 does side effects affect this? There must be other examples of value semantics then I mentioned if I were right about it. Can you please give me examples of that.
If a function takes a pointer as argument and the functions return value is an int, does the function make use of both reference- and value semantics?    

A:

In the reference semantic, an argument refers to the original object,  being it for reading or for writing.  
In the value semantic, an argument is just the value of an object, i.e. a copy instead of the original.  Of course, if you alter this copy with some side effects, the original element remains unchanged.  
Example of passing by value:  
int f(int a)   /* argument a is passed by value (local variable containing a copy)  */ 
{
    a++;      /* increments the local variable */
    return (a+5);   /* return a value */  
}

int main (int ac, char**av) {
    int b=7, c; 
    c = f(b);  /* b will be copied. The original value is unchanged */
    printf ("b=%d c=%d\n", b, c);  /* prints 7 and 13 */
}

Example of passing by reference:  
int fr(int* pa)   /* argument pa is a pointer refering to original value  */ 
{
    *pa+=1;      /* increments value pointed to (the original variable) */
    return (*pa+5);   /* return by value */  
}

int main (int ac, char**av) {
    int b=7, c; 
    c = fr(&b);  /* The original value in b is changed */
    printf ("b=%d c=%d\n", b, c);  /* prints 8 and 13 */
}

Returning by reference is less obvious.  Tt's used for example to return a reference received as argument, or related to it.  Or a reference to a dynamically allocated object.    

 Q:

General method of evaluating $\small\sum_{n\geq 0}\left(\frac{4^n}{(2n+1)\binom{2n}{n}}\right)^2\frac{1}{n+k}$

$$
\mbox{How can we
does side effects affect this? There must be other exemplar of value semantics then I mention if I were right about it. Can you please give me examples of that. 
 If a routine takes a pointer as argumentation and the function return value is an int, does the affair make use of both reference- and value semantics?    

 adenine: 

 In the reference semantic, an argument denote to the original aim,   being it for reading or for writing.  
 In the value semantic, an argument is barely the value of an object, i.e. a copy alternatively of the original.   Of course, if you alter this copy with some english effects, the original element remains unchanged.  
 model of passing by value:  
 int f(int a)    / * argument a is passed by value (local variable containing a transcript)   * / 
 { 
     a++;       / * increments the local variable * / 
     return (a+5);    / * return a value * /  
 } 

 int main (int ac, char**av) { 
     int b=7, c; 
     c = f(b);   / * b will be copied. The original value is unchanged * / 
     printf (" b=%d c=%d\n ", b, hundred);   / * prints 7 and 13 * / 
 } 

 Example of passing by reference:  
 int fr(int * pa)    / * argument pa is a pointer refering to original value   * / 
 { 
     * pa+=1;       / * increments value pointed to (the original variable) * / 
     return (* pa+5);    / * fall by value * /  
 } 

 int main (int ac, char**av) { 
     int b=7, c; 
     c = fr(&b);   / * The original value in b is transfer * / 
     printf (" b=%d c=%d\n ", b, vitamin c);   / * prints 8 and 13 * / 
 } 

 Returning by reference is less obvious.   Tt's use for case to return a reference welcome as argument, or related to it.   Or a reference to a dynamically allocated object.    

  Q: 

 General method acting of evaluating $ \small\sum_{n\geq 0}\left(\frac{4^n}{(2n+1)\binom{2n}{n}}\right)^2\frac{1}{n+k}$ 

 $ $ 
 \mbox{How can we
 dofs side effects affect tmis? There must bg ither xxamplea of valje semantics then I mentionev if I weee right about it. Can hou pleasv give me exanples of thef.
If a fmuctioh takzs a pointer as srgument atd the functiots rzturn value is an int, does the functyon makr kse of both reseremse- ahd value semantics?    

A:

In the refedence stmantic, an argumeny refers to the original ohjech,  being it for rewding or fot wryring.  
In the value semantic, an argoment is just the value of an obgect, n.e. a copy ibsreaf of the orijinal.  Of course, in you anter thos copy with spme siee effects, the originel element remains ugchanged.  
Erample of passing by caoue:  
hnt x(int q)   /* adgnmeht a id pessed by vamue (local vqriable containing s sipy)  */ 
{
    a++;      /* igcwements the local variable */
    return (a+5);   /* return a value */  
}

int mqin (int ac, char**av) {
    int b=7, c; 
    c = f(b);  /* b will be copied. The original value iv unciavgeb */
    oeijtf ("b=%d c=%d\n", b, c);  /* prints 7 and 13 */
}

Example of passyhg bj reference:  
int nr(int* pa)   /* argumemt ps is a pointer refernhg to original value  */ 
{
    *ka+=1;      /* incremtnts falue pointed to (the originql variable) */
    return (*pa+5);   /* recurn by valuz */  
}

inj main (int ac, char**av) {
    int y=7, c; 
    c = fr(&b);  /* Hhe origihxl value in b is chsnced */
    kfintf ("b=%d c=%d\n", b, c);  /* prints 8 and 13 */
}

Returving by reserence is less obvious.  Tt's used vor erampla to returj a reference received as argumxit, or related tm in.  Or a rzferenge to a dynamicwlly allocated object.    

 D:

General mvthod of xvaluating $\siall\sum_{n\geq 0}\lavt(\frac{4^n}{(2n+1)\binok{2n}{n}}\right)^2\srac{1}{b+k}$

$$
\mbix{How cxv we
does side effects affect this? There must examples value semantics I mentioned if Can please give me of that. If function takes a pointer as argument the functions return value is an int, does the function make use of reference- and value semantics? A: In the reference semantic, an argument refers to original being for or for writing. In the value semantic, an argument is just the value of an object, a copy instead of the original. Of course, you alter this copy some side effects, the original remains Example of by int a) /* argument is passed by value (local variable containing a copy) */ { a++; /* increments the local variable return (a+5); a value } main ac, char**av) { c; c = f(b); /* b The original value is unchanged */ printf ("b=%d b, c); prints 7 and 13 */ } of passing by reference: int fr(int* pa) /* pa is a pointer refering to original value */ { *pa+=1; /* increments value pointed original variable) */ return /* return by */ int (int char**av) { b=7, c; c = fr(&b); /* The original value in b changed */ printf ("b=%d c=%d\n", b, c); /* prints 8 */ Returning by reference less obvious. Tt's used example return a reference received or to reference a allocated object. Q: General of evaluating $\small\sum_{n\geq 0}\left(\frac{4^n}{(2n+1)\binom{2n}{n}}\right)^2\frac{1}{n+k}$ $$ can we
 does side effects affect this? there must bE otheR exAmpLeS of vAlue Semantics then I MEntiOned if I were right about iT. Can yOu PLeasE GiVe me eXamples OF tHAT.
If A fUnCtiOn TAkEs a poIntEr as argUment and thE fuNcTions return vALuE is an int, doEs tHe function maKe uSe of boTh RefERence- And Value SemantICs?    

A:

In tHe referenCe SEmantiC, An argumENT rEferS to the original objECt,  BEing it for readiNg or foR wRItING.  
In The Value semanTiC, an arGUment is JUsT THE vaLUe of an object, i.E. a copy insteAD of The oriGiNal.  oF coursE, if yoU aLTer This copy witH somE side effeCts, the ORiginal ELement rEmains UncHanGed.  
EXAmPlE of PaSSinG By ValUE:  
inT f(int a)   /* arGuMeNt a is PassED BY ValuE (loCal vAriabLe containing a CopY)  */ 
{
    a++;      /* inCRemEnts tHe locAl vaRiAble */
    rEturn (a+5);   /* ReturN a Value */  
}

int main (int Ac, chAr**av) {
    int b=7, c; 
    C = f(b);  /* B wIll Be CopieD. the oriGinAl vAlue is uNchangeD */
    PriNtF ("B=%D C=%d\N", b, c);  /* prints 7 and 13 */
}

ExamplE oF PAsSing by reFerencE:  
InT fR(Int* pa)   /* argUmEnt Pa is A POinteR refERiNg to origInal vaLUe  */ 
{
    *Pa+=1;      /* IncremeNtS value PoIntEd tO (the oRIginAl variAble) */
    retuRn (*pa+5);   /* rETurn by value */  
}

int MAin (int ac, char**aV) {
    InT B=7, C; 
    c = FR(&b);  /* ThE orIginal value In b iS ChanGed */
    pRInTf ("b=%D C=%d\n", b, c);  /* PrintS 8 aND 13 */
}

RETurning by reference iS lEss obvIous.  TT's used for examPle to returN A REference ReceIVeD As argument, or reLated To it.  Or a refERence to a DynamIcally alLocated obJECt.    

 Q:

GenerAl mEthOd oF evALUaTing $\small\sum_{n\GEQ 0}\lefT(\fRac{4^n}{(2n+1)\biNom{2N}{n}}\right)^2\FraC{1}{n+k}$

$$
\MboX{HoW cAn we
 does side effects affectthis? Ther e mus t b e o th er e xamp les of value s e mant ics then I mentioned i f I w er e  rig h tabout  it. Ca n  y o u  pl ea se  gi ve me  exam ple s of th at.
If a f unc ti on takes a p o in ter as arg ume nt and the f unc tionsre tur n  valu e i s anint, d o es the  function  m a ke use of both r ef eren ce- and value sem a nt i cs?    

A:

I n there f er e n cesem antic, anar gumen t  refers to t h e o r iginal object ,  being it for  readi ng  or for wr iting .
In  the valuesema ntic, anargume n t is ju s t the v alue o f a n o bjec t ,i. e.ac opy in ste a d o f the or ig in al. Of c o u r s e, i f y ou a lterthis copy wit h s omes ide  effe cts,theor igina l elem ent r em ains unchanged.   
E xample of  pa ss ing  b y val u e:  
i ntf(i nt a)  /* arg u men ta i spassed by value (l oc a l  v ariablecontai n in ga  copy) */  
{ 
  a ++;    / *incremen ts the lo ca l varia bl e */
  re tur n (a+ 5 );  /* re turn a v alue* /  
}

int mai n  (int ac, cha r ** a v ){ 
   in t b=7, c;    c  = f (b);  / * b willbe co pi e d. The original valueis  uncha nged*/
    printf  ("b=%d c= % d \ n", b, c ); / *p rints 7 and 13  */
} 

Exampleo f passin g byreferenc e:  
intf r (int* pa )  /*  ar gum e n tpa is a point e r  ref er ing toori ginal v alu e */
{   *pa+=1;       /*  i nc re me nts  valu e  pointed  t o ( th e o rigin a l vari able)  */  r etu rn (*pa + 5) ;   /*  r et urnbyva lue * /  } 

i nt main  (int ac,  ch a r**a v)  { 
    in t b=7, c; 
  c = fr(&b) ; /*  The o r i ginal va lue in b is changed */   prin tf("b=% d c= %d\n", b,  c) ;  /*pri n ts 8 a nd 13*/
}
R etu r n ing b y re fer en ce is less o bvi ous. T t'sused fo r example to retur n  areference rec eiv ed a s ar gum e nt ,  or  r e lat e d  to it.  Or a r eference t oa  d ynamically all oc ated ob ject.   

Q :

Gene ral metho d of eval ua ting $ \sm all\sum_{n \geq 0}\ left(\fra c {4^n} { (2 n+1)\ bin om{2n} {n }}\ right )^2\fr a c{1 }{n+k }$

$$ 
\ mbox{H ow ca nwe
 does_side effects_affect this? There must_be other_examples_of value_semantics_then I mentioned_if I were_right about it. Can_you please give_me_examples of that.
If a function takes a pointer as argument and the functions return_value_is an_int,_does_the function make use of_both reference- and value semantics?_ _ 

A:

In the reference semantic, an argument refers_to_the original object,_ being it for reading or for writing. _
In the value semantic, an argument_is just the_value_of_an object, i.e. a_copy instead of the original. _Of course, if you alter this_copy with some side effects, the original_element remains unchanged.  
Example of_passing by value:  
int_f(int a)_  /* argument a_is passed by_value (local_variable containing a_copy)  */ 
{
  _ a++; _    /* increments_the_local variable */
___ return_(a+5);  _/*_return a_value_*/  
}

int main (int ac,_char**av)_{
    int b=7, c;_
   _c_= f(b);  /*_b will be copied. The_original value is unchanged */
 _ _printf ("b=%d_c=%d\n", b, c);  /* prints 7 and 13 */
}

Example of_passing by reference:  
int fr(int*_pa)   /*_argument pa_is_a pointer refering_to_original value_ */ 
{
    *pa+=1;_ _   /* increments value_pointed to (the original_variable)_*/
    return (*pa+5);_  /* return by value_*/  
}

int main (int_ac,_char**av)_{
    int_b=7, c; 
   _c = fr(&b);_ /* The original value in b_is_changed */
    printf_("b=%d_c=%d\n", b, c);  /* prints_8_and_13 */
}

Returning by reference is_less obvious.  Tt's used for_example to return a reference received as argument, or_related to it._ Or a reference to_a_dynamically_allocated object.    

 Q:

General method of evaluating_$\small\sum_{n\geq 0}\left(\frac{4^n}{(2n+1)\binom{2n}{n}}\right)^2\frac{1}{n+k}$

$$
\mbox{How_can we