jakirkham: LGTM. Thanks @martindurant.

Were you running into some bad behavior because of this or was it just slow?
martindurant: @jakirkham , this is specifically in response to #3248 . Something more sophisticated might be useful in any more complicated case, to minimise the calls to astype.
jakirkham: Thanks for the info.

Would expect that endianness would be preserved by `promote_types`. Though resolving conflicts between different endians is less clear (and may be at the crux of this issue).

Didn't see anything that matched on the NumPy issue tracker so raised as issue ( https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/10767 ).
diff --git a/dask/array/core.py b/dask/array/core.py
index a4990fe95..1d3d54f75 100644
--- a/dask/array/core.py
+++ b/dask/array/core.py
@@ -1208,7 +1208,12 @@ class Array(Base):
 
     @wraps(store)
     def store(self, target, **kwargs):
-        return store([self], [target], **kwargs)
+        r = store([self], [target], **kwargs)
+
+        if kwargs.get("return_stored", False):
+            r = r[0]
+
+        return r
 
     def to_hdf5(self, filename, datapath, **kwargs):
         """ Store array in HDF5 file
@@ -2611,8 +2616,12 @@ def concatenate(seq, axis=0, allow_unknown_chunksizes=False):
 
     cum_dims = [0] + list(accumulate(add, [len(a.chunks[axis]) for a in seq]))
 
-    dt = reduce(np.promote_types, [a.dtype for a in seq])
-    seq = [x.astype(dt) for x in seq]
+    seq_dtypes = [a.dtype for a in seq]
+    if len(set(seq_dtypes)) > 1:
+        dt = reduce(np.promote_types, seq_dtypes)
+        seq = [x.astype(dt) for x in seq]
+    else:
+        dt = seq_dtypes[0]
 
     names = [a.name for a in seq]
 

optimization of array.concatenate depends strongly on endianness
I have encountered a dask optimization issue that I think is at the core of xgcm/xmitgcm#73.

Basically, I am constructing a big dask array by concatenating many numpy memmaps, each created within a `from_delayed` function. Then I want to get back out a single value from this big array. In theory this should go very fast and use very little memory, as if I had accessed the original memmap. And indeed it does...unless the dtype is big endian!

Here is how to reproduce this issue. First create some test data
```python
import numpy as np
import dask
import dask.array

# create some example binary data (8GB)
# large dataset is necessary to see timing differences
shape = (1, 50, 1000, 2000)
nfiles = 10
dtype = np.dtype('f8') # note: this doesn't matter at this stage
data = np.zeros(shape, dtype)

filenames = ['data.{:04d}'.format(n) for n in range(nfiles)]
for fname in filenames:
    data.tofile(fname)
```

Now define some functions to read it into dask arrays
```python
def read_as_memmap(fname, dtype):
    return np.memmap(fname, dtype=dtype, shape=shape)
    
def lazy_memmap(fname, dtype):
    return dask.array.from_delayed(
                dask.delayed(read_as_memmap)(fname, dtype),
                shape, dtype)

def read_all_data(dtype):
    return dask.array.concatenate(
            [lazy_memmap(fname, dtype) for fname in filenames])
```

Now perform a timing test on reading back a single value with default (little endian) datatype
```python
dtype = np.dtype('f8')
all_data = read_all_data(dtype)
%timeit lazy_memmap(filenames[-1], dtype)[0, 0, 0].compute()
%timeit all_data[-1, 0, 0, 0].compute()
```
On my machine I get
```
100 loops, best of 3: 2.54 ms per loop
100 loops, best of 3: 2.3 ms per loop
```
basically identical and very fast, as we expect. The dask graph for `all_data[-1, 0, 0, 0]` looks like this:
![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1197350/37015504-abb9adee-20d5-11e8-8506-14fafe84dba0.png)


Instead, if I repeat the test with a big-endian dtype
```python
dtype = np.dtype('>f8')
all_data = read_all_data(dtype)
%timeit lazy_memmap(filenames[-1], dtype)[0, 0, 0].compute()
%timeit all_data[-1, 0, 0, 0].compute()
```
I get this:
```
100 loops, best of 3: 2.57 ms per loop
1 loop, best of 3: 929 ms per loop
```
The `ResourceProfiler` diagnostics also indicate much higher memory usage. Now the dask graph looks like this
![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1197350/37015518-bc1160ce-20d5-11e8-84d6-0f5a9ace8dd8.png)

There appears to be an extra call to `astype` which is interfering with the optimization somehow.

I'm using dask version 0.17.1.


diff --git a/dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py b/dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py
index cc233f4b4..87f420c25 100644
--- a/dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py
+++ b/dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py
@@ -335,6 +335,17 @@ def test_concatenate():
     pytest.raises(ValueError, lambda: concatenate([a, b, c], axis=2))
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('dtypes', [(('>f8', '>f8'), '>f8'),
+                                    (('<f4', '<f8'), '<f8')])
+def test_concatenate_types(dtypes):
+    dts_in, dt_out = dtypes
+    arrs = [np.zeros(4, dtype=dt) for dt in dts_in]
+    darrs = [from_array(arr, chunks=(2,)) for arr in arrs]
+
+    x = concatenate(darrs, axis=0)
+    assert x.dtype == dt_out
+
+
 def test_concatenate_unknown_axes():
     dd = pytest.importorskip('dask.dataframe')
     pd = pytest.importorskip('pandas')
@@ -1513,6 +1524,26 @@ def test_store_locks():
             assert lock.acquire_count == nchunks
 
 
+def test_store_method_return():
+    d = da.ones((10, 10), chunks=(2, 2))
+    a = d + 1
+
+    for compute in [False, True]:
+        for return_stored in [False, True]:
+            at = np.zeros(shape=(10, 10))
+            r = a.store(
+                at, get=dask.threaded.get,
+                compute=compute, return_stored=return_stored
+            )
+
+            if return_stored:
+                assert isinstance(r, Array)
+            elif compute:
+                assert r is None
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(r, Delayed)
+
+
 @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="can't lock with multiprocessing")
 def test_store_multiprocessing_lock():
     d = da.ones((10, 10), chunks=(2, 2))

pip install -e .[complete]
parse_log_pytest
pytest
pytest pytest-cov pytest-xdist pytest-mock pytest-asyncio numpydoc sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme cloudpickle pandas>=0.19.0 distributed
apt-get update apt-get install -y gcc
3.6
pytest --no-header -rA --tb=line --color=no -p no:cacheprovider -W ignore::DeprecationWarning
alabaster==0.7.13
attrs @ file:///opt/conda/conda-bld/attrs_1642510447205/work
Babel==2.11.0
certifi==2021.5.30
charset-normalizer==2.0.12
click==8.0.4
cloudpickle==2.2.1
contextvars==2.4
coverage==6.2
-e git+https://github.com/dask/dask.git@11a50f0d329bdaf1ea6b7f0cff9500f55699fd36#egg=dask
distributed==1.21.8
docutils==0.18.1
execnet==1.9.0
HeapDict==1.0.1
idna==3.10
imagesize==1.4.1
immutables==0.19
importlib-metadata @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/importlib-metadata_1631916693255/work
iniconfig @ file:///home/linux1/recipes/ci/iniconfig_1610983019677/work
Jinja2==3.0.3
locket==1.0.0
MarkupSafe==2.0.1
more-itertools @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/more-itertools_1637733554872/work
msgpack==1.0.5
numpy==1.19.5
numpydoc==1.1.0
packaging @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/packaging_1637314298585/work
pandas==1.1.5
partd==1.2.0
pluggy @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/pluggy_1615976315926/work
psutil==7.0.0
py @ file:///opt/conda/conda-bld/py_1644396412707/work
Pygments==2.14.0
pyparsing @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/pyparsing_1635766073266/work
pytest==6.2.4
pytest-asyncio==0.16.0
pytest-cov==4.0.0
pytest-mock==3.6.1
pytest-xdist==3.0.2
python-dateutil==2.9.0.post0
pytz==2025.2
PyYAML==6.0.1
requests==2.27.1
six==1.17.0
snowballstemmer==2.2.0
sortedcontainers==2.4.0
Sphinx==5.3.0
sphinx-rtd-theme==2.0.0
sphinxcontrib-applehelp==1.0.2
sphinxcontrib-devhelp==1.0.2
sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp==2.0.0
sphinxcontrib-jquery==4.1
sphinxcontrib-jsmath==1.0.1
sphinxcontrib-qthelp==1.0.3
sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml==1.1.5
tblib==1.7.0
toml @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/toml_1616166611790/work
tomli==1.2.3
toolz==0.12.0
tornado==6.1
typing_extensions @ file:///opt/conda/conda-bld/typing_extensions_1647553014482/work
urllib3==1.26.20
zict==2.1.0
zipp @ file:///tmp/build/80754af9/zipp_1633618647012/work

name: dask
channels:
  - defaults
  - https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/main
  - https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/r
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - _libgcc_mutex=0.1=main
  - _openmp_mutex=5.1=1_gnu
  - attrs=21.4.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - ca-certificates=2025.2.25=h06a4308_0
  - certifi=2021.5.30=py36h06a4308_0
  - importlib-metadata=4.8.1=py36h06a4308_0
  - importlib_metadata=4.8.1=hd3eb1b0_0
  - iniconfig=1.1.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - ld_impl_linux-64=2.40=h12ee557_0
  - libffi=3.3=he6710b0_2
  - libgcc-ng=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - libgomp=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - libstdcxx-ng=11.2.0=h1234567_1
  - more-itertools=8.12.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - ncurses=6.4=h6a678d5_0
  - openssl=1.1.1w=h7f8727e_0
  - packaging=21.3=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - pip=21.2.2=py36h06a4308_0
  - pluggy=0.13.1=py36h06a4308_0
  - py=1.11.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - pyparsing=3.0.4=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - pytest=6.2.4=py36h06a4308_2
  - python=3.6.13=h12debd9_1
  - readline=8.2=h5eee18b_0
  - setuptools=58.0.4=py36h06a4308_0
  - sqlite=3.45.3=h5eee18b_0
  - tk=8.6.14=h39e8969_0
  - toml=0.10.2=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - typing_extensions=4.1.1=pyh06a4308_0
  - wheel=0.37.1=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - xz=5.6.4=h5eee18b_1
  - zipp=3.6.0=pyhd3eb1b0_0
  - zlib=1.2.13=h5eee18b_1
  - pip:
      - alabaster==0.7.13
      - babel==2.11.0
      - charset-normalizer==2.0.12
      - click==8.0.4
      - cloudpickle==2.2.1
      - contextvars==2.4
      - coverage==6.2
      - distributed==1.21.8
      - docutils==0.18.1
      - execnet==1.9.0
      - heapdict==1.0.1
      - idna==3.10
      - imagesize==1.4.1
      - immutables==0.19
      - jinja2==3.0.3
      - locket==1.0.0
      - markupsafe==2.0.1
      - msgpack==1.0.5
      - numpy==1.19.5
      - numpydoc==1.1.0
      - pandas==1.1.5
      - partd==1.2.0
      - psutil==7.0.0
      - pygments==2.14.0
      - pytest-asyncio==0.16.0
      - pytest-cov==4.0.0
      - pytest-mock==3.6.1
      - pytest-xdist==3.0.2
      - python-dateutil==2.9.0.post0
      - pytz==2025.2
      - pyyaml==6.0.1
      - requests==2.27.1
      - six==1.17.0
      - snowballstemmer==2.2.0
      - sortedcontainers==2.4.0
      - sphinx==5.3.0
      - sphinx-rtd-theme==2.0.0
      - sphinxcontrib-applehelp==1.0.2
      - sphinxcontrib-devhelp==1.0.2
      - sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp==2.0.0
      - sphinxcontrib-jquery==4.1
      - sphinxcontrib-jsmath==1.0.1
      - sphinxcontrib-qthelp==1.0.3
      - sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml==1.1.5
      - tblib==1.7.0
      - tomli==1.2.3
      - toolz==0.12.0
      - tornado==6.1
      - urllib3==1.26.20
      - zict==2.1.0
prefix: /opt/conda/envs/dask

dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_concatenate_types[dtypes0] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_store_method_return
dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_field_access dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_field_access_with_shape dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_matmul dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_from_array_names
dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_getem dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_top dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_top_supports_broadcasting_rules dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_top_literals dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_atop_literals dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_concatenate3_on_scalars dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_chunked_dot_product dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_chunked_transpose_plus_one dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_dimensions_works_with_singleton_dimensions dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_dimensions dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_Array dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_uneven_chunks dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_numblocks_suppoorts_singleton_block_dims dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_keys dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_Array_computation dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_stack dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_short_stack dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_stack_scalars dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_stack_promote_type dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_stack_rechunk dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_concatenate dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_concatenate_types[dtypes1] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_concatenate_unknown_axes dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_concatenate_rechunk dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_concatenate_fixlen_strings dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_simple_row_wise dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_simple_column_wise dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_with_1d_arrays_row_wise dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_with_1d_arrays_multiple_rows dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_with_1d_arrays_column_wise dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_mixed_1d_and_2d dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_complicated dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_nested dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_3d dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_with_mismatched_shape dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_no_lists dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_invalid_nesting dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_empty_lists dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_block_tuple dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_binops dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_shapes dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_elemwise_on_scalars dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_elemwise_with_ndarrays dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_elemwise_differently_chunked dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_elemwise_dtype dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_operators dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_operator_dtype_promotion dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_T dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_norm dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_to dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_to_array dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_to_scalar dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_to_chunks dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_arrays dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_operator[u_shape0-v_shape0] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_operator[u_shape1-v_shape1] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_operator[u_shape2-v_shape2] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_operator[u_shape3-v_shape3] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_operator[u_shape4-v_shape4] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_operator[u_shape5-v_shape5] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_broadcast_operator[u_shape6-v_shape6] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape0-new_shape0-chunks0] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape1-new_shape1-5] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape2-new_shape2-5] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape3-new_shape3-12] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape4-new_shape4-12] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape5-new_shape5-chunks5] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape6-new_shape6-4] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape7-new_shape7-4] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape8-new_shape8-4] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape9-new_shape9-2] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape10-new_shape10-2] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape11-new_shape11-2] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape12-new_shape12-2] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape13-new_shape13-2] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape14-new_shape14-2] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape15-new_shape15-2] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape16-new_shape16-chunks16] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape17-new_shape17-3] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape18-new_shape18-4] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape19-new_shape19-chunks19] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape20-new_shape20-1] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape21-new_shape21-1] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape22-new_shape22-24] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape23-new_shape23-6] dask/array/tests/test_array_core.py::test_reshape[original_shape24-new_shape24-6] 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dask/array/core.py
dask/array/core.py