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[Breast metastasis revealing cancer of the kidney. Apropos of a new case and review of the literature].
Metastases are rarely located in the breast. Generally, breast metastases appear during the course of a known primitive cancer and renal origin is very rare. It is even more exceptional that metastasis reveals renal cancer as observed in this case. Five similar cases have been reported in the literature. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The role of dermatologist in adherence to treatment].
Adherence to treatment is often partial in the course of chronic cutaneous disease but can be improved by the dermatologist. Patient participation in the therapeutic decision is indispensable. Dialogue between patient and dermatologist should provide an understanding of the patient's expectations of the treatment, his or her preferences, and which treatment can be integrated into the patient's lifestyle, and should also provide the patient with an understanding of what the treatment can provide and what its disadvantages may be. The approach to poor compliance differs depending on whether or not it is intentional, with all points between obviously possible. Repeated consultations can maintain and enhance the relation between physician and patient, each visit stimulating adherence to the treatment.The language used by the dermatologist should be clear and simple, adapted to each patient. The simplest, most effective, and best tolerated treatments are followed best. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Expression of a conserved mouse stress-modulating gene, Bre: comparison with the human ortholog.
Mouse Bre, an evolutionarily conserved stress-modulating gene, like its human counterpart, is expressed in multiple alternative transcripts. The main transcript, which is ubiquitously expressed, encodes a protein that binds tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1) and downregulates TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Alternative splicing of mouse Bre occurs only at the 5' region of the gene, generating either nonfunctional transcripts or transcripts that can encode putative protein isoforms differ at the N-terminal sequence. In contrast, alternative splicing of human BRE occurs at either or both ends of the gene; only the 3' alternative splicing can generate functional transcripts that encode putative protein isoforms differ at the C-terminus, occurrence of the 5' alternative splicing only results in forming nonfunctional transcripts. Unlike the human BRE alternative transcripts which are coexpressed at considerable levels with the main transcript, the mouse counterparts are expressed in a restricted pattern and generally in low abundance except in the heart. Both species, however, share a type of Bre alternative transcripts generated by cryptic splicing at a nonstandard, noncanonical acceptor site. Thus, a highly conserved gene in two species can generate alternative transcripts different in both of the sequence structure and expression pattern, as well as a similar class of transcripts resulting from unconventional transcript processing. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Biomarkers of infection for the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions.
We aimed to investigate whether pleural fluid concentrations of biomarkers for bacterial infection, namely triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM-1), procalcitonin (PCT), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and C-reactive protein (CRP), might identify infectious effusions and discriminate between complicated (CPPEs) and uncomplicated parapneumonic effusions (UPPEs). Stored pleural fluid samples from 308 patients with different causes of pleural effusion were used to measure the four biomarkers. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis determined the accuracy of the new tests. Median pleural fluid levels of CRP, sTREM-1 and LBP were significantly higher in CPPE compared with those in other aetiologies. The area under the curve for distinguishing infectious (parapneumonics and tuberculosis) from noninfectious effusions was 0.87 for CRP, 0.86 for sTREM-1, 0.57 for PCT and 0.87 for LBP. Regarding the discrimination of nonpurulent CPPE versus UPPE, a multivariate analysis found that pleural fluid glucose < or =60 mg x dL(-1), LBP > or =17 microg x mL(-1) and CRP > or =80 mg x L(-1) were the best parameters. Individually, none of the new biomarkers achieved better performance characteristics than pH, glucose or lactate dehydrogenase in labelling CPPE. In conclusion, elevated pleural fluid levels of CRP, sTREM and LBP identify patients with infectious effusions, particularly those with CPPE. PCT has no value for the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Iodination of [Tyr11]somatostatin yields a super high affinity ligand for somatostatin receptors in GH4C1 pituitary cells.
GH4C1 cells are a clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells which contain high affinity receptors for the inhibitory neuropeptide somatostatin (SRIF). In contrast to other peptides that bind to specific receptors on these cells, receptor-bound [125I-Tyr1]SRIF does not undergo rapid endocytosis. Rather, partial degradation to 125I-tyrosine occurs concomitantly with the dissociation of [125I-Tyr1]SRIF from cell surface receptors. In this study we characterize the binding, biological activity and receptor-mediated degradation of [125I-Tyr11]SRIF, a SRIF analog that is radiolabeled in the center of the molecule. The binding of trace concentrations of [125I-Tyr11]SRIF (less than 50 pM) required 6 hr to reach equilibrium at 37 degrees compared with the 60 min required for [125I-Tyr1]SRIF. Analysis of the kinetics of [125I- Tyr11]SRIF binding showed that the rate constant for association (kon = 1.7 x 10(8) M-8min-1) was similar to that for [125I-Tyr1]SRIF (0.8 x 10(8) M-1min-1). However, the two radioligands exhibited markedly different dissociation kinetics; the koff for [125I-Tyr11]SRIF was 0.002 min-1 compared with the value of 0.02 min-1 for [125I-Tyr1] SRIF. In agreement with its much slower rate of dissociation, [125I-Tyr11]SRIF bound to the SRIF receptor with higher affinity (Kd = 70 pM) than did [125I-Tyr1]SRIF (Kd = 350 pM). However, the apparent ED50 for [I-Tyr11]SRIF to inhibit cAMP accumulation (1.9 +/- 0.4 nM) was greater than the ED50 for SRIF (0.19 +/- 0.04 nM). The low potency of [I-Tyr11]SRIF probably resulted from the fact that subsaturating concentrations of this peptide did not achieve equilibrium binding during the 30-min incubation used to assay biological activity. As previously reported for [125I-Tyr1]SRIF, receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF was not internalized and was released from the cells as a mixture of intact [125I-Tyr11]SRIF (30%) and the degradation product 125I-tyrosine (65%). Only approximately 5% of receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF was released as a different degradation product. Our data demonstrate that [125I-Tyr11]SRIF is a better radioanalog than [125I-Tyr1]SRIF for binding studies with intact cells because of its higher affinity for the SRIF receptor. In addition, inasmuch as receptor-mediated degradation of bound ligand releases iodotyrosine from both position 1 and position 11 substituted analogs, aminopeptidases are unlikely to be entirely responsible for SRIF degradation. The superior binding properties of [125I-Tyr11]SRIF should facilitate the detection of SRIF receptors in other cell types. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparisons of leptin, incretins and body composition in obese and lean patients with hypopituitarism and healthy individuals.
To identify possible abnormalities specific for obesity in hypopituitary patients. Cross-sectional case-control study. MEASUREMENTS AND STUDY SUBJECTS: Body composition (DEXA) and measurements of fasting plasma levels of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptides (GLPs), insulin, C-peptide, glucose, leptin and lipids were performed in 25 hypopituitary patients (15 obese, 10 normal weight) and 26 BMI and age-matched healthy controls (16 obese, 10 normal weight). All hypopituitary patients had GH deficiency and received adequate substitution therapy on this and other deficient axes (3 +/- 1). Fasting GIP-levels were significantly higher in obese hypopituitary patients compared to lean hypopituitary patients (P < 0.01), while the fasting concentrations of GLP-1 and GLP-2 were comparable between obese and lean hypopituitary patients. The same trend was seen in obese healthy controls vs. lean controls. No differences were observed in glucose, insulin or C-peptide between the hypopituitary patients and the controls. Leptin levels were increased in obese hypopituitary patients compared to lean hypopituitary patients when adjusted for gender. At least a 2-fold higher level of leptin was observed in women compared to men in both patient groups and healthy controls. Lean female hypopituitary patients had higher leptin levels than matched controls. Fasting levels of GIP were elevated in obese substituted hypopituitary patients, while fasting concentrations of GLPs were similar. Obese hypopituitary patients had the same degree of hyperinsulinaemia, affected glucose tolerance, dyslipoproteinaemia and central obesity as obese healthy controls. Further studies are required to identify the possible biochemical reasons for obesity in patients with apparently well-substituted hypopituitarism. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
ADAMTS1 interacts with, cleaves, and modifies the extracellular location of the matrix inhibitor tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2.
ADAMTS1 is an extracellular metalloproteinase known to participate in a variety of biological processes that includes inflammation, angiogenesis, and development of the urogenital system. Many of its functions rely on its catalytic activity, which thus far has been limited to the cleavage of the matrix proteoglycans aggrecan and versican. However, it is likely that other substrates exist. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the Kunitz-type inhibitor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), as a binding partner of ADAMTS1. The interaction was confirmed by several biochemical and cell-based assays. In addition, our studies revealed alterations in the pattern of TFPI-2-secreted isoforms and in its extracellular location caused by the specific action of ADAMTS1. Interestingly, we found that TFPI-2 is a novel substrate of ADAMTS1. The cleavage removes a protease-sensitive C-terminal region in TFPI-2, altering its binding properties. The proposed role of TFPI-2 as a maintenance factor of extracellular remodeling suggests the indirect function of ADAMTS1 as an additional homeostatic player by its ability to alter the extracellular location of TFPI-2 and, therefore, to disrupt the remodeling machinery, a phenomenon directly associated to pathologies such as atherosclerosis and tumor progression. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hydrocephalus in Paget's disease.
Neurological manifestations in Paget's disease are rare. Hydrocephalus is infrequent, its etiology in Paget's disease being multi-factorial. Surgical and anesthetic procedures may be challenging, requiring special precautions. We describe one such case and discuss these peculiarities. An elderly lady, diagnosed to have Paget's disease presented with features of recent onset dementia, gait disturbances with urinary incontinence. Hydrocephalus secondary to posterior fossa crowding was present. A ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was inserted. Endotracheal intubation proved to be difficult. Modification of the surgical technique was required to ensure a safe procedure. She improved immediately following CSF diversion. Timely CSF diversion yields good results. Certain precautions during anesthesia and surgery can ensure a safe and uneventful peri-operative period. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cell-mediated immunity and symptomatic diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
T lymphocytes have been implicated in the nerve damage observed in allergic experimental neuritis and in idiopathic polyneuritis. Symptomatic autonomic neuropathy in long-standing Type 1 diabetes is a rare and unexplained complication, and some preliminary evidence has suggested a pathogenetic role for the immune system. We have measured levels of activated T lymphocytes in 18 Type 1 diabetic patients with symptomatic autonomic neuropathy and in 16 matched patients with uncomplicated Type 1 diabetes. Purified T lymphocytes from peripheral blood were stained with a fluorescein-labelled monoclonal antibody directed to the activation marker HLA-DR and counted under UV microscopy. Percent DR positive T lymphocytes were significantly raised in the patients with autonomic neuropathy when compared with long-standing uncomplicated diabetic patients (8.2 +/- 4.2 vs 4.9 +/- 3.3%, p less than 0.01). This finding lends support for a role of the immune system in the development of autonomic neuropathy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Therapeutic effect of Imiquimod enhanced ALA-PDT on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is approved treatment for actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma and Bowen's disease. But currently it is not recommended for invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin because inadequate penetration of topically applied photosensitizers lead to poor treatment response. Imiquimod (IMQ) as an immune response modifier and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, is known to exhibit antitumor activity. As an adjunct therapy, it is recently seen to enhance the effect of PDT. This is an in vivo experiment performed on 52 SCC implanted mice model. The mice were equally divided into four groups: IMQ group, IMQ + PDT group, PDT group and control group. The mice in IMQ + PDT group were treated with 3 sessions of 5% IMQ cream and ALA-PDT. Mice in IMQ group received only 5% IMQ cream. Similarly, mice in PDT group received only ALA-PDT and control mice received no treatment. The treatment efficacy was compared among these groups via tumor volume and digital photographs. In addition, immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, q PCR and detection of apoptosis were studied on 12 UV induced mice model. After successful result of this animal experiment, we performed human study on two patients with invasive cSCC on lips and foot. The patients were treated with daily application of 5% imiquimod cream and ALA-PDT at 2 weeks interval. Treatment response was assessed via clinical examination, digital photographs and dermoscopy findings. The study demonstrated that combination approach of IMQ + PDT has better effect than IMQ alone or PDT alone. It also showed increased expression of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-α, CXCL9, CXCL10 and TNF-α in IMQ + PDT group but at different time points following treatment (P < 0.05). IHC staining showed that the number of CD4+ cells was similar in IMQ + PDT and PDT groups but CD8+ cells was almost double in IMQ + PDT group when compared to PDT group. In addition, the number of apoptotic cell was maximum in IMQ + PDT group. Human study also delivered excellent results in both the patients with complete clearance of lesion after 3-6 sessions of treatment. PDT combined with imiquimod may have enhanced effect for the treatment of invasive cSCC. Maximum number of apoptotic cells in IMQ + PDT group can be attributed to increased number of CD8 + T cells in this group. Additional mechanism of enhanced efficacy in IMQ + PDT group may be due to increased expression of markers tested in this study. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Structural determination of the polar glycoglycerolipids from thermophilic bacteria Meiothermus taiwanensis.
The polar glycolipids were isolated from the thermophilic bacteria Meiothermus taiwanensis ATCC BAA-400 by ethanol extraction and purified by Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel column chromatography. The fatty acid composition of O-acyl groups in the glycolipids was obtained by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis on their methyl esters derived from methanolysis and was made mainly of C(15:0) (34.0%) and C(17:0) (42.3%) fatty acids, with the majority as branched fatty acids (over 80%). Removal of O-acyl groups under mild basic conditions provided two glycolipids, which differ only in N-acyl substitution on a hexosamine. Electrospray mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that one has a C(17:0) N-acyl group and the other hydroxy C(17:0) in a ratio of about 1 : 3.5. Furthermore, complete de-lipidation with strong base followed by selective N-acetylation resulted in a homogeneous tetraglycosyl glycerol. The linkages and configurations of the carbohydrate moiety were then elucidated by MS and various NMR analyses. Thus, the major glycolipid from M. taiwanensis ATCC BAA-400 was determined with the following structure: alpha-Galp(1-6)-beta-Galp(1-6)-beta-GalNAcyl(1,2)-alpha-Glc(1,1)-Gro diester, where N-acyl is C(17:0) or hydroxy C(17:0) fatty acid and the glycerol esters were mainly iso- and anteisobranched C(15:0) and C(17:0). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Lanthanum increases the rat thymocyte cytoplasmic free calcium concentration by enhancing calcium influx.
In the present study, I have examined the effect of lanthanum (La3+) on cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in isolated rat thymocytes employing the quin2 technique. As with its effect on 15Ca accumulation in rat thymocytes (Segal, J. and Ingbar, S.H. (1984) Endocrinology, 115, 160-166), La3+ produced a concentration-related increase in thymocyte cytoplasmic free calcium concentration. This effect of La3+ was very prompt in onset, evident within about 30 s from the time of addition of La3+. The lowest effective concentration of La3+ was 6 microM (+22.7% above control), and it increased progressively to reach maximal values at 25 microM (+100% above control). La3+ added to quin2-loaded thymocytes suspended in a calcium-free medium was without effect. In addition, La3+ had no significant effect on 45Ca efflux, and La3+ did not inhibit calcium-ATPase activity in the rat thymocytes. These results demonstrate that in rat thymocytes La3+ increases cytoplasmic free calcium concentration by increasing the extracellular calcium influx into the cell rather than the release of calcium from an intracellular pool. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Social Value Of Vaccination Programs: Beyond Cost-Effectiveness.
In the current global environment of increased strain on health care budgets, all medical interventions have to compete for funding. Cost-effectiveness analysis has become a standard method to use in estimating how much value an intervention offers relative to its costs, and it has become an influential element in decision making. However, the application of cost-effectiveness analysis to vaccination programs fails to capture the full contribution such a program offers to the community. Recent literature has highlighted how cost-effectiveness analysis can neglect the broader economic impact of vaccines. In this article we also argue that socioethical contributions such as effects on health equity, sustaining the public good of herd immunity, and social integration of minority groups are neglected in cost-effectiveness analysis. Evaluations of vaccination programs require broad and multidimensional perspectives that can account for their social, ethical, and economic impact as well as their cost-effectiveness. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Seizure attack during partial hepatectomy in a living donor for liver transplantation under sevoflurane anesthesia.
We report a case of generalized convulsion during partial hepatectomy for the purpose of organ donation for syngenesioplastic liver transplantation under sevoflurane anesthesia. This 23-year-old male Taiwanese living donor had no history of epilepsy. Anesthesia was inducted with fentanyl, propofol and rocuronium was used to facilitate endotracheal intubation. Sevoflurane in the mixture of oxygen and air and rocuronium were used for maintenance of anesthesia. Generalized convulsion with mild fever was observed 11 hours after the start of surgery when the surgeons happened to take a recess pending the removal of the recipient's liver. Convulsive episode subsided after aggressive management. Another 3 hours were required to complete the operation and the patient woke up in the postanesthesia room uneventfully. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Are lipid mediators implicated in the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during cardiopulmonary bypass graft with extracorporeal circulation?
In this study the authors assessed the sequential release of lipid mediators (TXB2, PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1alpha, LTB4, LTC4, PAF), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) in 17 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Time course of appearance of inflammatory mediators revealed the early and transient increase in lipid mediator plasma concentrations (6-keto-PGF1alpha, LTB4, LTC4, PAF) whereas cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) were involved only in late pre- and post-operative periods. No variation of TXB2, PGE2, IL-4 and TNF-alpha levels were found. No correlation was documented between the levels of lipid mediators and pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines suggesting that lipidic compounds are not implicated in the genesis of cytokines which appear much later involved. Despite the common use of high doses of aprotinin (a non-specific enzyme inhibitor) in hope to abrogate the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass procedure, this study reports the persistent release of several inflammatory compounds that might be involved in the post-CABG multiple organ failure syndromes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) was first reported in the dental literature in 2003. The term was coined to describe a spectrum of dental problems seen in cancer patients treated with high doses of intravenous bisphosphonates for the prevention of skeletal-related events. By consensus, the syndrome is now defined by the presence of exposed bone in the mouth which fails to heal after appropriate intervention over a period of 6 or 8 weeks. It is most common in patients with breast or prostate cancers, or multiple myeloma treated with bisphosphonates, of whom about 5% develop the condition. In patients receiving the much lower drug doses used in osteoporosis, the incidence appears to be approximately 1/100,000 patient-years, probably comparable to that in the general population. It is likely that ONJ results from direct drug toxicity to cells of bone and soft tissue. The bone in ONJ lesions does not appear to be 'frozen' but rather there is very active bone resorption taking place, which is likely to be responsible for the local release at high concentrations of bisphosphonates. Infection probably plays a pivotal role in driving this resorption, so its active management is critical. Obvious abnormalities are apparent with a variety of radiologic modalities, and it is not clear that radiographs are inferior to other approaches. Most authors favor a conservative approach to surgical debridement of the lesions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tissue sources of serum alkaline phosphatase in 34 hyperthyroid cats: a qualitative and quantitative study.
The concentration of serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) is commonly elevated in hyperthyroid cats. Agarose gel electrophoresis, in tris -barbital-sodium barbital buffer, with and without the separation enhancer neuraminidase, was used to investigate the sources of the constituent isoenzymes of SALP in serum samples from 34 hyperthyroid cats, comparing them to sera from five healthy cats and to tissue homogenates from liver, kidney, bone and duodenum. Contrary to previous reports, treatment of serum with neuraminidase made differentiation of the various isoenzymes more difficult to achieve. A single band corresponding to the liver isoenzyme (LALP) was found in 100 per cent of healthy cats. Eighty-eight per cent of the hyperthyroid cats showed two bands, corresponding to the liver and bone (BALP) isoenzymes while 12 per cent showed a LALP band alone. In hyperthyroid cats, there was a significant correlation between the serum L-thyroxine concentrations and the SALP concentrations. These findings suggest pathological changes in both bone and liver in most cases of feline thyrotoxicosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effects of underestimated pain and their relationship to habituation.
The intensity of a painful stimulus was experimentally manipulated in order to induce underpredictions of pain. The experiment aimed at (1) replicating previous findings on the effects of underpredicted pain and (2) investigating the relationship between underpredicted pain and habituation. Most previous findings were replicated: underpredictions of pain were followed by raised expectations of pain and increased fear of pain. In addition, the underprediction had long-term effects on fear of pain, uncertainty about predictions, and expected aversiveness of the painful stimulus. In contrast to previous findings and to Rachman's match/mismatch model, it was found that underpredicted pain can have dishabituating effects. It is theorized that inaccurately predicted pain can cause dishabituation, depending on the extent of the underprediction and on the subjective certainty of the prediction. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Consensus in work role requirements: the influence of discrete occupational context on role expectations.
Although role theory has long described how expectations shape role behavior, little empirical research has examined differences among work role requirements and how features of the discrete occupational context may influence the extent to which role expectations are shared among role holders. The authors examined consensus in work role requirements from a sample of over 20,000 incumbents across 98 occupations. They found that consensus systematically decreased as work role requirements ranged from molecular tasks to responsibilities to molar traits. In addition, they found that consensus in these work role requirements was significantly influenced by the amount of interdependence, autonomy, and routinization present in the surrounding task and social contexts. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Overall survival of high-risk prostate cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy followed by radical prostatectomy at a single institution.
The optimal treatment for high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) remains to be established. We previously reported favorable, biochemical recurrence-free survival in high-risk PCa patients treated with a neoadjuvant gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or antagonist and estramustine phosphate (EMP) (chemohormonal therapy; CHT) followed by radical prostatectomy (RP). We conducted a retrospective study to elucidate the clinical benefit of neoadjuvant CHT for high-risk PCa patients. We reviewed the clinical and pathological records of 1254 PCa patients who underwent RP and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy between July 1996 and April 2016 at Hirosaki University. According to the D'Amico risk classification, we focused on 613 patients in the high-risk group. The high-risk PCa patients were further divided into two groups based on whether the patients received neoadjuvant CHT before RP (EMP group) or not (non-EMP group). The endpoint was overall survival (OS) after surgery. The 5- and 10-year OS rates were 98.5 and 92.6%, respectively. The 10-year OS rate in the EMP group was significantly higher compared to the non-EMP group (P = 0.021). In multivariate analysis, administration of neoadjuvant CHT, lymph node involvement, and castration-resistant PCa status were significantly associated with OS. RP with neoadjuvant CHT using EMP for high-risk PCa patients provided excellent long-term OS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
On the angular distribution of photon radiance of a perfectly reflective spherical satellite irradiated by a lambertian Earth.
Expressions are obtained for the angular distribution of the photon radiance of a spherical satellite irradiated by a lambertian earth. It is assumed that the satellite is nonernissive and either reflects all of the incident photons specularly or in a lambertian manner. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Plasmapheresis in the treatment of acute pancreatitis associated with severe hypertriglyceridaemia].
Acute pancreatitis can be caused by hypertriglyceridaemia. The treatment includes lowering of the blood triglyceride levels. We present a case of a 40-year-old woman who was admitted in this condition. She was treated with plasmapheresis, which led to a rapid decline of the blood triglyceride levels. The national Danish guidelines on treatment of acute pancreatitis do not mention plasmapheresis as a method of lowering elevated triglyceride levels. We suggest that the guidelines should be revised with attention to this treatment option. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Characterization of active T cells in CSF and blood in multiple sclerosis patients and controls.
In thirty-two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), significantly lower percentages of active T cells--that is, lymphocytes which have been incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h before 5 min rosetting with sheep erythrocytes--were found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in blood, whereas the reverse was observed in twenty of twenty-two patients with other neurological diseases (OND). No significant difference was found between percentages of active T cells in blood in MS, OND, and healthy controls. Lymphocytes from MS CSF are extensively temperature-labile when examined under different test conditions; without incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 h, active T cell percentages in CSF of both patients with MS and OND were, in fact, higher than in peripheral blood. The mitogen response patterns of enriched active T cells and unseparated lymphocytes from peripheral blood did not discriminate between patients with MS and healthy controls. Although active T cell values have been shown to correlate with cell-mediated immunocompetence, they have not yet been defined functionally. One of the explanations for the present findings could be that lymphocytes themselves in MS patients' CSF are at least partly virus-infected. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Investigation of irradiation conditions for recurrent breast cancer in JRR-4.
Clinical trials of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for recurrent breast cancers are considered at Japan Research Reactor No. 4 (JRR-4). In this study, the irradiation technique for a total mastectomy patient with recurrent cancer was optimized by dosimetric calculations using JAEA computational dosimetry system (JCDS). The evaluation was performed using an en face technique and a tangents technique with thermal neutron beam mode at JRR-4. The results revealed that equivalent doses of lung, heart, liver and skin were similar in each irradiation technique due to the isotropic scattering of thermal neutrons in the body. On the other hand, the irradiation time with the tangents technique was a few times longer than with the en face technique. We concluded that the en face technique was an optimal irradiation technique for recurrent breast cancers using thermal neutron beam mode in terms of shorter irradiation time and easier patient positioning. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Biologic characteristics of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured in vitro].
To investigate biological characteristics of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) cultured in vitro and to explore their potential applications. MSC were isolated from rat bone marrow by density gradient centrifugation and were induced to differentiation. Flow cytometry was used to characterize their surface antigen expression, cell cycle status and cell growth parameters. Telomerase activity was determined by TRAP-ELISA assay. Fusiform MSC became larger and flattener with increasing passages of culture. After the fourth passage, the MSC showed an immunophenotype of CD29 (94.75% +/- 3.68%), CD71 (95.43% +/- 2.23%), and CD90 (98.08% +/- 3.88%). After the seventh passage, MSC with such immunophenotype decreased with CD29: 50.00% +/- 3.35%, CD71: 50.70% +/- 2.43%, and CD90: 48.60% +/- 2.83%. Cells with such immunoprofile completely disappeared after passage 9. Overall, MSC grew faster during the first 5 passages. The number of MSC in S and G(2)/M phases were 38.36% +/- 2.01% and those in G(0)/G(1) phase were 61.64% +/- 2.13% after 3 passages. The cell growth decreased after passage 7. Percentage of MSCs in S and G(2)/M phases was 10.83% +/- 1.63% and that in G(0)/G(1) was 89.17% +/- 1.96% after passage 12, after which the cells failed to further divide. After passage 9, MSCs lost their ability to differentiate to Von Kossa and oil red O positive staining cells. In addition, telomerase activity of MSC also gradually decreased with the prolonged passages, from the original 52.7% +/- 0.78% to no telomerase activity. The biological and immunophenotypical characteristics of cultured MSC showed obvious alterations with increasing numbers of passage of culture. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Phloem-specific expression of a plant homeobox gene during secondary phases of vascular development.
This paper reports the isolation and characterization of a homeobox gene (VAHOX1) from Lycopersicon esculentum encoding a homeodomain protein that contains a leucine zipper motif. The bipartite homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) motif has only been found in homeobox genes from dicotyledonous plants, indicating that this type of transcription factor regulates particular developmental processes in these plant species. Here, the genomic organization, sequence comparison and expression analysis of VAHOX1 are described. Transcriptional fusion of the 5' promoter region of VAHOX1 with the reporter GUS gene (VAHOX1-GUS) and expression analysis of this construct in transgenic plants indicates that VAHOX1 is specifically expressed in the phloem during phases of secondary growth. Unlike other plant homeobox genes, VAHOX1 does not appear to be expressed in meristems, and the function of VAHOX1 is considered a likely candidate molecule that may participate in the regulation of the identity and/or activity of phloem tissues during secondary phases of vascular development. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Widespread unilateral pain associated with herpes simplex virus infections.
We describe a patient group with unexplained widespread pain on one side of the body and pain exacerbations during active labial or genital herpes and during herpetic central nervous system infections. The patients had no visible lesion of the central nervous system on magnetic resonance imaging or abnormality in electrophysiological studies. To understand the nature of the pain and its possible relation to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, a clinical neurological examination was performed and quantitative sensory testing and skin biopsies were assessed in 17 patients. The levels of serum total immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses and the frequencies of the immune response genes at the IGH@, HLA-A, -B, -DRB1, C4A, and C4B loci were analyzed in the patients and in control subjects. The patients manifested a uniform clinical syndrome with unilateral pain that was best described as neuropathic and that was exacerbated by HSV reactivations. Low plasma IgG3 concentrations, the presence of either low plasma IgG1 or IgG3 or both, and high anti-HSV-2-IgG titers were more common in the patients than in the control subjects, which rendered the patients more vulnerable to HSV recurrences. We suggest that low immunoglobulin subclass levels and certain MHC alleles render the patients susceptible to recurring HSV infections. HSV reactivations and the accompanying inflammatory process cause dysfunction of the central nervous system that manifests as neuropathic pain. Studies using functional brain imaging are needed to clarify this syndrome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Practical nutrition education: special considerations for athletes.
The interest in sports nutrition and fitness over the last 10 years has risen beyond our wildest beliefs. Athletes are breaking new records every year, pushing their bodies past points ever thought possible. Athletes must rely on nutrition to help them reach their goals. Books, magazines, newspapers, and television provide the latest information on nutrition and diets, some credible, some not; and athletes are the perfect target for "the magic formula or pill." As health care professionals, we have the responsibility to help our patients to synthesize new information without overlooking the most important thing: the need to follow a well-balanced diet. Nurse practitioners have an opportunity to educate patients on some of the basic sports nutrition information. Nurse practitioners can help patients in distinguishing reliable nutrition information and assist patients in meeting their health and fitness goals with good nutrition practices. The focus of this article is not to provide education regarding nutrition, but to provide simple, useful tools to educate patients and help them meet their goals. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Application of three-dimensional virtual technology in mandibular defects reconstruction with free fibular flap].
To present a method for mandibular defects reconstruction with free fibular flap by three-dimensional virtual technology. In 11 patients (8 with ameloblastomas, 1 with ossifying fibroma, 2 with carcinoma of the mandibular gingiva ), three-dimensional virtual technology was simulated with software. The osteotomies were translated into rapid prototyping guides. The solid model of the mandible and the surgical guides were the same as the full size and the shape, and made by using rapid prototyping machine. During operation, the bridging plate could be pre-bended on the repaired mandibular model. One group resected the diseased mandibular according to the model of the osteotomy which was planned before operation, the other group used auxiliary guide for accurate osteotomy of the fibula bone with contact pedicle. The fibular segments were reshaped and fixed with prefabricated titanium plate, and transplanted into the defect for vascular anastomosis. All the bone flaps and osteocutaneous flaps survived. During operation, the fibula flap could be cut in appropriate length. Cutting, remodeling and reposition of the fibula could be accelerated by surgery guides. Postoperative follow-up was 1 to 24 months. Imaging examination showed that the shape of mandible and mandibular angle were good, and the temporomandibular joint and occlusion returned to normal. Three-dimensional virtual technology is useful in reconstruction of mandibular defect with vascularized fibular flap. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Intraoperative real-time genetic diagnosis for sentinel node navigation surgery.
Sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS) has received considerable attention for its role in deciding whether to perform neck dissection in patients with early oral cancer. However, diagnostic accuracy and its intraoperative availability of results remain important concerns. First, we shortened the examination time required for genetic diagnosis. Second, we assessed the quality of the extracted mRNA. Third, 10 patients with early N0 oral cancer underwent SNNS, using our new technique for genetic diagnosis to determine whether neck dissection was required. The examination time of our one-step reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method using a minicolumn and LightCycler was successfully shortened to 2 h, permitting intraoperative genetic diagnosis. The extracted mRNA was of high quality. Six sentinel nodes in four patients were diagnosed to be metastatic on genetic diagnosis; these patients underwent neck dissection. The other six patients avoided unnecessary surgery. We conclude that intraoperative genetic diagnosis of micrometastasis holds promise of being a sensitive method that can be used to support SNNS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Manipulation of aminopeptidase activities: differential effects on iontophoretically applied angiotensins in rat brain.
During a recent comparison of iontophoretically applied angiotensin II (ANG II) and angiotensin III (ANG III) in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat we observed that ANG III was more potent than ANG II. This suggested that ANG II may have to be converted to ANG III before it becomes active. To test this hypothesis we performed two experiments. Firstly, we examined the effects of bestatin, an aminopeptidase B inhibitor, on the activity of applied ANG II and ANG III. Next, we monitored the effects of amastatin, a specific aminopeptidase A inhibitor, on the action of coapplied ANG II or ANG III. Bestatin, while having no activity of its own, dramatically enhanced the actions of both ANG II and ANG III. Amastatin, on the other hand, had little effect on ANG III's action and diminished or totally blocked ANG II-dependent activity. Like bestatin, amastatin had no effects alone. In total these results strongly support the notion that ANG II must be converted to ANG III in the brain before it is activated. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Differential recovery of Ca2+ binding activity in mutated EF-hands of cardiac troponin C.
Previous studies showed that conversion of the first Ca2+ ligand in Ca(2+)-binding sites III and IV from Asp to Ala decreased the affinity of cardiac TnC (cTnC) for the thin filament. Here, the functional consequences of mutation of the second ligand in the Ca(2+)-binding sites of cTnC were determined. Equilibrium dialysis and Tyr fluorescence studies showed that conversion of the second Ca2+ ligand to Ala (Asp-67, site II; Asn-107, site III; and Asn-143, site IV) inactivated all three Ca(2+)-binding sites in the free protein. Ca2+ binding to the mutated site II was not recovered upon association with a troponin complex, and proteins with this mutation were unable to regulate Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase activity in TnC-extracted myofibrils. However, Ca2+ binding was recovered at the mutated sites III and IV under the same conditions. Sequential addition of active and inactive cTnC proteins in a myofibril ATPase assay suggested that that Mg2+ binding was not recovered and that the recovered Ca2+ affinity of the mutated sites III and IV was much lower than that of the wild type in that the Ca2+ concentrations required for apparent thin filament binding by proteins containing mutations at sites III and/or IV were significantly greater than that required for the wild-type protein. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Food consumption patterns of adults in the United Arab Emirates.
The objectives of this study were to determine the food consumption patterns of Emirati men and women over 20 years of age and to explore the association of age and sex with food intake. A proportional random sample of 1,122 men and 1,090 women was obtained from all the seven Emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The findings showed a significant difference in food frequency intake between men and women, and also between young (20-49 years) and old (50 years and above) subjects. In general the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables and of milk was low. This is a source of concern as these foods are useful sources of vitamins and minerals. Elderly people were more likely to consume traditional foods such as fish and laban (diluted yoghurt) than young people. Modification of dietary habits should be considered in any nutrition education programme for the public in the UAE. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Electron-pinned defect-dipoles for high-performance colossal permittivity materials.
The immense potential of colossal permittivity (CP) materials for use in modern microelectronics as well as for high-energy-density storage applications has propelled much recent research and development. Despite the discovery of several new classes of CP materials, the development of such materials with the required high performance is still a highly challenging task. Here, we propose a new electron-pinned, defect-dipole route to ideal CP behaviour, where hopping electrons are localized by designated lattice defect states to generate giant defect-dipoles and result in high-performance CP materials. We present a concrete example, (Nb+In) co-doped TiO₂ rutile, that exhibits a largely temperature- and frequency-independent colossal permittivity (> 10(4)) as well as a low dielectric loss (mostly < 0.05) over a very broad temperature range from 80 to 450 K. A systematic defect analysis coupled with density functional theory modelling suggests that 'triangular' In₂(3+)Vo(••)Ti(3+) and 'diamond' shaped Nb₂(5+)Ti(3+)A(Ti) (A = Ti(3+)/In(3+)/Ti(4+)) defect complexes are strongly correlated, giving rise to large defect-dipole clusters containing highly localized electrons that are together responsible for the excellent CP properties observed in co-doped TiO₂. This combined experimental and theoretical work opens up a promising feasible route to the systematic development of new high-performance CP materials via defect engineering. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation of predation abilities of Blattisocius dolichus (Acari: Blattisociidae) on a plant-parasitic nematode, Radopholus similis (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae).
Predation and predatory behavior of Blattisocius dolichus on Radopholus similis were tested both in experimental arenas and on potted plants. Predation occurred in all active stages of B. dolichus. Blattisocius dolichus preferred live R. similis when offered together with Caneorhabditis elegans and dead R. similis in a choice test. Consumption rate was affected by temperature, prey density and duration of starvation. Maximum consumption rates were observed at 25 °C, for both adult males and females after being starved for 96 and 72 h, respectively. Consumption rate increased with increasing prey density until satiation was reached, when the predator-prey ratio was 1:250 for both male and female predators. Anthurium andraeanum seedlings, artificially infested with R. similis (1,000 per pot), were used to evaluate the biological control efficiency of B. dolichus. The nematode density decreased by 66 % 10 days after a release of 500 mites per pot. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Long-term outcomes after liver transplantation for deoxyguanosine kinase deficiency: a single-center experience and a review of the literature.
Deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) deficiency is a well-known cause of hepatocerebral mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes, which include a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. Affected patients often develop life-threatening liver failure, but the benefits of liver transplantation (LT) are controversial because of the frequently severe neurological involvement due to the underlying mitochondrial disease. We describe the long-term clinical course of 2 patients from our institution and provide an update on their outcomes after LT with this condition. Another 12 pediatric patients were identified through a systematic search of the literature. All 14 reported patients underwent transplantation in infancy despite mild to moderate neurological impairment in some cases. The 2 DGUOK-deficient patients from our center displayed liver failure and mild to moderate neurological involvement. At the time of this writing, they had been followed for 5 and 8 years after LT, both patients were alive, and they had only mild neurological symptoms. Three of the 12 patients identified through the literature review survived for a long time (17, 12, and 23 years); 8 died during early follow-up; and for 1 patient, no follow-up information was available. The 1-year survival rate was 64%; 36% survived for more than 5 years. The long-term survivors had good quality of life. In conclusion, although survival after LT for DGUOK deficiency is lower than survival after LT for other indications, a significant proportion of patients benefit from LT with long-term survival and a stable neurological situation despite initial neurological abnormalities. Nevertheless, a decision to carry out LT for patients with DGUOK deficiency remains difficult because neurological symptoms may occur and worsen after LT despite their absence before transplantation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Complications of wire mesh in acetabular reconstruction.
Stainless steel wire mesh has been used for many years to reinforce acetabular cement. A case has been seen in which considerable corrosion and disintegration of the mesh were noted, with gross metallosis of the surrounding tissues. It is postulated that galvanic corrosion occurred between the stainless steel mesh and the cobalt chrome femoral prosthesis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
An in vitro investigation of the effectiveness of bioactive glass air-abrasion in the 'selective' removal of orthodontic resin adhesive.
The process of clinically debonding orthodontic brackets causes histomorphological damage to enamel that needs to be quantified and minimized. This study compared three methods for removing residual resin adhesive following bracket debonding. The surface finish following removal of residual adhesive using a slow-speed eight-bladed tungsten carbide bur (group 1), alumina air-abrasion (group 2), and bioactive-glass air-abrasion (group 3) and following polishing, was examined using scanning electron microscopy imaging of resin replicas. Contact profilometry was used to image surfaces before and after debonding for quantifiable volumetric analysis of enamel damage. Surface scarring was seen on scanning electron micrographs from group 1, a sharp pitted surface was identified in group 2, while group 3 exhibited similar, but subjectively smoother, pits. The surface finish following polishing was similar for groups 2 and 3 but did not completely remove the scarring evident from group 1. Quantifiable enamel lost was as follows: group 1, 0.285 mm(3); group 2, 0.386 mm(3); and group 3, 0.135 mm(3); statistical differences were observed between groups 2 and 3. From these results, bioactive-glass air-abrasion more consistently caused less physical damage to enamel and achieved a clinically smooth surface finish following polishing and is therefore to be recommended for clinical use. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A CXCR1 haplotype hampers HIV-1 matrix protein p17 biological activity.
Monocyte inflammatory processes are fundamental events in AIDS pathogenesis. HIV-1 matrix protein p17, released from infected cells, was found to exert an interleukin (IL)-8 chemokine-like activity on human monocytes, promoting their trafficking and sustaining inflammatory processes, after binding to CXCR1. A haplotype of the CXCR1 gene (CXCR1_300_142) has been associated with slow HIV disease progression. Here, we determine how CXCR1 genetic variations impact on p17 biological activity. Our results show that Jurkat cells overexpressing CXCR1 or the receptor carrying single polymorphism CXCR1_300 or CXCR1_142 are able to adhere and migrate in response to both IL-8 and p17. On the contrary, Jurkat cells overexpressing CXCR1_300_142 and monocytes of individuals with such CXCR1 polymorphisms lose the capacity to adhere and migrate in response to p17, but not to their physiological ligand IL-8. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and multispectral imaging flow cytometry showed that p17 bound with similar affinity to CXCR1 and CXCR1_300_142. Moreover, whereas p17 was able to activate CXCR1, it was incapable of functionally interacting with CXCR1_300_142 by phosphorylating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, which regulates chemokine-induced cellular responses. Finally, mutagenesis studies showed that, unlike IL-8, p17 does not use Glu-Leu-Arg-like motifs to activate CXCR1. Our results, showing the inability of p17 to activate CXCR1_300_142, a receptor found to be expressed on immune cells of patients with a low progression of HIV disease, point to a crucial role of p17 in AIDS pathogenesis. Our findings herein call for an exploration of the therapeutic potential of blocking the p17/CXCR1 axis in HIV infection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Parent abuse: a review.
A recent focus of research and clinical practice has been on the issue of abuse of parents by their children (parent abuse). This paper reviews the literature on this phenomenon. While parent abuse falls under the umbrella of family violence, it appears to be qualitatively different from other forms of intra-family abuse. Research has primarily focused on prevalence rates and the characteristics of perpetrators and victims. While various factors such as gender, age, emotional attachment to parents, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family stress and parenting style and structure have been associated with parent abuse, findings are equivocal. Etiological models are general and untested, and treatment approaches lack empirical support. It is concluded that more rigorous and extensive research is required in order to provide a deeper understanding of this complex issue, and to inform treatment approaches. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cell-Free Fetal DNA, Telomeres, and the Spontaneous Onset of Parturition.
Multiple previous reports have provided compelling support for the premise that spontaneous parturition is mediated by activation of inflammation-related signaling pathways leading to increased secretion of cytokines and chemokines, the influx of neutrophils and macrophages into the pregnant uterus, increased production of uterine activation proteins (eg, connexin-43, cyclo-oxygenase-2, oxytocin receptors, etc), activation of matrix metalloproteinases, and the release of uterotonins leading to cervical ripening, membrane rupture, and myometrial contractions. The missing link has been the fetal/placental signal that triggers these proinflammatory events in the absence of microbial invasion and intrauterine infection. This article reviews the biomedical literature regarding the increase in cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA), which is released during apoptosis in the placenta and fetal membranes at term, the ability of apoptosis modified vertebrate DNA to stimulate toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) leading to increased release of cytokines and chemokines, and the potential "fail-safe" role for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This article also reviews the literature supporting the key role that telomere loss plays in regard to increasing the ability of vertebrate (including placental) DNA to stimulate TLR9, and in regard to signaling the onset of apoptosis in the placenta and fetal membranes, thereby providing a biologic clock that determines the length of gestation and the timing for the onset of parturition. In summary, this literature review provides a strong rationale for future research to test the hypothesis that telomere loss and increased cffDNA levels trigger the proinflammatory events leading to the spontaneous onset of parturition in mammals: the "cffDNA/telomere hypothesis." | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Polysaccharide and glycolipid composition in Tritrichomonas foetus.
1. The polysaccharide and glycolipid composition in Tritrichomonas foetus was studied by paper, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis. 2. The carbohydrate components of the polysaccharide were glucose (47%), galactose (34%) and mannose (19%). N-acetylneuraminic acid was the sialic acid derivative characterized in the flagellate whole cells. 3. The sialic acid density was estimated as 2.7 x 10(7) residues/cell. 4. The long-chain base dihydrosphingosine, the carbohydrates galactose (67%), glucose (21%) and mannose (12%) as well as the fatty acids myristic (48%) and palmitic (52%) acids were characterized as components of the total glycolipids of T. foetus. 5. Total glycolipids were fractionated: a galactocerebroside and a ganglioside were identified. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Immunoproteomic identification of polyvalent vaccine candidates from Vibrio parahaemolyticus outer membrane proteins.
Bacterium is still a major cause of many infectious diseases and a global threat to human health, aquaculture, and animal feeding. Prevention by vaccination is the most efficient and economical way of fighting bacterial diseases, but one of the persistent challenges to prevent bacterial infections and disease transmissions is the existence of multiple bacterial species, families, and genera and the lack of efficient polyvalent vaccines against them. The information on candidate immunogens for polyvalent vaccine development is elusive, as well. For the development of broad cross-protective vaccines, we have employed heterogeneous antiserum-based immunoproteomics approaches to identify antigenically similar outer membrane (OM) proteins that could be used as potential polyvalent vaccine candidates against Vibrio parahaemolyticus , V. alginolyticus , V. fluvialis , Aeromonas hydrophila , and A. sobria infections. VPA1435, VP0764, VPA1186, VP1061, and VP2850 could be recognized by at least three antisera and demonstrated significantly passive and active immune protection against V. parahaemolyticus infection in a crucian carp model. VP1061 and VP2850 induced higher immune and protective abilities than the other three OM proteins. Furthermore, the abilities of VP1061 and VP2850 in the generation of broad cross-protective immune reaction against the infections of V. alginolyticus , A. hydrophila , and Pseudomonas fluorescens were also investigated in fish and mouse models. Our results suggested that VP1061 and VP2850 could potentially be used as polyvalent vaccine candidates for the development of novel polyvalent vaccines against V. parahaemolyticus and other Gram-negative pathogens. On the basis of these results, characteristics of OM proteins as polyvalent vaccine candidates have been addressed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Amphetamine neurotoxicity on dopamine nerve terminals in the caudate nucleus of mice.
Continuous administration of D-amphetamine to mice by osmotic minipumps (placed s.c.) delivering 25 micrograms/h for 7 days led to significant decreases in the endogenous dopamine concentration (-51%) and [3H]noradrenaline uptake (-43%) in vitro in the caudate nucleus. Fluorescence histochemical analysis demonstrated a marked reduction of dopamine fluorescence as well as catecholamine accumulations (sign of neurotoxicity) in the caudate nucleus. No notable effects were noted on the fluorescence morphology of the dopamine cell bodies in the mesencephalon. The dopamine levels were still significantly reduced (-37%) after two months, while the [3H]noradrenaline uptake had at this time-point reached almost normal values. The results are compatible with the view that D-amphetamine can induce acutely a neurodegenerative damage of central dopamine neurons at the level of the nerve terminals in the caudate nucleus with possibilities for regeneration and recovery in the chronic state. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Crystal structure of rat transthyretin at 2.5 A resolution: first report on a unique tetrameric structure.
The first observation of a unique tetrameric molecular structure of transthyretin from rat (rTTR, prealbumin) is reported. The structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction using molecular replacement and the structure of human transthyretin (hTTR) as a starting model. Crystals of native rat transthyretin are tetragonal, space group P4(3)2(1)2, and have four independent monomers in the asymmetric unit of the crystal lattice. Data were collected to 2.5 A resolution and the structure has been refined to R = 18.9% for 13584 data points between 8-2.5 A resolution. Like hTTR, the rat protein is also a 54000 Da tetramer with four identical polypeptide chains of 127 amino-acid residues. Of the 22 amino-acid residues which are different in the human and rat TTR sequences, none are in the thyroxine binding domain. Analysis of these data reveal that the tertiary structure of rTTR is similar to that of hTTR with only small differences in the flexible loop regions on the surface of the protein. As a result of local changes in flexible loop regions near residues 30-41, 60-65 and 102-104, the structure of rTTR monomers is more compact than that of the corresponding hTTR monomers. The loop between residues 30-41 is bound closer to the monomer core in the former as compared with the latter structure and there is a wider opening of the space formed between these loops at two adjacent monomeric subunits. These conformational changes do not affect the interfaces between the monomeric subunits and are not transmitted to the thyroxine binding site so that its topology remains not altered. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Measurement of spectral maximum shift of ultrasonic backscatter signals in cancellous bone.
The feasibility of assessing cancellous bone from the Spectral Maximum Shift (SMS) of the backscattered ultrasonic signal is investigated. And the SMS of backscatter signals from bovine tibiae cancellous bone in vitro were measured and discussed. The spectral maximum of the backscattered signal downshift with increases of the apparent density of cancellous bone. When the bone suffered from osteoporosis, the density will reduce. Therefore, compared with the backscattered signal spectrum in the normal cancellous bone, the osteoporotic cancellous bones have small SMS of backscattered signal. According to the size of SMS, the status of cancellous bone and the degree of osteoporotic fracture risk may be assessed. On the other hand, techniques based on ultrasonic backscatter offer the advantage that only one ultrasonic transducer rather than two transducers is required to perform measurements. The operation of measurement is convenient and simple in assessment of cancellous bone status and diagnosis of osteoporosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Use of power-line interference for adaptive motion artifact removal in biopotential measurements.
Motion artifacts (MA) have long been a problem in biopotential measurements. Adaptive filtering is widely used for optimal noise removal in many biomedical applications. However, the existing adaptive filtering methods involve the use of additional sensors, limiting the applicability of adaptive filtering for MA reduction. In the present study, a novel adaptive filtering method without need for additional sensors is proposed. In biopotential measurements, movement of the electrodes and their leads may cause variations not only in the skin and half-cell potential (motion artifacts), but also in the electrode-skin impedance. Such impedance variations may also cause power-line interference modulation (PLIM), resulting in additional spectral components around the power-line interference (PLI) in the frequency domain. Demodulation of the PLI may reflect the movement-induced electrode-skin impedance variation, and can therefore represent a reference signal for the adaptive filter. Preliminary validation on ECG measurements with seven volunteers showed a high correlation coefficient (R = 0.97) between MA and PLIM, and excellent MA removal by the proposed adaptive filter, possibly leading to improved analysis of biopotential signals. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cancer stem cells and tumor metastasis: first steps into uncharted territory.
In several forms of human cancer, only a phenotypic subset of cancer cells, usually termed "cancer stem cells" (CSC), can initiate tumor growth when transplanted. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Hermann et al. (2007) analyze the relationship between CSC and tumor metastasis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Manipulating the Flow of Thermal Noise in Quantum Devices.
There has been significant interest recently in using complex quantum systems to create effective nonreciprocal dynamics. Proposals have been put forward for the realization of artificial magnetic fields for photons and phonons; experimental progress is fast making these proposals a reality. Much work has concentrated on the use of such systems for controlling the flow of signals, e.g., to create isolators or directional amplifiers for optical signals. In this Letter, we build on this work but move in a different direction. We develop the theory of and discuss a potential realization for the controllable flow of thermal noise in quantum systems. We demonstrate theoretically that the unidirectional flow of thermal noise is possible within quantum cascaded systems. Viewing an optomechanical platform as a cascaded system we show here that one can ultimately control the direction of the flow of thermal noise. By appropriately engineering the mechanical resonator, which acts as an artificial reservoir, the flow of thermal noise can be constrained to a desired direction, yielding a thermal rectifier. The proposed quantum thermal noise rectifier could potentially be used to develop devices such as a thermal modulator, a thermal router, and a thermal amplifier for nanoelectronic devices and superconducting circuits. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The barber-surgeons of London.
The Company of the Barber-Surgeons of London was formed by the union of the Company of Barbers and the Fellowship of Surgeons in 1540. It marked one of the great milestones in English surgery. The barbers had carried out minor surgery such as bleeding and lancing of abscesses, while the more erudite surgeons attempted to evolve some principles in surgery, and were involved in the mutilating surgery of warfare. The Barber-Surgeons became responsible for instigating teaching programs and the licensing of men to practice the art of surgery; they also appointed surgeons to the armed forces. An inevitable rift between these two different types of people occurred in 1745. The surgeons broke away and formed the Company of Surgeons, which, in 1800, became the Royal College of Surgeons. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Optically pumped lasing with a Q-factor exceeding 6000 from wet-etched GaN micro-pyramids.
We report the observation of room-temperature optically pumped lasing modes from a single GaN pyramid microcavity on a metallic mirror. The mode at 367.2 nm exhibits a low threshold (0.4-0.5 MW/cm2) and a narrow linewidth (0.054 nm), by which the quality factor can be estimated to be >6000. These lasing behaviors can be attributed to the specific wet-etching approach by selectively etching away defects and pyramid geometry with bottom Ag reflectors for better light confinement. Optical resonances in these pyramids are further investigated in combination with three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hopelessness: The role of depression, future directed thinking and cognitive vulnerability.
Previous research has suggested that parasuicides are impaired in their ability to generate positive future experiences. This study aimed to look at the relationship between future experiences, cognitive vulnerability and hopelessness in parasuicides and matched hospital controls. Parasuicides ( N = 20) and matched hospital controls ( N = 20) were assessed the day following an episode of deliberate self-harm on measures of hopelessness, depression, anxiety, cognitive vulnerability and future directed thinking. The parasuicides differed from hospital controls on measures of depression, hopelessness and negative cognitive style in the predicted direction. Future positive thinking, depression and negative cognitive style explained 70.5% of the hopelessness variance. Future positive thinking was not correlated with either depression or negative cognitive style, whereas negative cognitive style was correlated with depression and hopelessness. Future directed thinking contributes to hopelessness independently of depression and does not seem to be associated with cognitive vulnerability. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Multifractal characterisation of human retinal blood vessels].
The objective of this study is to describe the microvascular network of the normal human retina the d using multifractal geometry. The multifractal analysis of five digitized retinal images was made with the Image J software, exprf applying the standard box-counting method. The human retinal microvascular network has a multifractal geometry. The generalized fractal dimensions Dq were expressed by the mean value and standard deviation. A comparison with the data from studies performed in the ophthalmologic literature was made. Multifractal characterization of human retinal microvascular network, as a non-invasive technique for the analysis of various aspects of retinal vascular topography can be used as a potential marker for early detection of patients with retinal diseases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Primary health care in Canada: in praise of the nurse?
In Canada, as elsewhere, it has been agreed that primary health care (PHC) is needed, particularly for the underserved population. But the debate continues over which approach, what measures and who should be involved. To help find the answers, the Canadian Nurses Association presented a working paper already in 1980 to the Canadian Government recommending changes in the health system and proposing various roles that nurses could play in formulating and implementing its national primary health policy and in November this year organized a two-day PHC workshop involving representatives from provincial councils and government as well as nurses. Below, two nurses teaching at the University of Ottawa's School of Nursing give their view on what should and could be done in Canada. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of the Australian "Alcopops Tax" on Alcohol-Related Emergency Department Presentations for Injury in Two States.
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a specific tax increase on ready-to-drink beverages (the "alcopops" tax) on male injuries presenting to emergency departments during times likely to be highly alcohol related in two Australian states. Poisson regression was used to compare annual risk of Western Australian and Victorian male emergency department injuries occurring during high alcohol-related times before and after the implementation of the alcopops tax. A range of age groups was examined. Surrogate methodology was applied to identify numbers of emergency department injuries that occurred during high and low alcohol-related times. Risk of injury during high alcohol-related times (incident rate ratio [IRR]) was lower among Western Australian 12- to 15-year-olds beginning from the year of the tax increase and continued throughout. Lower IRRs were also apparent for 15- to 19-year-olds, although some delay was implicated. There was no change for 12- to 15-year-old Victorians, but immediate declines were evident for 15- to 19-year-olds. To a lesser extent, delayed effects were also indicated for 20- to 29-year-olds in both states. There was no evidence of a change in injury risk during high alcohol-related times among the oldest age group (35-39 years). Previous research on beverage-specific taxes has suggested that they may increase alcohol-related harms among the target group. This study found no evidence of increased injury during high alcohol-related times associated with the alcopops tax in two states. Evidence of reduced harm was apparent, however, and strongest for Western Australian males aged 19 years and younger. These outcomes are consistent with documented national reductions in alcopops sales. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
MRI-Guided Ultrafocal HDR Brachytherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: Median 4-Year Results of a feasibility study.
For the treatment of localized prostate cancer, focal therapy has the potential to cure with fewer side effects than traditional whole-gland treatments. We report an update on toxicity, quality of life (QoL), and tumor control in our magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided ultrafocal high-dose-rate brachytherapy cohort. Disease status was evaluated by systematic biopsies and 3T multiparametric MRI. The brachytherapy implant procedure under fused transrectal ultrasound/MRI guidance was followed by a 1.5 T MRI for contour adjustments and catheter position verification. A single dose of 19 Gy was delivered to the tumor with a margin of 5 mm. Genitourinary (GU) toxicity, gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity, and erectile dysfunction (ED) were graded with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. QoL was measured with RAND-36, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and PR25. International Prostate Symptom Scores and International Index of Erectile Function scores were obtained. Prostate-specific antigen level was monitored, with biochemical recurrence defined as nadir + 2 ng/mL (Phoenix). Thirty patients with National Comprehensive Cancer Network low- (13%) to intermediate-risk (87%) prostate cancer were treated between May 2013 and April 2016. Median follow-up was 4 years. Median age was 71 years (interquartile range, 68-73) and median initial prostate-specific antigen level was 7.3 ng/mL (5.2-8.1). Maximum Gleason score was 4 + 3 = 7 (in 2 patients). All tumors were radiologic (MRI) stage T2. No grade >2 GU or >1 GI toxicity occurred. International Prostate Symptom Scores only deteriorated temporarily. Mild pretreatment ED deteriorated to moderate/severe ED in 50% of patients. Long-term clinically relevant QoL deterioration was seen in sexual activity and tiredness, whereas emotional and cognitive functioning improved. At 4 years, biochemical disease-free survival was 70% (95% confidence interval, 52%-93%), metastases-free survival was 93% (85%-100%), and overall survival was 100%. Of intraprostatic recurrences, 7 of 9 were out of field. Ultrafocal high-dose-rate brachytherapy conveys minimal GU or GI toxicity and has a marginal effect on QoL. An early decline in erectile function was seen. Tumor control outcomes are poor (biochemical disease-free survival of 70% [52%-93%] at 4 years), most likely as a result of poor patient selection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Transforming growth factor-beta1 is a potent inhibitor of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor expression in a bronchial epithelial cell line. Munich Lung Transplant Group.
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is the major long-term complication following lung and heart-lung transplantation. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples obtained from patients suffering from OB, a marked increase in the number of neutrophils and elevated expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 had been found. The goal of the study was to evaluate whether TGF-beta1 is capable of interfering with the expression of the secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), the dominating defence of the conducting airways against neutrophil elastase (NE). The authors analysed the effects of TGF-beta1 on gene expression and protein release of SLPI by cultured human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. SLPI protein levels in the supernatants were quantified with a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SLPI messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Incubation with TGF-beta1 induced a marked decrease in SLPI protein levels (1 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: stimulation index (SI; protein: relation to SLPI protein release of resting cells)=0.56; 10 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI=0.48; 50 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI=0.37, p<0.01 each) and mRNA expression (1 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI (SI mRNA: relation to SLPI mRNA expression of resting cells)=0.46; 10 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI=0.31; 50 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI=0.18, p<0.01 each) in a dose dependent fashion. Simultaneous incubation of BEAS-2B cells with TGF-beta1 and NE also caused a significant reduction in SLPI synthesis (10 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1 + 7.5 U x mL(-1) NE: mRNA SI=0.61, p<0.05; protein SI=0.65, p<0.05; 50 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1 + 7.5 U x mL(-1) NE: mRNASI=0.52, p<0.05; protein SI=0.58, p<0.05; 10 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: mRNA SI=0.33, p<0.01; protein SI=0.38, p<0.01). In conclusion, the data suggest that the coincidence of neutrophilia and upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 in obliterative bronchiolitis may lead to uninhibited neutrophil elastase activity by downregulation of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, with the consequence of ongoing injury to the epithelium. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The use of the Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) method to investigate the inhibitory effect of various toothpastes on dental plaque formation.
Colgate Total (CTT) is the only FDA-approved toothpaste for antiplaque and antigingivitis benefits. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of Colgate Total Pharma (CTP), a new variant of Colgate Total, with Colgate Regular Toothpaste (CRT) on plaque formation over a 24-hour period following a single use of the dentifrice. CTP and CRT were the two test products. CRT was used for a washout product as well. Fifteen male/female subjects who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria were included into this single-blind (preliminary phase) and double-blind (randomized phase) crossover study. Ethical approval and written informed consent were obtained. Preliminary phase: After a one-week washout with CRT, subjects brushed in the dental clinic with CRT before a one-minute use of a test dentifrice. A baseline Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) score was calculated. Subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 24 hours, and returned to the clinic for their 24-hour MGMPI score. Subjects entered the second washout phase to repeat as per the crossover design. The above procedures were conducted three times by three independent examiners. Randomized phase: Subjects were randomized to the groups according to a computer-generated randomization schedule. The procedure was carried out as in the preliminary phase, except the washout period between the two products was at least one week and the products (CTP or CRT) were used in a randomized double-blind manner. Plaque scores were recorded as above. CTP provided a significant (p = 0.01) antiplaque effect versus CRT. The results are consistent with previously reported data for CTT. All three examiners demonstrated a strong correlation for this clinical study utilizing the MGMPI methodology. This clinical investigation examined the efficacy of a new variant of a commercial dentifrice, historically shown to provide antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy. It is important to confirm the continued efficacy of new products to consumers and to the profession. Additionally, this clinical trial demonstrated the usefulness of the clinical methodology with respect to consistency in results by three independent clinical examiners. Because this methodology is often employed to document antiplaque benefits of new and existing technologies, it is important to periodically evaluate and confirm its reliability and reproducibility. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Humility pills: building an ethics of cognitive enhancement.
The use of cognition-enhancing drugs (CEDs) appears to be increasingly common in both academic and workplace settings. But many universities and businesses have not yet engaged with the ethical challenges raised by CED use. This paper considers criticisms of CED use with a particular focus on the Accomplishment Argument: an influential set of claims holding that enhanced work is less dignified, valuable, or authentic, and that cognitive enhancement damages our characters. While the Accomplishment Argument assumes a view of authorship based on individual credit-taking, an impersonal or collaborative view is just as possible. This paper considers the benefits of this view-including humility, a value often claimed by critics of enhancement-and argues that such a view is consistent with open CED use. It proposes an ethics of cognitive enhancement based on toleration, transparency, and humility, and it discusses how institutions and individuals can build a culture of open cognitive enhancement. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Long term ECG monitoring post myocardial infarction during a representative programme of TV-broadcasts (author's transl)].
Five patients with myocardial infarction were presented a completely representative television programme of 60 hours in order to examine the cardiac strain caused by consumption of television. During a period of 31 days they saw 108 selected TV-broadcasts. Heart activities were registered by long-time-ECG tapes and subjective data on wellbeing were recorded. The results show a total of 197 ES in 300 hours (149 VES and 48 SVES), six times VES by pairs and three times VES in bursts was seen. In one case an ST-decrease was found. There was no systematic correlation between ECG-changes, subjective disorders, and subjective preference of items on one hand and type, day-time and duration of the features on the other hand. The results of the study are regarded within the framework of a psycho-physiological stress paradigm. They may be generalized in such a way that watching television to a normal extent does not differ in its cardiac disturbances or cardiac strain from many other psychological activities in everyday postmyocardial-infarction life. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[50 cases of acute malaria: symptomatic study, especially cardiac].
The authors have studied 50 records of patients who had presented an acute attack of P. falciparum malaria. Both sexes were equally implied. Young people were predominant. The distribution of cases was about the same in the whole year. The fever decreases on the second day and increases on the third day (300/0). Among the classical signs: relative rarity of hepatomegalia (100/0), splenomegalia (10 0/0), jaundice (140/0), nervous symptoms (100/0). Vomiting is rather frequent (30 0/0). From the cardiovascular point of view a relative bradycardia is observed in 16 0/0 of the cases, and a relative tachycardia in 100/0 of the cases; hypotension in 100/0 of the cases. Electrocardiographic signs are observed in 360/0 of the cases; they are aspecific, concerning mainly ST-T anomalias (22 0/0) and a QT lengthening (200/0). The cardiothoracic ratio is higher than 0.5 in 320/0 of the cases. From the pulmonary point of view the authors have observed symptoms contemporary of the attack: two asthma attacks, three radiologic anomalias reminding of viral pneumopathias. The biological symptoms are mainly transitory functional renal insufficiency in 18 0/0 of the cases. Protection due to AS heterozygosis seems to be confirmed in this study. The efficiency of intravenous quinin treatment is certain. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Autoimmunity and the female liver.
In common with several other autoimmune diseases, there is a marked female preponderance in both autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Whether this is due to gender differences relating specifically to the liver or more generally to the female constitution is unknown. The clinical expression of these disorders provides few clues to explain their predilection for females. Sexual dimorphism in the metabolic functions of the liver is well recognised, and several studies have suggested that donor-recipient gender matching/mismatching has a major impact on the outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) but, overall, the available evidence does not support the concept that the female liver is inherently more susceptible to immune mediated damage. Since the majority of patients present peri-menopausally and endocrinopathy is frequently associated with these conditions, it seems more likely that hormonal factors may be involved. Review of the available information about hormonal effects on the immune system and how they might impact on what is known about the pathogenetic mechanisms, and interact with genetic factors, in the two conditions unfortunately provides no definitive explanation for the predilection of these disorders for females. However, this is clearly a potentially fruitful area for further research. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Transient solidlike behavior near the cylinder/disorder transition in block copolymer solutions.
A nearly symmetric polystyrene-block-polyisoprene diblock copolymer dissolved at a concentration of 40% in styrene-selective solvents exhibited a cylinder-to-disorder transition upon heating. The solvents used were diethyl phthalate (DEP) and 75:25 and 50:50 mixtures of DEP with di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). In DEP, the most styrene-selective of the three solvents, rheological measurements indicated a distinct plateau in the temperature-dependent elastic modulus across the 8 degrees C interval above the order-disorder transition temperature, T(ODT) = 116 degrees C. Previous small-angle neutron scattering measurements in this regime indicated the equilibrium phase to be a liquidlike solution of approximately spherical micelles. An isothermal frequency sweep in this regime indicated a very long relaxation time. Annealing eventually led to the recovery of liquidlike rheological response, over a time scale of hours. Qualitatively similar phenomena were also observed in 75:25 DEP/DBP and 50:50 DEP/DBP solutions, except the fact that the temperature window of the transient response is narrow and the time scale for the recovery diminishes significantly. Neither small-angle X-ray scattering nor static birefringence gave any clear signature of the transient structure. The structure that leads to the transient rheological response is attributed to micellar congestion due to the slow relaxation of anisotropic micelles into an equilibrium distribution of micelles. Possible origins of the remarkable solvent selectivity dependence are also discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
pH-induced structural transitions of caseins.
Caseins are relatively small (molecular mass approximately 20 kDa), unstructured milk proteins of which the main components are referred to as alpha(s)-, beta- and kappa-casein. All three components lack a compact folded conformation, which can be ascribed to a combination of their low overall hydrophobicity and high net charge. Structural transitions of the three caseins in response to variation of pH were investigated using fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Tryptophan emission parameters (intensity and wavelength of emission maximum) and CD spectra showed that at neutral and alkaline pH the caseins exist predominantly in random coil conformation. As the solvent is made acidic the added protons compensate the negative charges on the caseins and reduce the repulsion between like charged residues, allowing the casein chains to fold. At the pI (pH 4-5), the net charge on the protein tends to zero and the protein should approach its maximally structured state. Below pI, the uncompensated charges and their interactions reappear, resulting in slackening of the compact structure and formation of a partially unfolded intermediate. These conclusions were borne out by the biphasic pH-dependence of the fluorescence emission parameters of Trp as well as of ANS incubated with the caseins. Measurement of the efficiency of energy transfer between Trp (donor) and ANS (acceptor) and of the CD spectra of caseins as functions of pH were also consistent with this scenario. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Data analysis of 87 tic patients for 6 months' treatment in a Korean medicine clinic.
This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the therapeutic effects of treatment for tic disorder and Korean medicine clinical tests, including body mass index (BMI) and heart variability rate (HRV). This study was not a clinical trial, but a data analysis of 87 tic patients who were treated for 6 months during the time period from Nov. 2010 to Jan. 2012. The clinical evaluation of the symptoms was recorded using the Korean version of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). The BMI and the HRV were measured according to a schedule, and various kinds of statistical methods were used. Among the 87 patients, the number of males was 3.34 times the number of females, and 58 patients (66.7%) had been suffering for more than 12 months. The onset age of the males was significantly lower than that of the females, and males had the symptoms longer than females had. Also, males with a family history of tics were 2.5 times as many as females, and their onset ages were substantially lower. At the first medical examinations, the average score on the YGTSS was 34.08, and it decreased linearly as the treatment progressed. After 4 and 6 months of treatment, it had decreased significantly. The YGTSS score and the period of suffering correlated positively. At the first visit, each HRV datum was in the normal range. After the 6 months' treatment, Ln (TP), Ln (LF), and Ln (HF) had dropped substantially in the normal range while Ln (VLF) and the LF/HF ratio had not changed in a meaningful way. During the treatment period, the BMI stayed relatively constant without any meaningful changes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Review of fractional photothermolysis: treatment indications and efficacy.
Fractional photothermolysis (FP) is one of the most significant milestones in laser technology and resurfacing. Review of the Medline English literature and recent international conferences regarding FP technology, applications, and indications. Successful conditions treated with nonablative FP reported in the literature include acne scarring; dyschromia and fine wrinkling of photoaging on the face, chest, neck, and hands; melasma; poikiloderma of Civatte; nevus of Ota; scars; minocycline hyperpigmentation; telangiectatic matting; residual hemangioma; granuloma annulare; colloid milium; and disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. An advance in 2007 was the introduction of ablative FP (AFP), which results in significantly greater improvement in skin laxity and textural abnormalities. Most recently, AFP has demonstrated significantly greater improvement than nonablative FP in reducing acne scarring and skin redundancy and laxity associated with photoaging. Through the induction of microthermal zones of injury, FP technology stimulates a robust and rapid wound healing response resulting in improvement in a diversity of aesthetic, inflammatory, and preneoplastic skin disorders. Further investigation into the technology and diverse array of cutaneous conditions that can benefit from FP is highly needed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Periprocedural management of antithrombotic therapy in hospitalized patients.
The management of antithrombotic medications in patients requiring invasive procedures is a common problem in hospital medicine, for which there is limited evidence to guide clinical decision making. Existing guidelines do not address many hospital-based procedures and have not kept pace with the introduction of newer antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. This article provides a conceptual framework for the periprocedural management of antithrombotic therapy, with a focus on the procedures that hospitalists are most likely to perform and the pharmacology of the common and newer antithrombotic medications. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
sigma-Bond Metathesis Reactions Involving Palladium(II) Hydride and Methyl Complexes: A Theoretical Assessment.
sigma-Bond metathesis reactions of water and methanol with palladium hydride and methyl complexes to yield hydrogen and methane, respectively, have been studied using ab-initio molecular orbital methods at the second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation level. The calculations show that such reactions are feasible and that they can in some instances be competitive with an oxidative addition/reductive elimination sequence. A key factor is the presence of an additional lone pair not engaged in the initial bonding of the metal atom with the reacting water or alcohol. Another important controlling factor is the respective charges of the reacting entities. The importance of the choice and of the disposition of the ancillary ligands in the coordination sphere is emphasized. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cytomegalovirus-induced thrombocytopenia in an immunocompetent adult effectively treated with intravenous immunoglobulin: a case report and review.
The authors report the case of an 80-year-old male patient who presented with colitis and severe thrombocytopenia. The work-up revealed concurrent cytomegalovirus infection. After failure of prednisone, a single infusion of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin produced a rapid and sustained response. Seventeen cases from the world literature are reviewed. Corticosteroids seem effective in about one third of cases. In those who do not respond, splenectomy is relatively ineffective and more specific anti-CMV treatment with ganciclovir is of unproven efficacy and toxic, in view of the relatively favourable long term outcome the authors recommend intravenous immunoglobulin in cases of severe bleeding or when the platelet level is under 10 x 10(9) l. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Brain structural monoamines under inhalation anesthesia].
It was established in albino rats that the activity of the processes that are responsible for the functioning of the metabolic link in noradrenaline synthesis varies under ether and ftorotan anesthesia. It was recorded that there is an increase in the activity of DOPA decarboxylation in the brain under deep ether anesthesia as well as in the activity of dopamine decarboxylation during egress from anesthesia. Ftorotan anesthesia is characterized by increased hydroxylation of phenylalanine and decarboxylation of DOPA, and by inhibition of the activity of tyrosine and dopamine hydroxylation. Egress of animals from ftorotan anesthesia is associated with an intensive noradrenaline formation in the brain. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ultrastructural changes in the rat sciatic nerve after local hyperthermia.
The rat sciatic nerve was heated over a length of 5 mm for 30 min at 43, 44 or 45 degrees C. Morphological changes were not observed after heating at 43 degrees C. Treatment at 44 degrees C resulted in endoneurial oedema and mild vascular changes, such as contraction and vacuolization of endothelial cells and thickening of the media of the larger vessels. Within 1 week several demyelinated axons were observed. The first changes after heating at 45 degrees C included oedema, blood vessel occlusion and severe endothelial cell damage. Axonal changes, e.g. the accumulation of cell organelles, appeared 8 h after treatment; 24 h after treatment most axons and myelin sheaths showed degenerative changes. Absence of blood flow in the heated area of the nerve was shown 2 h after heating at 45 degrees C. We conclude that hyperthermic treatment directly affects endothelial cells and myelin sheaths in the rat sciatic nerve. Axons degenerate most probably as a consequence of ischaemia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Intimal flap in a common carotid artery in a patient with Marfan's syndrome.
Dissection of the common carotid artery is a rare but important complication of Marfan's syndrome. The following case describes a patient with formation of an intimal flap of the common carotid artery who had suffered from an aortic dissection years before. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Conventional dendritic cells at the crossroads between immunity and cholesterol homeostasis in atherosclerosis.
Immunoinflammatory mechanisms are implicated in the atherogenic process. The polarization of the immune response and the nature of the immune cells involved, however, are major determinants of the net effect, which may be either proatherogenic or antiatherogenic. Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the regulation of immunity, the polarization of the immune response, and the induction of tolerance to antigens. The potential role of DCs in atherosclerosis, however, remains to be defined. We created a mouse model in which the lifespan and immunogenicity of conventional DCs are enhanced by specific overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene hBcl-2 under the control of the CD11c promoter. When studied in either low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient or apolipoprotein E-deficient backgrounds, DC-hBcl2 mice exhibited an expanded DC population associated with enhanced T-cell activation, a T-helper 1 and T-helper 17 cytokine expression profile, and elevated production of T-helper 1-driven IgG2c autoantibodies directed against oxidation-specific epitopes. This proatherogenic signature, however, was not associated with acceleration of atherosclerotic plaque progression, because expansion of the DC population was unexpectedly associated with an atheroprotective decrease in plasma cholesterol levels. Conversely, depletion of DCs in hyperlipidemic CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor/apolipoprotein E-deficient transgenic mice resulted in enhanced cholesterolemia, thereby arguing for a close relationship between the DC population and plasma cholesterol levels. Considered together, the present data reveal that conventional DCs are central to the atherosclerotic process, because they are directly implicated in both cholesterol homeostasis and the immune response. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Gemfibrozil-induced peroxisome proliferation and hepatomegaly in male F344 rats.
Gemfibrozil is a widely used hypolipidemic drug in humans that causes peroxisome proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents. The induction of hepatomegaly and hepatic peroxisome proliferation (measured as peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase activity), was determined and compared to another peroxisome proliferator, WY-14,643 (0.1% in the diet) in male F344 rats. In a 21-day study, dietary no-observable-effect and lowest-observable-effect levels of gemfibrozil for both hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation were 0.002% and 0.005%, respectively. In a 42-day study, dietary concentrations of 0.9-2.0% gemfibrozil induced a similar magnitude of hepatomegaly to WY-14,643 (2.3-fold) but a higher level of peroxisome proliferation (16-18-fold) than the maximum induction for WY-14,643 (13-fold). The plateau in magnitude of gemfibrozil-induced peroxisome proliferation across the 0.9-2.0% dietary concentrations was associated with a plateau in serum concentration of gemfibrozil (approximately 20 micrograms/ml), similar to concentrations reported in human subjects receiving oral gemfibrozil. These results indicate that maximal induction of peroxisome proliferation by gemfibrozil can exceed that of a more potent compound such as WY-14,643, and further suggest that maximal induction of peroxisome proliferation can be limited by steady-state serum concentrations. Moreover, the reported lack of hepatic responses to gemfibrozil in humans is unlikely to be the result of inefficacy or unavailability of this drug, compared to other peroxisome proliferators, in rodents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Research progress of neuregulin 4 biological function].
Neuregulin 4 (NRG4) is a kind of protein containing epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, mainly expressed and secreted by brown adipocytes. It specifically activates EGF receptor ErbB4 (v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4) to stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and improve energy metabolism of cells. Increasing evidence has shown that NRG4 plays an important role in epithelial cell-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, tumors and glycolipid metabolic diseases, and therefore it could be a potential therapeutic target of some diseases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Temporal studies on the deposition of complement on human colostrum IgA and serum IgG immobilized on methylated silicon.
The temporal deposition of selected complement proteins from human serum onto immobilized human colostrum immunoglobulin (Ig)A and human IgG on hydrophobic silicon was studied by ellipsometry-antibody techniques after incubations at 37 degrees C for up to 1 h. In parallel experiments the serum soluble iC3b, C4d, and Bb were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. The IgA-coated surfaces showed activation via the alternative pathway, and displayed a lag phase in the deposition of increased amounts of serum proteins, and anti-C3c and antiproperdin. Anti-IgG, -C1q, -C4, -factor H and -factor B were not deposited at any time to IgA surfaces. Upon coating of the surface with IgG, the classical pathway was rapidly activated and bound, then anti-C3c, antiproperdin, and after short serum incubation times, also anti-C1q and anti-IgG. When factor B-depleted or heat-treated sera were used, the observation was that properdin deposited onto IgG-coated surfaces from both. Ellipsometry and antibody techniques offer a convenient and rapid way to indicate the activation of the complement system on solid surfaces and facilitates a time-resolved determination of the activation pathway(s). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of intermittent light stimulation at different frequencies.
Seven normal adult volunteers underwent intermittent photic stimulation at frequencies of 5-60 Hz while their posterior cerebral arteries were monitored using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Baseline measurements were obtained under conditions of total darkness, and sampling was also done during continuous illumination. Overall variation in mean flow velocity between complete darkness and continuous illumination was 9.8%, but the maximal change (expressed as percentage deviation from baseline) occurred consistently when stimulation was undertaken at frequencies of 10 (21%) and 20 (19%) Hz (p = 0.05). Frequencies higher than 20 Hz resulted in mean flow velocity variations that were not significantly different from that found during continuous illumination. The optimal frequency of intermittent visual stimulation required to induce measurable changes in posterior cerebral artery Doppler characteristics appears to be in the range 10-20 Hz. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Asymmetric speed modulation of a rotary blood pump affects ventricular unloading.
Rotary blood pumps (RBPs) running at a constant speed are routinely used for the mechanical support of the heart in various clinical applications, from short-term use in heart-lung machines to long-term support of a failing heart. Their operating range is delineated by suction and regurgitation events, leaving limited control on the cardiac workload. This study investigates whether different ratios of systolic/diastolic support are advantageous over a constant-speed operation. In order to effectively control the load on the heart, this study aimed at developing a pulsatile control algorithm for rotary pumps to investigate the impact of pump speed modulation during systole and diastole on the left ventricle unloading. The CentriMag(TM) RBP with a modified controller was implanted in four sheep via a left thoracotomy and cannulated from the ventricular apex to the descending aorta. To modulate the pump speed synchronized with the heartbeat, custom-made real-time software detected the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram and controlled the pump speed during systole and diastole. Four different speed modulations with the same average speed but different systolic and diastolic speeds were compared with the baseline and the constant speed support. Left ventricular (LV) pressure and volume, coronary flow and pump flow were analysed to examine the influence of the pump speed modulation. Pulsatile setting reduces the cardiac workload to 64% of the baseline and 72% of the constant speed value. Maximum unloading is obtained with the highest speed during diastole and high-pulse amplitude. End-diastolic volume in the pulsatile modes varied from 85 to 94% of the baseline and 96 to 107% of the constant speed value. Consequently, the mechanical load on the heart can be adjusted to provide assuagement, which may lead to myocardial recovery. The higher pump speed during systole results in an increase in the pulse pressure up to 140% compared with the constant speed. The present study is an initial step to more accurate speed modulation of RBPs to optimize the cardiac load control. To develop future control algorithms, the concept of high speed during diastole having a maximal unloading effect on the LV and high speed during systole increasing the pulse pressure is worth considering. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessment of selective under-reporting of food intake by both obese and non-obese women in a metabolic facility.
To investigate the degree of bias in under-reporting of food intake in obese and non-obese subjects, hypothesising that under-reporting may be selective for either macronutrient content (carbohydrate (CHO), fat, protein, alcohol), specific food types or eating occasions (meals, snacks). Thirty-three women (18 obese, 15 non-obese) were recruited to a long-stay metabolic facility for 24h. Ad libitum food intake was covertly measured throughout the study and a reported food intake completed at the end of 24h. Reported total daily energy intake was significantly lower than measured intake. Whilst meals were accurately reported, energy from snack foods eaten between meals was significantly under-reported. (P< 0.001) Reported total carbohydrate and added sugar intakes were significantly lower than measured, whilst reported protein and fat intakes were not significantly different from measured. Reported alcohol intake was also considerably lower than measured, but high variability prevented significance. In both obese and non-obese women the major cause of under-reporting, as assessed by covert study design in subjects restricted within a metabolic facility, is the failure to report between-meal snack foods. There is some evidence for increased under-reporting in high CHO, but no evidence of a bias in under-reporting towards high fat or high protein foods. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Interleukin-10 to tumor necrosis factor-alpha ratio is a predictive biomarker in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: interleukin-10 to tumor necrosis factor-alpha ratio in steatohepatitis.
Fatty liver disease is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin resistance (IR) as an investigative biomarker is only concerned with fatty liver that results from DM type 2 associated with metabolic syndrome. Irrespective of IR, DM is generally characterized by overproduction of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), whereas action of the latter is modulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of using TNF-alpha alone or IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio compared to IR, as a promising biomarker for fatty liver assessment in DM. Furthermore, we hypothesized that using garlic as an immunomodulator may decrease TNF-alpha and increase IL-10 production to improve steatohepatitis. DM was induced metabolically by a high-fat diet to bring about IR, or chemically by alloxan, producing insulin deficiency, in male albino rats. Garlic powder was supplemented (15 mg/kg per day) for 3 weeks. Fatty liver was depicted histologically and biochemically (aspartic aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, HOMA-IR, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio). We found that, in contrast to obese rats, garlic decreased IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio, despite decreasing TNF-alpha in alloxan diabetic rats in agreement with the histology, which revealed more prominent improvement in the obese group. Moreover, the effect of garlic was not linked to improvement of IR in obese rats. We conclude that IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio may be considered as a convenient biomarker for investigation of fatty liver of different grades, apart from being associated with IR, and immunomodulation of this ratio in favor of increasing it may exert significant improvement. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Juvenile play conditions sexual partner preference in adult female rats.
Rats can display a conditioned partner preference for individuals that bear an odor previously associated with sexual reward. Herein we tested the possibility that odors associated with the reward induced by social play in prepubescent rats would induce a conditioned partner preference in adulthood. Two groups of 31-day-old, single-housed female rats were formed, and were given daily 30-min periods of social play with scented females. In one group, almond scent was paired with juvenile play during conditioning trials, whereas lemon scent functioned as a novel odor in the final test. The counterbalanced group received the opposite association. At age 42, females were tested for play partner preference with two males, one almond-scented and one lemon-scented. In both groups females displayed a play partner preference only for males scented with the paired odor. They were ovariectomized, hormone-primed, and at age 55 were tested for sexual partner preference with two scented stud males. Females displayed a sexual preference towards males scented with the paired odor as observed with more visits, solicitations, hops and darts, intromissions and ejaculations. These results indicate that olfactory stimuli paired with juvenile play affects later partner choice for play as well as for sex in female rats. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema.
Subcutaneous emphysema is an unusual complication of bronchiolitis. The investigators describe a patient with bronchiolitis who developed extensive subcutaneous emphysema. Despite an alarming appearance, the patient recovered with symptomatic care and observation. Review of the literature shows a multitude of causes of subcutaneous emphysema. The vast majority of cases resolve without intervention. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16MTS1, p21WAF1, and p27KIP1 in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas.
Inactivation or down-regulation of the cell-cycle inhibitors p16MTS1, p21WAF1, and p27KIP1 is involved in the carcinogenesis of various human tumors. In cervical squamous cell carcinomas that are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the expression or function of these proteins is impaired by the action of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. Comparably less is known about the role of these cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in cervical adenocarcinomas, 15-40% of which are HPV negative. Therefore, we studied the expression of p16MTS1, p21WAF1, and p27KIP1 by immunohistochemistry in 60 cervical adenocarcinomas. HPV infection was determined by PCR, and HPV 16 and 18 E6/E7 oncogene expression was analyzed by RNA-RNA in situ hybridization. We found significant correlations of strong p16 expression with HPV 16/18 infection and HPV 16/18 E6/E7 oncogene expression (P=0.001). Moderate or strong p16 expression was also observed in 41% of HPV-negative carcinomas, indicating that HPV-independent mechanisms might also lead to p16 overexpression. In addition, stronger p21 and p27 expression was significantly associated with the detection of HPV 16 or 18 E6/E7 transcripts (P=0.015 and 0.030, respectively). Obviously, the tumor suppressor action of these proteins can be overcome in HPV-positive lesions. In contrast, absent or low p16, p21, and p27 immunostaining was observed in most HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas and might contribute to carcinogenesis in these tumors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Investigations on the utilization of parenterally administered amino acids by premature and hypotrophic neonates (author's transl)].
The composition of an amino acid solution for intravenous use in newborns is discussed in the light of the metabolic kinetics of its constituents. Such a solution would be optimal when based on the transfer characteristics of the single amino acids used. Under these circumstances one would avoid imbalances in the respective blood levels. In particular, the average amount of such a solution needed, and the maximal turnover rates per hour of the specific amino acids during the first 4 weeks of life are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Xiaoyaosan Produces Antidepressant Effects in Rats via the JNK Signaling Pathway.
Xiaoyaosan (XYS) has achieved definite curative effects in clinic. However, the mechanism is not clear. Previous studies of our team indicated XYS improved anxiety-like behaviors through inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway of hippocampus. In the study, we explored whether the JNK signaling pathway is involved in the mechanism of XYS treating depression. Forty-eight rats were divided randomly into 4 groups (n = 12): the control group (deionized water, p.o.), the model group (deionized water, p.o.), the fluoxetine group (2.08 mg/kg/day, p.o.), and the XYS group (3.9 g/kg/day, p.o.). All rats except for the control group were given continuous 21 days of chronic immobilization stress (CIS; 3 h/day). On day 29, the body weights and the behavioral tests, including the novelty suppressed feeding test, the open field test, and the elevated plus maze test, were measured. On day 30, all the rats were sacrificed, and three indices of the JNK signaling pathway were tested by Western blot. The body weight and behavioral tests of all groups indicated that 21 days of CIS induced depression-like behaviors. After 21 days of treatment with fluoxetine and XYS, changes were seen in body weight, behaviors, and JNK, phosphorylated JNK (P-JNK), and phosphorylated c-Jun (P-c-Jun) levels in the hippocampus. XYS ameliorated the depression-like behaviors, potentially through affecting the JNK signaling pathway in the hippocampus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Principal conclusions of the Argentine Consensus on Arterial Hypertension].
A summary is presented in this article of the principal concepts of the Argentine Consensus on Arterial Hypertension, which has been carried out for the first time jointly by the three main scientific societies associated with the diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension in Argentina (Argentine Society of Arterial Hypertension, Argentine Society of Cardiology and Argentine Federation of Cardiology). Among its main points, is emphasised the need to improve the diagnosis and control of high blood pressure, the use of ambulatory blood pressure measurement techniques, the importance of the risk stratification of the hypertensive patient, and the early use of pharmacological combinations in the treatment as a means to quickly achieve control. Finally, it lists the main recommendations for the management of hypertension in special populations, such as pregnant women, elderly people, diabetics, resistant patients, as well as patients with chronic kidney disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Activity of carbapenems with ME1071 (disodium 2,3-diethylmaleate) against Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter spp. with carbapenemases, including NDM enzymes.
ME1071 is a maleic acid that inhibits metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). We examined its ability to potentiate different carbapenems against MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in relation to its inhibition kinetics. Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter isolates with IMP, VIM and NDM MBLs were tested; bacteria with other types of carbapenem resistance were used as controls. Chequerboard titrations were performed by CLSI agar dilution, carbapenemases were cloned into pET-28a(+) and purified by column chromatography, and kinetic parameters were determined by spectrophotometry. The key findings were: (i) the MICs of carbapenems varied widely among isolates with the same carbapenemase, but those with the NDM types were generally the most resistant; (ii) biapenem was the carbapenem least compromised by all MBL types, owing to weaker kinetic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) for hydrolysis, contingent on lower affinity (higher K(m)); (iii) MBLs were the only carbapenemases inhibited by ME1071, confirming its specificity of action; and (iv) irrespective of the partner carbapenem, synergy with ME1071 was least for organisms with NDM MBLs and most for those with IMP types, correlating with ME1071 having weakest affinity (highest K(i)) for NDM-1 and strongest affinity for IMP-1. ME1071 reduced the MICs of carbapenems for bacteria with NDM-1 enzyme though synergy was weaker than for bacteria with IMP and VIM metallo-enzymes; this correlated with ME1071 having weaker affinity for NDM-1 than IMP-1 and VIM-2. As the weakest MBL substrate carbapenem, biapenem was the easiest to protect. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Grating triplet.
A grating-pair device is useful for producing negative group velocity dispersion of temporal optical signals. When high dispersion is needed or large bandwidth is involved, higher-order dispersion terms become significant. The grating triplet is a new approach to create dispersion that can produce negative or positive group-velocity dispersion without higher-order dispersion terms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pro-protein subtilisin kexin-9 (PCSK9) inhibition in practice: lipid clinic experience in 2 contrasting UK centres.
Prescribing criteria have been suggested for proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 (PCSK-9) inhibitors but few studies exist of their real-world effectiveness. This study audited PCSK-9 inhibitor therapy in 105 consecutive patients from two hospital centres-a university hospital (UH; n = 70) and a district general hospital (DGH; n = 35). Baseline characteristics including cardiovascular disease risk factors, NICE qualification criteria, efficacy and side effects were assessed. Baseline LDL-C levels were similar in both centres. NICE criteria were met for 2.05 items in the whole study (UH patients 1.7 and DGH patients 2.7). District general hospital patients were more likely to have familial hypercholesterolaemia (89 vs 69%; P = .02); intolerance to statins (94 vs 52%; P < .001) and polyvascular disease (42% vs 17%; P = .005). Prescriptions (evolocumab 73%; alirocumab 23%) were collected by 76% of patients (UH 64% vs DGH 100%). Therapy was discontinued by time of review in 15% of patients (UH 7% vs DGH 25%; P = .02). In adherent patients PCSK-9 inhibitor treatment reduced TC by 28% (2.24 ± 2.39 mmol/L; P < .001) and LDL-C by 49% (2.10 ± 1.33 mmol/L; P < .001). A LDL-C < 2.5 mmol/L was achieved in 30% of patients and <2.0 mmol/L in 20%. PCSK-9 therapy was effective and safe in patients with increased lipoprotein (a), diagnosed muscle diseases (including myopathies and muscular dystrophy) or poststatin rhabdomyolysis, nephrotic syndrome or HIV disease. Mixed results were obtained in patients with significant mixed hyperlipidaemia. This study suggests that PCSK-9 inhibitors are effective but that prescriptions should not be changed to long-term delivery until patients have been reviewed and shown to be adherent. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Identification of a type III polyketide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of spirolaxine.
Spirolaxine is a natural product isolated from Sporotrichum laxum ATCC 15155, which has shown a variety of biological activities including promising anti-Helicobacter pylori property. To understand how this compound is biosynthesized, the genome of S. laxum was sequenced. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed two putative type III polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in this strain, Sl-pks1 and Sl-pks2, which are located adjacent to each other (~2.0 kb apart) in a tail-to-tail arrangement. Disruption of these two genes revealed that Sl-PKS2 is the dedicated PKS involved in the biosynthesis of spirolaxine. The intron-free Sl-pks2 gene was amplified from the cDNA of S. laxum and ligated into the expression vector pET28a for expression in Escherichia coli BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RIL. The major products of Sl-PKS2 in E. coli were characterized as alkylresorcinols that contain a C13-C17 saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon side chain based on the spectral data. This enzyme was purified and reacted with malonyl-CoA and a series of fatty acyl-SNACs (C6-C10). Corresponding alkylresorcinols were formed from the decarboxylation of the synthesized tetraketide resorcylic acids, together with fatty acyl-primed triketide and tetraketide pyrones as byproducts. This work provides important information about the PKS involved in the biosynthesis of spirolaxine, which will facilitate further understanding and engineering of the biosynthetic pathway of this medicinally important molecule. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tilia (Tilia argentea Desf ex DC), sage (Salvia triloba l.), and black tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts.
The antioxidant activity of the water extract of Tilia argentea Desf ex DC was determined by the thiocyanate method. The antioxidant activity of the water extract increased with the increasing amount of lyophilized extract (50-400 microg) added into the linoleic acid emulsion. Statistically significant effect was determined in 100 microg and higher amounts. Antioxidant activities of water extracts of tilia (Tilia argentea Desf ex DC), sage (Salvia triloba L.), and two Turkish black teas commercially called Rize tea and young shoot tea (Camellia sinensis) were compared. For comparison studies, 100 microg portions of extracts were added into test samples. All samples were able to show statistically significant antioxidant effect. Both of the tea extracts showed highest antioxidant activities, nevertheless, differences between tilia and sage and tilia and tea were not statistically significant (for both cases p > 0.05). Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power of water extract of Tilia argentea Desf ex DC was also concentration dependent. Even in the presence of 50 microg of extract, the reducing power was significantly higher than that of the control (p < 0.05) in which there was no extract. Unlike antioxidant activity, the highest reducing power activity was shown by sage extract. Among the tea extracts, young shoot extract was the most effective one, however, it had significantly lower activity than sage (p < 0.05). Although tea flower had the lowest reducing power activity, it was higher than that of tilia. But this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). From these results, we could suggest that although the reducing power of a substance may be an indicator of its potential antioxidant activity, there may not always be a linear correlation between these two activities. In addition, antimicrobial activities of each of the above extracts were studied by disk diffusion methods on different test microorganisms. None of the extracts showed antibacterial activity on the studied microorganisms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Improving proactive control with training on language switching in bilinguals.
The present study examined how a short period of language switching training affects nonverbal cognitive control, as measured by the AX version of the Continuous Performance Test. A group of Chinese-English bilinguals were trained over 10 days on a picture naming task that required switching between languages. We recorded their behavioral performance and event-related potentials before and after the training to examine its effects on cognitive performance. The behavioral measurement of proactive control, that is, goal maintenance before the occurrence of the target, is significantly larger in the post-training phase as compared with the pretraining phase, indicating a proactive control shift. The event-related potential results show that the training led to an increase in the mean amplitude of the N2 component, elicited by both the cue and the probe stimuli. A group of control participants who did not undergo training showed an enlarged N2 only for the probe but not for the cue stimuli in the second as compared with the first phase of testing. No variations in behavioral performance were found in the control group between the two phases of testing. These findings suggest that language switching training enhances proactive control in bilinguals. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Selenium intakes and status of human milk and formula fed infants.
Selenium status was assessed in 28 infants receiving either human milk (n = 8) or a proprietary formula (n = 20) as their sole nutritional source from birth to 3 months. Infants' selenium intakes were determined from dietary records, "test weighings," and direct analysis of human milk and formula. Fore milk samples (n = 72) collected from group I mothers had a mean selenium concentration (ng/ml) of 16.3 +/- 4.9, whereas the selenium content of proprietary formula was 8.6 +/- 0.9. The selenium concentration of hind milk was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than that of fore milk. At 3-months selenium intakes as well as serum selenium concentrations for human milk fed infants were significantly greater than those for formula fed infants. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.42; p less than 0.05) was found between infants' selenium intakes and their serum selenium concentrations. The results indicate that feeding practice directly affects selenium status during infancy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Controlled trial of a home-care service for acute stroke patients.
In a controlled trial of a home-care service available for the first 6 months after acute stroke, 440 patients received the new service and 417 patients were in the control group. The trial group used more hospital bed days, had a slightly higher admission rate, and did not show better emotional adjustment to stroke than the control group. There was no difference between the 2 groups in stress on relatives. Functional recovery was equal in the 2 groups. A quarter of patients managed at home in each group were severely disabled. Providing a new service does not necessarily alter clinical decisions in the short term, and care should be taken before expanding domiciliary services to reduce hospital use. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Synthesis, absolute configuration, and conformation of the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil.
The aldose reductase inhibitor 2,3-dihydro-6-fluorospiro[4H-1-benzopyran-4,4'-imidazolidine]-2',5 '-dione was resolved into its enantiomers. Sorbinil, the S isomer, was found to be a better inhibitor of the enzyme in vitro and in vivo than the corresponding R isomer. X-ray data on sorbinil, which were used to determine its absolute configuration, are presented. NMR studies of sorbinil in solution indicate the existence of two conformers with a low energy barrier for interconversion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cytophotometric DNA analysis on canine stomach carcinogenesis induced by ENNG.
DNA content and nuclear area were measured by microspectrophotometry in gastric carcinogenesis of three adult wolfdogs induced by N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG). The mean values and standard deviations of DNA content and nuclear area in normal gastric mucosa were 10.03 +/- 2.30 AU and 28.76 +/- 5.85/microns2; those in atrophic gastritis were 12.04 +/- 3.34 AU and 28.69 +/- 8.02/microns2; in mild dysplasia 13.52 +/- 3.73 AU and 28.23 +/- 8.12/microns2; in moderate dysplasia 20.88 +/- 4.57 AU and 47.58 +/- 10.74/microns2; in severe dysplasia 24.01 +/- 4.48 AU and 56.64 +/- 12.53/microns2; in well-differentiated adenocarcinoma 33.07 +/- 9.38 AU and 72.99 +/- 15.57/microns. These figures were different (P less than 0.01). The nuclear area of gastric carcinoma increased with DNA content (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01). The distribution patterns of DNA content in the histogram showed that diploidy was decreased and polyploidy increased in cancer cells. These findings indicate that DNA ploidy patterns and nuclear area can be useful indices for differentiating carcinoma from precancerous lesions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Facial skeleton remodeling due to temporomandibular joint degeneration: an imaging study of 100 patients.
One hundred patients with recently acquired, externally visible mandibular deformity and no history of previous extraarticular mandible fracture were selected for retrospective analysis. All had been investigated clinically and with radiography, tomography, and high-field surface-coil MR imaging to determine the presence or absence and extent of temporomandibular joint degeneration. Temporomandibular joint degeneration was found in either one or both joints of each patient studied. Chin deviation was always toward the smaller mandibular condyle or more diseased joint, and many patients either complained of or exhibited malocclusion, often manifested by unstable or fluctuating occlusion disturbances. Three radiologically distinct forms of degenerative vs adaptive osteocartilaginous processes--(1) osteoarthritis, (2) avascular necrosis, and (3) regressive remodeling--involving the mandibular condyle and temporal bone were identified in joints most often exhibiting meniscus derangement. Osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis of the mandibular condyle and temporal bone were generally associated with pain, mechanical joint symptoms, and occlusion disturbances. Regressive remodeling was less frequently associated with occlusion disturbances, despite remodeling of the facial skeleton, and appears to result from regional osteoporosis. Forty patients (52 joints) underwent open arthroplasty procedures, including either meniscectomy or microsurgical meniscus repair, at which time major radiologic diagnoses were confirmed. Surgical and pathologic findings included meniscus displacement, disk degeneration, synovitis, joint effusion, articular cartilage erosion, cartilage healing/fibrosis, cartilage hypertrophy, osseous sclerosis, osteophyte formation, osteochondritis dissecans, localized or extensive avascular necrosis, and decreased mandibular condyle mass and vertical dimension. We conclude that temporomandibular joint degeneration is the principal cause of both acquired facial skeleton remodeling and unstable occlusion in patients with intact dentition and without previous mandible fracture. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Acute carbon dioxide narcosis during inhalational therapy with oxygen powered nebulizers in patients with chronic airflow limitation.
Six patients with acute carbon dioxide narcosis following nebulised salbutamol therapy were described. They had chronic obstructive airflow disease and were admitted in acute respiratory failure. The patients were treated with aerosolized salbutamol delivered from oxygen powered nebulizers. They developed severe acute hypercapnia. Five of the six patients died. The hazards of indiscriminate oxygen use in this clinical situation was discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Selective vulnerability of neuronal injury after experimental heart arrest].
The study was aimed at the analysis of vulnerability of the olfactory bulb neurons in dogs after experimental heart arrest lasting for 15 minutes and recirculation lasting for 1 hour. By means of the Nauta degenerative neurohistologic method the reactions of individual types of nerve cells in the olfactory bulb were investigated. Nauta-positive granules were observed in the cytoplasm of the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb, which are of dopaminergic character. The granulations were present in the cellular areas which are rich in Nissl substance. The granular and short-axon cells of GABA-ergic character which contain a small amount of Nissl granules lack the Nauta-positive granules. Similarly, the Nauta-positive granules were absent in the axon hillock of mitral cells which under normal conditions do not contain the Nissl substance. These results justify the conclusion that ischemia lasting for 15 minutes and one-hour recirculation primarily affect the excitatory neurons rich in the Nissl substance. (Fig. 4, Ref. 16.). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mechanisms of peptide transport.
This review touches on the development of the concept of transmembrane transport of peptides, which originated more than 100 years ago, and discusses present knowledge of the phenomenon, with special reference to intestinal absorption of peptides. It deals with (1) Peptide transport in animal small intestine and its main features--active transport of di- and tripeptides into the absorptive cells, the question of sodium or proton dependence of peptide transport, the independence of peptide and amino acid transport, competition for transport between peptides, the number of transport systems involved, the influence of molecular structure on peptide transport, transport kinetics and relative rates of absorption of peptides and amino acids, nutritional and therapeutic aspects of peptide transport, mechanisms of absorption of small peptides of dietary origin and mechanisms of absorption of biologically active peptides (2) Peptide transport in other animal cells and tissues (3) Peptide transport in microorganisms (4) Peptide transport in higher plants and (5) Physiological advantages of peptide transport. The concluding remarks stress that though most of the salient features of peptide absorption may have been established by 1975, more investigators might usefully be engaged in studying the many remaining questions concerning peptide transport in the animal body, and point out the unfortunate effects of too narrow an approach to problems in the field. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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