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n3g2DlmZsLg | thousands of men and women carry inferiority complexes with them all through life because some well-meaning but ignorant person destroyed their confidence through opinions or ridicule if a decision is worth anything at all it's worth sticking to until it's been completely worked the eighth principle persistence Napoleon Hill defines persistence as the power of will | 1,450 | 1,476 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1450s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | willpower and desire when properly combined make an irresistible pair persistence to an individual is what carbon is to steel in uncounted thousands of cases persistence has stood as the difference between success and failure it is this quality more than any other that keeps the majority from great accomplishment they will try a thing but as soon as the going gets tough they | 1,476 | 1,497 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1476s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | fold experience with thousands of people has proved that lack of persistence is a weakness common to the majority of men it is a weakness which may be overcome by effort if you are to accomplish the desire you've set for yourself you must form the habit of persistence things will get dark it will seem as though there's no longer any reason to continue everything in you will tell you to give | 1,497 | 1,518 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1497s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | up to quit trying and it's right here that the men are separated from the boys it's right here that if you'll go that extra mile and keep going that the skies will clear and you'll begin to see the first signs of the abundance that is to be yours because you had the courage to persist with persistence will come success persistence is a state of mind therefore it can be cultivated like all | 1,518 | 1,542 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1518s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | states of mind persistence is based upon definite causes among them these 1 definiteness of purpose knowing what you want to desire 3 self-reliance 4 definiteness of plans 5 accurate knowledge knowing that your plan is sound 6 cooperation sympathy understanding and harmonious cooperation with others tend to develop persistence 7 willpower 8 Hemet persistence is the | 1,542 | 1,572 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1542s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | direct result of habit the ninth principle power of the mastermind it is in this section that Napoleon Hill describes the importance of forming a group of individuals sympathetic to your desire they may be individuals with similar plans a mastermind group can be made up of two or more individuals no two Minds ever come together without thereby creating a third a third invisible intangible force | 1,572 | 1,603 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1572s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | which may be likened to a third mind you may have noticed many times that by discussing something with another individual you suddenly get good ideas as a result of this Association ideas you would not have gotten without this Association the same thing happens to the other person a lot of good ideas have been born in individual minds as a result of having met in committee associating with your | 1,603 | 1,625 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1603s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | mastermind group is not meant as a means of letting others do your thinking for you far from it it is to stimulate your own thinking through the association with other minds no one knows everything the more sympathetic Minds you get together and by sympathetic I mean working for a common purpose the more related information is going to be available and great ideas are a | 1,625 | 1,644 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1625s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | combination of related information so pick the member or members of your mastermind group with care make sure there are people you respect and who are hardworking and conscientious you have a lot of fun and you'll all reach your goals just that much sooner the tenth principle could be called enthusiasm that is the enthusiasm that comes from the channeling of all bodily drives into | 1,644 | 1,671 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1644s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | positive worthwhile outlets it is in this chapter that Napoleon a describes the importance of the woman the one and only woman in the achievement of a worthwhile goal it seemed quite significant to mr. Hill that practically every great leader was a man whose achievements were largely inspired by a woman when things get tough and you can count on if they will you may be | 1,671 | 1,691 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1671s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | deserted by what you thought were friends but if you've got a good woman you'll never be alone she'll be willing to start over again if necessary and she'll give you the new enthusiasm that comes through her faith in you having someone to love is having someone to share your success and accomplishment to give you the praise that all of us need from time to time a man can become | 1,691 | 1,712 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1691s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | successful without a wife and family but all the real joy is taken out of it take care of your wife and children as your greatest possessions the 11th principle has to do with the subconscious mind the subconscious mind consists of a field of consciousness in which every impulse of thought that reaches the objective mind through any of the five senses is classified and recorded and from which | 1,712 | 1,739 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1712s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | thoughts may be recalled or withdrawn as letters may be taken from a filing cabinet it receives and files sense impressions or thoughts regardless of their nature you may voluntarily plant in your subconscious mind any plan thought or purpose which you desire to translate into its physical or monetary equivalent the subconscious acts first on the dominating desires which have | 1,739 | 1,763 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1739s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | been mixed with emotional feeling such as faith your subconscious mind works night and day through a method of procedure unknown to man the subconscious mind draws upon the forces of infinite intelligence for the power with which it voluntarily transmutes one's desires into their physical equivalent making use always of the most practical media by which this end may be | 1,763 | 1,785 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1763s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | accomplished you cannot entirely control your subconscious mind but you can voluntarily hand over to it any plan desire or purpose which you wish transformed in a concrete form no one knows very much about what we call the subconscious or unconscious mind we do know that it is incalculably powerful and can solve our problems if we go about using it the right way and | 1,785 | 1,808 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1785s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | the best way is to hold in your conscious mind as often as possible a clearer picture of yourself already having accomplished your goal you know what you want define it clearly and then project it on the motion picture screen of your mind hold it see yourself doing the things and having the things you'll have when your objective will have been reached do this as often as possible as you go | 1,808 | 1,830 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1808s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | about your daily work and particularly at night just before you go to sleep and the first thing upon arising as you do this your subconscious will begin to lead you in the most logical ways toward your objective don't fight it follow your sudden hunches the ideas that come into your mind knowing that it's your subconscious trying to get through to your conscious mind if you keep at this | 1,830 | 1,852 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1830s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | you'll be amazed and delighted by the wonderful ideas that just seem to come from nowhere in the next principle we'll talk some more about this sixth sense that seems to control the lives of the great men and women but it comes from a systemic triggering of the subconscious mind the lives of the great men and women which seem miraculous to the average person are nothing more than the | 1,852 | 1,871 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1852s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | fulfillment of their burning desires through the power of their subconscious minds time means nothing to your subconscious a man could work steadily at his job for forty years and not accomplish as much as is possible in three or four years through the proper working of this principle your subconscious mind cannot remain idle if you fail to plant desires in your | 1,871 | 1,893 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1871s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | subconscious mind it will feed upon the thoughts which reach it as a result of your neglect remember that you're living daily in the midst of all manner of thought impulses which are reaching your subconscious mind without your knowledge some of these impulses are negative some are positive you are now engaged in trying to help shut off the flow of negative impulses and to aid in | 1,893 | 1,912 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1893s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | voluntarily influencing your subconscious mind through positive impulses of desire when you achieve this you will possess the key which unlocks the door to your subconscious mind bulwa wrote the man who succeeds above his fellows is the one who early in life clearly discerned his object and toward that object habitually directs his powers even genius itself is but fine | 1,912 | 1,936 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1912s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | observation strengthened by fixity of purpose every man who observes vigilantly and resolves steadfastly grows unconsciously into genius the key word there is unconsciously know what you want decide once and for all that it will be yours remain steadfast on course propelled by faith and your subconscious or unconscious mind will do the rest the twelfth principle as outlined in | 1,936 | 1,966 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1936s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | thinking Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill has to do with the brain if you had access to all the wealth in the world and took a penny you would be doing exactly what you very probably have been doing in the use of your brain nothing in the world is more pitiful than the misunderstanding by the average person of the power of his brain and the minds to which it is connected the conscious | 1,966 | 1,989 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1966s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | and the subconscious you own in your brain the most marvelous miraculous inconceivably powerful force the world has ever known take for example the fact that the number of lines which connect the brain cells with one another equal a figure one followed by 15 million ciphers it has been determined that there are from ten to fourteen billion cells and the average human cerebral cortex it is | 1,989 | 2,016 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=1989s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | inconceivable that such a network of intricate machinery should be in existence for the sole purpose of carrying on the physical functions incidental to growth and maintenance of the physical body this is the mechanism that has given us the supersonic airplane our deep rocket probes into outer space the sciences the arts all that we know and use today and will use | 2,016 | 2,038 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2016s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | tomorrow have hatched from this small grey mass each of us carries around do you can you doubt even for a moment that it can bring you and yours everything you want here on earth of course it can if you will recognize your power as an individual and stop acting like those who have never even thought about it give it the job you've decided to accomplish and watch it handle it the | 2,038 | 2,066 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2038s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | thirteenth and final principle is called the sixth sense the sixth sense can be described as the sense through which infinite intelligence may and will communicate voluntarily without any effort from or demands by the individual this principle is the apex of the philosophy it can be assimilated understood and applied only by first mastering the other twelve principles | 2,066 | 2,088 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2066s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | the sixth sense is that portion of the subconscious mind which has been referred to as the creative imagination it has also been referred to as the receiving through which ideas plans and thoughts flash into the mind the flashes are sometimes called punches or inspirations the sixth sense defies description it cannot be described to a person who has not mastered the other principles of | 2,088 | 2,110 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2088s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | this philosophy because such a person has no knowledge and no experience with which the sixth sense may be compared the sixth sense is not something that one can take off and put on a twill ability to use this great power comes slowly through application of the other principles we've outlined many individuals come into a workable knowledge of the sixth sense even before | 2,110 | 2,130 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2110s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | the age of 40 but more often the knowledge is not available until one is well past 50 and this for the reason that the spiritual forces with which the sixth sense is so closely related do not mature and become usable generally except through years of meditation self-examination and serious thought but begin to develop it now by applying the principles we've talked about here | 2,130 | 2,150 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2130s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | remember this man can create nothing which he does not first conceived in the form of an impulse of thought mens thought impulses begin immediately to translate themselves into their physical equivalent whether those thoughts are voluntary or involuntary keep fear out of your mind by concentrating on the mental picture of your goal your greatest desire now I want to mention | 2,150 | 2,176 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2150s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | that Think and Grow Rich as a book carries more endorsements by great men who knew of its truth than any other book of its kind ever written I'll touch on only a few all of these great men actually endorsed Napoleon Hills principles former President of the United States William Howard Taft FW Woolworth wrote that he had built his great chain of stores by applying many | 2,176 | 2,198 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2176s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | of these principles Robert dollar who built the great dollar steamship line wrote if I had had this philosophy 50 years ago I suppose I could have accomplished all that I've done in less than half the time I sincerely hope the world will discover and reward you Samuel Gompers wrote that the mastery of these principles is the equivalent of an insurance policy | 2,198 | 2,217 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2198s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | against failure President Woodrow Wilson John Wanamaker the merchant Prince wrote I know that your fundamentals are sound because I've been applying them in my business for more than 30 years George Eastman the world's largest maker of cash Thomas Edison Luther Burbank Theodore Roosevelt iam Statler john d rockefeller i think you know that the endorsements of these great men could not have been | 2,217 | 2,240 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2217s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | bought with all the money in the world what we have been talking about here can change your life can bring you anything and everything worthwhile you want in life for yourself and your family cut yourself away from the average from the mediocre and chart your course on the dream in your heart these thirteen principles will never let you down as long as you use them and now it is with | 2,240 | 2,262 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2240s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | great pleasure that i give you the author himself napoleon hill thank you era nightingale the message which you who are listening have just heard has brought you within three short steps of the supreme secret of success the same secret which has brought happiness peace of mind and financial success to countless thousands of people who have read Think and Grow Rich the same | 2,262 | 2,286 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2262s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | secrets which has made master salesmen out of ordinary order takers and the same secret which has brought friendship love and marriage to men and women who have come under the spell of the thirteen principles which Earl Nightingale has just described you desire the better things of life or you wouldn't be listening to this record come with me then and I will help you | 2,286 | 2,306 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2286s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | chart your course so you may acquire whatever it is that you desire most in life by following these instructions one condition your own subconscious mind to work for you while you sleep as well as when you are awake you can do this by playing this record to yourself every night just before you retire then before you go to sleep after hearing the record write out a clear statement of what you | 2,306 | 2,332 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2306s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | wish to accomplish the following day and request your subconscious mind to work during the night and provide you with the plan you will need to achieve your purpose to form a personal mastermind group of two or more people who are closely associated with you they can be members of your family your business or your professional associates or people who work where you are employed and play | 2,332 | 2,358 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2332s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | this record in their presence at least once a week after you have done this engaging friendly roundtable discussion of the thirteen success principles and requests each person in the group to participate and to look for inspirational ideas which may help him or her to become more successful three beginning now follow the habit of rendering more service and better service than that which is | 2,358 | 2,382 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2358s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | expected of you and do it in a pleasing positive mental attitude this will make friends for you it will increase the value of your services and it will attract opportunities by which you may get from life whatever it is that you most desire follow these instructions to the letter and you ensure to see the day when you can express a prayer of gratitude for having | 2,382 | 2,404 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2382s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
n3g2DlmZsLg | had the privilege of hearing and acting on the message which Earl Nightingale has given you through this record and now may I reach out across the space and the time which separate us and offer you a hand of friendship and a sincere prayer that you will be blessed with a richer and fuller life because of this message your big opportunity may be right where you are now follow these | 2,404 | 2,427 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3g2DlmZsLg&t=2404s | Napoleon Hill's Think & Grow Rich Condensed and Narrated by Earl Nightingale | |
NyoezBq14vE | good evening everybody my name is rose I'm with the Academy of Science st. Louis and we are one of the sponsors of tonight's talk along with the st. Louis Zoo and we're very pleased to be partnering with the zoo to bring you tonight science seminar before we get started this evening I'd like to tell you a little bit about the Academy of Science and who we are we're an | 0 | 24 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=0s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | independent science organization we're supported entirely through community contributions and we've been around for a very long time since 1856 it's our mission to promote the public understanding of science and inspire the next generation and at venues throughout the region we do that by connecting science in the community through free and our very low-cost public talks so in | 24 | 45 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=24s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | seminars and workshops and trips and tours that celebrate science at venues throughout the metropolitan st. Louis region and surrounding counties these trips tours and talks feature scientists and engineering professionals of both national and international renown in addition to advancing the public understanding of science excuse me as I had said it's our mission as well to | 45 | 69 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=45s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | inspire the next generation we do that through a number of free and low-cost opportunities that are expressly for teams such as their teen science cafes teen cafes Youth Leadership Council and Junior Academy of Science the Junior Academy is a pre-professional stem membership organization for students in grades 6 through 12 that offers hands-on opportunities in science engineering and | 69 | 90 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=69s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | medicine teens can attend unique behind-the-scenes explorations of leading engineering technology and science labs of our region you can access University Libraries participate in field opportunities in challenging and engaging science competitions for a full range of academic levels and Junior Academy members make real-world connections meeting top stem professionals so if you know a student | 90 | 113 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=90s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | or students or you are a student in grades 6 through 12 with a love for science memberships in the Junior Academy make great holiday gifts you can find more information on the Academy and all of our community wide events by visiting our website at academy of science stl dot org you may also visit us on Facebook or Twitter or before you leave tonight pick up some of the literature that is | 113 | 135 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=113s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | on the table just outside the auditorium I do want to mention a couple upcoming academy events you might have an interest in attending on Tuesday evening December 9 at the Missouri History Museum retired University of missouri-columbia associate professor of fisheries and wildlife sciences and the Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers partnership science advisor dr. David | 135 | 156 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=135s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | gala talks about an ecological history of the Missouri River and 21st century challenges in the Big Muddy this event is free and open to the public you do not need to register to attend and then on January 28th on the Washington University Medical School campus and as part of our teen science cafe series radiology and biomedical engineering professor dr. Susan Lackey talks about | 156 | 179 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=156s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | nanotechnology in the science of the small teen science cafes are open to all students in grades 6 through 12 they are interactive they are free and there is food but you do need to register to attend and you can do so by logging onto our website again at academy of science stl org you can find even more science opportunities talk some tours on our web site or listed on the event fliers and | 179 | 202 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=179s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | Academy literature that is available for you to take with you before you leave this evening if you'd like to receive a notification of upcoming academy public lectures and events there are some enews sign-up sheets that will make their way around the audience if you are a student and you need to verify your attendance at tonight's talk there will be some verification cards that are available | 202 | 222 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=202s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | following tonight's QA also out at the table outside the auditorium please turn off cell phone rings or any other electronic devices that might make noise during the program with all that said I'd like to introduce this evening speaker dr. Lee Hong Wong dr. Wong earned his BS and MS and optics from Zhang universities of Science and Technology in Wuhan China and his PhD in | 222 | 247 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=222s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | electrical engineering from Rice University he is a fellow of the Academy of Science State Lewis and a recipient of the Academy's 2014 James bees outstanding st. Louis scientist award recognized for his seminal work in photoacoustic tomography and bio photonics he is currently the gene K berry distinct professor of biomedical engineering at Washington University in st. Louis and | 247 | 271 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=247s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | his book biomechanical optics principles and imaging was one of the first text books in the field garnering the 2010 Joseph W Goodman book writing award dr. Wagner is also the co-author of a book on polarization and editor of the first book on photoacoustic tomography his laboratory invented or discovered get ready functional photoacoustic tomography 3d photo acoustic microscopy | 271 | 295 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=271s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | the photo acoustic Doppler effect photoacoustic reporter gene imaging focused scanning microwave induced thermoacoustic tomography universal photoacoustic reconstruction algorithm frequency swept ultrasound modulated optical tomography time reversed ultrasonic Lian decoded optical focusing sonoluminescence tomography Miller matrix Oct article coherence computed | 295 | 321 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=295s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | tomography and oblique incidence reflectometry his magic Harlow model of photon transport and scattering media is used worldwide he has published over 380 peer-reviewed articles and delivered 382 keynote plenary are invited talks he is prolific and well-known across the globe and we are very pleased to have him here with us tonight he's here with us to talk about photo acoustics and other | 321 | 348 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=321s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | optical engineering breakthroughs in biomedical engineering on behalf of the academy of science news in the st. Louis Zoo won't you please join me in welcoming dr. Lee hongwol well thank you rose for the very kind introduction thank you all for coming here tonight I'll be talking about several technologies we've been working on in our lab our goal is to image biological | 348 | 382 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=348s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | tissue using optical contrast starting from the motivations and challenges in our field in general I'll be talking about two major incarnations of photoacoustic tomography namely photoacoustic computed tomography and photo acoustic microscopy then I'll talk about some some of the newer technologies we've been working on time reversal and compressed ultra-fast | 382 | 417 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=382s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | photography the very first question is why do we bother with light for imaging purposes you know when you walk to a hospital you go to your video department you'll see a lot of imaging modalities already MRI ultrasound and x-ray what not now first of all it's very safe to use light because we're receiving light or optical photons all the time every day so we're dealing with what's called | 417 | 447 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=417s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | now ionizing radiation the radiation involves photons of very tiny energy you're talking about electron volts as a unit for photon energy so when you're talking about a cup of v's then the photons are not energetic enough to ionize molecules very safe but we use x-ray photons that are so energetic thousands of v's they'll knock off electrons out of molecules do | 447 | 476 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=447s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | eyeliners tissue and cause problems such as DNA DNA damage and so the ionizing radiation parted of the EMR electromagnetic spectrum causes the problems right so we're working this region which is very safe more importantly from a very fundamental perspective which is the physics that tells us light occupies a very special region of the EM spectrum this is the | 476 | 507 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=476s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | only part of the EM spectrum that allows us to probe molecules directly so we have access to the molecular information we know the importance of molecules in biomedicine right so we have to use a light and because light can probe molecules we can apply this to biomolecules all the biomolecules you can think of right you can read the four major classes of biomolecules some other endogenous or | 507 | 540 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=507s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | intrinsic biomolecules or even exotic molecules you know later on I'm gonna make a point that in fact by using photoacoustic tomography week we can potentially image any molecules right so this can be extremely powerful by using by imaging biomolecules we can provide all sorts of imaging functionalities for example in vivo functional imaging very much like functional MRI you might have | 540 | 572 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=540s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | heard of so x-ray will image structure very well but x-ray may not be able to tell if a piss piece of tissue is alive or dead right so we want to image not just the structure of the tissue but also the physiological function and photo acoustics or optical imaging in general can provide that type of information in vivo metabolic imaging so this is someone like PET imaging | 572 | 604 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=572s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | positron emission tomography you know we're looking at metabolic parameters right so I enumerated a couple of examples such as the metabolic rate of oxygen glucose consumption rate we all know that these are the two major mechanisms of metabolism your body right in vivo molecular imaging so we're able to image all sorts of biomarkers which can potentially be hallmarks of cancer | 604 | 636 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=604s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | for example and we can image reporter genes that allows us to track gene expressions we can even provide label-free in vivo histological imaging as we know standard histology is invasive you know when you go to the hospital if physicians who we need to do a histology on you that means they have to exercise tissue out of you all right so that's invasive then they'll go through a | 636 | 665 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=636s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | series of procedures and prepared a tissue before they can examine the tissue slices under microscope so the whole procedure is ex-vivo invasive and takes time can we move this technology and transform this to an in vivo situation where we can look at a tumor margin right as we know that a lot of cancer patients die because the cancer cannot be removed 100% so there's small residual of cancer | 665 | 697 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=665s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | cells and that are left around right so then the cancer will grow back can we use our technology to demarcate and basically find the boundaries of the tumor and remove the cancer 100% so that's going to save lives there are many many reasons why optics is so powerful but we face challenges one of the challenges is called diffraction right in high school or middle school we | 697 | 727 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=697s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | were taught that you can focus a light beam through a lens to a geometric point all right if you say that in a high school you get a full mark right but if you say that in college the professor may tell you you're wrong right so because light is a wave anyways cannot be focused to a point a geometric point right the ultimate size of the focal point depends on the | 727 | 756 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=727s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | wavelength right in this graph if you do your best try to focus as sharply as possible make this angle alpha 90 degrees your focus eyes will become wavelengths over - right that's how small you can focus this is called the diffraction limit so waves water fracked this year three of our colleagues working in our field were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry actually for | 756 | 787 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=756s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | breaking through this limit so this limit has been come they can generate resolution smaller than the wavelength which is amazing achievement now we face even more challenges in penetration right our intuition tells us light will not penetrate through tissue because we can't even see through our own palm right so when we close our eyes our eyelids is going to block all the light | 787 | 816 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=787s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | we can't even see the outside but you will actually see light right this is why some people when they sleep they have to wear blindfolds you have to wear blindfolds our eyelids are not dark enough they're not blocking enough light right so photons you know basically it's a quantum term for light photons will actually go through the eyelids and reach the retina and this is why even | 816 | 845 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=816s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | when you close your eyes you will see some light where's the challenge if we want to penetrate penetrate tissue and get images 350 years ago microscopy was invented right that really revolutionized medicine or any previous before that point there was no technology that allows us to see cells with the Y field optical microscopy we can see cells now we're at micron | 845 | 876 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=845s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | resolution however you have to cut the tissue into very thin slices like ten microns in thickness and this is still the standard technique for histology or standard pathology analysis so what I call the penetration limit in this case is the operation right so the way from distortion in order to form a very good image you have to have a very regular wavefront | 876 | 907 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=876s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | you have you have a controlled wavefront so in tissue because of the distribution of the refractive index in other words the speed of light will travel this light will travel at different speeds of light depending on which part of the tissue lion is traveling through and that gives you a problem that's gonna cause distortion and preventing us from forming a good image right so that | 907 | 934 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=907s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | problem was overcome about maybe 20 years ago using modern optical microscopy you might have heard of a confocal microscopy two-photon microscopy or even optical coherence tomography these are really modern wonders of optical imaging technologies those technologies will reject multiple scattered photons they'll retain the on scattered or singly back scattered | 934 | 962 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=934s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | photons for imaging and there was sharpen up the images they overcome this operation limit in penetrate from the original limit of say a hundred microns to about a millimeter by the way 100 microns is roughly the diameter of our hair that's how small it is a millimeter you can picture if you have a little ruler you can picture a millimeter right so a millimeter doesn't sound very big | 962 | 991 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=962s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | but it's a huge advancement from 0.1 millimeters so 100 microns is 1/10 of a millimeter so that's a factor of 10 enhancement in terms of penetration right though those technologies have impacted biomedicine enormously right not just for biology but they've also been used in medicine if you go to your ophthalmologist one day they may actually use Oct article coners | 991 | 1,023 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=991s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | tomography to examine the retina for you right because without Oct you can only see the surface of the retina you can't go beyond the retina there might be something going wrong sometimes it's behind the surface of the retina OCT is able to see through the entire resume layer very very powerful technique however this set of modern optical microscopy techniques face the next | 1,023 | 1,049 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1023s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | challenge something I call diffusion limit right so they cannot go beyond one millimeter in depth in valid or tissue how do we overcome that problem so we use photo equipment rasca viewer in general photoacoustic tomography to overcome this problem where we actually use multiple scatter photons so I have a little cartoon here conventional microscopy use straight | 1,049 | 1,076 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1049s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | propagating photons the modern optical microscopy will tolerate a little bit of a scattering because they can be checked multiple scattered light but to go deeper we have only multiple to scatter light left so you cannot afford to reject multiple to scatter light otherwise you will get no signal so we have to use those tortuous paths for our light propagation and somehow we have to | 1,076 | 1,105 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1076s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | get spatial information right so that's the huge challenge because oftentimes when photons wander around through this tortuous path you'll lose spatial information so that means you're not gonna get a sharper image we somehow have to form a sharp image our solution is to use photo acoustics and as a result we advanced the penetration not just by one order magnitude by more than | 1,105 | 1,131 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1105s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | one order magnitude more than almost two orders of magnitude now we're able to penetrate multiple millimeters even multiple centimeters so you're talking about not only skin level penetration but also organ level penetration I'll show you some more examples later like anything else we face the next challenge right we cannot penetrate beyond right now seven centimeters how do we target | 1,131 | 1,158 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1131s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | the next challenge this this limit is called the dissipation limit because beyond this steps even the multiple scatter photons are spread around so they're not very intense even though you have a lot of photons at that kind of depth so the next natural question is can we gather those photons they make them intense okay so there's upcoming technique called the wave from engineering with | 1,158 | 1,186 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1158s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | the internal guy stars there's hope there there's hope that we can potentially break through this dissipation limit and reach the next level this could be extremely exciting if we reach there because now we're talking about tens of centimeters of penetration by using safe light now we're talking about potentially whole body human imaging using known as a radiation with rich contrast information | 1,186 | 1,214 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1186s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | so very very exciting I'll touch upon this topic later on and this is ability to time reversal now of course the ultimate limit is the absorption limit if you take all the scattering centers away out of the body you all you have left is absorption right so that's gonna limit your light penetration likely if you use the right light wavelength the right light color that penetration is | 1,214 | 1,241 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1214s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | extremely long it's like a meter or so right all right so let's take a step back and ask yourself the question what does it take to get a good image if you we all know how x-ray chest x-ray works right chest x-ray works so well because x-ray does not scatter so much in tissue you get what's called ballistic light ballistic photons in x-ray regime so that's gonna cast a shadow directly for | 1,241 | 1,274 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1241s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | you and you can see that the bones and certain structures if you mimic x-ray projection by using light when you have certain tissue thickness you're not gonna see see a shadow at all right because light will follow a highly tortuous photon path before reaching your observer right so on this side you won't see a shadow if we surgically cut open a tissue right that's invasive of course now the | 1,274 | 1,309 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1274s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | right hand side is well very well defined because this is all exposed to your error in the photon path will be well-defined allowing us for two form a very good image despite the torch was fallen paths on the left side so the point I want to make is you only need one sided clarity you don't need both illumination clarity and detaching clarity well this is so invasive it's | 1,309 | 1,338 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1309s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | not very useful right a better idea is called optical clearing so we can introduce certain chemicals into the tissue that's going to turn a tissue transparent right so that's going to achieve the equivalent to case P giving us a very sharp image unfortunately this process is toxic so you may have turned a tissue transparent but this is gonna kill the tissue so it's not very useful | 1,338 | 1,368 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1338s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | for you vivo imaging what we are doing is to convert light or photons into ultrasound signals so we're talking about acoustic signals here through the photo acoustic effect acoustic scattering is orders of magnitude like a thousand times weaker than optical scattering equivalently on the detection side we've reached case P or KC without invasiveness or toxicity so on the | 1,368 | 1,402 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1368s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | detection site now we're dealing with transparency that allows us to form a sharper image so that's the basic idea behind this technology right let's see I'll give you more demonstrations later on to make sure we understand the concept photoacoustic very much like x-ray CT there's also photoacoustic CT we have different geometries I'm going to talk about circular geometry first photo | 1,402 | 1,433 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1402s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | acoustics as a physical phenomenon has been around for over 100 years in fact Alexander Graham Bell first reported photo acoustics he actually invented the concept of photo phone right very interestingly this paper was published only a few years after the first telephone was built he had a site you're building a photo phone using light to communicate so his idea was to | 1,433 | 1,460 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1433s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | encode the voice or music into a lie beam then propagate a lie beam in space convert light back into sound again you cannot you hear that so he had no access to laser at a time that he was way be the head of the time you know because laser was invented in the 50s right so he had to use sunlight to demonstrate this principle now this idea never quite took off right for reasons you can | 1,460 | 1,490 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1460s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | imagine because together to work you have to have a line of sight communication right but nowadays we have laser this idea may actually take off again with someone you actually revive this idea later for secure communication we have the opposite problem 100 years ago right so telephone allows you to talk between neighborhoods you know without worrying about line-of-sight | 1,490 | 1,516 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1490s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | transmission but now we're worrying about security so between towers for example you know you have directed communication you don't have to you don't have to worry about you know losing your message right for security purposes so of course in those days there was no concept of tomography right that was not you mean in the lexicon it's a totally new modern concept we're | 1,516 | 1,544 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1516s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | using this very old physics with a very new modern imaging concept to form a new imaging modality a very simple analogy I can think of for photoacoustic CT is how can we pinpoint a single sound source single point sound source like a thunderbolt so when we see the lining we can reset our stopwatch that would be our time zero when we hear the sounder we can record a time delay t1 multiply | 1,544 | 1,581 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1544s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | the time delay by the speed of sound we will define radius first ergo shell on which lining took place if we have three such measurements Center at different locations we will have three spherical shells the intersection of the three shells will pinpoint the thunderbolt right so photoacoustic CT in essence is a straightforward as this its triangulation right something we learned | 1,581 | 1,613 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1581s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging | |
NyoezBq14vE | in middle school or high school right you can triangulate geometrically you can figure out the source right except in a real situation we don't have a point source we're gonna use light to generate a volumetric 3d complex source we don't know the exact source distribution because the source distribution is the image we're after so we have to use more than three detectors | 1,613 | 1,639 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyoezBq14vE&t=1613s | Reversing Time, Photoacoustics and Other Optical Breakthroughs in Biomedical Imaging |
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