text
stringlengths 1
10.9k
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
The impact of injury definition on injury surveillance in novice runners.
Despite several consensus statements, different injury definitions are used in the literature. This study aimed to identify the impact of different injury definitions on the nature and incidence of complaints captured during a short-term running program for novice runners. Prospective cohort study. 1696 participants completed weekly diaries on running exposure and musculoskeletal complaints during a 6-week running program. These data were used to compare six different injury definitions (presence of running-related pain, training-reduction, time-loss of one day or one week). Injuries were registered under these different definitions. Consequently incidence and the nature of complaints were compared between definitions. The different injury definitions resulted in incidences that varied between 7.5% and 58.0%, or 18.7 and 239.6 injuries per 1000h of running. The median duration of injury complaints was 4-7 days for injuries registered under a 'day definition', while complaints registered under a 'week definition' lasted 20-22 days. For running-related pain injuries the median of the maximum amount of pain was 3.0. In training-reduction and time-loss injuries these median values were scored between 5.0 and 7.0. No significant differences in anatomical locations between injuries that were registered under a 'day definition' or a 'week definition' were found. Injuries registered under a time-loss definition were located relatively more often at the knee, while complaints at the pelvis/sacrum/buttock were captured more often under a running-related pain definition. Injury definitions largely impact injury incidence. Location of injury is also affected by choice of injury definition. This stressed the need for standardized injury registration methods. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pathogen-Host Analysis Tool (PHAT): an integrative platform to analyze next-generation sequencing data.
The Pathogen-Host Analysis Tool (PHAT) is an application for processing and analyzing next-generation sequencing (NGS) data as it relates to relationships between pathogens and their hosts. Unlike custom scripts and tedious pipeline programming, PHAT provides an integrative platform encompassing raw and aligned sequence and reference file input, quality control (QC) reporting, alignment and variant calling, linear and circular alignment viewing, and graphical and tabular output. This novel tool aims to be user-friendly for life scientists studying diverse pathogen-host relationships. The project is available on GitHub (https://github.com/chgibb/PHAT) and includes convenient installers, as well as portable and source versions, for both Windows and Linux (Debian and RedHat). Up-to-date documentation for PHAT, including user guides and development notes, can be found at https://chgibb.github.io/PHATDocs/. We encourage users and developers to provide feedback (error reporting, suggestions and comments). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reference standardization and analytical performance of a liquid homogeneous high-density lipoprotein cholesterol method compared with chemical precipitation method.
The use of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels as a risk factor for coronary heart disease necessitates an accurate and precise method for measuring HDL-C. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HDL-C reference method (RM) and designated comparison method (DCM) are time-consuming, expensive, and impractical for routine clinical use. We evaluated the Liquid N-geneous (LN-gen) HDL-C assay (Genzyme Diagnostics, Cambridge, Mass) to determine if this homogeneous reagent meets the National Cholesterol Education Program requirements for HDL-C evaluation. Accuracy of the LN-gen HDL-C assay was compared in combination with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation with DCM HDL-C for normotriglyceridemic serum specimens (triglycerides < 2.0 g/L) and with RM HDL-C for specimens with triglycerides levels > or = 2.0 g/L. Genzyme Diagnostics (with RM and DCM assayed by Pacific BioMetrics Inc, Seattle, Wash) and the Lipid Reference Laboratory of the University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Linear regression to DCM (n = 90) was (LN-gen = 1.015 DCM + 0.01 g/L, r = 0.993, SE = 0.015 g/L) and (PTA = 1.004 DCM - 0.017 g/L, r = 0.980, SE = 0.025 g/L), with a mean percent bias to DCM of 3.3% and -2.8% for LN-gen and PTA, respectively. The comparison with RM (n = 69) showed an increased mean bias for PTA (-5.8%) as compared with LN-gen (1.5%). The correlation and regression equations were (LN-gen = 1.020 RM - 0.002 g/L, r = 0.985, SE = 0.017 g/L) and (PTA = 1.042 RM - 0.032 g/L, r = 0.984, SE = 0.018 g/L). The precision of LN-gen was confirmed at < 2.1% coefficient of variation, and the total error was calculated to be < or = 7.7% for both normotriglyceride and elevated triglyceride specimens at HDL-C decision points of 0.35 g/L and 0.60 g/L. The LN-gen HDL-C assay offers a cost-effective convenient method for meeting the 1998 precision, bias, and total error recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Usefulness of slice encoding for metal artifact correction (SEMAC) for reducing metallic artifacts in 3-T MRI.
The purpose of the study was to assess the usefulness of slice encoding for metal artifact correction (SEMAC) in 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) in minimizing metallic artifacts in patients with spinal prostheses. Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained for this study. Twenty-seven spine MR scans were performed with metal artifact reduction SEMAC between May 2011 and July 2012 in patients with metallic devices. The MR scans were performed on a 3-T MR system (Achieva; Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands) including SEMAC-corrected T2-weighted axial/sagittal images and two-dimensional fast spin echo (FSE) axial/sagittal images. The SEMAC-corrected images were compared to conventional T2-weighted FSE images. Two musculoskeletal radiologists qualitatively analyzed the images in terms of visualization of the pedicle, vertebral body, dural sac, intervertebral disc, intervertebral neural foramina, screws and metallic artifacts. The paired images were rated using a 5-point scale. P values less than .05 were considered to indicate statistically significant differences. The SEMAC-corrected MR images significantly reduced the metal-related artifacts. The T2-weighted images with SEMAC sequences enabled significantly improved periprosthetic visualizations of the pedicle, vertebral body, dural sac and neural foramina, with the exception of the intervertebral disc (P<.05). In addition, there was significant improvement in prosthesis visualization (P<.05). MR images with SEMAC can reduce metal-related artifacts, providing improved delineation of the prosthesis and periprosthetic region. However, for the evaluation of the intervertebral disc, the SEMAC-corrected MR images showed no significant benefits. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the cranial vault: a case report].
Fibrous dysplasia, when it occurs in the craniofacial region, mostly involves the skull base and is rarely localized in the cranial vault. Although there have been several reports on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of fibrous dysplasia involving the skull base, cases occurring in the cranial vault have seldom been reported. We describe here a rare case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia that occurred in the parietal bone and discuss the characteristics of the MRI findings. A 47-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of vertigo. A computed tomography (CT) scan did not reveal any intraparenchymal lesions in either the infra- or supratentorium, and her vertigo improved immediately without any treatments. However, a solitary osteolytic lesion was found incidentally in the left parietal bone. MRI showed that the lesion demonstrated hypointensity on T1-weighted images and hyperintensity on T2-weighted images, and was enhanced heterogeneously following injection of Gadolinium-DTPA. Removal of the parietal bone containing the lesion was performed according to the patient's wishes. The histopathological findings of the removed tissues corresponded to fibrous dysplasia. Although it is well known that craniofacial fibrous dysplasia demonstrates iso- or hypointensity on T1- as well as T2-weighted images, in the present case, the lesion showed apparent hyperintensity on T2-weighted images. These findings suggest that fibrous dysplasia can display various MR intensities depending on its origin. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Outdoor thermal comfort characteristics in the hot and humid region from a gender perspective.
Thermal comfort is a subjective psychological perception of people based also on physiological thermoregulation mechanisms when the human body is exposed to a combination of various environmental factors including air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, and radiation conditions. Due to the importance of gender in the issue of outdoor thermal comfort, this study compared and examined the thermal comfort-related differences between male and female subjects using previous data from Taiwanese questionnaire survey. Compared with males, the results indicated that females in Taiwan are less tolerant to hot conditions and intensely protect themselves from sun exposure. Our analytical results are inconsistent with the findings of previous physiological studies concerning thermal comfort indicating that females have superior thermal physiological tolerance than males. On the contrary, our findings can be interpreted on psychological level. Environmental behavioral learning theory was adopted in this study to elucidate this observed contradiction between the autonomic thermal physiological and psychological-behavioral aspects. Women might desire for a light skin tone through social learning processes, such as observation and education, which is subsequently reflected in their psychological perceptions (fears of heat and sun exposure) and behavioral adjustments (carrying umbrellas or searching for shade). Hence, these unique psychological and behavioral phenomena cannot be directly explained by autonomic physiological thermoregulation mechanisms. The findings of this study serve as a reference for designing spaces that accommodates gender-specific thermal comfort characteristics. Recommendations include providing additional suitable sheltered areas in open areas, such as city squares and parks, to satisfy the thermal comfort needs of females. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Chronic heart failure - improving life with modern therapies.
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is an increasingly common condition with increasing prevalence in the aging population. It has a significant mortality and is associated with a high incidence of hospitalisation and morbidity. This article describes the aspects of modern therapy that can improve survival, reduce hospitalisation and improve quality of life for CHF patients. A careful history, physical examination and judicious investigation (including chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, complete blood profile and echocardiogram) can often identify the cause of CHF, the severity of CHF and help guide management. Treatments which have been shown to be of significant benefit include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists and angiotensin receptor blockers. Loop diuretics, nitrates, digoxin, hydralazine and amiodarone may be used when patients do not respond to initial therapy. Review by a cardiologist is often useful to exclude myocardial ischaemia and to perform echocardiography which is a key investigation in assessment of CHF patients. Ongoing regular review with uptitration of medications to achieve target blood pressure and pulse and exclude exacerbating conditions can lead to improvements in care and facilitate successful outcomes in CHF patients who are often very unwell. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc in adult female hair with different body mass indexes in Taiwan.
We investigated concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc using atomic absorption spectroscopy in the hair of four groups of adult females (n = 392), ranging in age from 20 to 50 years, with different body mass index (BMI): BMI < 18, slim group; BMI 18-25, normal group; BMI 26-35, overweight or obese group; and BMI>35, morbidly obese group. We found that the group with BMI < 18 had the highest ratios for [Ca]/[Mg], [Fe]/[Cu] and [Zn]/[Cu], but the lowest ratio for [K]/[Na] in hair. On the contrary, the group with BMI > 35 had the highest ratio for [K]/[Na], but the lowest for [Fe]/[Cu] and [Zn]/[Cu] in hair. Furthermore, when we compared concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, K, Na and Zn between the groups with BMI < 18 and BMI > 35, we found that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in zinc concentrations between these two groups. In addition, there were significant differences in Ca, Cu, Mg, K and Na concentrations, with p < 0.01 at least. From this point of view, we suggest that hair concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, K, Na and Zn may be correlated with adult female BMI, but further studies are needed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Theoretical study of ethidium intercalation in triple-stranded DNA and at triplex-duplex junctions.
The contribution of different factors in the interaction of ethidium intercalated into various sequences of a triple helix, or in the region of the junction between the double- and triple-stranded DNA has been studied by energy minimization. It is found that in the total energy of the ethidium- triple helix complexes, a particular electrostatic contribution emerges due to the presence of protonated cytosines in the triple helix. This parameters is determinant in the sequence-specificity of ethidium binding to the triple helix. The preferred intercalation sites of ethidium in the triple helix are proposed. The interaction of ethidium at the triplex-duplex junction, and its effects are also discussed. This study is aimed at searching for new drugs specific for the triple helix, or for the triplex-duplex junctions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) versus n-terminal type B natriuretic propeptide in the diagnosis of cardiac failure in the elderly over 75 population].
Type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) versus n-terminal type B natriuretic propeptide in the diagnosis of cardiac failure in the elderly over 75 population The value of BNP is well established in the diagnosis of cardiac failure in cases of dyspnoea in the emergency room in young and, more and more, in elderly subjects. However, there are few studies comparing the diagnostic value of BNP and of the n-terminal pro-BNP in patients over 75 years of age. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of BNP and NT-pro BNP in dyspnoea of the elderly patient. One hundred and three consecutive patients over 75 years of age admitted to the emergency unit for dyspnoea were included. A blood sample for measuring the BNP (Biosite) and the NT-proBNP (Roche Diagnostic) was taken in the admission unit in addition to the standard blood workup. The final reference diagnosis was established by two independent cardiologists. Of the 103 patients, 61 were women and the average age was 84.9 +/- 6.2 years. The final diagnosis was cardiac failure in 49 patients (48%), pulmonary embolism in 6 patients, an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease in 36 patients and an acute bronchitis in 30 patients. In 9 cases, the dyspnoea was considered to result from mixed cardiac and pulmonary disease. Renal function was assessed by calculating the creatinine clearance by Cockcroft and Gault's formula. The average value of the creatinine clearance was 41.7 +/- 16.4 ml/min indicating that mild renal failure was relatively common. The diagnostic value, assessed by the area under the ROC curve, was similar for the BNP (0.79; CI: 0.70-0.88) and NT-proBNP (0.80; CI: 0.71-0.89). A BNP value of 300 pg/ml had the same sensitivity and specificity as an NT-proBNP of less than 1 500 pg/ml. A BNP of less than 200 pg/ml and an NT-proBNP of less than 1 000 pg/ml had excellent negative predictive values for excluding the diagnosis of cardiac failure. The authors conclude that the BNP and NT-proBNP are useful for the diagnosis of cardiac failure in acute dyspnoea of the elderly and seem to have a comparable diagnostic value. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Invasive Streptococcus mutans induces inflammatory cytokine production in human aortic endothelial cells via regulation of intracellular toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2.
Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiologic agent of dental caries, can gain access to the bloodstream and has been associated with cardiovascular disease. However, the roles of S. mutans in inflammation in cardiovascular disease remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine cytokine production induced by S. mutans in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and to evaluate the participation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) -like receptors in HAECs. Cytokine production by HAECs was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and the expression of TLRs and NOD-like receptors was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. The involvement of TLR2 and NOD2 in cytokine production by invaded HAECs was examined using RNA interference. The invasion efficiencies of S. mutans strains were evaluated by means of antibiotic protection assays. Five of six strains of S. mutans of various serotypes induced interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production by HAECs. All S. mutans strains upregulated TLR2 and NOD2 mRNA levels in HAECs. Streptococcus mutans Xc upregulated the intracellular TLR2 and NOD2 protein levels in HAECs. Silencing of the TLR2 and NOD2 genes in HAECs invaded by S. mutans Xc led to a reduction in interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production. Cytokine production induced by invasive S. mutans via intracellular TLR2 and NOD2 in HAECs may be associated with inflammation in cardiovascular disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[A preliminary report of apoA5 gene novel receptor-binding domain mutation in a patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia].
To find novel variants and explore potential mechanism of triglyceride metabolism by resequencing apoA5 gene in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. The apoA5 gene in the patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia were resequenced, who had been excluded with variants in LPL or apoCII. With constructed apoA5 cDNA expression vectors, transiently expression was observed in vitro and the protein expression was detected by Western blot and (35)S-labeled immunoprecipitation. The mutations of T184S and V153M were found in a patient with heterozygous variants in apoA5, and T184S was not reported before. Both mutant and wild type apoA5 cDNA expression vectors were constructed successfully. Western blot and immunoprecipitation showed they can be expressed in the cell and the mutational apoA5 can be secreted from the cell as well as wild type. A novel mutation in apoA5 was found in a patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia, which has the potential damaging effect for the function of this protein but not the secretion function. It need further study on the interaction of apoA5 and other related proteins. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
CT-guided sternoclavicular joint injections: description of the procedure, reliability of imaging diagnosis, and short-term patient responses.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate pain relief 20 to 30 minutes after diagnostic or therapeutic injections into the sternoclavicular joint and to compare patient outcomes based on the CT diagnosis. Informed consent was obtained from each patient. Ethics approval was not required. Fifty patients who had CT-guided injections of corticosteroid and local anesthetic into their sternoclavicular joints were included in the study. Preinjection and 20- to 30-minute postinjection visual analog scale data were recorded and compared with the imaging findings agreed by consensus. Kappa statistics were calculated for the reliability of imaging diagnosis. The percentage of patients improving after joint injection was calculated, and the risk ratio comparing the response of patients with osteoarthritis to those without osteoarthritis was completed. The correlation between the severity of each patient's osteoarthritis and the pain response was calculated using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Sixty-six percent of the patients reported clinically significant pain reduction at between 20 and 30 minutes after injection. The proportion of patients with osteoarthritis who had a clinically significant response was 67% compared with 64% for patients who did not have osteoarthritis. This difference was not statistically or clinically significant. There was no correlation between the severity of osteoarthritis and the amount of pain reduction (r = 0.03). The reliability of imaging diagnosis was substantial. Two thirds of patients having sternoclavicular joint injections of corticosteroids and local anesthetics report clinically significant improvement regardless of the abnormalities detected on their CT images. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
7Li-NMR and FTIR studies of lithium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium complexes with ionophore lasalocid in solution.
Lasalocid metal salts were combined with 1 : 1 lithium and 2:2 potassium, rubidium, and cesium to form complexes. The nature of the lasolocid salt complexes was studied in a solid and chloroform by FTIR spectroscopy in the middle and far IR regions. The process of the complexation of lithium was also studied by (7)Li-NMR. In chloroform a 1 : 1 complex of lasalocid and Li(+) ions was formed. Continuous absorption was observed in the far FTIR spectrum of this complex. It indicated large Li(+) polarizability, which was due to fast fluctuations of the Li(+) ions in the multiminima potentials, in the monomeric structure. In the lasalocid salt with the other monovalent cations (K(+), Rb(+), Cs(+)) 2:2 complexes were formed in which the cations showed cation polarizability, which strongly depended on the mass and the radius of the cations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Essential drugs for ration kits in developing countries.
Since the early 1980s drug ration kits have been used to improve the supply of essential drugs to rural health facilities in developing countries. This paper evaluates some of the experiences with kit systems in Angola, Bhutan, Democratic Yemen, Guinea-Conakry, Kenya, Mozambique, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia in relation to the selection of drugs for the kits and their quantities and cost. Data were collected through a review of published papers, annual reports and programme evaluations, by questionnaires among field staff and interviews with key experts. In comparing the 10 programmes, 21 drugs can be identified that are used in at least two-thirds of all kits. This list may be useful for evaluation and planning purposes. Six drugs (ORS, chloroquine and 4 antibiotics) usually account for over 60% of the cost of the kit. Careful monitoring of the price and quantities of these 6 drugs can therefore be very cost-effective. In the absence of reliable data on morbidity and drug needs in the initial phases of a kit system, the median drug quantities in kits from these 10 countries may serve as a starting point. Accumulating surpluses are sometimes perceived as a serious disadvantage of kit systems, ORS, benzylbenzoate solution and iron tablets are the three drugs that have most frequently accumulated. These drugs are relatively cheap and usually have a long shelf-life; in most programmes they have been successfully redistributed to other health facilities while the kit content was being adapted. The overall financial loss due to accumulation of surpluses is therefore limited. Most programmes have reached a stable kit content within two years. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pathology reporting of neuroendocrine tumors: application of the Delphic consensus process to the development of a minimum pathology data set.
Epithelial neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have been the subject of much debate regarding their optimal classification. Although multiple systems of nomenclature, grading, and staging have been proposed, none has achieved universal acceptance. To help define the underlying common features of these classification systems and to identify the minimal pathology data that should be reported to ensure consistent clinical management and reproducibility of data from therapeutic trials, a multidisciplinary team of physicians interested in NETs was assembled. At a group meeting, the participants discussed a series of "yes" or "no" questions related to the pathology of NETs and the minimal data to be included in the reports. After discussion, anonymous votes were taken, using the Delphic principle that 80% agreement on a vote of either yes or no would define a consensus. Questions that failed to achieve a consensus were rephrased once or twice and discussed, and additional votes were taken. Of 108 questions, 91 were answerable either yes or no by more than 80% of the participants. There was agreement about the importance of proliferation rate for tumor grading, the landmarks to use for staging, the prognostic factors assessable by routine histology that should be reported, the potential for tumors to progress biologically with metastasis, and the current status of advanced immunohistochemical and molecular testing for treatment-related biomarkers. The lack of utility of a variety of immunohistochemical stains and pathologic findings was also agreed upon. A consensus could not be reached for the remaining 17 questions, which included both minor points related to extent of disease assessment and some major areas such as terminology, routine immunohistochemical staining for general neuroendocrine markers, use of Ki67 staining to assess proliferation, and the relationship of tumor grade to degree of differentiation. On the basis of the results of the Delphic voting, a minimum pathology data set was developed. Although there remains disagreement among experts about the specific classification system that should be used, there is agreement about the fundamental pathology data that should be reported. Examination of the areas of disagreement reveals significant opportunities for collaborative study to resolve unanswered questions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Liver damage in alcoholics].
The epidemiology of alcohol abuse and liver disease among alcoholics, with special emphasis on Poland, was reviewed and liver morphological changes attributable to the action of alcohol discussed. Furthermore, possible mechanisms leading to steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis were discussed in detail followed by brief review of clinical and biochemical abnormalities accompanying alcoholic liver disease and therapy of this disorder. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Altered Levels of Fatty Acids and Inflammatory and Metabolic Mediators in Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure.
Adipose tissue has endocrine properties, secreting a wide range of mediators into the circulation, including factors involved in cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the potential role of adipose tissue in heart failure (HF), and the aim of this study was to investigate epicardial (EAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue in HF patients. Thirty patients with systolic HF and 30 patients with normal systolic function undergoing thoracic surgery were included in the study. Plasma was sampled and examined with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, whereas SAT and EAT biopsies were collected and examined by means of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and gas chromatography. Significantly higher expressions of mRNA encoding interleukin-6, adrenomedullin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, and fatty acid (FA)-binding protein 3, as well as higher levels of monounsaturated FA and palmitoleic acid, were seen in the EAT of HF patients, whereas the levels of docosahexaenoic acid were lower. Palmitoleic acid levels in EAT were correlated with 2 parameters of cardiac remodeling: increasing left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Our results demonstrate adipose tissue depot-specific alterations of synthesis of FA and inflammatory and metabolic mediators in systolic HF patients. EAT may be a source of increased circulatory and myocardial levels of these mediators through endocrine actions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A comparison of incest offenders based on victim age.
The purpose of the present study was to compare incest offenders (IOs) whose victims include infants or toddlers to IOs with adolescent victims on several variables commonly examined in the sexual offender literature. Participants were 48 men whose youngest victim was less than 6 years of age (younger-victim incest offenders; YVs); and 71 men whose youngest victim was 12 to 16 years of age (older-victim incest offenders (OVs). In general, YVs showed more emotional disturbance and pathology than OVs. Compared with OVs, YVs had a greater history of substance abuse and more current problems with alcohol. In addition, YVs reported significantly poorer sexual functioning and were significantly more psychiatrically disturbed. YVs were also more likely to have a male victim, to have victimized a nephew/niece or grandson/granddaughter, and to have denied their offense(s). It was evident that both the YVs and OVs demonstrated clinically significant difficulty with normal sexual functioning and exhibited deviant sexual arousal. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Breast cancer risk in relation to serum cholesterol, serum beta-lipoprotein, height, weight, and blood pressure.
The relation between breast cancer risk and serum levels of cholesterol and beta-lipoprotein (BLP), height, weight, Quetelet's index and blood pressure was studied in a cohort of 46,570 Swedish women less than 75 years of age. The cohort was examined between 1963 and 1965 and followed up in the Swedish Cancer Registry until 1983. During this period 1,182 cases of breast cancer were reported. Of those, 196 were reported among women less than 50 years of age. Statistically significant positive associations were observed between height, weight, and systolic blood pressure and breast cancer risk. No clear trend in cancer risk related to serum cholesterol or BLP was seen in the total material. In a stepwise Cox multiple regression analysis only the associations with height and blood pressure remained significant. Among women, having their cancer diagnosed before the age of 50, higher Quetelet's index was associated with a lower cancer risk, whereas a positive correlation was seen among women greater than or equal to 50 years. In the group of younger women a high BLP level was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This relation became even stronger when studied in a multivariate analysis, which also showed a negative correlation between serum cholesterol and cancer risk. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Occurrence of a single helix of the collagen type in globular proteins.
The occurrence of an eight-residue long segment of polypeptide chain in collagen helical conformation has been detected in bacteriochlorophyll a-protein by the application of an algorithm for identifying secondary structures in globular proteins from their alpha-carbon positions. This segment spans residues 277 to 284 of the protein and is the longest known stretch of collagen helix to be observed in globular proteins. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Determination of red blood cell intracellular free magnesium by nuclear magnetic resonance as an assessment of magnesium depletion.
Red blood (RBC) ionized magnesium (Mg2+) was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in order to assess the usefulness of this technique as an index of magnesium depletion. Twenty-four normal subjects underwent a 3-week low-Mg diet. The RBC Mg2+ fell from 209 +/- 9.8 microM before diet to 162 +/- 9.3 microM at the end of the 3 weeks (p < 0.001). In patient populations, 22 hypomagnesemic hospitalized patients had a significantly lower RBC Mg than normal (146 +/- 7.1 microM, p < 0.002), and 37 outpatients with diabetes mellitus had a mean RBC Mg2+ of 172 +/- 7.1 microM which was also significantly lower than normal (p < 0.001). These data suggest that determination of RBC Mg2+ may be used to reflect intracellular Mg status. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3, -13 and aggrecanase-1 and -2 are differentially expressed in experimental osteoarthritis.
The aim of this study was to characterize the cellular phenotypes of articular cartilage and meniscus in rabbits with experimentally induced osteoarthritis (OA), by histological and molecular biological techniques. OA was induced by severing the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee and rabbits were killed 2, 4 or 9 weeks following surgery. Our histological observations show a progressive destruction of extracellular matrix in both tissues. To determine whether these morphological changes could be related to alterations in the regulation of gene expression for a subset of relevant molecules, levels of mRNA for proteinases and one inhibitor (MMP-1, -3 and -13, aggrecanase-1 and -2 and TIMP-1), matrix molecules and one chaperone (type II and X collagens, aggrecan, osteonectin, betaig-h3 and BiP) were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicate that for most markers expression profiles were similar in both tissues. In particular, matrix protein gene expression remained stable or varied little during progression of OA, suggesting a poor repair capacity of the tissues. MMP gene expression increased rapidly whereas aggrecanase gene expression remained stable. These findings suggest that differential regulation of mRNA levels of MMP-1, -3 and -13 on the one hand and aggrecanase-1 and -2 on the other, occurs during OA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A quantitative model of optimal data selection in Wason's selection task.
The optimal data selection model proposed by Oaksford and Chater (1994) successfully formalized Wason's selection task (Wason, 1966). The model, however, involved some questionable assumptions and was also not sufficient as a model of the task because it could not provide quantitative predictions of the card selection frequencies. In this paper, the model was revised to provide quantitative fits to the data. The model can predict the selection frequencies of cards based on a selection tendency function (STF), or conversely, it enables the estimation of subjective probabilities from data. Past experimental data were first re-analysed based on the model. In Experiment 1, the superiority of the revised model was shown. However, when the relationship between antecedent and consequent was forced to deviate from the biconditional form, the model was not supported. In Experiment 2, it was shown that sufficient emphasis on probabilistic information can affect participants' performance. A detailed experimental method to sort participants by probabilistic strategies was introduced. Here, the model was supported by a subgroup of participants who used the probabilistic strategy. Finally, the results were discussed from the viewpoint of adaptive rationality. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Gamut approach to scintigram interpretation--diagnostic aid and teaching method.
A Gamut is defined as a complete list of anything. As utilized here, it indicates a complete list of the possible causes of a particular scintigram finding. The procedure for developing a Gamut is discussed, ant its use as a tool for instructing residents in nuclear medicine is described. Sample Gamuts are presented and the Gamut approach to scintigram differential diagnosis is described. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The utility of PET brain imaging in the initial evaluation of dementia.
Given the challenges and benefits of timely and accurate diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders and the importance of appropriate subsequent treatments, physicians and patients alike desire tools that aid in diagnosing dementia as early and as precisely as possible. One of these tools may be functional brain imaging, specifically positron emission tomography (PET). Recent technological advancements, ongoing research studies, and approval for reimbursement by various insurance companies and Medicare, under certain circumstances, have led to an increased interest in the use of this tool in the evaluation of dementia. This article will review PET brain imaging in the initial assessment and diagnosis of dementia, including its place in current guidelines and role in diagnostic algorithms, its applicability in differentiating among various dementia syndromes and major psychiatric disorders, and some of the controversies surrounding its utility in general clinical practice. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Attenuated function of a variant form of the helix-loop-helix protein, Id-3, generated by an alternative splicing mechanism.
The Id family of helix-loop-helix proteins function as negative regulators of DNA binding, basic helix-loop-helix proteins in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. We report here on the identification of a 17 kDa variant of the 14 kDa Id-3 protein termed Id-3L (long version) which possesses a unique 60 amino acid carboxy-terminus generated by read through of a 'coding intron' and alternative splicing. Northern analysis revealed expression of a minor 1.1 kb Id-3L transcript together with the predominant 0.95 kb Id-3 transcript in the majority of adult human tissues analysed. The variant Id-3L protein is functionally distinguishable from conventional Id-3 since in in vitro DNA mobility shift assays, it was greatly impaired in its ability to abrogate binding of the basic helix-loop-helix protein, E47, to an E box recognition sequence. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Gonadoblastoma: an unusual ovarian tumor.
Gonadoblastomas are unusual benign neoplasias that frequently appear in the dysgenetic gonads of women with chromosome Y anomaly. In this study, we reviewed 3 gonadoblastoma cases, 2 of which were bilateral, in patients 21, 17, and 18 years of age. Two of them presented 46 XY karyotype and gonadal dysgenesis, whereas the third presented 46 XX karyotype. Besides, 2 of the cases were associated to dysgerminomas. In all the cases, the histologic examination showed germ cell proliferation and sex cords derivatives frequently surrounding small round deposits containing amorphous hyaline material resembling Call-Exner bodies. One of the patients died at 8 years from diagnosis because of dysgerminoma multiple metastases, one is alive with no evidence of disease at the second year of follow-up, and the evolution of the third patient remains unknown. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A Rare Cause of Acute Anisocoria in a Child: The Angel's Trumpet Plant.
Anisocoria is a significant finding in several ocular and potentially life-threatening neurological disorders. The angel's trumpet (Datura suaveolens), widely used as a garden plant, is a natural alkaloid with anticholinergic effects containing high levels of scopolamine. The authors present a pediatric case of acute anisocoria secondary to contact with the angel's trumpet plant. This case report emphasizes the importance of considering herbal mydriatics in patients with acute, isolated, unilateral mydriasis. It is also important to raise public awareness about the potential risks of the angel's trumpet plant, particularly in areas close to schools and playgrounds. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018;55:e33-e35.]. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of electric field on erythrocyte sedimentation rate. IV. Volume fraction dependence of human red cells in plasma.
We measured the volume fraction dependence of erythrocyte sedimentation for human red cells in autologous plasma while the volume fraction, Hct, ranges from 0.220 to 0.650. A modified electrophoretic instrument was employed to investigate the electric effect of an upward DC field on erythrocyte sedimentation at a constant source supply of Vs = 60.0 +/- 0.5 V. The sedimentation curves all coincided well with the sigmoidal type equation, l = lmax/¿l + (t50/t)n¿, at Vs = 0, or 60.0 V. Here, lmax is the length of plasma level, l, when the time, t, tends to infinity; t50 is the elapsed time when the plasma level falls to lmax/2, and n is a constant (n > 0). A non-linear least-squares method was employed to fit experimental data. It was found that lmax decreased and t50 increased with the increase of Hct, while n ranged from 1.53 to 3.95. The volume fraction dependence of sedimentation velocity, Vmax, defined as the maximum slope of the sedimentation curve, fits well with an exponential-type curve, both at Vs = 60.0 V and at Vs = 0 V: Vmax = Vs (1-Hct)exp(-BHct), where Vs is the velocity at infinite dilution and B is a phenomenological parameter. In the range of Hct = 0.220-0.650, Vs and B are 326.1 mm/hr and 4.30, respectively, at Vs = 60.0 V, while they are 130.4 mm/hr and 2.46, respectively, at Vs = 0 V. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessment of erlotinib as adjuvant chemoprevention in high-risk head and neck cancer patients.
To determine the tolerability and efficacy of long-term treatment with erlotinib for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after salvage surgery. An open-label study was conducted of 150 mg of daily erlotinib for 12 months in patients who completed definitive surgical therapy for recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The primary outcome measures were tolerability of prolonged erlotinib therapy and disease-free survival and overall survival at 1 and 2 years. Thirty-one patients were enrolled onto this study. Mean duration of erlotinib therapy was 5 months (range 2-374 days), with 8 patients completing the full 12-month course of erlotinib. Of the remaining patients, 8 discontinued therapy as a result of recurrence, 10 for medical or surgical complications deemed unrelated to the study medication, and 3 for drug-related toxicities. There were 25 grade 3 adverse events; 4 were classified as possibly related to study medication. The most common adverse events included acneiform rash (n = 26 patients), fatigue (n = 22), and diarrhea (n = 22). Overall survival was 61 % at 1 year and 56 % at 2 years. Disease-free survival was 54 % at 1 year and 45 % at 2 years. Mean time to recurrence (n = 16) was 8.7 months. Long-term erlotinib is safe and demonstrates some potential survival benefit compared to historical controls. However, despite the absence of grade 3/4 adverse events attributable to the drug, tolerance of long-term erlotinib was a significant barrier to completion of a 12-month course of therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Are RASopathies new monogenic predisposing conditions to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus? Case report and systematic review of the literature.
RASopathies (Noonan syndrome (NS) and Noonan-related syndromes) are neurodevelopmental syndromes resulting from germline mutations in genes that participate in the rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinases (RAS/MAPK) pathway (PTPN11, SOS1, RAF, KRAS or NRAS, and SHOC2). Some monogenic conditions are associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and a few reports described the association of SLE with NS. We aim to search for a relationship between RASopathy and the development of SLE. We reported for the first time a case of 13-year-old boy with NS with loose anagen hair (NSLAH) resulting from mutation in SHOC2 who developed an autoimmune disorder that fulfilled four American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for the classification of SLE (polyarthritis, pericarditis, antinuclear antibodies, and anti-DNA antibodies). The case report then prompted a literature review by a systematic search for English and French articles on the subjects of RASopathies and SLE that had English abstracts in PubMed from 1966 to 2012. We identified seven additional patients with RASopathy and SLE. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1 and age at onset of SLE ranged from 5 to 32 years. The most common features were polyarthritis (7/8 patients), autoimmune cytopenia (4/8 patients), and pericarditis (4/8 patients) while only one patient presented with skin involvement. The association of two rare diseases in eight patients suggests that RASopathies may be associated with the development of SLE, which is characterized by a higher male-to-female ratio, a lower rate of skin involvement, and a higher rate of pericarditis than "classic" SLE. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pioneer Factors and Architectural Proteins Mediating Embryonic Expression Signatures in Cancer.
Accumulation of mutations causing aberrant changes in the genome promotes cancer. However, mutations do not occur in every cancer subtype, suggesting additional events that trigger cancer. Chromatin rearrangements initiated by pioneer factors and architectural proteins are key events occurring before cancer-related genes are expressed. Both protein groups are also master regulators of important processes during embryogenesis. Several publications demonstrated that embryonic gene expression signatures are reactivated during cancer. This review article highlights current knowledge on pioneer factors and architectural proteins mediating chromatin rearrangements, which are the backbone of embryonic expression signatures promoting malignant transformation. Understanding chromatin rearrangements inducing embryonic expression signatures in adult cells might be the key to novel therapeutic approaches against cancers subtypes that arise without genomic mutations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[High predisposition to catalepsy decreases intermale aggression and increases acoustic startle reflex amplitude].
Reaction of freezing (a pronounced motor inhibition, catalepsy) is suggested to be associated with fear in response to predator appearance or attack of aggressive congener. In order to evaluate association between a kind of behavior such as freezing, aggressiveness and fear, the effects of high predisposition to catalepsy on intermale aggression, acoustic startle response and anxiety-related behavior in the light/dark test were studied. Mice of 14th and 15th generations of selective breeding for high predisposition to catalepsy were characterized by a significant decrease in aggressive behavior. The marked decrease in the percentage of aggressive mice in the catalepsy-prone strain is consistent with the notion that aggression and catalepsy represent two alternative kinds of behavior in intermale conflicts. A positive correlation was found between high predisposition to catalepsy and startle reflex amplitude (but not anxiety-related behavior). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nimesulide-induced hepatitis and acute liver failure.
Nimesulide is a relatively new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is gaining popularity in many countries because it is a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor. Occasionally, treatment is associated with mild elevation of liver enzymes, which return to normal upon discontinuation of the drug. Several cases of nimesulide-induced symptomatic hepatitis were also recently reported, but these patients all recovered. To report the characteristics of liver injury induced by nimesulide. We report retrospectively six patients, five of them females with a median age of 59 years, whose aminotransferase levels rose after they took nimesulide for joint pains. In all patients nimesulide was discontinued, laboratory tests for viral and autoimmune causes of hepatitis were performed, and sufficient follow-up was available. One patient remained asymptomatic. Four patients presented with symptoms, including fatigue, nausea and vomiting, which had developed several weeks after they began taking nimesulide (median 10 weeks, range 2-13). Hepatocellular injury was observed with median peak serum alanine aminotransferase 15 times the upper limit of normal (range 4-35), reversing to normal 2-4 months after discontinuation of the drug. The remaining patient developed symptoms, but continued taking the drug for another 2 weeks. She subsequently developed acute hepatic failure with encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome and died 6 weeks after hospitalization. In none of the cases did serological tests for hepatitis A, B and C, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, as well as autoimmune hepatitis reveal findings. Nimesulide may cause liver damage. The clinical presentation may vary from abnormal liver enzyme levels with no symptoms, to fatal hepatic failure. Therefore, monitoring liver enzymes after initiating therapy with nimesulide seems prudent. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Evaluation of Ki-67 expression in recurrent cases of cholesteatoma].
Recurrences are still a challenge despite appropriate techniques in cholesteatoma surgery. This study was designed to evaluate the level of Ki-67 expression in recurrent cases of cholesteatoma. The study included 32 patients (18 males, 14 females; mean age 34 years; range 12 to 63 years) who underwent surgery for otitis media. Of these, 19 patients had cholesteatoma, and eight patients had recurrent cholesteatoma. Five patients who underwent tympanoplasty for chronic otitis media comprised the control group. All the patients with cholesteatoma underwent radical mastoidectomy. At surgery, tissue samples of cholesteatoma were taken and prepared for immunohistochemical staining. In controls, retroauricular skin samples were used. The two patient groups with cholesteatoma were compared with respect to Ki-67 expression. Increased cellular proliferation was detected in both groups of cholesteatoma. No significant difference was found between two cholesteatoma groups with respect to Ki-67 staining (p>0.05). Compared to the controls, patients with cholesteatoma and those with recurrent cholesteatoma had significantly higher levels of Ki-67 staining (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that, despite a higher degree of proliferation in recurrent cholesteatoma cases, treatment failures may be mainly associated with the surgical technique, accompanying infections, and the type of cholesteatoma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation of the Statewide Variability in the Current Role of Different Specialties in Lower Extremity Endovascular Revascularization for Medicare Beneficiaries.
To evaluate the statewide variability in the role of different specialties in lower extremity endovascular revascularization (LEER) and associated submitted charges of care and actual reimbursement for Medicare beneficiaries. The 2015 "Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Supplier" data includes provider-specific information regarding the type of service, submitted average charges of care, and actual average Medicare reimbursements per Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) code per provider. All HCPCS codes related to LEER were identified. The role of vascular surgery (VS), interventional cardiology (IC), and interventional radiology (IR) in each HCPCS-specific intervention was investigated. In 2015, 4113 providers submitted claims for iliac (n = 13,659), femoropopliteal (n = 52,344), and tibioperoneal (n = 32,688) endovascular revascularizations. In the facility setting, VS performed most of these procedures (52%), followed by IC (32%) and IR (8%). In the outpatient-based lab setting, the proportions were 46%, 36%, and 13%, respectively. Substantial statewide variability in the role of different specialties in LEER was noted. In Maine, Vermont, and Hawaii, all facility claims were submitted by VS, while more than 70% of the claims in Arizona and Utah were submitted by IC. The highest share of LEER for IR was observed in Montana and North Dakota (50%). There was substantial statewide variability in the submitted charges. Currently, less than 10% of LEER procedures are being performed by IR. The statewide variability in the submitted charges of care by providers and actual reimbursement for Medicare beneficiaries were investigated in this study. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Depression, posttraumatic stress and relationship distress in parents of very preterm infants.
To determine the prevalence, associated factors, and relationships between symptoms of depression, symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS), and relationship distress in mothers and fathers of very preterm (VPT) infants (< 32 weeks). Mothers (n = 323) and fathers (n = 237) completed self-report measures on demographic and outcome variables at 38 days (SD = 23.1, range 9-116) postpartum while their infants were still hospitalised. Of mothers, 46.7% had a moderate to high likelihood of depression, 38.1% had moderate to severe symptoms of PTS, and 25.1% were in higher than average relationship distress. The corresponding percentages in fathers were 16.9, 23.7, and 27%. Depression was positively associated with having previous children (p = 0.01), speaking little or no English at home (p = 0.01), financial stress (p = 0.03), and recently accessing mental health services (p = 0.003) for mothers, and financial stress (p = 0.005) and not being the primary income earner (p = 0.04) for fathers. Similar associations were found for symptoms of PTS and relationship distress. Being in higher relationship distress increased the risk of depression in both mothers (p < .001) and fathers (p = 0.03), and PTS symptoms in mothers (p = 0.001). For both mothers and fathers, depression was associated with more severe PTS symptoms (p < .001). Fathers of VPT infants should be screened for mental health problems alongside mothers, and postpartum parent support programs for VPT infants should include strategies to improve the couple relationship. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Preliminary investigations of the serum alpha-1-fetoprotein level in mature and premature newborn infants (author's transl)].
Semiquantitative determination of the serum AFP concentration was carried out in 170 newborn infants (mature and premature) by means of crossover electrophoresis on admission to hospital and at 1 to 2 weekly intervals thereafter. The infants were divided into 3 groups according to their birth weight and also grouped according to gestational age into 3 further groups. The serum AFP level was correlated with the age in weeks of the infants for each group separately. Mature newborn infants with a birth weight of over 2500 g show a rapid fall in serum AFP titre; AFP is no longer detectable after the 9th week of life. In premature infants with a birth weight of 1500 to 2500 g, the fall in AFP titre is delayed and reaches zero between the 7th and 13th week of age. There is a markedly slower decrease in serum AFP concentration in the group of immature infants with a birth weight of under 1500 g; the limit of detectability lies between the 13th and the 17th week of age. An almost identical pattern is revealed when the infants are grouped according to gestational age. The possibility of diagnosing the small for date babies and severe liver disease by means of the serum AFP titre is discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Rad17 homologue of Arabidopsis is involved in the regulation of DNA damage repair and homologous recombination.
Rad17 is involved in DNA checkpoint control in yeast and human cells. A homologue of this gene as well as other genes of the pathway (the 9-1-1 complex) are present in Arabidopsis and share conserved sequence domains with their yeast and human counterparts. DNA-damaging agents induce AtRAD17 transcriptionally. AtRAD17 mutants show increased sensitivity to the DNA-damaging chemicals bleomycin and mitomycin C (MMC), which can be reversed by complementation, suggesting that the loss of function of Rad17 disturbs DNA repair in plant cells. Our results are further confirmed by the phenotype of a mutant of the 9-1-1 complex (Rad9), which is also sensitive to the same chemicals. AtRAD9 and AtRAD17 seem to be epistatic as the double mutant is not more sensitive to the chemicals than the single mutants. The mutants show a delay in the general repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, frequencies of intrachromosomal homologous recombination (HR) are enhanced. Nevertheless, the mutants are proficient for a further induction of HR by genotoxic stresses. Our results indicate that a mutant Rad17 pathway is associated with a general deregulation of DNA repair, which seems to be correlated with a deficiency in non-homologous DSB repair. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A comparative study of normal sensibility of the inferior alveolar nerve and the infraorbital nerve.
In order to assess the degree of similarity of the infraorbital nerve and inferior alveolar nerve, thirty subjects with no history of sensory injury were examined by a battery of neurosensory tests including: light touch, brush stroke direction, two-point discrimination, and thermal disk temperature assessment. In a matched sample experimental design, the sensibility of the inferior alveolar nerve (lower lip) was compared to the inferior orbital nerve (upper lip). The product moment correlations revealed a significant relationship (degree of sameness) between the upper and lower lip. The comparison of the upper and lower lip appear to be acceptable for retrospective tests for detection of neurosensory injury of the inferior alveolar nerve. Of these tests, light touch appears to be the most consistent while remaining sensitive to individual variation. The thermal disk assessment was least sensitive in that no individual variation could be demonstrated. In addition, there appear to be greater variations in men than in women. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Red and infrared laser therapy inhibits in vitro growth of major bacterial species that commonly colonize skin ulcers.
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is used in chronic wounds due to its healing effects. However, bacterial species may colonize these wounds and the optimal parameters for effective bacterial inhibition are not clear. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of LLLT on bacterial growth in vitro. Bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were suspended in saline solution at a concentration of 10(3) cells/ml and exposed to laser irradiation at wavelengths of 660, 830, and 904 nm at fluences of 0 (control), 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 J/cm(2). An aliquot of the irradiated suspension was spread on the surface of petri plates and incubated at 37 °C for quantification of colony-forming unit after 24, 48, and 72 h. Laser irradiation inhibited the growth of S. aureus at all wavelengths and fluences higher than 12 J/cm(2), showing a strong correlation between increase in fluence and bacterial inhibition. However, for P. aeruginosa, LLLT inhibited growth at all wavelengths only at a fluence of 24 J/cm(2). E. coli had similar growth inhibition at a wavelength of 830 nm at fluences of 3, 6, 12, and 24 J/cm(2). At wavelengths of 660 and 904 nm, growth inhibition was only observed at fluences of 12 and 18 J/cm(2), respectively. LLLT inhibited bacterial growth at all wavelengths, for a maximum of 72 h after irradiation, indicating a correlation between bacterial species, fluence, and wavelength. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma of the jaws. Clinicopathologic presentation and prognostic factors.
Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma is a rare form of squamous cell carcinoma, arising within the jaws. To clarify the clinicopathologic and behavioral spectrum of primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma. The clinical and pathologic findings, treatment, and follow-up data of 39 cases of primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma were collected and analyzed. Of the 39 patients, 26 (67%) were men and 13 (33%) were women. The age at diagnosis ranged from 24 to 82 years (mean, 54 years). The tumors occurred predominantly (84.6%) in the posterior mandible. Microscopically, all tumors demonstrated general features of a squamous cell carcinoma; 19 of which (49%) also showed features suggestive of an odontogenic origin. The overall survival rates were 69.8% at 2 years and 36.3% at 5 years. Univariate analysis showed that tumors with or without odontogenic features, tumor grading, lymph node metastasis, and treatment modalities were significant prognostic factors for survival, but multivariate analysis showed that only histologic grading (relative risk, 4.43; P = .03) remained a significant prognostic factor. The cumulative probabilities of recurrence were 55.7% at 2 years and 75.9% at 5 years. Univariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis and treatment modalities were significant prognostic factors for recurrence. On multivariate analysis, however, only lymph node metastasis remained a significant prognostic factor (relative risk, 2.54; P = .05). Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma is a high-grade malignancy with frequent, regional lymph node metastasis and high rates of recurrence and mortality. The tumor grading and regional lymph node metastasis may serve as useful indicators for prognosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
MyoD-induced circular RNA CDR1as promotes myogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells.
Many protein coding and non-coding genes interplay in governing skeletal muscle formation. Nevertheless, comparing with the linear transcripts, functions of covalently closed circular RNAs (circRNAs), the new frontier of regulatory non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) molecules, remain largely unknown. Here, we identify CDR1as (antisense to the cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 transcript, also termed as ciRS-7), a well-known cancer and neuron circRNA, plays a significant role in virtually controlling muscle differentiation. CDR1as is highly expressed in muscles of the mid-embryonic goat foetus, and activated at the initiation of myogenic differentiation in vitro. MyoD (myogenic differentiation protein 1), a driven transcription factor for myogenesis, promotes CDR1as by binding on its 5' flank region (-646 to -634 bp, neighbouring the predicted transcription start site at -580 bp). Overexpression or knockdown of CDR1as dramatically induces or impedes muscle differentiation program, respectively. By competitively binding to miR-7 (microRNA 7), CDR1as relieves the downregulation of IGF1R (insulin like growth factor 1 receptor) caused by miR-7 and consequently activates muscle differentiation. These results unveil that CDR1as plays critical roles in myogenic differentiation, which extends the versatile functions of CDR1as in mammal development and disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Types I and IV procollagen gene expression in cultured rat hepatocytes.
The molecular mechanism involved in the expression of collagens by hepatocytes were investigated in both pure and co-culture with another rat liver epithelial cell type (RLEC). We measured the steady-state levels of mRNAs coding for pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(IV) chains by Northern analysis and by dot blotting, using specific recombinant cDNA probes. In freshly isolated hepatocytes, only small amounts of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(IV) mRNAs were detected by dot-blot analysis. After 3 days in culture, the pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(IV) mRNA levels increased 2 to 5 times. The amount of pro alpha 1(IV) mRNAs was identical in hepatocyte cultured with RLECs while the pro alpha 1(I) mRNA level was 5 times that in pure hepatocyte culture. Hydrocortisone reduced pro alpha 1(I) mRNA in hepatocyte cultures, but had no effect on co-cultured cells. In both culture systems, this glucocorticoid did not act on the steady-state pro alpha 1(IV) mRNA level. Whatever the age and the type of culture (pure or mixed) RLECs exhibited the highest levels of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 1(IV) mRNAs, which were reduced by hydrocortisone. These results show that procollagen gene expression by hepatocytes is not directly correlated with their functional state and that corticosteroids differently affect the expression of different collagen genes and collagen deposition. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Is urinary γ-glutamyl transpeptidase superior to urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for early prediction of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation?
In this prospective study, we comparatively evaluated the accuracy of several biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) on predicting its occurrence after liver transplantation (LT). The parameters evaluated were urinary tubular enzymes (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase [γGT], alkaline phosphatase, and urinary lactate dehydrogenase) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. These parameters were evaluated both as isolated variables and divided by urinary creatinine. Samples were collected by the end of surgery (determination 1) and at 12 to 24 hours after surgery (determination 2). The study endpoint was the development of AKI. The study was performed over a 1-year period, and 61 of 77 patients were enrolled (main exclusion criteria were perioperative death, previous known renal failure, and insufficient data for analysis). Of these 61 patients, AKI was observed in 19 (group 1). The main relevant parameter to predict AKI was the absolute value of urinary γGT at determination 1 (area under the curve, 0.74; specificity, 72.5%; sensitivity, 70.3%; cutoff, 36 U/mL). Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was not as accurate; the best predicted value for this parameter was absolute value at D1 with an area under the curve of 0.5 (specificity, 84.2%; sensitivity, 35.7%; cutoff value, 44.6 ng/mL). We concluded that the absolute value of urinary γGT evaluated at the end of LT was the most accurate parameter to predict AKI in our cohort. Urinary enzyme levels must be taken into account in future analysis of this issue. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Evolution of visual evoked responses during various states of vigilance in Papio papio (author's transl)].
Averaged evoked responses (AER) to light flashes were recorded in baboons (Papio papio) during wakefulness, slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) periods, at the visual cortex, retrocalcarine sulcus, optic tract (OT), lateral geniculate (LG) and pulvinar. Waking AERs were composed: in the OT, of a negative, low amplitude wave at 13.3 msec (I), a high amplitude wave at 34.8 msec (II), a negative wave at 72 msec (III) and a late component at 151 msec; in the LG, a small positive wave (II) with a peak latency of 40 msec, a high amplitude negative wave (III) with a latency of 70 msec and a late component; in the pulvinar of two low amplitude short latency waves (I and II), respectively negative and positive at 25 msec and 40 msec, then a high amplitude negative wave (III) at 75 msec and a late component; in the retrocalcarine sulcus 3 positive waves (I, II and III) were recorded at 25, 45 and 100 msec and a late component; in the visual cortex, 3 low amplitude negative waves (II, III and IV at 40, 50 and 54 msec, then a positive wave at 80 msec and some late components. In slow-wave sleep, AERs did not change in the OT, but in the LG and pulvinar, they showed an increase in the amplitude of wave II from stage 1 to stage 3. At the cortical level, early waves (II for the retrocalcarine sulcus, II and IV for the visual cortex) presented a marked increase in amplitude during stages 2 and 3, but only a slight increase for stage 1. Peak latency increase of each wave in cortical and subcortical AERs was seen during slow-wave sleep. REM AERs resembled, in amplitude and peak latency, those recorded in the LG and pulvinar during wakefulness; in the visual cortex and retrocalcarine sulcus, they were similar to those obtained during wakefulness and stage 1. In conclusion, a different evoked response was found between visual cortex and deep structures (except for the OT): firstly, during slow-wave sleep (the AERs showed a difference for stage 1 between the visual cortex or the retrocalcarine sulcus and the LG or the pulvinar), secondly, in REM (on the cortex, REM AERs looked like wakefulness and stage 1 responses); on the contrary, in the LG and pulvinar, REM AERs were similar only to those recorded during waking. Finally, it can be said that for Papio papio the differentiation and structural responses between the various stages of sleep (particularly light sleep and REM) were greater in the cortex than in the thalamic structures. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Growth response and tissue accumulation trends of herbaceous wetland plant species exposed to elevated aqueous mercury levels.
The impacts of elevated aqueous mercury levels (0, 2, and 4 ppm) on the growth status and mercury tissue concentrations of Eleocharis parvula, Saururus cernuus, Juncus effuses, Typha latifolia, and Panicum hemitomon were determined. Both short-term (net CO2 assimilation) and long-term (biomass) indicators of plant growth status suggest that Eleocharis parvula, Saururus cernuus, and Juncus effuses were relatively unimpacted by elevated mercury levels, whereas Typha latifolia and Panicum hemitomon were somewhat impacted at elevated mercury levels. Eleocharis parvula, Panicum hemitomon, and Typha latifolia generally had the greatest overall belowground tissue concentrations of mercury (2 ppm treatment: 7.21, 7.32, and 9.64 ppm respectively; 4 ppm treatment: 16.23, 18.23, and 13.98 ppm, respectively) and aboveground tissue concentrations of mercury (2 ppm treatment: 0.01, 0.04, 0.02; 4 ppm treatment: 0.26; 0.11; 0.17 ppm, respectively). However, the species investigated in this study demonstrated lower levels of mercury accumulation into tissues when compared with similar investigations of other aquatic plants, suggesting that the above species are not optimal for phytoremediation efforts. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clinical and functional prediction of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea.
Upper airway inflammation and narrowing are characteristics of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Inflammatory markers have been found to be increased in exhaled breath and induced sputum of patients with OSA. The aim of this study was to investigate if the measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (F(ENO) ), as marker of airway inflammation, together with the forced mid-expiratory/mid-inspiratory airflow ratio (FEF(50) /FIF(50) ), as marker of upper airway narrowing, may help to predict OSA. Two hundred one consecutive outpatients with suspected OSA were prospectively studied between January 2004 and December 2005. All patients underwent clinical examination, spirometry with measurement of FEF(50) /FIF(50) , maximum inspiratory pressure, arterial blood gas analysis, exhaled nitric oxide (F(ENO) ) and overnight polysomnography. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the effect of measured variables on the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI). Models were cross-validated by bootstrapping. Most of the patients were obese and had severe OSA. FEF(50) /FIF(50) , F(ENO) and an interaction term between smoking and F(ENO) contributed significantly to the predictive model for AHI, in addition to age, neck circumference, body mass index and carboxyhaemoglobin saturation. A nomogram to predict AHI was obtained, which converted the effect of each covariate in the model to a 0-100 scale. The nomogram showed a good predictive ability for AHI values between 25 and 64. The measurement of F(ENO) and of FEF(50) /FIF(50) improves the ability to predict OSA and may be used to identify patients who require a sleep study. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Microplastics in the intestinal tracts of East Asian finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) from Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea of China.
The direct evidences for the ingestion of microplastics by cetaceans, especially the cetaceans in Asian marine areas are limited. In this study, residue of microplastics in the intestinal tracts of East Asian finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) was investigated. Microplastics were detected in all specimens, with mean abundance of 19.1 ± 7.2 items/individual. With respect to microplastics properties, fibers, blue items, and polypropylene were predominant in shapes, colors, and plastic materials, respectively. Trophic transfer and unintentional ingestion might be the potential pathways for microplastics ingested by finless porpoise. The specific intestinal structure might account for the predominance of fibers and the accumulation of microplastics at the beginning portion of intestines. This study indicates that cetaceans in Chinese marine areas also suffer from microplastics pollution. Further studies on the fate and ecological effects of microplastics should be conducted to reveal their potential risks to cetaceans. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Biomolecular prognostic factors in breast cancer.
To update clinicians on recent findings concerning the clinical usefulness of biomarkers in breast cancer, this review examines recently published papers dealing with promising prognostic/predictive biological factors. These factors can be classified according to their involvement in the main alterations characterizing tumor cells: self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. Despite relevant research efforts and the identification of many putative good prognosticators, few of these factors are proving clinically useful for identifying patients at minimal risk of relapse, patients with a worse prognosis, or patients likely to benefit from specific treatments. Most of them, such as HER-2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclin E, p53, bcl-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, urokinase-type plasminogen activator-1 and the recently discovered anti-apoptosis protein survivin, are suggested for possible inclusion in the category of biomarkers with a high level of clinico-laboratory effectiveness. However, no single biomarker was able to identify those patients with the best (or worst) prognosis or those which would be responsive to a given therapy. Novel findings derived from gene-expression analysis indicate that the simultaneous consideration of molecular alterations contributing to the hallmarks of cancer might provide clinically useful prognostic, and perhaps therapeutic, information. Rapid translation of laboratory findings to clinical practice was hampered by many difficulties, including technical and statistical concerns, a lack of assay standardization and comparability, and the modest design of translational studies. Many studies are performed on too small series of patients to provide reliable results; the studies are often heterogeneous in terms of treatment, patients and tumor characteristics, and data may be evaluated using different analytical approaches and are thus not easily comparable. Adequately planned prospective studies are required to assess the clinical utility of biomarker determinations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Müller-Lyer illusion as a tool for schizophrenia screening.
The perceptual deficit hypothesis for schizophrenia is based on more general models of normal human visual perception, which have traditionally postulated that objects must compete for attention and processing space in the visual system. Recent evidence suggests that susceptibility of schizophrenics to the Müller-Lyer (ML) illusion may be a marker of vulnerability, detectable in prodromic patients, but disappearing with the progression of the illness. This illusion consists of overestimating the length of a straight line with converging arrowheads at the ends, while underestimating those with diverging arrowheads. Although the ML illusion has been shown to occur in touch as well as vision, it is not known whether abnormal contextual suppression extends to other sensory modalities in schizophrenics. Another challenge consists in verifying whether different visual parameters of the illusion which favor the magnocellular and parvocellular systems would have diverse ML illusion effects in schizophrenia. In this review we present data showing the degree of illusion in capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.), a possible animal model for schizophrenia. To this end, a computer program was developed to conduct experiments in humans and non-human primates, allowing the display of illusory figures, manipulation of the stimuli's exposure time, interval between stimuli and number of trials. In the non-primate experiments, the visual illusion test based on achromatic ML illusion figures indicated the presence of the ML illusory effect in 10 capuchin monkeys. These results suggest that Cebus might be a good model for the experimental study of schizophrenia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Improved surface properties of polyaniline films by blending with Pluronic polymers without the modification of the other characteristics.
Films of conductive polyaniline and amphiphilic Pluronic (P105) copolymer blends were prepared by dissolving the two polymers in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) followed by a slow solvent evaporation at 55 degrees C. The characteristics of both doped and undoped films were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water droplet contact angles, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetry analysis (TG), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and tensile strength measurements. The surface of the blends became more hydrophilic than that of the hydrophobic PANI film, but the other properties of the blends did not change appreciably for Pluronic content lower than 50 wt%. Compared to PANI films, the more hydrophilic surfaces decreased the amount of bovine serum albumin protein adsorbed. By preventing biofouling, the polyaniline-Pluronic blends can become more useful as biosensors than the polyaniline films. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Late-life effects on rat reproductive system after developmental exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupters.
This study examined late-life effects of perinatal exposure of rats to a mixture of endocrine-disrupting contaminants. Four groups of 14 time-mated Wistar rats were exposed by gavage from gestation day 7 to pup day 22 to a mixture of 13 anti-androgenic and estrogenic chemicals including phthalates, pesticides, u.v.-filters, bisphenol A, parabens, and the drug paracetamol. The groups received vehicle (control), a mixture of all 13 chemicals at 150-times (TotalMix150) or 450-times (TotalMix450) high-end human exposure, or 450-times a mixture of nine predominantly anti-androgenic chemicals (AAMix450). Onset of puberty and estrous cyclicity at 9 and 12 months of age were assessed. Few female offspring showed significantly regular estrus cyclicity at 12 months of age in the TotalMix450 and AAMix450 groups compared with controls. In 19-month-old male offspring, epididymal sperm counts were lower than controls, and in ventral prostate an overrepresentation of findings related to hyperplasia was observed in exposed groups compared with controls, particularly in the group dosed with anti-androgens. A higher incidence of pituitary adenoma at 19 months of age was found in males and females in the AAMix450 group. Developmental exposure of rats to the highest dose of a human-relevant mixture of endocrine disrupters induced adverse effects late in life, manifested as earlier female reproductive senescence, reduced sperm counts, higher score for prostate atypical hyperplasia, and higher incidence of pituitary tumors. These delayed effects highlight the need for further studies on the role of endocrine disrupters in hormone-related disorders in aging humans. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) nuclear trafficking: association of PTH1R with importin alpha1 and beta.
Previous studies have shown that the type 1 PTH receptor (PTH1R), a class B G protein-coupled receptor, appears in the nucleus of target cells. Through immunofluorescence and deconvolution microscopy, we demonstrate that PTH1R, importin alpha(1), and importin beta are present within the nucleus and cytoplasm of osteoblast-like cell lines with the nuclear PTH1R being restricted to the nucleoplasm. Immunofluorescence studies showed that nuclear accumulation of PTH1R was associated with specific stages of the cell cycle. Using immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography, we show that the PTH1R forms a complex with the importin family of transport molecules. Total cell protein from osteoblast-like cells was immunoprecipitated with antibodies for PTH1R, importin alpha(1), or importin beta. When the immunoprecipitates were separated and subsequently exposed to biotinylated PTH (1-84) a single band was present on the gel at 66.3 kDa, corresponding to the PTH1R. To confirm the interaction between PTH1R and both importin alpha(1) and beta, the complex was purified from total cell protein of osteoblast-like cells using a PTH-linked affinity chromatography column. Using an anti-importin alpha(1) antibody, Western blots detected importin alpha(1) at 58 kDa in the purified sample. Also, using an anti-importin beta antibody, Western blots detected importin beta at 94 kDa. These results indicate that the importins were associated with the PTH1R at the time of the purification. In conclusion, we show that the PTH1R forms a complex with the transport regulatory proteins, importin alpha(1) and importin beta, and that nuclear PTH1R is associated with the nucleoplasm. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The long-term impact of routine intraoperative nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery.
Despite widespread use of intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) as an adjunct to visual identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), published studies have shown little or no benefit. No long-term studies exist detailing the effect of experience gained from IONM on the rate of RLN injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of IONM feedback on surgical outcomes over time at a single institution. We conducted retrospective analysis of prospectively gathered data for 1,936 patients including 3,435 nerves at risk between March 2004 and September 2011. Each RLN was analyzed for the specific, unilateral operative procedure that placed the nerve at risk of injury. The primary outcome measures included temporary vocal cord palsy and permanent vocal cord paralysis or paresis as determined by intraoperative loss of RLN function and postoperative laryngoscopy. Additional measures included instances where IONM assisted the surgeon's localization of the RLN. Of the 3,435 nerves at risk, 105 (3.06%) were injured, 4 had permanent paralysis (0.12%), and 7 had paresis (0.20%). Over time, a decrease in RLN injury was seen per successive operative year for thyroid lobectomy with paratracheal lymph node dissection with or without parathyroidectomy (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.00; P = .04); the rate of nerve injury stabilized after 20 months of continued use of nerve monitoring. IONM particularly assisted the surgeon with identification of 108 nerves at risk (3.14%) with aberrant anatomy, and with identification of 236 nerves at risk (6.87%) during difficult dissections. With experience, routine use of IONM during thyroid and parathyroid operations significantly decreased the incidence of injury to the RLN for thyroid lobectomy with paratracheal lymph node dissection and provided useful assistance with RLN identification for 10% of nerves at risk. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Optical Computed Tomography for Polymer Gel Dosimetry].
This article describes an optical computed tomography (OCT) for polymer gel dosimetry, focusing on two systems recently constructed by us. The first OCT system, which is categorized as a first-generation system, comprised a single He-Ne laser, photodiode, and mechanical stages for moving and turning gel dosimeter. Projection data per angle are acquired from turned gel dosimeter. In this system, the reconstructed image is obtained using filtered back-projection (FBP) method from projection data. The second OCT system is a 2D-OCT scanner that utilizes a light panel and a camera detector. The dose-response relationship between the optical density and radiation dose reconstructed from the scanning images is comparable to that obtained using magnetic resonance imaging. Although there is much room for improvement in the image artifacts due to reflection and refraction of light and so on, OCT is expected as a modality for the future polymer gel dosimetry as the rapid, high-resolution, highly accurate evaluation tool. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Limits of habituation and extinction: implications for relapse prevention programs in addictions.
Problems in the application of exposure techniques to the management of long term dishabituation in addicts are discussed in the light of human and animal evidence. Extinction and habituation of responses to drug cues or drug aftereffects are unstable and strongly dependent on context, thus limiting the effectiveness of cue exposure treatments in the prevention of relapse. Several strategies are suggested to improve the stability of extinction and habituation in order to enduringly prevent relapse in addictions. (i) Warning patients about the episodic resurgence of unexpected urges or cravings precipitated by conditioned contexts and exposing them to such contexts. (ii) To obtain a maximum protection against relapse, extinction should 'recreate' all the original learning contexts (i.e. all possible drug cues). (iii) The behavioral chains involved in self administering drugs ought to be incorporated into cue exposure treatments (without permitting consummatory responses) in order to decrease their signal value as cues for drugs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hepatic arterial resistive indices: correlation with the severity of cirrhosis.
Forty-three patients who were scheduled to undergo a percutaneous liver biopsy were evaluated with Doppler sonography to determine the hepatic arterial resistive index (RI). The histologic specimens were graded by a pathologist regarding cirrhosis and inflammation. The specimens demonstrated no cirrhosis in 12 of 43 (28%) patients, early cirrhosis in 10 of 43 (23%), and established cirrhosis in 21 of 43 (49%). Analysis also revealed that inflammation was absent in three of 43 (7%) patients, minimal in seven of 43 (16%), mild in 17 of 43 (40%), moderate in 13 of 43 (30%), and severe in three of 43 (7%). Hepatic artery RIs (without correction for heart rate) ranged from 0.64 +/- 0.06 in patients with early cirrhosis to 0.68 +/- 0.09 in patients with severe inflammation. There was no significant correlation between the degree of cirrhosis and/or inflammation and hepatic artery RI (with or without correction for heart rate). We conclude that Doppler determination of hepatic artery RIs is not a reliable method of predicting the severity of hepatic cirrhosis and/or inflammation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Complications in children from foreign bodies in the airway.
Foreign body aspiration in childhood is a common and potentially serious problem. Complications may be the result of the aspiration episode itself, delayed diagnosis or treatment. We describe our experience in a paediatric hospital in Argentina. We retrospectively evaluated 56 patients with complications due to foreign body aspiration recorded in the Susy Safe Project between January 2010 and November 2013. The clinical variables analysed were sex, age at time of aspiration, foreign body location and type, time elapsed from the event until object removal, extraction technique, complications, need for hospitalisation and circumstances of the event. 58.9% of the cases described occurred in males, with high presence of adults (76.8%) at the time of aspiration. The incidence was slightly higher in children older than 3 years. In 37 cases (66.1%), the foreign body was located in bronchus; sunflower seeds and ballpoint caps were the most common foreign objects. Only in 10 cases (17.9%) was the object extracted within 24h of the event. The most common complications were pneumonia (18 cases), granuloma (15 cases) and mucosal erosion (9 cases). Hospitalisation was necessary for 41 patients. Early diagnosis and immediate control through specialised teams are essential to ensure proper treatment, usually endoscopic, without risk of complications. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of Hypertension among the elderly: the 2006 National Health and Morbidity Survey III in Malaysia.
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the elderly population in Malaysia. Analysis of secondary data from a cross-sectional national population based survey using stratified multistage sampling conducted from April to August 2006 throughout Malaysia National Health and Morbidity Survey III(NHMS III). Adults aged 60 and older who had participated in the survey were included in the study. A total of 4954 respondents (14.3%) were elderly from the 34,539 respondents aged 18 years and above for hypertension module in NHMS III. A total of 4933 elderly had their blood pressure examined (giving a response rate of 99.6%). The overall prevalence of hypertension among elderly was 74.0%, more in elderly female (77.4%) than men (70.1%). Only 49.3% of them were aware of their hypertensive status, 42.4% were currently treated and 22.6% of those being treated were under control. The results of multiple logistic regression showed factors associated with higher awareness and treatment rates were similar i.e. females, young-old age group (age 60-74), urban residents, Chinese ethnic group and higher education. For those elderly who were on treatment, determinants associated with controlled hypertension were Chinese and Indians ethnic groups and higher educational level. There was a high prevalence of hypertension among the elderly in Malaysia but with poor awareness, treatment and control rate. Reliable information on these aspects is important for the development of patient education programs, health policies to improve disease management and overall health care resource allocation especially among the elderly in Malaysia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Interaction of 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine with cytosol and mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinases: possible role in anti-cytomegalovirus activity.
The acyclic nucleoside 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine (DHPG) is a potent inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo. In order to investigate the phosphorylation of DHPG to the monophosphate and identify the enzyme responsible, attempts were made to isolate DHPG kinase from calf thymus and from human cytomegalovirus-infected lung cells. From calf thymus, a mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase was partially purified which co-migrated with DHPG phosphorylating activity on DEAE-cellulose, and had the same mobility by electrophoresis. DHPG triphosphate and DHPG kinase were elevated in cytomegalovirus-infected cells, but not enough enzyme activity was recovered to identify the kinase. However, DHPG was found to inhibit a cytosol deoxyguanosine kinase induced in these infected cells. The role of mitochondrial and cytosol deoxyguanosine kinases is discussed relative to the anti-cytomegalovirus activity of DHPG. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS.
The safety and efficacy of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were evaluated. Sixty patients with a new diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma and no history of opportunistic infections were randomly assigned to receive 800 mg of sulfamethoxazole and 160 mg of trimethoprim twice per day or no therapy. None of the 30 patients receiving sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim developed P carinii pneumonia. Sixteen of the 30 patients receiving no suppressive therapy developed P carinii pneumonia. Development of P carinii pneumonia was associated with the stage of Kaposi's sarcoma, B subtype disease, and the presence of 0.20 X 10(9)/L (200/mm3) or fewer CD4 cells at study entry. The proportion of patients surviving and the mean length of survival were significantly greater in the treatment group compared with the control group. Adverse reactions occurred in 15 patients (50%). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Emergency response to mass casualty incidents in Lebanon.
The emergency response to mass casualty incidents in Lebanon lacks uniformity. Three recent large-scale incidents have challenged the existing emergency response process and have raised the need to improve and develop incident management for better resilience in times of crisis. We describe some simple emergency management principles that are currently applied in the United States. These principles can be easily adopted by Lebanon and other developing countries to standardize and improve their emergency response systems using existing infrastructure. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Metabolism study of dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine,9,10-[9,10-3H(N)] in rat and human hepatocyte cultures and rat, monkey, and human microsomes.
An in vitro approach was undertaken to investigate the metabolite profile of dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine,9,10-[9,10 ( -3 ) H(N)] in humans by comparison with two species, rat and monkey, for toxicological studies. Hepatocytes (rat and human) and microsomes (rat, monkey, and human) were used in this study, and a high-performance liquid chromatography system was developed to determine the metabolic profiles. From the two in vitro metabolizing systems it was concluded that the compound was extensively metabolized in all species, with a similar overall rate of 4.5 ng/min/mg protein in the microsomal system. The human metabolite profile in hepatocytes showed an intersubject variability that was not confirmed with microsomes. The more complex human pattern consisted of eight metabolites (based on chromatographic properties) that were produced in rats (major part) or in monkeys. Of these eight metabolites, seven were produced by rat microsomes and six by the monkey microsomes. Because of qualitative and quantitative differences, it was not possible to show that the human metabolite profile was closer to the rat's or to the monkey's. The conclusion is that all the observed metabolites in human are produced either in rats (for a major part) or in monkeys, so that these two species cover the human metabolic pattern for toxicological studies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Fluorescence sensing and binding behavior of aminobenzenesulfonamidoquinolino-beta-cyclodextrin to Zn2+.
A water-soluble fluorescent zinc sensor which binds strongly to Zn2+ (log K = 12.4) was successfully synthesized under physiological conditions. This sensor exhibits a good fluorescence response to Zn2+ over a wide pH range in water. Under the same conditions, several metal ions commonly present in a physiological environment, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, and Co2+, showed little interference to the fluorescence response to Zn2+. [structure: see text] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The possibilities and perspectives of using scaffold technology for bone regeneration].
The article deals with the one of the topical problem of tissue engineering--the design and implementation of biomaterials that could replace and repair bone defects. This review presents the recent studies of the potential of scaffold technology in bone tissue regeneration. This article contains information about the basic parameters and properties of modern scaffold systems. The results of experimental in vitro and in vivo studies on the use of matrices made of various materials are shown. Advantages and disadvantages of various materials used for the production of scaffolds are discussed. Attention is paid to the advantages combinations of different materials to achieve the desired structural and functional properties. Particular attention is paid to technologies and systems of targeted delivery and controlled release of factors that stimulate bone tissue regeneration. Different strategies for modulating tissue reactions and immune responses that take place during scaffold implantation are presented. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Drug targets: turning the channel (on) for sedation.
Genetic techniques have recently implicated two different ion channels as critical molecular targets for the sedative action of ethanol and intravenous anesthetics. In each case, the target is hyperactivated by the drug. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
In vivo ultrasound-activated delivery of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator from the cavity of sub-micrometric capsules.
External stimuli such as light, magnetic fields or ultrasounds allow for controlled drug release from nanocarriers with spatiotemporal resolution. Such tetherless approaches may become a straightforward solution to overcome the specificity problems typically associated with nanomedicines. Most of current nanomedicines suffer of very low specificity in vivo, thus rendering efficient targeted delivery among the most wanted breakthroughs in the fields of nanotechnology and medicine. Here we present a sonosensitive, sub-micrometric layer-by-layer capsule system for ultrasound-controlled delivery of macromolecules in vivo. As a proof of concept, the serine protease recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), a thrombolytic drug widely employed for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and other thromboembolic pathologies, is used as encapsulated active compound. The activity of encapsulated rtPA and its ultrasound-induced delivery from the cavity of the capsules are demonstrated. We show, first, that rtPA encapsulation prevents its endogenous biological inactivation and do not interfere with the thrombolytic activity of the drug. Second, upon ultrasound application, delivery of rtPA promotes breakdown of blood clots in vitro. Finally, the ultrasound-triggered in vivo delivery of rtPA from capsules intravenously administrated in mice is demonstrated. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Relative order determination of four Yp cosmids on metaphase and interphase chromosomes by two-color competitive in situ hybridization.
Two-color competitive in situ hybridization was used to cytogenetically order four Yp cosmid probes, located in the pseudo-autosomal and TDF regions. The probes were hybridized by pairs to metaphase and interphase chromosomes. On metaphase chromosomes, determination of order between sequences separated by 3 Mb from each other was possible on a statistical basis, whereas the relative position of sequences 0.6 Mb apart could not be determined. On interphase chromosomes the complete order between sequences separated by 0.6-6 Mb was obtained rapidly by measuring the distances between two cosmid spots of every cosmid pair used in 28 to 60 nuclei. Results demonstrate the potential power of fluorescent in situ hybridization at interphase for high resolution cosmid mapping. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Antiplatelet treatments: recent evidence from randomized controlled trials.
To provide an overview of selected randomized studies reported over the last 2 years evaluating antiplatelet therapies in patients with either acute or stable manifestations of atherosclerosis. From large outcome trials included evidence for reduced risk of ischemic events associated with use of ticagrelor and aspirin versus aspirin alone, albeit with an increased bleeding risk in patients with stable coronary artery disease and history of myocardial infarction. No benefit regarding ischemic outcomes could be demonstrated for ticagrelor monotherapy compared with aspirin or clopidogrel in patients with stroke or peripheral vascular disease, respectively. Results from pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies suggest that switching from prasugrel to ticagrelor is safe, regardless of the use of a loading dose, and that loading with prasugrel or ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel leads to more prompt and potent platelet inhibition in patients undergoing ad hoc percoutaneous coronary intervention. No evidence could be demonstrated for the prognostic value of routine platelet function monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy. Large outcome trials demonstrated various effects of antithrombotic strategies including ticagrelor on clinical outcomes across patient populations. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies confirmed a more prompt and potent platelet inhibition after loading with the new P2Y12 inhibitors versus clopidogrel, and suggested the safety of switching from prasugrel to ticagrelor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Functional therapy in primary unstable injuries of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Indications and limits].
There are good results in the functional conservative treatment of the primary stable lesion of the thoracic and the lumbar part of the spine. Late results show that traumatic deformation can be compensated by the spine and by trained muscles. Segmental mobility can be generally neglected. Real late instabilities are very seldom. Static complaints caused by left deformation are important especially if the spine was previously damaged. Then, primary or early secondary operative reposition, replacement and segmental spondylodesis are indicated. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Congenital tracheal anomalies: pathology study using serial macrosections and review of the literature.
This description of congenital tracheal lesions is presented with a focus on the information derived from the specimens collected for the Laryngeal Development Laboratory at the Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago from 1975 to 1992. During this period, 115 laryngotracheal specimens were obtained, 22 of which were found to have congenital tracheal anomalies. Six specimens were determined to have tracheomalacia, including one with primary tracheomalacia and five with secondary tracheomalacia: three were associated with tracheoesophageal fistula and two with aberrant innominate artery. Thirteen specimens had a trapped first tracheal arch; one, complete tracheal rings; and two, tracheal cartilaginous sleeve. Three specimens had tracheal agenesis, and three, tracheoesophageal fistula. Some specimens have more than one tracheal anomaly. Sixteen patients also had anomalies of other systems. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Redo-urethroplasty: comparison of early functional results and quality of life in penile and bulbar strictures.
To assess bothersome results of surgery and changes in quality of life (QoL) in patients with redo-urethroplasty, comparing the functional results of penile and bulbar cases. As after previous urethroplasty scar tissue formation is likely to occur, less favorable functional results than at primary repair could be expected. Yet data on these items for techniques currently used are limited. Retrospective analysis with standardized questionnaire including 33 consecutive patients treated with redo-urethroplasty for bulbar or penile strictures. Previous surgeries, recurrence rate, complications, incontinence, erectile function, satisfaction with the surgery and QoL were assessed. Overall success rate was 78.8 %, number of previous open urethroplasty once in 24 patients (72.7 %), and more than once in 9 (27.3 %). Urinary stress incontinence Grade I occurred in 5 patients (15.2 %) and Grade II in 2 patients (6.1 %). In 24 patients (72.7 %), no penile shortening occurred and in 28 (84.8 %), no deviation was observed. Eight patients (24.2 %) reported their glans sensitivity to be altered, in 3 (9.1 %) a disturbing alteration occurred. Overall satisfaction with the surgery was high (70 %), and an improvement in QoL was seen in 72.7 % (24 patients). Urethroplasty after failed open repair gives good functional results and shows a high patient satisfaction rate. However, results are not quite as good as for primary repair, emphasizing the importance of a successful primary repair. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[New aspects of case law on andrological questions: what does this mean for physicians in private practice?].
In recent years there have been several Supreme Court adjudications concerning andrological issues. Among other things it was reconfirmed that drug therapy for erectile dysfunction does not have to be paid by compulsory health insurance providers. In contrast one Supreme Court decided that cryoconservation of ejaculates has to be paid by compulsory health insurance providers under certain circumstances.Vasectomy in men under guardianship is performed approximately 100 times per year in Germany. Before vasectomy is performed judicial authorisation has to be obtained in an extensive court proceeding.The Tissue Act regulates the implementation of the EG guideline 2004/23/EG into German law. This is only important for urologists who perform MESA/TESE procedures. Current case law does not allow use of the title Männerarzt as patients can confuse it with the official title andrologist. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reversed-phase HPLC of 99mTc methylene diphosphonate bone imaging kits with quantification of pertechnetate.
Ion-pairing reversed-phase HPLC is used to separate a mixture of 99mTc methylene diphosphonate (MDP) complexes prepared by tin reduction of pertechnetate in the presence of ligand. Chromatographic conditions allow for the quantification of total pertechnetate concentration, as well as the determination of chemical purity of generator eluents from which 99mTc is derived. Both determinations can be made prior to actual labeling. Commercially available MDP kits from three manufacturers are evaluated. All three MDP kits, when labeled with 99mTc, produce multiple, chromatographically separable components. The formation of these Tc-MDP complexes is time dependent. The labeling procedure produces several products within the first 20 min, with up to fifteen complexes observed after 4 h. The results of this work demonstrate the presence of substantial chemical contamination in generator eluents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Rhythms of progesterone and corticosterone in the pms-treated rat: relationship to ovulation.
Precocious ovulation was induced in 26-day-old rats by means of 25 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS). Rats were given injections at either 09.00 or 16.00 in order to determine whether the course of pubertal changes in corticosterone (B), progesterone (P) or time of ovulation would be dependent upon the time of injection. Blood samples were collected by decapitation at 4-h intervals on the day of expected ovulation (day 28). In saline-treated controls at 28 days of age there was a demonstrable daily variation in both serum B and P with maximum values at 16.00 and minimum values at 08.00. In rats given PMS at 09.00, there was a peak of P and B at 16.00 on day 28 but the values were higher than in controls. Ovulation took place at 24.00 on day 28-29. In rats given PMS at 16.00 the pattern of P and B was different, with continual high values from 16.00 to 04.00 at 28 days of age; ovulation took place later in this group (between 02.00-08.00 on day 28). It can be concluded that there is a daily rhythm of P a few days before puberty and that the induction of precocious ovulation with PMS is associated with a different pattern of B and P and a different time of ovulation depending upon when PMS is administered. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Diagnostic and therapeutic role of angiography in acute vascular insufficiency of the superior mesenteric artery].
Sixteen patients were studied with acute arterial ischemia of the superior mesenteric artery: 2 thrombosis, 8 embolisms, and 6 non-occlusive ischemias. Six patients had intra-arterial selective perfusion of papaverine. Angiographic patterns of acute arterial ischemia of the superior mesenteric artery are described. The technique of intra-arterial injection of papaverine (fast bolus followed, if needed, by slow perfusion) is also described. The diagnostic value of plain abdominal radiography and arteriography, and the therapeutical value of pharmacoangiography are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Laser-induced autofluorescence measurements on brain tissues.
It was demonstrated that comparison of the autofluorescence spectra induced with laser radiation in ultraviolet and visible allows the identification of brain tumor tissues and normal tissues as well as the difference between them. The measurements were performed on homogenates to ensure an optimal reproducibility of the results. We conclude that the autofluorescence spectra of the tumor samples are close to those measured for normal tissues, but there are differences between them that allow distinguishing the tumor from the normal tissue. One difference is that for each pair of tumor/normal tissue samples, the peak autofluorescence for the normal tissue is shifted with respect to that for the tumor-typically between 10 and 20 nm; overall autofluorescence intensity is also different for the components of the same pair, the difference being in the range 15%-30%. A parameter that can also be used is the variation of the ratio of some fluorescence intensity peaks between normal and tumor tissue samples. Measurements of this parameter yielded variations ranging between 10% and 40%. Another conclusion of the study is that in vitro experiments show that it is mandatory to use pairs of samples (normal/tumor tissue) taken from the same patient. The results show that, after further experimental in vitro tests, the method may be adapted to real-time intraoperative conditions by measuring the autofluorescence of the tumor and of the adjacent normal tissue. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
SunB, a novel Sad1 and UNC-84 domain-containing protein required for development of Dictyostelium discoideum.
A gene, sunB, encoding a novel class of Sad1 and UNC-84 (SUN) domain, was isolated from a cDNA screen for suppressors of a mutation in Dd-STATa - a Dictyostelium homologue of metazoan STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription). The SunB protein localized in the area around the nucleus in growing cells, but in the multicellular stages it was predominantly found in prespore vacuoles (PSVs). A disruptant of sunB was multinucleated in the vegetative phase; during development it formed mounds with multiple tips and failed to culminate. The mutation was cell autonomous, and showed reduced expression of the prespore marker gene pspA and elevated expression of marker genes for prestalk AB cells. Interestingly, the level of SunB was abnormally high in the prestalk cells of Dd-STATa mutants, which are defective in culmination. We conclude that SunB is essential for accurate prestalk/prespore differentiation during Dictyostelium development and that its cell-type dependent localization is regulated by a Dd-STATa-mediated signaling pathway. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spatial heterogeneity can facilitate the target search of self-propelled particles.
A numerical investigation of the target search dynamics of self-propelled particles (SPPs) in heterogeneous environments is presented in this work. We show that the spatial heterogeneity has a dramatic effect on the target search dynamics of SPPs. The relative magnitude of the self-propulsion length lp and the radius of the circular domain Rc determines how the mean search time of SPPs τ depends on the area fraction of fixed obstacles ϕob. For lp < Rc, the target search process is diffusion-dominated so that a monotonic increase in τ with increasing ϕob is observed. For lp > Rc, τ is shown to be a non-monotonic convex function as a function of ϕob due to the interplay of the distribution-dominated and diffusion-dominated dynamic regimes. Furthermore, at fixed ϕob, τ shows a minimum upon increasing the self-propulsion velocity v0 of a SPP of a slow rotational diffusion when it searches for a target at low ϕob, while it decreases monotonically at high ϕob. The present work highlights that the introduction of spatial heterogeneity causes rich dynamic behaviors of a SPP searching for a target, and deepens our understanding of the transport of active matter in heterogeneous media. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Impact of influenza infection on children's hospital admissions during two seasons in Athens, Greece.
A prospective epidemiologic surveillance of hospitalizations associated with influenza was conducted in order to calculate population-based hospitalization rates. Eligible children were 6 months to 13 years of age and were admitted to one of the two large children's hospitals in the Athens area during two influenza seasons. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for influenza by a polymerase reaction assay. Influenza accounted for 9.9-11.8% of all admissions during the influenza season and the overall annual rate of hospitalizations was 13.6-16.8 cases per 10,000 children being highest for children under 5 years of age (26-31.2/10,000 children). Febrile seizures and acute otitis media were the two most common complications associated with influenza and antibiotics were administered to 61% of flu positive patients. Influenza is associated with high hospitalization rates among young children and these may be substantially reduced with the introduction of routine immunization. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Polycythemia caused by liver carcinoma in cattle and sheep].
Polycythemia associated with hepatic carcinoma was diagnosed in a 10-year-old cow, an 8-month-old heifer and a 3-year-old sheep. The cow was referred to our clinic because of weight loss, reduced appetite, hematuria, marked reddening of the mucosa of the tear canal, oral cavity and vestibule and an increased hematocrit. Clinical examination also revealed injected scleral vessels. The erythrocyte count, the PCV, hemoglobin concentration and the activities of the hepatic enzymes were increased. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a very large liver with a focal echogenic lesion. Based on all findings, a diagnosis of polycythemia associated with a liver tumor, was made. The cow was slaughtered. Multifocal liver tumors were diagnosed histologically as hepatocellular carcinoma. The heifer and sheep had similar clinical and hematological findings. Hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in the heifer and cholangiocellular carcinoma in the sheep. It was concluded that in all three patients, polycythemia was caused by hepatic carcinoma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Simulation of the in vivo resorption rate of β-tricalcium phosphate bone graft substitutes implanted in a sheep model.
A few years ago, a model was proposed to predict the effect of the pore architecture of a bone graft substitute on its cell-mediated resorption rate. The aim of the present study was to compare the predictions of the model with the in vivo resorption rate of four β-tricalcium phosphate bone graft substitutes implanted in a sheep model. The simulation algorithm contained two main steps: (1) detection of the pores that could be accessed by blood vessels of 50 μm in diameter, and (2) removal of one solid layer at the surface of these pores. This process was repeated until full resorption occurred. Since the pore architecture was complex, μCT data and fuzzy imaging techniques were combined to reconstruct the precise bone graft substitute geometry and then image processing algorithms were developed to perform the resorption simulation steps. The proposed algorithm was verified by comparing its results with the analytical results of a simple geometry and experimental in-vivo data of β-TCP bone substitutes with more complex geometry. An excellent correlation (r(2)>0.9 for all 4 bone graft substitutes) was found between simulation results and in-vivo data, suggesting that this resorption model could be used to (i) better understand the in vivo behavior of bone graft substitutes resorbed by cell-mediation, and (ii) optimize the pore architecture of a bone graft substitute, for example to maximize its resorption rate. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Bridge-it: a system for predicting implementation fidelity for school-based tobacco prevention programs.
Properly implemented school programs to prevent tobacco use and addiction can lower smoking prevalence up to 60%. However, numerous programs are not successful due to poor implementation. A system for estimating likelihood of future implementation fidelity of school-based prevention programs was tested using data collected at baseline and two year follow-up in 47 middle schools and high schools participating in the Texas Tobacco Prevention Initiative. The Bridge-It system includes an eight-factor, 36-item survey to analyze capacity for program implementation and a companion Bayesian model which provides estimations of likelihood of implementation fidelity several years after program initiation. The survey also asks about amount of implementing activity for each of the multiple components recommended in federal guidelines for school programs to prevent tobacco use. Criterion referenced cross-tabulations showed the system's forecast of implementation fidelity was correct in 74% of cases (p < .01). Model reliability was confirmed in regression analyses. Implementation fidelity at follow-up was predicted by the combination of the model's eight capacity factors at baseline. It includes program, implementation support, and non-program factors. Integration of the Bridge-It system, or comparable tools, into the dissemination and evaluation of school-based prevention programs can help to increase understanding of factors that influence implementation and provide guidance for capacity building. If administrators can identify at baseline schools likely to fall short of implementation goals, plans for resource allocation and provision of guidance, training, and technical assistance can be specifically tailored to identified needs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Measurement of the Bs(0)→μ+ μ- branching fraction and search for B(0)→μ+ μ- with the CMS experiment.
Results are presented from a search for the rare decays Bs(0)→μ+ μ- and B(0)→μ+ μ- in pp collisions at sqrt[s]=7 and 8 TeV, with data samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of 5 and 20 fb(-1), respectively, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. An unbinned maximum-likelihood fit to the dimuon invariant mass distribution gives a branching fraction B(Bs(0)→μ+ μ-)=(3.0(-0.9)(+1.0))×10(-9), where the uncertainty includes both statistical and systematic contributions. An excess of Bs(0)→μ+ μ- events with respect to background is observed with a significance of 4.3 standard deviations. For the decay B(0)→μ+ μ- an upper limit of B(B(0)→μ+ μ-)<1.1×10(-9) at the 95% confidence level is determined. Both results are in agreement with the expectations from the standard model. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Efficacy of modafinil compared to dextroamphetamine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults.
Our objective was to compare the efficacy of the new wake-promoting drug modafinil to that of dextroamphetamine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Twenty-two adults who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-phase crossover study comparing placebo, modafinil, and dextroamphetamine for the treatment of ADHD. The twice-daily study medications were titrated to doses of optimum efficacy over 4-7 days and then held constant during the rest of each 2-week treatment phase. Measures of improvement included the DSM-IV ADHD Behavior Checklist for Adults, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT, using the letters C, F, and L version), Stroop, and Digit Span (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale version). For the 21 (96%) completers, the mean (+/- SD) optimum doses of modafinil and dextroamphetamine were 206.8 mg/day +/- 84.9 and 21.8 mg/day +/- 8.9, respectively. Scores on the DSM-IV ADHD Checklist (p < 0.001) were significantly improved over the placebo condition following treatment with both active medications. Performance on the COWAT (p < 0.05) reached trend levels of significance. Both medications were generally well tolerated. This preliminary study suggests that modafinil may be a viable alternative to conventional stimulants for the treatment of adults with ADHD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis caused by an implant--a case report.
A nine-year old boy sustained a traumatic fracture of the neck of left femur and was treated by closed reduction and cancellous screw fixation. Fourteen months later the tips of the screws were found to be at the epiphyseal plate and there was evidence of slip of the upper femoral epiphysis. The opposite hip was normal and no other abnormalities were detected. It is postulated that the slip was caused by the implant. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Polymorphism of cytochrome P-450 in humans.
A number of different cytochrome P-450 proteins are found in human liver and other tissues. These enzymes oxidize drugs and carcinogens as well as endogenous chemicals such as steroids and eicosanoids. As Peter Guengerich explains, activities of individual cytochrome P-450 enzymes vary among individuals as a result of both genetic and environmental influences; in some cases, the mechanisms are known. Such variation can have major influences in determining drug toxicity, inborn errors of steroid metabolism, and possibly cancer risk. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of AR-L 115 BS, a new cardiotonic compound, on cardiac contractility, heart rate and blood pressure in anaesthetized and conscious animals.
In anaesthetized dogs, 0.03--10 mg/kg 2-[(2-methoxy-4-methylsulfinyl)-phenyl]-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (AR-L 115 BS) i.V. increased dp/dtmax by 3-221% and VCE by 1-196%. Threshold doses for a positive chronotropic effect were higher, beginning at 0.3 mg/kg and amounting to +70% at 10 mg/kg. Systemic blood pressure was not influenced significantly, whereas pulmonary pressure was lowered slightly at all doses and likewise left ventricular enddiastolic pressure at 3 and 10 mg/kg. Similar effects were observed in anaesthetized baboons at 0.1--5 mg/kg and in mini-pigs at 0.1--10 mg/kg i.v. Duration of the effect on contractility parameters was 20 to 100 min depending on dose. In conscious dogs with telemetric measurement of left ventricular pressure, dp/dt and heart rate, 2.5--30 mg/kg AR-L 115 BS orally augmented dp/dtmax by 16-92% for 5 to 12 h. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were modestly increased. The investigation of the basal values of cardiac contractility and the efficacy of i.v. administered AR-L 115 BS in dogs pretreated with 10 mg/kg/day orally for 6 and 12 months indicated that the compound did not accumulate and that no tolerance to the drug developed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Next-Generation DNA Sequencing of VH/VL Repertoires: A Primer and Guide to Applications in Single-Domain Antibody Discovery.
Immunogenetic analyses of expressed antibody repertoires are becoming increasingly common experimental investigations and are critical to furthering our understanding of autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer. Next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) technologies have now made it possible to interrogate antibody repertoires to unprecedented depths, typically by sequencing of cDNAs encoding immunoglobulin variable domains. In this chapter, we describe simple, fast, and reliable methods for producing and sequencing multiplex PCR amplicons derived from the variable regions (VH, VHH or VL) of rearranged immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes using the Illumina MiSeq platform. We include complete protocols and primer sets for amplicon sequencing of VH/VHH/VL repertoires directly from human, mouse, and llama lymphocytes as well as from phage-displayed VH/VHH/VL libraries; these can be easily be adapted to other types of amplicons with little modification. The resulting amplicons are diverse and representative, even using as few as 103 input B cells, and their generation is relatively inexpensive, requiring no special equipment and only a limited set of primers. In the absence of heavy-light chain pairing, single-domain antibodies are uniquely amenable to NGS analyses. We present a number of applications of NGS technology useful in discovery of single-domain antibodies from phage display libraries, including: (i) assessment of library functionality; (ii) confirmation of desired library randomization; (iii) estimation of library diversity; and (iv) monitoring the progress of panning experiments. While the case studies presented here are of phage-displayed single-domain antibody libraries, the principles extend to other types of in vitro display libraries. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A novel microfluidic concept for bioanalysis using freely moving beads trapped in recirculating flows.
There are only a few examples in which beads are employed for heterogeneous assays on microfluidic devices, because of the difficulties associated with packing and handling these in etched microstructures. This contribution describes a microfluidic device that allows the capture, preconcentration, and controlled manipulation of small beads (<6 microm) in etched microchannels using fluid flows only. The chips feature planar diverging and converging channel elements connected by a narrow microchannel. Creation of bi-directional liquid movement by opposing electro-osmotic and pressure-driven flows can lead to the generation of controlled recirculating flow at these elements. Small polymer beads can actually be captured in the controlled rotating flow patterns. The clusters of freely moving beads that result can be perfused sequentially with different solutions. A preliminary binding curve was determined for the reaction of streptavidin-coated beads and fluorescein-labelled biotin, demonstrating the potential of this bead-handling approach for bioanalysis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for uncontrolled variceal bleeding in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
The place of transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) for variceal haemorrhage uncontrolled by sclerotherapy and medical treatment is still undefined. To investigate the outcome of early salvage TIPS for active uncontrolled variceal haemorrhage, and to identify the factors associated with mortality. Salvage TIPS was performed in 58 patients as soon as possible after the diagnosis of variceal bleeding refractory to the combination of sclerotherapy and of pharmacological therapy. Twenty-three variables were assessed prospectively to identify predictors of mortality within 60 days of the procedure. The haemorrhage was controlled in 52 of 58 patients (90%). Bleeding persisted in six of 58 patients (10%), and recurred in four patients (7%). Overall, 17 (29%) and 20 (35%) patients died within respectively 30 days and 60 days of TIPS: five patients died of persistent bleeding, two patients died of recurrent bleeding, and 13 patients died of terminal liver failure. The actuarial survival following salvage TIPS was 51.7% at 1 year. On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of early mortality were: the presence of sepsis (P=0.001), the use of catecholamines for systemic hemodynamic impairment (P=0.009), and the use of balloon tamponade (P=0.04). Neither a single factor, nor a combination of factors before TIPS allowed to predict mortality confidently in a given patient. Early salvage TIPS is an effective treatment to stop active variceal bleeding refractory to sclerotherapy and pharmacological treatment. Pre-treatment prognostic determinants that correlate to mortality can not be used to predict the outcome in individual cases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR MULTIPLE KIDNEY STONE FORMATION IN THE RUSSIAN POPULATION].
This study examines the association of multiple kidney stones with polymorphisms of urolithiasis candidate genes in the Russian population. A total of 75 adult patients with multiple stones (the main group) residing in the Central Russia and 189 healthy adults (control group) from the same region underwent genetic testing. The study group consisted of 41 (54.7%) males and 34 (45.3%) females with mean age 44.5 ± 14 years. The material for the study was samples of venous blood. Spectrum and frequency of polymorphic variants of four urolithiasis candidate genes were determined using real time PCR: the Klotho gene (KL, rs526906), vitamin D receptor gene (VDR, rs1540339), gene of the extracellular calcium-sensitive receptor (CASR, rs2202127), calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (ORAI1, rs7135617). Fisher angular conversion and χ2 tests showed association between the genetic polymorphisms of ORAI1 and multiple kidney stone formation in the Russian population. No association was found between multiple kidney stones and polymorphisms of genes encoding KL, VDR, CASR. These results indicate that genetic factors, in particular polymorphic variants of the ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (ORAI1, rs7135617), may affect multiple kidney stone formation in the Russian population. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Indole-2-carboxylic acid derived mono and bis 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of anticancer, antibacterial, and DNA-cleavage activities.
A series of new indole-2-carboxylic acid derived mono and bis 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3 triazoles (I(1)-I(6) and I(7)-I(12)) were synthesized and screened for their anticancer (in vitro and in vivo), antibacterial, and DNA cleavage activities. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral studies. The in vitro anticancer screening results revealed that compound I(12) has registered potential activity against MCF-7, HeLa and HEK293 as compared with the standard reference drug Cisplatin. Remaining compounds have exhibited moderate to good activity against three cancer cell lines. The antibacterial activity screening results revealed that compounds, I(6) and I(12) have registered excellent inhibition against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in comparison with the standard drug Streptomycin. Compounds I(2) and I(11) have partially cleaved the DNA at 100 μg mL(-1) concentration. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Human auditory event-related potentials predict duration judgments.
Internal clock models postulate a pulse accumulation process underlying timing activities, with more accumulated pulses resulting in longer perceived durations. We investigated whether this accumulation is reflected in the amplitude of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by auditory stimuli with durations of 400-600 ms. In a duration discrimination paradigm, we found more negative amplitudes to physically identical stimuli when they were judged as longer than the memorized standard duration (500 ms) as compared to being classified as shorter. This sustained negativity was already developing during the first 100 ms after stimulus onset. It could not be explained as a bias to respond with a particular hand (lateralized readiness potential), but rather reflects a processing difference between the tones to be judged as shorter or longer. Our results are in line with models of time processing which assume that higher numbers of accumulated pulses of a temporal processor result in an increase in perceived duration. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Residential status moderates the association between gender and risky sexual behavior.
College students' academic performance, residential status, class rank, and gender were assessed as predictors of risky sexual behavior. All predictors were examined under two different substance use contexts, that of being 'drunk or high' and 'not drunk or high'. Results indicated that gender moderated the association between residential status and risky sex, such that males living on-campus engaged in more frequent casual sex than males living off-campus. The casual sex frequency for females did not vary as a function of residential status. The importance of studying the link between college-based environmental variables and risky sexual behavior was emphasized. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The behavior pattern of parents of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis concerning alternative medicine.
Işıkay S. The behavior pattern of parents of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis concerning alternative medicine. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 288-294. The aim of the study was to examine the attitude of the parents of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) patients regarding alternative treatment methods and compare with those of the parents of epilepsy patients. The study comprised 39 SSPE and 53 epilepsy patients who were under follow-up in Gaziantep Children`s Hospital. A questionnaire designed to inquire about the knowledge (13 questions) and behavior (11 questions) of parents about alternative medicine methods was given to the caregiver of all patients. The ratio of parents using alternative medicine methods was 29/39 (74.4%) in the SSPE group and 8/53 (15.1%) in the epilepsy group. Less than half of the parents of SSPE patients reported talking about it with their doctors. These results show parents facing a chronic debilitating disease frequently seek benefit from alternative methods. Most define this treatment as complementary to the established medical treatment. However, potential and unrecognized adverse events of alternative methods and their interference with regular medical treatment can be of importance, especially because treating physicians are seldom informed about concurrent use. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Propentofylline: a nucleoside transport inhibitor with neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia.
1. Adenosine is an endogenous neuroprotective agent; stimulation of A1 receptors decreases excitatory amino acid neurotransmission and stimulation of A2 receptors inhibits platelet and neutrophil activation and promotes vasodilation. 2. Post-ischemic administration of propentofylline (HWA 285) reduces neuronal damage in gerbils and improves glucose metabolism in all regions of brain in acute stroke patients. 3. Propentofylline inhibits the transport of adenosine into cultured cells and increases extracellular adenosine concentrations in ischemic brain. Thus, enhanced stimulation of adenosine receptors may account for some of the neuroprotective effects of this compound. 4. Propentofylline inhibits free radical production by cultivated microglia cells, stimulates nerve growth factor production and inhibits cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity. These effects may also be important for neuroprotection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hemostatic multilayer coatings.
Spray layer-by-layer assembly is used to create hemostatic films containing thrombin and tannic acid. The spray assembly technique enables coating of porous and absorbent commercial gelatin sponges with these films. Coated sponges are able to promote instantaneous hemostasis in a porcine spleen bleeding model. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.