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Acute and chronic inflammation studies of Strobilanthes callosus leaves extract on rat model.
To assess the protective efficacy of Strobilanthes callosus against the acute and chronic inflammation on rat model. Inflammation was induced by carrageen and Freund's complete adjuvant in plantar surface of the rats. The ethanol, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts in three divided doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered orally. Diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg), prednisolone (5 mg/kg) and methotrexate (0.5 mg/kg) were used as standard. The statistical significance between means was analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. A p <0.005 was considered as statistically significant. Pet. ether (200 and 400 mg/kg) and ethanol extract (100 and 400 mg/kg) showed statistically significant (p < 0.001) effect in analgesic activity. In a carrageen-induced model, only pet. ether extract (100 and 400 mg/kg) confirmed statistically significant effect (p < 0.001) at every interval (four in all) of 1 h. In Freund's adjuvant model, Pet ether and ethanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) have shown statistically significant effect (p < 0.001) and in case of chloroform extract only single dose (400 mg/kg) were observed statistically significant results considered to be anti-arthritic effects. The histopathology pictures showed there was positive inhibition of arthritis at a certain level in different groups compared to positive control group. Pet. ether and ethanol extracts of S. callosus were observed to have a promising efficacy against acute and chronic inflammation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Long-term Effects of Octreotide on Liver Volume in Patients With Polycystic Kidney and Liver Disease.
Short-term studies have shown that somatostatin analogues are effective in patients with polycystic kidney and liver disease. We evaluated the long-term effects of long-acting release octreotide (octreotide LAR), a somatostatin inhibitor, vs placebo in these patients. We performed a controlled study of adults with polycystic kidney and liver disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 40 mL/min/1.73m(2) or more) at a single center in Italy. We analyzed data from 27 patients randomly assigned to groups given octreotide LAR (40 mg, n = 14) or placebo (n = 13) each month for 3 years. The primary outcome was absolute and percentage change in total liver volume (TLV), which was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline, after 3 years of treatment, and then 2 years after treatment ended. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. After 3 years, TLV decreased by 130.2 ± 133.2 mL in patients given octreotide LAR (7.8% ± 7.4%) (P = .003) but increased by 144.3 ± 316.8 mL (6.1% ± 14.1%) in patients given placebo. Change vs baseline differed significantly between groups (P = .004). Two years after treatment ended, TLV had decreased 14.4 ± 138.4 mL (0.8% ± 9.7%) from baseline in patients given octreotide LAR but increased by 224.4 ± 331.7 mL (11.0% ± 14.4%) in patients given placebo. Changes vs baseline still differed significantly between groups (P = .046). Decreases in TLV were similar in each sex; the change in TLV was greatest among subjects with larger baseline TLV. No patient withdrew because of side effects. In a placebo-controlled study of patients with polycystic kidney and liver disease, 3 years of treatment with octreotide LAR significantly reduced liver volume; reductions were maintained for 2 years after treatment ended. Octreotide LAR was well-tolerated. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02119052. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Adolescent risk behaviours and mealtime routines: does family meal frequency alter the association between family structure and risk behaviour?
Family structure is associated with a range of adolescent risk behaviours, with those living in both parent families generally faring best. This study describes the association between family structure and adolescent risk behaviours and assesses the role of the family meal. Data from the 2006 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey were modelled using Multilevel Binomial modelling for six risk behaviour outcomes. Significantly more children from 'both parent' families ate a family meal every day and fewer 'hardly ever or never' did. Family structure was associated with boys' and girls' smoking, drinking, cannabis use and having sex and with girls' fighting. Frequency of eating a family meal was associated with a reduced likelihood of all risk behaviours among girls and all but fighting and having sex among boys. Eating a family meal regularly nullified the association between family structure and drinking alcohol for boys and girls and cannabis use for boys and reduced the effect size of alternative family structures on boys having sex and smoking. The family meal, associated with a reduced likelihood of many adolescent risk behaviours, reduces or eliminates the association with family structure and may therefore help to overcome inequalities in adolescent risk behaviours. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Measuring impulsivity in mice using a novel operant delayed reinforcement task: effects of behavioural manipulations and d-amphetamine.
The increasing use of genetically modified mice to probe genetic contributions to normal and abnormal behaviours requires the development of sensitive and selective behavioural tasks. To develop a discrete trial assay of impulsivity (delayed reinforcement) that is tractable in mice utilising a mouse operant nine-hole box apparatus and to specify the task with respect to behavioural and pharmacological manipulations. Mice were trained to respond with a nose-poke to one of two visual stimuli; one response resulted in a small quantity of reinforcer, the other in a larger quantity of reinforcer. As the session proceeded increasing delay was introduced onto the response leading to the large reward. Hence, the nature of the choice was a small quantity of reinforcer immediately versus a larger but progressively delayed amount of reinforcer. At stable baseline performance the mice were challenged with a variety of task manipulations and systemic d-amphetamine in order to discern aspects of the underlying psychological and neurochemical substrates of the choice behaviour. The mice showed a systematic shift in responding away from the large reinforcer with increasing delay (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 s), such that at the longest delay >80% of nose-pokes were for the smaller, immediate reinforcer. Task manipulations indicated that behaviour was controlled in a trial discrete manner by the contingency between delay and reward and was not due to non-specific factors such as satiation. d-Amphetamine had complex, dose dependent effects on choice behaviour which revealed dissociations between impulsive choice and hyperactivity. We have successfully developed an assay of impulsivity in mice that will be of utility to examine impulsive behaviours and their genetic substrates. In addition, our data provided evidence of distinct dopaminergic mechanisms mediating aspects of impulsivity and hyperactivity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Clinical features and management of amebic liver abscess. Experience from 29 patients.
29 patients with amebic liver abscess were evaluated in a study to examine clinical picture, laboratory data, epidemiology, radiologic methods, and therapy. Since the clinical picture was unspecific a considerable amount of misdiagnoses occurred, and often originated from pulmonary symptoms. To establish diagnosis one should rely on the triad with positive amebic serology, intrahepatic scanning defects, and clinical picture with fever, right upper quadrant pain, and hepatomegaly. Nearly all patients had an exposure history of travel or immigration from endemic areas in the tropics. Medical therapy with metronidazole alone is highly effective and leads to defervescence and clinical improvement usually within 3-5 days. Invasive procedures, such as needle aspiration or surgical drainage of the abscess are rarely needed; these invasive methods neither shorten the course of the disease nor improve prognosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Relativistic calculation of nuclear magnetic shielding tensor using the regular approximation to the normalized elimination of the small component. III. Introduction of gauge-including atomic orbitals and a finite-size nuclear model.
The relativistic calculation of nuclear magnetic shielding tensors in hydrogen halides is performed using the second-order regular approximation to the normalized elimination of the small component (SORA-NESC) method with the inclusion of the perturbation terms from the metric operator. This computational scheme is denoted as SORA-Met. The SORA-Met calculation yields anisotropies, Delta sigma = sigma(parallel) - sigma(perpendicular), for the halogen nuclei in hydrogen halides that are too small. In the NESC theory, the small component of the spinor is combined to the large component via the operator sigma x piU/2c, in which pi = p + A, U is a nonunitary transformation operator, and c approximately = 137.036 a.u. is the velocity of light. The operator U depends on the vector potential A (i.e., the magnetic perturbations in the system) with the leading order c(-2) and the magnetic perturbation terms of U contribute to the Hamiltonian and metric operators of the system in the leading order c(-4). It is shown that the small Delta sigma for halogen nuclei found in our previous studies is related to the neglect of the U(0,1) perturbation operator of U, which is independent of the external magnetic field and of the first order with respect to the nuclear magnetic dipole moment. Introduction of gauge-including atomic orbitals and a finite-size nuclear model is also discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Carcinogens and the Law 626/94: examples of application related to Title VII].
This paper is aimed at describing the state of the art with respect to the application of law 626/94, particularly with reference to the activities connected with the use of carcinogens at the workplace. To understand what is going on and what practical activities have been established we found it useful to look for practical examples in the field of carcinogenic risk assessment. We interviewed many colleagues and experts in a non-random sample of situations, and this paper briefly describes the methodological problems encountered and some specific results emerging from eight experiences. The examples described regard both large and small factories, in different fields of activity (chemical and pharmaceutical industries, transport, power production, ...), with different attitudes and traditions with regard to carcinogenic risk assessment, and also with different specific results in terms of risk evaluation. Two among the eight examples reported directly involved the activities performed by private consultants or territorial Public Services active in the field of prevention. The paper concludes with the indication of the problems encountered in the collection of information and with the suggestion that such experiences should be freely presented in the literature, thus offering an opportunity of public discussion and evaluation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The descending cortical pathways of the frontal lobe to the nuclei of the hypothalamic mamillary bodies in human craniocerebral trauma].
Structural organization of conducting ways of the frontal lobe cortex to hypothalamic nuclei was studied in sections of brain from 5 patients who died in short terms after craniocerebral trauma and during the experiment in 5 macaque rhesus monkeys with unilateral destruction of different cortical fields of frontal area. Series of brain sections were processed using silver nitrate impregnation after Bielschowsky [correction of Bilshovsky] with counterstaining of nuclear structures after Kavamura with cresyl violet. The presence of direct corticohypothalamic ways from the cortex of the orbital surface of inferior (field 47 and its subfields) and superior (field 11) frontal gyri and frontal pole (field 10) to nuclei of mamillary complex and lateral hypothalamus was established. Direct frontomamillary ways from these cortical areas terminate basically in medial mamillary nucleus. In monkey direct frontomamillary ways were distinguished in the cortex of field 47. In man widening of the area where corticohypothalamic ways arise is connected with progressive development of the telencephalic cortex and phylogenetically new formation of hypothalamus--mamillary bodies. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mutants and pseudorevertants of Moloney murine leukemia virus with alterations at the integration site.
Soon after infection, retroviruses synthesize a DNA copy of the genomic RNA and insert that DNA into the cellular genome by recombination at inverted repeat sequences at the termini of the viral genome. We have generated mutations that alter one terminus of the genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV). Some mutations did not prevent integration of the viral DNA even though the very terminal bases were disrupted. Other mutations had dramatic effects on the efficiency of infection; in these cases the formation of preintegrative DNA was normal but the establishment of the productive provirus was prevented. One of these defective mutants gave rise to a pseudorevertant which differed from the wild type but displayed normal infectivity. An unusual number of bases of viral DNA were removed during the integration reaction carried out by this virus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Dynamic variation of major effective components in fresh rejuvenated fruit of Juglans mandshurica based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS].
The changes in effective components of Juglans mandshurica at different harvest periods were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Eighteen batch samples of J. mandshurica from six harvest periods were assessed by multivariate statistical analysis with Markerview software. The formula of different compounds were determined by accurate mass and isotopic abundance ratio from target screening function of Peakview 2.0/Masterview1.0 software. Then their structure were determined by analysis of MS/MS fragment or comparison with standard substances and references. Naphthoquinone are the major markers in samples of Juglans mandshurica from different harvest periods. Thirty-eight of naphthalenequinones were identified or inferred in J. mandshurica and contents decline gradually. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS method which develops a new strategy can identify and analyze chemical constituents from J. mandshurica rapidly and accurately, main chemical constituents can be used for quality evaluation and efficacy material research. The dynamic changes in the metabolite accumulation of J. mandshurica the basic data for harvesting medicinal plants at different times. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Experience with omeprazole in erosive oesophagitis.
Omeprazole is a potent, highly specific, and clinically efficacious anti-secretory agent. Current clinical data suggest that omeprazole could be a useful drug in the short-term treatment of patients with severe erosive oesophagitis resistant to standard H2-receptor antagonist therapy. The magnitude of omeprazole's eventual role in the treatment of acid secretory-related disorders will depend on the results of its expanded postmarketing clinical experience and upon resolution of concerns regarding potential adverse effects associated with long-term administration. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of pyrene on denitrification activity and abundance and composition of denitrifying community in an agricultural soil.
Toxicity of pyrene on the denitrifiers was studied by spiking an agricultural soil with pyrene to a series of concentrations (0-500 mg kg(-1)) followed by dose-response and dynamic incubation experiments. Results showed a positive correlation between potential denitrification activity and copy numbers of denitrifying functional genes (nirK, nirS and nosZ), and were both negatively correlated with pyrene concentrations. Based on the comparison of EC(50) values, denitrifiers harboring nirK, nirS or nosZ gene were more sensitive than denitrification activity, and denitrifiers harboring nirS gene were more sensitive than that harboring nirK or nosZ genes. Seven days after spiking with EC(50) concentration of pyrene, denitrifiers diversity decreased and community composition changed in comparison with the control. Phylogenetic analyses of three genes showed that the addition of pyrene increased the proportion of Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhodospirillales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales. Some species belonging to these groups were reported to be able to degrade PAHs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Parameters to Define Peri-Implantitis: A Review and a Proposed Multi-Domain Scale.
Peri-implant diseases have received much attention since dental implants are generally used in contemporary dentistry. Several contributing factors associated with the development of peri-implant diseases have also been investigated. The prevalence of peri-implantitis has been reported but with great heterogeneity because of a lack of a universally accepted classification system that could define the extent and severity of peri-implantitis. Several parameters-including radiographic bone loss, probing depth, bleeding on probing, and suppuration-have been introduced in these reports to assist with clinical diagnosis. This article provides an objective evaluation of these parameters based on currently available evidence, offers further recommendations, and proposes a multidomain scale for diagnosis of peri-implantitis. Future investigations and modifications may be needed to develop a comprehensive, evidence-based classification system that addresses the multifactorial etiology of peri-implant diseases. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia: linking neuropathology to social cognition.
The behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders with a presenile onset. It is characterized by a long phase of subclinical behavioral changes and social conduct disorders, associated with a progressive modification of personality. Recently, an international consortium of experts developed revised guidelines for its clinical diagnosis, which highlight the supportive role of biomarkers in the diagnostic process. According to new criteria, bvFTD can be classified in "possible" (requiring three of six specific clinical features), "probable" (in the presence of functional disability and typical neuroimaging features), and "with definite frontotemporal lobar degeneration" (requiring the presence of a known causal mutation or a histopathological confirmation). Familial aggregation is frequently reported in bvFTD and frontotemporal lobar degeneration in general, with an autosomal dominant transmission in about 10 % cases. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss recent advances in the knowledge of clinical, neuropsychological, and imaging features of bvFTD. We also briefly summarize the available genetic information about the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Electronic organiser and Alzheimer's disease: fact or fiction?
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative disease characterised by a progressive loss of cognitive functions and impairment of activities of daily living severe enough to interfere with normal functioning. To help persons with this disease perform a variety of activities, our research team developed AP@LZ, an electronic organiser specifically designed for them. Two participants with Alzheimer's disease learned how to use AP@LZ in their daily lives by following a structured learning method. After the learning phase, the participants were able to use AP@LZ efficiently and facilitate their day-to-day activities for several months, despite the steady progression of the disease. These results suggest that persons with Alzheimer's disease can learn to use new technologies to compensate for their everyday memory problems, which opens up new rehabilitation possibilities in dementia care. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and tachyarrhythmias detected by a pacemaker.
A 56-year-old man came to the Pacemaker Clinic for his regular pacemaker control. He had experienced a syncopal episode in the previous week. He had a previous diagnosis of non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Due to a previous syncope and documented 2:1 infrahisian block, a dual-chamber permanent pacemaker had been implanted a few years before. The device was interrogated, showing several ventricular high rate episodes. A careful analysis of the stored intracardiac electrograms showed ventricular tachycardia (VT) with 2:1 ventriculoatrial conduction. The following presentation discusses the alternative diagnosis and clinical management in an unusual diagnosis of VT in the presence of non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Post-ischemic changes in the expression of Alzheimer's APP isoforms in rat cerebral cortex.
A significant porportion (25%) of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) also shows vascular pathology. Recent ultrastructural studies demonstrated characteristic and extensive angio-architectural distortions of cerebral capillaries in AD brains. We examined the expression of APP mRNA isoforms of cerebral cortex after transient ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion, using RT-PCR. Neuronal damage and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry were also examined histologically. After transient ischemia, the Kunitz protease inhibitor-bearing isoforms (KPI-APP) were increased whereas APP 695, which lacks KPI domain, was decreased. Neuronal damage and GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were also observed. These results show that focal, transient ischemia alters KPI-APP/APP 695 ratio in cerebral cortex and this shift in APP isoforms could be related to neurodegeneration and/or activation of astrocytes during the ischemic process. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
CE provides evidence of the stereoselective hydroxylation of norketamine in equines.
CE with multiple isomer sulfated-CD as selector was used for the simultaneous analysis of the stereoisomers of ketamine, norketamine, 5,6-dehydronorketamine and hydroxylated metabolites of norketamine in liquid/liquid extracts of (i) in vitro incubations with ketamine or norketamine and equine liver microsomes and (ii) plasma and urine of ponies receiving a target-controlled infusion of ketamine under isoflurane anesthesia. Hydroxynorketamine metabolites with the hydroxy group at the cyclohexanone ring could be shown to be formed stereoselectively both in vitro and in vivo. Due to the lack of standard compounds, urinary extracts were fractionated by HPLC followed by characterization of the collected fractions with CE and LC-MS(n) with 0.7 mmu mass discrimination. Comparison of LC-MS(n) data obtained with the fractions, an in vitro microsomal sample, and both pony urine and hydrolyzed pony urine led to the identification of four hydroxylated norketamine metabolites with hydroxylation at the cyclohexanone ring, two with hydroxylation at the aromatic ring and four hydroxylated metabolites of ketamine. Due to the lower detection sensitivity, only the four hydroxynorketamine metabolites with hydroxylation at the cyclohexanone ring were observed by CE. The data suggest that demethylation of ketamine followed by hydroxylation of norketamine at the cyclohexanone ring is the major metabolic pathway in equine species and that the ketamine metabolism is highly stereoselective. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Case-control study of giant coronary aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease.
Epidemiologic features of the formation of giant coronary aneurysm due to Kawasaki disease and its risk factors are not still clear. One hundred and five patients with giant coronary aneurysms were selected from the 15th and 16th nationwide surveys of Kawasaki disease in Japan. With all other patients reported from the same hospital as a control group, odds ratios (OR) were calculated for some potential risk factors. Some factors affecting the formation of giant coronary aneurysms were revealed. Of these factors, the following were considered to be useful for the treatment of patients with Kawasaki disease: male sex (OR compared with females = 1.99), 0 years old (OR compared with 1-2 years = 1.71), visiting the hospital on 1-3 days of illness (OR compared to 4-6 days = 1.72), leukocyte count (OR with 1000 /mm3 increase = 0.56), neutrophil concentration among leukocyte (OR with 10% increase = 1.11), hemoglobin concentration (OR with 1 mg/dL increase = 0.73), alanine aminotransferase level (ALT; OR with 10 IU/dL increase = 1.02) and serum sodium level (OR with 1 mEq/L increase = 0.80). The observation of 105 cases with giant coronary aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease reported in the nationwide survey provides information about some risk factors and other considerations about the aneurysms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
2-Decenoic acid ethyl ester possesses neurotrophin-like activities to facilitate intracellular signals and increase synapse-specific proteins in neurons cultured from embryonic rat brain.
We presently found that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) with 8-12 carbons and their esters facilitated activation (phosphorylation) of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 of cultured embryonic cortical/hippocampal neurons. In particular, trans-2-decenoic acid ethyl ester (DAEE) had the most potent activity. Additionally, DAEE activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), suggesting that DAEE generates similar intracellular signal as neurotrophins. Therefore, details of the signal elicited by DAEE were examined in comparison with those of a neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We found that 1) DAEE phosphorylated MAPK/ERK1/2 via MEK activation without the involvement of tyrosine kinases of neurotrophin Trk receptors; 2) DAEE activated CREB predominantly through MAPK/ERK1/2 activation, not through other pathways such as cAMP/protein kinase A; and 3) DAEE increased the expression of RNAs of BDNF and neurotrophin-3 and the protein content of synapse-specific proteins such as synaptophysin, synapsin-1, and syntaxin. Based on these observations we propose that DAEE and some other derivatives of MCFAs having neurotrophin-like neurotrophic activities may become therapeutic tools for certain neurological or psychiatric disorders. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Deep, zonal subequatorial currents.
Large-scale, westward-extending tongues of warm (Pacific) and cold (Atlantic) water are found between 2000 and 3000 meters both north and south of the equator in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. They are centered at 5 degrees to 8 degrees north and 10 degrees to 15 degrees south (Pacific) and 5 degrees to 8 degrees north and 15 degrees to 20 degrees south (Atlantic). They are separated in both oceans by a contrasting eastward-extending tongue, centered at about 1 degrees to 2 degrees south, in agreement with previous helium isotope observations (Pacific). Thus, the indicated deep tropical westward flows north and south of the equator and eastward flow near the equator may result from more general forcing than the hydrothermal forcing previously hypothesized. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Malonyl-CoA and carnitine in regulation of fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle during exercise.
Intracellular mechanisms regulating fat oxidation were investigated in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Eight young, healthy, moderately trained men performed bicycle exercise (60 min, 65% peak O2 consumption) on two occasions, where they ingested either 1) a high-carbohydrate diet (H-CHO) or 2) a low-carbohydrate diet (L-CHO) before exercise to alter muscle glycogen content as well as to induce, respectively, low and high rates of fat oxidation. Leg fat oxidation was 122% higher during exercise in L-CHO than in H-CHO (P < 0.001). In keeping with this, the activity of alpha2-AMP-activated protein kinase (alpha2-AMPK) was increased twice as much in L-CHO as in H-CHO (P < 0.01) at 60 min of exercise. However, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)beta Ser221 phosphorylation was increased to the same extent (6-fold) under the two conditions. The concentration of malonyl-CoA was reduced 13% by exercise in both conditions (P < 0.05). Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was higher during exercise in H-CHO than in L-CHO (P < 0.01). In H-CHO only, the concentrations of acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine were increased (P < 0.001), and the concentration of free carnitine was decreased (P < 0.01), by exercise. The data suggest that a decrease in the concentration of malonyl-CoA, secondary to alpha2-AMPK activation and ACC inhibition (by phosphorylation), contributes to the increase in fat oxidation observed at the onset of exercise regardless of muscle glycogen levels. They also suggest that, with high muscle glycogen, the availability of free carnitine may limit fat oxidation during exercise, due to its increased use for acetylcarnitine formation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Neural control of locomotion: sensory control of the central pattern generator and its relation to treadmill training.
Many studies have shown that a special treadmill training is effective in restoring locomotor function in cats with a complete spinal lesion. In the last few years it has become possible to regain some locomotor activity in patients suffering from a spinal cord injury through an intense training on a treadmill, as in cats. The ideas behind this approach owe much to insights derived from studies on spinalized animals. The neural system responsible for the locomotor restoration in both cats and humans is thought to be located at spinal level and is referred to as the central pattern generator. The evidence for such a spinal central pattern generator is reviewed in part 1. An important element in the treadmill training for both spinal injured cats and humans is the provision of adequate locomotor related sensory input, which can possibly activate and/or regulate the spinal locomotor circuitry. This part of the review deals with the afferent control of the central pattern generator. Furthermore, the results of treadmill training for both cats and humans and their relation to sensory input are treated. These insights can possibly contribute to the design of a better treadmill training program for the rehabilitation of gait in spinal cord injured patients. Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effects of sublethal Abamectin exposure on some hormonal profiles and testicular histopathology in male albino rats and the possible ameliorative role of Eruca sativa.
The ameliorative role of Eruca sativa on some hormonal profile and testicular histopathology in male albino rats exposed to a sublethal dose of 1 mg/kg body weight (b.wt). Abamectin (Crater 3.37% EC) was evaluated. Eighteen male albino rats were divided into three groups: control group, Abamectin-treated group, and Abamectin + E. sativa-treated group. Rats of the second group were orally administrated 1 mg/kg b.wt. of Abamectin, the third group received a mixture of sublethal oral dose of Abamectin (1 mg/kg b.wt.) and E. sativa suspension (5 g/kg b.wt.) every 48 h for 28 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected from all groups to measure some hormonal parameters; also, rats were dissected and tissue sections from the testes were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for examination under light microscope. The results of the present study revealed a disturbance in the hormonal parameters and some testicular histopathological changes. In addition, administration of E. sativa might have a promising effect against Abamectin toxicity-induced disorders of thyroid hormones and impaired testicular functions, which were correlated with histopathological changes in the testes of male rats. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Obesity prevention: the key to non-communicable disease control.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the main public health problem in the Caribbean and they place a severe economic burden on the health systems in the region. This paper contends that preventing obesity is a critical factor in controlling NCDs. The paper further argues that obesity prevention is more likely to come from structural and policy-related changes to the environment than from medical interventions targeted at the individual. Rolling back the rapid increase in obesity in the Caribbean requires much more than the traditional passive approach that relied almost entirely on education for individual behavioural change. The traditional models of obesity control have generally failed globally and a new public policy approach needs to be instituted to attack this epidemic in a multisectoral way. Effective control of obesity will require a shift away from the traditional focus on clinical management and individual behaviour change towards strategies which deal with the environment in which such behaviours occur Outlined in this paper are key policy changes required by the various sectors whose inputs are vital to the success of prevention efforts. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine protease: effects on experimental gingivitis and ligature-induced periodontitis in Macaca fascicularis.
Targeting bacterial virulence factors such as proteases for immunization may hold the key to limiting or preventing loss of attachment and alveolar bone in periodontal disease. This study examined the clinical, microbiological, and immununological responses following active immunization with a purified Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine protease (porphypain-2) in the nonhuman primate (Nhp) Macaca fascicularis. One group of Nhp was immunized with porphypain-2 antigen while control Nhp received placebo injections. All Nhp were subjected to experimental gingivitis followed by ligature-induced periodontitis in a split-mouth design. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that immunization elicited a significantly elevated and specific IgG antibody response to both whole cell P. gingivalis (36-fold) and to porphypain-2 (194-fold). Checkerboard hybridization DNA analysis of subgingival plaque from ligated sextants demonstrated that 25% more Gram-negative anaerobic species became significantly elevated from baseline and at earlier timepoints in the control group than in the immununized group. Immunization with this protease did not suppress the emergence of P. gingivalis. Clinical indices showed few changes related to immunization. Alveolar bone density changes demonstrated a highly significant loss in ligated sextants compared to non-ligated sextants within the control group (P < 0.001), and a smaller but significant difference within the immunized group (P = 0.043). Comparison of ligated sextants only demonstrated more bone loss in the control group versus the immunized group (-13.07+/-9.51 versus -9.41+/-6.18; computer-assisted densitometric image analysis units +/- SD); the difference approached, but did not reach, significance. The results suggest that porphypain-2 may contribute to the pathogenic potential of the subgingival plaque microbiota in the Nhp model of ligature-induced periodontitis, and that active immunization with porphypain-2 appeared capable of altering this pathogenic response. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Error-Balanced Segmented Contracted Basis Sets of Double-ζ to Quadruple-ζ Valence Quality for the Lanthanides.
For lanthanides, segmented contracted Gaussian basis sets of double-ζ valence to quadruple-ζ valence quality are presented, with two different polarization sets for each level of quality. The bases are designed for use in connection with small-core Wood-Boring effective core potentials. A set of compounds representing most lanthanides in their common oxidation states is used to assess the quality. Parameters investigated were atomization energies, dipole moments, and structure parameters for Hartree-Fock, density functional, and correlated (Møller-Plesset) methods. So, the "def2" basis set series is extended to lanthanides with errors that are very similar to those previously obtained for the other elements with this type of basis set. Furthermore, for lanthanides, auxiliary bases for density fitting of Coulomb and Hartree-Fock exchange matrices are presented and tested. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A new species of Heterorhabditis from the Hawaiian Islands.
A new species of nematode of the genus Heterorhabditis (Nemata: Heterorhabditidae) was found during a survey of the soil entomopathogenic nematode fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Heterorhabditis hawaiiensis sp. n. can be separated from all other species of Heterorhabditis by the length of the infective juvenile and the morphological characters of the spicules, gubernaculum, and bursa. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragment analysis showed that this species also has a distinct genetic pattern in RAPD bands relative to the other 6 species or isolates of Heterorhabditis that were compared. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The effects of bizhongxiao decotion (BZX) on T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis].
To observe the effect of BZX on T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and study the mechanism of curative effects of BZX in immunization. 42 patients with RA in active stage were divided into 1. treatment group with BZX 2. control group with western medicine and twenty healthy control group (HCG) was arranged before treatment. Their CD4+ and CD8+ were tested and the ratio of CD4+ cells to CD8+ cells was calculated before treatment and after 3 months treatment. In the peripheral blood of patients with RA, CD4+ was more than that of the HCG. but CD8+ was lower and the ratio of CD4+ cell to CD8+ cells was higher than that of the HCG. After 3 months treatment, CD4+ decreased, CD8+ increased and the ratio of CD4+ cells to CD8+ cells decreased. In addition, all results were similar to the normal. We found there were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in the results after treatment. There were cell immunoregulation disorders in patients with RA. BZX can regulate the disorder of T-lymphocyte subsets, help rebuild the immune steading and have effects of immune suppression similar to MTX combined medicine. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Surgical palliation for malignant disease requiring locoregional control.
Surgical palliation of cancer is best defined as procedures performed with non-curative intent to improve quality of life or control symptoms of advanced malignancy. Soft tissue involvement of advanced malignancies may produce symptoms such as pain, bleeding, or odor that significantly reduce quality of life. Literature on outcomes of palliative resection of soft tissue malignancy for local or regional control is lacking. Soft tissue resections performed with palliative intent for locoregional control were identified from a prospectively maintained palliative surgery database at a tertiary care center from January 2004 to July 2013. Tumor type, presenting symptom, procedure performed, and symptom recurrence were recorded. Patients were followed for at least 60 days or until death. Thirty-one patients who underwent palliative soft tissue resection for local control were identified. Primary tumor types included melanoma (n=9, 29.0%), squamous cell carcinoma (n=9, 29.0%), sarcoma (n=5, 16.1%), breast (n=3, 9.7%), and other (n=5, 16.1%). Eighteen of 31 patients (58.1%) underwent resection for pain, two (6.5%) for bleeding, and eleven (35.5%) for local control or other symptoms. Procedures were performed on the trunk (n=17, 54.8%), extremities (n=7, 22.6%), head/neck (n=5, 16.1%), or multiple areas (n=2, 6.5%). Eleven of 31 patients (35.5%) underwent axillary, inguinal, or neck lymph node dissection, seventeen (54.8%) radical resection, and three (9.7%) wound excision. Split-thickness skin graft was performed in 6 of 17 radical resections (35.3%). Five patients (16.1%) had symptom recurrence at the site of the initial palliative procedure, of whom four (12.9%) underwent a second palliative procedure. Seven patients (22.6%) had new disease-related symptoms develop during follow-up. Thirty-day morbidity was 29.0%; mortality was 3.2%, which was associated with progression of disease. Palliative surgery for local control of advanced soft tissue malignancy can provide durable symptom relief and improved quality of life. These procedures positively impact patients regardless of primary tumor type or tumor extent. Careful patient selection is important in order to maximize benefit of surgical palliation and minimize morbidity and mortality. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Inactivation of HIV-infected H9 cells in whole blood preparations by lysing/fixing reagents used in flow cytometry.
Reagents that lyse red blood cells and fix white blood cells were tested for their ability to inactivate cell-associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Whole blood was spiked with cells from an HIV-positive cell line (H9), lysed, and fixed. The cell preparations were then cocultured with T cell blasts in serial ten-fold dilutions to rescue infectious virus and measure viral titer. All commercial lysing and fixing reagents tested inactivated cell-associated HIV by 3-5 logs, while ammonium chloride had little effect. Although an additional incubation with 1% formaldehyde for 30 min did not increase the effectiveness of the commercial lysing/fixing reagents, it did inactivate cell-associated HIV in blood treated with ammonium chloride. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Cardiac and vascular effects of cannabinoids: toward a therapeutic use?].
Interest in cannabinoid pharmacology developed rapidly since the discovery of cannabinoids receptors and endocannabinoids. Modulation of this system is becoming a hot topic in cardiovascular pharmacology mainly at the light of recent findings. Among them, cardiac effects of cannabinoids were described with respect to their probable participation to the well-studied preconditioning phenomenon. Beneficial effects of post-infarction cannabinoids administration against ischemia-reperfusion injury were also reported. Concerning their vascular effects the situation is more complex some studies reporting pressor effects while others depressor ones. It was also proposed that the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor released by various vasodilators may be an endocannabinoid an hypothesis still discussed. Finally, pathological situations concerning the cardiovascular system and including brain ischemia, hemorrhagic and endotoxic shocks were reported to be linked with endocannabinoids. However, the clinical use of cannabinoid receptors agonists or antagonists will depend on the development of non psychoactive compounds. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Chiropody and the QALY: a case study in assigning categories of disability and distress to patients.
Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) are claimed to be a universal means of measuring output from health care interventions. However, existing QALY research has been carried out mainly in 'high-tech', life extending areas of health care. This paper presents an application of QALY measurement to a 'low-tech' life-quality enhancing area of health care, chiropody. Information on changes in quality of life following chiropody interventions was elicited from both practitioners and patients. We found the apparently low benefit, but low cost service of chiropody to be a potentially cost-effective use of NHS resources. Methodological issues are also addressed relating to the assignment of patients to health states, and whether practitioners' or patients' assessments of changes in quality of life should be used. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Normalisation of serum cholestanol concentration in a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis by combined treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid, simvastatin and LDL apheresis.
The concentrations of serum cholesterol, cholestanol and non-cholesterol sterols were measured in a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis under different therapeutic regimens. During treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (750 mg/day) plus simvastatin (20 mg/day) for two years cholesterol and cholestanol concentrations averaged 188+/-10 mg/dl and 0.54+/-0.03 mg/dl. Thereafter treatment with simvastatin was discontinued. During treatment with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-apheresis plus CDCA for 33 weeks, cholestanol concentrations reached almost normal levels (0.48+/-0.03 mg/dl immediately before and 0.32+/-0.02 mg/dl directly after LDL-apheresis, n=6). A further reduction of cholesterol and cholestanol was achieved by addition of simvastatin (20 mg/day). Cholesterol and cholestanol concentrations before and after LDL-apheresis during this treatment period averaged 122+/-4 mg/dl and 55+/-10 mg/dl, and 0.42+/-0.02 mg/dl and 0.18+/-0.06 mg/dl, respectively. Despite the consistent reduction of cholestanol to normal or even subnormal levels, a definite improvement of clinical symptoms was not noted. Our results suggest caution in the recourse to an aggressive cholestanol lowering therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Post-transplant hyperlipidemia: risk factors and response to dietary modification and gemfibrozil therapy.
A retrospective chart analysis of 200 consecutive, cyclosporine-treated, renal allograft recipients, transplanted between January 1988 and June 1992, was conducted to determine the incidence of and the etiologic variables for post-transplant hypercholesterolemia. In addition, the effectiveness of dietary intervention alone or in combination with gemfibrozil (600 mg b.i.d.), in post-transplant hypercholesterolemia was evaluated. Hypercholesterolemia (> or = 240 mg/dl on two separate determinations, while on maintenance immunosuppression) was present in 138 patients (Group A-69%). When compared to the remaining 62 patients without hypercholesterolemia (Group B-31%), there were no differences in mean age, body weight at transplantation, race, incidence of overt diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, or serial serum creatinine, albumin, and cyclosporine levels between these groups. Post-transplant hypercholesterolemia was significantly more prevalent in females, in recipients with higher baseline serum total cholesterol levels (mean +/- SEM, Group A = 229.0 +/- 5.0 vs. Group B = 192.0 +/- 6.1 mg/dl, p < 0.001), and in recipients with an elevated fasting blood glucose at 1 year post-transplant (Group A = 150.5 +/- 10.5 vs. Group B = 105.2 +/- 10.7 mg/dl, p < 0.05). In all patients with hypercholesterolemia, a hypocaloric low fat and low cholesterol (< 300 mg/day) diet was initiated at a mean of 0.59 +/- 0.06 years after transplantation with grading of dietary compliance at each follow-up visit (Grade 1, < 300 mg cholesterol; Grade 2, 300-500 mg cholesterol; Grade 3, > 500 mg cholesterol intake in 24 hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Orotracheal intubation in rats].
A detailed description of the technique of orotracheal intubation under visual control in rats is given. This method was used successfully in 190 animals, the complication rate being 3.2%. The hazards consisted of laryngospasm (1.6%) and fatal bleeding (0.5%). Intubation was proved to be a safe, reliable, simple and atraumatic way to establish a patent airway in this laboratory animal. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hypercapnic exposure in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome reveals CNS respiratory control mechanisms.
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) patients show impaired ventilatory responses and loss of breathlessness to hypercapnia, yet arouse from sleep to high CO2, suggesting intact chemoreceptor afferents. The syndrome provides a means to differentiate brain areas controlling aspects of breathing. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine brain structures responding to inspired 5% CO2-95% O2 in 14 CCHS patients and 14 controls. Global signal changes induced by the challenge were removed on a voxel-by-voxel basis. A priori-defined volume-of-interest time trends (assessed with repeated measures ANOVA) and cluster analysis based on modeling each subject to a step function (individual model parameter estimates evaluated with t-test, corrected for multiple comparisons) revealed three large response clusters to hypercapnia distinguishing the two groups, extending from the 1) posterior thalamus through the medial midbrain to the dorsolateral pons, 2) right caudate nucleus, ventrolaterally through the putamen and ventral insula to the mid-hippocampus, and 3) deep cerebellar nuclei to the dorsolateral cerebellar cortex bilaterally. Smaller clusters and defined areas of group signal differences in the midline dorsal medulla, amygdala bilaterally, right dorsal-posterior temporal cortex, and left anterior insula also emerged. In most sites, early transient or sustained responses developed in controls, with little, or inverse change in CCHS subjects. Limbic and medullary structures regulating responses to hypercapnia differed from those previously shown to mediate loaded breathing ventilatory response processing. The findings show the significant roles of cerebellar and basal ganglia sites in responding to hypercapnia and the thalamic and midbrain participation in breathing control. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Arachnomelia syndrome: a skeletal system malformation inherited disorder].
Arachnomelia syndrome (AS) is a lethal congenital malformation of skeleton in cattle, which proved to be an autosomal recessive inherited defect. This disease was mainly observed in European Brown Swiss and German Fleckvieh populations. This review focused on the discovery history, pathologic characteristics, mode of inheritance, and progresses on molecular mechanism of AS in both European Brown Swiss and German Fleckvieh populations. Moreover, through analyzing candidate genes in the mapping region related to bone development and using the methods of comparative genomics, this paper provides a starting point of identifying the causal gene(s) of AS and establishing detection method of the mutations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of exercise on aging--effect of aging on exercise.
The coincidence of age changes with alterations in body structure and function is striking. Increasing evidence indicates that many of the changes commonly attributable to aging can be retarded by an active exercise program. Physical exercise, properly supervised, is a safe and widely applicable form of therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparative outcomes of total hip and knee arthroplasty: a prospective cohort study.
The comparative outcome of primary hip and knee arthroplasty is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the outcome and satisfaction of these procedures and determine predictive models for 1 year patient outcome with a view to informing surgical management and patient expectations. Prospective cohort study of all primary hip and knee arthroplasty procedures performed at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh between January 2006 and November 2008. General health (SF-12) and joint specific function (Oxford Score) was assessed pre-operatively and at 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Patient satisfaction was assessed at 12 months. 1410 total hip arthroplasty (THA) and 1244 total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures were assessed. Oxford Score improved by 4.9 points more in THA patients than in TKA patients. SF-12 physical scores were on average 2.7 points greater in the THA patients at one year. Satisfaction was also greater (91%) following THA compared with TKA (81%). Regression modelling was not able to predict individual patient outcome; however, mean pre-operative Oxford Scores were found to be strong predictors of mean post-operative Oxford Scores for each procedure. Age, gender and pre-operative general health scores did not influence these models. Both THA and TKA confer substantial improvement in patient outcome; however, greater joint specific, general health and satisfaction scores are reported following THA. This difference is physical in nature. Regression models are presented that can be applied to predict mean hip/knee arthroplasty outcome based on preoperative values. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Nuclear Medicine Technologists' Perception and Current Assessment of Quality: A Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Technologist Section Survey.
In 2015, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Technologist Section (SNMMI-TS) launched a multiyear quality initiative to help prepare the technologist workforce for an evidence-based health-care delivery system that focuses on quality. To best implement the quality strategy, the SNMMI-TS first surveyed technologists to ascertain their perception of quality and current measurement of quality indicators. Methods: An internet survey was sent to 27,989 e-mail contacts. Questions related to demographic data, perceptions of quality, quality measurement, and opinions on the minimum level of education are discussed in this article. Results: A total of 4,007 (14.3%) responses were received. When asked to list 3 words or phrases that represent quality, there were a plethora of different responses. The top 3 responses were image quality, quality control, and technologist education or competency. Surveying patient satisfaction was the most common quality measure (80.9%), followed by evaluation of image quality (78.2%). Evaluation of image quality (90.3%) and equipment functionality (89.4%) were considered the most effective measures. Technologists' differentiation between quality, quality improvement, quality control, quality assurance, and quality assessment seemed ambiguous. Respondents were confident in their ability to assess and improve quality at their workplace (91.9%) and agreed their colleagues were committed to delivering quality work. Of note, 70.7% of respondents believed that quality is directly related to the technologist's level of education. Correspondingly, respondents felt there should be a minimum level of education (99.5%) and that certification or registry should be required (74.4%). Most respondents (59.6%) felt that a Bachelor's degree should be the minimum level of education, followed by an Associate's degree (40.4%). Conclusion: To best help nuclear medicine technologists provide quality care, the SNMMI-TS queried technologists to discern perceptions of quality in nuclear medicine. The results show that technologists believe image quality and quality control are the most important determinants. Most respondents felt that quality is directly related to the level of education of the technologist acquiring the scan. However, the responses obtained also demonstrated variation in perception of what represents quality. The SNMMI-TS can use the results of the study as a benchmark of current technologists' knowledge and performance of quality measures and target educational programs to improve the quality of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Extended right hepatectomy in a liver with a non-bifurcating portal vein: the hanging maneuver protects the portal system in the presence of anomalies.
Variations in portal vein anatomy occur in 20-35 % of individuals. A non-bifurcating portal vein (PV) was suspected on preoperative imaging in a patient with a large right lobe hepatocellular carcinoma. The single PV curved within the liver parenchyma from right to left supplying second-order branches along its course. Utilizing the hanging maneuver, an extended right hemihepatectomy was safely performed. This approach allowed for preservation of the main PV and its left-sided branches while easily identifying the second-order right branches for ligation. Knowledge of portal vein variations and identification preoperatively by cross-sectional imaging are critical. The hanging maneuver aids in the preservation of the main portal vein and its left-sided branches during right hemihepatectomy in the presence of portal vein anomalies, and this technique can be used to improve safety in hepatobiliary surgery. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The role of the left inferior parietal lobule in second language learning: An intensive language training fMRI study.
Research to date suggests that second language acquisition results in functional and structural changes in the bilingual brain, however, in what way and how quickly these changes occur remains unclear. To address these questions, we studied fourteen English-speaking monolingual adults enrolled in a 12-week intensive French language-training program in Montreal. Using functional MRI, we investigated the neural changes associated with new language acquisition. The participants were scanned before the start of the immersion program and at the end of the 12 weeks. The fMRI scan aimed to investigate the brain regions recruited in a sentence reading task both in English, their first language (L1), and in French, their second language (L2). For the L1, fMRI patterns did not change from Time 1 to Time 2, while for the L2, the brain response changed between Time 1 and Time 2 in language-related areas. Of note, for the L2, there was higher activation at Time 2 compared to Time 1 in the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) including the supramarginal gyrus. At Time 2 this higher activation in the IPL correlated with faster L2 reading speed. Moreover, higher activation in the left IPL at Time 1 predicted improvement in L2 reading speed from Time 1 to Time 2. Our results suggest that learning-induced plasticity occurred as early as 12 weeks into immersive second-language training, and that the IPL appears to play a special role in language learning. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Adding a Parent to the Brain Tumor Team: Evaluating a Peer Support Intervention for Parents of Children With Brain Tumors.
Childhood brain tumors often present profound challenges to patients and families. To address these challenges, the California Chapter of the Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation provides hospital-based support services to parents of children with brain tumors from a Veteran Parent (VP). This mixed-methods, cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention using validated tools to compare parental resilience and impact of illness on the family between parents who met with the VP and those who did not. Two-tailed t tests assessed significant differences in scores on the PedsQL Family Impact module and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25). Additional qualitative data gleaned from focus groups with stakeholders (health care providers and parents) were analyzed using key constructs of social support theory with Atlas.ti. Although there were no significant differences in overall scores on the PedsQL Family Impact module or CD-RISC-25 between groups, parents in the intervention group scored better on items related to handling difficult decisions and painful feelings. Overarching themes emerged from focus groups around participants' experiences with the program and included informational and emotional support, peer parent relatedness, changed outlook, and empowerment. Results reveal the impact of peer parent support and need for emotional and instrumental support. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Influence of carbon nanotubes on the bioavailability of fluoranthene.
Concurrent with the increase in the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in society is the rise of their introduction into the environment. Carbon nanotubes cause adverse effects themselves, and they have the potential to adsorb contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although CNTs have a high adsorption capacity for PAHs and these contaminants can co-occur in the environment, few studies have characterized the bioavailability of CNT-adsorbed PAHs to fish. The goal of the present study was to characterize the bioavailability of fluoranthene adsorbed to suspended multiwalled-carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in freshwater containing natural organic matter (NOM). Adsorption isotherms indicated that NOM influenced the adsorption of fluoranthene to MWNTs, although in the absence of MWNTs it did not influence the bioavailability of fluoranthene to Pimephales promelas. Pimephales promelas were exposed for 16 h in synthetic moderately hard water containing fluoranthene in the presence of different concentrations of NOM, and fluoranthene adsorbed to MWNTs in the presence of NOM. Bioavailable fluoranthene was quantified in each exposure through bile analysis using fluorescence spectrophotometry. By comparing the concentration of fluoranthene metabolites in the bile with the concentration of fluoranthene added to MWNT and NOM solutions, the relative bioavailability of fluoranthene adsorbed to MWNTs was quantified. Results indicate that approximately 60% to 90% of the fluoranthene was adsorbed to the MWNTs and that adsorbed fluoranthene was not bioavailable to P. promelas. The results also suggest that fluoranthene is not desorbed from ingested MWNT, and the bioavailable fraction is only the freely dissolved fluoranthene in the aqueous phase. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Review article: the mode of action of the aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease.
Sulphasalazine and other 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA)-containing drugs are used in the treatment of acute inflammatory bowel disease and in the maintenance of clinical remission. Despite their use for over 50 years, the mechanism of action of this class of drugs remains uncertain, although a number of possibilities are discussed in this review. It seems likely that the aminosalicylates are important free radical scavengers, can reduce leukotriene production and can inhibit the cellular release of interleukin-1, all of which are likely to be important in reducing the acute inflammatory response in inflammatory bowel disease. The effects of these drugs on prostaglandin production are more contentious, but it appears that 10(-5) to 10(-4) M concentrations stimulate production of prostaglandins which may be cytoprotective, while higher doses of these drugs inhibit prostaglandin production. The aminosalicylates may maintain remission in inflammatory bowel disease by preventing leucocyte recruitment into the bowel wall. The drugs inhibit the chemotactic response to leukotriene B4, reduce the synthesis of platelet activating factor and also inhibit leucocyte adhesion molecule upregulation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Glial cells in the guinea pig myenteric plexus are dye coupled.
Glial cells in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig small intestine were stained intracellularly with Lucifer yellow and horseradish peroxidase. The cells were identified by both their electrophysiological characteristics and by their morphology. Injection of Lucifer yellow, which is known to cross gap junctions, resulted in the staining of many (up to about 100) glial cells. The staining pattern was comparable to the immunostaining of glia with an antiserum for S-100 protein. In contrast to Lucifer yellow, horseradish peroxidase (which does not cross these junctions), was confined to the injected cell. It is concluded that enteric glia are coupled, presumably by gap junctions. This finding indicates that in addition to structural and biochemical similarities, enteric glia may share certain physiological characteristics with central nervous system astrocytes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Transsexualism and osteoporosis.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether and to what extent our regime of cross-gender hormone replacement therapy might influence osteoporosis development in transsexual patients. We found that after long-term therapy the bone densities of our cross-gender hormone-treated transsexual groups (10 male-to-female and 10 female-to-male) did not show significant differences compared to those of the corresponding biological sex. Moreover, the bone-density during therapy pointed out very little variability and that independent of the gender-alteration (transsexuality-direction) and the age of the transsexuals. Our results indicate that for transsexual patients treated with cross-gender hormone replacement therapy the risk of developing osteoporosis is low. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Is there an Association between Prevention Campaign Knowledge and Sun Protection Behaviour of Parents for their Children? Results of a Parent Survey].
The aims of this study are to assess prevalence of awareness of sun protection campaigns among parents in Bavaria, Germany, to analyse the impact of sociodemographic factors on campaign knowledge and the association between parental campaign knowledge and sun protection behaviour in their children. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in 2010-2011 in Bavaria, Germany, with parents of 4,579 children aged 5-6 years (response rate 61%). Prevalence of knowledge of sun protection campaigns is 13% among parents in Germany and independent of sociodemographic factors. Ignorance of sun protection campaigns is associated with inadequate sun protection behaviour in children independent of sociodemographic and exposure characteristics. Awareness of sun protection campaigns is low among parents. Knowledge of adequate sun protection behaviour should be further increased at the population level in Germany independently of sociodemographic status. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Indirect talk of signalling systems in endotoxicosis: cross-talk alternatives.
This work evaluated indirect talk, a system of communication between two secondary messengers which uses a third modulating messenger/compound for communication. It expands on our previous report (6) of mean levels and univariate linear/non-linear relationships. It presents results using multivariate testing with vectorial modeling. The signal transduction systems (sts) studied through 125I-radioimmunoassay involved: adenosine 3':5' -cyclic monophosphate (cAMP); and the guanylate cyclase sts via guanine 3':5' -cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Through multivariate testing, the dependency of a specified parameter was determined relative to two or more independent parameters. The contributing aspects of each of the independent variables were assigned to either 2- or 3-dimensional axes. Through the vector analyses the topic of indirect talk was well aspected. Multivariate equations showed that communication between two systems occurred. Vectorial analysis showed that the direct/indirect mechanism of that communication (namely, indirect talk) occurred. Such analysis leads to a greater understanding of endotoxemia that adversely affects skeletal muscle. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Brucellosis in renal transplant recipients: a comparative review of 5 cases.
Although brucellosis in renal transplant recipients is rare, we studied the clinical characteristics of this infection in this patient population due to the significantly increased number of renal transplantations performed over the past few decades. We report one case from our experience and undertake a review of the previously reported cases retrieved from the PubMed. A total of 5 cases of brucellosis in renal transplant recipients were found to date. The mean time from transplantation to diagnosis of brucellosis was 4.7 years (range, 4 months to 13 years). Blood culture and detection of anti-Brucella antibodies were frequently used diagnostic investigations. Treatment with appropriate antibiotic regimen led to a clinical cure and marked improvement in Brucella titre in all the patients. This review illustrates that clinicians should remain vigilant for this infectious aetiology following renal transplantation. Further studies are required to delineate the magnitude and scope of this association. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Preferential binding of IFI16 protein to cruciform structure and superhelical DNA.
Interferon (IFN)-inducible HIN-200 proteins play an important role in transcriptional regulation linked to cell cycle control, inflammation, autoimmunity and differentiation. IFI16 has been identified as a target of IFNα and γ and is a member of the HIN-200 protein family. Expression level of IFI16 is often decreased in breast cancers, implicating its role as a tumor suppressor. As a potent transcription factor, IFI16 possesses a transcriptional regulatory region, a PYD/DAPIN/PAAD region which associates with IFN response, DNA-binding domains and binding regions for tumor suppressor proteins BRCA1 and p53. It is also reported that IFI16 protein is capable of binding p53 and cMYC gene promoters. Here, we demonstrate that IFI16 protein binds strongly to negatively superhelical plasmid DNA at a native superhelix density, as evidenced by electrophoretic retardation of supercoiled (sc) DNA in agarose gels. Binding of IFI16 to supercoiled DNA results in the appearance of one or more retarded DNA bands on the gels. After removal of IFI16, the original mobility of the scDNA is recovered. By contrast, IFI16 protein binds very weakly to the same DNA in linear state. Using short oligonucleotide targets, we also detect a strong preference for IFI16 binding to cruciform DNA structure compared to linear DNA topology. Hence, this novel DNA-binding property of IFI16 protein to scDNA and cruciform structures may play critical roles in its tumor suppressor function. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Proceedings: Indications and limitations of breathing gymnastics].
Chronic obstructive lung disease represents the most important field of application for respiratory physiotherapy. The technic comprises two successive stages: inhalation of a bronchospasmolytic and secretolytic aerosol (e.g. Alupent or Ventolin, diluted in tacholiquine or Bisolvon) followed by breathing exercises. These exercises are divided into three parts: respiratory movements such as diaphragmatic or abdominal breathing, drainage of bronchial secretions, and exercises to relax the muscles of the shoulders, the thorax and the skin, all these movements being executed in the rhythm of breathing. The effect of respiratory physiotherapy depends on the cooperation of the patient, the technic and the degree of severity of bronchiolar stenosis. The method is only successful in patients with slight to moderate bronchospasm; in those who suffer from dyspnea at rest it is usually ineffective. The prerequisite for success is longterm treatment. This means that the patient must continue to practice the acquired technique at home at least once a day. A description of the other indications for breathing exercises, such as bronchiectasis, chronic pneumonia, lung abscess, atelectasis, pleural fibrosis etc., is followed by a summary of the contraindications for the method. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Practical experience with flexible fibrescope cystoscopy in out-patients.
Four hundred and seventy-four patients were examined by flexible cystoscopy under topical urethral anaesthesia in the out-patient clinic in the first year after the technique was introduced as the routine method for diagnostic cystoscopy. The technique has proved safe, efficient and highly cost-effective. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hydrostatic pulmonary edema: high-resolution CT findings.
Hydrostatic pulmonary edema can be defined as an abnormal increase in extravascular water secondary to elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation, as in congestive heart failure or intravascular volume overload. The diagnosis of hydrostatic pulmonary edema is usually based on clinical information, conventional chest radiograph findings, and response to treatment and does not require high-resolution CT. However, recognizing the appearance of hydrostatic pulmonary edema on high-resolution CT can be important, as the edema can mimic other diseases or can occur as an unsuspected finding in patients having high-resolution CT for other indications, and a misdiagnosis may lead to unnecessary lung biopsy. Although the CT appearances of pulmonary edema have been described in several studies [1-3], to date, the high-resolution CT appearances of hydrostatic pulmonary edema have been described only in isolated cases [4-6] or in experimental studies of phantom or animal models [7, 8]. This essay illustrates the spectrum of high-resolution CT findings seen in adult patients with hydrostatic pulmonary edema secondary to cardiac disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Improved osseointegration with as-built electron beam melted textured implants and improved peri‑implant bone volume with whole body vibration.
Transcutaneous osseointegrated prostheses provide stable connections to the skeleton while eliminating skin lesions experienced with socket prosthetics. Additive manufacturing can create custom textured implants capable of interfacing with amputees' residual bones. Our objective was to compare osseointegration of textured surface implants made by electron beam melting (EBM), an additive manufacturing process, to machine threaded implants. Whole body vibration was investigated to accelerate osseointegration. Two cohorts of Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral, titanium implants (EBM vs. threaded) in their tibiae. One cohort comprising five groups vibrated at 45 Hz: 0.0 (control), 0.15, 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 g was followed for six weeks. Osseointegration was evaluated through torsional testing and bone volume fraction (BV/TV). A second cohort, divided into two groups (control and 0.6 g), was followed for 24 days and evaluated for resonant frequency, bone-implant contact (BIC) and fluorochrome labeling. The EBM textured implants exhibited significantly improved mechanical stability independent of vibration, highlighting the benefits of using EBM to produce custom textured surfaces. Bone formation on and around the EBM textured implants increased compared to machined implants, as seen by BIC and fluorescence. No difference in torque, BIC or fluorescence among vibration levels was detected. BV/TV significantly increased at 0.6 g compared to control for both implant types. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A population genetic study of phosphoglycolate phosphatase.
The distribution of phenotypes and the gene frequencies for the enzyme phosphoglycolate phosphatase for more than 3700 individuals from 31 different populations throughout the world are presented. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Alagille syndrome: case report with bilateral radio-ulnar synostosis and a literature review.
We report a case of Alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia) with the unusual radiological abnormality of synostosis of the proximal portions of the radius and ulna bilaterally, a manifestation which, to our knowledge, has not previously been described in a specific patient in the English language literature. We also describe additional features of the syndrome in the same patient and review the published literature on radiological manifestations of this condition. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Thirty-six month follow-up of 25 patients treated with combination anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite matrix (ABM)/cell-binding peptide (P-15) bone replacement grafts in human infrabony defects. I. Clinical findings.
Long-term evaluation of periodontal therapy is important for clinical decision making. A synthetic cell-binding peptide (P-15) combined with anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite bone matrix (ABM) was evaluated as a bone replacement graft in human periodontal osseous defects. Following initial preparation and reevaluation, flap surgery was performed. A variety of 1-, 2-, 3-wall bony defects were curetted and root surfaces subjected to mechanical debridement only. The bone defects were grafted with ABM/P-15, and the host flaps replaced or slightly coronally positioned. Weekly, then monthly deplaquing was performed until surgical reentry at 6 to 7 months. Patients were then followed on approximate 3-month recalls for 3 years. Twenty-five of the original 31 patients qualified for long-term evaluation in that their ABM/P-15 treated sites did not receive any additional therapy at the time of reentry. Significant clinical changes for the overall group of bony defects included improvement in mean clinical attachment level from 5.4 mm at surgery to 4.5 mm at the 6-month reentry to 3.8 mm at 3 years. There was also a decrease in mean probing depth from 5.3 mm at surgery to 3.1 mm at the 6-month reentry to 2.9 mm at 3 years. The mean gingival recession changed from +0.1 mm at surgery to 1.4 mm at the 6-month reentry to 0.9 mm at 3 years. All of these differences were at least P <0.05 from surgery to the 6-month reentry, and surgery to 3 years, but were not significant from reentry to 3 years via repeated measures analysis of variance. These favorable 3-year results with ABM/P-15 suggest that it may have a beneficial effect in the long-term clinical management of infrabony defects. Further long-term randomized controlled studies are needed to better assess the role of ABM/P-15 in long-term healing of periodontal osseous defects. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparison of performance, clinical chemistry, and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs treated with recombinant ovine or bovine somatotropins.
The variation in growth and carcass composition responses of lambs to somatotropin (ST) treatment may depend on the source of ST used as well as on other experimental conditions. In the present experiment, growth, carcass composition, and clinical chemistry responses to recombinantly produced ovine ST (oST) and two bovine ST (N-methionyl-bST[M-bST] and N-alanyl-bST[A-bST] were compared. Lambs weighing 42 kg were assigned to treatment groups of control (no injection) or 4 mg/d of M-bST, A-bST, or oST administered by s.c. injection for 6 wk. Growth rate was increased by an average of 30% and feed efficiency was improved by an average of 22% by ST treatment compared with control, and responses did not differ among ST. The IGF-I, insulin, and glucose concentrations were increased by 107, 700, and 53% compared with control, respectively, and did not differ among ST treatment groups. Urea nitrogen responses to A-bST and oST were transiently greater than those to M-bST. Although quality grade was not affected by treatment, an average .8-kg increase in weight of retail cuts was calculated from yield grade. Carcasses of ST-treated lambs were calculated to have 1.3 kg more muscle and 1.9 kg less fat. Although fat and muscle were affected more by oST than by M-bST on a percentage basis, they did not differ among treatment groups on a total weight basis. Thus, both bST variants and oST improved growth performance and carcass leanness. Decreased responses of some carcass variables to M-bST treatment may have been related to the presence of antibodies that were indicated by an increased number of positive responders in a relative bST binding assay. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Performance evaluation of GIMMS NDVI based on MODIS NDVI and SPOT NDVI data].
The study evaluated GIMMS NDVI based on MODIS NDVI and SPOT NDVI over the same period from 2000 to 2015. We assessed their absolute values, dynamics, trends and cross-relationships between any two of the NDVIs for the national scale, as well as four separate land use types, i.e., paddy field, dry land, forest, and grassland. GIMMS NDVI was numerically greater than MODIS NDVI and SPOT NDVI. The three NDVIs exhibited equal capability of capturing monthly phenological variations. During the study period, the three NDVIs showed increasing trends in most regions, with GIMMS NDVI showing the smallest increment. Pronounced differences were identified in trends between GIMMS NDVI and MODIS NDVI or SPOT NDVI in the northwest, northeast, south-central China, Tibetan Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, implying that GIMMS NDVI trends in these regions should be interpreted with caution. High correlations existed between the three datasets. MODIS NDVI and SPOT NDVI showed stronger correlations at national scale. The GIMMS NDVI and MODIS NDVI were in highest accordance for dry land, while MODIS NDVI and SPOT NDVI were in higher accordance for the paddy field, forest, and grassland than dry lands. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Structure and assembly of filamentous bacteriophages.
Filamentous bacteriophages are interesting paradigms in structural molecular biology, in part because of the unusual mechanism of filamentous phage assembly. During assembly, several thousand copies of an intracellular DNA-binding protein bind to each copy of the replicating phage DNA, and are then displaced by membrane-spanning phage coat proteins as the nascent phage is extruded through the bacterial plasma membrane. This complicated process takes place without killing the host bacterium. The bacteriophage is a semi-flexible worm-like nucleoprotein filament. The virion comprises a tube of several thousand identical major coat protein subunits around a core of single-stranded circular DNA. Each protein subunit is a polymer of about 50 amino-acid residues, largely arranged in an α-helix. The subunits assemble into a helical sheath, with each subunit oriented at a small angle to the virion axis and interdigitated with neighbouring subunits. A few copies of "minor" phage proteins necessary for infection and/or extrusion of the virion are located at each end of the completed virion. Here we review both the structure of the virion and aspects of its function, such as the way the virion enters the host, multiplies, and exits to prey on further hosts. In particular we focus on our understanding of the way the components of the virion come together during assembly at the membrane. We try to follow a basic rule of empirical science, that one should chose the simplest theoretical explanation for experiments, but be prepared to modify or even abandon this explanation as new experiments add more detail. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Factors affecting kidney function and stone recurrence rate after percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi: outcomes of a long-term followup.
There are few studies of the long-term outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi. We report the long-term outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with staghorn calculi. A total of 265 study patients (272 renal units) were followed in the long term for greater than 12 months. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the 4-variable modification of diet in renal disease equation. Cases were staged for chronic kidney disease by National Kidney Foundation guidelines. The impact of patient and procedure related factors on renal function as well as stone recurrence was analyzed retrospectively. At a mean ± SD followup of 37.3 ± 25.4 months the chronic kidney disease stage classification was maintained in 177 patients (66.8%) while the classification of 34 (12.8%) and 54 (20.4%) had improved and deteriorated, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that an immediate postoperative change in the estimated glomerular filtration rate was the only factor predicting a change in renal function in the long term. Stones recurred in 73 of the 234 kidneys (31.2%) that were stone free 3 months after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Stone size increased in 24 of the 38 kidneys (63.2%) with residual stones after intervention. Recurrent urinary infections during followup and diabetes were associated with stone recurrence and residual stone enlargement. In almost 80% of patients with staghorn stones renal function was improved or maintained after percutaneous nephrolithotomy, as documented during long-term followup. Stones recurred in a third of the patients with staghorn calculi. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Spontaneous chronic epidural pneumocephalus resulting from hyperpneumatization of the cranium causing mass effect: case report.
We report a rare case of spontaneous epidural pneumocephalus resulting from an unusual boney defect caused by hyperpneumatization of the cranium. The pneumocephalus was also unusual for its chronicity and significant mass effect. A 49-year-old man presented with a 3-year history of diffuse headaches and sensation of air movement in his sinuses on the right side. An evaluation for suspected sinusitis using computed tomography determined extensive pneumatization of most of the cranium, a large accumulation of epidural air, and a critical degree of brain shift. A right frontoparietal-temporal craniotomy with an osteoplastic bone flap was performed. The floor of the middle cranial fossa and the inner table of the bone flap were extensively debrided of air cells. A large pericranial flap was turned down over the floor of the middle cranial fossa and was held in place by a fat graft. After closing the craniotomy, a tympanostomy tube was placed into the right tympanic membrane. The incidence of hyperpneumatization of the cranium seems to be very low. Hyperpneumatization when present, however, can cause spontaneous intracranial pneumocephalus. Based on the literature and the success of this case, the optimal management is surgical obliteration of the involved air cells. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Change point in VCO2 during incremental exercise test: a new method for assessment of human exercise tolerance.
The main purpose of this study was to present a new method to determine the level of power output (PO) at which VCO2 during incremental exercise test (IT) begins to rise non-linearly in relation to power output (PO) - the change point in VCO2 (CP-VCO2). Twenty-two healthy non-smoking men (mean +/- SD: age 22.0 +/- 0.9 years; body mass 74.5 +/- 7.5 kg; height 181 +/- 7 cm; VO2max 3.753 +/- 0.335 l min-1) performed an IT on a cycloergometer. The IT started at a PO of 30 W, followed by gradual increases of 30 W every 3 min. Antecubital venous blood samples were taken at the end of each step and analysed for plasma lactate concentration [La]pl, blood PO2, PCO2 [HCO3-]b and [H+]b. In the detection of the change-point VCO2 (CP-VCO2), a two-phase model was assumed for the 'third-minute-data' of each step of the test. In the first phase, a linear relationship between VCO2 and PO was assumed, whereas in the second, an additional increase in VCO2 was allowed, above the values expected from the linear model. The PO at which the first phase ends is called the change point in VCO2. The identification of the model consists of two steps: testing for the existence of the change point, and estimating its location. Both procedures are based on suitably normalized recursive residuals (see Zoladz et al. 1998a. Eur J Appl Physiol 78, 369-377). In the case of each of our subjects it was possible to detect the CP-VCO2 and the CP-VO2 as described in our model. The PO at the CP-VCO2 amounted to 134 +/- 42 W. The CP- VO2 was detected at 136 +/- 32 W, whereas the PO at the LT amounted to 128 +/- 30 W and corresponded to 49 +/- 11, 49 +/- 8 and 47 +/- 8.6% VO2max, respectively, for the CP-VCO2, CP-VO2 and the LT. The [La]pl at the CP-VCO2 (2.65 +/- 0.76 mmol L-1), at the CP-VO2 (2.53 +/- 0. 56 mmol L-1) and at the LT (2.25 +/- 0.49 mmol L-1) were already significantly higher (P < 0.01, Students t-test) than the value reached at rest (1.86 +/- 0.43 mmol L-1). Our study illustrates that the CP-VCO2 and the CP-VO2 occur at a very similar power output as the LT. We therefore postulate that the CP-VCO2 and the CP-VO2 be applied as an additional criterion to assess human exercise tolerance. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Does prey matter? Geographic variation in antipredator responses of hatchlings of a Japanese natricine snake (Rhabdophis tigrinus).
Rhabdophis tigrinus, which typically forages on toads, has unusual nuchal glands on its dorsal neck region containing secretions chemically comparable to cardiac steroids found in toads. R. tigrinus also has several peculiar antipredator displays involving the neck region. If the nuchal gland secretions of R. tigrinus are derived from toads obtained as prey, populations of R. tigrinus that have not eaten toads over an evolutionary time scale would be expected to lose antipredator displays related to the nuchal glands. We found that laboratory-hatched R. tigrinus from a small toad-free island exhibited displays related to nuchal glands less frequently and flight responses more frequently than hatchling snakes from areas sympatric with toads. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of the dietary origin of the nuchal gland secretions and also support the genetic origin of the behavioral differences between the populations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Patterns of cartilage structural protein loss in human tracheal stenosis.
The study sought to identify which of the major structural proteins in tracheal cartilage are lost in the inflammatory process, and to determine whether damaged cartilage shows signs of regeneration and whether this is an age-dependent phenomenon. Immunohistochemical analysis. Archival human tracheal and subglottic stenosis segments removed for the treatment of airway compromise were investigated by means of immunohistochemical analysis for differential loss of collagen type I or type II or aggrecan. Specimens were found to have preferentially lost collagen I and aggrecan in areas of severe disruption of the cartilage ring. Collagen II was preserved. In addition, areas of apparent cartilage regeneration were identified based on increased collagen II and aggrecan relative to baseline levels in uninjured sections of the rings. Regenerative capacity was present in most of the specimens investigated and was not age specific. Collagen I and aggrecan are lost in areas of severe ring compromise, indicating that at least one of these two molecules is responsible for structural integrity. The remaining cartilage has some regenerative capacity, but it is small relative to the degree of cartilage damage. No new collagen I was identified in the cartilage ring, indicating that, although an intense inflammatory reaction occurred, fibroblasts did not deposit new collagen I as seen in other scar tissues. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The sperm chromatin structure assay as a diagnostic tool in the human fertility clinic.
Sperm DNA integrity has been shown to be necessary for achieving and sustaining embryo development. The objective was to evaluate the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) as a diagnostic tool in clinical practice for intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatments. A total of 385 semen samples from 234 couples were frozen for SCSA, and smears were prepared for morphology: 48 IUI, 139 IVF and 47 ICSI. The main SCSA variables were DNA fragmentation index (DFI), standard deviation of DFI (SD-DFI) and high DNA stainability (HDS), and the reproductive outcomes were biochemical pregnancy (BP), clinical pregnancy (CP) and implantation ratio (IR). The results showed no significant difference in the fertility variables BP, CP and IR when <27% DFI was used between the IVF and ICSI groups. A low number of patients received IUI with low success rate, and statistical analysis was therefore not performed. Ongoing pregnancy was achieved for both IVF and ICSI couples with DFI levels >27%, and six couples in ICSI treatment achieved CP full-term. DFI >27% had a high prognostic power for predicting no CP for IVF patients, with a specificity of 97%. Couples diagnosed with male infertility had a significantly higher level of DFI compared to couples with idiopathic fertility. Sperm head morphology showed low but significant correlations with the SCSA variables. SCSA is a useful tool in andrological diagnosis and contributes with a prognosis for the fertility outcome of conventional IVF. Although full-term pregnancy can be achieved with assisted reproductive techniques with a DFI >27%, the probability of a successful pregnancy may be reduced. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Development of reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of infectious bursal disease virus.
To establish a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method for rapid detection of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), four primers specific to six regions of the VP3 gene were designed; the VP3 region was selected because it is a conserved part of the IBDV genome. After amplification in an isothermal water bath for 70 min, samples containing IBDV generated the expected ladder-like products while other viruses generated no product. The sensitivity and specificity of the RT-LAMP assay were evaluated by comparison with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation. The assay was significantly more sensitive than normal gel-based RT-PCR. Because it is specific and simple, the RT-LAMP assay can be widely applied in clinical laboratories for rapid detection of IBVD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Elective neck dissection for carcinomas of the oral cavity: occult metastases, neck recurrences, and adjuvant treatment of pathologically positive necks.
Supraomohyoid neck dissection (SOHND) is currently performed in patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity with clinically negative neck. Most investigators consider SOHND as a staging procedure. Records of 100 patients with cancer of the oral cavity and clinically negative neck undergoing SOHND were reviewed. The rate and significance of occult metastases are evaluated, the neck recurrences are analyzed and the indication of adjuvant radiation of pN+ necks is discussed. In 34 of 1814 of analyzed lymph nodes, metastatic disease was detected as follows: 30 macrometastases and 4 micrometastases. In 13 of 34 metastases (38%), extracapsular spread was observed. Twenty of 100 patients (20%) had to be upstaged. In 9 of 87 (10%) patients without local recurrence and with a minimal follow-up of 24 months, 5 ipsilateral (4 within the dissection field) and 5 contralateral neck recurrences were observed. Regional recurrence developed in 4% and 35% of patients with pN0 and pN+ necks, respectively. In 20% of patients with oral cavity tumors and pN0 neck, occult metastases were disclosed. Neck recurrences developed significantly more often in patients with pN+ than in those with pN0 necks. To evaluate the exact indication for an adjuvant treatment of patients with cN0/pN+ necks, prospective studies should be performed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[(P)FAPA syndrome: value of cimetidine].
The (P)FAPA syndrome (periodic fever, adenitidis, pharyngitis, aphthous stomatitis) was described in 1987. The etiology of this periodic syndrome remains unknown. We report three new cases. Three girls, aged from 23 months to eight years, developed (P)FAPA. The other causes of periodic fevers were eliminated and the various treatments (antibiotics, antipyretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents) proved ineffective. The repetition of the periodic bouts resulted in depressive disorders, absenteeism from school and a drop in weight in the youngest patient. Two of them suffered a sinusal involvement (chronic sinusitis, polyp) and had an increase in the level of immunoglobulin A. In all three cases, cimetidine at a dose of 20 mg/kg/d was well tolerated and resulted in a disappearance of the periodic fevers. Cimetidine, as an immunomodulating agent, appears to be beneficial in the in-depth treatment of (P)FAPA syndrome. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation of sutures after immersion in nonalcoholic benzydamine hydrochloride mouthrinse by scanning electron microscopy.
This study evaluated the surface integrity of sutures after immersion in mouthrinse or water, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Pieces of resorbable suture remaining after oral surgery were immediately collected. Twelve pieces each of catgut, chromed catgut, and polyglactin 910 were divided into four groups and immersed in pure mouthrinse, mouthrinse diluted in water at 1:1 and 1:2, or water (positive control), for 24 h. Three pieces each of new sutures were used as negative control. Specimens were placed on stubs and sputter coated with gold for SEM analysis. Observation of experimental groups and comparison with controls revealed that immersion in the mouthrinse at different dilutions did not alter their surface; slight, nonsignificant changes were found in some experimental specimens yet also in the positive control group. It was concluded that immersion of resorbable sutures in water or non-alcoholic benzydamine hydrochloride mouthrinse did not produce any significant change; therefore, this mouthrinse may be safely employed after oral surgery. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Kiitricha minuta n. sp., a peculiar hypotrichous ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from the Yellow Sea.
The morphology and infraciliature of a new ciliate, Kiitricha minuta n. sp., isolated from the Yellow Sea, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. Kiitricha minuta represents a third member of the rarely known order Kiitrichida. It is unique in the subclass Hypotrichia in having many rows of small uniform cirri along the right side of the body and the dorsal kineties composed of dikinetids, most of which bear two cilia. Kiitricha minuta n. sp. is ovoid and measures about 60 x 45 microm in vivo. It has a huge buccal cavity occupying about 80% of the body length, numerous body extrusomes, one macronucleus and two micronuclei, 27-27 adoral membranelles, 9-12 frontoventral cirral rows, a submarginal row of 7-9 cirri, 6 or 7 transverse cirri, and roughly 7-9 dorsal kineties. This new species differs distinctly from its only congener Kiitricha marina by its smaller size (60 microm vs. 80-150 microm), the presence of body extrusomes (vs. absent), the different macronuclear pattern (one vs. two nodules), and the lower number of frontoventral cirral rows (9-12 vs. 21-26), which terminate at the anterior two-thirds of body (vs. extend to the posterior). The new term "submarginal cirral row" is introduced to distinguish from the marginal cirral row in typical hypotrichs sensu lato. Based on our new observations and the literature, an improved diagnosis for the genus Kiitricha is provided and its phylogenetic importance is discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The mental health and mortality impact of death of a partner with dementia.
Caring for a partner with dementia and partner bereavement are independently associated with poor health. An understanding of the health effects of living with a partner dying with dementia can help optimise support. We describe health in the year before and after loss of a partner with dementia compared with other bereavements. In a UK primary care database, 2624 older individuals whose partner died with dementia during 2005-2012 were matched with 7512 individuals experiencing bereavement where the deceased partner had no dementia recorded. Prior to bereavement, partners of the deceased with dementia were more likely to be diagnosed with depression (OR 2.31, 1.69-3.14) and receive psychotropic medication (OR 1.34, 1.21-1.49) than partners from bereavements without dementia. In contrast, psychotropic medication initiation two months after dementia bereavement was lower (HR 0.69, 0.56-0.85). Compared with other bereaved individuals, mortality after bereavement was lower in men experiencing a dementia bereavement (HR 0.68, 0.49-0.94) but similar in women (HR 1.02, 0.75-1.38). Prior to bereavement, those who died with dementia were less likely to receive palliative care (OR 0.47, 0.41-0.54). In the year before bereavement, partners of individuals dying with dementia experience poorer mental health than those facing bereavement from other causes, and their partner is less likely to receive palliative care. In the year after, individuals whose partner died with dementia experience some attenuation of the adverse health effects of bereavement. Services need to address the needs of carers for individuals dying with dementia and improve access to palliative care. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Idiopathic ductopenia of adulthood: favorable effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy].
A 59-year-old woman presented with chronic, clinically asymptomatic cholestasis. Idiopathic adulthood ductopenia was diagnosed on the basis of clinical, laboratory and morphological findings. A retrograde cholangiographic study demonstrated intact large bile ducts with an apparent reduction of the small caliber intrahepatic ducts. The patient was treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (dosage 750 mg/day) which led to a decrease of alkaline phosphatase and Y-GT levels (before therapy: AP ca. 650 U/l; Y-GT ca. 150 U/l; after 6 month of treatment: AP ca. 350 and Y-GT ca. 30 U/l), suggesting, that the drug might be efficacious. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum K68 ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in BALB/c mice via the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities.
Many different kinds of fermented food are consumed daily in Taiwan, such as stinky tofu, suan-tsai, and fu-tsai. We have previously reported the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) at different stages of fermentation in the production of suan-tsai and fu-tsai. In this study, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of Lactobacillus plantarum K68 (K68) isolated from fu-tsai were evaluated. K68 significantly inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and stimulated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Additionally, orally administered K68 ameliorated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in BALB/c mice. Both the disease activity index (DAI) and histological scores (HIS) showed that the severity of UC was significantly reduced by oral administration of K68. Furthermore, the production of pro inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly reduced in K68-administered group. Colonic mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), were also reduced in the K68-administered group. These results suggest that K68 exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities that ameliorate DSS-induced experimental colitis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Therapeutic patient education and self-management support for patients with psoriasis - a systematic review.
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition. Patient education may be one option to improve adherence and coping. The aim of this systematic review is to identify studies evaluating educational interventions for psoriasis patients. The review was conducted following the methods recommended by Cochrane. We searched seven databases, one trial register and three grey literature repositories. Data screening and extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0, ROBINS-I, and NIH tools were used. Additionally, the APEASE criteria were applied. We evaluated 16 studies. Two randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluated patient-practitioner or patient-nurse one-to-one interventions, one RCT assessed a web-based intervention and three RCTs reported group interventions taking place frequently; one RCT reported one-off group sessions. The remaining RCT compared the healthcare professionals involved. The risk of bias rating ranged from "some concerns" to "high". Three RCTs found an effect. We included four controlled clinical trials (CCTs), one of which had an effect. One of the four before-and-after-studies warrants further investigation. Despite similarities in delivery mode across the interventions, patients who were eligible and settings in which interventions were delivered differed. Interventions that included an individual (one-to-one) session appeared to be successful. Two interventions seem suitable for adaptation using APEASE: the topical treatment program and motivational interviewing after climate therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Red cell antibodies in thalassemia hemoglobinopathy patients.
One hundred sixty-four previously transfused patients with T/H disease received one to 136 transfusions with an average of 14.65. Immunization to red blood cell occurred in 14 patients (8.5%). Among these, 11 patients had alloantibody, one patient had autoimmune antibody, and two patients had both alloantibody and autoimmune antibody. The naturally occurring antibody (anti-Leb) was observed in pretransfused blood samples of two patients (1.2%). Most red cell immunization seemed to occur in the early period of blood transfusion. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Multiple myeloma presenting as bilateral breast lumps in pregnant woman.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a systemic disease in the elderly. Its incidence in patients younger than 40 years old and especially in pregnant women is extremely rare. MM may involve extraosseous sites, and only in rare cases it is observed in the breast. We describe the case of a 39-year-old woman diagnosed with an IgG lambda light-chain MM (Durie-Salmon stage IIIA, International Staging System II) in the 26th week of pregnancy, presenting with bilateral breast lumps. Dexamethasone (20 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-4, 9-12, and 17-20) was given as an induction agent to decrease tumor mass during pregnancy. Adverse response to dexamethasone was minor with excellent tolerance. A healthy baby was delivered at week 34 of gestation. Breast nodules revealing MM are extremely rare. Clinical and radiological features are atypical. Presentation during pregnancy is extremely rare, making anti-MM treatment potentially challenging. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: behavior, physiology, and health.
Seventy-three married couples were studied in 1983 and 1987. To identify marital processes associated with dissolution, a balance theory of marriage was used to generate 1 variable for dividing couples into regulated and nonregulated groups. For studying the precursors of divorce, a "cascade" model of marital dissolution, which forms a Guttman-like scale, received preliminary support. Compared with regulated couples, nonregulated couples had (a) marital problems rated as more severe (Time 1); (b) lower marital satisfaction (Time 1 and Time 2); (c) poorer health (Time 2); (d) smaller finger pulse amplitudes (wives); (e) more negative ratings for interactions; (f) more negative emotional expression; (g) less positive emotional expression; (h) more stubbornness and withdrawal from interaction; (i) greater defensiveness; and (j) greater risk for marital dissolution (lower marital satisfaction and higher incidence of consideration of dissolution and of actual separation). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Myocardial oxygen consumption after fibrillation in the nonhypertrophied porcine ventricle.
Prior studies of nonischemic ventricular fibrillation have identified variable bioenergetic defects that depend on the prevailing frequency of electrical activation, coronary perfusion pressure, and left ventricular wall tension. In hearts in the adequately perfused, vented, and nondistended state the myocardial oxygen consumption of ventricular fibrillation may not be significantly different than that of the empty, beating heart. Thus, the present study investigated both global normothermic ischemic and nonischemic prolonged ventricular fibrillation effects on cardiac energetics when quantitated in the same heart under constant and defined nonworking conditions. At constant heart rate and perfusion pressure, preload recruitable stroke work was preserved in the nonischemic group but depressed to 41% of control postischemically (p = 0.018). Under control conditions, no significant differences in myocardial oxygen consumption between the various nonworking cardiac states were detected. However, postischemic empty, beating hearts and empty, fibrillating hearts both extracted (31%) and consumed (26%) less oxygen (p less than 0.03 each) without concomitant coronary hyperemia. Prolonged nonischemic ventricular fibrillation increased coronary blood flow 158% (p less than 0.03) without augmenting myocardial oxygen consumption. These data contrast with the previously reported increased oxygen demand of ventricular fibrillation and suggest that postischemic fibrillation is not bioenergetically deleterious in the nonhypertrophied heart under controlled working conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Survival of rabbit platelets exposed to immune complexes.
Rabbits injected with human serum albumin (HSA) formed detectable immune complexes after 5 days; complex formation was maximal between 11 and 14 days after which the complexes were cleared from the circulation. Platelets from control rabbits or HSA-injected rabbits had a reduced survival upon injection into rabbits in which complexes were forming. Platelets from HSA-animals tended to survive for a longer period upon injection into control rabbits than when they were injected into HSA-rabbits, raising the possibility that some of the immune complexes may have eluted from their surface. Platelets prepared from either control animals or from HSA-treated animals at the time when complexes were being cleared from the circulation (14-21 days) did not have a shortened life span in HSA- or control rabbits. When platelet survival was reduced, it could not be attributed to platelet accumulation at sites of vessel wall injury or to accumulation in kidneys damaged by immune complexes, since the tissues (aorta and kidney) appeared to be morphologically normal and free of thrombi. The reduction in platelet survival likely results from the interactions of immune complexes with the surface of platelets leading to the platelets being recognized as "foreign" and cleared from the circulation by the reticuloendothelial system. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A species comparison of 14C-labeled 7-ethoxycoumarin metabolism in precision-cut liver slices from guinea pig and dog using a phosphor imaging system.
The metabolism of 14C-labeled 7-ethoxycoumarin (7EC) has been investigated in precision-cut liver slices from guinea pigs and dogs. 7EC was incubated with slices in 12-well plates (4 slices/well; n = 3) for up to 8 hr. In addition, a new simple method was established for analyzing 7EC and its metabolites simultaneously by using thin-layer chromatography-radioluminography (TLC-RLG). In both species, 7EC was taken up rapidly into the slices and metabolized extensively under the conditions used (no serum fraction supplemented), showing both phase I and phase II metabolism. In guinea pig medium samples, 4-ethoxy-2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (EHPA) and 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC) glucuronide were major metabolites. In dogs, conjugated 7HCs (with D-glucuronic acid and sulfate) were major products but EHPA was formed only to a small extent. These results suggest that deethylation in dogs occurs to a much greater extent than in guinea pigs. These results demonstrate the advantages of precision-cut liver slices as a powerful tool to investigate the species specific metabolism of xenobiotics, since the conditions employed enabled both phase I and phase II reactions in vitro. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Training in the laboratory animal science community: strategies to support adult learning.
The essence of learning is change; learning is the process by which learners customize new information to make it personally meaningful and relevant. Training is the process of helping students make those changes. Research indicates that adults learn differently than children or adolescents and that adults consistently use the following six learning strategies: prior experiences; conversations; metacognition; reflection; authentic experiences; and images, pictures, or other types of visuals. Each of these learning strategies can be combined with the other strategies and often build upon each other. A recent study on how health care professionals learn indicated that the learning strategy they used most often was reflection, which supports learning before, during, and after training. Numerous examples are provided in this article describing how to integrate each of the six adult learning strategies into laboratory animal science training. While lectures and other types of direct instruction are appropriate, they are inadequate and ineffective unless they are integrated with and support adult learning strategies. Both the US Department of Agriculture regulations and the Public Health Service Policy mandate that research institutions must ensure that all personnel involved in animal care, treatment, or use are qualified to perform their duties. Applying adult learning strategies to training for the laboratory animal science community will enhance learning and improve both the science and the humane care of the animals, which is a goal our community must continuously strive to achieve. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Assessment of body mass index and association with adolescent preventive care in U.S. outpatient settings.
Using data from the latest National Ambulatory Care Surveys, this study finds that the importance of assessment of overweight and obesity and preventive counseling in adolescents is underappreciated in outpatient practices throughout the United States. The room for improvement remains considerable, and interventions to promote quality preventive care are needed for all adolescents. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mental health outcome of long-term and episodic adolescent depression: 15-year follow-up of a community sample.
Recent studies have highlighted the unfavourable natural course of chronic/long-term depression. We investigated the adult mental health outcome of adolescent depression, with specific focus on long-term and episodic adolescent major depression (MD). A community sample of depressed adolescents and non-depressed peers was followed-up with a structured diagnostic interview after 15 years. The participants (n=382) were divided into five groups depending on their status in adolescence: no depression (n=155); long-term MD (n=91); episodic MD (n=63); dysthymia (n=33); and subthreshold symptoms (n=40). Outcomes (age 19-31) included mood disorders, other mental disorders, suicidality, and treatment for mental disorders. The long-term group overall had a poorer outcome than the non-depressed group, with the episodic group in an intermediate position. The outcome of the dysthymic group was similar to that of the long-term group, while the subsyndromal group did not differ markedly from the non-depressed group. The long-term group was more likely than the episodic group to report adult anxiety disorders, multiple mental disorders, suicide attempts, and treatment; they also seemed to develop more persistent adult depressions, with a higher number of recurrent episodes and longer duration of antidepressant treatment. Even after adjustment for adolescent factors of clinical and etiological importance, the long-term group had a markedly less favourable outcome than the episodic group. The participation rate at follow-up was 64.6%. Longstanding depression in adolescence is a powerful predictor of continued mental health problems in adulthood. It is now important to evaluate if early interventions can alter this severe course. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Learning with High Fidelity Simulation.
The High-Fidelity Simulation is a fundamental pedagogical method in the nursing student's teaching-learning process. An exploratory and descriptive study was performed by using a qualitative approach in order to understand the Nursing Degree course students' perception about the contribution of the Simulated High-Fidelity Practice for clinical competence learning. The self-filling questionnaire, composed of open questions and the technique of content analysis for the treatment of narrative material according to Bardin, was used. With the clinical scenario development, we emphasize the nursing students' perception in the learning of professional competences in three domains with greater focus in the field of care delivery and management. It was concluded that the High-fidelity Simulation is a fundamental pillar in the nursing students training, which reinforces the existing pedagogical practice. We stress the need to reformulate the scenarios in order to achieve a better learning balance in the different dimensions of their professional competences and to develop evaluation tools. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in myocardial reactive hyperemia.
In pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized dogs we investigated the role of the endothelium-derived nitric oxide and adenosine in the regulation of the coronary blood flow during myocardial reactive hyperemia. Repayments of flow debt after 10-, 20- and 60-s occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) were measured before and after infusion of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; n = 15), 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT; n = 5), and both L-NMMA and 8-PT (n = 5) into the LCX. Infusion of L-NMMA (2 mumol/min, for 20 min) reduced repayments of flow debt after 10-, 20-, and 60-s LCX occlusion by 30 +/- 4 (P less than 0.01), 34 +/- 3 (P less than 0.01), and 14 +/- 3% (P less than 0.01), respectively. Infusion of 8-PT (0.75 mumol/min for 15 min) also reduced these repayments of flow debt by 31 +/- 7 (P less than 0.01), 30 +/- 7 (P less than 0.01), and 34 +/- 6% (P less than 0.01), respectively. Simultaneous infusion of L-NMMA and 8-PT significantly attenuated the peak reactive flow rate and reduced repayment of flow debt after 20-s LCX occlusion by 57 +/- 1% (P less than 0.001), and this reduction in repayment of flow debt was significantly greater than each of those by the individual administration of L-NMMA and 8-PT (both P less than 0.01). The suppressive effect of L-NMMA on repayment of flow debt after 20-s LCX occlusion was quickly reversed by the infusion of L-arginine (3 mg/min for 10 min; n = 5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1): persistence and immune control.
The human retrovirus human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with two distinct types of disease: the malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia and a range of chronic inflammatory conditions including the central nervous system disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Until recently, it was believed that HTLV-1 was largely latent in vivo. However, evidence from a number of types of experiments shows that HTLV-1 persistently expresses its genes, and that the "set point" of an individual's proviral load of HTLV-1 is mainly determined by the efficiency of that individual's cellular immune response to the virus. These conclusions have two main consequences. First, HTLV-1 may be vulnerable to antiretroviral drug therapy or immunotherapy. Second, HTLV-1 infection has become a useful system to analyze the determinants of the efficiency of the antiviral immune response. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Characteristics of the electrophysiological parameters of the embryonic cell membranes in the loach during Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition].
Influence of ouabain on changes in transmembrane potential (TMP) and the membrane conductance has been studied in developing embryos of the loach Misgurnus fossilis L. Ouabain does not cause any significant changes in TMP level within 10-15 min after treatment but the membrane was then depolarized to a degree depending on developmental stage. Exposure to ouabain increases the conductance and changes the selectivity of membranes. Reversion potential of ionic current is then decreased from -70- -100 to -5- -30 mV. It is supposed that gradual membrane depolarization owing to the decrease of K+ gradient favors the membrane conductance changes under the influence of ouabain. It has been established that the active transport of Na+ and K+ takes part in realization of the rhythm of TMP level periodical oscillations during synchronous cleavage division. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of single-dose intravaginal versus single-dose oral metronidazole in the treatment of trichomonal vaginitis.
Since metronidazole is a mutagen in vitro, there is concern about the widespread systemic use of this drug in women with trichomoniasis, particularly those who are pregnant. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial compared a single 2-g intravaginal dose of metronidazole cream with a single 2-g oral dose of metronidazole in patients with a culture positive for Trichomonas organisms. Of the 302 preenrollment cultures completed, 94 (31%) were positive. Sixty-one patients were enrolled in the study. Each received either oral placebo and intravaginal metronidazole or intravaginal placebo and oral metronidazole. Follow-up cultures were done on posttreatment day 3-5. Of the 53 evaluatable patients, 14 (50%) of 28 in the intravaginal group and 22 (88%) of 25 in the oral group were microbiologically cured (P = .0037). Single-dose intravaginal metronidazole is inferior to single-dose oral metronidazole and cannot be relied on as an alternative therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[The Millennia 2015 Women and eHealth Study 2010-2012: networks and innovative programs].
The Women and eHealth Study 2010-2012 is conducted with the vision to constitute a Millennia 2015 powerful demonstration of women empowerment in the arena of eHealth and telemedicine through digital solidarity and gender equity. The overall objective is to stimulate more women to use advanced technologies combined with innovative integrated collaborative leadership programs. The article describes the study and the subsequent networks WeTelemed and WeObservatory conducted by women in developing countries with the ambition to reach the populations living in isolated communities. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Repeated polymerase chain reaction complementary to other conventional methods for early detection of HIV infection in infants born to HIV-infected mothers.
The efficacy of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for early detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in infants at risk for HIV infection was assessed. The PCR method was added to the routine laboratory test programme in these patients in 1988. PCR was performed in a total of 26 children at risk (age range 2 days to 58 months), including 17 infants born to HIV-infected mothers, who were followed up clinically from the time of birth for a mean period of 23 months (range 6 to 54) in a prospective study. Twelve children were PCR-positive. Eight had AIDS, ARC or symptoms suggestive of HIV infection. All these patients had at least one culture positive for HIV (6/8) and/or one positive serum p24-antigen test (5/8). One child was repeatedly PCR positive, but asymptomatic as well as virus- and antigen-negative. Three asymptomatic children with a single positive PCR result were PCR negative in subsequent tests. Fourteen children with negative PCR did not show clinical or immunological signs suggestive of HIV infection. Their cultures for HIV and antigen-p24 assays were negative. It is concluded that in addition to clinical and immunological parameters PCR is a useful technique for diagnosis of HIV infection in infants born to HIV-infected mothers. However, in case of negative HIV cultures and/or serum p24-antigen tests, single positive PCR results in asymptomatic patients must be interpreted with caution and should be confirmed by repeated tests. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Formulation and ex vivo evaluation of rofecoxib gel for topical application.
The potential gastrointestinal disorders associated with oral administration of rofecoxib can be avoided by delivering the drug to the inflammation site at a sustained, concentrated level over an extended period of time. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), sodium alginate and Carbopol 940 were used in an attempt to develop topical gel formulations of rofecoxib. The effects of polymer composition on the rate of drug release from the gel formulations were examined through cellulose membrane mounting on a Keshary-Chien diffusion cell. The effects of initial drug concentration and viscosity on the permeation rate of rofecoxib from the gel formulations were evaluated using rat epidermis at 37 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The anti-inflammatory activity of the rofecoxib gel formulation was evaluated using the rat hind paw edema model. The gel formulation consisting of 4% w/w sodium alginate-Carbopol 940 at 3:1 ratio was found to be suitable for topical application based on in vitro evaluation and ex vivo permeation studies. The drug permeation rate increased with an increase of the initial drug concentration in gels up to 25% w/w. An inverse relationship was observed between the in vitro drug release rate/ex vivo permeation rate and viscosity of the gel formulations. The anti-inflammatory activity of 4% w/w sodium alginate-Carbopol 940 gel containing 25% w/w rofecoxib in the rat hind paw edema model reveals that the drug was delivered to the inflammation site at a controlled level over a period of 6 h. These results suggest the feasibility of the topical gel formulation of rofecoxib. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Demonstration of a 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol cytoplasmic receptor-like binder in mouse kidney.
Isolated mouse renal tubule cells have been employed to demonstrate the presence of a specific high affinity cytoplasmic binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) in kidney. This receptor-like macromolecule sedimented at 3.2 S in hypertonic sucrose density gradients. Scatchard analysis of [3H]1,25-(OH)2D3 binding at O C revealed an apparent Kd of 0.2 nM and a concentration of binding sites of 50 fmol/mg cytosol protein. In competition experiments, the binder exhibited a low affinity for other vitamin D3 metabolites; the order of potency was 1,25(OH)2D3 greater than 250HD3 greater than u alpha OHD3 greater than 24R,25(OH)2D3. The sedimentation properties, binding affinity, and specificity of this 1,25(OH)2D3 binding protein are strikingly similar to the receptors in rat intestine, mouse bone, and human intestine. The demonstration of a renal receptor-like binder adds further support to the concept that the kidney is a 1,25(OH)2D3 target organ. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Comparison of genetic variation in drug ADME-related genes in Thais with Caucasian, African and Asian HapMap populations.
The objectives of this study are to investigate allele frequencies of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME)-related genes in the Thai population and to compare these genes to HapMap populations including Caucasians (CEU), Africans (YRI) and Asians (CHB/JPT). Genetic variations of drug ADME-related genes in 190 Thais were investigated using drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMET) plus genotyping system. We examined 1936 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 225 genes that have documented functional and clinical significances in phase I and phase II drug metabolism enzymes, drug transporters and other genes involved in ADME processes. Distributions of genotyping data from Thai were compared with other HapMap populations including Caucasian, African and Asian populations. The analysis demonstrated 43 SNPs with statistical significance comparing among five populations. However, only 26 SNPs showed statistical significance in pair-wise comparisons between Thai versus CEU and Thai versus CHB/JPT. These 26 SNPs belong to 13 groups of drug ADME-related genes which are CYP2A6, CYP3A5, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, VKORC1, COMT, NAT2, TPMT, UGT1A1 and SLCO1B1. These genes demonstrated clinical significances as previously observed in many studies. The results could explain clinical variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in Thais based on genetic variations in drug ADME-related gene emphasized in this article. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Aluminium in the lower respiratory tract of people living in México City].
Investigating the presence of aluminium (Al) and respiratory pathologies in the lower respiratory tract of people who had lived in Mexico City for a minimum of two years. 250 respiratory tissue samples were obtained from pulmonary lobes, lymph nodes, bronchial and hilum regions during 36 individuals' autopsies. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for quantifying Al; the samples has been previously dried, ground and digested. 13 different pathologies were identified but only three of them (pulmonary emphysema, bronchitis and anthracosis) were correlated with the presence of Al, an element being distributed in very variable concentrations (range: 2.7 to 836.1 micrograms of Al per gram of dry tissue (ì g Al/g ts)). The amount of Al found in lobes, bronchial and hilum regions was much smaller than that found in lymph nodes; such difference was statistically significant. Multivariate analysis by conglomerates revealed that the sample consisted of three classes of individuals, grouped according to the amount and distribution of Al in the lower respiratory tract, age, time spent living in Mexico City and the presence of pathologies. The Al found in the lower respiratory tract of residents of Mexico City would thus seem to have come from the air. The amount of Al and its distribution pattern depended on the time and place of residence and can lead to respiratory illness. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Multicenter retrospective comparative study of laparoscopically assisted and conventional anorectoplasty for male infants with rectoprostatic urethral fistula.
Laparoscopically assisted anorectoplasty (LAARP) was expected to achieve better fecal continence than conventional procedures. However, the issue of which approach is better remains controversial. We compared outcomes between the conventional procedure and LAARP in male infants with rectoprostatic urethral fistula. Institutes belonging to the Japanese Study Group of Anorectal Anomalies (JSGA) were invited to participate. Subjects were male infants with rectoprostatic urethral fistula treated by the conventional approach (abdominoperineal pull-through and PSARP) or LAARP between 2000 and 2006. Medical charts and operative records were reviewed retrospectively. Eighty-one patients (conventional: 36, LAARP: 45) were enrolled from 15 centers. In both groups, the mean Kelly score was 5. The total score of the scoring system was newly developed by the Japanese Study Group of Anorectal Anomalies. Follow-up Project (5-15 points) was 10.7 and 12.1 in the conventional group and the LAARP group, respectively (p=0.07). The incidence of failed rectoanal anastomosis, mucosal prolapse, and anal stenosis was comparable in both groups. Posterior urethral diverticula were detected on cystourethrograms in 7% and 11% (p=1.0) and on MRI in 0% and 34% (p=0.02) of the conventional and the LAARP groups, respectively. Overall, 94% of diverticula were asymptomatic. Fecal continence and complication rates after LAARP were comparable to those observed after the conventional method. Posterior urethral diverticula were detected more frequently after LAARP. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Electronic and geometric properties of Au nanoparticles on Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) studied using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM).
Au nanoparticles grown on mildly sputtered Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) surfaces were studied using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results were compared with those of Ag nanoparticles on the same substrate. By varying the defect densities of HOPG and the Au coverages, one can create Au nanoparticles in various sizes. At high Au coverages, the structures of the Au films significantly deviate from the ideal truncated octahedral form: the existence of many steps between different Au atomic layers can be observed, most likely due to a high activation barrier of the diffusion of Au atoms across the step edges. This implies that the particle growth at room temperature is strongly limited by kinetic factors. Hexagonal shapes of Au structures could be identified, indicating preferential growth of Au nanostructures along the (111) direction normal to the surface. In the case of Au, XPS studies reveal a weaker core level shift with decreasing particle size compared to the 3d level in similarly sized Ag particles. Also taking into account the Auger analysis of the Ag particles, the core level shifts of the metal nanoparticles on HOPG can be understood in terms of the metal/substrate charge transfer. Ag is (partially) positively charged, whereas Au negatively charged on HOPG. It is demonstrated that XPS can be a useful tool to study metal-support interactions, which plays an important role for heterogeneous catalysis, for example. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tudor domain proteins in development.
Tudor domain proteins function as molecular adaptors, binding methylated arginine or lysine residues on their substrates to promote physical interactions and the assembly of macromolecular complexes. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of Tudor domain proteins during development, most notably in the Piwi-interacting RNA pathway, but also in other aspects of RNA metabolism, the DNA damage response and chromatin modification. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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