diff --git a/dvc/cache.py b/dvc/cache.py
index 5c3e90c6c..8379a3a0f 100644
--- a/dvc/cache.py
+++ b/dvc/cache.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 import os
+from collections import defaultdict
 from funcy import cached_property
 
 from dvc.utils.compat import builtin_str
@@ -103,3 +104,29 @@ class Cache(object):
     ssh = _make_remote_property(Config.SECTION_CACHE_SSH)
     hdfs = _make_remote_property(Config.SECTION_CACHE_HDFS)
     azure = _make_remote_property(Config.SECTION_CACHE_AZURE)
+
+
+class NamedCache(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._items = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(set))
+        self.repo = []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make(cls, scheme, checksum, name):
+        cache = cls()
+        cache.add(scheme, checksum, name)
+        return cache
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._items[key]
+
+    def add(self, scheme, checksum, name):
+        self._items[scheme][checksum].add(name)
+
+    def update(self, cache, suffix=""):
+        for scheme, src in cache._items.items():
+            dst = self._items[scheme]
+            for checksum, names in src.items():
+                dst[checksum].update(names)
+
+        self.repo.extend(cache.repo)
diff --git a/dvc/command/checkout.py b/dvc/command/checkout.py
index 5d1941587..12e654c0f 100644
--- a/dvc/command/checkout.py
+++ b/dvc/command/checkout.py
@@ -7,16 +7,12 @@ from dvc.command.base import CmdBase, append_doc_link
 
 class CmdCheckout(CmdBase):
     def run(self):
-        if not self.args.targets:
-            self.repo.checkout(force=self.args.force)
-        else:
-            for target in self.args.targets:
-                self.repo.checkout(
-                    target=target,
-                    with_deps=self.args.with_deps,
-                    force=self.args.force,
-                    recursive=self.args.recursive,
-                )
+        self.repo.checkout(
+            targets=self.args.targets,
+            with_deps=self.args.with_deps,
+            force=self.args.force,
+            recursive=self.args.recursive,
+        )
         return 0
 
 
diff --git a/dvc/data_cloud.py b/dvc/data_cloud.py
index af86efd64..63669f4b2 100644
--- a/dvc/data_cloud.py
+++ b/dvc/data_cloud.py
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ class DataCloud(object):
     def _init_remote(self, remote):
         return Remote(self.repo, name=remote)
 
-    def push(self, targets, jobs=None, remote=None, show_checksums=False):
+    def push(self, cache, jobs=None, remote=None, show_checksums=False):
         """Push data items in a cloud-agnostic way.
 
         Args:
-            targets (list): list of targets to push to the cloud.
+            cache (NamedCache): named checksums to push to the cloud.
             jobs (int): number of jobs that can be running simultaneously.
             remote (dvc.remote.base.RemoteBASE): optional remote to push to.
                 By default remote from core.remote config option is used.
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ class DataCloud(object):
                 information messages.
         """
         return self.repo.cache.local.push(
-            targets,
+            cache,
             jobs=jobs,
             remote=self.get_remote(remote, "push"),
             show_checksums=show_checksums,
         )
 
-    def pull(self, targets, jobs=None, remote=None, show_checksums=False):
+    def pull(self, cache, jobs=None, remote=None, show_checksums=False):
         """Pull data items in a cloud-agnostic way.
 
         Args:
-            targets (list): list of targets to pull from the cloud.
+            cache (NamedCache): named checksums to pull from the cloud.
             jobs (int): number of jobs that can be running simultaneously.
             remote (dvc.remote.base.RemoteBASE): optional remote to pull from.
                 By default remote from core.remote config option is used.
@@ -75,25 +75,25 @@ class DataCloud(object):
                 information messages.
         """
         return self.repo.cache.local.pull(
-            targets,
+            cache,
             jobs=jobs,
             remote=self.get_remote(remote, "pull"),
             show_checksums=show_checksums,
         )
 
-    def status(self, targets, jobs=None, remote=None, show_checksums=False):
+    def status(self, cache, jobs=None, remote=None, show_checksums=False):
         """Check status of data items in a cloud-agnostic way.
 
         Args:
-            targets (list): list of targets to check status for.
+            cache (NamedCache): named checksums to check status for.
             jobs (int): number of jobs that can be running simultaneously.
             remote (dvc.remote.base.RemoteBASE): optional remote to compare
-                targets to. By default remote from core.remote config option
+                cache to. By default remote from core.remote config option
                 is used.
             show_checksums (bool): show checksums instead of file names in
                 information messages.
         """
         remote = self.get_remote(remote, "status")
         return self.repo.cache.local.status(
-            targets, jobs=jobs, remote=remote, show_checksums=show_checksums
+            cache, jobs=jobs, remote=remote, show_checksums=show_checksums
         )
diff --git a/dvc/output/base.py b/dvc/output/base.py
index 44220d476..699ceb3d3 100644
--- a/dvc/output/base.py
+++ b/dvc/output/base.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from copy import copy
 
 from schema import Or, Optional
 
+from dvc.cache import NamedCache
 import dvc.prompt as prompt
 from dvc.exceptions import DvcException
 from dvc.utils.compat import str, urlparse
@@ -345,12 +346,11 @@ class OutputBase(object):
             $ echo "bar" > directory/bar
             $ dvc add directory
 
-            It will return something similar to the following list:
+            It will return a NamedCache like:
 
-            [
-                { 'path': 'directory/foo', 'md5': 'c157a79031e1', ... },
-                { 'path': 'directory/bar', 'md5': 'd3b07384d113', ... },
-            ]
+            nc = NamedCache()
+            nc.add(self.scheme, 'c157a79031e1', 'directory/foo')
+            nc.add(self.scheme, 'd3b07384d113', 'directory/bar')
         """
 
         ret = []
@@ -358,12 +358,7 @@ class OutputBase(object):
         if self.cache.changed_cache_file(self.checksum):
             try:
                 self.repo.cloud.pull(
-                    [
-                        {
-                            self.remote.PARAM_CHECKSUM: self.checksum,
-                            "name": str(self),
-                        }
-                    ],
+                    NamedCache.make("local", self.checksum, str(self)),
                     jobs=jobs,
                     remote=remote,
                     show_checksums=False,
@@ -385,13 +380,13 @@ class OutputBase(object):
             else:
                 return ret
 
+        cache = NamedCache()
         for entry in self.dir_cache:
-            info = copy(entry)
+            checksum = entry[self.remote.PARAM_CHECKSUM]
             path_info = self.path_info / entry[self.remote.PARAM_RELPATH]
-            info["name"] = str(path_info)
-            ret.append(info)
+            cache.add(self.scheme, checksum, str(path_info))
 
-        return ret
+        return cache
 
     def get_used_cache(self, **kwargs):
         """Get a dumpd of the given `out`, with an entry including the branch.
@@ -403,7 +398,7 @@ class OutputBase(object):
         """
 
         if not self.use_cache:
-            return []
+            return NamedCache()
 
         if not self.info:
             logger.warning(
@@ -411,14 +406,14 @@ class OutputBase(object):
                 "not be collected. Use dvc repro to get your pipeline up to "
                 "date.".format(self, self.stage)
             )
-            return []
+            return NamedCache()
 
-        ret = [{self.remote.PARAM_CHECKSUM: self.checksum, "name": str(self)}]
+        ret = NamedCache.make(self.scheme, self.checksum, str(self))
 
         if not self.is_dir_checksum:
             return ret
 
-        ret.extend(self._collect_used_dir_cache(**kwargs))
+        ret.update(self._collect_used_dir_cache(**kwargs))
 
         return ret
 
diff --git a/dvc/remote/base.py b/dvc/remote/base.py
index ca95a4e19..5dd2ca1b6 100644
--- a/dvc/remote/base.py
+++ b/dvc/remote/base.py
@@ -620,14 +620,11 @@ class RemoteBASE(object):
                 # We ignore all the non-cache looking files
                 pass
 
-    def gc(self, cinfos):
-        used = self.extract_used_local_checksums(cinfos)
+    def gc(self, named_cache):
+        used = self.extract_used_local_checksums(named_cache)
 
         if self.scheme != "":
-            used |= {
-                info[self.PARAM_CHECKSUM]
-                for info in cinfos.get(self.scheme, [])
-            }
+            used.update(named_cache[self.scheme])
 
         removed = False
         for checksum in self.all():
@@ -909,10 +906,8 @@ class RemoteBASE(object):
     def _get_unpacked_dir_names(self, checksums):
         return set()
 
-    def extract_used_local_checksums(self, cinfos):
-        from dvc.remote import RemoteLOCAL
-
-        used = {info[RemoteLOCAL.PARAM_CHECKSUM] for info in cinfos["local"]}
+    def extract_used_local_checksums(self, named_cache):
+        used = set(named_cache["local"])
         unpacked = self._get_unpacked_dir_names(used)
         return used | unpacked
 
diff --git a/dvc/remote/local.py b/dvc/remote/local.py
index 384077180..e187f33b3 100644
--- a/dvc/remote/local.py
+++ b/dvc/remote/local.py
@@ -245,31 +245,9 @@ class RemoteLOCAL(RemoteBASE):
     def open(path_info, mode="r", encoding=None):
         return open(fspath_py35(path_info), mode=mode, encoding=encoding)
 
-    def _group(self, checksum_infos, show_checksums=False):
-        by_md5 = {}
-
-        for info in checksum_infos:
-            md5 = info[self.PARAM_CHECKSUM]
-
-            if show_checksums:
-                by_md5[md5] = {"name": md5}
-                continue
-
-            name = info["name"]
-            branch = info.get("branch")
-            if branch:
-                name += "({})".format(branch)
-
-            if md5 not in by_md5.keys():
-                by_md5[md5] = {"name": name}
-            else:
-                by_md5[md5]["name"] += " " + name
-
-        return by_md5
-
     def status(
         self,
-        checksum_infos,
+        named_cache,
         remote,
         jobs=None,
         show_checksums=False,
@@ -278,8 +256,7 @@ class RemoteLOCAL(RemoteBASE):
         logger.debug(
             "Preparing to collect status from {}".format(remote.path_info)
         )
-        ret = self._group(checksum_infos, show_checksums=show_checksums) or {}
-        md5s = list(ret)
+        md5s = list(named_cache[self.scheme])
 
         logger.debug("Collecting information from local cache...")
         local_exists = self.cache_exists(md5s, jobs=jobs, name=self.cache_dir)
@@ -298,6 +275,10 @@ class RemoteLOCAL(RemoteBASE):
                 )
             )
 
+        ret = {
+            checksum: {"name": checksum if show_checksums else " ".join(names)}
+            for checksum, names in named_cache[self.scheme].items()
+        }
         self._fill_statuses(ret, local_exists, remote_exists)
 
         self._log_missing_caches(ret)
@@ -337,7 +318,7 @@ class RemoteLOCAL(RemoteBASE):
 
     def _process(
         self,
-        checksum_infos,
+        named_cache,
         remote,
         jobs=None,
         show_checksums=False,
@@ -365,7 +346,7 @@ class RemoteLOCAL(RemoteBASE):
             jobs = remote.JOBS
 
         status_info = self.status(
-            checksum_infos,
+            named_cache,
             remote,
             jobs=jobs,
             show_checksums=show_checksums,
@@ -390,18 +371,18 @@ class RemoteLOCAL(RemoteBASE):
 
         return len(plans[0])
 
-    def push(self, checksum_infos, remote, jobs=None, show_checksums=False):
+    def push(self, named_cache, remote, jobs=None, show_checksums=False):
         return self._process(
-            checksum_infos,
+            named_cache,
             remote,
             jobs=jobs,
             show_checksums=show_checksums,
             download=False,
         )
 
-    def pull(self, checksum_infos, remote, jobs=None, show_checksums=False):
+    def pull(self, named_cache, remote, jobs=None, show_checksums=False):
         return self._process(
-            checksum_infos,
+            named_cache,
             remote,
             jobs=jobs,
             show_checksums=show_checksums,
diff --git a/dvc/repo/__init__.py b/dvc/repo/__init__.py
index 36fd97d59..c632fc1b7 100644
--- a/dvc/repo/__init__.py
+++ b/dvc/repo/__init__.py
@@ -231,15 +231,9 @@ class Repo(object):
             A dictionary with Schemes (representing output's location) as keys,
             and a list with the outputs' `dumpd` as values.
         """
+        from dvc.cache import NamedCache
 
-        cache = {}
-        cache["local"] = []
-        cache["s3"] = []
-        cache["gs"] = []
-        cache["hdfs"] = []
-        cache["ssh"] = []
-        cache["azure"] = []
-        cache["repo"] = []
+        cache = NamedCache()
 
         for branch in self.brancher(
             all_branches=all_branches, all_tags=all_tags
@@ -256,18 +250,15 @@ class Repo(object):
 
             for stage in stages:
                 if stage.is_repo_import:
-                    cache["repo"] += stage.deps
+                    cache.repo += stage.deps
                     continue
 
                 for out in stage.outs:
-                    scheme = out.path_info.scheme
                     used_cache = out.get_used_cache(
                         remote=remote, force=force, jobs=jobs
                     )
-
-                    cache[scheme].extend(
-                        dict(entry, branch=branch) for entry in used_cache
-                    )
+                    suffix = "({})".format(branch) if branch else ""
+                    cache.update(used_cache, suffix=suffix)
 
         return cache
 
diff --git a/dvc/repo/checkout.py b/dvc/repo/checkout.py
index 36d8c977d..6f8abde42 100644
--- a/dvc/repo/checkout.py
+++ b/dvc/repo/checkout.py
@@ -24,16 +24,22 @@ def get_all_files_numbers(stages):
 
 
 def _checkout(
-    self, target=None, with_deps=False, force=False, recursive=False
+    self, targets=None, with_deps=False, force=False, recursive=False
 ):
     from dvc.stage import StageFileDoesNotExistError, StageFileBadNameError
 
-    try:
-        stages = self.collect(target, with_deps=with_deps, recursive=recursive)
-    except (StageFileDoesNotExistError, StageFileBadNameError) as exc:
-        if not target:
-            raise
-        raise CheckoutErrorSuggestGit(target, exc)
+    stages = set()
+    targets = targets or [None]
+    for target in targets:
+        try:
+            new = self.collect(
+                target, with_deps=with_deps, recursive=recursive
+            )
+            stages.update(new)
+        except (StageFileDoesNotExistError, StageFileBadNameError) as exc:
+            if not target:
+                raise
+            raise CheckoutErrorSuggestGit(target, exc)
 
     _cleanup_unused_links(self, self.stages)
     total = get_all_files_numbers(stages)
diff --git a/dvc/repo/fetch.py b/dvc/repo/fetch.py
index b12ac23c4..3f0bce1eb 100644
--- a/dvc/repo/fetch.py
+++ b/dvc/repo/fetch.py
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ def _fetch(
 
     try:
         downloaded += self.cloud.pull(
-            used["local"], jobs, remote=remote, show_checksums=show_checksums
+            used, jobs, remote=remote, show_checksums=show_checksums
         )
     except NoRemoteError:
-        if not used["repo"] and used["local"]:
+        if not used.repo and used["local"]:
             raise
 
     except DownloadError as exc:
         failed += exc.amount
 
-    for dep in used["repo"]:
+    for dep in used.repo:
         try:
             out = dep.fetch()
             downloaded += out.get_files_number()
diff --git a/dvc/repo/gc.py b/dvc/repo/gc.py
index ef15d65f9..4480232ab 100644
--- a/dvc/repo/gc.py
+++ b/dvc/repo/gc.py
@@ -1,53 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
-import collections
 import logging
 
+from dvc.cache import NamedCache
 from . import locked
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def _merge_cache_lists(clists):
-    merged_cache = collections.defaultdict(list)
-
-    for cache_list in clists:
-        for scheme, cache in cache_list.items():
-            for item in cache:
-                if item not in merged_cache[scheme]:
-                    merged_cache[scheme].append(item)
-
-    return merged_cache
-
-
-def _load_all_used_cache(
-    repos,
-    all_branches=False,
-    with_deps=False,
-    all_tags=False,
-    remote=None,
-    force=False,
-    jobs=None,
-):
-    clists = []
-
-    for repo in repos:
-        repo_clist = repo.used_cache(
-            targets=None,
-            all_branches=all_branches,
-            with_deps=with_deps,
-            all_tags=all_tags,
-            remote=remote,
-            force=force,
-            jobs=jobs,
-        )
-
-        clists.append(repo_clist)
-
-    return clists
-
-
 def _do_gc(typ, func, clist):
     removed = func(clist)
     if not removed:
@@ -79,37 +40,35 @@ def gc(
             stack.enter_context(repo.lock)
             stack.enter_context(repo.state)
 
-        all_clists = _load_all_used_cache(
-            all_repos + [self],
-            all_branches=all_branches,
-            with_deps=with_deps,
-            all_tags=all_tags,
-            remote=remote,
-            force=force,
-            jobs=jobs,
-        )
-
-    if len(all_clists) > 1:
-        clist = _merge_cache_lists(all_clists)
-    else:
-        clist = all_clists[0]
-
-    _do_gc("local", self.cache.local.gc, clist)
+        used = NamedCache()
+        for repo in all_repos + [self]:
+            used.update(
+                repo.used_cache(
+                    all_branches=all_branches,
+                    with_deps=with_deps,
+                    all_tags=all_tags,
+                    remote=remote,
+                    force=force,
+                    jobs=jobs,
+                )
+            )
+
+    _do_gc("local", self.cache.local.gc, used)
 
     if self.cache.s3:
-        _do_gc("s3", self.cache.s3.gc, clist)
+        _do_gc("s3", self.cache.s3.gc, used)
 
     if self.cache.gs:
-        _do_gc("gs", self.cache.gs.gc, clist)
+        _do_gc("gs", self.cache.gs.gc, used)
 
     if self.cache.ssh:
-        _do_gc("ssh", self.cache.ssh.gc, clist)
+        _do_gc("ssh", self.cache.ssh.gc, used)
 
     if self.cache.hdfs:
-        _do_gc("hdfs", self.cache.hdfs.gc, clist)
+        _do_gc("hdfs", self.cache.hdfs.gc, used)
 
     if self.cache.azure:
-        _do_gc("azure", self.cache.azure.gc, clist)
+        _do_gc("azure", self.cache.azure.gc, used)
 
     if cloud:
-        _do_gc("remote", self.cloud.get_remote(remote, "gc -c").gc, clist)
+        _do_gc("remote", self.cloud.get_remote(remote, "gc -c").gc, used)
diff --git a/dvc/repo/pull.py b/dvc/repo/pull.py
index 851d83bb3..7c9258824 100644
--- a/dvc/repo/pull.py
+++ b/dvc/repo/pull.py
@@ -24,11 +24,7 @@ def pull(
         with_deps=with_deps,
         recursive=recursive,
     )
-    for target in targets or [None]:
-        self._checkout(
-            target=target,
-            with_deps=with_deps,
-            force=force,
-            recursive=recursive,
-        )
+    self._checkout(
+        targets=targets, with_deps=with_deps, force=force, recursive=recursive
+    )
     return processed_files_count
diff --git a/dvc/repo/push.py b/dvc/repo/push.py
index ec5eb0afb..7d3593f54 100644
--- a/dvc/repo/push.py
+++ b/dvc/repo/push.py
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@ def push(
         remote=remote,
         jobs=jobs,
         recursive=recursive,
-    )["local"]
+    )
     return self.cloud.push(used, jobs, remote=remote)
diff --git a/dvc/repo/status.py b/dvc/repo/status.py
index 422504404..9b6808b2e 100644
--- a/dvc/repo/status.py
+++ b/dvc/repo/status.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def _cloud_status(
         force=True,
         remote=remote,
         jobs=jobs,
-    )["local"]
+    )
 
     ret = {}
     status_info = self.cloud.status(used, jobs, remote=remote)

dvc: CheckoutError is not properly postponed for multiple targets
On master branch.

Checkout errors are collected and postponed in `Repo._checkout()` this means that for `dvc checkout/pull` with multiple targets error will be raised on first not fully successfully checked out target and the rest will be skipped.

Also, the error collection process is very cumbersome we might want to invent something better.

diff --git a/tests/func/test_checkout.py b/tests/func/test_checkout.py
index a4760194a..dd32075a6 100644
--- a/tests/func/test_checkout.py
+++ b/tests/func/test_checkout.py
@@ -391,14 +391,14 @@ class TestCheckoutSuggestGit(TestRepro):
     def test(self):
 
         try:
-            self.dvc.checkout(target="gitbranch")
+            self.dvc.checkout(targets=["gitbranch"])
         except DvcException as exc:
             self.assertIsInstance(exc, CheckoutErrorSuggestGit)
             self.assertIsInstance(exc.cause, StageFileDoesNotExistError)
             self.assertIsNone(exc.cause.cause)
 
         try:
-            self.dvc.checkout(target=self.FOO)
+            self.dvc.checkout(targets=[self.FOO])
         except DvcException as exc:
             self.assertIsInstance(exc, CheckoutErrorSuggestGit)
             self.assertIsInstance(exc.cause, StageFileBadNameError)
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ class TestCheckoutRecursiveNotDirectory(TestDvc):
         ret = main(["add", self.FOO])
         self.assertEqual(0, ret)
 
-        self.dvc.checkout(target=self.FOO + ".dvc", recursive=True)
+        self.dvc.checkout(targets=[self.FOO + ".dvc"], recursive=True)
 
 
 class TestCheckoutMovedCacheDirWithSymlinks(TestDvc):
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ class TestCheckoutMovedCacheDirWithSymlinks(TestDvc):
 def test_checkout_no_checksum(repo_dir, dvc_repo):
     stage = dvc_repo.run(outs=[repo_dir.FOO], no_exec=True, cmd="somecmd")
     with pytest.raises(CheckoutError):
-        dvc_repo.checkout(stage.path, force=True)
+        dvc_repo.checkout([stage.path], force=True)
     assert not os.path.exists(repo_dir.FOO)
 
 
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ def test_should_relink_on_checkout(link, link_test_func, repo_dir, dvc_repo):
     dvc_repo.add(repo_dir.DATA_DIR)
     dvc_repo.unprotect(repo_dir.DATA_SUB)
 
-    dvc_repo.checkout(repo_dir.DATA_DIR + Stage.STAGE_FILE_SUFFIX)
+    dvc_repo.checkout([repo_dir.DATA_DIR + Stage.STAGE_FILE_SUFFIX])
 
     assert link_test_func(repo_dir.DATA_SUB)
 
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ def test_should_protect_on_checkout(link, dvc_repo, repo_dir):
     dvc_repo.add(repo_dir.FOO)
     dvc_repo.unprotect(repo_dir.FOO)
 
-    dvc_repo.checkout(repo_dir.FOO + Stage.STAGE_FILE_SUFFIX)
+    dvc_repo.checkout([repo_dir.FOO + Stage.STAGE_FILE_SUFFIX])
 
     assert not os.access(repo_dir.FOO, os.W_OK)
 
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ def test_should_relink_only_one_file_in_dir(dvc_repo, repo_dir):
 
     link_spy = spy(System.symlink)
     with patch.object(dvc_repo.cache.local, "symlink", link_spy):
-        dvc_repo.checkout(repo_dir.DATA_DIR + Stage.STAGE_FILE_SUFFIX)
+        dvc_repo.checkout([repo_dir.DATA_DIR + Stage.STAGE_FILE_SUFFIX])
 
     assert link_spy.mock.call_count == 1
 
@@ -529,6 +529,6 @@ def test_should_not_relink_on_unchanged_dependency(link, dvc_repo, repo_dir):
     dvc_repo.add(repo_dir.DATA_DIR)
 
     with patch.object(dvc_repo.cache.local, "link") as mock_link:
-        dvc_repo.checkout(repo_dir.DATA_DIR + Stage.STAGE_FILE_SUFFIX)
+        dvc_repo.checkout([repo_dir.DATA_DIR + Stage.STAGE_FILE_SUFFIX])
 
     assert not mock_link.called
diff --git a/tests/func/test_data_cloud.py b/tests/func/test_data_cloud.py
index 6633a4f81..6ceeb07bb 100644
--- a/tests/func/test_data_cloud.py
+++ b/tests/func/test_data_cloud.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from dvc.utils.compat import str
 from dvc.utils import env2bool
 from dvc.main import main
 from dvc.config import Config
+from dvc.cache import NamedCache
 from dvc.data_cloud import DataCloud
 from dvc.remote import (
     RemoteS3,
@@ -289,72 +290,71 @@ class TestDataCloudBase(TestDvc):
         self.assertTrue(stage is not None)
         out = stage.outs[0]
         cache = out.cache_path
-        name = str(out)
         md5 = out.checksum
-        info = {"name": name, out.remote.PARAM_CHECKSUM: md5}
+        info = out.get_used_cache()
 
         stages = self.dvc.add(self.DATA_DIR)
         self.assertEqual(len(stages), 1)
         stage_dir = stages[0]
         self.assertTrue(stage_dir is not None)
         out_dir = stage_dir.outs[0]
-        cache_dir = out.cache_path
-        name_dir = str(out)
-        md5_dir = out.checksum
-        info_dir = {"name": name_dir, out_dir.remote.PARAM_CHECKSUM: md5_dir}
+        cache_dir = out_dir.cache_path
+        name_dir = str(out_dir)
+        md5_dir = out_dir.checksum
+        info_dir = NamedCache.make(out_dir.scheme, md5_dir, name_dir)
 
         with self.cloud.repo.state:
             # Check status
-            status = self.cloud.status([info], show_checksums=True)
+            status = self.cloud.status(info, show_checksums=True)
             expected = {md5: {"name": md5, "status": STATUS_NEW}}
             self.assertEqual(status, expected)
 
-            status_dir = self.cloud.status([info_dir], show_checksums=True)
+            status_dir = self.cloud.status(info_dir, show_checksums=True)
             expected = {md5_dir: {"name": md5_dir, "status": STATUS_NEW}}
             self.assertEqual(status_dir, expected)
 
             # Push and check status
-            self.cloud.push([info])
+            self.cloud.push(info)
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(cache))
             self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(cache))
 
-            self.cloud.push([info_dir])
+            self.cloud.push(info_dir)
             self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(cache_dir))
 
-            status = self.cloud.status([info], show_checksums=True)
+            status = self.cloud.status(info, show_checksums=True)
             expected = {md5: {"name": md5, "status": STATUS_OK}}
             self.assertEqual(status, expected)
 
-            status_dir = self.cloud.status([info_dir], show_checksums=True)
+            status_dir = self.cloud.status(info_dir, show_checksums=True)
             expected = {md5_dir: {"name": md5_dir, "status": STATUS_OK}}
             self.assertEqual(status_dir, expected)
 
             # Remove and check status
             shutil.rmtree(self.dvc.cache.local.cache_dir)
 
-            status = self.cloud.status([info], show_checksums=True)
+            status = self.cloud.status(info, show_checksums=True)
             expected = {md5: {"name": md5, "status": STATUS_DELETED}}
             self.assertEqual(status, expected)
 
-            status_dir = self.cloud.status([info_dir], show_checksums=True)
+            status_dir = self.cloud.status(info_dir, show_checksums=True)
             expected = {md5_dir: {"name": md5_dir, "status": STATUS_DELETED}}
             self.assertEqual(status_dir, expected)
 
             # Pull and check status
-            self.cloud.pull([info])
+            self.cloud.pull(info)
             self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(cache))
             self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(cache))
             with open(cache, "r") as fd:
                 self.assertEqual(fd.read(), self.FOO_CONTENTS)
 
-            self.cloud.pull([info_dir])
+            self.cloud.pull(info_dir)
             self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(cache_dir))
 
-            status = self.cloud.status([info], show_checksums=True)
+            status = self.cloud.status(info, show_checksums=True)
             expected = {md5: {"name": md5, "status": STATUS_OK}}
             self.assertEqual(status, expected)
 
-            status_dir = self.cloud.status([info_dir], show_checksums=True)
+            status_dir = self.cloud.status(info_dir, show_checksums=True)
             expected = {md5_dir: {"name": md5_dir, "status": STATUS_OK}}
             self.assertTrue(status_dir, expected)
 
diff --git a/tests/func/test_repro.py b/tests/func/test_repro.py
index 5e1abc3fa..148d2a006 100644
--- a/tests/func/test_repro.py
+++ b/tests/func/test_repro.py
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ class TestReproExternalBase(TestDvc):
         self.dvc.remove(cmd_stage.path, outs_only=True)
         self.assertNotEqual(self.dvc.status([cmd_stage.path]), {})
 
-        self.dvc.checkout(cmd_stage.path, force=True)
+        self.dvc.checkout([cmd_stage.path], force=True)
         self.assertEqual(self.dvc.status([cmd_stage.path]), {})
 
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/remote/test_local.py b/tests/unit/remote/test_local.py
index cc4f579fa..c9681d50f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/remote/test_local.py
+++ b/tests/unit/remote/test_local.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+from dvc.cache import NamedCache
 from dvc.remote.local import RemoteLOCAL
 
 
@@ -8,16 +9,11 @@ def test_status_download_optimization(mocker):
     """
     remote = RemoteLOCAL(None, {})
 
-    infos = [
-        {"name": "foo", "md5": "acbd18db4cc2f85cedef654fccc4a4d8"},
-        {"name": "bar", "md5": "37b51d194a7513e45b56f6524f2d51f2"},
-    ]
-
-    local_exists = [
-        "acbd18db4cc2f85cedef654fccc4a4d8",
-        "37b51d194a7513e45b56f6524f2d51f2",
-    ]
+    infos = NamedCache()
+    infos.add("local", "acbd18db4cc2f85cedef654fccc4a4d8", "foo")
+    infos.add("local", "37b51d194a7513e45b56f6524f2d51f2", "bar")
 
+    local_exists = list(infos["local"])
     mocker.patch.object(remote, "cache_exists", return_value=local_exists)
 
     other_remote = mocker.Mock()

pip install -e .[all]
parse_log_pytest
pytest
pytest pytest-timeout pytest-cov pytest-xdist pytest-mock flaky mock xmltodict awscli google-compute-engine Pygments collective.checkdocs flake8 psutil flake8-docstrings pydocstyle jaraco.windows mock-ssh-server moto rangehttpserver
apt-get update apt-get install -y gcc
3.7
pytest --no-header -rA --tb=line --color=no -p no:cacheprovider -W ignore::DeprecationWarning
aliyun-python-sdk-core==2.16.0
aliyun-python-sdk-core-v3==2.13.33
aliyun-python-sdk-kms==2.16.5
appdirs==1.4.4
asciimatics==1.14.0
atpublic==3.1.2
attrs @ file:///croot/attrs_1668696182826/work
autocommand==2.2.2
awscli==1.31.13
azure-common==1.1.28
azure-storage-blob==2.1.0
azure-storage-common==2.1.0
bcrypt==4.2.1
boto==2.49.0
boto3==1.9.115
botocore==1.12.253
cachetools==4.2.4
certifi @ file:///croot/certifi_1671487769961/work/certifi
cffi==1.15.1
charset-normalizer==3.4.1
collective.checkdocs==0.2
colorama==0.4.4
configobj==5.0.9
configparser==5.3.0
coverage==7.2.7
crcmod==1.7
cryptography==44.0.2
decorator==5.1.1
distro==1.9.0
docutils==0.15.2
-e git+https://github.com/iterative/dvc.git@1f58fc6f42ac79ebf43f9641decb22c184ed1883#egg=dvc
execnet==2.0.2
flake8==5.0.4
flake8-docstrings==1.7.0
flaky==3.8.1
flit_core @ file:///opt/conda/conda-bld/flit-core_1644941570762/work/source/flit_core
flufl.lock==7.1.1
funcy==2.0
future==1.0.0
gitdb==4.0.12
gitdb2==4.0.2
GitPython==3.1.44
google-api-core==2.10.2
google-auth==1.35.0
google-cloud-core==1.7.3
google-cloud-storage==1.19.0
google-compute-engine==2.8.13
google-crc32c==1.5.0
google-resumable-media==2.7.2
googleapis-common-protos==1.69.2
grandalf==0.6
humanize==4.6.0
idna==3.10
importlib-metadata==4.2.0
importlib-resources==5.12.0
inflect==6.0.5
iniconfig @ file:///home/linux1/recipes/ci/iniconfig_1610983019677/work
jaraco.classes==3.2.3
jaraco.collections==4.2.0
jaraco.context==4.3.0
jaraco.functools==3.7.0
jaraco.structures==2.1.0
jaraco.text==3.11.1
jaraco.ui==2.3.0
jaraco.windows==5.7.0
Jinja2==3.1.6
jmespath==0.10.0
jsonpath-ng==1.7.0
MarkupSafe==2.1.5
mccabe==0.7.0
mock==5.2.0
mock-ssh-server==0.9.1
more-itertools==9.1.0
moto==4.2.14
nanotime==0.5.2
networkx==2.3
numpy==1.21.6
oss2==2.6.1
packaging @ file:///croot/packaging_1671697413597/work
paramiko==3.5.1
path==16.6.0
pathspec==0.11.2
Pillow==9.5.0
pluggy @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/pluggy_1648042572264/work
ply==3.11
protobuf==4.24.4
psutil==7.0.0
py @ file:///opt/conda/conda-bld/py_1644396412707/work
pyarrow==0.14.0
pyasn1==0.5.1
pyasn1-modules==0.3.0
pycodestyle==2.9.1
pycparser==2.21
pycryptodome==3.22.0
pydantic==1.10.21
pydocstyle==6.3.0
pyfiglet==0.8.post1
pyflakes==2.5.0
Pygments==2.17.2
PyNaCl==1.5.0
pyparsing==3.1.4
pytest==7.1.2
pytest-cov==4.1.0
pytest-mock==3.11.1
pytest-timeout==2.3.1
pytest-xdist==3.5.0
python-dateutil==2.9.0.post0
PyYAML==6.0.1
rangehttpserver==1.4.0
requests==2.31.0
responses==0.23.3
rsa==4.7.2
ruamel.yaml==0.18.10
ruamel.yaml.clib==0.2.8
s3transfer==0.2.1
schema==0.7.7
shortuuid==1.0.13
six==1.17.0
smmap==5.0.2
snowballstemmer==2.2.0
tomli @ file:///opt/conda/conda-bld/tomli_1657175507142/work
tqdm==4.67.1
treelib==1.7.1
types-PyYAML==6.0.12.12
typing_extensions @ file:///croot/typing_extensions_1669924550328/work
urllib3==1.25.11
wcwidth==0.2.13
Werkzeug==2.2.3
xmltodict==0.14.2
zipp @ file:///croot/zipp_1672387121353/work

name: dvc
channels:
  - defaults
  - https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/main
  - https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/r
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - _libgcc_mutex=0.1=main
  - _openmp_mutex=5.1=1_gnu
  - attrs=22.1.0=py37h06a4308_0
  - ca-certificates=2025.2.25=h06a4308_0
  - certifi=2022.12.7=py37h06a4308_0
  - flit-core=3.6.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - importlib_metadata=4.11.3=hd3eb1b0_0
  - iniconfig=1.1.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - ld_impl_linux-64=2.40=h12ee557_0
  - libffi=3.4.4=h6a678d5_1
  - libgcc-ng=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - libgomp=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - libstdcxx-ng=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - ncurses=6.4=h6a678d5_0
  - openssl=1.1.1w=h7f8727e_0
  - packaging=22.0=py37h06a4308_0
  - pip=22.3.1=py37h06a4308_0
  - pluggy=1.0.0=py37h06a4308_1
  - py=1.11.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - pytest=7.1.2=py37h06a4308_0
  - python=3.7.16=h7a1cb2a_0
  - readline=8.2=h5eee18b_0
  - setuptools=65.6.3=py37h06a4308_0
  - sqlite=3.45.3=h5eee18b_0
  - tk=8.6.14=h39e8969_0
  - tomli=2.0.1=py37h06a4308_0
  - typing_extensions=4.4.0=py37h06a4308_0
  - wheel=0.38.4=py37h06a4308_0
  - xz=5.6.4=h5eee18b_1
  - zipp=3.11.0=py37h06a4308_0
  - zlib=1.2.13=h5eee18b_1
  - pip:
      - aliyun-python-sdk-core==2.16.0
      - aliyun-python-sdk-core-v3==2.13.33
      - aliyun-python-sdk-kms==2.16.5
      - appdirs==1.4.4
      - asciimatics==1.14.0
      - atpublic==3.1.2
      - autocommand==2.2.2
      - awscli==1.31.13
      - azure-common==1.1.28
      - azure-storage-blob==2.1.0
      - azure-storage-common==2.1.0
      - bcrypt==4.2.1
      - boto==2.49.0
      - boto3==1.9.115
      - botocore==1.12.253
      - cachetools==4.2.4
      - cffi==1.15.1
      - charset-normalizer==3.4.1
      - collective-checkdocs==0.2
      - colorama==0.4.4
      - configobj==5.0.9
      - configparser==5.3.0
      - coverage==7.2.7
      - crcmod==1.7
      - cryptography==44.0.2
      - decorator==5.1.1
      - distro==1.9.0
      - docutils==0.15.2
      - dvc==0.63.3+1f58fc
      - execnet==2.0.2
      - flake8==5.0.4
      - flake8-docstrings==1.7.0
      - flaky==3.8.1
      - flufl-lock==7.1.1
      - funcy==2.0
      - future==1.0.0
      - gitdb==4.0.12
      - gitdb2==4.0.2
      - gitpython==3.1.44
      - google-api-core==2.10.2
      - google-auth==1.35.0
      - google-cloud-core==1.7.3
      - google-cloud-storage==1.19.0
      - google-compute-engine==2.8.13
      - google-crc32c==1.5.0
      - google-resumable-media==2.7.2
      - googleapis-common-protos==1.69.2
      - grandalf==0.6
      - humanize==4.6.0
      - idna==3.10
      - importlib-metadata==4.2.0
      - importlib-resources==5.12.0
      - inflect==6.0.5
      - jaraco-classes==3.2.3
      - jaraco-collections==4.2.0
      - jaraco-context==4.3.0
      - jaraco-functools==3.7.0
      - jaraco-structures==2.1.0
      - jaraco-text==3.11.1
      - jaraco-ui==2.3.0
      - jaraco-windows==5.7.0
      - jinja2==3.1.6
      - jmespath==0.10.0
      - jsonpath-ng==1.7.0
      - markupsafe==2.1.5
      - mccabe==0.7.0
      - mock==5.2.0
      - mock-ssh-server==0.9.1
      - more-itertools==9.1.0
      - moto==4.2.14
      - nanotime==0.5.2
      - networkx==2.3
      - numpy==1.21.6
      - oss2==2.6.1
      - paramiko==3.5.1
      - path==16.6.0
      - pathspec==0.11.2
      - pillow==9.5.0
      - ply==3.11
      - protobuf==4.24.4
      - psutil==7.0.0
      - pyarrow==0.14.0
      - pyasn1==0.5.1
      - pyasn1-modules==0.3.0
      - pycodestyle==2.9.1
      - pycparser==2.21
      - pycryptodome==3.22.0
      - pydantic==1.10.21
      - pydocstyle==6.3.0
      - pyfiglet==0.8.post1
      - pyflakes==2.5.0
      - pygments==2.17.2
      - pynacl==1.5.0
      - pyparsing==3.1.4
      - pytest-cov==4.1.0
      - pytest-mock==3.11.1
      - pytest-timeout==2.3.1
      - pytest-xdist==3.5.0
      - python-dateutil==2.9.0.post0
      - pyyaml==6.0.1
      - rangehttpserver==1.4.0
      - requests==2.31.0
      - responses==0.23.3
      - rsa==4.7.2
      - ruamel-yaml==0.18.10
      - ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.8
      - s3transfer==0.2.1
      - schema==0.7.7
      - shortuuid==1.0.13
      - six==1.17.0
      - smmap==5.0.2
      - snowballstemmer==2.2.0
      - tqdm==4.67.1
      - treelib==1.7.1
      - types-pyyaml==6.0.12.12
      - urllib3==1.25.11
      - wcwidth==0.2.13
      - werkzeug==2.2.3
      - xmltodict==0.14.2
prefix: /opt/conda/envs/dvc

tests/unit/remote/test_local.py::test_status_download_optimization
tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckout::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutSingleStage::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutCorruptedCacheFile::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutCorruptedCacheDir::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCmdCheckout::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestRemoveFilesWhenCheckout::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutCleanWorkingDir::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutCleanWorkingDir::test_force tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutSelectiveRemove::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestGitIgnoreBasic::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestGitIgnoreWhenCheckout::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutMissingMd5InStageFile::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutEmptyDir::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutNotCachedFile::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutWithDeps::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutDirectory::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutHook::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutSuggestGit::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutTargetRecursiveShouldNotRemoveOtherUsedFiles::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutRecursiveNotDirectory::test tests/func/test_checkout.py::TestCheckoutMovedCacheDirWithSymlinks::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestDataCloud::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestDataCloudBase::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteS3::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteGS::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteAZURE::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteOSS::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteLOCAL::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteSSH::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteSSHMocked::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteHDFS::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestDataCloudCLIBase::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteLOCALCLI::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteSSHCLI::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteHDFSCLI::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteS3CLI::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteGSCLI::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteAZURECLI::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRemoteOSSCLI::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestDataCloudErrorCLI::test_error tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestWarnOnOutdatedStage::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestRecursiveSyncOperations::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestCheckSumRecalculation::test tests/func/test_data_cloud.py::TestShouldWarnOnNoChecksumInLocalAndRemoteCache::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproFail::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproCyclicGraph::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproWorkingDirectoryAsOutput::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproWorkingDirectoryAsOutput::test_nested tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproWorkingDirectoryAsOutput::test_similar_paths tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproDepUnderDir::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproDepDirWithOutputsUnderIt::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproNoDeps::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproForce::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproChangedCode::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproChangedData::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproDry::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproUpToDate::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproDryNoExec::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproChangedDeepData::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproIgnoreBuildCache::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproPipeline::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproPipeline::test_cli tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproPipelines::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproPipelines::test_cli tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproLocked::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproLocked::test_non_existing tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproLockedCallback::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproLockedUnchanged::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproMetricsAddUnchanged::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproPhony::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestNonExistingOutput::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproDataSource::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproChangedDir::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproChangedDirData::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproMissingMd5InStageFile::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestCmdRepro::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestCmdReproChdirCwdBackwardCompatible::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestCmdReproChdir::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproExternalBase::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproExternalS3::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproExternalGS::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproExternalHDFS::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproExternalSSH::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproExternalLOCAL::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproExternalHTTP::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproShell::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproAllPipelines::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproNoCommit::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproAlreadyCached::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproAlreadyCached::test_force_import tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproAlreadyCached::test_force_with_dependencies tests/func/test_repro.py::TestShouldDisplayMetricsOnReproWithMetricsOption::test tests/func/test_repro.py::TestReproDownstream::test
dvc/repo/checkout.py dvc/repo/gc.py dvc/repo/push.py dvc/output/base.py dvc/repo/status.py dvc/repo/fetch.py dvc/command/checkout.py dvc/cache.py dvc/data_cloud.py dvc/remote/base.py dvc/remote/local.py dvc/repo/pull.py dvc/repo/__init__.py
dvc/repo/checkout.py dvc/repo/gc.py dvc/repo/push.py dvc/output/base.py dvc/repo/status.py dvc/repo/fetch.py dvc/command/checkout.py dvc/cache.py dvc/data_cloud.py dvc/remote/base.py dvc/remote/local.py dvc/repo/pull.py dvc/repo/__init__.py