High resolution molecular karyotyping or array CGH helps to study ring chromosomes. A break occurring on each arm of the chromosome leaves two sticky ends on the central portion that stick to each other forming a ring. The formation of a ring chromosome deletes the two distal fragments. The ring chromosomes are unstable during the mitosis. Ring breakage leads to the formation of larger and smaller rings. The breaks near the telomere results into loss of the distal regions. The formation of the ring chromosome changes the gene order. Formation of the autosomal ring chromosomes occurs due to breakage in autosomes (non-sex chromosomes). If the rings exhibit no loss of the genetic material, then the individuals show the normal phenotype. Hence, the two main factors such as the chromosomes involved in a ring formation (autosomes or sex chromosomes) and the extent of gene loss decide the phenotype of the individual. The way of breakage and re-joining of the sister chromatids decides ring formation. Absence of sister chromatid exchange during the prophase also results in a ring formation. However, the two ring chromatids separate at anaphase. It results in the formation of equal sized rings. Dicentric rings arise due to crossing over. Formation of a dicentric ring results in the ring instability. Hence the formation of deletions, duplications and interlocking rings occur.