Search is not available for this dataset
_id
stringlengths 19
25
| url
stringlengths 31
294
| title
stringlengths 1
184
| text
stringlengths 100
31.5k
|
---|---|---|---|
20231101.en_13200141_234
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20government
|
Women in government
|
Aggestam, Karin, and Ann Towns, eds. Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiations (Palgrave MacMillan, 2018).
|
20231101.en_13200141_235
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20government
|
Women in government
|
Towns, Ann, and Birgitta Niklasson. "Gender, International Status, and Ambassador Appointments." Foreign Policy Analysis (2017) 13: 521–540
|
20231101.en_13200141_236
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20government
|
Women in government
|
Ladam, Christina, Harden, Jeffery J., and Windett, Jason H. (April 2018). "Prominent Role Models: High-Profile Female Politicians and the Emergence of Women as Candidates for Public Office." American Journal of Political Science. 62(2). 369-381. 10.1111/ajps.12351
|
20231101.en_13200164_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20AKA%20Kilo
|
Down AKA Kilo
|
Juan Jose Martinez (born 1985), better known by his stage name Down AKA Kilo, is an American rapper from Oxnard, California.
|
20231101.en_13200164_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20AKA%20Kilo
|
Down AKA Kilo
|
Martinez was born in Oxnard; his parents were undocumented immigrants from Mexico. Growing up, he listened to Cypress Hill and N.W.A and began rapping at age 13. He made his first recordings at the garage of childhood friend Edward "E-Dub" Rios, who would later become producer of the Power 106 radio show Pocos Pero Locos. He released his debut album California Cowboyz in 2003, and his second album Definition of an Ese in 2007, with two singles from the album, "Lean like a Cholo" and "Definition of an Ese."
|
20231101.en_13200164_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20AKA%20Kilo
|
Down AKA Kilo
|
On March 28, 2009, Down was injured in a car crash at Farmington, New Mexico and put in a coma while hospitalized.
|
20231101.en_13200168_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterian
|
Alterian
|
Alterian is a campaign management and real-time marketing software company headquartered in Denver, CO with offices in Bristol, UK and Sydney, Australia.
|
20231101.en_13200168_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterian
|
Alterian
|
Alterian was founded by Mike Talbot, David Eldridge and Tim McCarthy in 1997. Initially based in Weston-Super-Mare, UK, it moved its headquarters to Bristol.
|
20231101.en_13200168_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterian
|
Alterian
|
In July 2008, Alterian acquired Mediasurface, a UK based Web Content Management software vendor for $35.6 million
|
20231101.en_13200168_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterian
|
Alterian
|
In July 2011, Alterian appointed Heath Davies as CEO, replacing David Eldridge who stepped down from the board in April 2011, along with the other founders Tim McCarthy and Mike Talbot later the same year.
|
20231101.en_13200168_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterian
|
Alterian
|
In December 2011, Alterian was acquired by SDL International, a company best known for its language services and technology and its Web Content Management solution SDL Tridion.
|
20231101.en_13200168_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alterian
|
Alterian
|
In November 2016, Alterian divested from SDL and was acquired by Alterian Technology Holdings LLC, a privately owned company based in the US. It is currently led by Bob Hale, CEO.
|
20231101.en_13200201_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
Tilikum was a dugout canoe that was used in an effort to circumnavigate the globe starting in 1901. The boat was a "Nootkan" (Nuu-chah-nulth) canoe which was already old when she was obtained by captain John Voss in April 1901. The boat was built in the early 19th century as a dugout canoe made from a large red cedar log. Tilikum was purchased for $80 in silver from a native woman (Voss describes her as a "siwash") in a transference ceremony allegedly sealed by a bottle of rye whiskey - the name Tilikum means "friend" in Chinook jargon. Apparently, John Voss and his companion in this venture, Norman Luxton, were inspired by the voyage of Joshua Slocum, who sailed the sloop Spray around the world a few years earlier and wrote a best selling book about his adventures.
|
20231101.en_13200201_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
The boat was refitted - reinforced, covered and rigged with sail, in total, and readied for her voyage at a shipyard in Spotlight Cove on Galiano Island BC. Tilikum was then sailed to Oak Bay harbour, then departing from there for the Cook Islands on May 20, 1901, captained by Voss and mated by Luxton. After 10,000 miles (about 16000 km) and five months on the Pacific Ocean, Tilikum struck a reef and Luxton was thrown from the boat. His whole body was badly cut by coral. The boat limped into harbour at Penrhyn Island in the Cook Islands on 2 September 1901, and Luxton left the trip entirely in Suva, Fiji on 17 October 1901. Tilikum was crewed by 10 more men between that time and when she finally pulled into harbour on the Thames in London, England in September, 1904.
|
20231101.en_13200201_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
On 25 October 1901, after leaving Suva, the mate, Louis Begent, the binnacle, and the compass were lost in 'large breaking seas'. Voss was now alone without a compass, from Sydney.
|
20231101.en_13200201_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
Tilikum arrived in Melbourne on 13 March 1902 and was exhibited in full rig in Collins Street. She was moved to another vantage point at the Exhibition Buildings, but during loading onto a 'wagon', the hook broke and she was damaged, with splits appearing in five different places. Voss repaired her himself using thin steel ribs.
|
20231101.en_13200201_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
She was then sailed on Lake Wendouree, Ballarat, and presented with a new set of sails by local yachtsmen, before travelling to Geelong to be returned to the sea.
|
20231101.en_13200201_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
Voss was nominated as a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in London after lecturing in Britain about the voyage, but he never completed the process to officially become a fellow.
|
20231101.en_13200201_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
Captain John Voss published his sailing memoir as The Venturesome Voyages of Captain Voss in 1913. Many years after the voyage, Norman Luxton wrote his own version of the journey with Voss in his Tilikum Journal. This manuscript was edited by his daughter Eleanor and was published after Luxton's death as Tilikum: Luxton's Pacific Crossing in 1971.
|
20231101.en_13200201_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
Tilikum changed hands a number of times in London, losing her bowsprit and masts over time. In 1929, the Furness Shipping Line returned Tillikum to Victoria, British Columbia. She underwent restoration beginning in 1936 by the Thermopylae Club before she was moved into the Maritime Museum in 1965, where she remained until 2015. After that, the Tilikum was on display at the Ogden Point cruise ship terminal in Victoria, B.C. Currently, the Maritime Museum does not have her on display.
|
20231101.en_13200201_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28boat%29
|
Tilikum (boat)
|
McFarlane, John A. and Lynn J. Salmon. (2019). Around the World in a Dugout Canoe: The Untold Story of Captain John Voss and the Tilikum. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing.
|
20231101.en_13200229_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altino%20Domingues
|
Altino Domingues
|
Altino "Tino" Domingues (born November 2, 1951) is a retired Portuguese-American soccer defender. He played professionally in the United States and earned four caps with the U.S. national team in 1976.
|
20231101.en_13200229_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altino%20Domingues
|
Altino Domingues
|
In 1971 and 1972, Domingues played soccer for Montclair State. He was a 1972 New Jersey All State at Montclair. He also played for the Newark Portuguese. In 1974, he turned professional with the Rhode Island Oceaneers. In 1976, Domingues played a single season with the Hartford Bicentennials in the North American Soccer League. In 1977, he played for the New Jersey Americans in the ASL.
|
20231101.en_13200229_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altino%20Domingues
|
Altino Domingues
|
Domingues earned his first cap in a 4–0 loss to Poland on June 24, 1976. He then played all three U.S. losses at the Mexico City Tournament in August 1976. Of his four games with the U.S., Domingues started three and came on for Werner Roth in the 46th minute of the August 18th loss to Costa Rica.
|
20231101.en_13200243_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland grew to 38.7% of total final energy consumption by year end 2014 (it was just 29.2% in 2005), achieving joint second position with Latvia in terms of renewable energy consumption by share amongst the EU-28 countries, behind its neighbour Sweden in first position on a 52.6% share. The 2014 share in Finland breaks down as renewable energy providing 52% of the heating and cooling sector, 31.4% of the electricity sector and 21.6% of the transport sector. By 2014, Finland had already exceeded its 2020 target for renewable energy use under the EU renewable energy directive as shown in the table of country targets.
|
20231101.en_13200243_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The earlier European objectives for 2010 included the targets of: 22% renewable source electricity and 12% renewable of primary energy in 2010 (directive and white paper). This included the objectives of 40 GWh wind power, 3 GWh PV and 5.75% biofuels (2010). The wind power objective was reached as early as 2005.
|
20231101.en_13200243_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
In 2005, the renewable energy share of electricity in Finland was as follows: Hydro electric power 60%, forest industry black liquor 22%, other wood residues 16%, wind power 0.2% and other RE 1%.
|
20231101.en_13200243_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
According to IEA Finland's 2020 renewable energy targets are: overall 38 %, heating and cooling 47 %, electricity 33 % and transport 20 %. compared to Swedish targets overall 50 %, heating and cooling 62 %, electricity 63 % and transport 14 %. , Finland classifies palm oil fatty acid residues as sustainable unlike e.g. Sweden.
|
20231101.en_13200243_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Finland differs from most industrialized countries in that many of its energy needs stem from the Nordic conditions. Finland is located between 60 and 70 degrees northern latitude and a quarter of its area lies north of the Arctic Circle. In fact, one third of all people living north of the 60th parallel are Finns. The annual mean temperature in the south of the country is around 5 °C and 0 °C in the north. The population-weighted average number of heating degree days for Finland is 5000, considerably more than in Sweden and Norway (4000). Thus, the Finnish climate is the coldest in the EU and, consequently, a large share of the energy (22%) is used for the heating of buildings.
|
20231101.en_13200243_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Finland's energy consumption increased 44% in electricity and 30% in total energy use during the period 1990–2006. The increase in electricity consumption of 15,000 GWh (1995–2005) was more than Finland's total hydroelectric power capacity. The consumption increased almost equally in all sectors (industry, residential, and services). The share of renewable electricity in Finland has been stable (1998–2005): 11-12% plus yearly variable hydroelectric power, totaling 24-27%. The forest industries contributed 57% of the RE power generation via black liquor and wood burning in 1990. By 2005 this share had grown to 67%. The rest consisting primarily of hydroelectric power. As with most first world countries, the vast majority of commercially viable hydroelectric sites in Finland have already been developed. The forest industry uses 30% of all electricity in Finland (1990–2005). Its process wastes, wood residues, and black liquor were used to produce 7-8000 GWh of electricity in 2005. However, during that year electricity consumption fell 10% compared to 2004 as a result of a prolonged forest industry labour dispute. Finland's power consumption was (2005) 17.3 MW electricity per capita compared to Germany 7.5 MW per capita. This number includes the power losses of the distribution.
|
20231101.en_13200243_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Of primary energy consumed in Finland, around 25% is covered with renewable sources. This is one of the highest figures among all industrialized nations and the third highest in the EU. Finland is among the leading countries in the use of biomass in energy production: the share of bioenergy is 20% of all primary energy consumption and, therefore, the second highest in the EU after Latvia. The objective of RE (2005) of electricity was 35% (1997–2010). However, (2006) the Finnish objective was dropped to 31.5% (1997–2010). According to ‘Renewables Global Status Report’ Finland aims to increase RE only 2% in 13 years. This objective to add the RE use with 2% in 13 years is among the most modest of all the EU countries.
|
20231101.en_13200243_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The Finnish energy policy is based on the National Climate Strategy of 2001, updated in 2005 and 2008. The strategy provides the basis for policy preparation, decision-making and negotiations on national, EU and international levels. In its most recent adaptation, the strategy focuses on setting guidelines up to 2020 and a vision as far as 2050 to steer long-term planning.
|
20231101.en_13200243_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The aim is to fulfil the Kyoto Protocol and its obligations by 2013. By that time, adequate post-Kyoto emission reduction measures should be in place, including the set of measures required of EU countries by 2020 by common agreement. To that end, the EU requires its members to report by 2016 about their ability to meet the obligations set for 2020. With regard to renewables, the EU goals aim to a share of 38% of final energy consumption in Finland by 2020, compared to 28.5% in 2005 and a previous national goal of 31% by 2020.
|
20231101.en_13200243_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The national long-term vision aims at halting the growth of final energy consumption on one hand, and increasing the share of renewables on the other hand. To attain these objectives, the energy efficiency of consumption must be enhanced, particularly in housing, construction and transport, and new policy measures must be enacted to promote renewables.
|
20231101.en_13200243_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The government expects the growing global demand of fossil fuels to drive their prices further up in the long term. Combined with the cost of emission allowances, this will significantly change the price relationship of fossil and renewable energy in favour of the latter. The government envisions significant growth in the use of wood-based energy, waste fuels, heat pumps, biogas and wind energy. A feed-in tariff system will be introduced as a major new policy measure to drive the introduction of renewables.
|
20231101.en_13200243_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The use of wood residues from forestry as a fuel and raw material will be tripled by 2020 to 12 million m3.
|
20231101.en_13200243_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The government will support the installation of heat pumps, bioenergy and solar energy systems for space heating.
|
20231101.en_13200243_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
New technologies for transportation biofuel production will be explored with the aim of having a share of 10% for biofuels in transport fuel use by 2020.
|
20231101.en_13200243_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Installed wind power capacity will increase to 2000 MW by 2020 from the present 120 MW with the help of various subsidies.
|
20231101.en_13200243_15
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The government will support the use of off-shore wind power by leasing the sea areas with low tariffs.
|
20231101.en_13200243_16
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The government will encourage power uprates in old hydropower plants and the construction of some new hydropower plants.
|
20231101.en_13200243_17
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Finland already has among the highest shares of renewables, yet Finland for a long time did not use feed-in tariffs, fixed premiums, green certificate systems or tendering procedures. Lately some new policies have been adopted. From the European countries, Finland, Malta and Slovenia are the only ones (2006) that use only tax incentives to promote wind energy and other renewable electricity. Finland has no obligations or binding recommendations for the power companies to promote RE.
|
20231101.en_13200243_18
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Energy markets in Finland are based on free enterprise and open competition. The electric power industry in Finland has been open for competition since the new electricity market legislation in 1995. At the same occasion Finland joined the joint Nordic electricity market area where spot prices for electricity are determined at the common electricity exchange Nordpool. Power can be bought and sold freely in Finland, Sweden, Norway and most parts of Denmark.
|
20231101.en_13200243_19
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
For district heat there is no national market for technological reasons, as heat cannot be transported over long distances. However, district heat is largely produced by the same energy companies in centralised district heating plants or CHP plants. Locally there is usually only one district heat provider available, which means that the competition takes place between alternative heat sources. Biomass fuels and peat are commonly used for district heating. Some district heat is also sold in small scale by local entrepreneurs who produce it with biomass fuels. The government company for promoting energy efficiency, Motiva, has a program for promoting small scale heating entrepreneurship.
|
20231101.en_13200243_20
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
In the Nordic electricity market, each country is independently responsible for its transmission grid. In Finland the local distribution grids are owned primarily by local energy companies. The national transmission grid is owned by the Fingrid corporation which for its part is owned jointly by the state, energy companies and financial investors. Major changes in the ownership of Fingrid are expected as new EU legislation will forbid energy producers from owning parts of the transmission grid.
|
20231101.en_13200243_21
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The largest electricity producers in Finland are Fortum, the state energy company, Pohjolan Voima, the energy company owned by major industries, Teollisuuden Voima, the industry-owned nuclear power company, Helsingin Energia, the power company of Helsinki City, and Vattenfall, the largest energy company of Sweden. There are also a large number of small and medium-sized local energy companies. A special feature of the Finnish electricity markets is companies like Pohjolan Voima and Teollisuuden Voima that operate with the Mankala-principle. That is, they do not pay dividends, but rather provide power to their owners without seeking profit.
|
20231101.en_13200243_22
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Moreover, many of the industrial corporations are themselves major energy producers as in a number of factories process wastes are used as fuels. In most cases such fuels originate from wood processing and, therefore, count as renewables. Thus major producers of bioenergy in Finland include all the major wood and paper industry corporations: Stora-Enso, UPM and M-Real. Furthermore, the national oil company, Neste Oil, is a growing producer of biofuels and biodiesel in particular.
|
20231101.en_13200243_23
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Largest hydropower producers are the state-owned companies Fortum and Kemijoki and the industry-owned Pohjolan Voima. The largest producer of wind power in Finland is the Hyötytuuli corporation, owned by the energy companies of various cities. Hyötytuuli produces about one third of wind power in Finland. The rest is produced by a large number of companies in relatively small power plants.
|
20231101.en_13200243_24
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Finland is a growing producer of RES related technology. The volume of trade of all energy technology to and from Finland is shown in Figure 4. RES technologies hold a significant share of this trade.
|
20231101.en_13200243_25
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Smaller companies that produce energy-related clean technology include Aidon, Bearing Drive Finland, DGT Direct Granulation Technology, EcoSir, Finnish Electric Vehicle technologies, Greenvironment, Modilis, Primet, Puhdas Energia and The Switch.
|
20231101.en_13200243_26
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Energy efficiency in Finland is advanced by the state-owned company Motiva. Public funding for the development of new technologies is primarily distributed by the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Tekes.
|
20231101.en_13200243_27
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
In total electricity and district heat production employed 14,000 people and oil refining and distribution 13,500 people out of the 2,500,000 people employed in Finland in 2003. Bioenergy sector employed an estimated 6000-7000 people. The total employment in the energy sector numbered 34,000 people in 2004. These numbers include renewable and non-renewable energies as there are no separate statistics.
|
20231101.en_13200243_28
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The major renewable energy sources, namely hydropower and bioenergy are produced in a large scale, where business models and jobs are similar to other large-scale energy production. There is additionally small scale production of renewable energy that tends to generate small enterprise and a proportionally greater number of jobs.
|
20231101.en_13200243_29
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
For example, the Ministry of Employment the Economy has conducted a research that found that there are 368 small bioenergy companies that provide 1,667 jobs. The number of companies and jobs has grown steadily in the past years and the growth is expected to continue given the ambitious goals for bioenergy in the national climate and energy strategy.
|
20231101.en_13200243_30
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Given that there is established production of wind power plants and plant components, the increased use of wind power in Finland and elsewhere can be expected to create jobs in the sector. This would generate demand for professionals of all levels in mechanical, material and electrical technology. Similar demand can be expected from the increased use of bioenergy and the production of the necessary power plant components.
|
20231101.en_13200243_31
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Professionals in chemistry and life sciences and related fields will be needed for the envisioned development and production of the next generation of biofuels. They will also have an important role in developing the forest industry towards more versatile biorefineries instead of traditional pulp and paper mills.
|
20231101.en_13200243_32
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Finally the strengths of the Finnish electronics industry and education can give rise to a variety of clean technologies such as solar power, control systems for power production and consumption, electric vehicles, etc.
|
20231101.en_13200243_33
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Finland is among the leading countries in the use of biomass in energy production: the share of bioenergy is 20% of all primary energy consumption and, therefore, the second highest in the EU after Latvia. The high share of biomass in Finnish energy production is explained by the large forest resources of the country and a highly developed wood and paper industry. Most of the country (68%) is covered by boreal coniferous forests. The wood and paper industry accounts for nearly two thirds of all industrial energy consumption but it is also a major producer of renewable energy. Most liquid and solid industrial wood residues are recycled into energy production, which accounts for 20% of Finnish primary energy use. Thus, the wood and paper industry is for large part energy independent.
|
20231101.en_13200243_34
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Over time, the volume of industrial biomass energy has increased in the industrial use. As the energy consumption has increased, the share of renewables has stayed constant. However, simultaneously the use of non-renewable energy has grown about 20%. In comparison, in Germany the non-RE source of electricity grew only 2% (1990–2005).
|
20231101.en_13200243_35
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Biomass is widely used as a fuel in electricity production, CHP plants and district heating, often mixed with other fuels, especially peat. In fact, Finland is among the world leaders in the use of CHP. Both renewable and fossil fuels are used. The world's largest bio power plant with a capacity of 265 MW is situated in Jakobstad in Finland. Wood is also used directly for heating. In total around 6 million m3 or 50 PJ of firewood are used annually for space heating. There are also dedicated boilers that burn wood chips or pellets. Fuel oil fired heating can be converted to use pellets, which has been estimated to have a potential of 25 PJ/a.
|
20231101.en_13200243_36
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Agricultural biomass production takes place on a modest scale. Annually around 6000 tons of straw is used as a fuel, while theoretically a maximum of 1.8 million tons could be used. Furthermore, turnip rape is cultivated on about 860 hectares mainly for lubrication oil and diesel oil production. Finally, there is some interest in the possibility of growing reed canary grass for use as a fuel. Some tests have been carried out in its use in multifuel boilers and as a raw material for pellets.
|
20231101.en_13200243_37
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Finland uses insignificant wood pellet quantities for thermal energy production. In Sweden and Denmark active energy politics with significant taxation of fossil energy has encouraged an early development of the pellet market. This development has taken place much faster than in Finland where economic incentives are missing, and competing sources of energy are cheap.
|
20231101.en_13200243_38
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Pellet production was 192,000 tons (2005). Pellet consumption was 55,000 t (2005), 47,000 t (2004), 39,000 t (2003), 24,000 t (2002) ja 15,000 t (2001). The pellets are mainly exported. Finland has no binding objectives for pellet use promotion.
|
20231101.en_13200243_39
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The European Union has the objective of 5.75% of biofuels (2010). The biofuels report do not include the Finnish objective. They are not published yet. The Finnish Ministry of Trade and Industry report (KTM 11/2006) admits that Finland would not be able to fulfill the 5.75% objective. The ministry report does not recommend it, because of its expenses. The production price of biofuels in Finland would be equal to other EU countries, 3 cents per liter.
|
20231101.en_13200243_40
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The Finnish parliament did not consider bioethanol competitive in Finland. The director of Altia resigned as Altia's major bioethanol project failed; increased costs made it unprofitable. However, St1 produces bioethanol from food industry wastes.
|
20231101.en_13200243_41
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Neste Oil produces 0.34 million tons per year renewable diesel (NExBTL) by vegetable oil refining in its Porvoo refinery. Currently the main feedstock is palm oil. The public transportation in the Helsinki metropolitan area uses NExBTL. The pulp and paper company UPM is in the process of starting biodiesel production from tall oil. However, a number of projects for biodiesel production have been cancelled due to poor profitability. Finnish government supports biodiesel use financially.
|
20231101.en_13200243_42
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Finnish company Neste Oil biodiesel production capacity in Singapore is 2.9 million tons. After 2022, the new capacity is predicted to be 1.3 million tons more. Neste oil predicts that the world biodiesel demand will be 20 million tons in 2030, and its own production will be half of this. Neste believes there will be an increased demand for airplane fuels. A 10 to 15 percent increase in biodiesel demand in Europe and the US would be equal to 8-12 million tons fuel per year. In 2019, annual fossil biodiesel consumption is estimated to be as much as 900 million tons. According to McKinsey, the fossil biodiesel consumption will not reduce by 2030.
|
20231101.en_13200243_43
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
Neste biodiesel is mainly based on palm oil process wastes. Finland has classified palm oil fatty acid residues as sustainable. The WWF approves certified palm oil. In Europe at least, Sweden, Norway, Britain and France do not approve palm oil fatty acid residues (PFAD) as waste and sustainable bioenergy. According to Greenpeace, its use accelerates deforestation.
|
20231101.en_13200243_44
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The palm oil biodiesel has higher climate change gas emissions compared to fossil diesel when the rain forest loss is included and palm oil fat should not be classified as sustainable waste. It is a product sold in markets as raw material. According to Neste, spoil advertisement palm oil biodiesel production chain includes crimes, corruption and human right violations. One of the Neste Oil palm oil providers Bilmar is responsible in rain forest deforestation.
|
20231101.en_13200243_45
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The second largest source of renewable energy after bioenergy is hydropower, most of which is large-scale production (90%). The total capacity amounts to 3,000 MW, of which 300 MW is small-scale. There are numerous old dams and abandoned small hydropower stations once operated as power sources for mills and saw mills. Therefore, there is potential for increased small-scale production. In a larger scale there remain some potential unharnessed sites. However, environmental concerns limit the possibility of building new capacity.
|
20231101.en_13200243_46
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The PV capacity of Finland was (2006) 4.1 MWp. Solar power in Finland was (1993–1999) 1 GWh, (2000–2004) 2 GWh and (2005) 3 GWh. There has been at least one demonstration project by the YIT Rakennus, NAPS Systems, Lumon and City of Helsinki in 2003. Finland is not a member either in the IEA's Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme or the Scandinavian Photovoltaic Industry Association, SPIA.
|
20231101.en_13200243_47
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The objective in solar heating is 163,000 m2 collector area (1995–2010). In 2006 the collector area in operation was 16,493 m2. Solar heat in Finland was (1997–2004) 4-5 GWh and (2005) 6 GWh. Thus, Finland has installed 10% of its objective in 11 years time (1995–2010). The solar heating has not been competitive due to cheap alternatives (electricity, fuel oil and district heating) and the lack of support systems. Companies and public organizations may receive 40% investment subsidies, but private houses do not receive subsidies yet. The Finnish Solar Industries (FSI) group was established in 2001. 2006/2005 the markets grew 43%. Finland's production capacity is 16,000 m2/a. New installations were: 2,380 m2 (2006), 1,668 m2 (2005) and 1,141 m2 (2004). There are growth opportunities in the solar heating.
|
20231101.en_13200243_48
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
According to European Union and IPCC peat is not biofuel as claimed but have equal CO2 emissions to coal. The EU also promotes the protection of swamps from ecological disasters. The Finnish peat company Vapo Oy is owned by the state (50.1%) and the forest industry company Metsäliitto (49.9%) (including Metsä-Botnia, M-real and Metsä Tissue and previously also Finnforest). They want to use the peat as fuel and dry the swamps as forests. Scandinavian peat was formed 10,000 years ago after the ice age. In 2005 the European common carbon dioxide emission system was agreed, and according to the agreement peat is equal to fossil fuel.
|
20231101.en_13200243_49
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable%20energy%20in%20Finland
|
Renewable energy in Finland
|
The renewable energy of primary energy was 24.0% (2005) and 24.1% (2004). Total primary energy supply was 392,022 (2005) and 418,672 GWh (2004). The primary energy includes in addition to the energy consumption also e.g. the heating up of the Baltic Sea by the nuclear power plant waste heat.
|
20231101.en_13200265_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Band
|
Magnetic Band
|
Magnetic Band was formed in 1976 by Gunnar Graps. They played jazz-rock, which had influences of reggae and funk-soul. Later, after Graps graduated from Tallinn music school (in 1977), Magnetic Band was reformed and started to play metal-rock as well. Magnetic Band soon became one of the most popular heavy-music bands in Soviet Union.
|
20231101.en_13200265_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Band
|
Magnetic Band
|
In 1980 Magnetic Band got first prize in the Tbilisi Rock Festival (1980). They performed a mixture of jazz-rock, blues and funk and was noted for their instrumental mastership.
|
20231101.en_13200265_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Band
|
Magnetic Band
|
In 1982, the Washington Post dedicated a whole page to Gunnar Graps and the Magnetic Band. In 1983, Magnetic Band got banned by Soviet authorities and was renamed to Gunnar Graps Group (GGG). GGG performed in Estonia and Soviet Union and was very popular until the end of decade.
|
20231101.en_13200265_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Band
|
Magnetic Band
|
They performed until 1989. In 1997, the GGG reunited, although they performed only about once a month.
|
20231101.en_13200288_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intro%20%28group%29
|
Intro (group)
|
Intro is an American R&B trio from Brooklyn, New York City, New York. The trio consisted of members Jeff Sanders, Clinton "Buddy" Wike and lead singer/songwriter Kenny Greene. Formed in 1990, the group was discovered by rapper Heavy D, who introduced the group to DJ Eddie F. Eddie F signed the group to Untouchables Entertainment, and struck a deal with Atlantic Records in 1992. The group name is an acronym for "Innovative New Talent Reaching Out".
|
20231101.en_13200288_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intro%20%28group%29
|
Intro (group)
|
The group had a string of US hits in the 1990s. Releasing two albums - 1993's Intro and 1995's New Life - they included the singles "Love Thang", "Let Me Be the One", a cover of Stevie Wonder's "Ribbon in the Sky", "Funny How Time Flies" and their highest-charting hit, "Come Inside". They additionally appeared on the Eddie F and the Untouchables collaboration album entitled Let's Get It On (in 1994), where their song "Never Again" was released as a single.
|
20231101.en_13200288_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intro%20%28group%29
|
Intro (group)
|
They went on hiatus in 1997. Lead singer Greene, who had already penned early hits for Mary J. Blige, continued to write for other artists, like Will Smith, Cam'ron, 98 Degrees, Changing Faces and Tyrese. He later died in 2001, after suffering with AIDS. He sang background vocals on Will smith's Chasing forever on the big Willie style album.
|
20231101.en_13200313_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike%20Philly
|
Bike Philly
|
Bike Philly was a bicycle tour of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on a closed route cleared of motorized vehicular traffic.
|
20231101.en_13200313_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike%20Philly
|
Bike Philly
|
The tour is sponsored by the Bicycle Coalition of Greater Philadelphia, and it occurs on the second Sunday of September. The inaugural event for Bike Philly was held on September 9, 2007, and consisted of two 10 mile loops, a Center City route, and a Fairmount Park route. The ride attracted 2,500 riders
|
20231101.en_13200313_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike%20Philly
|
Bike Philly
|
The starting point for the tour is at the front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, with rider registration and check-in held in the Eakins Oval across from the Rocky Steps. The tour begins at the Eakins Oval and travels down the Benjamin Franklin Parkway into the streets of downtown where riders snake their way past city landmarks such as Reading Terminal Market the Philadelphia Mint, Penns Landing, City Hall and South Street, while passing through the neighborhoods of Old City, Society Hill, and Chinatown before returning to Fairmount Park. Once in the park riders have a choice to return to the museum area for a festival, or continue for another 10 miles touring through the extensive roadways of Fairmount Park before returning to the end of tour festival.
|
20231101.en_13200313_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike%20Philly
|
Bike Philly
|
For experienced riders the tour organizers also provide additional open road low-traffic routes of 10 and 30 miles with marked route signage, stocked rest stops, and mechanical support (Sag wagon).
|
20231101.en_13200316_0
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Eglinton Country Park is located on the grounds of the old Eglinton Castle estate in Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, Scotland (map reference NS 3227 4220). Eglinton Park is situated in the parish of Kilwinning, part of the former district of Cunninghame, and covers an area of ([] of which are woodland. The central iconic feature of the country park is the ruined Eglinton Castle, once home to the Eglinton family and later the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglinton and chiefs of the Clan Montgomery. Eglinton Country Park is managed and maintained by North Ayrshire Council and its Ranger Service.
|
20231101.en_13200316_1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Spier's Old School Grounds on Barrmill Road, Beith is an amenity for the communities of the Garnock Valley (Dalry, Glengarnock, Kilbirnie, Longbar, Beith, Auchengree, Greenhills, Burnhouse, and Barrmill). Pedestrian access is 24x7.
|
20231101.en_13200316_2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
The Spier's parklands are patrolled by the NAC Ranger Service. The Friends of Spiers (FoS) are a group based at the parklands, dedicated to the enhancement, maintenance, and utilisation of the old Spier's School Grounds. Spier's is owned by the Spier's Trust and leased by NAC. It has a network of wheelchair-friendly paths and informal routes which are surfaced with bark chips. A series of events are held at the grounds each year.
|
20231101.en_13200316_3
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
These wildlife sites have public access at all times and are regularly patrolled by the NAC Ranger Service who also carry out basic conservation tasks aided by volunteers and local groups. The Stevenston sand dunes are a designated local nature reserve and work here is linked to the priorities within the site's Conservation Management Plan.
|
20231101.en_13200316_4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Two children's playparks are provided. There are wet weather shelters. The Rackets Hall can be hired for birthday parties, conferences, exhibitions, and other events. A soft play facility is located for hire within the Rackets Hall.
|
20231101.en_13200316_5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Within the park there is an extensive bridle path network extending to around 11 km. Of this route a shared paths makes up about 5 km of the route on which riders must give way to walkers and cyclists. The track meanders pleasantly beside fields and woodlands.
|
20231101.en_13200316_6
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
The Lugton Water meanders through the park, and several weirs were built at intervals along the river to raise the water level for ornamental reasons. Several mills were powered by the Lugton Water as shown by names such as 'North and South Millburn', situated near the hamlet of Benslie. The 12th Earl (1740–1819) altered the course of the Lugton Water.
|
20231101.en_13200316_7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
The 6.5 ha loch, 6 metres deep, was created in 1975 through the extraction of materials used in the construction of the A 78 (T) Irvine and Kilwinning bypass. It is marked on old maps as being an area liable to flooding and was the site of the jousting matches at the 1839 Eglinton Tournament. It is well stocked with coarse fish, and is a popular spot for anglers and bird watchers.
|
20231101.en_13200316_8
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
The Irvine New Town Trail is a long cycle path used by many joggers, walkers, dog walkers and cyclists in the area. The route forms a ring as there are no start and end points. The trail passes through Irvine's low green, and goes up to Kilwinning's Woodwynd and Blackland's area. The route passes through the Eglinton Country Park, carries on to Girdle Toll, Bourtreehill, Broomlands, Dreghorn and carries on to the Irvine Riverside and back to the Mall and the Low Green again.
|
20231101.en_13200316_9
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
A plantation is situated on 'Belvedere Hill' (the term 'Belvedere or Belvidere' literally means 'beautiful view') (until 2011 it also had a large classical central 'folly' feature) and vistas radiating out from a central hub, technically termed 'rond-points' (plantations located on rising ground with several vistas radiating from a central point). This style of woodlands and vistas or rides is a restoration of the layout of the entire area surrounding the castle in the 1750s prior to the remodeling which was completed by 1802. General Roy's map of 1747 - 52 shows that the ornamental woodlands were a series of these radiating rond-points of different sizes, sometimes overlapping each other. The 'old' Eglinton Park farm, circa 1950s, lies to one side of this feature. Many other footpaths are present, a number of which are not shared with cyclists or horses.
|
20231101.en_13200316_10
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Recent resident breeding species include: the robin, finch, tit, thrush, pheasant, grey partridge, tawny owl, kestrel, sparrowhawk, great spotted woodpecker, skylark, yellowhammer and tree-creeper.
|
20231101.en_13200316_11
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Resident (but non-breeding) species include: the buzzard and winter visitors: the fieldfare, redwing, occasionally the waxwing and sightings of the hen harrier and kingfisher.
|
20231101.en_13200316_12
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Wildfowl include: the goldeneye, wigeon, tufted and mallard duck with whooper swan and goose on passage. There are also woodcock, snipe, curlew and lapwing.
|
20231101.en_13200316_13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Summer migrant species include: the swift, swallow and martin; willow, sedge and grasshopper warbler, blackcap and chiffchaff. Exotic sightings include cuckoos, white stork, black swan and a amazingly a flamingo! This was reported by Charlie Watling of Kilwinning around 2005.
|
20231101.en_13200316_14
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton%20Country%20Park
|
Eglinton Country Park
|
Hedgehogs, foxes, moles, otters, pipistrelle bats, mink and roe deer are found in the park and may be seen with luck or by being patient and silent.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.