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A new class of nitrosoureas. 4. Synthesis and antitumor activity of disaccharide derivatives of 3,3-disubstituted 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureas.
A series of 33 N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamoyl derivatives of N-substituted glycosylamines has been prepared and tested for antitumor activities. The compounds were obtained by reaction of glycosylamines with isocyanate, followed by nitrosation with N2O4. Structure-activity relationships of these trisubstituted nitrosoureas were investigated by varying the N-substituents and disaccharide groups and by comparing them with the corresponding disubstituted analogues. A large number of the nitrosoureas bearing a maltosyl group exhibited strong antitumor activities against leukemia L1210 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, and 60-day survivors against leukemia L1210 were found at the optimal dose for these derivatives. In contrast, the lactosyl and the melibiosyl derivatives were almost inactive. The most interesting compound in this series, the 3-isobutyl-3-maltosyl derivative (37), was tested against leukemia L1210 by single and multiple treatment. Its therapeutic ratio (96.3) obtained by multiple treatment is 3 times larger than that (31.5) obtained by single treatment, suggesting a possible clinical utility of 37 by multiple treatment. The favorable effect of a maltosyl moiety in this class of compounds is discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A 7.1 kbp beta-myosin heavy chain promoter, efficient for green fluorescent protein expression, probably induces lethality when overexpressing a mutated transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor in transgenic mice.
The roles of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) in heart or skeletal muscle development and physiology are still the subject of controversies. Our aim was to block, in transgenic mice, the TGFbeta signalling pathway by a dominant negative mutant of the TGFbeta type II receptor fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (TbetaRII-KR-EGFP) under the control of a 7.1 kbp mouse beta-myosin heavy chain (betaMHC) promoter to investigate the roles of TGFbeta in the heart and slow skeletal muscles. First, we generated two transgenic lines overexpressing EGFP under the control of the 7.1 kbp betaMHC promoter. In embryos, EGFP was detectable as early as 7.5 days post coitum. In embryos, newborns and adults, EGFP was expressed mainly in the cardiac ventricles and in slow skeletal muscles. EGFP expression was intense in the bladder but weak in the intestines. In contrast to the endogenous betaMHC promoter, the activity of the 7.1 kbp betaMHC promoter in the transgene was not repressed after birth and remained high in adult transgenic mice. We obtained two founders with the transgene comprising the TbetaRII-KR-EGFP sequence under the control of the 7.1 kbp betaMHC promoter. These founders were generated at a very low frequency and expressed barely detectable levels of TbetaRII-KR-EGFP mRNA. Our failure to obtain transgenic lines overexpressing the dominant negative receptor suggests that the blocking of the TGFbeta signalling pathway in the heart and slow skeletal muscles could be embryonically lethal. To conclude, the 7.1 kbp betaMHC promoter directs high levels of transgene expression in the cardiac ventricles and in slow skeletal muscles of the mouse. Analysis of the consequences of the blocking of the TGFbeta signalling pathway in the heart will require the use of tissue specific means of conditional gene invalidation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[A novel technique for simultaneous multi-gene mutation screening in 225 patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss].
Using simultaneous multi-gene mutation screening to investigate the new method molecular epidemiological basis of 225 patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss in Tianjin, and verifying the for simultaneous multi-gene mutation screening. Two hundred and twenty-five patients with severe non-syndromic deafness from Tianjin CDPF and Association of the Deaf were included in the study. The single nucleotide polymorphisms scan, (SNPscan) technique was used for screening the 115 spots mutations in three common deafness-related genes (GJB2, SLC26A4, mtDNA 12S rRNA) of patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss in Tianjin. We verified the results by Sanger sequencing. Among the 225 patients, there were 111 cases of deafness caused by mutation (49.3%). Using this method, up to 50% of the patients in our study were identified to have hereditary HL caused by mutations in the three genes. 56 patients with the GJB2 mutations were detected (24.9%), including 30 cases of homozygous mutations (13.3%), 26 patients (11.6%) of compound heterozygous mutations, and 21 cases (9.33%) of single heterozygous mutations. 50 patients with the SLC26A4 mutations were detected (22.2%), including 22 cases of homozygous mutations(9.8%), 28 patients (12.4%) of compound heterozygous mutations, and 22 cases (9.8%) of single heterozygous mutations. mtDNA 12S rRNA A1555G mutation was detected in 5 patients (2.2%). mtDNA 12S rRNA 1494C>T mutation was not detected. We verified the results by Sanger sequencing. The accuracy of the sequencing results was 100%. The SNPscan cost eight hours and 160 yuan (each sample). Applying SNPscan technology can be accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic screening in patients with hearing loss for etiology investigation. It is expected to become an effective means of large-scale genetic testing for hereditary deafness. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Preparation and characterization of biotinylated probes for the beta-interferon receptor.
1. Recently we described the isolation of the beta-interferon receptor [Zhang et al. (1986) J. biol. Chem. 261, 8017-8021]. A highly purified product was obtained but in low quantities. 2. The use of biotinylated beta-interferon as a ligand represents an alternate approach to receptor isolation. 3. We have prepared and characterized the derivatives N-(biotinyl)- and N-(biotinyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl)-recombinant human [Ser17]-interferon beta (B- and BC-recHuIFN beta). 4. Biotin incorporation does not result in any loss of antiviral activity, demonstrating the recognition of the derivative by the cell receptor. 5. The biotinylated recHuIFN beta binds specifically and reversibly to succinoylavidin or guanidine thiocyanate-stripped succinoylavidin linked to a Sepharose matrix. 6. Comparison of the competition curves obtained with [14C]biotin and [3H]biotinyl recHuIFN, in the presence of increasing concentrations of biotin suggests that the IFN moiety of the derivative has little effect on the affinity of biotin for avidin. 7. Biotinylated recHuIFN beta derivatives represent useful probes for the beta-IFN receptor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Antigen diversity and disease implications.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune-mediated syndrome triggered by inhalation of a wide variety of allergens, to which an individual has previously been sensitized. More than 200 agents responsible for the disease have already been identified; however, HP occurs only in a small number of individuals exposed to causal antigens. The present report provides an overview of the role of antigen role in HP, highlighting its diversity, research methods, and prevention strategies, as well as the impact on disease prognosis following elimination of antigen. HP is an underdiagnosed disease and, therefore, it is difficult to accurately estimate its incidence. Triggering antigens can be divided into six broad categories: bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, animal and plant proteins, chemicals, and metals, represented by disease prototypes. The identification of causal antigen is a major challenge; it is impossible to obtain in about 30-60% of cases. The acute form of HP, with early detection and immediate eviction of causal antigen, tends to have an excellent prognosis. In the chronic form, partial recovery of disease is still possible; however, some cases tend to progress to fibrosis, even after removal from exposure. In conclusion, HP diagnosis should be based on a proactive search for potential antigen sources, although their identification is hampered by the lack of standardized methods of demonstrating the specific antigen sensitization. Antigen avoidance is a critical determinant in disease prognosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Carotid bodies in sudden infant death syndrome: a combined light microscopic, ultrastructural, and biochemical study.
Carotid bodies (CBs) are peripheral chemoreceptors that can undergo compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia in some patients with chronic hypoxemia. At the Children's Hospital morphometric and biochemical analyses were done on CBs obtained at autopsy from 89 infants in the first year of life to determine if there were statistically significant differences in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, n = 38) compared with an age-matched control population (n = 51). Mean combined weights of CBs from SIDS victims were greater than controls in the 1- to 4-month age interval (mean = 3.4 mg, p less than 0.075) and the 4- to 8-month interval (mean = 5.0 mg, p less than 0.098) but the differences were not statistically significant (t-test, p less than 0.05). Computerized planimetry of total surface area and area occupied by "functional" parenchyma revealed no statistically significant differences. Both groups showed an equally intense degree of cytoplasmic argyrophilia of chief cells, and electron microscopy of CBs from 5 SIDS victims was indistinguishable from controls, including overall content of dense-core neurosecretory granules. There were also no significant differences in catecholamine content using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (SIDS n = 29, controls n = 21). These morphometric, ultrastructural, and biochemical data are not supportive for CBs having a significant role in the pathogenesis or etiology of SIDS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Lying to patients: can it ever be justified?
The acts of withholding information from patients and of deliberately issuing false information have been embodied in nursing and medical practice for centuries. The author considers the relationship of veracity, or truth-telling, to the four established tenets of medical ethics: autonomy, justice, beneficence and non-maleficence. Although there are occasions when withholding information can be supported, particularly when the patient has requested that this be so, she concludes that there can be no moral justification for health professionals lying to patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The role of somatostatin in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
Involvement of neuro-endocrineimmune interactions in the development of pathologic responses has been suggested in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently we studied the production of an inhibitory neuropeptide-somatostatin (SOM)--and somatostatin receptor (SOMR) expression in RA synovium and its function in patients with RA. We found that physiologic concentrations of SOM inhibited the proliferation of RA synovial cells. Proinflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production by RA synovial cells were also inhibited by SOM. Subtype 1 and subtype 2 SOMR were expressed on fibroblast-like synovial cells, and the expression of subtype 2 SOMR was up-regulated with the proinflammatory cytokine treatment of the synovial cells in RA patients. RA fibroblast-like cells synthesized SOM by themselves, suggesting that SOM may act as an autocrine regulator of synovial cell functions in RA patients. SOM and SOM analogues have also been reported to be effective in the treatment of patients with RA. In summary, SOM inhibited aberrant synovial cell functions in patients with RA, suggesting a possible clinical application of this neuropeptide. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Human epidermal transglutaminase.
Epidermal transglutaminase and its structural consequences were first described by studies of the Massachusetts General Hospital dermatology research laboratories in the early 1970s. The enzyme catalyzes an irreversible and necessary step in epidermal terminal differentiation. These features of the process catalyzed by the enzyme have generated great interest in the control mechanisms for enzyme activity. Like all transglutaminases, the human epidermal enzyme has strict requirements for calcium (or strontium) and for a free sulfhydryl group. It is similar to liver transglutaminase in not requiring proteolytic activation; plasma transglutaminase (factor XIII) requires proteolytic activation. Antibodies produced to human epidermal transglutaminases showed high species specificity and no cross-reaction with the human hair follicle transglutaminase. Purified human epidermal transglutaminase has several-fold increases in its activity after treatment with organic solvents, including dimethylsulfoxide, heating in the presence of calcium, and treatment with chaotropic reagents, such as NaSCN or NaI. The enzyme with enhanced activity has altered gel-filtration characteristics, although it exhibits no major molecular weight changes by SDS-electrophoresis or major immunologic differences with the conventional antibodies for human epidermal transglutaminases. A series of monoclonal antibodies to human epidermal transglutaminase is being prepared to allow detailed analysis of its structural activation and detection of common antigenic sites among transglutaminase that may be masked or not present in conventional antibodies to the enzyme. The ability of solvents, simple chemicals, and drugs to alter the function of transglutaminase allows one to consider safe methods for in vivo modulation of the enzyme and consequent modulation of altered function in human epidermal diseases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Rapid and clear detection of ABO genotypes by simultaneous PCR-RFLP method.
We reported a new approach of ABO genotyping by a polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Instead of amplifying the loci containing the positions of nucleotides 258 and 700 of cDNA of the A transferase separately, we successfully amplified these 2 loci together in one reaction mixture using 2 sets of primers. The amplified DNA products were digested at the same time with restriction enzymes Kpn I and Alu I. The digested DNA products were then separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. In addition, we evaluated the influence of various amplification parameters (concentration of template DNA, primers, Taq DNA polymerase, MgCl2, and number of cycles). In particular, high Mg2+ concentration (3.5 mM) made effective amplification of this locus without producing any unspecific band. By using that optimized condition for PCR, together with a simultaneous approach, our study proved to be time saving, more economic, and convenient in interpreting the results. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Acute hemolytic anemia induced by a pyrazolonic drug in a child with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
In a 36-month-old child a severe hemolytic anemia occurred after the administration of a pyrazolonic drug. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was absent in the patient. Intermediate enzymatic levels were demonstrated in the mother and in the maternal grand-mother with a corresponding erythrocyte mosaicism at the methemoglobin elution test. Some cells showed Heinz bodies and peculiar changes in the morphology in the initial phase of the crisis. There is no mention in the literature of a hemolytic action of this drug. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Constructing the experience of chronic pain through discourse.
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the discourses used by people with chronic pain. Using qualitative interview data from five Irish people with a variety of chronic pain conditions, Foucauldian discourse analysis was undertaken to identify the discourses in operation in participants' accounts. Three discourses were identified: a moral discourse, a discourse of pain as personal tragedy, and a biomedical discourse. A moral discourse was used to construct participants as moral individuals experiencing real pain who try to accomplish activities and fulfil social roles without burdening others. The discourse of chronic pain as personal tragedy describes the multiple negative consequences of chronic pain including activity, relationship, physical, financial, and emotional consequences, and changed expectations of the future. This discourse bolsters the moral discourse through rejecting any benefits associated with chronic pain. Participants rejected a biomedical discourse by proposing their own explanatory models of pain, resisting psychosocial understandings of pain, criticizing medical professionals and healthcare services, and challenging medical expertise, professionalism, and power. These practices allow participants to reject the patient subject-position with its attendant passivity and requirements for adherence and compliance. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Interplay between growth factor and nutrient signaling: lessons from Drosophila TOR.
During normal development, cellular and organismal growth is coordinately regulated. Each cell and each individual organ integrates information about nutrient availability, hormonal signals, and intrinsic growth programs. Describing the signaling pathways involved in these processes and how they are integrated is important to understand how growth is controlled during development and may also permit the development of means to curb uncontrolled growth in disease. In recent years, the biochemical analysis of cellular growth in cultured cells and the genetic dissection of growth control in model organisms has identified two conserved signaling pathways dedicated to cellular growth. The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway regulates growth in response to nutrients, and the insulin/IGF pathways are involved in coordinating cellular growth in response to endocrine signals. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the interaction between these pathways, with a special focus on the contribution of the genetic analysis of these pathways in Drosophila. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Early and differential decrease in natural retinoid levels in C57BL/Rij and DBA/2 mice by 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl.
3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) administered by weekly ip injections of 1.5 to 100 mg kg-1 for 4 weeks induced a dose dependent decrease in retinoids in female C57BL/Rij and DBA/2 mice (5 to 7 weeks of age). However, the response differed between the two strains of mice. In C57BL/Rij mice, a dose dependent decrease in liver retinol (up to 60%), retinyl palmitate (up to 40%), and serum retinol (up to 80%) occurred, while in DBA/2 mice a decrease in serum retinol (up to 80%) only was observed. The effects of 3,4,3',4'-TCB on retinoid levels were more pronounced than on toxicity (e.g., decrease in thymus and body weight, increase in liver weight, and induction of AHH activity). This finding suggests that reduction in retinoid levels is a very sensitive parameter for the toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In addition, in these experiments the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) did not correlate with the decrease in retinoid levels in C57BL/Rij and DBA/2 mice, suggesting that the mixed function oxidase (MFO) system is not involved. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fledgling psychopathy: a view from personality theory.
Although the author agrees with Seagrave and Grisso that the research base does not yet support the use of extant measures of juvenile psychopathy in forensic settings, he disagrees with the general pessimism of Seagrave and Grisso regarding the assessment of juvenile psychopathy. The author argues that data drawn from basic research in personality argues against the concern that normative development changes will cloud the assessment of psychopathy. Additionally, the present author argues that fledgling psychopathy holds the key to successful intervention. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sonoanatomy of the vasculature at the supraclavicular and interscalene regions relevant for brachial plexus block.
Our aim in this observational study was to utilize ultrasound, as well as anatomic dissection, to document the frequency with which branches of the subclavian vessels are found in close association with the brachial plexus at the locations of supraclavicular and interscalene brachial plexus block. Ultrasound was utilized to document the presence of branches of the subclavian vein and artery, adjacent to the brachial plexus in the supraclavicular and in the interscalene region in 50 patients undergoing shoulder surgery. The position, depth, and dimensions of the vessels were described, and the origin determined when possible. In addition, the posterior triangle of the neck on both sides of three non-preserved cadavers was dissected to evaluate the vascular anatomy and correlate the ultrasound findings. Ultrasound scanning revealed an arterial branch adjacent to, or passing directly through, the brachial plexus in the supraclavicular region in 43/50 (86%) patients. Within the interscalene region, an artery was identified coursing in a lateral direction in 45/50 (90%) of cases, while a corresponding small vein, coursing medial to lateral in this area, was noted in 23/50 (46%) of cases. Small branch vessels from the subclavian artery and vein were frequently evident, on ultrasound imaging, in close association with the nerve elements of the brachial plexus in the supraclavicular and interscalene regions. Appreciation of the presence of these vessels and their likely origin and course will aid the anesthesiologist in planning a safe nerve block. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Is cognitive dysfunction a complication of adjuvant chemotherapy in the older patient with breast cancer?
For a number of years, patients have anecdotally reported changes in memory and concentration problems after receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer. Neuropsychological studies have been performed to seek objective evidence as to the existence and extent of this phenomenon; however, these studies were primarily performed in younger women and there is sparse data regarding the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on an older woman's cognition. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the current literature in order to propose ways to overcome methodological limitations of studies to consider whether chemotherapy-associated cognitive dysfunction exists in older patients and if so, who is at risk. A systematic review of relevant literature was performed including study design, mean age of participants, treatment received, neuropsychological tests employed, timing of assessments, definition of cognitive impairment, and results. The literature primarily consists of small studies, which lack a prospective longitudinal design, vary in design measures, and exclude older patients who are at greatest risk for cognitive impairment. Since aging is the number one risk factor for breast cancer, future studies of the neuropsychological impact of chemotherapy should include older patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Risk factors associated with keel bone and foot pad disorders in laying hens housed in aviary systems.
Aviary systems for laying hens offer space and opportunities to perform natural behaviors. However, hen welfare can be impaired due to increased risk for keel bone and foot pad disorders in those systems. This cross-sectional study (N = 47 flocks) aimed to assess prevalences of keel bone and foot pad disorders in laying hens housed in aviaries in Belgium to identify risk factors for these disorders and their relation to egg production. Information on housing characteristics and egg production were obtained through questionnaire-based interviews, farm records, and measurements in the henhouse. Keel bone (wounds, hematomas, fractures, deviations) and foot pad disorders (dermatitis, hyperkeratosis) were assessed in 50 randomly selected 60-week-old laying hens per flock. A linear model with stepwise selection procedure was used to investigate associations between risk factors, production parameters, and the keel bone and foot pad disorders. The flock mean prevalences were: hematomas 41.2%, wounds 17.6%, fractures 82.5%, deviations 58.9%, hyperkeratosis 42.0%, dermatitis 27.6%, and bumble foot 1.2%. Identified risk factors for keel bone disorders were aviary type (row vs. portal), tier flooring material (wire mesh vs. plastic slats), corridor width, nest box perch, and hybrid. Identified risk factors for foot pad disorders were aviary type (row vs. portal), free-range, and hybrid. Percentage of second-quality eggs was negatively associated with keel bone deviations (P = 0.029) at the flock level. Keel bone and foot pad disorders were alarmingly high in aviary housing. The identification of various risk factors suggests improvements to aviary systems may lead to better welfare of laying hens. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mitomycin C, ceramide, and 5-fluorouracil inhibit corneal haze and apoptosis after PRK.
To investigate the effects of mitomycin C (MMC), ceramide, and 5-fluororacil (5-FU) on haze after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The right eyes of 42 New Zealand white rabbits were treated with PRK to correct -10 diopter with a 5-mm optical zone. Sponges soaked in 0.02% MMC, 10 or 40 micromol/L ceramide, or 0.5% 5-FU were applied to the right eyes of 6 rabbits each, and a tarsorrhaphy was performed. Eight weeks after complete healing, topical 0.02% MMC or 0.5% 5-FU was applied twice daily to the right eyes of 6 rabbits that had previously received PRK but no topical medication. The control group of 6 rabbits was treated only with PRK. Three weeks after PRK, all the laser-treated eyes were exposed to 100 mJ/cm UVB radiation. Corneal haze was assessed biomicroscopically every 2 weeks using the Fantes scale. Eyes were enucleated 2, 7, and 13 weeks after PRK, and tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with Apostain. Corneal haze was observed in all rabbits after PRK and was aggravated by UVB irradiation. When applied immediately after PRK, MMC induced corneal opacity and apoptosis of keratocytes, but, at later times, this reagent significantly suppressed opacity, Apostain-positive keratocytes and reactivation of keratocytes, even after UVB irradiation. In contrast, ceramide and 5-FU suppressed corneal opacity after PRK, but this effect was not sustained after UVB irradiation. MMC is a potent inhibitor of haze induced by PRK and UVB irradiation. Throughout the process of corneal wound healing, the severity of apoptosis and reactivation of keratocytes was closely correlated with haze formation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Decubitus ulcers in the sacrum. Evaluation of a specific hydrocolloid hydro-regulatory dressing].
Sacrum bedsores are lesions having specific cause factors which bear tremendous weight on the possibility of curing these sores. An interesting alternative treatment for these lesions is a moist condition cure which is a new product specifically designed for this kind of sore. An open, prospective and multicentric study to evaluate the efficiency and the clinical effectiveness of the Comfeel Plus Sacro when used to treat bed sores in the sacrum. Of the 149 patients included in this study, 48 had their sores totally cicatrized in under ten weeks; 58 patients obtained an average sore reduction of IC 95%, average (39.2 63%), in the initial sore surface area during this time period; and of the 20 patients who passed away during this study, 10 of these patients had their sores reduced by more than 20%. The results obtained from the tests of changing external applications and their use coupled with the clinical results of these external applications lead us to believe we have found an interesting alternative for treatment of bed sores in the sacrum. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on clot lysis and ventricular dilatation in the treatment of severe intraventricular haemorrhage.
Twelve patients with severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) underwent intraventricular thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). External ventricular drainage was performed in all patients within 24 hours of haemorrhage. Fibrinolytic therapy was started within 24 hours from the onset of symptoms in ten cases, and in two further cases after 48 hours and 5 days, respectively. Two to 5 mg of rtPA were injected via the ventricular catheter into one or both lateral ventricles. The injection was repeated at intervals ranging from 6 to 24 hours until CT scans demonstrated a substantial reduction of intraventricular blood. The total rtPA doses per patient ranged from 3 to 31 mg. CT scans showed a marked reduction of intraventricular blood and normalization of ventricular size within 24 to 48 hours from the beginning of the fibrinolytic therapy. Rapid reduction of elevated intracranial pressure by continuous diversion of cerebrospinal fluid could be achieved in all patients, because the ventricular catheters never became obstructed by clotted blood during the fibrinolytic therapy. During the period of treatment, the level of consciousness, as classified according to the Glasgow Coma Scale, improved from a mean value of 7 to 12. One fatal case of meningitis most probably due to the ventriculostomy was the only complication related to the treatment. This method of treatment might improve the prognosis in patients in whom a large intraventricular haematoma volume, ventricular dilatation, and impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation are major determinants for the outcome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Intestinal secretion is a major route for parent ivermectin elimination in the rat.
The transepithelial intestinal elimination of ivermectin was studied using the intestinal closed-loop model in the rat. The common bile duct was cannulated, and duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were isolated in situ with their intact blood supplies. Following administration of 100, 200, or 400 microg/kg b.wt. ivermectin via the carotid artery, the elimination of parent ivermectin into the small intestinal lumen over 90 min was approximately 5-fold higher than in bile. The major amount of secreted ivermectin was recovered in the jejunum, but the duodenum showed a higher intestinal elimination capacity than the other intestinal segments with respect to the intestinal length. Systemic coadministration of the P-glycoprotein blocker verapamil significantly reduced the elimination capacity of jejunum by 50%, which resulted in a 30% decrease of ivermectin overall elimination by the small intestine. In contrast, verapamil did not significantly affect ivermectin secretion in duodenum, ileum, or bile in the same animals. Ivermectin small intestinal and biliary clearances were estimated to account for 27 and 5.5% of the total drug clearance, which was evaluated from a parallel in vivo experiment in which rats were given 200 microg/kg b.wt. ivermectin intra-arterially. In conclusion, intestinal secretion plays a greater role than biliary secretion in the overall elimination of ivermectin in the rat, providing major amounts of active drug to the intestinal lumen and to feces. This is discussed in terms of therapeutic efficacy against intestinal parasites in humans and animals and of ecotoxicity resulting from the contamination of livestock dung with parent drug. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of phenolic mediators and humic acid on cyprodinil transformation in presence of birnessite.
Naturally occurring phenols were evaluated as mediators for the transformation of the fungicide cyprodinil by birnessite. With birnessite alone, cyprodinil transformation was negligible (0.6%). In the presence of mediators, however, it increased considerably (1.5-60.9%). With some exceptions (2,6-dimethoxyphenol, syringic acid), methoxylated phenols showed a substantial capacity for enhancing the transformation. Mass spectrometry indicated that cyprodinil cross-coupled with free radicals of phenols formed at birnessite surfaces. The extent of cyprodinil transformation in the presence of syringaldehyde, m-methoxyphenol, or vanillin increased with the amount of birnessite. In reactions with o- and p-methoxyphenol and vanillic acid, cyprodinil transformation was unaffected by the amount of birnessite, but it increased with increasing phenol concentration. The addition of various humic acids at low concentrations (5-10 mg/L) had little effect on cyprodinil transformation in the presence of o-methoxyphenol or syringaldehyde. At higher concentrations, however, humic acids inhibited the transformation (by 5-20%) when o-methoxyphenol was a mediator, but showed no effect in the presence of syringaldehyde. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Sonography in acute ocular pathology: a kaleidoscopic view.
Ocular emergencies contribute to a large proportion of ocular pathologies. These may even be organ-threatening diseases such as central retinal artery and vein occlusion or globe rupture. Conventional physical examination may not always be feasible in emergency situations but decision-making in time is critical in the interest of patient in few of these conditions. Sonography in this setting plays an important role, allowing real-time, quick and dynamic evaluation. Common acute ocular pathologies such as retinal detachment, lens dislocation and globe rupture can be easily diagnosed by ultrasound. Vascular lesions can be identified using Doppler. This article illustrates the sonographic appearance in traumatic and non-traumatic acute ocular pathologies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Bayview Hunters Point Foundation for Community Improvement: a pioneering multi-ethnic human service organization (1971-2008).
The Bayview Hunters Point Foundation for Community Improvement is a nonprofit organization established in 1971 to defend the legal rights of African-Americans living in its community. Over the years, the agency diversified its services to include mental health and substance abuse treatment, violence prevention, youth programming, and HIV services. The organization has overcome multiple challenges during its 37-year history in relation to social, political, and economic changes that have influenced the way the organization has financed and delivered its services. The history of the organization presents a collaborative approach to community problem-solving and exemplifies the important role that external relationships play in relationship to nonprofit growth and survival. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Improved double-fuse technique for post-bariatric brachioplasty.
To evaluate the use of modified brachioplasty, investigating in late postoperative complications and satisfaction with the outcome, in women previously submitted to bariatric surgery. The population (N = 18, age 49.2 ± 11.3 years), which had undergone brachioplasty 25.2 ± 11.9 months after the bariatric procedure, was contacted after 31.7 ± 38.8 additional months. Surgical complications and satisfaction with the operation were estimated by interviews, including a questionnaire designed for this purpose. pre-bariatric body mass index (BMI) was 57.1 ± 11.1 kg / m(2), being 28.3 ± 6.0 kg/m(2) before the brachioplasty, without significant changes thereafter. Three minor surgical complications were recorded (3 / 18, 16.7%), namely, temporary paresthesia, seroma and small imperfection of the scar. The satisfaction rate was approximately 90%, with the three most rewarding results for the patients being the ease of dressing (P = 0.01), decreased weight of the arm (P = 0.03) and absence of edema (P = 0.04). There was a negative correlation between severe weight loss and degree of satisfaction, however, no patients regretted the procedure. the modified brachioplasty was successful in cases with severe brachial ptosis with possible extension to the chest. The study confirmed functional and aesthetic benefits, and thanks to the technique applied, most of the complications and disappointments could be avoided. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Indoramin as an antihypertensive agent in the treatment of essential hypertension. A multicentre trial.
The efficacy of indoramin (Baratol; Wyeth) in combination with a thiazide diuretic was assessed in an open non-comparative trial. The dosage of indoramin was increased at 2-weekly intervals until control was obtained or until a maximum daily dosage of 150 mg was reached. Treatment was successful in 78% of patients and a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was obtained in another 7%. In combination with a thiazide diuretic, indoramin, when individually titrated for each patient, reduced the DBP by an average of 20 mmHg. When taken with a thiazide diuretic, indoramin 75 mg/d or less controlled the DBP in 76% of all the patients. The effect of indoramin on the pulse rate was minimal. For all practical purposes, orthostatic hypotension did not occur. A number of patients presented with side-effects but these proved to be transient in a large percentage of cases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Antithrombotic effects of odorless garlic powder both in vitro and in vivo.
Antithrombotic activities of odorless garlic powder were demonstrated in blood fibrinolytic and coagulation systems. Though the odorless garlic preparation did not influence tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) or its inhibitor secretions from human umbilical vein endothelial cells, it enhanced plasmin generation by t-PA on fibrin film and in chromogenic assays by 1.8-fold and 8.7-fold respectively. The coagulation system was considerably reduced after the administration of the garlic in a rat in situ loop model, indicating that increased levels of thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complex in the control group were significantly reduced to normal (sham) in the garlic group (p<0.05), which was associated with decreasing tendencies towards prolonged or increased values of coagulation parameters in the control group. These findings suggest that odorless garlic not only activates fibrinolytic activity by accelerating t-PA-mediated plasminogen activation, but also suppresses the coagulation system by downregulating thrombin formation, suggesting a beneficial role in preventing pathological thrombus formation in such cardiovascular disorders. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[New recommendations of the ESH/ESC: smooth changes for the hypertensive patient].
The last recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology made available deal with the diagnosis and the treatment of arterial hypertension. They point to the importance of both 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and home blood pressure measurement. They also underscore the importance of stratifying cardiovascular risk and of controlling strictly blood pressure using hygienic measures and antihypertensive drugs, either as monotherapy or combination therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A study on budding protrusions of human seminiferous tubules.
In order to elucidate the morphogenesis of seminiferous tubular protrusions, histometric, microscopic and electron microscopic studies were performed on the testes of 202 Japanese men, including 117 sudden deaths, 75 hospital deaths and 10 prostatic cancer cases. Protrusions usually occurred at outer convexes of multi-bending tubular portions and were divided into dome, sessile, pedunculated and multi-branched types. Aggregated Sertoli cells were present in dome-type protrusions as a major component, and spermatogenesis associated with active mitoses of spermatogonia was induced with development of protrusions. Protruding walls consisted of inner compact and outer loose layers. Distribution of lipid droplets in Sertoli cell cytoplasm in protrusions was different from those in the original tubules. The incidence of protrusions peaked in the forties and sixties, respectively, in the case of hospital and sudden death cases with underlying tubular atrophy. The findings suggest that tubular protrusions take place as a compensatory reaction for declining spermatogenesis, and therefore, probably represent a regenerative phenomenon in hypospermatogenic testes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clinical, demographic, and geographic determinants of variation in chiropractic episodes of care for adults using the 2005-2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
The primary aim of this study was to report nationally representative estimates of the visit utilization, per visit expenditures, and total expenditures for chiropractic episodes of care in the US adult population. The secondary aim was to identify clinical, demographic, geographic, and payment factors associated with variation in the levels of utilization and expenditures. Data from the 2005-2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were used to construct complete episodes of chiropractic care (n = 1639) for the civilian, noninstitutionalized adult population. Bivariate descriptive statistics were calculated for visit utilization, per visit expenditures, and total expenditures per episode of care by several clinical, demographic, geographic, and payment variables. Multivariable regression models were used to evaluate the effects of the independent variables on each of the 3 dependent variables. The unadjusted mean number of visits per episode was 5.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3-6.4] and varied significantly by race/ethnicity, perceived mental health, urban-rural location, and source of payment. The mean total expenditures per visit per episode were estimated to be $69 (95% CI, $65-$73). There was variation associated with the census region, urban-rural location, and source of payment variables. Total expenditures for an episode of care were estimated to be $424 (95% CI, $371-$477] with variation according to urban-rural location and source of payment. During 29% of the episodes all expenditures were paid with out-of-pocket funds. Variation in the utilization and expenditures during chiropractic episodes of care is primarily associated with payment source and geographic factors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Organ-preserving renal tumor surgery for renal cell carcinoma ≥T1b: operative technique, complications and oncological control].
Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) represents the recommended treatment of choice in guidelines for T1a and T1b renal tumors. Current data, however, suggest that approximately 60% of patients with T1b tumors are treated by radical nephrectomy. We performed a retrospective analysis of 320 patients with renal cell cancer who underwent organ sparing procedures: NSS for renal tumors ≤4 cm (n=196, group 1) and 4.1-7 cm (n=92, group 2) as well as radiofrequency ablation (RFA, n=32, group 3). We analysed the indications, surgical techniques, perioperative complications and oncological outcome of the three groups. There were significant differences between groups 1 and 2 with regard to mean tumor size (2.9 cm versus 8.6 cm, p=0.03), necessity for warm ischemia (15.1% versus 51%, p=0.001), mean time of warm ischemia (3.5 min versus 10.2 min, p=0.002), necessity for endoluminal stenting due to involvement of the renal collecting system (0.5% versus 24.2%, p=0.001) and the number of pT2 (12.7% versus 29.7%, p=0.03) and pT3 tumors (8.7% versus 12%, p=0.05). In group 3 the mean age was 69.2 years and the mean Charlson comorbidity score was 7.7 (range 3-12) as compared to 3.4 (1-6) in groups 1 and 2. After a mean follow-up of 32 (2-71) months, 2 (6.2%) local recurrences developed and 8 patients died, 6 patients due to comorbidities and 2 patients due to metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Nephron sparing surgery can be safely performed for T1a to T2a renal cell carcinoma with equivalent oncological outcomes as compared to radical nephrectomy. Nephron sparing surgery should represent the standard surgical approach for localized RCCs independent of size and RFA should be reserved for patients with significant comorbidities. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Outcomes of repeat two-stage exchange hip arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection.
The increasing infection burden after total hip arthroplasty (THA) has seen a rise in the use of two-stage exchange arthroplasty and the use of increasingly powerful antibiotics at the time of this procedure. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of failed two-stage revisions during the past decade. The aim of this study was to clarify the outcome of repeat two-stage revision THA following a failed two-stage exchange due to recurrent prosthetic joint infection (PJI). We identified 42 patients who underwent a two-stage revision THA having already undergone at least one previous two stage procedure for infection, between 2000 and 2015. There were 23 women and 19 men. Their mean age was 69.3 years (48 to 81). The outcome was analyzed at a minimum follow-up of two years. A satisfactory control of infection and successful outcome was seen in 26 patients (57%). There therefore remained persistent symptoms that either required further surgery or chronic antibiotic suppression in 16 patients (38%). One-third of patients had died by the time of two years' follow-up. The rate of failure and complication rate of repeat two-stage exchange THA for PJI is high and new methods of treatment including host optimization, immunomodulation, longer periods between stages, and new and more powerful forms of antimicrobial treatment should be investigated. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(6 Supple B):110-115. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The nitritation performance of biofilm reactor for treating domestic wastewater under high dissolved oxygen.
The objective of this study was to investigate the nitritation performance in a biofilm reactor for treating domestic wastewater. The reactor was operated in continuous feed mode from phases 1 to 3. The dissolved oxygen (DO) was controlled at 3.5-7 mg/L throughout the experiment. The biofilm reactor showed excellent nitritation performance after the inoculation of nitrifying sludge, with the hydraulic retention time being reduced from 24 to 7 hr. Above 90% nitrite accumulation ratio (NAR) was maintained in phase 1. Afterwards, nitratation occurred with the low NH4(+)-N concentration in the reactor. The improvement of NH4(+)-N concentration to 20-35 mg/L had a limited effect on the recovery of nitritation. However, nitritation recovered rapidly when sequencing batch feed mode was adopted in phase 4, with the effluent NH4(+)-N concentration above 7 mg/L. The improvement of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity and the combined inhibition effect of free ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) on the nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were two key factors for the rapid recovery of nitritation. Sludge activity was obtained in batch tests. The results of batch tests had a good relationship with the long term operation performance of the biofilm reactor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A correlative approach at characterizing nanoparticle mobility and interactions after cellular uptake.
The interactions of nanoparticles with human cells are of large interest in the context of nanomaterial safety. Here, we use live cell imaging and image-based fluorescence correlation methods to determine colocalization of 88 nm and 32 nm silica nanoparticles with endocytotic vesicles derived from the cytoplasmic membrane and lysosomes, as well as to quantify intracellular mobility of internalized particles, in contrast to particle number quantification by counting techniques. In our study, A549 cells are used as a model for human type II alveolar epithelial cells. We present data supporting endocytotic uptake of the particles and subsequent active transport to the perinuclear region. The presence of particles in lamellar bodies is proposed as a potential exocytosis route. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
IgD serum levels are influenced by HLA-DR phenotype.
In the present paper we have evaluated IgD serum levels of 84 randomly selected HLA-typed healthy Sicilians. The values were analysed according to age, sex and HLA-DR phenotypes. No correlation between age and IgD serum levels was found in our population since all subjects were in a narrow age range. Furthermore, no significant association was found between IgD serum levels and gender of studied subjects. The evaluation of IgD serum levels according to HLA-DR phenotypes revealed that HLA-DR1 positive subjects displayed significantly higher values. These results are in agreement with previous reports showing that HLA phenotypes may be involved in the control of serum immunoglobulin levels. Furthermore, present data strengthen our suggestion that HLA-DR1 phenotype is related to the 'high responder' immunological profile. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Septin localization and function during autophagy.
Autophagy is a vital conserved recycling process where eukaryotic cells remove unwanted proteins and organelles via lysosomal degradation and in turn, generate nutrients for the cells. The special feature of autophagy process is the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes that engulf cellular cargo and deliver them to the vacuole or lysosomes for degradation. Inspite of more than 40 AuTophaGy (ATG) proteins and several organelles as known membrane source, autophagosome biogenesis is not entirely understood. We recently have discovered that septins contribute to autophagosome biogenesis. Septins are GTP-binding proteins, usually localized at the bud neck region and are involved in cytokinesis. Here, we show that during autophagy prevalent conditions, septins traffic between different cellular compartments such as Golgi, mitochondria, endosomes, plasma membrane, and vacuolar membranes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Acute electrophysiological and neurochemical effects of administration of MPTP in mice.
The changes occurring during the first few hours after subcutaneous administration of the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were investigated. Injections of MPTP (30-60 mg/kg s.c.) reduced the impulse rate by 12-45% in all dopaminergic neurones tested in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. Depressions were maximal at 11 min and remained present for more than 2 hr after injection. This effect was completely abolished by prior administration of the catecholamine uptake inhibitor, nomifensine (13-69 mg/kg s.c.), which prevents the toxic metabolite of MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) from entering dopaminergic neurones. These results suggest an intraneuronal mechanism underlying the observed depressions in impulse rate. Levels of dopamine (DA) were decreased at 3 hr after administration of MPTP (50 mg/kg s.c.) by 60% and 54% in the striatum and substantia nigra, respectively. Pretreatment with nomifensine (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) prevented the decrease in DA only in the striatum. This suggests an acute DA-releasing effect of MPTP in the striatum, mediated by intracellular accumulation of MPP+, while not explaining the depression of activity of DA neurones occurring with a different time course. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Affects as central organising and integrating factors. A new psychosocial/biological model of the psyche.
A new psychosocial/biological model of the psyche is proposed, in which the affects play a central role in organising and integrating cognition. The psyche is understood here as a complex hierarchical structure of affective/cognitive systems of reference (or 'programmes for feeling, thinking, and behaviour'), generated by repetitive concrete action. These systems store past experience in their structure, and provide the functional basis for further cognition and communication. Affects endow these programmes with a specific qualitative value (such as motivation), connect cognitive elements synchronically and diachronically, and contribute to their storage and mobilisation according to context. They also participate in differentiating cognitive systems at higher levels of abstraction. These assumptions are supported by recent findings on the role of the limbic and hypothalamic system for the regulation of emotion, on neuronal plasticity, and on the phenomenon of state-dependent learning and memory. Refutable hypotheses are formulated for further research on the interaction of emotion and cognition. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ultrasonic flexural-plate-wave sensor for detecting the concentration of settling E. coli W3110 cells.
The flexural-plate-wave (FPW) sensor, a type of ultrasonic sensor, can detect changes in E. coli W3110 concentration in solution as the cells settle onto the sensor under the influence of gravity. A model of the sensor's response to cell settling has been developed and is in good agreement with the experimental data. The FPW technique improves on conventional methods for determining cell concentrations; this technique allows for on-line data collection, is nondestructive, and requires only small sample volumes. The FPW sensor has applications as a device to measure cell concentrations and growth rates in industrial fermentors, biofilms, and wastewater treatment facilities. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The centenary of the problem of the interstitial cells of Cajal.
The intestinal pacemaker cells are often confused with the interstitial cells of Cajal. However, under this term, at least three kinds of histological structures have been discussed: 1) fibroblasts, 2) fibroblast-like cells consisting of several subclasses, and 3) specialized smooth muscle cells. To our surprise, Cajal (1889, 1893) described a chimeric composition of glial (Schwann) cells and varicose nerve terminals as interstitial (nerve) cells. Cajal could not explain the net work formation of the autonomic periphery by the neuron doctrine. Therefore, he described it as special neuron system. We studied a unique smooth muscle tissue that produces regular mechanical contractions of 10-12 cycles/min at the mesenteric border of the pacemaker area in the guinea-pig colonic flexure region. Based on the results of our studies, we reevaluated both Cajal's original description and the cellular identity of intestinal pacemakers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Aluminum and renal osteodystrophy A diminishing clinical problem.
Aluminum-associated osteomalacia is a serious complication of advanced renal disease. Sources o f aluminum include the water used for hemodialysis and the gastrointestinal absorption o f aluminum from the antacids used to bind dietary phosphorus in an effort to prevent hyperparathyroidism. Definitive diagnosis is made by bone biopsy and staining for aluminum. Noninvasive testing using the deferoxamine challenge test together with serum PTH levels is also of value in many instances. The goal for the future is to eliminate aluminum-related osteodystrophy by the avoidance of aluminum, control of phosphorus with non-aluminum-containing binders, and development of novel approaches to facilitate phosphorus removal by dialysis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The urinary myeloma cast. Frequency of detection and clinical correlations in 30 patients with multiple myeloma.
The authors examined urine specimens from 30 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) to determine the usefulness of cytodiagnostic urinalysis in evaluating such patients. Nine patients had clinical evidence of renal failure. In six of these nine patients (67%), or 20% of all patients, the urine sediment contained unique "MM-casts." These were characterized by a waxy to granular matrix surrounded by reactive, syncytial, giant cells with occasional renal cells embedded in the cast matrix. These casts were not observed in urine specimens from patients with normal renal function. Renal biopsy in two patients with MM-casts confirmed that cytologic diagnosis of "MM-kidney." The patient groups with or without MM-casts were comparable with respect to age, sex, and clinical stage of disease. In contrast, those with MM-casts were more likely to have clinical evidence of renal disease (100% vs. 13%), Bence Jones proteinuria (100% vs. 35%), hypercalcemia (50% vs. 8%), and hyperuricemia (50% vs. 4%). The two groups could not be distinguished reliably by urine physicochemical determinations. However, there were marked differences in the frequency of microscopic abnormalities. All patients with MM-cast formation excreted other pathologic casts as well and had evidence of tubular injury, while five of six had evidence of ischemic necrosis. This compared with 17%, 13%, and 21%, respectively, of those without MM-casts. Thus, cytodiagnostic urinalysis is of value in distinguishing MM-kidney from the numerous other causes of renal failure in patients with MM. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Do charge state signatures guarantee protein conformations?
The extent to which proteins in the gas phase retain their condensed-phase structure is a hotly debated issue. Closely related to this is the degree to which the observed charge state reflects protein conformation. Evidence from electron capture dissociation, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, ion mobility, and molecular dynamics shows clearly that there is often a strong correlation between the degree of folding and charge state, with the most compact conformations observed for the lowest charge states. In this article, we address recent controversies surrounding the relationship between charge states and folding, focussing also on the manipulation of charge in solution and its effect on conformation. 'Supercharging' reagents that have been used to effect change in charge state can promote unfolding in the electrospray droplet. However for several protein complexes, supercharging does not appear to perturb the structure in that unfolding is not detected. Consequently, a higher charge state does not necessarily imply unfolding. Whilst the effect of charge manipulation on conformation remains controversial, there is strong evidence that a folded, compact state of a protein can survive in the gas phase, at least on a millisecond timescale. The exact nature of the side-chain packing and secondary structural elements in these compact states, however, remains elusive and prompts further research. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The ratio of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1/11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 predicts glucocorticoid response in nasal polyps.
Glucocorticoids are the first-line medical treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), whose local metabolism is catalyzed by 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2. This study investigates the role of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 on the glucocorticoid response of CRSwNP patients and the pathogenic mechanism of these polyps. Forty-three adult CRSwNP patients were enrolled in this study. We evaluated the endoscopic scores by a nasal polyp grading system before and after treatment. We estimated the response to glucocorticoids by the total endoscopic scores. The logistic regression models and inflammatory characteristic curves were conducted to explore the prediction of the response to glucocorticoid in CRSwNP. The expression of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 on human sinonasal epithelial cells (HSECS) was measured under the stimulation of toll-like receptor agonists and dexamethasone. The endoscopic scores in the CRSwNP group declined, the expression of 11β-HSD1/11β-HSD2 increased (r = 0.5276, P = 0.0011), and the cutoff value of the ratio of 11β-HSD1/11β-HSD2 was 0.4654 (sensitivity 79.17%, specificity 88.89%). Dexamethasone induced a decrease in the ratio of 11β-HSD1/11β-HSD2 (P = 0.049) by the stimulation of PGN-BS. We found a strong correlation between the response to glucocorticoids and the ratio of 11β-HSD1/11β-HSD2, which could be used as a marker in predicting the level of tissue response to glucocorticoid therapy in CRSwNP. In addition, PGN-BS could also be a therapeutic target, as it is the negative factor that will decrease the sensitivity of glucocorticoids by reducing the ratio of 11β-HSD1/11β-HSD2. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Vessel counts and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factors in node-negative colon cancer.
The value of these prognostic factors was compared with that of other clinicopathologic factors such as tumor grade, tumor stage, mucin production, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, and lymphatic invasion. To determine whether the development of distant recurrence in patients with node-negative colon cancer could be predicted using vessel count and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Paraffin-embedded colon cancers were immunostained for factor VIII, VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen; slides were reviewed for differentiation, mucin production, and the presence of vascular, lymphatic, and/or perineural invasion. A large academic cancer referral center where 27 patients with node-negative colon cancer were operated on during 1988 and 1989. The development of and interval to recurrence. Eight patients developed liver, lung, or lymph node metastases at a median of 24 months. The median follow-up for patients without cancer recurrence was 60 months. The mean tumor vessel count for those patients who remained disease-free was significantly fewer than for those patients who suffered a recurrence (20 vs 33, respectively). By univariate analysis, 3 factors- perineural invasion, vessel count, and VEGF expression- were correlated with time to recurrence. By multivariate analysis, only vessel count was significantly related to differences in time to recurrence. Expression of VEGF correlated with vessel count. Vessel count and expression of VEGF may be useful for predicting distant recurrence in patients with node-negative colon cancer. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Syntropic genes of allergic diseases].
Common (syntropic) genes of allergic diseases (ADs) HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRB1, IL4, IL4RA, MS4A2, HLA-DQA1, LTC4S, IL13, IL10, and TGFBL have been identified on the basis of information from the HuGENet internet database. The functional sphere of competence of these genes is associated mainly with the initiation and regulation of an immune response and inflammation. Importance of these processes in the development of ADs is underlined. The results of cluster analysis of allergic diseases obtained using the data on common genes predisposing to their development are presented. Genetic clusterization ofADs confirms their accepted clinical classification. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Metabolic engineering for synthesis of aryl carotenoids in Rhodococcus.
Rhodococcus erythropolis naturally synthesizes monocyclic carotenoids: 4-keto-gamma-carotene and gamma-carotene. The genes and the pathway for carotenoid synthesis in R. erythropolis were previously described. We heterologously expressed a beta-carotene desaturase gene (crtU) from Brevibacterium in Rhodococcus to produce aryl carotenoids such as chlorobactene. Expression of the crtU downstream of a chloramphenicol resistance gene on pRhBR171 vector showed higher activity than expression downstream of a native 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase gene (dxs) on pDA71 vector. Expression of the crtU in the beta-carotene ketolase (crtO) knockout Rhodococcus host produced higher purity chlorobactene than expression in the wild-type Rhodococcus host. Growth of the engineered Rhodococcus strain in eight different media showed that nutrient broth yeast extract medium supplemented with fructose gave the highest total yield of chlorobactene. This medium was used for growing the engineered Rhodococcus strain in a 10-l fermentor, and approximately 18 mg of chlorobactene was produced as the almost exclusive carotenoid by fermentation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Human breast carcinoma: fibrin deposits and desmoplasia. Inflammatory cell type and distribution. Microvasculature and infarction.
Study of 14 human infiltrating breast carcinomas revealed new features that shed light on the pathogenesis of tumor stroma formation and on host immunologic defense mechanisms. Fibrin deposits were observed in the stroma of all tumors, particularly at their growing edge. Fibrin may have contributed both to tumor angiogenesis and, with organization, to the formation of the fibrous stroma characteristic of these and other scirrhous carcinomas. We previously proposed similar mechanisms for several animal tumors. All breast carcinomas studied elicited some degree of lymphocytic response at the tumor periphery; lymphocytes penetrated the fibrous tumor stroma poorly, did not exit in significant numbers from central tumor vessels, and, even when greatly outnumbering tumor cells locally, appeared relatively ineffective at tumor cell killing. Microvascular endothelial cell damage was frequently observed and may have been responsible for zones of tumor infarction. Similar observations have been made in skin allografts and animal tumors where rejection was effected principally by microvascular damage and subsequent tissue infarction, not by lymphocyte contact with individual epithelial target cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Determination of the depth of a scattering target in a turbid medium with polarization discrimination of transmitted signals.
We demonstrate the feasibility of a novel method of determining target depth in a turbid medium through Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. The method is based on the strong and weak dependencies of the copolarized component and the degree of polarization (DOP), respectively, of the transmitted intensity on the target depth. The two-way measurements of the copolarized intensity can be used for determination of target depth, whereas the transversely scanned DOP results are used for estimating the two-dimensional image in a turbid system. The combination of these two sets of data could provide useful results for estimating three-dimensional images. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Antisense oligonucleotides: the state of the art.
The use of antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents has generated considerable enthusiasm in the research and medical community. Antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents were proposed as far back as in the 1970s when the antisense strategy was initially developed. Nonetheless, it has taken almost a quarter of a century for this potential to be realized. The principle of antisense technology is the sequence-specific binding of an antisense oligonucleotide to target mRNA, resulting in the prevention of gene translation. The specificity of hybridization by Watson-Crick base pairing make antisense oligonucleotides attractive as tools for targeted validation and functionalization, and as therapeutics to selectively modulate the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of diseases. The last few years have seen a rapid increase in the number of antisense molecules progressing past Phase I, II and III clinical trials. This review outlines the basic concept of the antisense technology, its development and recent potential therapeutic applications. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, October 2014-Recommendations.
This article presents the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendations for the use of vaccines against diseases caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV) from the WHO position paper on Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper - October 2014, recently published in the Weekly Epidemiological Record [1]. This position paper summarizes the most recent developments in the field of HPV vaccines and the WHO position on HPV vaccine schedules in females. This document replaces the first WHO position paper on vaccines against diseases caused by HPV published in 2009 [2]. Footnotes to this paper provide a number of core references. In accordance with its mandate to provide guidance to Member States on health policy matters, WHO issues a series of regularly updated position papers on vaccines and combinations of vaccines against diseases that have an international public health impact. These papers are concerned primarily with the use of vaccines in large-scale immunization programmes; they summarize essential background information on diseases and vaccines, and conclude with WHO's current position on the use of vaccines in the global context. This paper reflects the recommendations of WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization. These recommendations were discussed by SAGE at its April 2014 meeting. Evidence presented at the meeting can be accessed at http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/previous/en/index.html. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Exploitation of a new flagellatropic phage of Erwinia for positive selection of bacterial mutants attenuated in plant virulence: towards phage therapy.
To isolate and characterize novel bacteriophages for the phytopathogen, Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca), and to isolate phage-resistant mutants attenuated in virulence. A novel flagellatropic phage was isolated on the potato-rotting bacterial species, Eca, and characterized using electron microscopy and restriction analysis. The phage, named PhiAT1, has an icosahedral head and a long, contractile tail; it belongs to the Myoviridae family. Partial sequencing revealed the presence of genes with homology to those of coliphages T4, T7 and Mu. Phage-resistant transposon mutants of Eca were isolated and studied in vitro for a number of virulence-related phenotypes; only motility was found to be affected. In vivo tuber rotting assays showed that these mutants were attenuated in virulence, presumably because the infection is unable to spread from the initial site of inoculation. The Eca flagellum can act as a receptor for PhiAT1 infection, and resistant mutants are enriched for motility and virulence defects. PhiAT1 is the first reported flagellatropic phage found to infect Eca and has enabled further study of the virulence of this economically important phytopathogen. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessment of interaction potential in simulating nonisothermal multiphase systems by means of lattice Boltzmann modeling.
The pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model (PP-LBM) is a very popular model for simulating multiphase systems. In this model, phase separation occurs via a short-range attraction between different phases when the interaction potential term is properly chosen. Therefore, the potential term is expected to play a significant role in the model and to affect the accuracy and the stability of the computations. The original PP-LBM suffers from some drawbacks such as being capable of dealing with low density ratios only, thermodynamic inconsistency, and spurious velocities. In this paper, we aim to analyze the PP-LBM with the view to simulate single-component (non-)isothermal multiphase systems at large density ratios and in spite of the presence of spurious velocities. For this purpose, the performance of two popular potential terms and of various implementation schemes for these potential terms is examined. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters (i.e., equation of state, viscosity, etc.) on the simulations are evaluated, and, finally, recommendations for a proper simulation of (non-)isothermal multiphase systems are presented. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Frontal polymerizations carried out in Deep-Eutectic mixtures providing both the monomers and the polymerization medium.
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) based upon mixtures of Acrylic Acid (AA) or Methacrylic Acid (MAA) and Choline Chloride (CCl) demonstrated superior performance than regular organic solvents and even ionic liquids for frontal polymerizations (FPs). Full recovering of CCl after FP provided an interesting green character to the process. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Family function in cognitively normal children with epilepsy: impact on competence and problem behaviors.
A cross-sectional cohort of 82 cognitively normal children with epilepsy attending the pediatric neurology clinic, who were aged 6-17 years and who had a similarly aged sibling without seizures or cognitive delay, were identified. The parent was asked to complete the Family Assessment Measure III (FAM-III) as well as the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for both the child with epilepsy and his or her sibling. The Overall Rating Score on FAM-III did not differ significantly from the normative mean, although families scored significantly better on the Involvement subscale and significantly worse on the Role Performance subscale. Moderate correlations were found between competence and behavior problems and family function in both children with epilepsy and their siblings. In families functioning at the highest level, both cohorts did well. In those at the lowest level, approximately half of the children in either cohort had problems. For average functioning families, behavior and competence issues were more frequent in children with epilepsy than their siblings. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Implementing tight glucose control after coronary artery bypass surgery.
The clinical benefit of tight glucose control has been demonstrated in diabetic patients. In adopting an approach of tight glucose control for all cardiac surgery patients at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, we encountered several challenges, including defining good glucose control, meaningfully measuring control, and assessing the impact of variables that may affect control. An interdisciplinary team used an insulin protocol to achieve tight glucose control of cardiac surgery patients in the operating room and intensive care unit as part of an effort to reduce sternal wound infections. Good control was defined as glucose less than 130 mg/dL for more than 50% of measured time. Eight hundred eighteen patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting between November 2002 and August 2004. Seven hundred thirty-seven (90%) received insulin. Fifty-seven percent did not have a preoperative diagnosis of diabetes. The trigger for insulin initiation was decreased sequentially from 150 mg/dL to 110 mg/dL, but the measure of good control remained the same: glucose less than 130 mg/dL. The factor most highly predictive of glucose being well controlled was the protocol with the 110 mg/dL trigger for insulin (p < 0.001). Patient factors such as age, ejection fraction, preoperative angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or beta-blocker use, or time on cardiopulmonary bypass were not significantly associated with glucose control. During the course of the protocols, the rate of mediastinitis decreased from 1.6% to 0%. Key elements to implementing tight glucose control include having a standard protocol and metrics to track protocol performance. This practice improved control and was associated with a marked reduction in mediastinitis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Jagged1 protein enhances the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into cardiomyocytes if an appropriate cellular environment is provided. Notch signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch receptor can eventually dictate cell differentiation. In our study, we show that MSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes is dependent on the Notch signal. We created a myocardial infarction model in rat by coronary ligation, administered direct intramyocardial injection of DAPI-labeled MSC immediately, and observed the differentiation of MSCs after 14 days by immunofluorescence staining against troponin T. We cultured MSCs and cardiomyocytes in four ways, respectively, in vitro. (1) MSCs cocultured with cardiomyocytes obtained from neonatal rat ventricles in a ratio of 1:10. (2) The two types of cells were cultured in two chambers separated by a semipermeable membrane as indirect coculture group. (3) Notch receptor-soluble jagged1 protein was added to indirect coculture group. (4) Both jagged1 protein and gamma-secretase inhibitor-DAPT were added to indirect coculture group. Two weeks later, we observed the differentiation percentage, respectively, by immunofluorescence staining. We found the differentiation of MSCs which were close to cardiomyocytes in vivo. The differentiation percentage of the four cell culture group was 30.13+/-2.16%, 12.52+/-1.18%, 26.33+/-2.20%, and 13.08+/-1.15%. MSCs can differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo if a cardiomyocyte microenvironment is provided. 2. Cell-to-cell interaction is very important for the differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes. 3. Jagged1 protein can activate Notch signal and enhance the differentiation of MSC into cardiomyocyte, while the effect can be inhibited by DAPT. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Advances in aeroallergen immunotherapy.
Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is the most common manifestation of allergic disease. This break in the normal natural function of the immune system to ignore harmless molecules such as pollen and pet dander to now aggressively react has lead to a substantial disease burden that is not always recognized and adequately treated. Individual molecular component testing may increase the predictive value of blood sIgE and clinical symptoms. Defining the most symptoms inducing allergenic protein has led to advances in peptide-based allergen immunotherapy. There have been steady consistent reports that allergy immunotherapy for children with symptomatic allergic rhinitis prevents the onset of asthma. Allergy immunotherapy is an effective disease-modulating treatment that alters the underlying immune dysfunction which is a currently underutilized therapy especially as it is likely effective in preventing the onset of asthma in children, at least in the short term. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Functional status of the pituitary-thyroid system in children and adolescents exposed to radiation as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station].
The paper is concerned with the results of a follow-up over the period of 1986-1989 of function of the hypophyseo-thyroid system in children and adolescents (approximately 6000 persons), residing in the South-West of the Kaluga Region, where radiation fallouts were observed after the Chernobyl accident. The results were based upon the analysis of medical examinations and determination of the blood levels of TSH, T4 and T3. A certain functional activation of the thyroid system was observed in a majority of the examinees. A conclusion has been made of a necessity of a long-term follow-up of the thyroid of persons who received radioactive iodine in childhood. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of pioglitazone on calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle.
Pioglitazone, an insulin-sensitizing, antidiabetic agent, has blood pressure-lowering effects in insulin-resistant hypertensive rats and attenuates growth factor-induced increases of intracellular Ca2+ in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. To determine whether modulation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels plays a role in this association, we investigated the effects of pioglitazone on voltage-dependent current in cultured rat aortic (a7r5) and freshly dissociated rat tail artery vascular smooth muscle cells. Both cell types were studied with whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Current through L-type Ca2+ channels was elicited with a voltage ramp in the presence of Ba2+ substituted for Ca2+. T-type Ca2+ current was studied using a two-pulse protocol that enabled the isolation of transient current. In a7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells, 2-minute application of pioglitazone (5 and 10 mumol/L) reduced L-type current by 7.9 +/- 1.0% (n = 8) (mean +/- SEM, number of cells) and 14.5 +/- 3.0% (n = 9) (P < .01, two-tailed paired t test), respectively. In contrast, 2-minute application of pioglitazone had no significant effect on T-type Ca2+ current. In freshly dissociated tail artery vascular smooth muscle cells, 2-minute application of 10 mumol/L pioglitazone had an insignificant effect (4.8 +/- 5.6% reduction); however, 25 mumol/L pioglitazone reduced L-type current by 27.3 +/- 7.2% (n = 5) (P < .01). Two-minute application of 0.1% or 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle) alone had no significant effects on currents in either type of vascular smooth muscle cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A novel combined score of biomarkers in sputum may be an indicator for lung cancer: A pilot study.
Lung cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and there is an urgent need for sensitive, specific, and reliable biomarkers. The study population included 60 patients (31 with lung cancer and 29 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) and thirty healthy individuals comprised the control group. Measurements of neutrophil, beclin-1, VEGF, ICAM, VCAM, and TNF-alpha levels in induced sputum were analyzed as possible biomarkers for lung cancer. Neutrophil, beclin-1, VEGF, ICAM and TNF-alpha levels of lung cancer patients differed significantly compared to those of COPD patients and healthy controls. A novel combined-score was created which was found to increase the likelihood to belong to the cancer group by 70% (odds-ratio 1.70 CI = 1.310-2.224,p < 0.001). Biomarkers of autophagy, angiogenesis and inflammation in lung-cancer patients are significantly different from controls, and combination of these markers may be an indicator for lung cancer. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Omission of lymphadenectomy in low risk prostate cancer.
THE AIM of the present study was to evaluate if lymphadenectomy could be safely spared in low risk prostate cancer (PC) patients. From 5/1998 to 10/2005, 100 patients with low risk prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy (RP) and did not have positive surgical margins were selected. The series included 34 patients submitted to lymphadenectomy including the iliac and obturatory nodes without documented nodal metastasis. Fifteen patients experienced a biochemical relapse (BR) at a median follow-up of 1.7 years. The pathological stage and not removing the nodes were both significant predictors of biochemical relapse (p-value=0.008 and 0.018) in univariate analysis. Adjusting for baseline imbalances through the Cox's regression model, a relative risk of BR which was more than five-fold higher in patients who had not been subjected to lymphadenectomy (p-value <0.05) was estimated. This observational investigation suggests that lymphadenectomy may not be safely spared in low risk prostate cancer patients. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effects of metformin on the capillary permeability to albumin in women patients with cyclic edema.
An experimental work has suggested the efficacy of metformin, an oral antidiabetic agent, on capillary permeability. This agent has been tested in 10 women patients with cyclic edema, 7 of them being obese. The capillary permeability to albumin studied by an isotope test derived from Landis's method was initially increased. After a mean of six-weeks of treatment the albumin retention and an index demonstrating the interstitial protein elimination through the lymph route were significantly improved. Concomitantly, the swelling feelings were reduced in 8 cases and the lower limb edema had decreased or disappeared in 8 of 9 patients who initially presented these symptoms. The effects of metformin are beneficial and have been observed to be independent of glycemic change. The results suggest a special effect of this agent on the microcirculation. Nevertheless, a controlled study is required. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Recognition between disordered polypeptide chains from cleavage of an alpha/beta domain: self-versus non-self-association.
Advances in structural biology have provoked a re-evaluation of the biological significance of the disordered state of proteins. We believe that the rules that govern structure, stability and kinetics in the molecular recognition between disordered polypeptide chains can be elucidated by studying processes that couple association with folding. The reassembly of single domain proteins by fragment complementation provides an excellent opportunity to study them. Since almost the complete sequence is available, although not on a single chain, most of the complementary fragments are expected to reassemble. However, that happens not to be the case. We have chosen E. coli thioredoxin (Trx), a small, single alpha/beta-domain protein, as a model system to study the effect of the site and number of cleavages on the reassembly of complementary fragments. We have shown at atomic detail the reassembly after cleavage of a loop (1-73, 74-108) and after cleavage of an alpha-helix (1-37, 38-108). Although both sets of fragments produce native-like complexes, there are clear differences in the interface geometry, apparent stability of the folded state and mechanism of association/folding: (i) the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant for 1-37/38-108 complex (4 microM) is higher than the one for 1-73/74-108 complex (49 nM), (ii) the apparent rate constants of non-self-association are similar (about 10(3) M-1s-1), and (iii) only the 1-37 fragment self-associates under these experimental conditions. Here the competition between self- and non-self-association leads to an apparently less stable 1-37/38-108 complex. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
3D documentation of footwear impressions and tyre tracks in snow with high resolution optical surface scanning.
The three-dimensional documentation of footwear and tyre impressions in snow offers an opportunity to capture additional fine detail for the identification as present photographs. For this approach, up to now, different casting methods have been used. Casting of footwear impressions in snow has always been a difficult assignment. This work demonstrates that for the three-dimensional documentation of impressions in snow the non-destructive method of 3D optical surface scanning is suitable. The new method delivers more detailed results of higher accuracy than the conventional casting techniques. The results of this easy to use and mobile 3D optical surface scanner were very satisfactory in different meteorological and snow conditions. The method is also suitable for impressions in soil, sand or other materials. In addition to the side by side comparison, the automatic comparison of the 3D models and the computation of deviations and accuracy of the data simplify the examination and delivers objective and secure results. The results can be visualized efficiently. Data exchange between investigating authorities at a national or an international level can be achieved easily with electronic data carriers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A comparison of two different team models for treatment of diabetes mellitus in primary care.
The importance of the nurse's role in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes has long since been emphasized. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a structured organization of type 2 diabetes care, with a diabetes nurse working more independently of the general practitioner, has a significant impact on the patient's self-management and quality of care. The test consisted of 394 registered patients, all with an onset of diabetes mellitus occurring after the age of 34, at two primary health care (PHC) districts in Blekinge county in South Sweden. During one year all consultations for both doctors and nurses were analysed, and a structured telephone survey was carried out involving 364 patients who were 84 years or younger. A comparison between the two PHC centres was made regarding quality of care, frequency of consultation, patients' knowledge of their disease, and patients' self-management. The results showed that organizing care of type 2 diabetes in a structured way encourages better metabolic control in spite of less use of oral medication, and among the patients a greater knowledge of their disease and a more active self-management thus favouring implementation of local guidelines. Also, a difference was found in the patients' choice of contact with doctor or nurse regarding their diabetes and even other causes, which shifted the balance from doctor to nurse. This study provides support for organizing type 2 diabetes care in a structured way to increase the quality of care. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Predictors of burden among lower socioeconomic status caregivers of persons with chronic mental illness.
This study uses a stress-coping-support framework to examine the predictors of caregiver burden with a sample of 103 lower social class family caregivers of persons with chronic mental illness. Results of multiple regression analyses show that the greater the frequency of client behavioral symptoms and the lower the amount of perceived support from family members, the higher the level of overall caregiver burden. Examination of the predictors of specific types of burden-family disruption, stigma, strain, and dependency-reveal that different constellations of variables predict different types of burden. The need for mental health agencies to address caregiver and client concerns is addressed. Implications are presented for practice and future research. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The 5 Most Important Recent Publications Regarding Robotic Esophageal Surgery.
Robotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy is gaining acceptance as a safe and effective alternative to open esophagectomy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Characteristics of adaptation of adolescents to different conditions of occupational training in coal mines].
The pattern of forming of the adaptational process to occupational-industrial factors of working in a coal mine depending on the conditions of carrying out practical work was determined. It was found out that the adaptation of young boys to the working activity in deep horizons was accompanied by a more marked tension of the functional status and regulation mechanisms compared to working in less deep horizons. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of Rider Experience Level on Horse Kinematics and Behavior.
There is little information on behavioral and physical effects of lesson horses being used multiple times a day or ridden by riders of varying levels of skill, leaving lesson program managers with limited information to support horse management and welfare decisions. This study used video analysis to evaluate whether horses exhibited different limb kinematics or patterns of behavior under riders with differing levels of experience, factors that could impact physical effort by the horse. Riders (n = 8) were sorted by skill level (four beginner and four advanced), and horses (n = 8) were sorted by sensitivity level (four reactive and four nonreactive). Then pairs of horses (one reactive and one nonreactive in each pair) and pairs of riders (one beginner and advanced in each pair) were created. The pairs were then used in a repeated 2 × 2 Latin square design. Data were collected at the posting trot, using an English saddle, during the stance phase of single fore and hind footfalls. Multivariate analysis of variance of the kinematic variables revealed no overall trends across the kinematic variables, with only a small number of joints showing near-significant effects. Behaviors were quantified based on a study-specific ethogram and willingness scale, but no differences related to rider skill level or horse sensitivity were identified. Although our data suggest no differences in horse kinematics or behavior between beginner and advanced rider groups of horses ridden at the trot, further trials would be required to test for effects during other portions of the stride cycle, other gaits, or longer durations of locomotion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Total breast reconstruction with either of two abdominal flaps.
We describe our experience with 15 cases of total breast reconstruction, using open abdominal flaps. Of these, 13 were mid-abdominal flaps. We believe the latter, an arterial flap(axial pattern flap), is safer. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Serum carnitine during valproic acid therapy.
This study was initiated to examine the influence of valproic acid (VPA) on serum carnitine, as well as the possible etiological role of carnitine in VPA-induced fatal hepatotoxicity. Free, total, and short-chain acylcarnitine were measured in the serum of 21 pediatric patients receiving VPA therapy, 21 healthy matched controls, and 21 patients receiving various antiepileptic drugs other than VPA. The free carnitine level was lowest in the VPA group (p less than 0.05), and the short-chain acylcarnitine/free carnitine ratio was highest in the VPA group (p less than 0.01). Patients receiving VPA polytherapy had lower total carnitine values than patients receiving VPA monotherapy (p less than 0.05). No correlation was found between serum ammonia and VPA drug levels. A 3 1/2-year-old girl developed hepatic failure under VPA therapy. Her serum carnitine values were normal. Despite the oral intake of L-carnitine this patient died. In this case, apparently VPA-induced hepatotoxicity was not associated with carnitine deficiency. The reduction of carnitine in the serum of VPA-treated patients is most probably due to alterations of fatty acid metabolism. However, neither primary carnitine deficiency nor VPA-induced secondary carnitine deficiency can be the only reason for the VPA-induced fatal hepatotoxicity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Generality of matched filtering and minimum Euclidean distance projection for optical pattern recognition.
Matched filtering followed by a minimum Euclidean distance projection onto realizable filter values was previously shown to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio for single training images in optical correlation pattern recognition. The algorithm is now shown to solve the combination of (1) standard statistical pattern-recognition metrics with multiple training images, (2) additive input noise of known power spectral density and also additive detection noise that is irreducible by the filter, (3) the building of the filter on arbitrary subsets of the complex unit disk, and (4) the use of observable correlator outputs only. The criteria include the Fisher ratio, the Bayes error and Bayes cost, the Chernoff and Bhattacharyya bounds, the population entropy and expected information, versions of signal-to-noise ratio that use other than second power in their norm, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Different criteria are optimized by different complex scalar weights. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A new hydrogel for the extended and complete prednisolone release in the GI tract.
The issue of incomplete release of poorly soluble drugs from sustained-release oral formulations is addressed using prednisolone (PDS) as the model drug and a novel highly swelling hydrogel as the rate-controlling material. The hydrogel was formed by heating N-carboxymethylchitosan (CMC) to 80 degrees C for 24 h. Swelling, alkalimetry, FTIR, DSC, and solid-state NMR studies showed that the treatment produced physical crosslinking, i.e., polymer chain entanglement. A controlled-release system was prepared by coating an inert compacted support of ethylcellulose (50 mg; diameter, 6 mm) with a CMC layer containing dispersed PDS powder (10-50 microm). The system was heated to crosslink the CMC coating, then drug release to simulated GI fluids was studied in vitro. The drug release pattern and term were modulated via the layer mass (LM) (10 or 14 mg cm(-2)) and/or the drug-polymer wt ratio (D/P) (1:5 or 2:5). The rate parameter, K, and the time exponent, n, of the Peppas equation were: K=26.6+/-0.3 h(-n), n = 0.78+/-0.02 (LM, 10 mg cm(-2); D/P, 1:5); K = 24.7+/-0.7 h(-n), n = 0.56+/-0.02 (LM, 14 mg cm(-2); D/P, 1:5); K = 20.7+/-0.3 h(-n), n = 0.76+/-0.01 (LM, 10 mg cm(-2); D/P, 2:5). Hydrogel swelling was faster than drug release. This was controlled, in a first stage, by drug dissolution-diffusion in the swollen gel, and subsequently, by diffusion. The drug release rate was unaffected by the GI pH variations, and slightly affected by the environmental hydrodynamics. The system promises an extended and complete release of poorly soluble drugs in the GI tract. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Plasma antioxidants: evidence for a protective role against reactive oxygen species following cardiac surgery.
Total plasma antioxidant status (TPAS), lipid peroxide concentration (LPX) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) were measured in 24 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Samples were obtained preoperatively and at 1.5 h, 6 h, 24 h and 72 h after CPB. The absolute TPAS values were significantly lower at 1.5 h, 6 h, 24 h and 72 h after CPB than were preoperative values (P < 0.05). The LPX concentration was significantly elevated at 1.5 h after CPB (P < 0.05). Cardiac troponin T concentrations were significantly elevated at all time points postoperatively (P < 0.05). Preoperative TPAS values were significantly correlated with the magnitude of fall in TPAS at 1.5 h (P < 0.05). The greater the fall in TPAS between 0 and 1.5 h, the less LPX was formed between 0 and 1.5 h. The LPX at 1.5 h displayed a significant correlation with cTnT release from myocardial myocytes (P < 0.05). These data provide evidence for the first time that the consumption of antioxidants during CABG surgery with CPB protects against the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent myocyte necrosis. Furthermore, the availability of protective antioxidants is dependent upon preoperative TPAS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dizziness and fainting in the elderly.
Syncope, vertigo, and related conditions are common in the elderly and must be evaluated carefully. There is major potential for treatable life-threatening conditions, falls with injury, and simply a fearful, confining, and unpleasant existence. The ability to evaluate and manage comfortably and confidently the elderly patient with dizziness and fainting is a major measure of the skill and maturity of an emergency physician. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
TGF-beta1 binding protein-like modules of fibrillin-1 and -2 mediate integrin-dependent cell adhesion.
Human fibrillin, a major component of the extracellular matrix, exists as two highly homologous forms (fibrillin-1 and -2). Several modules of fibrillin are homologous to TGF-beta1 binding protein. Two of these modules, D25 (the 25th module of fibrillin-1 and -2 D segment) and D12 (the 12th module of fibrillin-2 D segment) contain the cell adhesion motif arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl (RGD). The ability of RGD to mediate adhesion to D25-1 and D12-2 was investigated using bacterially expressed fusion proteins. Human skin fibroblasts and murine L-cells were used in microassays of cell attachment and cell spreading on fibrillin fusion-protein substrata. Dose-dependent experiments and competitive inhibition by soluble RGD-containing peptides demonstrated that D25-1 and D12-2 mediate RGD-dependent cell adhesion. These results provide evidence for a cell adhesion function of fibrillin-2. Inhibition with anti-integrin antibodies showed that alpha(v) and beta3 integrins mediate adhesion to D25-1, while alpha3, alpha(v) and beta1 are involved in adhesion to D12-2. Binding of different receptors may elicit distinct cell signalling supporting the hypothesis that fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 have distinct roles. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Electrophysiological study of the cardiotropic action of phenothiazine-derivative anti-arrhythmia preparations].
Cardiotropic action of antiarrhythmic agents etmozin and etacizin, phenothiazine derivatives, was studied electrophysiologically in 42 mongrel dogs (using isolated heart and intact body models). Etmozin produced no direct effect on sinus node function, whereas etacizin suppressed it in isolated hearts. Etmozin and etacizin significantly affected the atrial, atrioventricular-node and His-Purkinje conduction time, having no basic effect on the duration of respective refractory periods. Therefore, they can be referred to antiarrhythmic agents, group 1, subclass C. The magnitude and pattern of etmozin-and etacizin-induced electrophysiologic changes in the isolated heart and the integrated system are basically similar, an evidence of cardiotropic effects of these drugs. The model of an isolated dog heart perfused by a donor dog's blood can be used for the assessment of cardiotropic effects of drugs in preclinical trials of new antiarrhythmic agents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Primary duodenogastric reflux in children and adolescents.
Primary duodenogastric reflux is a rare disorder in adults which has not yet been documented in children. Six young patients, aged 4.5 to 16.5 years (median 13.5 years) presented with atypical reflux symptoms persisting from 1 to 84 months (median 8 months) and unresponsive to classical antacid therapy. In all six patients, 24 h gastric bilimetry showed excessive bile exposures for absorbances ranging from 0.25 to 0.60. The fraction of time (supine period) above the 0.25 absorbance threshold ranged from 30% to 75% while the 95th percentile value for healthy adults is 31%. In all patients tested, hepato-iminodiacetic acid scintigraphy revealed the occurrence of a massive duodenogastric reflux and four out of five patients had an alkaline shift (fraction of time pH >8 on 24 h lower oesophageal pH monitoring) ranging from 4.2% to 20% (control values 0.0% to 2.9%). Endoscopic findings included abundant bilious gastric leak (6/6) and chronic prepyloric Helicobacter pylorinegative gastritis (2/6). Daily administration of cisapride, sucralfate with or without omeprazole resulted in an improvement of symptoms in five patients within 15 days. This treatment was ineffective in one patient who became symptom-free only after a surgical duodenal switch with fundoplication was performed. primary duodenogastric reflux is a rare foregut disorder of unknown origin occurring in late childhood. If suspected, 24 h intragastric bilimetry appears to be a useful investigation to confirm the diagnosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Bioreactor improves the growth and viability of chondrocytes in the knitted poly-L,D-lactide scaffold.
In the present study bovine chondrocytes were cultured in two different environments (static flasks and bioreactor) in knitted poly-L,D-lactide (PLDLA) scaffolds up to 4 weeks. Chondrocyte viability was assessed by employing cell viability fluorescence markers. The cells were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties and uronic acid contents of the scaffolds were tested. Our results showed that cultivation in a bioreactor improved the growth and viability of the chondrocytes in the PLDLA scaffolds. Cells were observed both on and in between the fibrils of scaffold. Furthermore, chondrocytes cultured in the bioreactor, regained their original round phenotypes, whereas those in the static flask culture were flattened in shape. Confocal microscopy revealed that chondrocytes from the bioreactor were attached on both sides of the scaffold and sustained viability better during the culture period. Uronic acid contents of the scaffolds, cultured in bioreactor, were significantly higher than in those cultured in static flasks for 4 weeks. In summary, our data suggests that the bioreactor is superior over the static flask culture when culturing chondrocytes in knitted PLDLA scaffold. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Open systems living in a closed biosphere: a new paradox for the Gaia debate.
While energetically open, the biosphere is appreciably closed from the standpoint of matter exchange. Matter cycling and recycling is hence a necessary and emergent property of the global-scale system known as Gaia. But how can an aggregate of open-system life forms have evolved and persisted for billions of years within a planetary system that is largely closed to matter influx and outflow? The puzzling nature of a closed yet persistent biosphere draws our attention to the course of evolution of fundamental metabolic strategies and matter-capture techniques. It suggests a facet of the Gaia hypothesis, framed in terms of persistence. The oceans, atmosphere, soils and biota constitute a complex system which maintains and adjusts matter cycling and recycling within the constraints of planetary closure such that open-system forms of life can persist. This weaker version of the Gaia hypothesis may be useful because it readily lends itself to at least one form of test. What is the solution to the closed biosphere puzzle, and does it indicate that Gaia merits status as a discrete entity? We suggest several disciplines within the field of biology that might provide tools and perspectives toward reaching a solution. These disciplines include artificial closed ecosystems, prokaryote evolution, the nexus of thermodynamics and evolutionary biology, and hierarchy theory in ecosystem modeling and evolution theory. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
High-performance thin-layer chromatographic methods for the determination of febuxostat and febuxostat/diclofenac combination in human plasma.
Two simple, sensitive and specific high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) methods were developed for the determination of febuxostat (FEB) individually, and simultaneously with diclofenac (DIC) in human plasma. Method A presents the first HPTLC-ultraviolet attempt for FEB determination in human plasma. FEB was separated from endogenous plasma components (at hRF = 70) with ethyl acetate-methanol-water (9:2:1, v/v) mixture as mobile phase and quantified by densitometry at its λmax (315 nm). Method B is considered the first attempt for the simultaneous determination of FEB and DIC in human plasma. A mixture of petroleum ether-chloroform-ethyl acetate-formic acid (7.5:1:2.5:0.25, v/v) was used as the mobile phase. The two drugs were separated at hRF of 39 and 60 for FEB and DIC, respectively. FEB and DIC were quantified by densitometry at their isoabsorptive point (289 nm). FEB calibration plots were linear between 0.1 and 7 μg mL-1 in both methods A and B. In method B, DIC showed linear response in the range of 0.08-8 μg mL-1. Sample preparation was performed by liquid-liquid extraction using diethyl ether. Both methods did not record any interference from plasma matrix, the studied drugs' metabolites or their decomposition products. They were successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in healthy male volunteers after oral administration of FEB or FEB/DIC dosage forms. FEB plasma concentration increased significantly when given with DIC. The proposed methods provided very simple, rapid and cheap approaches that might be attractive for the future pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of FEB and/or DIC. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Network theory in autoimmunity].
The presence on periphery auto-reactive lymphocytes and antibodies, showing non-pathogen activity in norm and at many infections allows to enter concept the autoimmune state. Autoimmune state reflects that part of a functional condition of the immune system, which characterizes its activity in relation to autoantigens. The competence auto-reactive lymphocytes cells can not be explained in frameworks of mechanisms of formation natural tolerance, which assume auto-reactive lymphocytes exception or anergy. The new representation is necessary about, why the immune system in norm does not react on autoantigens and why loses ability to distinguish their and another. There are bases to believe, that the natural tolerance is formed as reaction of the immune system to autoantigens, which establishes the subsequent limiting control of auto-reactive lymphocytes. The natural tolerance is one of properties of the immune network. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cardiac manifestations of carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome.
A 2-month-old girl with exudative pericarditis and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is presented. The child had characteristic dysmorphic features of carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, which was confirmed by serum levels of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Chronic idiopathic neutropenia with hypergammaglobulinemia.
Chronic idiopathic neutropenia can occur in spite of the normocellular bone marrow in myeloid series with or without anti-neutrophilic antibody. We report a patient with chronic neutropenia and severe polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia. The patient demonstrated a positive anti-neutrophil antibody by fluorocytometry, although granulocyte-specific anti-nuclear factor and anti-stem cell (CFU-GM) antibody were negative. Thus, neutropenia of this patient appeared to be due to the antibody-mediated destruction of neutrophils. Both neutropenia and hypergammaglobulinemia were normalized by the administration of prednisone. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Adaptive Wetting-Adaptation in Wetting.
Many surfaces reversibly change their structure and interfacial energy upon being in contact with a liquid. Such surfaces adapt to a specific liquid. We propose the first order kinetic model to describe dynamic contact angles of such adaptive surfaces. The model is general and does not refer to a particular adaptation process. The aim of the proposed model is to provide a quantitative description of adaptive wetting and to link changes in contact angles to microscopic adaptation processes. By introducing exponentially relaxing interfacial energies and applying Young's equation locally, we predict a change of advancing and receding contact angles depending on the velocity of the contact line. Even for perfectly homogeneous and smooth surfaces, a dynamic contact angle hysteresis is obtained. As possible adaptations, we discuss changes and reconstruction of polymer surfaces or monolayers, diffusion and swelling, adsorption of surfactants, replacement of contaminants, reorientation of liquid molecules, or formation of an electric double layer. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Bitrophic and tritrophic effects of Bt Cry3A transgenic potato on beneficial, non-target, beetles.
Insect-resistant transgenic plants have been suggested to have unpredictable effects on the biodiversity of the agro-ecosystem, including potential effects on insect natural enemies, beneficial in control of crop pests. Whilst carnivorous as adults, many of these predators may also consume plant tissues, in particular plant pollen and nectar. Coleoptera are important in terms of agro-ecological research not only because of the large number of species in this order, but also because of their role as biological control agents. Thus any detrimental impact on this group of insects would be highly undesirable. The effects of potato expressing the coleopteran-specific Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin Cry3A (Bt Cry3A) on the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis and the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis were investigated via the bitrophic interaction of the adult ladybird with potato flowers and the tritrophic interaction of the carabid consuming a non-target potato pest. Immunoassays confirmed accumulation of the transgene product in potato leaves and floral tissues (at levels of up to 0.01% (pollen) and 0.0285% (anthers) of total soluble protein). Despite H. axyridis and N. brevicollis belonging to the targeted insect order, no significant effects upon survival or overall body mass change of either beetle were observed. Furthermore, Bt Cry3A had no detrimental effects on reproductive fitness of either beetle species, either in terms of fecundity or subsequent egg viability. Behavioural analysis revealed no significant impact of Bt Cry3A on beetle activity or locomoter behaviour. Ligand blots indicate that this is due to either the absence of Bt-binding sites in brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from Nebria brevicollis, or in the case of Harmonia axyridis, the binding did not functionally lead to behavioural or physical effects. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Oral anticoagulation among atrial fibrillation patients with anaemia: an observational cohort study.
To investigate the risk of stroke/thromboembolism (TE) and major bleeding associated with anaemia among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Also, to assess the effects of oral anticoagulation (OAC) and time in therapeutic range (TTR) with vitamin K antagonists according to level of haemoglobin (Hb). Through administrative registry databases, we identified all Danish patients diagnosed with AF from 1997 to 2012. We included 18 734 AF patients with recent available data on Hb. Multiple Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios and to compute standardized absolute 1-year risks of stroke/TE and major bleeding. Among included patients, 3796 (20%) had mild anaemia (Hb 6.83-7.45 mmol/L for women and Hb 6.83-8.03 mmol/L for men) and 2562 (14%) had moderate/severe anaemia (Hb <6.83 mmol/L). Moderate/severe anaemia was associated with increased risk of major bleeding and 9.1% lower median TTR compared with no anaemia. Use of OAC was associated with reduced risk of stroke/TE among patients without anaemia [standardized absolute 1-year difference -2.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.8 to -1.7%] or with mild anaemia (-2.3%, 95% CI -2.8 to -1.8%), but not with moderate/severe anaemia, (0.03%, -1.8 to +2.8%, interaction P = 0.01). Oral anticoagulation was associated with a 5.3% (95% CI 2.1-8.7%) increased standardized absolute risk of major bleeding among AF patients with moderate/severe anaemia. Anaemia was common in patients with AF and associated with major bleeding and lower TTR. Oral anticoagulation was associated with more major bleeding, but no reduction in risk of stroke/TE among AF patients with moderate/severe anaemia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Use of the Satinsky clamp for hilar clamping during robotic partial nephrectomy: indications, technique, and multi-center outcomes.
A Satinsky clamp may be a backup option for hilar clamping during robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) if there are challenges with application of bulldog clamps, but there are potential safety concerns. We evaluate outcomes of RPN using Satinsky vs. bulldog clamps, and provide tips for safe use of the Satinsky as a backup option. Using a multi-center database, we identified 1073 patients who underwent RPN between 2006 and 2013, and had information available about method of hilar clamping (bulldog clamp vs. Satinsky clamp). Patient baseline characteristics, tumor features, and perioperative outcomes were compared between the Satinsky and bulldog clamp groups. A Satinsky clamp was used for hilar clamping in 94 (8.8 %) RPN cases, and bulldog clamps were used in 979 (91.2 %) cases. The use of a Satinsky clamp was associated with greater operative time (198 vs. 175 min, p < 0.001), estimated blood loss (EBL, 200 vs. 100 ml, p < 0.001), warm ischemia time (WIT, 20 vs. 19 min, p = 0.036), transfusion rate (12.8 vs. 4.8 %, p = 0.001), and hospital stay (3 vs. 2 days, p < 0.001). Tumor characteristics and number of renal vessels were similar between groups. There were six intraoperative complications in the Satinsky clamp group, but none were directly related to the Satinsky clamp. On multivariable analysis, the use of the Satinsky clamp was not associated with increase in intraoperative or Clavien ≥3 postoperative complications, positive surgical margin rate or percentage change in estimated glomerular filtration rate. A Satinsky clamp can be a backup option for hilar clamping during challenging RPN cases, but requires careful technique, and was rarely necessary. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ossification of a collagen membrane cross-linked by sugar: a human case series.
Collagen membranes cross-linked by glycation (GLYM) for guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) are used extensively with proven safety and efficacy. Complete GLYM ossification, when placed in contact with bone, was described in a canine jaw model, suggesting that GLYM may serve as an ossification substrate. The purpose of this case series was to histologically evaluate GLYM in GBR procedures in humans. We retrospectively selected seven consecutive patients with implant-related bony defects who underwent GBR with GLYM. Six defects had bone grafts, and one had a barrier alone. Selection criteria were primary closure upon post-surgical examination and tissue that was 2- to 3-mm thick over the implant's cover screw. Tissue was removed when the implants were uncovered after 20 to 29 weeks. Decalcified sections were stained and analyzed under light microscopy. In five of seven specimens, GLYM was identified and preserved its barrier effect. The mean membrane thickness was 0.17 +/- 0.054 mm. In two cases, the bone grafts under the membrane were embedded in new bone, whereas in five cases, they were embedded in fibrous connective tissue. Formation of new dense bone was observed along the side of the membrane facing the original bone, and various degrees of membrane ossification were evident in all five cases. GLYM maintained its barrier effect in five of seven cases for 25 weeks and induced dense new bone along its interface with underlying tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on GLYM ossification in humans with direct mineral apposition on glycated collagen and suggests a new concept of tissue-integrated active barriers. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mirtazapine in L-dopa-induced dyskinesias.
Mirtazapine is a novel antidepressant with a pharmacologic profile (alpha-2 antagonist, 5HT-(1A) agonist, and 5HT-(2) antagonist) that renders it potentially useful for l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. Drugs with 5HT-(1A) agonistic activity, such as buspirone and tandospirone, have been reported to be effective in reducing l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. Furthermore, 5HT-(2) antagonism may, by reducing substantia nigra pars reticulata hyperactivity, play a role in the improvement of Parkinsonian symptoms and l-dopa-induced dyskinesias, as has been observed with ritanserin, a 5HT-(2) antagonist. Alpha-2 antagonists, such as idazoxan, have recently also been reported to improve l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. The authors investigated the antidyskinetic properties of mirtazapine by designing an open-label study of 20 Parkinsonian patients with l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. Mirtazapine proved to be moderately effective in reducing l-dopa-induced dyskinesias, either alone or in association with amantadine. Mirtazapine may be of use in patients who do not respond or are intolerant to amantadine. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Central lobe epilepsy surgery - (functional) results and how to evaluate them.
To evaluate whether central lobe epilepsy (CLE) surgery in the pericentral area implies inevitable function loss and to determine how postsurgical functional outcomes are perceived by the patient. We included all 22 people with epilepsy (PWE) who received central lobe epilepsy (CLE) surgery in the pre- and postcentral gyri between 1995 and 2015 in the University Medical Center Utrecht. We determined function loss and followed-up on quality of life (AQoL-8D), mobility (Rivermead Mobility Index RMI) and self-evaluation of the surgery. To compare this with the literature, a systematic review was conducted, with specific regard for studies that included functional outcome. Our own cohort showed newly developed functional loss in 54.4% postoperatively. Follow-up questionnaires were returned by 11/19 PWE (the other 3 could not be contacted). The mean AQoL-8d score was 0.74 (SD 0.16) and the mean RMI score was 13.7 (SD 3.0). This mean AQoL-8d was slightly lower than the Western mean population scores (0.86 and 0.87 respectively). RMI scores and postoperative functional deficits were both significantly related to how well PWE scored on the AQoL-8d. 72.7% of the PWE became seizure free after surgery (Engel class 1A). All PWE were happy with the CLE surgery and would recommend this type of surgery to other PWE. Becoming seizure-free, gaining better functioning and having more energy were reported as the most important reasons. The literature provided 475 unique papers, of which 25 were selected for critical appraisal. Six studies were of adequate quality and provided sufficient information to extract results. Prevalence of postoperative neurological deficit varied between 0 and 50%. No information is given on patient's perceptions. About half of central lobe resections do not result in new neurological deficits. The patient's perspective is important in CLE surgery, but neglected in the literature. PWE may report being satisfied with the results of surgery despite new deficits and impact on quality of life. Counseling in CLE surgery should take these findings into account. Neurologists and neurosurgeons should not by default refrain from CLE surgery and think a PWE will not accept a deficit. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Formulation and performance evaluation of betahistine dihydrochloride microspheres as sustained release systems.
Betahistine dihydrochloride is a histamine-like drug widely used in relieving the symptoms associated with Ménière's syndrome. Pharmacokinetic studies of betahistine have demonstrated that it has a short plasma half-life of 3-4 hours. In such cases frequent administration of the drug is required in order to keep plasma concentration within the therapeutic range. However, this may lead to noncompliance and aggravate patients' comfort. An advanced approach for achieving sustained release of drugs is their incorporation in microparticulate carriers. To design a sustained release microsphere formulation of betahistine providing reduced dose frequency and lower risk of side effects occurrence. Betahistine-loaded chitosan microspheres were obtained via W/O emulsion solvent evaporation technique and were characterized for particle size, drug loading and entrapment efficiency. Drug release into phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 was performed and dissolution profiles of the formulations were obtained. To study the mechanism of drug release from the microspheres the dissolution data was fitted to various mathematic models. Betahistine-loaded microspheres were produced with a high drug loading and entrapment efficiency. The microcarriers were spherical in shape with mean particle size of 3.82 μm to 7.69 μm. Betahistine release studies from the microspheres showed similar and slightly increasing dissolution profiles. The drug release proceeded in a controlled manner following Fickian diffusion. The obtained results suggest that betahistine-loaded chitosan microspheres prepared by solvent evaporation method are capable of sustained release of drugs and therefore can be used as drug delivery systems in the treatment of Ménière's syndrome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Transfusion and recipient immune function.
For some time it has been known that allogeneic blood transfusions have immunologic effects on animal and human recipients. These effects include increased numbers of suppressor T cells, decreased natural killer-cell function, decreased function of macrophages and monocytes, induction of anti-idiotypic antibodies that suppress allogeneic antigen recognition, and decreases in alloreactivity of mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The meaning of these changes is not clearly understood, nor is the exact clinical importance of these alterations known. However, these decreases in immunologic function may explain a number of clinical consequences some investigators believe are the sequelae of homologous blood transfusions. Clinically important outcomes that are associated with transfusions are improved survival of renal allografts and increased risks of bacterial infection and cancer recurrence after perioperative transfusions. Transfusion of plasma-rich blood components (eg, whole blood) has been specifically associated with earlier cancer recurrence and better renal allograft survival in some patient groups. The new hypothesis that transfusion of stored plasma is a major factor in altering host immune defenses is supported by the observation that patients infected with human immunodeficiency acquired immunodeficiency syndrome more rapidly if they have been transfused with large amounts of plasma. Contrary to previous belief, the transfusion of homologous stored blood plasma may have as great or greater effects on immunity than transfusion of white blood cells. We believe investigation into the immunologic effects of transfusions is likely to have a significant impact on transfusion medicine research and practice over the coming years. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The effects of synoptical weather pattern and complex terrain on the formation of aerosol events in the Greater Taipei area.
The aerosol in the Taipei basin is difficult to transport outward under specific weather patterns owing to complex terrain blocking. In this study, seven weather patterns are identified from synoptic weather maps for aerosol events, which occurred from March 2002 to February 2005. Among the identified weather patterns, High Pressure Peripheral Circulation (HPPC), Warm area Ahead of a cold Front (WAF), TYPhoon (TYP), Pacific High Pressure system stretching westerly (PHP), Weak High Pressure system (WHP), and Weak Southern Wind (WSW) are related to terrain blocking. The remaining pattern is High Pressure system Pushing (HPP). The classification of the pollution origin of the air masses shows that 15% of event days were contributed by long-range transport (LRT), 20% by local pollution (LP), and 65% by LRT/LP mix. Terrain blocking causes aerosol accumulation from high atmospheric stability and weak winds occurring under HPPC, TYP, and PHP weather patterns when the Taipei basin is situated on the lee side of the Snow Mountains Chain (SMC). Terrain blocking also occurs when the Taipei basin is situated on the upwind of SMC and Mt. Da-Twen under WAF and WSW patterns. To study the variation of aerosol properties under the mixed influence of terrain and pollution origin, we conducted a field observation simultaneously at the urban, suburban, and background sites in the Greater Taipei area from April 14 to 23, 2004. Terrain blocking plays an important role in aerosol accumulation in the stagnant environment when the Taipei basin is on the lee side of SMC. On the other hand, the PM(2.5) sulfate level is stable with a fraction of 30% in PM(2.5) during the observation period at the urban (25%-33%) and background (25%-41%) sites. It indicates that background PM(2.5) sulfate is high on the West Pacific in winter. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Grading of internal carotid artery stenosis: comparative analysis of different flow velocity criteria and multidetector computed tomographic angiography.
To evaluate multidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA) versus published color Doppler sonography (CDS) velocity criteria in the grading of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. Sixty-eight consecutive patients (50 men; mean age 70.2 +/- 8.1 years, range 51- 85) with known ICA stenosis and complete CTA and CDS data for 127 carotid arteries were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. The degree of stenosis was determined using CDS velocities according to 5 published sets of criteria, as well as the criteria used at the authors' institution. These outcomes were then correlated using kappa-statistics with the results of multidetector CTA according to NASCET. The best overall agreement was achieved applying the criteria sets of Hwang (kappa = 0.70) and AbuRahma (kappa = 0.68). All 5 occlusions were correctly identified with both modalities. CTA detected 73 ICA stenoses > 70%; the best correlation was with the application of Hwang criteria, which correctly identified 69 (94.5%) > 70% stenoses. In order of increasing tendency to underscore the grade of stenosis, the corresponding results for the other criteria sets were 62 (84.9%) for Mittl, 59 (80.8%) for AbuRahma, 55 (75.3%) each for Nicolaides and Filis, and 50 (68.5%) for Nederkoorn. CTA detected 85 stenoses >50%; the sensitivity of all applied CDS criteria sets exceeded 90%. Grading of ICA stenosis > 70% with CDS and CTA results in clinically relevant discrepancies, with higher grades of stenoses assessed by CTA. The choice of CDS grading criteria is of significant clinical importance, especially in the identification of high-grade ICA stenosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Enhanced anti-topoisomerase II activity by mucoadhesive 4-CBS-chitosan/poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles.
In this study, the biodegradable mucoadhesive 4-carboxybenzensulfonamide chitosan (4-CBS-chitosan)/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles were fabricated by the electrospray ionization technique for enhancing anti-topoisomerase II (Topo II) activity. The obtained (4-CBS-chitosan/PLA)-DOX nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, particle size analyzer. We emphasis on encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release behavior and also performed in vitro studies of Topo II inhibitory activity using gel electrophoresis. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the 4-CBS-chitosan/PLA nanoparticles using MTT assay was also studied. The mean particle size of spherical shaped (4-CBS-chitosan/PLA)-DOX is less than 300 nm. The DOX loaded 4-CBS-chitosan/PLA composite nanoparticles produced high entrapment efficiency of 85.8% and provided the prolonged release of DOX extended to 26 days and also still had strong Topo II inhibitory activity up to 77.4%. Overall, it was shown that 4-CBS-chitosan/PLA nanoparticles could be promising carriers for controlled delivery of anticancer drugs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prolonged but not short negative energy condition restored corticoadrenal leptin sensitivity in the hypothalamic obese rat.
We have reported that neonatal treatment with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), which causes damage to the arcuate nucleus, leads to severe hyperleptinemia and reduced adrenal leptin receptor (ob-Rb) expression in adulthood. As a result, rats given MSG neonatally display corticoadrenal leptin-resistance, a defect that is overridden by normalization of corticoadrenal hyperfunction. The aim of the present study was to determine whether negative energy conditions could correct corticoadrenal cell dysfunction in rats given MSG neonatally. Normal (CTR) and MSG-treated female rats were subjected to food removal for 1-5 days, or prolonged (24-61 days) food restriction (FR). Plasma levels of several biomarkers and in vitro corticoadrenal function were evaluated following starvation or FR. Fasting for 1-5 days reduced plasma leptin levels in CTR and MSG rats, compared to levels in the respective groups fed ad libitum(p < 0.05), but adrenal leptin-resistance was unchanged. With prolonged FR, isolated adrenal cells from MSG rats became sensitive to leptin, which lowered ACTH-induced glucocorticoid release. This restoration of leptin response was associated with normalization of adrenal ob-Rb gene expression. Dietary restriction in some leptin-resistant obese phenotypes may normalize adrenocortical function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Type II secretion: a protein secretion system for all seasons.
In Gram-negative bacteria, type II secretion (T2S) is one of five protein secretion systems that permit the export of proteins from within the bacterial cell to the extracellular milieu and/or into target host cells. An analysis of numerous sequenced genomes now reveals that T2S genes are common, but by no means universal, in Gram-negative bacteria. Recent functional studies indicate that T2S can promote the virulence of human, animal and plant pathogens, as well as the physiology of various environmental bacteria. Thus, it is an opportune time to highlight the new and different ways in which T2S serves bacterial function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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