 you are not exactly on equilibrium.
So, this is one way to see hydrodynamics as'mean kinetic theory', and also as an (almost) local thermodynamics. There are also other ways to do it. One is to study Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics as a macroscopic (in the same sense as classical thermodynamics) mean theory. This is done, in the linear theory, by De Groot & Mazur.
I hope that I have clarified some of your questions. I believe this is a very interesting subject, and I like it very much myself.

 Q:

Long list of Hit and Get from sudo apt update

Why are there so many repeats of getting similar packages during sudo apt update? Is this normal? Previously, I noticed that there were only 5 to 7 Hit or Get in total. Recently, I noticed this update list seemed to have grown longer and longer. 
Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease                                                    
Hit:2 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease                                                 
Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease [88.7 kB]                                                                                               
Get:7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease [74.6 kB]     
Get:8 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease [88.7 kB]     
Get:9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages [728 kB]
Get:10 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main i386 Packages [580 kB]
Get:11 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [285 kB]
Get:12 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main DEP-11 48x48 Icons [70.9 kB]                                                                                                                          
Get:13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [140 kB]                                                                                                                           
Get:14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/universe amd64 DE
you are not exactly on equilibrium. 
 So, this is one way to visualize hydrodynamics as'mean kinetic hypothesis', and also as an (almost) local thermodynamics. There be besides other ways to do it. One is to analyze Non - Equilibrium Thermodynamics as a macroscopic (in the same sense as authoritative thermodynamics) think of theory. This is dress, in the linear theory, by De Groot & Mazur. 
 I hope that I have clarify some of your doubt. I believe this is a very interesting national, and I like it very much myself. 

  Q: 

 retentive list of Hit and Get from sudo apt update 

 Why are there indeed many repeats of getting similar packages during sudo apposite update? Is this normal? Previously, I noticed that there exist only 5 to 7 Hit or Get in sum. Recently, I noticed this update list seemed to have grown longer and longer. 
 Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease                                                    
 Hit:2 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease                                                 
 Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - updates InRelease [ 88.7 kB ]                                                                                               
 Get:7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - backports InRelease [ 74.6 kB ]     
 Get:8 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - security InRelease [ 88.7 kB ]     
 Get:9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - updates / main amd64 Packages [ 728 kB ] 
 Get:10 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - updates / main i386 Packages [ 580 kB ] 
 Get:11 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - updates / main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [ 285 kB ] 
 Get:12 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - updates / main DEP-11 48x48 Icons [ 70.9 kB ]                                                                                                                          
 Get:13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - update / chief DEP-11 64x64 Icons [ 140 kilobyte ]                                                                                                                           
 Get:14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic - updates / universe amd64 DE
 yok are not exactly on equllibrium.
So, this nw one xay to aee hydrudynamics as'mean kinetic thelrt', and also as an (almost) locxl thermofynamics. Thece are also othec ways to do if. One ms to study Non-Gquilibrium Dhermodynamics ar c macroscopic (in the same sense as cjassicak hhermodynamics) meam thekgy. This is done, in the linear tgeory, bj De Groot & Mazur.
O hope that I have clarififd slme of your questilns. I beliece trus is a very interesting subject, ahd I like it very much myself.

 Q:

Uong kist of Hij znf Get from sndo apn update

Why avv there so manu repeats of gcttinj sinilar packages during sudo apt update? If this nosmcl? Previously, I noticwd that these wdee unlg 5 tk 7 Hit or Get in tofal. Recentlt, I noticed this upcaev list seemed to hade grown longer and longer. 
Hit:1 http://archivt.ubunfu.com/ubuntu bionic InReoease                                                    
Hit:2 http://archive.canonicdl.com/nbjntb bionkx LnRelease                                                 
Get:4 htbp://archive.ubuntu.com/ibknyo bionic-updater InReleaae [88.7 kB]                                                                                               
Yet:7 http://archnve.ubumtu.cok/ubuntu bionic-backports InRslease [74.6 kB]     
Get:8 hfgp://archive.ubuntu.cum/unundu bionic-security InReleasq [88.7 kB]     
Get:9 http://arzhivg.ubuntu.som/ubuntu hionig-gpdates/main amd64 Pafkaged [728 kB]
Get:10 htto://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-u'vates/main i386 Pscnagvs [580 kB]
Get:11 http://srchive.ubuntu.som/ubuntu bionnc-updatef/main amd64 DEP-11 Mvtadata [285 nB]
Get:12 http://awchive.ubuntu.cml/ubuntu bionmc-updates/iain DEP-11 48x48 Iconr [70.9 kB]                                                                                                                          
Eet:13 httk://crcmivd.ubumtu.com/ubuntu bionic-u[datss/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [140 hB]                                                                                                                           
Get:14 http://crchive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/univxrse amd64 DE
you are not exactly on equilibrium. So, one to see as'mean kinetic theory', local There are also ways to do One is to study Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics a macroscopic (in the same sense as classical thermodynamics) mean theory. This is in the linear theory, by De Groot & Mazur. I hope that I clarified of questions. believe this is a very interesting subject, and I like it very much myself. Q: Long of Hit and Get from sudo apt update are there so many of getting similar packages during apt Is this Previously, noticed there were only to 7 Hit or Get in total. Recently, I noticed this update list seemed to have grown and longer. bionic InRelease http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu InRelease http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease Get:7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease [74.6 kB] InRelease [88.7 kB] Get:9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages kB] Get:10 bionic-updates/main i386 Packages [580 kB] Get:11 bionic-updates/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [285 kB] Get:12 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu DEP-11 48x48 Icons [70.9 kB] Get:13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [140 kB] Get:14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu DE
 you are not exactly on equilibRium.
So, this Is one Way To sEe HydrOdynAmics as'mean kinETic tHeory', and also as an (almost) Local ThERmodYNaMics. THere are ALsO OTheR wAyS to Do IT. ONe is tO stUdy Non-EQuilibrium theRmOdynamics as a MAcRoscopic (in The Same sense as cLasSical tHeRmoDYnamiCs) mEan thEory. ThIS is donE, in the linEaR Theory, BY De GrooT & mAzUr.
I hOpe that I have clariFIeD Some of your quesTions. I BeLIeVE ThiS is A very interEsTing sUBject, anD i lIKE It vERy much myself.

 Q:

long list of HIT anD Get frOm SudO Apt updAte

WhY aRE thEre so many rePeatS of gettinG similAR packagES during Sudo apT upDatE? Is tHIs NoRmaL? PREviOUsLy, I NOtiCed that tHeRe Were oNly 5 tO 7 hIT Or GeT in TotaL. ReceNtly, I noticed tHis UpdaTE liSt seeMed to Have GrOwn loNger anD longEr. 
hit:1 http://archive.uBuntU.com/ubuntU biOnIc INREleasE                                                    
hit:2 httP://arChiVe.canonIcal.com/UBunTu BIONiC InRelease                                                 
Get:4 http://aRcHIVe.Ubuntu.coM/ubuntU BiOnIC-updates inrelEase [88.7 Kb]                                                                                               
get:7 htTp://arCHiVe.ubuntu.Com/ubuNTu BiOnic-bacKpOrts InreLeaSe [74.6 kb]     
Get:8 hTTp://arChive.uBuntu.com/UbuntU Bionic-security iNRelease [88.7 kB]     
Get:9 HTtP://ARcHIve.uBunTu.com/ubuntu BionIC-updAtes/MAiN amD64 packaGes [728 kB]
geT:10 HtTP://archive.ubuntu.com/ubUnTu bionIc-updAtes/main i386 PackAges [580 kB]
Get:11 hTTP://Archive.uBuntU.CoM/Ubuntu bionic-upDates/Main amd64 DEP-11 mEtadata [285 kb]
Get:12 hTtp://archiVe.ubuntu.cOM/Ubuntu biOniC-upDatEs/mAIN DeP-11 48x48 Icons [70.9 kB]                                                                                                                          
Get:13 HTTp://arChIve.ubunTu.cOm/ubuntU biOniC-upDatEs/Main DEP-11 64x64 ICons [140 kB]                                                                                                                           
GeT:14 hTtP://aRcHivE.ubunTU.com/ubunTu BioNiC-upDates/UNiversE amd64 De
 you are not exactly on eq uilibrium. 
So,thi s i sonewayto see hydrody n amic s as'mean kinetic theo ry',an d  als o  a s an(almost )  l o c alth er mod yn a mi cs. T her e are a lso otherway sto do it. On e  i s to study  No n-Equilibriu m T hermod yn ami c s asa m acros copic( in the  same sen se as cla s sical t h e rm odyn amics) mean theor y .T his is done, i n theli n ea r the ory , by De Gr oo t & M a zur.
Ih op e t hat I have clarif ied some of you r ques ti ons .  I bel ieveth i s i s a very in tere sting sub ject,a nd I li k e it ve ry muc h m yse lf. Q :
Lo ng lis t  o f H i t a nd Get f ro msudoaptu p d a te
Why  are  ther e so many rep eat s of get tingsimil ar p ac kages  durin g sud oapt update? Isthis  normal?Pre vi ous ly , I n o ticedtha t t here we re only 5 t o7 H it  or Get in total.Re c e nt ly, I no ticedt hi su pdate li st  se emed t o hav e gr o wn  longerand lo n ge r.  
Hit:1  h ttp:// ar chi ve. ubunt u .com /ubunt u bionic  InRe l ease                                        
H i t:2http : // arc h ive.c anoni ca l .c o m/ubuntu bionic InR el ease                                     
Get:4 http:// archi ve.ubuntu. c om/ubunt u bio nic-upda tes InRel e a se [88.7  kB ]                                                                     
G e t:7 http :/ /ar ch ive .ubun t u.com/ ubunt u bi on ic - bac kportsI nR e l ease  [ 74 .6 k B]   
Ge t:8h ttp ://arch ive.ubunt u.c o m/ub un tu  bionic -security InR el ease [88.7  k B]    
G e t :9 http: //archive.ubuntu.com/ub u ntu bio nic -upda tes/ main amd6 4 P ackage s [ 7 28 kB] 
Get:1 0 htt p: //a r c hive. u b un tu. co m/ubuntu b i o nic -upda te s/ma in i386  Packages [580 kB] Get :11 http://ar chi ve.u b u nt u.c o m/ u bun tu bio n i c-updates/mainamd64 DEP- 11 Me tadata [28 5  kB ]Get:12http:// archi v e.ubunt u.com/ubu ntu bioni c- upda t e s/m ain DEP-11  48x48 I cons [70. 9  kB]                                                                                                
Ge t:13 http ://a rchive.ubu ntu .co m/ubu ntu bioni c-up d at es/ m ain D EP-1 1  64x64 Ic o ns  [1 4 0  k B]                                                                                               
Get :14 http :/ / archi ve.ubu ntu.co m/ubunt u bi o nic-up date s/u niverse a md6 4D E
 you_are not_exactly on equilibrium.
So, this_is one_way_to see_hydrodynamics_as'mean kinetic theory',_and also as_an (almost) local thermodynamics._There are also_other_ways to do it. One is to study Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics as a macroscopic (in_the_same sense_as_classical_thermodynamics) mean theory. This is_done, in the linear theory,_by De_Groot & Mazur.
I hope that I have clarified_some_of your questions._I believe this is a very interesting subject, and_I like it very much myself.

_Q:

Long list of_Hit_and_Get from sudo apt_update

Why are there so many repeats_of getting similar packages during sudo_apt update? Is this normal? Previously, I_noticed that there were only 5_to 7 Hit or Get_in total._Recently, I noticed this update_list seemed to_have grown_longer and longer._
Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease  _  _     __  ___ _  __ __     __      _   __   _  
Hit:2 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic_InRelease     _ _ _          _     _   _ __  __ _      _ _
Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease [88.7 kB]_   __     _     _    ___    _     _  _      __     __     ___    _     _        _  _    ___   
Get:7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease [74.6 kB] _ _ 
Get:8 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu_bionic-security InRelease [88.7 kB]     
Get:9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu_bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages [728 kB]
Get:10 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main_i386 Packages [580 kB]
Get:11 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [285 kB]
Get:12_http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main DEP-11 48x48 Icons [70.9 kB] _      _   __      ____  _  _  _ _  _ _  __                 _     _    __  _   _       _        __ _   _ _ _  _ _ _ _    
Get:13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main_DEP-11_64x64 Icons [140 kB]     ____  _  _  _  __     _  _   _         _                _ _   _ __     _ _       __           ___  __     _____     _ 
Get:14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/universe amd64 DE