diff --git a/networkx/classes/coreviews.py b/networkx/classes/coreviews.py
index 3d5994b03..95fe61ee5 100644
--- a/networkx/classes/coreviews.py
+++ b/networkx/classes/coreviews.py
@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@
 #          Dan Schult(dschult@colgate.edu)
 """
 """
-from itertools import chain
-from collections import Mapping, Set, Iterable
+from collections import Mapping
 import networkx as nx
 
 __all__ = ['AtlasView', 'AdjacencyView', 'MultiAdjacencyView',
diff --git a/networkx/classes/reportviews.py b/networkx/classes/reportviews.py
index 1719e903b..92418317a 100644
--- a/networkx/classes/reportviews.py
+++ b/networkx/classes/reportviews.py
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class NodeView(Mapping, Set):
             return self
         return NodeDataView(self._nodes, data, default)
 
-    def data(self, data=False, default=None):
+    def data(self, data=True, default=None):
         if data is False:
             return self
         return NodeDataView(self._nodes, data, default)
@@ -235,8 +235,14 @@ class NodeDataView(Set):
         self._default = default
 
     @classmethod
-    def _from_iterable(self, it):
-        return set(it)
+    def _from_iterable(cls, it):
+        try:
+            return set(it)
+        except TypeError as err:
+            if "unhashable" in str(err):
+                msg = " : Could be b/c data=True or your values are unhashable"
+                raise TypeError(str(err) + msg)
+            raise
 
     def __len__(self):
         return len(self._nodes)
@@ -271,11 +277,6 @@ class NodeDataView(Set):
             return ddict
         return ddict[data] if data in ddict else self._default
 
-    def __call__(self, data=False, default=None):
-        if data == self._data and default == self._default:
-            return self
-        return NodeDataView(self._nodes, data, default)
-
     def __repr__(self):
         if self._data is False:
             return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, tuple(self))
@@ -879,7 +880,7 @@ class OutEdgeView(Set, Mapping):
     def _from_iterable(self, it):
         return set(it)
 
-    view = OutEdgeDataView
+    dataview = OutEdgeDataView
 
     def __init__(self, G):
         succ = G._succ if hasattr(G, "succ") else G._adj
@@ -912,12 +913,12 @@ class OutEdgeView(Set, Mapping):
     def __call__(self, nbunch=None, data=False, default=None):
         if nbunch is None and data is False:
             return self
-        return self.view(self, nbunch, data, default)
+        return self.dataview(self, nbunch, data, default)
 
-    def data(self, nbunch=None, data=False, default=None):
+    def data(self, data=True, default=None, nbunch=None):
         if nbunch is None and data is False:
             return self
-        return self.view(self, nbunch, data, default)
+        return self.dataview(self, nbunch, data, default)
 
     # String Methods
     def __str__(self):
@@ -995,7 +996,7 @@ class EdgeView(OutEdgeView):
     """
     __slots__ = ()
 
-    view = EdgeDataView
+    dataview = EdgeDataView
 
     def __len__(self):
         return sum(len(nbrs) for n, nbrs in self._nodes_nbrs()) // 2
@@ -1021,7 +1022,7 @@ class InEdgeView(OutEdgeView):
     """A EdgeView class for inward edges of a DiGraph"""
     __slots__ = ()
 
-    view = InEdgeDataView
+    dataview = InEdgeDataView
 
     def __init__(self, G):
         pred = G._pred if hasattr(G, "pred") else G._adj
@@ -1050,7 +1051,7 @@ class OutMultiEdgeView(OutEdgeView):
     """A EdgeView class for outward edges of a MultiDiGraph"""
     __slots__ = ()
 
-    view = OutMultiEdgeDataView
+    dataview = OutMultiEdgeDataView
 
     def __len__(self):
         return sum(len(kdict) for n, nbrs in self._nodes_nbrs()
@@ -1083,19 +1084,19 @@ class OutMultiEdgeView(OutEdgeView):
     def __call__(self, nbunch=None, data=False, keys=False, default=None):
         if nbunch is None and data is False and keys is True:
             return self
-        return self.view(self, nbunch, data, keys, default)
+        return self.dataview(self, nbunch, data, keys, default)
 
-    def data(self, nbunch=None, data=False, keys=False, default=None):
+    def data(self, data=True, keys=False, default=None, nbunch=None):
         if nbunch is None and data is False and keys is True:
             return self
-        return self.view(self, nbunch, data, keys, default)
+        return self.dataview(self, nbunch, data, keys, default)
 
 
 class MultiEdgeView(OutMultiEdgeView):
     """A EdgeView class for edges of a MultiGraph"""
     __slots__ = ()
 
-    view = MultiEdgeDataView
+    dataview = MultiEdgeDataView
 
     def __len__(self):
         return sum(len(kdict) for n, nbrs in self._nodes_nbrs()
@@ -1116,7 +1117,7 @@ class InMultiEdgeView(OutMultiEdgeView):
     """A EdgeView class for inward edges of a MultiDiGraph"""
     __slots__ = ()
 
-    view = InMultiEdgeDataView
+    dataview = InMultiEdgeDataView
 
     def __init__(self, G):
         pred = G._pred if hasattr(G, "pred") else G._adj

Add more tests for views
diff --git a/networkx/classes/tests/test_coreviews.py b/networkx/classes/tests/test_coreviews.py
index 3f04ebdc3..b141e88b8 100644
--- a/networkx/classes/tests/test_coreviews.py
+++ b/networkx/classes/tests/test_coreviews.py
@@ -1,14 +1,23 @@
 from nose.tools import assert_equal, assert_not_equal, assert_is,\
     assert_is_not, assert_true, assert_false, assert_raises
+import tempfile
+import pickle
 
 import networkx as nx
 
 
-class test_atlasview(object):
+class TestAtlasView(object):
+    # node->data
     def setup(self):
         self.d = {0: {'color': 'blue', 'weight': 1.2}, 1: {}, 2: {'color': 1}}
         self.av = nx.classes.coreviews.AtlasView(self.d)
 
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        view = self.av
+        pview = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(view, -1))
+        assert_equal(view, pview)
+        assert_equal(view.__slots__, pview.__slots__)
+
     def test_len(self):
         assert_equal(len(self.av), len(self.d))
 
@@ -23,6 +32,7 @@ class test_atlasview(object):
     def test_copy(self):
         avcopy = self.av.copy()
         assert_equal(avcopy[0], self.av[0])
+        assert_equal(avcopy, self.av)
         assert_is_not(avcopy[0], self.av[0])
         assert_is_not(avcopy, self.av)
         avcopy[5] = {}
@@ -44,13 +54,20 @@ class test_atlasview(object):
         assert_equal(str(self.av), out)
 
 
-class test_adjacencyview(object):
+class TestAdjacencyView(object):
+    # node->nbr->data
     def setup(self):
         dd = {'color': 'blue', 'weight': 1.2}
         self.nd = {0: dd, 1: {}, 2: {'color': 1}}
         self.adj = {3: self.nd, 0: {3: dd}, 1: {}, 2: {3: {'color': 1}}}
         self.adjview = nx.classes.coreviews.AdjacencyView(self.adj)
 
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        view = self.adjview
+        pview = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(view, -1))
+        assert_equal(view, pview)
+        assert_equal(view.__slots__, pview.__slots__)
+
     def test_len(self):
         assert_equal(len(self.adjview), len(self.adj))
 
@@ -85,7 +102,8 @@ class test_adjacencyview(object):
         assert_equal(str(self.adjview), out)
 
 
-class test_multiadjacencyview(test_adjacencyview):
+class TestMultiAdjacencyView(TestAdjacencyView):
+    # node->nbr->key->data
     def setup(self):
         dd = {'color': 'blue', 'weight': 1.2}
         self.kd = {0: dd, 1: {}, 2: {'color': 1}}
@@ -113,12 +131,19 @@ class test_multiadjacencyview(test_adjacencyview):
         assert_false(hasattr(self.adjview, '__setitem__'))
 
 
-class test_unionatlas(object):
+class TestUnionAtlas(object):
+    # node->data
     def setup(self):
         self.s = {0: {'color': 'blue', 'weight': 1.2}, 1: {}, 2: {'color': 1}}
         self.p = {3: {'color': 'blue', 'weight': 1.2}, 4: {}, 2: {'watch': 2}}
         self.av = nx.classes.coreviews.UnionAtlas(self.s, self.p)
 
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        view = self.av
+        pview = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(view, -1))
+        assert_equal(view, pview)
+        assert_equal(view.__slots__, pview.__slots__)
+
     def test_len(self):
         assert_equal(len(self.av), len(self.s) + len(self.p))
 
@@ -151,7 +176,6 @@ class test_unionatlas(object):
     def test_items(self):
         expected = dict(self.p.items())
         expected.update(self.s)
-        print(sorted(self.av.items()), sorted(expected.items()))
         assert_equal(sorted(self.av.items()), sorted(expected.items()))
 
     def test_repr(self):
@@ -159,7 +183,8 @@ class test_unionatlas(object):
         assert_equal(str(self.av), out)
 
 
-class test_unionadjacency(object):
+class TestUnionAdjacency(object):
+    # node->nbr->data
     def setup(self):
         dd = {'color': 'blue', 'weight': 1.2}
         self.nd = {0: dd, 1: {}, 2: {'color': 1}}
@@ -167,11 +192,17 @@ class test_unionadjacency(object):
         self.p = {3: {}, 0: {3: dd}, 1: {0: {}}, 2: {1: {'color': 1}}}
         self.adjview = nx.classes.coreviews.UnionAdjacency(self.s, self.p)
 
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        view = self.adjview
+        pview = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(view, -1))
+        assert_equal(view, pview)
+        assert_equal(view.__slots__, pview.__slots__)
+
     def test_len(self):
         assert_equal(len(self.adjview), len(self.s))
 
     def test_iter(self):
-        assert_equal(list(self.adjview), list(self.s))
+        assert_equal(sorted(self.adjview), sorted(self.s))
 
     def test_getitem(self):
         assert_is_not(self.adjview[1], self.s[1])
@@ -198,7 +229,43 @@ class test_unionadjacency(object):
         assert_equal(str(self.adjview), out)
 
 
-class test_unionmultiadjacency(test_unionadjacency):
+class TestUnionMultiInner(TestUnionAdjacency):
+    # nbr->key->data
+    def setup(self):
+        dd = {'color': 'blue', 'weight': 1.2}
+        self.kd = {7: {}, 'ekey': {}, 9: {'color': 1}}
+        self.s = {3: self.kd, 0: {7: dd}, 1: {}, 2: {'key': {'color': 1}}}
+        self.p = {3: {}, 0: {3: dd}, 1: {}, 2: {1: {'span': 2}}}
+        self.adjview = nx.classes.coreviews.UnionMultiInner(self.s, self.p)
+
+    def test_len(self):
+        assert_equal(len(self.adjview), len(self.s) + len(self.p))
+
+    def test_getitem(self):
+        assert_is_not(self.adjview[1], self.s[1])
+        assert_is(self.adjview[0][7], self.adjview[0][3])
+        assert_equal(self.adjview[2]['key']['color'], 1)
+        assert_equal(self.adjview[2][1]['span'], 2)
+        assert_raises(KeyError, self.adjview.__getitem__, 4)
+        assert_raises(KeyError, self.adjview[1].__getitem__, 'key')
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        avcopy = self.adjview.copy()
+        assert_equal(avcopy[0], self.adjview[0])
+        assert_is_not(avcopy[0], self.adjview[0])
+
+        avcopy[2][1]['width'] = 8
+        assert_not_equal(avcopy[2], self.adjview[2])
+        self.adjview[2][1]['width'] = 8
+        assert_equal(avcopy[2], self.adjview[2])
+        del self.adjview[2][1]['width']
+
+        assert_false(hasattr(self.adjview, '__setitem__'))
+        assert_true(hasattr(avcopy, '__setitem__'))
+
+
+class TestUnionMultiAdjacency(TestUnionAdjacency):
+    # node->nbr->key->data
     def setup(self):
         dd = {'color': 'blue', 'weight': 1.2}
         self.kd = {7: {}, 8: {}, 9: {'color': 1}}
@@ -225,3 +292,4 @@ class test_unionmultiadjacency(test_unionadjacency):
         del self.adjview[2][3][8]['ht']
 
         assert_false(hasattr(self.adjview, '__setitem__'))
+        assert_true(hasattr(avcopy, '__setitem__'))
diff --git a/networkx/classes/tests/test_graphviews.py b/networkx/classes/tests/test_graphviews.py
index 77051089c..f6e69bd5e 100644
--- a/networkx/classes/tests/test_graphviews.py
+++ b/networkx/classes/tests/test_graphviews.py
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ from nose.tools import assert_raises, assert_true, assert_false
 import networkx as nx
 from networkx.testing import assert_edges_equal
 
+# Note: SubGraph views are not tested here. They have their own testing file
 
-class test_reverse_view(object):
+class TestReverseView(object):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.DiGraph())
         self.rv = nx.reverse_view(self.G)
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ class test_reverse_view(object):
         assert_raises(nx.NetworkXNotImplemented, nxg.ReverseView, nx.Graph())
 
 
-class test_multi_reverse_view(object):
+class TestMultiReverseView(object):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.MultiDiGraph())
         self.G.add_edge(4, 5)
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ class test_multi_reverse_view(object):
         assert_raises(nx.NetworkXNotImplemented, nxg.MultiReverseView, MG)
 
 
-class test_to_directed(object):
+class TestToDirected(object):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
         self.dv = nx.to_directed(self.G)
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ class test_to_directed(object):
         assert_raises(nx.NetworkXError, nxg.MultiDiGraphView, self.G)
 
 
-class test_to_undirected(object):
+class TestToUndirected(object):
     def setup(self):
         self.DG = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.DiGraph())
         self.uv = nx.to_undirected(self.DG)
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ class test_to_undirected(object):
         assert_raises(nx.NetworkXError, nxg.MultiGraphView, self.DG)
 
 
-class Test_combinations(object):
+class TestChainsOfViews(object):
     def setUp(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
         self.DG = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.DiGraph())
diff --git a/networkx/classes/tests/test_views.py b/networkx/classes/tests/test_reportviews.py
similarity index 67%
rename from networkx/classes/tests/test_views.py
rename to networkx/classes/tests/test_reportviews.py
index 13c3637ff..54f2fb8e9 100644
--- a/networkx/classes/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/networkx/classes/tests/test_reportviews.py
@@ -1,27 +1,28 @@
 from nose.tools import assert_equal, assert_not_equal, \
-    assert_true, assert_false, assert_raises
+    assert_true, assert_false, assert_raises, \
+    assert_is, assert_is_not
 
 import networkx as nx
 
 
 # Nodes
-class test_nodeview(object):
+class TestNodeView(object):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
+        self.nv = self.G.nodes   # NodeView(G)
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         import pickle
-        nv = self.G.nodes()  # NodeView(self.G)
+        nv = self.nv
         pnv = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(nv, -1))
         assert_equal(nv, pnv)
         assert_equal(nv.__slots__, pnv.__slots__)
 
     def test_repr(self):
-        nv = self.G.nodes()
-        assert_equal(str(nv), "NodeView((0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8))")
+        assert_equal(str(self.nv), "NodeView((0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8))")
 
     def test_contains(self):
-        nv = self.G.nodes()
+        nv = self.nv
         assert_true(7 in nv)
         assert_false(9 in nv)
         self.G.remove_node(7)
@@ -29,29 +30,14 @@ class test_nodeview(object):
         assert_false(7 in nv)
         assert_true(9 in nv)
 
-    def test_contains_data(self):
-        nvd = self.G.nodes(data=True)
-        self.G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
-        assert_true((7, {}) in nvd)
-        assert_true((3, {'foo': 'bar'}) in nvd)
-        nvdf = self.G.nodes(data='foo', default='biz')
-        assert_true((7, 'biz') in nvdf)
-        assert_true((3, 'bar') in nvdf)
-        assert_true((3, nvdf[3]) in nvdf)
-
     def test_getitem(self):
-        nv = self.G.nodes
-        nvd = self.G.nodes(data=True)
+        nv = self.nv
         self.G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
         assert_equal(nv[7], {})
         assert_equal(nv[3], {'foo': 'bar'})
-        assert_equal(nvd[3], {'foo': 'bar'})
-        nvdf = self.G.nodes(data='foo', default='biz')
-        assert_true(nvdf[7], 'biz')
-        assert_equal(nvdf[3], 'bar')
 
     def test_iter(self):
-        nv = self.G.nodes()
+        nv = self.nv
         for i, n in enumerate(nv):
             assert_equal(i, n)
         inv = iter(nv)
@@ -66,21 +52,123 @@ class test_nodeview(object):
         for i, n in enumerate(nnv):
             assert_equal(i, n)
 
-    def test_iter_data(self):
-        nv = self.G.nodes(data=True)
+    def test_call(self):
+        nodes = self.nv
+        assert_is(nodes, nodes())
+        assert_is_not(nodes, nodes(data=True))
+        assert_is_not(nodes, nodes(data='weight'))
+
+
+class TestNodeDataView(object):
+    def setup(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
+        self.nv = self.G.nodes.data()   # NodeDataView(G)
+        self.ndv = self.G.nodes.data(True)
+        self.nwv = self.G.nodes.data('foo')
+
+    def test_viewtype(self):
+        nv = self.G.nodes
+        ndvfalse = nv.data(False)
+        assert_is(nv, ndvfalse)
+        assert_is_not(nv, self.ndv)
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        import pickle
+        nv = self.nv
+        pnv = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(nv, -1))
+        assert_equal(nv, pnv)
+        assert_equal(nv.__slots__, pnv.__slots__)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        msg = "NodeDataView({0: {}, 1: {}, 2: {}, 3: {}, " + \
+              "4: {}, 5: {}, 6: {}, 7: {}, 8: {}})"
+        assert_equal(str(self.ndv), msg)
+
+    def test_contains(self):
+        self.G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
+        assert_true((7, {}) in self.nv)
+        assert_true((3, {'foo': 'bar'}) in self.nv)
+        assert_true((3, 'bar') in self.nwv)
+        assert_true((7, None) in self.nwv)
+        # default
+        nwv_def = self.G.nodes(data='foo', default='biz')
+        assert_true((7, 'biz') in nwv_def)
+        assert_true((3, 'bar') in nwv_def)
+
+    def test_getitem(self):
+        self.G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
+        assert_equal(self.nv[3], {'foo': 'bar'})
+        # default
+        nwv_def = self.G.nodes(data='foo', default='biz')
+        assert_true(nwv_def[7], 'biz')
+        assert_equal(nwv_def[3], 'bar')
+
+    def test_iter(self):
+        nv = self.nv
         for i, (n, d) in enumerate(nv):
             assert_equal(i, n)
             assert_equal(d, {})
         inv = iter(nv)
         assert_equal(next(inv), (0, {}))
         self.G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
+        # default
         for n, d in nv:
             if n == 3:
                 assert_equal(d, {'foo': 'bar'})
-                break
+            else:
+                assert_equal(d, {})
+        # data=True
+        for n, d in self.ndv:
+            if n == 3:
+                assert_equal(d, {'foo': 'bar'})
+            else:
+                assert_equal(d, {})
+        # data='foo'
+        for n, d in self.nwv:
+            if n == 3:
+                assert_equal(d, 'bar')
+            else:
+                assert_equal(d, None)
+        # data='foo', default=1
+        for n, d in self.G.nodes.data('foo', default=1):
+            if n == 3:
+                assert_equal(d, 'bar')
+            else:
+                assert_equal(d, 1)
+
+
+def test_nodedataview_unhashable():
+    G = nx.path_graph(9)
+    G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
+    nvs = [G.nodes.data()]
+    nvs.append(G.nodes.data(True))
+    H = G.copy()
+    H.nodes[4]['foo'] = {1, 2, 3}
+    nvs.append(H.nodes.data(True))
+    # raise unhashable
+    for nv in nvs:
+        assert_raises(TypeError, set, nv)
+        assert_raises(TypeError, eval, 'nv | nv', locals())
+    # no raise... hashable
+    Gn = G.nodes.data(False)
+    set(Gn)
+    Gn | Gn
+    Gn = G.nodes.data('foo')
+    set(Gn)
+    Gn | Gn
+
+
+class TestNodeViewSetOps(object):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
+        self.G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
+        self.nv = self.G.nodes
+
+    def n_its(self, nodes):
+        return {node for node in nodes}
 
     def test_len(self):
-        nv = self.G.nodes()
+        nv = self.nv
         assert_equal(len(nv), 9)
         self.G.remove_node(7)
         assert_equal(len(nv), 8)
@@ -89,72 +177,102 @@ class test_nodeview(object):
 
     def test_and(self):
         # print("G & H nodes:", gnv & hnv)
-        nv = self.G.nodes()
-        some_nodes = {n for n in range(5, 12)}
-        assert_equal(nv & some_nodes, {n for n in range(5, 9)})
-        assert_equal(some_nodes & nv, {n for n in range(5, 9)})
+        nv = self.nv
+        some_nodes = self.n_its(range(5, 12))
+        assert_equal(nv & some_nodes, self.n_its(range(5, 9)))
+        assert_equal(some_nodes & nv, self.n_its(range(5, 9)))
 
     def test_or(self):
         # print("G | H nodes:", gnv | hnv)
-        nv = self.G.nodes()
-        some_nodes = {n for n in range(5, 12)}
-        assert_equal(nv | some_nodes, {n for n in range(12)})
-        assert_equal(some_nodes | nv, {n for n in range(12)})
+        nv = self.nv
+        some_nodes = self.n_its(range(5, 12))
+        assert_equal(nv | some_nodes, self.n_its(range(12)))
+        assert_equal(some_nodes | nv, self.n_its(range(12)))
 
     def test_xor(self):
         # print("G ^ H nodes:", gnv ^ hnv)
-        nv = self.G.nodes()
-        some_nodes = {n for n in range(5, 12)}
-        assert_equal(nv ^ some_nodes, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11})
-        assert_equal(some_nodes ^ nv, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11})
+        nv = self.nv
+        some_nodes = self.n_its(range(5, 12))
+        nodes = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11}
+        assert_equal(nv ^ some_nodes, self.n_its(nodes))
+        assert_equal(some_nodes ^ nv, self.n_its(nodes))
 
     def test_sub(self):
         # print("G - H nodes:", gnv - hnv)
-        nv = self.G.nodes()
-        some_nodes = {n for n in range(5, 12)}
-        assert_equal(nv - some_nodes, {n for n in range(5)})
-        assert_equal(some_nodes - nv, {n for n in range(9, 12)})
+        nv = self.nv
+        some_nodes = self.n_its(range(5, 12))
+        assert_equal(nv - some_nodes, self.n_its(range(5)))
+        assert_equal(some_nodes - nv, self.n_its(range(9, 12)))
+
+
+class TestNodeDataViewSetOps(TestNodeViewSetOps):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
+        self.G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
+        self.nv = self.G.nodes.data('foo')
+
+    def n_its(self, nodes):
+        return {(node, 'bar' if node == 3 else None) for node in nodes}
+
+
+class TestNodeDataViewDefaultSetOps(TestNodeDataViewSetOps):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
+        self.G.nodes[3]['foo'] = 'bar'
+        self.nv = self.G.nodes.data('foo', default=1)
+
+    def n_its(self, nodes):
+        return {(node, 'bar' if node == 3 else 1) for node in nodes}
 
 
 # Edges Data View
-class test_edgedataview(object):
-    def setup(self):
+class TestEdgeDataView(object):
+    def setUp(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
-        self.DG = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.DiGraph())
         self.eview = nx.reportviews.EdgeView
 
-        def modify_edge(G, e, **kwds):
-            G._adj[e[0]][e[1]].update(kwds)
-        self.modify_edge = modify_edge
+    def modify_edge(self, G, e, **kwds):
+        self.G._adj[e[0]][e[1]].update(kwds)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        ev = self.eview(self.G)(data=True)
+        rep = "EdgeDataView([(0, 1, {}), (1, 2, {}), " + \
+              "(2, 3, {}), (3, 4, {}), " + \
+              "(4, 5, {}), (5, 6, {}), " + \
+              "(6, 7, {}), (7, 8, {})])"
+        assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
 
     def test_iterdata(self):
-        G = self.G.copy()
+        G = self.G
         evr = self.eview(G)
         ev = evr(data=True)
+        ev_def = evr(data='foo', default=1)
+
         for u, v, d in ev:
             pass
         assert_equal(d, {})
-        ev = evr(data='foo', default=1)
-        for u, v, wt in ev:
+
+        for u, v, wt in ev_def:
             pass
         assert_equal(wt, 1)
 
         self.modify_edge(G, (2, 3), foo='bar')
-        ev = evr(data=True)
         for e in ev:
+            assert_equal(len(e), 3)
             if set(e[:2]) == {2, 3}:
                 assert_equal(e[2], {'foo': 'bar'})
-                assert_equal(len(e), 3)
                 checked = True
-                break
+            else:
+                assert_equal(e[2], {})
         assert_true(checked)
-        ev = evr(data='foo', default=1)
-        for e in ev:
+
+        for e in ev_def:
+            assert_equal(len(e), 3)
             if set(e[:2]) == {2, 3}:
                 assert_equal(e[2], 'bar')
-                assert_equal(len(e), 3)
                 checked_wt = True
-                break
+            else:
+                assert_equal(e[2], 1)
         assert_true(checked_wt)
 
     def test_iter(self):
@@ -185,28 +303,106 @@ class test_edgedataview(object):
         assert_equal(len(evr(1)), 2)
         assert_equal(len(evr([1, 2, 3])), 4)
 
-        evr = self.eview(self.DG)
+        assert_equal(len(self.G.edges(1)), 2)
+        assert_equal(len(self.G.edges()), 8)
+        assert_equal(len(self.G.edges), 8)
+
+
+class TestOutEdgeDataView(TestEdgeDataView):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.DiGraph())
+        self.eview = nx.reportviews.OutEdgeView
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        ev = self.eview(self.G)(data=True)
+        rep = "OutEdgeDataView([(0, 1, {}), (1, 2, {}), " + \
+              "(2, 3, {}), (3, 4, {}), " + \
+              "(4, 5, {}), (5, 6, {}), " + \
+              "(6, 7, {}), (7, 8, {})])"
+        assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
+
+    def test_len(self):
+        evr = self.eview(self.G)
+        ev = evr(data='foo')
+        assert_equal(len(ev), 8)
         assert_equal(len(evr(1)), 1)
         assert_equal(len(evr([1, 2, 3])), 3)
 
-        assert_equal(len(self.G.edges(1)), 2)
+        assert_equal(len(self.G.edges(1)), 1)
         assert_equal(len(self.G.edges()), 8)
         assert_equal(len(self.G.edges), 8)
 
-        assert_equal(len(self.DG.edges(1)), 1)
-        assert_equal(len(self.DG.edges()), 8)
-        assert_equal(len(self.DG.edges), 8)
 
+class TestInEdgeDataView(TestOutEdgeDataView):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.DiGraph())
+        self.eview = nx.reportviews.InEdgeView
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        ev = self.eview(self.G)(data=True)
+        rep = "InEdgeDataView([(0, 1, {}), (1, 2, {}), " + \
+              "(2, 3, {}), (3, 4, {}), " + \
+              "(4, 5, {}), (5, 6, {}), " + \
+              "(6, 7, {}), (7, 8, {})])"
+        assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
+
+
+class TestMultiEdgeDataView(TestEdgeDataView):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.MultiGraph())
+        self.eview = nx.reportviews.MultiEdgeView
+
+    def modify_edge(self, G, e, **kwds):
+        self.G._adj[e[0]][e[1]][0].update(kwds)
 
-# Edges
-class test_edgeview(object):
+    def test_repr(self):
+        ev = self.eview(self.G)(data=True)
+        rep = "MultiEdgeDataView([(0, 1, {}), (1, 2, {}), " + \
+              "(2, 3, {}), (3, 4, {}), " + \
+              "(4, 5, {}), (5, 6, {}), " + \
+              "(6, 7, {}), (7, 8, {})])"
+        assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
+
+
+class TestOutMultiEdgeDataView(TestOutEdgeDataView):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.MultiDiGraph())
+        self.eview = nx.reportviews.OutMultiEdgeView
+
+    def modify_edge(self, G, e, **kwds):
+        self.G._adj[e[0]][e[1]][0].update(kwds)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        ev = self.eview(self.G)(data=True)
+        rep = "OutMultiEdgeDataView([(0, 1, {}), (1, 2, {}), " + \
+              "(2, 3, {}), (3, 4, {}), " + \
+              "(4, 5, {}), (5, 6, {}), " + \
+              "(6, 7, {}), (7, 8, {})])"
+        assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
+
+
+class TestInMultiEdgeDataView(TestOutMultiEdgeDataView):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.G = nx.path_graph(9, create_using=nx.MultiDiGraph())
+        self.eview = nx.reportviews.InMultiEdgeView
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        ev = self.eview(self.G)(data=True)
+        rep = "InMultiEdgeDataView([(0, 1, {}), (1, 2, {}), " + \
+              "(2, 3, {}), (3, 4, {}), " + \
+              "(4, 5, {}), (5, 6, {}), " + \
+              "(6, 7, {}), (7, 8, {})])"
+        assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
+
+
+# Edge Views
+class TestEdgeView(object):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9)
         self.eview = nx.reportviews.EdgeView
 
-        def modify_edge(G, e, **kwds):
-            G._adj[e[0]][e[1]].update(kwds)
-        self.modify_edge = modify_edge
+    def modify_edge(self, G, e, **kwds):
+        self.G._adj[e[0]][e[1]].update(kwds)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
@@ -217,12 +413,14 @@ class test_edgeview(object):
     def test_call(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
         assert_equal(id(ev), id(ev()))
+        assert_equal(id(ev), id(ev(data=False)))
         assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev(data=True)))
         assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev(nbunch=1)))
 
     def test_data(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
-        assert_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data()))
+        assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data()))
+        assert_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data(data=False)))
         assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data(data=True)))
         assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data(nbunch=1)))
 
@@ -303,15 +501,11 @@ class test_edgeview(object):
         assert_true(ev - some_edges, result)
 
 
-class test_directed_edges(test_edgeview):
+class TestOutEdgeView(TestEdgeView):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9, nx.DiGraph())
         self.eview = nx.reportviews.OutEdgeView
 
-        def modify_edge(G, e, **kwds):
-            G._adj[e[0]][e[1]].update(kwds)
-        self.modify_edge = modify_edge
-
     def test_repr(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
         rep = "OutEdgeView([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), " + \
@@ -319,15 +513,11 @@ class test_directed_edges(test_edgeview):
         assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
 
 
-class test_inedges(test_edgeview):
+class TestInEdgeView(TestEdgeView):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9, nx.DiGraph())
         self.eview = nx.reportviews.InEdgeView
 
-        def modify_edge(G, e, **kwds):
-            G._adj[e[0]][e[1]].update(kwds)
-        self.modify_edge = modify_edge
-
     def test_repr(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
         rep = "InEdgeView([(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), " + \
@@ -335,17 +525,16 @@ class test_inedges(test_edgeview):
         assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
 
 
-class test_multiedges(test_edgeview):
+class TestMultiEdgeView(TestEdgeView):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9, nx.MultiGraph())
         self.G.add_edge(1, 2, key=3, foo='bar')
         self.eview = nx.reportviews.MultiEdgeView
 
-        def modify_edge(G, e, **kwds):
-            if len(e) == 2:
-                e = e + (0,)
-            G._adj[e[0]][e[1]][e[2]].update(kwds)
-        self.modify_edge = modify_edge
+    def modify_edge(self, G, e, **kwds):
+        if len(e) == 2:
+            e = e + (0,)
+        self.G._adj[e[0]][e[1]][e[2]].update(kwds)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
@@ -356,12 +545,16 @@ class test_multiedges(test_edgeview):
     def test_call(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
         assert_equal(id(ev), id(ev(keys=True)))
+        assert_equal(id(ev), id(ev(data=False, keys=True)))
+        assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev(keys=False)))
         assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev(data=True)))
         assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev(nbunch=1)))
 
     def test_data(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
-        assert_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data(keys=True)))
+        assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data()))
+        assert_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data(data=False, keys=True)))
+        assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data(keys=False)))
         assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data(data=True)))
         assert_not_equal(id(ev), id(ev.data(nbunch=1)))
 
@@ -375,7 +568,7 @@ class test_multiedges(test_edgeview):
         assert_equal(iter(iev), iev)
 
     def test_iterkeys(self):
-        G = self.G.copy()
+        G = self.G
         evr = self.eview(G)
         ev = evr(keys=True)
         for u, v, k in ev:
@@ -389,13 +582,22 @@ class test_multiedges(test_edgeview):
         self.modify_edge(G, (2, 3, 0), foo='bar')
         ev = evr(keys=True, data=True)
         for e in ev:
+            assert_equal(len(e), 4)
+            print('edge:',e)
             if set(e[:2]) == {2, 3}:
+                print(self.G._adj[2][3])
                 assert_equal(e[2], 0)
                 assert_equal(e[3], {'foo': 'bar'})
-                assert_equal(len(e), 4)
                 checked = True
-                break
+            elif set(e[:3]) == {1, 2, 3}:
+                assert_equal(e[2], 3)
+                assert_equal(e[3], {'foo': 'bar'})
+                checked_multi = True
+            else:
+                assert_equal(e[2], 0)
+                assert_equal(e[3], {})
         assert_true(checked)
+        assert_true(checked_multi)
         ev = evr(keys=True, data='foo', default=1)
         for e in ev:
             if set(e[:2]) == {1, 2} and e[2] == 3:
@@ -474,17 +676,16 @@ class test_multiedges(test_edgeview):
             assert_equal(some_edges & ev, {(0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)})
 
 
-class test_directed_multiedges(test_multiedges):
+class TestOutMultiEdgeView(TestMultiEdgeView):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9, nx.MultiDiGraph())
         self.G.add_edge(1, 2, key=3, foo='bar')
         self.eview = nx.reportviews.OutMultiEdgeView
 
-        def modify_edge(G, e, **kwds):
-            if len(e) == 2:
-                e = e + (0,)
-            G._adj[e[0]][e[1]][e[2]].update(kwds)
-        self.modify_edge = modify_edge
+    def modify_edge(self, G, e, **kwds):
+        if len(e) == 2:
+            e = e + (0,)
+        self.G._adj[e[0]][e[1]][e[2]].update(kwds)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
@@ -493,17 +694,16 @@ class test_directed_multiedges(test_multiedges):
         assert_equal(repr(ev), rep)
 
 
-class test_in_multiedges(test_multiedges):
+class TestInMultiEdgeView(TestMultiEdgeView):
     def setup(self):
         self.G = nx.path_graph(9, nx.MultiDiGraph())
         self.G.add_edge(1, 2, key=3, foo='bar')
         self.eview = nx.reportviews.InMultiEdgeView
 
-        def modify_edge(G, e, **kwds):
-            if len(e) == 2:
-                e = e + (0,)
-            G._adj[e[0]][e[1]][e[2]].update(kwds)
-        self.modify_edge = modify_edge
+    def modify_edge(self, G, e, **kwds):
+        if len(e) == 2:
+            e = e + (0,)
+        self.G._adj[e[0]][e[1]][e[2]].update(kwds)
 
     def test_repr(self):
         ev = self.eview(self.G)
@@ -513,7 +713,7 @@ class test_in_multiedges(test_multiedges):
 
 
 # Degrees
-class test_degreeview(object):
+class TestDegreeView(object):
     GRAPH = nx.Graph
     dview = nx.reportviews.DegreeView
 
@@ -522,12 +722,8 @@ class test_degreeview(object):
         self.G.add_edge(1, 3, foo=2)
         self.G.add_edge(1, 3, foo=3)
 
-        def modify_edge(G, e, **kwds):
-            G._adj[e[0]][e[1]].update(kwds)
-        self.modify_edge = modify_edge
-
     def test_repr(self):
-        dv = self.G.degree()
+        dv = self.dview(self.G)
         rep = "DegreeView({0: 1, 1: 3, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 2, 5: 1})"
         assert_equal(repr(dv), rep)
 
@@ -588,7 +784,7 @@ class test_degreeview(object):
         assert_equal(len(dv), 6)
 
 
-class test_didegreeview(test_degreeview):
+class TestDiDegreeView(TestDegreeView):
     GRAPH = nx.DiGraph
     dview = nx.reportviews.DiDegreeView
 
@@ -598,7 +794,7 @@ class test_didegreeview(test_degreeview):
         assert_equal(repr(dv), rep)
 
 
-class test_outdegreeview(test_degreeview):
+class TestOutDegreeView(TestDegreeView):
     GRAPH = nx.DiGraph
     dview = nx.reportviews.OutDegreeView
 
@@ -641,7 +837,7 @@ class test_outdegreeview(test_degreeview):
         assert_equal(dvd[3], 1)
 
 
-class test_indegreeview(test_degreeview):
+class TestInDegreeView(TestDegreeView):
     GRAPH = nx.DiGraph
     dview = nx.reportviews.InDegreeView
 
@@ -684,7 +880,7 @@ class test_indegreeview(test_degreeview):
         assert_equal(dvd[3], 4)
 
 
-class test_multidegreeview(test_degreeview):
+class TestMultiDegreeView(TestDegreeView):
     GRAPH = nx.MultiGraph
     dview = nx.reportviews.MultiDegreeView
 
@@ -727,7 +923,7 @@ class test_multidegreeview(test_degreeview):
         assert_equal(dvd[3], 7)
 
 
-class test_dimultidegreeview(test_multidegreeview):
+class TestDiMultiDegreeView(TestMultiDegreeView):
     GRAPH = nx.MultiDiGraph
     dview = nx.reportviews.DiMultiDegreeView
 
@@ -737,7 +933,7 @@ class test_dimultidegreeview(test_multidegreeview):
         assert_equal(repr(dv), rep)
 
 
-class test_outmultidegreeview(test_degreeview):
+class TestOutMultiDegreeView(TestDegreeView):
     GRAPH = nx.MultiDiGraph
     dview = nx.reportviews.OutMultiDegreeView
 
@@ -780,7 +976,7 @@ class test_outmultidegreeview(test_degreeview):
         assert_equal(dvd[3], 1)
 
 
-class test_inmultidegreeview(test_degreeview):
+class TestInMultiDegreeView(TestDegreeView):
     GRAPH = nx.MultiDiGraph
     dview = nx.reportviews.InMultiDegreeView
 
diff --git a/networkx/classes/tests/test_subgraphviews.py b/networkx/classes/tests/test_subgraphviews.py
index e7a06f9b0..6da6a98af 100644
--- a/networkx/classes/tests/test_subgraphviews.py
+++ b/networkx/classes/tests/test_subgraphviews.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from nose.tools import assert_equal, assert_not_equal, \
 import networkx as nx
 
 
-class test_graphview(object):
+class TestSubGraphView(object):
     gview = nx.graphviews.SubGraph
     graph = nx.Graph
     hide_edges_filter = staticmethod(nx.filters.hide_edges)
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class test_graphview(object):
         assert_equal(G.degree(3), 1)
 
 
-class test_digraphview(test_graphview):
+class TestSubDiGraphView(TestSubGraphView):
     gview = nx.graphviews.SubDiGraph
     graph = nx.DiGraph
     hide_edges_filter = staticmethod(nx.filters.hide_diedges)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class test_digraphview(test_graphview):
 
 
 # multigraph
-class test_multigraphview(test_graphview):
+class TestMultiGraphView(TestSubGraphView):
     gview = nx.graphviews.SubMultiGraph
     graph = nx.MultiGraph
     hide_edges_filter = staticmethod(nx.filters.hide_multiedges)
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class test_multigraphview(test_graphview):
 
 
 # multidigraph
-class test_multidigraphview(test_multigraphview, test_digraphview):
+class TestMultiDiGraphView(TestMultiGraphView, TestSubDiGraphView):
     gview = nx.graphviews.SubMultiDiGraph
     graph = nx.MultiDiGraph
     hide_edges_filter = staticmethod(nx.filters.hide_multidiedges)
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class test_multidigraphview(test_multigraphview, test_digraphview):
 
 
 # induced_subgraph
-class test_induced_subgraph(object):
+class TestInducedSubGraph(object):
     def setUp(self):
         self.K3 = G = nx.complete_graph(3)
         G.graph['foo'] = []
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class test_induced_subgraph(object):
 
 
 # edge_subgraph
-class test_edge_subgraph(object):
+class TestEdgeSubGraph(object):
     def setup(self):
         # Create a path graph on five nodes.
         self.G = G = nx.path_graph(5)
diff --git a/networkx/readwrite/tests/test_gpickle.py b/networkx/readwrite/tests/test_gpickle.py
index cc0a822da..9e2a5be8b 100644
--- a/networkx/readwrite/tests/test_gpickle.py
+++ b/networkx/readwrite/tests/test_gpickle.py
@@ -54,12 +54,6 @@ class TestGpickle(object):
         for G in [self.G, self.DG, self.MG, self.MDG,
                   self.fG, self.fDG, self.fMG, self.fMDG]:
             with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as f:
-#                print('G is',G)
-#                for objname in dir(G):
-#                    print('checking G.',objname)
-#                    obj = getattr(G, objname)
-#                    if hasattr(obj, '__slots__'):
-#                        print('slots in',obj)
                 nx.write_gpickle(G, f, 0)
                 f.seek(0)
                 Gin = nx.read_gpickle(f)

pip install -e .
parse_log_pytest
requirements.txt
nose pytest
apt-get update apt-get install -y libgdal-dev graphviz
3.6
requirements/default.txt requirements/test.txt
pytest --no-header -rA --tb=line --color=no -p no:cacheprovider -W ignore::DeprecationWarning
attrs==22.2.0
certifi==2021.5.30
charset-normalizer==2.0.12
codecov==2.1.13
coverage==6.2
decorator==5.1.1
idna==3.10
importlib-metadata==4.8.3
iniconfig==1.1.1
-e git+https://github.com/networkx/networkx.git@d47fe57f99dd07f5bb45ab5890e71f5fb2db5c3a#egg=networkx
nose==1.3.7
nose-ignore-docstring==0.2
packaging==21.3
pluggy==1.0.0
py==1.11.0
pyparsing==3.1.4
pytest==7.0.1
requests==2.27.1
tomli==1.2.3
typing_extensions==4.1.1
urllib3==1.26.20
zipp==3.6.0

name: networkx
channels:
  - defaults
  - https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/main
  - https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/r
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - _libgcc_mutex=0.1=main
  - _openmp_mutex=5.1=1_gnu
  - ca-certificates=2025.2.25=h06a4308_0
  - certifi=2021.5.30=py36h06a4308_0
  - ld_impl_linux-64=2.40=h12ee557_0
  - libffi=3.3=he6710b0_2
  - libgcc-ng=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - libgomp=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - libstdcxx-ng=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - ncurses=6.4=h6a678d5_0
  - openssl=1.1.1w=h7f8727e_0
  - pip=21.2.2=py36h06a4308_0
  - python=3.6.13=h12debd9_1
  - readline=8.2=h5eee18b_0
  - setuptools=58.0.4=py36h06a4308_0
  - sqlite=3.45.3=h5eee18b_0
  - tk=8.6.14=h39e8969_0
  - wheel=0.37.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - xz=5.6.4=h5eee18b_1
  - zlib=1.2.13=h5eee18b_1
  - pip:
      - attrs==22.2.0
      - charset-normalizer==2.0.12
      - codecov==2.1.13
      - coverage==6.2
      - decorator==5.1.1
      - idna==3.10
      - importlib-metadata==4.8.3
      - iniconfig==1.1.1
      - nose==1.3.7
      - nose-ignore-docstring==0.2
      - packaging==21.3
      - pluggy==1.0.0
      - py==1.11.0
      - pyparsing==3.1.4
      - pytest==7.0.1
      - requests==2.27.1
      - tomli==1.2.3
      - typing-extensions==4.1.1
      - urllib3==1.26.20
      - zipp==3.6.0
prefix: /opt/conda/envs/networkx

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