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z9Fz96Mr4bM | parents tried haha so let's see um when I used to question my parents later on about why on earth that insisted on my staying there even though I was I'm happy yes um they said well the science teaching was good dear and the sons teaching was good was good later on I I enjoyed the science lessons and I didn't enjoy the math much I went in when I was before I got to the senior | 1,040 | 1,079 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1040s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | school I enjoyed math but then there came a point when I just got confused about math when they introduced functions I didn't understand what functions were I would have been good at arithmetic and good at algebra yeah so neither were these things I didn't understand things like sine X I didn't know what sine was and I was always a very concrete thinker I think in terms of | 1,079 | 1,104 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1079s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | mechanical analogies yes and I was actually I felt unhappy with functions and not at home with them until I started programming when I was a graduate student yeah as soon as I started programming a function was just a box she gave it one thing and it gave you back something else but until then I had I didn't really I wasn't friends with functions and that made math I got | 1,104 | 1,129 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1104s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | worse and worse at math um can I generalize and say that if you don't understand its purpose you challenge it or dismiss it maybe I'm reaching to to deepen your childhood for the later right I certainly want to i i'm i i'm not happy with things until i understand them yes and what I mean by understanding them I think it's the same as what Fineman meant you could build | 1,129 | 1,159 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1129s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | one you know you understand it well enough that you could build one that's that's what I'm I'm wondering it at the X ounds like that was it as later on that's exactly what I felt about psychology in general that you know I want to know what feelings were what sensation was and yes and I felt you never really understand that until you could build one and you as many people | 1,159 | 1,185 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1159s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | say you couldn't build one but if we make it to your current approach you will not be sentimental about such terms as feelings and emotions but we'll get we'll get there I'm not sure what you mean by not being sentimental I I mean the the hope that they are undefinable not reproducible human as opposed to something that you can analyze you you really I wouldn't call that sentimental | 1,185 | 1,216 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1185s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | okay I collect just dumb haha fair enough I still haven't gotten you into Cambridge No so you've got a good science together several several good science teacher yes and so he's good at science I was okay at math and because my father had been to a particular College in Cambridge yes he wanted me to go there yes Ferrand ice at the entrance exams and I did quite well in the exam so I got in | 1,216 | 1,256 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1216s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | did you surprise your school were they assuming you were clever at this point they're not particularly no no they knew I was fairly clever by and then you're as clever but um unruly yes um also might be truth today so going on going on oh you you sit the exams you get in uh-huh I go to Cambridge yes um it's a big shock because at school there were a few kids who were clever and interesting | 1,256 | 1,287 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1256s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | ideas I had a friend called Inman Harvey who was very clever he got the top math scholarship at Trinity which is the best place in math and Britain yes um but mostly the kids they weren't their primary interest was not ideas weren't they mostly influenced by the kinds of school you went to in fact I mean this is sorry Edie at my at my high school what you call a high | 1,287 | 1,318 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1287s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | school a North America most of the kids were not any I went to Cambridge everybody was classy I say okay um actually not everybody there was some medics venue but but apart from that yes everybody was clever and that was a bit of a shock it was very nice yes but also quite threatening yes of course so after I've been there a month I left I found it too stressful yes and I went | 1,318 | 1,347 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1318s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | to London and did various odd jobs [Music] I read a lot of depressing literature like crime and punishment from The Brothers Karamazov remember sitting on the London tube which is a fairly depressing place anyway reading these depressing Russian novels I did various jobs I ended up getting very interested in architecture and I reapplied to Cambridge to do architecture and they | 1,347 | 1,390 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1347s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | let me back into the same College but before I got there I'd done I've worked in an architect's office over the summer and I discovered what the practice of architecture was like yes I sort of imagined you'd sit there sketching out what wonderful buildings going to be we're going to be like or maybe new ways of constructing buildings actually life in electrics office consists of you know | 1,390 | 1,417 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1390s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | are we gonna have cheap flooring or cheap door handles because one of them's got to be cheap otherwise we won't meet the budget yes and so after I've done architecture for a day I went to see my tutor and said I want to switch back to doing natural sciences and my teacher said ok which is a bit if I'm right about this one of the advantages of the Oxbridge approach I | 1,417 | 1,440 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1417s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | mean they they can be flexible they can be very flexible um so my first year I did Natural Sciences and I think I was the only student in that year doing both physics and physiology Oh so I've always been interested in biology uh and I hadn't been allowed to do biology at school because my father wouldn't allow it he said they would teach me genetics and genetics was | 1,440 | 1,471 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1440s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | nonsense huh what he really meant by that was he was convinced that all sort of macroscopic observable traits would be caused by complex interactions of many genes yes and the sort of standard theory was you know blue eyes is caused by this gene and intelligence is caused by that gene yes and of course that was very much against communist teaching yes and so | 1,471 | 1,496 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1471s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | for ideological reasons I wasn't allowed to borrow your school even though my father was a biologist he was very good biologist in his way um he got to be a member of the Royal Society yes I actually got to be a member of the world sight at age 49 and I got to be a member of the Royal sight at age 50 which was always irritating Tonica um so I was very competitive with my father anyway | 1,496 | 1,525 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1496s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | well the Cambridge I did physics and physiology chemistry and physiology was really interesting I'd never done it was it was stuff I didn't know anything about yes and I remember the highlight of the course was going to be the final term where they were going to teach us about the central nervous system yes and I was I was a very very interested in had the brain work because my friend | 1,525 | 1,554 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1525s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | Inman Harvey at school hood was interested in how the brain worked and we had discussions about it yes and I remember how disappointed I was when they taught us about the central nervous system because the way the central nervous system works is this those neurons and they have axons yes and electrical impulses travel down the axons and cause some chemicals to be | 1,554 | 1,581 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1554s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | released that get other neurons excited and they taught us a lot about how the electrical impulses travel down the neurons because that was the classic work of hodgkin-huxley and that was how the central nervous system worked and we're being immensely frustrated that they hadn't actually said anything about how it worked I mean they said how the impulses were on propagated but how did | 1,581 | 1,611 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1581s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | it actually work it was just descriptive basically I mean it was interesting that that's neurons communicate yeah or another but that wasn't what I meant by how it works I wanted to know how how the brain works and how that gives rise to emotions and sensations the song oh why was that if it was such a radical thing to want to know I mean I don't think it was a | 1,611 | 1,635 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1611s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | radical thing hard to know okay I think lots of you want to know that it's just that in Physiology yes they didn't know okay so after my first year I switched to philosophy because I thought philosophy would teach me more about those the things I was really interested in and that was a big mistake um I remember learning about thick and shiny and getting very depressed because I | 1,635 | 1,666 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1635s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | couldn't understand it later on I think he was very useful to have learned that stuff but really I think my main the main thing I got from a year of doing philosophy Cambridge was I developed antibodies against philosophy although there was one philosopher there who I got along with extremely well who actually they're two of them there's my tutor someone called Jim Hopkins who was | 1,666 | 1,696 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1666s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | a very nice guy I'm also interested in how the mind actually worked although he didn't know either and then there was a philosopher called Burnham Williams yes who was a very good philosopher later went to Berkeley I never met him again which was always a regret he used to hold Monday evening a sort of open house where you would go to his room if you're interesting and just discuss philosophy | 1,696 | 1,725 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1696s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | for an hour - and a number of people would turn up and I got along with him very well he's a great thing yes I know about it he was very eclectic very very fluid in his thinking yes he he wasn't he wasn't dogmatic at all and he was just very interesting to is very interesting to learn from him and he would always take the students ideas seriously and always have something | 1,725 | 1,759 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1725s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | interesting to say about them he was never dismissive so that was the one for philosopher who I really appreciated then I got fed up with philosophy because it wasn't telling me what I wanted to know and so I switched again to psychology is it fair dude just to finish the philosophy apart is it that they're not asking interesting questions or that they are giving an overly to us | 1,759 | 1,790 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1759s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | as you're centering questions another philosopher I really like is Daniel Dennett who definitely asked interesting questions okay they just don't have the apparatus to answer them okay my sort of methodological conclusion relates to why it is that philosophers sometimes at a conference will read their paper whereas a scientist very few scientists would do that a scientist will get up and give a | 1,790 | 1,818 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1790s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | talk yes and make some claims and tell you the evidence maybe philosophers will read their papers and they'll sort of the way they read them is significant so with philosophy it's it's how you say something that's important and the words you say it was that's the content and it's because there is no other content so in in philosophy there's no difference between something sounding | 1,818 | 1,851 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1818s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | really good and something being good yes there's no empirical test yeah in science something can sign completely loopy like acceleration is gravity yes and yet it can turn out to be true yes and the things that science is established to be true a far crazier than anything any religious connect traumatic could dream up that outside the realm of the crazy things religious fanatics treemap huh | 1,851 | 1,881 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1851s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | they're always rather boring things like you know there's another world a bit like this one but above the clouds where all the good people go then they're nothing like you know there might be black holes right right so science establishes things that are far crazier than normal people could have a thing called yes yes so this idea that scientists a kind of narrow is just | 1,881 | 1,905 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1881s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | crazy you know the way you can do it is because it's got something out outside of theorizing that can tell you um where these theories are right or not right and I've heard people I don't understand string theory but I've heard people claiming that um that borderline is being pushed by string theory where it's not quite clear whether it's all just mathematics or whether it really is | 1,905 | 1,928 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1905s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | being verified by data the whole science has this independent testing philosophy doesn't it's in there sometimes the impossible I may be thinking only at mathematics to speak and search for the elegant solution which always surprises me is terminology because elegance is not necessarily truthful but maybe that is the the core of mathematical elegance it's a very interesting argument about | 1,928 | 1,954 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1928s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | why why should elegant things be true yes suddenly if you look at physics if you look at particles and things you find kind of fifteen particles which all fit into a nice pattern except there's a missing one yes and the methodology of saying well we should search for that missing one because of all these symmetries it must be there that works and the question is why does and why | 1,954 | 1,980 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1954s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | does it work so it's not clear that works in biology so when I was a postdoc in San Diego I got to know Francis Crick who who was just become very interested in the brain he was a very impressive thinker but he was of the opinion that the idea that the elegant thing is going to be true did not necessarily apply to biology if philosophy is unsatisfying to the | 1,980 | 2,010 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=1980s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | young undergraduate I would then assume given his future career he would leap to the sciences but in fact he lept at the Social Sciences I don't know allow help me help Meg gain which psychology was a science not a session science and yeah I mean psychology has got these sort of two aspects to it but it was definitely the scientific aspect of Cambridge so we | 2,010 | 2,036 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2010s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | learned about rats and we learned about section theory so that's you look to the rats well I didn't want to leap to the rats that's what psychology was there right right in fact I actually was very annoyed that it wasn't teaching us anything about people and so I went to see my shooter not my psychology tutor but my sort of general children king's college who was in charge of my welfare | 2,036 | 2,064 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2036s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | yes and I explained that the psychology course was not telling me anything about real psychology for example there was nothing about psychoanalysis in the psychology course yes and so what I would like to do is I'd like to go to London once a week and get a tutorial from an existential psychoanalyst so I could learn about that because I was really really mad and I would like the | 2,064 | 2,094 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2064s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | college to pay for it and so my teachers my teacher said well that sounds reasonable so yes the college would pay for that ah that's a real liberal education is oh yeah King's College Cambridge which was loaded not only loaded but I had the capacity to imagine doing that yeah so the audacious undergraduate asked for it the wealthy college agreed yeah and how | 2,094 | 2,122 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2094s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | important was that actually that so the only thing I really remember about those tutorials and existential psychoanalysis was psychoanalysts had a really beautiful Japanese girlfriend which makes our analyst psychoanalysis seem very good idea but he taught me about his Earl and Heidegger and I don't never really understood any of that didn't understand it couldn't be bothered no I | 2,122 | 2,160 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2122s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | tried I just didn't didn't really understand yes um I make the assumption that there was something there to be understood but I which now you don't make anymore which I'm not sure I make anymore yeah I'm because we don't have very much time I'm gonna race you through your psychology course but I'll stop at any point that seems critical in your in your intellectual development so | 2,160 | 2,189 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2160s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | I just felt psychology was totally lacking in any idea of what a proper theory would look like they didn't they didn't sort of have the physics view that our theory should really explain something so he did have the experimental method so it's better than philosophy in that sense but what they were using experiments for was to try and decide between theories that were | 2,189 | 2,220 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2189s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | sort of hopelessly inadequate and you could just dismiss out of hand without doing experiments because it was just not up to the job yes and so I had to do an experiment and I remember the experiment where you would take you take children between 3 & 5 yes and you try and decide whether they developed during that period in the sense that during that period they started paying more | 2,220 | 2,246 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2220s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | attention to shape and less attention to things like color and texture so is this model of little kids which is the stimuli like shape and color and texture and they respond to stimuli so this was behaviorist kind of psychology yes I'm just beginning to get a little bit cantar and the experiment is going to be decided to decide if the strength is the response to shape increase in the | 2,246 | 2,271 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2246s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | strength of a response to color decreased and so you presenting with three objects during training you give them say two triangles and a square all of which are yellow and they learn to pick out the odd one Act which is the square yes and then you give them I better get this right you give them three triangles one of which is red from the other to a yellow and they learnt it | 2,271 | 2,297 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2271s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | has the red triangle hands down then once they've been trained like that with various different stimulus dimensions you then give them a yellow triangle a red triangle and a yellow square so now they've got a conflict are they going to pick out the old one based on color or are they going to pick out the old one based on shape right and you look to see what they do and the hope is that as as | 2,297 | 2,329 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2297s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | they get old after the older kids will use shape to pick the old one out and the younger kids will use color I'm not picking up a sense that you were impressed by this experiment well here's what actually happened the experiment was going along and then I got a bright five-year-old yes and the bright five five year old the first time I showed him one of the conflicted ones | 2,329 | 2,359 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2329s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | yes where there wasn't a clear up one out yes he pointed so will be a yellow triangle the yellow square in a red circle he pointed at the red circle and said you painted that one the wrong color he thought I'd made a mistake right ah because it was the old one out game and clearly I painted that one the wrong color and I thought you know this this this organism that's meant to be | 2,359 | 2,387 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2359s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | modelled as responding to color or responding to shape yes this organism has just done a piece of reasoning and said you painted that one the wrong color that's just way beyond the scope of any of these theories it's just hugely complicated behavior compared with these seriously or the organism sort of figured out I had intentions and that I made a mistake here it's just utterly out of the realm | 2,387 | 2,413 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2387s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | I mean if you're trying to sort of model going to the moon by climbing out of a stepladder you know yes that that the the theories they were dealing with stood no more chance of dealing with this kind of behavior than a stepladder would get you to the moon and so that had a big effect on me so you're you're disappointed I'm totally totally disenchanted with psychology because | 2,413 | 2,442 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2413s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | although it's got an experimental method it's using it in an incredibly naive way to test really dumb theories yeah one man said I have to get you I'm sorry I have to get you out of Cambridge right and into your next step and just the preface for that is of course because of those who might be listening not really quite understanding the state of inquiry in artificial intelligence computers and | 2,442 | 2,470 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2442s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | so forth how do you then map your next step so then I became a carpenter for a year I quit I could he Mia yes and then I got back into academia by working on a project studying child language development influenced a lot by Chomsky yes um who claimed that claimed on spurious mathematical grounds that almost all language was innate yes in tacky aspects of language were innate | 2,470 | 2,505 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2470s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | which is complete rubbish and the project was looking at a large section of young children in Bristol to look at their language development empirically by just measuring what happened it happened at the same time with Watergate this project uh-huh and we had little jackets with radio microphones so we put this little jacket on a kid he wear it all day and would be | 2,505 | 2,533 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2505s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | broadcasting everything that the kid said and inside the house and everything that was said to the kid and inside the house it wasn't regarded as a bad thing back then inside the house we had a recorder that every 20 minutes would take a one-minute sample it would do that by having a cardboard discs that rotated very slowly and a notch in it and a little lever would fall and | 2,533 | 2,558 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2533s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | connect the tape recorder that's what technology was like then and we would get these little samples of child of children's language and then we would try and analyze them that was the problem but we got very interesting the most interesting utterance we got was when we were looking at tag so a tag is like isn't here aren't they or won't we write and in english tags have a lot of | 2,558 | 2,591 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2558s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | syntax in them you don't just seen this part or something like that right right you have and so we were looking at tags to see whether children don't express complicated grammatical structures very early on because it's too many phonemes it was because they just don't know these structures and it tanks very good cases very few phonemes but has a lot of grammar in it | 2,591 | 2,616 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2591s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | yes and we got one kid one parent who said to her child Santa don't give you no toys if you don't talk proper isn't he Wow and I just thought that was a nice example of the kind of data that children got from which they learn to speak good English yes yes but you're not gonna linger you're going to move on so then I started PhD in artificial intelligence because I thought that was | 2,616 | 2,650 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2616s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | such a program was possible this was 1972 yes and they just set up a couple years earlier a big center of art of intelligence in Edinburgh Edinburgh so the science Research Council had decided to fund one big Centre in artificial intelligence ah and looking back how was it structured this doesn't impress you now in retrospect as to what they they thought they were doing I think it was a | 2,650 | 2,680 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2650s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | sensible thing to do okay I think was good policy to make one really good Center mmm I think nearly all the people there believed in symbolic err good ol fact what is now called good old-fashioned symbolic AI right I think they were making a huge mistake and the government um a few years later I can't remember the exact time probably in 1974 or something like that got a very eminent | 2,680 | 2,722 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2680s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | mathematician called Sir James light Hill to do a report on the AI Center yes yes and he produced a very damning report saying that basically saying these guys didn't know what they were talking about there was an interchange with McCarthy who was one of the fathers of AI yes I remember the seeing the interchange years later where McCarthy was saying look anything you can compute you can | 2,722 | 2,756 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2722s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | compute with symbolic operations so what we doing must be right hon light Hill was saying basically yes but you've no idea how the brain does that which is the only advice we know that can think and you've no idea whether this way of doing it is efficient now retrospect at the time everybody in Britain was outraged that AI was now going to go through hard times because | 2,756 | 2,783 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2756s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | Sir James like chill didn't believe in it and I think blight chill was entirely correct because both sides were assuming something and both sides were assuming that computation wouldn't get millions of times faster than it was now yes might get thousand time plus we're not millions of times faster yes and under that assumption lecture was completely correct that this symbolic way of doing | 2,783 | 2,806 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2783s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | things although it theoretically you could do anything that way with the speed of computation we had there was no hope of doing things like perceptional much when I was the report and where are you at the point with undergraduate Street you are a graduate student at the time this pronouncement is made yes and as a result of the pronouncement so it must mean in 74 my advisor who's one of | 2,806 | 2,827 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2806s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | the three professors who set up the AI yes the school day I remember he leaves head Umbra well he leaves for several reasons personal conflict with one of the other main protagonists was perhaps one of the reasons he left and went to Sussex and I went with him you went with him did you find your fellow graduate students bewildered by this analysis and you you know I didn't or I don't | 2,827 | 2,862 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2827s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | remember at the time I think I thought light Hill was too severe on a I to ah there have been a lot of paper pressure to believe that yes of course um yeah I don't remember too much with philosophy course but you go you go to Sussex then yes this is before you've completed your degree yes oh yes so I used to have to go back to Edinburgh for one day I've returned to sign a register to say that | 2,862 | 2,891 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2862s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | I lived in Edinburgh I would get a return ticket from a day return from Brighton to Edinburgh um but some of the in n borough is going to have to approve a dissertation topic course yes who is that who's who's lingering there that there was a more junior guy in a I called Jim Howe who was my official advisor I see but everybody knew it was just an arrangement how did you work out | 2,891 | 2,921 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2891s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | the topic of the dissertation if that was but so I wanted to work on ural networks and how they learned but I couldn't figure out how they learned from I couldn't buy this I couldn't figure out anything significantly improved over what was called the perceptron convergence theorem which was already known in the early sixties late twenties early 60s neural networks are in the air I mean | 2,921 | 2,948 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2921s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | ever since touring in a way no not so much when I my advisor had done neural networks until I arrived just before I arrived in Edinburgh he switched his views so he had worked on holographic memories which I was very interested in and about when I arrived as a graduate student he was very impressed by a thesis by Terry Winograd that was using symbolic arrow methods to try and | 2,948 | 2,980 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2948s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | understand natural language commands like yes put the red block on the green block in the blue box and he was very impressed by that he basically switched his interest from neural Nets just symbolic AI and he'd taken on this great student who was killing it in neural nets and he tried to convince me to switch my interest but I wasn't having any no no you're stubborn I mean I was | 2,980 | 3,006 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=2980s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | very stunned I remembering when I look back on it and having been an adviser of graduates yes yes and having seen the various types of graduate students there are including the extremely stubborn ones I remember him coming into my office when I was a grad student and saying Geoffrey I've had this idea that you might be interested in let me explain it to you so he explained this | 3,006 | 3,031 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3006s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | idea to me that seemed moderately interesting and at the end of the idea he said so Geoffrey do you think you'd like to work on that and I looked at him in an amazement and said no no I God I didn't my only need to work up um yes so he was very tolerant he was tolerant of having me as a graduate student even though he thought I was doing crazy stuff he's available to say he was | 3,031 | 3,058 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3031s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | charmed by your audacity or is that No we'd have arguments in the time and I kept agreeing that okay if I hadn't made it work in six months I would switch to doing symbolic AI and then I would keep running on those arguments that's what he's tolerant of you were also unwilling as part of your temperament as we begin to understand it to just go ahead and do the union card thing which is right | 3,058 | 3,090 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3058s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | whatever it is that the professor says do do it and then get on with your real life you weren't prepared to do that no no I I mean I wasn't gonna work on ideas I didn't believe it yeah you're not cynical yeah I I am quite cynical about a lot of things but like that that's I still want you to to get your degree how do you how does that manage to happen so in the end I managed to do something | 3,090 | 3,118 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3090s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | that wasn't learning in your all Nets but was inference in your own ads and I made it work and it had a little bit of math that justified it mmm and he was happy with that and so I got a PhD and then I got out of there and I was very disillusioned with it all by then and I took another field oh by the university or the feel academia by academia itself and so again and you've done that before | 3,118 | 3,148 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3118s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | yes I dropped by frequently yeah and so I took a year off I went to London and taught in a free school that was a very different environment yes free school with a lot of disturbed children yes and then I went back I probably Trebek signal itself then I went back and got a job as a postdoc we're in Sussex in Sussex for a while and finally I saw an investment for a job in San Diego that | 3,148 | 3,189 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3148s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | seemed like a really nice job in cognitive science where they were gonna recruit six postdocs in various areas who were going to interact with one another and try and understand the mind one of the articles I've read about you not necessarily was accurate but said that the question of monetary support for work was also a factor in your going to america is that not true well because | 3,189 | 3,215 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3189s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | of the like hill report the were no jobs in AI in vogue were there he killed it basically they killed that there was one job in AI at edinburgh and lots of very good people competing for it so you almost didn't have a choice no I couldn't get it I couldn't get an academic academic job in Britain at all those nations zero shuns I mean I couldn't even get an interview for an | 3,215 | 3,236 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3215s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | academic job now we're almost at the end and the whole point of this interview is really the origins of your of your thinking so that's not a problem but I I wonder if we can get toward the end a kind of description of the academic environment in the American University and the the sort of strategies that you encountered at that point when you went to San Diego so it's a big contrast that | 3,236 | 3,258 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3236s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | in Britain the academic establishment in a I was monolithic there was sort of the correct view yes and there wasn't room for multiple camps ah and in America at least you've got two coasts so in linguistics you had a salary of East Coast Chomsky camp and a West Coast film or on lake off camp and it was the same with AI that in San Diego though a group of people particularly David Rama Hart | 3,258 | 3,292 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3258s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | who came from psychology but was strong mathematically who basically had a completely different view of AI he was interested in how it actually happened in the mind and he thought understanding had happened in the brain would be useful for understanding that Ruth unlike many psychologists and he just had a view that was extremely compatible with what I've been thinking so it's the | 3,292 | 3,317 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3292s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | first time I've been somewhere because longings had changed his mind just before I arrived yes it's first time I've been somewhere where I was working with someone who really had the same general beliefs about how to go about understanding the mind and what it was like as I did and that was wonderful working life as we're toward the end of this I may I'm gonna | 3,317 | 3,340 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3317s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | ask something that may be ridiculous generalization and I'm perfectly prepared to hear you say say that but as people look at your career there are some lessons some draw about the stubborn persistence in an idea in the face of most people saying it's nonsense in America as well and then maybe even into Canada or where you later went there was still in it an academy saying | 3,340 | 3,371 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3340s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | what you were interested in and what you were pursuing was wrong yes but I sent him over bad things about psychology but what happened was after backpropagation you have been rediscovered by dave rama ha yes and he and i and various other people had shown he could do interesting things in terms of learning representations right there was a surge of interest which then died out with in | 3,371 | 3,399 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3371s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | computer science because it didn't work as well as we'd hoped but in psychology people stayed interested in ah so it had a home in psychology and there was always support for these ideas in psychology so you had people to talk yes to anyway yeah um although on the whole i was much more interested in making it solve problems like speech recognition and object recognition which | 3,399 | 3,425 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3399s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
z9Fz96Mr4bM | the psychologists weren't really doing very effectively so i was interested in doing machine learning with it and the psychologists weren't really pushing that agenda right so in that sense you were relatively lonely I was relatively lonely but there was definitely it would be completely incorrect to say I was the kind of lone voice in the wilderness right there were a few other lone voices | 3,425 | 3,449 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Fz96Mr4bM&t=3425s | The Heidelberg Laureate Forum Foundation presents the HLF Portraits: Geoffrey E. Hinton | |
McV4a6umbAY | >> I'm going to talk about AI for Large Imperfect Information Games, in particular, on how emitted AI that beat top humans in no-limit poker. Okay. So, for starters, this talk is going to be about imperfect-information games in general. I'm not going to talk about perfect-information games like chess or Go, it will be applicable to poker, but also more generally, | 0 | 26 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=0s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | any strategic interaction that involves hidden information, for example, security interactions or negotiations. I think this is really important for bringing AI into the real world, because the truth is most real-world strategic interactions involve some amount of hidden information. So, when it comes to these games, poker has served as the primary benchmark challenge | 26 | 46 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=26s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | going back decades. In fact, if you look at the original papers on game theory, pretty much the only application they talk about is poker, because it's so accurately, it captures the challenge of hidden information. Particularly, there's a variant of poker called heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em that has emerged as the primary benchmark for these games. A heads-up no-limit Texas hold 'em is a massive game. | 46 | 68 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=46s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | It has about 10 to the 161 different decision points. It is also the most popular variant of poker in the world. For example, no-limit Texas hold'em is the game that is played at The World Series of Poker main events. Every year the winner is determined by Heads of No-limit Texas Hold 'Em. It's also featured in popular movies about poker. For example, Casino Royale and Rounders. | 68 | 92 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=68s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | In some ways, you could argue it's the purest form of poker. It's subjective, but it is a very strategic game, whether you win or lose, it's entirely up to your skill. It's not up to the other players at the table, except for your own opponent, I guess. So, there's no kingmaker effects for example, and no pro AI has been able to beat top humans in this game. | 92 | 113 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=92s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | That isn't till 2017. So, in 2017, we organized something called the Brains vs AI Challenge. We created an AI called the Libratus, which we played against four of the world's best heads-up no-limit Texas hold'em specialists in the world. These are all people that make about seven figures per year playing this game online. As we played 120,000 hands of poker over the course of 20 days, | 113 | 134 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=113s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | and there was a $200,000 prize pool divided among the pros to incentivize them to play their best. So, they weren't risking money, but how much money they want, depended on how well they did relative to the other players. So, obviously, if you're familiar with poker, you might not have heard of these pros. So, I wanted to say a word about how strong these pros are, | 134 | 157 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=134s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | because it really is important to play against the top players. Unfortunately, there are no objective rankings of professional poker players. But like I said, these are all players that make millions of dollars a year. In fact, here's a question from the poker subreddit, where somebody was asking, ''How good are these players that we were playing against?'' Somebody responded, ''These players will absolutely | 157 | 176 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=157s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | trounce all the 2,000 heroes that you might have heard of. The heroes from 2000s would be division three college players. Well, whereas these guys are all star caliber pros.'' So, this is a pretty accurate description I would say. There is a big scale difference between the a pros that you see on ESPN, and these guys who actually play this game for. The guys you see on ESPN are basically celebrities. | 176 | 199 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=176s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | These guys are the guys that actually make a living playing this game. The final result is that Libratus beat the humans in this game by a lot. The victory margin was 147 mbb/game, which is a measurement of win rate and poker, which, unless you are an actual poker player doesn't mean much, but to give you some perspective, this is about three times the win rate | 199 | 219 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=199s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | of a top pro versus an average pro. It was statistically significant at about four standard deviations, and each human lost individually to the AI. This was a big surprise to everybody. In fact, when we announced the competition, there was a betting market on the outcome, because it's the poker world, and obviously, like to gamble on these things. When we first announced | 219 | 241 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=219s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | that we're going to do this competition, the betting odds were four to one against us. In fact, even after we won on the first day, the betting odds were still two to one against us. I think I was until like the third day that the betting odds were even, and by the eighth day, you couldn't even bet on the outcome of the competition anymore. You could just bet on how much | 241 | 258 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=241s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | each human would lose on each individual day, because it was clear at that point that this AI is going to win. In fact, even if you asked us, we were not very confident that we would win. I put our odds at about like 60 percent, maybe 65, but I didn't think we would have a lot victories like this. Actually, after this competition, we did another competition against these Chinese pros. | 258 | 281 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=258s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | So, basically, somebody called Kai-Fu Lee in China called us and he said, ''We would like you to do another competition in China against Chinese players. We will broadcast it, it would be a lot of fun.'' We were like, ''Well, why should we do this? Because we just played against the top humans. These Chinese players not as good.'' He said that he would pay us. | 281 | 296 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=281s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | So, we said, ''Okay, great.'' So, we played 36,000 hands against six Chinese players. We beat them by even more than we beat the top humans in America. That was actually a huge hit in China. It was watched live by millions of people during that competition. They had really nice production where you could see a poster like this. It was way better than what we did in America. | 296 | 318 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=296s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | All right. So, why are imperfect-information games so hard? After all, we have AIs that can beat humans in games like chess, we have AIs that beat humans in Go. In fact, you might have heard recently about AlphaZero which can beat humans. Well, it's essentially superhuman in chess, Go, and shogi, all using the same algorithm. So, what is it about imperfect information games that are so difficult? | 318 | 340 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=318s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker | |
McV4a6umbAY | One of the major challenges, not the only one, but one of the major ones, is that in an imperfect-information game, the optimal strategy for a subgame, for part of the game, cannot be determined in isolation. It cannot be determined using information in just that subgame alone. So, let me show you what I mean. Before I get to that, deep learning has taken a lot of credit recently for | 340 | 360 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McV4a6umbAY&t=340s | AI for Imperfect-Information Games: Beating Top Humans in No-Limit Poker |
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