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The SNAIL family member SCRATCH1 is not expressed in human tumors.
The SNAIL and SLUG transcription factors play important roles in embryogenesis owing to their anti-apoptotic properties and their ability to promote morphogenetic changes by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). These characteristics provide many of the proteins in these families with oncogenic and pro-metastatic capabilities when reactivated in cancers. The SCRATCH subgroup of the SNAIL superfamily, including SCRATCH1 and SCRATCH2, display distinct embryonic functions and diverge early in evolution. Despite the described overexpression of SCRT1 (encoding for SCRATCH1) in a small subset of human lung cancers, there is little data supporting a role of SCRATCH proteins in tumorigenesis. To further explore this possibility, we assessed SNAI1 (SNAIL), SNAI2 (SLUG) and SCRT1 (SCRATCH1) expression in a wide panel of human and murine tumors encompassing 151 primary tumors and 6 different cancer types, including melanomas and multiple different carcinomas. Whereas SNAI1 and SNAI2 are widely expressed in human and murine tumors, our results reveal that SCRT1 transcripts are undetectable in nearly all of the examined tumors suggesting that SCRATCH1 plays a minor role, if any, in tumorigenesis. Our data therefore suggest that oncogenic properties are not shared by all SNAIL superfamily members but instead are specifically allotted to the SNAIL subgroup supporting the conclusions that SNAIL and SCRATCH subgroups are functionally divergent and strengthening the hypothesis that the oncogenic potential of SNAIL and SLUG proteins relies on the hijacking of their embryonic functions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dissociation between vascular and metabolic effects of nicotinic acid in Gilbert's syndrome.
The relationship between the vasodilating and the hyperbilirubinaemic effect of low and high doses (50 and 300 mg i.v.) of nicotinic acid was studied in baseline conditions and after indomethacin pretreatment in healthy controls and patients with Gilbert's syndrome (a condition characterized by fluctuating, nonhaemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia). The hyperbilirubinaemic effect of nicotinic acid was confirmed to be more pronounced in Gilbert's syndrome patients than in controls. The magnitude of hyperbilirubinaemia in the two groups was not dependent on the dose of nicotinic acid or indomethacin pretreatment. A dose-dependent vasodilation which was inhibited by indomethacin could be demonstrated in both controls and Gilbert's syndrome subjects. Vasodilating properties of nicotinic acid were therefore found to be dissociated from the effect on bilirubin. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Recurring local sequence motifs in proteins.
We describe a completely automated approach to identifying local sequence motifs that transcend protein family boundaries. Cluster analysis is used to identify recurring patterns of variation at single positions and in short segments of contiguous positions in multiple sequence alignments for a non-redundant set of protein families. Parallel experiments on simulated data sets constructed with the overall residue frequencies of proteins but not the inter-residue correlations show that naturally occurring protein sequences are significantly more clustered than the corresponding random sequences for window lengths ranging from one to 13 contiguous positions. The patterns of variation at single positions are not in general surprising: chemically similar amino acids tend to be grouped together. More interesting patterns emerge as the window length increases. The patterns of variation for longer window lengths are in part recognizable patterns of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues, and in part less obvious combinations. A particularly interesting class of patterns features highly conserved glycine residues. The patterns provide a means to abstract the information contained in multiple sequence alignments and may be useful for comparison of distantly related sequences or sequence families and for protein structure prediction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Babies breaking bad: neonatal and iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes.
This review will summarize the symptoms, evaluation, and treatment of neonatal and iatrogenic withdrawal syndromes. Buprenorphine is emerging as the drug of choice for maintaining opioid-dependent women during pregnancy, because of its association with less severe withdrawal symptoms. Recent findings suggest it may be the drug of choice for treating the opioid-exposed neonate as well. Healthcare workers should be cognizant of the risk factors for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), as well as its symptoms, so that nonpharmalogic and pharmacologic therapies can be initiated. With increased emphasis on pain control in children, it is likely that iatrogenic withdrawal will continue to be a concern, and healthcare workers should understand the similarities and differences between this and NAS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Isolation and partial characterization of the allergen in mountain cedar pollen.
A biologically active fraction from a crude extract of mountain cedar pollen has been purified and partially chemically characterized. An ammonium bicarbonate extract of commercial defatted pollen was fractionated by G-100 Sephadex chromatography and the biologically active fraction was found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The biologically active component is a 50,000 dalton protein whose N-terminal amino acid sequence is Asp--Asn--Pro--Ile--Asp. These findings provide a further purified pollen allergen for immunologic studies and the first such purified allergen having clinical significance in a limited geographic region. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Characterization of Young and Old Adult Brains: An EEG Functional Connectivity Analysis.
Brain connectivity studies have reported that functional networks change with older age. We aim to (1) investigate whether electroencephalography (EEG) data can be used to distinguish between individual functional networks of young and old adults; and (2) identify the functional connections that contribute to this classification. Two eyes-open resting-state EEG recording sessions with 64 electrodes for each of 22 younger adults (19-37 years) and 22 older adults (63-85 years) were conducted. For each session, imaginary coherence matrices in delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands were computed. A range of machine learning classification methods were utilized to distinguish younger and older adult brains. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was 93% accurate in classifying the brains by age group. We report decreased functional connectivity with older age in delta, theta, alpha and gamma bands, and increased connectivity with older age in beta band. Most connections involving frontal, temporal, and parietal electrodes, and more than half of connections involving occipital electrodes, showed decreased connectivity with older age. Slightly less than half of the connections involving central electrodes showed increased connectivity with older age. Functional connections showing decreased strength with older age were not significantly different in electrode-to-electrode distance than those that increased with older age. Most of the connections used by the classifier to distinguish participants by age group belonged to the alpha band. Findings suggest a decrease in connectivity in key networks and frequency bands associated with attention and awareness, and an increase in connectivity of the sensorimotor functional networks with aging during a resting state. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cell swelling, seizures and spreading depression: an impedance study.
The cellular processes that take place during the transition from pre-seizure state to seizure remain to be defined. In this study in awake, paralyzed rats, we used an electrical impedance measure of changes in extra-cellular intracranial volume to estimate changes in cell size in acute models of epilepsy. Animals were prepared with extradural electroencephalographic (EEG)/impedance electrodes and a venous catheter. On a subsequent day, animals were paralyzed, ventilated and treated with picrotoxin, kainic acid or fluorocitrate in doses that usually induce epileptiform discharges. We now report that increases in baseline impedance were induced by kainic acid and smaller increases by picrotoxin. We also demonstrated that epileptiform discharges were preceded by small, accelerated increases in impedance. Increases in baseline impedance were highly correlated with increases in power of non-ictal high frequency EEG activity. Seizures were accompanied by increases in impedance and all treatments induced transient, relatively large, increases in impedance often associated with unilateral reductions in low frequency EEG, likely periods of spreading depression. We conclude: cerebral cells swell in convulsant models of epilepsy, that there are pre-ictal accelerations in cell swelling, and that spreading depression-like events are frequently associated with seizures. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Trends in serotypes and sequence types among cases of invasive pneumococcal disease in Scotland, 1999-2010.
The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar(®), Wyeth; PCV7) was introduced to the UK paediatric immunisation schedule in 2006. This study investigates trends in serotypes and multi locus sequence types (STs) among cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Scotland prior to, and following, the introduction of PCV7. Scottish Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Enhanced Surveillance has records of all cases of IPD in Scotland since 1999. Cases diagnosed from blood or cerebrospinal fluid isolates until 2010 were analysed. Logistic and poisson regression modelling was used to assess trends prior to and following the introduction of PCV7. Prior to PCV7 use, on average 650 cases of IPD were reported each year; 12% occurred in those aged <5 years and 35% affected those aged over 65 years. Serotypes in PCV7 represented 47% of cases (68% in <5 year olds). The serotype and ST distribution was relatively stable with only serotype 1 and associated ST 306 showing an increasing trend. PCV7 introduction was associated with a 69% (95% CI: 50%, 80%) reduction in the incidence of IPD among those aged <5 years, a 57% (95% CI: 47%, 66%) reduction among those aged 5-64 years but no significant change among those aged 65 years and over where increases in non-PCV7 serotypes were observed. Serotypes which became more prevalent post-PCV7 are those which were associated with STs related to the PCV7 serotypes. Routine serotyping and sequence typing in Scotland allowed the assessment of the relationship between the capsule and the clones in the post vaccination era. Changes in the distribution of serotypes post PCV7 introduction appear to be driven by associations between serotypes and STs prior to PCV7 introduction. This has implications for the possible effects of the introduction of higher valency vaccines and could aid in predicting replacement serotypes in IPD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Targeting Innate Immunity for Type 1 Diabetes Prevention.
Despite immense research efforts, type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains an autoimmune disease without a known trigger or approved intervention. Over the last three decades, studies have primarily focused on delineating the role of the adaptive immune system in the mechanism of T1D. The discovery of Toll-like receptors in the 1990s has advanced the knowledge on the role of the innate immune system in host defense as well as mechanisms that regulate adaptive immunity including the function of autoreactive T cells. Recent investigations suggest that inflammation plays a key role in promoting a large number of autoimmune disorders including T1D. Data from the LEW1.WR1 rat model of virus-induced disease and the RIP-B7.1 mouse model of diabetes suggest that innate immune signaling plays a key role in triggering disease progression. There is also evidence that innate immunity may be involved in the course of T1D in humans; however, a small number of clinical trials have shown that interfering with the function of the innate immune system following disease onset exerts only a modest effect on β-cell function. The data implying that innate immune pathways are linked with mechanisms of islet autoimmunity hold great promise for the identification of novel disease pathways that may be harnessed for clinical intervention. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done to better understand mechanisms by which innate immunity triggers β-cell destruction and assess the therapeutic value in blocking innate immunity for diabetes prevention. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Acceptance of an intended smoking ban in an alcohol dependence clinic.
Alcohol treatment professionals are often reluctant to address tobacco dependence in their patients or to implement smoke-free policies in inpatient treatment programs, fearing, among others, non-adherence to alcohol treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acceptance of an intended smoking ban in a specialized hospital for alcohol withdrawal. Fifteen of 54 patients reported that they would not begin or quit alcohol treatment if smoking were banned in the clinic, but only five would not begin or quit if nicotine replacement were available. The present study indicates that a non-smoking policy would be feasible in a Swiss alcohol clinic, without jeopardizing alcohol treatment adherence. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The journal impact factor as a parameter for the evaluation of researchers and research].
The journal impact factor (IF), which is published annually by the Institute for Scientific Information, (Philadelphia, USA), is meanwhile in widespread use as a scientometric parameter for the evaluation of research and researchers in Germany and other European countries. The present article subjects the IF to critical analysis. It first deals with processes of production, transfer, and use of medical knowledge, because the IF intervenes in these processes on account of its reflexivity. Secondary effects of the IF resulting from its reflexivity are discussed with the focus on the level of the author, the journal and the medical discipline as well as on social knowledge processes in society. In addition, the extent to which the IF is appropriate for evaluating the quality of a specific article, of a journal or of individual and collective research achievements is discussed. The present article calls for (1) research evaluation in accordance with the recommendations of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Council) and of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies) and (2) more intensive occupation with and organization of medical knowledge processes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis.
Our primary goal was to evaluate the impact on in-hospital mortality rate of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy, after controlling for confounding variables, in a cohort of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with sepsis. The impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on early (<3 days), 28-day, and 60-day mortality rates also was assessed. We determined the risk factors for inadequate empirical antibiotic therapy. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. ICU of a tertiary hospital. All the patients meeting criteria for sepsis at admission to the ICU. None. Four hundred and six patients were included. Microbiological documentation of sepsis was obtained in 67% of the patients. At ICU admission, sepsis was present in 105 patients (25.9%), severe sepsis in 116 (28.6%), and septic shock in 185 (45.6%). By multivariate analysis, predictors of in-hospital mortality were Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at ICU admission (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.40), the increase in SOFA score over the first 3 days in the ICU (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.19-1.65), respiratory failure within the first 24 hrs in the ICU (OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.54-6.33), and inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy in patients with "nonsurgical sepsis" (OR, 8.14; 95% CI, 1.98-33.5), whereas adequate empirical antimicrobial therapy in "surgical sepsis" (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18-0.77) and urologic sepsis (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.05-0.41) was a protective factor. Regarding early mortality (<3 days), factors associated with fatality were immunosuppression (OR, 4.57; 95% CI, 1.69-13.87), chronic cardiac failure (OR, 9.83; 95% CI, 1.98-48.69) renal failure within the first 24 hrs in the unit (OR, 8.63; 95% CI, 3.31-22.46), and respiratory failure within the first 24 hrs in the ICU (OR, 12.35; 95% CI, 4.50-33.85). Fungal infection (OR, 47.32; 95% CI, 5.56-200.97) and previous antibiotic therapy within the last month (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.1-5.45) were independent variables related to administration of inadequate antibiotic therapy. In patients admitted to the ICU for sepsis, the adequacy of initial empirical antimicrobial treatment is crucial in terms of outcome, although early mortality rate was unaffected by the appropriateness of empirical antibiotic therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Conceptualizing "borderline syndrome of childhood" and "childhood schizophrenia" as a developmental disorder.
This is the first attempt to define and validate criteria for an early onset, chronic syndrome of disturbances in affect modulation, social relatedness, and thinking. This study formulates and tests five hypotheses that follow from conceptualizing this syndrome as a developmental disorder. The advantages of viewing this syndrome as a developmental disorder are discussed and compared with alternative formulations such as childhood schizophrenia or borderline syndrome of childhood. An inpatient cohort (26 boys, 4 girls) was ascertained using specific, defined criteria. Using standardized measures on retrospective chart reviews, these subjects were compared with two different inpatient samples: one diagnosed with dysthymic disorder, the other with conduct disorder. The criteria readily distinguished between developmentally disordered children and comparison groups. Findings also supported the hypotheses in the predicted directions; index subjects had earlier onset of symptoms, poorer social and overall adjustment, longer hospitalizations, and poorer outcomes. Findings support the validity of this developmental concept for a multiple complex developmental disorder and give preliminary, "first-cut" validity to these specified criteria. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Correlation of in vitro and in vivo results of vacuum plasma sprayed titanium implants with different surface topography.
Research has proven that rough surfaces improve both biologic and biomechanical responses to titanium (Ti) implants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the expression of bone cell-associated proteins to Vacuum Plasma-Sprayed Titanium implants (VPS-Ti) with different surface textures in vitro and the bone integration in vivo. The biological performances of the surfaces were evaluated over a period of 8 weeks using human bone marrow cell cultures and Göttinger mini pigs. Cells were cultured on VPS-Ti with two respectively different surface-roughnesses (Ra). The level of Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) were evaluated. The bone integration in vivo was evaluated by histomorphological analyses. A cancellous structured titanium (CS-Ti) construct was used as reference material in both study designs. Comparison of data was conducted using the Scheffé tests and the paired t-test with Bonferroni's correction. A comparative analysis was done to measure the degree of association between the in vitro and in vivo data. A total amount of OC was significantly increased for VPS-Ti for cells cultured on both VPS-Ti and CS-Ti, while OPG was only detectable after 8 weeks without any significant differences. The ALP activity on all surfaces was not statistically increased. For VPS-Ti with Ra ranging from 0.025 mm up to 0.059 mm, bone integration response was increased, but there was no statistical difference between the VPS-Ti. Expression of OPG, OC and ALP correlated with the histomorphological data over the 8-week period. The in vitro data suggest the superiority of VPS-Ti over CS-Ti, but more importantly, the biocompatibility of testing an in vitro model to predict the outcome and possible integration of implants in vivo. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Multiresidue pesticides analysis in soils using modified QuEChERS with disposable pipette extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction.
QuEChERS original method was modified into a new version for pesticides determination in soils. The QuEChERS method is based on liquid-liquid portioning with ACN and was followed by cleanup step using dispersive SPE and disposable pipette tips. Gas chromatographic separation with MS detection was carried out for pesticides quantification. The method was validated using recovery experiments for 36 multiclass pesticides. Mean reco-veries of pesticides at each of the four spiking levels between 10-300 μg/kg of soil ranged from 70-120% for 26 pesticides with RSD values less than 15%. The method achieved low limit of detection less than 7.6 μg/kg. Matrix effects were observed for 13 pesticides. Matrix effects were compensated by using matrix-matched calibration. The method was applied successfully using d-SPE or DPX in the analysis of the pesticides in soils from organic farming and integrated pest management. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Impact of HVS models on model-based halftoning.
A model for the human visual system (HVS) is an important component of many halftoning algorithms. Using the iterative direct binary search (DBS) algorithm, we compare the halftone texture quality provided by four different HVS models that have been reported in the literature. Choosing one HVS model as the best for DBS, we then develop an approximation to that model which significantly improves computational performance while minimally increasing the complexity of the code. By varying the parameters of this model, we find that it is possible to tune it to the gray level being rendered, and to thus yield superior halftone quality across the tone scale. We then develop a dual-metric DBS algorithm that effectively provides a tone-dependent HVS model without a large increase in computational complexity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Enzyme flexibility: a new concept in recognition of hydrophobic substrates.
The mechanism of recognition of hydrophobic substrates was investigated using Escherichia coli aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), E. coli aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (AroAT), and their chimeric enzyme (DY18). Surprisingly, broad substrate specificity was observed in the reaction of aminotransferases with hydrophobic substrates. The catalytic efficiency increased with an increase in the side chain length of straight or branched-terminal aliphatic substrates. The straight-chain substrates catalysed with maximal efficiency were the 7-carbon substrate in the case of AspAT and the 8-carbon substrate for AroAT and DY18. Consecutive addition of single methylene groups to the substrate had a constant effect on the stabilization energy of the transition state relative to the unbound state. The dependency of binding energy on each methylene group is usually interpreted as indicating hydrophobicity of the active site. However, we observed that AroAT and DY18 had different dependencies although both enzymes have the same residues in the substrate-binding pocket. For substrates with more than 7 carbons, the aminotransferases did not strictly distinguish between substrates with straight and branched side chains. These results suggest that the recognition of manifold hydrophobic substrates of different shapes might require not only the hydrophobicity of the active site but also enzyme flexibility. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Different features of real-world objects are represented in a dependent manner in long-term memory.
In the present study, we examined how real-world objects are represented in long-term memory. Two contrasting views exist with regard to this question: one argues that real-world objects are represented as a set of independent features, and the other argues that they form bound integrate representations. In 5 experiments, we tested the different predictions of each view, namely whether the different features of real-world items are remembered and forgotten independently from each other, in a feature-based manner, or conversely are stored and lost in an object-based manner, with all features depending upon each other. Across various stimuli, learning tasks (incidental or explicit), experimental setups (within- or between-subjects design), feature-dimensions, and encoding times, we consistently found that information is forgotten in an object-based manner. When an object ceases to be fully remembered, all of its features are lost, instead of only some of the object's features being lost whereas other features are still remembered. Furthermore, we found support for a strong form of dependency among the different features, namely a hierarchical structure. We conclude that visual long-term memory is object-based, challenging previous findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Values of the U.S. National Reference Serum for human antibodies to native DNA obtained with commercial immunoassays for anti-DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus.
The Arthritis Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control have recently prepared a "U.S. National Reference Serum" for human antibodies to native DNA. We tested this serum with 13 commercial assays for antibodies to native DNA, to permit comparisons of the values obtained in each test. Titers ranged from 10 to 2560 in Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence assays. The serum produced 794 int. units/mL in the Cordis ELISA assay, 136 Amersham units/mL in a radioimmunoassay, and 88 FIAX units in a fluorometric immunoassay. These results can be used for interlaboratory comparisons of differing methodologies for measuring anti-DNA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Esophagoscopy in pediatric surgery].
Esophagoscopy in pediatric surgery represents about 70% of examinations of upper digestive tract. The authors present their experience with pediatric surgical endoscopy. They show the importance of this procedure in pediatric population, which provides clear diagnostic answers and represents a good alternative to traditional surgical procedures. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Case two. Development of a strategic plan and the planning process at a medical center.
In 1983, the medical center had no strategic planning process and no individual or department with an identified responsibility for planning to meet the needs of the organization and its service community. There were limited resources to apply to this endeavor and a prevailing attitude among current leadership that any planning done should be focused solely on facilities development. While the process pursued in this case is similar to that in Case One, unlike Case One, conditions within the organization are less than ideal for the implementation of any process, formal or informal, for the formulation of strategy. Read alone, the case is instructive. Considered in combination with Case One, it provides grist for a good discussion of the differences between organizations which have the capacity to be strategically managed and those which have learning to do. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Persistence of within-species lineages: a neglected control of speciation rates.
We present a framework distinguishing three principal controls of speciation rate: rate of splitting, level of persistence, and length of speciation duration. We contend that discussions on diversification become clearer in the light of this framework, because speciation rate variation could be attributed to any of these controls. In particular, we claim that the role of persistence of within-species lineages in controlling speciation rates has been greatly underappreciated. More emphasis on the persistence control would change expectations of the role of several biological traits and environmental factors, because they may drive speciation rate in one direction through the persistence control and in the opposite direction through the other two controls. Traits and environments have been little studied regarding their influence on speciation rate through the persistence control, with climatic fluctuations being a relatively well-studied exception. Considering the recent advances in genomic and phylogenetic analysis, we think that the time is ripe for applying the framework in empirical research. Variation among clades and areas (and thus among traits and environments) in the importance of the three rate controls could be addressed for example by dating splitting events, detecting within-species lineages, and scanning genomes for evidence of divergent selection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions differently regulate cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix protein gene expression.
In this study, cellular events during tissue formation were investigated at the mRNA level using the Northern blot technique. The levels of expression of mRNAs encoding specific proteins (beta-actin, fibronectin, and laminin) during tissue formation on tissue culture dishes were quantitatively assessed using a Northern blot technique with autoradiography. The level of beta-actin mRNA increased with incubation time and reached a maximal level near the confluent state, followed by reduced beta-actin mRNA expression at a later stage of tissue formation. The time course of beta-actin mRNA expression corresponded well to the time course of morphologic changes and cytoskeletal organization in adherent cells. Expression of the mRNAs encoding the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and laminin was initiated at the proliferation stage. After maximum expression levels of these two mRNAs were reached at the confluent stage, a gradual decrease in their expression levels was seen during long-term culture. Expression patterns of mRNAs encoding cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins strongly depended on the type of artificial substrates used; a mRNA expression pattern similar to that observed during tissue formation on tissue culture dishes was observed on a cell-adhesive substrate during tissue formation, whereas reduced expression was seen during tissue formation on a less adhesive substrate. Thus, the dynamic changes occurring during tissue formation were quantified to investigate the roles of artificial substrates in tissue formation at the mRNA level. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Quantitative evaluation of increase in surface dose by immobilization thermoplastic masks and superficial dosimetry using Gafchromic EBT film and Monte Carlo calculations.
To investigate the increase in surface dose under immobilization thermoplastic masks by measurements and calculation in the build-up region using Gafchromic films and Monte Carlo simulation. Surface doses were measured underneath three thermoplastic masks in open fields using 6 and 18 MV photon beams. These masks are used to immobilize patients for head and neck (H&N), pelvis and thoracic treatment. Gafchromic EBT films were placed on the top of the flat surface of a phantom partially underneath the mask and exposed in open 10 x 10 cm2 photon fields. The depth doses were calculated using BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code for water-equivalent film detectors with different layers of thickness ranging from 50 microm to 2.5 mm and compared with film measurements. Surface dose increased by a factor of 3 to 4 underneath the mask relative to the open areas and 6 MV beam delivers more skin dose than 18 MV. H&N mask increased surface dose by a factor of 3 using 18 MV and a factor of 4 using 6 MV. In addition, increase in surface dose depended on the type of the mask, the size of openings, and the amount of stretching performed during the mask preparation. The measured depth doses were compared with BEAMnrc Monte Carlo calculation for water-equivalent detectors using different sizes. The calculated depth dose depended significantly on the thickness of film detector and varies by more than 15% using layer thickness of 2.5 mm compared to 50 microm. Surface doses measured by Gafchromic EBT films agreed within 3% with the Monte Carlo calculations using a small detector layer of 50 microm. Thermoplastic masks used for patient immobilization can significantly increase skin doses by up to a factor of 4 more than that without the mask using 6 MV beams. The skin reactions resulting from thermoplastic masks should be monitored and corrective measures should be taken during treatment such as partially removing the mask over skin areas with complications and optimizing the skin dose in IMRT planning. Gafchromic EBT films provide accurate skin dosimetry which agrees within 3% with Monte Carlo calculations. Gafchromic EBT film makes an excellent tool for measuring depth doses in the buildup region and these data can be applied for treatment planning calculations and IMRT optimization. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Risk Assessment of residual monomer migrating from acrylic polymers and causing Allergic Contact Dermatitis during normal handling and use.
Acrylic, Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) based polymers are found in many industrial, professional and consumer products and are of low toxicity, but do contain very low levels of residual monomers and process chemicals that can leach out during handling and use. Methyl Methacrylate, the principle monomer is of low toxicity, but is a recognized weak skin sensitizer. The risk of induction of contact allergy in consumers was determined using a method based upon the Exposure-based Quantitative Risk Assessment approach developed for fragrance ingredients. The No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) was based on the threshold to induction of sensitization (EC3) in the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) since no Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT) data were available. Categorical estimation of Consumer Exposure Level was substituted with a worst case assumption based upon the quantitative determination of MMA monomer migration into simulants. Application of default and Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors results in a Risk Characterization Ratio (RCR) of 10,000 and a high Margin of Safety for induction of Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) in consumers handling polymers under conservative exposure conditions. Although there are no data available to derive a RCR for elicitation of ACD it is likely to be lower than that for induction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Regulation of colostrum formation in beef and dairy cows.
Fifteen beef cows and 13 dairy cows were used to investigate the physiological basis of breed differences in IgG1 concentration in colostrum. Concentrations of progesterone and alpha-LA in sera and IgG1 in sera and secretion were quantified in samples collected prepartum. Serum progesterone concentration decreased significantly between 30 and 10 d prepartum, but breeds did not differ. Serum alpha-LA concentration was initially low but increased to 150 ng/ml in beef cows and 720 ng/ml in dairy cows at parturition. Serum IgG1 concentrations averaged 8.4 in beef cows and 5.7 mg/ml in dairy cows between 28 d and 24 d prepartum and subsequently declined to 6.7 in beef and 1.4 mg/ml in dairy cows between 4 d prepartum and calving. Overall, IgG1 concentration was greater in secretion from beef cows (113.4 mg/ml) than from dairy cows (42.7 mg/ml). The greater disappearance of IgG1 from serum suggested that more IgG1 was transferred into secretion of dairy cows, but concentration in secretion was lower. The reduced IgG1 concentration in secretion was associated with greater lactogenic activity in dairy cows, evidenced by fivefold higher alpha-LA concentration in sera. Dilution of IgG1 in secretion may be responsible for breed differences in colostral IgG1 concentration. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[YB-1 protein expression in ovarian cancer].
Unfavourable prognosis of ovarian cancer is due to prompt progression, advanced stage at time of diagnosis and chemoresistance. No protein tissue prognosticators of ovarian cancer are in clinical use yet. YB-1 belongs to a family of "cold shock proteins" and participates at gene expression control at several levels. High expression of YB-1 in tumour tissue correlates with unfavourable prognosis and chemoresistance in some malignant neoplasms. of this study was to determine the expression of YB-1 in benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms and to correlate the expression of YB-1 with clinical indicators of cancer progression. Specimens of 11 benign ovarian cysts and 14 cystadenocarcinomas of the ovary were obtained.YB-1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Staging of ovarian cancer was performed according to FIGO. Mean YB-1 expression levels in benign and malignant tumours were 5.36 +/- 4.1 and 2.86 +/- 4.18 points respectively and were not significantly different (p=0.18). No correlation between FIGO stage and expression of YB-1 was found in the group of ovarian cancers, either (p=0.32). This study demonstrates that YB-1 is expressed both in benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Although there we didn't found any correlation between YB-1 expression and FIGO stage, YB-1 could be useful in the prognosis recurrence after chemotherapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Emphysematous pyelonephritis: a case report and review of the literature].
A case is presented of an E. Coli emphysematous pyelonephritis in a 66 year old female diabetic patient who presented systemic sepsis with positive hemoculture. Diagnosis was obtained thanks to X-ray and the patient had a favorable evolution after left nephrectomy. This is a rare kidney disease (123 described cases) which evolves with necrosis of renal parenchyma and gas formation which frequently expands to the perirenal space and/or to the collector system. It presents a high mortality which can decrease according to the promptness of diagnosis based on X-ray. Thirty eight literature cases of the last decade are reviewed evaluating the efficiency of image diagnostic measures and surgical performance. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Onshore catering increases the risk of diarrhoeal illness amongst cruise ship passengers.
Of 134 Queensland passengers on a cruise, 91 (67.9%) people reported various illnesses including 41 (30.6%) who reported diarrhoeal symptoms. Queensland passengers who ate while onshore at non-Australian ports were significantly more at risk of developing diarrhoeal symptoms than those who did not. Passengers were particularly at risk when they ate onshore while undertaking a tour compared with those who did not undertake this tour. Travellers should be warned of the possibility of contracting diarrhoeal illness from onshore catering. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inhibition of cell growth by N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate in human and murine cells in vitro.
Two murine cell lines, L1210 leukemia (T-cell) and B16 melanoma, and 3 human cell lines, CCRF-CEM leukemia (T-cell), NC37 lymphoblasts (B-cell) and IPC-48 melanoma were compared with respect to sensitivity to N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), growth rate and aspartate transcarbamylase activity. No correlation between drug sensitivity and growth rate was found. The melanoma cell lines were more sensitive to PALA than were the lymphocytic cell lines. The 2 T-cell leukemia lines had similar sensitivities to PALA while the B-lymphoblasts were more resistant at 10(-3) M PALA and less resistant at 10(-4) M PALA than were L1210 and CCRF-CEM cells. Aspartate transcarbamylase activity was similar among the 2 melanoma cell lines and among the 3 lymphocytic cell lines and was 2-fold higher in the latter. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Consumption of a whey protein-enriched diet may prevent hepatic steatosis associated with weight gain in elderly women.
Protein consumption has been associated with cardio-metabolic benefits, including weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity, and may have potential benefits for individuals with fatty liver disease (FLD). We investigated the effect of increasing dietary protein intake from whey relative to carbohydrate on hepatic steatosis. A two-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 30 g/day whey protein-supplemented beverage (protein) or an energy-matched low-protein high-carbohydrate beverage (control) for cardio-metabolic and bone health in 219 healthy elderly women, recruited from the Western Australian general population. Hepatic steatosis was quantified using computed tomographic liver-to-spleen (L/S) ratio. FLD was defined as liver-to-spleen difference <10 Hounsfield units. At baseline, FLD prevalence was 11.4%. Control and protein groups were similar in body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance, L/S ratio and FLD prevalence at baseline. At two-years, dietary protein increased by 20 g in the protein, but not the control, group. Total energy intake and physical activity remained similar between groups. At two-years, BMI and FLD prevalence increased in both groups, with no between group differences. L/S ratio increased in control, but not protein, group at two-years, with no between group differences. In a within group comparison, change in BMI correlated with changes in L/S ratio in control (r = 0.37, P = 0.0007), but not with protein group (r = 0.04, P = 0.73). Increasing dietary protein intake from whey relative to carbohydrate does not reduce weight, hepatic steatosis or the prevalence of FLD in elderly women. However, it may prevent worsening of hepatic steatosis associated with weight gain. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Registration no. ACTRN012607000163404). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Ultrastructural characteristics of the dendrites of spinal neurons].
Some kinds of dendritic protrusions were found in the different parts of the spinal cord grey matter connected with the long descending fibre systems. The small simple dendritic protrusions were localized in the medial part of the ventral horn. As a rule they were invaginated in the axon terminal which made the simultaneous synaptic contacts with them and with the basic trunk of dendrite. In the lateral parts of the V-VII laminae of the grey matter the dendritic branches were getting longer and more complex, the breaking forms and "crest" synapses appeared. There were some inclusions in the matrix which were probably the precursor of the spine apparatus and were called spine-like protrusions. Statistically authentic difference was determined between the size of the dendritic protrusions in the medial and lateral parts of the ventral horn grey matter. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of ischemic preconditioning on ischemia-induced contractile failure and accumulation of extracellular H+ and K+.
The present study was performed to determine whether the effects of ischemic preconditioning are mediated by a decrease in myocardial contractile activity or by a change in catabolite accumulation during the subsequent period of sustained ischemia. In ischemic preconditioning groups, crystalloid perfused rat hearts were subjected to 5 or 10 min of global ischemia before a 15-min reperfusion period and a subsequent 30 min period of ischemia, Non-preconditioned control hearts underwent a single 30-min ischemic period. In the 5-min preconditioned hearts, the onset of myocardial contracture was significantly delayed (22.0 +/- 1.6 min) compared with that in control hearts (14.7 +/- 0.7 min). Tissue ATP content of the myocardium during sustained ischemia was preserved better in 5-min preconditioned hearts than in control hearts. The time to contractile arrest during the sustained ischemic period was greater in the preconditioned hearts (3.9 +/- 0.3 and 3.1 +/- 0.2 min in PC5 and PC10 hearts respectively) than in controls (1.9 +/- 0.1 min). Thus, residual myocardial work during sustained ischemia (as estimated by the rate pressure product) was not decreased in the preconditioned hearts compared with that in control hearts. Extracellular acidosis was identical among the three groups during the subsequent period of sustained ischemia. The early rise in extracellular K+ during sustained ischemia progressively increased with the duration of preconditioning. We conclude that, in crystalloid perfused rat heart, 5 min of global ischemia had a salutary effect against cell damage caused by sustained ischemia. This "preconditioning" effect cannot be attributed to decreased myocardial work during ischemia nor to differences in extracellular H+ or K+ accumulation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Polycystosis of the liver].
The authors operated 15 cases with polycystotic liver. The diagnostic value of ultrasound echolocation and hepatoscanning in polycystosis was noted. In authors' opinion the surgical treatment of polycystotic liver should be carried out in due time during the clinical manifestations phase and ought to be radical enough to yield satisfactory results. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Estracyt in advanced carcinoma of the breast: a phase II study.
Estracyt, a conjugate of an alkylating agent with an oestrogenic sterol, was given in a dose of 420 mg daily to a group of 44 postmenopausal patients with very advanced breast carcinoma. Thirty-eight of these were in relapse following chemotherapy and 32 had evidence of distant metastases. Seventeen patients had an objective response and marked or complete alleviation of symptoms, four others had a useful symptomatic response but no beneficial effect was observed in the remainder. Three who had shown no response to previous oestrogen therapy also failed to respond to Estracyt as did all nine patients with hepatic metastases. Oestrogen receptor status and age within the postmenopausal group seemed to have no bearing on the result. Side-effects were minimal with nausea in 18 patients but in only two did this necessitate withdrawal of the drug. Bone marrow depression did not occur. Changes in acute-phase reactant proteins suggested that part of the Estracyt was de-esterified in the liver liberating oestrone but the low incidence of vaginal haemorrhage and the recalcification of bony metastases suggested that on the whole Estracyt behaves as an anti-oestrogen as well as an antimitotic. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Attachment style: The neurobiological substrate, interaction with genetics and role in neurodevelopmental disorders risk pathways.
Literature has suggested that attachment insecurity has been previously associated with subsequent onset of several psychiatric conditions characterized by emotion dysregulation. Nevertheless, only few studies have investigated the neurobiological basis of attachment style and whether attachment insecurity may share a common neurobiological substrate with neurodevelopmental disorders. In this narrative contribution, we aimed to review existing literature on functional neurobiological correlates of attachment style to further understand (1) specific neurobiological patterns associated with attachment security variation, and (2) whether it is possible to identify a neurobiological overlap between attachment insecurity-related and neurodevelopmental disorders-related anomalies. Given the complex etiology of these diseases, we will also review gene by environment studies to investigate how attachment insecurity interacts with genetic factors in determining this common neurobiological substrate. We believe that a better understanding of how early attachment experiences may play a role in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders is critical to plan effective clinical interventions to reduce both the likelihood for poor parenting and the risk for the onset of psychiatric conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Creatine kinase BB in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium.
We measured creatine kinase BB activity in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium. Creatine kinase BB levels were higher in secretory than in proliferative endometrium. High levels were also found in hyperplastic tissue. In endometrial cancer creatine kinase BB activity was higher in well differentiated than in poorly differentiated tumors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hot beverages and oesophageal cancer in southern Brazil: a case-control study.
There is a cluster of high-incidence areas of oesophageal cancer in south-eastern South America, including Southern Brazil, Uruguay and parts of Argentina. The present case-control study investigated the hypothesis that this may be due to the drinking of maté, a traditional beverage drunk at a very high temperature, and also studied the role of other known risk factors such as alcohol and tobacco. Cases (171) and age- and sex-matched controls (342) were recruited from hospitals in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil. The crude odds ratio for daily maté drinkers was 1.92 relative to those drinking less frequently than daily (p = 0.006). Other risk factors included the drinking of cachaça (a sugar cane spirit), smoking, rural residence, low fruit consumption and high intake of meats. After adjustment for these variables through conditional logistic regression, the odds ratio associated with daily maté drinking was reduced to 1.47 (90% CI = 0.87-2.50). Although the study failed to provide evidence of a strong association between maté and oesophageal cancer, the cluster of high rates could be explained by relative risks of the magnitude observed. This is due to the fact that approximately 70% of adult males and 50% of females are daily drinkers. In addition, this study revealed that alcohol, tobacco smoking and rural residence are the main risk factors for oesophageal cancer in this population and the fruit consumption confers some degree of protection. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A repetitive long-pulse power generator based on pulse forming network and linear transformer driver.
A compact module for long-pulse power generator, based on Blumlein pulse forming network (PFN), was designed. Two Blumlein PFNs with L-type configuration and 20 Ω characteristic impedance were connected symmetrically to the primary coil of the linear transformer driver (LTD) and driven by an identical high voltage spark switch to ensure two Blumlein PFNs synchronizing operation. The output pulse of the module connected with 10 Ω water load is about 135 kV in amplitude and 200 ns in duration with a rise time of ∼50 ns and a flat top of ∼100 ns. On this basis, a repetitive long-pulse power generator based on PFN-LTD has been developed, which was composed of four modules. The following technical parameters of the generator were achieved on planar diode: output voltage amplitude of ∼560 kV, output current amplitude of ∼10 kA at a repetition rate of 25 Hz. The generator operates stable and outputs more than 10(4) pulses. Meanwhile, the continuous operating time of the generator is up to 60 s. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Protective effect of magnolol on oxaliplatin-induced intestinal injury in mice.
Oxaliplatin (OXL) is the first line treatment therapy for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and often combines with other chemotherapy. However, few reports have studied on its GI toxicity. Magnolol (MG), one of the mainly active constituents in Magnolia, has been reported to treat digestive diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the intestinal protective effect of MG in OXL treatment group. OXL administration mice showed body weight loss, diarrhea, and intestinal damage characterized by the shortening of villi and destruction of intestinal crypts, as well as the colon length change. MG significantly reduced body weight loss, alleviated diarrhea, reversed histopathological changes, and prevented colon length reduction. Oxidative stress and inflammation were activated after OXL, and these responses were repressed by MG through increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione, decreasing level of nuclear factor of kappa b and downregulating the following pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although the expression of tight junction protein occludin and numbers of proliferative crypt cells were reduced on ileum and colon after OXL, MG administration promoted these expressions. The fecal gut microbiota composition disturbed by OXL was significantly reversed by MG. Thus, MG could prevent the development and progression of mucositis induced by oxaliplatin through multipathway. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The reactive sites of proteinase inhibitors from Erythrina seeds.
Although the Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors from the seeds of various Erythrina species have similar molecular weights (approximately 20,000), and share many other chemical characteristics, they could nevertheless be divided into three groups on the basis of their relative abilities to inhibit chymotrypsin, trypsin and tissue plasminogen activator. Group a inhibitors were relatively specific for chymotrypsin; they were poor inhibitors of trypsin and had no apparent effect upon tissue plasminogen activator. Group b proteins inhibited trypsin strongly and chymotrypsin slightly less effectively. They had no effect upon t-PA. Group c inhibitors inhibited trypsin, chymotrypsin and t-PA. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the three groups of inhibitors revealed major differences in alanine content. Minor differences in the content of most other amino acids were also noticed. Group b and group c inhibitors had, in most cases, the same reactive sites (Arg-Ser). The sequences neighbouring the reactive sites showed a significant degree of homology. Chemical modification of arginine in proteinase inhibitors from the seeds of E. latissima and soybeans using 1-2-cyclohexanedione confirmed the presence or absence of arginine in the reactive sites. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The sequence and crystal structure of the alpha-amino acid ester hydrolase from Xanthomonas citri define a new family of beta-lactam antibiotic acylases.
alpha-Amino acid ester hydrolases (AEHs) catalyze the hydrolysis and synthesis of esters and amides with an alpha-amino group. As such, they can synthesize beta-lactam antibiotics from acyl compounds and beta-lactam nuclei obtained from the hydrolysis of natural antibiotics. This article describes the gene sequence and the 1.9-A resolution crystal structure of the AEH from Xanthomonas citri. The enzyme consists of an alpha/beta-hydrolase fold domain, a helical cap domain, and a jellyroll beta-domain. Structural homology was observed to the Rhodococcus cocaine esterase, indicating that both enzymes belong to the same class of bacterial hydrolases. Docking of a beta-lactam antibiotic in the active site explains the substrate specificity, specifically the necessity of an alpha-amino group on the substrate, and explains the low specificity toward the beta-lactam nucleus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer down-stages the tumor but reduces lymph node harvest significantly.
The impact of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) for rectal cancer on lymph node yield is not well known. This study evaluates the impact of NAT on tumor regression and lymph node harvest. The subjects were 40 patients with rectal cancer; 20 receiving high-dose, long-course neoadjuvant therapy, and 20 age- and sex-matched controls who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. Tumor regression (TRG) was graded from 1 to 5 as: TRG1, no residual tumor cells; TRG2, occasional residual tumor cells with marked fibrosis; TRG3, marked fibrosis with scattered tumor cells or groups; TRG4, abundant cancer cells with little fibrosis; TRG5, no tumor regression. We also evaluated the number of lymph nodes retrieved from excised specimens, the size of the largest node, and the extent of lymph node involvement by the tumor. Tumor regression was seen in all patients; as TRG1 in 6 (30%), TRG2 in 2 (10%), TRG3 in 3 (15%), and TRG4 in 9 (45%). The median nodal harvest was 4 (range (0-12) in the NAT group vs 9 (range 1-19) in the control (P = 0.001). The median size of the largest lymph node was 5 mm (range 2-12 mm) in the NAT group vs 9 mm (range 4-15 mm) in the control group (P = 0.004). Tumor-positive nodes were identified in 4 of 17 of the NAT group patients and in 9 of the 20 controls (P = 0.308). Although NAT down-stages rectal cancer, it results in a significantly low yield of lymph nodes, which are also significantly smaller than those in nonirradiated controls. Therefore, surgeons and histopathologists must ensure adequate sampling and accurate staging is done for patients with irradiated rectal cancer. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols via racemic phosphatidylcholines and phospholipase C.
A method of simultaneous determination of stereospecific distribution and molecular association of acyl groups in triacylglycerols has been developed. The analysis is based on a random generation of rac-1,2-diacylglycerols by Grignard degradation, synthesis of rac-phosphatidylcholines, and a stereospecific stepwise release of 1,2-sn- and 2,3-sn-diacylglycerols by phospholipase C. The exact structure of the original triacylglycerols is reconstituted on the basis of complete analysis of the molecular species of the 1,2-sn- and 2,3-sn-diacylglycerols as the tertiary-butyldimethylsilyl ethers by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The validity of the method is demonstrated by analyses of synthetic triacylglycerols of known structure. A practical application is illustrated by determination of the fatty acid distribution in lard. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Physiopathogenesis of chronic subdural hematomas: a new look to an old problem.
The genesis and development of a CSDH are presently explained in terms of a) neoformation of a subdural membrane; b) abnormal vascular permeability; c) defective local hemostasis (hyperfibrinolysis) and chronic rebleeding. Many etiological factors are involved, mechanical, hematogenic and vasogenic in nature. Both clinical and experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that hormonal factors, in addition to the above mentioned ones, could play a role in the pathogenesis of CSDHs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
When getting angry is smart: emotional preferences and emotional intelligence.
People who prefer to feel useful emotions, even when they are unpleasant to experience, must understand emotions and seek to regulate them in strategic ways. Such people, therefore, may be more emotionally intelligent compared with people who prefer to feel emotions that may not be useful for the context at hand, even if those emotions are pleasant to experience. We tested this hypothesis by measuring emotional intelligence and preferences to feel pleasant and unpleasant emotions in contexts in which they are likely to be useful or not. We found significant positive associations between emotional intelligence and preferences for useful emotions, even when controlling for trait emotional experiences and cognitive intelligence. People who prefer to feel anger when confronting others tend to be higher in emotional intelligence, whereas people who prefer to feel happiness in such contexts tend to be lower in emotional intelligence. Such findings are consistent with the idea that wanting to feel bad may be good at times, and vice versa. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Stability and Intermittency in Large-Scale Coupled Oscillator Models for Perceptual Segmentation
The coupled map lattice, a system of locally coupled nonlinear maps, is proposed as a model for perceptual segmentation. Patterns of synchronized activity are obtained in the model from high-dimensional, deterministic chaos. These patterns correspond to segmented topographical mappings of the visual field. The chaotic dynamic has a dual role of contributing to pattern creation in unsynchronized states and of noise revolting against stabilization in synchronized states. The dynamic allows rapid transitions between unsynchronized and synchronized states. Their stability characteristics are explored using analytical tools and numerical simulations. Stability or instability are shown to be determined by network coupling strength, in proportion to the rate of chaotic divergence. The introduction of adaptive connections, in combination with stimulus-controlled oscillation, enables stable or meta-stable patterns of synchronized activity to occur, depending on the perceptual structure in the visual field. For a perceptually ambiguous pattern, the system switches between alternative meta-stable segmentations. The switching-time distribution obtained from the model was found in agreement with those observed in the experimental literature. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997 Academic Press | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Maternal and fetal responses to the stresses of lactation concurrent with pregnancy and of short recuperative intervals.
In many regions of the world, women breastfeed one child while pregnant with the next. Among rural Guatemalan women participating in a nutrition-supplementation trial, lactation overlapped with pregnancy in 253 of 504 (50.2%) of the pregnancies. For cases where overlap occurred, 41.4% continued to breast-feed into the second trimester and 3.2%, in the third trimester. The maternal and fetal responses to the energetic stresses of overlap and of the duration of the recuperative (nonpregnant, nonlactating) interval were assessed. Overlap resulted in increased supplement intake. Short recuperative periods (less than 6 mo) resulted in increased supplement intake and reduced maternal fat stores. The energetic stresses of overlap and short recuperative periods did not significantly affect fetal growth. The mother appears to buffer the energetic stress, protecting fetal growth. This research demonstrates that evidence of depletion of maternal nutrient stores caused by a demanding reproductive history is found when reproductive stress is characterized adequately. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Harmonic-phase path-integral approximation of thermal quantum correlation functions.
We present an approximation to the thermal symmetric form of the quantum time-correlation function in the standard position path-integral representation. By transforming to a sum-and-difference position representation and then Taylor-expanding the potential energy surface of the system to second order, the resulting expression provides a harmonic weighting function that approximately recovers the contribution of the phase to the time-correlation function. This method is readily implemented in a Monte Carlo sampling scheme and provides exact results for harmonic potentials (for both linear and non-linear operators) and near-quantitative results for anharmonic systems for low temperatures and times that are likely to be relevant to condensed phase experiments. This article focuses on one-dimensional examples to provide insights into convergence and sampling properties, and we also discuss how this approximation method may be extended to many-dimensional systems. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
On the equivalence of meta-analysis using literature and using individual patient data.
When data come from several independent studies for the purpose of estimating treatment control differences, meta-analysis can be carried out either on the best linear unbiased estimators computed from each study or on the pooled individual patient data modelled as a two-way model without interaction, where the two factors represent the different studies and the different treatments. Assuming that observations within and between studies are independent having a common variance, Olkin and Sampson (1998) have obtained the surprising result that the two meta-analytic procedures are equivalent, i.e., they both produce the same estimator. In this article, the same equivalence is established for the two-way fixed-effects model without interaction with the only assumption that the observations across studies be independent. A consequence of the equivalence result is that, regardless of the covariance structure, it is possible to get an explicit representation for the best linear unbiased estimator of any vector of treatment contrasts in a two-way fixed-effects model without interaction as long as the studies are independent. Another interesting consequence is that, for the purpose of best linear unbiased estimation, an unbalanced two-way fixed-effects model without interaction can be treated as several independent unbalanced one-way models, regardless of the covariance structure, when the studies are independent. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Outcome of pregnancies with trisomy 2 cells in chorionic villi.
To describe the outcome of pregnancies with trisomy 2 in cultures of first-trimester chorionic villous samples (CVS) and determine whether amniocentesis is necessary in the management of such cases. Cultures of chorionic villi were performed at 11-13 weeks in 37 474 pregnancies. In those with trisomy 2 cells, amniocentesis was performed at 16 weeks. Pregnancy outcome was obtained from maternity records. Trisomy 2 cells in CVS cultures were observed in 45 of 37 474 pregnancies (1.2 per 1000). In 43 cases ultrasound examination at 16-20 weeks showed no fetal abnormalities, amniocentesis demonstrated the presence of only normal cells, and all 43 pregnancies ended in normal healthy live births. The birth weight was below the 5th centile in six neonates (13.9%). There was a significant association between the birth weight centile and the percentage of trisomic cells in the CVS culture (r = 0.409, p = 0.010). In one case, there was fetal death at 15 weeks. In a second case, amniocentesis showed one cell with trisomy 2 in a total of 53 cells, and ultrasound examination at 18 weeks showed severe fetal growth restriction and coarctation of the aorta. In at least 95% of cases with trisomy 2 in CVS cultures there is confined placental mosaicism (CPM). The prognosis is good, but in about 15% of cases there is fetal growth restriction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Gaze fluctuations are not additively decomposable: reply to Bogartz and Staub.
Our previous work interpreted single-lognormal fits to inter-gaze distance (i.e., "gaze steps") histograms as evidence of multiplicativity and hence interactions across scales in visual cognition. Bogartz and Staub (2012) proposed that gaze steps are additively decomposable into fixations and saccades, matching the histograms better and illustrating how additive processes can generate tailed histograms. In this reply, we consider the validity of fixation-versus-saccade distinctions, reviewing eye-movement literature and re-analyzing our original data. Careful examination of empirical literature undermines rigid fixation-versus-saccade distinctions. By comparing original gaze-step series with surrogate data, we present new evidence that temporal clustering in gaze-step data reflects interactive rather than additive processes. We conclude by discussing the relation between traditional notions of interactivity between components and complex-systems notions of interactivity across scales. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prenatal Diagnosis of a Retroesophageal Left Brachiocephalic Vein: Two Case Reports.
A retroesophageal left brachiocephalic vein is an extremely rare anomaly and has only been reported in 6 postnatal cases. Two prenatally diagnosed cases are reported. On the 3-vessel view, the vein appears as an aberrant vessel transversely coursing behind the aorta and trachea, which subsequently drains into the superior vena cava, giving rise to a U-shaped configuration. On color Doppler sonography, the U sign is bicolored. This anomaly should prompt the sonographer to carefully assess for other congenital heart defects, suggest consideration for genetic testing, and alert the cardiologist because it could affect central line procedures and cardiac interventions after delivery. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Education and employment for young people with diabetes.
Educational achievements and employment experiences were examined using a postal questionnaire in a random sample of diabetic clinic attenders and non-diabetic control subjects aged 16-21 years, selected from 13 different centres in Great Britain. A response rate of 63% and 42% for diabetic and control subjects, respectively, was obtained. The diabetic group experienced a significantly greater number of health difficulties and problems at school (compared with their control group (21% vs 11%, p = 0.01) and there was a significant difference in perceived useful careers advice obtained at school for the two groups (5% vs 59%, p < 0.0001, diabetic and control groups, respectively). There was no difference in the number of General Certificates of Secondary Education (GCSEs) and Advanced (A) level qualifications obtained between the two groups. Of the young people who had left school, diabetic adolescents were significantly more likely to report having lost their jobs than their non-diabetic counterparts (19% vs 6%, p = 0.002). The diabetic group were also more likely to report that they were unable to do the job they wanted compared with the non-diabetic group (28% vs 16%, p = 0.005) and were more likely to report shift work problems (41% vs 12%, p = 0.04). With the increasing rate of unemployment it is important that youngsters with diabetes obtain specific diabetes-orientated vocational guidance in order to plan their careers and provision should be made for this in educational establishments. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Performance characteristics of hemofilters with heparin surface coating: an experimental study.
Heparin surface coated hemofilters and tubing sets were evaluated in comparison to identical but uncoated controls in 8 bovine experiments (74+/-6 kg). No heparin was given (neither systemically nor in the priming fluid). The hemofilters were primed with one liter of Ringer's lactate in both groups and the maximal filter performance (arterial line pressure 300 mmHg; transmembrane pressure (TMP) 500 mmHg) was measured over 6 hours or until filter occlusion. All coated and one control filter remained functional during the scheduled 6 hours. The mean filter patency was 360+/-0 minutes for coated versus 210+/-99 minutes for uncoated (p less than 0.01). Mean blood flow at 1 hour and 6 hours was 675+/-114 and 580+/-96 ml/min for coated versus 432+/-183 and 25+/-43 for uncoated (NS; p less than 0.01). Mean filter output during the 6th hour and total filter output over 6 hours was 4225+/-998 ml and 21779+/-4273 for coated versus 400+/-692 and 7717+/-9757 for uncoated (p less than 0.01; p<0.01). Mean lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) levels before and 30 minutes after hemofiltration were 1855+/-411 IU and 2007+/-635 for coated versus 2160+/-411 and 1945+/-500 for uncoated (NS; NS). The heparin coated hemofilters demonstrated improved thromboresistance resulting in superior filter performance. There was no evidence of increased blood trauma. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Interdisciplinary Telemedicine in the Management of Dysphagia in Head and Neck.
The study considered the feasibility and impact of interdisciplinary telemedicine discussions in the management of post-treatment dysphagia in patients with head and neck tumors. This is a retrospective analysis of patients with persistent dysphagia after treatment for head and neck pathology, at an institute in India. The cases were discussed in the telemedicine meeting conducted between host institute and a second unit in the United States. A monthly meeting was organized, using an internet-based video conference system. The ongoing swallowing problems and management were presented, and through discussions, a plan for further management was formulated and carried out. The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) was measured before and after the implementation of the plan. Twenty-six patients were discussed, out of which, 22 were head and neck malignancies. The recommendations concurred with that of the host unit in 18, differed for three and additive in five patients. The pre-treatment mean FOIS was 1.46 with a standard deviation of 0.989 and post-treatment mean improved to 3.92 with a standard deviation of 1.809 (p < 0.0001). The present study supports the success of an interdisciplinary telemedicine meeting to manage difficult cases of dysphagia in head and neck. The outcome in terms of the FOIS score improved significantly after implementing them. In addition to the direct patient benefits, the meeting helped to facilitate interdepartmental collaboration between two units treating similar sets of patients across the globe, in specialized clinical areas like dysphagia management. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Posterior arthroscopic capsular release in frozen shoulder.
The aims of our study were to assess the overall effectiveness of arthroscopic capsular release and to determine if the addition of a posterior capsular release had any benefit, particularly in relation to internal rotation. Forty-eight consecutive patients with primary or secondary frozen shoulder in whom conservative physiotherapy had failed were included in the study. Arthroscopic capsular release was performed in all cases. Group 1 had an anterior and inferior release only; group 2 included a posterior release. All data were collected prospectively. Constant-Murley functional scores were used to assess outcome. Overall satisfaction and patient reported outcomes were also measured. The mean patient age was 51 years (range, 28 to 65 years), with no difference between the 2 groups. There were 27 patients in group 1 and 21 patients in group 2. The mean follow-up was 5 months. Etiology of the frozen shoulder was primary (22), diabetic (7), post-traumatic (7), and postoperative (11). Overall across both groups, there was a highly significant improvement in Constant score (P < .001) postoperatively. A similar pattern was noted in the range of motion (P < .001). The mean satisfaction score was 7 of 10 postoperatively. The patients reported overall outcome as much better (24), better (15), the same (1), and worse (4). There was no significant difference in Constant score between the 2 groups, and no significant difference in the improvement of the range of motion, in particular internal rotation. We have shown an overall rapid significant improvement following arthroscopic capsular release for primary and secondary frozen shoulder. There was no significant difference in the overall outcome with the addition of a posterior release. Level III, therapeutic, retrospective comparative study. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Ventricular fibrillation: the current methods for analysing the degree of irregularity of the process].
Ventricular fibrillation has traditionally been described as "chaotic" and in recent years there has been discussions that fibrillation may be an instance of deterministic chaos in the context of nonlinear dynamical systems theory. The current paper summarizes modern methods of mathematical analysis of the degree of electrical irregularities of the heart during VF. The traditional methods of Fourier analysis of electrocardiographic data as well as concepts of chaos theory--fractal dimension, entropy, reconstruction of attractors and some new methods such as spatial coherence have been considered. The results are discussed in context of mathematical models and hypothesis of mechanisms of VF. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Stationary vortical flows in two-dimensional plasma and in planetary atmospheres.
We derive the equation governing the asymptotic stationary states generated by decaying turbulence in two-dimensional plasma and planetary atmosphere. These fluids may be described by the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation and their relaxation states show a high degree of organization in vortical flows, similar to the Euler fluid. We develop a field-theoretical framework and show that these systems attain at stationarity the extremum of an energy functional corresponding to self-dual fields. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Stress does not affect ghrelin secretion in obese and normal weight women.
Stress has been supposed to increase appetite. The biological basis of this phenomenon may be a stress-induced alteration of the secretion of GUT peptides such as ghrelin. Stress-induced changes in ghrelin secretion could be a biological basis of overeating and a factor contributing to the development of obesity. Aim of the study was to analyze the effect of acute psychosocial stress on ghrelin secretion in obese and normal weight women. We compared pre- and postprandial plasma ghrelin secretion of 42 obese and 43 normal weight women in a randomized crossover design. Ghrelin and cortisol concentrations were measured and ratings of stress were also recorded in response to a psychological stressor (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST). Ghrelin samples were collected in the fasting state one time before participating in the TSST and one time before a control session. After the TSST, respectively, control session participants had a standardized ad libitum meal. 30 and 60 min after the TSST, respectively, control session preprandial ghrelin was measured again. Obese women showed lower pre- and postprandial release of ghrelin than normal weight controls. Moreover, obese women showed inhibited postprandial decrease of ghrelin secretion. Stress did not affect postprandial ghrelin secretion, but inhibited food intake in all subjects. The present data provide further evidence of altered ghrelin release in obesity. Acute stress did not affect postprandial ghrelin secretion, but inhibited food intake in all subjects. Results are discussed with regard to biological and psychological regulation of hunger and satiety in obesity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Molecular cloning, expression, and purification of SARS-CoV nsp13.
The SARS-nsp13 protein was identified as an mRNA cap1 methyltransferase. In this study, the nsp13 gene was cloned from the SARS-CoV PUMC02 strain viral RNA by RT-PCR, and inserted into the expression plasmid pET30a(+). The recombinant plasmid pET30a(+)-nsp13 was confirmed by restriction enzymes and sequencing analysis, and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The His-tag-fused protein was expressed by induction of 0.5mM IPTG and purified by a single Ni(2+) affinity chromatography. The protein was validated by western blot and MS analysis. A large quantity of the nsp13 protein obtained with this method may be useful for further study of its structure and function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Palliative fetal surgery for diaphragmatic hernia.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with a poor prognosis in spite of advances in antenatal detection and newborn care. Open fetal surgery has been suggested as a strategy for salvaging selected fetuses at high risk for pulmonary hypoplasia as a result of this lesion. We report a strategy for palliative fetal surgery with definitive repair postponed to the newborn period. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Accidental Rivaroxaban Intoxication in a Boy: Some Lessons in Managing New Oral Anticoagulants in Children.
Novel oral anticoagulants offer equivalent or improved therapeutic profiles compared with warfarin, with less risk of bleeding, no interactions with food, and no need for routine laboratory monitoring. Caution must be exercised in using these drugs in certain patient populations, for example, renal insufficiency, those receiving additional antithrombotic therapy, those with questionable compliance, children, and those with a high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. One of the novel oral anticoagulants, rivaroxaban, is a direct Factor Xa inhibitor, used to reduce risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. We report a child who presented abnormal coagulation tests after unintended ingestion of 4 tablets of rivaroxaban. The patient was treated with fresh frozen plasma as well as admitted to intensive care and improved several hours later. We discuss his presentation and review of the literature on this topic. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Identification of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells following PMA stimulation.
Treatment of T cells with phorbol esters, such as phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), induces downregulation of CD4, making unambiguous identification of this subset difficult. In this study, the kinetics of intracellular expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and downmodulation of surface CD4 were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after PMA stimulation. The number of IFN-gamma-producing cells increased within a 4-h period while the fluorescence intensity of the CD4(+) cell population decreased, and the two phenomena were correlated (n = 9; p = 0.01). Our data suggest that intracellular staining of CD4 together with cytokine staining will make identification of CD4(+) cells possible and facilitate the procedure of intracellular staining of cytokines. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Clinical manifestations and treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in patients with Flexner's dysentery].
Flexner's dysentery is often accompanied with intestinal dysbacteriosis. Disbiotic changes in the intestine contribute to specific shigella endotoxins entering blood flow thus prolonging clinical symptoms of the underlying disease. Administration of bacterial biological preparations (bifidumbacterin forte, lactobacterin) relieves specific endotoxemia, reduces the duration of the disease and has an immunomodulating action. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Radiobiological pitfalls of new techniques in radiotherapy].
Radiotherapy techniques in the last decade evolved to the stage where the potential dose distribution significantly differs from earlier practices. Rotational IMRT, robotic radiotherapy or proton radiotherapy enables extremely precise dose delivery to target volumes, on the other hand, these techniques can yield a number of problems. As for photon radiotherapy, this concerns primarily the effect of large volume irradiation with doses of 0.10.5 Gy. In this range, the hypersensitivity to low doses and the bystander effect may play an important role. Proton therapy is upredictable in its radiobiological effect at the end of the Bragg curve and there is also uncertainty about the peaks exact location. These effects should be taken into account when choosing among the irradiation techniques or when applying tolerance doses to critical organs in clinical practice, especially in younger patients with long survival expectation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pleiotropic effects of thyroid stimulating hormone in a differentiated thyroid cancer cell line. Studies on proliferation, thyroglobulin secretion, adhesion, migration and invasion.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) causes differentiation and epidermal growth factor (EGF) causes dedifferentiation of thyroid cells in vitro. In undifferentiated thyroid cancer cell lines, TSH stimulates tumor cell migration and invasion, a dedifferentiated function, presumably due to an escape of tumor cells from the control of differentiating growth factors. In a highly differentiated thyroid carcinoma cell line of Hürthle cell origin (XTC), we tested the hypothesis that TSH would stimulate thyroglobulin secretion (a differentiated function) more than EGF, and EGF would stimulate invasion (a de-differentiated function) more than TSH. Proliferation, adhesion, cell migration and invasion were measured by the MTT assay, human thyroglobulin by RIA and protease activity by substrate-gel zymography. TSH induced differentiated morphologic changes in XTC cells and stimulated secretion of human thyroglobulin in a dose dependent manner, whereas EGF did not. The effects of TSH on growth, adhesion, migration and invasion were dose dependent and biphasic, with an increase at low and a decrease at high concentrations of TSH. These effects were always more pronounced than those observed with EGE Gelatinolytic activity, consistent with metalloproteinase activity was revealed by zymography, but the pattern of secretion was not altered by neither TSH nor EGF. These results suggest, that TSH has pleiotropic effects on differentiated thyroid cancer cells in vitro that involve differentiated morphology and function but also affect features commonly associated with the malignant in vitro phenotype. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of selected antioxidants on the stability of dehydrated mashed potatoes.
The antioxidants TBHQ, alpha-tocopherol, Prolong P (rosemary, thyme, marjoram mixture) or ascorbyl palmitate were not found able to replace the antioxidant BHA in potato flakes production if stored for up to 24 months. Ascorbyl palmitate gave good antioxidative protection up to 16 months of storage, and also protected against carotenoid degradation better than the other antioxidants. The ascorbyl palmitate lost its antioxidative effect after longer storage. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[A case of corticobasal degeneration that progressed from primary progressive aphasia].
A 65-year-old woman began to experience slowly progressive speech disturbance from 2001. She was admitted to our hospital for examination on May 2003. She had dysprosody, paragraphia, and mild disturbance in comprehension of spoken language. Repetition was preserved. No clear paraphasia was found. Calculation was disturbed, but there were no other neurological abnormalities including apraxia and agnosia. Brain MRI showed atrophy of the left frontal and parietal lobes. 99mTc-ECD SPECT showed decreased blood flow in the left frontal lobe and parietal lobe, especially in the Broca area and supplemental motor cortex. Primary progressive aphasia was diagnosed, because aphasia lasted for 2 years without other neurological deficits, and her daily activity was well preserved. During follow up, facial apraxia appeared from December 2003, and limb apraxia appeared from May 2004, followed by rigidity predominantly in the right upper limb and dementia. She was diagnosed as having corticobasal degeneration (CBD). The second SPECT on December 2004 showed progression of the decrease in cerebral flow at the same area showed by the first SPECT. SPECT is useful examination to predict the progress of the disease because the decrease of blood flow was recognized before the progression to CBD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Modulation of calcium homeostasis in cultured rat aortic endothelial cells by intracellular acidification.
Acidosis produces vasodilation in a process that may involve the vascular endothelium. Because synthesis and release of endothelium-derived vasodilatory substances are linked to an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), we examined the effect of intracellular acidification on cultured rat aortic endothelial cells loaded either with the pH-sensitive probe carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor-1 or the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent probe indo 1. The basal cytosolic pH (pHi) of endothelial monolayers in a 5% CO2-HCO3- buffer was 7.27 +/- 0.02 and that in a bicarbonate-free solution was 7.22 +/- 0.03. Acidification was induced either by removal of NH4Cl (delta pHi = -0.10 +/- 0.02), changing from a bicarbonate-free to a 5% CO2-HCO3(-)-buffered solution at constant buffer pH (delta pHi = -0.18 +/- 0.03), or changing from a 5% to a 20% CO2-HCO3- solution (delta pHi = -0.27 +/- 0.07). Regardless of the method used, intracellular acidification increased [Ca2+]i as indexed by indo 1 fluorescence. The increase in [Ca2+]i induced by changing from a 5 to a 20% CO2-HCO3- solution was not significantly altered by removal of buffer Ca2+ either before or after depletion of bradykinin- and thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores. Thus intracellular acidification of vascular endothelial cells releases Ca2+ into the cytosol either from pH-sensitive intracellular buffer sites, mitochondria, or from bradykinin- and thapsigargin-insensitive intracellular stores. This Ca2+ mobilization may be linked to endothelial synthesis and release of vasodilatory substances during acidosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Personality disorders in late life.
There is growing empiric evidence to suggest that a large number of elderly patients who have chronic depression frequently have comorbid personality disorders as well. In addition, contrary to commonly held clinical beliefs, a recent meta-analysis suggests that rates of personality disorders among older adults are essentially equivalent to that of younger groups. Although understudied, personality-disordered elderly patients have been shown to be less responsive to mental health interventions, and personality dysfunction may be one of the most relevant factors to account for when examining late-life depression remission and relapse. The paper considers briefly the notion of personality and personality disorders in late-life, examines prevalence rates including a recent meta-analysis, explores relevant issues associated with treatment, and discusses new developments in treatment. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Double-blind randomized, crossover trial of calcium supplementation in essential hypertension.
In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 23 middle-aged patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were given an oral calcium supplement (1 g/day) for 8 weeks. At the end of this period, eight patients continued with this treatment for an additional 2 weeks but were also given 0.5 micrograms/day of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3. In the 21 patients who completed the study, arterial pressure during the calcium-supplemented phase was almost identical to that of the placebo phase. In eight patients, mean arterial pressure (MAP) had changed by greater than 5 mmHg at the end of the calcium-supplemented period, compared with the end of the placebo phase (six patients showed an increase in MAP and two a decrease). Changes in arterial pressure were unrelated to age, plasma ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone, 24-h urinary calcium, sodium and potassium and were only weakly related to body weight. In the eight patients who continued with the treatment of calcium plus 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 after the 8-week study period, arterial pressure changed very little and not significantly. These results do not support the suggestion that calcium supplements lower arterial pressure in middle-aged subjects with mild to moderate essential hypertension. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
High-concentration (20 mug/g) tacalcitol ointment therapy on refractory psoriasis vulgaris with low response to topical corticosteroids.
The efficacy and safety of the application of high-concentration (20 mug/g) tacalcitol ointment once daily for 12 weeks to psoriasis vulgaris lesions which showed low response to topical corticosteroids, were evaluated in a prospective, multicenter, open-label study. Eighty patients were enrolled in the safety analysis of the test drug, and 54 of the 80 patients in the efficacy analysis. The efficacy rate based on the number of cases graded as "moderate improvement" or better in the final global improvement rating of the 54 cases included in the efficacy analysis, was 88.9% (95% CI: 77.4-95.8%). Significant improvement in erythema, thickness, and scaling was observed from 2 weeks of treatment onward (p < 0.001). Five local adverse reactions (2 events of irritation, 2 events of itching, and 1 event of redness) were observed in 3 of the 80 patients included in the safety analysis. There were no significant changes in mean serum calcium values. Tacalcitol 20 mug/g ointment is concluded to be effective and safe for the treatment of refractory psoriasis vulgaris with low response to topical corticosteroids. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pedicle stress fracture: an unusual complication of pycnodysostosis.
Pycnodysostosis is a rare dysplasia characterised by high bone density and susceptibility to long bone fractures caused by cathepsin K deficiency. Spinal abnormalities have rarely been described in this uncommon inherited bone dysplasia. A 28-year-old female, with a past history of pycnodysostosis and spontaneous leg fractures was hospitalized for a 2-month history of spontaneous low back pain. Physical examination revealed the typical facial and hand features of pycnodysostosis and local lumbar stiffness. No abnormalities were found in laboratory tests, particularly with regard to bone turnover markers. Fracture of the left pedicle of the third lumbar vertebra was suspected on lumbar radiographs and later confirmed by a computed tomography (CT) scan. A dramatic improvement in symptoms was achieved, thanks to a course of injectable calcitonin therapy and rest. To our knowledge, it is the first-ever reported case of pedicle stress fracture in a patient with pycnodysostosis, suggesting that spontaneous fractures resulting from this bone dysplasia do not only affect diaphysis of brittle long bones but could also affect the lumbar spine. Furthermore, the present case confirms previous observations in such patients of frequent spondylolysis, which could lead to abnormal lumbar pedicle stress. The dramatic improvement achieved by calcitonin therapy might be related to osteoclastic dysfunction in pycnodysostosis caused by a deficiency of cathepsin K, a cystein protease involved in bone matrix remodelling. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Measles outbreaks in high schools closely associated with sporting events in Niigata, Japan.
Due to high vaccine coverage in Niigata, we had no outbreaks of measles from 1997 to 2003 but an opportunity to study the role of sporting events in the propagation of an epidemic was experienced in the spring of the latter year. Mandatory measles case reports were requested from all high schools in Niigata, which covered a school year, date of onset, club activity, vaccination status, and hospitalization. With national marathon and kendo (Japanese fencing) meetings for high school students, measles outbreaks occurred at 27 high schools with 192 patients (186 students and 6 teachers) in Niigata. Of 64 unvaccinated patients, 14 (21.9%) were hospitalized and 6 (6.2%) of 97 vaccinated patients. Mostly single cases were encountered at high schools in which index cases had a vaccination history, whereas at a high school in which index cases had no vaccination history, the total number of cases per school increased, mostly within more than 3 cases (p<0.05). We conclude that sporting events, even if outdoors, might be a risk factor for measles infections. Appropriate actions to control outbreaks should be performed promptly in collaboration with related personnel and institutions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Anti-inflammatory effect of low-level laser and light-emitting diode in zymosan-induced arthritis.
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and light-emitting diode (LED) on formation of edema, increase in vascular permeability, and articular joint hyperalgesia in zymosan-induced arthritis. It has been suggested that low-level laser and LED irradiation can modulate inflammatory processes. Arthritis was induced in male Wistar rats (250-280 g) by intra-articular injection of zymosan (1 mg in 50 microL of a sterile saline solution) into one rear knee joint. Animals were irradiated immediately, 1 h, and 2 h after zymosan administration with a semiconductor laser (685 nm and 830 nm) and an LED at 628 nm, with the same dose (2.5 J/cm(2)) for laser and LED. In the positive control group, animals were injected with the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone 1 h prior to the zymosan administration. Edema was measured by the wet/dry weight difference of the articular tissue, the increase in vascular permeability was assessed by the extravasation of Evans blue dye, and joint hyperalgesia was measured using the rat knee-joint articular incapacitation test. Irradiation with 685 nm and 830 nm laser wavelengths significantly inhibited edema formation, vascular permeability, and hyperalgesia. Laser irradiation, averaged over the two wavelengths, reduced the vascular permeability by 24%, edema formation by 23%, and articular incapacitation by 59%. Treatment with LED (628 nm), with the same fluence as the laser, had no effect in zymosan-induced arthritis. LLLT reduces inflammatory signs more effectively than LED irradiation with similar irradiation times (100 sec), average outputs (20 mW), and energy doses (2 J) in an animal model of zymosan-induced arthritis. The anti-inflammatory effects of LLLT appear to be a class effect, which is not wavelength specific in the red and infrared parts of the optical spectrum. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Intracranial self-stimulation in rats: sensitization to an opioid antagonist following acute or chronic treatment with mu opioid agonists.
Acute mu opioid agonist pretreatment (4 hr) dose-dependently sensitizes rats responding for food reinforcement to the rate-decreasing effects of naltrexone (NTX). In the present study, adult rats were trained to respond in an intracranial self-stimulation autotitration procedure in which responding resulted in electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle that decreased in frequency until reset to the initial value. In an acute sensitization experiment, pretreatment (4 hr) doses of 3.0 and 10 mg/kg morphine reduced the ED25 value for the intracranial self-stimulation rate-decreasing effect of NTX from 28.2 mg/kg to 0.29 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. All mu-selective opioid agonists tested, fentanyl > levorphanol > methadone > morphine > meperidine (listed in order of decreasing potency), produced similar large increases in sensitivity to NTX. Acute sensitization was not induced by the kappa-selective opioid agonist spiradoline, the dextrorotary enantiomer of levorphanol, dextrorphan, or the nonopioid drugs d-amphetamine and pentobarbital. Pretreatment with morphine for 10 days by continuous subcutaneous infusion (15 mg/kg/day) reduced the ED25 value of NTX from 28.2 to 0.002 +/- 1.48 mg/kg. The correlation of decreases in ED25 values for the rate-decreasing effect of NTX after both acute and chronic morphine administration is consistent with the theory that acute agonist-induced sensitization reflects receptor-mediated changes occurring early in the development of physical dependence. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
An evaluation of internal carotid artery and cerebral blood flow volume using color duplex sonography in patients with vertebral artery hypoplasia.
Vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) may be defined as VA flow volume below approximately 30-40 mL/min using color duplex sonography. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of VAH on internal carotid artery (ICA) flow volume and cerebral blood flow (CBF) volume. In this study, 17 patients with VAH and 20 control subjects with normal VA flow volume were enrolled. The patients and control subjects were 50-75 years aged. The ICA and VA flow volumes were determined by using color duplex sonography. The ICA and CBF volumes of patients with VAH were compared with control group flow volumes. There was no statistically significant difference in flow volumes of right, left and sum of both ICA between VAH and control group. However, CBF volume was lower in patient with VAH than control group. Evaluation of CBF using color duplex sonography is noninvasive and easily applicable to all patients and provides valuable diagnostic data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating lower CBFV and normal ICA flow volume in patients with VAH. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessment of palliative care needs.
Caring for a patient at the end of life requires a thorough understanding of the patient's disease and a detailed investigation into all domains of the patient's being. The patient's goals of care should be revealed, and the interdisciplinary team must work together to provide the patient with maximal care to ensure the best possible quality of life. We must devise a comprehensive and flexible plan so that any anticipated issues may be resolved quickly. As Sir William Osler stated, our goal as physicians is "to cure sometimes, to relieve often, to comfort always." | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Usefulness of cardiovascular biomarkers and cardiac imaging in systemic rheumatic diseases.
Systemic rheumatic diseases (SRDs) are associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. It has recently been recognised that chronic inflammation is an important factor in the development of atherosclerotic plaque and endothelial dysfunction. The levels of biomarkers such as serum pentraxin 3 (PTX3), an innate immunity protein, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase, are higher in SRD patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease and are now recognized as new CV risk factors. Many diagnostic methods and imaging techniques detect subtle pre-clinical CV abnormalities in SRD patients, although their clinical significance has not yet been established in patients. Echocardiographic examinations based on the evaluation of coronary flow reserve (CFR), tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) seem to be the most suitable means of screening and diagnosis. Furthermore, plasma ADMA levels could be used as a simple means of screening SRD patients at higher CV risk who need more aggressive treatment aimed at slowing or reversing the progression of atherosclerosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The affinity of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin for components of the muscle spindle.
Sections through the soleus muscle of the rat were incubated with concanavalin A (Con A) or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. Binding of these lectins to structures which comprise the muscle spindle was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The distribution of the lectins was heaviest in the outer capsule of the spindle and at the surface of intrafusal muscle fibres. The periaxial space in the equatorial region of spindles was unlabelled except in the immediate vicinity of the axial bundle. Binding by Con A was more extensive than by WGA, suggesting that more glucopyranoside units are accessible within the muscle spindle than are those of N-acetylglucosamine. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Elucidation of the chemical and morphological structure of double-network (DN) hydrogels by high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy.
(1)H HRMAS NMR spectroscopy is applied to gain insight into the chemical and morphological structure of double-network (DN) hydrogels, prepared from poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) and poly(acrylamide) (PAAm). The method enables one to obtain detailed information at the molecular level about the formation of covalent bonds between the two polymer networks through non-reacted double bonds of the cross-linker N,N'-methylene bis(acrylamide) (MBAA). Evidence to the existence of strong hydrogen-bond interactions based on the N-H group of the PAMPS as a hydrogen-bond donor and the C=O group of the PAAm as a hydrogen-bond acceptor is also provided. These findings clarify the origin of the toughening mechanism and the exceptionally strong mechanical properties of DN gels, further supported by microhardness data. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Importance of competition mechanisms in successive invasions by polyphagous tephritids in La Reunion.
Understanding the strength and modes of interspecific interactions between introduced and resident species (native or previously introduced) is necessary to predict invasion success. We evaluated different mechanisms of interspecific competition among four species of polyphagous fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the island of La Reunion: one endemic species, Ceratitis catoirii, and three exotic species, C. capitata, C. rosa, and Bactrocera zonata, that have successively invaded the island. Larval competition experiments, i.e., co-infestations of the same fruit, and behavioral interference experiments measuring the ability of one female to displace another from a fruit, were performed among all pairs of the four species. We observed asymmetric and hierarchical interactions among species in both larval and adult interference competition. In agreement with the hypothesis that invasion is competition-limited, the competitive hierarchy coincided with the temporal sequence of establishment on the island, i.e., each newly established species tended to be competitively dominant over previously established ones. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Genetics of retinoblastoma.
The genetic basis of retinoblastoma is reviewed and the following conclusions are drawn: 1) The mode of inheritance of the hereditary variety of retinoblastoma (R) is autosomal dominant with about 90% penetrance. 2) About 68% of inherited cases are bilateral, and about 32%, unilateral. There is an intrafamilial correlation between penetrance as measured by segregation ratio and expressivity as measured by the fraction of bilaterally affected patients. 3) The vast majority of all R patients are sporadic cases, i.e., they are the only affected members of otherwise unaffected families. The porportion of bilateral cases is much lower among sporadic than among hereditary cases. 4) All bilaterally affected patients with sporadic R and patients with unilateral sporadic R with more than one primary tumor have to be regarded as germ cell mutants; they will transmit the gene to 50% of their offspring. Only 10%-12% of unilateral sporadic cases are germ cell mutants; 88%-90% are nonhereditary; in these cases the tumor is probably caused by a somatic mutation. 5) In a minority of cases, deletion of the chromosome segment 13q14(=intersitital deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13) has been observed. In addition to R, the patients show a variable degree of general or mental retardation; often there are few external indications of a chromosome aberration. Other chromosome studies suggest anomalies of chromosome 13 in tumor tissue even in cases not showing an anomaly of this chromosome in blood cultures, and possibly a slightly increased chromosome instability. 6) Patients with bilateral, and possibly in general with hereditary, R run an increased risk of becoming affected with other tumor diseases, such as osseous sarcomas, in later life. 7) Knudson's hypothesis of two mutational steps leading to both the hereditary and the nonhereditary variants of R is discussed critically, and the alternative possibility is suggested that in the nonhereditary variant a single mutational step--possibly a small chromosome aberration--could be enough to produce a tumor. 8) Evidence indicating a possible viral origin of R is cited, and animal experiments are mentioned in which R-like tumors have successfully been produced by local DNA virus inoculation. 9) As a consequence of improved survival and reproduction of R patients, an increased in the incidence of R and in the proportion of bilateral cases among all R patients must be anticipated. 10) Detailed rules for genetic counseling in families affected by R are given. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparison of 2 cricothyrotomy techniques: standard method versus rapid 4-step technique.
To compare the success rate, complication rate and time required for the rapid 4-step technique versus the standard technique for cricothyrotomy. We conducted a prospective, randomized crossover study. Twenty-seven emergency medicine interns, 1 junior medicine resident, and 4 senior medical students, without prior cricothyrotomy experience, were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 was initially instructed in and then performed the standard technique; group 2 was initially instructed in and then performed the rapid 4-step technique. Each group was then instructed in and performed the alternate method. Cricothyrotomies were performed on preserved human cadavers. A surgical airway was established in 28 of 32 attempts with the use of the rapid 4-step technique (88%); the average time elapsed before tube placement was 43 seconds. Thirty of 32 attempts involving the standard technique (94%) were successful; the average time to tube placement was 134 seconds (95% confidence interval for a difference of 91 seconds, 63 to 119; P < .001). Complications were identified in 12 attempts involving the standard technique (38%; 1 considered major) and in 12 involving the rapid four-step technique (38%; 3 considered major). The incidence of major complications was 6% higher for the rapid 4-step technique (95% confidence interval, -9% to 21%). In a group of inexperienced subjects working on a preserved human cadaver model, the rapid 4-step technique for cricothyrotomy was performed in about one third the time required for performance of the standard technique. This finding was both clinically and statistically significant. Although the 2 techniques had similar success and complication rates, we noted a trend toward more severe complications in the rapid 4-step technique. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Ludwig Traube. The man and his space.
The detection of dullness to percussion in the left hemithorax raises the possibility of pleural effusion, consolidation, or atelectasis. Percussion of Traube's space, a semilunar tympanitic area overlying the gas bubble in the stomach, is a valuable maneuver in this regard: obliteration of Traube's space favors a pleural effusion. Knowledge of the remarkable life of Traube, and the ability to demonstrate the utility of his sign on rounds, provides an opportunity in a technologic age to remind the medical student of the romance of bedside medicine. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
α-Adducin translocates to the nucleus upon loss of cell-cell adhesions.
The F-actin binding protein adducin plays an important role in plasma membrane stability, cell motility and cell-cell junctions. In this study, we demonstrate that α-adducin is mainly localized in the nucleus of sparsely cultured epithelial cells, whereas it is localized at cell-cell junctions when the cells are grown to confluence. Disruption of cell-cell adhesions induces a nuclear translocation of α-adducin. Conversely, α-adducin is redistributed to the cytoplasm and cell-cell junctions in the process of establishing cell-cell adhesions. We identify that α-adducin contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) in its COOH-terminal tail domain and a nuclear export signal in its neck region. The phosphorylation of α-adducin at Ser716 that is immediately adjacent to the NLS appears to antagonize the function of the NLS. Moreover, we show that depletion of α-adducin has adverse effects on cell-cell adhesions and, to our surprise, cell proliferation. The impaired cell proliferation is associated with mitotic defects characterized by disorganized mitotic spindles, aberrant chromosomal congregation/segregation and abnormal centrosomes. Taken together, our results not only reveal the mechanism for α-adducin to shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus, but also highlight a potential role for α-adducin in mitosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Immunohistochemical determination of Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 in placentas of sows at 30, 60 and 114 days of gestation and validation through a bioinformatic approach.
Angiopoietins (Ang-1, Ang-2) participate in vascular development and placental growth, both bind to Tie-2. This study aimed to determine the localization of angiopoietins in placental development of sows by immunohistochemistry and to validate the gene expression during gestation through a bioinformatic approach. Samples were collected from fifteen maternal-fetal interface from approximately 30 (n = 5), 60 (n = 5) and 114 (n = 5) days of gestation for immunohistochemistry. A bioinformatic approach was performed by re-analysis of public datasets to determine the increase or decrease of genes involved in angiogenesis during pregnancy. There was no significant statistical difference of Ang-1 during gestation, although there was a tendency to increase from mid- to term-gestation (P = 0.7680). A notable decrease of Ang-2 was observed from early- to term-pregnancy (P ≤ 0.05), consistent with the gene expression determined through bioinformatics. Furthermore, there were greater abundances of Tie-2 at both early and at term periods, but lesser abundances at mid-gestation (P ≤ 0.05). The bioinformatics approach indicated that genes related to biological processes such as angiogenesis (i.e., development and morphogenesis of blood vessels) were expressed to a greater extent in early gestation as compared with later in gestation. The Ang-1 gene expression related to cell maturation, response to hypoxia and apoptosis, however, increased as gestation period advanced. In conclusion, angiopoietins may have an important role in the vascular development thus ensuring adequate placental growth in sows. The presence of angiopoietins in the trophoblast suggests a specific role for these pro-angiogenic factors in the tissue formation at the maternal-fetal interface. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of spleen-derived cells on autochthonous peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to mitogens in gastric cancer patients.
Lymphocyte-rich mononuclear cells and their fractions which were prepared from spleens removed at the time of total or proximal gastrectomy for gastric cancer were treated with mitomycin C, and their effect on autochthonous peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin P and concanavalin A was assessed in coculture experiments. It was found that splenic mitomycin C-treated lymphocyte-rich mononuclear cells from certain gastric cancer patients had suppressor cell activity on peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin P and concanavalin A and that the cells with the activity were either plastic dish-adherent cells or T-enriched cells alone or both of them. It was also found that splenic lymphocyte-rich mononuclear cells from certain gastric cancer patients had augmenting activity on peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin P and that the cells which exerted the activity were either plastic dish-adherent cells or T-enriched cells or all of plastic dish-adherent cells and T- and B-enriched cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pediatric asthma admissions: chronic severity and acute exacerbations.
Factors resulting in intensive care unit (ICU) admissions for asthma exacerbations remain largely unclear. We compared ICU and general pediatric ward admissions for asthma exacerbations. Charts of 56 (2- to 18-year-old) patients admitted consecutively to the ICU during a 1-year period for asthma exacerbations were compared with charts of 56 age-, sex-, race-, and era-matched patients admitted to a general pediatric ward. Few patients in both groups received oral steroids before admission. Children with different chronic asthma severities had comparable severities of acute exacerbation. In conclusion, acute asthma exacerbations dissociate in severity from chronic asthma and are under-treated with systemic corticosteroids. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of realgar on extracellular amino acid neurotransmitters in hippocampal CA1 region determined by online microdialysis–dansyl chloride derivatization–high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.
An online microdialysis (MD)–dansyl chloride (Dns) derivatization–high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence detection (FD) system was developed for simultaneous determination of eight extracellular amino acid neurotransmitters in hippocampus. The MD probe was implanted in hippocampal CA1 region. Dialysate and Dns were online mixed and derivatized. The derivatives were separated on an ODS column and detected by FD. The developed online system showed good linearity, precision, accuracy and recovery. This online MD-HPLC system was applied to monitor amino acid neurotransmitters levels in rats exposed to realgar (0.3, 0.9 and 2.7 g/kg body weight). The result shows that glutamate concentrations were significantly increased (p<0.05) in hippocampal CA1 region of rats exposed to three doses of realgar. A decrease in γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations was found in rats exposed to medium and high doses of realgar (p<0.05). Elevation of excitotoxic index (EI) values in hippocampal CA1 region of realgar-exposed rats was observed (p<0.05). Positive correlation was found between EI values and arsenic contents in hippocampus of realgar-exposed rats, which indicates that the change in extracellular EI values is associated with arsenic accumulation in hippocampus. The developed online MD–Dns derivatization–HPLC–FD system provides a new experimental method for studying the effect of toxic Chinese medicines on amino acid neurotransmitters. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Acute antithrombotic treatment of ischemic stroke.
Antithrombotic medication is a cornerstone of acute ischemic stroke treatment and secondary prevention. The efficacy of thrombolysis with alteplase in acute stroke has been demonstrated in several clinical trials. This safe and costeffective therapy has transformed the practice of stroke care and has led to subsequent trials of other antithrombotic medications for treatment of ischemic stroke in the acute phase. These antithrombotics include thrombolytic, antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents. While, no other medication has yet demonstrated adequate efficacy, our current and evolving understanding of infarct expansion, ischemic penumbra, collateral circulation and the blood brain barrier is allowing testing of antithrombotic medications tailored to individual patient pathophysiology in clinical trials. This understanding accompanies developments in neuroimaging and organization of stroke care that allow for wide-spread recruitment in these trials. Alteplase remains the mainstay treatment of arterial acute ischemic stroke; however, anticoagulation is the standard therapy for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Antithrombotic use in acute stroke, arterial and venous, has demonstrated efficacy but leaves many questions unanswered. This patient population is a fertile ground for novel research, especially as it relates to; combination antithrombotic therapy, combination of pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis, and the transition to secondary prevention. Here we review the current antithrombotics in the acute phase of ischemic stroke highlighting the evidence-base and areas of uncertainty. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Role of acidic amino acids in the allosteric modulation by gallamine of antagonist binding at the m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
The purpose of this study was to explore the role of acidic amino acids in the allosteric behavior of gallamine at the m2 receptor. This was achieved by first mutating the acidic residues to neutral residues by site-directed mutagenesis. Both the parent and mutated receptors were expressed in mouse fibroblast A9L cells and characterized pharmacologically. The two main methods used were (i) Schild analysis of equilibrium binding data and (ii) study of the effect of gallamine on the dissociation kinetics of N-methylscopolamine. The Schild analysis gave an estimate of the affinity of gallamine for the allosteric site (KdA) and also a measure of the level of cooperativity (alpha) between the allosteric and primary binding sites. For the receptors studied, a good agreement was found between the alpha KdA values calculated from the Schild analysis and the IC50 values for the effect of gallamine on the N-methylscopolamine off-rate. One mutated receptor, in which the acidic EDGE (Glu-Asp-Gly-Glu) sequence of the putative third outer domain was changed to the neutral LAGQ (Leu-Ala-Gly-Gin) sequence, displayed an 8-fold reduction in affinity for gallamine at the allosteric site, in comparison with the parent receptor. The level of cooperatively between the allosteric and primary binding sites in this mutant was 46% of that of the parent receptor. A second mutated receptor, in which Asp-97 (near the top of putative transmembrane domain 3) was changed to asparagine, was found to have a level of cooperativity between sites 58% of that of the parent but was found not to be affected with respect to the affinity of gallamine for the allosteric site. When all of the acidic groups on the outer side were changed to neutral residues, there was still only an 8.6-fold reduction in gallamine affinity for the allosteric site, but the level of cooperativity was reduced to 19% of that found in the parent receptor. The results suggest that the allosteric site for gallamine binding in the m2 receptor residues at or near the putative third outer domain and that both the EDGE motif and Asp-97 play an essential role in the interaction between the two sites. However, none of the acidic amino acids mutated were found to be critical for binding at the allosteric site. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Serovar distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates collected from the cervix: use of the polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease digestion.
In order to study the distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars isolated from the cervix of patients attending the gynaecology out-patients clinic of Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi, India, gene typing was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified portion of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). A set of primers were used to amplify a 540 bp gene fragment which encompasses the four hypervariable regions of the MOMP. EcoR1 and Xbal double digestion of the product gave distinctive patterns for the genital serovars (D-K) as demonstrated on 12% polyacrylamide gel stained with ethidium bromide. PCR and RFLP were used to genotype 50 clinical isolates and their respective control serovars. Clinical isolates demonstrated the same banding pattern as the control strain of C. trachomatis. The serovars isolated were D (39.13%), E (28.26%), G (15.25%), I (10.86%) and F (6.5%), representing 92% of those investigated. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mutational Landscape and Antiproliferative Functions of ELF Transcription Factors in Human Cancer.
ELF4 (also known as MEF) is a member of the ETS family of transcription factors. An oncogenic role for ELF4 has been demonstrated in hematopoietic malignancies, but its function in epithelial tumors remains unclear. Here, we show that ELF4 can function as a tumor suppressor and is somatically inactivated in a wide range of human tumors. We identified a missense mutation affecting the transactivation potential of ELF4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Restoration of the transactivation activity through introduction of wild-type ELF4 significantly inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and tumor xenograft growth. Furthermore, we found that ELF1 and ELF2, closely related transcription factors to ELF4, also exerted antiproliferative effects in multiple cancer cell lines. Mutations in ELF1 and ELF2, as in ELF4, were widespread across human cancers, but were almost all mutually exclusive. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing revealed ELF4-binding sites in genomic regions adjacent to genes related to cell-cycle regulation and apoptosis. Finally, we provide mechanistic evidence that the antiproliferative effects of ELF4 were mediated through the induction of HRK, an activator of apoptosis, and DLX3, an inhibitor of cell growth. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel subtype of human cancer characterized by inactivating mutations in the ELF subfamily of proteins, and warrant further investigation of the specific settings where ELF restoration may be therapeutically beneficial. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1814-24. ©2016 AACR. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Integrated telematic support for paediatrics: a practical model.
This paper describes the benefits gained and the organizational and practical considerations involved in establishing a relatively low-cost telematic support network for paediatric care and research. It is based on a case study in north-east England, where such a system has been implemented, supporting multimedia conferencing and reference facilities, postgraduate education and management information. The role of this type of service in regional health-care provision is discussed, for paediatrics and other disciplines. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous vancomycin in pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
The purposes of this investigation were to characterize the disposition of vancomycin in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery and to determine whether a 15-mg/kg intravenous dose provides adequate serum concentrations during and after CPB. Six children (age range, 0.8 to 4.8 years) received intravenous vancomycin 15 mg/kg 1 to 2 hours before CPB surgery. Serial blood samples (mean, 10/patient) were collected before, during and after CPB surgery. The mean (+/- SD) vancomycin concentrations at the end of the infusion and 5 hours after the infusion were 27.3 +/- 5.7 and 5.9 +/- 3.0 mg/liter, respectively. The initiation of CPB resulted in an abrupt decrease (44.5%) in serum vancomycin concentrations; however, concentrations remained constant (range, 6.2 to 14.1 mg/liter) throughout the rest of the CPB procedure. The mean (+/- SD) values for the apparent volume of distribution, total body clearance and elimination half-life were 0.59 +/- 0.15 liter/kg, 2.94 +/- 0.93 ml/min/kg and 2.4 +/- 0.8 hours, respectively. These values were similar to those reported in the literature for children not undergoing CPB surgery. A single vancomycin dose of 15 mg/kg before pediatric CPB surgery provides serum concentrations greater than 5 mg/liter throughout the duration of the CPB procedure. To sustain these concentrations subsequent dosing of vancomycin is necessary within 6 hours after the initial vancomycin dose. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Oxidation of carbon monoxide cocatalyzed by palladium(0) and the H(5)PV(2)Mo(10)O(40) polyoxometalate probed by electron paramagnetic resonance and aerobic catalysis.
The H(5)PV(2)Mo(10)O(40) polyoxometalate and Pd/Al(2)O(3) were used as co-catalysts under anaerobic conditions for the activation and oxidation of CO to CO(2) by an electron transfer-oxygen transfer mechanism. Upon anaerobic reduction of H(5)PV(2)Mo(10)O(40) with CO in the presence of Pd(0) two paramagnetic species were observed and characterized by continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) and hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopic measurements. Major species I (65-70%) is assigned to a species resembling a vanadyl cation that is supported on the polyoxometalate and showed a bonding interaction with (13)CO. Minor species II (30-35%) is attributed to a reduced species where the vanadium(IV) atom is incorporated in the polyoxometalate framework but slightly distanced from the phosphate core. Under aerobic conditions, CO/O(2), a nucleophilic oxidant was formed as elucidated by oxidation of thianthrene oxide as a probe substrate. Oxidation reactions performed on terminal alkenes such as 1-octene yielded a complicated mixture of products that was, however, clearly a result of alkene epoxidation followed by subsequent reactions of the intermediate epoxide. The significant competing reaction was a hydrocarbonylation reaction that yielded a approximately 1:1 mixture of linear/branched carboxylic acids. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Is monoamine oxidase inhibitor induced myoclonus serotoninergically mediated?
In the present study a single case observation of myoclonus during sleep-wave transition was monitored in a depressed patient treated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, phenelzine. The myoclonus had a rhythm of 1 c/second and lasted for two years, the duration of phenelzine treatment. Myoclonus appeared neither during wakefulness nor during sleep, but at wake-sleep-wake transitions. This "switch" myoclonus was associated with phasic muscle hyperactivity during REM sleep. Methysergide a 5-HT suppressor, decreased the switch myoclonus frequency and the REM muscle hyperactivity, indicating serotoninergic involvement in the mechanism of phenelzine induced myoclonus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Fresh post-traumatic soft tissue defects of the wrist joint and hand and their closure].
As a universal human tool the hand often suffers injuries of its soft tissue. Different localization of defects (palmar and dorsal) and different injuries of functional structures (tendon, nerve, vessel, bone) also need different soft tissue cover and wound closure. The possibilities in plastic surgery of the hand include free transplantation of skin, local and distant flaps, free flaps and neurovascular flaps. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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