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My son wanted to give a party for my birthday. We discussed the invitations and the cost of the party. However, we had very different ideas about whom and how many people to invite. He thought that the people we knew had badly disappointed me by not keeping in touch with me since the death of my wife. But my idea of a relationship among people was to be friendly to everyone. He said, "Come on, Dad, where have all these so-called friendly, good people been since Mum passed away? They visited us in the past because Mum made good food." I replied, "I am sorry to hear that. Is this the reason why you do not want to invite those people? It's no wonder that you are unhappy. Can you live alone? Are you teaching your children to do the same in the future?" I asked myself where I had gone in his upbringing. My wife had often blamed me for not paying enough attention to communication with other people when I was raising our son. I realized at this moment that she was quite right. Hours later, my son phoned me to say that he accepted his wife's advice and agreed to have a party with some of my friends. In the end, we had a great time. And he didn't "hate" those friends any more. "Happy Birthday, Dad! Sorry that I have kept you away from your friends. I love you." On hearing what he said, I was full of happiness and excitement. I was proud that he could change his mind. The author didn't think his son had a happy life because he _ .
|
[
"lived a hard life",
"didn't understand friendship",
"didn't respect his father",
"taught his children wrongly"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A species of bird has not been seen since the 1900s and is considered extinct. Which evidence would best disprove the claim that the bird is extinct?
|
[
"A bird watcher makes a sketch of the bird.",
"A scientist discovers fossil remains of the bird.",
"A researcher takes a photograph of the bird.",
"A park ranger finds a suitable habitat for the bird."
] | 2C
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Which function makes a plant cell different from an animal cell?
|
[
"ability to use energy",
"ability to absorb nutrients",
"ability to divide into two cells",
"ability to convert sunlight into energy"
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
The Rydberg equation v = R_H(1/n_1^2 - 1/n_2^2) accurately predicts the UV-visible emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom. A form of the Rydberg equation may also be used to predict the UV-visible emission for all of the following EXCEPT
|
[
"hydride ion, H−",
"deuterium atom, D",
"tritium atom, T",
"helium cation, He+"
] | 0A
|
college_chemistry
|
mmlu
|
What is the mass of a full box of cereal?
|
[
"20 ounces",
"20 pounds",
"20 tons"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
I have a big family. In my family,there are 6 people--my father,my mother,my two sisters,my brother and me. My mother is Linda. My father is Mike. And our family name is Hand. My sisters are Gina and Sonia. They like baseball very much. My brother,David,is a lovely boy. He likes computer games. My name is Bob. I my family. Linda has _ sons.
|
[
"one",
"two",
"three",
"four"
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
There are robots all around us,Some do very complicated jobs like flying airplanes and driving subway trains. And some do a simple job. When an automatic washing machine is switched on, water pours in. The machine waits until the water is hot before washing the clothes. It does this by "feedback". Information about what is happening is "feedback"into the robot to tell it what to do next. Our eyes,ears and other senses are our feedback. They tell us what is going on around us. So robots are like people in two ways:They work and they have feedback. There are robots all around, making our lives easier. Some of them, like the pocket calculator, can work much more quickly than human beings can. And they rarely make mistakes. In some ways robots are better than people. They work quickly, but do not make mistakes. They do not get bored doing the same job over andover again. And they never get tired. Robots are very useful in factories. They can be taught to do many different jobs. First their electronic brains must be shown how the job is done. A person moves the robot's"arm"and"hand"through each part of the job. The robot's brain remembers each move. When the robot is put to work on its own, its brain controls the rods, wheels and motors which move its arm. When the robot is needed for a new job, its electronic memory is"wiped clean."Then it is taught how to do its new task. If the robot's hand stops working, or if something gets in the way, it cannot do the next part of the job. So it stops and signals for help, then a human engineer repairs it. The most"intelligent"robots can move and see. Their eyes are cameras. Their metal fingers can feel shapes and even find out how hot and cold objects are. These robots have computer brains, linked to their eyes and fingers, which control their actions. In this story we are told that _ .
|
[
"we get feedback through our eyes and ears",
"we get feedback through the robots",
"only robots get feedback",
"robots are not intelligent because of the feedback"
] | 0A
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of these has the greatest capacity for storing thermal energy from the Sun?
|
[
"air",
"land",
"oceans",
"plants"
] | 2C
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Three-dimensional printers are fast becoming everyday devices in the United States. Three-D printers are used to make everything from automobile parts to bone replacements for human patients. American research scientists are now working on creating replacements for living tissue. Researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina have been working on creating and manufacturing living tissue since 2003.This process is called biofabrication . It requires special printing equipment and a special kind of ink. Traditional printers require ink to produce an image or design on a piece of paper. For their three-D printer, the South Carolina researchers prepare complex nutritious solutions they call bio-inks. Bio-inks are made of proteins and glucose , which normally provides energy for most cells of the body. The researchers also add living cells taken from the animal that will receive the new, printed tissue. The bio-inks are then added to a device that researchers call the Palmetto bio-printer. Sarah Grace Dennis is one of the researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina. She says new technology, like the Palmetto bio-printer, is a great help to the biofabrication process. The bio-inks are placed in three dispensers , containers, inside the printer. Lasers control both the position of the printing surface and the places where the bio-ink is released. Michael Yost is a leader of the research team. He says the printing process is fully automated-- machine-operated. He says that the Palmetto bio-printer makes it possible to create complex tissue types. The researchers say bio-printing is still experimental. But they hope in a few years they may be able to print tissue to replace damaged human organs. But there are still some problems which need to be solved. Some scientists worry about how to get blood to the replacement tissue. The flow of blood is important to keep the printed tissue alive. Michael Yost hopes that more people will believe in the benefits of biofabrication. "Tissue biofabrication is a reality, and it is a reality now, and if you come here and you get to see it. You will get to see it. You can't touch it, but you will see it and think this is real. And this is really human." According to Michael Yost, we can infer that _ .
|
[
"the Palmetto bio-printer can workwithout power",
"the Palmetto bio-printer has been used to treat the patients",
"the Palmetto bio-printer can only be found in the United States",
"the Palmetto bio-printer will have a bright future in medical use"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In the 17th century, Galileo proposed a hypothesis to explain how suction pumps work. Galileo's hypothesis was disproved, but later it helped Torricelli in the development of an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. How did Galileo's hypothesis most likely help with the development of this new technology?
|
[
"by leading Galileo to design a different technology",
"by allowing another scientist to critique Galileo's hypothesis",
"by providing evidence of the effects of atmospheric pressure",
"by inspiring another scientist to test an alternative hypothesis"
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Hi!I'm Lucy. I am a student in Class 5,Grade 7.I have a big schoolbag. It is blue and red. The price is Y=88.1.have a nice pencil box in it. It is Y=10.Its color is white. I bought it in a store. There are four pencils and one pen. Each pencil is Y=1 and the pen is Y=12.My eraser is yellow. The price is Y=2.My ruler is orange and very long. I like them very much. I study very hard. I am in Grade _ .
|
[
"One",
"Seven",
"Three",
"Five"
] | 1B
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws on its wings when young. They build their homes about 4.6m above the river, an important feature for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin. In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside. The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature, though, is only found in the young. Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip. Using these four claws, together with the beak , they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly, they lose their claws. During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes. What is the text mainly about?
|
[
"Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons.",
"The relatives and enemies of hoatzins.",
"Primitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon.",
"The appearance and living habits of hoatzins."
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which characteristic can a human offspring inherit?
|
[
"facial scar",
"blue eyes",
"long hair",
"broken leg"
] | 1B
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Googlefight is a simple service available on the Internet which offers you the chance to compare two different items and see how many hits they get on the Google search engine. The seemingly simple device has proved invaluable to users, especially to help win arguments. For example, imagine that you and your friends are arguing about who are the most popular music or movie stars, you can decide the argument by writing the names in the Googlefight boxes. Let's say that you are arguing about Jackie Chan and Jet Li. You will quickly discover that Jet Li is mentioned 16 million times on Google pages, whereas Jackie Chan is mentioned a mere 12 million times! In this unscientific way, you can claim victory for one Star over another. But teachers have come up with ways of using Googlefight which are much more useful from an academic point of view, particularly when it comes to studying languages. You can, for example, find out the frequency of two words with the same meaning, and deduce from the answers which one is more common. For example, let's take the words "buy" and "purchase", which mean the same thing (although "buy" is only a verb and "purchase" is both a verb and a noun). It is immediately clear from Googlefight that "buy" is much more commonly used, with a massive three and a half billion hits, compared to only one billion occurrences for the more formal word. But the real value of Googlefight to the language learner is in determining which is the more common of two phrases. For example, "raining cats and dogs" is an old-fashioned English expression about the weather. Do English speakers still use it? Or are they more likely to say "pouring down"? Googlefight suggests the latter. "Pouring down" has 898,000 Google hits, whereas "raining cats and dogs" only has 326,000. With phrases, it's important to remember that you need to use quote marks to make the search more accurate. For example, if you type in the similar phrases "look after" and "take care of " without quote marks, the second phrase seems to be more common, but with quote marks, the result is reversed. Which statement is NOT true according to the passage?
|
[
"Googlefight is effective to determine the more common of two phrases.",
"Googlefight is a scientific way to decide an argument.",
"Quote marks can make the search more accurate.",
"Googlefight is invaluable to help win arguments."
] | 1B
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Tiny transmitters fixed on the backs of the blue-green bees have allowed scientists to follow the insects as they fly for miles in search of rare flowers. Working in Panama, scientists caught 17 bees of the common species and fixed a 300 milligram radio light onto the back of each. The signals they sent out were used to follow their movements in and around the forest where they lived. Professor Martin, from Princeton University, US, and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Germany, said, "By following the radio signals, we discovered that male bees spent most of their time in small centre areas, but could take off and visit areas farther away. One male even crossed over the shipping lanes in the Panama Canal, flying at least 5km, and returned a few days later." Researchers have struggled to follow the movements of bees before, following bees marked with paint or using radar which doesn't work well in forests. "Carrying the transmitter could reduce the distance that the bees travel, but even if the flight distances we record are the shortest distances that these bees can fly, they are impressive, long-distance movements," said Dr. Roland Kays, from New York State Museum, a co-author of the research published today in the on-line journal. "This result helps to explain how these bees' pollination can be so rare." Pollination by bees and other insects is the key to the diversity and continued growth of flowers and trees in some forests. The new study is the first to use radio transmitters to follow bees in a forest. Similar research may now be carried in temperate forests, where bees also play a vital role. The main purpose of the passage is to _
|
[
"call on people to protect the bees for the environment",
"explain why the bees fly far away in search of flowers",
"introduce a modern way to follow the bees to readers",
"encourage the public to support the scientists' research"
] | 2C
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What happens when man moves into new environment but reproduction ceases to happen?
|
[
"native species go wild",
"native species grow large",
"native species loses dwindle",
"native species thrive more"
] | 2C
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of these determines whether a fertilized egg develops into a toad, a snake, or a lizard?
|
[
"the sex of the egg",
"the age of the egg",
"the size of the egg",
"the genes of the egg"
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
A ban on smoking in public places has come into effect on May 1,2011 in China--home to one third of the world's smokers. The ban is aimed at controlling the number of deaths from smoking-related diseases, running at a million deaths a year.That figure is predicted to double by 2020.The new smoking ban is an attempt to prevent that prediction coming true. The new rules forbid people from smoking in places like hotels, railway stations or theatres, but not including the office.Employers can warn their staff of the dangers of smoking but cannot forbid them from smoking at their desks. But the new rules have been criticized because they do not describe in detail the punishments for businesses or individuals who _ them.Quite many smokers do not seem to take much notice of them.Often you find people smoking at next table while you are eating your meal or having a drink in a bar.In bus stops as well as in railway stations smoking can also be seen here and there.Business owners are also angry at the efforts to force them to ban smoking on their premises , because many customers refuse to go to restaurants or places of entertainment where smoking is forbidden. It appears that many Chinese people are unaware of the dangers of smoking.Research suggests that only one in four knows the harm cigarettes can cause.Officials say they have to try to persuade people not to smoke to try to reduce the numbers dying from smoking-related diseases.At the same time, however, the local governments make a lot of money from the sales of cigarettes by the state-owned firm that makes and sells tobacco products throughout the country. The number of deaths caused by smoking by 2020 will probably be _ .
|
[
"one million a year",
"two million a year",
"three million a year",
"four million a year"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What is the result of cellular respiration?
|
[
"A",
"B",
"C",
"D"
] | 0A
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
Mr. Green is a famous writer now. But he said he was not a good student when he was young. He was often late for school and didn't like doing his homework. Sometimes he slept in class while the teacher was teaching. He didn't understand much, but he always thought he understood everything. One day the teacher asked the students a question, "When John was ten years old, his brother was twenty. John is fifteen now and how old is his brother?" Mr. Green answered, "That's easy. His brother is twice as old as John, so he is now thirty." Another time, the teacher in a science class asked, "When it thunders , why do we always see the light before we hear the sound?" "But, Miss White," said Mr. Green quickly, "can't you see our eyes are in front of our ears?" The third time, the teacher in a biology class asked, "Why can fish swim in the water?" "But, Miss White," said Mr. Green quickly, "don't you know fish can't walk on land?" How old is John's brother when John is fifteen in the teacher's question?
|
[
"10 years old.",
"15 years old.",
"20 years old.",
"25 years old."
] | 3D
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Laughter Yoga is a unique technique invented by Dr Kataria, a doctor from India, by which you can learn to "Laugh for No Reason". You don't even need a sense of humor, no funny jokes or comedy programs -- just a willingness to laugh -- and in the present climate everyone needs to laugh more. Laughter Yoga is a combination of Laughter Exercises and Yogic Breathing, so that you increase the amount of oxygen in your body while being playful, resulting in you feeling healthier, energetic and alive. This actually changes the physical conditions of your body so that you start to feel happier. Laughter Yoga is generally done in groups although it can be practiced alone. When you make eye contact with someone and you're both willing to laugh, the laughter is increased. However, we do say that you can "Fake it, fake it till you make it" because the body doesn't know the difference between fake and true laughter; as long as you're willing to laugh you'll experience the same health benefits. Laughter Yoga started in a park in Mumbai in 1995 with just 5 participants, and now there're over 6,000 laughter clubs in 60 different countries -- showing the willingness of the world to laugh together. In the UK, Julie was one of the first people to train as a Laughter Leader with Dr Kataria in June 2002. In 2006 she was awarded Laughter Ambassador for her selfless service to promote Laughter Yoga. "Yoga has been part of my life for 30 years but 7 years ago my life changed when I discovered Laughter Yoga. I believe laughter and yoga are both good for your health," says Julie. What do we know about Julie from the passage?
|
[
"She took up Laughter Yoga 30 years ago.",
"She helped make Laughter Yoga more popular.",
"She used to suffer from serious physical problems.",
"She was the first person to practise Laughter Yoga."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A program in our college helps you work part-time to ease your pressure from costs. If you need more money to cover all of your education-related costs, this program may be fit for you. Advantages Work experience: Last year, more than 1,400 positions were available across all departments. The jobs wary from one department to the next, and in most cases, participants find a position in their chosen field. Money: During the regular academic year(September to April), you can work party-time and earn $3,200---sometimes more---while you take courses! During the summer time, you work full-time and can earn around $6,000 over 18 weeks. Easy access: Applying for the program is easy. There is no need for face-to-face interview. All the forms you need are online; just fill in the forms and email us; we accept no letter or phone application! Did you know? At the University of Ottawa, it is not necessary to receive government assistance to qualify for our Work-Study Program. _ You could have one of these great Work-Study jobs: *Student ambassador *Computing and network technician *Marketing assistant *Sports team manager *Researcher/translator/Writer And more! The admission Section receives and evaluates applications to undergraduate programs, in addition to answering applicants' questions. Phone: 613-562-5315 Toll-free: 1-877-868-8292(#5315) What will you benefit from the program if accepted?
|
[
"You can make $ 3,200 in the academic year at least.",
"You will get $ 6,000 scholarship a year.",
"You can take courses free of charge.",
"You may get more academic scores."
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What would you do if you had an accident in your daily life? It is important for you to get some knowledge about first aid in your daily life. If a person has an accident, he / she needs medical care before a doctor can be found. When you give first aid, you must know three things: First, when a person stops breathing , open his / her mouth to see if there is food in his / her mouth. Second, if a person cannot breathe, try to start his / her breathing at once, using a mouth-to-mouth way. Third, if a person is hurt badly, try to stop the bleeding at once. And then take him / her to a doctor, because if a person loses one third of his / her blood, he / she may be in great danger. Many accidents may happen at home, and everyone should know some first aid to deal with common injuries. When a person _ by an animal, wash the wound with cold running water before he / she is taken to see a doctor. When a person is burnt, wash and cool the area of the skin under the cold tap for a while, then put a piece of dry clean cloth over the burn. If a person is badly burnt, take him / her to the doctor. If a person cuts his / her finger, clean it and put a piece of clean paper round the cut. In the future we should learn more about first aid and try to spread it. How many steps should you pay attention to when you give first aid?
|
[
"Two.",
"Three.",
"Four.",
"Five."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Mr. White's family decided to repair their house. Mr. White bought the house two and a half years ago. Since his kids were growing up, he and his wife wanted to make some changes to the house. They decided to knock down their living room wall to open up the space. When the wooden walls were moved, they were shocked to find a lizard stuck in the small space between the walls. The lizard's foot was stuck by a nail which was knocked into the wall from the other side several months ago. However, they wondered how the lizard had _ so long without moving from that place. The family decided to wait for a while and see how the lizard survived several months without moving. While they were doing other things, they kept an eye on the lizard. The son, Ray, suddenly shouted, "Dad, look here!" Another lizard appeared, carrying food to the stuck lizard's mouth. That was a real surprise! Everyone was touched that the lizard fed the other one for all this time. Both lizards had never-ending hope for each other and carried their hearts with love and care. Why can't we humans always carry that kind of love in our hearts? Life is full of all kinds of difficulties. What we can do is to give our hand to the one in need and share our love. Sharing is caring. Which of the following is NOT true?
|
[
"The lizards didn't give up hope.",
"The son helped the stuck lizard out.",
"Another lizard came to feed the stuck one.",
"The family was moved by the lizard's act."
] | 1B
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Ashley acquired this trait?
|
[
"Ashley's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.",
"Some scars fade more quickly than others."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
International Students' Orientation Programme What is it? It is a course which will introduce you to the College and to Bingham. It takes place in the week before term starts, from 24th-28thSeptember, but you should plan to arrive in Bingham on the 22ndor 23rdSeptember. Why do we think it is important? We want you to have the best possible start to your studies and you need to find out about all the opportunities that college life offers. It will enable you to get to know the college, its facilities and services. You will also have a chance to meet staff and students. How much will it cost? * International students (non-European Union students) For those students who do not come from European Union (EU) countries, and who are not used to European culture and customs, the progamme is very important and you are strongly advised to attend. Because of this, the cost of the programme, without accommodation, is built into your tuition fees. * EU students EU students are welcome to take part in this programme without accommodation for PS195. Accommodation costs (international and EU students) The cost of accommodation for one week is PS165 If you have booked accommodation for the year ahead (41 weeks) through the college, you do not have to pay extra for accommodation. You can ask us to pre-book accommodation for you one week only in a hotel with other International students. What is included during the programme? Meals: lunch and an evening meal are provided as part of the programme. Please note that breakfast is not available. Information: including such topics as accommodation, health, religious matters, study skills, and other necessary information. Social activities: including a welcome party and a half day trip round Bingham. If a student plans to take the course, he has to arrive in Bingham at least _ days in advance before term starts.
|
[
"2",
"4",
"5",
"6"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Meadow voles consume
|
[
"producers",
"apex predators",
"decomposers",
"detritivores"
] | 0A
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Most people want to work, but in today's word ,it is more difficult to find work for everybody.The economics of the world need to grow by 4% each year just to keep the old number of jobs for people. Often this is not possible,and so more people are out of work. Some people have no jobs now because new machines can do the work of many people do in a short time.Also, machines do not ask for more money and longer holidays. In all the countries of the world, machines are taking work from people ,not only in factories but also on the farms. One machine can often do the work of forty people. About 75,000 people are moving to the cities a day to look for jobs ,but only 70% of them can find jobs . The economics of the world need to grow to _ .
|
[
"get more money",
"keep the old number of jobs of people",
"make new machines",
"let people look for jobs"
] | 1B
|
high_school_macroeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Compare the motion of two buses. Which bus was moving at a higher speed?
|
[
"a bus that moved 825kilometers in 10hours",
"a bus that moved 460kilometers in 10hours"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
NASDAQ, acronym for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation system, is one of the largest markets in the world for the trading of stocks. The number of companies listed on NASDAQ is more than that on any of the other stock exchange in the United States, including the New York Stock Exchange(NYSE) and the American Stock Exchange (AMSE). The majority of companies listed on NASDAQ are smaller than most of those on the NYSE and AMSX. NASDAQ has become known as the home of new technology companies, particularly computer and computer-related businesses. Trading on NASDAQ is started by stock brokers acting on behalf of their clients. The brokers negotiate with market makers who concentrate on trading specific stocks to reach a price for the stock. Unlike other stock exchange, NASDAQ has no central location where trading takes place. Instead, its market makers are located all over the country and make trades by telephone and via the Internet. Because brokers and market makers trade stocks directly instead of on the floor of a stock exchange, NASDAQ is called an over-the-counter market. The term over-the -counter refers to the direct nature of the trading, as in a store where goods are handed over a counter. Since its inception in 1971, the NASDAQ Stock Market has been the innovator . As the world's first electronic stock market, NASDAQ long ago set a precedent for technological trading innovation that is unrivaled . Now ready to become the world's first truly global market, the NASDAQ Stock Market is the market of choice for business industry leaders worldwide. By providing an efficient environment for raising capital NASDAQ has helped thousands of companies achieve their desired growth and successfully make the leap into public ownership. The word" negotiate"(Line 8,Para.1) means _ .
|
[
"discuss",
"argue",
"interfere",
"cope"
] | 0A
|
high_school_microeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A pulley is used to do what with objects?
|
[
"crush",
"cool",
"increase altitude",
"elevate significance"
] | 2C
|
high_school_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The air plant has wonderful and amazing features. It takes in moisture from the air through its leaves.Although it is seen growing on another object or plant to support itself. To prevent the roots from being too wet,avoid planting it in soil. Keep the roots in a well--ventilated environment. Air plants can grow well hanging from fishing lines. They can also be hung from seashells, teacups or even on wood. Water the air plant once in a while. Simply let the water fall from the roots. The roots will take in the water for the air plant. The air plant can live between 0degCdeg and 51 degC. It does not need to be in the light all the time. However, sunlight(morning and evening only)helps it to reproduce faster. When it flowers,it turns a colorful pink, red or orange.At most 8 young plants can grow from the air plant.When these grow to half the size of the parent plant, simply pull them away gently from the parent plant and plant them in another place. The lifespan of an air plant _ the care it gets and the environment it is placed in. Generally, all air plant can live for many years. Because they are so beautiful and easy to take care of, air plants are excellent as birthday gifts or housewarming gifts. Morning sunlight can help the air plant _ .
|
[
"become drier",
"produce young plants faster",
"turn into different colors",
"become half the size of the parent plant"
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The place is England. The year is 1928. One of the founding theorists of quantum mechanics , Paul Dirac, is scratching his head because solutions to his equations have _ unexpected results. For the solutions to make sense, he reasons, there must be a particle that has the mass of an electron but the opposite charge. At the time, such a thing was not known to exist. Several years pass before American physicist Carl Anderson observes a "positive" electron, or positron that confirms Dirac's prediction. Antimatter , as the name implies, can be described as the opposite of ordinary matter. Every particle in the universe has characteristics such as mass and charge. With antimatter, the mass remains constant, but the sign of the charge is reversed. All particles have an antimatter counterpart , even the chargeless neutron . Unlike matter, antimatter is not common. Unless you're in the upper atmosphere, or inside a particle accelerator, you're not going to come across it. "Antimatter was not always so rare," Stephane Coutu, Penn State particle physicist says. There was a time when it was as prevalent as matter itself. "Right after the Big Bang ," Coutu explains, "we believe there must have been exactly the same amounts of matter and antimatter...and yet owing to some small asymmetry in the laws of particle interactions, all of the antimatter and most of the matter in the early universe was annihilated . We are left today with the resulting matter-dominated universe." Science fiction is rife with tales of high-energy particle annihilation, and indeed, antimatter weapons have appeared in current bestselling novels. This is unrealistic, Coutu says. "[It] would be very impractical owing to very great difficulties in producing and maintaining significant amounts of antimatter." Technology that uses the properties of antimatter is actually feasible outside of science fiction, however. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical technique that can be used to detect cancer, measure blood flow and detect coronary artery disease. While antimatter may never be used as a bomb, it certainly has a positive future in life-saving medical diagnostic tools, the anti-weapon. According to Coutu, _ .
|
[
"It is unrealistic to apply antimatter to medical care",
"antimatter weapon is threatening the safety of human beings",
"antimatter is not always so rare around us",
"It's not easy to produce and maintain large quantities of antimatter"
] | 3D
|
college_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Rene Descartes' explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine. He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon - that tissue injury makes specific nerves send a signal to the brain, causing the mind to notice pain. The phenomenon, he said, is like pulling on a rope to ring a bell in the brain. It is hard to overstate how deeply fixed this account has become. In medicine, doctors see pain in Descartes' terms-- as a physical process, a sign of tissue injury. The limitations of this explanation, however, have been apparent for some time, since people with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no pain at all. Later, researchers proposed that Descartes' model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain. They argued that before pain signals reach the brain, they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord . In some cases, this imaginary gate could simply stop pain signals from getting to the brain. Their most _ suggestion was that what controlled the gate was not just signals from sensory nerves but also emotions and other "output" from the brain. They were saying that pulling on the rope need not make the bell ring. The bell itself--the mind-- could stop it. This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood, gender, and beliefs influence the experience of pain. In a British study, for example, researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a common measurement: after immersing your hand in body-temperature water for two minutes to establish a baseline condition, you put your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running. You mark the time when it begins to hurt: that is your pain threshold. Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water: that is your pain tolerance. The test is always stopped at 120 seconds, to prevent injury. The results were striking. On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds. Female dancers were almost three times as long on both counts. Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain, but the difference between male dancers and male nondancers was nearly as large. What explains that difference? Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers--a group known for self-discipline, physical fitness, and competitiveness, as well as by a high rate of chronic injury. Their driven personalities and competitive culture evidently accustom them to pain. Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and that, with training, one can reduce one's sensitivity to pain. There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggestion can have powerful effects on pain. In one study of 500 patients undergoing dental procedures, those who were given a placebo injection and promised that it would relieve their pain had the least discomfort-- not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also less than the patients who got actual drug without any promise that it would work. Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience of pain and is no more bell on a string. Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact. There's a problem with it, though. It explains people who have injuries but feel no pain, but it doesn't explain the reverse, which is far more common-- the millions of people who experience chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever. So where does the pain come from? _ . The primary purpose of the passage is to _ .
|
[
"describe how modern research has updated an old explanation",
"support a traditional view with new data",
"promote a particular attitude towards physical experience",
"suggest a creative treatment for a medical condition"
] | 0A
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What's a good friend like? One may have different answers to this question at different ages. When he is very young, he may think a good friend must be together with him all day. And they can share everything together. If his friend doesn't give him food to eat once, he doesn't think they are good friends any more. But they will play together happily again very soon. When he grows older and studies in a middle school, his idea about a good friend changes. He thinks a good friend should be helpful and honest. A good friend should always help him with his lessons. A good friend should come to him when he is sad. And he is always ready to tell everything to his friend. If his friend tells others about his secrets, he may hate the friend. When he grows up, he may not think it's necessary for a good friend to be always honest. Everyone has his secrets. If the truth may hurt the friend, it's better to keep it secret from him than tell him about it. And he may think a good friend can give him some good advice when he has problems. He comes to understand that he shouldn't just ask friends for help and that he should also learn to do something for his friends. We should keep it secrets from our friend when _ .
|
[
"he is very young",
"he grows up",
"he is unhappy",
"the truth may hurt him"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What do producers need to make food?
|
[
"sunlight, oxygen, and carbon dioxide",
"sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide",
"water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide",
"water, oxygen, and sunlight"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Last week the American Medical Association voted, for the first time, to declare obesity a disease. How should the rest of us respond? When we meet obese people, should we cast them a knowing glance of concern and ask how they are doing? Should we send flowers and "get well soon" cards to obese family members and friends? Should the U.S. declare war on obesity, as we once did on cancer? If obesity truly is a disease, then over 78 million adults and 12 million children in America just got classified as sick. Yet many sensible people know that declaring obesity a disease is a mistake. Simply put, obesity is not a disease. To be sure, it is a risk factor for some diseases. Yet everyone who is obese does not get sick, and many normal-weight people do not stay healthy. I have known slim people who took good care of themselves throughout their lives yet fell ill and died young. Others who exhibited no particular interest in their health and did not watch their weight lived to an old age. In most cases, we simply cannot tell from a person's weight what lies ahead for them in life. Consider Winston Churchill. Though average in height, Churchill weighed up to 250 pounds. He smoked cigars and drank ly heavily. He did not work out. Yet he became perhaps the most important statesmen of the 20th century and one of the greatest politicians in history. He lived to age 90. Is obesity bad for people? For some, especially patients who are extremely overweight, the answer is almost certainly yes. Would many overweight people benefit from exercising more and eating less? Again, the answer is likely yes. But this does not make obesity a disease. Many people are not harmed by carrying extra pounds, some may actually benefit from it. For these reasons, we should be careful before labeling obese people diseased. What is the author's attitude towards the American Medical Association's declaration on obesity?
|
[
"Favorable",
"Uncaring",
"Disapproving",
"Friendly"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A growing number of college students are applying to take entry tests for medical and dental schools among increasing graduate unemployment in Korea. "I've decided to apply for the test to enter a medical college to become a doctor, changing from my original plan to prepare for a lawyer qualification exam in order to get a more stable job in the future," said a 24-year-old college graduate, Lee, who majored in business administration during his undergraduate schooling. The new medical and dental school system is getting popularity, attracting an increasing number of students every year since its appearance in 2004, as it is open to all college graduates regardless of their previous majors. The Education Development introduced the new medical and dental education system, in which college students with bachelor's degrees are allowed to study medicine or dentistry by taking the Medical Education Test (MET) and Dental Education Test (DET). Ten medical schools and six dental colleges that have used the new system have received 4,377 applications for the entrance exams. Applicants are getting younger compared with those in their 20s representing 76.9 percent of the total. The tests might be easier for students with biology and chemistry majors, but graduates from other majors are also applying for the tests. Under the existing medical and dental education system, students should take a two-year premedical course followed by a four-year medical course. Students graduating under the new medical or dental education system are given master's degrees, while those graduates who studied under the previous system have bachelor's degrees. What would be the best title for the passage?
|
[
"New Medical and Dental School System Is Carried Out in Korea",
"Korean College Students Have a New Job Choice",
"Korean College Students Rush to Medical and Dental Schools",
"Doctors Are Becoming Popular in Korea"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are doubtful, and beyond six or seven they are worthless. The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather--to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards --any prediction becomes worse rapidly. Errors and uncertainties increase, from dust devils and storms up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see. The modern weather models work with net-like points sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data have to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors placed one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity , and any other data a weatherman would want. Exactly at noon a powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 12.02, then 12.03... the computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton will have sun or rain one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have added to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe. Usually there is a weather sub-station _ .
|
[
"in every city",
"every 60 miles",
"between two cities",
"every one foot"
] | 1B
|
college_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which object has the most thermal energy?
|
[
"a cookie at a temperature of 6°C",
"a cookie at a temperature of 29°C",
"a cookie at a temperature of 22°C"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
As an old Chinese saying goes, food is what matters most to people. A Bite of China Season Two, all about the history and culture of eating and cooking in China, broadcast on CCTV-1 from April 18 to June 6. Food plays an important role in our daily life. It is also one of the most important parts of Chinese culture. Besides the rich food culture in China, A Bite of China Season Two also wants to show the joys and sadnesses of ordinary Chinese in changing times through food. The documentary makes viewers long for home and the tastes of childhood. One Weibo user wrote, "A Bite of China Season Two makes me have so many words to say. It makes me think of my parents and grandmother. I remember my father taught me how to fish when I was a kid. I haven't been home for a long time, so I've decided to go back in a few days." The documentary uses food as a window to introduce China to the world. Viewers can see how Chinese people love life by loving food. The new season is not just an introduction to food. It also explores the relationship between Chinese people and their food. Anyone who wants to know more about Chinese food culture and Chinese society should have a bite of the programme. When did the programme begin on CCTV-1?
|
[
"April 6.",
"April 18.",
"June 6.",
"July 6."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
. As the world's largest terrestrial carnivore ,the polar bear is the king of the great white north. Adult males can measure more than 9 feet in length and weigh between 770 and 1,430 pounds. The bear's body and neck are elongated, and the head is narrow and long with small, rounded ears. Polar bear populations can be found in northern Canada, Greenland, Norway and Russia, and there have been reports that polar bear tracks have been found as far north as the North Pole. The 5,000,000-square-mile range of the polar bear circles the Arctic and contains stretches of open water where seals are easily caught. Polar bears live on the annual Arctic sea ice that provides a platform from which they can hunt. They hunt seals on the sea ice by breaking into seal dens in the sea ice. The dens aren't visible from above,but seeing is less important than smelling to a polar bear -- with their keen sense of smell,polar bears can sense the breathing holes of seals in their dens beneath the snow and ice. As the southern edge of the Arctic ice cap melts in summer, polar bears are stranded on land and spend their summers fasting ,living off body fat stored from hunting in spring and winter. It might come as a surprise that this species faces an uncertain future. Climate change is causing the disappearance of sea ice from which polar bears hunt seals. Sea ice in the Arctic is melting earlier and forming later each year. With about 22,000 polar bears living in the wild,the species is not endangered at the moment, but its future is far from certain. People have reached an agreement that controls the hunting of polar bears and directs each nation to protect their habitats, but it does not protect the bears against the biggest man-made threat to their survival : global warming. If current warming trends continue, scientists believe that polar bears may disappear within 100 years. It can be inferred from the passage that _ .
|
[
"the polar bear is an endangered species at present",
"we should protect seals in order to keep the food chain in the Arctic",
"the polar bear can be found near the North Pole and the South Pole",
"people will do something to protect polar bears"
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The "melting pot" in American cuisine(. ) is a myth, not terribly unlike the idea of a melting pot of American culture, notes chef Dan Barber. "Most cultures don't think about their cuisine in such monolithic terms," he says. "French, Mexican, Chinese, and Italian cuisines each consist of dozens of distinct regional foods. And I think 'American' cuisine is moving in the same direction, becoming more localized, not globalized. " American cuisine is shaped by the natural wealth of the country. Having never faced agricultural hardship, Americans don't have to rely on rotating crops, such as the Japanese, whose food culture now showcases buckwheat alongside rice, or the Indians, or the French and Italians, who feature beans alongside wheat. "That kind of negotiation with the land forced people to incorporate those crops in to the culture," says Barber. And so eating soba noodles becomes part of what it means to be Japanese, and eating beans becomes part of what it means to be French. So if what we eat is what we are, what are Americans? Well, meat. "If Americans have any unifying food identity, I would say we are a mostly white meat culture," says Barber. "The protein-centric dinner plate, whether you're talking about a boneless chicken breast, or a 16-ounce steak, as an everyday expectation is something that America really created, and now exports to the rest of the world." Every single culture and religion uses food as part of their celebrations, says Ellen Gustafson, co-founder of the FEED Project and The 30 Project, which aims to deal with both hunger and overweight issues globally. "The celebratory nature of food is universal. Every season, every harvest, and every holiday has its own food, and this is true in America as well. It helps define us." What has made American cuisine different from other cuisines according to the article?
|
[
"Relying on rotating crops",
"The difficulty of planting crops",
"The US' melting pot culture",
"The US' agricultural wealth"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
"Can I hug you?" community nurse Joyce Jebambula asks with a smile as she welcomes me back to her village. "Of course," I say as I put my arms around her. It's an unbelievable moment. Just at the height of the outbreak more than a year ago, there was an "avoid body contact" rule here. It's now been removed. One of the most challenging parts of reporting this outbreak over the past 18 months is that I haven't been able to touch anyone in the worst-affected countries. When Ebola survivors described in tears describing losing their families, I had to almost sit on my hands to avoid reaching out to comfort them. The outbreak was declared over in Sierra Leone on 7 November. I returned for the celebrations. But despite reaching this long-awaited milestone, all is not well. Ibrahim Koroma, 21, clings to his survivor's certificate outside the home. All 17 of his family are now dead. The certificate is one of his most prized possessions. "He does not pose any risk to the community" it reads. Ibrahim tells me how his landlord has allowed him to stay in one of the rooms of his former family home until the end of the year. He says he doesn't know what he'll do after that. He does some part-time work, relying heavily on help from neighbours. His two little sisters and little brother died in the very room where he now sleeps. He says he often lies awake thinking about them, feeling very bad. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa was the worst on record. In past outbreaks there had only been a few hundred deaths and a few hundred survivors. It was thought Ebola could live for only three months. But research has now shown it can linger for at least nine months. Scientists are still trying to find how long it could be infectious. We can learn from the passage that _ .
|
[
"Ebola can only survive a few days",
"Ibrahim's neighbours treat him badly",
"Ebola still influences Ibrahim's life",
"there were once 17 people in Ibrahim's family"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
My name's Mary. This is my family tree. These are my parents. Their names are Bill and Grace Brown. Those are my grandparents. Their names are Hery and Linda Brown. This is my uncle. His name is John. That boy is my brother. His name is Tony. This is Susan. She is my uncle's daughter. ,. (2,10) Tony and Mary are Susan's _ .
|
[
"brothers",
"sisters",
"friends",
"cousins"
] | 3D
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Worms,antis,and flowers live in soil.Fish,crabs,and seaweeds live in oceans.Birds,insects,and moss live in trees.soil,oceans,and trees are habitatsplaces where animals and plants live .Besides offering food and shelter, habitats allow for growth and reproduction. Humans, however,have destroyed many habitats.We change forests into parking lots. We turn grasslands into neighborhoods.We turn beach land into resorts.We turn 0ceans into chemical dumps.Some plants and animals adapt and survive.Others,however die.The changes are too much,too fast.Sometimes the death rate becomes greater than the birth rate.then the extinction occurs.An example of this happened on Florida's east coast,the habitat of the dusky seaside sparrow.This habitat changed suddenly as land was developed. And the sparrows were not able to adapt. More sparrows died than were born. In 1987 the dusky seaside sparrow became extinct.None exist in the world today. Fortunately,conservation efforts are underway.Many states have set aside land for nature preserves. Here,plants and animals live in their natural habitats.Some states have created man-made habitats .Artificial reefs,for example,have been put in ocean waters. The artificial reefs are habitats for hundreds of fish and other marine life.In 1970 the federal government passed a law to protect habitats.'Ibis~that the efforts of development must be studied.A highway,dam,or power plant may not be built if plants and animals,endangered.We were too late to save the dusky sparrow.Hopefully,however,these new efforts will save other plants and animals. The worst that can happen when habitats are destroyed is that plants and animals
|
[
"live in their natural habitats",
"become extinct",
"adapt and survive",
"move to new habitats"
] | 1B
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Technology is changing our lives. Our present aerospace companies are gradually disappearing as private space concerns are being born every day. I'm going to discuss three spacebased businesses that are sure to soon influence us all. First we have to make space travel cheaply and safely. Engine design is the main challenge. To make money in space, the cost of space travel will have to diminish . This problem will be the most difficult to solve. Liquid fueled rockets are the only way to get out of Earth's orbit. Finding new ways to power the flight to space is also another big challenge. Finding the key to cheap space travel might be the biggest story of our times. There are a lot of great minds working on this problem. And companies are pouring money into research and development. In the next few years we'll see the first suborbital tourist. And not long after that we should really start to see new and exciting things as competition heats up. Spacecraft design and production will naturally follow rocket technology. All sorts of crafts will be needed for the wide uses they'll be tasked with. Several companies in the United States have already made small, lowcost test vehicles. Resources in space will provide great mining profits to those who can afford the cost of setting up such a huge operation. Can you imagine finding a huge asteroid of pure gold? The benefit to mankind is limitless. Mining on other planets, like Mars, also adds CO2 into the very thin atmosphere. Over time this can lead to the formation of an atmosphere similar to Earth's. Space is going to offer us untold opportunity and wealth. But this is only going to occur if wealthy investors step forward and fund the first steps forward. It is certain that technology will take us to worlds we could never have imagined. According to the passage mining on other planets might help _ .
|
[
"increase the travel benefits there",
"form the atmosphere like Earth's there",
"bring some new species there",
"create more job opportunities there"
] | 1B
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The British people are among the world's greatest readers of newspapers.It's been the custom ever since most people could read. But why do people want to do nothing but read while traveling to work in a train? Perhaps they are tired, or else they sit behind a newspaper to shut themselves off from the world.All the same, most men would notice a woman struggling with a heavy case and jump up to help her and a pretty girl sitting opposite wouldn't escape their attention either.In this case a paper is useful because they can have a good look at her from behind it without her knowing.Perhaps they do nothing but read.There are stories of girls and young men who met in the rush hours, got married, and went on traveling in the same train hand in hand. The writer said that most men in the train would help a woman struggling with a heavy thing.The implication is that _ .
|
[
"It is interesting for a man to help a woman in trouble",
"it is considered a man's duty to offer help to a woman in need",
"the woman is too weak to carry a heavy case",
"men are often more interested in other things than reading newspapers, especially when women are in trouble"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Scientists say there are seven kinds of food that people should eat every day. They are: (1) green and yellow vegetables of all kind; (2) citrus fruits and tomatoes; (3) potatoes and other fruits and vegetables; (4) meat of all kinds, fish and eggs; (5) milk and foods made of milk, like cheese and ice-cream; (6) bread or cereal , rice is also in this kind of foods; (7) butter, or something like butter, with fat . People in different countries in the world eat different kinds of things. They also eat in different kinds the day. In some place people eat once or twice a day; in other countries, people eat three or four times a day. Scientists say that these differences are not important. It doesn't matter if a person eats dinner at 4 o'clock in the afternoon or at eleven o'clock at night. The important thing is that every day a person must eat something from each of the seven kind of food. The most important thing is that we must find some way to help the hungry people and make the people have right kinds of food , make them and healthy The most important thing is _ .
|
[
"many people in the world are hungry",
"we must eat the seven kinds of food",
"many people are too heavy",
"people eat too much food"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Normally, about 10 percent of the hair on your head is resting (not growing). After a few months, the resting hair falls out and new hair begins to grow in its place. The growing time can last from 2 to 6 years. During the growing period, hair will gain about 1 centimeter a month. It is normal to experience hair loss every day. Some people experience too much hair loss from a variety of causes. Most people _ believe that hair loss is caused by things like stress, scalp ,or wearing hats. With the exception of stress, none of these factors has been proven to be a cause of hair loss. Stress is also not very likely unless you have experienced extreme physical or psychological suffering. This hair loss also doesn't last long. The real cause of hair loss lies with hormonal problems. Hair loss occurs when male or female hormones are out of balance. An imbalance of hormones is usually genetic and cannot be cured. Male and female-pattern baldness is the most common form of hair loss. This is caused by a hormone called DHT, which helps in sexual development. An increase in DHT in a grown-up can lead to hair loss. There are also other causes of hair loss. Blood-thinners, some kind of medicines, and an excess of vitamin A, have all been shown to increase hair loss in certain people. Infections of the scalp can cause hair loss as well as certain diseases like diabetes. What is this passage mainly about?
|
[
"The side effects of medicines.",
"The effects of hormones.",
"The causes of hair loss.",
"Some ways to protect your hair."
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What do rotating vanes on an electric fan do to air?
|
[
"dampen",
"circulate",
"cool",
"warm"
] | 1B
|
electrical_engineering
|
mmlu_labeled
|
On July 1 at exactly 7:59:59, Bejing time, the world' s atomic clocks will pause for a single second, or, more precisely, change to the unusual time of 7:59:60. The addition of a leap second , is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earth' s rotation and astronomical time as measured by the sun. Just one extra second could affect the way computers and websites work, however. When the last leap second was added back in 2012, the community website Reddit crashed. For Reddit, the problem was that a Linux system got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second. Speaking to Wired about the problem back in 2012, Linux creator Linus Torvalds commented:"Almost every time we have a leap second, we find something. It' s really annoying, because it' s code that is almost never used, and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions. " Companies have thought of their own solutions, and Google' s"leap smear"may be the best- known example. As company engineer Christopher Pascoe explains in a blog post, companies usually try to turn back the clocks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again. However, Pascoe believes this creates problems. He asked:"Does email that comes in during that second get stored correctly?"Google has a solution: Cut the extra second into milliseconds and then put these tiny amounts of time into the system throughout the day."This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight."Says Pascoe."Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day." For many companies without Google' s money, however, the leap second will likely still cause some crashes. What' s Pascoe' s attitude toward Google' s solution to the problem?
|
[
"Ambiguous.",
"Approving.",
"Doubtful.",
"Cautious."
] | 1B
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Many people travel to different places in the world by air. Usually it takes a long time, perhaps half a day, for passengers to stay in the plan. So airlines offer passengers food. But it is common that they feel bad about food taste. Do you agree? To solve this problem, airlines try hard to improve their food. They would like to do so because they don't want to lose customers. However, according to scientific research, part of the reason why plane food tastes bad is that at high altitude we can not taste things as well as we do on the ground. Also scientists have found that our noses become very dry even before a plane takes off. As the plane moves up, the change in air pressure reduces one third of the sensibility of our taste buds . So our taste buds become senseless. The sad face, however, is that our noses don't know it. All of these help explain why food on the plane tastes so bad. They also help explain why airlines choose to offer passengers salty and spicy food. Without doing so, the food would be tasteless. Now there are many researches on this. According to one of them, some volunteers are asked to lie with their feet higher than their heads for weeks. And scientists write down their feelings about food taste. Though scientists try their best, it is not as easy as they thought. Because they can't deal with the special environment successfully, such as the change in air pressure, making food taste good is still hard for them. As the plane moves up, the change in air pressure reduces _ of the sensibility of our taste buds.
|
[
"half",
"one third",
"one fourth",
"one fifth"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
How long is a guitar?
|
[
"1 centimeter",
"1 meter",
"1 kilometer",
"1 millimeter"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Menu HAMBURGERS DRINKS Chicken $5.50 Orange juice $1.50 Egg $3.40 Coke $3.00 Fish $4.80 Coffee $5.50 Beef $6.20 Tea $2.00 RICE DESSERTS Fried $3.50 Ice cream $2.50 With meat $5.70 Apple pie $4.50 With eggs $4.20 Fruit $3.50 With vegetables $3.90 Chocolate $6.00 I have only two dollars. What can I buy?
|
[
"Coke.",
"Ice cream.",
"Tea.",
"Fruit."
] | 2C
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
In a plant such as a cactus, water is held within
|
[
"the spikes on the stem",
"the lines of a stem",
"the inside of the leaves",
"the series of tubes in the body"
] | 3D
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A new study shows students who write notes by hand during lectures perform better on exams than those who use laptops . Students are increasingly using laptops for note-taking because of speed and legibility . But the research has found laptop users are less able to remember and apply the concepts they have been taught. Researchers performed experiments that aimed to find out whether using a laptop increased the tendency to make notes "mindlessly" by taking down word for word what the professors said. In the first experiment, students were given either a laptop or pen and paper. They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills. Thirty minutes after the talk, they were examined on their ability to remember facts and on how well they understood concepts. The researchers found that laptop users took twice as many notes as those who wrote by hand. However, the typists performed worse at remembering and applying the concepts. Both groups scored similarly when it came to memorizing facts. The researchers' report said, "While more notes are beneficial, if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears." In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notes by hand performed significantly better on the exam. These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future. More and more students favor laptops for note-taking because they can _ .
|
[
"write more notes",
"digest concepts better",
"get higher scores",
"understand lectures better"
] | 0A
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the one substance that is not a mineral.
|
[
"Wood is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.",
"Native gold is a solid. It is not made by living things.",
"Baryte is a pure substance. It is not made by living things."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Which organ system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment?
|
[
"circulatory",
"excretory",
"immune",
"respiratory"
] | 3D
|
anatomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
What information supports the conclusion that Bella acquired this trait?
|
[
"Bella's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.",
"Some scars fade more quickly than others."
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
A way to ingest more fiber for a bear is to
|
[
"eat meat",
"consume fish",
"devour water",
"masticate leaves"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
When Steven was a young boy, he moved quite often with his family and so he never had many friends. He spent a lot of time on his own and liked to play with electronic things. Steven had a neighbour, Steve Wozniak. Steve was a little bit younger than Steven but also liked to play with electronic things. Steven made a microphone and Steve asked him many questions about it until he understood how it worked. Steven liked the fact that such a young boy was also interest ed in electronic things and so he taught him everything he knew. When they were a little older and knew more about electronic things, they made a "blue box". People could make free phone calls by breaking into the phone company's system with this box. They sold this to many people even though it was illegal , but this is not why they are famous today. Steven and Steve were the inventors of the first PC--personal computer. They called their first computer the Apple I. They invented it only for fun and to make themselves known among their friends. They did not think it would become so popular. They just liked playing computer games on it. Their computer made it cheaper and easier for people to own and use a computer. Their PCs were so popular that they made a new PC called the Apple II. Soon many schools, families and factories were using their computers. Without the two clever men, the personal computers might never have appeared. What did the "blue box" do?
|
[
"People could play computer games with it.",
"It helped people make electronic things.",
"It paid for everybody's telephone calls.",
"It helped people make free phone calls."
] | 3D
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Searching for love is no longer just a favorite subject for songs. It has also become a huge industry. Researchers say the online dating industry in the US earned 649 million dollars in 2006. They expect this number to increase to more than 9 million dollars by 2011. Experts say that the industry has grown because traditional social ties have weakened. Many young people leave behind a close community of friends and family to find work in bigger cities. People work longer hours, so they have less time to meet new people. This helps explain the popularity of online dating. Some estimates say120 thousand marriages a year result from matches made on the Internet. The dating industry has also been expanding in new ways. Many companies offer personalized services for finding the perfect mate. These companies are answering a large demand by single people. They are willing to invest their time and money to find love with carefully planned methods, instead of leaving love to chance. AskRomeo is a company in Virginia. It provides single people with advice on how to meet a person for the first time. Also in Virginia, the company True Life Partners provides a more costly and detailed dating service. The company hires a team of professional persons who help couples meet. But this level of service comes at a high price. Men pay thousands of dollars for the service. But women get to take part at no cost. There are lots of other costs linked to dating. And we wonder how the economic recession has affected dating in the US. According to the passage, we can know _ .
|
[
"most of the marriages result from the Internet.",
"the dating industry is popular now",
"women won't spend money when dating",
"single people like love at the first sight now"
] | 1B
|
high_school_microeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Palm trees use the sun to
|
[
"swim",
"eat",
"sleep",
"run"
] | 1B
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Elephants have very strong legs.Their legs are like trees.They usually walk slowly because they are so big,but they walk very quietly. Wild elephants living in the jungle usually stay together in big families.Usually one old elephant leads them.The others follow their leader.They usually move about at night,looking for food.In the hot daytime,they go to sleep in the cool shade of the trees.Elephants are kind animals.When one of them is hurt and cannot pull itself to its feet,the other elephants lift it up and help it to walk. Some people say that elephants never forget.They remember people who are kind or bad to them.There are many about this. When an elephant is hurt and cannot keep itself to its feet,the others _ .
|
[
"lift it up and help it to walk",
"run away as soon as possible",
"kill it immediately",
"carry it to a safe place"
] | 0A
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Many of us have had this annoying experience: You are waiting at a bus station when someone nearby begins to smoke. You move away, but there isn't much you can do about it. In Beijing, a new law is set to fight against smoking. It is regarded as China's toughest ever tobacco control rule . Smoking is not allowed in all indoor or public places. If people break the rules, they will have to pay up to 200 yuan. Smoking in schools is specially mentioned in this law. Teachers can not smoke in front of students in schools. Schools should also help students give up smoking and teach them about the danger of smoking. To get everybody to take part in the activity, Beijing has set up a report hotline and WeChat account . The public is invited to _ on no-smoking signs on WeChat The most popular sign is a picture of a gir1. It has got more than 1 million votes unti1 now. China is not the only country fighting smoking. In March 2004 Ireland became the first country to introduce a law on smoking in workplaces and public places. Many countries, including England and the US, then fo1lowed. In order to make people give up smoking, a new _ is passed in Beijing.
|
[
"law",
"plan",
"sign",
"topic"
] | 0A
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A turtle eating worms is an example of
|
[
"breathing",
"reproducing",
"eliminating waste",
"taking in nutrients"
] | 3D
|
natural_science
|
ai2_arc_challenge
|
In the book The Best Little Girl in the World, Kessa has a serious eating disorder called anorexia nervosa. But she is not alone. Many people have this eating disorder. In the beginning of her story, Kessa is a normal 15-year-old. She is good at many things, especially dancing. She has danced for many years and loves it. One day her dance teacher tells her to continue eating right, but maybe lose a few pounds. Once Kessa hears this, she takes things too far. Instead of cutting down on snacks and junk food, she decides not to eat at all. She does not eat breakfast, lunch, or dinner. She begins losing weight and becomes slimmer and slimmer. But she loses weight to a point where she is unhealthy. As her poor eating habits continue, her parents start getting as much help as possible to cure their beautiful daughter. But it is just as hard for Kessa's parents to deal with her disorder as it is for her. Everyday she exercises to lose more pounds and plans what and when she will eat. Her parents try everything, but Kessa decides not to have any fat on her body. Kessa's doctor and parents finally take her to the hospital. She is now so thin that she can hardly walk. There, she is given good care. In the rest of the book, Kessa goes through a lot of trouble in order to cure her eating disorder. This book, I think, can help to prevent people from doing this to themselves. It shows the trouble that people go through just to be slimmer, and all the terrible things they must experience to be cured. It is a book I think every teenager should read. What do we know about Kessa's eating disorder?
|
[
"It is caused by her dance teacher.",
"It makes her suffer a lot.",
"It's too serious to be cured.",
"It's an unusual illness."
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
BEIJING --With a series of measures being adopted to control price rise, the Chinese government is confident of keeping prices at a reasonable level, Premier Wen Jiabao said Sunday morning, asking people to remain confident. "I believe we can keep prices at a reasonable level through our efforts. As a major leader of the government, I have the responsibility and I have the confidence, too." He made the remarks while answering a listener's question during a radio broadcast by China National Radio. Steps taken in the past month, including price controls to curb speculation and monetary tightening , had started to produce results, he said. The government plans to build 10 million units of affordable housing in 2011, up from this year's target of 5.8 million. China will also increase efforts to curb speculation in the housing market, mainly through monetary policies and stricter use of land, Wen said, without giving details. Wen said the country had a good agricultural supply base which gave the government confidence that it could stabilize prices. In a bid to control inflation, the government has also increased the bank reserve requirement ratio six times and lifted interest rate twice this year, he added. Further, authorities have introduced many measures including cutting fees for transportation of agriculture products and controlling food price rise strictly. The overall price level, especially of major consumer goods, has now begun to drop, Wen said. "The fundamental way to stabilize pri ces is to achieve a balance of supply and demand, which requires continuous development of agriculture," said premier, adding that the central government has worked out measures to increase agricultural production. The best title of the passage should be _ .
|
[
"More efforts on controlling price rise",
"Chinese government is confident of controlling price rise",
"Major consumer goods' price dropped",
"The bank lifted interest rate."
] | 1B
|
high_school_macroeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Dear College Dean It is my understanding that this college has received a large donation to be used to enhance (improve) the quality of life for students: expand the bookstore or add computers to the computer lab. It is the tradition of this school to promote education and to be at the vanguard of new technology. That is why I strongly argue in favor of the addition of more computers to the computer lab. Although expanding the campus bookstore to include CDs, gifts, and a snack bar will give a nicer look to the college, we have to think about a greater goal and a more practical way to enhance the quality of life for students. What do we want for our students and our college? Do we want our college to be known as a place with a great bookstore where you can find CDs and gifts, or as a place where the students can explore and research in their field using the best tools provided by technology? In addition, there are already several snack bars on campus, and there are music stores nearby, so students do not depend on the college bookstore for these things. We live in a highly technological world and computers play an increasingly important role in how we live. As a learning institution, this college has the responsibility to offer its students the best technology to help them prepare for their future. Many students will be expected to be familiar with the latest software and other tools when they go on to work or to graduate school. While they are in college, students find they are expected to use computers. Many professors expect students to use computers to do homework or to complete projects. Students are asked to create PowerPoint presentations and use spreadsheets and database programs, as well as to research many topics on the Internet. Since students are competing for good grades, those who have limited access to computers are at a great disadvantage. Furthermore, being able to do projects using the computer enhances the process of learning, giving students the opportunity to find information that without a computer would be much more difficult to find. If there are more computers, students will also be able to complete their work more efficiently. No more will they have to wait in line, paper and disk in hand, while scanning the room for an empty chair and computer. No longer will they have to sit and wait while an outdated computer struggles to follow their commands. Having more new and faster computers available will enable students to finish their work more quickly. The more computers are used in society the more colleges will depend on them as a tool of teaching and learning. Making computers more available to students facilitates their learning process by making the process easier, more interesting, more engaging, and in the process enhancing their quality of life From the passage we can infer that _ .
|
[
"present computers in the college cannot meet the demands of the students",
"computers in the college will be updated to meet the student's demands soon",
"the college has the responsibility to help the students to prepare for their future",
"it is also necessary to expand the college bookstore by using part of the donation"
] | 0A
|
college_computer_science
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Few people find it easy to refuse a bargain (a product sold at lower price). But bargains are not always what they seem. Some sales and bargains are good deals, but not all are. Here are some pointers to help you tell the difference between real bargains and bad deals. Sometimes a product is on sale for "below producer's cost". Watch out for this kind of "bargain". Why would anyone want to sell a product for less than it cost to make it? Before buying, you should find out why it is being sold at a loss to the producer. Is it damaged? Is it out of style? Does it come with any guarantee ? Another pointer is to read price tags on sale items carefully. For example, a price tag in a store may say " regular price $16". The regular price is the price of the item before the sales started and after the sale ends. The regular price is only for that store, however. In another store, the price could be lower. A price tag may also say "original price $ 16". That means at one time the item sold for $16 ------even as much as five years earlier! For example, the original price of pocket calculators was high when they were introduced. Now the price is much lower. Showing the original price would be misleading. Finally, be careful how you use cents-off coupons . A coupon can save you money only if you intend to use the item. The price of an item may not be the same at different stores. So use the coupon at the store with the lowest price. Don't forget to add any sales tax to the item before you figure out the "cents-off' price. The original price would be misleading because _ .
|
[
"there might be a sharp drop in price of the item",
"there might be a sharp drop in quality of the item",
"there might be a sharp change in the style of the item",
"there might be no use of the item now"
] | 0A
|
high_school_microeconomics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Dawn needs to fix windows in her house. She must buy 3 feet of wood, which costs $7 per foot. She also needs to buy 4 pieces of glass. Each piece of glass costs $23. What will be the total cost for fixing the windows?
|
[
"$30 ",
"$90 ",
"$113 ",
"$176 "
] | 2C
|
elementary_mathematics
|
mmlu
|
An astronomer is making a case for launching pop singer Justin Bieber into suborbital space aboard a private rocket ship. The idea is not to rid the world of the Canadian teenager -- he would come back down to Earth eventually, after all -- but rather to help jump-start the emerging suborbital spaceflight industry. It would generate a lot of public interest, which would help commercial spaceflight pick up some much-needed momentum, said Seth Shostak, senior astronomer at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute in Mountain View, California. "If there's more interest, there are more customers. If there are more customers, there's more technical development. It's a positive feedback loop, and obviously that's good." Such missions would return to Earth without completing a full lap around the planet. Instead, the flights would hit the edge of space about 62 miles (100 kilometers) above Earth, experience a few minutes of weightlessness, then re-enter the atmosphere and land back at a spaceport. None of these firms are ready to fly customers yet, but some are getting close. For instance, Virgin Galactic hopes to begin powered test flights of its SpaceShipTwo vehicle later this year, with commercial operations perhaps beginning in 2013 or 2014. It is SpaceShipTwo that reportedly grabbed the attention of Beyonce and Jay-Z. Virgin Galactic has collected deposits from nearly 500 customers willing to pay $200,000 for a ride aboard SpaceShipTwo, and both Virgin and XCOR have inked deals to fly scientists and their experiments on research flights. So a suborbital market already exists -- but Shostak is thinking about ways to make it grow. A celebrity launch isn't Shostak's only idea. Suborbital firms should also promote their activities aggressively via social media, Shostak said, and they should make sure their spaceships are bristling with cameras both inside and out, to give the public dramatic views of every mission. Some observers view commercial suborbital spaceflight as a potentially transformative industry, saying it could serve as a stepping stone to the exploration and exploitation of space on an unprecedented scale. While the industry's success is far from assured, Shostak offered some reason for optimism: The American public remains keen on space. What is the main purpose of the text?
|
[
"To predict a change in the space market.",
"To discuss a recent launch.",
"To introduce the status of the spaceflight industry.",
"To remove public doubt about the spaceflight industry."
] | 2C
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A student pushes a wooden block across a sheet of sandpaper. Which characteristic of the block increases?
|
[
"hardness",
"mass",
"size",
"temperature"
] | 3D
|
high_school_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Based on this information, what is Blossom's phenotype for the coat color trait?
|
[
"a black coat",
"a reddish-brown coat"
] | 1B
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Ice cream in a bowl changed from solid to liquid in a few minutes. Which of the following most likely caused this change?
|
[
"Bacteria grew in the ice cream.",
"Heat was added to the ice cream.",
"Water evaporated from the ice cream.",
"Frozen berries were sprinkled on the ice cream."
] | 1B
|
college_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Each summer,you hear news that some sports players are sent to hospitals because it is too hot. Our bodies can't be outside in the sun for a long time. So in hot summers,be careful about playing sports outside. Firstly,to play sports safely in hot weather,you must drink water. Sports drinks are great for athletes,but they have so much sugar that they'll dehydrate you more. However,drinking a few bottles of sports drinks will be good for you. Secondly,be sure to take enough breaks to let your body rest. If your coach doesn't let you take enough breaks in the heat,don't wait until you feel uncomfortable. Just be honest with your coach when you need breaks. Thirdly,when you have a break,don't sit in the sun. With the sun beating down on you,you'll only heat up and sweat more. Take a seat under a tree,or even better,go indoors for a little while. Cooling yourself down can help you stay active longer. Fourthly,remember that the earlier in the day you start your exercise,the cooler it will be. If you can start practice before the sun comes up,you have a few good hours to practise in the cool hours of the morning. Also,the earlier you practise,the earlier you can finish the exercise. If you need more practice time,come back to the field later in the evening,when the sun is setting. Last but not least,you should watch what you eat. Eat food which is high in water,starch and carbonhydrate ,but be sure to get a good balance in your diet. As long as you pay attention to the above,playing sports safely in the heat isn't a difficult thing. How many pieces of advice are mentioned in the passage?
|
[
"Three",
"Four",
"Five",
"Six"
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A community garden is a shared garden. A group of people get together and share a piece of land for their garden. This could be an empty place, or simply one at a neighbor's house. Community gardens are not limited to urban locations. Many rural communities share garden space as well . Some communities will divide their garden into individual plots and others will work on the entire garden together. You may find some community gardens on rooftops. This provides a platform for city citizen, where they can communicate with nature even when there no yard space. community garden can be used to grow flowers and other plants as well as produce. Some community gardeners choose to sell their homegrown goods. Others choose to use it themselves and some do a combination of both . Some community gardeners donate part of their produce to local food banks . Besides, homegrown produce is also much fresher and tastier. When you belong to a community garden it also gives you a chance to socialize with your neighbor. You'll develop a better sense of involvement and belonging. You'll be communicating with people of similar interests, as well as people with different ideas .Community gardening often leads to setting up other community projects. It brings a sense of achievement to know that you've taken apiece of waste land and turned it into something beautiful .The entire neighborhood will enjoy the benefits of your bard work. A community garden is an opportunity for education as well .You may learn from your fellow gardeners .You can also ask local children to join you .This gives them a way to show their creativity and keep them busy, and points them in the right direction. People can find a community garden _
|
[
"near the river",
"only in rural areas",
"only in urban locations",
"both in rural and urban communities"
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
There was great excitement on the planet of Venus . Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. The satellite was directed into an area known as Manhattan, named after the great Venusian astronomer Professor. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20000 light years ago. Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth. A press conference was held at the Venus Institute of Technology. "We have come to the conclusion, based on last week's satellite landing," Prof. Zog said, "that there is no life on Earth." "How do you know this?" the science reporter of the Venus Evening Star asked. "For one thing, Earth's surface in the area of Manhattan is made up of solid concrete and nothing can grow there. For another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breathe this air and survive." "What does this mean as far as our flying saucer program is concerned?" "We shall have to take our own oxygen with us, which means a much heavier flying saucer than originally planned." "Are there any other dangers that you discovered in your studies?" "Take a look at this photo. You see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of Earth? We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have further tests before we send a Venus Being there." "Over here you will notice what seems to be a river, but the satellite findings indicates it is polluted and the water is unfit to drink. This means we shall have to carry our own water, which will add even greater weight to the saucer." "If all you say is true, won't this set back the flying saucer program several years?" "Yes, but we shall continue as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds ." Profession. Zog replied. According to the passage, the Venusian scientists succeeded in getting important information about _ .
|
[
"the feasibility of landing a satellite on Earth",
"the possibility of making a first-rate flying saucer",
"the feasibility of sending a Venus Being to Earth",
"the possibility of directing a flying saucer into Manhattan"
] | 2C
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Based on this information, what is Poseidon's phenotype for the iridescent scales trait?
|
[
"mostly plain scales",
"mostly iridescent scales"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Girls who play with Barbie dolls tend to see fewer career options available to them, compared with the options available to boys, according to a new study by researchers at Oregon State University and the University of California (UC), Santa Cruz. The study's authors, psychology professors, Aurora Sherman of Oregon State University and Eileen Zurbriggen at UC Santa Cruz, describe their findings as significant. "This is one of the first studies to investigate how playing with sexualized dolls affects young girls, and also one of the first to look at the impact of such play on achievement or career aspirations , rather than body image," said Zurbriggen. Sherman suggests that Barbie and similar dolls are part of the burden of early and inappropriate sexuality placed on girls. Sherman and Zurbriggen used girls' doll play to study the impact of gender role socialization, a process through which children learn to follow cultural norms and which encourages gender stereotypical behavior. Thirty-seven girls from the age of four to seven from an Oregon college town were randomly arranged to play for five minutes with either a sexualized Doctor Barbie or Fashion Barbie doll, or with a more neutral Mrs. Potato Head doll. The girls were then shown photographs of ten occupations and asked how many they themselves or boys could do in the future. The girls who played with a Barbie doll saw themselves in fewer occupations, compared with boys. Those girls who played with Mrs. Potato Head reported nearly as many career options available for themselves as for boys. The two Barbie dolls were the same except for clothing, with unrealistic bodies, extremely youthful and attractive faces, and long full hair. The researchers believe that the doll itself has more of an effect on girls than the role or career aspirations suggested by its costume. "It's significant that a few minutes of play with a Barbie doll had an immediate impact on the number of careers that girls saw as possible for themselves," Zurbriggen said. Based on the text, we know that the study _ .
|
[
"involved thirty-seven girls and boys in all",
"was designed for children under four years old",
"gave children ten photos of occupations to choose from",
"required children to play with a Doctor Barbie doll for extra five minutes"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
One billion teenagers and young adults around the world are in the face of losing their hearing by listening to loud music. This is according to the World Health Organization. Few things can make people happy and full of energy like good music. Many people believe louder is better if you are listening to rock and roll. But if you really listen to the music loudly, even really good music, it can hurt your hearing badly. If a person takes a subway to go from one place to the other for half an hour in the morning and a half an hour in the evening, and every day has to _ on his audio device because there is so much of noise of the train and everything around, and is listening to for one hour every day, his hearing is going to be hurt seriously in a few years, in a couple of years time, for sure. There can be many kinds of unsafe levels of sound. It depends on how loud the sound is and how long you listen to it. Unsafe can mean noise levels of 85 decibels for eight hours a day or 100 decibels for just 15 minutes. There are simple ways to protect people from unsafe sound levels. Young people who wear earplugs during concerts can enjoy music at 90 decibels as much as they can at 110 decibels. But earplugs may not look very cool. The fact that earplugs may look un-cool may be true today, but if there is nothing wrong with your hearing in the future may be true and wearing earplugs may actually be cool. Another common suggestion is to turn down the volume on your personal audio devices. The World Health Organization also advises young people to limit their use of such devices to less than one hour a day. Besides, the World Health Organization reminds people to use technology, such as smart audio devices keep listening levels safe. The levels of sound is safe or not depends on _ .
|
[
"what kind of music is and where you listen to it",
"how loud the sound is and how long you listen to it",
"how clear the sound is and how often you listen to it",
"how much the audio device is and how long you keep it"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Last year, Jack Bleed cut through the bone of his ring finger while working. The 31-year-old resident of North Little Rock, Arkansas, waited for about six hours at a nearby medical center while the medical staff there called all over town -- even as far away as Dallas and Memphis -- to find a hand surgeon to reattach his finger. Finally, a willing doctor was located in Louisville, Kentucky. But even though Bleed had insurance , he would have to hire a private plane to get himself there, at a cost of $4,300. In the end, he charged the cost to two credit cards, and his finger was saved. His insurance company eventually covered the cost of the plane, but his experience makes people aware of the fact that trauma care in the United States is not only geographically limited, but in many places, non-existent. Only eight states -- New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Illinois, New Mexico, California, Oregon, and Washington -- have local, fully functional trauma systems. The remaining states have partial systems, and 12 -- including Arkansas -- have no trauma system at all. Although the President has signed a bill of $12 million for the purpose of supporting trauma care systems nationwide, many in Congress are unwilling to spend government money for a service they think should be paid for by states, says Wayne Meredith, medical director for trauma programs at the American College of Surgeons. Meanwhile, many states have also failed to find the dollars to support trauma systems. To make matters worse, many people without insurance depend heavily on the emergency care services, placing a huge financial burden on the medical centers that serve them. For the same reason, doctors, too, often go unpaid. They are unwilling to perform emergency care, worsening critical shortages of neurosurgeons, orthopedists, and hand surgeons -- the very types of specialists Bleed needed at short notice. Supporting a trauma care system doesn't take much. A half-penny sales tax in Miami-Dade County makes its outstanding system work. In Arkansas alone, says Wayne Meredith, a well-funded trauma system would possibly prevent 200 to 600 deaths each year. If trauma care systems were to work well across the nation, experts say, many thousands of lives each year could be saved. "You don't get much better return on your investment than that," Meredith says. Many people in Congress argue that trauma care systems should be supported by _ .
|
[
"the President",
"each state",
"insurance companies",
"the US government"
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Read the article below and answer the question. Spiders have been around for over 400 million years. Early spiders mainly used their silk to construct a hiding place. Today, although many spiders-such as giant tarantulas, trap-door spiders, and some other species-still use their silk mainly for shelter, most build various types of aerial webs. The primary victims of the spider's web are insects-a lot of insects. A British researcher once calculated that local farmland was home to more than two million spiders per acre, and that insects eaten annually by spiders nationwide would outweigh the human population. In fact, the change from ground-based webs to vertical, aerial webs was a reaction to the rise of winged insects. The increase in spiders in so many places is mainly because of their ability to move. To travel, a spider goes to a high point, lets out enough silk to catch the wind, and floats away. The spider may travel many miles this way. This helps them distance themselves from other spiders competing for food and also aids them in spinning a web across a gap they would otherwise have trouble crossing. Spiders release silk from silk glands called spigots to weave their webs. Hundreds of these spigots cover the three pairs of spinnerets that most spiders have. This allows spiders to combine multiple strands of silk into single threads with characteristics that differ for different uses. Some spiders, like tarantulas, only make one type of silk, but others make silk to use for drag lines, web frames, egg cases, or to trap insects. The webs also help spiders hide from predators such as birds. Other animals also make use of the spider's web. A Hymenoepimecis wasp will attack a Plesiometa argyra spider and sting it. While the spider is paralyzed, the wasp deposits her egg on the spider's abdomen. The spider goes about its business, catching and eating prey, while the wasp larva feeds on the spider's blood. Source: National Geographic, August 2001, pp. 32-44 The spider's ability to spin silk is
|
[
"an acquired trait.",
"an inherited trait.",
"a life cycle stage.",
"a learned behavior."
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
glucose causes food to taste
|
[
"wet",
"like candy",
"dry",
"hot"
] | 1B
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
The search for life in the universe took a step forward last month with the opening of the Allen Telescope Array in Hat Creek, California. The telescopes were partly made possible by a gift of twenty-five million dollars from Paul Allen. The total cost of the project is already fifty million dollars. At present, there are 42 radio telescopes working at the Hat Creek observatory. The signals they receive are combined to create what is equal to a single, very large telescope. The telescope will be used to observe objects like exploding stars, black holes and other objects that are predicted but have not yet been observed. Seth Shostak of the SETI Institute says this is the first telescope whose main purpose is to search for signals from intelligent life in space. The SETI Institute is based in Mountain View, California. The organization supports the search for other life forms in the universe. What makes the Allen Telescope Array unusual is that it can collect and study information from a wide area of the sky. In addition, the 42 telescopes can study information about several projects at the same time. That means studies of large areas of the sky can be made faster than ever before. Some officials think the Allen Telescope Array will be completed in three more years. 350 individual radio telescopes are planned. The new abilities of the Allen Telescope Array will make searching for stars similar to the sun much faster. An earlier search by SETI, Project Phoenix, studied about 800 stars to a distance of 240 light years. The project ended in 2004. With the Allen Telescope Array, astronomers hope to gather thousands of times more information in the search for life beyond our planet. The main purpose of the Allen Telescope Array is_.
|
[
"to serve for the research of weather predication",
"to prepare for the wars against life from the universe",
"to search for signals from intelligent life in space",
"to observe exploding stars, black holes and other objects"
] | 2C
|
astronomy
|
mmlu_labeled
|
A tender woman, or an independent one, which one would you prefer? Arecent research shows that most people would choose the latter. This type of woman is called a nuhanzi ("tough woman"). Experts believe these characteristics have social and psychological roots among young femalesin China. Su Hao's friends all call her a tough woman, because she can finish tough tasks usually carried out by men. For example, she carries 10-litre water to her dormitory on the 5th floor. "I depend on no one but myself," she says. According to a recent survey by China Youth Daily, tough women have become rather common in society. Of the 21,265 respondents, 78.5 percent said they are familiar with a tough woman. About 50 percent said they like women with tough characteristics, while less than 29 percent expressed the opposite view. Why are tough women gaining popularity? Shen Meng, a psychological consultant, believes the fierce competition in society is contributing to this trend. "Women are often in a disadvantaged position compared to men," Shen says. "In order to survive, they have to be independent, strong and tough." Liu Xiao lin, professor of psychology at Wuhan Mental Health Center, believes tough women are brought up this way. They are often on close relationship with their fathers, who teach their daughters to be brave and decisive," he says. As a result, these women are more likely to be psychologically healthy and more tolerant to stress, according to Liu. Though Liu believes that this is a good trend, Hu Shenzhi, a psychologist at the Guangdong Sunflower Counseling Center, says the popularity of tough woman indicates an unclear line between gender identities, which can lead to relationship problems. "Some women with characteristics that differ from the traditional female image may have a difficult time finding Mr Right," he says."Even if they get married, their manly characteristics might cause family conflicts. Which of the followings does NOT belong to the characteristics of a tough woman?
|
[
"She is soft and tender to others.",
"She is independent of others in daily life.",
"She is more tolerant to stress.",
"She can solve problems usually for men."
] | 0A
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Astronomers and biologists study different areas of science. Many astronomers observe far distant objects in the sky. Many biologists study extremely small objects. What do these astronomers and biologists have most in common?
|
[
"They both examine the history of life on Earth.",
"They both make discoveries using optical devices.",
"They both study how organisms change over time.",
"They both search for evidence about the origins of the universe."
] | 1B
|
college_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Select the mixture.
|
[
"cookie dough",
"silver"
] | 0A
|
natural science
|
scienceqa
|
Why do men die earlier than women? The latest research makes it known that the reason could be that men's hearts go into rapid decline when they reach middle age. The largest study of the effects of aging on the heart has found that women's _ may be linked to the fact that their hearts do not lose their pumping power with age. "We have found that the power of the male heart falls by 20-25 percent between 18 and 70 years of age," said the head of the study, David Goldspink of Liverpool John Moores University in the UK. "Within the heart there are millions of cells that enable it to beat. Between the age of 20 and 70, one-third of those cells die and are not replaced in men," said Goldspink. "This is part of the aging process." What surprises scientists is that the female heart sees very little loss of these cells. A healthy 70-year-old woman's heart could perform almost as well as a 20-year-old one's. "This gender difference might just explain why women live longer than men," said Goldspink. They studied more than 250 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 80, focusing on healthy persons to remove the confusing influence of disease. "The team has yet to find why aging takes a greater loss on the male heart," said Goldspink. The good news is that men can improve the health of their heart with regular exercise. Goldspink stressed that women also need regular exercise to prevent their leg muscles becoming smaller and weaker as they age. The text mainly talks about _ .
|
[
"men's heart cells",
"women's aging process,",
"the gender difference",
"hearts and long life"
] | 3D
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
One property of liquids is that they have a definite
|
[
"flexibility",
"temperature",
"volume",
"shape"
] | 2C
|
high_school_physics
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Shyness equals losing opportunities, less pleasure and fewer social connections, but there are ways to make it a thing of the past. When I was fifteen, I was shy. I remember an attractive girl trying to talk with me. My shyness made me focus on me instead of her. I heard my own voice but not hers and I thought about what I was trying to say instead of what she was trying to say. To overcome shyness you need to learn to relax. This gives you the space to practice certain conversational skills. Relaxed socializing is so pleasurable. To start reducing your own shyness, I want you to absorb the following tips and ideas and start to put them into practice. Focus your attention away from yourself. Notice what other people are wearing and make a mental note, listen to their conversation, imagine where they might live, and make a point of remembering names. Not only does this give you more to talk about, it also reduces social anxiety, leaving you feeling calmer. Ask people open questions. Many people like to talk about themselves and will find you interesting if you find them interesting. Ask questions that require more than a "yes" or "no" response such as "What do you like about this place?' rather than "Do you like this place?" Once they have answered, you can use add-on questions connected with the first such as "What other places do you like in this city?" Next you can express your views. This is a great way to get the conversation going. Now I love meeting new people and suspect that my current social confidence would be unrecognizable to my fifteen-year-old self. Which of the following questions will the author probably advise us to ask?
|
[
"What a lovely day, isn't it?",
"Do you like playing basketball?",
"Do you think he will pass the exam?",
"Why do you find that English is hard to learn?"
] | 3D
|
human_sexuality
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Until the twentieth century cigarettes were not an important threat to public health. Men used tobacco mainly in the form of cigars. They chewed tobacco, piped tobacco, and snuffed. Most women did not use tobacco at all. The cigarette industry began in 1870s with the development of the cigarette manufacturing machine. This made it possible to produce great numbers of cigarettes very quickly, and it reduced the price. Today cigarette smoking is a widespread habit. About forty-three percent of the adult men and thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have quit smoking. Seventy-five percent of the male population and forty-six percent of the female population have smoked cigarettes for some time during their lives, but twenty-six percent of these men and eleven percent of the women have stopped smoking. The number of persons who have given up smoking is increasing. Men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men and women the age group with the highest proportion of smokers is the age group 24--44. Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a person's smoking habit. City people smoke more than people living on farms. Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand, if a well-educated man with a higher income smokes, he's likely to smoke more packs of cigarettes per day. The situation is somewhat different for women. There are slightly more smokers among women with higher family incomes and higher education than among the lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated women tend to smoke more heavily. Among teenagers the _ is similar. There are fewer teenager smokers from upper-income, well-educated families, and also fewer from families living in farm areas. High school students who are preparing for college are less likely to smoke than those who don't plan to continue their education after high school. Children are most likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smoke. According to the passage, if a teenager doesn't plan to go to college, and if his parents both smoke, he will _ .
|
[
"probably not smoke in the future.",
"probably start to smoke in the future.",
"persuade his parents to give up smoking.",
"hate his parents as well as other smokers."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
transpiration happens in the leaves of what?
|
[
"rocks",
"shrubbery",
"cars",
"animals"
] | 1B
|
high_school_biology
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Elderly adults who regularly drink green tea may stay more agile and independent than their peers over time, according to a Japanese study that covered thousands of people. Green tea contains antioxidant chemicals that may help stop the cell damage that can lead to disease. Researchers have been studying green tea's effect on everything from cholesterol to the risk of certain cancers, with mixed results so far. They found those who drank the most green tea were the least likely to develop "functional disability", or problems with daily activities or basic needs, such as dressing or bathing. Specifically, almost 13 percent of adults who drank less than a cup of green tea per day became functionally disabled, compared with just over 7 percent of people who drank at least five cups a day. The study did not prove that green tea alone kept people agile as they grew older. Green-tea lovers generally had healthier diets, including more fish, vegetables and fruit, as well as more education, lower smoking rates, fewer heart attacks and strokes, and greater mental sharpness. They also tended to be more socially active and have more friends and family to rely on. But even with those factors accounted for, green tea itself was tied to a lower disability risk, the researchers said. People who drank at least five cups a day were one-third less likely to develop disabilities than those who had less than a cup per day. Those people who averaged three or four cups a day had a 25 percent lower risk. Although it's not clear how green tea might offer a buffer against disability, Tomata's team did note that one recent study found green tea extracts seem to increase leg muscle strength in older women. While green tea and its extracts are considered safe in small amounts, they do contain caffeine and small amounts of vitamin K, which means it could affect drugs that prevent blood clotting . What have the Researchers discovered?
|
[
"Those who drank green tea can't develop \"functional disability\".",
"Green tea alone kept people agile as they grew older.",
"How green tea might offer a buffer against disability.",
"Green tea extracts seem to increase leg muscle strength in older women."
] | 3D
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Which of the following is a central role of carbon in the chemistry of living organisms?
|
[
"Carbon can only bond with other carbon atoms.",
"Carbon is a solvent that breaks chemical bonds.",
"Carbon readily forms ionic bonds that separate easily.",
"Carbon can form many types of molecules with covalent bonds."
] | 3D
|
college_chemistry
|
mmlu_labeled
|
US military is attempting to develop a new style "insect robot" to replace the human soldier to go wherever he can't. The greatest trouble this project has fallen across is how to enable the robot to fly freely like an insect, said an official of the Pentagon . The Pentagon is seeking for the cooperation with scientists in hope of developing a new technique by which people can control the insect's flight direction and pass on the information its eyes or other organs catch through the equipment set in its body, the official said. It is thus designed that a tiny controlling chip will be equipped in an insect's body when it is in chrysalis . As the insect grows, the cut made when fixing in the chip will be recovered. The chip will exist in forever. Scientists believe this won't influence the insect, sound growth or the functions of internal organs. The _ target of the project is to set up a global system, in which the insect robots will be stationed in all parts of the world and stick to their posts till a new instruction is received. At that time the military can receive from all over the world clear image information within about 5 meters of the insects and that of a special target within 100 meters. Years ago, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of US DOD spent $3,000,000 carrying out a plan for training bees to detect landmines. But, no new progress has so far been made. "According to the scientists, there is still enormous difficulty in technology in turning it into reality, such as the insects reproduction , their adaptation to the surroundings and temperature and so on. However, this project is really challenging. If successful, it is equal to making countless small drone ,"said the official of DOD. Of the following technical problems, which is the one the scientists can't solve so far?
|
[
"They can't keep sound growth of the insects.",
"They can't ensure the insects to produce their young.",
"They can't fix a chip in an insect.",
"They can't make sure the internal organs function well."
] | 1B
|
computer_security
|
mmlu_labeled
|
BEIJING,Feb.5,2013(Xinhua)-Chinese health authorities on Tuesday launched a campaign to fight against assisted reproductive technology (ART:) abuse.Unauthorized ART use,surrogate motherhood and the illegal collection and supply of sperm and eggs,as well as the illegal sale and abuse of ovulation induction medicine,will be targeted. The Ministry of Health and health department of the People's Liberation Army General Logistics Department jointly announced the campaign at a conference.Both departments also ordered all of their local branches to _ permits for new organizations that wish to offer ART treatments.That is,new organizations will not appear recently.Official figures showed that at the end of 2012,China had 358 organizations authorized to conduct ART treatment. The health ministry also delivered a brief statement of the country's current infertility rate and ART use.The infertility rate in China is now between 7 and 10 percent,the ministry said.Some 70 to 80 percent of women who are suffering from infertility can be pregnant after changing their lifestyles and receiving medical treatment.Around 20 percent of infertile couples have to resort to ART to have babies.In 2011,about 350,000 people received ART treatment and more than 60,000 infertile couples successfully had children with the help of ART,the ministry said. ART abuse DOSEN'T include _ .
|
[
"surrogate motherhood",
"unauthorized ART use",
"the regular usage of medicine",
"the illegal supply of sperm and eggs"
] | 2C
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
One of the best things you can do for your health is to drop a few pounds. Or maybe morethan a few pounds. Being overweight increases your danger of heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer,,the list seems almost endless. You'd better find several simple things you can do on a daily basis such as making rules of eating more vegetables and less fat and getting more physical activities. After breakfast, make water your primary drink. At breakfast, go ahead and drink orange juice. But throughout the rest of the day, focus on water instead of juice or soda. The average American consumes an extra 245 calories a day from soft drinks. That's nearly 90,000 calories a year -- or 25 pounds! And research shows that neither the calories nor sugary drinks give you a sense of fullness the way that food does. People take only 2,000 to 3, 000 steps a day. Adding 2,000 steps will help you keep your present weight and stop gaining weight. Adding more than that will help you lose weight. Eat five or six small meals or snacks a day instead of three large meals. A 1999 South African study found that when men ate parts of their morning meal at intervals over five hours, they consumed almost 20 percent fewer calories at lunch than when they ate a single breakfast. Where is the passage probably taken from?
|
[
"A travelling diary.",
"A story book.",
"A science magazine.",
"An English dictionary."
] | 2C
|
nutrition
|
mmlu_labeled
|
Cholera is a water-borne disease that is spread through polluted water and food. Cholera is an illness caused by the bacterium. It produces a poison that causes a painless , watery diarrhea( ) that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not given. Most persons infected with cholera do not become ill, although the bacterium is present in their waste for 7-14 days. When this illness does strike, more than 90% of the time is not severe and is difficult to tell from other types of diarrhea. Less than 10% of sick persons develop cholera with signs of moderate or severe dehydration. A person may get cholera by drinking water or eating food polluted with the cholera bacterium. The disease can spread rapidly in areas without the proper treatment of drinking water. The cholera bacterium may also live in the environment in dirty rivers and coastal waters. Shellfish eaten raw have been a source of cholera. Therefore, the disease is not likely to spread directly from one person to another. Cholera can be simply and successfully treated by immediate replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhea. Patients can be treated by being given a mixture of sugar and salt to be mixed with water and drunk in large amount. Antibiotics shorten the course and decrease the severity of the illness. To avoid cholera, we should eat well-cooked food instead of raw food. Cholera can be treated by _ .
|
[
"replacing the blood in the body.",
"eating a lot of water mixed with sugar and salt and using antibiotics.",
"eating a large amount of sugar and salt",
"drinking a lot of water and eating a large amount of food."
] | 1B
|
college_medicine
|
mmlu_labeled
|
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