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Heterogeneity of breakpoints of 11q23 rearrangements in hematologic malignancies identified with fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Twenty-four patients whose cells contained a variety of 11q23 rearrangements, including translocations, insertions, and an inversion, were studied using fluorescence in situ hybridization with cosmid, phage, and plasmid probes mapped to 11q22-24. In 17 patients, the breakpoints of the common 11q23 translocations involving chromosomes 4, 6, 9, and 19 as well as some uncommon translocations involving 3q23, 17q25, 10p11, and an insertion 10;11 were all located in the breakpoint cluster region of the MLL gene, regardless of age, phenotype of disease, or involvement of a third chromosome. The breakpoints in 11q23 in the other 7 patients with a t(7;11)(p15;q23), inv(11)(p11q23), t(4;11)(q23;q23), der(5)t(5;11)(q13;q23), ins(10;11)(p11;q23q24), t(11;14)(q23;q11), or t(11;18;11) (p15;q21;q23) were located either centromeric to CD3D or telomeric to THY1. Thus, although most 11q23 rearrangements, involve the same breakpoint cluster region of MLL, there is heterogeneity in the breakpoint in some of the rare rearrangements. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Bias in iterative reconstruction of low-statistics PET data: benefits of a resolution model.
Iterative image reconstruction methods such as ordered-subset expectation maximization (OSEM) are widely used in PET. Reconstructions via OSEM are however reported to be biased for low-count data. We investigated this and considered the impact for dynamic PET. Patient listmode data were acquired in [(11)C]DASB and [(15)O]H(2)O scans on the HRRT brain PET scanner. These data were subsampled to create many independent, low-count replicates. The data were reconstructed and the images from low-count data were compared to the high-count originals (from the same reconstruction method). This comparison enabled low-statistics bias to be calculated for the given reconstruction, as a function of the noise-equivalent counts (NEC). Two iterative reconstruction methods were tested, one with and one without an image-based resolution model (RM). Significant bias was observed when reconstructing data of low statistical quality, for both subsampled human and simulated data. For human data, this bias was substantially reduced by including a RM. For [(11)C]DASB the low-statistics bias in the caudate head at 1.7 M NEC (approx. 30 s) was -5.5% and -13% with and without RM, respectively. We predicted biases in the binding potential of -4% and -10%. For quantification of cerebral blood flow for the whole-brain grey- or white-matter, using [(15)O]H(2)O and the PET autoradiographic method, a low-statistics bias of <2.5% and <4% was predicted for reconstruction with and without the RM. The use of a resolution model reduces low-statistics bias and can hence be beneficial for quantitative dynamic PET. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Productivity of Neoseiulus bicaudus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Reared on Natural Prey, Alternative Prey, and Artificial Diet.
The predatory mite, Neoseiulus bicaudus (Wainstein), is a potential biological control agent against spider mites and thrips. The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of three diets on the life table of N. bicaudus. The three diets were 1) Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolskii) (Acari: Tetranychidae), the natural prey of N. bicaudus; 2) Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae), an alternative prey; and 3) artificial diet primarily consisting of decapsulated shrimp cysts, egg yolk, and honey. The computer simulation was used to project the population growth of N. bicaudus fed on different diets. The preadult developmental time (3.83 d) of N. bicaudus was shortest, and the intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.2782 d-1) and the net reproductive rate (R0 = 18.98 offspring) were highest when reared on the alternative prey Ty. putrescentiae. The total development time (7.37 d) was longest, and the population parameters were the lowest (r = -0.0081 d-1, R0 = 0.85 offspring) when N. bicaudus was reared on artificial diet. The population projection showed that the population of N. bicaudus reared on Ty. putrescentiae could increase fast. Our results showed that the Ty. putrescentiae was the most suitable prey for mass rearing of N. bicaudus. The artificial diet could not support the N. bicaudus population and needs to be improved. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tunneling in a simple bond scission: the surprising Barrier in the H loss from HCOOH(+).
The dissociation dynamics of gas phase formic acid ions (HCOOH(+), DCOOD(+), HCOOD(+), DCOOH(+)) are investigated by threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) spectroscopy and high level ab initio calculations. The slow rate constants for this seemingly simple H loss reaction and the large onset energy shifts due to isotopic substitution point to a substantial exit barrier through which the H or D atoms tunnel. Modeling of the HCOOH(+) experimental data using RRKM theory with tunneling through an Eckart potential are best fitted with a barrier of about 17 kJ mol(-1). High level ab initio calculations support the experimental findings with a computed barrier of 15.9 kJ mol(-1), which is associated with the substantial geometry change between the product HOCO(+) cation and the corresponding HCOOH(+) molecular ion. Because of this exit channel barrier, the formic acid ion dissociation does not provide a route for determination of the HOCO(+) heat of formation. Rather, the most accurate value comes from the calculations employing the high accuracy extrapolated ab initio thermochemistry (HEAT) scheme, which yields a Δ(f)H(o)(0K)[HOCO(+)] = 600.3 ± 1.0 kJ mol(-1) (Δ(f)H(o)(298K)[HOCO(+)] = 597.3 ± 1.0 kJ mol(-1)). The calculated proton affinity of CO(2) is thus 534.7 ± 1.0 kJ mol(-1) at 0 K and 539.3 ± 1.0 kJ mol(-1) at 298.15 K. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Regional skin temperature changes in a rat model for the menopausal hot flush.
Administration of naloxone to morphine-dependent male and female rats produced a significant rise in both tail skin temperature and foot temperature with a subsequent fall in colonic temperature. The magnitudes of the skin temperature surges were similar in the two regions, with the elevation in foot temperature preceding the rise in tail skin temperature. These regional skin temperature surges were similar in magnitude, duration and temporal pattern in both the male and female rat, and are similar to those exhibited in men and women undergoing flushing episodes. Castration of males did not alter these temperature responses. The only difference in response between male and female rats was the more pronounced fall in colonic temperature observed in morphine-dependent female rats following administration of naloxone. Neither the administration of naloxone to placebo-treated animals nor that of saline to morphine-dependent animals produced any changes in skin or colonic temperature in either male or female rats. These results suggest that the pattern of skin temperature alterations associated with morphine withdrawal in both the male and female rat is similar to the pattern of skin temperature surges associated with the hot flush in men and women, which provides additional evidence for the morphine-dependent rat as a model for women who exhibit flushing episodes. Additionally, this is the first report of a potential model for men who exhibit flushing episodes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dual reporter genes enabling cell tracing with viable and reliable selection of various cell types.
Dual reporter genes driven by either a ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) or a neuro-specific tubulin alpha1 promoter (Talpha1) were constructed. The new genes, CMV (pCMV-GL) or Talpha1 promoter-driven GFP-LacZ (pTalpha1-GL), robustly expressed the fused GFP-LacZ protein reporting constitutive expressions in various cell types including CHO cells, loach and chicken embryos, and neuro-specific expression in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells, respectively. The dual reporter genes thus provide a versatile tool for the studies of gene expression, cell lineage within the embryo and possibly the fate of stem cells in transplantation experiment, thus facilitating different analyses depending on the experimental purposes. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Quality of life, continence and frequency of pouchitis following laparoscopic versus open colectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: an Irish perspective.
This study aims to assess quality of life outcomes, continence, rates of pouchitis and predictors of pouchitis for patients undergoing laparoscopic versus open three-stage ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery in our institution. Forty-two patients having had three-stage (IPAA) surgery were identified. One was excluded as they had undergone pouchectomy. A postal questionnaire followed by telephone contact was undertaken. The questionnaire was based on The Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) and Wexner/Cleveland Clinic Faecal Incontinence Symptom Severity Scoring Systems. Our aim was to assess morbidity, quality of life, incidence of pouchitis and continence following restorative panproctocolectomy and IPAA. Thirty-five patients completed the response. The median age at colectomy of our patient population was 32 years. 57 % were male and 43 % were female. 54.3 % of cases were carried out laparoscopically. 8/19 patients who had laparoscopic surgery had pouchitis (42.1 %) versus 9/16 patients who had open surgery (56.3 %). The median Wexner score was 0. Nine patients (25.7 %) had a GIQLI score that was within or above the range reported for healthy controls. The rate of complications was 31.7 % for emergency cases and 25.7 % for elective cases. The rate of pouchitis in this group was 48.5 %. Overall pelvic sepsis rate was 12.8 %. Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is a successful and well-tolerated procedure with 94 % of patients opting to have the surgery again. Preliminary results do not show any significant difference in the incidence of pouchitis following laparoscopic surgery. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A quantum theory investigation on atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of acrylic acid by OH radical and its implication for atmospheric chemistry.
The hydroxyl radical, as the most important oxidant, controls the removal of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. In this work, the atmospheric oxidation processes of acrylic acid by OH radical have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT). The energetic routes of the reaction of CH2CHCOOH with OH radical have been calculated accurately at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level. It is implicated that the oxidation has five elementary reaction pathways mostly hinging on how hydroxyl radical approaches to the carbon skeleton of acrylic acid. The atmospheric degradation mechanisms of the CH2CHCOOH by OH radical are the formation of reactive intermediates IM1 and IM2. Meanwhile, the further oxidation mechanisms of IM1 and IM2 by O3 and NO are also investigated. The rate coefficients have been computed using tight transition state theory of the variflex code. The calculated rate coefficient is 2.3 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at standard pressure and 298 K, which is very close to the laboratory data (1.75 ± 0.47 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1). Moreover, the atmospheric lifetime of acrylic acid is about 6 h at 298 K and 1 atm, implying that the fast sinks of acrylic acid by hydroxyl radical. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Gammarus pulex: relative importance of different exposure routes and multipathway modeling.
Characterizing the exposure routes of an organism and its ability to regulate accumulated contaminants is a crucial step toward developing a biomonitor. To date, very little data are available on the bioaccumulation kinetics of PBDEs in freshwater biota. This study aims at investigating the potential use of a litter-degrader widely distributed in European freshwaters, Gammarus pulex, as an indicator of exposure to PBDEs. In aquatic microcosms, gammarids were exposed to a mixture of brominated congeners (BDE-28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) to assess their ability to bioconcentrate PBDEs. Results show that all tested congeners are highly internalized by G. pulex and uptake rates of PBDEs are closely related to their partition coefficients (Kow). The determination of the elimination rate of BDE-47, the congener most readily accumulated by gammarids, indicated that metabolism and excretion of this congener are low in G. pulex, which argues in favor of its use as a quantitative biomonitor. Finally, bioaccumulation experiments were performed using contaminated leaves to determine the relative importance of dietary uptake in the contamination of gammarids. Even though water is the preeminent exposure route, a significant uptake of BDE-47 through food was observed (27%). We propose a biodynamic model that takes into account both exposure routes to describe BDE-47 bioaccumulation. This study supports the use of this ubiquitous amphipod as an early warning monitor of the bioavailable contamination of freshwaters by PBDEs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of the molecular weight and concentration of chitosan in pork model burgers.
Chitosan of high and low molecular weights was added at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% concentrations to a burger model system. Burgers were evaluated by physicochemical analysis, cooking characteristic and storage stability. The antioxidant activity of chitosan was studied in vitro. The addition of chitosan influenced pH and color properties, in molecular weight and concentration dependent ways. Cooking properties were significantly affected by the chitosan. High molecular weight chitosan improved all cooking characteristics compared with control samples. Low molecular weight chitosan increased the shelf life of burgers, enhanced the red color and reduced total viable counts, compared with control and high molecular weight chitosan samples. The antioxidant activity of chitosan was dependent on molecular weight and concentration. The results indicate that high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC) improves all cooking characteristics and antioxidant activity while low molecular weight chitosan extends the red color and reduces total viable counts. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Triboelectricity Generation from Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays.
We explore the use of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) arrays as an electrode in a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that harvests mechanical energy and converts it to electrical energy. When VACNT arrays 1 cm2 in area are mechanically contacted with PET and PTFE counter electrodes in vertical contact-separation mode, currents up to 0.16 and 0.21 μA and voltages up to 1.42 and 3.20 V are obtained, respectively. The VACNT TENG output remains stable even after more than 20 000 continuous contact cycles. A 0.47 μF capacitor is successfully charged to 4.5 V in 60 s using a VACNT-PTFE triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) prototype. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Quantum dot/methylene blue FRET mediated NIR fluorescent nanomicelles with large Stokes shift for bioimaging.
Here we present a novel large Stokes shifting NIR fluorescent nanomicelle through the encapsulation of a quantum dot/methylene blue FRET pair, which is employed as an excellent contrast reagent for NIR fluorescence bioimaging. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The exercise renogram and its interpretation.
The exercise renogram is a rarely used diagnostic procedure, but it may visualize an exercise-induced change in renal function related to the pathophysiology of essential hypertension, which could greatly increase interest in this examination. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the interpretative approach and the terminology which is used to describe results of exercise renography, using a population of hypertensives with renovascular disease. We reviewed the examinations of 70 hypertensives who had supine renography as well as exercise renography with a 60-80 W work load. Forty-eight patients were examined with 99mTc-MAG3 and 22 with 131I hippurate. The renographic and angiography results were recorded as well as the antihypertensive drugs used and the site of vascular lesions. Thirty-three hypertensives developed a bilateral-abnormal exercise renogram, which appears to be associated with primary hypertension. Eight individuals responded to exercise with a unilateral-abnormal exercise renogram, in a kidney behind a stenosis. Only 19 patients had a normal exercise renogram, and 10 had only one functioning kidney. Pathology recognized but unrelated to the intervention included nonfunctioning and small kidneys and pelvic retention. Exercise renography's only indication is for recognition of pathology unique to hypertension, since other function disturbances were recognized in resting renograms. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Rational drug treatment of the hypertensive diabetic with nephropathy.
Development of hypertension in Type I diabetics parallels evolution of nephropathy. In Type II diabetics, excessive prevalence of hypertension prior to the appearance of proteinuria suggests that factors other than nephropathy are operative in its pathogenesis. On the other hand, the risk of nephropathy in Type II diabetics is higher than previously appreciated. Recent evidence suggests that angiotensin II plays an important role in the induction and progression of diabetic nephropathy. This provides a rationale for antihypertensive therapy with converting enzyme inhibitors in nephropathic diabetics in whom they have been shown to lower blood pressure and diminish proteinuria. Furthermore, in a retrospective study of patients with various renal diseases (including diabetic nephropathy), the authors found suggestive evidence that converting enzyme inhibitors may also attenuate progression of renal failure to a greater extent than other antihypertensive drugs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Construction of stabilized (R)-selective amine transaminase from Aspergillus terreus by consensus mutagenesis.
Amine transaminases are a class of efficient and industrially-desired biocatalysts for the production of chiral amines. In this study, stabilized variants of the (R)-selective amine transaminase from Aspergillus terreus (AT-ATA) were constructed by consensus mutagenesis. Using Consensus Finder (http://cbs-kazlab.oit.umn.edu/), six positions with the most prevalent amino acid (over 60% threshold) among the homologous family members were identified. Subsequently, these six residues were individually mutated to match the consensus sequence (I77 L, Q97E, H210N, N245D, G292D, and I295 V) using site-directed mutagenesis. Compared to that of the wild-type, the thermostability of all six single variants was improved. The H210N variant displayed the largest shift in thermostability, with a 3.3-fold increase in half-life (t1/2) at 40 °C, and a 4.6 °C increase in T5010 among the single variants. In addition, the double mutant H210N/I77L displayed an even larger shift with 6.1-fold improvement of t1/2 at 40 °C, and a 6.6 °C increase in T5010. Furtherly, the H210N/I77L mutation was introduced into the previously engineered thermostable AT-ATA by the introduction of disulfide bonds, employing B-factor and folding free energy (ΔΔGfold) calculations. Our results showed that the combined variant H210N/I77L/M150C-M280C had the largest shift in thermostability, with a 16.6-fold improvement of t1/2 and a 11.8 °C higher T5010. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Functional properties and oxidative modulation of A-type K currents in hippocampal granule cells of control and chronically epileptic rats.
A-type K+ channels are crucial determinants of neuronal firing. For example, reducing the amplitude of A-type currents (I(A)) increases seizure susceptibility. We have therefore examined the functional and molecular properties of I(A) in dentate granule neurons following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). We found that the levels of various A-type channel subunit mRNAs are unaltered following SE. Furthermore, current density and biophysical properties of I(A) recorded in outside-out and cell-attached patches from dentate granule cells are not modified by SE. However, I(A) in both control and epileptic rats was powerfully regulated by the cellular redox state. I(A) was recorded in outside-out patches with the recording pipette containing either reduced (GSH) or oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. In both control and epileptic rats, the presence of GSSG caused a similar, marked acceleration of recovery from inactivation. Additionally, GSSG produced a small but significant reduction of I(A) amplitudes only in control rats. The inactivation time course of I(A) during depolarizing voltage steps was not modified by GSH or GSSG. Cell-attached recordings, in which the intracellular milieu is conserved, revealed a slow time course of recovery more comparable to that with GSH. In summary, epileptic activity does not produce chronic changes in the molecular and functional properties of the somatic I(A) of dentate granule cells. However, I(A) is powerfully modulated by oxidation in both control and epileptic rats. This finding suggests that the availability of I(A) may be strongly regulated by changes in the GSH/GSSG ratio occurring during prolonged seizure activity or hypoxia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The coiled spring.
Radiological terminology includes a number of interesting and often amusing terms intended to help us understand and remember the pathological abnormality being described. What radiological sign is illustrated in Fig. 1 and what condition does it represent? | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Determination of nystatin component composition using HPLC and TLC with densitometry].
The component composition of nystatin produced by an improved strain of Streptomyces noursei was determined by HPLC on Milichrom chromatograph (USSR). It was shown that the antibiotic consisted of nystatins A1, A2, A3 and B and admixture substances. The data appeared to be in good agreement with the results of the complex TLC investigation, by using densitometry. The component composition of the samples was evidenced by SIEAP mass spectrometry. Physiochemical and biological characteristics of separate components are presented. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Chromogranin A as serum marker of pituitary adenomas.
The diagnostic impact of chromogranin A (CgA) measurement has been studied in various neuroendocrine tumours (NET) such as pheochromocytomas, gastrinomas and neuroblastomas. Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) are generally diagnosed on tumoural symptoms or hypopituitarism and, except for gonadotrophins and their free subunits which may be increased in the case of gonadotrophinomas, markers of endocrine secretory activity are lacking not only for diagnostic purpose but also in the postoperative follow-up of these patients. As the presence of CgA has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in pituitary adenomas, we performed this study to further assess the sensitivity of CgA measurement in sporadic pituitary adenomas using a new, specific, sandwich immunoassay. We first completed a basal normative data set obtained using this assay by studying four healthy men (49 +/- 13 years old), five healthy premenopausal women (35.8 +/- 7.5 years old) and five healthy postmenopausal women (49.1 +/- 4.6 years old) basally and after TRH administration. Twenty-seven patients [12 men (64.2 +/- 11.8 years), even premenopausal women (38.4 +/- 5.7 years) and eight postmenopausal women (67.7 +/- 10.3 years)] with NFPA, 15 acromegalic patients [nine men (45 +/- 13.3 years), six women (52 +/- 14.9 years)] and 19 patients with a prolactin-secreting adenoma [four men (41.2 +/- 18 years) and 15 women (31.2 +/- 7.5 years), with a macroadenoma (n = 11) or a microadenoma (n = 8)] had basal and TRH-stimulated measurement of CgA. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulation test was also performed in two, four and four patients, respectively. All patients had sporadic pituitary adenomas. Serum CgA was measured using a solid-phase two-site immunoradiometric assay based on monoclonal antibodies that bind to two distinct contiguous epitopes within the 145-245 region of CgA. Mean basal CgA concentration in 14 normal subjects was 80.2 ng/ml (SD: 31.7; range 19-124). A cut-off value for normal range was thus set at 125 ng/ml. TRH injection did not change significantly the CgA levels, peak values remaining less than 124 ng/ml. Three out of 27 subjects with NFPA (11%) had elevated basal CgA levels (576, 143, 241 ng/ml, respectively). Serum levels of CgA were not influenced by TRH in any of the NFPA subjects (including those three with increased basal levels). One out of 15 acromegalic patients (6.6%) and one out of 19 hyperprolactinemic patients (5.2%) had elevated serum basal CgA which did not significantly increase after TRH administration. In the remaining patients TRH-tests did not modify CgA levels. GnRH administration did not modify CgA levels. CgA serum levels measurement, assessed with a novel assay, does not provide a helpful marker for the clinical management of functioning and NFPA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Association of polymorphism in ICAM-1 (K469E) and cytology parameters in patients' initial blood test with acute ischemic stroke.
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has become a serious health problem in many countries because of its poor outcome and worsening epidemic trend. Early identification of genetic risk factors and physiological indicators for stroke occurrence may help to reduce the incidence of stroke. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study including 50 AIS patients and 50 healthy individuals from a Chinese population to explore the association between AIS and patient complete blood profiles and the association between AIS and the genetic polymorphism K469E in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Compared to the control group, AIS patients showed a high percentage of mononuclear cells, low platelet count, low ratio of platelet to lymphocyte count, high frequency of the 469K allele, and low frequency of the 469E allele. White blood cell count, percentage of neutrophils, percentage of lymphatic cells, platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume, and platelet hematocrit levels showed no significant differences between the 2 groups and between different genotypes. Our results suggested an association of elevated levels of mononuclear cells and reduced platelet count with higher AIS risk. Our results also supported the hypothesis that the KK genotype at the K469E locus in ICAM-1 is a risk factor for AIS. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Abscisic acid and osmoticum prevent germination of developing alfalfa embryos, but only osmoticum maintains the synthesis of developmental proteins.
Developing seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) acquire the ability to germinate during the latter stages of development, the maturation drying phase. Isolated embryos placed on Murashige and Skoog medium germinate well during early and late development, but poorly during mid-development; however, when placed on water they germinate well only during the latter stage of development. Germination of isolated embryos is very slow and poor when they are incubated in the presence of surrounding seed structures (the endosperm or seed coat) taken from the mid-development stages. This inhibitory effect is also achieved by incubating embryos in 10(-5) M abscisic acid (ABA). Endogenous ABA attains a high level during mid-development, especially in the endosperm. Seeds developing in pods treated with fluridone (1-methyl-3-phenyl-5[3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone) contain low levels of ABA during mid-development, and the endosperm and seed coat only weakly inhibit the germination of isolated embryos. However, intact seeds from fluridone-treated pods do not germinate viviparously, which is indicative that ABA alone is not responsible for maintaining seeds in a developing state. Application of osmoticum (e.g. 0.35 M sucrose) to isolated developing embryos prevents their germination. Also, in the developing seed in situ the osmotic potential is high. Thus internal levels of osmoticum may play a role in preventing germination of the embryo and maintaining development. Abscisic acid and osmoticum impart distinctly different metabolic responses on developing embryos, as demonstrated by their protein-synthetic capacity. Only in the presence of osmoticum do embryos synthesize proteins which are distinctly recognizable as those synthesized by developing embryos in situ, i.e. when inside the pod. Abscisic acid induces the synthesis of a few unique proteins, but these arise even in mature embryos treated with ABA. Thus while both osmoticum and ABA prevent precocious germination, their effects on the synthetic capacity of the developing embryo are quite distinct. Since seeds with low endogenous ABA do not germinate, osmotic regulation may be the more important of these two factors in controlling seed development. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Evaluation of an Experimental Production Wireless Dose Monitoring System for Radiation Exposure Management of Medical Staff].
Because of the more advanced and more complex procedures in interventional radiology, longer treatment times have become necessary. Therefore, it is important to determine the exposure doses received by operators and patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate an experimental production wireless dose monitoring system for pulse radiation in diagnostic X-ray. The energy, dose rate, and pulse fluoroscopy dependence were evaluated as the basic characteristics of this system for diagnostic X-ray using a fully digital fluoroscopy system. The error of 1 cm dose equivalent rate was less than 15% from 35.1 keV to 43.2 keV with energy correction using metal filter. It was possible to accurately measure the dose rate dependence of this system, which was highly linear until 100 μSv/h. This system showed a constant response to the pulse fluoroscopy. This system will become useful wireless dosimeter for the individual exposure management by improving the high dose rate and the energy characteristics. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Antibacterial activity of gentamicin-bonded gelatin-sealed polyethylene terephthalate vascular prostheses.
To create an antibiotic-modified vascular prosthesis with a prolonged bactericidal activity, susceptible to endothelialisation. We used a covalent method of gentamicin sulphate immobilisation to polyethylene terephthalate prosthesis sealed with gelatin. Antibacterial activity was assayed in Luria-Bertani medium against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Prosthesis endothelialisation was performed using bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC). Gentamicin was bound to vascular prostheses in the amount of 12g per kg of prosthesis. Ninety-seven percent of antibiotic bound in covalent way and remained on the biomaterial for at least 30 days during shaking in PBS solution. Gentamicin-modified prostheses exerted bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect on growth of clinical and reference bacterial strains, prevented biofilm formation and were highly susceptible to endothelialisation. BAEC viability exceeded 90%, which indicated that gentamicin-vascular prostheses were not toxic for these cells. Covalent gentamicin immobilisation resulted in effective antibacterial protection of vascular prostheses against clinical and reference strains of S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa and allowed for a strong adherence of endothelial cells to antibiotic-modified prostheses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Immunohistochemical characterization of squamous differentiation and morular metaplasia in uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma.
Squamous differentiation (SD) and morular metaplasia (MM) are frequently present in uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC) and can mimic areas of solid tumor. We used immunohistochemical stains to further characterize these lesions, and to determine which markers would help to distinguish these metaplasias from areas of solid growth in EAC. The pathology database was searched for diagnoses of EAC from 1997 to 2007, the hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were reviewed, and 143 cases with SD, MM, or both (SD+MM) were identified. A panel of immunohistochemical stains was performed. In particular, we were interested in PAX2 and PAX8, recently studied markers of Müllerian tissue as potential markers for differentiation of metaplasias and tumor. In addition, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, and Her-2/neu, were examined to determine whether there was a differential expression between the metaplasias and solid tumor that may be diagnostically useful. In addition, to further characterize MM and SD, bcl-2 as a marker of cell regulation and inhibition of apoptosis, p16 as a surrogate marker for human papillomavirus, and p63 as a marker of mature SD were studied. Adjacent normal endometrium (NEM), when present, and 20 EAC cases (FIGO Grades 1-3) without SD or MM served as controls. PAX2 was positive in NEM (58/61, 95%) and was lost in SD (15/136, 11%), MM (1/25, 4%), and EAC (57/163, 35%), whereas PAX8 was positive in all NEM (61/61, 100%) and in the majority of SD (125/136, 92%), MM (19/25, 73%), and EAC (162/163, 99%). The estrogen receptor and the progesterone receptor were expressed by the majority of EAC (148/163, 91% and 144/163, 88%, respectively), whereas both were markedly diminished in SD (56/136, 41% and 58/136, 43%) and MM (4/25, 16% and 2/25, 8%). Approximately half of the MM was positive for bcl-2 (12/25, 48%), making it an unreliable marker. Her-2/neu was negative in all cases (0%). p16 was patchy in SD (111/136, 82%), MM (22/25, 88%), and EAC (154/163, 94%), whereas p63 was predominantly positive only in SD (96/136, 71%). Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, PAX2, and PAX8 were helpful in differentiating MM from SD, EAC, or NEM (P<0.05). In addition, p63 distinguished between SD and MM, supporting the theory that morules do not show characteristic mature SD. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Aquaporins in the Eye.
The major part of the eye consists of water . Continuous movement of water and ions between the ocular compartments and to the systemic circulation is pivotal for many physiological functions in the eye. The movement of water facilitates removal of the many metabolic products of corneal-, ciliary body-, lens- and retinal metabolism, while maintaining transparency in the optical compartments. Transport across the corneal epithelium and endothelium maintains the corneal transparency. Also, aqueous humour is continuously secreted by the epithelia of the ciliary body and maintains the intraocular pressure. In the retina, water is transported into the vitreous body and across the retinal pigment epithelium to regulate the extracellular environment and the hydration of the retina. Aquaporins (AQPs ) take part in the water transport throughout the eye. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Mutation of tyrosine-350 impairs the coupling of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor to the stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein without interfering with receptor down-regulation.
Long-term stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2AR) leads to an internalization and degradation of the receptor. This down-regulation of the beta 2AR number contributes to the desensitization of the adenylyl cyclase activity induced by chronic exposure to agonists. It was proposed that two tyrosine residues (Tyr-350 and Tyr-354) located in the cytoplasmic tail of the beta 2AR play a crucial role in agonist-induced down-regulation. In addition to perturbation of the down-regulation, the substitution of these tyrosines for alanines also led to a functional uncoupling of the receptor from Gs [Valiquette et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 5089-5093]. To further characterize the relative contribution of Tyr-350 and Tyr-354 to the receptor interaction with Gs and agonist-promoted down-regulation, both tyrosines were individually replaced by alanines and mutant receptors expressed in CHW cells. We show here that mutation of Tyr-350 but not that of Tyr-354 significantly decreased the ability of the beta 2AR to be functionally coupled to Gs and thereby to stimulate the adenylyl cyclase. Moreover, in contrast to the double tyrosine mutation, neither of the single-point mutations affected the agonist-induced down-regulation pattern. These data suggest that the presence of either Tyr-350 or Tyr-354 is sufficient to maintain normal agonist-induced down-regulation whereas the integrity of Tyr-350 is required for an appropriate coupling to Gs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Oto-palato-digital syndrome type II in two unrelated boys.
We report on two boys with oto-palato-digital syndrome type II, characterized by growth retardation, bowed long bones, missing or hypoplastic fibulae, sclerosis of the skull base and wavy, irregular clavicles and ribs. The facial appearance is distinctive due to prominent forehead, widely spaced eyes, antimongologid slant of palpebral fissures, flattened nasal bridge and retrogenia. The mother of one patient showed a mild manifestation of oto-palato-digital syndrome type II. Only about 20 cases of this rare X-linked disorder have been reported so far. The similarities and dissimilarities to oto-palato-digital syndrome type I are discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Anti-arthritis effects of vitamin K(2) (menaquinone-4)--a new potential therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis.
Vitamin K(2) (menaquinone-4, MK-4) has been reported to induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma, leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome cell lines. The effects of MK-4 on the development of arthritis have never been addressed thus far. In the present study, we investigated the effect of MK-4 upon the proliferation of rheumatoid synovial cells and the development of arthritis in collagen-induced arthritis. We analyzed the effect of MK-4 on the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The pro-apoptotic effect of MK-4 upon fibroblast-like synoviocytes was investigated with annexin V staining and DNA fragmentation and caspase 3/7 assays. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of MK-4 on the development of collagen-induced arthritis in female dark agouti rats. Our results indicated that MK-4 inhibited the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and the development of collagen-induced arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that MK-4 may represent a new agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the setting of combination therapy with other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The antioxidative, non-psychoactive tricyclic phenothiazine reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice.
Oxidative stress due to free radical formation is an important mechanism of secondary brain damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Phenothiazine has been found to be a strong antioxidant in eukaryotic cells in vitro and in invertebrates in vivo. The present study was designed to determine the neuroprotective potency of unsubstituted phenothiazine in a paradigm of acute brain injury. Thirty minutes after pneumatic, controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury, C57BI6 mice were randomly assigned to "low dose" (3 mg/kg, LD) or "high dose" (30 mg/kg, HD) s.c. phenothiazine or vehicle treatment. Brain lesion, neurofunctional impairment, body weight, and markers of cerebral inflammation were determined 24h after the insult. Phenothiazine treatment dose-dependently reduced brain lesion volume (LD: -19.8%; HD: -26.1%) and posttraumatic body weight loss. There were no significant differences in the neurological function score and in markers of cerebral inflammation (Iba-1 positive cells, TNFα expression), whereas iNOS expression was significantly lower compared to vehicle-treated animals. Phenothiazine appears to modify in a post-treatment protocol certain aspects of secondary brain damage in vivo at unusually low concentrations, in particular the cortical contusion volume after TBI. The potential role of the reduced iNOS expression is unclear at present. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Supramolecular aggregates of metallo-organic acids with stilbazoles. Formation of columnar mesophases and Langmuir films.
Supramolecular metal complexes formed through hydrogen bonding between tris(3,4,5-decyloxy)stilbazole and several metallo-organic acids of the type [Au(R)(CNC6H4CO2H)] (R = C6F5, C6F4OC10H21), [cis-[MCl2(CNC6H4COOH)2] and [trans-[MI2(CNC6H4COOH)2] (M = Pd, Pt) have been synthesized. All the supramolecular palladium and platinum polycatenar aggregates display a hexagonal columnar mesophase at temperatures close to room temperature. Most of the supramolecular trisalkoxystilbazole complexes exhibit luminescent behaviour. Aggregates of [Au(C6F4OC10H21)(CNC6H4CO2H)] and [trans-[MI2(CNC6H4COOH)2] (M = Pd, Pt) form stable Langmuir films at the air-water interface. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Effect of hyperandrogenism and menstrual cycle abnormalities on bone mass and bone turnover in young women.
Prolonged period of amenorrhoea are regarded as a risk factor for the appearance of osteoporosis. Amenorrhoea is a feature of different pathological conditions with heterogeneous endocrine profiles. We evaluated bone mineral metabolism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothalamic amenorrhoea and idiopathic hirsutism in order to establish the relative importance for the maintenance of normal bone mass of ovulatory cycles and androgen and oestrogen production. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers and endocrine profile were evaluated in 51 patients with PCOS, 24 patients with idiopathic hirsutism, 26 patients with hypothalamic amenorrhoea and 35 healthy women. Body mass index (BMI) ranged between 20.1 and 31.0 kg/m2, and age from 17 to 33 years. Thirty-eight of the PCOS patients were amenorrhoeic (< 4 menstrual cycles/year). Spine and femoral BMD were significantly decreased and bone markers (serum osteocalcin, and urinary excretion of free deoxypyridinoline, cross-linked N-telopeptide and hydroxyproline) significantly increased in the patients with hypothalamic amenorrhoea, when compared to control subjects and the other two patient groups. In the sub-group of PCOS patients with amenorrhoea, spine and femoral neck BMD was significantly lower than in patients with idiopathic hirsutism and the non-amenorrhoeic PCOS patients. In all PCOS patients, spine and neck BMD were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with serum androstenedione and free testosterone levels. The results of this study suggest that in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome the deleterious effect on bone of amenorrhoea is balanced by androgen overproduction. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
One-pot synthesis of organophilic layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing aliphatic carboxylates: extended "homogeneous precipitation" method.
One-pot synthesis of aliphatic carboxylate/LDH hybrids (org-LDHs) was accomplished via the so-called "homogeneous precipitation" method developed for preparing carbonate-type layered double hydroxides (CO(3)(2-) LDHs) with ammonia-releasing reagents such as hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and urea. An aqueous solution of an aliphatic carboxylate (C2-C18) was added to a mixed aqueous solution of metal salts and HMT and then heated at 140-160 degrees C in a pressure vessel for 1day. Two kinds of LDHs were investigated: MgAl-LDH and NiAl-LDH. We found that only aliphatic carboxylates longer than decanoate (C10) and dodecanoate (C12) were incorporated successfully in the MgAl-LDH and NiAl-LDH interlayers without any CO(3)(2-) contamination, respectively. Shorter carboxylates were not incorporated, only yielding CO(3)(2-)LDHs. Isolation of the hydrophobic org-LDH phase from the aqueous medium containing carbonate ions was assumed to be the main reason for the lack of CO(3)(2-) contamination in the org-LDHs having longer-alkyl carboxylates. This method was also used successfully for preparing MgAl-LDHs containing dodecylbenzene sulfonate(DBS), a sulfonate-type anionic surfactant. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
In-vivo evaluation in man of a hydrophilic matrix containing propylthiouracil.
To reduce the number of administrations of propylthiouracil required to treat hyperthyroidism, the bioavailability and sustained-release characteristics of 300 mg propylthiouracil formulated in hydrophilic matrix tablets were evaluated after single oral administration in healthy male volunteers. A conventional tablet was chosen as the reference formulation. For tablets formulated from three different types of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, K15M, K4M and K100LV, propylthiouracil dissolution in-vitro was 40%, 51% and 100%, respectively, in 8 h. The three matrix formulations showed sustained plasma concentration-time profiles. The relative bioavailability was 50, 51 and 87%, respectively, for K4M, K15M and K100LV hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrix tablets. When reverse triiodothyronine concentrations were plotted against the corresponding propylthiouracil concentrations, an antihysteresis loop was observed with the conventional tablets and the K100LV matrix tablet. A linear concentration-response curve was obtained for both the K4M and K15M formulations. The results showed that the K100LV matrix tablet gave a sustained plasma concentration-time profile and a bioavailability and extrathyroidal effect similar to that of a conventional tablet. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The optimal follow-up time for a basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid.
A retrospective study of 56 patients with a basal cell carcinoma of the lid, seen at the Orbital Center between 1981 and 1989, is presented. In 31 patients an eye-saving, histopathologically confirmed, radical excision of the tumor was performed. The patients routinely had an 18-month follow-up period for the detection of recurrences. The necessity of this follow-up time after proven radical excision is questioned. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Combined directed ortho metalation-halogen dance (HD) synthetic strategies. HD-anionic ortho fries rearrangement and double HD sequences.
A general and efficient directed ortho metalation (DoM)-halogen dance (HD)-electrophile quench sequence for the synthesis of trisubstituted pyridyl O-carbamates is described. A second HD sequence furnishes highly functionalized tetrasubstituted pyridines. Furthermore, a hitherto unobserved double HD rearrangement is reported. Under similar LDA conditions, aromatic O-carbamates with OMe, Cl, and F substituents (4a-c) undergo either a HD-electrophile quench sequence, 4a-c --> 18-20, or a HD-anionic ortho Fries rearrangement, 4a-c --> 6a-c, respectively. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Biogeographic determinants of genetic diversification in the mouse opossum Gracilinanus agilis (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae).
The genetic variation of Brazilian populations of the mouse opossum Gracilinanus agilis was analyzed on the basis of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene (mt-Cytb) and the exon 28 of the nuclear Von Willenbrand factor (e28-vWF). The radiation of Gracilinanus was dated at 4.80 Ma, with the appearance of G. agilis around 1.93 Ma. Gracilinanus aceramarcae appeared as the first offshoot of the genus, followed by Gracilinanus emiliae and Gracilinanus microtarsus, which composed a sister clade of G. agilis. Phylogeographic analyses and genetic distance estimates indicate G. agilis as a single species, with haplotypes grouping in three well-supported clades, one from midwestern Brazil, a second one from northeastern Brazil, and a third one from eastern Brazil. Phylogeographic patterns in G. agilis were interpreted in search for congruence between genetic breaks and historic geomorphologic events documented for the region stretching northeastern to central-western of the Brazilian shield. The Rio São Francisco and the Serra Geral de Goiás were found to represent relevant geographic barriers to gene flow for G. agilis populations as well as for populations of several other widespread taxa. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Massive myocardial infiltration by HIV-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma: echocardiographic aspects at diagnosis and at follow-up.
A 23-year-old male presented with severe rest dyspnoea, engorged jugular veins, ankle oedema and heart rate 140 bpm. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large mediastinal mass with pericardial and atrial infiltration, pulmonary artery and superior vena cava compression. HIV infection was detected. Echocardiography showed 5 × 4 cm masses both in the right and the left atria, pericardial effusion, thickening of the right and left ventricular walls and hypokinesis; after intravenous contrast medium (SonoVue), the ventricular myocardium showed an increased, granular echogenicity, as did the mediastinal mass and pericardium. Nadroparin, bisoprolol, amiodarone and (suspecting non-Hodgkin lymphoma) steroids were started. After 3 days, at echocardiogram, the thickness of the ventricular walls was reduced and ejection fraction was improved. Mediastinal biopsy disclosed a large B-cell lymphoma. After starting systemic chemotherapy (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin) and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 11 days after admission the patient was in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 1-2, with normal jugular veins and no oedema. The echocardiogram showed no more pericardial effusion, atrial masses reduced by 50%, normal interventricular septum thickness and ejection fraction. In August 2010, after six cycles of chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy, the patient was in complete remission. This case shows both the echocardiographic findings typical of neoplastic infiltration of the myocardium and the rapid improvement observed within a few days after chemotherapy. In the HAART era patients with HIV-related lymphoma and even massive involvement of the heart may receive aggressive treatment with curative intent. Echocardiography is useful in early assessment of the response to therapy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Evaluation of DNA damage by the alkaline elution technique in liver, kidneys and lungs of rats and hamsters treated with N-nitrosodialkylamines.
Induction of single-strand breaks in the DNA of three organs of BD-VI rats and Syrian golden hamsters was examined 4 h after a single i.p. dose of N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) or N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN). Damage was monitored in vivo by the alkaline elution method, in which DNA is dosed fluorometrically. DNA damage was induced by DMN in the liver and kidneys of rats and in the liver and lungs of hamsters, and by DEN in rat and hamster liver. High doses of the hepatocarcinogen and hepatotoxic compound carbon tetrachloride, did not induce DNA damage in rat liver. A correspondence between DNA fragmentation (our study) and tumour induction (reported in the literature) was found in the following organs: rat and hamster liver (DMN, DEN), rat kidney (DMN), rat lung (DMN, DEN), hamster kidney (DMN, DEN). In contrast, no such correlation was observed in rat kidney and hamster lung following DEN-treatment and in hamster lung following DMN-treatment. Thus, the in vivo alkaline elution assay would appear to be most useful for detecting DNA damage by chemicals that are activated metabolically in the liver and that bind to hepatic DNA. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Composition analysis and immuno-modulatory effect of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) extract.
The aim of this study was to analyse the composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) extract and investigate the effect of A. esculentus L. polysaccharides (AE-PS) on the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs) derived from rat bone marrow hematopoietic cells (BMHCs) in vitro. BMHC-derived immature DCs (BMHC-imDCs) were extracted from rats and treated with AE-PS. The hydrolysed okra extract contained 0.6% β-1, 3-D-glucan. AE-PS induced the presence of polymorphic nuclei and elongated protrusion in the BHMC-imDCs, indicating DC activation. Treatment with 100 μg/mL of AE-PS increased the MHC class II and CD80/86 expression levels by 41% and 42%, respectively. Treated cells had reduced endocytosis activity. The secretion of IL-12 and IFN-γ increased significantly by 120% and 75%, respectively, when treated with 100 μg/mL of AE-PS. Moreover, IL-10 production was reduced by 66%. In conclusion, AE-PS exhibits stimulatory effects on rat dendritic cells and promotes the secretion of T(H)1 cytokines. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Depressive symptoms among HIV-positive pregnant women in Thailand.
To examine predictors of depressive symptoms among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive, pregnant women in Thailand. Correlational, cross-sectional study. Data were collected at prenatal clinics in five hospitals in Thailand from January 2004 to January 2006. One hundred twenty-seven HIV-positive pregnant women completed questionnaires in Thai on depressive symptoms, self-esteem, emotional support, physical symptoms, and demographics. Simultaneous multiple regression was used to analyze predictors of depressive symptoms. Seventy-eight percent of the 127 participants reported depressive symptoms to some degree. Physical symptoms (beta= .192, p<.05) were positively associated with depressive symptoms, but self-esteem (beta=-.442, p<.001), emotional support (beta=-.193, p<.01), and financial status (beta=-.209, p<.01) were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms. The study results have added new knowledge about depressive symptoms and their predictors in HIV-positive pregnant women in Thailand. Depressive symptoms have been associated with faster progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among HIV-positive individuals. The high rate of depression in our study suggests that HIV-positive pregnant women in Thailand should all be screened for depressive symptoms. Causes of physical symptoms should be identified and treated. Emotional support and self-esteem should be strengthened for HIV-positive pregnant Thai women. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Microwave assisted synthesis and QSAR study of novel NSAID acetaminophen conjugates with amino acid linkers.
Novel, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acetaminophen conjugates 6a–l with amino acid linkers were synthesized utilizing benzotriazole chemistry. Biological data acquired for all the novel bis-conjugates showed (a) some bis-conjugates (6d, 6e, 6h, and 6k) exhibit more potent anti-inflammatory activity than their parent drugs, (b) the potent bis-conjugates show no visible stomach lesions in contrast to parent drugs which are highly ulcerogenic, and (c) that the potent bio-active compounds have no mortality rates or toxic symptoms at 5 fold the applied anti-inflammatory dosage. A statistically significant QSAR model describing the anti-inflammatory properties of 6a–l (N = 15, n = 3, R(2) = 0.891, R(2)cvOO = 0.770, R(2)cvMO = 0.796, F = 29.904, s(2) = 0.011) was obtained employing CODESSA-Pro that validated the observed bio-activity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Surface modification of polypropylene non-woven fibers with TiO2 nanoparticles via layer-by-layer self assembly method: Preparation and photocatalytic activity.
Polypropylene (PP) meltblown fibers were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles using layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition technique. The fibers were first modified with 3 layers of poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) and poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) to improve the anchoring of the TiO2 nanoparticle clusters. PDADMAC, which is positively charged, was then used as counter polyelectrolyte in tandem with anionic TiO2 nanoparticles to construct TiO2/PDADMAC bilayer in the LbL fashion. The number of deposited TiO2/PDADMAC layers was varied from 1 to 7 bilayer, and could be used to adjust TiO2 loading. The LbL technique showed higher TiO2 loading efficiency than the impregnation approach. The modified fibers were tested for their photocatalytic activity against a model dye, Methylene Blue (MB). Results showed that the TiO2 modified fibers exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity efficiency similar to that of TiO2 powder dispersed in solution. The deposition of TiO2 3 bilayer on the PP substrate was sufficient to produce nanocomposite fibers that could bleach the MB solution in less than 4hr. TiO2-LbL constructions also preserved TiO2 adhesion on substrate surface after 1cycle of photocatalytic test. Successive photocatalytic test showed decline in MB reduction rate with loss of TiO2 particles from the substrate outer surface. However, even in the third cycle, the TiO2 modified fibers are still moderately effective as it could remove more than 95% of MB after 8hr of treatment. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Synthesis and characterization of ionic polymer networks in a room-temperature ionic liquid.
Ionic liquid gels (ILGs) for potential use in ion transport and separation applications were generated via a free radical copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and N,N'-methylene(bis)acrylamide (MBA) using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate (IL) as a room temperature ionic liquid solvent medium. The AMPS and MBA monomer solubility window in the IL in the temperature range of 25 to 65 °C was determined. In situ ATR-FTIR showed near complete conversion of monomers to a cross-linked polymer network. ILGs with glass transition temperatures (T(g)s) near -50 °C were generated with T(g) decreasing with increasing IL content. The elastic moduli in compression (200 to 6600 kPa) decreased with increasing IL content and increasing AMPS content while the conductivities (0.35 to 2.14 mS cm⁻¹) increased with increasing IL content and decreasing MBA content. The polymer-IL interaction parameter (χ) (0.48 to 0.55) was determined via a modified version of the Bray and Merrill equation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A slight decrease in renal function further impairs bone mineral density in primary hyperparathyroidism.
The impairment of renal function can affect the clinical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), increasing cardiovascular morbidity, fracture rate, and the risk of mortality. The aim of the study was to assess the differences in bone status in a series of consecutive patients affected by PHPT without overt renal failure at diagnosis grouped according to creatinine clearance (Ccr). A total of 161 consecutive patients with PHPT were studied. They were divided into two groups based on Ccr. Group A had Ccr 70 ml/min or less (n = 49), and group B had Ccr greater than 70 ml/min (n = 112). PTH, total and ionized serum calcium; urinary calcium and phosphate; serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; serum and urinary bone markers; lumbar, forearm, and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated. Patients in group A were older than those in group B (P < 0.0001). PTH levels did not differ in the two groups, whereas both urinary calcium and phosphorus were lower in group A than group B (P < 0.01). Lower BMD was evident in group A at lumbar spine (P < 0.002), forearm (P < 0.0001), and femur (P < 0.01). In asymptomatic PHPT, those with Ccr 70 ml/min or less had lower forearm BMD than patients with higher Ccr (P < 0.00001). When adjusting for age and body mass index in PHPT, BMD at each site persisted being lower (P < 0.05) in group A than group B. In all PHPT subjects, Ccr (beta = 0.29, P < 0.0005), age (beta = -0.27, P < 0.00001), and PTH levels (beta = -0.27, P < 0.0005) were all independently associated with forearm BMD. In PHPT a slight decrease in renal function is associated with more severe BMD decrease, independent of age, body mass index, and PTH levels. This association is also present in asymptomatic PHPT and strengthens the National Institutes of Health recommendations for surgery in patients with mild PHPT. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The bystander cell-killing effect mediated by nitric oxide in normal human fibroblasts varies with irradiation dose but not with radiation quality.
To investigate the dependence of the bystander cell-killing effect on radiation dose and quality, and to elucidate related molecular mechanisms. Normal human fibroblast WI-38 cells were irradiated with 0.125 - 2 Gy of γ-rays or carbon ions and were co-cultured with non-irradiated cells. Survival rates of bystander cells were investigated using the colony formation assays, and nitrite concentrations in the medium were measured using the modified Saltzman method. Survival rates of bystander cells decreased with doses of γ-rays and carbon ions of ≤ 0.5 Gy. Treatment of the specific nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenger prevented reductions in survival rates of bystander cells. Moreover, nitrite concentrations increased with doses of less than 0.25 Gy (γ-rays) and 1 Gy (carbon ions). The dose responses of increased nitrite concentrations as well as survival reduction were similar between γ-rays and carbon ions. In addition, negative relationships were observed between survival rates and nitrite concentrations. The bystander cell-killing effect mediated by NO radicals in normal human fibroblasts depends on irradiation doses of up to 0.5 Gy, but not on radiation quality. NO radical production appears to be an important determinant of γ-ray- and carbon-ion-induced bystander effects. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The end of an affair? Geography and fertility in late post-transitional societies.
A common theme in the writings of population geographers with a fertility interest has been a concern with the convergence of interregional fertility differentials. It is now clear, however, that the widespread achievement in western societies of below-replacement fertility has resulted in a dramatic diminution of most forms of differential fertility, whether sectoral or spatial. The question of "what remains for the spatial analyst working in the traditional ecological mode?" must therefore be asked. An analysis of small-area fertility differentials in NSW in 1986 suggests (a) that most of the variability in local marital and total fertility is not statistically significant, and (b) that even if this problem is ignored, traditional ecological analysis has only trivial 'explanatory' power. While complete spatial uniformity is unlikely ever to be achieved, it is argued that the intrasocietal convergence of reproductive norms and behavior has proceeded so far that conventional geographic approaches to the analysis of fertility are unlikely any longer to be, if they ever were, fruitful | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The need for closer control of warfarin therapy.
Warfarin therapy is associated with a variety of haemorrhagic complications. We report a representative series of six cases of warfarin-induced bleeding in non-cerebral sites admitted to one unit. In all of these cases, there was inadequate control of anticoagulation, resulting in major morbidity and one death. In particular, closer attention must be paid to the indications for and duration of warfarin treatment. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
CO2 in static mesenteric venous blood during intestinal ischemia and ischemic preconditioning in rats.
During intestinal ischemia, CO2 accumulates in tissue as a result of bicarbonate buffering of anaerobic acid generation. Previous studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) generated during ischemic preconditioning acts as a glycolytic modulator, thus decreasing tissue lactate production. We studied if ischemic preconditioning induces NO-dependent changes in static mesenteric venous blood Pco2 values and CO2 accumulation during intestinal ischemia. Superior mesenteric venous (smv) acid base variables were studied in 4 groups of rats: a control group (C), an ischemic (90-min period of flow arrest) group (I), an ischemic group subjected to previous ischemic preconditioning (P), and an ischemic group subjected to previous ischemic preconditioning in which nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was inhibited by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration (P+N). Preconditioning induced acidosis in smv blood during reperfusion before ischemia, but this effect was counteracted by L-NAME. Group P showed the lowest values of end-ischemic tissue lactate, smv blood CO2 accumulation, and LDH in perfusate, whereas group P+N showed the highest level of LDH in perfusate but the lowest end-ischemic smv blood Pco2 and acidity. We conclude that lower ischemic CO2 accumulation in static smv blood, but not lower end-ischemic Pco2, was related with the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning in our rat model. Thus, the use of stagnant smv blood Pco2 as an indicative of intestinal dysoxia can lead to misinterpretations if a broader acid-base picture is not considered. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The frequency range of TMJ sounds.
There are conflicting opinions about the frequency range of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds. Some authors claim that the upper limit is about 650 Hz. The aim was to test the hypothesis that TMJ sounds may contain frequencies well above 650 Hz but that significant amounts of their energy are lost if the vibrations are recorded using contact sensors and/or travel far through the head tissues. Time-frequency distributions of 172 TMJ clickings (three subjects) were compared between recordings with one microphone in the ear canal and a skin contact transducer above the clicking joint and between recordings from two microphones, one in each ear canal. The energy peaks of the clickings recorded with a microphone in the ear canal on the clicking side were often well above 650 Hz and always in a significantly higher area (range 117-1922 Hz, P < 0.05 or lower) than in recordings obtained with contact sensors (range 47-375 Hz) or in microphone recordings from the opposite ear canal (range 141-703 Hz). Future studies are required to establish normative frequency range values of TMJ sounds but need methods also capable of recording the high frequency vibrations. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dentine dysplasia with sclerotic bone and skeletal anomalies inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. A new syndrome.
Patients with teeth showing all of the clinical, radiographic, and histologic features of radicular dentine dysplasia (type I) have been found to have dense sclerotic bone and skeletal anomalies of the wrists and hand bones. The association of these defects of teeth and bone was found to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait over four generations. Review of theliterature failed to disclose a previous description of this disorder. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The BM2 protein of influenza B virus interacts with p53 and inhibits its transcriptional and apoptotic activities.
The influenza virus integral membrane proteins BM2 (M2 of influenza B virus) and A/M2 (M2 of influenza A virus) functions as an ion channel, important for virus uncoating in endosomes of virus-infected cells and essential for viral replication. M2 ion channel activity is also required to stimulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation by perturbing ionic concentrations in the Golgi. In the present study, we have investigated further the interaction between BM2 and p53 to confirm our previous studies using yeast two-hybrid assays. The interaction between BM2 and p53 was confirmed by GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation assays, and confocal microscopy. Expression of BM2 results in down-regulation of p53 mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we demonstrated that exogenous expression of BM2 functionally blocked p53-mediated transcriptional activity and apoptosis by luciferase reporter assay and TUNEL assay, respectively. Together, the present results indicate that BM2 is able to functionally interact with p53, and provide valuable insights into the modulation of p53 functions by influenza virus. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Decision-making, somatic markers and emotion processing in opiate users.
Opiate use is associated with deficits in decision-making. A possible explanation for these deficits is provided by the somatic marker hypothesis, which suggests that substance users may experience abnormal emotional responses during decision-making involving reward and punishment. This in turn may interfere with the brief physiological arousal, i.e. somatic markers that normally occur in anticipation of risky decisions. To date, the applicability of the somatic marker hypothesis to explain decision-making deficits has not been investigated in opiate users. This study assessed whether decision-making deficits in opiate users were related to abnormal emotional responses and reduced somatic markers. Opiate users enrolled in an opiate substitute treatment program (n = 28) and healthy controls (n = 32) completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) while their skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded. Participants' emotional responses to emotion-eliciting videos were also recorded using SCRs and subjective ratings. Opiate users displayed poorer decision-making on the IGT than did controls. However, there were no differences between the groups in SCRs; both groups displayed stronger SCRs following punishment than following reward, and both groups displayed stronger anticipatory SCRs prior to disadvantageous decisions than advantageous decisions. There were no group differences in objective or subjective measures of emotional responses to the videos. The results suggest that deficits in emotional responsiveness are not apparent in opiate users who are receiving pharmacological treatment. Thus, the somatic marker hypothesis does not provide a good explanation for the decision-making deficits in this group. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Depurination of DNA as a possible mutagenic pathway for cells.
The possible consequences of depurination for both spontaneous and induced mutagenesis were investigated using in vitro and in vivo assays. Depurination of synthetic polynucleotide templates such as poly [d(A-T)] or poly [d(G-C)] leads to increased misincorporation of noncomplementary nucleotides when these templates are copied by prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerases. The ability of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I to copy over apurinic sites was demonstrated using single-stranded circular DNA of bacteriophage 0X174 as a template and starting DNA synthesis at a fixed point. Analysis of the newly synthesized 0X174 restriction fragments on neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients shows that synthesis proceeded past apurinic sites. When using depurinated 0X174 DNA containing the am3 amber mutation as a template for copying by E. coli DNA polymerase I, an increased reversion to wild type is observed after transfection into E. coli spheroplasts. The enhancement in reversion frequency is proportional to the extent of depurination, suggesting that depurination is also mutagenic during copying natural DNA in vitro. When noncopied depurinated 0X174 am3 DNA is transfected in E. coli spheroplasts, no increase in reversion frequency is observed above background level. However, when the spheroplasts are derived from bacteria in which the SOS response had been induced by UV irradiation, a substantial increase is observed for depurinated molecules, whereas no increase is observed for nondepurinated templates, suggesting in vivo mutagenesis at depurinated sites. In each of the different assay systems investigated, the increase in misincorporation or reversion frequency is a linear function of the number of sites and is abolished by treatment of the depurinated templates with alkali, which rapidly induces strand breakage at apurinic sites. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Serum and tissue profiling in bladder cancer combining protein and tissue arrays.
Aiming at identifying biomarkers for bladder cancer, the serum proteome was explored in a pilot study through a profiling approach using protein arrays. Supervised analyses identified a panel 171 immunogenic proteins differentially expressed between patients with bladder cancer (n = 12) and controls without the disease (n = 10). The microanatomical expression patterns of novel immunogenic proteins, especially dynamin and clusterin, were found significantly associated with histopathologic variables and overall survival, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry using an independent series of bladder tumors contained in tissue microarrays (n = 289). Thus, the protein arrays approach has identified a panel of immunogenic candidates that may potentially play a role as diagnostic biomarkers, especially for muscle invasive disease. Moreover, the protein expression patterns of dynamin and clusterin in bladder tumors were shown to adjunct for histopathologic staging and clinical outcome prognosis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Combined endpoints: can we use them?
Analysing specific non-fatal events in isolation may lead to spurious conclusions about efficacy unless the events considered are combined with all-cause mortality. The use of combined endpoints has therefore become widespread, at least in cardiovascular disease trials. Combining all-cause mortality with selected non-fatal events is useful because event-free survival, an important criterion in therapy evaluation, is addressed in this manner. In many clinical trials, symptoms, signs or paraclinical measures (for example, blood pressure, exercise duration, quality of life scores) are used as endpoints. If the patient died before the endpoint was measured, or it was otherwise not possible to perform follow-up assessments as planned, the effect of treatment on these endpoints may be distorted if the patients concerned are ignored in the analysis. Examples are given of how distortion can be avoided by including all patients randomized in an analysis that uses a ranked combined endpoint based both on clinical events and on paraclinical measures. A distinction is made between a pseudo intention-to-treat analysis that disregards study medication status at the time of endpoint assessment but is confined to patients with data, and a true intention-to-treat analysis that takes into account all patients randomized based on a ranked combined endpoint. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Variability of critical epitopes within HIV-1 heptad repeat domains for selected entry inhibitors in HIV-infected populations worldwide [corrected].
Two of the fusion inhibitors T-20 and 5-helix polypeptide have been shown to be potent inhibitors of cell-to-cell fusion and are currently under investigation as therapy for HIV-1. To examine variability of HIV-1 gp41 heptads repeat regions (HR1 and HR2), with special emphasis on the presence of T-20 resistance mutations and 5-helix variability at critical epitopes, in treatment-naive patients infected with diverse HIV-1 subtypes from different geographic regions. A total of 150 specimens representing HIV-1 group M subtypes (A-G) from persons naive to HIV-1 viral entry inhibitor therapy were used to amplify and sequence a 506 bp segment of transmembrane protein. In general, both HR1 (a.a. 540-593) and HR2 (a.a. 628-673) domains were highly conserved. Sequence analysis of the T-20 resistant domain (a.a. 547-549, GIV) revealed that 99% of the specimens (149 of 150) carried a T-20 sensitive genotype. The critical epitopes involved in the 5-helix interaction include residues at positions 628W, 631W, 635I, 638Y, 642I, 645L, 649S, 652Q, 656N, and 659E. Analysis of the 150 specimens revealed that all had identical residues at six of these positions, whereas two positions had minor variations (635 and 649) and two (645 and 659) appeared to have subtype-specific substitutions. This data indicates that there is limited resistance to T-20 in these worldwide populations and that the critical epitopes for effective 5-helix binding are highly conserved across all subtypes. Taken together, these data suggest that T-20 and 5-helix should provide useful additives to current antiretroviral therapy for clinical management of HIV disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder.
Mortality has been suggested to be increased in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To examine both all-cause and cause-specific mortality in ASD, as well as investigate moderating role of gender and intellectual ability. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for a population-based cohort of ASD probands (n = 27,122, diagnosed between 1987 and 2009) compared with gender-, age- and county of residence-matched controls (n = 2,672,185). During the observed period, 24,358 (0.91%) individuals in the general population died, whereas the corresponding figure for individuals with ASD was 706 (2.60%; OR = 2.56; 95% CI 2.38-2.76). Cause-specific analyses showed elevated mortality in ASD for almost all analysed diagnostic categories. Mortality and patterns for cause-specific mortality were partly moderated by gender and general intellectual ability. Premature mortality was markedly increased in ASD owing to a multitude of medical conditions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Axial bis(terpyridoxy)phosphorus(V) porphyrin: modulation of PET and EET by Zn2+ or Cd2+ ions.
A novel phosphorus(V) porphyrin bearing two ptp[4'-(4-phenyloxy)-2,2'ratio6',2''-terpyridine] groups was prepared and modulation of the intramolecular PET (lambda(ex)= 566 nm) and PET --> EET (lambda(ex)= 300 nm) processes was studied from ptp to phosphorus(V) porphyrin by Zn2+ or Cd2+ ions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Multilevel grouped regression for analyzing self-reported health in relation to environmental factors: the model and its application.
A method for modeling the relationship of polychotomous health ratings with predictors such as area characteristics, the distance to a source of environmental contamination, or exposure to environmental pollutants is presented. The model combines elements of grouped regression and multilevel analysis. The statistical model describes the entire response distribution as a function of the predictors so that any measure that summarizes this distribution can be calculated from the model. With the model, polychotomous health ratings can be used, and there is no need for a priori dichotomizing such variables which would lead to loss of information. It is described how, according to the model, various measures describing the response distribution are related to the exposure, and the confidence and tolerance intervals for these relationships are presented. Specific attention is given to the incorporation of random factors in the model. The application that here serves as an example, concerns annoyance from transportation noise. Exposure-response relationships obtained with the described method of modeling are presented for aircraft, road traffic, and railway noise. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reconsidering the diagnostic and prognostic utility of LN-2 for undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and atypical fibroxanthoma.
The topic of distinguishing atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) from undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), formerly malignant fibrous histiocytoma, is highly controversial. Although their clinical behavior is disparate, AFX and UPS commonly appear nearly identical on routine histopathologic examination. Although conceptually useful, subcategorization of UPS into superficial (confined to the dermis and subcutaneous tissue) and deep (involvement of fascia and deeper structures) types has not improved our ability to differentiate UPS from AFX. Numerous authors have purported LN-2 (CD74) immunopositivity as able to distinguish UPS from AFX and to predict those rare AFX likely to behave aggressively, although only a single prior study has been dedicated to evaluating this marker. We performed LN-2 staining of 14 AFX, 8 superficial UPS, and 65 deep UPS specimens using an identical protocol as described by prior authors. Of the 73 total UPS specimens, only 1 (1.4%) stained strongly with LN-2, as compared with 3 of 14 (21%) AFX (P = 0.012). One of 2 (50%) clinically aggressive AFX tumors that later exhibited both local recurrence and metastasis stained strongly for LN-2, whereas 2 of 12 (17%) of the more indolent tumors stained strongly with this marker (P = 0.40). Our data do not replicate prior reports of LN-2 as a sensitive and specific marker for UPS, or as indicative of prognosis for AFX, and therefore does not support the use of LN-2 as either a diagnostic or prognostic marker. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Dyskeratosis congenita.
Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare genodermatosis. Malignant deterioration and hematologic complications are well-described features of this syndrome. Correct recognition is essential for proper management. A review of diagnostic considerations and treatment guidelines is presented. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hyperactive piggyBac transposase improves transformation efficiency in diverse insect species.
Even in times of advanced site-specific genome editing tools, the improvement of DNA transposases is still on high demand in the field of transgenesis: especially in emerging model systems where evaluated integrase landing sites have not yet been created and more importantly in non-model organisms such as agricultural pests and disease vectors, in which reliable sequence information and genome annotations are still pending. In fact, random insertional mutagenesis is essential to identify new genomic locations that are not influenced by position effects and thus can serve as future stable transgene integration sites. In this respect, a hyperactive version of the most widely used piggyBac transposase (PBase) has been engineered. The hyperactive version (hyPBase) is currently available with the original insect codon-based coding sequence (ihyPBase) as well as in a mammalian codon-optimized (mhyPBase) version. Both facilitate significantly higher rates of transposition when expressed in mammalian in vitro and in vivo systems compared to the classical PBase at similar protein levels. Here we demonstrate that the usage of helper plasmids encoding the hyPBase - irrespective of the codon-usage - also strikingly increases the rate of successful germline transformation in the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) Ceratitis capitata, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, and the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster. hyPBase-encoding helpers are therefore highly suitable for the generation of transgenic strains of diverse insect orders. Depending on the species, we achieved up to 15-fold higher germline transformation rates compared to PBase and generated hard to obtain transgenic T. castaneum strains that express constructs affecting fitness and viability. Moreover, previously reported high sterility rates supposedly caused by hyPBase (iPB7), encoded by ihyPBase, could not be confirmed by our study. Therefore, we value hyPBase as an effective genetic engineering tool that we highly recommend for insect transgenesis. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A randomized study comparing interferon (IFN alpha) plus low-dose cytarabine and interferon plus hydroxyurea (HU) in early chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
This multicenter randomized phase III study was designed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of IFN alpha-2c (3.5 MU/d) in combination with either araC (10 mg/m(2) d1-10) or hydroxyurea (HU: 25 mg/kg per day) in newly diagnosed CML patients. A total of 114 patients were randomized. Following a median observation period of 36 (range 1-73) months the major cytogenetic response rates were 25 and 27% and the 4-year survival probabilities 62.5 and 63% for the araC and HU group, respectively. While the overall toxicity profile was comparable between both groups, patients in the HU arm exhibited a slightly higher degree of WHO grades 3 and 4 non-hematological toxicities. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
14N quadrupole resonance and 1H T1 dispersion in the explosive RDX.
The explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (CH2-N-NO2)3, commonly known as RDX, has been studied by 14N NQR and 1H NMR. NQR frequencies and relaxation times for the three ν+ and ν- lines of the ring 14N nuclei have been measured over the temperature range 230-330 K. The 1H NMR T1 dispersion has been measured for magnetic fields corresponding to the 1H NMR frequency range of 0-5.4 M Hz. The results have been interpreted as due to hindered rotation of the NO2 group about the N-NO2 bond with an activation energy close to 92 kJ mol(-1). Three dips in the 1H NMR dispersion near 120, 390 and 510 kHz are assigned to the ν0, ν- and ν+ transitions of the 14NO2 group. The temperature dependence of the inverse line-width parameters T2∗ of the three ν+ and ν- ring nitrogen transitions between 230 and 320 K can be explained by a distribution in the torsional oscillational amplitudes of the NO2 group about the N-NO2 bond at crystal defects whose values are consistent with the latter being mainly edge dislocations or impurities in the samples studied. Above 310 K, the 14N line widths are dominated by the rapid decrease in the spin-spin relaxation time T2 due to hindered rotation of the NO2 group. A consequence of this is that above this temperature, the 1H T1 values at the quadrupole dips are dominated by the spin mixing time between the 1H Zeeman levels and the combined 1H and 14N spin-spin levels. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The development and testing of a laboratory information system-driven tool for pre-sign-out quality assurance of random surgical pathology reports.
We describe the development and testing of a novel pre-sign-out quality assurance tool for case diagnoses that allows for the random review of a percentage of cases by a second pathologist before case verification and release of the final report. The tool incorporates the ability to record and report levels of diagnostic disagreement, reviewers' comments, and steps taken to resolve any discrepancies identified. It is expandable to allow for the review of any percentage of cases in any number of subspecialty or general pathology "benches" and provides a prospective instrument for preventing some serious errors from occurring, thereby potentially affecting patient care in addition to identifying and documenting more general process issues. It can also be used to augment other more conventional methods of quality control such as frozen section/final diagnosis correlation, conference review, and case review before interdisciplinary clinicopathologic sessions. There has been no significant delay in case turnaround time since implementation. Further assessment of the tool's function after full departmental application is underway. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Leksell Gamma Knife radiosurgery of the jugulotympanic glomus tumor: long-term results.
Glomus tumors usually display indolent behavior, and the effectiveness of radiation in stopping their growth can be assessed after long-term follow-up. Currently only midterm results of radiosurgery are available, so the authors included patients treated by Gamma Knife at least 10 years ago in this study to obtain a perspective of long-term results. During the period from 1992 to 2003, the Gamma Knife was used to treat 46 patients with glomus tumors. The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 79 years (median 56 years). Gamma Knife radiosurgery was the primary treatment in 17 patients (37%). Open surgery preceded radiosurgery in 46% of cases, embolization in 17%, and fractionated radiotherapy in 4%. The volume of the tumor ranged from 0.2 to 24.3 cm(3) (median 3.6 cm(3)). The minimal dose to the tumor margin ranged between 10 and 30 Gy (median 20 Gy). One patient was lost for follow-up after radiosurgery. Clinical follow-up was available in 45 patients and 44 patients were followed with MRI in a follow-up period that ranged from 12 to 217 months (median 118 months). Neurological deficits improved in 19 (42%) of 45 patients and deteriorated in 2 patients (4%). Tumor size decreased in 34 (77%) of 44 patients with imaging follow-up, while an increase in volume was observed in 1 patient (2%) 182 months after radiosurgery and Gamma Knife treatment was repeated. One patient underwent another Gamma Knife treatment for secondary induced meningioma close to the glomus tumor 98 months after initial radiosurgical treatment. Seven patients died 22-96 months after radiosurgery (median 48 months), all for unrelated reasons. Radiosurgery has proved to be a safe treatment with a low morbidity rate and a reliable long-term antiproliferative effect. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Arthrofibrosis in acute anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The effect of timing of reconstruction and rehabilitation.
Arthrofibrosis is a potential complication of acute ACL reconstruction. Arthrofibrosis prevents the patient from regaining full range of motion, particularly the terminal 5 degrees of full extension, postoperatively. We did a retrospective study of 169 acute ACL reconstructions in a population of young athletes (average age, 22 years). We sought to determine the optimal time to perform acute ACL reconstruction with respect to arthrofibrosis and the effects of an accelerated versus conventional rehabilitation program. The short-term results were evaluated by range of motion measurements and 13 week Cybex scores. Patients whose ligaments were reconstructed within the 1st week after injury (Group I) had a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increased incidence of arthrofibrosis (limited extension, scar tissue) over patients who had ACL reconstruction delayed 21 days or more (Group III). At 13 weeks after the reconstruction procedure, Group III patients scored an average of 70% (compared to 51% for Group I, P less than 0.05) on the Cybex evaluation. They also showed a trend toward more flexion of the knee as well as near full extension. Patients who had an ACL reconstruction between 8 and 21 days after injury (Group II) had a similar incidence of arthrofibrosis as Group I when they followed a conventional rehabilitation program postoperatively. However, only a small number of cases (approximately 4%) of Group II patients who followed an accelerated postoperative rehabilitation program had any arthrofibrosis--an observation we also made in the Group III patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Computational modeling of GABAA receptor-mediated paired-pulse inhibition in the dentate gyrus.
Paired-pulse inhibition (PPI) of the population spike observed in extracellular field recordings is widely used as a read-out of hippocampal network inhibition. PPI reflects GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition of principal neurons through local interneurons. However, because of its polysynaptic nature, it is difficult to assign PPI changes to precise synaptic mechanisms. Here we used a detailed network model of the dentate gyrus to simulate PPI of granule cell action potentials and analyze its network properties. Our computational analysis indicates that PPI results mainly from a combination of perisomatic feed-forward and feedback inhibition of granule cells by basket cells. Feed-forward inhibition mediated by basket cells appeared to be the most significant source of PPI. Our simulations suggest that PPI depends more on somatic than on dendritic inhibition of granule cells. Furthermore, PPI was modulated by changes in GABA(A) reversal potential (E(GABA)) and by alterations in intrinsic excitability of granule cells. In summary, computer modeling provides a useful tool for determining the role of synaptic and intrinsic cellular mechanisms in paired-pulse field potential responses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Pregnancy and interferon tau regulate N-myc interactor in the ovine uterus.
In ruminants, interferon tau (IFNT) is synthesized and secreted by the mononuclear trophectoderm cells of the conceptus and maintains the corpus luteum and its secretion of progesterone for successful implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. In this study, we examined regulation of the expression of N-myc interactor (NMI) gene by IFNT in the ovine uterus based on results of microarray data from a study that compared gene expression by human 2fTGH and U3A (STAT1-null 2fTGH) cell lines in response to treatment with IFNT or vehicle. In the present study, semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses verified that IFNT stimulated expression of NMI mRNA in 2fTGH (ie, in a STAT1-dependent manner), but not in U3A (STAT1-null) cells. Furthermore, results of western blot analyses indicated that immunoreactive NMI proteins in 2fTGH and U3A cell lines increased in a time-dependent manner only in response to IFNT. In ovine endometria, steady-state levels of NMI mRNA increased between days 14 and 16 of pregnancy and then decreased slightly by day 20, but there was no effect of day of the estrous cycle. Expression of NMI mRNA was most abundant in endometrial stromal cells, glandular epithelium, and conceptus trophectoderm. Intrauterine infusion of IFNT in cyclic ewes increased expression of NMI in the endometrium. Expression of NMI in ovine and bovine uterine cell lines increased in response to IFNT. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that IFNT regulates expression of NMI mRNA and protein in ovine endometria during pregnancy via a STAT1-dependent cell signaling pathway. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and cyclic AMP positively regulate inhibin subunit messenger RNA levels in human placental cells.
Bioactive and immunodetectable levels of both inhibin and activin are present in the placenta, raising questions as to the regulatory control of their synthesis. This study was designed to determine the effect of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on inhibin subunit gene expression in short-term incubations of placental cells. A semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used after isolation of total RNA and first strand cDNA synthesis from mechanically dispersed trophoblast-enriched cells obtained from human placentae at term. The level of gene expression of inhibin subunits was higher for beta A and alpha-subunits mRNA compared to the beta B-subunit mRNA as determined by PCR in combination with Southern blotting or Northern hybridization. Steady-state levels of beta-actin mRNA did not change throughout the 6-h incubation period and was used as a control of PCR amplification of the respective inhibin subunit gene transcripts following treatments with 8-bromo cAMP or GnRH. 8-bromo cAMP dose-dependently increased all three inhibin subunit gene transcripts with maximal responses seen at 150 microM (alpha-subunit mRNA 2.3-fold, beta A-subunit mRNA 1.8-fold and beta B-subunit mRNA 2.8-fold over control). GnRH (100 nM) significantly increased inhibin alpha and beta B-subunit mRNA levels 2.9-fold and 2.0-fold, respectively (P < 0.01), but not beta A-subunit mRNA. Collectively, the present findings demonstrate that in human term placental cells, gene expression of all inhibin subunits is under the direct influence of cAMP and further support a modulatory role of local GnRH in placental trophoblasts during late pregnancy. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Neurocutaneous melanosis.
Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM) is a rare phakomatosis characterized by a focal or diffuse proliferation of melanin-producing cells in both the skin and the leptomeninges. This syndrome is believed to result from an error in the morphogenesis of embryonal neuroectoderm. Two-thirds of patients with NCM have giant congenital melanocytic nevi, and the remaining one-third have numerous lesions but no giant lesions. Patients may present with neurologic manifestations early in life secondary to intracranial hemorrhages, impairment of cerebrospinal fluid circulation, or malignant transformation of the melanocytes. The prognosis of patients with symptomatic NCM is poor. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
CRISPR families of the crenarchaeal genus Sulfolobus: bidirectional transcription and dynamic properties.
Clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) of Sulfolobus fall into three main families based on their repeats, leader regions, associated cas genes and putative recognition sequences on viruses and plasmids. Spacer sequence matches to different viruses and plasmids of the Sulfolobales revealed some bias particularly for family III CRISPRs. Transcription occurs on both strands of the five repeat-clusters of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and a repeat-cluster of the conjugative plasmid pKEF9. Leader strand transcripts cover whole repeat-clusters and are processed mainly from the 3'-end, within repeats, yielding heterogeneous 40-45 nt spacer RNAs. Processing of the pKEF9 leader transcript occurred partially in spacers, and was incomplete, probably reflecting defective repeat recognition by host enzymes. A similar level of transcripts was generated from complementary strands of each chromosomal repeat-cluster and they were processed to yield discrete approximately 55 nt spacer RNAs. Analysis of the partially identical repeat-clusters of Sulfolobus solfataricus strains P1 and P2 revealed that spacer-repeat units are added upstream only when a leader and certain cas genes are linked. Downstream ends of the repeat-clusters are conserved such that deletions and recombination events occur internally. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Magnified endoscopic features of duodenal follicular lymphoma and other whitish lesions.
The sensitivity and specificity of magnified endoscopic features for differentiating follicular lymphoma from other diseases with duodenal whitish lesions have never been investigated. Here we compared the magnified endoscopic features of duodenal follicular lymphoma with those of other whitish lesions. We retrospectively reviewed the cases of patients with follicular lymphoma (n＝9), lymphangiectasia (n＝7), adenoma (n＝10), duodenitis (n＝4), erosion (n＝1), lymphangioma (n＝1), and hyperplastic polyp (n＝1). The magnified features of the nine follicular lymphomas included enlarged villi (n＝8), dilated microvessels (n＝5), and opaque white spots of various sizes (n＝9). The lymphangiectasias showed enlarged villi, dilated microvessels, and white spots, but the sizes of the white spots were relatively homogeneous and their margin was clear. Observation of the adenoma and duodenitis revealed only whitish villi. Although the lymphangioma was indistinguishable from the follicular lymphomas by magnified features, it was easily diagnosed based on the macroscopic morphology. In conclusion, magnified endoscopic features, in combination with macroscopic features, are useful for differentiating follicular lymphomas from other duodenal diseases presenting whitish lesions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Effect of chronoexercise on circadian expression of clock genes].
To investigate the molecular biological mechanism of chronoexercise regulating circadian. Expressions of mPer1 and mPer2 in the diencephalon of golden hamster were determined 2 hours after acute exhaustive exercise (circadian time 6) by quantitative RT-PCR. Chronoexercise at CT6 significantly decreased expressions of mPer1 and mPer2 in the diencephalon of golden hamster. Inhibitory effect of chronoexercise on Per1 and Per2 mRNA levels in the diencephalon of golden hamster at CT6 may be achieved transcription-translation-based autoregulatory negative feedback loop. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Preparation of drug-loaded small unilamellar liposomes and evaluation of their potential for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases.
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the influence of liposome formulation on the ability of vesicles to penetrate a pathological mucus model obtained from COPD affected patients in order to assess the potential of such vesicles for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases by inhalation. Therefore, Small Unilamellar Liposomes (PLAIN-LIPOSOMEs), Pluronic® F127-surface modified liposomes (PF-LIPOSOMEs) and PEG 2000PE-surface modified liposomes (PEG-LIPOSOMEs) were prepared using the micelle-to-vesicle transition (MVT) method and beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) as model drug. The obtained liposomes showed diameters in the range of 40-65 nm, PDI values between 0.25 and 0.30 and surface electric charge essentially close to zero. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be dependent on the BDP/lipid ratio used and, furthermore, BDP-loaded liposomes were stable in size both at 37 °C and at 4 °C. All liposomes were not cytotoxic on H441 cell line as assessed by the MTT assay. The liposome uptake was evaluated through a cytofluorimetric assay that showed a non-significant reduction in the internalization of PEG-LIPOSOMEs as compared with PLAIN-LIPOSOMEs. The penetration studies of mucus from COPD patients showed that the PEG-LIPOSOMEs were the most mucus-penetrating vesicles after 27 h. In addition, PEG- and PF-LIPOSOMEs did not cause any effect on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid proteins after aerosol administration in the mouse. The results highlight that PEG-LIPOSOMEs show the most interesting features in terms of penetration through the pathologic sputum, uptake by airway epithelial cells and safety profile. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Selective spectrofluorimetric determination of phenolic beta-lactam antibiotics through the formation of their coumarin derivatives.
A simple, sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric procedure was developed for the determination of amoxycillin, cefadroxil and cefoperazone. The method is based on the reaction between these drugs and ethyl acetoacetate, in acidic medium, to give yellow fluorescent products with excitation wavelengths ranging from 401 to 467 nm and emission wavelengths ranging from 465 to 503 nm. The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. The reaction obeyed Beer's law over the range of 10.0-20.0, 1.5-1.0 and 50.0-100.0 microg ml(-1) for amoxycillin, cefadroxil and cefoperazone, respectively. Interference's from other antibiotics, drugs and dosage forms additives, in capsules and vials dosage forms, were investigated. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations (capsules and vials) containing the above antibiotics, either alone or in combination with other antibiotics or drugs. The validity of the method was tested by the recovery studies of standard addition which were found to be satisfactory. The results of the proposed method demonstrated that the method is equally accurate, precise and reproducible as the official methods (USP XXIII) and those published for the non-official binary mixtures. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The physics of phaco: a review.
Despite its unparalleled success in the field of surgery, the precise mechanism of ultrasonic phacoemulsification cataract extraction remains controversial. We review the relevant peer-reviewed literature on the subject of power generation and tip-tissue interactions to clarify the current status of our knowledge. We conclude that phacoemulsification most likely operates by a combination of mechanisms, including direct action of the vibrating tip against tissue and indirect cavitational effects. Surgeons will benefit from understanding the physical principles underlying phacoemulsification because they will be better able to evaluate the performance of various parameters and different machine settings. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cross-situational consistency of trait expressions and injunctive norms among Asian Canadian and European Canadian undergraduates.
In the current paper, we sought to clarify when and why Asian Americans/Canadians and European Americans/Canadians differ in self-consistency (the consistency of personality traits across situations). European Canadian (n = 220) and second-generation Asian Canadian (n = 166) undergraduates (Mage = 19 years) described the traits they expressed and the traits others wanted them to express (i.e., injunctive norms, or injunctions) in four different social situations (i.e., with parents, with friends, with siblings, and with professors). Self-consistency was greater among European Canadians than Asian Canadians, but only when comparing behavior with parents versus with peers (i.e., friends and siblings). The same pattern was found for injunctive consistency (cross-situational consistency of trait injunctions). Injunctions strongly predicted the behavior of both Asian and European Canadians, but because the injunctions from parents versus peers diverged more for Asian Canadians, so did their behaviors. Controlling for the effect of inconsistent injunctions across situations eliminated the ethnic difference in self-consistency. Finally, Asian Canadians who perceived their immigrant parents as embracing a Canadian identity were as cross-situationally consistent as European Canadians because they tended to behave-and believe their parents approved of their behaving-with parents similarly to how they behaved with peers (e.g., more carefree and outspoken). Contrary to previous theorizing, cultural influences on broad cognitive or motivational dispositions (e.g., dialecticism, collectivism) alone cannot explain the observed pattern of ethnic differences in consistency. To understand when bicultural individuals are less consistent across situations also requires an understanding of the specific situations across which they tend to encounter divergent social norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Reirradiation of spinal column metastases: comparison of several treatment techniques and dosimetric validation for the use of VMAT.
For reirradiation of spinal column metastases, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) reduces the dose to the spinal cord, while allowing longer treatment times. We analyzed the potential of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to reduce treatment time and number of monitor units (MU). In CT datasets of 9 patients with spinal column metastases, the planned target volume (PTV) encompassed the macroscopic tumor including the spinal cord or medullary cone, respectively. The prescribed dose for the target was 40 Gy, but median spinal cord dose was intended to be < 26 Gy. We compared a posterior (3D-PA) static field technique, a two-field wedge technique (3D-wedge) and 5-/7-beam IMRT with VMAT. Conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI40), dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters, treatments delivery time (T), and MU were analyzed. Dosimetry was validated with EDR2-film/ionization chambers. PTV coverage was insufficient for 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) when spinal cord tolerance was respected. The IMRT approach provided excellent results but has the longest treatment time. VMAT produced dose distributions similar to IMRT with shorter treatment times (VMAT: mean 4:49 min; IMRT: mean 6:50 min) and fewer MU (VMAT: 785; IMRT: 860). Reduced conformity and increased homogeneity for VMAT when compared to IMRT were observed. An absolute deviation between measured and calculated dose of +0.70 ± 3.69% was recorded. γ-Index analysis showed an agreement of 91.33 ± 3.53% for the 5%/5 mm criteria. For this paradigm, VMAT produces high quality treatment plans with homogeneity/conformity similar to static IMRT, shorter treatment times, and fewer MU. Verification measurements showed good agreement between calculation and delivered dose, leading to clinical implementation. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
MMAR_2770, a new enzyme involved in biotin biosynthesis, is essential for the growth of Mycobacterium marinum in macrophages and zebrafish.
Biotin, which functions as an essential cofactor for certain carboxylases and decarboxylases, is synthesized by a multistep pathway in microorganisms and plants. Biotin biosynthesis has not been studied in detail in mycobacteria. In this study, we isolated a mutant of Mycobacterium marinum in which MMAR_2770, a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a predicted short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase, was inactivated. We found that this mutant is a biotin auxotroph that cannot grow in a minimal medium (Sauton) unless biotin is supplemented. Complementation of the mutant with an intact MMAR_2770 or its homolog Rv1882c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis restored the growth of the mutant, suggesting that MMAR_2770 is involved in biotin biosynthesis. We further showed that the mutant was unable to grow in cultured macrophages and was attenuated in zebrafish. Taken together, our results demonstrate that biotin biosynthesis is essential for the growth of mycobacteria in vitro and in vivo and have provided validation for targeting biotin biosynthetic enzymes for antimycobacterial drug development. The potential role of MMAR_2770 in mycobacterial biotin biosynthesis is discussed. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A new type of model-based Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis for solving the occluded marker problem.
Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) measures micromotion of an orthopaedic implant with respect to its surrounding bone. A problem in RSA is that the markers are sometimes overprojected by the implant itself. This study describes the so-called Marker Configuration Model-based RSA (MCM-based RSA) that is able to measure the pose of a rigid body in situations where less than three markers could be detected in both images of an RSA radiograph. MCM-based RSA is based on fitting a Marker Configuration model (MC-model) to the projection lines from the marker projection positions in the image to their corresponding Roentgen foci. An MC-model describes the positions of markers relative to each other and is obtained using conventional RSA. We used data from 15 double examinations of a clinical study of total knee prostheses and removed projections of the three tibial component markers, simulating occlusion of markers. The migration of the tibial component with respect to the bone, which should be zero, for the double examination is a measure of the accuracy of algorithm. With the new algorithm, it is possible to estimate the pose of a rigid body of which one or two markers are occluded in one of the images of the RSA radiograph with high accuracy as long as a proper MC-model of the markers in the rigid body is available. The new algorithm makes RSA more robust for occlusion of markers. This improves the results of clinical RSA studies because the number of lost RSA follow-up moments is reduced. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Monitoring fluid responsiveness.
Functional hemodynamic parameters, such as stroke volume variation (SVV) and pulse pressure variation (PPV), are useful hemodynamic monitoring tools for the assessment of fluid responsiveness. These parameters are based on heart-lung interaction during positive mechanical pressure ventilation: Cyclic changes of intrathoracic pressure result in a reduced venous return and a decreased cardiac stroke volume after inspiration followed by a restoration of preload and stroke volume after expiration. Hemodynamic monitoring systems based on pulse wave analysis allow an automatic assessment of SVV and--at least for some of the devices--of PPV. Moreover, PPV is being integrated in the standard monitoring in the operating room and the intensive care unit, and the noninvasive plethysmographic assessment of fluid responsiveness has been recently introduced. These developments will result in a broader application of functional hemodynamic parameters in the near future. In contrast to traditional preload parameters (i.e. central venous pressure), SVV and PPV allow the prediction of fluid responsiveness and thus the determination of the actual position on an individual Frank-Starling curve or--in other words--the assessment of an individual preload reserve. Different studies in the last decade were able to prove the validity of this concept. However, to use these functional hemodynamic parameters in daily clinical practice, some limitations have to be considered. Arrhythmia and right heart failure, but also spontaneous breathing of a patient, or small tidal volumes may preclude reliable assessment. Based on these aspects, an ideal area of application of these parameters may be the use during perioperative hemodynamic optimization to improve patient outcome. However, only few studies on goal-directed therapy guided by these parameters have been published so far. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Stability analysis of an enhanced load sharing dynamic pedicle screw fixation device and its equivalent rigid device].
To compare the stability of an enhanced load sharing dynamic pedicle screw fixation device with its equivalent rigid device and to evaluate biomechanical roles of the dynamic fixation. A model of L(1) body fracture was produced on seven specimens of fresh adult cadaver spine from T(10) to L(4). Both dynamic and rigid devices were applied in the specimens to strength the injured level. Ranges of three dimensional movements and stiffness under flexion-compression were measured in intact, injured and stabilized specimens. Both dynamic and rigid devices were found to provide significant stability for injured segment in flexion-extension and lateral bending. In axial rotation, the devices could restore the stability to levels similar to those in an intact spine. Results indicated 40% increase in range of motion in flexion-extension and 24.1 Nmm reduction in stiffness of flexion-compression for dynamic device, compared with the rigid device. The dynamic device offers a design that may enhance load sharing without sacrificing the stability and will decrease stress-shielding and stress concentration. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Co-transmitter function of ATP in central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat.
Intracellular recordings were made in a mid-pontine slice preparation of the rat brain containing the nucleus locus coeruleus. Focal electrical stimulation evoked biphasic synaptic potentials consisting of early depolarizing (d.p.s.p.) and late hyperpolarizing (i.p.s.p.) components. The alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan inhibited the i.p.s.p. without altering the d.p.s.p. All of the following experiments were carried out in the presence of kynurenic acid and picrotoxin to block the glutamatergic and GABAergic fractions of the d.p.s.p., respectively. Guanethidine, which is known to inhibit noradrenaline and ATP release from nerve terminals of postganglionic sympathetic nerves, depressed both the d.p.s.p. and the i.p.s.p. in a concentration-dependent manner. Damage of catecholaminergic nerve terminals by 6-hydroxydopamine also decreased both the d.p.s.p. and the i.p.s.p. The P2 receptor antagonist pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) depressed the d.p.s.p., whereas the i.p.s.p. remained unaffected. The further application of PPADS did not increase the depression of the d.p.s.p. by guanethidine. Superfusion with the mixed alpha-adrenoceptor agonist noradrenaline or the selective P2 receptor agonist adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) inhibited both the d.p.s.p. and the i.p.s.p. The inhibitory effects of these agonists were prevented by the respective antagonists idazoxan or suramin. In the presence of suramin noradrenaline failed to inhibit the residual d.p.s.p. Superfused noradrenaline potentiated rather than inhibited responses to pressure-applied alpha,beta-methylene-ATP; superfused adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) did not interact with pressure-applied noradrenaline. In conclusion, we present electrophysiological evidence for the co-release of ATP and catecholamines in the CNS. At the cell somata of neurons in the locus coeruleus, noradrenaline and ATP activate inhibitory alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and excitatory P2 receptors, respectively. In addition, inhibitory presynaptic autoreceptors of the alpha(2) and P2 types appear to regulate release of the two co-transmitters. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Tuning the gate opening pressure of a flexible doubly interpenetrated metal-organic framework through ligand functionalization.
A functional doubly interpenetrated MOF [(Zn4O)2(MDCPB)6DMF]·3DMF·3H2O (JLU-Liu33F, H2MDCPB = 5-methyl-1,3-di(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) with pcu topology has been solvothermally synthesized. JLU-Liu33F (F = functionalization) is the isostructural analogue of JLU-Liu33, which is constructed by -CH3 functional V-shaped ligand and a classical Zn4O cluster. Similar to the adsorption property of JLU-Liu33, JLU-Liu33F also exhibits breathing behavior upon N2 and CO2 adsorption at 77 and 195 K, respectively. However, due to the introduction of -CH3 functional groups, the interpenetration degree of JLU-Liu33F become closer to that of JLU-Liu33, which results in higher gate opening pressures for both N2 and CO2 adsorption. Moreover, the breathing behavior of JLU-Liu33F for C2H6 and C3H8 adsorption disappeares. Moreover, JLU-Liu33F also exhibits commendable selectivity for C2H2 over CH4. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Podcasting in dermatology education.
Podcasting is a relatively new technology, which allows users to subscribe to audio/video broadcasts online, download new ones, and transfer to their MP3 devices. Studies in medical and dental schools have demonstrated that podcasting is an effective learning method. To discuss the history, strengths, and weaknesses of the dermatology-related podcasts available for download. An iTunes search was performed, and five dermatology-related podcasting subscriptions were accessed; the previous 10 podcasts in each subscription were assessed to compile an overall picture. Authors listened to all podcasts, evaluated them independently, then shared their evaluations to optimally capture details. Each of the podcasting services had its own strengths and weaknesses. While some were targeted towards practicing physicians, others were targeted to patients and medical students. Furthermore, none of the services updated at a regular, timely interval. Our analysis was limited to podcasts in the English language. We did not assess the accuracy of the content of the podcasts. Podcasting allows a truly mobile educational resource, one that could benefit dermatologists. Prestigious journals and large institutions should become more involved in developing informative, evidence-based podcasts at regular intervals. Videocasting offers the possibility of viewing procedures. Conferences are also prime ground for podcasts. Improved regulation and increased interest (from large organizations and institutions) will be crucial to the future of podcasting. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Changes in plasma corticosterone and cerebral biogenic amines and their catabolites during training and testing of mice in passive avoidance behavior.
Concentrations of cerebral biogenic amines and their catabolites, and of plasma corticosterone were determined 10 min after training and testing of passive avoidance behavior in mice. Training and testing of mice that had acquired the task well resulted in statistically significant increases of plasma corticosterone, of the DOPAC:DA ratio [an index of dopamine (DA) metabolism] in prefrontal cortex, and of MHPG:NE ratios [an index of norepinephrine (NE) metabolism] in hypothalamus and brain stem. There were also decreases of NE in hypothalamus and brain stem, and an increase of 5-HIAA:5-HT [an index of serotonin (5-HT) metabolism] and of tryptophan in brain stem. Some of these changes also occurred in mice merely exposed to the apparatus but not trained. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were significantly higher in mice that performed the task well compared to those that did not, and there were significant correlations between this measure and the avoidance performance. Although there was only one statistically significant correlation between a cerebral metabolite and the avoidance performance (a decrease in hypothalamic NE), there were indications of relationships between cerebral biogenic amine metabolism and the performance. The patterns of neurochemical and endocrine changes closely resemble those previously observed in response to various stressors. Thus, the changes could reflect stress responses, which may or may not be related directly to the performance of the avoidance task. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Hydrophobic ion pairing as a method for enhancing structure and activity of lyophilized subtilisin BPN' suspended in isooctane.
The use of enzymes in low water environments permits reactions to occur that are difficult or impossible in aqueous solution. In this manner, proteases can be used to form, rather than hydrolyze, ester and amide linkages. Presumably, the native-like structure of the enzyme must remain intact for catalysis to transpire. However, little is known regarding the integrity of the overall structure of lyophilized proteins suspended in organic media. In this study, the structural changes that occur during the freeze-drying process and those effected by suspension in the organic solvent were examined. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the secondary structure of lyophilized subtilisin BPN' was monitored and correlated to the level of enzymatic activity when suspended in isooctane. In addition, the ability of ionic detergents to stabilize subtilisin BPN' via ion pairing was evaluated. It was found that subtilisin unfolds to some degree during lyophilization, whether it is ion paired or not. Furthermore, there are structural changes observed when the enzyme is placed in isooctane, although the effects are less with ion-paired subtilisin. This higher level of retention of secondary structure results in increased enzymatic activity. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Pathogenesis of posterior capsule opacification in pseudophakia].
The lens epithelial cells of A and E type are involved in pathogenesis of posterior capsule opacification (PCO). They undergo metaplasia into microfibroblasts, then migrate towards posterior capsule where they proliferate and form opacification. These processes are stimulated by cytokines and interleukines. The extracellular matrix which constitutes a scaffold for migration and attachment of epithelial cells plays an important role in PCO formation. Integrines intercede in this process. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Learning flight procedures by enacting and receiving feedback.
Learning flight procedures is part of any pilot training. The conventional learning method consists in learning and practicing the procedure written on a sheet of paper along with printed images of the cockpit. The purpose of the present paper was to test the efficiency of a tactile interactive multimedia training tool designed to foster the self-regulated learning of flight procedures, especially through enacting relevant gestures and providing feedback. Results showed that learning with this tool did not lead to significant shorter learning times than with the conventional learning. However, on a delayed retention test in a real A320 cockpit simulator, learners of the experimental group performed the procedure more rapidly than those of the control group. Results suggested that a training tool that incites learners to perform similar gestures than those in the real environment and that provides feedback, helped learners to transform declarative into procedural knowledge. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
HPV11 mutant virus-like particles elicit immune responses that neutralize virus and delineate a novel neutralizing domain.
Characterization of the regions of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) that elicit neutralizing immune responses supports studies on viral infectivity and provides insight for the development and evaluation of prophylactic vaccines. HPV11 is a major etiologic agent of genital warts and a likely vaccine candidate. A conformationally dependent epitope for the binding of three neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been mapped to residues G(131)T(132) of the L1 major capsid protein. The mAbs bind L1 only when it is assembled into virions or into virus-like particles (VLPs) that mimic the capsid structure. We were interested in identifying other domains of L1 that elicit neutralizing responses. To this end, we have generated a panel of mAbs against VLPs derived from HPV11 L1 harboring a G131S substitution. The new mAbs are unlike the neutralizing mAbs previously mapped to residues G(131)T(132) in that they bind both prototype and HPV11:G131S mutant VLPs. Some of the new mAbs neutralized virus in vitro. We have mapped epitopes for three of these new mAbs, as well as a neutralizing mAb generated against HPV11 virions, by measuring binding to HPV6 VLPs substituted with HPV11-like amino acids. Two regions are critical: one defined by HPV11 L1 residues 263-290 and the other by residues 346-349. mAbs H11.H3 and H11.G131S.G3 bind HPV6 VLPs with substitutions derived from the 346-349 region; in addition, H11.G131S.G3 binds HPV6 VLPs with substitutions derived only from the 263-290 region. Although H11.H3 does not bind HPV6 VLPs with substitutions derived from the 263-290 region, binding to HPV6 VLPs is enhanced when both sets of substitutions are present. mAbs H11.G131S.I1 and H11.G131S.K5 bind HPV6 VLPs with the 263-290 substitutions, but show little binding to HPV6 VLPs with the 346-349 substitutions. However, binding to HPV6 VLPs is enhanced when substitutions at both regions are present. The 346-349 region has not previously been described as eliciting a neutralizing response for any HPV type. In addition, the work demonstrates a complex binding site contributed by two distinct regions of L1. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Cell-mediated immunity in the uremic rat.
The popliteal node assay of the graft-versus-host reaction in the inbred rat provides a sensitive measure of cell-mediated immunity. Spleen cells from uremic Lewis rats as well as normal cells cultured in uremic serum demonstrated significant immunosuppression which was proportional to the severity of the uremia. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Acute electrophysiologic and blood pressure effects of amiodarone and its solvent in the dog.
Amiodarone has repeatedly been shown to have potent class III antiarrhythmic properties. It has, however, been questioned whether the acute and chronic effects of the drug are due to the same mechanism. In order to investigate the acute electrophysiologic and blood pressure effect of the drug, amiodarone (Cordarone) was given intravenously in cumulative doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg to seven pentobarbital (mebumalum NFN) anaesthetized dogs. Corresponding volumes of the solvent, polysorbatum 80 (Tween 80), were given to two dogs. Cardiac electrophysiologic effects were studied by His bundle electrography and programmed electrical stimulation. Amiodarone decreased heart rate and AV nodal conduction velocity and increased atrial, AV nodal and ventricular refractoriness. A pronounced but transient fall in mean aortic blood pressure (MABP) occurred after the first injection of amiodarone. No fall in MABP occurred, however, after the subsequent two doses. Intravenous injection of the solvent exactly reproduced the effects on MABP, but not the electrophysiologic effects. The present study supports the concept that amiodarone also has acute class III antiarrhythmic effect. After the initial injection, a pronounced fall in blood pressure due to the solvent may be seen, but rapid tachyphylaxis occurs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Human monoclonal antibodies against blood group antigens. Preparation of a series of stable EBV immortalized B clones producing high levels of antibody of different isotypes and specificities.
The EBV immortalization technique was used to produce stable clones, from B lymphocytes, secreting human monoclonal antibodies to Rh(D), Rh(G), Rh(c), Rh(E), Kell, A and A1 blood group antigens. These clones were obtained from peripheral blood lymphocytes of hyperimmunized plasmapheresis donors or from spleen lymphocytes of immunized patients. Mean levels of antibody concentration varied between 4 and 50 micrograms/ml. The antibodies obtained were of IgG1, IgG2, IgM or IgA class. Most of the clones have been stable for growth and antibody production during long periods of continuous culture, extending upto 4 years. Hybridization of two clones was effected with the human lymphoblastoid cell line KR-4 and with the mouse myeloma X63-Ag8.653, but did not result in any marked improvement of clone characteristics. One of the anti-Rh(D)-producing EBV-transformed clones was used to produce an anti-Rh(D) typing reagent which has proved satisfactory for 2 years in routine blood typing in several laboratories. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Structural studies of arabinan-rich pectic polysaccharides from Abies sibirica L. Biological activity of pectins of A. sibirica.
Highly branched arabinan-rich pectic polysaccharides, containing 84% of arabinose, was extracted from wood greenery of Abies sibirica L. The structure of arabinan was studied by the 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The macromolecule backbone was represented mainly by RG-I (molar ratio GalA:Rha ∼ 1.3:1) patterns with high degree of rhamnose branching. Side chains were comprised of 1,5-linked α-L-Araf residues (the major part of polymer mass), 1,3,5-di-O- and 1,2,3,5-tri-O-linked α-L-Araf residues, confirming the presence of highly branched 1,5-α-L-arabinan. Although most L-Araf were in α-anomeric form, minor terminal β-L-Araf-(1 →... was detected. 1,4-β-D-linked Galp residues found in the side chains account for minor AG-I or 1,4-galactan, as compared to arabinan. A tentative structure was proposed. Polysaccharides obtained from Siberian fir greenery were screened for biological activity. Galacturonan had a strongest stimulating effect on germination and growth rate of seeds, germs and roots of Triticum aestivum, Avena sativa, and Secale cereale. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Complex Modulation Method for Measuring Cross-Frequency Coupling of Neural Oscillations.
There is growing evidence from human intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG) studies that interactions between cortical frequencies are important for sensory perception, cognition and inter-regional neuronal communication. Recent studies have focused mainly on the strength of phase-amplitude coupling in cross-frequency interactions. Here, we introduce a complex modulation method based on measures of coherence to investigate cross-frequency coupling in the neural time series. This novel approach uses complex demodulation transform and coherence measures from the transformed signals. We used this method to quantify power coupling between two cortical frequency bands: theta (47 Hz) and high gamma (70-150 Hz) in ECoG signals recorded during an auditory task. We compared complex modulation results with traditional phase-amplitude coupling measures (PAC) derived from the same ECoG dataset. Our results suggest that cross-frequency coupling may involve changes in both phase-amplitude and power relationships between frequencies, reflecting the complexity of neuronal oscillatory interactions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
A comparison of postoperative sore throat after use of laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube.
We compared the degree of postoperative sore throat (PST) after use of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA; by two insertion techniques) and a tracheal tube (TT) in adult patients. Eighty-six adult patients undergoing surgery of an extremity were randomized into three groups. The LMAs (size 4 for men, 3 for women) and TTs were lubricated with 2% lidocaine gel. After the induction of anesthesia, an LMA with the cuff deflated was inserted and then the cuff was inflated in group A, an LMA with the cuff inflated was inserted in group B, and the trachea was intubated using vecuronium in group C; staff anesthesiologists performed all these methods. LMA cuffs were inflated with the maximum recommended volume of air. TT cuffs were inflated with the minimum volume of air without gas leakage at 20 cm H(2)O pressure. The mode of ventilation depended on the individual anesthesiologists. Blood traces on the devices were examined after their removal. PST was rated immediately after anesthesia and on the first postoperative day, using a three-point score and a 100-mm visual analog scale, respectively. Most of the patients receiving an LMA breathed spontaneously and those receiving a TT underwent controlled ventilation. The ratio of positive blood traces on devices, as well as the degree of PST immediately after anesthesia, was similar in the three groups; however, on the first postoperative day, the severity of PST was greater in the LMA groups than in the TT group ( P = 0.016). The severity of PST was similar with the two LMA insertion techniques. In the conditions of our study, LMAs inserted with the cuff either fully inflated or deflated worsened PST compared with TTs. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
[Current treatment options in Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young].
The discovery of MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young) and the elucidation of its heritability enabled more precise clinical characteristics of different MODY subtypes and led to understanding that glucokinase MODY (GCK-MODY) is not associated with vascular complications in long term follow-up, whereas MODY of transcription factors (e.g. HNF1A-MODY) is in case of bad metabolic control connected with the acceleration of particularly microvascular complications. There is a strong evidence of the needlessness of any specific antidiabetic treatment in prognosticaly favourable GCK-MODY (except for the pregnancy). On the contrary, in MODY of transcription factors, including the most common one - HNF1A-MODY, the treatment, traditionally based on sulphonylurea derivatives (and after their failure on insulin) is required. Due to wider spectrum of available antidiabetic agents offering individualization of the treatment, the question of efficacy of other antidiabetic agents in MODY patients arises. This review article summarizes current knowledge of therapeutic options in patients with MODY.Key words: insulin - MODY - oral hypoglycemic drugs - treatment. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Separation and detection of closely related peptides by micellar electrokinetic chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using the partial filling technique.
Closely related peptides such as neurotensin and angiotensin analogues were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis using a nonionic surfactant, sucrose monododecanoate, as a micelle forming reagent. These peptides were detected by an on-line coupled mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization interface. However, the presence of the micelles in the separation solution drastically reduced the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer. Therefore, a partial filling technique was employed to prevent the micelles from entering the mass spectrometric interface. A part of the capillary from the injection end was filled with the micellar solution in this technique. Analytes passed through the micellar zone during the electrophoresis and when the separated analytes reached the detection end of the capillary, the micellar zone was still behind the analyte zones, because the nonionic surfactant moved very slowly in acidic conditions. Thus the technique was very useful for mass spectrometric detection for CE when the micellar solution was employed for separation. The optimization of separation and detection conditions was investigated. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Transmission characteristics of the S0 and A0 Lamb waves at contacting edges of plates.
In order to gain basic insight into the interaction between ultrasonic guided waves and structural discontinuities with contacting surfaces, the transmission characteristics of Lamb waves at contacting edges of two plates are studied experimentally. The edges of two 2.5-mm thick aluminum alloy plates are mated together to constitute a contacting interface of plates and subjected to different levels of compressive loading. The transmission measurements of the lowest-order symmetric (S0) and antisymmetric (A0) Lamb modes across the contacting interface are performed in a frequency range below the cut-off frequencies of the higher-order modes. As a result, it is found that the transmission coefficient of the S0 mode increases monotonically with the applied contact pressure, but the transmission coefficient of the A0 mode exhibits non-monotonic dependence on the contact pressure and the frequency showing a local minimum. For the incidence of the S0 mode, the resonance at the contacting interface is observed as a long-time oscillation tail in the transmission waveform. The resonance frequency is found to increase with the contact pressure. The experimental results are discussed in the light of the theoretical results based on the spring-type interface model. The normal and tangential stiffnesses of the contacting interface are identified from the transmission coefficients as well as from the resonance frequency. The estimated interfacial stiffnesses increase monotonically with the contact pressure, and indicate their dependence on the frequency. Implications of the present results to the Lamb-wave based characterization of the plate contact condition are discussed briefly. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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