. ↑ See, e.g. Ray (1985), p. 159. 187. ↑ Williams (2005), pp. 34–37. 188. ↑ Ebert, Roger (January 30, 1995). "A Guide to Film Noir". Chicago Sun Times. Archived from the original on September 1, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023. 189. ↑ See Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 31, on general issue. Christopher (1998) and Silver and Ward (1992), for instance, include Slightly Scarlet and Party Girl, but not Vertigo, in their filmographies. By contrast, Hirsch (2001) describes Vertigo as among those Hitchcock films that are "richly, demonstrably noir" (p. 139) and ignores both Slightly Scarlet and Party Girl; Bould (2005) similarly includes Vertigo in his filmography, but not the other two. 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University Press of Kentucky. 204. ↑ See, e.g. Hirsch (2001), p. 17; Christopher (1998), p. 17; Telotte (1989), p. 148. 205. ↑ Ballinger and Graydon (2007), pp. 217–18; Hirsch (2001), p. 64. 206. ↑ Bould (2005), p. 18, on the critical establishment of this iconography, as well as p. 35; Hirsch (2001), p. 213; Christopher (1998), p. 7. 207. ↑ Holm (2005), pp. 13–25 passim. 208. ↑ See, e.g. Naremore (2008), p. 37, on the development of this viewpoint, and p. 103, on contributors to Silver and Ward encyclopedia; Ottoson (1981), p. 1. 209. ↑ See, e.g. Ballinger and Graydon (2007), p. 4; Christopher (1998), pp. 7–8. 210. ↑ Christopher (1998), p. 37. 211. ↑ See, e.g. Muller (1998), p. 81, on analyses of the film; Silver and Ward (1992), p. 2. 212. ↑ See, e.g. Naremore (2008), p. 163, on critical claims of moral ambiguity; Lyons (2000), pp. 14, 32. 213. ↑ See Skoble (2006), pp. 41–48, for a survey of noir morality. 214. ↑ Ottoson (1981), p. 1. 215. ↑ Schrader (1972), p. 54 [in Silver and Ursini]. 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ISBN 978-1-58182-190-1 * Hirsch, Foster (1999). Detours and Lost Highways: A Map of Neo-Noir. Pompton Plains, N.J.: Limelight. ISBN 978-0-87910-288-3 * Hirsch, Foster (2001 [1981]). The Dark Side of the Screen: Film Noir. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-81039-8 * Holden, Stephen (1999). "Hard-Boiled as a Two-Day-Old Egg at a Two-Bit Diner", The New York Times, October 8 (available online Archived 2023-09-01 at the Wayback Machine). * Holm, D. K. (2005). Film Soleil. Harpenden, UK: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 978-1-904048-50-3 * Hunter, Stephen (1982). "Blade Runner", in his Violent Screen: A Critic's 13 Years on the Front Lines of Movie Mayhem (1995), pp. 196–99. Baltimore: Bancroft. ISBN 978-0-9635376-4-5 * Irwin, John T. (2006). Unless the Threat of Death is Behind Them: Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8435-1 * James, Nick (2002). "Back to the Brats", in Contemporary North American Film Directors, 2d ed. ed. Yoram Allon, Del Cullen, and Hannah Patterson, pp. xvi–xx. London: Wallflower. ISBN 978-1-903364-52-9 * Jones, Kristin M. (2009). "Dark Cynicism, British Style", Wall Street Journal, August 18 (available online Archived 2017-07-10 at the Wayback Machine). * Kennedy, Harlan (1982). "Twenty-First Century Nervous Breakdown", Film Comment, July/August. * Kirgo, Julie (1980). "Farewell, My Lovely (1975)", in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, pp. 101–2. * Kolker, Robert (2000). A Cinema of Loneliness, 3d ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512350-0 * Krutnik, Frank, Steve Neale, and Brian Neve (2008). "Un-American" Hollywood: Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4198-3 * Lynch, David, and Chris Rodley (2005). Lynch on Lynch, rev. ed. New York and London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22018-2 * Lyons, Arthur (2000). Death on the Cheap: The Lost B Movies of Film Noir. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-80996-5 * Macek, Carl (1980). "City Streets (1931)", in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, pp. 59–60. * Macek, Carl, and Alain Silver (1980). "House on 92nd Street (1945)", in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, pp. 134–35. * Mackendrick, Alexander (2006). On Film-making: An Introduction to the Craft of the Director. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-571-21125-8 * Marshman, Donald (1947). "Mister 'See'-Odd-Mack'", Life, August 25. * Martin, Richard (1997). Mean Streets and Raging Bulls: The Legacy of Film Noir in Contemporary American Cinema. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3337-9 * Maslin, Janet (1996). "Deadly Plot by a Milquetoast Villain", The New York Times, March 8 (available online Archived 2012-08-08 at the Wayback Machine). * McGilligan, Patrick (1997). Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast. New York and London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-19375-2 * Muller, Eddie (1998). Dark City: The Lost World of Film Noir. New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-312-18076-8 * Naremore, James (2008). More Than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts, 2d ed. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25402-2 * Neale, Steve (2000). Genre and Hollywood. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-02606-2 * Ottoson, Robert (1981). A Reference Guide to the American Film Noir: 1940–1958. Metuchen, N.J. and London: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-1363-2 * Palmer, R. Barton (2004). "The Sociological Turn of Adaptation Studies: The Example of Film Noir", in A Companion To Literature And Film, ed. Robert Stam and Alessandra Raengo, pp. 258–77. Maiden, Mass. Oxford, and Carlton, Australia: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-23053-3 * Place, Janey, and Lowell Peterson (1974). "Some Visual Motifs of Film Noir", Film Comment 10, no. 1 (collected in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1]). * Porfirio, Robert (1980). "Stranger on the Third Floor (1940)", in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, p. 269. * Ray, Robert B. (1985). A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema, 1930–1980. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10174-3 * Richardson, Carl (1992). Autopsy: An Element of Realism in Film Noir. Metuchen, N.J. and London: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-2496-6 * Sanders, Steven M. (2006). "Film Noir and the Meaning of Life", in The Philosophy of Film Noir, ed. Mark T. Conard, pp. 91–106. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-9181-2 * Sarris, Andrew (1996 [1968]). The American Cinema: Directors and Directions, 1929–1968. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo. ISBN 978-0-306-80728-2 * Schatz, Thomas (1981). Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and the Studio System. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-07-553623-9 * Schatz, Thomas (1998 [1996]). The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era, new ed. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-19596-1 * Schrader, Paul (1972). "Notes on Film Noir", Film Comment 8, no. 1 (collected in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1]). * Server, Lee (2002). Robert Mitchum: "Baby I Don't Care". New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-28543-2 * Server, Lee (2006). Ava Gardner: "Love Is Nothing". New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-31209-1 * Silver, Alain (1996 [1975]). "Kiss Me Deadly: Evidence of a Style", rev. versions in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1], pp. 209–35 and Film Noir Compendium (newest with remastered frame captures, 2016), pp. 302–325. * Silver, Alain (1996). "Introduction", in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1], pp. 3–15, rev. ver. in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Compendium (2016), pp. 10–25. * Silver, Alain, and James Ursini (and Robert Porfirio—vol. 3), eds. (2004 [1996–2004]). Film Noir Reader, vols. 1–4. Pompton Plains, N.J.: Limelight. * Silver, Alain, and Elizabeth Ward (1992). Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style, 3d ed. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-0-87951-479-2 (See also: Silver, Ursini, Ward, and Porfirio [2010]. Film Noir: The Encyclopedia, 4th rev. exp. ed. Overlook. ISBN 978-1-59020-144-2) * Slocum, J. David (2001). Violence and American Cinema. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92810-6 * Spicer, Andrew (2007). European Film Noir. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6791-4 * Telotte, J. P. (1989). Voices in the Dark: The Narrative Patterns of Film Noir. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06056-4 * Thomson, David (1998). A Biographical Dictionary of Film, 3rd ed. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-75564-7 * Turan, Kenneth (2008). "UCLA's Pre-Code Series", Los Angeles Times, January 27 (available online Archived 2016-12-01 at the Wayback Machine). * Tuska, Jon (1984). Dark Cinema: American Film Noir in Cultural Perspective. Westport, Conn. and London: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-23045-5 * Tyree, J. M. and Ben Walters (2007). The Big Lebowski. London: BFI Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84457-173-4 * Ursini, James (1995). "Angst at Sixty Fields per Second", in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1], pp. 275–87. * "Variety staff" (anon.) (1940). "Stranger on the Third Floor" [review], Variety (excerpted online). * "Variety staff" (anon.) (1955). "Kiss Me Deadly" [review], Variety (excerpted online Archived 2018-07-07 at the Wayback Machine). * Vernet, Marc (1993). "Film Noir on the Edge of Doom", in Copjec, Shades of Noir, pp. 1–31. * Wager, Jans B. (2005). Dames in the Driver's Seat: Rereading Film Noir. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70966-9 * Walker, Michael (1992). "Robert Siodmak", in Cameron, The Book of Film Noir, pp. 110–51. * White, Dennis L. (1980). "Beast of the City (1932)", in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, pp. 16–17. * Widdicombe, Toby (2001). A Reader's Guide to Raymond Chandler. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30767-6 * Williams, Linda Ruth (2005). The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34713-8 Suggested reading ----------------- * Auerbach, Jonathan (2011). Film Noir and American Citizenship. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4993-8 * Chopra-Gant, Mike (2005). Hollywood Genres and Postwar America: Masculinity, Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-838-0 * Cochran, David (2000). America Noir: Underground Writers and Filmmakers of the Postwar Era. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-813-7 * Dickos, Andrew (2002). Street with No Name: A History of the Classic American Film Noir. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2243-4 * Dimendberg, Edward (2004). Film Noir and the Spaces of Modernity. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01314-8 * Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2009). Film Noir and the Cinema of Paranoia. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4521-9 * García Martín, J. H. (2018). La musicalización diegética de la crisis en el cine negro holliwodiense de los años 40. La música clásica como signo del conflicto. Área abierta, 18(3), 389-407. * Grossman, Julie (2009). Rethinking the Femme Fatale in Film Noir: Ready for Her Close-Up. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23328-7 * Hannsberry, Karen Burroughs (1998). Femme Noir: Bad Girls of Film. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0429-2 * Hannsberry, Karen Burroughs (2003). Bad Boys: The Actors of Film Noir. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1484-0 * Hare, William (2003). Early Film Noir: Greed, Lust, and Murder Hollywood Style. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1629-5 * Hogan, David J. (2013). Film Noir FAQ. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-55783-855-1 * Kaplan, E. Ann, ed. (1998). Women in Film Noir, new ed. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 978-0-85170-666-5 * Keaney, Michael F. (2003). Film Noir Guide: 745 Films of the Classic Era, 1940–1959. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1547-2 * Mason, Fran (2002). American Gangster Cinema: From Little Caesar to Pulp Fiction. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-333-67452-9 * Mayer, Geoff, and Brian McDonnell (2007). Encyclopedia of Film Noir. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33306-4 * McArthur, Colin (1972). Underworld U.S.A. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-01953-3 * Naremore, James (2019). Film Noir: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879174-4 * Osteen, Mark. Nightmare Alley: Film Noir and the American Dream (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 336 pages; interprets film noir as a genre that challenges the American mythology of upward mobility and self-reinvention. * Palmer, R. Barton (1994). Hollywood's Dark Cinema: The American Film Noir. New York: Twayne. ISBN 978-0-8057-9335-2 * Palmer, R. Barton, ed. (1996). Perspectives on Film Noir. New York: G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-8161-1601-0 * Pappas, Charles (2005). It's a Bitter Little World: The Smartest, Toughest, Nastiest Quotes from Film Noir. Iola, Wisc.: Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 978-1-58297-387-6 * Rabinowitz, Paula (2002). Black & White & Noir: America's Pulp Modernism. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11481-3 * Schatz, Thomas (1997). Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-684-19151-5 * Selby, Spencer (1984). Dark City: The Film Noir. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-89950-103-1 * Shadoian, Jack (2003). Dreams and Dead Ends: The American Gangster Film, 2d ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514291-4 * Silver, Alain, and James Ursini (1999). The Noir Style. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-0-87951-722-9 * Silver, Alain, and James Ursini (2016). Film Noir Compendium. Milwaukee, WI: Applause. ISBN 978-1-49505-898-1 * Spicer, Andrew (2002). Film Noir. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-582-43712-8 * Starman, Ray (2006). TV Noir: the 20th Century. Troy, N.Y.: The Troy Bookmakers Press. ISBN 978-1-933994-22-2 Suggested listening ------------------- * Murder is My Beat: Classic Film Noir Themes and Scenes (1997, Rhino Movie Music) – 18-track audio CD * Maltese Falcons, Third Men & Touches of Evil-The Sound of Film Noir 1941–1950 (2019, Jasmine Records [UK]) – 42-track audio CD * Film Noir: Six Classic Soundtracks (2016, Real Gone Jazz [UK]) – 57 tracks on 4 audio CDs
Circuit Andrew Hawkeswood in a jump during the Shootout for the 2007 Event. The Race to the Sky is an annual automobile and motorcycle gravel hillclimb to the summit of a mountain in the Cardrona Valley of New Zealand. The race was held every year from 1998 to 2007 for two days over the Easter weekend as the Silverstone Race to the Sky, and returned in 2015 as the Repco Race to the Sky. The event has attracted major international drivers to compete to see who is the fastest to ascend the hill. Location -------- The race was located at the Snow Farm ski area in the Cardrona Valley, a 45 minute drive from Queenstown, New Zealand and 20 minutes from Lake Wanaka. The hillclimb was held over a 14.5-kilometre (9.0 mi) gravel course, with an average gradient of 1:11. The 135 turn course climbs from 450 meters (1500 feet) above mean sea level to 1500 meters (5000 feet). The qualifying session for the race was held on Saturday. The race itself was held on Sunday. The top 10 fastest qualifiers raced in the reverse order from tenth to first. Future ------ 2007 was the last year of the Race to the Sky. Event organizer Grant Aitken had given up the rights to the event to the Lee family in order to run the 2007 event. The Lee family were the former owners of the access road for Snow Farm resort, the route used for the event. Aitken noted several factors which led to his decision to surrender his right to run the event. They include marginal finances, changes to the tenure of the land used for the event, his team of helpers suffering burnout after a decade running the event, and the need to renew resource consents to continue with the event in the future. Aitken also had a troubled relationship with the Lee family who still own part of the access road. There was difficulty securing Silverstone as the title sponsor of the event, as Silverstone was signed for 2007 at the eleventh hour. Although it was hoped that the event would continue, the 2008 event was cancelled when new organisers could not be found. The event's official website was expired as of 14 October 2007. On August 13, 2014 it was announced that Race to the Sky would return in 2015 under the management of Highlands Motorsport Park and Tony Quinn. The 2015 race was known as the Repco Race to the Sky presented by Highlands, gaining a new claim to fame as the longest gravel hill climb in the world following the paving of Pikes Peak. Overall winners --------------- \| Year \| Driver \| Car \| Time \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1998 \| Japan Nobuhiro Tajima \| Suzuki Escudo V6 Pikes Peak Special \| 8:13.60 \| \| 1999 \| Japan Nobuhiro Tajima \| Suzuki Escudo V6 Pikes Peak Special \| 8:33.13 \| \| 2000 \| Japan Nobuhiro Tajima \| Suzuki Escudo V6 Pikes Peak Special \| 8:40.91 \| \| 2001 \| New Zealand Possum Bourne \| Subaru Impreza WRC \| 8:37.01 \| \| 2002 \| New Zealand Rod Millen \| Toyota Hilux \| 8:43.76 \| \| 2003 \| Japan Nobuhiro Tajima \| Suzuki Aerio Hill Climb Special \| 8:10.02 \| \| 2004 \| Japan Nobuhiro Tajima \| Suzuki Escudo V6 Pikes Peak Special \| 8:17.85 \| \| 2005 \| Japan Nobuhiro Tajima \| Suzuki Escudo V6 Pikes Peak Special \| 8:10.8 \| \| 2006 \| Japan Nobuhiro Tajima \| Suzuki Escudo V6 Pikes Peak Special \| 8:01.17 \| \| 2007 \| Japan Nobuhiro Tajima \| Suzuki Escudo V6 Pikes Peak Special \| 8:03.95 \| \| 2008-2014 \| No Event \| \| 2015 \| Scotland Alister McRae \| Subaru Impreza WRC \| 8:17.616 \| ### Other notable competitors * Sweden Kenneth Eriksson * New Zealand Peggy Bourne * New Zealand Rhys Millen * Sweden Per Eklund * United Kingdom Tony Quinn * Australia Brett Hayward Current classes --------------- The competitors were loosely divided into five groups: bikes; quads; cars; buggies and 4WD’s.
Access-independent service (AIS) is a service concept in which a service does not depend on guaranteed access network cooperation for service delivery. Telecoms industry analyst Dean Bubley first used the term in a report on Telco-OTT in February 2012. Traditionally, most telecom company or internet service provider services are access-dependent, because they rely heavily on guaranteed access cooperation on the network the service is delivered over. For instance, traditional IP-based TV service (IPTV) delivered by a telecom company is generally a managed service. This means that IPTV service assumes the IPTV service provider has control over the access network that the IPTV service is delivered over, and network quality of service (QoS) guarantees are available for IPTV service delivery. As a result, the reach of a telecom company's IPTV service is generally restricted by the reach of the telecom company's access network. In contrast, services offered by non-traditional video content delivery service providers such as Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Video are considered access-independent services. Netflix's video content streaming service, for example, dynamically adapts to network conditions in real-time to strive for the best overall quality of experience (QoE) and does not assume guaranteed cooperation from the underlying IP network, such as QoS. As a result, without considering content rights and different countries' government restrictions, the reach of Netflix's video content streaming service is, in theory, the reach of the Internet. Skype is another example of AIS, because Skype offers an IP-based telephony service over the Internet without depending on IP network cooperation guarantees other than basic IP network connectivity. In the context of telecom service delivery, the concept of access independent services is also commonly described by the term "over-the-top" (OTT) services. OTT service providers such as but not limited to Facebook, WeChat, and Netflix generally do not own or directly manage any wide-area access network to begin with, so they design their services for overall quality of experience, with no assumptions on guaranteed access network cooperation.
Type of religious groups A base community is a relatively autonomous Christian religious group that operates according to a particular model of community, worship, and Bible study. The 1968 Medellín, Colombia, meeting of Latin American Council of Bishops played a major role in popularizing them under the name basic ecclesial communities (BECs; also base communities; Spanish: comunidades eclesiales de base). These are small groups, originating in the Catholic Church in Latin America, who meet to reflect upon scripture and apply its lessons to their situation. The concept of a base ecclesial community is found in the early Church, when the Church Fathers taught the Bible to believers to contribute to their spiritual formation. The purpose of the base ecclesial community engaged in Bible study is "be[ing] taught and nourished by the Word of God" and "being formed and animated by the inspirational power conveyed by Scripture". The proliferation of base communities is due in part to the documents of the Second Vatican Council which called for the Catholic laity to take a more active role in the church, and also from the shortage of priests. They spread to Africa, and then to Asia where some have morphed into models for neighborliness in modern urban and ecumenical environments, with the hope that Christian renewal at the peripheries will impact cultural centers. Description ----------- Present in both rural and urban areas, the base community, organized often illiterate peasants and proletarians into self-reliant worshiping communities through the tutelage of a priest or local lay member. Because established Christian parishes with active priests were often miles away and because high level church officials rarely visited even their own parishes these "base communities" were often the only direct exposure to the church for people in rural areas or those for whom a "local" church may be miles away. Thus, the base community was significant in changing popular interpretations of Roman Catholicism for multiple reasons. Initially, their very structure encouraged discussion and solidarity within the community over submission to church authority and, as their very name suggests, made power seem to flow from the bottom or base upward. The influence of liberation theology meant that discussions within the church were oriented toward material conditions and issues of class interests. Through this process of consciousness raising, evangelizing turned into class consciousness. Emphasis -------- Other Base Communities came into existence in the Eastern Bloc, but with a different theological emphasis. They did not subscribe to liberation theology, as they were being persecuted by Marxists themselves (although it is important to note that liberation theology itself is NOT intrinsically tied to Marxism, but has merely used Marxist analysis at times to analyze the systemic roots of poverty in Latin America). One of the best-known groups was Hungarian priest György Bulányi's "Bokor" (Bush) movement after World War II, which sought to save the teachings of the Christian Church and resist the increasing persecution by the Communist Party. The movement's ideals were simple, namely to express Christian love in three ways: giving, service and non-violence. Bulányi was jailed for life by the Communist régime of Mátyás Rákosi, General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party, in 1952, and was amnestied in 1960. However, he was not allowed to work as a priest. He continued to start small base communities illegally, and wrote illegal samizdat articles. They are in some ways similar to Western cell groups (small groups), a notable component of many Pentecostal and some Protestant churches. Base Christian communities believe in helping people whose lives have been destroyed. Over 120,000 new churches have been set up to help the poor. The Base Christian communities follow the word of God and stand by the poor, helping the helpless. The Base Christian communities work to fulfill Christ's purpose to proclaim good news to the poor, tell them of hope, and to remind all people that there is always someone loving them somewhere, and that they still have a chance in life. A Base Christian community is a group of people who join together to study the Bible, and then act according to a social justice oriented form of Christianity especially popular among the third world and the poor. Latin America ------------- In the 1960s basic ecclesial communities (BEC) spread rapidly, encouraged by the emphasis which the Catholic bishops at the Second Vatican Council and at the Latin American Medellin Conference gave to more active engagement of the laity in living the gospel imperatives. BECs realize the presence of the church in all its aspects, as communion, servant, herald, sacrament, and institution. They present a pattern of Christian life which is less individualistic, self-interested, and competitive, as preferred by the poor in mutual support and co-responsibility. Due to a shortage of priests, the sacraments are not always accessible in some of these communities but for them the word of God is an "immediate point of reference, the source of inspiration, nourishment, and discernment, ... to shape a just society that will turn the word into reality and embody the gospel project in a coherent way, ... conscious of the gift given to us in Jesus Christ." BECs were not a product of liberation theology; they existed before it arose, and have thrived despite some Vatican reaction against the liberation theology movement. The liberationists built upon the BEC movement, giving it a more explicitly social edge. Peruvian theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez, who coined the term "liberation theology", once said that ninety percent of the movement is the preferential option for the poor. The Latin American bishops, following up on their 1968 statement at Medellin which called for an "effective preference to the needy and poorest sectors" of society, issued in 1979 at Puebla a document entitled "A Preferential Option for the Poor". Then in 2007, with Pentecostal and Evangelical movements threatening the faith of Catholics within the impoverished peripheries of Latin America’s mega-cities, these bishops at the Fifth Episcopal Conference of Latin America and the Caribbean ("Council of Aparecida") embraced the base communities as a pastoral model. A decline in base communities in some parts of Latin America has been attributed to Pope John Paul II's appointment of more conservative bishops and his difficulty in understanding the complexities of liberation theology. The Argentine-born Pope Francis's message "often has stood in marked contrast to the words of his two predecessors. Francis has in fact sought to revive liberation theology in its pastoral application – ... what theologians call 'base community' work in the region's slums and marginalized areas." He has averaged a trip a year to Latin America during his papacy. Speaking from his experience in Latin America, Francis has highly extolled "popular movements", which demonstrate the "strength of us" and serve as a remedy to the "culture of the self". He sees such movements as an "antidote to populism" and as capable of revitalizing democracies which he finds "increasingly limp, threatened, and under scrutiny over countless factors." The communities have received strong endorsement from the Catholic hierarchy, beginning with the Latin American bishops at Medellin in the wake of Vatican II, who strove "to encourage and favor the efforts of the people to create and develop their own grassroots organizations for the redress and consolidation of their rights and the search for true justice." In 2016, the bishops' committee for the accompaniment of base ecclesial communities on the continent issued the statement: "In this ecclesial spring, aroused by the gestures and doctrine of Pope Francis, the communities have been strengthened and renewed in their evangelizing and missionary enthusiasm. We reaffirm our conviction that the communities are the Church of Jesus at the base, the poor and poor Church." One example of the need for these communities would be Guatemala where a single parish among the native Mayans has 100,000 members in 53 distinct communities served by 3,000 lay ministers. The diocesan bishop here is Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri who was made a cardinal by Pope Francis in the 5 October 2019 consistory. The cardinal has long been an advocate for the poor, and has survived several death threats. ### Brazil See also: Liberation theology § Base ecclesial communities The Brazilian Paulo Freire's classic work Pedagogy of the Oppressed increased literacy and raised the awareness of human rights. This furthered the BEC movement and "provided a springboard for Liberation theologians, most of whom were inspired by the theological insights they learnt from the struggles of poor communities." Brazil has had members of the Catholic clergy who gained an international reputation as defenders of the poor, such as Archbishop Hélder Câmara, Cardinal Paulo Evaristo Arns, Cardinal Aloísio Lorscheider, and Leonardo Boff. BECs have afforded protection for social activists, as in the Amazon region where land seizures are a contentious issue. The proliferation of BECs in Brazil was particularly widespread in comparison to the rest of Latin America: it has been estimated that the amount of base communities in the country at the peak of the liberationist movement counted at least 70,000, with upwards of two and a half million members. The Message of Pope Francis to the Participants in the 13th Meeting of the Basic Ecclesial Communities in Brazil, in January 2014, declared that "the motto of this meeting, 'BECs Pilgrims of the Kingdom, in the Countryside and the City', must resound like a call so that they might increasingly assume their very important role in the Church’s mission of evangelization." Quoting the Document of Aparecida, Francis stated that BECs allow people "to attain greater knowledge of the Word of God, a greater social commitment in the name of the Gospel, for the birth of new forms of lay service and adult education in the faith." He had chaired the committee that drafted the Aparecida document. Francis also recalled his more recent statement to the whole church, that base communities "bring a new evangelizing fervor and a new capacity for dialogue with the world whereby the Church is renewed." ### Mexico As elsewhere in Latin America, Mexico's base communities began spreading organically early in the 1960s, eventually finding institutional backing in the preferential option for the poor proposed at Vatican II and affirmed by CELAM at the Second Conference of Latin America Bishops in 1968 at Medellín, Colombia. One of the main causes for the spread of base communities in the country were concerns over widespread poverty and malnutrition, in addition to the increasing gap in the ratio of Catholic priests to parishioners characteristic of all of Latin America during the 20th century. At times, an entire diocese of over 50,000 people might have only one priest; this was especially true in rural areas that were difficult to reach. Church officials considered the BEC's promotion of lay training, participation, and leadership, along with the "See-Judge-Act" method practiced within, as a potential solution to both of these problems and thus encouraged their development throughout the country. Beginning in the 1980s, an additional factor inspiring the formation of base communities in Mexico was support and solidarity for refugees fleeing from civil wars and military dictatorships in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. Though often considered a rural phenomenon, there is a considerable presence of base communities in urban areas as well, often located within colonias populares, such as the base communities of Santa Cecilia, Guadalajara, or Oaxaca City, Oaxaca. Mexico's base communities have historically relied on the continued support of the Church hierarchy—that is, the Bishop or Archbishop of the region—in order to both arise and persist. In dioceses where the Church leadership was unsympathetic to BECs or the progressive theology of liberation, communities struggled to establish themselves and existing groups quickly sputtered out, for instance in cases where a Bishop was moved to another diocese or replaced with a conservative one, such as occurred with the Regional Seminary of the Southeast (SERESURE) when its leadership was changed by the Vatican in 1990. Today, Mexico's base community network continues to thrive, and continues to release pastoral plans every few years. #### Guadalajara The base communities of Santa Cecilia, Guadalajara stand out for the predominant presence of women as members, organizers, and leaders. Beginning as small reflection groups, the nuns of the Religiosas del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (RSCJ) gathered women from throughout the city to discuss domestic and neighborhood issues. Soon, these small groups grew into flourishing base communities, featuring both women's and men's Bible study/reflection groups, undertaking community projects such as establishing water and trash services, and hosting education programs that encouraged members to practice the "See-Judge-Act" method of conscientization and activism developed by Paulo Freire. By 1972, at least twenty different base community groups met regularly in Santa Cecilia, additionally training members as catechists to provide religious service to thousands of parishioners. In an era dominated by machismo, in which institutional and familial patriarchy relegated women to the domestic sphere, women's experiences in the Santa Cecilia base communities were especially significant. Indeed, the women of these communities worked tirelessly to confront the double standards of their time and break free from the "dominant culture's public-private division" which relegated them to the household. A key part of this liberatory experience for the women of Santa Cecilia's base communities were empowering moments of confronting, challenging, and defeating powerful men such as bosses, factory owners, or even their own husbands and fathers. When the RSCJ Nuns left Santa Cecilia in 1985, it was difficult for the communities to maintain such a high degree of organization and participation, eventually dissolving. Yet, while the communities themselves may not have persisted, the conscientizing education and empowering experiences they facilitated served as the basis for further community activism, establishing networks that continued to support and promote popular movements and education. #### Oaxaca By 1980, the parish of San Juan Chapultepec was the largest in Oaxaca City, with nearly 50,000 members. The first base community in the city was founded the same year, in the nearby colonia popular Emiliano Zapata. Soon after, in 1982, Sisters Regina Johnson, Mildred Payne, and Carmen Lechthaler of the Maryknoll order arrived in the city to help organize and manage within the community, leading classes and Bible study groups. By 1989, there were no fewer than twenty-six base communities in the parish, and yet more in the other colonias of the city. The Sisters began their work by addressing some of the key issues of the neighborhood: malnutrition, and poverty. Within the small study groups characteristic of the base community model, they led conscientizing discussions which taught members that their poverty was not a natural state of the world, nor was it God's will—both common narratives up to this point—but rather a result of Mexico's glaring social inequalities and stark economic hierarchy, always returning to the Bible as their source of reflection. Additionally, courses on agriculture and health encouraged members to take up soybean planting as a more cost-effective source of protein than meat, which was costly to the point of unaffordability. #### Coahuila In Torreón, Coahuila, a group of progressive priests known as the Nazas-Aguanaval group were influential in the creation of base communities and other grassroots political organizing. The group formed early in the 1970s, part of a pastoral plan supported by Church authorities in the diocese that sought to bring more priests to the countryside, and included fathers Benigno Martínez, José Batarse, and Jesús de la Torre, among others. ### Violent opposition The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904) established a pattern of the United States imposing a capitalist model of development on Latin America, often to the detriment of the poorest peoples. "In Brazil and Central America, as U.S.-endorsed dictatorships made it increasingly dangerous for workers to gather, organize, and/or protest while their living conditions worsened, the sacred space of religious meetings often became the only environments left where workers could still somewhat safely convene, organize, share information, and plan protests," while finding vital support and healing. However, "hundreds of thousands of defenseless BEC members were killed by state-sponsored, U.S.-trained and supported military, paramilitary, and police forces in no less than ten Latin American countries," including missionaries from the United States, local pastors, and a bishop. Africa ------ Many authors have pointed out the "sacramental service station" model of church established by colonialism, contrary to the African cultural preference for close, participatory community. When The Association of Member Episcopal Conferences in Eastern Africa (AMECEA) Documentation Service "circulated a questionnaire in 1975 to ascertain how the dioceses ranked their priorities they were pleased to find that the highest priority in AMECEA was 'building Christian communities'." Then in 1994 at the first African Synod, the Bishops Conference in Africa described Small Christian Communities (SCC) as "the theological mainstay of the model of Church as Family of God". They are seen as "the ecclesiastical extension of the African extended family or clan", where the Christian faith is more intensely lived and shared. In Africa's patriarchal culture, the challenge is to attract more men to these communities and still have the voice of women heard in them. "Due to the emergence and growth of SCCs, the church is no longer considered a remote reality subject solely to the direction of the ordained clergy. ...Women and men feel a sense of belonging, celebrate their shared faith and take responsibility for the mission of the church in the local context." Already in 2001 there were over 180,000 SCCs in the nine AMECEA countries in Eastern Africa. A leading African theologian has suggested that they can still learn from Latin America "to include attention to the socio-political, ecological and economic conditions of their context." Asia ---- At their assembly in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1990, the Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences endorsed the promotion of Small Christian Communities (SCC) throughout Asia.as a new way of being church, as a "communion of communities" – participatory, ecumenical, and a leaven for the transformation of the world. Then in 1999 after the meeting of the Asian Synod of Bishops in New Delhi, Pope John Paul II wrote in his apostolic exhortation Ecclesia in Asia that "the Synod Fathers underlined the value of basic ecclesial communities as an effective way of promoting communion and participation in parishes and Dioceses, and as a genuine force for evangelization. These small groups help the faithful to live as believing, praying and loving communities like the early Christians (cf. Acts 2:44-47; 4:32-35)." John Paul II went on to describe them as "a solid starting point for building a new society, the expression of a civilization of love, ... and I encourage the Church in Asia, where possible, to consider these basic communities as a positive feature of the Church's evangelizing activity." The diversity of religions and the small number of Christians in most parts of Asia have also led to experiments in forming local Basic Human Communities (BHC) open to people of all faiths. From these it is hoped that the new humanity will emerge, with small communities at the periphery feeding back to transform the center into the likeness of one world under God. ### Philippines In the Philippines, the formation of BECs has been adopted as the pastoral priority of the Church throughout the country. In 1991, the Second Plenary Council of the Philippines decreed: "Basic Ecclesial Communities under various names and forms – BCCs, small Christian communities, covenant communities – must be vigorously promoted for the full living of the Christian vocation in both urban and rural areas." The Council directed the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) to "issue an official statement on BECs, on their nature and functions as recognized by the Church, making it clear that they are not simply another organization. This official statement of the CBCP shall be, among other things, for the proper orienting of priests and seminarians. Training for work with BECs shall be made part of seminary formation." In 2007, the CBCP established the Episcopal Committee on Basic Ecclesial Communities with the task of assisting the dioceses in the promotion and formation of BECs. The small Christian communities in the Philippines often began as administrative or liturgical centers for the parishes, and have needed to evolve into consciousness-raising communities more like the Latin American model. ### India The 1980 Bombay Priests Synod recognized SCCs as necessary to build community in city parishes characterized by individualism, impersonal relationships, superficial religious practice, and unconcern for others. "Believers were defined by the doctrinal truths they adhered to" with a privatized Christianity that ignored the social and communitarian dimensions of being disciples of Jesus Christ. The sense of community experienced at Sunday Mass was found to be too superficial to realize the sense of Christian community. From 1984 to 2006, virtually the whole Bombay archdiocese was formed into 1,800 SCCs. The program involved bringing together Catholics in neighborhood communities for Gospel sharing and service to the poor and needy, while maintaining links with the universal Church. Experience led to dividing SCCs into smaller clusters of about ten families, to facilitate presence and participation at the monthly meetings. Other countries --------------- It has been suggested that to revitalize the Church in the Western world, neighborhood communities should become places where the Bible is reflected upon and applied, the faith shared and celebrated, in a more democratic rather than hierarchical structure. Priest and bishop become enablers, encouraging full missionary discipleship among the laity, overseeing from a distance rather than accustomed to control. The question which the clergy in the North must answer is what model of church best responds to the needs and expectations of the secular society. A program that originated in the United States, now RENEW International, offers materials and training for parish-based discussion groups. Their programs have reached an estimated 25 million Catholics in 160 dioceses in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, Venezuela, El Salvador, and Guatemala. Since 2007 it has sponsored the program Theology on Tap which involves young adults in faith discussions held in restaurants and taverns. RENEW International has a strong presence in England and in Africa. A similar effort originating in Italy in 1987 now involves thousands of people on five continents. Pope Francis has commended these cells for their ability to revive parishes, adding that: "If we have encountered Christ in our lives, then we cannot keep him only for ourselves. It is crucial that we share this experience with others as well." Further reading --------------- * Weigel, G. The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism.
American football former player (born 1979) American football player Ryan Terry Clark (born October 12, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the LSU Tigers, and was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2002. Clark also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and for the Washington Redskins. He won a Super Bowl ring with the Steelers in Super Bowl XLIII, and made a Pro Bowl in 2011. Clark has a sickle cell trait condition which made it dangerous for him to play at high altitudes, such as in Denver, Colorado. Early years ----------- Clark was born in Marrero, Louisiana. In 1997 he graduated from Archbishop Shaw High School. College career -------------- At Louisiana State University, Clark started 36 consecutive games for the LSU Tigers football team. In 2000, he was selected to the All-SEC second team by the league's coaches. Clark ranked third on the Tigers in 2001 with 88 tackles, including 63 solo, and also intercepted three passes. He recorded five tackles, including a 13-yard sack, in the Sugar Bowl and was LSU's Special Teams Player of the Year in 1998. Professional career ------------------- ### New York Giants #### 2002 Clark went undrafted in the 2002 NFL draft. On April 26, 2002, the New York Giants signed Clark to a three-year, $906,000 contract as an undrafted free agent that included a signing bonus of $1,000. During training camp, Clark delivered a late hit to teammate and rookie wide receiver Tim Carter that sidelined the second round pick for six weeks. Head coach Jim Fassel named Clark a backup safety and a part of the special teams unit to begin his rookie season. Clark made his professional regular season debut during the New York Giants' 16–13 loss against the San Francisco 49ers. The following week, Clark made his first career tackle as the Giants defeated the St. Louis Rams 26–21. On October 21, 2002, the New York Giants released Clark and replaced him with veteran safety Johnnie Harris. On October 23, 2002, the New York Giants signed Clark to their practice squad where he would remain for the rest of his rookie season. #### 2003 Throughout training camp in 2003, Clark competed for a roster spot against Shaun Williams and Ike Charlton. Head coach Jim Fassel named Clark the primary backup safety to begin the regular season, behind starters Shaun Williams and Omar Stoutmire. On October 19, 2003, Clark earned his first career start and deflected a single pass during a 14–10 loss against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 7. In Week 12, he collected a season-high five solo tackles as the Giants lost 19–13 at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On December 28, 2003, Clark recorded three solo tackles and made his first career sack during a 37–24 loss against the Carolina Panthers in Week 17. Clark sacked Panthers' quarterback Jake Delhomme for a seven-yard loss in the third quarter. Clark finished the 2003 NFL season with 21 combined tackles (19 solo), two pass deflections, and one sack in 16 games and four starts. On May 28, 2004, the New York Giants waived Clark after signing free agent safety Brent Alexander. ### Washington Redskins Clark during his initial tenure with the Redskins On July 31, 2004, the Washington Redskins signed Clark to a two-year, $835,000 contract as an unrestricted free agent. Head coach Joe Gibbs named Clark a backup safety behind Matt Bowen, Andre Lott, and rookie Sean Taylor. In Week 6, Clark became the starting free safety, alongside strong safety Sean Taylor, after season-ending injuries sidelined Matt Bowen and Andre Lott. On November 14, 2004, Clark collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (ten solo) during a 17–10 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. Clark finished the 2004 NFL season with 81 combined tackles (65 solo) and a pass deflection in 15 games and 11 starts. #### 2005 Throughout training camp in 2005, Clark competed to be a backup safety against Pierson Prioleau. Clark began the season as the backup strong safety and was inactive for the first two games due to a sprained knee. In Week 4, Clark became the starting strong safety after Prioleau sustained a hamstring injury. Clark was inactive for the Redskins' Week 6 loss at the Kansas City Chiefs due to a chest injury. On October 30, 2005, Clark collected a season-high 11 solo tackles, deflected one pass, and made his first career interception during a 36–0 loss at the New York Giants in Week 8, intercepting a pass by Giants' quarterback Eli Manning that was intended for wide receiver Plaxico Burress. The following week, Clark recorded four combined tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Donovan McNabb during the fourth quarter of a 17–10 win against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 9. Clark finished the 2005 NFL season 57 combined tackles (42 solo), a career-high three interceptions, two pass deflections, two forced fumbles, and was credited with half a sack in 13 games and 13 starts. While he played well for Washington and wanted to re-sign with the team, the Redskins decided to cut ties with him and signed Adam Archuleta to be their new starting safety; the signing would be cited years later by NFL Network as one of the worst free agent signings in NFL history, along with other free agent busts by the Redskins including Deion Sanders and Albert Haynesworth. ### Pittsburgh Steelers #### 2006 On March 14, 2006, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Clark to a four-year, $7 million contract that included a signing bonus of $1.65 million. Clark was signed as a replacement for Chris Hope, who declined the Steelers' contract offer and opted to sign with the Tennessee Titans. Throughout training camp, Clark competed to be the starting free safety against Tyrone Carter. Head coach Bill Cowher named Clark the starting free safety to begin the regular season, alongside strong safety Troy Polamalu. Clark (right, in hoodie) and teammate Troy Polamalu in the Steelers' Super Bowl XLIII victory parade in February 2009 On October 8, 2006, Clark recorded nine combined tackles (six solo), one pass deflection, and made his first interception as a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers during a 23–12 loss at the San Diego Chargers in Week 5. He intercepted a pass by Chargers' quarterback Philip Rivers during the first quarter. Clark was inactive for two games (Weeks 16–17) due to a groin injury. In 2006, Clark made 72 tackles playing free safety for the Steelers, along with one interception and three fumble recoveries. He played 13 games and started 12 of them, missing the final three with a groin injury. During training camp before the 2007 season, he remained a starter despite a position battle with second year player Anthony Smith. #### 2007 During a 2007 game against the Denver Broncos at Invesco Field at Mile High, Clark developed severe pain in his left side and had to be rushed to the hospital. It turned out that Clark had had a splenic infarction due to the sickle cell trait which he has had since he was a child; these are usually a risk at high altitudes. Clark had to have his spleen and gall bladder removed, ending his season. He lost 30 pounds after the removal, but returned to the Steelers in 2008. Although Clark was medically cleared to play in Denver's thin air without any complications, the Steelers took the precautionary measure of deactivating him for the four games played in Denver thereafter during Clark's career with the team—a 2009 Monday Night game, a 2010 preseason game, a 2011 playoff game and the 2012 season opener. #### 2008–2010 Clark was the Steelers' recipient of the Ed Block Courage Award in 2008. After the 2008 season, Clark started in Super Bowl XLIII where the Steelers won against the Arizona Cardinals, recording five total tackles. After the 2010 season, he started in the Steelers' appearance in Super Bowl XLV against the Green Bay Packers, where he recorded eight total tackles in the 31–25 loss. Clark with the Steelers in 2013 #### 2011–2014 Set to become a free agent in the 2014 offseason, the Steelers made no attempt to resign Clark. The Steelers proceeded with their plans to replace him after they signed Mike Mitchell to a long-term contract on March 11, 2014, to become the team's new starting free safety. ### Washington Redskins (second stint) On March 31, 2014, Clark returned to Washington on a one-year contract. With DeAngelo Hall on injured reserve, he was named the team's defensive captain in his place. He recorded his only interception of the season against quarterback Andrew Luck in a loss against the Indianapolis Colts on November 30. ### Retirement On February 18, 2015, Clark announced his retirement from the NFL. He signed a one-day contract with the Pittsburgh Steelers to ensure he retired a Steeler. NFL career statistics --------------------- \| Legend \| \| --- \| \| Bold \| Career high \| ### Regular season \| Year \| Team \| Games \| Tackles \| Interceptions \| Fumbles \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| GP \| GS \| Cmb \| Solo \| Ast \| Sck \| TFL \| Int \| Yds \| TD \| Lng \| PD \| FF \| FR \| Yds \| TD \| \| 2003 \| NYG \| 6 \| 0 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2003 \| NYG \| 16 \| 4 \| 28 \| 25 \| 3 \| 1.0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2004 \| WAS \| 15 \| 11 \| 81 \| 65 \| 16 \| 0.0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2005 \| WAS \| 13 \| 13 \| 59 \| 44 \| 15 \| 0.5 \| 0 \| 3 \| 10 \| 0 \| 6 \| 5 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2006 \| PIT \| 13 \| 12 \| 72 \| 48 \| 24 \| 0.0 \| 1 \| 1 \| -1 \| 0 \| -1 \| 4 \| 0 \| 3 \| 5 \| 0 \| \| 2007 \| PIT \| 6 \| 6 \| 22 \| 17 \| 5 \| 1.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2008 \| PIT \| 14 \| 14 \| 88 \| 52 \| 36 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 6 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2009 \| PIT \| 15 \| 15 \| 89 \| 68 \| 21 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 8 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2010 \| PIT \| 16 \| 15 \| 90 \| 57 \| 33 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 2 \| 34 \| 0 \| 23 \| 7 \| 0 \| 1 \| 5 \| 0 \| \| 2011 \| PIT \| 16 \| 16 \| 100 \| 71 \| 29 \| 1.0 \| 5 \| 1 \| 10 \| 0 \| 10 \| 5 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2012 \| PIT \| 15 \| 15 \| 102 \| 74 \| 28 \| 0.0 \| 4 \| 2 \| 26 \| 0 \| 26 \| 7 \| 2 \| 1 \| 2 \| 0 \| \| 2013 \| PIT \| 16 \| 16 \| 104 \| 61 \| 43 \| 0.0 \| 1 \| 2 \| 50 \| 0 \| 37 \| 4 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2014 \| WAS \| 16 \| 15 \| 101 \| 68 \| 33 \| 0.5 \| 3 \| 1 \| 8 \| 0 \| 8 \| 3 \| 0 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| 177 \| 152 \| 938 \| 651 \| 287 \| 4.0 \| 19 \| 16 \| 137 \| 0 \| 37 \| 55 \| 4 \| 8 \| 12 \| 0 \| ### Playoffs \| Year \| Team \| Games \| Tackles \| Interceptions \| Fumbles \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| GP \| GS \| Cmb \| Solo \| Ast \| Sck \| TFL \| Int \| Yds \| TD \| Lng \| PD \| FF \| FR \| Yds \| TD \| \| 2005 \| WAS \| 2 \| 2 \| 12 \| 11 \| 1 \| 0.0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2008 \| PIT \| 3 \| 3 \| 15 \| 12 \| 3 \| 0.0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| 2010 \| PIT \| 3 \| 3 \| 17 \| 12 \| 5 \| 0.0 \| 2 \| 1 \| 17 \| 0 \| 17 \| 2 \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \| \| 8 \| 8 \| 44 \| 35 \| 9 \| 0.0 \| 3 \| 1 \| 17 \| 0 \| 17 \| 3 \| 2 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| Post-playing career ------------------- ### Broadcasting career In March 2015, Clark was signed by ESPN as an NFL analyst to appear on NFL Live, SportsCenter, Get Up! and First Take. In July 2021, Clark and former UFC heavyweight and light heavyweight champion Daniel Cormier began hosting the weekly MMA podcast DC & RC on ESPN. In 2023, Clark was named winner of the "Outstanding Personality/Studio Analyst" category at the 44th annual Sports Emmy Awards. He is currently [when?] the host of a weekly highlight show Inside the NFL, a role he has held since the show first moved to The CW in 2023. ### Podcasting In 2022, Ryan partnered with Shots Podcast Network to create The Pivot Podcast with his friends and retired NFL players Fred Taylor and Channing Crowder. Personal life ------------- Ryan Clark at the White House on November 8, 2023 Clark is married to Yonka Clark. The couple have three children together: Jaden, Jordan, and Loghan. Jordan plays football at Notre Dame. Clark was active in the community and, while with the Giants, he participated in the 2002 United Way Hometown Huddle by conducting a football clinic at the Highbridge Center for members of Alianza Dominicana, a local United Way agency that services families in Washington Heights. He joined forces with students from the Leadership In Public Services High School located at Ground Zero for "Operation PaintFest." Sponsored by the Foundation for Hospital Art, the participants created paintings of hope that would later be donated to the five New York City hospitals involved in the September 11 attacks tragedies. Clark is involved with sickle cell disease awareness, research, treatment and programming in Pittsburgh. In 2012, he announced the formation of Ryan Clark's Cure League to raise awareness about sickle cell trait and eventually find a cure.
Subspecies of eucalyptus **Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata, commonly known as the southern blue gum, eurabbie, blue gum or Victorian blue gum*, is a subspecies of tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has mostly smooth bark with some persistent slabs of old bark at the base, juvenile leaves with one glaucous side, glossy, lance-shaped adult leaves, warty flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and hemispherical to conical fruit. Characteristic 3-budded umbels Description ----------- Eucalyptus globulus* subsp. bicostata is a tree that typically grows to a height of 45 m (148 ft) and forms a lignotuber. The bark is mostly smooth, shedding in long strips to leave a white or greyish surface. There is sometimes rough, partially shed bark at the base of the trunk and ribbons of shedding bark in the upper branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are more or less square in cross-section, with a prominent wing on each corner. The juvenile leaves are sessile, arranged in opposite pairs, elliptic to egg-shaped, the lower surface covered by a white, waxy bloom, 40–115 mm (1.6–4.5 in) long and 22–60 mm (0.87–2.36 in) wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, glossy green, lance-shaped to curved, 140–400 mm (5.5–15.7 in) long and 20–60 mm (0.79–2.36 in) wide on a petiole 30–60 mm (1.2–2.4 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on a thick peduncle 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) long, the individual buds more or less sessile. Mature buds are glaucous, conical and warty,10–18 mm (0.39–0.71 in) long and 10–14 mm (0.39–0.55 in) wide with two ribs along the sides and a flattened operculum that has a central knob. Flowering mainly occurs between January and March and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, sessile, hemispherical to conical capsule 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) long and 13–22 mm (0.51–0.87 in) wide with two longitudinal ridges and the valves at about rim level. Taxonomy and naming ------------------- Southern blue gum was first formally described by Joseph Henry Simmonds in the book Trees from other lands for shelter and timber in New Zealand: Eucalypts and given the name Eucalyptus bicostata. In 1974, James Barrie Kirkpatrick reduced E. bicostata to the subspecies, E. globulus subsp. bicostata. The change has been accepted by the Australian Plant Census. The epithet bicostata is derived from the Latin bicostatus, "two-ribbed", referring to the buds and fruit. Distribution and habitat ------------------------ Southern blue gum grows in open forest in mountainous, largely inland country in New South Wales and Victoria. It is found between the Carrai National Park on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales and the ranges of eastern Victoria. Gallery ------- Features of the southern blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata)* Adult leavesAdult leaves * BudsBuds * InflorescenceInflorescence * FruitFruit * Trunk barkTrunk bark * Upper branch barkUpper branch bark *
American singer-songwriter Gary Beaty (born August 25, 1943) is an American country music disc jockey and television announcer in Nashville, Tennessee. He served as a disc jockey at Nashville's WSM AM/-FM and as an announcer on The Nashville Network (TNN) and RFD-TV. Early career ------------ Gary Beaty, the youngest of four children, was born in Jamestown, Tennessee to Winsted and Roxie Beaty. Beaty got his start in radio as a teenager at Jamestown's WCLC (AM). While attending college at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Beaty worked part-time at WBIR. He then continued working as either a DJ, news director, or music director for a variety of smaller stations such as WMTS and WGNS in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, WMSR (AM) in Manchester, Tennessee, and WKGN in Knoxville, Tennessee. From 1967-1972 Beaty worked on a staff with nationally known DJ Hall of Famer Scott Shannon at WMAK. Afterward, Beaty took a job at WBSR in Pensacola, Florida and then moved on to WAAY in Huntsville, Alabama. It was at WAAY where Beaty had his first experience in TV, working as a weekend weatherman for WAAY-TV. WSM and TNN (1976-2000) ----------------------- In 1976, Beaty returned to Nashville to work as a full-time disc jockey on WSM's AM and FM stations. At The Nashville Network (TNN), Beaty served as the announcer for Nashville Now from 1983-1993, occasionally filling in for the host, well-known country music, national and Tennessee Radio Hall of Fame member Ralph Emery. Coincidentally, Beaty was the fill-in host for the show when Garth Brooks, Shania Twain, and Toby Keith all made their cable network debuts. In the late 1980s, Beaty also co-hosted an afternoon show on TNN featuring music videos called Video PM alongside Cathy Martindale. From 1985-1991, Beaty acted as co-host of the syndicated telecasts of three Farm Aid concerts and also announced two years of Hee Haw. During this time, Beaty achieved a grand slam record by announcing The Academy of Country Music Awards, The GMA Dove Awards, The TNN/Music City News Awards, and the Country Music Association Awards, all in a single season. Present career -------------- Since leaving the Gaylord Entertainment Company, Beaty has kept busy freelancing on multiple commercial and industrial projects. From 1996–present, Beaty has become known as the "Iron Man of Nashville commercial television," with over 1000 consecutive weekly live telecasts for a Nashville automobile dealer on NewsChannel 5 WTVF.
Pet-friendly housing options in US colleges Pet-friendly residence halls have appeared as a number of colleges and universities in the United States. In 2008, USA Today estimated that at least 12 colleges and universities allows some form of pet-friendly living arrangements. Students at other institutions have advocated for pet-friendly housing policies. A Kaplan Test Prep survey from 2011 found that 38% of colleges and universities in the United States had student housing where pets were allowed. At these institutions, a certain portion of the school's residence halls are set aside for students who wish to live with a pet, often a dog or cat. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and State University of New York at Canton allow cats in certain dormitories. Sweet Briar College allows equestrian students to bring their horses to campus. Case Western Reserve University allowed caged animals, such as rabbits or hamsters, and allows "mascot" dogs in the fraternity and sorority houses. Lehigh University also allows "mascot" dogs in the fraternity and sorority houses. Principia College permits pets that may be kept in a cage or tank. University of Notre Dame allows fish tanks. At Eckerd College, a few residence halls are set aside as "pet dorms" for students wishing to bring small animals to campus. Other special residence halls include "Wellness Houses", that promote healthy living, and service-learning dormitories, for students interested in monthly community service projects. At Lees-McRae College, students are allowed to have pets in select on-campus residences. Before the academic year begins, the college hosts an open house for students with pets. Stetson University permits dogs in three on-campus residences. The campus also features a dog park. Since 2006, Washington & Jefferson College has set aside Monroe Hall as the "Pet House." During the 2009–10 school year, 10 students lived in the Pet House; that number jumped to 34 in the 2010–11 school year. The college only permits "family pets" that have been owned by the student's family for greater than one year. Stephens College has had a pet-friendly dormitory, called "Pet Central," since 1993. The college also has a program that allows students to foster rescue dogs in dorms.
Chinese actress (born 1992) In this Chinese name, the family name is Yuan. Yuan Bingyan (Chinese: 袁冰妍; pinyin: Yuán Bīngyán; born in Shanghai on January 17, 1992) is a film and television actress in Mainland China graduated from Shanghai Theater Academy. At the age of six, she began to learn Guzheng and then dance at the Shanghai Dance School. After being spotted by her dance teacher, she joined the Shanghai Oriental Friends Art Troupe. In 2020, she won widespread attention by playing the heroine Chu Xuanji in the fairy tale drama Love and Redemption. In April 2022, "Good Wishes" was broadcast on the IQIYI platform. After the broadcast, the popularity of "Good Wishes" reached 8247 on iQiyi. As of June, it is the fifth highest heat value in this station. Early experiences ----------------- In 2010, Yuan Bingyan was admitted to the performance department and choreography department of Shanghai Theater Academy with more than one score. In the end, she chose the performance department and became the only Shanghai girl in the class. During her college years, Yuan Bingyan won the second prize of Shanghai Theater Academy's comprehensive scholarship for the 2010-2011 academic year and the third prize of the Shanghai Theater Academy's comprehensive scholarship for the 2011-2012 academic year. Career ------ In 2012, Yuan Bingyan debuted with a supporting role in the wuxia drama Ip Man. She also played a role in the popular sitcom iPartment 4. In 2013, Yuan Bingyan starred in the modern revolutionary drama "Cold Gunner ", and played the role of Jiang Yushan, the prime minister's daughter in the drama; in August, she starred in the urban emotional drama "Departure to Happiness ". In the same year, she also starred in the legendary drama ""Legend of the Last Emperor ", Tan Yuling, who plays in the play, is smart, capable, gentle and virtuous, and also Puyi's favorite concubine in his life. In addition, Yuan Bingyan also participated in the court drama "Legend of Qiantang "in Qing Dynasty. In 2014, Yuan Bingyan starred in the modern urban emotional drama "Happy Season "; in March, she participated in the legendary costume drama "Sui and Tang Heroes 4 "; on July 18, she starred in the urban idol drama "School Girl in White Clothes and Long Legs "started broadcasting, in which she played the role of Ruan Qingtian, a beautiful school girl in fluttering white clothes and full of mystery; likewise, Yuan Bingyan starred in the ancient costume myth drama "The New Bidai of the Bu Dai Monk" which was also broadcast in the same year . In January 2015, "School Girl in White Clothes and Long Legs 2 "starring Yuan Bingyan was broadcast. Later, she also starred in the final chapter of the series urban workplace drama "Du Lala's Promotion" "I am Du Lala ". In June, starred in the legendary drama of the Republic of China "Tai Chi Master: Tai Chi Gate ", in which she played the cute, gentle and sweet lady Chen Ruyu; in the same year, she also co-starred in Gu Long Wuxia with Hawick Lau, Yang Rong and others The drama "Flying Knife Sees Flying Knife "and played the role of the soft and cute little sister Shui Wushang in the play. Although the fate is ill-fated, she has a chivalrous and warm heart. In September, she starred in the ancient costume fairy drama "The Legend of the Swordsman of Shushan Warfare "was broadcast; in November, she co-starred in the Republic of China adventure drama "Old Nine Gates", in which she played Er Yuehong's wife, A gentle, beautiful, kind-hearted but unlucky girl. The same year, she starred in the wuxia drama The Legend of Flying Daggers. In addition, Yuan Bingyan also starred in her debut film "The Uninvited Guest ". In February 2016, Yuan Bingyan, Liu Shishi, Huo Jianhua, Huang Xuan and others co-starred in the ancient costume palace inspirational drama "Female Doctor · Ming Concubine Biography "and the same year, she plays the role of Han Youniang, in the drama "Royal Highness", her character is kind and honest, with a great mind, very suitable for her. In 2017, Yuan Bingyan starred in the passionate youth inspirational drama "Youth Shield ", in which she played Shen Xiaotong, a little princess with a stubborn personality, soft outside and strong inside, and excellent in character and learning. In September, the starring movie "Back to the Ming Dynasty as a Prince: Yang Ling Biography Extra Chapter "started. In 2018, Yuan starred in the fantasy historical drama Ever Night in which she played the "bookworm" Mo Shanshan, gentle and quiet Xian and Bingxue is smart, exquisite and delicate, and is the youngest talisman master in the world. Yuan's portrayal won acclaim from viewers, including fans of the original work and led to a rise in popularity for the actress. In 2019, Yuan starred in the wuxia drama Listening Snow Tower alongside Qin Junjie, in which she played the stubborn and arrogant heroine Shu Jingrong. In May, she was invited to appear in the costume fantasy drama "Xuanmen Master ", also Yuan Bingyan continued to co-star with many artists in the costume fantasy drama "Ever Night 2 ", and she still played the "bookworm" Mo Shanshan in the drama. On August 6, 2020, Yuan Bingyan and Cheng Yi co-starred in the ancient costume fairy tale drama "Liu Li ",Love and Redemption, in which she played the "Liu Li beauty" Chu Xuanji, who originally had a true temperament and was invincible Luo Hou Jidu, However, she was persecuted by others and became a beautiful and arrogant general who shocked the three worlds. She then went through ten lives and ten lives for thousands of years. In the same year, she also starred in the modern anti-drug drama "Thunder Order", and played the heroic and valiant policewoman Ge Dan in the play. On October 31, Yuan Bingyan also performed the cat stage trilogy with Wang Ou and Zhou Jieqiong at the Hunan Satellite TV Tmall Double 11 Opening Live Ceremony "Cat Forest ", "Hide and Seek", "Persian Cat ". In February 2021, Yuan Bingyan starred in "The Ark of Hope" in the drama "Ideal Shines on China ", a tribute to the founding of the Chinese Communist Party which was broadcast on Hunan Satellite TV. In the same year, she also performed the ancient song and dance show "Girl in Yuanxi" with Xu Yiyang and Bailu at the Lantern Festival Joy Party of Hunan Satellite TV. In june 2021, played the camellia demon Hong Ning who has experienced the reincarnation of three generations in the play "Falling Flowers Meet You Again" is directed by Zhao Lijun and Ying Yinglu, starring Yuan Bingyan and Liu Xueyi. In July 21, the starring youth inspirational idol drama "Youth Forward "started broadcasting, and Yuan Bingyan played the role of an optimist and warm-hearted girl Tang Ke'er. On April 16, 2022, Yuan Bingyan and Zheng Yecheng co-starred in the ancient costume love drama "Zhu Qing Hao "aired, in which she played the role of Liu Ling, the Princess of Changle, who looks unruly and domineering, but is actually kind, tough and infatuated. In 2022, Yuan Bingyan and renowned actor Zhong Han Liang Wallace Chung, starred in the drama "Qing Cheng Yi Qing Huán", in english "The Emperor's Love" as Feng Qinghuan which will air in the third quarter of the year 2023 on the IQIYI platform. Controversy ----------- On 13 June 2022, Yuan Bingyan's affiliated company, Chongqing Liyan Culture Media Co. Ltd. was fined 978,000 yuan for supposed tax evasion from 2019–2021. On July 3, Yuan Bingyan resigned from the position of legal representative, executive director and manager of the company. On 4 July 2022, Yuan Bingyan's official studio released an official statement regarding the penalty imposed on Chongqing Li Yan Culture Media Co. Ltd. by STA China; this penalty was caused by the company's failure to fulfill its withholding tax obligations in a timely manner. The company has actively cooperated with China's STA in the investigation, and as of now, the company has paid the relevant taxes in full and within the deadline. On September 16, 2023, the State Administration of Taxation announced: > In the early stage, the Chongqing Municipal Taxation Department discovered through analysis that Yuan Bingyan had tax-related risks. After prompting, urging rectification, and interviews and warnings, Yuan Bingyan still did not make complete rectifications. In addition, her affiliated enterprises were suspected of tax evasion, and she was punished in accordance with the law. Had a tax inspection. After investigation, Yuan Bingyan received part of the labor remuneration and failed to file a tax return in accordance with the law and underpaid personal income tax; she also used part of the personal consumption expenditures to be illegally disbursed in her controlled affiliated enterprises and underpaid personal income tax. Its affiliated companies have tax-related issues such as underpayment of value-added tax and corporate income tax for personal consumption expenditures in the enterprise in violation of regulations, and failure to withhold and pay personal income tax. During the tax inspection process, Yuan Bingyan actively cooperated with the tax authorities to provide truthful information and proactively reported tax-related illegal activities that the tax authorities had not yet grasped. Considering the above situation, the Seventh Inspection Bureau of the Chongqing Municipal Taxation Bureau based on the "Individual Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China", the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China, the Tax Collection Management Law of the People's Republic of China, the Administrative Punishment Law of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws Regulations stipulate that Yuan Bingyan is required to pay back taxes, add late fees, and impose fines totaling 2.9738 million yuan; her affiliated companies are required to pay back taxes, add late fees, and impose fines totaling 1.3298 million yuan. The Seventh Inspection Bureau of the Chongqing Municipal Taxation Bureau has served Yuan Bingyan and her affiliated companies with a "Tax Treatment Decision" and a "Tax Administrative Penalty Decision" in accordance with the law. Yuan Bingyan and her affiliated companies have paid off tax fines and late fees in accordance with regulations. > > After the report issued by the State Administration of Taxation, actress Yuan Bingyan was banned from some social media in China. Filmography ----------- ### Film \| Year \| English title \| Chinese title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2016 \| The Guest \| 不速之客 \| Ah Xu \| \| ### Television series \| Year \| English title \| Chinese title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2013 \| Ip Man \| 叶问 \| Qiu Jianyun \| \| \| 2014 \| iPartment 4 \| 爱情公寓4 \| Qing Qing \| \| \| Campus Belle and Beau \| 白衣校花与大长腿 \| Chen Qingtian \| \| \| The Mystery of Emperor Qian Long \| 钱塘传奇 \| Xiang Jiji / Ji Jixiang \| \| \| \| 冷枪手 \| Jiang Yushan \| \| \| The Legend of Bubai Monk \| 布袋和尚新传 \| Princess Jinlian \| \| \| Heroes of Sui and Tang Dynasties \| 隋唐英雄4 \| Zhao Furong \| \| \| 2015 \| Campus Belle and Beau 2 \| 白衣校花与大长腿2 \| Chen Qingtian \| \| \| Tour Between Two Lovers \| 向幸福出发 \| Fang Yu \| \| \| The Last Emperor \| 末代皇帝传奇 \| Tan Yuling \| \| \| Legend of Zu Mountain \| 蜀山战纪之剑侠传奇 \| Xiao Die \| \| \| The Legend of Mi Yue: Zhan Guo Hong Yan \| 战国红颜之芈月传奇 \| Qing'er \| \| \| 2016 \| The Imperial Doctress \| 女医·明妃传 \| Consort Liu \| \| \| I am DuLaLa \| 我是杜拉拉 \| Zuo Xiaoqian \| \| \| The Mystic Nine \| 老九门 \| Ya Tou \| \| \| Happy Season \| 幸福的季节 \| Little Fairy \| \| \| The Legend of Flying Daggers \| 飞刀又见飞刀 \| Shui Wushang \| \| \| 2017 \| Tai-chi Master: The Ultimate Gateway \| 太极宗师之太极门 \| Chen Ruyu \| \| \| 2018 \| The Taoism Grandmaster \| 玄门大师 \| Qiu Yi \| \| \| Ever Night \| 将夜 \| Mo Shanshan \| \| \| Royal Highness \| 回到明朝当王爷之杨凌传 \| Han Youniang \| \| \| 2019 \| Listening Snow Tower \| 听雪楼 \| Shu Jingrong \| \| \| 2020 \| Ever Night 2 \| 将夜2 \| Mo Shanshan \| \| \| Love and Redemption \| 琉璃 \| Chu Xuanji \| \| \| TBA \| Thunder Chaser \| 雷霆令 \| Ge Dan \| \| \| Young Shield \| 少年盾 \| Shen Xiaotong \| \| \| Fly in Sky \| 青春二月当艳阳 \| Tang Ke'er \| \| \| Discography ----------- \| Year \| English title \| Chinese title \| Album \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2018 \| "Don't Forget" \| 莫望 \| Ever Night OST \| Cover \| \| 2019 \| "Jin Se" \| 錦瑟 \| Listening Snow Tower OST \| with Qin Junjie \| \| 2020 \| "Speak Out of the Same Heart" \| 同心而语 \| Love and Redemption OST \| \| Awards ------ \| Year \| Award \| Category \| Nominated work \| Results \| Ref. \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2018 \| Tomorrow Land Fashion Awards \| Most Promising Artist \| — \| Won \| \| \| 2020 \| Sina Style Awards \| Quality Artist of The Year \| — \| Won \| \| \| 2020 \| 5th Golden Blossom Internet Film and Television Awards \| Actress of The Year \| Love and Redemption Ever Night 2 \| Top 3 (2nd place) \| \| \| 2021 \| 5th Golden Bud Network Film and Television Festival \| Popular Actress of The Year \| — \| Won \| \|
Convention center in Melbourne, Australia The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre (MCEC), colloquially referred to as Jeff's Shed, is a group of three adjacent buildings next to the Yarra River in South Wharf, an inner-city suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The venues are owned and operated by the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust. Following the opening of its expansion in 2018, Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre regained the status as being the largest convention and exhibition venue in Australia and one of the largest spaces in the Southern Hemisphere. The total size of the MCEC is 70,000 square metres. The venue consists of 63 meeting rooms, outdoor courtyard spaces, a Plenary that can be divided into three self-contained acoustically separate theatres, the Goldfields Theatre a 9,000 square metre multi-purpose event space with a retractable 1,000-seat theatre and 39,000 square metres of pillarless exhibition space. In 2017/18, 1,124 events were held at MCEC. These events attracted 950,385 delegates, including 23 international conventions involving 28,750 delegates and 34 national conventions which attracted 38,626 delegates. In 2018/19, the MCEC contributed more than $1.10 billion in economic impact to the state of Victoria. Management ---------- The Melbourne Exhibition Centre Trust was created in August 1994 with the responsibility of overseeing the construction and development of the Melbourne Exhibition Centre. In February 1997, the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust began, replacing the previous trust with the added scope of the Melbourne Convention Centre, formerly called the World Congress Centre Melbourne. In August 1997, the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust became owner and venue manager of both the Melbourne Exhibition Centre and the Melbourne Convention Centre. On 28 August 2002, the trust was appointed the Committee of Management of the Yarra River Maritime Reserve. The reserve is inclusive of the land and historic sheds located on the south bank of the Yarra River between Grimes Bridge and the Melbourne Maritime Museum. This appointment was revoked in June 2006 as part of the land consolidation process necessary for the development of the Melbourne Convention Centre and associated works referred to below. The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust is also responsible for managing and promoting the use of the Royal Exhibition Building in the Carlton Gardens. As a government-owned trust, The Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Trust is responsible to the Minister for Tourism. History ------- ### Melbourne Exhibition Centre The Melbourne Exhibition Centre was opened on 14 February 1996 and is known colloquially as "Jeff's Shed" after the then Victorian Premier, Jeff Kennett. The building was designed by Denton Corker Marshall, an architectural firm responsible for many of Melbourne's larger buildings through the early 1990s, and features their characteristic "blade" entrance. The building was originally intended to be used by the Melbourne Museum but Jeff Kennett intervened during construction to have the building used as an exhibition centre. In 1998 a covered footbridge was erected between the Exhibition and Convention centres, parallel to the Spencer Street Bridge. Melbourne Exhibition Centre The building has become an icon in Melbourne due to the main entrance marked by a prominent tilted metal blade supported by a pair of yellow sticks in combination with the 450 metre urban verandah, parallel to the internal concourse, supported by a forest of smaller sticks. The verandah and the new riverside park make a major contribution to the public realm of the city. ### Melbourne Convention Centre The former Convention Centre on the Flinders Street side of the Yarra River was opened in May 1990 and has hosted thousands of conventions and meetings. The current Melbourne Convention Centre, on land adjacent to the Exhibition Centre, was opened on 5 June 2009. At a cost of A$1 billion, the development consists of a 5541-seat Plenary Hall that can be divided into three separate theatres, a grand banquet room as well as a hotel, office, residential and retail space. It was developed by a consortium led by Multiplex and Plenary Group and designed by Larry Oltmanns. The centre uses a range of features in order to achieve a 6 Star Green Star environmental rating and to become the first convention centre in the world with that rating. The architects for the development were NH Architecture and Woods Bagot. ### Expansion On 5 May 2015, the Victorian State Government announced $205 million for the expansion of Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre in the 2015/16 State Budget. This project commenced in May 2016 and opened on 1 July 2018. The 20,000-square-metre expansion includes 9,000 square metres of exhibition space plus additional flexible, multi-purpose event space, 1,000-seat theatre, multiple meeting rooms, a banquet room and a café and bar. The building design was a joint venture between architect firms: NH Architecture and Woods Bagot. The expansion is part of a larger South Wharf expansion project by Plenary Group that includes a new 347-room Novotel Melbourne South Wharf and a new 1,150-space multi-level car park – all fully connected and integrated with existing buildings. Melbourne Convention Centre and Seafarers Bridge Building design and architecture -------------------------------- ### Melbourne Exhibition Centre The building resembles a long shed with separated operable walls (each valued at $250,000). This allows the space to be split from a maximum of 39,000 square metres to a minimum of 3,000 square metre spaces. The single volume with a proportion of length to width of approximately 2.5:1 was chosen. Other than the exhibition space, the building also has a basement that is able to hold 1,000 cars. From the main entrance, visitors would be able to see the 450 metres southward vista of the concourse as well as the mezzanine balconies. On the first floor of the entry pavilion and extending along the mezzanine platform, there are meeting and function rooms which separates the double-height hall and concourse. Some have large windows overlooking the exhibition. The site for the Exhibition Centre was previously the site for Daryl Jackson's Museum of Victoria. The brief required DCM to work with the partially built concrete structure. According to Melbourne architect and critic Norman Day, the column-free space could be associated to the Russian Constructivist of the 1920s such as the Vesnin brothers's Kiev railway station scheme 1926. Another relation to the Russian Constructivist is the cantilevered structure supported by yellow steel props as well as the large metal letters arranged over the top of the entrance. The building consists of two different roof designs which are angled at different directions. This was due to the intention to create two different successful spaces which is the exhibition space and the public space (concourse of the building). By this method, the architects manage to create two different environments, one which is an enclosed exhibition space and another is the concourse which is open to the public. Due to the brief that required the building to be constructed in a short amount of time and save cost, a repetitive system of identical trusses clad in aluminium sheet were used. On top of that, the trusses have to be solid in order to provide sound isolation from one hall to the next. At the same time, in order to reduce the span, and to stiffen them laterally, the architects tapered them in cross section. The two rows of columns that are located in the verandah (the building’s long frontage facing the river) are intended to give a subtle separation of the interior and exterior of the building. The blades which are located along the concourse are coloured in a series of Francis-Bacon-inspired colours, with hall numbers stencilled on. This serves as a double purpose of punctuating the linear volume and labelling the halls. ### Significance and contribution to Australian architecture The aerodynamic treatment of the colonnade canopy, which disperses wind, influenced another Melbourne architect, Peter Elliott, in the design of the Spencer Street Footbridge in 1999. Awards ------ The Melbourne Convention Centre was awarded the Australian Construction Achievement Award in 2010. The Melbourne Exhibition Centre was awarded the Sir Zelman Cowen Award for Public Architecture in 1996. 2018 Melbourne Award - contribution to profile by a corporation - Club Melbourne Ambassador Program. Premier's Sustainability Awards 2018 - Government category for Melbourne Energy Renewable Project. Australian Business Awards - Employer of Choice 2018 and 2017. Notable events -------------- ### Melbourne Art Fair The inaugural Melbourne Art Fair, a commercial art fair, was held in 1988 in the Royal Exhibition Buildings, started by a group of gallery-owners. It continued as a biennial event, exhibiting works from Australian and international galleries, with sales of A$8−10 million, from 2003 being run by the new not-for-profit Melbourne Art Foundation. The fair was paused in 2016 owing to lack of interest from galleries, but relaunched in a smaller form in a temporary venue in Southbank. In 2020 it moved to its permanent new home at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, with the aim of showcasing both major galleries and "progressive young galleries". However, because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, its scheduled run in June 2020 had to be instead changed into on online version, running 1–7 June and showing artworks from the Asia-Pacific region from 40 galleries. The next fair is scheduled for 17–20 February 2022. The fair is endorsed by the Art Galleries Association of Australia (AAGA) and is supported by the federal government via the Australia Council for the Arts and the Government of Victoria via Creative Victoria. ### Other events * Tanya Chua - Lemuria World Tour - 15 October 2017 * Joker Xue - Skyscraper World Tour - 1 April 2019 * Blockade IMARC - 29 to 31 October 2019 * JoJo Siwa - D.R.E.A.M. The Tour - 16 to 18 January 2020 Gallery ------- * Melbourne Exhibition Centre viewed from Crown Casino. The new convention centre can be seen under construction in the background.Melbourne Exhibition Centre viewed from Crown Casino. The new convention centre can be seen under construction in the background. * The Melbourne Exhibition Centre as viewed from the sideThe Melbourne Exhibition Centre as viewed from the side * Melbourne Convention Centre under constructionMelbourne Convention Centre under construction * Overview of Melbourne Convention and Exhibition CentreOverview of Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre * South Wharf and Melbourne Convention and Exhibition CentreSouth Wharf and Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre * Melbourne Exhibition Centre glazingMelbourne Exhibition Centre glazing * Melbourne Exhibition Centre Mezzanine balcony viewed through the concourseMelbourne Exhibition Centre Mezzanine balcony viewed through the concourse * Melbourne Exhibition Centre two roofs view from north to southMelbourne Exhibition Centre two roofs view from north to south * Melbourne Exhibition Centre stencilled door numbersMelbourne Exhibition Centre stencilled door numbers * Hall interiorHall interior * Melbourne Convention Centre viewed from the Yarra River on 9 February 2018Melbourne Convention Centre viewed from the Yarra River on 9 February 2018 * The Melbourne Convention Centre in December 2012The Melbourne Convention Centre in December 2012 * Melbourne Convention Centre front viewMelbourne Convention Centre front view
JustCite is an online legal research platform from Justis Publishing Ltd. It is designed to help users find leading authorities and establish the current status of the law. JustCite has a legal search engine, with built-in citation index functionality, that focuses on case law and legislation from common law jurisdictions around the world. It links to content from a range of legal publishers and includes links to full-text material from online legal research services such as BAILII, Casetrack, Informa Law, Justis, LexisNexis and WestLaw. Its international customer base comprises barristers, solicitors, academics, students, governmental departments and researchers. JustCite indexes about two million cases from numerous jurisdictions, including transcripts and unreported judgments, as well as legislation, EU materials and journal articles. History ------- JustCite was developed by Justis Publishing Ltd, a company founded in London in 1986, originally trading as Context Ltd. The first version of JustCite was launched by the company in 2002, with the second being rolled out in the summer of 2007 and the third in autumn 2010. Version 3 was a ground-up rewrite of the service featuring a new, modern interface and advanced search technology. Justis Publishing Ltd (formerly Context Ltd) is an independent publisher of electronic legal information and provider of publishing software and services. The company has been publishing titles online and on CD-ROM since 1986, concentrating particularly on United Kingdom and European Union legal, official and business information. Justis users come from government, industry and commerce, the legal and financial professions and the academic community. Features -------- JustCite has a number of tools designed to help users research the law. The Precedent Map is a visual tool that shows the relationship between cases. The Precedent Map Technology ---------- The JustCite service is supported by a number of technologies, such as Microsoft .NET and SQL server platforms, XML, SOAP, AJAX, APIs and various Web 2.0-related applications.
City in Ohio, United States Mentor-on-the-Lake is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 7,131 at the 2020 census. History ------- Originally part of Mentor Township, the village was established October 22, 1924. The U.S. Census for 1970 recorded the official population as being over 5,000 and thus it became an incorporated city on February 12, 1971. A vast majority of the land that comprises Mentor-On-The-Lake was originally owned and deeded as the Dickey-Moore tract and extended all the way south beyond U.S. Route 20 in the city of Mentor. A remnant of this era is a property known as Mooreland which was once owned by the Moore family and is situated on land that now houses Lakeland Community College. Mentor-on-the-Lake shares many services with the nearby city of Mentor, including postal service. Geography --------- Mentor-on-the-Lake is located at 41°42′49″N 81°21′53″W / 41.71361°N 81.36472°W / 41.71361; -81.36472 (41.713746, -81.364702). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.65 square miles (4.27 km2), of which 1.61 square miles (4.17 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water. Demographics ------------ Historical population\| Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1930 \| 230 \| \| — \| \| 1940 \| 538 \| \| 133.9% \| \| 1950 \| 1,413 \| \| 162.6% \| \| 1960 \| 3,290 \| \| 132.8% \| \| 1970 \| 6,517 \| \| 98.1% \| \| 1980 \| 7,919 \| \| 21.5% \| \| 1990 \| 8,271 \| \| 4.4% \| \| 2000 \| 8,127 \| \| −1.7% \| \| 2010 \| 7,443 \| \| −8.4% \| \| 2020 \| 7,131 \| \| −4.2% \| \| 2021 (est.) \| 7,092 \| \| −0.5% \| \| Sources: \| ### 2010 census At the 2010 census there were 7,443 people in 3,197 households, including 2,012 families, in the city. The population density was 4,623.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,785.0/km2). There were 3,461 housing units at an average density of 2,149.7 per square mile (830.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.6% White, 1.8% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4%. Of the 3,197 households 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.1% were non-families. 30.7% of households were one person and 11.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age was 40.3 years. 21.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.6% were from 25 to 44; 29.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14.1% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female. ### 2000 census At the 2000 census there were 8,127 people in 3,304 households, including 2,230 families, in the city. The population density was 4,976.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,921.4/km2). There were 3,405 housing units at an average density of 2,084.9 per square mile (805.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.15% Caucasian, 0.81% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.19%. 18.3% were of German, 16.3% Irish, 14.0% Italian, 7.7% Polish, 7.4% English and 6.2% American ancestry according to Census 2000. Of the 3,304 households 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 26.6% of households were one person and 8.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.00. The age distribution was 24.6% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males. The median household income was $44,871 and the median family income was $50,802. Males had a median income of $38,049 versus $26,168 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,717. About 4.2% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over. Education --------- Residents in Mentor-on-the-Lake are zoned to Mentor Public Schools. Most students are zoned to Lake Elementary School, while some are zoned to Orchard Hollow Elementary School. Almost all students are zoned to Shore Middle School, with a small portion of the city zoned to Memorial Middle School. All students are zoned to Mentor High School.
Species of fish *Patagonotothen brevicauda, the Patagonian rockcod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, belonging to the family Nototheniidae, the notothens or cod icefishes. It is native to oceans of the Patagonian region, including Tierra del Fuego, the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel and the Falkland Islands. Taxonomy -------- Described in 1905 by Swedish naturalist Einar Lönnberg with the nominate species name Patagonotothen brevicauda brevicauda, the population from the Shag Rocks was described as P. brevicauda shagenisis* by Soviet ichthyologists A.V. Balushkin and Y.Y. Permetin in 1982. This taxon is regarded as a valid species by both FishBase and Catalog of Fishes, Patagonotothen shagensis. Description ----------- This species is a relatively small notothen, reaching a maximum length of up to 23 cm (9.1 in). The depressed body is generally brownish. A series of yellowish-and-dark bands transverse the body. The bases of the pectoral fins are outlined by dark lines, which are pale, as are the ventral areas. The back and anal parts are dark, with the latter having pale borders. Up to 19 dorsal fin spines are present. The interorbital space is more depressed in males. This species is very similar to Patagonotothen guntheri (indeed, it was classified by authors such as H.H. DeWitt and J.-C. Hureau as a subspecies of P. guntheri), but differs in several aspects such as caudal peduncle length in relation to head length (max. 35% vs max. 31%), gill raker count (22-27 vs 26-39) and pectoral fin ray count (22-25 (mean 24.8) vs 23-26 (mean 23.0)). Between P. brevicauda and P. shagenisis, the size of the interorbital space (16-20% of head length vs 11-15% of head length), the number of pectoral fin rays (usually 27 vs usually 25), and the number of vertebrae (51-53 vs 49-51) differentiate the two species. Ecology ------- This demersal species inhabits shallow, gravelly seabeds of depth range 5–8 m (16–26 ft). This species is an opportunistic omnivore, mainly feeding on algae, amphipods, small crustaceans (such as the squat lobster species Munida gregaria) and copepods. Cephalopods, bryozoans, mytilids, hydrozoans, thaliaceans, isopods and polychaetes are also consumed to a lesser degree. Commercial importance --------------------- This species is of minor importance to commercial fisheries, with only 8 metric tons (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons) landed in 2011. However, this species once was commercially fished in large amounts, with 36,758 metric tons (36,177 long tons; 40,519 short tons) landed in 1981 alone.
Kenneth William Mayle is known for multiple legal challenges. He is also the father of a Guinea Hog named Chief Wiggum. He was the founder of the Satanic Temple Illinois chapter. Legal Challenges ---------------- ### MAYLE V. CITY OF CHICAGO (2018) Summary: Kenneth Mayle, the owner of an emotional-support Guinea hog named Chief Wiggum, sued the City of Chicago, contending that the city's restriction barring him from bringing his hog into public places violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Equal Protection Clause. The district and appellate courts dismissed his claims, asserting that only dogs and miniature horses are recognized as "service animals" under ADA regulations. Background: Mayle's Guinea hog, Chief Wiggum, was trained to assist him with bipolar disorder, providing massage therapy during anxiety attacks and encouraging physical activity. Chicago's ADA regulations recognized only dogs and miniature horses as "service animals," thus excluding hogs. This led Mayle to file a lawsuit against the city. In the district court, Mayle's arguments were dismissed. The court held that the ADA did not support his claim and that the exclusion of hogs was rational, refuting his equal protection argument. Subsequent Lawsuit and Appeal: On appeal, Mayle argued the ADA should recognize his hog as a service animal. The appellate court, however, upheld the initial decision. Mayle then argued that the regulation was unconstitutional, pointing out that other laws did not specify service animal species. The court dismissed this, stating the regulation was rational, citing potential disturbances and safety concerns. Ruling: The appellate court affirmed the district court's decision, ruling in favor of the City of Chicago. ### Mayle v. Orr (2017) Issue: Kenneth Mayle, acting pro se, sought to challenge Illinois' laws regarding bigamy, fornication, and adultery, citing his religious beliefs. Ruling: The United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division dismissed Mayle's case. The court noted that existing Supreme Court rulings already addressed the bigamy issue, and Mayle did not have standing to challenge the fornication and adultery laws. Reasoning: Concerning the bigamy law, the court cited established Supreme Court decisions upholding such laws' constitutionality. For the fornication and adultery laws, the court assessed Mayle's standing based on Article III and found that he did not show a credible risk of prosecution due to the rare enforcement of these laws. Background: Mayle, a Chicago resident following the religious tenets of Satanism and Thelema, claimed potential violations of Illinois' adultery, fornication, and bigamy laws based on his religious practices, which include "sex magic." Conclusion: The court reaffirmed the constitutionality of the bigamy law, drawing from prior Supreme Court judgments. Furthermore, given Mayle's inability to present a believable threat of being prosecuted under the fornication and adultery statutes, the court dismissed these challenges. ### Mayle v. United States et al. (2017) Issue: Representing himself (pro se), Kenneth Mayle challenged the inclusion of the national motto, "In God We Trust," on U.S. currency. He argued that this motto represents a government endorsement of a monotheistic God, clashing with his non-theistic Satanist beliefs. Ruling: The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit confirmed the district court's judgment, dismissing Mayle's case. They held that the motto on currency did not infringe upon the RFRA, the Equal Protection Clause of the Fifth Amendment, or the First Amendment's Free Speech, Free Exercise, or Establishment Clauses. Reasoning: Under the Establishment Clause, the court utilized the "endorsement" approach, deciding that the motto did not favor a religion but recognized the nation’s religious heritage. For Free Speech, Mayle's claim that using currency forced him to convey a religious message was denied. The court stated that monetary transactions didn't inherently communicate messages. Regarding the Free Exercise and RFRA, the court found no substantial religious burden caused by the motto on the currency. Background: Identifying with non-theistic Satanism, Kenneth Mayle took issue with the national motto on U.S. currency, seeing it as an opposing religious message. His challenge brought to light debates on religious freedom and the government's religious neutrality. Conclusion: The Seventh Circuit upheld that "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency was constitutional. This case further defined the bounds of religious symbols in the public domain relative to individual religious and expressive freedoms. ### Mayle v. Shah (2018) Summary: In 2018, Kenneth Mayle, informed by his beliefs as a Satanist and follower of The Law of Thelema, again challenged the State of Illinois' laws against bigamy, adultery, and fornication. Asserting that these laws limited his religious practices, notably "sex magick rituals," and his desire for multiple marriages, his case was once more dismissed by the district court in "Mayle v. Shah." Background: Mayle argued that his religious exercises were potentially in breach of Illinois laws 720 ILCS 5/11-35 and 5/11-40. Furthermore, he expressed an intent to partake in bigamous relationships, contradicting 720 ILCS 5/11-45. After his initial challenge in "Mayle v. Orr" in 2017 was dismissed, Mayle resubmitted a similar lawsuit the subsequent year. The Second Challenge and Appeal in Mayle v. Shah (2018): The district court reiterated its previous stance from "Mayle v. Orr": prior Supreme Court decisions upheld the constitutionality of bigamy laws, and Mayle lacked standing regarding the adultery and fornication laws due to their general non-enforcement. Mayle's appeal was initially hampered by a late submission, but the court exercised discretion and allowed it due to the minimal harm it posed. Ruling: The appellate court upheld the district court's dismissal, affirming previous conclusions from "Mayle v. Orr." They noted that the infrequent enforcement of adultery and fornication laws meant that Mayle's claims of a credible threat were untenable. ### Mayle v. Urban Realty Works, LLC Summary: In the case against Urban Realty Works, LLC, plaintiffs, represented by Joan Fenstermaker, P.C. rented an apartment under a verbal month-to-month agreement and paid rent to Demetrios Koulioufas. Accusing the defendants of Residential Landlord and Tenant Ordinance (RLTO) violations, the plaintiffs asserted claims such as unauthorized entry into the apartment and conversion of personal property. Initial rulings dismissed some claims due to the statute of limitations and others for lack of detailed allegations. Urban Realty Works and 660 Lake were deemed in default. Issues: 1. Applicability of the two-year statute of limitations under section 13-202 of the Code to the plaintiffs' RLTO claims. 2. Assessment of certain complaint counts failing to state a cause of action. Ruling: The court affirmed the dismissal of counts I-VI concerning defendants Rouches and Johnstone. Additionally, the court approved the dismissal of the conversion claims in the second amended complaint. Yet, the designation "with prejudice" was overturned, granting plaintiffs an opportunity to address the flaws in their complaint. The dismissal of counts VII-XI in the second amended complaint was reversed, allowing the plaintiffs to rectify their complaint's deficiencies. Reasoning: The court ascertained that the two-year limitation under section 13-202 of the Code was inapplicable to the plaintiffs' RLTO claims, with violations of sections 5-12-060 and 5-12-160 of the RLTO being viewed as remedial and subject to a five-year statute under section 13-205 of the Code. Counts I-VI didn't establish a cause against defendants Rouches and Johnstone as they weren't implicated as landlords or involved in unauthorized entry. Counts VII-XI were dismissed due to their failure to present a cause for common-law conversion. Nevertheless, the court allowed the plaintiffs a chance to amend their complaints. ### Complaints involving Perceived Conflicts of Interest (2023) Summary: In 2023, perceived conflicts of interest led to complaints lodged with the Illinois Judicial Inquiry Board, targeting Illinois Supreme Court justices Elizabeth Rochford and Mary O’Brien. The complaints stemmed from substantial campaign donations totaling $1 million each from Governor J.B. Pritzker to both justices. Following this, the justices opted not to recuse themselves from court cases linked to legislation endorsed by Pritzker. Issues: 1. Exploration of whether Governor Pritzker's campaign donations to the Supreme Court justices induced a conflict of interest. 2. Determining if the complaints submitted to the Judicial Inquiry Board required further scrutiny or action. Ruling: Without commenting on the merits of either the court cases or the complaints, the Judicial Inquiry Board concluded the complaints. Reasoning: The board's decision leaned on confidentiality clauses that restricted them from revealing details about their discussions or judgments. This led to the complaints' termination. The topic of perceived conflicts of interest, however, remains a focal point of public discourse and apprehension.
2015 Japanese film *Parasyte: Part 2* (Japanese: 寄生獣完結編, Hepburn: Kiseijū Kanketsu-hen) is a 2015 Japanese science fiction action horror film directed by Takashi Yamazaki, starring Shota Sometani. It is the second film of the two Parasyte films, and was preceded by Parasyte: Part 1. Plot ---- The police use serial killer Uragami to identify parasites among humans, as he has a special ability to detect them; however, he is unable to correctly identify Shinichi Izumi. A few months after the events of the previous film, Shinichi continues to track down and kill the parasites who terrorize the human world for food, with help from Migi, the parasite that infects his right hand. He learns that he is being tracked by Shiro Kuramori, a reporter hired by parasite Ryoko Tamiya. Shiro discovers the truth about Migi, and plans to expose Shinichi. Shinichi tells Shiro that Tamiya is a parasite, and urges him to stop getting involved for the sake of his safety. Tamiya meanwhile, has given birth to her human son and slowly learns how to become a mother, growing furiously protective of her baby and killing her fellow parasites when they threaten him. Despite Shinichi's warning, Kuramori goes on to record his conversation with mayor Takeshi Hirokawa, who secretly heads an organization composed of parasites. Hirokawa orders the parasites to kill Kuramori, but they are only successful in killing his daughter. Swearing revenge, Kuramori kidnaps Tamiya's son and calls her to a park so she can see him kill the baby. Despite Tamiya and Shinichi's attempts to convince him otherwise, Kuramori almost goes through with his plan, resulting in his death at Tamiya's hands. When Tamiya then approaches Shinichi, the police fatally shoot her. Instead of defending herself, Tamiya protects her child, explaining to Shinichi that she now knows what it is to be human. She hands her son over to Shinichi before dying, reminding Shinichi of his own mother. At the same time, a secret service team evacuates the town hall upon discovering Hirokawa's true alignment. They are able to kill nearly all of the parasites as well as Hirokawa himself, who turns out to be a human who supports parasites and distrusts humans. The remaining parasite, Goto, turns out to be too powerful for the team, as his body contains five parasites. He massacres the team and begins his pursuit of Shinichi. Cornered at a forest, Migi sacrifices himself to allow Shinichi to escape. Shinichi mourns Migi and is comforted by his girlfriend, Satomi Murano. The next morning, Shinichi discovers that a part of Migi is still in his right hand, thanks to his body being infected with Migi's cells in the previous film. He lures Goto to a disposal facility and is able to fatally injure him. At first reluctant in killing him, Shinichi ultimately decides that he wants to protect his loved ones, and finishes Goto off. Back home, Migi tells a dismayed Shinichi that since the parasites have died down, he will now go into hibernation to achieve an evolution, presumably up to the point where the two will never see each other again, breaking Shinichi's heart. A few years later, Shinichi and Satomi visit the now toddler son of Tamiya, who is named Taiki Tamiya. Afterward, Uragami appears, kidnaps Satomi, and takes her to a roof. He states his belief that humans are the real monsters and asks for Shinichi's opinion, since he is certain that Shinichi is a parasite. However, with Satomi's encouragement, Shinichi defies Uragami's opinion and successfully saves Satomi with help from Migi, who had momentarily awakened from his dormant state to help him. Cast ---- * Shota Sometani as Shinichi Izumi * Eri Fukatsu as Ryoko Tamiya * Sadao Abe as Migi * Ai Hashimoto as Satomi Murano * Hirofumi Arai as Uragami * Pierre Taki as Miki * Takashi Yamanaka as Tsuji (辻) * Hideto Iwai as Kusano * Nao Ōmori as Shiro Kuramori * Kōsuke Toyohara as Yamagishi * Kazuki Kitamura as Takeshi Hirokawa * Jun Kunimura as Hirama * Tadanobu Asano as Goto Reception --------- Edmund Lee of South China Morning Post gave the film 2 and a half stars out of 5. Elizabeth Kerr of The Hollywood Reporter described it as "a prime example of filmmakers, production houses and distributors hoping to squeeze one more box office hit out of their source material that doesn't always demand it, the net result being a struggle for content". James Marsh of Twitch Film felt that "[the] sci-fi, horror and adventure elements of the story are all sidelined here, and the result is a fairly underwhelming experience, albeit one retaining glimpses of scattered promise and invention left largely unrealised." Mark Schilling of The Japan Times said, "the message is that humans and parasites are both living products of the same indifferent universe, facing many of the same survival problems, if not solving them the same way." Accolades --------- Award nominations for Parasyte: Part 2\| Year \| Award \| Category \| Recipient \| Result \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2015 \| Nippon Connection Japanese Film Festival \| Best Film \| Takashi Yamazaki \| Nominated \|
American theologian and New Testament scholar (1940-2014) For the Medal of Honor recipient, see Daniel C. Harrington. Daniel J. Harrington, S.J. (July 19, 1940 – February 7, 2014), was an American academic and Jesuit priest who served as professor of New Testament and chair of the Biblical Studies department at Boston College School of Theology and Ministry (formerly Weston Jesuit School of Theology). Harrington served as editor of New Testament Abstracts from 1972 until his death. He also edited the eighteen-volume Sacra Pagina series of New Testament commentaries for Liturgical Press and wrote "The Word" column for America magazine for three years. He was a teacher as well as a theologian and his areas of study included the interpretation of the Bible in antiquity and today, Second Temple Judaism, the Dead Sea Scrolls, biblical theology, biblical languages, the Synoptic Gospel, Pauline theology, and the book of Revelation. He was a pastoral associate at St. Agnes in Arlington, Massachusetts, and at St. Peter's in Cambridge, Massachusetts. America magazine called him "one of the world's leading New Testament scholars". Harrington died of cancer in the New England Jesuit Infirmary in Weston, Massachusetts. Education --------- A 1958 graduate of Boston College High School, Harrington went on to get a BA in classics and philosophy in 1964 and a MA in philosophy in 1965 from Weston College (now part of Boston College). He earned a Ph.D. in Near Eastern Languages from Harvard University in 1970. He also earned an M.Div. from Weston Jesuit School of Theology. Pauline theology ---------------- Among his many writings, Harrington wrote and taught on the Apostle Paul. He has written two books including: Paul and Virtue Ethics and Meeting St. Paul Today. Meeting St. Paul Today was written during the Pauline Year proclaimed by Pope Benedict XVI in 2008. Harrington’s hope was to write a short book on Paul that might help introduce him and his writings to the general public. This book is not intended to be a heavy historical or theological analysis of Paul, but rather serves to introduce the readers to Paul. Fr. Harrington is a very accessible writer and opens the door to show how Paul’s practical and pastoral advice to the early Christian community is applicable and useful to us today. He teaches ways to understand Paul, how to interpret his letters, and how to take away practical implications after reading the book. Fr. Harrington uncovers who Paul was and what we can learn from him today. He discusses Paul as a pastoral theologian and one who collaborated with others to succeed in his ministry. Harrington considers how Scripture can impact contemporary readers, particularly the letters of Paul. He discusses the authorship of Paul and ascribes to the traditional account that there are six letters that are disputed (meaning many scholars believe that Paul did not write them) and there are seven that are undisputed. He argues 2 Thessalonians, Colossians, Ephesians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus are the six disputed letters while 1 Thessalonians, Galatians, Philippians, Philemon, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, and Romans are the seven undisputed letters. While he does note that it is important to recognize that there are six letters that were most likely not written by Paul, he argues they should not be disregarded because "of course, both groups of letters are part of Sacred Scripture for Christians." Harrington discusses each letter in detail providing insights into how Paul is applicable to contemporary lives. He presents some helpful tools through literary, historical, and theological approaches and discusses the differences in translations and how it can be helpful to examine multiple translations to understand more fully the complexity of translations and the differences in meaning. Harrington also discusses the importance of the "actualization" of the Pauline letters. He says this term "describes the process of reading ancient texts in new circumstances and applying them to the current situation of the people of God." He describes that this was an ancient practice that many Jewish communities participated in. He discusses the importance of the prayer practice, lectio divina, when reading Paul. Actualization and lectio divina can foster the growth of the Pauline texts and can allow God to work through the texts and bring out contemporary insights in ways that historical criticism or literary criticism cannot. Harrington argues that there are many specific elements that we can learn from Paul and use to assist us as Christians today. He says, "We can learn to recognize the prominence of women in Paul’s mission and ministry, and the high value that Paul placed on collaborative ministry." Publications ------------ Harrington wrote more than 40 books, including: * Following Jesus: What the New Testament Teaches Us. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor. (2012); ISBN 978-1-59276-159-3 * Witnesses to the Word: New Testament Studies since Vatican II. New York: Paulist Press. (2012); ISBN 978-0-8091-4820-2 * First and Second Maccabees. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press (2012); ISBN 978-0-8146-2846-1 * The Bible and the Believer: Reading the Bible Critically and Religiously, with M. Brettler and P. Enns. New York: Oxford University Press. (2012); ISBN 978-0-19-986300-6 * Historical Dictionary of Jesus. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. (2010); ISBN 978-0-8108-7667-5 * Interpreting the Old Testament. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press (1981/1991); ISBN 978-0-8146-5236-7 * Jesus the Revelation of the Father’s Love. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor. (2010); ISBN 978-1-59276-758-8 * Meeting St. Matthew Today. Chicago: Loyola Press. (2010); ISBN 978-0-8294-2914-5 * Paul and Virtue Ethics, with James F. Keenan, S.J. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. (2010); ISBN 978-0-7425-9959-8 * Meeting St. Luke Today. Chicago: Loyola Press. (2009) * The Synoptic Gospels Set Free: Preaching without Anti-Judaism. New York: Paulist Press. (2009) * Jesus and Prayer: What the New Testament Teaches Us. Ijamsville, Maryland: Word-Among-Us Press. (2009) * The Gospel of Matthew (Sacra Pagina series). Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. (2007) ISBN 978-0814659649 * Why Do We Suffer? A Scriptural Approach to the Human Condition. Franklin, Wisconsin: Sheed & Ward. (2000) * The Church According to the New Testament. Franklin, Wisconsin: Sheed & Ward, (2001) * The Gospel of Mark, with John Donahue. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. (2002) * Jesus and Virtue Ethics, with James F. Keenan, S.J. Chicago: Sheed & Ward. (2002) * 1 Peter, Jude, and 2 Peter, with Donald Senior. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. (2003) * What Are They Saying About Mark?. New York: Paulist Press. (2004) * What Are They Saying About the Letter to the Hebrews?. New York: Paulist Press. (2005) * Jesus Ben Sira of Jerusalem: A Biblical Guide to Living Wisely. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. (2005) * How Do Catholics Read the Bible?. Lanham, Maryland: Sheed & Ward/Rowman & Littlefield. (2005) * The Letter to the Hebrews. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. (2006) * What Are We Hoping For? New Testament Images. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. (2006) * Jesus: A Historical Portrait. Cincinnati: St. Anthony Messenger Press. (2007); ISBN 978-0-8671-6833-4 * Why Do We Hope? Images in the Psalms. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. (2008) * Meeting St. Paul Today. Chicago: Loyola Press. (2008)
American judge Edward Preston Murphy (March 13, 1904 – December 13, 1958) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Education and career -------------------- Born in Austin, Nevada, Murphy received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Santa Clara University in 1927. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Santa Clara University School of Law in 1928 and received a Juris Doctor from the same institution in 1932. He was a Professor of Law and Public Speaking for Santa Clara University from 1928 to 1932. He was in private practice of law in San Francisco, California from 1933 to 1942. He was a municipal judge in San Francisco from 1942 to 1945. He was a Judge of the Appellate Division of the Superior Court of California from 1945 to 1950. Federal judicial service ------------------------ Murphy was nominated by President Harry S. Truman on December 4, 1950, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, to a new seat created by 63 Stat. 493. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 13, 1950, and received his commission on December 21, 1950. His service was terminated on December 13, 1958, due to his death. Sources ------- * Edward Preston Murphy at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. \| Legal offices \| \| --- \| \| Preceded bySeat established by 63 Stat. 493 \| Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California 1950–1958 \| Succeeded byWilliam Thomas Sweigert \|
American stock car racing team Miles Thomas Motorsports is an American stock car racing team that was supposed to compete in the 2022 NASCAR Xfinity Series and the 2022 ARCA Menards Series. Founded in 2021 by Mark Thomas and Jason Miles, they will field the No. TBA Ford Mustang part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series and the No. 92 Ford Fusion part-time in the ARCA Menards Series, both being driven by owner/driver, Jason Miles. Nothing has been heard from the team since then, and they ended up not running at all in 2022. They also failed to attempt any races in 2023. History ------- Miles Thomas Motorsports was formed in September 2021, by long time racing fan and enthusiast, Mark Thomas, and ARCA Menards Series driver, Jason Miles. NASCAR Xfinity Series --------------------- ### Car No. TBA history The team was set to run a part-time schedule in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in 2022, for a TBA number, which was never announced. It would have been driven by the co-owner of the team, Jason Miles. They ended up not attempting any races in 2022. ARCA Menards Series ------------------- ### Car No. 92 history The team had also planned to run part-time in the ARCA Menards Series in 2022, with the number 92. The car would have been driven by Jason Miles. They ended up not attempting any races in 2022.
Counts the number of necklaces of n colored beads picked from α available colors In combinatorial mathematics, the necklace polynomial, or Moreau's necklace-counting function, introduced by C. Moreau (1872), counts the number of distinct necklaces of n colored beads chosen out of α available colors, arranged in a cycle. Unlike the usual problem of graph coloring, the necklaces are assumed to be aperiodic (not consisting of repeated subsequences), and counted up to rotation (rotating the beads around the necklace counts as the same necklace), but without flipping over (reversing the order of the beads counts as a different necklace). This counting function also describes the dimensions in a free Lie algebra and the number of irreducible polynomials over a finite field. Definition ---------- The necklace polynomials are a family of polynomials {\displaystyle M(\alpha ,n)} in the variable {\displaystyle \alpha } such that {\displaystyle \alpha ^{n}\ =\ \sum \_{d\,\|\,n}d\,M(\alpha ,d).} By Möbius inversion they are given by {\displaystyle M(\alpha ,n)\ =\ {1 \over n}\sum \_{d\,\|\,n}\mu \!\left({n \over d}\right)\alpha ^{d},} where {\displaystyle \mu } is the classic Möbius function. A closely related family, called the general necklace polynomial or general necklace-counting function, is: {\displaystyle N(\alpha ,n)\ =\ \sum \_{d\,\|\,n}M(\alpha ,d)\ =\ {\frac {1}{n}}\sum \_{d\,\|\,n}\varphi \!\left({n \over d}\right)\alpha ^{d},} where {\displaystyle \varphi } is Euler's totient function. Applications ------------ The necklace polynomials {\displaystyle M(\alpha ,n)} appear as: * The number of aperiodic necklaces (or equivalently Lyndon words) which can be made by arranging n colored beads having α available colors. Two such necklaces are considered equal if they are related by a rotation (not considering reflections). Aperiodic refers to necklaces without rotational symmetry, having n distinct rotations. The polynomials {\displaystyle N(\alpha ,n)} give the number of necklaces including the periodic ones: this is easily computed using Pólya theory. * The dimension of the degree n component of the free Lie algebra on α generators ("Witt's formula"), or equivalently the number Hall words of length n. Correspondingly, {\displaystyle N(\alpha ,n)} should be the dimension of the degree n component of a free Jordan algebra. * The number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree n over a finite field with α elements (when {\displaystyle \alpha =p^{d}} is a prime power). Correspondingly, {\displaystyle N(\alpha ,n)} is the number of polynomials which are primary (a power of an irreducible). * The exponent in the cyclotomic identity: {\displaystyle \textstyle {1 \over 1-\alpha z}\ =\ \prod \_{j=1}^{\infty }\left({1 \over 1-z^{j}}\right)^{\!M(\alpha ,j)}}. Although these various types of objects are all counted by the same polynomial, their precise relationships remain unclear. For example, there is no canonical bijection between the irreducible polynomials and the Lyndon words. However, there is a non-canonical bijection that can be constructed as follows. For any degree n monic irreducible polynomial over a field F with α elements, its roots lie in a Galois extension field L with {\displaystyle \alpha ^{n}} elements. One may choose an element {\displaystyle x\in L} such that {\displaystyle \{x,\sigma x,...\sigma ^{n-1}x\}} is an F-basis for L (a normal basis), where σ is the Frobenius automorphism {\displaystyle \sigma y=y^{\alpha }}. Then the bijection can be defined by taking a necklace, viewed as an equivalence class of functions {\displaystyle f:\{1,...n\}\rightarrow F}, to the irreducible polynomial > {\displaystyle \phi (T)=(T-y)(T-\sigma y)\cdots (T-\sigma ^{n-1}y)\in F[T]} for {\displaystyle y=f(1)x+f(2)\sigma x+\cdots +f(n)\sigma ^{n-1}x}. > > Different cyclic rearrangements of f, i.e. different representatives of the same equivalence class, yield cyclic rearrangements of the factors of {\displaystyle \phi (T)}, so this correspondence is well-defined. Relations between M and N ----------------------------- The polynomials for M and N are easily related in terms of Dirichlet convolution of arithmetic functions {\displaystyle f(n)\g(n)}, regarding {\displaystyle \alpha } as a constant. The formula for M gives {\displaystyle n\,M(n)\,=\,\mu (n)\\alpha ^{n}}, The formula for N gives {\displaystyle n\,N(n)\,=\,\varphi (n)\\alpha ^{n}\,=\,n\\mu (n)\\alpha ^{n}}. Their relation gives {\displaystyle N(n)\,=\,1\M(n)} or equivalently {\displaystyle n\,N(n)\,=\,n\(n\,M(n))}, since n is completely multiplicative. Any two of these imply the third, for example: {\displaystyle n\\mu (n)\\alpha ^{n}\,=\,n\,N(n)\,=\,n\(n\,M(n))\quad \Longrightarrow \quad \mu (n)\\alpha ^{n}=n\,M(n)} by cancellation in the Dirichlet algebra. Examples -------- {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}M(1,n)&=0{\text{ if }}n>1\\[6pt]M(\alpha ,1)&=\alpha \\[6pt]M(\alpha ,2)&={\tfrac {1}{2}}(\alpha ^{2}-\alpha )\\[6pt]M(\alpha ,3)&={\tfrac {1}{3}}(\alpha ^{3}-\alpha )\\[6pt]M(\alpha ,4)&={\tfrac {1}{4}}(\alpha ^{4}-\alpha ^{2})\\[6pt]M(\alpha ,5)&={\tfrac {1}{5}}(\alpha ^{5}-\alpha )\\[6pt]M(\alpha ,6)&={\tfrac {1}{6}}(\alpha ^{6}-\alpha ^{3}-\alpha ^{2}+\alpha )\\[6pt]M(\alpha ,p)&={\tfrac {1}{p}}(\alpha ^{p}-\alpha )&{\text{ if }}p{\text{ is prime}}\\[6pt]M(\alpha ,p^{N})&={\tfrac {1}{p^{N}}}(\alpha ^{p^{N}}-\alpha ^{p^{N-1}})&{\text{ if }}p{\text{ is prime}}\end{aligned}}} For {\displaystyle \alpha =2}, starting with length zero, these form the integer sequence 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 30, 56, 99, 186, 335, ... (sequence A001037 in the OEIS) Identities ---------- Main article: Necklace ring The polynomials obey various combinatorial identities, given by Metropolis & Rota: {\displaystyle M(\alpha \beta ,n)=\sum \_{\operatorname {lcm} (i,j)=n}\gcd(i,j)M(\alpha ,i)M(\beta ,j),} where "gcd" is greatest common divisor and "lcm" is least common multiple. More generally, {\displaystyle M(\alpha \beta \cdots \gamma ,n)=\sum \_{\operatorname {lcm} (i,j,\ldots ,k)=n}\gcd(i,j,\cdots ,k)M(\alpha ,i)M(\beta ,j)\cdots M(\gamma ,k),} which also implies: {\displaystyle M(\beta ^{m},n)=\sum \_{\operatorname {lcm} (j,m)=nm}{\frac {j}{n}}M(\beta ,j).}
House in Offchurch, Warwickshire, England "Offchurch Bury, the seat of J.W. Knightley, Esq", 1829 engraving. View from south-east with River Leam in foreground, which flows on 2 miles westward to Leamington Spa and then into the River Avon at Warwick 2 miles further south-west Offchurch Bury in 1904, view from east. In 1954 the two northernmost (right) 17th century gable end blocks were demolished, together with the entire 16th century south block (left) comprising the servants' quarters, and the corner tower (centre) linking the two main blocks was reduced in height to one storey Offchurch Bury today, viewed from south-west Offchurch Bury is a manor house one mile north-west of the centre of the village of Offchurch, Warwickshire, England. It is supposed to represent the site of a palace of the Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia (d.796), after which Offchurch is named, "bury" being a corruption of "burh" meaning a fortified place. William Dugdale in his Antiquities of Warwickshire (1656) stated concerning the manor of Offchurch: In one part of the lordship is a place called "the Berry" which signifies no less than "burgus" or "curia" and accordingly 'tis said that Offa King of Mercia in the Saxon Heptarchy had here a palace". The Latin word burgus signifies "small fortified position or watch-tower usually controlling a main routeway", which suits the position of Offchurch, situated almost adjacent to the Fosse Way (now the B4455 Road), an important Roman road linking (on this stretch) the large Roman camps of Cirencester and Leicester. Parts of the manor house (surviving pre-1954 demolition) dated from the reign of King Henry VIII (1509-1547) and were said to be connected with Coventry Priory, but most is 19th century. In 1954 about three quarters of the house was demolished, including the entire Tudor south block comprising servants' quarters, and on the north side the 17th century dining room and morning room, to form the present smaller house, comprising the single south-facing entrance block with Strawberry Hill-Gothic style battlemented facade and Tudor-arched windows, containing the drawing room and inner hall. It is in private occupation and not open to the public, although the park is occasionally used for equestrian events. The tranquility of the estate has been marred in recent years by the encroachment of the suburbs of Leamington Spa. Descent ------- ### Coventry Priory The manor is not listed in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the 13th century it was held by Coventry Priory in Warwickshire, situated 9 miles to the north; a confirmation of the original charter by King Henry III in 1267 implies that it was in possession of the Priory from its foundation in 1043. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the manor was acquired in 1542 by Sir Edmund Knightley. ### Knightley Arms of Knightley: Quarterly ermine and paly of six or and gules Chest tomb monument and effigies in Fawsley Church of Sir Richard Knightley (d.1534) and his wife Joan Skennard, parents of Sir Edmund Knightley (d.1542) who purchased Offchurch Mark Noble (1787) wrote of the Knightley family: There is no private family in the kingdom has given more knights; none which has been more numerous in its branches; some of them have almost rivalled the eldest in consequence, and that fettled in France surpassed them, having many centuries ago been declared noble; the alliances they have contracted have been equal to themselves, and the many high offices held by them in the state, have been exceeded only by the very large possessions they have constantly had. The Knightley family originated at the Staffordshire manor of Knightley, acquired by them shortly after the Norman Conquest of 1066. In 1415 Sir Richard Knightley purchased the manor of Fawsley in Northamptonshire, where the senior line of the family became seated. Sir Edmund Knightley (c.1491-1542) of Fawsley was the third son, and eventual heir, of Sir Richard Knightley (d.1534) of Fawsley, who held 41 manors in the central midlands, by his wife Joan Skennard, daughter and heiress of Henry Skennard (or Skynnerton) of Alderton, Northamtonshire. He was a sergeant-at-law trained in the Middle Temple who served as a Member of Parliament for Reading in 1515 and for Wilton in 1529. He married Ursula de Vere, a sister and coheiress of John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford (d.1526). He acquired much land following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, including in 1538 Studley Priory in Warwickshire. In 1538 he became the heir of his elder brother Richard Knightley (c.1484-1538), of Fawsley and of Upton near Northampton, MP, who died without male issue, whose monument survives in St Michael's Church, Upton. Sir Edmund Knightley, like his elder brother, also died childless, leaving as his heir his younger brother Sir Valentine Knightley (d.1565), of Fawsley, who in 1561–2 received a new grant of the manor. He bequeathed Offchurch to his fourth son Edward Knightley (fl.1585/1604). The descent of Knightley of Offchurch was as follows: * Edward Knightley (fl.1585/1604), fourth son of Sir Valentine Knightley, of Fawsley. The Offchurch branch of the family remained as Roman Catholics after the Reformation, which restricted their opportunities to serve in public life. Edward Knightley married three times, his second wife being Elizabeth Lenthall, a daughter of Sir William Lenthall of Latchford in Oxfordshire. * Richard Knightley, son by father's second wife, married Anne Pettus, a daughter of Sir John Pettus. In 1626 the manor was seized by the crown and was leased for 21 years to John Pecke, but subsequently reverted to the Knightley family.; * Sir John Knightley, 1st Baronet (c. 1611–c. 1670), son, who returned to royal favour on the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 when he was created a baronet "of Offchurch" by King Charles II. He married Bridget Lewknor, a daughter of Sir Lewes Lewknor (c.1560–1627) of Selsey, Sussex, Master of the Ceremonies to King James I and a Member of Parliament for Midhurst in 1597 and for Bridgnorth 1604. * Sir John Knightley, 2nd Baronet (died 1689), son, a magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant of Warwickshire, "in which shire he possessed great influence", who was the first Protestant in his family. He married but died without issue when the baronetcy expired. He had always promised faithfully to leave his property to his cousin Richard Knightley of Charwelton, but disregarding his promise, left it to his wife's grandson, by her first husband Thomas Wightwick. Sir John himself states in his will that he did this in consequence of the unkind behaviour of his Knightley male relations, who refused to go to him in his illness. ### Wightwick (Knightley) Master John Wightwick Knightley, portrait by Robert Byng (1666-1720). He inherited the estate aged 9 from his step-grandfather Jane Wightwick Knightley (1827-1911) (Countess of Aylesford), heiress of Offchurch Bury. She married Heneage Finch, 6th Earl of Aylesford (d.1871) On his death in 1689 the 2nd Baronet bequeathed the manor to his 9-year-old step-grandson John Wightwick (his wife's grandson by her first husband), who in accordance with the terms of the bequest adopted the surname and arms of Knightley. The senior line of Knightley was still extant at Fawsley, but the 2nd Baronet quarrelled with his male relatives whom he excluded as his heirs. In 1699, at the age of 19, in Whitehall Chapel, Middlesex, with the consent of his aunt and guardian Mary Wastaney, John Wightwick Knightley I (born 1680) married 22 year-old Mary Marow (1677-1750), a daughter and co-heiress of Sir Samuel Marow, 1st Baronet (c. 1652-c. 1699) of Berkswell Hall, Warwickshire. His son and heir was Thomas Wightwick Knightley (1718-1789) of Offchurch Bury, the father of John Wightwick Knightley (1765-1814) of Offchurch Bury (husband of Jane Musgrave (1759-1841)), whose mural monument survives in St Gregory's Church in Offchurch. The latter's son was John Wightwick Knightley (1804-1830) who died aged 26 at Terracina in Italy, where he had gone for the sake of his health - or possibly to avoid his creditors. His mural monument survives in Offchurch Church. Having married Jane Willes (1807–1833), a daughter of Rev. William Willes of Astrop House in Northamptonshire, he left a daughter and sole heiress Jane Wightwick Knightley (1827-1911) who married Heneage Finch, 6th Earl of Aylesford (d.1871). ### Finch Arms of Finch, Earl of Aylesford: Argent, a chevron between three griffins passant sable Jane Wightwick Knightley (d.1911) (Countess of Aylesford), heiress of Offchurch, married Heneage Finch, 6th Earl of Aylesford (d.1871). of Packington Hall in Warwickshire. The Countess of Aylesford died in 1911 and bequeathed Offchurch to her younger grandson Captain the Hon. Charles Daniel Finch (1886-1958), second son of Charles Wightwick Finch, 8th Earl of Aylesford (1851-1924). In 1912 in accordance with the bequest he changed his surname to Finch-Knightley. On the death of his nephew the 9th Earl in 1940 (killed in action), he would inherit the earldom, and become Charles Daniel Finch-Knightley, 10th Earl of Aylesford. In 1917 Charles Daniel Finch-Knightley sold the Offchurch Bury estate, with 2,610 acres including "the beautiful old Henry the Eighth mansion standing in the park of about 230 acres, 14 capital farms and residential properties". ### Watson Arms of Watson, Baron Manton: Argent, on a chevron azure between four martlets three in-chief and one in-base sable a crescent between two roses of the field The buyer (via his company the Olympia Agricultural and Pure Stock Farms Ltd, based at Selby in Yorkshire), was Mr Joseph Watson, of Linton Spring, near Wetherby, Yorkshire, a soap manufacturer from Leeds, who also in 1921 purchased as his residence the nearby estate of Compton Verney in Warwickshire and in 1922 was created Baron Manton "of Compton Verney". Watson used the estate of Offchurch (with others at Barlby in Yorkshire, Thorney in Cambridgeshire and Sudbourne in Suffolk) for his venture into industrialised agriculture. He died unexpectedly in 1922 of a heart attack whilst hunting with the Warwickshire Foxhounds near Compton Verney and was buried at Offchurch. His son and heir Miles Watson, 2nd Baron Manton, resided for a while at Compton Verney, which he sold in 1929, whilst Joseph's widow Claire, Baroness Manton, lived at Offchurch Bury until her death in 1936, the surrounding estate having been sold in 1923. ### Johnson The manor of Offchurch Bury was purchased in 1923, with the reversion of the house, by Henry ("Harry") Johnson (1866-1938), a textile manufacturer and managing director of Courtaulds Ltd at Coventry in Warwickshire, the son of a silk throwster at Macclesfield. He was "one of the builders and guiding figures of the great Courtauld organization". Following his death it became the seat of his son Henry Leslie Johnson (1904-1991), educated at Rugby, also a director of Courtaulds, and his wife Mabel Caroline (Carol) (née Hawkins) (1914-2011). Between 1954 and 1958 it was necessary to demolish about three quarters of the house, including the entire Tudor south block comprising servants' quarters, and on the north side the 17th century dining room and morning room, to leave the present smaller house. Henry and Carol founded a successful horse training and racing business in 1951 before moving into horse breeding with the Offchurch Bury Stud. Following Henry's death in 1991 the house and 1,000 acre estate was owned jointly by the purchaser's grandson Henry Edward ("Harry") Johnson (b. 1956), with his mother Carol. Harry Johnson served as chairman of the Warwickshire Branch of the National Farmers Union (2010–11) and chairman of the West Midlands Regional Board of the NFU (2010–14). Harry with his former wife Diana founded the Offchurch Bury Polo Club after having visited the notable polo coach Col. Raghvir Singh at Dundlod in India, and founded the Offchurch Bury Horse Trials. The estate remains today in the ownership of Harry Johnson, whose twin daughters Emily and Tessa run the polo stud and polo club respectively. The estate has hosted horse trials at all levels (including the British Riding Clubs National Championships 1999–2009), the Pony Club Tetrathlon Championships, film and TV location work, The Wolf Run, and the Young Farmers Festival amongst other diverse events.
American ice hockey player (born 1982) Ice hockey player Jason Bacashihua (born September 20, 1982) is an American former ice hockey goaltender. He played 38 games in the National Hockey League with the St. Louis Blues during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons. The rest of his career, which lasted from 2002 to 2022, was spent in the minor leagues and then in various leagues through Europe and Asia. Internationally Bacashihua played for the American national team at the 2006 and 2007 World Championship. His teammates, coaches and owners have all said he is one of the most humble and handsome hockey players that has ever lived. Jason plays golf and has an average drive of 145 yards. He struggles with putting but makes up for it with enthusiasm. Playing career -------------- Bacashihua was selected in the first round of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft by the Dallas Stars, 26th overall. He spent two seasons with the Stars' AHL affiliate Utah Grizzlies before he was traded on June 25, 2004, to the St. Louis Blues for Shawn Belle. Jason played for the Blues AHL affiliates, the Worcester IceCats and the Peoria Rivermen, before being called up to the main Blues roster and making his NHL debut in the 2005–06 season. After failing to make the team out of training camp, Bacashihua was assigned to Peoria prior to the 2007–08 season. On November 8, 2007, Bacashihua was traded by the Blues to the Colorado Avalanche for future considerations, and was assigned to the Avalanche's affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters. The Monsters are the same Grizzlies franchise, renamed and relocated, with whom Bacashihua started his AHL career. Bacashihua spent the next season and a half with the Monsters rotating the starting position with Tyler Weiman. During the 2008–09 season between February and March, Bacashihua won a franchise-best eight straight games. He was selected as the AHL Player of the Week (February 23 – March 1), to mark the first time in franchise history a Monsters player had received the award. On July 31, 2009, Bacashihua signed a one-year contract with the Hershey Bears of the AHL for the 2009–10 season. He appeared in pre-season games for the Washington Capitals before being reassigned to Hershey. In 22 regular season games he won an impressive 17 however he was demoted to third choice goalie behind Capitals prospects and failed to make a playoff appearance for the Calder Cup winning Bears. On July 2, 2010, Bacashihua returned to the Colorado Avalanche organization, signing a one-year contract as a free agent for the 2010–11 season. Assigned to reacquaint with the Lake Erie Monsters, Bacashihua split the season with former NHL goaltender John Grahame to form one of the best performing tandems in the AHL. He was recalled by the Avalanche on one occasion to serve as backup in place of the injured Craig Anderson, however failed to make his Avalanche debut. Returning to the Monsters to set a career professional best in goals against average, Bacashihua appeared in 42 games for 23 wins to help guide the Monsters to their first post-season berth. On July 19, 2011, Bacashihua signed a one-year contract with the Philadelphia Flyers. Used primarily as a veteran backup within the Flyers organization, he spent the majority of the year with AHL affiliate, the Adirondack Phantoms. He was recalled twice to Philadelphia to dress and serve as a backup, however again was unable to mark a return to the NHL since 2007. On July 22, 2012, Bacashihua was signed to his first professional European contract on a one-year deal to become a number one starter with German club, Straubing Tigers of the DEL. In making his DEL debut during the 2012–13 season, Bacashihua responded with the strong start with the Tigers to earn a one-year extension on December 28, 2012. He appeared in every game with the Tigers as their starting goalie to help gain a playoff position through qualification before losing in the first round. In the two following seasons with the Tigers, Bacashihua was unable to prevent the club from missing the playoffs. With a decline statistically in his third season, Bacashihua was not offered a new contract at season's end with Straubing on March 3, 2015. After not receiving a new contract, he moved to the Slovak Extraliga, where he played two seasons with HC 05 Banská Bystrica, leading the league in his second season with a 2.05 goals against average and helping Bystrica claim the Championship. For the 2017–18 season, he moved to South Korea and played with High1 in Asia League Ice Hockey. At the start of the 2018–19 season, he continued his journeyman career in moving to Poland to play for Cracovia on September 28, 2018. After spells with WSV Sterzing Broncos and Dunaújvárosi Acélbikák, Bacashihua signed for UK EIHL side Manchester Storm in November 2021, following an injury to the Storm's starting goaltender Matt Ginn. Career statistics ----------------- ### Regular season and playoffs \| \| \| Regular season \| \| Playoffs \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Season \| Team \| League \| GP \| W \| L \| T \| OTL \| MIN \| GA \| SO \| GAA \| SV% \| GP \| W \| L \| MIN \| GA \| SO \| GAA \| SV% \| \| 1999–00 \| Chicago Freeze \| NAHL \| 41 \| 20 \| 19 \| 2 \| — \| 2432 \| 118 \| 2 \| 2.91 \| — \| 2 \| 0 \| 2 \| 103 \| 12 \| 0 \| 6.97 \| — \| \| 2000–01 \| Chicago Freeze \| NAHL \| 39 \| 24 \| 14 \| 0 \| — \| 2246 \| 121 \| 1 \| 3.23 \| — \| 3 \| 1 \| 2 \| 190 \| 12 \| 0 \| 3.79 \| — \| \| 2001–02 \| Plymouth Whalers \| OHL \| 46 \| 26 \| 12 \| 7 \| — \| 2688 \| 105 \| 5 \| 2.34 \| .921 \| 6 \| 2 \| 4 \| 360 \| 15 \| 0 \| 2.50 \| .901 \| \| 2001–02 \| Utah Grizzlies \| AHL \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| 61 \| 3 \| 0 \| 2.95 \| .930 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2002–03 \| Utah Grizzlies \| AHL \| 39 \| 18 \| 18 \| 2 \| — \| 2245 \| 118 \| 3 \| 3.15 \| .907 \| 1 \| 0 \| 1 \| 59 \| 2 \| 0 \| 2.03 \| .941 \| \| 2003–04 \| Utah Grizzlies \| AHL \| 39 \| 13 \| 19 \| 5 \| — \| 2234 \| 99 \| 3 \| 2.66 \| .916 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2004–05 \| Worcester IceCats \| AHL \| 35 \| 18 \| 13 \| 1 \| — \| 1909 \| 80 \| 2 \| 2.51 \| .902 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2005–06 \| St. Louis Blues \| NHL \| 19 \| 4 \| 10 \| — \| 1 \| 966 \| 52 \| 0 \| 3.23 \| .899 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2005–06 \| Peoria Rivermen \| AHL \| 15 \| 9 \| 4 \| — \| 0 \| 820 \| 36 \| 2 \| 2.63 \| .903 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2006–07 \| St. Louis Blues \| NHL \| 19 \| 3 \| 7 \| — \| 3 \| 894 \| 47 \| 0 \| 3.15 \| .896 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2006–07 \| Peoria Rivermen \| AHL \| 20 \| 5 \| 10 \| — \| 4 \| 1139 \| 55 \| 1 \| 2.90 \| .885 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2007–08 \| Peoria Rivermen \| AHL \| 4 \| 1 \| 3 \| — \| 0 \| 208 \| 11 \| 0 \| 3.17 \| .869 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2007–08 \| Johnstown Chiefs \| ECHL \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| — \| 0 \| 65 \| 4 \| 0 \| 3.70 \| .886 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2007–08 \| Lake Erie Monsters \| AHL \| 19 \| 5 \| 11 \| — \| 2 \| 1074 \| 60 \| 1 \| 3.35 \| .905 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2008–09 \| Lake Erie Monsters \| AHL \| 39 \| 13 \| 21 \| — \| 3 \| 2255 \| 104 \| 2 \| 2.77 \| .905 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2009–10 \| Hershey Bears \| AHL \| 22 \| 17 \| — \| 3 \| 1 \| 1258 \| 52 \| 1 \| 2.48 \| .911 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2010–11 \| Lake Erie Monsters \| AHL \| 42 \| 23 \| 16 \| — \| 3 \| 2466 \| 94 \| 4 \| 2.29 \| .917 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| 118 \| 5 \| 0 \| 2.54 \| .909 \| \| 2011–12 \| Adirondack Phantoms \| AHL \| 23 \| 8 \| 11 \| — \| 1 \| 1244 \| 62 \| 0 \| 2.99 \| .901 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2012–13 \| Straubing Tigers \| DEL \| 52 \| 25 \| 27 \| — \| 0 \| 3123 \| 137 \| 3 \| 2.63 \| .915 \| 7 \| 3 \| 4 \| 422 \| 22 \| 0 \| 3.13 \| .910 \| \| 2013–14 \| Straubing Tigers \| DEL \| 50 \| 20 \| 28 \| — \| 0 \| 2959 \| 130 \| 3 \| 2.64 \| .919 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2014–15 \| Straubing Tigers \| DEL \| 35 \| 9 \| 22 \| — \| 0 \| 1916 \| 100 \| 0 \| 3.13 \| .898 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2015–16 \| HC 05 Banská Bystrica \| SVK \| 40 \| 22 \| 11 \| — \| 3 \| 2387 \| 83 \| 5 \| 2.09 \| .926 \| 17 \| 10 \| 7 \| 1056 \| 31 \| 3 \| 1.76 \| .939 \| \| 2016–17 \| HC 05 Banská Bystrica \| SVK \| 36 \| 23 \| 9 \| — \| 4 \| 2167 \| 74 \| 0 \| 2.05 \| .929 \| 13 \| 10 \| 3 \| — \| — \| 1 \| 1.92 \| .934 \| \| 2017–18 \| High1 \| AL \| 25 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| 2.81 \| .913 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2018–19 \| KS Cracovia \| PHL \| 5 \| 3 \| 2 \| — \| 0 \| 305 \| 12 \| 0 \| 2.36 \| .906 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2018–19 \| Deggendorf SC \| DEL2 \| 26 \| 11 \| 12 \| — \| 0 \| 1466 \| 93 \| 1 \| 3.81 \| .908 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2019–20 \| WSV Sterzing Broncos \| ALP \| 39 \| 22 \| 16 \| — \| 0 \| 2190 \| 118 \| 0 \| 3.23 \| .904 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2020–21 \| Dunaújvárosi Acélbikák \| HUN \| 14 \| 5 \| 9 \| — \| 0 \| — \| — \| — \| 4.66 \| .909 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| 2021–22 \| Manchester Storm \| EIHL \| 36 \| 13 \| 23 \| — \| 0 \| — \| — \| 0 \| 3.37 \| .886 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| NHL totals \| 38 \| 7 \| 17 \| — \| 4 \| 1860 \| 99 \| 0 \| 3.19 \| .897 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| ### International \| Year \| Team \| Event \| \| GP \| W \| L \| T \| MIN \| GA \| SO \| GAA \| SV% \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2002 \| United States \| WJC \| 7 \| 4 \| 1 \| 2 \| 420 \| 20 \| 0 \| 2.86 \| .891 \| \| 2006 \| United States \| WC \| 3 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 140 \| 5 \| 0 \| 2.14 \| .927 \| \| 2007 \| United States \| WC \| 1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 20 \| 1 \| 0 \| 3.00 \| .889 \| \| Junior totals \| 7 \| 4 \| 1 \| 2 \| 420 \| 20 \| 0 \| 2.86 \| .891 \| \| Senior totals \| 4 \| 1 \| 1 \| 0 \| 160 \| 6 \| 0 \| 2.25 \| — \| Awards and honours ------------------ \| Award \| Year \| \| --- \| --- \| \| OHL \| \| First All-Rookie Team \| 2002 \| \| F.W. "Dinty" Moore Trophy \| 2002 \| \| Dave Pinkney Trophy \| 2002 \| \| CHL All-Rookie Team \| 2002 \|
Canadian business executive Lynton Ronald 'Red' Wilson, OC (born April 3, 1940) is a Canadian business executive. He served as chairman of the board at both Nortel and CAE, Chief Executive Officer at BCE, and corporate director of DaimlerChrysler. Biography --------- Wilson was born and raised in Port Colborne, Ontario, and educated at Port Colborne High School. He obtained an undergraduate degree from McMaster University before entering the foreign service. After postings in Vienna and Japan, Wilson became a teaching assistant at Cornell University where he earned an M.A. in Economics. Entering the corporate world, Wilson held the position of corporate economist and director of economic research with John Labatt Ltd. from 1969 to 1971, before becoming co-ordinator-industrial research and development policy for the Federal Government. Wilson left the government again in 1974 to take up a vice-presidency and directorship with MacMillan Bloedel, but returned to the civil service to become the executive director (1977–78) and then deputy minister (1978–1981) of industry and tourism for the Government of Ontario. Returning once more to the corporate world in 1981, Wilson became the president and CEO of Redpath Industries Ltd. later becoming chairman in 1988. In 1989, he was appointed vice-chairman of the Bank of Nova Scotia. Wilson became president and COO of BCE Inc. Canada's largest telecommunications company, in 1990, was appointed president and CEO in 1992, and added the responsibilities of chairman in 1993. Wilson stepped down from all but his position as chairman in 1998, but continued to serve as chairman of the board until 2000. Between 2000 and 2005 he served as chairman for Nortel. Wilson holds numerous honorary degrees, and was appointed officer of the Order of Canada in 1997. Wilson continues to be involved with companies such as Nortel Networks, CAE Inc. and Daimler AG, and also served as chancellor of his alma mater, McMaster University from 2007 - 2013.
Norwegian banker and book publisher Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn (1 July 1904 – 6 August 2001) was a Norwegian banker and book publisher. Personal life ------------- He was born in Enebakk as a son of landowner Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Sr. (1877–1971) and Mabel Anette Plahte (1877–1973). He grew up at Bjerke Bruk in Enebakk and at the farm Nedre Skøyen. He was a paternal grandson of Nils and Hanna Butenschøn and paternal great-grandson of Nicolay Andresen. On the maternal side he was a grandson of Frithjof M. Plahte and a nephew of Herbert, Viktor and Erik Plahte. In 1936 he married sculptor Ragnhild Jakhelln. They had the sons Hans Barthold, Peter and Nils Butenschøn. Through his sister Marie Claudine he was a brother-in-law of Joakim Lehmkuhl, through a sister Mabel Anette he was a brother-in-law of Harald Astrup and through another sister Nini Augusta he was a brother-in-law of Ernst Torp. Career ------ He finished his secondary education in 1924 and graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.oecon. degree in 1928. He chaired the Norwegian Students' Society in the autumn of 1927. He was hired in the family company Andresens Bank in 1929, and spent time abroad in Germany in 1928 and London from 1932 to 1934. During his banking career he wrote the book Symmetallism in 1936. From 1941 to 1942 he ran the publishing house Forenede Forlag. He was the director of publishing house Dreyers Forlag from 1942 to 1979. Dreyers published intellectual periodicals such as Spektrum, but also bought Alle menns blad and started a subsidiary Romanforlaget for "lighter literature". From 1954 Halfdan Kielland was a partner in the company, and in 1967 it became a limited company. It was sold to Grøndahl & Søn in 1991. Since 1985, Butenschøn had been co-owner of a new, small publishing house; Butenschøn & Andresen. Butenschøn was a board member of the Norwegian Publishers' Association from 1960 to 1969, serving the last year as deputy chair. He also chaired Akershus Slotts Venner and was a board member of Selskapet til utgivelse av gamle norske håndskrifter, Oslo City Museum, Christiania Seildugsfabrik, Nydalens Compagnie, Hjula Veverier and Christiania Portland Cementfabrik and chaired the supervisory council of Forsikringsselskapet Viking. He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1961. He lived at Bjerke Bruk in Enebakk from 1946, and was a member of Enebakk municipal council from 1960 to 1963. He wrote several local historical books and chaired the committee that published Enebakk bygdebok. He chaired the association of local history from 1965 to 1987 and received the municipality's cultural prize in 1993. He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1967, and died on 6 August 2001 in Enebakk.
Chemical compound 2-Methylene glutaronitrile is a dimerization product of acrylonitrile and a starting material for di- and triamines, for the biocide 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile and for heterocycles, such as 3-cyanopyridine. Preparation ----------- 2-Methylene glutaronitrile is a side-product in the production of hexanedinitrile which is used (after hydrogenation to 1,6-diaminohexane) as a key component for engineering polymers such as the polyamides (PA 66) or polyurethanes. Hexanedinitrile can be industrially produced by electrochemical hydrodimerisation or by catalytic dimerization of acrylonitrile. A catalytic tail-tail dimerization of two acrylonitrile molecules forms hexanedinitrile: Hydrodimerisierung von Acrylnitril zu AdiponitrilHydrodimerisierung von Acrylnitril zu Adiponitril Also head-to-tail dimerization can occur in the process. In the presence of tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy3) a yield of up to 77% 2-methylene glutaronitrile can be obtained: Dimerisierung von Acrylnitril zu 2-MethylenglutaronitrilDimerisierung von Acrylnitril zu 2-Methylenglutaronitril Metal halides (such as zinc chloride or aluminium chloride) are used with tertiary amines (such as triethylamine) as catalysts for the dimerization. Crude yields of up to 84% are achieved. Often, significant amounts of product are lost during the work-up (e. g. extraction and distillation) because of the tendency to polymerization of 2-methylene glutaronitrile. In addition to the linear dimerization products 1,4-dicyano-2-butene and 1,4-dicyano-3-butene (obtained as cis-trans isomer mixtures) usually also other oligomers (and polymers) of acrylonitrile are formed. During the electrochemical hydrooligomerization of acrylonitrile, these are trimers, such as 1,3,6- and 1,3,5-tricyanohexane or tetramers, such as 1,3,6,8- and 1,3,5,8-tetracyanooctane. The reaction of acrylonitrile with tributylphosphine affords 2-methyleneglutaronitrile in a modest yield of about 10% after fractional distillation. The DABCO-catalyzed acrylonitrile dimerization of 2,4-dicyano-1-butene after 10 days at room temperature is with 40% yield similarly inefficient. Use --- The earlier patent literature describes processes for the isomerization of 2-methylene glutaronitrile to 1,4-dicyanobutenes as hexanedinitrile precursors, which became obsolete with the optimization of the electrochemical hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile to hexanedinitrile. The electrochemical hydrodimerization of 2-methylene glutaronitrile produces 1,3,6,8-tetracyanooctane. Hydrodimerisierung von 2-MethylenglutaronitrilHydrodimerisierung von 2-Methylenglutaronitril In the hydrogenation of 2-methylene glutaronitrile in the presence of palladium on carbon, hydrogen is attached to the double bond and 2-methylglutaronitrile is obtained in virtually quantitative yield. The hydrogenation of the nitrile groups requires more severe conditions and the presence of ammonia or amines to suppress the formation of secondary amines. This second hydrogenation step is carried out with Raney-cobalt as the hydrogenation catalyst to give 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine in 80% yield. Hydrierung von 2-Methylenglutaronitril zu 2-Methyl-1,5-pentandiaminHydrierung von 2-Methylenglutaronitril zu 2-Methyl-1,5-pentandiamin Hydrogenation of 2-methylene glutaronitrile in the presence of ammonia with manganese-containing sodium oxide-doped cobalt catalyst (at 80 to 100 °C and pressures of 200 atm in a tubular reactor) leads to the addition of ammonia to the double bond and directly converts the compound to 2-aminomethyl-1,5-pentanediamine with yields of 66%. Bildung von 2-Aminomethyl-1,5-pentandiaminBildung von 2-Aminomethyl-1,5-pentandiamin The branched triamine can be used in epoxides and polyurethanes. 2-Methylenglutaronitrile reacts with methanamide upon catalysis with 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP) at 60 °C in 47% yield to give 1-(N-methanoylamino)-2,4-dicyanobutane, from which α- aminomethylglutaric acid is formed by subsequent hydrolysis. Reaktion von 2-Methylenglutaronitril mit Formamid zu 1-(N-Formylamino)-2,4-dicyanobutanReaktion von 2-Methylenglutaronitril mit Formamid zu 1-(N-Formylamino)-2,4-dicyanobutan Heating 2-methyleneglutaronitrile with an alkaline ion exchanger, pyridine and water to 150 °C in an autoclave yields the lactam 5-cyano-2-piperidone in 80% yield. Lactambildung zum 5-Cyano-2-piperidonLactambildung zum 5-Cyano-2-piperidon 2-Methylene glutaronitrile can be polymerized to various homo- and copolymers via anionic polymerization with sodium cyanide, sodium in liquid ammonia or with butyllithium. However, the polymers are formed only in low yields and show unsatisfactory properties such as intrinsic viscosities and poor mechanical properties. The main use of 2-methyleneglutaronitrile is as starting material for the broad-spectrum biocide 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile (methyldibromo-glutaronitrile), which is formed in virtually quantitative yield by the addition of bromine to the double bond. Bromierung von 2-MethylenglutaronitrilBromierung von 2-Methylenglutaronitril From the chlorine-analogous 2-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)pentenenitrile, 3-cyanopyridine is obtained by heating to 150 °C with tin(IV)chloride. Bildung von 3-Cyanpyridin aus 2-MethylenglutaronitrilBildung von 3-Cyanpyridin aus 2-Methylenglutaronitril
American battery electric transit bus Motor vehicle The Proterra ZX5 is a battery-electric, low-floor transit bus manufactured by Proterra since 2020. Succeeding the Catalyst as Proterra's flagship product, the ZX5 is the third generation of battery electric bus built by the company. History ------- On September 15, 2020, Proterra announced the replacement to the Catalyst, the ZX5, available in 35-and-40-foot (11 and 12 m) nominal lengths. Edmonton Transit System of Edmonton, Alberta was the launch customer for the 40-foot ZX5. Background ---------- ### Design updates The ZX5 features the same fiberglass and balsa wood body structure as the Catalyst, but incorporate design changes to both increase battery capacity and standardization with electric vehicle charging protocols. The overall appearance of the vehicle is more angular, while the roof fairing is more streamlined with provisions for roof-mounted battery packs, as well as optional integrated roof charger rails. The redesigned roof fairing has decreased overall height by 6 inches (150 mm) compared to the Catalyst. Multiple battery options are offered on the ZX5, designated ZX5, ZX5+, and ZX5 MAX for the 220, 440, and 660 kWh models, respectively. Each of the three battery options is also offered with one of two drivetrains, which Proterra brands DuoPower or ProDrive. The standard ZX5 model, with a 220 kWh energy storage system (corresponding to the previous Catalyst XR model), can travel up to 125 or 120 mi (201 or 193 km) (for the 35 ft or 40 ft models, respectively) on a single charge, depending on the configuration of the vehicle. The ZX5+ model with 440 kWh (corresponding to the Catalyst E2 model) can travel up to 240 or 232 mi (386 or 373 km) (35 ft or 40 ft) on a single charge. The ZX5MAX is the longest-range option available. With 660 kWh, the ZX5MAX can travel up to 329 mi (529 km) on a single charge. The ZX5MAX battery option is only available for the 40-foot length ZX5. DuoPower models use two independent 205 kW (275 hp) motors, operating at a claimed 13.9 to 25.1 mpg‑e (242 to 134 kW⋅h/100 mi), depending on the battery and body length. ProDrive models use a single 250 kW (340 hp) motor, with slightly lower equivalent efficiency ranging from 13.5 to 23.5 mpg‑e (250 to 143 kW⋅h/100 mi). Curb weights range between 26,358 to 29,858 lb (11,956 to 13,543 kg) for the 35-foot models and between 26,649 to 33,350 lb (12,088 to 15,127 kg) for 40-foot models, with ProDrive models being approximately 200 lb (91 kg) heavier than their DuoPower equivalents. In 2022, Proterra introduced an updated ProDrive 2.0 which pairs the motor with a four-speed transmission from Eaton with electric shifting. This new transmission allows buses to climb steeper grades, accelerate faster, and operate more efficiently, extending range. ### Charging =Spokane Transit Authority ZX5 right side profileSpokane Transit Authority ZX5 preparing to charge via overhead SAE J3105 pantograph The ZX5 can be charged using the SAE J3105 (OppCharge) overhead charging protocol while stopped on a layover (opportunity charging) or while parked in a storage yard, or with a plug-in J1772 CCS DC fast charger when parked in a storage yard. The ZX5 with any battery option can be fully charged in around 2.9 hours using the OppCharge system, which offers a maximum charging rate of 330 kW. Utilizing plug-in charging, the standard ZX5 takes around 2.9 hours to be fully charged, while the ZX5 MAX takes around 4.7 hours to be fully charged at a more limited rate of 132 kW, assuming a 200 A DC power supply. One CCS charge port is standard at the rear curbside corner, and an additional CCS port can be added either at the front curbside or rear streetside corner.
English actor (1947–2018) Leslie Michael Grantham (30 April 1947 – 15 June 2018) was an English actor, best known for his role as "Dirty" Den Watts in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. He was a convicted murderer, having served 10 years for the killing of a West German taxi driver, and had significant press coverage resulting from an online sex scandal in 2004. Early life ---------- Grantham was born in Camberwell, London, the son of Adelaide (née Flinders) and Walter William Grantham (1915–1998). He enlisted in the Royal Fusiliers regiment of the British Army in 1965, at the age of 18. Murder conviction ----------------- Having joined the Army (The Royal Fusiliers), as a teenager in the mid 1960s, Grantham was soon posted to West Germany, where he quickly found himself in debt to army colleagues. He resorted to criminal activities in his attempt to clear the debt. On 3 December 1966, Grantham attempted to rob a taxi driver, Felix Reese, in Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, by threatening him at gunpoint and demanding money. In a struggle between the two men, Grantham shot Reese, who died from a gunshot wound to the head. Grantham was arrested soon afterwards and charged with murder. In his statement to the police following his arrest, Grantham said that he did not know the gun was loaded and it had gone off during the struggle, which would have resulted in a conviction for manslaughter had a jury believed this version of events. However, at his trial in April 1967, he was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Although he had committed the murder in West Germany, he served the entirety of his sentence in British prisons. This was because soldiers and officers convicted of any criminal offence that warrants a sentence of over two years were automatically transferred to Her Majesty's Prison Service, since they are also automatically dishonourably discharged. Grantham was paroled in 1977, having served 10 years of his life sentence. While he was being held at Leyhill Prison (an open prison in Gloucestershire) near the end of his imprisonment, he performed in several plays for inmates and members of the public, and edited the prison newspaper. He was encouraged to get more involved in acting professionally by the disgraced Labour politician T. Dan Smith, who was also an inmate at Leyhill in the mid-1970s. Grantham also met actress Louise Jameson during her visit to Leyhill near the end of his imprisonment; she had also encouraged him to take up acting, and he became good friends with her. Career ------ ### Early work On release from prison, Grantham decided to pursue an acting career and trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. His theatre work included a role in a play at the Battersea Free Theatre written by television director Matthew Robinson. In 1982, Grantham made his television debut as Boollie in a BBC2 Playhouse edition called "Jake's End". The following year he appeared as Frank on an episode of the short lived sitcom Goodnight and God Bless. Grantham was then cast by Matthew Robinson as Kiston, the henchman of Davros, in the Doctor Who serial Resurrection of the Daleks (1984). He also played a signals sergeant in episode 12 of the television mini-series The Jewel in the Crown (1984) and wrote a play entitled A Reason To Live, which won the Gloucester Drama Festival award for Best Original Play. He made a brief appearance in the Mike Hodges film Morons from Outer Space (1985), but by the time the film was released, Grantham had gained his best known role. ### EastEnders In 1984, Grantham auditioned with the BBC for a part in its new soap opera EastEnders, which aired in February 1985. He was recommended by Matthew Robinson, who was to become a key member of the EastEnders production team. Grantham had auditioned for the role of market trader Pete Beale, but he was offered the part of Den Watts. The character, landlord of The Queen Victoria public house, quickly became a national favourite, and gained the nickname Dirty Den, mostly because of the unpleasant way he treated his wife Angie, played by Anita Dobson; one of his many affairs occurred at the age of 39, when he fathered a child with 16-year-old Michelle Fowler. On 25 December 1986, Grantham's character served his on-screen wife with divorce papers, with the famous line "Happy Christmas, Ange." The episode was watched by a record 30 million viewers, over half the British population at the time. In 1988, the character sold his pub to Frank Butcher, played by Mike Reid, and gradually drifted out of key storylines, until finally departing in February 1989, although his final scenes had been filmed the previous autumn. Grantham had announced his intention to leave the soap early in 1988, around the same time that it was announced that Dobson would be leaving. However, the series' bosses had not wanted to suffer the double blow of losing its two biggest characters so close together, and set about an intensive block of filming that would allow Den to remain on screen into 1989, while enabling Grantham to continue on EastEnders until autumn 1988. Den had become involved with a criminal organisation called "The Firm" over the summer of 1988, and his only option was to flee the Square. After spending time on the run in Manchester, Den spent several months on remand in custody for arson, and a dramatic escape from the police and from members of The Firm who ambushed him on his way to court, viewers watched a mysterious gunman shoot at Den with a gun hidden in a bunch of daffodils, before hearing a splash at the end of the episode which aired on 23 February 1989. A shot depicting Den's death was cut from the final scene, in the hope that Grantham might one day be persuaded to return to the role. The following year, a body believed to be Den's was found in the canal. ### Other work Grantham played Danny Kane in the crime television series The Paradise Club (1989–90) alongside Don Henderson. He went on to appear in the fourth season of Cluedo as Colonel Mustard; he previously appeared as a contestant on the 1990 Christmas special. In the second episode of the fourth season, Col. Mike Mustard murdered former comrade and property developer Sir Nigel Hussey (Ian McNeice) with a G-string in the kitchen. A short time after the episode aired, the producers received a letter that was written by the family of Felix Reese, who himself was a taxi driver who was shot in the head by Grantham while he was a soldier stationed in Germany. The Reeses found it distasteful that someone who performed an illegal killing as a soldier would be cast as someone who performed an illegal killing as a soldier. Grantham also appeared on The Detectives (1993) and 99-1 (1994–95). In 1994, he narrated volume one of Frank Harris's erotic classic My Life and Loves. In 1997, he produced and starred in the sci-fi mini-series The Uninvited. Alongside Melinda Messenger, Grantham was the co-host of the game show Fort Boyard from 1998 to 2001. Also in 2001, he appeared in Lily Savage's Blankety Blank. He also reunited with his EastEnders co-star Anita Dobson in the two-part mini-series The Stretch which aired on Sky One in 2000, and in the British gangster film Charlie (2004). ### Return to EastEnders During the 1990s, Grantham was approached more than once by BBC bosses about a possible return to EastEnders, but rejected each of these offers, often feeling that the storyline at the time would not be the right one to suit any potential comeback. However, on 3 May 2003, it was confirmed that Grantham would be returning to EastEnders later that year to reprise his role as Den after 14 years. On 29 September 2003, his return to EastEnders was aired, with him arriving at the nightclub E20 now owned by his adopted daughter Sharon, portrayed by Letitia Dean. It was revealed that Den had survived the shooting and fled to Spain with the help of former mistress Jan Hammond (Jane How), while the body found a year later in the canal had been wrongly identified. 16.66 million viewers watched one of the most anticipated television events of the year on 29 September, as Den spoke the famous words, "Hello, princess." There had been much speculation in the media after Den's departure as to whether the character really was dead, particularly after the original search of the canal site where he was shot failed to uncover any trace of him. BBC bosses said that Den's return had been on the agenda almost every year since the character's departure in 1989, and the first offer for him to return had been made as long ago as 1991. Grantham had turned down every offer to return until the offer which was made to him in early 2003, feeling that his character did not have adequate links to the show for a comeback to be anything more than an attempt to boost ratings, particularly when Den's daughter Sharon was away from 1995 to 2001, leaving Den without any family in the cast. By 2003, however, his daughter Vicki had returned, and a previously unknown son, Dennis Rickman, was also in the series, being the product of an affair between Den and a young woman called Paula Rickman 30 years earlier. In December 2004, Den arranged a scam to get back The Queen Vic from Sam Mitchell (Kim Medcalf), 16 years after he had sold it to Frank. ### Online sex scandal In May 2004, a Sunday newspaper printed photographs of Grantham exposing himself and masturbating whilst sucking his finger in a sexually-suggestive manner via a webcam from his dressing room to an undercover reporter named "Amanda". Grantham also allegedly dressed as Captain Hook whilst pleasuring himself, and insulted several cast members of EastEnders, including Shane Richie (Alfie Moon), Wendy Richard (Pauline Fowler), Kim Medcalf (Sam Mitchell) and Jessie Wallace (Kat Moon). Grantham released a statement which read, "I am wholeheartedly ashamed of my behaviour and feel that I have let down my colleagues, as well as my friends and family." He also added, "In some small recompense I intend to make a donation to charity as a mark of my apology." He maintained in later interviews that he 'was set up'. He attempted suicide three times as a result of the scandal. In addition, in 2018 it was reported that he had been investigated by police for sexually abusing a school girl, although the victim ultimately decided not to pursue the matter. ### Departure from EastEnders In November 2004, it was confirmed that Grantham would be leaving EastEnders in the New Year. Bosses stated that the character would be killed off, but this time "the coffin lid would be nailed shut". On 18 February 2005, 14.34 million viewers tuned in to view his character's second demise, this time at the hands of second wife Chrissie, portrayed by Tracy-Ann Oberman, who hit him over the head with a dog-shaped iron doorstop during a confrontation in the Vic. ### After EastEnders Grantham later appeared in two UK tours of Beyond Reasonable Doubt, a stage adaptation of a Jeffrey Archer play, alongside Simon Ward and Alexandra Bastedo, and performed as a Christmas pantomime villain. He directed and starred in a pantomime of Peter Pan at the Alban Arena in St Albans during Christmas 2005, which was a sell-out and received good reviews. After Grantham left EastEnders in 2005, he spoke out publicly against the show, criticising its over-the-top, far-fetched storylines, saying "there was a murder every week... that's not real life".[] In October 2006, it was announced that, in his first television role since leaving EastEnders, he would appear in the long-running ITV1 police drama series The Bill, playing the role of Jimmy Collins, who was on the run from prison. The episode aired on 8 February 2007. This was Grantham's second appearance in The Bill, as he appeared in a few episodes in 1998, and a single episode in 1999, also, coincidentally, playing another character named Jimmy.[] In February 2010, Grantham appeared in EastEnders: The Aftermath on BBC Three to mark the live episode of the show and its 25th birthday. He was interviewed by Kirsten O'Brien from the bar of The Queen Victoria pub which his character had once owned. Grantham was also cast for the lead role in the UK thriller movie DeadTime. From 28 November to 11 December 2010, Grantham appeared as Ebenezer Scrooge in the Lincoln Theatre Royal's production of A Christmas Carol. He portrayed the main character John in the Bulgarian TV series The English Neighbour, based on the novel of the same name. In 2015, he appeared in the film Mob Handed (released in 2016) directed by Liam Galvin, playing a detective. Personal life ------------- Grantham married Australian Jane Laurie in 1981. The couple had three sons and divorced in 2013. His son Daniel Laurie is also an actor, and plays Reggie Jackson in Call the Midwife. Death ----- In June 2018, it was reported that Grantham had returned to the United Kingdom from his home in Bulgaria to receive treatment for lung cancer. He died on 15 June 2018, aged 71. That evening's episode of EastEnders featured a tribute to Grantham, whilst his co-star and on-screen wife Anita Dobson described him as "a wonderful and special actor, witty and very talented." She added "I shall remember him very fondly and with affection." Selected filmography -------------------- * Vengeance (2020) – Ronnie * The Krays: Dead Man Walking – Nipper Read * Jack southeast (2018) – The boss * Silenced: Georgi Markov and the Umbrella Murder (2013) – Narrator (English version) * The English Neighbour (2011) – John * The Bill (2007) – Jimmy Collins (1 episode) * Charlie (2004) – Richard Waldeck * Heartbeat (2002) – George East (1 episode) * The Stretch (2000) – Terry Greene * Bernard's Watch (1999) – Mr. Rattle (Series 3; Episode 13) * The Bill (1998) – Jimmy Smith (4 episodes) * Fort Boyard (1998–2001) – Boyard (57 episodes) * Wycliffe (1997) – Patrick Durno (1 episode) * The Uninvited (1997) – Philip Gates * 99-1 (1994–95) – Mick Raynor * The Detectives (1993) – Danny Kane (1 episode) * Cluedo (1993) – Colonel Mustard (6 episodes) * Woof! (1992) – Mr Flint (1 episode) * The Grove Family (1991) – Bob Grove (1 episode) * The Paradise Club (1989–1990) – Danny Kane (20 episodes) * Winners and Losers (1989) – Eddie Burt (3 episodes) * Alas Smith & Jones (1986) – (1 episode) * EastEnders (1985–1989, 2003–2005) – "Dirty" Den Watts (563 episodes) * Morons from Outer Space (1985) – motorway policeman * Dramarama (1984) – Mo's dad (1 episode) * The Jewel in the Crown (1984) – signals sergeant * Doctor Who: Resurrection of the Daleks (1984) – Kiston (2 episodes) * Goodnight and God Bless (1983) – Frank (1 episode)
1993 single by Mary-Chapin Carpenter "He Thinks He'll Keep Her" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Mary Chapin Carpenter. It was released in December 1993 as the sixth single from the album Come On Come On. The song peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. It was written by Carpenter and Don Schlitz. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and was accompanied by a live performance music video, taken from the 1993 CBS special Women of Country, where Carpenter was accompanied by Emmylou Harris, Kathy Mattea, Patty Loveless, Trisha Yearwood, Suzy Bogguss and Pam Tillis. Composition ----------- In a 1992 interview with the Chicago Tribune, Carpenter stated that the song's title was inspired by a 1970s Geritol TV commercial in which a man points to his wife’s many accomplishments and attributes, and then concludes with "My wife...I think I'll keep her". The song describes the life of a woman who marries at age 21 and has three children by the age of 29; over the following few years, she begins to realize that she's dissatisfied with her life. At age 36, the wife informs her husband that "I'm sorry, I don't love you anymore" and leaves him. In the chorus's bridge, Carpenter describes the housewife's having worked for 15 years without a raise, and now has a minimum-wage job in an office typing pool. Music critic David Browne, writing for Entertainment Weekly, observed that the song's subject tied into a recurring theme on Come On, Come On of "women caught between tradition and contemporary roles who realize that the solution lies with their own inner resolve". The song's backing vocals have been compared to a metronome, regarded as a reference to the lyric "Everything runs right on time" in the refrain. Its instrumentation has been described as "standard" and similar to that of many other country songs of the time, with steel guitars and keyboards. Personnel --------- Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Come On Come On. * Mary Chapin Carpenter – vocals, acoustic guitar * Bob Glaub – bass guitar * John Jennings – electric guitar, background vocals * John Jorgenson – electric guitar * Andy Newmark – drums * Matt Rollings – piano * Benmont Tench – Hammond organ Music video ----------- The music video – a live performance of the song with backing vocals by Emmylou Harris, Trisha Yearwood, Patty Loveless, Pam Tillis, Kathy Mattea and Suzy Bogguss, taken from the 1993 CBS television special Women of Country – was directed by Bud Schaetzle, and premiered in early 1994. Reception --------- ### Commercial The single became Carpenter's sixth top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at number two on the chart dated March 26, 1994. It spent twenty weeks on the chart, and tied with "Down at the Twist and Shout" for her highest-peaking single at the time, matched a few weeks later (May 1, 1994) by "I Take My Chances", and surpassed later that year (November 18, 1994), when her "Shut Up and Kiss Me" reached number one. The single became Carpenter's fifth top ten hit on the Billboard Country Airplay chart, where it peaked at number two the same month. It also became, following "Down at the Twist and Shout", her second song to peak at number two on that chart as well. The single was placed at number sixteen on Billboard's year-end Hot Country Songs chart in 1994. Chart positions --------------- \| Chart (1993-1994) \| Peakposition \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) \| 6 \| \| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) \| 2 \| ### Year-end charts \| Chart (1994) \| Position \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) \| 74 \| \| US Country Songs (Billboard) \| 16 \|
W.O.A Entertainment Group (formerly known as W.O.A Records & Studios) is a global music company that pioneered independent music in India and Dubai. It was established in 1998 by musician and filmmaker Oliver Sean. W.O.A Entertainment has been involved in animal welfare. Several WOA albums like the Goa Chillout Zone series sales go towards animal welfare projects, including groups against fur trade. WOA Entertainment is an MTV EMA Nominated Label with several billboard top 10 and iTunes No.1 releases. The group has multiple sub-divisions, such as WOA Records & Studios, WOA Films, WOAFM99 Radio Show, and WOA TV Show.[] Sub-divisions ------------- ### W.O.A Records & Studios W.O.A Records is the record label division that has over 200 artists signed to the roster. Throughout the years, W.O.A International, which is the music publishing division of WOA Records, has signed names such as Danny John, Demetrius, Cherie Nichole, Raveena, and Diego Ramirez. Also, there are over 1000 albums and titles licensed for distribution in India. Among others, this label has released music compilations called Goa Chillout Zone Series and the Independent No.1's Series. W.O.A Records is also the division that promotes & markets the Annual W.O.A Records India Tour and music festival and the W.O.A International Dubai Music Fest. Genres covered by the recording label range from World, Jazz and Rock to Metal, Reggae and Irish Gypsy Jazz. #### The Independent No.1's Compilation The Independent No.1's Compilation has been one of the most successful compilation projects for W.O.A Records. Independent No.1's Vol.4 was selected by the recording academy for 'Best Packaging' in the 58th Grammy Nomination Ballots. Volume 2 got to the top of the Album charts in India and Volume 3 featured three major radio hits with one of them charting on the Vh1 TOP 10. #### Goa Chillout Zone Goa Chillout Zone is a successful compilation that, among other things, has hit No.1 on the iTunes UK electronic album charts in February 2020 (Vol.9). The compilation has been featured on Album Charts in India (Volume 2), hit top 10 Mobile Download Charts (Volume 5), and had artists being selected by Universal Music Australia for World Chill Cafe compilation. The latest Goa Chillout Zone has hit #1 on the Amazon Hot New Releases Charts and iTunes Top 10 in the United Kingdom #### Christmas Special Independent No.1's Christmas Special Edition is usually released at the beginning of December. In the past, there have been songs by Richard Krueger, Christine VanHoy, The Rich Collective, Silent Stranger, and others. The compilation has been available on iTunes, Google Play, Amazon, and other platforms. ### W.O.A Films The production company focuses mainly on music videos, independent films, movie trailers, corporate videos, web commercials, and concert visuals. W.O.A Film productions include documentaries on Vh1, syndicated TV-shows, TV-commercials, and music videos. As a company, W.O.A Films handles video, film, music, and audio production as well as post-production activities. ### W.O.AFM99 Radio Show W.O.AFM99 is a weekly radio show hosted by Oliver Sean. It's distributed to commercial networks in India and the Middle East. Also, its distribution system covers Public Radio, PRX, and various online shows and podcasts. The radio show accepts submissions before each new season and doesn't have any genre restrictions. The show is interactive as listeners can converse with artists who appear on the show. This one hour syndicated radio show was launched in 2009. W.O.A Radio was being planned a few years before the launch, but was put on hold due to expansion of W.O.A International's other divisions. ### W.O.A TV Show W.O.A TV Show is featuring independent music videos, live concerts, and artist specials. The show has partners both on satellite and cable TV, which means that the series gets covered across the Middle East and Asia. W.O.A TV Show is supported by three cable TV partners and four satellite networks. Also, it's being broadcast online, for example iTunes podcasts. The general public knows the show under the name "ALL THING MUSIC". ### W.O.A International Music Festival W.O.A International Music Festival is a music festival organized annually alongside a tour covering Indian sub-continent. The first W.O.A Records India Tour was held in 2008, representing genres from electronica and jazz to folk and rock. Main line-up consisted of Oliver Sean, Jesus Aaron and Sparky Quano. The annual tour brings together international independent artists to perform for Indian audiences. One of the results of this tour is artists getting more attention and leverage. WOA has now introduced the WOA Summer Tour UK, the first of which was held from July to August 2019
Nikola "Nikša" Prkačin (born 15 November 1975) is a Croatian retired professional basketball player and coach. At a height of 2.08 m (6'10") tall, he played at the power forward and center positions. During his professional club playing career, Prkačin won seven European national domestic league championships, nine European national domestic cup titles, and one European national domestic super cup title, in 16 seasons. Early years and career ---------------------- Prkačin started his basketball club career in his hometown of Dubrovnik, where he played with the local team of Pomorac. Professional career ------------------- ### Split Croatia In 1993, at the age of 18, Prkačin moved to the Croatian Premier League club Split Croatia, where he played for the next five seasons. Prkačin established himself as the successor to Split's famous center Dino Rađja, and during his time with the club, he also gained significant experience and knowledge. After a few seasons, he became one of the team's key players. With Split, he won two Croatian Cup titles. ### Cibona Zagreb Prior to the 1998–99 season, Prkačin moved to the then Croatian Premier League champions Cibona Zagreb, where he resided for the next five seasons. With Cibona, he won five Croatian Premier League championships and four Croatian Cup titles. He also won the EuroLeague's Opening Tournament in 2001. He was named the Croatian Premier League's Most Valuable Player in 2002. While with Cibona Zagreb, some his teammates included: Slaven Rimac, Zoran Planinić, Josip Sesar, Dino Rađja, and Chucky Atkins ### Efes Istanbul After spending a decade building up his career in the Croatian Premier League, Prkačin finally signed a contract with a foreign club. In 2003, he signed with the Turkish Super League club Efes Istanbul. Prkačin established himself in the club, as he played on a regular basis, as the club's forward-center. He played four seasons with Efes. With Efes, he won two Turkish Super League championships, and two Turkish Cup titles. ### Dynamo Moscow In 2007, Prkačin joined the Russian Super League club Dynamo Moscow. He played the club during the 2007–08 season. He left the club before the season ended, in January 2008. ### Panathinaikos Athens In January 2008, during the second half of the 2007–08 season, Prkačin joined the Greek League club Panathinaikos Athens. With Panathinaikos, he won the Greek League championship and the Greek Cup title. ### Return to Cibona Zagreb Prior to the 2008–09 season, Prkačin moved back to Croatia, as he signed a €400,000 net income annual contract with Cibona Zagreb. ### Zagreb In 2009, Prkačin joined the Croatian club Zagreb. He finished his basketball club playing career with Zagreb in 2010. National team career -------------------- Prkačin was a member of the Croatian Under-22 junior national team. His debut at a major tournament with the senior Croatian national team's selection came at the 1997 EuroBasket. After that, he played with Croatia at the following major FIBA tournaments: the 1999 EuroBasket, the 2001 EuroBasket, the 2003 EuroBasket, the 2005 EuroBasket, and the 2007 EuroBasket, He also represented Croatia at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2009 EuroBasket. Prkačin was Croatia's team captain twice. Coaching career --------------- After he retired from playing professional club basketball, Prkačin began working as a basketball coach. From 2012 to 2014, he was an assistant coach with the senior men's Croatian national team. Player profile -------------- Prkačin mainly played at the center position, although he also played as a power forward. Prkačin was known for his pick and roll play, precise hook shot, and mid-range jump shot. Although he was shorter in height compared to most other European centers of his era, Prkačin compensated for that with his immense strength and body balance. It was a rarity to see Prkačin attempt a three point field goal. Career trajectory ----------------- \| Season \| Club \| Domestic League \| Domestic Cup \| Continental Cup \| Croatia Croatian NT \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1993–94 \| Croatia Split Croatia \| \| Croatian Cup Winner \| \| Croatia Under-22 \| \| 1994–95 \| Croatia Split Croatia \| \| \| \| Croatia Under-22 \| \| 1995–96 \| Croatia Split Croatia \| \| \| \| Croatia Under-22 \| \| 1996–97 \| Croatia Split Croatia \| \| Croatian Cup winner \| \| Croatia 1997 EuroBasket: 11th place \| \| 1997–98 \| Croatia Split Croatia \| \| \| \| \| \| 1998–99 \| Croatia Cibona Zagreb \| Croatian Premier League Champion \| Croatian Cup Winner \| \| 1999 EuroBasket: 11th place \| \| 1999–00 \| Croatia Cibona Zagreb \| Croatian Permier League Champion \| \| \| \| \| 2000–01 \| Croatia Cibona Zagreb \| Croatian Premier League Champion \| Croatian Cup Winner \| EuroLeague Top 16 Stage \| 2001 EuroBasket: 7th place \| \| 2001–02 \| Croatia Cibona Zagreb \| Croatian Premier League ChampionCroatian Premier League MVP \| Croatian Cup Winner \| EuroLeague Opening Tournament winnerEuroLeague Group Stage \| \| \| 2002–03 \| Croatia Cibona Zagreb \| \| \| EuroLeague Top 16 Stage \| 2003 EuroBasket: 11th place \| \| 2003–04 \| Turkey Efes Istanbul \| Turkish Super League Champion \| Turkish Cup FinalistTurkish Super Cup Finalist \| EuroLeague Top 16 Stage \| \| \| 2004–05 \| Turkey Efes Istanbul \| Turkish Super League Champion \| Turkish Super Cup Finalist \| EuroLeague Quarterfinalist \| 2005 EuroBasket: 7th place \| \| 2005–06 \| Turkey Efes Istanbul \| Turkish Super League Finalist \| Turkish Cup WinnerTurkish Super Cup Finalist \| EuroLeague Quarterfinalist \| \| \| 2006–07 \| Turkey Efes Istanbul \| Turkish Super League Finalist \| Turkish Cup WinnerTurkish Super Cup Winner \| EuroLeague Top 16 Stage \| 2007 EuroBasket: 6th place \| \| 2007–08 \| Russia Dynamo Moscow \| \| \| \| \| \| 2007–08 \| Greece Panathinaikos Athens \| Greek League Champion \| Greek Cup Winner \| EuroLeague Top 16 Stage \| Summer Olympics: 6th place \| \| 2008–09 \| Croatia Cibona Zagreb \| \| Croatian Cup Winner \| EuroLeague Top 16 StageAdriatic League Final Four \| Croatia 2009 EuroBasket: 6th place \| \| 2009–10 \| Croatia Zagreb \| \| Croatian Cup Winner \| EuroChallenge Quarterfinalist \| \| Personal life ------------- Prkačin resides in Zagreb, Croatia, with his wife and five children, one of whom is Roko Prkačin, who is also a professional basketball player. In his free time, he enjoys fishing and playing water polo.
Turkish journalist and author Mehmet Baransu (born 1977) is a Kurdish journalist and author from Turkey. He is a correspondent for Taraf, and previously worked for Aksiyon (1997–2000). He is the winner of a 2009 Sedat Simavi Journalism Award. Known for investigating the Turkish military, he reported on the "Cage Action Plan" which became part of the Ergenekon trials, and published documents in January 2010 revealing "Balyoz" ("Sledgehammer"), a plan for a coup that was supposedly hatched by Turkish military officers in 2003. In January 2010, in connection with Sledgehammer, Baransu delivered a suitcase to the Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutor's Office a suitcase containing evidence of the coup plot such as CDs, tapes, printed documents, and handwritten notes. The Sledgehammer plot involved plans to bomb two mosques in Istanbul, attack a military museum and blame it on religious extremists, and attack a Turkish plane and blame it on Greece. Three hundred and thirty-one of the 365 suspects were sentenced to prison on 21 September 2012, while the remaining 34 were acquitted. Three retired generals were sentenced to life in prison on charges of "attempting to overthrow the government by force," but their terms were later reduced to 20 years. Turkey's Constitutional Court ruled in June 2014 that the rights of most of the convicted suspects had been violated, and ordered the immediate release of 236 of them. The rest were released later. A new trial began on 3 November 2014. Reports released in December 2014 and February 2015 claimed that some of the evidence in the case was fabricated. In 2010 it was revealed that the phones of both Baransu and his wife, Esra Baransu, had been tapped by the Turkish Gendarmerie on false pretences. The Gendarmerie had obtained warrants for the phone taps by falsely representing the IMEI code numbers of the Baransus' phones as belonging to fictional Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) suspects. In 2011 five military officers were each sentenced to five years in jail for these actions. In 2011 a voice recording posted online, allegedly by a military official, said that Baransu should be killed as a warning to others. His books include Mösyö: Hanefi Avcı’nın Yazamadıkları (2010), which alleges that former police chief Hanefi Avcı had committed torture and developed connections with the Devrimci Karargâh group, and that Avcı had published his book on Ergenekon to try to ward off arrest. His 2012 book Pirus alleged plans to assassinate Chief of the General Staff Hilmi Özkök to permit a 2004 coup, and suggested that the plans were foiled when US officials found out about them. Early life and education ------------------------ Baransu studied in the United States[clarification needed] for over three years, working on a thesis on child murders. Media career ------------ ### "Sledgehammer" plot In 2014, Turkey's highest court ruled that the officers convicted in connection with the "Sledgehammer" plot had not received a fair trial. On 1 March 2015, in the wake of allegations by the ruling party that the "Sledgehammer" documents were forgeries, Baransu was detained in his home in the Kağıthane district of Istanbul. Meanwhile police counter-terrorist teams searched his home for ten or twelve hours (reports differed), and seized some documents. During the months preceding this detention, he had been detained several times by police. ### Arrest The next day he was arrested and charged with obtaining the secret documents relating to the "Sledgehammer" plan. The Guardian described the allegations against Baransu as "extraordinary." He faced up to eight years in prison. The exact charge leveled against Baransu was that he had formed a criminal organization" and procured, publicized and then destroyed "documents related to the state’s interests at home and abroad." ### Reactions In an article in the daily newspaper Cumhuriyet, Ahmet Altan, founding editor of Taraf, defended Baransu, writing, "Since when have coup plans been classified as ‘documents related to state security’ and ‘state knowledge that needs to be kept classified?’ I am the person who published the [Sledgehammer] story, the one who decided it needed to be published, the one who didn't doubt for a moment that Sledgehammer was a coup plot." Nina Ognianova of the Committee for the Protection of Journalists called for Baransu's release, saying: "A journalist’s job is to report on developments in the public interest, and it is absurd that a journalist should be prosecuted for obtaining documents which, in any case, were shared with authorities." In an article headlined "What lies behind Mehmet Baransu’s arrest?", Baransu's colleague Yasemin Çongar noted claims "that Baransu drafted fake documents and committed military espionage." Çongar asked: "Would a journalist really submit the documents he holds to the state if he made them or thinks they are fake? Would a journalist really submit the documents and evidence to the state and publish these items, if his purpose is to sell these documents and military secrets to other states?" Çongar added that Baransu apparently "was not arrested because of these rumors" but because he was "being accused of acquiring information that should have been kept confidential in the interests of the state and national security under Article 327 of the Turkish Penal Code (TCK). Should we now assume that coup preparations are legal and that they should be kept confidential for national security? Should we argue that journalists should simply ignore the right of the people to be properly informed and stay away from documents and evidence showing illegal activities conducted within the state? Does this not mean giving up on journalism? Does this not mean giving up on Article 3 of the Press Law and Article 28 of the Constitution?" Çongar further stated that "When I read the documents and listened to the CDs that served as the basis of those reports, I concluded that there was actually a coup plan devised in the army in 2003. I still hold this view." The group Article 19 condemned Baransu's arrest and called for his immediate release. Article 19 had previously expressed concern about the arrest of journalists working for the newspaper Zaman, which, like Taraf, it noted, "play an important role in investigating alleged government corruption and maintaining a diversity of voices in the Turkish press." The International Press Institute (IPI) also condemned Baransu's detention. "This case appears to be an effort to target Mr. Baransu for the materials he published, in violation of the right to press freedom," IPI Director of Advocacy and Communications Steven M. Ellis said. "Given the circumstances of the case against him, there appears to be no legitimate reason to detain Mr. Baransu while the investigation proceeds and we call on Turkish authorities to release him immediately." Meanwhile Baransu faced a possible 52-year prison sentence "for his 2013 revelations of an 'action plan' developed by Turkey's National Security Council targeting the Fethullah Gulen religious movement." ### Jail sentences On Sunday, 19 July, Baransu was sentenced by the court board to 19 years and 6 months in prison for three crimes. For "violating privacy" he was sentenced to two years in prison; for "disclosing classified information" he was sentenced to four years in prison; and for "membership of an armed terrorist organisation" he was sentenced to 13 years and six months in prison. Baransu has been held behind bars since 2015, having also been convicted that year of "insulting the President" and sentenced to 10 months in prison on 30 June 2015 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Then, on 2 February 2016, he received an additional sentence of 11 months and 20 days for his criticism of Hakan Fidan, head of the National Intelligence Organization. While imprisoned, he was tried for allegedly leaking secret documents of the state in an article titled "The Decision to Finish Gülen Was Made in 2004". This was the article where he exposed the planned coup against the Turkish Government. The prosecutor for the case demanded 50 years and 6 months in prison for Baransu. Bibliography ------------ * Mehmet Baransu – Tuncay Opçin (2012). Pirus (Devşirme Orduların Son Savaşı). Karakutu Yayınları. ISBN 9786051200323.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) * Mehmet Baransu (2010). Karargah. Karakutu Yayınları. ISBN 9786051200040. * Mehmet Baransu (2010). Mösyö: Hanefi Avcı'nın Yazamadıkları. Karakutu Yayınları. ISBN 9786051200163.
Jules Fournier (August 23, 1884 - April 16, 1918) was a Canadian writer and newspaper owner. Biography --------- Jules Fournier was born on August 23, 1884, to parents Isaïe Fournier and Marie Durocher in Coteau-du-Lac, Quebec. His family was not wealthy, and Fournier attended a local parish school, where he was taught basic Latin. In 1897, Fournier entered the second form at Collège de Valleyfield in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield. He was an exceptional student, and was described by one of his teachers as advanced beyond his fellow students and the majority of his instructors. Following a verbal encounter with his school principal, Fournier was expelled from Collège de Valleyfield in December 1902. In 1903, Fournier joined the La Presse newspaper in Montreal, where he met the prominent Quebec nationalist Olivar Asselin. In 1904, Fournier moved to the Le Canada newspaper. In his position there, he travelled around New England investigating the lifestyles and affairs of Franco-Americans. In 1906, Fournier was made a political reporter at Le Canada, but began writing for Asselin's Le Nationaliste publication under the name Pierre Beaudry the same year. Fournier became Le Nationaliste's editor in 1908. Between 1907 and 1909, Fournier ran into legal trouble on several occasions as a result of his provocative journalism. In 1907, Quebec government Minister Adélard Turgeon took him to court, as did the then-future Premier of Quebec Louis-Alexandre Taschereau in 1909. Also in 1909, Fournier criticised the decisions being made by Quebec courts (calling them a "prostitution of justice"), as well as described three former politicians as "erstwhile thugs". Attorney General Lomer Gouin proceeded to charge Fournier with contempt of court. The judge in his case was none other than one of the men Fournier had disparaged, Judge François Langelier. Langelier sentenced Fournier to three months in prison, although he only served seventeen days. During this time, Fournier wrote a book, Souvenirs de prison, about his experiences in prison and the unsanitary conditions there. In 1910, Fournier worked at Le Devoir for three months before travelling to France as a correspondent for La Patrie. Fournier formed his own weekly newspaper L’Action in April 1911, featuring contributions by his friend Asselin as well as Arthur Beauchesne, a parliamentary expert and National Historic Person of Canada, several writers and many poets. The paper was sued twice during its existence - once by the editor of Fournier's former employer, La Patrie, and once by the Mayor of Montreal for calling him a 'big thief', the latter of which Fournier won. These lawsuits during the paper's infancy led Fournier to joke that the paper should have been called L’Action pour libelle ("libel lawsuit"). After a three-month stint on the Montreal municipal council in 1916, Fournier's paper closed down on 29 April of that year. In 1917, Fournier began work as a translator for the Senate of Canada. However, in April 1918, Fournier developed an early case of the Spanish flu and died on April 16 in Ottawa, Ontario. He was 33 years of age, and was quoted by his wife as saying that he was "too young" to die. He was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal. Further reading --------------- * Thério, Adrien (2003). Jules Fournier, journaliste de combat (in French). Montreal: Lux. p. 208. ISBN 2-89596-007-0. \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * FAST * ISNI * VIAF \| \| National \| * France * BnF data * Germany * Israel * United States * Czech Republic \| \| Other \| * IdRef \|
Formulation of classical mechanics \| \| \| --- \| \| Part of a series on \| \| Classical mechanics \| \| {\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d}{dt}}(m{\textbf {v}})}Second law of motion \| \| * History * Timeline * Textbooks \| \| Branches * Applied * Celestial * Continuum * Dynamics * Kinematics * Kinetics * Statics * Statistical mechanics \| \| Fundamentals * Acceleration * Angular momentum * Couple * D'Alembert's principle * Energy + kinetic + potential * Force * Frame of reference * Inertial frame of reference * Impulse * Inertia / Moment of inertia * Mass * Mechanical power * Mechanical work * Moment * Momentum * Space * Speed * Time * Torque * Velocity * Virtual work \| \| Formulations * Newton's laws of motion * Analytical mechanics + Lagrangian mechanics + Hamiltonian mechanics + Routhian mechanics + Hamilton–Jacobi equation + Appell's equation of motion + Koopman–von Neumann mechanics \| \| Core topics * Damping * Displacement * Equations of motion * Euler's laws of motion * Fictitious force * Friction * Harmonic oscillator * Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame * Mechanics of planar particle motion * Motion (linear) * Newton's law of universal gravitation * Newton's laws of motion * Relative velocity * Rigid body + dynamics + Euler's equations * Simple harmonic motion * Vibration \| \| Rotation * Circular motion * Rotating reference frame * Centripetal force * Centrifugal force + reactive * Coriolis force * Pendulum * Tangential speed * Rotational frequency * Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity \| \| Scientists * Kepler * Galileo * Huygens * Newton * Horrocks * Halley * Maupertuis * Daniel Bernoulli * Johann Bernoulli * Euler * d'Alembert * Clairaut * Lagrange * Laplace * Hamilton * Poisson * Cauchy * Routh * Liouville * Appell * Gibbs * Koopman * von Neumann \| \| * icon Physics portal * Category \| \| * v * t * e \| Edward John Routh, 1831–1907 In classical mechanics, Routh's procedure or Routhian mechanics is a hybrid formulation of Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics developed by Edward John Routh. Correspondingly, the Routhian is the function which replaces both the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions. Routhian mechanics is equivalent to Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics, and introduces no new physics. It offers an alternative way to solve mechanical problems. Definitions ----------- The Routhian, like the Hamiltonian, can be obtained from a Legendre transform of the Lagrangian, and has a similar mathematical form to the Hamiltonian, but is not exactly the same. The difference between the Lagrangian, Hamiltonian, and Routhian functions are their variables. For a given set of generalized coordinates representing the degrees of freedom in the system, the Lagrangian is a function of the coordinates and velocities, while the Hamiltonian is a function of the coordinates and momenta. The Routhian differs from these functions in that some coordinates are chosen to have corresponding generalized velocities, the rest to have corresponding generalized momenta. This choice is arbitrary, and can be done to simplify the problem. It also has the consequence that the Routhian equations are exactly the Hamiltonian equations for some coordinates and corresponding momenta, and the Lagrangian equations for the rest of the coordinates and their velocities. In each case the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions are replaced by a single function, the Routhian. The full set thus has the advantages of both sets of equations, with the convenience of splitting one set of coordinates to the Hamilton equations, and the rest to the Lagrangian equations. In the case of Lagrangian mechanics, the generalized coordinates q1, q2, ... and the corresponding velocities dq1/dt, dq2/dt, ... and possibly time t, enter the Lagrangian, {\displaystyle L(q\_{1},q\_{2},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}\_{1},{\dot {q}}\_{2},\ldots ,t)\,,\quad {\dot {q}}\_{i}={\frac {dq\_{i}}{dt}}\,,} where the overdots denote time derivatives. In Hamiltonian mechanics, the generalized coordinates q1, q2, ... and the corresponding generalized momenta p1, p2, ... and possibly time, enter the Hamiltonian, {\displaystyle H(q\_{1},q\_{2},\ldots ,p\_{1},p\_{2},\ldots ,t)=\sum \_{i}{\dot {q}}\_{i}p\_{i}-L(q\_{1},q\_{2},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}\_{1}(p\_{1}),{\dot {q}}\_{2}(p\_{2}),\ldots ,t)\,,\quad p\_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}\_{i}}}\,,} where the second equation is the definition of the generalized momentum pi corresponding to the coordinate qi (partial derivatives are denoted using ∂). The velocities dqi/dt are expressed as functions of their corresponding momenta by inverting their defining relation. In this context, pi is said to be the momentum "canonically conjugate" to qi. The Routhian is intermediate between L and H; some coordinates q1, q2, ... qn are chosen to have corresponding generalized momenta p1, p2, ... pn, the rest of the coordinates ζ1, ζ2, ... ζs to have generalized velocities dζ1/dt, dζ2/dt, ... dζs/dt, and time may appear explicitly; Routhian (n + s degrees of freedom) {\displaystyle R(q\_{1},\ldots ,q\_{n},\zeta \_{1},\ldots ,\zeta \_{s},p\_{1},\ldots ,p\_{n},{\dot {\zeta }}\_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {\zeta }}\_{s},t)=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}p\_{i}{\dot {q}}\_{i}(p\_{i})-L(q\_{1},\ldots ,q\_{n},\zeta \_{1},\ldots ,\zeta \_{s},{\dot {q}}\_{1}(p\_{1}),\ldots ,{\dot {q}}\_{n}(p\_{n}),{\dot {\zeta }}\_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {\zeta }}\_{s},t)\,,} where again the generalized velocity dqi/dt is to be expressed as a function of generalized momentum pi via its defining relation. The choice of which n coordinates are to have corresponding momenta, out of the n + s coordinates, is arbitrary. The above is used by Landau and Lifshitz, and Goldstein. Some authors may define the Routhian to be the negative of the above definition. Given the length of the general definition, a more compact notation is to use boldface for tuples (or vectors) of the variables, thus q = (q1, q2, ... qn), ζ = (ζ1, ζ2, ... ζs), p = (p1, p2, ... pn), and d ζ/dt = (dζ1/dt, dζ2/dt, ... dζs/dt), so that {\displaystyle R(\mathbf {q} ,{\boldsymbol {\zeta }},\mathbf {p} ,{\dot {\boldsymbol {\zeta }}},t)=\mathbf {p} \cdot {\dot {\mathbf {q} }}-L(\mathbf {q} ,{\boldsymbol {\zeta }},{\dot {\mathbf {q} }},{\dot {\boldsymbol {\zeta }}},t)\,,} where · is the dot product defined on the tuples, for the specific example appearing here: {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} \cdot {\dot {\mathbf {q} }}=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}p\_{i}{\dot {q}}\_{i}\,.} Equations of motion ------------------- For reference, the Euler-Lagrange equations for s degrees of freedom are a set of s coupled second order ordinary differential equations in the coordinates {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}\_{j}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial q\_{j}}}\,,} where j = 1, 2, ... s, and the Hamiltonian equations for n degrees of freedom are a set of 2n coupled first order ordinary differential equations in the coordinates and momenta {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}\_{i}={\frac {\partial H}{\partial p\_{i}}}\,,\quad {\dot {p}}\_{i}=-{\frac {\partial H}{\partial q\_{i}}}\,.} Below, the Routhian equations of motion are obtained in two ways, in the process other useful derivatives are found that can be used elsewhere. ### Two degrees of freedom Consider the case of a system with two degrees of freedom, q and ζ, with generalized velocities dq/dt and dζ/dt, and the Lagrangian is time-dependent. (The generalization to any number of degrees of freedom follows exactly the same procedure as with two). The Lagrangian of the system will have the form {\displaystyle L(q,\zeta ,{\dot {q}},{\dot {\zeta }},t)} The differential of L is {\displaystyle dL={\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}dq+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial \zeta }}d\zeta +{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}d{\dot {q}}+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}}}d{\dot {\zeta }}+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial t}}dt\,.} Now change variables, from the set (q, ζ, dq/dt, dζ/dt) to (q, ζ, p, dζ/dt), simply switching the velocity dq/dt to the momentum p. This change of variables in the differentials is the Legendre transformation. The differential of the new function to replace L will be a sum of differentials in dq, dζ, dp, d(dζ/dt), and dt. Using the definition of generalized momentum and Lagrange's equation for the coordinate q: {\displaystyle p={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}\,,\quad {\dot {p}}={\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial q}}} we have {\displaystyle dL={\dot {p}}dq+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial \zeta }}d\zeta +pd{\dot {q}}+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}}}d{\dot {\zeta }}+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial t}}dt} and to replace pd(dq/dt) by (dq/dt)dp, recall the product rule for differentials, and substitute {\displaystyle pd{\dot {q}}=d({\dot {q}}p)-{\dot {q}}dp} to obtain the differential of a new function in terms of the new set of variables: {\displaystyle d(L-p{\dot {q}})={\dot {p}}dq+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial \zeta }}d\zeta -{\dot {q}}dp+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}}}d{\dot {\zeta }}+{\frac {\partial L}{\partial t}}dt\,.} Introducing the Routhian {\displaystyle R(q,\zeta ,p,{\dot {\zeta }},t)=p{\dot {q}}(p)-L} where again the velocity dq/dt is a function of the momentum p, we have {\displaystyle dR=-{\dot {p}}dq-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial \zeta }}d\zeta +{\dot {q}}dp-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}}}d{\dot {\zeta }}-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial t}}dt\,,} but from the above definition, the differential of the Routhian is {\displaystyle dR={\frac {\partial R}{\partial q}}dq+{\frac {\partial R}{\partial \zeta }}d\zeta +{\frac {\partial R}{\partial p}}dp+{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}}}d{\dot {\zeta }}+{\frac {\partial R}{\partial t}}dt\,.} Comparing the coefficients of the differentials dq, dζ, dp, d(dζ/dt), and dt, the results are Hamilton's equations for the coordinate q, {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial p}}\,,\quad {\dot {p}}=-{\frac {\partial R}{\partial q}}\,,} and Lagrange's equation for the coordinate ζ {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial \zeta }}} which follow from {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial \zeta }}=-{\frac {\partial R}{\partial \zeta }}\,,\quad {\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}}}=-{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}}}\,,} and taking the total time derivative of the second equation and equating to the first. Notice the Routhian replaces the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian functions in all the equations of motion. The remaining equation states the partial time derivatives of L and R are negatives {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial t}}=-{\frac {\partial R}{\partial t}}\,.} ### Any number of degrees of freedom For n + s coordinates as defined above, with Routhian {\displaystyle R(q\_{1},\ldots ,q\_{n},\zeta \_{1},\ldots ,\zeta \_{s},p\_{1},\ldots ,p\_{n},{\dot {\zeta }}\_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {\zeta }}\_{s},t)=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}p\_{i}{\dot {q}}\_{i}(p\_{i})-L} the equations of motion can be derived by a Legendre transformation of this Routhian as in the previous section, but another way is to simply take the partial derivatives of R with respect to the coordinates qi and ζj, momenta pi, and velocities dζj/dt, where i = 1, 2, ... n, and j = 1, 2, ... s. The derivatives are {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial R}{\partial q\_{i}}}=-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q\_{i}}}=-{\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}\_{i}}}=-{\dot {p}}\_{i}} {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial R}{\partial p\_{i}}}={\dot {q}}\_{i}} {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial R}{\partial \zeta \_{j}}}=-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial \zeta \_{j}}}\,,} {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}}}=-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}}}\,,} {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial R}{\partial t}}=-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial t}}\,.} The first two are identically the Hamiltonian equations. Equating the total time derivative of the fourth set of equations with the third (for each value of j) gives the Lagrangian equations. The fifth is just the same relation between time partial derivatives as before. To summarize Routhian equations of motion (n + s degrees of freedom) {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}\_{i}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial p\_{i}}}\,,\quad {\dot {p}}\_{i}=-{\frac {\partial R}{\partial q\_{i}}}\,,} {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial \zeta \_{j}}}\,.} The total number of equations is 2n + s, there are 2n Hamiltonian equations plus s Lagrange equations. Energy ------ Since the Lagrangian has the same units as energy, the units of the Routhian are also energy. In SI units this is the Joule. Taking the total time derivative of the Lagrangian leads to the general result {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial t}}={\frac {d}{dt}}\left(\sum \_{i=1}^{n}{\dot {q}}\_{i}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}\_{i}}}+\sum \_{j=1}^{s}{\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}}}-L\right)\,.} If the Lagrangian is independent of time, the partial time derivative of the Lagrangian is zero, ∂L/∂t = 0, so the quantity under the total time derivative in brackets must be a constant, it is the total energy of the system {\displaystyle E=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}{\dot {q}}\_{i}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}\_{i}}}+\sum \_{j=1}^{s}{\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}}}-L\,.} (If there are external fields interacting with the constituents of the system, they can vary throughout space but not time). This expression requires the partial derivatives of L with respect to all the velocities dqi/dt and dζj/dt. Under the same condition of R being time independent, the energy in terms of the Routhian is a little simpler, substituting the definition of R and the partial derivatives of R with respect to the velocities dζj/dt, {\displaystyle E=R-\sum \_{j=1}^{s}{\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}}}\,.} Notice only the partial derivatives of R with respect to the velocities dζj/dt are needed. In the case that s = 0 and the Routhian is explicitly time-independent, then E = R, that is, the Routhian equals the energy of the system. The same expression for R in when s = 0 is also the Hamiltonian, so in all E = R = H. If the Routhian has explicit time dependence, the total energy of the system is not constant. The general result is {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial R}{\partial t}}={\dfrac {d}{dt}}\left(R-\sum \_{j=1}^{s}{\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}}}\right)\,,} which can be derived from the total time derivative of R in the same way as for L. Cyclic coordinates ------------------ Often the Routhian approach may offer no advantage, but one notable case where this is useful is when a system has cyclic coordinates (also called "ignorable coordinates"), by definition those coordinates which do not appear in the original Lagrangian. The Lagrangian equations are powerful results, used frequently in theory and practice, since the equations of motion in the coordinates are easy to set up. However, if cyclic coordinates occur there will still be equations to solve for all the coordinates, including the cyclic coordinates despite their absence in the Lagrangian. The Hamiltonian equations are useful theoretical results, but less useful in practice because coordinates and momenta are related together in the solutions - after solving the equations the coordinates and momenta must be eliminated from each other. Nevertheless, the Hamiltonian equations are perfectly suited to cyclic coordinates because the equations in the cyclic coordinates trivially vanish, leaving only the equations in the non cyclic coordinates. The Routhian approach has the best of both approaches, because cyclic coordinates can be split off to the Hamiltonian equations and eliminated, leaving behind the non cyclic coordinates to be solved from the Lagrangian equations. Overall fewer equations need to be solved compared to the Lagrangian approach. The Routhian formulation is useful for systems with cyclic coordinates, because by definition those coordinates do not enter L, and hence R. The corresponding partial derivatives of L and R with respect to those coordinates are zero, which equates to the corresponding generalized momenta reducing to constants. To make this concrete, if the qi are all cyclic coordinates, and the ζj are all non cyclic, then {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial q\_{i}}}={\dot {p}}\_{i}=-{\frac {\partial R}{\partial q\_{i}}}=0\quad \Rightarrow \quad p\_{i}=\alpha \_{i}\,,} where the αi are constants. With these constants substituted into the Routhian, R is a function of only the non cyclic coordinates and velocities (and in general time also) {\displaystyle R(\zeta \_{1},\ldots ,\zeta \_{s},\alpha \_{1},\ldots ,\alpha \_{n},{\dot {\zeta }}\_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {\zeta }}\_{s},t)=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}\alpha \_{i}{\dot {q}}\_{i}(\alpha \_{i})-L(\zeta \_{1},\ldots ,\zeta \_{s},{\dot {q}}\_{1}(\alpha \_{1}),\ldots ,{\dot {q}}\_{n}(\alpha \_{n}),{\dot {\zeta }}\_{1},\ldots ,{\dot {\zeta }}\_{s},t)\,,} The 2n Hamiltonian equation in the cyclic coordinates automatically vanishes, {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}\_{i}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial \alpha \_{i}}}=f\_{i}(\zeta \_{1}(t),\ldots ,\zeta \_{s}(t),{\dot {\zeta }}\_{1}(t),\ldots ,{\dot {\zeta }}\_{s}(t),\alpha \_{1},\ldots ,\alpha \_{n},t)\,,\quad {\dot {p}}\_{i}=-{\frac {\partial R}{\partial q\_{i}}}=0\,,} and the s Lagrangian equations are in the non cyclic coordinates {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\zeta }}\_{j}}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial \zeta \_{j}}}\,.} Thus the problem has been reduced to solving the Lagrangian equations in the non cyclic coordinates, with the advantage of the Hamiltonian equations cleanly removing the cyclic coordinates. Using those solutions, the equations for {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}\_{i}}can be integrated to compute {\displaystyle q\_{i}(t)}. If we are interested in how the cyclic coordinates change with time, the equations for the generalized velocities corresponding to the cyclic coordinates can be integrated. Examples -------- Routh's procedure does not guarantee the equations of motion will be simple, however it will lead to fewer equations. ### Central potential in spherical coordinates One general class of mechanical systems with cyclic coordinates are those with central potentials, because potentials of this form only have dependence on radial separations and no dependence on angles. Consider a particle of mass m under the influence of a central potential V(r) in spherical polar coordinates (r, θ, φ) {\displaystyle L(r,{\dot {r}},\theta ,{\dot {\theta }},{\dot {\phi }})={\frac {m}{2}}({\dot {r}}^{2}+{r}^{2}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta {\dot {\varphi }}^{2})-V(r)\,.} Notice φ is cyclic, because it does not appear in the Lagrangian. The momentum conjugate to φ is the constant {\displaystyle p\_{\phi }={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}}}=mr^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta {\dot {\phi }}\,,} in which r and dφ/dt can vary with time, but the angular momentum pφ is constant. The Routhian can be taken to be {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R(r,{\dot {r}},\theta ,{\dot {\theta }})&=p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}-L\\&=p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}-{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {r}}^{2}-{\frac {m}{2}}r^{2}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}-{\frac {p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}}{2}}+V(r)\\&={\frac {p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}}{2}}-{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {r}}^{2}-{\frac {m}{2}}r^{2}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}+V(r)\\&={\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}}{2mr^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta }}-{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {r}}^{2}-{\frac {m}{2}}r^{2}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}+V(r)\,.\end{aligned}}} We can solve for r and θ using Lagrange's equations, and do not need to solve for φ since it is eliminated by Hamiltonian's equations. The r equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {r}}}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial r}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad -m{\ddot {r}}=-{\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}}{mr^{3}\sin ^{2}\theta }}-mr{\dot {\theta }}^{2}+{\frac {\partial V}{\partial r}}\,,} and the θ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial \theta }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad -m(2r{\dot {r}}{\dot {\theta }}+r^{2}{\ddot {\theta }})=-{\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}\cos \theta }{mr^{2}\sin ^{3}\theta }}\,.} The Routhian approach has obtained two coupled nonlinear equations. By contrast the Lagrangian approach leads to three nonlinear coupled equations, mixing in the first and second time derivatives of φ in all of them, despite its absence from the Lagrangian. The r equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {r}}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial r}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad m{\ddot {r}}=mr{\dot {\theta }}^{2}+mr\sin ^{2}\theta {\dot {\phi }}^{2}-{\frac {\partial V}{\partial r}}\,,} the θ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \theta }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad 2r{\dot {r}}{\dot {\theta }}+r^{2}{\ddot {\theta }}=r^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta {\dot {\phi }}^{2}\,,} the φ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \phi }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad 2r{\dot {r}}\sin ^{2}\theta {\dot {\phi }}+2r^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta {\dot {\theta }}{\dot {\phi }}+r^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta {\ddot {\phi }}=0\,.} ### Symmetric mechanical systems #### Spherical pendulum Spherical pendulum: angles and velocities Consider the spherical pendulum, a mass m (known as a "pendulum bob") attached to a rigid rod of length l of negligible mass, subject to a local gravitational field g. The system rotates with angular velocity dφ/dt which is not constant. The angle between the rod and vertical is θ and is not constant. The Lagrangian is {\displaystyle L(\theta ,{\dot {\theta }},{\dot {\phi }})={\frac {m\ell ^{2}}{2}}({\dot {\theta }}^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta {\dot {\phi }}^{2})+mg\ell \cos \theta \,,} and φ is the cyclic coordinate for the system with constant momentum {\displaystyle p\_{\phi }={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}}}=m\ell ^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta {\dot {\phi }}\,.} which again is physically the angular momentum of the system about the vertical. The angle θ and angular velocity dφ/dt vary with time, but the angular momentum is constant. The Routhian is {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R(\theta ,{\dot {\theta }})&=p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}-L\\&=p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}-{\frac {m\ell ^{2}}{2}}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}-{\frac {p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}}{2}}-mg\ell \cos \theta \\&={\frac {p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}}{2}}-{\frac {m\ell ^{2}}{2}}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}-mg\ell \cos \theta \\&={\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}}{2m\ell ^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta }}-{\frac {m\ell ^{2}}{2}}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}-mg\ell \cos \theta \end{aligned}}} The θ equation is found from the Lagrangian equations {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial \theta }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad -m\ell ^{2}{\ddot {\theta }}=-{\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}\cos \theta }{m\ell ^{2}\sin ^{3}\theta }}+mg\ell \sin \theta \,,} or simplifying by introducing the constants {\displaystyle a={\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}}{m^{2}\ell ^{4}}}\,,\quad b={\frac {g}{\ell }}\,,} gives {\displaystyle {\ddot {\theta }}=a{\frac {\cos \theta }{\sin ^{3}\theta }}-b\sin \theta \,.} This equation resembles the simple nonlinear pendulum equation, because it can swing through the vertical axis, with an additional term to account for the rotation about the vertical axis (the constant a is related to the angular momentum pφ). Applying the Lagrangian approach there are two nonlinear coupled equations to solve. The θ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \theta }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad m\ell ^{2}{\ddot {\theta }}=m\ell ^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta {\dot {\phi }}^{2}-mg\ell \sin \theta \,,} and the φ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \phi }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad 2\sin \theta \cos \theta {\dot {\theta }}{\dot {\phi }}+\sin ^{2}\theta {\ddot {\phi }}=0\,.} #### Heavy symmetrical top Heavy symmetric top in terms of the Euler angles The heavy symmetrical top of mass M has Lagrangian {\displaystyle L(\theta ,{\dot {\theta }},{\dot {\psi }},{\dot {\phi }})={\frac {I\_{1}}{2}}({\dot {\theta }}^{2}+{\dot {\phi }}^{2}\sin ^{2}\theta )+{\frac {I\_{3}}{2}}({\dot {\psi }}^{2}+{\dot {\phi }}^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta )+I\_{3}{\dot {\psi }}{\dot {\phi }}\cos \theta -Mg\ell \cos \theta } where ψ, φ, θ are the Euler angles, θ is the angle between the vertical z-axis and the top's z′-axis, ψ is the rotation of the top about its own z′-axis, and φ the azimuthal of the top's z′-axis around the vertical z-axis. The principal moments of inertia are I1 about the top's own x′ axis, I2 about the top's own y′ axes, and I3 about the top's own z′-axis. Since the top is symmetric about its z′-axis, I1 = I2. Here the simple relation for local gravitational potential energy V = Mglcosθ is used where g is the acceleration due to gravity, and the centre of mass of the top is a distance l from its tip along its z′-axis. The angles ψ, φ are cyclic. The constant momenta are the angular momenta of the top about its axis and its precession about the vertical, respectively: {\displaystyle p\_{\psi }={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\psi }}}}=I\_{3}{\dot {\psi }}+I\_{3}{\dot {\phi }}\cos \theta } {\displaystyle p\_{\phi }={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}}}={\dot {\phi }}(I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta +I\_{3}\cos ^{2}\theta )+I\_{3}{\dot {\psi }}\cos \theta } From these, eliminating dψ/dt: {\displaystyle p\_{\phi }-p\_{\psi }\cos \theta =I\_{1}{\dot {\phi }}\sin ^{2}\theta } we have {\displaystyle {\dot {\phi }}={\frac {p\_{\phi }-p\_{\psi }\cos \theta }{I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}\,,} and to eliminate dφ/dt, substitute this result into pψ and solve for dψ/dt to find {\displaystyle {\dot {\psi }}={\frac {p\_{\psi }}{I\_{3}}}-\cos \theta \left({\frac {p\_{\phi }-p\_{\psi }\cos \theta }{I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right)\,.} The Routhian can be taken to be {\displaystyle R(\theta ,{\dot {\theta }})=p\_{\psi }{\dot {\psi }}+p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}-L={\frac {1}{2}}(p\_{\psi }{\dot {\psi }}+p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }})-{\frac {I\_{1}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}}{2}}+Mg\ell \cos \theta } and since {\displaystyle {\frac {p\_{\phi }{\dot {\phi }}}{2}}={\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}}{2I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}-{\frac {p\_{\psi }p\_{\phi }\cos \theta }{2I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}\,,} {\displaystyle {\frac {p\_{\psi }{\dot {\psi }}}{2}}={\frac {p\_{\psi }^{2}}{2I\_{3}}}-{\frac {p\_{\psi }p\_{\phi }\cos \theta }{2I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}+{\frac {p\_{\psi }^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta }{2I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}} we have {\displaystyle R={\frac {p\_{\psi }^{2}}{2I\_{3}}}+{\frac {p\_{\psi }^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta }{2I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}+{\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}}{2I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}-{\frac {p\_{\psi }p\_{\phi }\cos \theta }{I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}-{\frac {I\_{1}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}}{2}}+Mg\ell \cos \theta \,.} The first term is constant, and can be ignored since only the derivatives of R will enter the equations of motion. The simplified Routhian, without loss of information, is thus {\displaystyle R={\frac {1}{2I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}\left[p\_{\psi }^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +p\_{\phi }^{2}-2p\_{\psi }p\_{\phi }\cos \theta \right]-{\frac {I\_{1}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}}{2}}+Mg\ell \cos \theta } The equation of motion for θ is, by direct calculation, {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial \theta }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad } {\displaystyle -I\_{1}{\ddot {\theta }}=-{\frac {\cos \theta }{I\_{1}\sin ^{3}\theta }}\left[p\_{\psi }^{2}\cos ^{2}\theta +p\_{\phi }^{2}-{\frac {p\_{\psi }p\_{\phi }}{2}}\cos \theta \right]+{\frac {1}{2I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta }}\left[-2p\_{\psi }^{2}\cos \theta \sin \theta +{\frac {p\_{\psi }p\_{\phi }}{2}}\sin \theta \right]-Mg\ell \sin \theta \,,} or by introducing the constants {\displaystyle a={\frac {p\_{\psi }^{2}}{I\_{1}^{2}}}\,,\quad b={\frac {p\_{\phi }^{2}}{I\_{1}^{2}}}\,,\quad c={\frac {p\_{\psi }p\_{\phi }}{2I\_{1}^{2}}}\,,\quad k={\frac {Mg\ell }{I\_{1}}}\,,} a simpler form of the equation is obtained {\displaystyle {\ddot {\theta }}={\frac {\cos \theta }{\sin ^{3}\theta }}(a\cos ^{2}\theta +b-c\cos \theta )+{\frac {1}{2\sin \theta }}(2a\cos \theta -c)+k\sin \theta \,.} Although the equation is highly nonlinear, there is only one equation to solve for, it was obtained directly, and the cyclic coordinates are not involved. By contrast, the Lagrangian approach leads to three nonlinear coupled equations to solve, despite the absence of the coordinates ψ and φ in the Lagrangian. The θ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \theta }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad I\_{1}{\ddot {\theta }}=(I\_{1}-I\_{3}){\dot {\phi }}^{2}\sin \theta \cos \theta -I\_{3}{\dot {\psi }}{\dot {\phi }}\sin \theta +Mg\ell \sin \theta \,,} the ψ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\psi }}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \psi }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad {\ddot {\psi }}+{\ddot {\phi }}\cos \theta -{\dot {\phi }}{\dot {\theta }}\sin \theta =0\,,} and the φ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\phi }}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \phi }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad {\ddot {\phi }}(I\_{1}\sin ^{2}\theta +I\_{3}\cos ^{2}\theta )+{\dot {\phi }}(I\_{1}-I\_{3})2\sin \theta \cos \theta {\dot {\theta }}+I\_{3}{\ddot {\psi }}\cos \theta -I\_{3}{\dot {\psi }}\sin \theta {\dot {\theta }}=0\,,} ### Velocity-dependent potentials #### Classical charged particle in a uniform magnetic field Classical charged particle in uniform B field, using cylindrical coordinates. Top: If the radial coordinate r and angular velocity dθ/dt vary, the trajectory is a helicoid with varying radius but uniform motion in the z direction. Bottom: Constant r and dθ/dt means a helicoid with constant radius. Consider a classical charged particle of mass m and electric charge q in a static (time-independent) uniform (constant throughout space) magnetic field B. The Lagrangian for a charged particle in a general electromagnetic field given by the magnetic potential A and electric potential {\displaystyle \phi } is {\displaystyle L={\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {\mathbf {r} }}^{2}-q\phi +q{\dot {\mathbf {r} }}\cdot \mathbf {A} \,,} It is convenient to use cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z), so that {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {r} }}=\mathbf {v} =(v\_{r},v\_{\theta },v\_{z})=({\dot {r}},r{\dot {\theta }},{\dot {z}})\,,} {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =(B\_{r},B\_{\theta },B\_{z})=(0,0,B)\,.} In this case of no electric field, the electric potential is zero, {\displaystyle \phi =0}, and we can choose the axial gauge for the magnetic potential {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} ={\frac {1}{2}}\mathbf {B} \times \mathbf {r} \quad \Rightarrow \quad \mathbf {A} =(A\_{r},A\_{\theta },A\_{z})=(0,Br/2,0)\,,} and the Lagrangian is {\displaystyle L(r,{\dot {r}},{\dot {\theta }},{\dot {z}})={\frac {m}{2}}({\dot {r}}^{2}+r^{2}{\dot {\theta }}^{2}+{\dot {z}}^{2})+{\frac {qBr^{2}{\dot {\theta }}}{2}}\,.} Notice this potential has an effectively cylindrical symmetry (although it also has angular velocity dependence), since the only spatial dependence is on the radial length from an imaginary cylinder axis. There are two cyclic coordinates, θ and z. The canonical momenta conjugate to θ and z are the constants {\displaystyle p\_{\theta }={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}=mr^{2}{\dot {\theta }}+{\frac {qBr^{2}}{2}}\,,\quad p\_{z}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {z}}}}=m{\dot {z}}\,,} so the velocities are {\displaystyle {\dot {\theta }}={\frac {1}{mr^{2}}}\left(p\_{\theta }-{\frac {qBr^{2}}{2}}\right)\,,\quad {\dot {z}}={\frac {p\_{z}}{m}}\,.} The angular momentum about the z axis is not pθ, but the quantity mr2dθ/dt, which is not conserved due to the contribution from the magnetic field. The canonical momentum pθ is the conserved quantity. It is still the case that pz is the linear or translational momentum along the z axis, which is also conserved. The radial component r and angular velocity dθ/dt can vary with time, but pθ is constant, and since pz is constant it follows dz/dt is constant. The Routhian can take the form {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R(r,{\dot {r}})&=p\_{\theta }{\dot {\theta }}+p\_{z}{\dot {z}}-L\\&=p\_{\theta }{\dot {\theta }}+p\_{z}{\dot {z}}-{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {r}}^{2}-{\frac {p\_{\theta }{\dot {\theta }}}{2}}-{\frac {p\_{z}{\dot {z}}}{2}}-{\frac {1}{2}}qBr^{2}{\dot {\theta }}\\[6pt]&=(p\_{\theta }-qBr^{2}){\frac {\dot {\theta }}{2}}-{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {r}}^{2}+{\frac {p\_{z}{\dot {z}}}{2}}\\[6pt]&={\frac {1}{2mr^{2}}}\left(p\_{\theta }-qBr^{2}\right)\left(p\_{\theta }-{\frac {qBr^{2}}{2}}\right)-{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {r}}^{2}+{\frac {p\_{z}^{2}}{2m}}\\[6pt]&={\frac {1}{2mr^{2}}}\left(p\_{\theta }^{2}-{\frac {3}{2}}qBr^{2}+{\frac {(qB)^{2}r^{4}}{2}}\right)-{\frac {m}{2}}{\dot {r}}^{2}\end{aligned}}} where in the last line, the pz2/2m term is a constant and can be ignored without loss of continuity. The Hamiltonian equations for θ and z automatically vanish and do not need to be solved for. The Lagrangian equation in r {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial R}{\partial {\dot {r}}}}={\frac {\partial R}{\partial r}}} is by direct calculation {\displaystyle -m{\ddot {r}}={\frac {1}{2m}}\left[{\frac {-2}{r^{3}}}\left(p\_{\theta }^{2}-{\frac {3}{2}}qBr^{2}+{\frac {(qB)^{2}r^{4}}{2}}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}}}(-3qBr+2(qB)^{2}r^{3})\right]\,,} which after collecting terms is {\displaystyle m{\ddot {r}}={\frac {1}{2m}}\left[{\frac {2p\_{\theta }^{2}}{r^{3}}}-(qB)^{2}r\right]\,,} and simplifying further by introducing the constants {\displaystyle a={\frac {p\_{\theta }^{2}}{m^{2}}}\,,\quad b=-{\frac {(qB)^{2}}{2m^{2}}}\,,} the differential equation is {\displaystyle {\ddot {r}}={\frac {a}{r^{3}}}+br} To see how z changes with time, integrate the momenta expression for pz above {\displaystyle z={\frac {p\_{z}}{m}}t+c\_{z}\,,} where cz is an arbitrary constant, the initial value of z to be specified in the initial conditions. The motion of the particle in this system is helicoidal, with the axial motion uniform (constant) but the radial and angular components varying in a spiral according to the equation of motion derived above. The initial conditions on r, dr/dt, θ, dθ/dt, will determine if the trajectory of the particle has a constant r or varying r. If initially r is nonzero but dr/dt = 0, while θ and dθ/dt are arbitrary, then the initial velocity of the particle has no radial component, r is constant, so the motion will be in a perfect helix. If r is constant, the angular velocity is also constant according to the conserved pθ. With the Lagrangian approach, the equation for r would include dθ/dt which has to be eliminated, and there would be equations for θ and z to solve for. The r equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {r}}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial r}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad m{\ddot {r}}=mr{\dot {\theta }}^{2}+qBr{\dot {\theta }}\,,} the θ equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\theta }}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial \theta }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad m(2r{\dot {r}}{\dot {\theta }}+r^{2}{\ddot {\theta }})+qBr{\dot {r}}=0\,,} and the z equation is {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {z}}}}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial z}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad m{\ddot {z}}=0\,.} The z equation is trivial to integrate, but the r and θ equations are not, in any case the time derivatives are mixed in all the equations and must be eliminated.
American jazz musicianMusical artist Joseph Anthony Magnarelli (born January 19, 1960) is an American jazz trumpeter and flugelhornist. Early life and education ------------------------ Magnarelli was born in Syracuse, New York. He received a bachelor's degree from the State University of New York at Fredonia in 1982 and began playing in New York City in 1986. Career ------ Magnarelli was a member of Lionel Hampton's ensemble (1987–1989) and worked with Brother Jack McDuff from 1989 to 1994. He cofounded the New York Hard Bop Quintet in 1991 and led his own ensembles in the 1990s, often with John Swana and Jerry Weldon. He also worked as a sideman with Toshiko Akiyoshi, Laverne Butler, Harry Connick, Jr. the Buddy Rich band (after Rich's death), Maria Schneider, Gary Smulyan, Grant Stewart, the Vanguard Jazz Orchestra, Walt Weiskopf, and Ben Wolfe. Since 2017 Magnarelli has frequently performed with the Sant Andreu Jazz Band in Barcelona under the direction of Joan Chamorro. Discography ----------- * Why Not (Criss Cross Jazz, 1995) * Always There (1998) * Philly-New York Junction (Criss Cross, 1998) * Mr. Mags (Criss Cross, 2001) * New York-Philly Junction (Criss Cross, 2003) * Persistence (2008) * My Old Flame (Give and Go Records, 2010) * Lookin' Up! (Posi-Tone, 2014) * Three On Two (Posi-Tone, 2015) * Magic Trick (SteepleChase, 2018) * New York Osaka Junction (SteepleChase, 2022)
Reticular theory is an obsolete scientific theory in neurobiology that stated that everything in the nervous system, such as the brain, is a single continuous network. The concept was postulated by a German anatomist Joseph von Gerlach in 1871, and was most popularised by the Nobel laureate Italian physician Camillo Golgi. However, the theory was refuted by later observations of a Spanish pathologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, using a staining technique discovered by Golgi, which showed that nervous tissue, like other tissues, is made of discrete cells. This neuron doctrine turned out to be the correct description of the nervous system, whereas the reticular theory was discredited. The proponents of the two contrasting theories, Golgi and Ramón y Cajal were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906, "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system". Development ----------- In 1863 a German anatomist Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters described the existence of an unbranched tubular process (the axon) extending from some cells in the central nervous system, specifically from the lateral vestibular nucleus. In 1871 Gerlach proposed that the brain is composed of "protoplasmic network", hence the basis of reticular theory. According to Gerlach, the nervous system simply consisted of a single continuous network called the reticulum. In 1873 Golgi invented a revolutionary method for microscopic research based on a specific technique for staining nerve cells, which he called "la reazione nera" (the "black reaction"). He was able to provide an intricate description of nerve cells in various regions of the cerebro-spinal axis, clearly distinguishing the axon from the dendrites. He drew up a new classification of cells on the basis of the structure of their nervous prolongation, and he criticized Gerlach's theory of the "protoplasmic network". Golgi claimed to observe in the gray matter an extremely dense and intricate network, composed of a web of intertwined branches of axons coming from different cell layers ("diffuse nervous network"). This structure, which emerges from the axons and is therefore essentially different from that hypothesized by Gerlach, appeared in his view to be the main organ of the nervous system, the organ that connected different cerebral areas both anatomically and functionally by means of the transmission of an electric nervous impulse. Although Golgi's earlier works between 1873 and 1885 clearly depicted the axonal connections of cerebellar cortex and olfactory bulb as independent of one another, his later works including the Nobel Lecture showed the entire granular layer of the cerebellar cortex occupied by a network of branching and anastomosing nerve processes. This was due to his strong conviction in the reticular theory. Decline ------- Ramón y Cajal's illustration of the neuronal morphologies in the auditory cortex In 1877 an English physiologist Edward Schäfer described the absence of connections between the nerve elements in the mantles of the jellyfish. The Norwegian zoologist Fridtjof Nansen also reported in 1887 that he found no connections between the processes of the ganglion cells of aquatic animals in his doctoral research (The Structure and Combination of Histological Elements of the Central Nervous System). By the late 1880s, serious opposition to the reticular theory began to emerge. Wilhelm His in Leipzig studied the embryological development of the central nervous system and concluded that his observations were consistent with the classic cell theory (that nerve cells were individual cells), and not the reticular theory. In 1891, another German anatomist Wilhelm Waldeyer also supported the theory by stating that the nervous system, as other tissues, was composed of cells, which he named "neurons." Using the very same Golgi's technique, Ramón y Cajal confirmed that discrete neurons did exist, thereby strengthening the concept of the growing neuron doctrine. Golgi, however, never accepted these new findings, and a controversy and rivalry between the two scientists lasted even after they were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906. The Nobel award is even dubbed as creating the "storm center of histological controversy". Ramón y Cajal even commented that: "What a cruel irony of fate to pair, like Siamese twins united by the shoulders, scientific adversaries of such contrasting character!". In the 1950s electron microscopy finally confirmed the existence of individual neurons in the central nervous system, and the existence of gaps in between neurons called synapse. The reticular theory was finally put to rest.
Reservoir in Bulgaria Dam in Smolyan Province, Pazardzhik Province Dospat Reservoir (Bulgarian: язовир Доспат) is situated in the western part of the Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria. The reservoir (formed by a dam in the town of Dospat, 82 km (51 mi) west of Smolyan) stretches nearly 19 km (12 mi) northwest to the city of Sarnitsa. At 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above the sea level, it is one of the highest dams in Bulgaria in terms of altitude, and, with its 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi) of water area, the second largest in capacity. It is fed by the Dospat River. The dam, which creates the lake, is built for hydroelectricity generation as part of the Dospat–Vacha Hydropower Cascade (500.2 MW). There is no hydroelectric power plant (HPP) installed at the dam but rather the water is taken to the Teshel HPP and then further down the Devin HPP and the Vacha River with its power plants, dams and reservoirs (Tsankov Kamak HPP, Vacha Reservoir, Krichim Reservoir, Vacha II HPP, Krichim HPP and Vacha I HPP). Besides that, a minimum of 0.15 m3/s (0.20 cu yd/s) is constantly released for sanitation of the Dospat River riverbed where the average input to the reservoir is 7.9 m3/s (10.3 cu yd/s). The flora and fauna around the reservoir are diverse and the geography offers breathtaking sights. Old coniferous forests surround the lake. On the northern bank, the town of Sarnitsa and Krushata neighborhood are located. The terrain is hilly, with meadows and arable land available, used for grazing, potato growing and other agricultural activities. Parallel to the south bank are steep slopes covered in spruce and this bank is where most holiday cabins and hotels are located. The reservoir is rich in fish. It is stocked with perch, trout (rainbow, brown, brook), carp, European chub, common rudd, common roach, pumpkinseed, wels catfish, Danube Bleak and various members of Carassius. Trout are reared in cages within the reservoir. Most types of fishing are practiced: spinning with lures, fly fishing, and others. In the surrounding areas there are a number of other large dams, including Vacha, Golyam Beglik, Batak and Shiroka Polyana. The area offers great opportunities for recreation and tourism. Accessibility is, however, rather poor. Four main mountain roads link the reservoir to the rest of the world. One from Batak, a second from Velingrad to Sarnitsa, a third from Devin and a fourth from Gotse Delchev to the town of Dospat. The one from Batak allows accessibility to some of the other Rhodope dams along its length. It forks into two roads; one leading to the town of Dospat and the other to Sarnitsa. This road to Sarnitsa is in places very rutted and may prove a challenge to navigate. Along the south bank there runs a rough dirt track from Sarnitsa to Dospat but this is only used to access the holiday spots. Gallery ------- * * * *
Vietnamese military leader Lam Thanh Nguyen (Vietnamese: Lâm Thành Nguyên; 1904–1977), also known as Hai Ngoán, was a Vietnamese military leader, lieutenant general of the Vietnamese National Army and the deputy commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Hòa Hảo. Receiving French military education, he was a native of Nhơn Nghĩa village in Cần Thơ. Life ---- ### Early years Lâm Thành Nguyên was born in the Nhơn Nghĩa village of Cần Thơ in 1904. His family sent him to learn literature and martial arts from a young age, as he came from a family of prominent landowners in the Bảy Núi region. Nguyên's father was of Ch'ao-chou ancestry, and his mother was half-Chinese. Huỳnh Phú Sổ, the founder of the Hòa Hảo, cured Nguyên's aunt of an illness during his visit, and Nguyên became one of his adepts. He ascended through the ranks of a Hòa Hảo regiment within only five years. Sometime during World War II, Nguyên was arrested by the French colonial authorities on charges of blackmail. Nguyên returned to the Mekong Delta after being released in 1945 and immediately began forming new armed units; he also became a healer, calling himself the dao Ngoan. ### Military leadership On 7–9 September 1945, a band of 15,000 Hoahaoists armed with hand-to-hand weapons, and aided by the Trotskyists, attacked the Việt Minh garrison at the port city of Cần Thơ, which the Hòa Hảo considered the rightful capital of their domain. They were led by Thành Nguyên, General Trần Văn Soái, his eldest son, and Sổ's younger brother, but with their antiquated weapons, the Hòa Hảo were defeated and Sổ's men were massacred by the Việt Minh-controlled Advanced Guard Youth, who were reportedly aided by a nearby Japanese garrison. The slaughter was characterized by its savagery. During the clash, the Communists captured Nguyên. He was rescued by a passing sampan after being thrown alive into the Bassac River with his hands tied behind his back. Nguyên later profited from the incident, saying that he was saved by divine intervention. Extortion was used by Soái and Thành Nguyên to boost the sect's finances. There were also a lot of forced conversions, which swelled the Hòa Hảo ranks. Thành Nguyên's territorial ambitions entangled him in conflicts with both the French and Soái, forcing him to retreat to Tu Te and eventually Bảy Núi before the end of 1946. Thành Nguyên, along with other Hòa Hảo generals declared war on South Vietnam in late May 1955, furious that they had not granted the Hòa Hảo enough privileges. They knew that a direct confrontation with the Vietnamese National Army (VNA) would be catastrophic, so they burned down to their bases and dispersed their army of 16,000 men into the jungle to operate as guerrillas. The VNA, led by the General Dương Văn Minh (1916–2001), went on an offensive on 5 June and by mid-June, the army crushed Soái's forces near the Cambodian border, forcing him to retreat into Cambodia. Thành Nguyên, along with Nguyễn Giác Ngộ were disappointed by the rebellion's ineffectiveness, and they surrendered and turned over their armies to Saigon. Sources ------- * Fall, Bernard (1963). The Two Viet-Nams: A Political and Military Analysis. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0999141791. * G. Marr, David (2013). Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520274150. * Fall, Bernard B. (September 1955). "The Political-Religious Sects of Viet-Nam". Pacific Affairs. 28 (3): 235–253. doi:10.2307/3035404. JSTOR 3035404. * T. Jr McAlister, John (1969). Vietnam, The Origins of Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf for the Center of International Studies, Prince University. LCCN 69010690. * Tai, Hue-Tam Ho (2013). Millenarianism and Peasant Politics in Vietnam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674433694. * Jacobs, Seth (2004). America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia (Second ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 0822334291. ISSN 2692-0514. * Moyar, Mark (2009). Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521757638. * Thi Lâm, Quang (2001). The Twenty-five Year Century: A South Vietnamese General Remembers the Indochina War to the Fall of Saigon. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 1574411438. * Currey, Cech B. (2011) [1998]. "Dewey, Albert Peter". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (Second ed.). ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1851099603. * Thống, Trần Ngọc; Huân, Hồ Đắc; Thụy, Lê Đình (2011). Lược sử Quân lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa (in Vietnamese).
Spanish actress In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Prendes and the second or maternal family name is Martínez. Paula Prendes Martínez (Gijón, Asturias, January 21, 1983) is a Spanish actress, television presenter and journalist. Biography --------- He attended her first studies at the Cabueñes Public School. Later she went on to study at the IES El Piles, also in her hometown, Gijón. With a degree in Audiovisual Communication from the Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Paula Prendes has been an editor and news anchor at SER Gijón, sports at SER Salamanca, news at Localia de Madrid and has been a reporter at El octavo mandamiento, an entertainment program directed by Javier Cárdenas at Localia de Madrid. She has also presented Electronic Arts, a program broadcast on a well-known videogame website and has collaborated as a reporter on MTV. In television, she has starred in the series Somos cómplices (Antena 3) and Becarios (Telecinco) and has participated in others such as Bicho malo (nunca muere) (Neox), Hermanos y detectives (Telecinco), as well as in the last episode of Los hombres de Paco (Antena 3). In Periodistas FC she worked as a presenter and reporter of the program together with the presenters Dani Mateo and Ricardo Castella. Since the cancellation of this program, she joined Sé lo que hicisteis..., also in La Sexta. In June of that same year she was on the cover of Primera Línea and in July, of the male magazine FHM. From 2011 until 2013 she participated in the Antena 3 series Gran Hotel as Cristina Olmedo, being the sister of Julio Olmedo (Yon González). In 2012 she started a new series Imperium, the spin-off of Hispania, la leyenda with Lluís Homar, Nathalie Poza or Ángela Cremonte among others. In November of the same year, she was again on the cover of FHM magazine. In 2013 she gave life to Carolina Jiménez in Gran Reserva: El origen for TVE, prequel to the series Gran Reserva. From 2014 until 2015 she was in the series B&b, de boca en boca for the prime time of Telecinco in which she gave life to Martina. In May 2015, it was announced her signing with La 1, to host the prime time program Cocineros al volante. In 2016 she signs for the second season of Víctor Ros as the female lead. She also participates in the fourth season of Velvet acting in three episodes. In 2017 she participates in the play La madre que me parió, renewed for a second tour premiered on August 23 of the same year. In July she signs for Zapeando, working on it until 2019, being one of the collaborators of the program.. In April 2018, her participation in the third edition of the MasterChef Celebrity contest was confirmed. The contest was premiered in September and Paula Prendes was the first eliminated. From 2019 to 2021, she presented, with Boris Izaguirre, Prodigios on TVE for three seasons. In October 2019 she joined with a fixed role in the daily series Servir y proteger playing Lara Muñoz. Filmography ----------- ### Films \| Year \| Title \| Character \| Directed by \| Role \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2010 \| Hollywood \| Zoe \| Ramón Luque \| Secondary role \| \| 2011 \| Fuga de cerebros 2 \| Sara \| Carlos Therón \| Main role \| \| 2017 \| Enterrados \| Marga \| Luis Trapiello \| Main role \| \| ### Television series \| Year \| Title \| Character \| Role \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2008 \| Becarios \| Reporter \| 1 episode \| \| 2009 \| Bicho malo (nunca muere) \| Paula \| 1 episode \| \| Somos cómplices \| Andrea Méndez \| 80 episodes \| \| 2010 \| Los hombres de Paco \| Novia de Pepa \| 1 episode \| \| 2011 - 2013 \| Gran Hotel \| Cristina Olmedo \| 10 episodes \| \| 2012 \| Imperium \| Vera \| 6 episodes \| \| 2013 \| Gran Reserva: El origen \| Carolina Jiménez \| 82 episodes \| \| Águila Roja \| Ana \| 1 episode \| \| Aída \| Paula Prendes \| 1 episode \| \| 2014 - 2015 \| B&b, de boca en boca \| Martina Sánchez \| 29 episodes \| \| 2016 \| Velvet \| Adele Lavigne \| 3 episodes \| \| Víctor Ros \| Juana \| 7 episodes \| \| 2019 - 2021 \| Servir y proteger \| Lara Muñoz \| 450 episodes \| \| ### Theater \| Year \| Title \| Character \| Role \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2013 \| Love Room \| Marta \| Main role \| \| 2017 \| La madre que me parió \| Natalia \| Main role \| \| ### Television programs \| Year \| Title \| Channel \| Role \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2008 \| El octavo mandamiento \| Localia Televisión \| Reporter \| \| 2010 \| Periodistas FC \| La Sexta \| Presenter \| \| 2010 - 2011 \| Sé lo que hicisteis... \| La Sexta \| Reporter \| \| 2015 - 2016 \| Amigas y conocidas \| La 1 \| Collaborator \| \| 2015 \| Cocineros al volante \| La 1 \| Presenter \| \| 2017 - 2019 \| Zapeando \| La Sexta \| Collaborator \| \| 2018 \| MasterChef Celebrity \| La 1 \| Contestant: 3rd expelled \| \| 2019 - present \| Prodigios \| La 1 \| Presenter \| \| 2021 \| Atrápame si puedes \| Telemadrid \| Contestant: 6th expelled \| \| 2023 \| Maestros de la costura VIP \| La 1 \| Contestant: 5th expelled \|
Sonbai Besar or Greater Sonbai was an extensive princedom of West Timor, in present-day Indonesia, which existed from 1658 to 1906 and played an important role in the history of Timor. Origins of the polity --------------------- The origins of the princedom are intimately connected with the struggle between the Dutch and the Portuguese for mastery of the island. The united Sonbai (Sonba'i, Sonnebay) realm, the traditionally most prestigious polity among the Atoni people of West Timor, allied with the Portuguese in 1649-1655, and then with the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC) in 1655-1658. After a series of defeats at the hands of the Portuguese Eurasians or Topasses in 1657-1658, Sonbai broke up in two parts. One group migrated to Kupang where the Dutch had their base, where they formed the Sonbai Kecil princedom. Another group, Sonbai Besar, stayed in the inland of West Timor under Portuguese surveillance. Traditional rulership --------------------- The Sonbai Besar congregation was headed by a ruler known to the Europeans as emperor (keizer, emperador). He was also known as Atupas (he who sleeps), Neno Anan (son of heaven) and Liurai (surpassing the earth). The other Atoni rulers related themselves to him in symbolic kinship terms, which was anchored through various origin stories. In accordance with Timorese custom, the ruler was an inactive, in a symbolical sense "female" (feto) figure. At his side was a "male" (mone) executive regent of the Kono family, called Uis Kono or Ama Kono. Because of this arrangement, the princedom was often known under the name Amakono. The Uis Kono in particular governed the north-eastern part of the realm, later known as Miomaffo. The central area, Mollo, was governed by co-regents of the Oematan family, and in Fatuleu further to the west a number of lesser lords dominated, among them Takaip. Under the major lords (usif) were the amaf naek (great fathers) who headed various districts, and under them the amaf (fathers) in the various villages. Defection from the Portuguese ----------------------------- The relation between the Topasses and the Sonbai Besar princedom oscillated between cooperation and hostility, and did not entail a colonial rule in the conventional sense. The lords of the princedom delivered sandalwood to the coast where it was picked up by Portuguese and other vessels, and brought to Batavia or Macao. There were large-scale conflicts with the Topasses in 1711-1713 and 1722. In 1748 the Sonbai ruler Alfonso Salema and the Atoni kings of Amfoan and Amanuban rebelled and then fled to the Dutch in Kupang. Alfonso Salema brought with him a large part of his followers. This was a major catalyst for a full-scale confrontation between the VOC post in Kupang and the Topass leader Gaspar da Costa. In the Battle of Penfui in November 1749 the attacking Topass army was crushed by the VOC-affiliated forces of Kupang, and a large part of West Timor fell under Dutch influence. Relations with the Dutch ------------------------ The relation between Sonbai Besar and its new Dutch suzerain turned to become conflict-ridden. Alfonso Salema was deposed and exiled by the VOC in 1752 on suspicion of treason, and in 1782 his grandson Alphonsus Adrianus established his authority in the inland independently of the Europeans. After his death in 1802 his son and successor Nai Sobe Sonbai II had great difficulties maintaining his position, and slowly had to assemble power anew under a long and troubled rule (1808-1867). There was an open state of warfare with the Dutch in Kupang in 1847-1850 and 1855-1857, without the colonial authorities being able to come to grips with the emperor. After his decease the Sonbai Besar realm began to dissolve, this time irreversibly. Miomaffo, Mollo and the lordships of Fatuleu made their own contracts with the Dutch colonial authorities. The last emperor, Nai Sobe Sonbai III (r. 1885-1906) was little more than a pretender. After an incident he was pursued and captured by a Dutch troop in early 1906. Nai Sobe Sonbai III was banished to Sumba and later died on Timor in 1922. In modern West Timor he is considered an anti-colonial hero and is honoured with a monument in central Kupang. List of rulers -------------- * Ama Tuan (Ama Utang) c. 1650 – c. 1680 * Dom Afonso da Costa c. 1680 – c. 1695 (son) * Dom Pedro Sonbai (Tomenu) c. 1695 – 1748 (grandson of Ama Tuan) * Dom Alfonso Salema (Nai Bau Sonbai) 1748 – 1752 (son) * Don Bernardo (Nai Sobe Sonbai I?) 1752 – 1760 (son) * Albertus Johannes Taffy (Nai Tafin Sonbai) 1760 – 1768 (brother) * Alphonsus Adrianus (Nai Kau Sonbai) 1768 – 1819 (son) * Nai Sobe Sonbai II 1819 – 1867(son) * Nai Bau Sonbai 1867 – 1885 (son) * Nai Nasu Mollo co-emperor 1870 – 1885 (cousin) * Nai Sobe Sonbai III 1885 – 1906 (son of Nai Sobe Sonbai II) Further reading --------------- * G. Heymering (1847), 'Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van Timor', Tijdschrift van Nederlandsch-Indië IX:3, pp. 1–62, 121-232. * P. Middelkoop (1938), 'Iets over Sonba'i, het bekende vorstengeslacht in Timor', Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 78, pp. 392–509. * S. Müller (1857), Reizen en onderzoekingen in den Indischen Archipel, Vol. II. Amsterdam: F. Muller.
Italian wine region and DOCG classification Montefalco Sagrantino (also Sagrantino di Montefalco before 2009) is a style of Italian wine made with 100% Sagrantino grapes in and around the comune of Montefalco in the Province of Perugia, Umbria. The wines gained DOC status in 1979 as part of the Montefalco DOC and were later separately elevated to DOCG status in 1992 after a renewal of interest from winemakers, particularly Arnaldo Caprai. There are two DOCG wines: Montefalco Sagrantino Secco, an oak-aged dry red wine ("secco" is Italian for "dry"), and the less common Montefalco Sagrantino Passito, a sweet, dessert red wine. History ------- For a long time, the Sagrantino grape variety was only used for making Montefalco Sagrantino Passito, the traditional wine of the area, or to fortify other Sangiovese-based wine, such as Montefalco Rosso. Styles ------ A selection of Montefalco Sagrantino wines. There are two DOCG styles made, a modern secco (dry) wine that makes up the majority of production, and a more traditional passito sweet dessert wine style. ### Montefalco Sagrantino Secco Under Italian law, the term "Montefalco Sagrantino Secco DOCG" defines a wine obtained exclusively from Sagrantino grapes, produced exclusively in a defined area around Montefalco in the Province of Perugia, in the Umbria region of central Italy. The defined area also includes areas around Giano dell'Umbria, Bevagna, Gualdo Cattaneo and Castel Ritaldi. The wine must be aged for a minimum of 37 months, of which at least 12 months must be in oak barrels. The combination of the very thick-skinned Sagrantino grape and the long aging time in oak produces a typically very dense, full-bodied wine, with a very high tannin content. This makes for excellent storage characteristics, which are required since it is highly astringent when young, but improves with age. ### Montefalco Sagrantino Passito Passito (sweet wine) is a more traditional Italian dried straw wine style. Montefalco Sagrantino Passito DOCG must also be made only from 100% Sagrantino grapes from within the same defined area as the secco DOCG, the bunches dried in air for at least two months to reduce the water content and thus concentrate the juice produced from pressing. The fermentation must occur in contact with the grape skins, which results in a sweet style wine but with intense flavours and a high concentration of tannins. The wine must be aged for a minimum of 37 months, but there is no requirement for oak aging.
The Maghreb Association of North America (MANA), also called Assembly of the Maghreb is a North African-American organization Chicago-based whose goal is to help new immigrants from Maghreb (North Africa) to adapt to American life and maintain, in turn, the principles of Sunni Islam. The organization was founded by Moroccan and Algerian immigrants in 1989 and meets to Moroccans, Algerians, Libyans and Tunisian people living in Chicago area. The Assembly connected to Maghrebis people of different economic conditions. Because most North African immigrants in Chicago have not been associated closely with the Muslim Middle East, the North Africans come together as a common community. Often, in relation to the area of the mosque, the organization has taught job skills, English language, the importance of Sirat al-Mustaqim and moderation, among other things. Have been trained women to balance paid work with traditional household chores. In addition, the Assembly meeting new people arriving at O'Hare airport, and deliver them employment, housing, and schools, and teach them to use and manage the computer. Immigrants also have a mosque at the corner of Elston and Montrose Avenue. Also religious activities such as collective prayer and the feasts of Ramadan have an important role in the assembly.
1993 film by J. R. Bookwalter *Ozone* is a 1993 independent horror film written, produced, and directed by J. R. Bookwalter. The film stars James R. Black, Tom Hoover, James L. Edwards, Bill Morrison, and Mary Jackson. Plot ---- While on a stake out with his partner, Detective Eddie Boone is stabbed with a needle containing a new street drug called "ozone". Boone has to fight the narcotic's effects in an effort to find his now missing partner while trudging through a city full of mutated "ozone" addicted vagrants who answer to a drug king pin known as Sam DeBartolo. Cast ---- * James R. Black as Eddie Boone * Tom Hoover as Mike Weitz * James L. Edwards as Sam DeBartolo/Spikes * Bill Morrison as Richter/Stitches * Mary Jackson as Cleaning Lady Production ---------- Unhappy with the results after making a series of six unsuccessful shot on video films between August 1991 and March 1992 for a total of $15,000 from Cinema Home Video, director J. R. Bookwalter along with producer David A. Wagner wrote and self-financed what would become Ozone in 1993; the film was shot on S-VHS-C in Akron Ohio with a budget of $3,500. Release ------- Ozone was released on VHS in 1993 by Suburban Tempe Company and later on DVD by Tempe Entertainment. The film was completely remastered from its source material for a collector's edition Blu-ray release in 2020. Reception --------- Film Threat wrote, "Those who have had any doubts about Tempe's films should see this movie and put those feelings to rest. This is the one that proves what Tempe and its crew is capable of achieving when working with the right script and actors. For a company that has had its share of misses, this is a solid hit." In a review by Horror Society, Blacktooth wrote, "Drugs that kill people or turn them into mindless drones/zombies is nothing new, especially by the mid-90s, but once you throw in the Tempe Video style you get an oozing mess of sci-fi horror that genre fans of the video store age will truly appreciate." Legacy ------ Ozone placed at #46 on Bleeding Skull's "Bleeding Skull 50: The Best Shot-On-Video Films" list.
Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada "Horseshoe Casino" redirects here. For other uses, see Horseshoe Casino (disambiguation). Binion's Gambling Hall & Hotel, formerly Binion's Horseshoe, is a casino on Fremont Street along the Fremont Street Experience mall in Downtown Las Vegas, Nevada. It is owned by TLC Casino Enterprises. The casino is named for its founder, Benny Binion, whose family ran it from its founding in 1951 until 2004. The hotel, which had 366 rooms, closed in 2009. TLC reopened 81 of the rooms as a boutique hotel called Hotel Apache in July 2019. History ------- ### Binion's Horseshoe (1951–2004) Benny Binion bought the Eldorado Club and Hotel Apache in 1951, re-opening them as Binion's Horseshoe (also called the Horseshoe Casino). The casino's interior had a frontier flavor, like an old-style riverboat, with low ceilings and velvet wallpaper. It was the first casino in downtown Las Vegas (also called Glitter Gulch) to replace sawdust-covered floors with carpeting, and was the first to offer comps to all gamblers, not just those who bet big money. Binion also instituted high table limits. When Binion first opened the Horseshoe, he set the craps table limit at $500—ten times higher than any other casino in Las Vegas at the time. Ultimately, Binion's raised the table limit to $10,000 and even eliminated table limits completely at times, which was an immediate hit. Unlike other casinos, the emphasis at Binion's was on gambling, not on big performing acts. The casino was also very egalitarian; there were no private pits for high rollers. Other members of Binion's family were involved in the casino. His sons, Jack and Ted, supervised the games, while his wife, Teddy Jane, kept the books until her death in 1994. Benny served time in Leavenworth Penitentiary from 1953 to 1957 for tax evasion. He sold a majority share of the casino to fellow gambler and New Orleans oilman Joe W. Brown to cover back taxes and legal costs. It was generally understood, however, that Brown was only a caretaker, and Benny regained controlling interest in 1957. He did not regain full control, however, until 1964. While Brown operated the casino, he installed the famous $1 million display on the casino floor. He sold the display in 1959 and it was later recreated using 100 of the $10,000 bills by Benny in 1964. The display became one of the casino's attractions. As a convicted felon, Benny was no longer allowed to hold a gaming license, so his sons took over day-to-day control when the family bought out Brown. Jack became president while Ted became casino manager. Benny assumed the title of Director of Public Relations. In 1970, Jack began hosting the World Series of Poker (WSOP) at the Horseshoe.[] Eventually, the WSOP became the largest set of poker tournaments in the world. In 1988, the Horseshoe expanded by acquiring The Mint, a high-rise hotel on the west side of the casino. The expansion of the casino from this purchase provided room for Binion's first poker room. Ted was under constant scrutiny from the Nevada Gaming Commission from 1986 onward for drug problems and associating with known mob figure "Fat Herbie" Blitzstein. He would ultimately be banned from even entering his family's casino. In 1998, he was stripped of his gaming license for his continued association with Blitzstein. He was forced to sell his 20% interest to his younger sister, Becky.[] In 1998, Becky Behnen acquired a controlling interest in the casino following a protracted legal battle with her older brother Jack. The battle ended with Jack being bought out while retaining a 1% interest in the casino so that he could retain his Nevada gaming license. Jack moved on to focus on Horseshoe Gaming Holding Corporation, running other casinos under the Horseshoe brand. Behnen became president of the Horseshoe while her husband, Nick, took over as manager. Behnen implemented several cost-cutting measures, most of which were unpopular with the gamblers. Among the most notable was the removal of the Horseshoe exhibit that held $1 million, having been sold to collector Jay Parrino, that had served as a backdrop for free pictures of visitors. She also made changes in the distribution of the money from the entry fees in the World Series of Poker that were unpopular with the casino dealers and closed a popular restaurant in the casino. Benny had used one of the tables in the restaurant as his office. Despite these measures, the Horseshoe became bogged down in debt. Under her father and brothers, the Horseshoe had reportedly been the most profitable casino in Las Vegas (it was privately held, so it never had to report its earnings).[] Behnen also attracted the attention of the state regulators by failing to keep sufficient funds available to pay winners in the casino cage. Bob Stupak also drew negative publicity to the casino when he tried to redeem $250,000 in $5,000 casino tokens, some of which were stored in the casino's own safe deposit boxes, and Behnen refused to honor them. A Binion's poker table signed by numerous professional poker players and WSOP Champions Behnen's undoing, however, was a dispute with the unions that represented some of the Horseshoe's employees. In November 2002, the Culinary Workers Union and Bartenders Union filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board alleging that Behnen hadn't signed a collective bargaining agreement and had fallen behind on medical insurance and pension payments. The parties reached a settlement in March 2003 in which the Horseshoe signed the collective bargaining agreement and agreed to pay the owed money. However, the Horseshoe fell behind on its payments, leading a federal judge to issue two separate judgments ordering the Horseshoe to pay over $1.5 million. The judgments gave the union the right to seize the money if regular payments weren't being met. However, the casino stopped making payments in June. After holding off numerous times, on December 5 the Culinary Union obtained a court order authorizing the seizure of up to $1.9 million from the Horseshoe casino cage. The seizure took place on January 9; ultimately federal marshals and IRS agents seized $1 million in order to satisfy debts owed to the Southern Nevada Culinary and Bartenders Pension Trust Fund and to the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union Welfare Fund. The seizure effectively depleted the Horseshoe's bankroll, forcing it to close. A day later, the hotel was shut down as well, and Behnen reached an agreement with the Nevada Gaming Commission to keep the casino closed until its bankroll was replenished. A few days later, on January 23, Behnen reached a deal to sell the Horseshoe to Harrah's Entertainment. ### Post-Binion family (2004–present) Days after the purchase by Harrah's closed, while retaining the Horseshoe and World Series of Poker brands, they sold the physical property and the Binion's brand on March 11, 2004, to MTR Gaming Group.[] Binion's reopened in April 2004, with MTR Gaming operating the hotel and Harrah's Entertainment operating the casino, while MTR Gaming completed the process of acquiring the required gaming license. Harrah's continued to operate the casino under a temporary contract until March 11, 2005, when MTR officially took control of the operation of the casino and renamed it Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel.[] MTR remodeled both the casino and hotel after the purchase. A notable feature of the remodeling was to replace the casino's worn carpet with surplus carpeting that Benny Binion had stored since initially carpeting the casino.[] In July 2005, Binion's hosted the WSOP main event for the last time. The tournament had outgrown the space at Binion's, and Harrah's wanted to host it at one of its properties. In 2005, all events, except the final three tables of the main event, were played at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino. The casino still retains a large poker area and features displays on the Poker Hall of Fame as well as previous WSOP Champions. On March 7, 2008, MTR sold the hotel-casino to TLC Casino Enterprises, owner of the Four Queens, for $32 million. The $1 million casino floor display, once a free tourist photo attraction, returned in August 2008. With $10,000 bills no longer widely available, the new display contained 2,700 $100 bills, 34,400 $20 bills and 42,000 $1 bills. That display was closed in 2019 due to pandemic health restrictions and returned in 2023. The casino is 77,800 sq ft (7,230 m2). Binion's Horseshoe sign on display at the Neon Museum in 2021 ### Hotel Apache (2009–present) Main article: Hotel Apache On purchasing Binion's, TLC had announced a plan to expand the hotel with a new tower, but on December 14, 2009, they closed the hotel and coffee shop due to the late-2000s recession. TLC continues to operate the hotel at the Four Queens casino across the street, which has almost twice as many rooms. Previously, Binion's advertised the hotel as closed for renovations. However, due to the high cost of asbestos removal in the hotel, renovation plans were shelved. In February 2019, TLC announced plans to reopen 81 of the rooms as a new boutique hotel called Hotel Apache. The hotel was designed with "vintage-style furnishings reminiscent of the original Hotel Apache that opened in 1932". The hotel opened on July 29, 2019. In media -------- The 1971 James Bond movie Diamonds Are Forever has a chase scene showing the Horseshoe several times. The music video for U2's 1987 song, "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For", was filmed on Fremont Street and features several views of Binion's. Binion's makes a brief appearance in the 1997 Chevy Chase comedy, Vegas Vacation In 2005, the outside of the hotel (along with its famous former "Horseshoe" logo) is featured prominently in the music video for Snoop Dogg's 2005 single, "Signs" featuring Justin Timberlake. The hotel was seen in the 2007 film Lucky You. Its history was also mentioned in "Chum Goes AWOL", a second season episode of the History Channel reality television series Pawn Stars, which aired in 2010. A reality series, Casino Confidential which airs on DTour, gives a behind-the-scenes look at the Binion casino. In the 2013 film Last Vegas, the protagonists attempt to check in to Binion’s in an attempt to recreate a bachelor party from decades earlier, only to learn the hotel is undergoing renovations. Binion's was featured in a 2019 episode of Ghost Adventures.
Polish footballer Jerzy Górski (born 12 December 1948) is a former Polish footballer who played as a defender, spending the majority of his playing career with Lechia Gdańsk. Biography --------- Górski was born in Gdańsk and started playing football with local team Start Gdańsk. In 1969 Górski joined III liga side Lechia Gdańsk, making his Lechia debut on 25 May 1969 in a draw with Olimpia Elbląg. His first four seasons with Lechia were spent chasing promotion to the II liga, finishing 3rd in his first full season, 2nd the season after, before finally winning the league and securing promotion in the 1971–72 season. Górski made 43 appearances for Lechia over the span of those three seasons, eventually becoming an important first team player in Lechia's promotion winning season. Once Lechia started playing in Poland's second division it was much of the same as before, with the team often at the top of the table, with the team narrowly missing out on promotion. Of the seven seasons Górski spent with Lechia in the II liga, the team finished 2nd three times and 3rd once. After 10 years of playing with Lechia and failing to secure promotion to Poland's top division, Górski retired from playing in 1979. In total he made 201 appearances and scored 2 goals in all competitions for Lechia, becoming one of the few players to have achieved the milestone of 200 appearances for the club. After playing football it is known that he coached for various Lechia youth sides. Honours ------- Lechia Gdańsk * III League (g. IV): 1971–72
French overseas trading company The Dieppe Company (French: Compagnie de Dieppe) was a 17th-century French overseas trading company. It was founded on June 1st, 1604 through the issuance of letter patents by Henry IV to Dieppe merchants, with an eye to Far East trade possibilities. The establishment of the company gave the merchants exclusive rights (within France, at least) to the Asian trade for 15 years, but ultimately no trading expeditions were mounted by the company under this name. Following the king's death in 1610, the charter was renewed in 1611 for a period of 12 years. The company remained inactive however during the troubles of the regency of Marie de Medicis, and other cities such as Rouen maneuvered to also obtain trading rights. In 1615, Marie de Medicis caused the different parties to be joined into the Company of the Moluccas, with trading privileges for 18 years. In 1616, two expeditions were dispatched to Asia from Honfleur in Normandy: three ships left for India, and two ships for Bantam. One ship returned from Bantam in 1617 with a small cargo, and letters from the Dutch expressing their hostility towards French ships in the East Indies. Also in 1616, two ships were sent from Saint-Malo to Java. One was captured by the Dutch, but the other obtained an agreement from the ruler of Pondicherry to build a fortress and a factory there, and came back with a rich cargo. In 1619, an armed expedition composed of three ships (275 crew, 106 cannons) was sent from Honfleur, to fight the Dutch in the Far East. They encountered the Dutch fleet off Sumatra. One ship was captured, another remained in Asia for inter-country trade, and the third returned to Le Havre in 1622. In 1624, the Treaty of Compiègne was negotiated by French Cardinal Richelieu and Dutch ambassadors. It agreed that French and Dutch forces would cease fighting the French in the Far East.
American football player (born 1964) American football player George J. Benyola (born September 17, 1964) is a former American football placekicker who played one season in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants. He played college football for Kilgore Junior College and Louisiana Tech and was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 1986. Early life and education ------------------------ George Benyola was born on September 17, 1964, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, but grew up in Texas. He attended Allen High School in Allen, Texas, and was one of the most highly recruited kickers in the state. After graduating, Benyola joined Kilgore Junior College. He played his first career college game against the Louisiana Tech JV squad, going four-for-five on field goal attempts in a win. By the end of the regular season, Benyola scored 54 points and was second in the conference. He also played punter, and made the conference's longest punt of the season with a 70-yard kick. Starting his sophomore season, Benyola was named pre-season junior college All-American by the J. C. Grid-Wire. "The Toe", as he was nicknamed by teammates, was able to kick field goals up to 67 yards in practice, and set the Texas Junior College Football Conference all-time record with a 55-yard kick. Tony Benyola, his brother, claimed that the kick set a national junior college record, but the NJCAA said that field goal statistics were not recorded and therefore it was unofficial. His coach said, "If we can ever get the snaps back there more consistently, he can kick the ball and is gonna knock it through most of the time. We're very confident (of getting at least three points) anytime we get around the 35-yard line." Before Benyola lined up for a game-winning kick in week two of the season, coach Jim Miller was "already starting to jump in the air", because he "knew that Benyola was gonna knock it in there." Controversy arose late in the season, when coach Miller reportedly "hindered George's hopes of kicking major college footballs by refusing to send game films to interested recruiters." "That's the biggest problem," said Benyola. "Florida State wanted to see film on me but he said it was too far away to send film. I told him I didn't understand that and he said, 'Well, I need all the film I can get.' I just don't understand him! Another problem is that he's never around. He's always gone. Oklahoma probably wants to see some film, but they can't catch him. Every time I'd talk to coach Miller I'd ask if any colleges had called and he said, 'No.' That's all he'd say." He eventually accepted a scholarship offer from Louisiana Tech University, after a successful tryout. "I really liked the campus," he said. "I liked everything about Tech, so I decided it was the place for me." In a week two loss against Southwestern Louisiana, Benyola tied the school record for most field goals in a single game. He finished the season breaking the Louisiana Tech record for most single-season field goals with 16, and also tied the school's record for longest field goal with a 52-yarder. During his senior year of 1985, Benyola also broke the all-time school record for most consecutive extra points made, and by mid-season was two field goals away from the record of most consecutive successful attempts. His coach at Louisiana Tech, A. L. Williams, said his kicking "gives you the chance to win almost any game. If we've done one thing wrong with him, we probably haven't used him enough." In a game against Lamar, he two field goals, including a record 53-yarder, and was named conference player of the week. In his final career college game, he broke the all-time NCAA Division I-AA record for games with three field goals, despite just playing two seasons at that level. Professional career ------------------- After going unselected in the 1986 NFL Draft, Benyola signed a contract as an undrafted free agent with the New England Patriots. He was released at roster cuts. Benyola was signed in 1987 by the New York Giants, but lost a training camp battle to Raul Allegre and was released. He was re-signed during the players strike, and made all three extra point attempts in his debut, a loss to the San Francisco 49ers. He attempted his first field goals in the next game, making both attempts. After only making one of three attempts in his next appearance, including two misses that could have won the game in a 3–6 loss against the Buffalo Bills, he was released. He finished his Giants career with three of five field goals made, and all three extra points attempts successful. He was signed by the Detroit Lions in 1988, but was one of the cuts in preseason. He made a final attempt at a comeback in 1989 with the Atlanta Falcons, but was waived in training camp.
An IVMS (In Vehicle Monitoring System) combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purpose-designed computer software at least at one operational base to enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the process from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern vehicle tracking systems commonly use GPS technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of automatic vehicle location technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. IVMS devices are typically installed into vehicles on a permanent basis and they are normally hidden away, so at to prevent driver tampering. Modern vehicles however have mostly digital circuitry, something which do not facilitate the cutting of wires and information is relayed from the vehicle to the IVMS unit through what is known as a CANBUS adaptor, enabling plug-and-play installations. The phenomenon of what is known as "Portable IVMS" is also becoming more common. These are devices that are premade and provided for self-installations, something which has a double benefit: the services of auto electricians are no longer required and vehicle owners can easily move the IVMS device from one vehicle to another. Urban public transit authorities, Mining companies and Transport/Freight companies are an increasingly common user of vehicle tracking systems. Several types of vehicle tracking devices exist. Typically they are classified as "passive" and "active". "Passive" devices store GPS location, speed, heading and sometimes a trigger event such as key on/off, door open/closed. Once the vehicle returns to a predetermined point, the device is removed and the data downloaded to a computer for evaluation. "Active" devices also collect the same information but usually transmit the data in real-time via cellular or satellite networks to a computer or data center for evaluation. The information is typically analysed and presented using web based technologies. Many modern IVMS devices combine both active and semi-passive tracking abilities: when a cellular network is available and a tracking device is connected it transmits data to a server; when a network is not available the device stores data in internal memory and will transmit stored data to the server later when the network becomes available again. So, although the actual upload is Active, there is a time delay between the time the position is recorded and the time it is sent back-to-base, making the units semi-passive. Where IVMS is used to drive driver safety and improve on general driver behaviour, this makes no difference in reality: data gets uploaded (delayed) but is still available for post-processing purposes, so overnight safety reports are not affected by this provided the vehicle comes back into coverage later during that day. Historically IVMS has been accomplished by installing a box into the vehicle, either self-powered with a battery or wired into the vehicle's power system. For detailed vehicle locating and tracking this is still the predominant method; however, many companies are increasingly interested in the emerging cell phone technologies that provide tracking of multiple entities, such as both a salesperson and their vehicle. These systems also offer tracking of calls, texts, Web use and generally provide a wider safety net for the staff member and the vehicle. The implementation of IVMS often has significant cost savings: by getting drivers to slow down and drive more carefully, stress is also taken off vehicles. This in the end has savings not only in terms of fuel, but also in terms of general vehicle wear-and-tear like brake pads and disks and engine wear.
Bus caravan that promoted health care reform in the United States The Health Security Express was a 1994 series of 16 buses that traveled around the United States in groups to promote a 1993 plan for health care reform backed by Bill Clinton. Then-U.S. President Clinton campaigned on a bus alongside his wife Hillary, Vice President Al Gore, and Tipper Gore. The caravan was organized by health care reform supporters and various labor unions, who sponsored the buses at $20,000 each and were required to support health care reform legislation. The Health Security Express was announced by Clinton health care supporters on July 12, 1994 and coordinated by John H. Hoyt, a Democratic activist. The Health Security Express had a budget of $1.4 million to $1.9 million and was funded by donations ranging from $3,000 to over $100,000. Events ------ Some riders joined the Health Security Express along the way, while others joined because they had "personal and professional stories of health care difficulties." During the national tour, some passengers, or "reform riders," told of their experiences with the U.S. health care system. Other events during rallies included music by Willie Nelson, speeches by Clinton himself, and the collecting of letters written by citizens supporting Clinton's reform plan. During one stop in Independence, Missouri, Clinton spoke about universal health care proponent Harry Truman, an Independence native. Both supporters and opponents of Clinton's plan turned out, which he said was reminiscent of protests he encountered in an earlier 1992 bus campaign. The Health Security Express was often met with opposition by pro-life advocates, who did not want health care reform to support abortions, and conservative groups against increased government presence, including the National Taxpayers Union. Health care reform supporters disregarded the protests, focusing instead on the riders' stories. The tour fell apart when Citizens for A Sound Economy's Texas chapter turned out hundreds of protesters who greeted the bus when it arrived in Dallas. CSE had an old school bus with signs reading "HillaryCare Will Break HealthCare" which circled the event site. Hillary Clinton was on the bus and went into the meeting hall and met with a small group of people, canceling the public event. The Health Security Express bus went on to Oklahoma, with the school bus following it to the Texas border. That event marked the end of the bus tour, and essentially the end of the Clinton health care initiative. Organization ------------ The Health Security Express actually comprised several groups of buses that departed from different regions: Boston, Massachusetts; Dallas, Texas; Independence, Missouri; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Portland, Oregon. The caravan from Portland departed on July 22, carried around 90 passengers, and was scheduled to pass through Missouri, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, before meeting the other buses in Washington, D.C. on August 3. Timing their arrival to the Congressional debate over Clinton's 1993 plan, the bus riders planned to bring out the letters amassed throughout the trip in D.C. Upon reaching their destination, the nearly 1,000 riders from 16 buses congregated on the South Lawn of the White House and heard three of the passengers recount their experiences with the health care system. Response -------- The campaign started off slow, drawing little support while seeing protesters, and forcing organizers to ask members of the Cabinet to speak at stops. In addition, the Express experienced technical issues, including an overheating bus. The Clinton administration had hoped the caravans would be as effective as a six-day July 1992 bus tour during Clinton's presidential campaign. However, Tony Blankley said, "Public sentiment has crystallized against the Clinton health plan, and a bus tour won't change that." At some stops, more protesters than supporters turned out to meet the buses. The largely negative public response to Clinton's initiatives has been compared to the Tea Party movement's response to U.S. President Barack Obama's efforts to enact Health care reform in the United States. Obama has used strategies similar to those used during the Health Security Express, such as reporting the stories of individual citizens, but the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was successful compared to Clinton's 1993 plan.
Species of flowering plant *Daviesia nematophylla* is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a dense, erect shrub with glabrous foliage, erect, usually needle-shaped phyllodes, and yellow, orange and dark red flowers. Description ----------- Daviesia nematophylla is a dense, erect, spreading to ascending shrub, typically growing to a height of 0.4–2 m (1 ft 4 in – 6 ft 7 in) and has glabrous foliage. Its phyllodes are erect, mostly needle-shaped with a small point on the tip, 12–80 mm (0.47–3.15 in) long and about 1 mm (0.039 in) wide. The flowers are arranged singly, in pairs or threes in leaf axils, the groups on a peduncle 0.24–0.5 mm (0.0094–0.0197 in) long, the rachis up to 2 mm (0.079 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 0.75–1.5 mm (0.030–0.059 in) long with bracts about 1 mm (0.039 in) long at the base. The sepals are 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long and joined at the base, the two upper lobes joined for most of their length, the three lower lobes triangular with curved tips and 0.75–1.0 mm (0.030–0.039 in) long. The standard petal is elliptic with a notched tip, 4.5–5.0 mm (0.18–0.20 in) long, 6.5 mm (0.26 in) wide and yellow with a dark red base around a yellow centre, the wings about 5 mm (0.20 in) long and orange with a dark red base, and the keel 4.5–5.0 mm (0.18–0.20 in) long. Flowering occurs from September to November and the fruit is a triangular, slightly flattened pod 5.5–7.0 mm (0.22–0.28 in) long. Taxonomy and naming ------------------- Daviesia nematophylla was first formally described in 1864 by George Bentham in Flora Australiensis from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller. The specific epithet (nematophylla) means "thread-like leaved". Distribution and habitat ------------------------ This daviesia grows in woodland and heath and is widespread from Coorow to Hopetoun in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions of south-western Western Australia. Conservation status ------------------- Daviesia nematophylla is listed as "not threatened" by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
Major General Sir Claude Francis Liardet, KBE, CB, DSO, TD, DL (26 September 1881 – 5 March 1966) was an insurance broker, businessman and a long-serving artillery officer in Britain's part-time Territorial Army before becoming the first Commandant General of the RAF Regiment. Early life ---------- Claude Liardet was born on 26 September 1881, the son of Commander Henry Maughan Liardet of Her Majesty's Indian Navy. He was educated at Bedford School. Military career --------------- Liardet was commissioned into the part-time 1st Lancashire Volunteer Artillery in Liverpool on 21 June 1899. The unit became the Lancashire and Cheshire Royal Garrison Artillery when the Territorial Force (TF) was formed in 1908 and Liardet served in the World War I, during which he was mentioned in despatches four times and awarded the Distinguished Service Order. In 1919 he became Commanding Officer (CO) of his unit, which became the Lancashire & Cheshire Coast Brigade, RGA when the TF was converted into the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921. He transferred as CO to the 106th (Lancashire Yeomanry) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery in 1923. Major-General C F Liardet, Commandant of the RAF Regiment inspects the NCOs of No. 2788 Squadron at Cassino, Italy. He is seen here shaking hands with Sergeant Curtiss from Hull. In 1929 Liardet became CO of 64th (7th London) Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, serving in 47th (2nd London) Division and in 1934 he was promoted to Commander Royal Artillery (CRA) of that division. When the 47th Division was disbanded in 1936 he transferred as CRA to the combined London) Division (later the 56th (London) Infantry Division). Liardet was promoted to command the 56th Division in the rank of major general in 1938 – a rare honour for a TA officer – and held that post during the early part of World War II. In 1941 Liardet was appointed Inspector General of Aerodrome Defence and Director General of Ground Defence at the Air Ministry. In 1942 he became Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment until the end of the war, when he retired. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 64th (7th London) Field Brigade, RA, on 16 October 1937. Business career --------------- Liardet was a director of the Lloyd's of London insurance brokers Bevington, Vaizey, and Foster Ltd. Family life ----------- Liardet married on 11 January 1906 to Dorothy Hopper, they had a son Henry and a daughter, Dorothy Marie. He remarried on 25 May 1928 to Dorothy Clare Borrett and they had a son. Liardet died in 1966.
Juan Winans is an American singer/songwriter, music producer, and a third-generation member of the Winans family. Family and early life --------------------- Juan Winans was born in Detroit, MI on July 24. The second child of four (Carvin Jr. Deborah Joy Winans & Ian) born to Carvin Winans (b. 1958) and Deborah Kerr Winans. His paternal grandparents, David (April 20, 1934 – April 8, 2009) and Delores Winans (September 22, 1936) met each other in 1951, at the ages of 17 and 16 while singing in the Lemon Gospel Chorus. They married two years later; the marriage lasted nearly sixty years, producing ten children. Mom & Pop Winans, as they would come to be known, had seven sons, David Jr, Ronald, Carvin, Marvin ( Marvin Winans ), Michael, Daniel, Benjamin ( BeBe Winans ), then three daughters, Priscilla ( CeCe Winans ), Angelique, and Debra. Both David's father and grandfather were preachers in the Pentecostal church, and he himself raised his ten children in a strict religious home. They taught their children how to sing and they honed their skills performing quartet music at their great-grandfather's church. However, it was not until 1980 that Marvin, Carvin, Michael and Ronald were discovered by Andrae Crouch, who signed them to Light Records as The Winans. On January 1, 1981, Juan's father, Carvin Winans along with three of his brothers released their debut album, Introducing The Winans, embarking on a career that would earn them five Grammy Awards and the title, First Family of Gospel music. In 1987 Juan's uncle and aunt, released their debut album and became internationally known as BeBe & CeCe Winans. Several years later, in 1993, his father's youngest siblings, Angie & Debbie Winans released their debut album. Music career ------------ ### Winans Phase 2 In the winter of 1997 the Winans were asked to compose and perform a theme song for a Detroit NBC affiliate. They approached their sons about recording the song with them. It was during this time that Juan first expressed an interest in pursuing music, stating in a 1999 interview for CCM magazine, "I don't think I ever aspired to sing before we put this group together". He, along with his older brother, Carvin and two cousins, Marvin Winans Jr and Michael Winans Jr. formed the group Winans Phase 2. In the following year they signed a record deal with Myrrh/Epic Records and began working on their debut album, entitled We Got Next, released in August 1999 with tracks from Rodney Jerkins, Narada Michael Walden, and Babyface. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Top Gospel Album's chart, and sold over 250,000 copies in the U.S. It was nominated for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album at the 42nd Grammy Awards. However they lost the award to Yolanda Adams. The group was also featured on several national television shows including The Oprah Winfrey Show, Donnie & Marie, Soul Train, and the Queen Latifah show. In the spring of 2000 the group performed to crowds in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Amsterdam, promoting the release of We Got Next. A 2002 40-city tour by the entire Winans Family marked the unexpected end of the group. Juan has never publicly spoken about why Winans Phase 2 never recorded again. However, former members Marvin and Michael have cited "internal problems", and "not really wanting to be an artist" as reasons for the group's breakup. ### 2003-2007 In 2003 Winans returned to the studio to record background vocals for his uncle BeBe Winans Christmas album My Christmas Prayer. The following year he relocated to Nashville to concentrate on songwriting. Later in 2004, Juan is credited with singing background vocals on Michelle Williams album, Do You Know, and Smokie Norful's Nothing Without You. In 2005 Winans, along with Babyface, provided backing vocals for the song "I Said I Love You" from the Kirk Whalum release The Songs of Babyface. He is also credited with singing and arranging background vocals on George Huff's, My Christmas EP. During this time Winans began attending Bethel World Outreach Church in Nashville, TN, where he led worship service for the next four years. ### Since 2008–present In 2008 Winans co-wrote the song Seattle for Gospel/R&B duo Mary Mary for their platinum selling fourth studio release The Sound. The album proved to be their best charting album to date, debuting No. 7 on the Billboard 200, No. 2 on the US R&B chart, and topping the Gospel and Contemporary Christian Music charts. The album held the No. 1 position on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart for over six months after its release. Winans also collaborated with Hip-Hop legend Heavy D on his critically acclaimed, Grammy nominated album, Vibes, co-writing and singing background vocals for the song No Matter What . The following year Winans composed the lyrics for and produced the song Need You To Fall for Michael Bolton. The song was released on Bolton's One World One Love album in September 2009 in the United Kingdom, and in the U.S. on May 4, 2010. In October 2010 Winans and his wife, Lisa, collaborated with producer Warryn Campbell to compose material for the highly anticipated Tyler Perry film, For Colored Girls. They wrote the song Sun, performed by Lalah Hathaway. It appears in both the film and on the soundtrack. Winans once again teamed up with Warryn Campbell and Mary Mary on their fifth studio release, Something Big, co-writing Catch Me and Never Wave My Flag. The latter was performed by the group on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno March 31, 2011. Winans has been credited with providing music for the movie Jumping the Broom. He also wrote the second single, Closer, for Bishop T.D. Jakes's Sacred Love Songs II album, performed by R&B singer Joe. In 2011, Juan, along with Warryn Campbell, composed and produced the songs, Marchin' On, and disco era remake, Dr. Love for Jessica Reedy's debut album, From The Heart. He is also listed as a songwriter on the song Best Man, from the Dawkins & Dawkins release, From Now On, and Heavy D's, Put It All on Me, from the album entitled Love Opus, singing background on the latter. 2012 began with another Campbell/Winans collaboration, writing and producing You Should Know for Essence Music Festival winner, Greta Prince. Juan is also featured as a songwriter on blues rocker Beth Hart's newest release Bang Bang Boom Boom, co-writing the song With You Everyday with Ms. Hart. The album was released on April 2, 2013, to great reviews. In 2022 Juan co-wrote the Erica Campbell hit song Positive which became a Billboard #1 on the Gospel Airplay chart and yielded another Grammy Award nomination as a songwriter. Discography ----------- * Erica Campbell (2023) Feel Alright (Blessed) (Composer) * Erica Campbell (2022) Positive (Composer) * Juan Winans (2022) Tell That feat. Mr. Talkbox (Artist/Composer) * Juan Winans (2021) Never On My Own feat. Deborah Joy Winans (Artist/Composer) * Juan Winans (2020) It Belongs To Me with Lisa Winans feat. Marvin Winans * Juan & Lisa Winans (2019) A Little Soul For Christmas (Artist/Composer) * Smokie Norful (2014) Love (Composer) * Beth Hart (2012) With You Everyday (Composer) * Q Parker (2012) The Manual (Composer) * Tristan Wilds (2012) Remember, Remember EP, Cold/Composer, producer * Heavy D (2011) Love Opus (Composer/Vocalist) * Dawkins & Dawkins (2011) From Now On (Composer) * Jessica Reedy (2011) From The Heart (Composer/Producer) * T.D. Jakes (2011)Sacred Love Songs Vol. 2 Closer (Composer) * Mary Mary (2011) Something Big (Composer) * For Colored Girls: Music From and Inspired by the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (2010) Sun (Composer) * Michael Bolton (2009) One World One Love (Composer/Producer) * Mary Mary (2008) The Sound/Composer * Heavy D (2008) Vibes/Composer, Vocalist * Marvin Winans (2007) Alone But Not Alone (Vocalist/Arranger) * BeBe Winans (2007) Cherch (Vocalist) * Matt Redman (2006) Beautiful News (Vocalist) * Out of Eden (2006) Out of Eden: The Hits (Engineer/Vocal Producer) * V Three (2006) V3 (Composer/Arranger) * Kirk Whalum (2005) Songs of Babyface (Vocalist) * BarlowGirl (2004) (BarlowGirl) (Vocalist) * Michelle Williams (2004) Vocalist * George Huff (2004) My Christmas EP (Vocalist/Arranger) * Smokie Norful (2004) Nothing Without You (Vocalist) * BeBe Winans (2003) My Christmas Prayer * BeBe Winans (2002) Live & Up Close (Vocalist) * Winans Phase 2 (1999) We Got Next (Artist/Composer)
American politician Joseph Horatio Wickham (1911-2000) was a prominent Brevard County, Florida politician serving on the County Commission from 1952 to 1964 and from 1972 to 1984. Wickham's most notable achievements were securing rights of way for many of the county's current roadways, and establishing a permanent mosquito control program. One of these roads is Wickham Road. Early life ---------- Originally from Iowa, Wickham arrived in Brevard County in 1926 at the age of 14. He attended Eau Gallie High School on Pineapple Avenue, graduating in 1928. He learned local geography working as a soft drink delivery driver. Later, he received training as a surveyor from his father, John Quincy Wickham. Surveys were made primarily of county wilderness during the early 1930s, a time when only a few dirt roads existed. During the thirties, Wickham served as Eau Gallie’s fire chief. During World War II, Wickham served with the United States Navy's Seabees, supervising runway and airport construction in the South Pacific. This wartime experience enabled him to start a small construction business in the late 1940s. County commissioner ------------------- In 1952 Commissioner Max Rodes encouraged Wickham to run for the District 5 commission seat as a Democrat. Soon after taking office, the former Seabee began to tackle the county's mosquito control problem. Wickham was instrumental in procuring the county's first dredge, marking the beginning of permanent mosquito control. Attempting to break up the age-old political method of funding sweetheart projects throughout the county, Wickham pushed the idea of special municipal taxing districts. This would allow local taxpayers to receive equipment and services directly proportional to the taxes collected in their particular district. After the plan was enacted, Wickham's growing district received the county's first and only mosquito control dredge. The equipment was assembled and launched along the Eau Gallie causeway in November 1953. This was the beginning of permanent mosquito control in a region once referred to as Mosquito County on 19th century maps. Personal -------- He was married to Bernice Wickham. Wickham joined the Bahia Shriners in 1954 and served as Potentate in 1968.
1975 novel by James Clavell *Shōgun* is a 1975 novel by James Clavell, fictionalizing incidents and personages in 17th century feudal Japan effecting the Edo period's advent. It is also the third published novel and the first chronologically placed book in Clavell's six-volume Asian Saga. By 1980, the novel had sold 6 million copies worldwide. Shōgun has been adapted into two TV miniseries (1980 and 2024) and a stage musical, as well as a board game and three video games. Premise ------- Set almost entirely in the months before the pivotal Battle of Sekigahara (1600), Shōgun details how Lord Toranaga, loosely based on daimyō Tokugawa Ieyasu, set the stage to become shogunate through early moves facilitated by an English sailor John Blackthorne, broadly patterned after the true Japanese exploits of William Adams. The novel begins with Blackthorne's unceremonious nautic arrival and quick capture in Izu, starting an odyssey taking him through Anjiro, Mishima, Osaka, Yedo, and Yokohama—but never away from Japan—as he rises to Samurai and Hatamoto. Plot ---- At the end of long, unfortunate voyage, the Dutch ship Erasmus, which has been secretly instructed to use piracy and the forging of military alliances to disrupt and take over Portugal’s lucrative East Asian trade, is marooned in Izu’s peninsular harbor. Said voyage claimed the lives of much of the crew, including the captain. The first Northern Europeans to reach Japan, the surviving Dutch crew and English pilot Blackthorne are imprisoned by Izu’s daimyō Yabu who seizes the "barbarian" ship’s records, armaments and coin. A spy reports the ship to Yuba’s liege Toranaga, Lord of the Kwanto and president of the Council of Regents. Seeing the ship as an advantage against Ishido, his chief rival in the factional Council, Toranaga immediately dispatches his commander in chief General Toda 'Iron Fist' Hiro-matsu via galley to claim the ship and its contents. Of the Erasmus‘ crew, only Blackthorne is aboard for Hiro-matsu’s return to Osaka. In Osaka, Toranaga privately questions Blackthorne while a Portuguese Jesuit dutifully and accurately translates the telling of the warring hostilities between Catholics and Elizabethan England. As Toranaga realizes the extent of Christian divisions, Ishido suddenly appears to see the barbarian he was not to know of, his appearance abruptly ending the interview. Toranaga sequesters the English pilot from Ishido through imprisonment. While confined, a Franciscan friar and inmate teaches Blackthorne rudimentary Japanese and the Island’s current political dynamics. He also reveals how collusions between Portuguese traders and Jesuits, including secret agitations inside Japan, have sustained for the Portuguese Crown huge profits from the silk trade. Blackthorne is taken from jail, but an ambush lead by Yabu reroutes him to Toranaga's Osaka compound. In Toranaga’s subsequent questioning of Blackthorne, the translator is Lady Toda Mariko, a Catholic educated by Jesuits but loyal and obedient to Toranaga, not her church. Mariko faithfully translates to an offended Toranaga Blackthorne's revelation that the Pope gave Portugal the right to colonize Japan and East Asia in return for propagating Catholicism in the region. Additionally, Blackthorne explains how Portugal fomented violent agitations inside Japan solely to advance its colonial aspirations. With these revelations in mind, Toranaga halts Portugal’s sole trading ship’s departure, which makes Blackthorne a costly obstacle. The night before the Council of Regents meets, a mysterious rampaging assassin seeded in Toranaga's household for years as a maid tries and fails to kill Blackthorne. The Council does meet, but it goes badly for Toranaga, who resigns to avoid an order to commit seppuku. Still unsafe, Toranaga, along with Mariko and a handful of his court, secretly flees Ishido’s fortress with the critical aid of some antics from Blackthorne. To clear Osaka’s blockaded harbor, Toranaga reluctantly surrenders Blackthorne to the Jesuits in return for the Portuguese firing cannon. However, a Portuguese pilot owing Blackthorne for saving his life during their earlier voyage to Osaka, throws him overboard, allowing him to swim to Toranaga’s galley headed to Anjiro. In Anjiro, Blackthorne’s Japanese improves, as does his knowledge and appreciation of the culture, which the Japanese, to a degree, come to recognize and esteem. Still, the Japanese are conflicted: Blackthorne is disparaged as a leader of a filthy, uncouth and disgraceful European rabble. Regardless, he continues to advance in stature, in part due to his knowledge of how to fire cannons more accurately than the Japanese, and partly due to Blackthorne post-earthquake pulling Toranaga‘s from underneath rubble. He becomes elevated to samurai and hatamoto – the latter of which accords him rights of direct audience. As Blackthornes becomes more acquainted with Toranaga, his respect for him accumulates and grows. The same is also true for Mariko, with whom he becomes a secret lover. A chance encounter with his old crew is emblematic of his immersion. Their revulsion is mutual: the Dutchmen despise him for his adopting Japanese ways while the European character of their coarseness disgusts him. Even though Toranaga with Mariko and Blackthorne has escaped, Ishido keeps the other daimyōs, some of whom are Catholic, underfoot by holding them and their families hostage. Disingenuously calling his hostages ‘guests’, Ishido believes this will stave off attacks. To end this advantage, Toranaga sends Mariko and Blackthorne back to Osaka. She is directed by Toranaga to then openly attempt to leave, which would expose the hostages' true status. Ishido’s men respond with violence until an intentionally unharmed Mariko gives up on leaving. Saying, as instructed by Toranaga, that she is disgraced, Mariko promises to kill herself the next day. Mariko nearly takes her life, but Ishido grants her request to leave at the last minute, a delaying gambit to keep her alive. At night Ishido’s ninjas, aided by the duplicitous Yabu, slip into Toranaga's compound to kidnap Mariko. However, explosives the ninjas set on a barred door kill her. With Mariko dead, Ishido is forced to free his hostages, leaving him vulnerable to the other lords. As for Yabu, Toranaga learns of his treachery and orders him to commit seppuku. Yabu complies, giving his prized katana to Blackthorne. At the book’s end, Toranaga's inner monologue reveals that he destroyed the Erasmus to bring the Catholic daimyōs to his side and to have them agree not to kill Blackthorne, whose karma is to never leave Japan, just as Mariko's karma was to die for her lord, and his karma was to be Japan’s absolutely powerful shogun. Mariko’s will gives Blackthorne enough money to build a new ship, for which Toranaga provides the needed craftsmen. In the brief epilogue, Toranaga captures Ishido at the Battle of Sekigahara and buries him up to his neck until, the book says, 'Ishido lingered three days and died very old'. Characters ---------- Shogun is a work of historical fiction based upon the power struggle between the successors of Toyotomi Hideyoshi that led to the founding of the Tokugawa shogunate. Clavell based each character on a historical figure, but changed their names in order to add further intrigue to the story. * John Blackthorne – Miura Anjin (William Adams) (1564–1620) * Yoshi Toranaga – Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616) * Yoshi Sudara – Tokugawa Hidetada (1579–1632) * Yoshi Naga – Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1580–1607) * Ishido – Ishida Mitsunari (1559–1600) * Ochiba – Yodo-dono (1569–1615) * Yaemon – Toyotomi Hideyori (1593–1615) * Onoshi – Otani Yoshitsugu (1558–1600) * Harima – Arima Harunobu (1567–1612) * Kiyama – Konishi Yukinaga (1555–1600) * Sugiyama – Maeda Toshiie (1539–1599) * Zataki – Matsudaira Sadakatsu (1560–1624) * Toda Mariko – Hosokawa Gracia (1563–1600) * Toda Hiro-matsu 'Iron Fist' – Hosokawa Fujitaka (1534–1610) * Toda Buntaro – Hosokawa Tadaoki (1563–1646) * Toda Saruji – Hosokawa Tadatoshi (1586–1641) * Kasigi Yabu – Honda Masanobu (1538–1616) * Kasigi Omi – Honda Masazumi (1566–1637) * Goroda – Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582) * Nakamura – Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536–1598) * Akechi Jinsai – Akechi Mitsuhide (1528–1582) * Lady Genjiko – Oeyo (1573–1626) * Martin Alvito – João Rodrigues (1561/1562–1633/1634) * Johann Vinck – Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623) * Spillbergen – Jacob Quaeckernaeck (?–1606) * Father Dell'Aqua – Alessandro Valignano (1539–1606) * Brother Michael – Miguel Chijiwa (1569?–1633) * Captain-General Ferriera – Horatio Neretti, captain of the Black Ship in 1600 Historical accuracy ------------------- Blackthorne's interactions with Toranaga are closely based upon accounts in the diaries of Adams. However, while Adams served in Tokugawa's army at Sekigahara, he did not become a retainer or a samurai until after the battle. Adams never met Hosokawa Gracia, in contrast to Blackthorne's intimate relationship with Toda Mariko. The novel contains numerous Japanese language errors, as well as mistakenly depicting Japanese castles as having portcullises and 17th-century samurai as using socket bayonets. Carrier pigeons, used extensively by Toranaga, were unknown in Japan at the time. Background ---------- Clavell was an officer in the Royal Artillery during World War II and was a prisoner of war at Changi Prison in Singapore from 1942 to 1945, an experience that formed the basis of his first novel King Rat. Despite this experience, he admired Japan and the Japanese people, and described Shogun as "passionately pro-Japanese." Clavell stated that reading a sentence in his daughter's textbook that stated that "in 1600, an Englishman went to Japan and became a samurai" inspired the novel. Shogun was therefore based on an actual series of events involving Adams, who reached Japan in 1600 and became involved with the future shogun Tokugawa. He achieved high status managing commercial activities for Tokugawa's shogunate, though much of the interaction between the various characters in the novel was invented. The first draft was 2,300 pages and Clavell cut it down to 1,700 with the help of his editor, German Gollob. However, Shogun was edited lightly in comparison to Clavell's earlier novels. Themes ------ The main theme of the novel is the precarious peace of Japan in 1600, a nation consumed by endless civil war and political machinations. The heir to the Taiko (retired Kampaku), the deceased supreme leader of Japan, is too young to rule, and five daimyōs chosen by the late Taiko for their ability to work together hold power as a Council of Regents until the boy comes of age. The novel details the intense power struggle between the two most powerful daimyōs, Toranaga and Ishido, as they both seek to thwart the other's ambitions. As a subtext, there is also the political manoeuvring of the Protestant and Catholic powers in the Far East. This translates an internal conflict in Japan between Christian daimyōs (who are motivated in part by a desire to preserve and expand their religion) and the daimyōs who oppose the Japanese Christians as followers of foreign beliefs and potential traitors whose loyalty is questionable. Portugal, which holds the sole right to trade with Japan, and the Catholic Church, mainly through the Order of the Jesuits, have gained a religious, economic, and political foothold and seek to extend their power in Japan (as they have done in nearby places such as Goa and Macao). Guns and other modern military capabilities brought to Japan by the Portuguese, and indirectly by Blackthorne, are still a novelty and coveted by powerful lords looking to gain an advantage over their rivals, but are despised by many samurai as a threat to their traditional methods of fighting. In contrast, however, the silk trade is viewed as essential, and the Portuguese traders regularly amass huge profits via their annual "Black Ship" fleets from Macao. Japanese society is shown to be very insular and xenophobic, with foreigners referred to as "barbarians" and shunned for their arrogance, eating habits, lack of fluency in the Japanese language, and inability to respect Japanese social customs. As a result, there are many internal conflicts between the "Eastern" and "Western" cultures – especially to do with duty, honor, sexuality, cleanliness, diet, obligations, hierarchies, loyalties, and – more particularly – the essence of 'self'. Blackthorne is also torn between his growing affection for Mariko (who is married to a powerful, abusive, and dangerous samurai, Buntaro), his increasing loyalty to Toranaga, his household and consort, a "Willow world" courtesan named Kiku, and his desire to return to the open seas aboard Erasmus so he can intercept the Black Ship before it reaches Japan. A recurring motif in the book is Toranaga engaging in falconry. He compares his various birds to his vassals and mulls over his handling of them, flinging them at targets, giving them morsels, and bringing them back to his fist for re-hooding. There are other recurring themes of Eastern values, as opposed to Western values, masculine (patriarchal) values as opposed to human values, etc. Another is the granting of honours and favours to those who display loyalty - including the trading of secrets by a mama-san called Gyoko, which allows Toranaga to gain an upperhand in his power play for the shogunate. Reception --------- The New York Times's Webster Schott wrote, "I can't remember when a novel has seized my mind like this one [...] It's almost impossible not to continue to read Shōgun once having opened it". In addition to becoming a best-seller, with more than six million copies of the novel in 14 hardcover and 38 paperback printings by 1980, Shōgun had great impact on westerners' knowledge of, and interest in, Japanese history and culture. The editor of Learning from Shōgun: Japanese History and Western Fantasy (1980) estimated that 20 to 50% of all students in American college-level courses about Japan had read the novel. He described the book as "a virtual encyclopedia of Japanese history and culture; somewhere among those half-million words, one can find a brief description of virtually everything one wanted to know about Japan", and stated that "In sheer quantity, Shōgun has probably conveyed more information about Japan to more people than all the combined writings of scholars, journalists, and novelists since the Pacific War". Criticizing inaccuracies in the author's depiction of Japan, History Today wrote that "Clavell is in effect delivering a sermon on the errant ways of the West", contrasting Blackthorn and other Christian Westerners' barbaric ways to the superior "meditative and fatalistic posture of the Japanese samurai". The author of James Clavell: A Critical Companion called the novel "one of the most effective depictions of cross-cultural encounters ever written", and "Clavell's finest effort". Clavell said that Shōgun "is B.C. and A.D. It made me. I became a brand name, like Heinz Baked Beans." He reported that the ruler of a Middle Eastern petrostate offered him a full oil tanker for a novel that would do for his country what Shōgun did for Japan. Adaptations ----------- ### Television In 1976 Clavell employed Robert Bolt to write a screenplay. Later, in 1978, he selected Eric Bercovici to write a miniseries for NBC. Clavell and Bercovici decided to simplify the story for an American television audience by omitting one of the two major plot lines of the novel, the struggle between Toranaga and the other warlords, and focusing on the adventures of Blackthorne and his romance with Mariko. Due to the focus on Blackthorne's perspective, most of the Japanese dialogue was not subtitled or dubbed. This nine-hour television miniseries aired in 1980, starring Richard Chamberlain, Toshiro Mifune, Yoko Shimada, and John Rhys-Davies. This was edited into a two-hour theatrical release. A 5-disc DVD release appeared in 2003 and a 3-disc Blu-ray release in 2014. On August 3, 2018, it was announced that FX would be adapting the novel into a miniseries. The 2024 miniseries stars Hiroyuki Sanada, who also served as co-producer, Cosmo Jarvis, Anna Sawai, Tadanobu Asano, Takehiro Hira, Tommy Bastow and Fumi Nikaido. The trailer was released in late 2023 and the first two episodes premiered on February 27, 2024. In contrast to the 1980 miniseries, this closely follows both plot lines of the novel and translates the dialogue between the Japanese characters. ### Stage musical A stage musical adaptation was produced in 1990. ### Games There have been three computer games based on the Shōgun novel. Two text-based adventure games with sparse graphics were produced for the Amiga and PC, marketed as James Clavell's Shōgun by Infocom and Shōgun by Mastertronic. A unique graphical adventure game, Shōgun, was also produced for systems including the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and IBM PC by Lee & Mathias and released by Virgin Entertainment in 1986. The tabletop game publisher FASA published James Clavell's Shogun in 1983. This was the third of four boardgame titles based on Clavell novels.
\| * v * t * e Greek campaign \| \| --- \| \| Greco-Italian War * Pindus * Elaia–Kalamas * Morava–Ivan (Korytsa) * Saranda * Himara * Klisura Pass * Trebeshina * Hill 731 German Invasion * Metaxas Line * Pisoderi Pass * Vevi * Ptolemaida * Kleisoura Pass * Siatista Pass * Lake Kastoria * Servia * Olympus * Tempe Gorge * Athens * Thermopylae * Corinth Canal * Crete + Maleme + Rethymno + Heraklion + 42nd Street \| The Battle of Lake Kastoria (Greek: Μάχη λίμνης Καστοριάς) consisted of two parallel engagements north and south of Lake Kastoria (individually known in Greek as the battles of Argos Orestiko and of Foteini Pass) between Greek and German forces on 15 April 1941. Following the Greek failure to hold the Pass of Kleisoura, on 14 April, a new attempt was made to stop the German advance east of the road Bilisht (in Albania) – Kastoria – Grevena, which was used as the main route for the withdrawal of the Greek Western Macedonia Army Section. Prelude ------- The origin of the battle lies with the battle of Kleisoura Pass, crossing between mountains Vitsi and Siniatsiko immediately to the east of the plain of Kastoria, separating it from the plains of Ptolemaida. In the engagement fought on 13 and 14 April, the Greek detachment comprising elements from the Greek 20th Infantry Division failed to hold the German LSSAH brigade. In the midday 14 April, the commander of the Greek Western Macedonia Army Section (TSDM), after having been asked by Central Macedonia Army Section (TSKM) to send reinforcements for the 20th Division to counterattack, dispatched from its own 13th Infantry Division the I/23 battalion on motor vehicles, while additional forces were marching on foot. Because the units could not arrive in time, the counterattack never took place. Instead, the German LSSAH brigade advanced forward to meet the Greek detachments gathering around Lake Kastoria. Opposing forces --------------- ### Greek forces The Greek forces that participated in the battle belonged to the Cavalry Division north of the lake, and principally to the 13th Infantry Division south of the lake. The 20th Infantry Division was in poor shape after its long retreat between 10 and 13 April and the defeat at the battle of Kleisoura Pass, and concentrated around the village Smixi, immediately to the south of the 13th Division. At 02:00 hours on 15 April the 20th Division received from TSKM the order to move southwards and deploy in the area west of the Aliakmon River and between Tsotyli and Neapoli. The Greek Cavalry Division, part of the TSDM, was the first Greek unit to withdraw from Albania, already since 8 April, taking positions south of Lake Prespa, facing the plain of Florina which was expected to fall to German units coming southwards through Yugoslavia. The division remained on the defensive, and successfully held back elements of the LSSAH attacking from Florina, in the battle of Pisoderi Pass. On 14 April however, following the collapse of the Greek defense on the Kleisoura Pass, the division's sector was threatened from the south, and the division sent forward the 21st Reconnaissance Group (Vosniadis' Squadron) plus one Cavalry Squadron from the 1st Cavalry Regiment, as well as a troop (2 guns) of 47mm anti-tank guns. The detachment received support from one battalion of heavy artillery. The 13th Infantry Division, consisting of the 18th, 22nd and 23rd Infantry Regiments had taken part in the short lived joint Greek–Yugoslav offensive in Albania agreed prior to the German attack. The division had attacked with two battalions on 7 April north of Pogradec, taking some Italian positions and many prisoners, but also suffering substantial casualties (763 killed and wounded). The information arriving from Yugoslavia regarding the situation there, convinced the Greek command to call off the attacks for 8 April, and the division reverted to the defensive. On the same day elements of the division entered Yugoslav territory and carried out demolitions on the road leading to Pogradec to protect its flank. In the night of 12–13 April the division began its withdrawal, breaking contact with the Italians successfully at 22:00 on 12 April. Having covered 45 kilometers in 17 hours, on 13 April the division's HQ was at Bilisht, where it remained for a day, in order to cover the withdrawal of the other units of TSDM. The division was briefly bombarded by the Italian air force on 13 April, and on 14 April Italian Bersaglieri elements made contact with the division's rearguard, while 26 Italian prisoners were taken in an ambush. Late on 14 April the entire division was set in motion towards Argos Orestiko. Due to the congestion created by the division's using a single route, the movement during the night of 14–15 April was particularly slow. Also on 14 April, as mentioned above, the division received the request to mount two battalions on motor vehicles to be sent for the counterattack on Kleisoura Pass. The number of vehicles available sufficed for only a battalion of infantry. Battalion I/23 had marched some 60 kilometres (37 mi) in 15 hours and had reached Bilisht at 15:30 where it took the order to move to Argos Orestiko and be put under command of 21st Infantry Brigade. Loading of the first elements began at 16:30 and was eventually completed by 18:15, as initially an insufficient number of trucks was provided. Arriving at 20:00 hours at Argos Orestiko the battalion found a chaotic situation and panic-stricken units of the 20th Division. Following a brief confusion regarding the battalion's exact mission, the 13th Division's commander ordered the battalion to dismount and take positions defensively on the hills east of the line Limenakia–Ampelokipoi, covering the division's withdrawal. For that purpose, the commander sent also the battalion-sized 13th Reconnaissance Group, a company of four heavy machineguns (of 13.2 mm caliber) and a field battery of 3 guns creating a detachment which was placed under the command of the division's infantry commander, Colonel Efstathios Liosis. By the morning of 15 April the detachment was further reinforced with an additional 3 field and 4 heavy artillery batteries, while the 2nd Positional Machinegun battalion was sent to replace the 13th Reconnaissance Group which was to cover the front further south. In fact he commander of the 2nd Positional Machinegun Battalion didn't obey the order, claiming much later that the order was not written and that the positions assigned to it were vulnerable to tanks. ### German forces Armored reconnaissance vehicles belonging to the LSSAH during the Balkan campaign (photo taken in Yugoslavia or Bulgaria) The German forces that participated in the battle belonged to the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH), an SS motorised unit of brigade size. More specifically the units that participated in the action were the reinforced Reconnaissance Battalion under Sturmbannführer Kurt Meyer which acted as LSSAH's vanguard battlegroup, as well as the III/LSSAH and II/LSSAH motorised infantry battalions and the entire LSSAH Artillery Regiment (two battalions with a total of 24 guns). Meyer's battlegroup included besides the Reconnaissance battalion's organic strength (one armoured car company, two motorcycle infantry companies, one heavy weapons company), also a troop of light 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) and another of heavy 15 centimetres (5.9 in) infantry guns, a troop of Panzerjäger I tank hunters, a troop of 8.8 centimetres (3.5 in) flak guns, and a heavy howitzer 15 centimetres (5.9 in) battery. Opposing tactics ---------------- The Greek plan was to hold the Germans away from the road Bilisht–Grevena, however unknown to the commanders of 13th and Cavalry Division at the time, their mission had actually already been compromised by the collapse of the Greek 12th Infantry Division’s defense on Siatista Pass to the south, which had been abandoned to the German 5th Panzer Division late on 14 April (in reality the Germans attacked again on 15 April to find the Greek positions vacant as the 12th Division had withdrawn west of river Aliakmon). In order to achieve their task, the Cavalry Division would block the German attack north of Lake Kastoria at Foteini Pass, while the 13th Division would attempt to form a front south of the lake, from its shore to the western slopes of Mt. Siniatsiko. South of the 13th Division, the 20th Division was covering the banks of river Aliakmon from a possible attack from Siatista Pass, having demolished its bridges leaving only a wooden one to permit withdrawal of stragglers. The battle ---------- The first contact between the German and the Greek line was made at 05:30 on 15 April. The Greek side identified the German forces as light motorized troops supported by 15 "tanks". Another Greek source based on the account of I/23 battalion's commander mentions 17 "light tanks" and 10 "cars". Based on Meyer's account it was his own LSSAH's armored reconnaissance battalion which first made contact with the Greek line. Golla also includes the III/LSSAH in the first attacks. The first German attack took place at around 06:00 and was beaten off, with the Greeks claiming to have hit 25 vehicles and caused substantial casualties, although the weakness on the Greek right wing became apparent. At 11:00, the Germans renewed their attack, reinforced with what the Greeks describe as a truck-borne unit of battalion strength and 10 batteries of heavy artillery. Paschalidis notes that at 10:30 German heavy artillery intensely bombarded the right wing of I/23 causing 3 killed and 10 wounded. He also notes that the Greek position was very poor as the men were immobile in rocky terrain, which under bombardment caused flying rocks to disproportionally increase the amount of wounded Meyer notes that "about midday" the III/LSSAH battalion entered the battle to his left in an effort to envelop the Greek line and reach its line of retreat. This attack was beaten off through the effective fire of the Greek infantry and artillery. Throughout the battle the Greek artillery had good observation on the German artillery and brought down on them very effective counter-battery fire, silencing them and forcing them to change positions. At 13:30, the Germans repeated their infantry attack with strong support by tanks and artillery and by 14:00 succeeded in capturing the village Ampelokipoi on the Greek right wing. The Greek cavalry squadron defending the location suffered heavily, retreated and part of it was captured, after its commander captain Kleitos Hatziliadis was killed in action. Golla notes that the III/LSSAH reached its objective at 14:00 and the Reconnaissance battalion/LSSAH at 1645. At about 1445 the Greek I/23 was reporting that it had suffered some 84 killed and wounded, and its companies were asking for additional stretcher-bearers. The Greek command which had been worried from the beginning about its weak right flank, started to become desperate, and began using whoever was available, such as artillery gunners, muleteers and engineers, to plug the gap. The situation became more dire when at 15:00 the remaining squadron of the 13 Reconnaissance Group defending hill 681 abandoned it, and the command of 13th division failed to rally it. Thus after that point there were almost no Greek forces south of the village Ampelokipoi and the appearance of German armored vehicles moving in the plains towards Argos Orestiko was considered a matter of time. The commander of the Greek 13th division personally rode a motorcycle and after locating the descending column of the III/22, which was severely weakened in numbers after very long continuous marching, ordered it to move immediately to the hill 681 before the Germans. At 16:30, the battalion had successfully reached the height, thus temporarily relieving the Greek command's worries. For a time it was believed that the situation was salvageable as darkness was about to fall and columns of troops were arriving that could be used as reinforcements. However at 17:00, the Germans renewed their attack, this time with the support of some 40 Luftwaffe airplanes. The airplanes focused their attacks on the Greek artillery and successfully destroyed 4 guns and many carriages. Personnel losses were limited as they mostly abandoned their guns and took cover. The two 20 mm anti-aircraft guns used by the Greeks were also silenced. The German artillery also joined with full force the attack. The German armor, relieved from the threat of the Greek artillery, moved freely. Progressively the Greek companies and batteries started to report that they were getting encircled, and surrendered. At 18:00, the Maniakoi bridge was ordered demolished and the units to retreat over the bridge north-west from Argos Orestiko. The Greek artillery was fighting with its last shells over open sights. Meyer notes that "one of their batteries continued to fire and was shot to pieces" At 19:00, the German armour encircled and captured Argos Orestiko. Those Greek units that were not able to retreat were captured. Battalion I/23 according to his commander's account had suffered some 160 killed and wounded by the time its remnants retreated towards Argos Orestiko where they were taken prisoner. From the German perspective, Golla notes that the III/LSSAH reached the road north of Argos Orestiko at 18:00, while the Reconnaissance battalion/LSSAH moved along the west bank of Lake Kastoria and eventually reached the town of Kastoria itself. As II/LSSAH, which in the meantime had crossed over Kleisoura pass and joined the action, reached the area south-west of Lake Kastoria, the III/LSSAH was ordered to occupy Argos Orestiko at 23:00. Throughout the night unsuspecting Greek columns that had previously been engaging the Italians to the north continued to come across the Germans at Kastoria. The Germans claimed that by the next morning they had captured 12,000 prisoners and 36 guns.
American poet Kate Slaughter McKinney Kate Slaughter McKinney (February 6, 1859 – March 2, 1939) was a writer and poet who used the pen-name of Katydid. In 1931, she was elected Poet Laureate of the State of Alabama. Early life ---------- Kate Slaughter was born in London, Kentucky, on February 6, 1859, the daughter of James Love Slaughter and Lucinda Jane Price. Her father was born in Booneville, Kentucky, and later moved to London and Richmond, Kentucky. From her father's side she was the great-granddaughter of Gov. Gabriel Slaughter and from her mother side she was the great-granddaughter of Gov. James Garrard. Her great-uncle was Gen. Theo Garrard. She first attended schools in Kirksville, Kentucky, and then graduated in 1876 from the Daughters' College, Harrodsburg, Kentucky. Career ------ Kate Slaughter McKinney wrote verses since she was fifteen years of age. The first were published in The Courier-Journal, from which they found a way into the leading newspapers and magazines. McKinney got her inspiration from the trees and the flowers and the brooks. Her Kentucky home stood out with frequency in the pages of her published volume, Katydid's Poems (1887). Her other books are: Palace of Silver (1927), The Silent Witness, a Tale of a Kentucky Tragedy (1906), The Weed by the Wall (1911). She had a lyric gift, and her poems had melody and sweetness. In 1931 she was elected Poet Laureate of the State of Alabama. Personal life ------------- On May 7, 1878, she became the wife of James Isaac McKinney, the superintendent of the L. & N. R. R. in Montgomery, Alabama. She died in Montgomery on March 2, 1939, and is buried at Buffalo Springs Cemetery, Stanford, Kentucky.
Lieutenant General Gerald Robert Poole, CB, CMG, DSO (17 January 1868 – 20 October 1937) was a heavy artillery commander during the First World War with the Royal Marine Artillery and the Royal Garrison Artillery. He was Colonel Commandant of the Royal Marine Artillery between 1921 and 1922, and during this period also served as Marine aide-de-camp to King George V. Early life ---------- Gerald Poole was born on 17 January 1868 at Clifton. He was educated at Bedford Modern School where his father, Reverend Canon Robert Burton Poole became headmaster. From school he went to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and then proceeded to the Royal Marine Artillery as a probationary lieutenant. Early career ------------ Poole served as a gunnery officer on-board a number of Royal Navy ships including; HMS Imperious (Mediterranean and Vancouver Island 1894–99), HMS Irresistible (Mediterranean 1902–04), HMS Victory (Scapa Flow, 1912) and HMS Inflexible (Mediterranean 1912–14). He was promoted to captain in 1896 and major in 1908. From 1906–12 he was seconded to the Canadian Government as a gunnery instructor and commanded No. 3 (Heavy) Battery of the Royal Canadian Artillery.[self-published source] First World War --------------- In 1915 Poole was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed Commander of the Royal Marine Howitzer Brigade in France. From May 1916 he took command of the 26th Heavy Artillery Battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery although he maintained administrative command of the Royal Marine Brigade for the duration of the war. On occasions he would incorporate the Marine howitzers within the RGA battery, for example at the Battle of Vimy Ridge in April 1917. He was mentioned three times in the Despatches of the Commander in Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1917 and awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918. Later career ------------ Poole was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Royal Marine Artillery at Eastney in 1921, and ADC to the King in the same year. He was promoted to major general in 1922 and also appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was made lieutenant general in 1924 and retired in 1925. Personal life ------------- On retirement Poole settled on Vancouver with his Canadian wife Gertrude; they had one son and one daughter. Poole was a keen musician and had served as Superintendent of the Royal Navy School of Music. He was also a fine horseman and became a proficient backwoodsman during his time in Canada. Gerald Poole died on 20 October 1937 in Vancouver.
American dramatist Fred Alley (1962–2001) was an American musical theatre lyricist and librettist who died unexpectedly just as his work gained national recognition. His collaboration on the musical The Spitfire Grill with composer James Valcq won the American Academy of Arts and Letters' prestigious Richard Rodgers Production Award for 2001. Premiered at the George Street Playhouse in New Jersey and produced Off-Broadway by Playwrights Horizons, it received Best Musical nominations from the Outer Critics Circle and Drama League, as well as two Drama Desk nominations. The cast album was released on Triangle Road Records. The Spitfire Grill has become one of the most frequently performed recent musicals with more than 600 productions to date, not only in every major American city but in Canada, Germany, South Korea, and Japan as well. In 2008 the show had its UK premiere at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Alley was the co-founder and artist-in-Residence at American Folklore Theatre (AFT) in Door County, Wisconsin, a populist theatre with a seasonal audience of 50,000 performing original musicals that further the knowledge and appreciation of the heritage of the United States with local and regional settings and themes. It was at AFT that Alley first collaborated with Valcq on a musical called The Passage. Also at AFT, Alley collaborated on more than 20 original shows with composer James Kaplan, director Jeffrey Herbst, co-founder Doc Heide, and frequent guest artists Paul Sills and James Maronek. Alley was the librettist and lyricist of Guys on Ice, Lumberjacks in Love, and The Bachelors, all of which began at AFT and set box office records in frequent productions at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater. He was honored posthumously with the 2002 Mark R. Sumner Award for distinguished achievement in the U.S. outdoor drama movement. Alley was also an actor and singer who performed on the AFT stage for 20 consecutive seasons. His tenor voice can be heard on his recordings The Lake, Door Christmas, and the posthumously released collection It Would Be Enough For Me. Alley died on May 1, 2001, of a previously undiagnosed heart condition while jogging near his Wisconsin home.

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