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"Cold-Steel" Phonosurgery of Reinke Edema Evaluated by the Multidimensional Voice Program.
"Cold-steel" phonosurgery (PS) of Reinke edema is challenging, as the delicate structures of the vocal folds are difficult to preserve. This study aimed to evaluate the results of PS using the Multidimensional Voice Program (MDVP) . From 2003 to 2007, 76 consecutive patients with Reinke edema were treated with PS for the first time. Reliable MDVP data were available in 37 female patients with both pre- and postoperative values in 14 patients. Voice quality and outcome after PS were evaluated by jitter, shimmer, soft phonation index, and fundamental frequency (f0) using MDVP, videostroboscopy, and a five-step voice outcome score. In the 14 patients, the mean f0 increased from 172 to 222 (P = 0.01), and jitter decreased from 2.03 to 1.17 (P = 0.04) 3 months postoperatively. Vocal fold grading based on videostroboscopy correlated significantly with jitter (P = 0.01). Patients with high preoperative values of jitter, shimmer, or soft phonation index had larger reductions than those with normal values. All had a postoperative reduction of the edemas. The mean voice outcome score increased postoperatively. None of the 37 patients reported complications, but seven patients were reoperated. Preoperatively, 95% of the 37 patients were smokers and only 9 (24%) changed smoking habits. Pre- or postoperative voice therapy was used in 23 (62%) patients. f0 and jitter by MDVP adequately reflected the postoperative voice improvement and reduction of the edema. Removal of large amounts of edematous tissue, many years of vocal abuse, and unchanged smoking habits may prevent optimal results. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
CBF-1 (RBP-J kappa) binds to the PTEN promoter and regulates PTEN gene expression.
The PTEN gene regulates multiple signaling pathways that influence cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Loss of PTEN expression is closely linked with oncogenesis. Little is known regarding regulation of PTEN gene expression. The PTEN promoter region has been reported and is regulated in part by p53. In a previous study, we found that Notch-1 signaling resulted in increased PTEN protein expression. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the PTEN gene is a direct target of Notch-1 signal transduction, through binding of the Notch-activated transcription factor CBF-1 to the PTEN minimal promoter. 293 cells expressing constitutively active Notch-1 exhibited increased PTEN gene expression and promoter transactivation. Overexpression of CBF-1 in 293 cells resulted in decreased PTEN gene expression. Mobility shift assays and supershift assays demonstrated that CBF-1 binds to the PTEN minimal promoter. These data indicate that the Notch-1 receptor pathway is a key regulator of PTEN gene transcription. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Overexpression of BMP1 reflects poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the highest mortality, invasion, and metastasis subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family has recently emerged as a group of cancer-related proteins in multiple pathogenesis of cancers. Currently, little is known about the prediction role of BMPs in ccRCC. Therefore, we screened The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC) database for ccRCC patients with complete clinical information and BMP family expression data. Multivariate analysis showed that high expression of BMP1 was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (P = 0.001), and shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.018). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed BMP1 was associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), G2M checkpoint, angiogenesis, hypoxia pathway, and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) signaling. Knockdown BMP1 suppressed malignancy of ccRCC in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated that high expressions of BMP1 were poor prognostic factors and gene therapy could be an effective treatment for ccRCC. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The HLA-A2-supermotif: a QSAR definition.
Identification of epitopes capable of binding multiple HLA types will significantly rationalise the development of epitope-based vaccines. A quantitative method assessing the contribution of each amino acid at each position was applied to over 500 nonamer peptides binding to 5 MHC alleles--A*0201, A*0202, A*0203, A*0206 and A*6802--which together define the HLA-A2-like supertype. FXIGXI (L)IFV was identified as a supermotif for the A2-supertype based on the contributions of the common preferred amino acids at each of the nine positions. The results indicate that HLA-A*6802 is an intermediate allele standing between A2 and A3 supertypes: at anchor position 2 it is closer to A3 and at anchor position 9 it is nearer to A2. Models are available free on-line at http://www.jenner.ac.uk/MHCPred and can be used for binding affinity prediction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effect of varying stimulus rate and duration on brain activity during reading.
The effect of the presentation rate and exposure duration of visually presented words on brain activity was investigated using positron emission tomography. Subjects either read aloud or silently mouthed the names of words. In regions associated with early visual analysis, activity increased with both rate and duration; in regions associated with response generation, activity increased with increasing rate but was unaffected by duration; and in regions associated with word recognition, activity decreased with increasing duration. The variable responses of different brain regions illustrate the functional segregation of these regions. Of particular interest was the dissociation between activity in the posterior fusiform gyri and that in the medial lingual gyrus--in the former, activity increased with rate and duration but the latter was unaffected by either variable. This finding suggests that word processing in the lingual gyrus during reading is distinct from that in the posterior fusiform gyri. A further observation was that during reading aloud, when subjects can hear the sound of their own voice, the response in the primary auditory cortices increased with stimulus rate, demonstrating that subjects process the sound of their own voice in a qualitatively similar way to words spoken by another. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Computers in radiology. A question of compatibility.
Given the increasing diversification of computers in most areas of radiology, the ability to solve problems resulting from incompatibility between systems is becoming essential. Manufacturers should supply hardware and software documentation to allow connections between different systems and give the radiology department of the future the capability to operate a network of computers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Intracellular metabolism and potential cardiotoxicity of a β-D-2'-C-methyl-2,6-diaminopurine ribonucleoside phosphoramidate that inhibits hepatitis C virus replication.
β-D-2'-C-Methyl-2,6-diaminopurine ribonucleoside (2'-C-Me-DAPN) phosphoramidate prodrug (DAPN-PD) is a selective hepatitis C virus inhibitor that is metabolized intracellularly into two active metabolites: 2'-C-Methyl-DAPN triphosphate (2'-C-Me-DAPN-TP) and 2'-C-methyl-guanosine 5'-triphosphate (2'-C-Me-GTP). BMS-986094 and IDX-184 are also bioconverted to 2'-C-Me-GTP. A phase IIb clinical trial with BMS-986094 was abruptly halted due to adverse cardiac and renal effects. Herein, we developed an efficient large scale synthesis of DAPN-PD and determined intracellular pharmacology of DAPN-PD in comparison with BMS-986094 and IDX-184, versus Huh-7, HepG2 and interspecies primary hepatocytes and human cardiomyocytes. Imaging data of drug treated human cardiomyocytes was found to be most useful in determining toxicity potential as no obvious beating rate change was observed for IDX-184 up to 50 µM up at 48 h. However, with BMS-986094 and DAPN-PD at 10 µM changes to both beat rate and rhythm were noted. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ciprofibrate versus gemfibrozil in the treatment of primary hyperlipidaemia.
The efficacy and short-term safety of ciprofibrate and gemfibrozil were compared in a 12-week, double-blind, randomised study. One-hundred-and-ten primary, type II hyperlipidaemic patients were randomised to receive either ciprofibrate, 100 mg/day once daily, or gemfibrozil, 1200 mg/day twice daily. Treatment efficacy was measured by complete lipid and lipoprotein profiles and by plasma fibrinogen levels. Tolerability was assessed by drug compliance and safety was evaluated by laboratory safety parameters, physical examination and evaluation of adverse events. Mean reductions of plasma TC and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were similar in the two treatment groups. In contrast, the mean relative reduction of plasma total triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein triglyceride levels was significantly higher in patients receiving gemfibrozil as compared with ciprofibrate (P < 0.05). The absolute reduction of the last two parameters was higher in the ciprofibrate group compared with the gemfibrozil group; furthermore, the mean concentrations of these parameters were within normal limits at the end of the study. The clinical relevance of the statistically significant difference mentioned should, therefore, be questioned. Ciprofibrate therapy significantly reduced (-8.33%) and gemfibrozil therapy significantly increased (+6.97%) plasma fibrinogen levels (P < 0.001 compared with baseline in each case). Adverse events were rare, mild and equally distributed between the two treatment groups. Laboratory safety parameters did not show any significant changes. Ciprofibrate and gemfibrozil have comparable short-term efficacy and safety profiles. Furthermore, ciprofibrate reduces fibrinogen levels and benefits from a once daily regimen. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clinical experience in continuous graft monitoring with microdialysis early after liver transplantation.
Early detection of impaired graft function after transplantation is essential. Microdialysis permits continuous monitoring of metabolic changes by mimicking the passive function of a capillary blood vessel by perfusion of a tubular semipermeable membrane introduced into the tissue. Based on the results of animal experiments, a clinical pilot study was undertaken. Ten consecutive patients undergoing whole-organ orthotopic liver transplantation were studied. Intrahepatic implantation of a microdialysis catheter was performed at the end of the operation. A reference catheter was placed in the subcutaneous tissue over the right pectoral area immediately after abdominal closure. Consecutive serial samples were collected at 1-h intervals for 3 days after the operation. Glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycerol concentrations were measured. During the first 24 h, the glucose level was higher in the liver than in reference tissue. Initially, increased mean(s.e.m.) levels of lactate (7.0(1.9) mmol/l) were observed in the liver, with a rapid decrease (to 2.7(0.3) mmol/l) over 24 h. A decrease in, and later stabilization of, the lactate : pyruvate ratio in the liver, from 18.7(4.2) to 10.0(1.1), was observed within 24 h after transplantation. Liver glycerol levels decreased from 62.3(7.4) to 24.3(7.5) micro mol/l within the first 16 h after reperfusion and remained stable thereafter. Microdialysis allows continuous monitoring of tissue metabolism in the transplanted liver. The procedure is easy to perform and safe. The specific detection and monitoring of pathological changes in the liver graft (e.g. arterial and portal vein thrombosis, or early rejection) with microdialysis should be addressed in further studies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Extrapontine myelinolysis in a 4 year old with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Extrapontine and central pontine myelinolysis (EPM/CPM) are rare events in pediatric neurology but can have devastating consequences. They are most commonly associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia but have been reported in other situations as well. This condition is relatively more common in adult neurology, not surprisingly, as alcoholism and associated malnutrition are often predisposing conditions. There have been few case reports in children with regards to this. We describe a 4-year old who presented with focal neurological deficits in the setting of diabetic ketoacidosis and the ensuing underlying osmotic imbalances. The patient made a remarkable recovery with no deficits of note-cognitive or motor. To our knowledge this is the youngest case reported so far of EPM in a child with diabetic ketoacidosis. The history of the condition, early animal experiments, clinicopathologic correlates, previous case reports and other scenarios in which this unusual event can occur are discussed--though the exact pathogenesis of this condition still remains unclear. We hope to bring to the attention of clinicians caring for children in the acute care setting, the importance of gradual correction of serum osmolality to reduce morbidity and mortality. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Colorimetric sensor strips for formaldehyde assay utilizing fluoral-p decorated polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes.
A facile, ultrasensitive, and selective sensor strip utilizing 4-amino-3-penten-2-one (fluoral-p) functionalized electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (PAN/fluoral-p) nanofibrous membranes has been successfully developed for naked-eye colorimetric assay of formaldehyde. The sensor strips presented a significant reflectance decreasing band at 417 nm which induced a vivid color change from white to yellow and achieved a much lower naked-eye detection limit of 40 ppb compared with the World Health Organization standard (80 ppb). Based on the specific Hantzsch reaction between fluoral-p and formaldehyde, the as-prepared PAN/fluoral-p membranes are highly selective to formaldehyde with little interference from other volatile organic compounds and the proposed mechanism of this reaction is discussed carefully. Moreover, the colorimetric responses were visually quantitative using UV-vis spectra and the color difference calculated from L*, a*, b* values. Furthermore, due to the extremely large surface area and high porosity of the as-spun PAN nanofibrous membranes, the sensitivity of the nanofibrous membranes-based strips is much higher than traditional filter paper-based ones. Hence, such promising portable colorimetric sensor strips could not only potentially allow for assaying gaseous formaldehyde, but also facilitate the design and development of a novel colorimetric sensing system based on nanofibrous membranes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Increased self-reported dental anxiety following completion of a dental history questionnaire.
Since traumatic dental experiences have been identified as a leading cause of dental anxiety, dental anxiety should be increased when subjects are asked to recall these experiences and describe them in writing. 74 undergraduates completed dental history questionnaires, viewed slides of dental procedures, or received no manipulation prior to completing the Dental Anxiety Scale and the Dental Fear Survey. The Questionnaire group reported significantly higher dental anxiety and fear than did the Slide and Control groups. Recalling personal experiences elicits greater emotional arousal than does viewing procedures or merely completing surveys. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Stimulation of spleen cells and macrophages of C3H/HeJ mice by a lipid A precursor derived from Salmonella typhimurium.
Lipid A is that portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule believed to mediate most of the biologic activities associated with protein-free endotoxic preparations. C3H/HeJ mice possess a mutation at the Lps gene locus (Lpsd) that results in a state of profound hyporesponsiveness to the biologic effects of LPS (and more specifically, lipid A) in vivo. The relative unresponsiveness in vivo to LPS exhibited by these mice is reflected at a cellular level, as evidenced by a failure of many different cell types derived from the C3H/HeJ strain to respond to LPS or lipid A in vitro; this lack of response contrasts with that of cell cultures prepared from endotoxin responsive (Lpsn) mouse strains. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that a lipid A precursor molecule, produced by a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium conditionally defective in the synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid, stimulates mitogenesis in C3H/HeJ splenic cultures and induces cultures of C3H/HeJ macrophages to produce significant levels of the monokine interleukin-1 (IL-1; previously referred to as lymphocyte activating factor or LAF) and prostaglandins of the E series. These findings suggest the possibility that the failure of C3H/HeJ cells to respond to intact LPS or lipid A may be related to a defect in the processing of lipid A or LPS to a suitably stimulatory form, rather than to a defect in the recognition of the lipid A region. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nonistropic point spread function as a result of collimator design and manufacturing defects.
A point spread function (PSF) which was of an unusual form was observed when using a low energy collimator and a 99mTc point source. A lack of radial symmetry and the detection of events over 20 cm away from the center of the source were noted. The major quantitative effect of this was a variation in the resolution of the system with direction. The consequences of this are likely to be of importance especially for single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging. The effect was produced by a combination of faults in the design and manufacture of the low energy collimators. It demonstrates the importance of making quantitative measurements of collimator performance in the quality control assessment of gamma camera systems. For SPECT imaging the replacement of lead foil collimators with cast collimators should be considered. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Proton fluxes associated with erythrocyte membrane anion exchange.
Transient extracellular pH changes accompany the exchange of chloride for sulfate across the erythrocyte membrane. The direction of the extracellular pH change during chloride efflux and sulfate influx depends on experimental conditions. When bicarbonate is present, the extracellular pH drops sharply at the outset of the anion exchange and tends to follow the partial ionic equilibrium described by Wilbrandt (W. Wilbrandt, 1942. Pfluegers Arch. 246:291). When bicarbonate is absent, however, the anion exchange causes the pH to rise, indicating that protons are cotransported with sulfate during chloride-sulfate exchange. The pH rise can be reversed by the addition of HCO(-3) (4 muM) or 2,4-dinitrophenol (90 muM). This demonstrates that the proton-sulfate cotransport can drive proton transport uphill. The stoichiometry of the transport is that one chloride exchanges for one sulfate plus one proton. These results support the titratable carrier model proposed by Gunn (Gunn, R.B. 1972, In: Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin and Red Cell Acid-Base Status. M. Rorth and P. Astrup, editors. p. 823. Munksgaard, Copenhagen) for erythrocyte membrane anion exchange. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Post-uptake metabolism affects quantification of amino acid uptake.
• The quantitative significance of amino acids to plant nutrition remains controversial. This experiment determined whether post-uptake metabolism and root to shoot export differ between glycine and glutamine, and examined implications for estimation of amino acid uptake. • Field soil containing a Eucalyptus pauciflora seedling was injected with uniformly (13)C- and (15)N-labelled glycine or glutamine. I quantified (15)N and (13)C excess in leaves and roots and intact labelled amino acids in leaves, roots and stem xylem sap. A tunable diode laser quantified fluxes of (12)CO(2) and (13)CO(2) from leaves and soil. • 60-360 min after addition of amino acid, intact molecules of U-(13)C,(15)N glutamine were < 5% of (15)N excess in roots, whereas U-(13)C,(15)N glycine was 30-100% of (15)N excess in roots. Intact molecules of glutamine, but not glycine, were exported from roots to shoots. • Post-uptake metabolism and transport complicate interpretation of isotope labelling such that root and shoot contents of intact amino acid, (13)C and (15)N may not reflect rates of uptake. Future experiments should focus on reconciling discrepancies between intact amino acid, (13)C and (15)N by determining the turnover of amino acids within roots. Alternatively, post-uptake metabolism and transport could be minimized by harvesting plants within minutes of isotope addition. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fluence perturbation in photon beams under nonequilibrium conditions.
The perturbation effect in parallel-plate ionization chambers used for buildup measurements has been investigated. The fluence perturbation due to electrons emitted through the side walls are thoroughly investigated by measurements using film and extrapolation chambers and by calculations. The electron fluence varies both with side wall material and chamber geometry. In order to obtain a small perturbation effect, the chamber should have a large guard width compared to the electrode separation and the side walls should have as large an angle as possible with the central axis. The side wall should be of the same material as the rest of the chamber. The perturbation effect is also dependent on the electron contamination of the beam and angular distribution of the electron fluence. It is thus not possible to correct the perturbation effect in one parallel-plate chamber with fixed plate separation with correction factors obtained with extrapolation chambers of other dimensions. In order to make accurate surface dose measurements extrapolation chambers are therefore strongly recommended in favor of fixed parallel-plate chambers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Triatoma delpontei Romaña & Abalos, 1947 (Hemiptera, Tratominae) in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul].
Triatoma delpontei (Romaña & Abalos, 1947) (Hemiptera, Triatominae) is an ornithophilic sylvatic with a particular association to the psittacid Myiopsitta monachus (Boaddert, 1783). It is found in the continental biogeographical province of the Chaco, where it inhabits the nests or M. monachus, in subtropical xerophytic forests. The authors report the first finding of T. delpontei in Brasil, in the "campanha" region of the State or Rio Grande do Sul (Barra do Quarai, Uruguaiana), on the right bank of the River Cuareim, not far from de Uruguayan border. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Impact of Surgical Margin Status on Long-Term Outcome After Resection for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.
The influence of margin status on long-term outcome of patients undergoing liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains controversial. We sought to study the impact of surgical tumor margin status on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients undergoing resection for ICC. From a multi-institutional database, 583 patients who underwent hepatic resection for ICC were identified. Demographics data, operative details, pathologic margin status, and long-term outcomes were collected and analyzed. Margin status was positive (R1) in 95 (17.8 %) patients; among patients who underwent an R0 resection (80.9 %), margin width was negative by 1-4 mm in 166 (31.0 %) patients, 5-9 mm in 100 (18.7 %) patients, and ≥1 cm in 174 (32.5 %) patients. Overall, 379 (65.0 %) patients had a recurrence: 61.5 % intrahepatic, 13.5 % extrahepatic, and 25.0 % both intra- and extrahepatic. Median and 5-year RFS and OS was 10.0 months and 9.2 %, and 26.4 months and 23.0 %, respectively. Patients who had an R1 resection had a higher risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.61, 95 % CI 1.15-2.27; p = 0.01) and shorter OS (HR 1.54, 95 % CI 1.12-2.11). Among patients with an R0 resection, margin width was also associated with RFS (1-4 mm: HR 1.32, 95 % CI 0.98-1.78 vs. 5-9 mm: HR 1.21, 95 % CI 0.89-1.66) and OS (1-4 mm: HR 1.95, 95 % CI 0.45-2.63 vs. 5-9 mm: HR 1.21, 95 % CI 0.88-1.68) (referent ≥1 cm; both p ≤ 0.002). Margin status and width remain independently associated with RFS and OS on multivariable analyses. For patients undergoing resection of ICC, R1 margin status was associated with an inferior long-term outcome. Moreover, there was an incremental worsening RFS and OS as margin width decreased. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inhibition of the myostatin/Smad signaling pathway by short decorin-derived peptides.
Myostatin, also known as growth differentiation factor 8, is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily that has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of the skeletal muscle mass. Indeed, while myostatin deletion or loss of function induces muscle hypertrophy, its overexpression or systemic administration causes muscle atrophy. Since myostatin blockade is effective in increasing skeletal muscle mass, myostatin inhibitors have been actively sought after. Decorin, a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family is a metalloprotein that was previously shown to bind and inactivate myostatin in a zinc-dependent manner. Furthermore, the myostatin-binding site has been shown to be located in the decorin N-terminal domain. In the present study, we investigated the anti-myostatin activity of short and soluble fragments of decorin. Our results indicate that the murine decorin peptides DCN48-71 and 42-65 are sufficient for inactivating myostatin in vitro. Moreover, we show that the interaction of mDCN48-71 to myostatin is strictly zinc-dependent. Binding of myostatin to activin type II receptor results in the phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Addition of the decorin peptide 48-71 decreased in a dose-dependent manner the myostatin-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 demonstrating thereby that the peptide inhibits the activation of the Smad signaling pathway. Finally, we found that mDCN48-71 displays a specificity towards myostatin, since it does not inhibit other members of the transforming growth factor-beta family. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Full-Thickness Astigmatic Keratotomy Combined With Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction to Treat High-Level and Mixed Astigmatism.
To explore the clinical effects of combined full-thickness astigmatic keratotomy and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in patients who are inoperable using SMILE alone. We included 13 eyes of 9 patients with high-level or mixed astigmatism who underwent full-thickness astigmatic keratotomy followed by SMILE (secondarily) to correct the residual refractive error. Six months after SMILE, the spherical equivalent was reduced from -4.83 ± 3.26 D to -0.17 ± 0.38 D (P < 0.001), and the astigmatism was reduced from 5.12 ± 0.96 D to 0.21 ± 0.22 D (P < 0.001). The uncorrected and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities improved from 1.07 ± 0.62 to 0.02 ± 0.13 (P < 0.001) and from 0.08 ± 0.14 to -0.01 ± 0.14 (P = 0.002), respectively. The CDVA improved by 1 or 2 Snellen lines in 8 cases (61.5%), and there was no loss in CDVA. All procedures were completed without intraoperative or postoperative complications. This combined procedure was effective and safe for the treatment of high-level or mixed astigmatism. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fracture strength and fracture patterns of root filled teeth restored with direct resin restorations.
To compare fracture characteristics of root-filled teeth with variable cavity design and resin composite restoration. 80 extracted intact maxillary premolars were divided randomly into eight groups; (1) intact teeth; (2) unrestored MOD cavity; (3) unrestored MOD cavity plus endodontic access through the occlusal floor; (4) unrestored MOD plus endodontic access with axial walls removed; (5) MOD restored with resin composite; (6) MOD plus endodontic access, resin composite; (7) MOD plus extensive endodontic access, resin composite; (8) MOD plus extensive endodontic access, GIC core and resin composite. A ramped oblique load was applied to the buccal cusp in a servohydraulic testing machine. Fracture load and fracture patterns were recorded. Fracture loads were compared statistically using 1-way ANOVA, with Dunnett test for multiple comparisons. Unrestored teeth became progressively weaker with more extensive preparations. Endodontic access confined within the occlusal floor did not significantly affect strength compared to an MOD cavity. Loss of axial walls weakened teeth considerably [292+80N vs 747+130N for intact teeth]. Restoration increased the strength of prepared teeth particularly in teeth without axial walls. Teeth with a GIC core were not significantly weaker than intact teeth [560+167N]. Failures were mostly adhesive at the buccal interface, with the fracture propagating from the buccal line angle of the occlusal floor (MOD and MOD plus access groups) or of the proximal box (axial wall removed). Direct restorations increased fracture resistance of root filled teeth with extensive endodontic access. Both restored and unrestored teeth showed similar fracture patterns. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sequential activation of three myogenic regulatory genes during somite morphogenesis in quail embryos.
We report the cloning of two new quail myogenic cDNAs, quail myogenic factor 2 (qmf2) and qmf3, which encode helix-loop-helix proteins homologous to mammalian myogenic factors myogenin and myf-5. In situ hybridization has been used to investigate the developmental expression of qmf2 and qmf3, as well as qmf1, the quail homologue to mammalian MyoD1, during the formation of the brachial somites. These studies show that qmf1 and qmf3 are activated sequentially in medially localized somite cells, immediately following somite formation but prior to myotome formation. qmf1, qmf2, and qmf3 are expressed in the myotome of compartmentalized somites. These findings suggest that determination of the myogenic cell lineage in quail somites is a progressive process controlled by influences of the neural tube on the expression of the qmf regulatory genes in newly forming somites. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Safety of hormonal steroid contraceptive use for hepatitis B virus carrier women.
To investigate the relationship between hormonal steroid contraception and liver function in HBsAg positive women, 159 HBsAg positive women with normal liver function and negative anti-HBc-IgM are collected for a non-randomized comparative trial, 78 in low dose combined OC group and 81 in control group. Follow up observations will be at three and six months after admission. During the observation, no significant differences between two groups are found including serum GPT, albumin, serum bilirubin and prothrombin time. However in the OC group, there is one case who has had a transient moderate abnormal SGPT. No any hepatitis manifestations are found in both groups. The current primary study supports the safety of low dose OCs in HBsAg positive women. However, additional investigations in larger sample are needed. Copyright (c) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nuclear receptor 5A (NR5A) family regulates 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1) gene expression in steroidogenic cells.
5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1) is a rate-limiting enzyme for heme biosynthesis in mammals. Heme is essential for the catalytic activities of P450 enzymes including steroid metabolic enzymes. Nuclear receptor 5A (NR5A) family proteins, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) play pivotal roles in regulation of steroidogenic enzymes. Recently, we showed that expression of SF-1/LRH-1 induces differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into steroidogenic cells. In this study, genome-wide analysis revealed that ALAS1 was a novel SF-1-target gene in differentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays revealed that SF-1/LRH-1 up-regulated ALAS1 gene transcription in steroidogenic cells via binding to a 3.5-kb upstream region of ALAS1. The ALAS1 gene was up-regulated by overexpression of SF-1/LRH-1 in steroidogenic cells and down-regulated by knockdown of SF-1 in these cells. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, a coactivator of nuclear receptors, also strongly coactivated expression of NR5A-target genes. Reporter analysis revealed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α strongly augmented ALAS1 gene transcription caused by SF-1 binding to the 3.5-kb upstream region. Finally knockdown of ALAS1 resulted in reduced progesterone production by steroidogenic cells. These results indicate that ALAS1 is a novel NR5A-target gene and participates in steroid hormone production. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Oral health status and change in handgrip strength over a 5-year period in 80-year-old people.
The number of remaining teeth may indicate the extent of life-long exposure to inflammation, a known risk factor for muscle loss and consequent disability. The aim was to study dental health status as a risk factor for muscle strength loss in very old people. Cross-sectional and prospective cohort study over a 5-year follow-up. Research laboratory. One hundred and ninety-three 80-year-old people participated in the baseline examinations. Five years later, 79 survivors were retested. Number of remaining teeth, presence of periodontitis and handgrip strength. At baseline, grip strength of men correlated positively with number of teeth but not with the presence of periodontitis. In women, the cross-sectional associations were not statistically significant. In the prospective analyses, the presence of periodontitis at baseline showed a clear association with a steeper decline in handgrip over the 5-year follow-up in both sexes. The values adjusted for gender, height, weight, number of chronic conditions and physical activity were -28.3% (SE 5.7) among those with periodontitis vs. -11.9% (SE 3.1, p = 0.015) among those with healthy gingiva. No association between the number of teeth at baseline and change in grip strength over 5 years was observed. The presence of oral inflammation may lead to loss in muscle strength increasing the risk of disability. Therefore, good dental care throughout the life span may decrease risk of disability in old age. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reading sadness beyond human faces.
Human faces are the main emotion displayers. Knowing that emotional compared to neutral stimuli elicit enlarged ERPs components at the perceptual level, one may wonder whether this has led to an emotional facilitation bias toward human faces. To contribute to this question, we measured the P1 and N170 components of the ERPs elicited by human facial compared to artificial stimuli, namely non-humanoid robots. Fifteen healthy young adults were shown sad and neutral, upright and inverted expressions of human versus robotic displays. An increase in P1 amplitude in response to sad displays compared to neutral ones evidenced an early perceptual amplification for sadness information. P1 and N170 latencies were delayed in response to robotic stimuli compared to human ones, while N170 amplitude was not affected by media. Inverted human stimuli elicited a longer latency of P1 and a larger N170 amplitude while inverted robotic stimuli did not. As a whole, our results show that emotion facilitation is not biased to human faces but rather extend to non-human displays, thus suggesting our capacity to read emotion beyond faces. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[A differential diagnostic medium for the isolation of bacteria of the Yersinia genus].
A formula of a solid differentiating diagnostic media for the isolation of Yersinia genus bacteria is suggested. The medium does not include components hard to get and is simple to prepare. No additional sterilization is necessary after the preparation, after the medium is poured into Petri dishes, it is dried in the air. The medium inhibits the growth of cocci and gram-negative contaminant microflora. Yersinia bacteria may be easily differentiated by the color and typical morphology of the colonies. Dishes with primary inoculation may be examined with a magnifying glass in 48 and 72 hrs incubation. The medium is highly sensitive. The results of its trials in examinations of washings off the environmental objects recommend it for practical studies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Keeping the doors to the community open.
Polls show that Americans of all races now believe that social class and national origin are more potent bases for discrimination than race. However, this assessment is rendered more complicated by (a) the high rate of exclusion of people on the basis of behavioral characteristics and (b) the strikingly disparate impact of such decisions on people of color. America’s high rates of (a) incarceration in the criminal and juvenile justice system, (b) visa denials, detention, and removal in the immigration system, and (c) suspensions and expulsions in the schools all have the effect of excluding many Latinos and African Americans from ordinary life in the community. Although norms of inclusion are adaptive for communities, such an approach is intrinsically difficult to achieve. Attention should be given to (a) facilitation of the exercise of moral leadership and (b) design of settings that ‘‘demand’’ notice of, and care for, all participants. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Enhanced induction of SV40 replication from transformed rat cells by fusion with UV-irradiated normal and repair-deficient human fibroblasts.
Fusion of SV40-transformed rat (BRKSV) cells which do not spontaneously produce infectious virus, with permissive monkey cells resulted in a low level of production of infectious virus in the heterokaryons. UV-Irradiation of the BRKSV cells prior to fusion did not result in increased virus production, but irradiation of the monkey cells prior to fusion did result in enhanced induction (EI) of SV40, as compared to control experiments in which neither cell type was irradiated. This indicated that rat cells lack the ability to initiate replication of integrated SV40 upon UV-irradiation and do not contain "permissiveness" factors that are required to support SV40 replication. In contrast, monkey cells do contain such permissiveness factors which seem to be temporally enhanced by UV-irradiation, and thus may be responsible for the EI phenomenon. Expression of EI was dose-dependent and reached maximum values approximately 24 h after UV-irradiation. The kinetics of EI resembled that of EI previously established for SV40 induction in semi-permissive cells, and of enhanced reactivation (ER) and enhanced mutagenesis (EM) of SV40 in monkey cells. Similar kinetics of EI were obtained when human diploid fibroblasts were used for fusion with BRKSV cells. Similar levels of EI were found with normal human cells and repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells of complementation groups A and C, and XP variant cells. This suggests that expression of EI is not related to excision repair. Since EI is also normally expressed in XP cells which display an abnormal ER of HSV and in XP variant cells which show a delayed EM of HSV, we conclude that EI may occur independently of ER and EM. Finally it was shown that treatment of human cells with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea results in similar induction of EI as irradiation with UV-light, and that addition of TPA in fusion experiments has no effect on EI. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Barriers to care for depressed older people: perceptions of aged care among medical professionals.
The current study evaluated barriers to detection of depression among older people. Focus groups were conducted with 21 professional carers, 4 nurses, 10 general practitioners, and 7 aged care managers. The results demonstrated that care for older people is primarily focused on physical care. Further, staff resources, a lack of continuity of care, multiple co-morbidities, reluctance by older people to discuss depression, negative attitudes among carers, as well as a lack of skills all contributed to a failure to detect and treat depression. The implications of these findings for training programs for professional carers are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Experimentally induced immunological reaction of the eye after keratoplasty. II. Ultrastructural changes of the receptor's cornea (author's transl)].
Ultrastructural changes of the receptor's cornea of a rabbit by experimentally induced immune-reaction were communicated. The finding of plasma-cells proves the generation of humoral antibodies. Granulocytic elements are shown in the transplant or react with diffusing antigen-antibody-complexes already in the stroma of the receptor's cornea. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Rethinking the role of ceruloplasmin in brain iron metabolism.
For more than three decades, it has been widely accepted that ceruloplasmin plays an important role in iron efflux from mammalian cells, including brain cells, via the activity of ferroxidase. However, in light of recent findings, this view might not be completely accurate and the role of ceruloplasmin in brain iron metabolism may need to be re-evaluated. Based on recent studies, we propose in this article that the role of ceruloplasmin in iron uptake by brain neuronal cells might be more important than its role in iron release from the cells. A possible explanation of why the absence of ceruloplasmin induces excessive iron accumulation in neurons in aceruloplasminemia (ceruloplasmin gene mutations) was also discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Immune deficiency of cataract Shionogi (CTS) mouse. II. Impaired in vivo T cell-mediated immune response.
Our previous study demonstrated that cataract Shionogi (CTS) mice, an inbred strain related to non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, are T lymphocytopenic and that their T cell-mediated in vitro reactions, such as proliferative responses of spleen cells to T cell mitogens and alloantigens or production of IL 2 and IL 2 receptors after stimulation of spleen cells with Con A, are greatly reduced. To confirm these in vitro characteristics, in vivo immune responses of CTS mice to T-dependent and T-independent antigens were compared with those of some reference strains including NOD mice. Antibody responses of CTS mice after one injection of a high dose (10(8)) or one or two injections of a low dose (10(5)) of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were markedly lower than those of the reference strains. The decrease was particularly striking in the IgM antibody production at primary response to both high and low doses, and the IgG antibody production at the secondary response to low dose. Similar lower antibody production was observed in CTS mice against bovine serum albumin (BSA). Little production of IgE antibody was observed from 1 through 3 weeks after an injection of BSA plus Bordetella pertussis. IgG1 response was observed at high incidence but lower in titer than those in the reference strains. Unexpectedly, in spite of the poor antibody production to BSA, potent systemic sensitization for anaphylactic shock was easily established; incidence of lethal shock being comparable with those in the reference strains. This suggests that CTS mice are highly susceptible to the effector phase of active anaphylactic shock. Cell-mediated immunity was also impaired. Delayed type of hypersensitivity to SRBC was low, and the rejection of the skin graft from NOD mouse did not occur. In contrast to the reduced T cell-mediated responses, no difference was found between CTS and reference strains with regard to the antibody production to LPS, a T-independent antigen. These in vivo findings are consistent with the previous in vitro study. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ethics and rationale of living-donor liver transplantation in Asia.
Living-donor liver transplantation took root in Asia as a natural result of circumstances, because the supply of organs from the cadaveric pool remained scarce over the years. In contrast to Western countries, the majority of organs for liver transplantation in Asia come from live donations. As the expertise of the transplant teams grows, patient outcomes improve, and public awareness increases, the option of live donation of the liver is increasingly chosen. Although no live liver donor death has yet been reported from Asia, the risk is not eliminated and remains a major consideration in the potential donor's decision to donate. The low morbidity and mortality rate could be attributed to the extensive experience of surgeons in liver surgery, because surgical liver disease is highly prevalent in Asia. Although the donor risk is estimated to be low, live organ donation should be absolutely voluntary, with consent given on the basis of unbiased information and chosen only when the option for obtaining a cadaveric graft is practically nil. It is only under these conditions that living-donor liver transplantation should be perpetuated. Although the disease-donation-transplantation process involves a complex interplay of psychosocial and family dynamics, the potential candidate's perception will necessarily depend on the surgeon's explanation. The ethical soundness of the practice of living-donor liver transplantation rests primarily on the ones who deliver the service. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Repeated Bioimpedance Measurements Predict Prognosis of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.
Fluid overload is a major risk factor for mortality in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, few studies have investigated the effect of chronic exposure to sustained fluid overload on long-term outcomes. A total of 284 prevalent PD patients were included in this prospective study. Repeated multifrequency body composition analysis was performed 12 months apart, and 1-year cumulative chronic fluid overload were used to predict all-cause mortality and the risk for transfer to hemodialysis (HD) during the ensuing 15.6 ± 9.1 months. The prevalence of fluid overload was approximately 27%. Interestingly, a substantial number of hypervolemic patients at first test were persistently hypervolemic at their second test. With this, chronic fluid overload was observed in 18.3% (n = 52). Notably, most of chronic fluid overload patients had diabetes (86.5%), and it was accompanied by concomitant changes in peritoneal membrane characteristics, a higher progression rate to high transporter. The risk of transfer to HD increased 2.8 times in patients with chronic fluid overload than in those without. Also, it significantly increased the risk of mortality (p = 0.038). Surprisingly, subgroup analysis found that patients with euvolemic status at follow-up experienced no mortality despite being in a fluid overload state at baseline. One-year chronic exposure to fluid overload is a strong independent risk factor for transfer to HD and death in prevalent PD patients. Although the fluid status of most PD patients is not easily changed over time, becoming euvolemic during the entire PD treatment period seems to be very important. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Associations between circulating free fatty acids, visceral adipose tissue accumulation, and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.
The aims of the study were to evaluate the contribution of visceral adipose tissue (AT) accumulation and insulin sensitivity to the determination of circulating free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations measured during a 2-hour euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and to verify whether elevated FFAs are associated with other components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. This cross-sectional study included 115 postmenopausal women (46-68 years old). Visceral AT was estimated by computed tomography. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by a 2-hour euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Free fatty acid concentration was measured in the fasting state and every 30 minutes during the clamp. Fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour plasma glucose were measured by an oral glucose tolerance test. Visceral AT was associated positively and insulin sensitivity negatively with FFA area under the curve (AUC) measured during the clamp. Women with high visceral AT accumulation and low insulin sensitivity had higher FFA AUC than women with high visceral AT accumulation and high insulin sensitivity or women with low visceral AT combined with either low or high insulin sensitivity. Free fatty acid AUC was positively associated with triglyceride (r = 0.25, P < .05), fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.26, P < .01), 2-hour plasma glucose (r = 0.27, P < .01), and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.21, P < .05) independently of visceral AT and insulin sensitivity. In postmenopausal women, the presence of both high visceral AT and low insulin sensitivity is needed to observe an elevated FFA AUC. Moreover, FFA AUC is associated with some components of the metabolic syndrome, independently of visceral AT and insulin sensitivity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ascitic cholesterol is superior to serum-ascites albumin gradient in the detection of non-portal hypertensive ascites and the diagnosis of mixed ascites.
The diagnostic value of ascitic cholesterol in the differential diagnosis of ascites is controversial. To investigate the diagnostic performance of ascitic cholesterol in the differential diagnosis of ascites. Consecutive patients with new-onset ascites were enrolled prospectively. The pertinent data were collected from 629 patients with all forms of ascites. In the training cohort, determination of the ascitic cholesterol level was a highly effective method of distinguishing non-portal hypertension (NPH) from portal hypertension (PH). At the pre-determined cut-off value of 45 mg/dL, the sensitivity of ascitic cholesterol was superior to the serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) in identifying NPH-related ascites; the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.945. In the patients misdiagnosed based on SAAG classification, the diagnostic accuracy of ascitic cholesterol was 69%. The ascitic cholesterol level showed excellent performance in identifying peritoneal lesions in patients with mixed ascites. Ascitic cholesterol is an excellent measure for detecting NPH ascites and for identifying peritoneal lesions in mixed ascites. Thus, this simple and cost-effective measure should be determined in patients with new-onset ascites (www.chictr.org.cn; ChiCTR-DCD-15006907). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The strip scalp graft.
Hair transplantation for male pattern baldness has been done on many patients by dermatologists and plastic surgeons during the past 20 years. In selected cases, hair transplantation has been successful for adequate replacement of hair in bald areas of the scalp. In most cases, the punch graft technique alone is used. However, in selected cases, especially in younger individuals desiring a dense growth in the frontal area, the strip graft in conjunction with punch grafts can be used. When the strip graft operation is properly executed, the results are very gratifying. My most impressive results have been with those who have had the strip graft operation combined with the punch graft method (Figs. 13 and 14). The strip graft, like the punch graft, has proved to be extremely versatile. It can be transplanted in any conceivable direction and in any area of the scalp. It may be twisted into any desired shape so as to conform to any recipient site. It can also be made short or long and may be cut into smaller strips or even into small square grafts. If careful attention is paid to the simple steps of the operation discussed in this article, a surgeon will usually be rewarded with a good take of the strip graft. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A common and functional gene variant in the vascular endothelial growth factor a predicts clinical outcome in early-stage breast cancer.
Angiogenesis and cell cycle control play critical roles in breast cancer susceptibility and clinical outcome and are mainly controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclin-dependent kinases, respectively. Functional germline polymorphisms in these genes alter the function, thereby causing inter-individual differences in breast cancer risk and clinical outcome. In this study, we investigated the influence of the functional polymorphisms VEGF-A rs3025039 C > T and CCND1 rs9344 G > A on risk and clinical outcome in early-stage breast cancer. DNA of 539 female patients with histologically confirmed early-stage breast cancer and 804 control subjects was genotyped for these polymorphisms. Genotypes were tested for associations with breast cancer risk and clinical outcome. There was no significant association between the polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. However, the minor allele of VEGF-A rs3025039 C > T was significantly associated with decreased recurrence-free survival (HR 1.845; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.035-3.290; P = 0.038) and remained significant in multivariate analysis (HR 1.880; 95% CI 1.020-3.465; P = 0.043). Patients carrying at least one A-allele in CCND1 rs9344 G > A showed a trend towards decreased recurrence-free survival in univariate analysis (HR 2.379; 95% CI 0.841-6.728; P = 0.068). This study provides evidence that the functional VEGF-A rs3025039 C > T polymorphism influences recurrence-free survival in early-stage breast cancer. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Use of lambda gt11 to identify antigenic components of equine herpesvirus 4.
A library of the equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) genome was constructed in the lambda gt11 expression vector. Recombinant bacteriophage expressing EHV-4 antigens as beta-galactosidase fusion proteins were detected with rabbit antiserum raised against EHV-4 virions and convalescent horse serum. EHV-4 DNA sequences contained in the immunopositive recombinants were used as hybridization probes for mapping the genes encoding the antigens on the viral genome. The DNA sequence of the probes was determined. Screening the library with rabbit antiserum led to the identification of 40 recombinants, 26 of which were further characterized. Determination of the DNA sequence of the EHV-4 inserts revealed that 23 of the recombinants encode an identical portion of glycoprotein gB. Two of the recombinants encode a portion of the previously unidentified EHV-4 homologue of the EHV-1 immediate early protein. The EHV-4 insert of the remaining recombinant encodes a portion of the previously unidentified EHV-4 homologue of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) UL36, a tegument protein. Screening the library with horse serum led to the identification of three recombinants, one of which encodes the same gB sequence as the gB recombinant recognized with the rabbit serum. The other two contain overlapping sequences that encode a portion of EHV-4 gX. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Schonland ambiguity in the electron nuclear double resonance analysis of hyperfine interactions: principles and practice.
For the analysis of the angular dependence of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of low-symmetry centres with S=1/2 in three independent planes, it is well-established-but often overlooked-that an ambiguity may arise in the best-fit g<--> tensor result. We investigate here whether a corresponding ambiguity also arises when determining the hyperfine coupling (HFC) A<--> tensor for nuclei with I=1/2 from angular dependent electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) measurements. It is shown via a perturbation treatment that for each set of M(S) ENDOR branches two best-fit A<--> tensors can be derived, but in general only one unique solution simultaneously fits both. The ambiguity thus only arises when experimental data of only one M(S) multiplet are used in analysis or in certain limiting cases. It is important to realise that the ambiguity occurs in the ENDOR frequencies and therefore the other best-fit result for an ENDOR determined A<--> tensor depends on various details of the ENDOR experiment: the M(S) state of the fitted transitions, the microwave frequency (or static magnetic field) in the ENDOR measurements and the rotation planes in which data have been collected. The results are of particular importance in the identification of radicals based on comparison of theoretical predictions of HFCs with published literature data. A procedure for obtaining the other best-fit result for an ENDOR determined A<--> tensor is outlined. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Analysis of competence: receptors for fibroblast growth factor in early Xenopus embryos.
Xenopus ectodermal cells have previously been shown to respond to acidic and basic FGF by differentiating into mesodermal tissue. In the present study, ectodermal explants from Xenopus blastulae were shown to have high affinity binding sites for 125I-aFGF (Kd = 1.4 X 10(-10) M). The total number of sites, determined by Scatchard analysis, was 3 X 10(8) per explant (surface area of approximately 1 mm2). Two putative receptors of relative molecular mass 130,000 and 140,000 were identified by chemical crosslinking to 125I-aFGF. Both acidic and basic FGF, but not TGF beta 2, could compete for affinity labelling of these bands. The receptor density at the cell surface parallels the developmental competence of Xenopus animal pole cells to respond to FGF. Receptors are present at highest density in the marginal zone but are not restricted to cells in this region. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral cavity in an HIV-positive child.
A 7-year-old boy with a positive history of vertical HIV transmission presented with a painful swelling over the left upper jaw of 20 days' duration. A provisional diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was made. Fine-needle aspiration cytology findings were inconclusive, and incisional biopsy tissue on routine stains gave an impression of small round cell tumor with plasmacytoid features. A series of histochemical stains and immunohistochemical studies was carried out to differentiate and characterize this tumor. The salient immunostaining was negativity with all routine small round cell tumor markers and positivity with CD138 and lambda light chain restriction. The heterogeneous presentation of plasmablastic lymphoma as a variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its histogenesis is documented. Potential pitfalls and differential characterization of AIDS-plasmablastic lymphoma from other closely related tumors are addressed. The importance of excluding other common pediatric small round cell tumors by immunohistochemistry is highlighted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this entity in a vertically transmitted HIV-positive child. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Synergistic effect of choline and carnitine on acetylcholine synthesis in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells.
An influence of carnitine on acetylcholine synthesis from radiolabeled glucose was monitored in neuroblastoma NB-2a cells. Upon addition of carnitine the distribution of its derivatives was found significantly different than the values published for brain, the level of long-chain acyl derivatives being much higher and reaching 60%. Carnitine itself did not change acetylcholine level. Together with choline (20 microM), carnitine was observed to stimulate (by 36%) acetylcholine synthesis in a synergistic way, which indicated that both substrates could be limiting factors of this process in NB-2a cell line of neuroblastoma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Association of cadmium with MnO2 particles generated during permanganate oxidation.
Particle filtration and cadmium sorption studies were performed at selected time points during reaction of potassium permanganate with trichloroethylene under varied reaction matrix conditions. The purpose of the studies was to determine the potential impact of manganese oxides particle generation, a by-product of the permanganate reaction, on subsurface metal mobility, with cadmium serving as a representative metal of interest in the environment. Results of the studies indicate that the association of cadmium with the manganese oxides is a function of (1) particle concentration, (2) pH, (3) the presence of calcium in the reaction matrix, and (4) the rate of particle generation and agglomeration. Based on these findings, it is important to give careful consideration to subsurface conditions that can potentially impact the mobility of metals present naturally or as co-contaminants. If subsurface conditions are not appropriately characterized and planned for, deleterious effects could result, including long-term release of metals initially sorbed onto generated particles. Alternatively, the generated manganese oxides may serve as a long-term means of immobilizing metals within the subsurface. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Estrogen signals to the preservation of endothelial cell form and function.
Estrogen is important for the primary prevention of vascular disease in young women, but the mechanisms of protection at the vascular cell are still largely unknown. Although traditionally thought of as a nuclear transcription factor, the estrogen receptor has also been identified in the cell plasma membrane to signal but serve largely undefined roles. Here we show that estradiol (E2) rapidly activates p38beta mitogen-activated protein kinase in endothelial cells (EC), which activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 and the phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27. The sex steroid preserves the EC stress fiber formation and actin and membrane integrity in the setting of metabolic insult. E2 also prevents hypoxia-induced apoptosis and induces both the migration of EC and the formation of primitive capillary tubes. These effects are reversed by the inhibition of p38beta, by the expression of a dominant-negative mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 protein, or by the expression of a phosphorylation site mutant heat shock protein 27. E2 signaling from the membrane helps preserve the EC structure and function, defining potentially important vascular-protective effects of this sex steroid. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Renal tissue endothelin in long-term complete ureteric obstruction in the young rat.
Complete obstruction of one ureter was created in 3-week-old weanling rats. The endothelin concentration in the renal tissue was measured by radioimmunoassay. In the obstructed kidney, a substantial increase was observed, after 1 week +90%, after 2 weeks +55%, and after 4 weeks +145% compared to the control rat kidneys. The endothelin-1/endothelin-3 ratio was found to be considerably raised, indicating a predominance of the vasoconstrictor effects of the--with reference to vasoactivity--bi-potential endothelin. Its contribution to vasoconstriction and to glomerular destruction in obstructive nephropathy is discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Changes in embryonic stem cell colony morphology and early differentiation markers driven by colloidal crystal topographical cues.
The use of materials properties to guide cell behaviour is an attractive option for regenerative medicine, where controlling stem cell behaviour is important for the establishment of a functioning cell population. A wide range of materials properties have been shown to influence many types of cells but little is known about the effects of topography on embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In order to advance this knowledge, we synthesised and characterised substrates formed of silica colloidal crystal (SCC) microspheres to present highly ordered and reproducible topographical features from 120-600 nm in diameter. We found that, compared to cells cultured on flat glass, cells cultured on the SCC substrates retained transcription of stem cell (Dppa5a, Nanog, and Pou5f1) and endoderm (Afp, Gata4, Sox17, and Foxa2) markers more similar to undifferentiated ESCs, suggesting the substrates are restricting differentiation, particularly towards the endoderm lineage. Additionally, five days after seeding, we observed strikingly different colony morphology, with cells on the SCC substrates growing in spherical colonies approximately ten cells thick, while cells on glass were growing in flat monolayers. Colonies on the SCC substrates developed a central pit, which was never observed in cells cultured on glass, and expressed proteins related to epithelialisation. Together, these data demonstrate the potential of using topographical cues to control stem cell behaviour in vitro. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cancer caregivers' perceptions of an exercise and nutrition program.
Little research has addressed exercise and nutrition-based interventions for cancer caregivers. This study explored cancer caregivers' perceptions of participating in a structured exercise and nutrition program alongside cancer survivors for whom they provided care. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted by one interviewer with 12 cancer caregivers about their experiences participating in a structured, 12-week exercise and nutrition program designed for cancer survivors and caregivers to complete concurrently. Interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Inductive content analysis from individual interviews indicated three separate, but interrelated, themes: (1) the program was a positive mechanism through which caregivers shared and supported the cancer journey concurrently with survivors, (2) the program led to perceived physical and psychological benefits for both caregivers and survivors, and (3) participants perceived that participation in the program led to feeling increased social support in their caregiving duties. Findings from this study suggest that participating in an exercise- and nutrition-based intervention is viewed positively by caregivers and that the outcomes are seen as beneficial to both caregivers and survivors. Interventions that address the health needs of both members of the caregiver-survivor dyad should continue to be encouraged by allied health professionals. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Costimulatory molecule OX40/OX40L expression in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma of breast: an immunohistochemistry-based pilot study.
OX40, a membrane-bound member of the tumor-necrosis-factor-receptor (TNFR) superfamily, plays an important role in proliferation, survival and infiltration of activated T cells via binding to OX40L. Recent studies indicate that OX40/OX40L system mediates the adhesion and infiltration of adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Previously, we detected OX40 expression in breast carcinoma cell lines and tissues. The correlation of expression of OX40 and OX40L and clinical features in breast carcinogenesis, however, has not been well characterized. The expression of OX40 and OX40L in 107 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCa), 9 ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), and 31 fibroadenomas from breast tissues and its relationship with the clinical features were determined using immunohistochemistry (peroxidase-conjugated polymer method, ChemMate™ Envision™ Detection kit). The positive immunostaining rates for OX40 in IDCa, DCIS and fibroadenomas from breast tissues were 85.0%, 66.7% and 38.7% respectively, showing a significant difference in OX40 expression among IDCa, DCIS and fibroadenoma of breast (z=5.206, P=0.001). Increased staining intensity of OX40 was associated with TNM stages (z=2.112, P=0.017). Meanwhile, a relation of OX40 expression with lymph node metastatic status in IDCa was found (P=0.041). The expression of OX40L did not show any obvious difference among IDCa, DCIS and fibroadenomas from breast tissues. OX40L expression was also not related to histopathological parameters in IDCa except for progesterone receptor (PR) being positive (P=0.005). However, a high coincidental positive rate for OX40 and OX40L was observed in biopsy samples with IDCa (P=0.017, Kappa=0.231). The present results suggest that high OX40 expression may be associated with malignant transformation, progression, invasion and metastasis in breast cancer biology. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Slow Singlet Fission Observed in a Polycrystalline Perylenediimide Thin Film.
Singlet exciton fission (SF) is a process wherein an exciton in an organic semiconductor divides its energy to form two excitations. This process can offset thermalization losses in light harvesting technologies, but requires photostable materials with high SF efficiency. We report ultrafast kinetics of polycrystalline films of N-N'-dioctyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (C8-PDI), a chromophore predicted to undergo SF on picosecond time scales. While transient absorption measurements display picosecond dynamics, such kinetics are absent from low-fluence time-resolved emission experiments, indicating they result from singlet-singlet exciton annihilation. A model that accounts for annihilation can reproduce both measurements and highlights that care must be taken when extracting SF rates from time-resolved data. Our model also reveals SF proceeds in C8-PDI over 3.8 ns. Despite this slow rate, SF occurs in high yield (51%) due to a lack of competing singlet deactivation pathways. Our results show perylenediimides are a promising class of SF materials that merit further study. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clinically significant cognitive dysfunction in OEF/OIF/OND veterans: Prevalence and clinical associations.
Cognitive performance in trauma-exposed populations, such as combat Veterans, has been shown to be worse than in nonexposed peers. However, cognitive performance has typically been within the normal range (within 1 SD of normative mean), and the prevalence of clinically significant cognitive dysfunction (i.e., performance more than 1 SD below the mean on multiple measures in a domain) in younger adults with trauma exposure remains unknown. The objective of our study was to measure this. We applied Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) cutoffs for clinically significant cognitive dysfunction (>1 SD below the mean in multiple measures within a domain) in the domains of memory, executive function, and attention to a sample of combat-exposed Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND; N = 368, mean age = 31.7 years, 90% men) Veterans. We then compared psychiatric, physiological, and neural measures, as well as functional outcomes, between those with and without cognitive dysfunction. Veterans with cognitive dysfunction (n = 129, 35.1%) had lower premorbid reading ability and more severe psychological distress, including increased anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sleep difficulties, pain, and alcohol consumption. Those with cognitive dysfunction also had worse functional outcomes, with mild but significant disability. In contrast, we found associations between outcome and age, traumatic brain injury, physiological and neural measures to be weak or not significant. Together, this suggests that premorbid abilities and trauma-related psychological symptoms contribute significantly to cognitive dysfunction in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans, and that neurological insult and aging may play less of a role. Cognitive dysfunction may be at least partially ameliorated by treating trauma-related symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Acute renal failure after immersion in seawater polluted by diesel oil.
Acute renal failure after exposure to toxic doses of hydrocarbon has been uniformly associated with multiorgan failure. We report a case of isolated acute renal failure in a patient after immersion in seawater polluted by diesel oil. The sites of absorption were likely to be skin, gastrointestinal tract, and lung. Investigations showed renal impairment as the only consequence from the exposure. The patient recovered uneventfully and did not require dialysis. This case highlighted the unusual consequence of isolated renal involvement resulting from hydrocarbon toxicity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Brexpiprazole Reduces Survivin and Reverses EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in Lung and Pancreatic Cancer.
Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently activated in lung and pancreatic cancers, the efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is limited. Recently, brexpiprazole, an antipsychotic drug, was reported to chemosensitize glioma cells to osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR-TKI, by suppressing survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein, but their combinational effects on lung and pancreatic cancers remain unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the combinational effects of brexpiprazole and osimertinib on lung and pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. YM155, a suppressor of survivin, siRNA, and immunoblot were used to examine the role of survivin in osimertinib-resistance. The effect of drugs on cell viability in vitro was examined by trypan blue staining. The in vivo effects of drugs on tumor growth were examined using a xenograft mouse model. Brexpiprazole exerted combinational effects with osimertinib in vitro. Pharmacological and genetic suppression of survivin chemosensitized the cells to osimertinib. Moreover, the combination of brexpiprazole and osimertinib effectively suppressed tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Brexpiprazole is a promising drug for lung and pancreatic cancer in combination with osimertinib. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Experimental setup for the laboratory investigation of micrometeoroid ablation using a dust accelerator.
A facility has been developed to simulate the ablation of micrometeoroids in laboratory conditions. An electrostatic dust accelerator is used to generate iron particles with velocities of 10-70 km/s. The particles are then introduced into a chamber pressurized with a target gas, where the pressure is adjustable between 0.01 and 0.5 Torr, and the particle partially or completely ablates over a short distance. An array of biased electrodes above and below the ablation path is used to collect the generated ions/electrons with a spatial resolution of 2.6 cm along the ablating particles' path, thus allowing the study of the spatiotemporal evolution of the process. For completely ablated particles, the total collected charge directly yields the ionization coefficient of a given dust material-target gas combination. The first results of this facility measured the ionization coefficient of iron atoms with N2, air, CO2, and He target gases for impact velocities >20 km/s, and are reported by Thomas et al. [Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 3645 (2016)]. The ablation chamber is also equipped with four optical ports that allow for the detection of the light emitted by the ablating particle. A multichannel photomultiplier tube system is used to observe the ablation process with a spatial and temporal resolution of 0.64 cm and 90 ns. The preliminary results indicate that it is possible to calculate the velocity of the ablating particle from the optical observations, and in conjunction with the spatially resolved charge measurements allow for experimental validation of ablation models in future studies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hypoxic enlarged mitochondria protect cancer cells from apoptotic stimuli.
It is well established that cells exposed to the limiting oxygen microenvironment (hypoxia) of tumors acquire resistance to chemotherapy, through mechanisms not fully understood. We noted that a large number of cell lines showed protection from apoptotic stimuli, staurosporine, or etoposide, when exposed to long-term hypoxia (72 h). In addition, these cells had unusual enlarged mitochondria that were induced in a HIF-1-dependent manner. Enlarged mitochondria were functional as they conserved their transmembrane potential and ATP production. Here we reveal that mitochondria of hypoxia-induced chemotherapy-resistant cells undergo a HIF-1-dependent and mitofusin-1-mediated change in morphology from a tubular network to an enlarged phenotype. An imbalance in mitochondrial fusion/fission occurs since silencing of not only the mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 1 but also BNIP3 and BNIP3L, two mitochondrial HIF-targeted genes, reestablished a tubular morphology. Hypoxic cells were insensitive to staurosporine- and etoposide-induced cell death, but the silencing of mitofusin, BNIP3, and BNIP3L restored sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that some cancer cells have developed yet another way to evade apoptosis in hypoxia, by inducing mitochondrial fusion and targeting BNIP3 and BNIP3L to mitochondrial membranes, thereby giving these cells a selective growth advantage. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Molecular characterisation of t(17;22)(q11.2;q11.2) is not consistent with NF1 gene duplication.
A tandem duplication of the NF1 gene in 17q11.2 has recently been detected by high-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on stretched chromosomes and DNA fibres. These findings suggest not only that, in the 17q11.2 region, the NF1 gene is surrounded by NF1 low-copy repeats on each side of the gene, but also that the NF1 gene and its directly flanking regions are duplicated structures. However, if the NF1 gene is duplicated at 17q11.2, this should be observed by FISH analysis on metaphase chromosomes of relevant translocation carriers with the probes originally used to identify the duplication, since hybridisation signals of some of the probes would be expected on both derivative chromosomes, the der(17) and the der(22). We have only been able to obtain signals on the one or the other derivative of a female translocation carrier. Therefore, our results do not support the hypothesis of a duplication of the NF1 gene and its immediately flanking regions at 17q11.2 as had been previously postulated. Rather, our findings suggest that there is one NF1 gene in the 17q11.2 region. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Polyacrylamide preparations for protection of water quality threatened by agricultural runoff contaminants.
Waste streams associated with a variety of agricultural runoff sources are major contributors of nutrients, pesticides and enteric microorganisms to surface and ground waters. Water soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) was found to be a highly effective erosion-preventing and infiltration-enhancing polymer, when applied at rates of 1-10 g m(-3) in furrow irrigation water. Water flowing from PAM treated irrigation furrows show large reductions in sediment, nutrients and pesticides. Recently PAM and PAM + CaO and PAM + Al(SO4)3 mixtures have been shown to filter bacteria, fungi and nutrients from animal wastewater. Low concentrations of PAM [175-350 g PAM ha(-1) as PAM or as PAM + CaO and PAM + Al(SO4) mixture] applied to the soil surface, resulted in dramatic decreases (10 fold) of total, coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria in cattle, fish and swine wastewater leachate and surface runoff. PAM treatment also filtered significant amounts of NH4, PO4 and total P in cattle and swine wastewater. This points to the potential of developing PAM as a water quality protection measure in combination with large-scale animal feeding operations. Potential benefits of PAM treatment of animal facility waste streams include: (1) low cost, (2) easy and quick application. (3) suitability for use with other pollution reduction techniques. Research on the efficacy of PAM for removal of protozoan parasites and viruses and more thorough assessment of PAM degradation in different soils is still needed to completely evaluate PAM treatment as an effective waste water treatment. We will present analysis and feasibility of using PAM, PAM + Al(SO4)3, and PAM + CaO application for specific applications. Our results demonstrate their potential efficacy in reducing sediment, nutrients and microorganisms from animal production facility effluents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell abnormalities and their relationship to clinical course in homosexual men with HIV infection.
Quantitative abnormalities of leukocyte subpopulations have been shown to correlate with clinical status in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We have performed peripheral blood leukocyte phenotyping in 23 HIV-seropositive homosexual men, and correlated the results with clinical follow-up information. Individuals with CD4+ greater than 400/mm3 (Group 1) had less severe abnormalities in other mononuclear cell subpopulations than patients with CD4+ less than 400/mm3 (Group 2). Group 1 had decreased CD4+CDw29+ (B-cell inducer) cells, compared to HIV-seronegative homosexual controls, with normal CD4+CD45R+ (suppressor-inducer) cells, suggesting that CD4+ subpopulations are reduced at different rates. Group 2 had decreased counts for both CD4+CDw29+ and CD4+CD45R+ cells. Both groups had increased cytotoxic T cells (CD8+CD11b-), with decreased B cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratios, compared to HIV-seronegative homosexual controls. The Group 2 patients with subsequent clinical deterioration had particularly low CD4+ cells, CD4+CD45R+ cells, CD2+Ta1+ cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratios and high CD8+CD11b- cells, compared to those with clinically stable illness. Our findings suggest that specific leukocyte subpopulations are altered differentially at various stages of HIV infection. However, the study involved only quantitative measurements of specific T- and B-cell subsets with no attempt to measure in vitro function. It is of course possible that normal numbers of cells in these subpopulations might be functionally deficient. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Adipocyte beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity influences plasma lipid levels.
Catecholamine stimulation of lipolysis through adipocyte beta-adrenoceptors is of major importance for the regulation of lipid mobilization from adipose tissue. The influence of adipocyte beta-receptor sensitivity as assessed by an isoprenaline bioassay on circulating lipid levels was investigated in 46 healthy and drug-free subjects. beta-Receptor sensitivity was inversely related to total plasma triglycerides (r = -.62), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (r = -.56), VLDL triglycerides (r = -.52), and apolipoprotein B (r = -.41). These relationships remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, fat cell volume, and circulating levels of insulin, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. beta-Receptor sensitivity accounted for 40% of the variance in total plasma triglycerides. beta-Receptor subtype sensitivity and binding capacity were also determined in fat cells using terbutaline (beta 2) and dobutamine (beta 1) bioassays and radioligand binding. Multiple regression analysis revealed that terbutaline sensitivity correlated inversely with total plasma triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, VLDL-C, and VLDL triglycerides (partial r from -.56 to -.42), but there was no correlation between dobutamine sensitivity and blood lipids (partial r from .05 to .18) or between receptor binding and blood lipids (partial r from .01 to .28). Thus, the lipolytic beta-receptor sensitivity in fat cells appears to play a hitherto-unrecognized role for lipoprotein metabolism, in particular that of VLDL. This relationship is receptor-subtype specific, particularly involving beta 2-receptors, and seems to be localized to a postreceptor step in lipolysis regulation. Low sensitivity may be of importance for the development of hypertriglyceridemia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
MRI of osteochondral defects of the lateral femoral condyle: incidence and pattern of injury after transient lateral dislocation of the patella.
The typical bone bruise pattern involving the anterolateral femoral condyle and inferomedial patella after transient lateral dislocation of the patella is a well-described MRI finding. In our study, however, we sought to determine the incidence and location of lateral femoral condyle osteochondral injuries after transient lateral dislocation of the patella. Osteochondral defects of the lateral femoral condyle are a common sequela after transient lateral patellar dislocation. A significant number of osteochondral injuries involve the midlateral weight-bearing portion of the lateral femoral condyle and are more posterior than would be expected after transient dislocation of the patella. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Impact of fluorochrome stains used to study bacterial transport in shallow aquifers on motility and chemotaxis of Pseudomonas species.
One of the most common methods of tracking movement of bacteria in groundwater environments involves a priori fluorescent staining. A major concern in using these stains to label bacteria in subsurface injection-and-recovery studies is the effect they may have on the bacterium's transport properties. Previous studies investigated the impact of fluorophores on bacterial surface properties (e.g. zeta potential). However, no previous study has looked at the impact of fluorescent staining on swimming speed and chemotaxis. It was found that DAPI lowered the mean population swimming speed of Pseudomonas putida F1 by 46% and Pseudomonas stutzeri by 55%. DAPI also inhibited the chemotaxis in both strains. The swimming speeds of P. putida F1 and P. stutzeri were diminished slightly by CFDA/SE, but not to a statistically significant extent. CFDA/SE had no effect on chemotaxis of either strain to acetate. SYBR(®) Gold had no effect on swimming speed or the chemotactic response to acetate for either strain. This research indicates that although DAPI may not affect sorption to grain surfaces, it adversely affects other potentially important transport properties such as swimming and chemotaxis. Consequently, bacterial transport studies conducted using DAPI are biased to nonchemotactic conditions and do not appear to be suitable for monitoring the effect of chemotaxis on bacterial transport in shallow aquifers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Associations of right ventricular myocardial function with skin and pulmonary involvement in asymptomatic patients with systemic sclerosis.
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem disorder characterized by widespread vascular lesions and fibrosis of the skin and specific internal organs. Cardiac involvement is a common finding in SSc, but often clinically occult. The aim of the present study was to analyze both left and right ventricular (RV) myocardial function in patients with SSc, and their relation to other instrumental features of the disease. Twenty-five healthy subjects and 23 age- and sex-comparable asymptomatic patients classified as having either diffuse (11 patients) or limited cutaneous (12 patients) SSc underwent clinical examination, serological analysis, high-resolution chest computed tomography, standard Doppler echocardiography and pulsed Doppler myocardial imaging (DMI) of both the mitral and tricuspid annuli. SSc was classified using the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) into high mRSS (score > or = 10) and low mRSS (score < 10). Serological antibody analysis revealed the presence of antinuclear antibody in all patients, an anticentromere pattern in 8 patients, and anti-Scl-70 antibodies in 15 patients. Eleven patients were diagnosed with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis at chest computed tomography. Standard Doppler echocardiography revealed that the left ventricular mass index and ejection fraction were comparable between the two groups, while the RV end-diastolic diameter was increased in SSc (p < 0.01). The tricuspid inflow peak E and E/A ratio were slightly decreased in SSc (p < 0.01), while the systolic pulmonary pressure was increased (p < 0.0001). DMI analysis revealed, in SSc, an impaired RV myocardial early-diastolic (Em) peak velocity (p < 0.001) as well as a prolonged myocardial relaxation time (RTm) (p < 0.001) only at the tricuspid annulus level, even after correction for age, sex, heart rate and left ventricular mass index. Independent inverse associations of the RV Em peak velocity with both the Rodnan skin score (beta coefficient = -0.62, p < 0.0005) and the pulmonary systolic pressure (beta coefficient = 0.71, p < 0.0001), as well as the independent inverse correlation of the same RV Em peak velocity with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (odds ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.45-0.83, p < 0.0005) in SSc patients were assessed at multivariate analysis. In addition, the RV Em velocity was an independent predictor of the anti-Scl-70 antibody pattern (odds ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.45-0.83, p < 0.01). Of note, a RV Em peak velocity < 0.11 m/s well selected SSc patients with pulmonary artery pressure > 35 mmHg, pulmonary fibrosis, a high mRSS, and an anti-Scl-70 antibody pattern. The relationships of RV myocardial diastolic dysfunction with both skin and pulmonary involvement as well as with the serological antibody pattern emphasizes the ability of DMI to identify patients with a more diffuse and severe form of SSc. This issue may be critical for the early identification of those SSc patients who are at higher risk of cardiac impairment, ideally when they are still asymptomatic before developing severe vasculopathy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Influence of docosahexaenoic acid on cerebral lipid peroxide level in aged rats with and without hypercholesterolemia.
Female Wistar rats, 100 weeks old, were divided into four groups: one group was fed a high-cholesterol diet, one received a non-cholesterol diet, and the others were fed either a non- or a high-cholesterol diet plus docosahexaenoic acid. The level of lipid peroxide (LPO) in brain tissue was measured with a LPO assay kit. Fatty acid concentrations were analyzed by gas chromatography. Brain LPO in the aged and hypercholesterolemic rats fed docosahexaenoic acid decreased in the cerebrum but not in the brain stem or cerebellum. In the cerebrum, LPO showed a decrease, with an increase in the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid to arachidonic acid. The cerebrum, unlike the other areas of the brain, was more sensitive to docosahexaenoic acid as the concentrations of LPO decreased. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reification of psychiatric diagnoses as defamatory: implications for ethical clinical practice.
While the mental health professional generally has beneficent motives and an honest belief in the DSM diagnoses assigned to clients, such diagnoses may yet be defamatory when communicated to third parties. Mental health diagnoses invariably lower the individual's reputation in the eyes of the community. At the same time, DSM diagnoses are but one out of a myriad of possible interpretive frameworks. DSM descriptors for the client's distress thus cannot be said to capture the essence of the client's personhood. When a diagnosis is published as if it captured a definitive truth about an individual psychiatric client, it is, in that important regard, inaccurate. That is, such a communication meets the criterion for a reckless disregard for the truth or an honest belief but without reasonable basis insofar as it is considered to be anything more than a working hypothesis. Hence, in certain cases, DSM labeling may constitute defamation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
New Perspectives on Neuroengineering and Neurotechnologies: NSF-DFG Workshop Report.
To identify and overcome barriers to creating new neurotechnologies capable of restoring both motor and sensory function in individuals with neurological conditions. This report builds upon the outcomes of a joint workshop between the US National Science Foundation and the German Research Foundation on New Perspectives in Neuroengineering and Neurotechnology convened in Arlington, VA, USA, November 13-14, 2014. The participants identified key technological challenges for recording and manipulating neural activity, decoding, and interpreting brain data in the presence of plasticity, and early considerations of ethical and social issues pertinent to the adoption of neurotechnologies. The envisaged progress in neuroengineering requires tightly integrated hardware and signal processing efforts, advances in understanding of physiological adaptations to closed-loop interactions with neural devices, and an open dialog with stakeholders and potential end-users of neurotechnology. The development of new neurotechnologies (e.g., bidirectional brain-computer interfaces) could significantly improve the quality of life of people living with the effects of brain or spinal cord injury, or other neurodegenerative diseases. Focused efforts aimed at overcoming the remaining barriers at the electrode tissue interface, developing implantable hardware with on-board computation, and refining stimulation methods to precisely activate neural tissue will advance both our understanding of brain function and our ability to treat currently intractable disorders of the nervous system. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Perspective: examining communication as macrocognition in STS.
There are significant points of alignment between a macrocognitive frame of teamwork and a communication perspective. This commentary explores these touch points in regard to use of teams in sociotechnical systems (STS). The macrocognitive framework emphasizes a team's shared mental models whereas a communication frame emphasizes that shared meaning among team members is more frequently implicitly than explicitly recorded in their messages. Both acknowledge that communication (in macrocognition) or messages (in communication) serve as an index of team members' goal-directed behavior. The two approaches differ in the role of communication: as information exchange in macrocognition as compared with verbal and nonverbal symbols composing messages for which senders and receivers co-construct meaning. This commentary uses relevant literature to explicate the communication position. From a communication perspective, individuals are simultaneously sending and receiving messages, communication is continual and processual, and meaning construction is dependent on relationship awareness and development among communication partners as well as the context. The authors posit that meaning cannot be constructed solely from messages, nor can meaning be constructed by one person. Furthermore, sharing information is not the same as communicating. Architects and users of STS should be interested in designing systems that improve team communication-a goal that is interdependent with understanding how communication fails in the use of such systems. Drilling down to the fundamental properties of communication is essential to understanding how and why meaning is created among team members (and subsequent action). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inhibition of RhoA-mediated SRF activation by p116Rip.
p116Rip, originally identified as a binding partner of activated RhoA, is an actin-binding protein that interacts with the regulatory myosin-binding subunit (MBS) of myosin-II phosphatase and is essential for Rho-regulated cytoskeletal contractility. Here, we have examined the role of p116Rip in RhoA-mediated activation of the transcription factor SRF. We show that p116Rip oligomerizes via its C-terminal coiled-coil domain and, when overexpressed, inhibits RhoA-induced SRF activation without affecting RhoA-GTP levels. Mutant forms of p116Rip that fail to oligomerize or bind to MBS are still capable of inhibiting SRF activity. Our results suggest that p116Rip interferes with RhoA-mediated transcription through its ability to disassemble the actomyosin cytoskeleton downstream of RhoA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Versatile Tailoring of Paddle-Wheel Zn(II) Metal-Organic Frameworks through Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations.
A new tetracarboxylate ligand having short and long arms formed 2D layer Zn(II) coordination polymer 1 with paddle-wheel secondary building units under solvothermal conditions. The framework undergoes solvent-specific single crystal-to-single crystal (SC-SC) transmetalation to produce 1Cu . With a sterically encumbered dipyridyl linker, the same ligand forms non-interpenetrated, 3D, pillared-layer Zn(II) metal-organic framework (MOF) 2, which takes part in SC-SC linker-exchange reactions to produce three daughter frameworks. The parent MOF 2 shows preferential incorporation of the longest linker in competitive linker-exchange experiments. All the 3D MOFs undergo complete SC-SC transmetalation with Cu(II) , whereby metal exchange in different solvents and monitoring of X-ray structures revealed that bulky solvated metal ions lead to ordering of the shortest linker in the framework, which confirms that the solvated metal ions enter through the pores along the linker axis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pectoralis-serratus interfascial plane block vs thoracic paravertebral block for unilateral radical mastectomy with axillary evacuation.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of pectoralis-serratus interfascial plane block in comparison with thoracic paravertebral block for postmastectomy pain. A prospective randomized controlled study. Tertiary center, university hospital. Sixty-four adult women, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classes I, II, and III, scheduled for unilateral modified radical mastectomy with axillary evacuation. Patients were randomized to receive either pectoralis-serratus interfascial plane block, PS group (n=32), or thoracic paravertebral block, PV group (n=32). Twenty-four-hour morphine consumption and the time to rescue analgesic were recorded. The pain intensity evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) score at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24hours postoperatively was also recorded. The median (interquartile range) postoperative 24-hour morphine consumption was significantly increased in PS group in comparison to PV group (PS vs PV), 20 mg (16-23 mg) vs 12 mg (10-14 mg) (P<.001). The median postoperative time to first analgesic request was significantly shorter in PS group compared to PV group (PS, 6 hours [5-7 hours], vs PV, 11 hours [9-13 hours]) (P<.001). The intensity of pain was low in both groups in VAS 0, 2, and 4hours postoperatively. However, there was significant reduction in VAS in PV group compared to PS group at 8, 16, and 24hours postoperatively. Pectoralis-serratus interfascial plane block was safe and easy to perform and decreased intensity of postmastectomy pain, but it was inferior to thoracic paravertebral block. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Investigation on fixed bed column performance of fluoride adsorption by sugarcane charcoal.
The present study explores the potentiality of sugarcane charcoal for fluoride removal from synthetic fluoride solution. Column adsorption experiments with respect to variation of flow rate, pH, initial concentration, and column depths were carried out. Sugarcane charcoal exhibited almost consistent scavenging capacity at various bed depths with a flow rate 4.34 ml min(-1). Maximum adsorption capacity of sugarcane charcoal was recorded 7.33 mg g(-1). The adsorption studies were simulated using Thomas and Bed depth service time model. Both the models consistently predict its characteristic parameters and describe the breakthrough profiles in the whole range of sorption process. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The work function of few-layer graphene.
A theoretical and experimental study of the work function of few-layer graphene is reported. The influence of the number of layers on the work function is investigated in the presence of a substrate, a molecular dipole layer, and combinations of the two. The work function of few-layer graphene is almost independent of the number of layers with only a difference between monolayer and multilayer graphene of about 60 meV. In the presence of a charge-donating substrate the charge distribution is found to decay exponentially away from the substrate and this is directly reflected in the work function of few-layer graphene. A dipole layer changes the work function only when placed in between the substrate and few-layer graphene through a change of the charge transfer between the two. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
RGNNV induces mitochondria-mediated cell death via newly synthesized protein dependent pathway in fish cells.
The RNA nervous necrosis virus induces necrotic cell death in fish; however, the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that beta-nodavirus-induced mitochondria-mediated dependent cell death is through newly synthesized protein dependent pathway in replication cycle. We determined that newly synthesized protein dependent pathway is required for red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV)-induced cell death. UV irradiation of the virus effectively blocked viral replication and cell death. Next, RGNNV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp or protein A) was cloned and its involvement in RNA genome replication and viral protein synthesis was analyzed. Protein A was initially expressed 48 h post-infection and localized to the cytoplasm. Knockdown of protein A expression completely blocked viral genomic replication and expression of viral protein expression RNA1 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) producing cell lines, which coincided with inhibition of phosphatidylserine exposure, mitochondria-mediated death signaling, and increased cell viability 72 h post-infection. Furthermore, RGNNV-induced mitochondria-mediated caspase-3-independent necrotic cell death is dependent on viral synthesized protein dependent pathway at the middle-late replication stage. Taken together, for instance these results suggested that RGNNV induces cell death may require newly synthesized protein for triggering host mitochondria-mediated cell death. These findings may provide new insights into RNA viral pathogenesis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase as antitumor agents: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel nonclassical 6-substituted pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines with a three- to five-carbon bridge.
Bridge homologation of the previously reported nonclassical two-carbon-bridged antifolate, 2,4-diamino-6-phenethylpyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine (wm-5a), afforded the three-, four- and five-carbon-bridged antifolate analogues 3.1-3.5, 4.1-4.2 and 5.1-5.5. The target compounds, with substituents at various positions on the carbon bridges, were efficiently synthesized by aldol condensation or Wittig reaction and followed by reduction. Elongation of the two-carbon bridge to three-, four- or five-carbon bridges, and also saturation of the carbon bridges, provided compounds with good inhibitory activity against recombinant human DHFR (rhDHFR). Analogue 3.5, which has a three-carbon bridge, inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 and HCT116 cells to a greater extent than the other analogues. Compound 3.5 was also the most potent inhibitor of rhDHFR (IC50 = 0.06 μM), and was approximately 38-fold more potent than the two-carbon-bridged lead compound. Docking studies revealed that both the length and flexibility of the saturated carbon bridge in 3.5 were important for high potency. Flow cytometry studies indicated that compound 3.5 arrested HL-60 cells in the S-phase and induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis of HL-60 cells treated with 3.5 showed a dose-dependent upregulation of DHFR protein levels. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Randomized multicenter comparison of two coatings of intramobile cylinder implants in 313 partially edentulous mandibles followed up for 5 years.
Intramobile cylinder (IMZ) implants with either of two coatings, hydroxyapatite (HA) or titanium plasma-flame (TPF), as distal abutments for combined tooth implant-supported restorations, were compared in 313 partially edentulous mandibles with respect to postprosthetical failure patterns and complication frequencies in a randomized multicenter clinical trial. Within the treatment protocols, the two coatings do not show evidence of different efficacy with respect to occurrence of postprosthetical integration deficiency (ID) or functional deficiency (FD). Statistical equivalence for an absolute effect of +/-15% in event-free survival could only be demonstrated for FD, not for ID, however. Intent-to-treat and per-protocol population analyses gave consistent results. Hazards of occurrence of ID and FD, adjusted for years of follow-up, were estimated for ID as 7% per year (95%CI 4-10% per year) with HA and 5% per year (95%CI 3-7% per year) with TPF, and for FD as 5% per year (95%CI 3-7% per year) with HA and 4% per year (95%CI 2-6% per year) with TPF. The 5-year cumulative success rates for no ID were 69.5% (95%CI 58-81%) with HA and 82.2% (95%CI 74-91%) with TPF. With respect to frequencies of complications, there was no relevant statistically significant difference between the two coatings. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Combined expression of BUB1B, DLGAP5, and PINK1 as predictors of poor outcome in adrenocortical tumors: validation in a Brazilian cohort of adult and pediatric patients.
A recent microarray study identified a set of genes whose combined expression patterns were predictive of poor outcome in a cohort of adult adrenocortical tumors (ACTs). The difference between the expression values measured by qRT-PCR of DLGAP5 and PINK1 genes was the best molecular predictor of recurrence and malignancy. Among the adrenocortical carcinomas, the combined expression of BUB1B and PINK1 genes was the most reliable predictor of overall survival. The prognostic and molecular heterogeneity of ACTs raises the need to study the applicability of these molecular markers in other cohorts. To validate the combined expression of BUB1B, DLGAP5, and PINK1 as outcome predictor in ACTs from a Brazilian cohort of adult and pediatric patients. BUB1B, DLGAP5, and PINK1 expression was assessed by quantitative PCR in 53 ACTs from 52 patients - 24 pediatric and 28 adults (one pediatric patient presented a bilateral asynchronous ACT). DLGAP5-PINK1 and BUB1B-PINK1 were strong predictors of disease-free survival and overall survival, respectively, among adult patients with ACT. In the pediatric cohort, these molecular predictors were only marginally associated with disease-free survival but not with overall survival. This study confirms the prognostic value of the combined expression of BUB1B, DLGAP5, and PINK1 genes in a Brazilian group of adult ACTs. Among pediatric ACTs, other molecular predictors of outcome are required. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Refraction in general asymmetric X-ray Bragg diffraction.
When the surface of a single-crystal monochromator is not parallel to the diffracting crystallographic planes, the diffracted beam is generally deviated from the plane of diffraction and the angle between the diffracted beam and the diffracting planes is different from the angle between the incident beam and the diffracting planes. The angular diffraction regions for the incident and diffracted beams are also different. This is the manifestation of the refraction occurring during Bragg diffraction. Very simple formulae are presented which describe this situation in a general case (e.g. for a rotated-inclined X-ray monochromator). These formulae allow sagittally focusing monochromators for synchrotron radiation to be easily designed, based on X-ray diffraction-refraction phenomena. Some important properties of such types of monochromators are deduced. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mesenchymal cells of the decidual tooth pulp: cytophenotype and initial evaluation of possibility of their use in bone tissue engineering.
Cultures of mesenchymal cells from human decidual tooth pulp were derived. The phenotype and capacity to osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of these cells are close to those of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Decidual tooth pulp mesenchymal cells populate biodegraded polylactide scaffolds and hence, can be used for the creation of tissue engineering transplants for bone defect repair. Storage of decidual tooth pulp mesenchymal cells in the stem cell cryobanks together with umbilical blood will appreciably extent the periods of age for collection of juvenile autologous stem cells for use throughout the life span. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Parallel-incidence-type waveguide-mode sensor with spectral-readout setup.
A waveguide-mode sensor of the spectral-readout type can be used to detect changes in the complex refractive index in the vicinity of the surface of a sensing plate by observing the change in the spectrum of light reflected on the surface. The sensor's configuration can be simplified by adopting a parallel-incidence-type optical setup. To obtain a high sensitivity, the optimization of the sensing-plate structure, incidence angle, and detection wavelength band is essential for the sensor. In the present report, the results predicted by simulations are compared with experimental results in order to evaluate their validity. A discussion of the optimal design for the parallel-incidence-type sensor is also presented, according to the results obtained. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The associative basis of contingent color aftereffects.
According to a conditioning analysis of the orientation-contingent color aftereffect (McCollough effect, ME), orientation stimulus (grids) become associated with color. Contrary to this interpretation are reports that simple forms cannot be used to elicit illusory color and that the ME is not degraded by decreasing the grid-color correlation. The present results indicate: (a) Form stimuli can contingently elicit color aftereffects; (b) even a non-patterned stimulus--the lightness of a frame surrounding a colored area--can contingently elicit color aftereffects; (c) this frame lightness-contingent aftereffect, like the ME, persists for at least 24 hr; and (d) the frame lightness-contingent aftereffect can be used to demonstrate that correlational manipulations affect the ME, as they affect other types of conditional responses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
HIV Education: Reflections on the Past, Priorities for the Future.
From early in the epidemic, education has been central to HIV prevention, treatment, and care. This paper reflects on lessons learned over the last 30 years. It signals the limits of high level international commitments to education and HIV and the strategies of information-giving and life skills development adopted in their wake. It argues for the adoption of a more genuinely educational approach to HIV, sex, and sexuality education in which difficult questions are raised, diversity is recognized, and options are provided for a differentiated yet effective response. The lead currently offered by community organizations and the social media should be built upon in developing forms of HIV education that are more honest and contextually relevant than previously. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Common nonarticular syndromes in the elbow, wrist, and hand.
Nonarticular elbow, wrist, and hand discomfort commonly results from periarticular or tendon disorders or nerve entrapment. Physicians with a practical knowledge of upper extremity anatomy and mechanics and an awareness of the typical features of disease are best equipped to treat these often-encountered conditions. Therapy is based on an accurate diagnosis and should be tailored to each disorder. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ten years of brucellosis in Italy (1977-1986).
In the decade 1977-1986 the total number of cases of brucellosis recorded in Italy was 25,165. The reported cases probably reflect only a minority of the total number of the effective cases due to lack of reporting. The epidemiological and clinical features of 62 cases of brucellosis, observed by the authors are reported as a sample of the total number of cases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
New concepts in the management of chronic cough.
There has been significant progress in the field of cough in the past 10 years. Obstructive sleep apnoea, tonsillar enlargement and environmental fungi have recently been described as causes of chronic cough. The advances in the assessment of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) have led to a greater understanding of the relationship between cough and GOR and are likely to change the approach to managing patients with GOR-cough. The investigation of the phenotype of patients with idiopathic chronic cough has provided novel insights. Patients with an idiopathic chronic are predominantly female, have an onset of cough around the menopause and have a high prevalence of organ specific autoimmune disease, particularly hypothyroidism. The presence of bronchoalveolar lymphocytosis suggests there is homing of inflammatory cells from primary sites of autoimmune inflammation to the lungs. A heightened cough reflex is a key feature of most patients with chronic cough and has led some investigators to suggest that chronic cough be recognised as a unique entity called Cough Hypersensitivity Syndrome (CHS). A number of subjective and objective tools have been developed recently to assess cough severity. Antitussive drug development is an emerging and exciting area of cough research. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Listeriolysin O-deficient Listeria monocytogenes as a vaccine delivery vehicle: antigen-specific CD8 T cell priming and protective immunity.
Strains of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) that are deficient in the virulence factor listeriolysin O (LLO) are highly attenuated and are thought not to elicit protective immunity. This failure has been attributed to the inability of the bacterium to enter the host cell cytosol and access MHC class I Ag processing machinery. We reexamined this issue using recombinant strains of LM that are deficient in LLO but express an additional CD8 T cell epitope derived from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. After infection with LLO-deficient strains, we find sizable priming of epitope-specific CD8 T cells and the development of a functional memory cell population. Mice primed with the LLO-deficient LM strain are equally resistant against high-dose challenge with virulent LM as mice primed with wild-type virulent bacteria and also resist heterologous challenge with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Interestingly, priming with a low dose of LLO-deficient LM, which occurred in environment of reduced inflammation (IFN-gamma), allowed rapid amplification of Ag-specific CD8 T cells by booster immunization, despite an undetectable primary response. We conclude that the generation of protective immunity by LLO-deficient strains of LM does in fact occur and that this highly attenuated LM strain may be a useful platform for vaccine delivery. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prolonged viremia in dengue virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and patients with hematological malignancies.
Fever, skin rash, headache, and thrombocytopenia are considered hallmarks of dengue infection. However, these symptoms are frequently observed in infectious and non-infectious complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and oncohematological patients. Thus, laboratory confirmation of dengue is relevant for prompt intervention and proper management of dengue in endemic and non-endemic regions. Because no prospective study of dengue has been conducted in these populations, the actual morbidity and mortality of dengue is unknown. In the present series, we describe five cases of dengue in patients living in endemic areas, emphasizing the prolonged course of the disease and the occurrence of prolonged viremia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of dopamine antagonists on alfentanil-induced locomotor activity in horses.
To determine whether specific dopamine receptor antagonists block alfentanil-induced locomotor stimulation in horses. Randomized, prospective, crossover experiment. Eight adult horses (462-604 kg). Doses of dopamine-1 (D1) (NNC 01-0756) and dopamine-2 (D2) antagonists (eticlopride) were selected in a pilot study prior to a three part, blinded, cross-over study. In part 1, horses received 7.5 micro g kg-1 eticlopride, 5 micro g kg-1 NNC 01-0756 or an equal volume of saline. In part 2, they received both antagonists and in part 3, acepromazine at 0.05 mg kg-1. Locomotor activity was assessed by counting the steps taken by a marked forefoot per 2 minutes. The D antagonist was injected IV after a 20-minute control period. The horses were observed for 10 minutes before alfentanil (20 micro g kg-1) was injected IV. Locomotor activity was then monitored for 60 minutes. Statistical analysis was performed on step counts following alfentanil normalised by subtracting the mean control step count from each value recorded after alfentanil. Data were analysed using Friedman tests and Tukey-Kramer comparisons. Alfentanil increased locomotor activity for 10 minutes. NNC 01-0756 tended to reduce locomotor activity between 0 and 10 minutes (p = 0.261), but neither D antagonist suppressed it significantly. The combination of D antagonists induced more step counts than saline or acepromazine (p = 0.0265) in the 20-40-minute period and more than saline, acepromazine or eticlopride between 40 and 60 minutes (p = 0.0003). Neither D1 nor D2 antagonists inhibited alfentanil-induced locomotor activity. Both drugs appeared to cause locomotor stimulation of their own. D1 and D2 antagonism did not reduce opioid-induced excitement in horses and is not suitable for reducing the incidence of this unwanted side-effect of opioids. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Computational fluid dynamics analysis and PIV validation of a bionic vortex flow pulsatile LVAD.
Hemocompatibility is highly affected by the flow field in Left Ventricular Assistant Devices (LVAD). An asymmetric inflow and outflow channel arrangement with a 45° intersection angle with respect to the blood chamber is proposed to approximate the vascular structure of the aorta and left atrium on the left ventricle. The structure is expected to develop uninterruptible vortex flow state which is similar to the flow state in human left ventricle. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) asymmetric model is simulated using ANSYS workbench. To validate the velocity field calculated by CFD, a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiment is conducted. The CFD results show that the proposed blood chamber could generate a shifting vortex flow that would be redirected to the aorta during ejection to form a persistent recirculating flow state, which is similar to the echocardiographic flow state in left ventricle. Both the PIV and the CFD results show the development of a persistent vortex during the pulsatile period. Comparison of the qualitative flow pattern and quantitative probed velocity histories in a pulsatile period shows a good agreement between the CFD and PIV data. The goal of developing persistent quasi intra-ventricle vortex flow state in LVAD is realized. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Biosynthesis and biological properties of prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane A2.
Two prostaglandin endoperoxides, i. e. PGG2 and PGH2 were detected and isolated. They were unstable in aqueous medium (t1/2 at 37 degrees C about 5 min) and were converted to PGF2alpha by mild reducing agents. Human platelets as well as guinea pig lung and spleen converted the endoperoxides into thromboxane A2, an unstable (t1/2 at 37 degrees C about 30 s) oxetane/oxane derivative. Thromboxane A2 was converted into a stable hemiacetal derivative, thromboxane B2, by addition of 1 H2O. The two prostaglandin endoperoxides as well as thromboxane A2 caused platelet aggregation and the platelet release reaction. In addition they were potent stimulators of vascular and airway smooth muscle in vitro and in vivo. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Recombinant erythroid differentiation regulator 1 inhibits both inflammation and angiogenesis in a mouse model of rosacea.
The erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1), which is a novel and highly conserved factor, was recently reported to be negatively regulated by IL-18 and to play a crucial role as an antimetastatic factor. IL-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine that functions as an angiogenic mediator in inflammation. Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that is characterized by abnormal inflammation and vascular hyperactivity of the facial skin. To determine whether Erdr1 contributes to the regulation of the chronic inflammatory process in the development of rosacea, an immunohistochemical analysis was performed in healthy donors and patients with rosacea. In this study, we showed that Erdr1 was downregulated, whereas IL-18 was upregulated, in patients with rosacea, which led us to question the role of Erdr1 in this disorder. Moreover, a rosacea-like BALB/c mouse model was used to determine the role of Erdr1 in rosacea in vivo. LL-37 injection induced typical rosacea features, including erythema, telangiectasia and inflammation. Treatment with recombinant Erdr1 (rErdr1) resulted in a significant reduction of erythema, inflammatory cell infiltration (including CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells), and microvessel density with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Taken together, our findings suggest that rErdr1 may be involved in attenuating the inflammation and angiogenesis associated with the pathogenesis of rosacea. Thus, these results provide new insight into the mechanism involved in this condition and indicate that rErdr1 could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention of rosacea. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Synaptic transmission: ion concentration changes in the synaptic cleft.
Currents flowing through the postsynaptic membrane of an active synapse will tend to change the concentrations of ions in the synaptic cleft. Published experimental data are used to predict (a) the sodium and potassium concentration changes in the cleft at the frog neuromuscular junction, and (b) the sodium depletion in the cleft under a Ia synaptic bouton on a cat motoneuron. Significant concentration changes are predicted at both synapses. These changes will contribute to the time dependence of the observed current and will cause the reversal potential of the current to be time dependent. At the frog neuromuscular junction, the time course of the endplate current has been shown previously to depend on the magnitude of the current flowing (at a given potential). We attribute this to changes of the cleft ion concentration. The time dependent changes of the endplate current reversal potential that we predict for the neuromuscular junction are probably too small to be detected. This is because the effects of sodium depletion and potassium accumulation on the reversal potential almost cancel. We predict that near the reversal potential small currents of complex time course will remain, i.e. no true reversl potential exists. Such currents have previously been experimentally. At the cat Ia synapse, the synaptic current is predicted to deplete a significant fraction of the available extracellular sodium ions. Consequently, the magnitude of the synaptic current should be relatively independent of the number of postsynaptic channels activated, and of the membrane potental, as has previously been found experimentally. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inhibin and Activin Modulate Transforming Growth Factor-beta-Induced Immunosuppression.
Inhibin, activin, and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lymphocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. These induced suppressions were neutralized by coincubation of a preparation of antibodies to inhibin and TGFbeta, respectively. Inhibin and activin also facilitated TGFbeta-mediated immunosuppression of LPS-induced proliferation of splenocytes. These gonadal proteins showed no effect on phytohemagglutinin- or concanavalin A (Con-A)-induced proliferation of lymphocytes. However, inhibin facilitated and activin inhibited the TGFbeta-mediated immunosuppression in thymocytes stimulated by Con-A. These findings suggest that inhibin or activin by itself, and/or together with TGFbeta, may play an important role in immune response. Copyright 1995 S. Karger AG, Basel | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Congenital biliary dilatation may consist of 2 disease entities.
This study aims to establish the possible mechanisms of pathogenesis of congenital biliary dilatation and to classify the disease accordingly. Radiologic features of congenital biliary dilatation and pancreaticobiliary malunion in 107 affected children were examined and correlated with laboratory results. Relative lengths/diameters were calculated to provide comparison between children of different ages. Intraluminal pressures of common bile duct (CBD) were measured intraoperatively. The minimal relative diameters of distal CBD negatively correlated with the maximal relative diameters/lengths of dilated CBD, the maximal relative diameters of common hepatic duct, and left/right hepatic ducts. The intraluminal pressure in patients with a stenotic distal CBD (stenotic group) was significantly higher than that in patients with a nonstenotic distal CBD (nonstenotic group). The narrower the distal CBD, the more deranged the liver function. Conversely, serum/bile amylase levels were more elevated in the nonstenotic group. Common channel protein plugs were only found in the nonstenotic group, whereas common hepatic duct strictures, intrahepatic duct dilatations, and calculi were detected more frequently in the stenotic group. We propose to categorize congenital biliary dilatation into 2 subgroups: (1) cystic type with stenotic distal CBD associated with deranged liver function and common hepatic duct stricture and (2) fusiform type with nonstenotic distal CBD associated with pancreatitis and common channel protein plugs. Different underlying pathologies of each group require different operative strategies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
JCL roundtable. The 2018 AHA/ACC/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines: Process and product.
In this NLA Roundtable four members of the writing committee join the Editor to discuss the process of developing the AHA/ACC/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines, which were unveiled in November 2018. They also provide personal insights on the finished product. Highlights include 1) the committee's decision to summarize 10 take-home messages providing rapid communication of key points, 2) emphasis on clinician -patient discussion, which may bring up issues specific to women or other population groups at risk, 3) personalizing risk with risk-enhancing factors such as LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dl, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, pre-eclampsia, premature menopause, high risk ethnicity, inflammatory diseases, hypertriglyceridemia and in selected cases, Lp(a), hs-CRP and apoB; 4) using coronary artery calcium scoring when a risk decision is uncertain in intermediate risk patients 5) monitoring for goals of moderate or intensive LDL cholesterol reduction, 6) thresholds for adding nonstatin LDL-lowering therapy in those at very high risk or for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and 7) cost value assessment for expensive treatment. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Repeated dose study of sucralose tolerance in human subjects.
Two tolerance studies were conducted in healthy human adult volunteers. The first study was an ascending dose study conducted in eight subjects, in which sucralose was administered at doses of 1, 2. 5, 5 and 10mg/kg at 48-hour intervals and followed by daily dosing at 2mg/kg for 3 days and 5mg/kg for 4 days. In the second study, subjects consumed either sucralose (n=77) or fructose (50g/day) (n=31) twice daily in single blind fashion. Sucralose dosage levels were 125mg/day for weeks 1-3, 250mg/day during weeks 4-7, and 500mg/day during weeks 8-12. No adverse experiences or clinically detectable effects were attributable to sucralose in either study. Similarly, haematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis and EKG tracings were unaffected by sucralose administration. In the 13-week study, serial slit lamp ophthalmologic examination performed in a random subset of the study groups revealed no changes. Fasting and 2-hour post-dosing blood sucralose concentrations obtained daily during week 12 of the study revealed no rising trend for blood sucralose. Sucralose was well tolerated by human volunteers in single doses up to 10mg/kg/day and repeated doses increasing to 5mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. Based on these studies and the extensive animal safety database, there is no indication that adverse effects on human health would occur from frequent or long-term exposure to sucralose at the maximum anticipated levels of intake. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase inhibiting C3-β-cholesterol tethered spiro heterocyclic conjugates: Synthesis and their insight of DFT and docking study.
A series of novel covalent cholesterol-spiro pyrrolidine/pyrrolizidine heterocyclic hybrids possessing biologically active oxindole, indanedione, and acenaphthylene-1-one have been synthesized by the reaction of C3-β-cholesteroalacrylate with heterocyclic di- and tri-ketones. All the sixteen compounds were obtained as a single isomer in good yield through a stereo- and regio- selective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition methodology. Stereochemistry of the spiranic cycloadducts has been established by spectroscopic analysis and the regioselectivity outcome of the spiro adducts has been accomplished by DFT calculations at B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level study. In vitro antibacterial activity of the newly synthesized cycloadducts were evaluated against highly pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the most active compounds 5a, 13, and 14 underwent automated in silico molecular docking analysis in order to validate their effective orientation as a inhibitors bound in the active site of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (1XFF) enzyme by employing AutoDock Tools. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Therapeutic interventions targeted at the augmentation of reverse cholesterol transport.
Serum high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) are important therapeutic targets in the management of atherosclerotic disease. This review summarizes the pathway of RCT and the currently available means by which investigators are attempting to modulate HDL levels and increase rates of RCT. Low levels of HDL are commonly encountered in patients with atherosclerotic disease. HDLs mediate a substantial number of antiatherogenic effects along blood vessel walls. One of the most important of these antiatherogenic mechanisms is RCT, a series of reactions by which HDL is able to facilitate the net translocation of cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver for excretion. There is scientific evidence supporting the concept of RCT in both animals and humans. To facilitate RCT, it is important that therapeutic effort be made to raise serum levels of HDL. Statins, fibrates, niacin, thiazolidinediones, and various combinations of these drugs all raise HDL levels. However, in many high-risk patients with established atherosclerotic disease, the elevations in HDL achieved with these medications are frequently inadequate. Newer agents designed to raise HDL and promote RCT are currently being developed, including infusible bioengineered HDL, edible HDL composed of D-amino acids, and agents capable of inhibiting cholesterol ester transfer protein, among others. Established therapies for raising HDL can be effective either as monotherapy or when used in combination. Newer strategies are being developed to exploit more specifically the capacity of HDL to drive RCT and either prevent or reverse the course of atherosclerotic disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Elevated plasma levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-gamma inducing cytokines, and IFN-gamma inducible CXC chemokines in visceral leishmaniasis.
Interferon (IFN)- gamma plays an important role during immune responses against leishmaniasis. Production of IFN-gamma is regulated by interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18, and IL-15. Interferon-gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10 and monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig) are CXC chemokines, the production of which, at least in part, is IFN-gamma dependent. A follow-up study of individuals infected with Leishmania donovani was undertaken in an area of Ethiopia endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Plasma levels of IFN-gamma, IL-12p40, IL-18, IL-15, IP-10, and Mig were markedly elevated in symptomatic VL patients (n = 70) compared with individuals with asymptomatic Leishmania infections (n = 39), malaria patients (n = 13), and healthy controls from the endemic area (n = 12). A significant decrease of IFN-gamma and all mediators was observed after treatment of VL patients (n = 33). These data show that increased plasma levels of IFN-gamma, as well as the mediators involved in the production and the activity of this cytokine, are characteristic of active VL in humans, and may play an important immunopathogenic role. The data also suggest that in patients with VL, the production of type 1 cytokines is not depressed, but there appears to be an unresponsiveness to the stimuli of type 1 cytokines. The underlying causes of immunologic unresponsiveness remain a subject of further investigation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Applications of digital technology for the morphological study of C3-C7 vertebral arch pedicle in children.
This study aims to investigate the morphological characteristics and developmental patterns of the vertebral arch pedicle (VAP) in the lower cervical vertebrae of children, and to subsequently help guide the implantation of the pedicle screw. The cervical vertebral multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) data of 60 paediatric patients aged 4-12 years were collected and grouped. A reconstructed 3-dimensional model measured the following: pedicle width (PW), pedicle height (PH), pedicle osseous channel (POCL), pedicle transverse angle (PTA, namely the E angle), and pedicle sagittal angle (PTA, namely the F angle). We calculated the ratio of PW/PH (I value) to assess the statistical difference between age groups and segments. The PW, PH, POCL, and E angles exhibited an overall increasing trend with increasing age. The PW, PH, and POCL of each vertebra in group C showed statically significant differences compared to groups A and B (p < 0.05). The PW of different vertebral sequences in each group showed a gradually increasing trend. The intervertebral F angle among different groups showed the biggest difference, a change from positive values to negative values gradually, among which the negative value of C7's F angle was the largest. The I value exhibited an overall decreasing trend with increasing age. The morphological characteristics and development of the different pedicle segments exhibited obvious patterns. In the lower cervical vertebrae of children over 7 years of age, the vertebrae had the feasibility for the implantation of pedicle screws. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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