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Identification of mu-class glutathione transferases M2-2 and M3-3 as cytosolic prostaglandin E synthases in the human brain.
Cytosolic prostaglandin (PG) E synthase was purified from human brain cortex. The N-terminal amino acid sequence, PMTLGYXNIRGL, was identical to that of the human mu-class glutathione transferase (GST) M2 subunit. Complementary DNAs for human GSTM2, GSTM3, and GSTM4 subunits were cloned, and recombinant proteins were expressed as homodimers in Escherichia coli. The recombinant GSTM2-2 and 3-3 catalyzed the conversion of PGH2 to PGE2 at the rates of 282 and 923 nmol/min/mg of protein, respectively, at the optimal pH of 8, whereas GSTM4-4 was inactive; although all three enzymes showed GST activity. The PGE synthase activity depended on thiols, such as glutathione, dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, or L-cysteine. Michaelis-Menten constants and turnover numbers for PGH2 were 141 microM and 10.8 min(-1) for GSTM2-2 and 1.5 mM and 130 min(-1) for GSTM3-3, respectively. GSTM2-2 and 3-3 may play crucial roles in temperature regulation, nociception, and sleep-wake regulation by producing PGE2 in the brain. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hemangioendothelioma mimicking a median nerve neoplasm. Case report.
The authors report a case of brachial vein epithelioid hemangioendothelioma resembling a median nerve neoplasm clinically and radiologically. It was found as a mass closely attached to median nerve and arising from one of two brachial veins. Simple resection, requiring sacrifice of the vein, allowed nerve median sparing but recurrence occurred one year later. Hemangioendothelioma should be also considered in differential diagnosis and in the planning surgery of arm median nerve masses. Wide local excision is surgical treatment recommended in those cases when regional lymph nodes or systemic metastasis have not been recognized. Regional lymph nodes resection and adjunctive radiation and chemo-therapy should be considered only for "malignant" or metastatic hemangioendothelioma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Influence of route of administration on the humoral response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Yersinia ruckeri.
Channel catfish were inoculated intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or intraesophageally with Yersinia ruckeri. Three antigen doses were administered by each route of injection. Four fish from each treatment were sacrificed at 5-day intervals for 40 days. Serum from each individual was tested for antibody activity against Y. ruckeri by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High titers of anti-Y. ruckeri antibody were elicited by all doses (10(5) to 10(9) cells/g of fish) regardless of the route of administration. Mean titers for saline injected fish ranged up to 1:64 for each route of inoculation while mean titers for bacteria injected fish ranged up to 1:4096. Mean titers of 1:128 or greater were observed by day 15 post injection; titers peaked about day 30 and diminished thereafter. Channel catfish were most responsive to the antigen (10(7) to 10(9) cells/g of fish) when administered intramuscularly although lower doses (10(5) to 10(6) cells/g of fish) administered intraperitoneally elicited a substantial response. There was little evidence of dose-dependent responses for any of the routes of immunization. The rapid onset of relatively high serum titers suggests that the fish were mounting a secondary response to Yersinia ruckeri. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nanocatalysts for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions.
This critical review deals with the applications of nanocatalysts in Suzuki coupling reactions, a field that has attracted immense interest in the chemical, materials and industrial communities. We intend to present a broad overview of nanocatalysts for Suzuki coupling reactions with an emphasis on their performance, stability and reusability. We begin the review with a discussion on the importance of Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, and we then discuss fundamental aspects of nanocatalysis, such as the effects of catalyst size and shape. Next, we turn to the core focus of this review: the synthesis, advantages and disadvantages of nanocatalysts for Suzuki coupling reactions. We begin with various nanocatalysts that are based on conventional supports, such as high surface silica, carbon nanotubes, polymers, metal oxides and double hydroxides. Thereafter, we reviewed nanocatalysts based on non-conventional supports, such as dendrimers, cyclodextrin and magnetic nanomaterials. Finally, we discuss nanocatalyst systems that are based on non-conventional media, i.e., fluorous media and ionic liquids, for use in Suzuki reactions. At the end of this review, we summarise the significance of nanocatalysts, their impacts on conventional catalysis and perspectives for further developments of Suzuki cross-coupling reactions (131 references). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Restriction of medical criteria for disability pensions. Effects on the local level].
The objective of the analysis presented in this article is to assess the impact on a local level of the revised eligibility criteria for disability pensions in Norway. The setting was five mainly rural municipalities on the North-West coast of Norway and the city of Trondheim. The project was carried out as a document analysis of a sample of rejected applications for disability pensions, as they appeared in social security records from 1990/91, before the revision to the law, and from 1992, after the revision. Among a total of 146 such cases, 118 (81%) were available for the document analysis. Some national statistics were used for purposes of comparison. The percentage of rejected applications increased in all municipalities for both men and women. The new regulations accounted for 25% of the rejected cases. 31% of the rejected applications from women were based on the narrower criteria, as opposed to 17% of the men's. The impacts of the 1991 regulations have been considerable. The increased rejection rate adds to a falling rate of applications for disability pensions since 1989/90, accounting for an almost 50% reduction in the yearly incidence rate of granted pensions in Norway from 1989 to 1993. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Preliminary metrological study of the lumbar vertebral column during the foetal period.
The aim of our study was to elaborate a scheme for the development of the particular elements of the lumbar vertebral column in the foetal period based on metrological data analysis. 30 human foetuses between 31 and 183 mm C-R length were examined. The whole vertebral column and lumbar segment length, intervertebral spaces and structural elements of each vertebra were measured. Statistical analysis was carried out of the data obtained. The development of the lumbar vertebral column during the foetal period is ongoing, although not in a proportional way. The percentage participation of the lumbar segment in the length of the whole vertebral column increased from 17.5 to 22%. The most intensive development of the particular elements resulted from the period between 60-170 mm. The intensive transversal growth of each vertebra began after 60 mm while the axial growth began after 110 mm CRL. The percentage participation of a single lumbar vertebra in the length of the whole lumbar segment decreased by approx. 5%. The largest contribution to the ossification centres was made in the areas of neural arches L1. Each structural element and the diameter of each lumbar vertebra is characterised by specific growth dynamics. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
One-electron reduction of mitomycin c by rat liver: role of cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.
1. The role of cytochrome P-450 in the one-electron reduction of mitomycin c was studied in rat hepatic microsomal systems and in reconstituted systems of purified cytochrome P-450. Formation of H2O2 from redox cycling of the reduced mitomycin c in the presence of O2 and the alkylation of p-nitrobenzylpyridine (NBP) in the absence of O2 were taken as parameters. 2. With liver microsomes from both 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)- and phenobarbital (PB)-pretreated rats, reverse type I difference spectra were observed, indicative of a weak interaction between mitomycin c and the substrate binding site of cytochrome P-450. Mitomycin c inhibited the oxidative dealkylation of aminopyrine and ethoxyresorufin in both microsomal systems. 3. Under aerobic conditions the H2O2 production in the microsomal systems was dependent on NADPH, O2 and mitomycin c, and was inhibited by the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors, metyrapone and SKF-525A. 4. Although purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was also effective in reduction of mitomycin c and the concomitant reduction of O2, complete microsomal systems and fully reconstituted systems of cytochrome P-450b or P-450c and the reductase were much more efficient. 5. Under anaerobic conditions in the microsomal systems both reduction of mitomycin c (measured as the rate of substrate disappearance) and the reductive alkylation of NBP were dependent on cytochrome P-450. 6. The relative rate of reduction of mitomycin c by purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was lower than that by a complete microsomal system containing both cytochrome P-450 and a similar amount of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. 7. It is concluded that although NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase is active in the one-electron reduction of mitomycin c, the actual metabolic locus for the reduction of this compound in liver microsomes under a relatively low O2 tension is more likely the haem site of cytochrome P-450. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of dietary DL-ethionine on growth and liver metabolism.
The effects of DL-ethionine, given in the diet or by injection, on growth, hepatic glycogen and lipids, and the activities of some cytoplasmic NAD-linked dehydrogenases and NADPH-producing enzymes were investigated. 2. Growth virtually ceased after feeding ethionine for 2 d. 3. Ethionine induced an accumulation of lipid, decreased the activities of malic enzyme and isocitrate dehydrogenase and increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase. 4. The concentration of glycogen in the liver of ethionine-fed chickens increased for 3 d in spite of a decrease in food intake, but then decreased. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Executive functions in adults with developmental dyslexia.
Executive functioning (EF) deficits are well recognized in developmental dyslexia, yet the majority of studies have concerned children rather than adults, ignored the subjective experience of the individual with dyslexia (with regard to their own EFs), and have not followed current theoretical perspectives on EFs. The current study addressed these shortfalls by administering a self-report measure of EF (BRIEF-A; Roth, Isquith, & Gioia, 2005) and experimental tasks to IQ-matched groups of adults with and without dyslexia. The laboratory-based tasks tested the three factors constituting the framework of EF proposed by Miyake et al. (2000). In comparison to the group without dyslexia, the participants with dyslexia self-reported more frequent EF problems in day-to-day life, with these difficulties centering on metacognitive processes (working memory, planning, task monitoring, and organization) rather than on the regulation of emotion and behaviour. The participants with dyslexia showed significant deficits in EF (inhibition, set shifting, and working memory). The findings indicated that dyslexia-related problems have an impact on the daily experience of adults with the condition. Further, EF difficulties are present in adulthood across a range of laboratory-based measures, and, given the nature of the experimental tasks presented, extend beyond difficulties related solely to phonological processing. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
New methods for improved characterization of silica nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.
The incorporation of silica nanoparticles into drug delivery vehicles, and other nanotech platforms, has experienced rapid and significant growth over the past decade. However, as these nanoparticle-based systems become more and more complex, the methods used to analyze these systems have evolved at a comparatively much slower pace, resulting in the need for researchers to expand their toolbox and devise new strategies to characterize these materials. This article describes how X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were recently employed in the analysis of two separate drug delivery systems which contain organic compounds covalently attached to the surfaces of silica nanoparticles. These techniques provided a deluge of qualitative and quantitative information about these drug delivery systems, and have several clear advantages over more common characterization procedures such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR). Thus, XPS and ToF-SIMS should be an integral component of the standard characterization protocol for any nanoparticle-based assemblies-particularly silica-based drug delivery systems-as this field of research continues to develop. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Axo-somatic and apical dendritic Kv7/M channels differentially regulate the intrinsic excitability of adult rat CA1 pyramidal cells.
Kv7/KCNQ/M channel subunits are widely expressed in peripheral and central neurons, where they give rise to a muscarinic-sensitive, subthreshold, and noninactivating K+ current (M current). Immunohistochemical data suggest that Kv7/M channels are expressed in both axons, somata and dendrites, but their distinctive roles in these compartments are not known. Here we used intracellular microelectrode recordings to monitor the effects of selective Kv7/M channel modulators focally applied to the axo-somatic region and to the apical dendrites of adult rat CA1 pyramidal cells. We show that both compartments express functional Kv7/M channels that synergistically control intrinsic neuronal excitability, albeit in different ways. Axo-somatic Kv7/M channels activate during the spike afterdepolarization (ADP) and counteract the depolarizing drive furnished by conjointly activated persistent Na+ channels. Thereby they limit the size and duration of the spike ADP and prevent its escalation into a somatic spike burst. Apical dendritic Kv7/M channels do not ordinarily regulate the somatic spike ADP and spike output. In hyperexcitable conditions that promote Ca2+ electrogenesis in these dendrites, they elevate the threshold for initiating Ca2+ spikes and associated downstream spike bursts. Thus the concerted activity of Kv7/M channels in both compartments serves to reduce the propensity to generate self-sustained burst responses and fosters a regular, stimulus-graded spike output of the neuron. Given that the activity of Kv7/M channels is regulated by multiple neurotransmitters, they may provide a substrate for neuromodulation of neuronal input/output relations at both the axo-somatic and apical dendritic regions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dietary antioxidants and behavioral enrichment enhance neutrophil phagocytosis in geriatric Beagles.
The study objective was to determine the effects of feeding food enriched in antioxidants and a program of environmental/cognitive enrichment on selected ex vivo assays of inflammatory and immune cells in healthy geriatric Beagle dogs (n=21). Four groups of dogs were tested using a 2 x 2 factorial design. The 2-year longitudinal study included both nutritional (control food or antioxidant-fortified food) and behavioral (normal level or cognitive enrichment) interventions. Behavior enrichment included increased exercise, environmental enrichment, and a series of learning tasks. Phagocytosis of opsonized latex-coated beads by peripheral blood neutrophils was measured by flow cytometry and found to be significantly increased in dogs receiving both dietary antioxidants and cognitive enrichment. Simultaneous stimulation of cells with Con A and suppression with Dex resulted in decreased lymphocyte proliferation in dogs receiving both dietary antioxidants and cognitive enrichment, compared to dogs receiving dietary antioxidants or cognitive enrichment alone. There were no significant differences between the groups of dogs for percentages of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte subpopulations before or after lymphocyte stimulation with Con A. These results support our hypothesis that both dietary antioxidants and behavioral enrichment enhance host defense mechanisms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mechanisms of Gal(alpha)1-3Gal(beta)1-4GlcNAc-R (alphaGal) expression on porcine valve endothelial cells.
We have previously reported that porcine valve endothelium does not express immunodetectable levels of the carbohydrate Gal(alpha)1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R (known as alphaGal), suggesting that fresh porcine valve may be immunoprivileged. In this study, we further investigated the mechanisms of alphaGal expression on porcine valve endothelial cells. Primary cultures of porcine valvular endothelial cells were established and compared with porcine aortic endothelial cells and human vein endothelial cells. Immunoblotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry were used to compare the expression of alphaGal at both the protein and messenger RNA levels. Porcine valvular endothelial cells grew rapidly on a gelatin substrate. Similar to our previous in vivo results, valve endothelial cells expressed alphaGal much less intensely than did aortic endothelial cells. Porcine aortic endothelial cells expressed an isolectin B4 (isolectin B4 lectin Bandeiraea simplicifolia) immunodetectable band at 135 kd that was not visible on porcine valve endothelial cells or on human vein endothelial cells. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction documented three transcripts of the alphaGal gene that were identically expressed on porcine valve and aortic endothelial cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry showed an almost identical surface profile between porcine aortic and valve endothelial cells, in contrast with human vein endothelial cells. Cultures of primary valve endothelial cells were established and exhibited similar phenotypic patterns in vitro to those we have previously documented in vivo. RNA and flow cytometric analyses documented no difference between the RNA expression and surface protein profile for alphaGal, although whole-cell extracts demonstrated an immunodetectable band on Western blotting that was present on aortic endothelial cells but not on valve endothelial cells. These findings clarify the mechanism of expression of alpha1,3galactosyltransferase gene expression in valve endothelial cells, suggesting that delayed rejection of fresh porcine cardiac valves may occur. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Commitment and differentiation of stem cells to the osteoclast lineage.
Osteoclasts are hematopoietic cells which play important roles in bone remodeling and resorption. They have phenotypic characteristics of the monocyte/macrophage lineages. In this review we first describe the phylogeny of osteoclasts. Osteoclast generation is closely linked to the presence of bone tissues. The formation of bone cavities in aquatic animals is underdeveloped, even though they have cells which have the potential to differentiate into osteoclasts. Next we describe recent advances in our understanding of osteoclastogenesis that have resulted from the identification of critical molecules and mutated genes of osteopetrotic mice. Reports that transcriptional factors PU.1 and c-Fos are essential for commitment and (or) differentiation into the osteoclast lineage and novel culture systems, which have clarified some characteristics of osteoclast precursors, are also described. We are now able to induce mature osteoclasts from hematopoietic stem cells and even from totipotent embryonic stem cells. Cell lines that differentiate into osteoclasts are also available. Using these culture systems and cell lines, the interactions of osteoclasts with osteoblastic stromal cells, which produce critical molecules for osteoclastogenesis, have been studied. Very recently, one of these critical molecules, osteoclast differentiation factor/osteoprotegerin-ligand, was cloned. The presence of this factor and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor is sufficient to induce osteoclast development in cultures inoculated only with an osteoclast precursor cell line. We review the present status and the remaining questions in osteoclast biology. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Abrogation of potassium bromate-induced renal oxidative stress and subsequent cell proliferation response by soy isoflavones in Wistar rats.
Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a potent nephrotoxic agent. In this study, we show the modulatory effect of soy isoflavones on KBrO3-mediated renal oxidative stress and subsequent cell proliferation response in Wistar rats. KBrO3 (125 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) caused reduction in renal glutathione content, activities of renal anti-oxidant enzymes, viz., glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phase-II metabolising enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase and quinone reductase with enhancement in xanthine oxidase, lipid peroxidation, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). KBrO3 treatment also induced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and tumor promotion markers, viz., ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and thymidine [3H] incorporation into renal DNA. Treatment of rats orally with soy isoflavones (5 mg/kg body weight and 10 mg/kg body weight) resulted in a significant decrease in xanthine oxidase (P < 0.05), lipid peroxidation, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, H2O2 generation, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, renal ODC activity and DNA synthesis (P < 0.001). There was also significant recovery of renal glutathione content (P < 0.01), anti-oxidant enzymes and phase-II metabolising enzymes (P < 0.001). Thus, our results show that soy isoflavones acts as potent chemopreventive agent against KBrO3-mediated renal oxidative stress, toxicity and subsequent cell proliferation response in Wistar rats. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Treat-and-Release Emergency Department Utilization by Patients With Gynecologic Cancers.
Seventeen percent of patients with cancer visit the emergency department (ED) annually, often with nonemergent complaints. We sought to describe the burden of treat-and-release ED utilization by patients with gynecologic cancers and to identify opportunities for improved triage. Patients with gynecologic cancer diagnoses who were treated and released were identified within the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, a stratified sample of US hospital-based ED visits, from 2009 to 2013. Sample weights were applied to generate national estimates. Associations with visit charges were assessed with weighted multivariable linear regression. Between 2009 and 2013, there were an estimated 174,092 annual treat-and-release ED visits by patients with gynecologic cancer (95% CI, 163,480 to 184,703 visits), which corresponded to $736 million in annual charges with an average visit charge of $4,232 (95% CI, $4,099 to $4,366). Annual visits and total charges increased significantly over the 5 years under study. Visits were more frequent for patients with cervical cancer (44.1%) versus ovarian (27.8%) and uterine (24.6%) cancer. These patients were younger and more likely to be from low socioeconomic status areas. The most common primary diagnoses were similar across cancers, including abdominal pain (10.5%), chest pain (6.1%), and urinary tract infection (5.2%). The most frequent diagnostics were culture/smear, computed tomography scan, and x-ray, and the most frequent therapeutic procedures included wound care, transfusion, and paracentesis. Patients with gynecologic cancers, and cervical cancer in particular, are frequently seen in the ED with issues that could be less expensively managed in an outpatient clinic or urgent care setting. Visit frequency, but not per-visit cost, is increasing over time. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Familial recurrent bilateral panuveitis: efficiency of alpha interferon].
There is no consensus for the treatment of severe recurrent uveitis. Immunosuppressive drugs have inconstant efficiency and may result in serious adverse effects. We report the cases of two brothers suffering from severe recurrent idiopathic panuveitis dramatically improved following alpha interferon therapy. Two 28 and 32 years old brothers presented with an idiopathic recurrent panuveitis for 4 and 5 years respectively. They both had a HLA B5 haplotype. However they had no clinical symptoms of Behçet's disease. In both cases panuveitis recurred three or four times yearly despite corticosteroid and cyclosporin therapies. The treatment with alpha interferon improved visual acuity in both cases. The older brother had no recurrence throughout the period of treatment and after a 1 year follow-up. The other one was improved and the ocular lesions have been stabilised for nine months follow-up. - Alpha interferon therapy seems efficient in severe idiopathic panuveitis. This treatment is well tolerated without ophthalmologic adverse effects. The optimal posology and the duration of treatment need to be determined. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Juxtaposition of Actuarius' versus Galen's ideas on renal physiology: the impact of 12 centuries.
Although some elements of renal physiology can be traced to scattered references in Greek medical writings, mainly in Hippocrates' and Erasistratus' works, it was Galen who made the first breakthrough observations regarding the function of the kidneys. He often wrote his observations not as a diatribe, but as a confrontation with other physicians, mainly of the Erasistratian School. He outlined the great importance of the disproportionally large blood supply of the kidneys, an over-proportion not observed in any other organ, rightly arguing that this is a teleological procedure to achieve satisfactory body clearance. He challenged the dominant idea that blood purification and hence the formation of urine took place in the large branches of the renal vessels. He strongly argued that the special structure of the kidney tissue was responsible for their cathartic ability. Although he had no idea of the histology of the kidney, he made some beautiful similitudes to explain the filtering capacity of the renal tissue. From Galen onwards, very few changes and additions can be traced in Greek and thereafter Byzantine medical texts, regarding renal physiology. It is Johannes Actuarius who, 12 centuries later, writes an extensive treatise on urine and presents his point of view on renal physiology, mainly as conclusions from the pathological findings of uroscopy. In the present paper, we compare the 2 physicians' approaches on the function of the kidneys, which can be attributed to the accumulation of medical knowledge over the 12 centuries that separate them. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Lower extremity blood flow in intermittent claudication--the role of oral glucose tolerance test.
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. During oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in a population study the author and co-workers have earlier shown that smokers have higher blood glucose values early postload and lower values at two hours compared with nonsmokers. Eighty-three patients, all with intermittent claudication but with a normal OGTT, have now been studied according to their response to an oral glucose load. The blood flow resistance during reactive hyperemia, as measured with a calf plethysmograph, was compared between subjects in the quartile of patients with the highest forty-five-minute blood glucose and those in the lowest quartile. The blood flow resistance was significantly higher in the group with a high forty-five-minute blood glucose, 13.3 +/- 1.34 vs 9.5 +/- 0.65 (mean +/- SEM), p less than 0.02. Blood pressure and blood lipids were similar in the two groups. It is suggested that an exaggerated early response in the OGTT might be an independent risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
TGF-β in Toxoplasmosis: Friend or foe?
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan causing several forms of toxoplasmosis in humans. The main mechanisms that allow the development of the prolonged forms of the disease and its subsequent pathology are yet to be clarified. However, many researchers have hypothesized that immunological and genetic parameters may play crucial roles in the etiology of the disease. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine with a dual role in the regulation of immune responses including those against parasites. However, the relationship between TGF-β and immune responses against T .gondii are not fully understood. The important roles played by TGF-β in the development of Th17 and T regulatory lymphocytes, mucosal immunity and regulation of immune responses have been documented and this provides insights into TGF-β function during parasitic infections such as toxoplasmosis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to collate the current information regarding the status and association of TGF-β with T. gondii infection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Digital colposcopy for the diagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma using a narrow band imaging system.
Although the colposcopic features of cervical glandular disease and cervical adenocarcinoma are not widely well known, unique microvascular patterns are reportedly useful for identifying such diseases. The narrow band imaging (NBI) system used in endoscopy can be used to obtain high-contrast vascular images. Therefore, we examined the utility of NBI colposcopy and compared the results with those of conventional colposcopy. Twenty-one patients with adenocarcinoma in situ or early invasive adenocarcinomas were examined using digital NBI colposcopy, and the photo records were compared with those of conventional colposcopy. The histological examination and immunohistochemistry with anti-CD31 antibody confirmed the microvascular pattern. Digital NBI colposcopy depicted the fine vascular texture on the surface of the cervix more clearly than conventional colposcopy. The vascular pattern was depicted in 86% (18/21) of glandular disease cases. The characteristic fine vascular patterns were critical for identifying cervical glandular diseases. Digital NBI colposcopy was useful for identifying early cervical adenocarcinoma as well as adenocarcinoma in situ. This system yields cervical glandular disease-related colposcopic findings that may be useful for both clinical and educational purposes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Determination of caffeoyl quinic acids and flavonoids in Acanthopanax trifoliatus leaves by HPLC.
Extracts from the leaves of Acanthopanax trifoliatus, harvested at different seasons, were quantitatively analyzed for phenolic contents using high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods. Samples collected in winter contained high amounts of the major active components, mono and di-caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. It was found that January and November were the preferred periods for collecting plant material containing high amounts of caffeoyl quinic acid and flavonoid constituents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Immunosuppression caused by head and neck surgery].
The immunomodulating effect of primary surgical intervention was investigated in 33 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. An operation time longer than 7 h was significantly associated with a decrease in lymphocytes, CD4(+) T-lymphocytes and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes. The CD4/CD8-ratio as a marker for the down-regulation of the cellular immune response was slightly decreased but was still in the normal range. CD4-lymphocyte counts increased 7 days after operation while CD8 lymphocytes were found elevated 4 weeks after surgery. The in vitro stimulation of the lymphocytes was impaired for 1 to 4 weeks. Interleukins, interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor did not show any changes after surgery. Decreases of lymphocytes, especially CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes, were significantly associated with the time of operation and the volume of blood loss. Extensive trauma, age, different kinds of anesthesia and intensive care interventions were not associated with specific immunomodulating effects, although these factors might be responsible for suppressing cytokine responses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Ideas on the part of patients and doctors regarding the adequacy of psychiatric inpatient and outpatient treatment (author's transl)].
One fixed day the doctors of a Psychiatric University Clinic were asked what form of therapy would be best for each of their inpatients (n = 164), and whether these patients could leave the inpatient treatment in case the desired ambulant therapy institutions existed. Half a year after this inquiry questionnaires were sent to the patients, and 104 replies were received. The opinions of the patients which treatment would have bee best for them were compared the doctors' judgements. Both, doctors and patients wanted more ambulant therapy opportunities than existed. There was little unity between doctors and patients about the question with patient would profit from what sort of therapy. We assume that a deciding factor in this disagreement between doctors and patients is the doctor-patient-relationship. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tinnitus, Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide in Recent Veterans: A Retrospective Analysis.
The purpose of this project was to investigate whether there is an association between tinnitus diagnosis and suicide and whether depression and anxiety strengthen that association. Given that tinnitus is the top service-connected disability among U.S. Veterans () and that suicide among Veterans has been occurring at a higher frequency as compared with community suicide rates (), the possible associations between tinnitus and suicide will be explored. Co-occurring physical conditions also will be examined to determine if they increase the risk of suicide in the context of tinnitus. Administrative health care data related to Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) were used to identify Veterans who accessed the Veterans Administration (VA) health care system from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2011. Veterans who were deceased as of December 2011 were identified using the National Death Index (NDI) files. Tinnitus cases were followed until either they were deceased or to the end of the study period. The International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes were used to identify all conditions and diseases. As per mortality research standards, International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes were used to identify cause of death. Of 769,934 OEF/OIF/OND Veterans receiving VA care January 2002 to December 2011, 15% (n =116,358) were diagnosed with tinnitus. Of these Veterans diagnosed with tinnitus, 21% were also diagnosed with depression, another 8% with anxiety, and another 17% with both depression and anxiety. Fifty-four percentage were identified as having tinnitus without depression or anxiety. Among individuals with tinnitus, 41.9% had co-occurring hearing loss. Suicide rates were lower among Veterans with tinnitus than Veterans without tinnitus. Co-occurring diagnoses of mental-health conditions did not significantly increase the risk of suicide. The study results do not confirm clinical and anecdotal reports that tinnitus could be related to suicide among Veterans. However, tenets from rehabilitation psychology suggest that the onset of chronic impairment or disability does not predict an individual's subsequent psychological states; other personal attributes may be more influential. Health care professionals, such as audiologists and psychologists, should be cognizant of the associations between tinnitus and mental health issues and be prepared to address the psychological needs of individuals who have tinnitus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Lines of murine oligodendroglial precursor cells immortalized by an activated neu tyrosine kinase show distinct degrees of interaction with axons in vitro and in vivo.
Replication-defective retroviruses expressing the t-neu oncogene, or a hybrid protein with the neu tyrosine kinase linked to the external region of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr-neu), were used to establish lines of murine oligodendroglial precursor cells. Differentiation of the t-neu lines into myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)-positive oligodendrocytes was induced by dibutyryl cAMP, and the egfr-neu line showed limited differentiation in vitro upon withdrawal of epidermal growth factor. Cerebellar granule cell neurons expressed mitogens for the cell lines. Upon transplantation into demyelinated lesions, t-neu line cells engaged with the demyelinated axons whereas the egfr-neu line cells differentiated further and ensheathed the axons. These cell lines thus interact with neurons in vitro and in vivo and can be used as tools to define the molecules involved in different stages of neuron-glia interaction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tensor-vector-scalar-modified gravity: from small scale to cosmology.
The impressive success of the standard cosmological model has suggested to many that its ingredients are all that one needs to explain galaxies and their systems. I summarize a number of known problems with this programme. They might signal the failure of standard gravity theory on galaxy scales. The requisite hints as to the alternative gravity theory may lie with the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm, which has proved to be an effective summary of galaxy phenomenology. A simple nonlinear modified gravity theory does justice to MOND at the non-relativistic level, but cannot be consistently promoted to relativistic status. The obstacles were first side-stepped with the formulation of tensor-vector-scalar theory (TeVeS), a covariant-modified gravity theory. I review its structure, its MOND and Newtonian limits, and its performance in the face of galaxy phenomenology. I also summarize features of TeVeS cosmology and describe the confrontation with data from strong and weak gravitational lensing. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Neoplasia after heart transplantation.
Transplant recipients have a higher incidence of cancer compared with the general population. This increased risk is related to the intensity and chronicity of immunosuppression that these patients receive. The common types and presentations of posttransplant tumors are reviewed and discussed. Regular surveillance is of paramount importance in detecting such tumors. Treatment invariably includes attempts to reduce immunosuppression. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Hepatotoxic substances in Brazilian rum].
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Brazilian "pingas" (liquor distilled from sugar cane) contain toxic agents other than ethanol at levels which might risk consumers health, especially regarding liver damage. We have studied 8 different "pingas" in which the levels of iron, copper and zinc were measured through an atomic absorption method, and the levels of ethanol, acetaldehyde, n-propanol, ethyl acetate, isobutane, and isoamylic alcohol were measured through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Iron levels were higher than those allowed in two liquors, samples 1 and 8 (respectively 0.57 mg/L and 0.38 mg/L). Such levels may be considered deleterious to health if these liquors are consumed in great amounts and during large periods, especially if a synergistic interaction between alcohol and iron exists, as accepted by some authors. Our findings warrant that further studies be performed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A statewide survey of adult and pediatric outpatient palliative care services.
Outpatient palliative care services can improve patient outcomes, yet little is known about their structure and characteristics. To describe the structure and characteristics of outpatient palliative care services associated with California hospitals. Electronic survey. All 377 acute care hospitals in California. Outpatient palliative care services structure and operational characteristics, including staffing, clinical availability, and funding. Overall 96% (361/377) of hospitals responded. Of the 136 hospitals with an adult palliative care service, 18% (n=24) reported an outpatient palliative care service with a mean age of 3.7 years. Of the 42 hospitals offering pediatric palliative care services, 19% (n=8) reported an outpatient palliative care service with a mean age of 3.4 years. On average, adult outpatient palliative care services see 159 new patients per year with 722 follow-up visits. Pediatric outpatient palliative care services see 10 new patients per year with 28 follow-up visits. The average staffing of adult outpatient palliative care services is 2.1 full-time equivalent (FTE; range, 0.2-12) and for pediatric outpatient palliative care services 0.7 FTE (range, 0.1-2.0). Adult outpatient palliative care services operate a mean of 3.9 days per week compared to 1.1 days per week for pediatric outpatient palliative care services. Few services provided 24/7 coverage (25% adult, 38% pediatric). Wait times for newly referred patients were 11 days for adults and 9 days for pediatrics. Most referrals are received from oncology (adult=47%, pediatric=43%). Funding for outpatient palliative care services is largely through institutional support (adult=80%, pediatric=62%), followed by foundations (adult=10.3%, pediatric=23%), billing (adult=8.8%, pediatric=0%), and philanthropy (adult=0.9%, pediatric=15%). Compared to similar data from 2007, the prevalence of outpatient palliative care services affiliated with hospitals in California has not changed significantly. Few California hospitals offer outpatient palliative care services. This finding has remained consistent over time. Adult and pediatric outpatient palliative care services care primarily for patients with cancer, operate part-time with modest staffing, and are funded primarily by their institution. Making the case for value to engender more institutional support, increasing billing revenue, system initiatives, and partnering with insurers may lead to the establishment of more outpatient palliative care services. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dual energy imaging using a clinical on-board imaging system.
Dual energy (DE) imaging consists of obtaining kilovoltage (kV) x-ray images at two different diagnostic energies and performing a weighted subtraction of these images. A third image is then produced that highlights soft tissue. DE imaging has been used by radiologists to aid in the detection of lung malignancies. However, it has not been used clinically in radiotherapy. The goal of this study is to assess the feasibility of performing DE imaging using a commercial on-board imaging system. Both a simple and an anthropomorphic phantom were constructed for this analysis. Planar kV images of the phantoms were obtained using varied imaging energies and mAs. Software was written to perform DE subtraction using empirically determined weighting factors. Tumor detectability was assessed quantitatively using the signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR). Overall DE subtraction suppressed high density objects in both phantoms. The optimal imaging technique, providing the largest SDNR with a dose less than our reference technique was 140 kVp, 1.0 mAs and 60 kVp, 3.2 mAs. Based on this analysis, DE subtraction imaging is feasible using a commercial on-board imaging system and may improve the visualization of tumors in lung cancer patients undergoing image-guided radiotherapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
First bacterial chalcone isomerase isolated from Eubacterium ramulus.
The human fecal anaerobe Eubacterium ramulus is capable of degrading various flavonoids, including the flavone naringenin. The first step in the proposed degradation pathway is the isomerization of naringenin to the corresponding chalcone. Cell-free extracts of E. ramulus displayed chalcone isomerase activity. The enzyme from E. ramulus was purified to homogeneity. Its apparent molecular mass was estimated to be 136 and 129 kDa according to gel filtration and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Chalcone isomerase is composed of one type of subunit of 30 kDa. The purified enzyme catalyzed the isomerization of naringenin chalcone, isoliquiritigenin, and butein, three chalcones that differ in their hydroxylation pattern. N-bromosuccinimide, but also naringenin and phloretin, inhibited the purified enzyme considerably. This is the first report on a bacterial chalcone isomerase. The physiological function of the purified enzyme is unclear, but an involvement in the conversion of the flavanone naringenin to the chalcone is proposed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Transplantation of the bone marrow from a HLA-compatible unrelated donor after immunoablative conditioning in children with acquired aplastic anemia unresponsive to combined immunosuppressive therapy: preliminary results].
To analyze the efficiency of transplantation of the bone marrow from a HLA-compatible unrelated donor and continued immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in children with aplastic anemia (AA) unresponsive to 2 courses of IST. The study enrolled 14 children aged 2-16 years (median 9 years). A control group comprised 26 patients in whom IST was continued. The median interval between the diagnosis of AA and transplantation was 26 months (9-156 months). The conditioning regimen consisted of thoracoabdominal irradiation in a dose of 2 Gy, fludarabin (Flu) 100-150 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide (Cy) 100-200 mg/kg, antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in 11 patients and Flu, Cy, and ATG in 3. A graft-versus-host reaction was prevented with mycophenolate mefetil in all the patients, tacrolimus in 11, and cyclosporin A in 3. Donors were compatible for high-resolution typing of 10/10 and 9/10 alleles in 8 and 6 patients, respectively; the source of a transplant was bone marrow in 13 patients and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood precursors in one case. Thirteen patients achieved primary engraftment after single transplantation; one patient did after repeat transplantation. Grades I to II graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) developed in 9 patients; postengraftment life-threatening infections in 3, extensive chronic GVHR in 2, circumscribed GVHR in 7. All fourteen hemopoietic cell transplant recipients followed for a median 17.5 months (range 1-71 months) were survivors. The likelihood of good survival after unrelated transplantations in AA is much higher than that after continued IST: 100% versus 15 +/- 11%. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Decidual natural killer cells: key regulators of placental development (a review).
Establishment of pregnancy initiates a dynamic and predictable series of changes in the uterus. In rodents, the trophectoderm of the blastocyst develops through the stage of an ectoplacental cone to become the placenta. The inner cell mass becomes the fetus and its associated extra-embryonic ectoderm and mesoderm. Maternal changes support development of the conceptus. These begin in the uterine stroma, which undergoes a process known as decidualization, and progress to include dilation and elongation of the uteroplacental arteries and activation and proliferation of specialized large granulated lymphocytes in the decidua basalis. This review focuses on these pregnancy-associated lymphocytes, known as uterine Natural Killer (uNK) cells and on their interactions with the other tissues that form the mesometrial aspect of the mouse maternal-fetal interface. Analogous lymphocytes are present in the decidualized human uterus. Understanding of uNK cell biology has advanced significantly through histological studies of implantation sites in immune deficient mice. Here, we summarize the key studies in lymphocyte-, cytokine- and cytokine receptor-deficient mice and in four enhanced models of gestation in these mice that incorporate transplantation or therapy with biologically active molecules. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Analysis of motor pathway involvement in konzo using transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation.
To elucidate the involvement of motor pathways in konzo, 21 konzo subjects (mean age 22 years) underwent transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) in 1998. Fourteen konzo subjects (mean age 21 years) underwent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in 2000. Three subjects underwent both TES and TMS. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded in the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle with TES, and in the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles with TMS. APB-MEPs were normal in 2 of 21 subjects and absent in 9; central conduction time (CCT) was prolonged in 10. Resting ADM-MEPs were absent in 9 of 14 subjects with clinically preserved upper limbs. Among these nine, seven subjects responded after facilitation. Most subjects (13 of 14) failed to show TA-MEPs. Of the subjects who underwent both types of stimulation, one had normal TES-MEP but abnormal ADM-MEP with TMS. These findings suggest involvement of both corticomotoneurons and motor descending pathways in konzo. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The markers of dysfunction of endothelium and cytokine profile in patients with metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity.]
The publications of Russian and foreign researcher are described the alterations of cellular and humoral chain of immunity under obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, the presented facts are in many ways contradictory. The data concerning the level of markers of dysfunction of endothelium and indices of immune status in patients with isolated abdominal obesity is absent in available literature. At the same time, exactly abdominal obesity is an obligatory criterion of metabolic syndrome and adipokinins synthesized in visceral adipose tissue, induce homeostasis disorders and maintain sub-clinical chronic inflammation concomitant to metabolic syndrome. The article presents the results of study of markers of dysfunction of endothelium and cytokine profile in young patients of both gender with metabolic syndrome and isolated abdominal obesity. It is established that in patients with isolated abdominal obesity the level of markers of dysfunction of endothelium (angiotensin II, endothelin I-21, inhibitor of activator of plasminogen type I, inhibitor of tissue factor path, homocysteine) and cytokine profile (interleukin 1β, 2, 4, 6,8, 10, monocytic chemo-attractive protein type I) have no differences with indices of healthy people. However, content of markers of dysfunction of endothelium is associated with level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (the level of inhibitor of tissue factor path correlates with concentration of interleukin-6, r= -0.964). in patients with metabolic syndrome it was established increasing of concentration of angiotensin II, inhibitor of activator of plasminogen type I, inhibitor of tissue factor path, monocytic chemo-attractive protein type I and interleukin-10. The content of angiotensin II and endothelin I-21 correlates with level of interleukin-6 (r=0.416 and 0.445 correspondingly) and concentration of homocysteine with content of interleukin-8 (r=0.0459). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The origin of lysyl oxidase.
Lysyl oxidase initiates crosslink formation of the collagen and elastin extracellular matrix, thereby delimiting its expansive properties. Recently lysyl oxidase has been cloned from several species enabling the computation of the relative order of appearance of the various components of this enzyme system. Comparative evolutionary computer-assisted sequence analysis of the enzyme and its various substrates was undertaken to address this issue. These results support the ordered genesis of the collagen substrate-->lysyl oxidase enzyme-->elastin substrate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Multicenter survey of in vitro antifungal resistance in yeasts of medical importance isolated from Spanish patients.
Twelve Spanish laboratories collected 325 yeast clinical isolates during a 30 day's period, among them 224 Candida albicans, 30 Candida glabrata, and 27 Candida parapsilosis. In vitro antifungal susceptibility to amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole was determined by an agar diffusion test (Neo-Sensitabs, Rosco, Denmark). All the isolates tested were susceptible in vitroto amphotericin B and nearly all (97.2%) to itraconazole. In vitrosusceptibility to fluconazole and ketoconazole was high (90.2% and 91.4% of isolates, respectively) but showed variations depending on the species tested. Resistance to fluconazole and ketoconazole was low in C. albicans (4% and 3%, respectively), but 30% of Candida guilliermondii and 36% of C. glabrata isolates were resistant to fluconazole. Ketoconazole resistance was observed in 40% of C. glabrata, and 17% of Candida tropicalis. Resistance to antifungal drugs is very low in Spain and it is related to non-C. albicans isolates. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effects of cyclo(leucyl-glycyl) on nigrostriatal dopaminergic supersensitivity--inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing.
In a previous study we showed that cyclo(leu-gly) (CLG) prevents the behavioural supersensitivity induced in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) tract (in mice) by chronic haloperidol (HAL). In the current study, we evaluated the effects of CLG on supersensitivity to DA agonists in the nigrostriatal DA tract induced by chronic HAL (1.0 mg/kg, i.p. x 21 days--Experiment 1) or by acute injection of a high dose of apomorphine (APO) (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1 CLG was given at doses of either (a) 0 mg/kg/day (b) 1 mg/kg every third day (30 minutes prior to HAL), (c) 1 mg/kg every day, or (d) 8 mg/kg every third day. In Experiment 2 the dose of CLG was 8 mg/kg, s.c., given 24h after APO. Co-administration of CLG with HAL attenuated the development of HAL-induced supersensitivity in both paradigms (b) and (c) above, although the attenuation was significantly greater in (c) compared to (b). This biphasic dose response (D-R) curve for CLG in Experiment 1 indicates that a therapeutic window exists for CLG (bell-shaped D-R curve) and is similar to previous curves for CLG effects on the mesolimbic DA tract. In Experiment 2, CLG attenuated the DA receptor supersensitivity caused by acute high dose APO. The capacity of CLG to down-regulate DA receptors and attenuate dopaminergic supersensitivity in these experiments suggests a potential therapeutic use in the prevention of tardive and/or L-dopa-induced dyskinesias. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Asian children.
A survey was conducted in 1984-85, within Leicester City boundaries, which contains 64,535 children below the age of 15 years (20,267 Asian and 44,268 White Caucasian) to ascertain the prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) using a central register maintained for the changeover to U-100 insulin, diabetic health visitor index cards, hospital admissions of diabetic children, and individual registers maintained by us. Overall prevalence per thousand for children aged 0-15 years was 0.54 for Asian and 0.99 for White Caucasians; for ages 10-15 years they were 0.97 and 1.87, and for ages 0-9 years, 0.31 and 0.38, respectively. This was not statistically different at the 5% level. Ours is the first population based study of its kind in Asian children, and challenges the view that there is a large difference in the prevalence of IDDM between Asians and White Caucasians. A wider analysis of this observation incorporating a large population base is suggested. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Insights into the regulation of a common variant of HMGA2 associated with human height during embryonic development.
Early genetic studies in the mouse and chicken identified the HMGA oncogene as a candidate that regulates body height. Subsequent genome-wide SNP studies revealed a significant association of rs1042725 genotypes CT and CC in the 3' UTR of HMGA2 with human height. Together, these studies indicated that HMGA2 expression levels during prenatal development might be a critical factor that contributes to the height phenotype. In the present study, we sought to gain insight into the regulation of HMGA2 during human embryonic development and provide evidence that the rs1042725 genotype is unlikely to affect HMGA2 levels in pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This implies that hESCs in the inner cell mass of blastocysts are most likely not involved in determining the human height phenotype associated with this SNP. By applying a computational approach and cell-based reporter assays, we then identified miR-196b as a candidate microRNA that could contribute to SNP-specific expression of HMGA2 during human prenatal development. We briefly discuss this result in the context of other known functions for miR-196b during vertebrate development. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Mast cell-derived exosome participates in acupoint-stimulation initiated local network activities].
The exosome, released from mast cells, T cells, B cells and many other types of cells, is the common form of vesicle transportation between cells and participates in the exchange of information between cells, and may be also involved in acupuncture induced clinical effects. In the present paper, the authors reviewed recent development of researches on this field from 1) acupuncture stimulation induces changes of number and function of mast cells in the local acupoint area, probably being the key factor for initiating acupuncture effect; 2) acupuncture stimulation induces release of neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, Ca2+, etc., in the local acupoint region, possibly being closely associated with the production of clinical effects; 3) acupuncture stimulation results in excitation of sensory afferent nerve fibers, triggering neuro-regulation; 4) exosomes derived from mast cells contain multiple neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, etc. to activate immune cells and sensory afferent fibers, inducing immuno-regulation and neuro-regulation; and 5) acupuncture stimulation induced release of Ca2+, ATP, etc. may potentiate release and transportation of exosomes. However, current researches are lack of excavation of network connection and transformation from basic research to clinical application. The authors hold that the exosome, released from mast cells by needling acupoints, acts as a messenger in network connection of nerve-mast cell-signal molecule in the body and may be one of the key factors of therapeutic effects. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A case of dyschondroplasia associated with brain stem glioma: diagnosis by stereotactic biopsy.
We present a 24-year-old patient with multiple chondromas of both hands, the pelvis, the left leg, and an associated brain stem glioma. There was no evidence of hemangioma or dyschromia, and the condition was diagnosed as Ollier's disease, a special type of dyschondroplasia like Maffucci's syndrome and Kast's disease. An increased overall risk for development of malignant skeletal and nonskeletal tumors is associated with Maffucci's syndrome. The risk of malignant degeneration is lower in Ollier's disease. A glioma in the pons and the right lobe of the cerebellum was found in this patient. The literature describes an association with gliomas in only 12 cases of dyschondroplasia and an infratentorial localization in just one case. Signs of malignancy were histologically confirmed in 7 cases without significant preponderance of any one type. Our patient had a low-grade brain stem astrocytoma with fibrillar and gemistocytic components. A stereotactic serial biopsy made it possible to rule out malignant degeneration. Stereotactic brain tumor biopsy as a routine neurosurgical procedure is particularly valuable for deep space-occupying processes and forms the basis for therapy. In the present case, irradiation was not recommended. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Adsorption and entrapment of salicylamide molecules into the mesoporous structure of folded sheets mesoporous material (FSM-16).
The aim of this study was to estimate the molecular state of salicylamide on the surface of mesoporous silicas and to investigate the dissolution behavior of salicylamide from the solid dispersion. Folded sheets mesoporous material (FSM-16) were used as a porous material. The molecular state of salicylamide was estimated by powder X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The molecular state of salicylamide can be changed by simple blending with FSM-16. When a physical mixture of 25% salicylamide and 75% FSM-16 was heated at 120 degrees C for 3 h, amorphization of salicylamide was observed from the powder X-ray diffraction pattern. The fluorescence emission peak of salicylamide at 433.5 nm shifted to a longer wavelength of 447.5 nm after heating. Changes in fluorescence decay curve suggested that salicylamide molecules were dispersed into the hexagonal FSM-16 channels during the heating process. Enhanced dissolution in the initial stage of salicylamide from the sealed heated sample was observed in comparison with salicylamide crystals. Heat treatment of a physical mixture of salicylamide with FSM-16 gave a solid dispersion in which the salicylamide molecules changed to an amorphous state by adsorption onto the FSM-16 channels. Amorphization of salicylamide contributed to the improvement of dissolution. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reliability and validity of clinical outcome measurements of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee--a review of the literature.
High reliability and validity of clinical rating schemes is crucial for their use as outcome measurements of treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis. In this paper, we review the empirical evidence on the reliability and validity of commonly used clinical scores. Clinical scores and related reliability and validity studies were identified by systematic literature search. Scores were classified according to the type and joint. Reliability and validity studies were characterized according to design, population, number and qualification of observers, number of measurements, time interval between repeat measurements and results. Reliability and validity studies were reported for only 6 and 15 of the 45 identified clinical scores, respectively. Although comparisons are difficult due to differences in study design, relatively high reliability was reported for most measurements of pain, stiffness, and physical function, while results are less conclusive for clinical signs. Most validity studies focused on the correlation between various scores. Correlation was generally found to be high for overall numerical ratings, but scores often differed with respect to the interpretation of these ratings. Validity has been more comprehensively studied for Lequesne's scores, WOMAC, and ILAS, and these scores have shown satisfactory responsiveness to different treatment effects. Overall, knowledge on reliability and validity of clinical scores of hip and knee osteoarthritis is limited, underlining the need for further properly designed and conducted studies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
CNS facilitation of a cardiac surgery clinical pathway program.
In this collaborative project, the Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) worked with various members of the healthcare team using a clinical pathway group work process to implement changes in the nursing, medical, and respiratory care of cardiac surgery patients. The patient population (N = 598) comprised cardiac surgery patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft, mitral valve replacement, or aortic valve replacement. The practice changes implemented were earlier extubation, earlier ambulation, the administration of fentanyl and propofol, and the administration of gastrointestinal (GI) prophylactic medications. The overall outcomes were decreased incidence of pneumonia, earlier increase in level of consciousness, improved ambulation abilities, and improved nausea levels. Pneumonia decreased significantly, from 2.49% to 1.67% (p = 0.05). For patients who met early extubation criteria, mean time on the ventilator decreased from 17 hours to 8 hours, and length of stay decreased from 8 days to 7 days in a subgroup of patients (diagnosis-related group (DRG) 105). The overall annual charge savings was approximately $201,000. These results add to the belief that CNS-guided patient care in collaboration with the healthcare team has positive benefits. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Measurements of the hard-x-ray reflectivity of iridium.
In connection with the design of a hard-x-ray telescope for the Constellation X-Ray Observatory we measured the reflectivity of an iridium-coated zerodur substrate as a function of angle at 55, 60, 70, and 80 keV at the National Synchrotron Light Source of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The optical constants were derived from the reflectivity data. The real component of the index of refraction is in excellent agreement with theoretical values at all four energies. However, the imaginary component, which is related to the mass attenuation coefficient, is 50% to 70% larger at 55, 60, and 70 keV than theoretical values. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance in radical and reconstructive surgery using pedunculated and revascularized flaps in advanced-stage tumors of the head and neck. Analysis of recurrences. II].
January, 1992, to October, 1995, sixty-four patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma were submitted to reconstructive surgery using pedunculated myocutaneous or revascularized flaps and then to CT and MRI. Myocutaneous flaps were used in 26 cases--12 tubular and 14 linear flaps--and revascularized flaps in 38--14 latissimus dorsi flaps, 12 temporal flaps, 7 jejunal flaps and 5 radial flaps. Twenty-six of 64 cases (41%) relapsed: MRI correctly depicted the recurrence in 24 cases and CT in 19, with 2 false positives and 2 false negatives at MRI and 6 false positives and 7 false negatives at CT. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive value of CT were 84%, 78%, 73%, 76% and 82%, respectively, while the corresponding MR rates were 95%, 94%, 92%, 92% and 95%. MRI was more accurate than CT in demonstrating postoperative and postirradiation changes (92% for MRI versus 73% for CT) thanks to its higher sensitivity in depicting tumor tissue on T2-weighted and post-Gd-DTPA images. CT is very useful in the early postoperative period, to follow-up poorly collaborative patients, because its acquisition time is short; MRI should be performed when CT findings are questionable and the revascularized flap is used to repair a large defect at the skull base. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Design of synthetic oligonucleotide duplexes for site-directed mutagenesis with recombinant plasmids.
Screening for site-mutated plasmids may be greatly facilitated by the different occurrence of the restriction sites distinguishing the altered sequence from the original one. Synthetic oligonucleotides can be so designed that they, apart from defining the mutation, also create a new restriction site recognizable in the restriction pattern of the mutant plasmid. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Volumetric absorptive microsampling at home as an alternative tool for the monitoring of HbA1c in diabetes patients.
Microsampling techniques have several advantages over traditional blood collection. Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling and blood collection with heparinized capillaries are the standard techniques. Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) is a novel technique that collects a fixed volume of blood by applying an absorbent tip to a blood drop. In the present study we explored the feasibility of HbA1c monitoring with VAMS sampling at home and analysis in the laboratory. Diabetic patients were enrolled in this study during consultation with the endocrinologist. A venous (adults) or capillary (children) sample was taken for immediate HbA1c analysis. DBS (n=1) and dried VAMS (n=2) were collected at home and sent to the laboratory. For 25 pediatric patients one VAMS was collected during consultation for immediate analysis (without drying), referred to as "wet VAMS". HbA1c analyses were performed on a Tosoh HLC-723 G8 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyzer. The median time between sampling at home and analysis was 3 days. Results of HbA1c in dried VAMS showed a poor agreement with venous/capillary blood collected in hospital (concordance correlation coefficient CCC=0.72). Similar observations were found with standard DBS. An excellent agreement was obtained between HbA1c results on wet VAMS (CCC=0.996) and standard blood samples. Patients experienced VAMS and DBS as easy and convenient to use. Utilizing equipment standard available in the clinical laboratory, the use of home-sampled dried VAMS and DBS is not a reliable tool for the monitoring of HbA1c. However, perfect agreement between HbA1c measured on wet VAMS and capillary microsamples was obtained. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Euvolemia-A critical target in the management of acute kidney injury.
It has been clearly established that critically ill patients with sepsis require prompt fluid resuscitation. The optimal amount of fluid and when to taper this resuscitation is less clear. There is a growing evidence that fluid overload leads to acute kidney injury, and increased morbidity and mortality. A clinician's best intentions in resuscitating a patient can lead to too much of a good thing. Currently, there are several bedside tools to aid in determining a patient's response to a fluid challenge as well as in the assessment of the current volume status. Guidelines are not available on the exact rate of fluid overload removal and what medicinal or mechanical modality is most favorable. We discuss our experience and an examination of the literature on the problems with fluid overload, and how a patient may benefit from forced fluid removal. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hydrogels as Antibacterial Biomaterials.
Hydrogels, as a class of materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery, have high water content and solid-like mechanical properties. Currently, hydrogels with an antibacterial function are a research hotspot in biomedical field. Many advanced antibacterial hydrogels have been developed, each possessing unique qualities, namely high water swellability, high oxygen permeability, improved biocompatibility, ease of loading and releasing drugs and structural diversity. In this article, an overview is provided on the preparation and applications of various antibacterial hydrogels. Furthermore, the prospects in biomedical researches and clinical applications are predicted. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Anxiety profiles in children with and without developmental coordination disorder.
Previous work has highlighted that children diagnosed with DCD may be at risk of greater problems related to emotional wellbeing. However, to date much work has relied on population based samples, and anxiety has not been examined within a group of children given a clinical diagnosis of DCD. Additionally, the profile of individual differences has generally not been considered within this group. Therefore, a group of parents (n=27) completed the parent version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS-P; Spence, 1998) in relation to their children with a diagnosis of DCD. Their responses on this measure were compared to those of parents with typically developing (TD) children (n=35; both groups 6-15 years of age). Children diagnosed with DCD were reported to experience significantly greater levels of anxiety overall, as well as having significantly greater difficulty than the TD group in the domains of panic/agoraphobic anxiety, social phobia, and obsessive compulsive anxiety. In addition, the individual profiles of types of anxiety reportedly experienced varied widely across the DCD group. These findings suggest that anxiety is a major problem for a proportion of children diagnosed with DCD, and raises questions regarding intervention, long term outcomes, and the nature of the disorder itself. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of diabetes on enzymes involved in rat hepatic corticosterone production.
Numerous studies have explored the etiologic or permissive role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) in obesity and Type 2 diabetes, biochemical conditions often with concurrent hyperinsulinism. In contrast, there are limited data on the effect of insulin deficiency (i.e. Type 1 diabetes) on 11β-HSD1 or endoplasmic reticulum enzymes that generate the reduced pyridine cofactor NADPH. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of insulin-deficient, streptozotozin diabetes on key microsomal enzymes involved in rat hepatic corticosterone production. After rats had been rendered diabetic with streptozotocin and some had been treated with insulin (2-6 units, s.c., long-acting insulin once daily) for 7 days, hepatic microsomes were isolated. Serum corticosterone and fructosamine were obtained premortem. Intact microsomes were incubated in vitro and 11β-HSD1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) measured. Although diabetes markedly altered body weight gain and serum protein glycosylation (assessed by fructosamine), there was no significant change in hepatic 11β-HSD1 reductase activity, with or without insulin treatment. However, serum corticosterone levels were significantly correlated with 11β-HSD1 reductase activity when all groups were analyzed together (P < 0.05). Untreated diabetes modified (P < 0.01) two hepatic microsomal NADPH-generating enzymes, namely H6PDH and IDH, resulting in a 37% decrease and 14% increase in enzyme levels, respectively. Consistent with most in vivo studies, chronic insulin deficiency with attendant hyperglycemia does not significantly modify hepatic 11β-HSD1 reductase activity, but does alter the activity of two microsomal enzymes coupled with pyridine cofactors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nuclear transition protein 2 (TP2) of mammalian spermatids has a very basic carboxyl terminal domain.
Nuclear transition protein 2 (TP2) along with TP1 are major basic chromosomal proteins of rat spermatids during the period of transition from histone-associated to protamine-associated DNA. TP2 isolated by reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography was cleaved with S. aureus V8 protease to yield two fragments. The complete amino acid sequence of the 27 residue peptide assigned to the carboxyl terminus was established. It contains most of the basic residues of the protein and is likely to be a major site of DNA binding. Thus, TP2 is differentiated from core histones in having its basic domain at the carboxyl rather than amino terminal end. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Free radicals in mercury-resistant bacteria indicate a novel metabolic pathway].
A mercury resistant-soil bacterium P.10.15, identified as a close relative of Pseudomonas veronii, was shown to accumulate a specific compound in the stationary phase of growth. This compound is converted to a long-lived free radical under oxidizing conditions, as registered by its EPR signal at room temperature. The compound was purified by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography and identified by mass spectroscopy, 2D NMR, and EPR as a trisaccharide beta-D-GlcpNOH,CH3-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->1)-alpha-D-Glcp, or, in other words, as 6-O-(2-deoxy-2-[N-methyl]hydroxylamino-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)-alpha-alpha-trehalose, previously discovered in Micrococcus luteus (lysodeikticus) and named lysodektose. The compound is suggested to be a novel intermediate of a previously unknown basic metabolic pathway of trehalose transformation in bacteria, a potential target for antibacterial drug development. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Early diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in children after cardiac arrest may provide valuable prognostic information on clinical outcome.
We examined whether early diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) abnormalities of the brain and variation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values can provide prognostic information on clinical outcome in children following cardiac arrest (CA). Retrospective study. A 12-bed paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Children aged between 1 month and 18 years who had DW-MRI with ADC measurement within the first week following CA. Neurological outcomes were assessed using the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category Scale (PCPC). Differences between the favourable (PCPC ≤3) and unfavourable (PCPC ≥4) groups were analysed with regard to clinical data, electrophysiological patterns as well as qualitative and quantitative DW-MRI abnormalities. Twenty children with a median age of 20 months (1.5-185) and a male/female sex ratio of 1.5 underwent DW-MRI after CA with a median delay of 3 days (1-7). Aetiologies of CA were (i) asphyxia (n = 10), (ii) haemodynamic (n = 5) or (iii) unknown (n = 5). With regard to DW-MRI findings, the unfavourable outcome group (n = 8) was associated with cerebral cortex (p = 0.02) and basal ganglia (p = 0.005) lesions, with a larger number of injured brain regions (p = 0.001) and a global decrease in measured ADC signal (p = 0.008). Normal DW-MRI (n = 5) was exclusively associated with the favourable outcome group (n = 12). Qualitative, topographic and quantitative analysis of early DW-MRI with ADC measurement in children following CA may provide valuable prognostic information on neurological outcomes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Helping brain injured children and their families.
For many brain injured children, whether the injury is congenital or the result of subsequent illness or accident, there is little to be done to put right the underlying problem. Treatment programmes, however, can encourage better motor and cognitive function and better nutrition. NHS continuing care for brain injured children is under-resourced, often amounting to only half an hour of physiotherapy fortnightly or even monthly. The British Institute for Brain Injured Children (BIBIC) is a registered charity which exists to help families with a brain injured child to learn to apply simple, practical, inexpensive treatment programmes themselves, in their own homes. Initial assessments and training take place at the BIBIC Centre in Somerset. Families are asked to contribute towards costs if they are in a position to, but treatment does not depend on ability to pay. Treatment sessions often last about 30 minutes and families may be advised to carry out two or more sessions every day. Telephone help and continuing support is available from BIBIC, and families are encouraged to retain contact with their GP and hospital consultants, and local services. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Redistribution of synaptic efficacy between neocortical pyramidal neurons.
Experience-dependent potentiation and depression of synaptic strength has been proposed to subserve learning and memory by changing the gain of signals conveyed between neurons. Here we examine synaptic plasticity between individual neocortical layer-5 pyramidal neurons. We show that an increase in the synaptic response, induced by pairing action-potential activity in pre- and postsynaptic neurons, was only observed when synaptic input occurred at low frequencies. This frequency-dependent increase in synaptic responses arises because of a redistribution of the available synaptic efficacy and not because of an increase in the efficacy. Redistribution of synaptic efficacy could represent a mechanism to change the content, rather than the gain, of signals conveyed between neurons. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections--Los Angeles County, California, 2002-2003.
During 2002, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LACDHS) investigated three community outbreaks of skin infections associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA commonly has occurred in health-care settings; however, recent investigations of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) have identified infection in various settings, including correctional facilities, athletic teams, and others (CDC, unpublished data, 2002). This report describes investigations of CA-MRSA in Los Angeles County. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
An experimental study of tensile strength of six different suture techniques.
Tests were carried out on the strength of six different suture techniques used to join polyester lace ends, for example, in interscapulo-scapulocostal scapulopexy. The following sutures were used: four 5-cm rows of a continuous suture, four 2.5-cm rows of a continuous suture, two 5-cm rows of a continuous suture, 4 or 8 interrupted sutures, and 4 U-sutures. The laces were tested in tension, and load and elongation recorded. The strongest techniques involved a suture of four 5-cm rows of continuous thread (average maximum load at point of failure 1484 N). This was higher than the maximum load at failure of the point of attachment to the scapula. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Serum interleukin-10 levels and adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Several studies investigating the prognostic utility of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have provided conflicting findings. The aim of the study was to assess the existing evidence regarding association between serum IL-10 levels and adverse events. Literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Trials Register databases from their inception to September 30, 2012. In addition, reference lists of the included articles and their related citations in PubMed were also reviewed for additional pertinent studies. A total of 12 eligible studies comprising a total of 5882 patients were identified. The pooled relative risks for both studies reporting the risk estimates by IL-10 categories and studies reporting the risk estimates by unit IL-10 indicated an association between high IL-10 levels and adverse events. Sensitivity and subgroup analysis indicated that the results obtained in IL-10 categories were not stable. Data from our meta-analysis supported the existence of a relationship between high serum IL-10 levels and adverse events in patients with ACS. Large study with longer follow-up is needed to confirm the findings. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The state of bereavement support in adult intensive care: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.
Despite advances in medical science, patient death and family bereavement are commonly encountered in adult intensive care units (ICUs). This is the first review to investigate the state of ICU bereavement support globally, and the availability and effectiveness of bereavement support interventions. A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Medline, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, EMBASE were searched and inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied. Included studies were appraised using relevant appraisal tools. Fourteen papers formed the review; five of which were international surveys reporting variable bereavement practices and levels of support. A lack of training and resources were identified barriers. Nine papers reported the effectiveness of primarily discrete bereavement support interventions including: a personal memento, a handwritten condolence letter, a post-death meeting; storytelling, research participation, use of an ICU diary. One study evaluated a bereavement follow-up program. Generally, all identified interventions were well accepted by bereaved families. The reviewed evidence was weak, and findings were contextually bound. As such, it is difficult to make recommendations for the most acceptable and effective bereavement support intervention(s). Bereavement support in ICU needs further exploration and clinicians must be adequately trained and supported for the delivery of evidence-informed, culturally competent care. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The influence of radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the atrioventricular junction in atrial fibrillation on left ventricular systolic function, exercise tolerance and quality of life].
In patients with drug refractory atrial fibrillation radiofrequency (RF), ablation of the atrioventricular (AV) junction and pacemaker implantation is an alternative procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the left ventricular systolic function, exercise tolerance and quality of life (QOL) in patients who underwent RF AV junction ablation and permanent pacemaker implantation. 24 patients (14 male, 10 female, 64.8 +/- 11.0 years) underwent RF ablation. The duration of symptoms was 4 +/- 1.9 years prior to ablation. Post ablation, the selected pacing mode was DDDR for the 4 patients with paroxysmal AF and VVIR for the 20 patients with chronic AF. The underlying heart disease was coronary artery disease (17 CAD), arterial hypertension (15 AH) and heart failure (9 HF). Prior to the ablation and after 6 months follow-up--an ECHO, exercise tolerance (the six minute walk -M6) and QOL assessment (the questionnaire of SF-36, functional symptomatology scale, DASI scale) were performed. The NYHA class was also evaluated. The patients showed a significant improvement in NYHA class (p < 0.005), in QOL (SF-36, p < 0.0025; symptomatic score, p < 0.025; DASI, p < 0.01) and in the M6 (p < 0.01). We did not find significant changes in left ventricular performance. The significant correlation was observed between the SF-36 and functional symptomatology (r = 0.71) and DASI (r = 0.53). We divided our patients into two groups: Group A (patients with the higher NYHA class, p < 0.025) with significant improvement QOL and Group B with insignificant improvement of QOL. Post ablation in group A we--observed significant improvement in NYHA class and M6 (p < 0.01). 1. In patients with drug refractory atrial fibrillation, RF AV junction ablation and permanent pacemaker implantation significantly improve the QOL, M6 and NYHA class. 2. Significant improvement of QOL as well as in M6 can be expected after RF ablation with pacemaker implantation, especially in patients with more advanced hart failure (higher NYHA class). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Functional assessment of the regional distribution of disease in a cat model of hereditary retinal degeneration.
To establish a method for the recording of multifocal electroretinograms (MF-ERGs) in animals under fundus control using a scanning-laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) and to analyze the spatial distribution of disease in a strain of Abyssinian cats with a recessively inherited rod-cone degeneration (ARCD). Four normal and 12 Abyssinian cats at four different clinical stages of ARCD were examined with the RETIscan MF-ERG system using 61 hexagonal elements within a visual field of approximately 30 degrees radius. The stimulus pattern was generated by the green laser beam (515 nm) of a Heidelberg Engineering HRA SLO, whose power was reduced with a Schott long-pass filter allowing for simultaneous infrared fundus imaging. Topographical recordings could be obtained in all animals except one in stage 4. Amplitudes were minimal at the optic disc and had a slight maximum at the area centralis. Implicit times had a tendency to lower values in the central region, most pronounced in progressed stages of ARCD. The clinical stages of ARCD correlated with a successive generalized loss of amplitude and a rise in implicit time. Without a decrease in retinal illuminance, topographical landmarks like the optic disc were no longer detectable, pointing to stray light as a possible cause. It was demonstrated that topographical MF-ERG recordings can be obtained in an animal model under fundus control using SLO stimulation. The appearance of retinal landmarks was found to be dependent on sufficient attenuation of laser power. Because the changes in ARCD are more patchy than in human retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a generalized loss of function was detected. However, like in RP, the central area was found to retain a better function than the periphery, especially in later stages of the disease. In summary, fundus controlled methods like the one presented will greatly improve the reliability of MF-ERG in future research on glaucoma, transplantation studies, and evaluation of gene therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Retrievable vena cava filters: key considerations.
Retrievable filters are a new generation of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters and represent an attractive option because they may be either left in place permanently or safely retrieved after a quite long period when they become unnecessary. In this review the currently available literature regarding retrievable IVC filters is summarized and their efficacy and safety is discussed. Moreover, the appropriate indications for their use are reviewed. Retrievable filters are becoming safer and easier to use; in fact the bioengineering research has optimized the technical characteristics of these devices, in order to reduce the incidence of possible complications. However, there are important unresolved issues, including the appropriate maximum implantation time, the possibility to safely and efficaciously remove the filters without being compromised by entrapped clots, and the use of anticoagulation during the implantation and periremoval periods. Large prospective cohort studies or randomized trials are strongly warranted to definitely clarify the beneficial role of these devices. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Advances in extracorporeal detoxification by MARS dialysis in patients with liver failure.
Although liver transplantation has become standard procedure for patients with liver failure, a number of issues in the management of these patients remains to be addressed. Alternative approaches have been tested, such as hepatocytes containing liver-support systems and filtration devices. However, the replacement of detoxification has been difficult, as the majority of toxins accumulating in liver failure is albumin-bound. Albumin dialysis (MARS system) is characterized by the specific removal of albumin-bound toxins through an innovative membrane transport. In particular, the albumin acts as a specific molecular adsorbent that is regenerated on line in a recycling system. Nowadays MARS represents the most frequently used liver support system. This treatment has been shown to remove albumin-bound molecules, such as bilirubin, bile acids, aromatic amino acids and copper. The removal of these toxins is clinically accompanied with an improvement of liver, cardiovascular and renal functions and hepatic encephalopathy. In several trials MARS was found to improve the clinical situation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic liver failure and acute hepatic failure, but also in hepatorenal syndrome and primary graft non function or chronic rejection after liver transplantation. In summary, a critical analysis of the literature confirms that MARS device can be a safe therapeutic choice to achieve a better clinical outcome, and, sometimes, a survival advantage in patients with liver failure, even if a multi-center randomized trial is the only reliable way to enforce today's results. Further advances in the MARS components will definitively state whether albumin dialysis may represent the future in the field of artificial liver devices. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Study on the anti-carcinogenic effects of three compounds in Kaempferia galanga L].
In order to study the anti-carcinogeneic effect of three compounds isolated from Kaempferia galanga L, EBV assay, ear edema test, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and two-stage-carcinogenisis test are applied. The results show that both -cis and -trans ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate has inhibitory effect in vitro, and also has inhibitory effects in TPA tests or croton oil-induced ear edema, ODC activity in specimen of mouse epidermis and extent of papilloma, indicating a relatively strong anti-carcinogenic potential of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate in Kaempferia galanga L. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Electromagnetic fields influence NGF activity and levels following sciatic nerve transection.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have been shown to increase the rate of nerve regeneration. Transient post-transection loss of target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) is one mechanism proposed to signal induction of early nerve regenerative events. We tested the hypothesis that PEMF alter levels of NGF activity and protein in injured nerve and/or dorsal root ganglia (DRG) during the first stages of regeneration (6-72 hr). Rats with a transection injury to the midthigh portion of the sciatic nerve on one side were exposed to PEMF or sham control PEMF for 4 hr/day for different time periods. NGF-like activity was determined in DRG, in 5-mm nerve segments proximal and distal to the transection site and in a corresponding 5-mm segment of the contralateral nonoperated nerve. NGF-like activity of coded tissue samples was measured in a blinded fashion using the chick DRG sensory neuron bioassay. Overall, PEMF caused a significant decrease in NGF-like activity in nerve tissue (P < 0.02, repeated measures analysis of variance, ANOVA) with decreases evident in proximal, distal, and contralateral nonoperated nerve. Unexpectedly, transection was also found to cause a significant (P=0.001) 2-fold increase in DRG NGF-like activity between 6 and 24 hr postinjury in contralateral but not ipsilateral DRG. PEMF also reduced NGF-like activity in DRG, although this decrease did not reach statistical significance. Assessment of the same nerve and DRG samples using ELISA and NGF-specific antibodies confirmed an overall significant (P < 0.001) decrease in NGF levels in PEMF-treated nerve tissue, while no decrease was detected in DRG or in nerve samples harvested from PEMF-treated uninjured rats. These findings demonstrate that PEMF can affect growth factor activity and levels, and raise the possibility that PEMF might promote nerve regeneration by amplifying the early postinjury decline in NGF activity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A novel HPLC method for analysis of atosiban and its five related substances in atosiban acetate injection.
Consulting the national pharmacopoeia, no official quality standard was found for estimation of related substances and assay of atosiban acetate injection, of which main active component is atosiban. To solve this problem, herein, a novel high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated in this study. A chromatographic system comprising an Inertsil ODS-2 analytical column, mobile phase-A of water (pH adjusted to 3.2 with trifluoroacetic acid)-acetonitrile-methanol (77:14:9, v/v/v), mobile phase-B of acetonitrile-methanol (65:35, v/v), a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and a UV detector set at 220 nm with column temperature at 35 °C has shown simple, reproducible and specific determination for atosiban and its five related substances. Also, we combined with mass spectrometry to characterize the molecular weight and tentative structure of the impurities. Using HPLC verified methodology, results of the validation study showed that the precision, specificity and accuracy of the five impurities, good linear equation R squared was greater than 0.9993, and as such, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification have been determined. The proposed method in this study, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the most comprehensive HPLC determination applied to the routine analysis in quality control of this injection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evidence that protease action is not specifically involved in the hatching of rabbit blastocysts caused by commercial bovine serum albumin in culture.
Commercial samples of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a complex medium caused growth of 1-cell rabbit embryos to completely hatched blastocysts. Heat treatment of the BSA at 65 or 80 degrees C significantly decreased blastocyst formation and expansion and destroyed the ability to cause blastocyst hatching. Addition of trypsin at levels down to 20 ng/ml caused the formation of hatched blastocysts which degenerated rapidly. The effects of 5 protease inhibitors (ovomucoid trypsin inhibitor, alpha-1-antitrypsin, TAME, TLCK and soybean) were tested. Ovomucoid trypsin inhibitor, TAME and TLCK significantly inhibited blastocyst hatching but only at the highest concentration used. These inhibitors also reduced blastocyst formation and expansion, indicating that their effect was not specifically on blastocyst hatching in vitro. It is concluded that hatching of rabbit blastocysts is probably not dependent on protease action. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Antibodies against the PER protein of Drosophila label neurons in the optic lobe, central brain, and thoracic ganglia of the crickets Teleogryllus commodus and Teleogryllus oceanicus.
We describe labeling of neurons in the central nervous system of two cricket species, Teleogryllus commodus and T. oceanicus, with both mono- and polyclonal antibodies against the PER protein. Western blots reveal that the monoclonal antibodies recognize a single protein with a molecular weight of approximately 94 kDa, i.e., similar to that of the PER protein of the moth, Anterea pernii. Neurons and their processes are labeled both in the optic lobes and in the central brain. Processes occur in the accessory medulla, the medulla, and proximal lamina, in the central complex, in the non-glomerular neuropil, and in the retrocerebral complex, suggesting that PER-containing neurons form a widely distributed network. Neurons and processes were also labeled in the meso- and metathoracic ganglia. Four to six PER-immunoreactive (ir) neurons with processes in the accessory medulla were double labeled by an antibody against pigment-dispersion factor (PDF), a peptide that is implicated in circadian rhythmicity in Drosophila. In the central brain, projections of fibers labeled by the anti-PER and anti-PDF antibodies were mainly distinct, with overlap only in a few restricted regions. In most neurons, including those projecting into the accessory medulla, PER labeling was restricted to the cytoplasm and there was no indication of circadian variation in the intensity of staining. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spontaneity in the patellamide biosynthetic pathway.
Post-translationally modified ribosomal peptides are unusual natural products and many have potent biological activity. The biosynthetic processes involved in their formation have been delineated for some, but the patellamides represent a unique group of these metabolites with a combination of a macrocycle, small heterocycles and d-stereocentres. The genes encoding for the patellamides show very low homology to known biosynthetic genes and there appear to be no explicit genes for the macrocyclisation and epimerisation steps. Using a combination of literature data and large-scale molecular dynamics calculations with explicit solvent, we propose that the macrocyclisation and epimerisation steps are spontaneous and interdependent and a feature of the structure of the linear peptide. Our study suggests the steps in the biosynthetic route are heterocyclisation, macrocyclisation, followed by epimerisation and finally dehydrogenation. This study is presented as testable hypothesis based on literature and theoretical data to be verified by future detailed experimental investigations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Analysis of light-emitting diodes by Monte Carlo photon simulation.
A Monte Carlo photon simulation method, which is based on statistical tracing of photons inside the chip, has been developed for analysis of LED's in quantitative terms. Also included in the analysis is practical modeling of textured surfaces, which are often employed for enhanced light output. The method with its unique versatility is applicable to virtually any chip geometry and measures various important parameters such as photon-output-coupling efficiency, detailed photon flight statistics, and photon-output distribution patterns. It is speculated that the method can easily be extended to development of LED lamps and packages. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The adult antisocial syndrome with and without antecedent conduct disorder: comparisons from an adoption study.
DSM antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) requires a retrospective diagnosis of conduct disorder-historical behavior not present in everyone with adult ASPD criteria. Using adoption study data, we examined the impact of this requirement on biological and environmental risk associations. We also compared clinical correlates of adult antisocial behavior with and without prior conduct disorder. We defined three subgroups: DSM-III ASPD (n = 30), adult antisocials without conduct disorder (n = 25), and controls (n = 142). By design, the sample had a high incidence of biological parent ASPD, which was partially confounded with fetal alcohol exposure. We compared the associations of both of these putative risk factors with subgroup membership after controlling for gender and adverse adoptive environment. We also examined differences in two sociopathy scales and the incidence of co-occurring affective, alcohol, and other substance use disorders. Finally, we explored differences in individual antisocial symptoms. Having an antisocial biological parent was a specific risk factor for ASPD. In contrast, fetal alcohol exposure, male gender, and adverse environment were associated with the adult antisocial syndrome, regardless of conduct disorder history. The two antisocial groups were similar with respect to sociopathy scales, co-occurring diagnoses, and the incidence of most individual symptoms. However, several adult and conduct disorder symptoms had significant specific associations with biological or environmental background or their interaction. Phenotypic expression of the biological-possibly genetic-risk for ASPD appears to be manifest before adulthood. The influence of other risk factors may not depend on antecedent conduct disorder. Despite this, we could not detect clinically important differences between the two sociopathic groups. The conduct disorder requirement therefore may be more relevant to etiological than clinical understanding of adult antisocial behavior. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
TENORM aerosols in the Florida phosphate industry--assessment of lung fluid solubility and annual effective dose to workers.
Inhalation exposure to workers in the Florida phosphate industry due to TENORM aerosols has not been adequately addressed owing to lack of aerosol information. One of the more critical factors is the absorption rate of inhaled radionuclides into blood. In this study, this parameter was characterised using an in vitro dissolution test. The solubility data and other aerosol information were then used for individualised dose assessments at six different Florida phosphate facilities. The solubility data support the selections of ICRP Publication 66 Type M for uranium and lead isotopes and Type S for thorium isotopes. Total annual effective doses are 0.34 +/- 0.12 mSv at granulator areas, 0.30 +/- 0.10 mSv at storage areas and 0.23 +/- 0.02 mSv at shipping areas. These findings are considerably lower than originally postulated in previous studies where no site-specific information on particle size and lung fluid solubility had been available. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Post-thoracotomy spirometric lung function: the effect of analgesia. A review.
The effects of postthoracotomy pain management on pulmonary function has been assessed. All English language publications involving prospective, randomised, controlled studies of patients undergoing postero-lateral thoracotomy incisions where perioperative spirometry had been studied were included. The mean postoperative percentage preservation of preoperative lung function was recorded or determined for each analgesic regimen. 55 studies were reviewed with a total of 1762 patients. The most effective analgesic method in terms of preservation of spirometric function was paravertebral analgesia, patients having approximately 75% of their preoperative values in the first 48 hours after surgery. Most other techniques e.g. intercostal nerve blocks, epidural local anaesthetics or local anaesthetic-opiate combinations produced approximately a 55% preservation by 48 hours. Interpleural analgesia was the least effective, with a mean of 35% preservation by 48 hours, less even than TENS or cryoanalgesia. A thoracotomy potentially produces a marked reduction in postoperative pulmonary function and the choice of pain management has major implications. Attenuation of postthoracotomy pulmonary dysfunction by effective analgesia should be provided for all patients undergoing chest surgery. Simply providing effective analgesia on its own without regard to pulmonary function is inadequate. Spirometric monitoring should be standard in all thoracic units and is essential for objective comparisons of the efficacy of different methods of pain management. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Controlled observations on 65 infantile acute viral myocarditis treated with traditional and Western medicine].
A prospective study of 65 infantile acute viral myocarditis was done, they were divided into two groups, the first group mainly treated with Tong-Mai oral liquid, a TCM drug, the second group used general therapy with Mixture ATP as its main drug. The results showed that the effective rate of the 1st and 2nd group was 93.02% and 72.73% respectively; their symptoms and signs such as suffocation, fatigue, chest pain, improved in reducing the size of enlarged heart, the effective rate of EKG, particularly ST-T and various blocks, as well as in improving the function of left ventricular and abnormal systolic time interval (STI), the 1st group was better than that of 2nd one in all above-mentioned five aspects (P < 0.05-0.01). Therefore, it was assumed that therapy of activating the blood circulation to relieve stasis, the Tong-Mai oral liquid might be a good approach in treating infantile acute viral myocarditis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reactive oxygen species in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
The volume of publications on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological processes has been increasing exponentially over the last decades. ROS in large amounts clearly have detrimental effects on cell physiology, whereas low concentrations of ROS are permanently produced in cells and play a role as signaling molecules. An imbalance in ROS production and defense mechanisms can lead to pathological vascular remodeling, atherosclerosis being among them. The aim of this review is to examine different sources of ROS from the point of view of their participation in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular risk. Among the possible sources of ROS discussed here are mitochondria, NADPH-oxidases, xanthine oxidase, peroxidases, NO-synthases, cytochrome P450, cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and hemoglobin of red blood cells. A great challenge for future research is to establish interrelations, feedback and feed-forward regulation mechanisms of various sources of ROS in development of atherosclerosis and other vascular pathologies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Unidirectional Wetting of Liquids on "Janus" Nanostructure Arrays under Various Media.
We report the unidirectional wetting behavior of liquids (water and oil) on Janus silicon cylinder arrays (Si-CAs) under various media (air, water, and oil). The Janus cylinders were prepared by chemical modification of nanocylinders with different molecules on two sides. Through adjusting surface energies of the modified molecules, the as-prepared surfaces could control the wetting behavior of different types of liquids under various media. We discuss the regularity systematically and propose a strategy for preparing anisotropic wetting surfaces under arbitrary media. That is, to find two surface modification molecules with different surface energies, one of the molecules is easy to be wetted by the liquid under the corresponding media, while the other one is difficult. Additionally, by introducing thermal-responsive polymer brushes onto one part of Janus Si-CAs, the surfaces show thermal-responsive anisotropic wetting property under various media. We believe that due to the excellent unidirectional wettability under various media, the Janus surfaces could be applied in water/oil transportation, oil-repellent and self-cleaning coatings, water/oil separation, microfluidics, and so on. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of suture tension during unilateral cricoarytenoid lateralization on canine laryngeal resistance in vitro.
To evaluate the effect of abduction suture tension for unilateral arytenoid lateralization on laryngeal resistance. Experimental study. Canine cadaver larynges (n=16). Laryngeal resistance was calculated in all specimens with the epiglottis in open and closed positions. Left cricoarytenoid lateralization was performed under low or high suture tension, and laryngeal resistance was re-calculated. The effects of suture tension on laryngeal resistance were evaluated by repeated measures ANOVA. Cricoarytenoid lateralization under low or high suture tension significantly reduced laryngeal resistance with the epiglottis in an open or closed position. There was no difference in laryngeal resistance with an open epiglottis between the low-tension (1.00+/-0.0001 cm H(2)O/L/s) and high-tension (1.10+/-0.35 cm H(2)O/L/s) groups (P=.33). The low-tension group (22.80+/-14.20 cm H(2)O/L/s) had significantly greater laryngeal resistance than the high-tension group (8.45+/-4.00 cm H(2)O/L/s) with a closed epiglottis (P=.016). There was no difference in laryngeal resistance with a closed epiglottis for the low-tension group before (34.30+/-36.50 cm H(2)O/L/s) and after (22.80+/-14.20 cm H(2)O/L/s; P=.42) arytenoid lateralization. Cricoarytenoid lateralization under low suture tension significantly reduced laryngeal resistance with an open epiglottis, but resulted in a significantly greater resistance with a closed epiglottis than cricoarytenoid lateralization under high suture tension. Clinically, use of a low-tension suture for cricoarytenoid lateralization may provide an adequate decrease in open-epiglottis laryngeal resistance to alleviate clinical signs, while maintaining enough closed-epiglottis laryngeal resistance to reduce the risk of postoperative aspiration pneumonia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The fate of ribosomal genes in three interspecific somatic hybrids of Medicago sativa: three different outcomes including the rapid amplification of new spacer-length variants.
We have characterized the genetic consequences of somatic hybridization within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of three interspecific hybrids, each involving M. sativa as one of the parents. Restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms (RFLPs) of rDNA spacers and fluorescent-in-situ-hybridization (FISH) of an 18S-gene probe to mitotic chromosomes were used to compare parental and hybrid species. The M. sativa-coerulea hybrid retained all six parental nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) and all parental RFLPs representing a complete integration of rDNA. The M. sativa-arborea hybrid retained five of six parental NORs while losing half of the arborea-specific RFLPs, indicating that simple chromosome loss of one arborea NOR accounted for the RFLP losses. Dramatic alterations occurred within the M. sativa-falcata hybrid where five of six parental NORs were retained and new rDNA RFLPs were created and amplified differentially among somaclonal-variant plants. The molecular basis of the new RFLPs involved increased numbers of a 340-bp subrepeating element within the rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS), suggesting that recurrent cycles of unequal recombination occurred at high frequency within the rDNA in somatic lineages. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Development of a modified positive selection medium that allows to isolate Aspergillus oryzae strains cured of the integrated niaD-based plasmid.
The nitrate reductase gene (niaD) is the most frequently utilized as a selectable marker for homologous integration at the niaD locus of Aspergillus oryzae. In this study we developed a method for curing of the niaD-based plasmid integrated on the A. oryzae genome. Positive selection using a modified chlorate medium containing leucine as a nitrogen source enabled efficient isolation of the strains deficient in nitrate assimilation from the niaD(+) transformant. PCR analysis of the strains confirmed that the homologously integrated plasmid carrying the h2b-egfp fusion gene was cured by intrachromosomal recombination which was accompanied by the loss of the EGFP-fluorescence. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Estimation of early hepatitis C viral clearance in patients receiving daily interferon and ribavirin therapy using a mathematical model.
Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection are resistant to standard interferon (IFN) therapy. We used a mathematical model to estimate the duration of daily therapy necessary to maximize the number of patients achieving viral negativity before 12 weeks of therapy. Patients from a study to determine HCV RNA reduction over 4 weeks using 3 million units (MU), 5 MU, or 10 MU of IFN alfa daily plus Ribavirin were compared with a group receiving IFN alfa 3 MU three times a week. By extending the linear regression and prediction interval lines, the estimated time to negativity was greater than 12 weeks for the standard IFN group, 42 to greater than 84 days for the 3 MU IFN daily plus Ribavirin, 39 to 60 days for 5 MU IFN daily plus Ribavirin and 25 to 45 days for the 10 MU IFN daily and Ribavirin group, respectively. Thus, the use of a predictive model based on log transformation and linear regression of the early HCV RNA response suggests daily doses of 5 or 10 million units of IFN plus Ribavirin will be theoretically necessary for longer than 4 weeks to maximize the number of patients who clear virus by 12 weeks of therapy. This model may be useful in predicting response in groups of patients receiving other therapies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Interventricular septal motion: biventricular angiographic assessment of its relative contribution to left and right ventricular contraction.
The interventricular septum (IVS) has conventionally been regarded as a functional part of the left ventricle (LV). To determine its normal range of motion, simultaneous biventricular cineangiograms (60 frames/sec) were performed (60 degrees left anterior oblique) in nine subjects without coronary or other heart disease. Arrhythmias were avoided by using a specially designed right ventricular (RV) angiographic catheter. IVS motion was studied qualitatively by three observers and quantitatively by superimposing end-systolic and diastolic frames using intra- and extracardiac reference points. Two transverse chords that trisected the end-systolic length of the IVS were drawn to quantitate IVS, LV and RV free wall motion. Qualitatively, the IVS thickened toward both RV and LV cavities as a result of shortening on its longitudinal axis. LV motion was 39.9 +/- 7.2% on the transverse axis, of which 31.2 +/- 5.2% was contributed by the LV free wall and 8.5 +/- 2.1% by IVS. RV transverse axis motion was 36.9 +/- 3.7%, of which 28.6 +/- 2.1% was contributed by the RV free wall and 8.3 +/- 2.3% by IVS motion. There was no difference between IVS motion toward the LV and that toward the RV. The IVS longitudinal axis shortened by 17.4 +/- 2.8% (p less than 0.001). The mean systolic IVS thickness increased symmetrically from 7.43 +/- 0.55 mm to 12.49 +/- 0.39 mm (p less than 0.001). In brief, the IVS thickens on its transverse axis and shortens on its longitudinal axis, contributing equally to RV and LV function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Labyrinth fistula in chronic otitis with cholesteatoma].
The authors studied 116 surgically treated patients with labyrinthine fistulae due to cholesteatoma. The fistulae were most commonly localized on the lateral semicircular canal (75%) and much less frequently involved only the oval window area (7%) and the promontory (4%). The multiple fistulae were found in 14% patients. The closed technique was used, while the open technique was adopted only when the ear was deaf preoperatively, in cases of multiple fistulae and associated intracranial complications. The cholesteatoma matrix was not removed from the fistula of the oval window area or the promontory or in the cases of multiple fistulae and large fistulae of the lateral semicircular canal if the cholesteatoma matrix had penetrated into the labyrinth. The fistulae on the lateral semicircular canal were covered by a piece of fascia. Postoperatively deafness occurred only very exceptionally. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Elevated cardiac troponin T is associated with higher mortality and amputation rates in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was independently associated with an increased all-cause mortality or risk of cardiovascular events and amputation among patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). PAD patients often have impaired renal function, and the blood concentration of cardiac troponin often increases with declining glomerular filtration rate. The cohort consisted of 1,041 consecutive PAD patients (653 males, 388 females, age 70.7 ± 10.8 years, Rutherford stages 2 to 5) undergoing endovascular peripheral revascularization. At baseline, measurable cTnT levels (≥0.01 ng/ml) were detected in 21.3% of individuals. Compared with patients who had undetectable cTnT levels, those with cTnT levels ≥0.01 ng/ml had higher rates for mortality (31.7% vs. 3.9%, respectively; p < 0.001), myocardial infarction (4.1% vs. 1.1%, respectively; p = 0.003), and amputation (10.1% vs. 2.4%, respectively; p < 0.001) during a 1-year follow-up. In adjusted Cox regression models, cTnT levels ≥0.01 ng/ml were associated with increased total mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 8.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.77 to 17.6; p < 0.001) and amputation rates (HR: 3.71; 95% CI: 1.33 to 10.3; p = 0.012). cTnT is frequently elevated in PAD patients and is associated with higher event rates in terms of total mortality and amputation. Even small cTnT elevations predict a markedly increased risk that is independent of an impaired renal function. (Troponin T as Risk Stratification Tool in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease; NCT01087385). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant model organism for the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton?
The microtubule cytoskeleton is an important component of both neuronal cells and plant cells. While there are large differences in the function of microtubules between the two groups of organisms, for example plants coordinate the ordered deposition of cellulose through the microtubule cytoskeleton, there are also some notable similarities. It is suggested that Arabidopsis thaliana, with its superior availability of knockout lines, may be a suitable model organism for some aspects of the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton. Some cellular processes that involve the neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton including neurotransmitter signalling and neurotrophic support may have homologous processes in plant cells. A number of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are conserved, including katanin, EB1, CLASP, spastin, gephyrin, CRIPT, Atlastin/RHD3, and ELP3. As a demonstration of the usefulness of a plant model system for neuronal biology, an analysis of plant tubulin-binding proteins was used to show that Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D and spinal muscular atrophy may be due to microtubule dysfunction and suggest that indeed the plant microtubule cytoskeleton may be particularly similar to that of motor neurons as both are heavily reliant upon motor proteins. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clinicopathological features of salivary and non-salivary adenoid cystic carcinomas.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), commonly from salivary glands, is known for its insidious local growth and usually protracted clinical course. ACC developing from non-salivary glands (i.e., non-salivary ACC) is heterogeneous, and its clinicopathological features remain poorly defined. Patients treated for ACC in a single institution between 1995 and 2007 were included in this study. Immunohistochemical evaluation of Ki-67, E-cadherin, p16, and cyclinD1 was performed. The prognostic significance of clinical and immunophenotypic markers was evaluated. 83 cases of salivary ACC and 24 cases of non-salivary ACC were included. The expression levels of Ki-67 (54.8%), E-cadherin (90.4%), p16 (32.9%), and cyclinD1 (19.2%) between ACCs present at various sites were not different. Sinonasal, lacrimal, and tracheobronchial ACCs had significantly worse outcomes than those of ACC of the major salivary glands. Postoperative radiotherapy reduced the recurrence rate of patients with a negative resection margin (P=0.028). Older age (age >60 years), advanced stage, positive resection margin, high histological grade, and high expression of Ki-67 were significantly correlated with poor prognosis. In conclusion, the site of origin plays a role in the prognosis of ACC, in which positive resection margin and advanced stage are possible factors underlying the differences in outcomes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Enzymatic synthesis, characterization, and metabolism of the coenzyme A ester of o-succinylbenzoic acid, an intermediate in menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis.
The enzymatic synthesis of the "active" o-succinylbenzoic acid is described and the factors controlling its formation are investigated. Tritium-labeled coenzyme A is incorporated into "active" o-succinylbenzoic acid, but label from [2-3H]ATP or [gamma-32P is not, indicating that the active compound is a coenzyme A thio ester(2). The compound is shown by two different methods to contain 1 mol only of coenzyme A per mol of o-succinylbenzoic acid. The o-succinylbenzoic and coenzyme A ester (2) is unstable at alkaline and neutral pH, but is fairly stable under acid conditions. The coenzyme A ester (2) is converted to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (3) by enzyme preparations from Mycobacterium phlei and Escherichia coli without any cofactor requirement. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Homocysteine, vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
There is some evidence from recent observational studies that hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. There are only a few intervention studies, and the results are disappointing for such a frequent disease. Prospective double-blind and placebo-controlled intervention studies are not available. If homocysteine-lowering therapy will be in the running for the prevention and treatment of dementia, we must be able to diagnose the disease at a preclinical stage (i.e. 5 or 10 or 20 years before the disease becomes clinically overt for Alzheimer's disease). At the moment, there are insufficient data to support a vitamin B12, B6 or folate therapy in the prevention or treatment of patients with dementia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clinical applications of bone density testing for osteoporosis.
Bone mineral density (BMD) testing is a clinical tool to diagnose osteoporosis or low bone density, predict fracture risk, and monitor changes in bone density over time. Non-invasive measurement of BMD is done with a variety of technologies for many different skeletal sites. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold-standard for diagnosing osteoporosis and monitoring changes in BMD over time. Optimal use of DXA requires staff training and standard operating procedures that include quality controls for instrument maintenance, patient education, indications and contraindications for testing, precision assessment, scan acquisition, analysis, interpretation, and reporting. Other technologies, as well as DXA, are used to estimate the risk of fracture. BMD is commonly expressed as a T-score, the standard deviation variance of the patient's BMD compared to a young-normal reference population. In untreated postmenopausal women, there is a strong correlation between T-score and fracture risk, with fracture risk increasing about two-fold for every standard deviation decrease in bone density. BMD in postmenopausal women is classified as normal, osteopenia, or osteoporosis according to criteria established by the World Health Organization. BMD testing, combined with assessment of clinical risk factors for fracture, allows healthcare providers to identify patients who may benefit from pharmacologic therapy to reduce the risk of future fractures. Clinical applications of BMD testing are presented in this review. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[History of robotics: from Archytas of Tarentum until da Vinci robot. (Part I)].
Robotic surgery is the newst technologic option in urology. To understand how new robots work is interesting to know their history. The desire to design machines imitating humans continued for more than 4000 years. There are references to King-su Tse (clasic China) making up automaton at 500 a. C. Archytas of Tarentum (at around 400 a.C.) is considered the father of mechanical engineering, and one of the occidental robotics classic referents. Heron of Alexandria, Hsieh-Fec, Al-Jazari, Roger Bacon, Juanelo Turriano, Leonardo da Vinci, Vaucanson o von Kempelen were robot inventors in the middle age, renaissance and classicism. At the XIXth century, automaton production underwent a peak and all engineering branches suffered a great development. At 1942 Asimov published the three robotics laws, based on mechanics, electronics and informatics advances. At XXth century robots able to do very complex self governing works were developed, like da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), a very sophisticated robot to assist surgeons. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cognitive and behavioral disturbances in Parkinson's disease.
The dysfunction of the striato frontal circuits that occurs in Parkinson's disease results in cognitive and behavioural problems as well as motor impairment. Depression is frequent and cognitive deficits also occur that progress with advancing illness, sometimes to subcortical dementia. Spread of Lewy bodies to the cortex, cholinergic and monoaminergic neurotransmission deficiency, or concurrent Alzheimer pathology may be the anatomical bases of dementia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inequalities in cardiovascular disease mortality: the role of behavioural, physiological and social risk factors.
While the relationship between socio-economic disadvantage and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well established, the role that traditional cardiovascular risk factors play in this association remains unclear. The authors examined the association between education attainment and CVD mortality and the extent to which behavioural, social and physiological factors explained this relationship. Adults (n=38,355) aged 40-69 years living in Melbourne, Australia were recruited in 1990-1994. Subjects with baseline CVD risk factor data ascertained through questionnaire and physical measurement were followed for an average of 9.4 years with CVD deaths verified by review of medical records and autopsy reports. CVD mortality was higher for those with primary education only, compared with those who had completed tertiary education, with an HR of 1.66 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.49) after adjustment for age, country of birth and gender. Those from the lowest educated group had a more adverse cardiovascular risk factor profile compared with the highest educated group, and adjustment for these risk factors reduced the HR to 1.18 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.77). In analysis of individual risk factors, smoking and waist circumference explained most of the difference in CVD mortality between the highest and lowest education groups. Most of the excess CVD mortality in lower socio-economic groups can be explained by known risk factors, particularly smoking and overweight. While targeting cardiovascular risk factors should not divert efforts from addressing the underlying determinants of health inequalities, it is essential that known risk factors are addressed effectively among lower socio-economic groups. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
PprA: a novel protein from Deinococcus radiodurans that stimulates DNA ligation.
The extraordinary radiation resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans results from the efficient capacity of the bacterium to repair DNA double-strand breaks. By analysing the DNA damage repair-deficient mutant, KH311, a unique radiation-inducible gene (designated pprA) responsible for loss of radiation resistance was identified. Investigations in vitro showed that the gene product of pprA (PprA) preferentially bound to double-stranded DNA carrying strand breaks, inhibited Escherichia coli exonuclease III activity, and stimulated the DNA end-joining reaction catalysed by ATP-dependent and NAD-dependent DNA ligases. These results suggest that D. radiodurans has a radiation-induced non-homologous end-joining repair mechanism in which PprA plays a critical role. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Targeting the protein kinase C family: are we there yet?
Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in the transduction of signals for cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Unsurprisingly, disruption of PKC regulation is implicated in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. PKC function is complex in this context owing to the differing roles of individual isozymes within the cell and across tumour types. Therapeutically targeting PKC isozymes is not new; however, with many of the early PKC inhibitor cytotoxic drug combinations being discarded at the phase II level, and recent phase III studies in non-small-cell lung cancer proving negative, what's going wrong? | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Anticonvulsants-induced chorea: a role for pharmacodynamic drug interaction?
Chorea is a rare side effect of anticonvulsants. We describe three patients who developed chorea secondary to anticonvulsant combination use. A mechanism to explain this finding is proposed. After identification of an index case with anticonvulsant-induced chorea, we reviewed the electronic data base records for all patients with seizures followed in the epilepsy clinics at our university-based hospital for cases of dyskinesia associated with anticonvulsants. Two additional patients, one adult and one pediatric patient were identified. Three patients developed chorea while receiving combination anticonvulsants. Two patients had transient chorea that resolved with withdrawal of one of the drugs. All three patients were using phenytoin and lamotrigine in combination when the chorea started, chorea improved with tapering one of the medications. Polytherapy with certain anticonvulsants may predispose patients to drug-induced chorea. A particular increased risk was seen with combinations that have phenytoin and lamotrigine. This could be due to an additive or a synergistic effect on central dopaminergic pathways. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Psychosocial needs of older cancer patients: a pilot study abstract.
Approximately 50% of all cancers occur in persons aged 65 and over (American Cancer Society, 1994). However, the special psychological problems of these patients have been inadequately addressed (Massie & Holland, 1989). The psychosocial needs of older cancer patients were surveyed in this pilot study. Two-thirds of the older adults surveyed experienced concerns or problems. Almost 50% of the sample did not receive adequate assistance in dealing with their emotional needs and 69% did not receive sufficient spiritual support. Older cancer patients experience psychosocial distress and may benefit from professional assistance in dealing with these concerns. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Lipogenesis in the brown adipose tissue of the fetal baboon.
The ultrastructural and lipogenic capacity of the white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT) of 10 baboon fetuses (gestational age, 138-183 days) were studied. The axillary, interscapular and pericardiac sites had at least 50% brown fat cells while the retroorbital site contained white adipocytes only. Both WAT and BAT incorporated 3H2O and 14C-glycerol into lipids at similar high rates. The activities of enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase and glycerokinase were higher than those reported in human BAT and comparable to these reported in rodent BAT under unstimulated conditions. It is concluded that in the fetal baboon adipose tissue is capable of considerable de novo lipogenesis and that, despite the differences in microscopic appearance, WAT and BAT have similar lipogenic potentials with respect to the parameters measured. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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