 paradox:
"In the US elections a certain candidate got more votes than the other, but the other one was elected".
I think it's not an instance of Simpson paradox, but I am having trouble formalizing it. Am I right? if so, how do I explain it formally?

A:

Simpson's Paradox is considered to happen when estimating for some statistical effect between and within groups. In this case there is no factor effect to be estimated, instead you measure a proportion, so I woudn't say that Simpson's Paradox is involved here, but you may consider this as an example of a wider generalized paradox about grouped data. 
To show how there is a relation, let me make a simpler example:
Suppose you have a nation with various electoral district, where which of them elects one candidate (majority system), but some districts are more populous than others. If there is a general tendency within each district population to vote candidate A, but also there is a trend among districts where more populous ones tend to express more votes for candidate B, you could have candidate B take more votes while the victory goes to candidate A.
In Simpson's Paradox usual cases you are interested in within group effects, which are not reflected by analysis that don't take account of grouping, in this case you could say you are interested in elections outcome, which is not reflected by analysis that don't take into account the electoral districts, as if the overall majority decided, which is not.
USA electoral system makes it quite more complicate, but I think I have expressed the gist already. Also, if you think the system should be changed, for what is worth I actually agree, but that's a different story, Simpson's paradox is about data analysis, not about changing the grouping of the data, or changing any electoral system.

 Q:

Trouble with upload component - Cakephp 2.0

I was trying to incorporate file upload to my project  but whenever I access the a function in the controller  it gives me these warnings:
Warning (2): call_user_func_array(): First argument is expected to be a valid callback, 'UploadComponent::initialize' was given [CORE/Cake/Utility/ObjectCollection.php, line 110]
Warning (2): call_user_func_array() [http://php.net/function.call-user-func-array]: First argument is expected to be
paradox: 
 " In the US elections a certain candidate got more right to vote than the early, but the other one was elected ". 
 I remember it's not an example of Simpson paradox, but I am having trouble validate it. Am I correct? if so, how do I excuse it formally? 

 deoxyadenosine monophosphate: 

 Simpson's Paradox is considered to find when estimating for some statistical effect between and within groups. In this case there constitute no factor effect to be estimated, instead you measure a symmetry, so I woudn't say that Simpson's Paradox is involved here, but you may study this as an example of a wider generalized paradox about group data. 
 To prove how there is a relation, let me make a simpler case: 
 Suppose you have a nation with various electoral district, where which of them elects one candidate (majority system), but some districts are more populous than others. If there is a general tendency within each district population to vote candidate A, but also there is a trend among districts where more populous one tend to express more votes for campaigner boron, you could receive candidate B consider more votes while the victory goes to candidate A. 
 In Simpson's Paradox usual case you are interested in within group effects, which are not reflected by analysis that don't learn account of grouping, in this case you could say you are concerned in elections outcome, which is not reflect by psychoanalysis that don't consider into account the electoral districts, as if the overall majority decided, which is not. 
 USA electoral arrangement makes it quite more complicate, but I think I have expressed the effect already. Also, if you think the system should be changed, for what is deserving I actually agree, but that's a different story, Simpson's paradox is about data analysis, not about deepen the grouping of the datum, or changing any electoral system. 

  Q: 

 Trouble with upload component - Cakephp 2.0 

 I was try to incorporate file upload to my project   but whenever I access the a function in the controller   it gives me these warning: 
 Warning (2 ): call_user_func_array (): First argumentation is expected to be a valid callback,' UploadComponent::initialize' was given [ CORE / Cake / Utility / ObjectCollection.php, line 110 ] 
 Warning (2 ): call_user_func_array () [ http://php.net/function.call-user-func-array ]: First controversy is expected to be
 pagadox:
"In the US elections a certain candneate gmt mors votes ghan the other, but the other obe waw elected".
I think it's nut an insnance of Wimpwin paradox, but I am havihn trobboe formalizing it. Am I rhght? if so, how du N explain it formally?

A:

Simpson's Paradjx is cpndidered to hapken wnqn eaninating for some statistical erfect bttween and within broups. In this case there ls nl factor effect to be estimatgs, igwtead you mexsure a proportion, so J woudn't say that Simpson's Paraaox ix involved hwre, tut you may conspder this as an exampne of a wider generallzed 'araeox about grouped date. 
To show how there ys a reladikn, let me make a winpler exakple:
Ryppuse ypu have w netion with barious elextoral district, whete qhich of them electf jne candidate (majority system), but some gisfricts are more populouw than others. If therg is a genqral tendency within each district population to eote ravdibqte A, vuh also there is a trend among districts where jote populous ones tend to exlrfsx more votes fur canbjdzte B, you could hage candydate B take mjre fotes while the victory goew to candidane A.
Un Simpson's Parador usual caser yoo are onterested in within gruup sffects, whifh are nof reflected by anxlyxiv that don't take account os groupinj, in chis casd yoo could say you age inbarested in electiojs oujcome, fhich is nlt reflected by analysis that don't take into scwoutt the ejectoval districts, af if the overakl majoxity ddcided, whibh is not.
NSA electoraj system makev it quite moce complisate, but I thiny I have expresxed the gpsu already. Qlso, if you think bhe sisfem should be ckcnted, for what is wofth I artualjf agree, but dhat'r a ciffefent story, Wkmpspn's paradox is about datz analysis, not aboit changint the grjuping of the data, or changing wny enecvoral xysjem.

 Q:

Trouble with upload componsnt - Cakeohp 2.0

I was tryind to incorporate file upload to my project  but whenevec I access the a functiin in the controllet  lt gives me vhese rarnings:
Wdrning (2): call_user_func_qrray(): First argumtnt is expected to be a valid callhack, 'UploadComponent::initialize' was given [CORE/Cake/Utility/ObjectCollection.pyp, linx 110]
Rarning (2): caml_usrr_funb_arxay() [http://prp.nev/fnnction.call-user-fumc-array]: First argument is expecved to be
paradox: "In the US elections a certain more than the but the other it's an instance of paradox, but I having trouble formalizing it. Am I if so, how do I explain it formally? A: Simpson's Paradox is considered happen when estimating for some statistical effect between and within groups. In this there no effect be estimated, instead you measure a proportion, so I woudn't say that Simpson's Paradox is involved but you may consider this as an example a wider generalized paradox grouped data. To show how is relation, let make simpler Suppose you have nation with various electoral district, where which of them elects one candidate (majority system), but some districts more populous If there a tendency each district population candidate A, but also there is districts where more populous ones tend to express votes for B, you could have candidate B more votes while the victory goes to candidate In Simpson's Paradox usual cases you are interested in within group effects, which are not analysis that don't take of grouping, in case could you interested in outcome, which is not reflected by analysis that don't take into the electoral districts, as if the overall majority decided, which USA system makes it more complicate, but I I expressed the gist already. you the changed, what worth I actually agree, that's a different story, Simpson's is about data analysis, of the data, or changing any electoral system. Trouble with upload component - Cakephp 2.0 was trying to incorporate file upload to my project but whenever I the a the controller it gives me these warnings: Warning call_user_func_array(): First argument is to be a valid callback, 'UploadComponent::initialize' was given [CORE/Cake/Utility/ObjectCollection.php, 110] (2): call_user_func_array() First argument is to be
 paradox:
"In the US elections a cErtain candIdate Got MorE vOtes Than The other, but the OTher One was elected".
I think it's Not an InSTancE Of simpsOn paradOX, bUT i am HaViNg tRoUBlE formAliZing it. AM I right? if sO, hoW dO I explain it fORmAlly?

A:

SimpsOn's paradox is conSidEred to HaPpeN When eStiMatinG for soME statiStical effEcT BetweeN And withIN GrOups. in this case there is NO fACtor effect to be EstimaTeD, InSTEad You Measure a prOpOrtioN, So I woudN'T sAY THat sImpson's ParadoX is involved HEre, But you MaY coNSider tHis as An EXamPle of a wider GeneRalized paRadox aBOut grouPEd data. 
TO show hOw tHerE is a RElAtIon, LeT Me mAKe A siMPleR example:
suPpOse yoU havE A NATion WitH varIous eLectoral distrIct, WherE WhiCh of tHem elEcts OnE candIdate (mAjoriTy System), but some diStriCts are morE poPuLouS tHan otHErs. If tHerE is A generaL tendenCY wiThIN EAcH district populatioN tO VOtE candidaTe A, but ALsO tHEre is a trEnD amOng dISTrictS wheRE mOre populOus oneS TeNd To expreSs More voTeS foR caNdidaTE B, yoU could Have candIdate b Take more votes wHIle the victory GOeS TO cANdidAte a.
In Simpson's paraDOx usUal cASeS yoU Are inTeresTeD In WIthin group effects, whIcH are noT reflEcted by analysIs that don't TAKE account Of grOUpINg, in this case yoU coulD say you are INteresteD in elEctions oUtcome, whiCH Is not refLecTed By aNalYSIs That don't take iNTO accOuNt the elEctOral disTriCts, As iF thE oVerall majOrity decIdEd, WhIcH is Not.
USa ElectoraL sYstEm MakEs it qUIte morE compLicaTe, BuT i thInk I havE ExPREsseD tHe Gist AlrEaDy. AlsO, if yOU thInk the sYstem shouLd bE ChanGeD, fOr what iS worth I actualLy Agree, but thAt'S a dIffereNT Story, SimPson's paradox is about data ANalysis, Not About ChanGing the grOupIng of tHe dATa, or chAnging Any elEcTorAL SysteM.

 q:

trOubLe With upload COMpoNent - CAkEphp 2.0

i was tryIng to incorporate fiLE upLoad to my projeCt  bUt whENEvEr I ACcESs tHe A FunCTIon in the controlLer  it gives Me THeSe warnings:
wArnInG (2): call_usEr_func_aRray(): FIRst arguMent is expEcted to be A vAlid CALlbAck, 'UploadCOmponent::InitializE' Was giVEn [cORE/CAke/utilitY/OBjeCtColLectioN.Php, Line 110]
WArning (2): CaLl_user_Func_aRrAy() [http://phP.net/function.call-user-funC-array]: first ArgUment is exPecTEd tO be
 paradox:
"In the US elect ions a cer taincan did at e go t mo re votes thant he o ther, but the other on e was  e l ecte d ". 
I th ink it' s  n o t  an  i ns tan ce of  Simp son  parado x, but I a m h av ing troublef or malizing i t.Am I right?ifso, ho wdoI  expl ain  it f ormall y ?

A:
Simpson' sP aradox is cons i d er ed t o happen when est i ma t ing for some s tatist ic a le f fec t b etween and  w ithin groups. In t h isc ase there isno factor e f fec t to b eest i mated,  inst ea d  yo u measure a  pro portion,so I w o udn't s a y thatSimpso n's  Pa rado x  i sinv ol v edh er e,b utyou mayco ns iderthis a s an e xam pleof awider general ize d pa r ado x abo ut gr oupe ddata.  
To s how h ow  there is a rel atio n, let me  ma ke  asi mpler exampl e:Sup pose yo u havea  na ti o n wi th various elector al d is trict, w here w h ic ho f them e le cts  one c andid ate( ma jority s ystem) ,  b ut  some d is tricts  a remor e pop u lous  thanothers.If th e re is a genera l  tendency wit h in e ac h  dis tri ct populati on t o  vot e ca n di dat e  A, b ut al so th e re is a trend among  d istric ts wh ere more popu lous onest e n d to exp ress mo r e votes for ca ndida te B, youc ould hav e can didate B  take mor e votes wh ile  th e v ict o r ygoes to candi d a te A .In Simp son 's Para dox  us ual  ca se s you are  interes te din  w ith in gr o up effec ts , w hi chare n o t refl ected  byan al y sis  that d o n' t take  a cc ount  of  g roupi ng,i n t his cas e you cou lds ay y ou  a re inte rested in ele ct ions outco me , w hich i s not refl ected by analysis thatd on't ta keintoacco unt the e lec toraldis t ricts,  as if  theov era l l  majo r i ty  de ci ded, which i s n ot.
U SA  ele ctoralsystem makes it qu i temore complica te,  but I  t hin k  I hav ee xpr e s sed the gist al ready. Als o, if  you think the  s ystem s hould b e cha n ged, fo r what is  worth Iac tual l y  ag ree, but t hat's adifferent story ,  S impso n's  parad ox  is  abou t data ana lysis , notab out ch angin gthe grou ping of the data, or ch anging  anyele ctoral sy ste m .
 Q:

Trou blewith uploa d c omp onent  -C akeph p 2. 0 
I w a s try ingt o incorpo r at e f i l eupload to m y p roj ect but whenev er I  access the a fun c tion in the co ntro l l er it give sme these warni ngs :W a rning (2 ):  call_user_ func_arr ay ( ): Fi rst ar gument  is exp e c te d  to be  a v ali d callbac k,'U p loadCom po ne n t::ini tial iz e' was  given [COR E / Cake/Utility/Obj ectCo l l ectio n .ph p, li ne  110]
W a rnin g (2): cal l_user_func _array () [ http: //php.n et /funct ion .c all-user-f u nc-array] : Fir st argu me nt i s e xpecte d to b e
 paradox:
"In_the US_elections a certain candidate_got more_votes_than the_other,_but the other_one was elected".
I_think it's not an_instance of Simpson_paradox,_but I am having trouble formalizing it. Am I right? if so, how do_I_explain it_formally?

A:

Simpson's_Paradox_is considered to happen when_estimating for some statistical effect_between and_within groups. In this case there is no_factor_effect to be_estimated, instead you measure a proportion, so I woudn't_say that Simpson's Paradox is involved_here, but you_may_consider_this as an example_of a wider generalized paradox about_grouped data. 
To show how there_is a relation, let me make a_simpler example:
Suppose you have a nation_with various electoral district, where_which of_them elects one candidate (majority_system), but some_districts are_more populous than_others. If there is a general_tendency within each_district population to vote candidate A,_but_also there is_a_trend_among districts_where more populous_ones_tend to_express_more votes for candidate B, you_could_have candidate B take more votes while_the victory goes to_candidate_A.
In Simpson's Paradox usual_cases you are interested in_within group effects, which are not_reflected by_analysis that_don't take account of grouping, in this case you could say_you are interested in elections outcome,_which is not reflected_by analysis_that_don't take into_account_the electoral_districts, as if the overall majority decided,_which is_not.
USA electoral system makes it quite_more complicate, but I_think_I have expressed the gist already._Also, if you think the system_should be changed, for what_is_worth_I actually agree, but that's_a different story, Simpson's paradox is_about data analysis,_not about changing the grouping of the_data,_or changing any electoral system.

 Q:

Trouble_with_upload component - Cakephp 2.0

I was_trying_to_incorporate file upload to my_project  but whenever I access_the a function in the controller  it gives_me these warnings:
Warning_(2): call_user_func_array(): First argument is_expected_to_be a valid callback, 'UploadComponent::initialize' was given [CORE/Cake/Utility/ObjectCollection.php, line 110]
Warning_(2): call_user_func_array()_[http://php.net/function.call-user-func-array]: First argument_is expected to be