Not every baseball player has the opportunity to be signed by a major league team. Generally, the reason most players don’t move on after high school and college is MLB teams don’t think the player is good enough. Sometimes however, a player in remote parts of the country may not have been seen by scouts. For players who feel they belong with an MLB organization, they can showcase their talent with an independent baseball team. Even though the player gets a small pittance of money, he has the chance to keep his going.

David Peralta is one such player. He was originally signed by the St. Louis Cardinals but eventually released after several subpar, injury-filled seasons. Then he signed with three different independent league teams until the Diamondbacks bought out his contract. Peralta hit 17 home runs to go with a .312 batting average last year. Even though it took him nearly nine years to become a productive player, he probably would never have been given the opportunity if independent ball didn’t exist.

Other players see independent ball as a chance to get back to the majors after an injury derails their career. Enter Rich Hill. Hill’s career began to crater during the 2009 season when his ERA ballooned to 7.80. He moved to the bullpen, where he continued to struggle until he needed Tommy John surgery in 2011. He bounced around the majors and pitched for four different organizations. After being released by the Nationals in 2015, Hill signed with the independent Long Island Ducks out of the Atlantic League. He thrived with the Ducks, and the Red Sox eventually re-signed him. He started just four games for the Sox and struck out 36 batters in just 29 innings pitched and posted a 1.55 ERA. Those four starts impressed the Athletics so much, they gave the nearly/formerly washed-up Hill a one-year, $6 million dollar deal for 2016.

While Peralta and Hill are independent ball success stories, few players from those leagues get picked up by major league teams, and even fewer make it to the majors. The following is a statistical breakdown of the players who get picked up, which teams pick them up, and how they perform once in affiliated ball.

Right now there are six “major” independent baseball leagues:

American Association (Midwest) – 13 teams

Atlantic League (Northeast) – Eight teams

Canadian American Association or Can-Am League (Canada and Northeast) – Six teams

Frontier League (Midwest) – 12 teams

Pecos League (Rockies) – 10 teams

Pacific Association (California) – Four teams

Two of the six leagues, Pecos and Pacific, are for really young players and don’t get players picked up by major league teams. If a player is picked up, it is from a higher-level independent league team. Of the four remaining leagues, I could find usable historic transaction data only for the American Association, Atlantic League and Frontier League. For this initial stab, I looked at only the past three seasons’ worth of transactions. For each of these three leagues, here is some baseline information.

First, here are the overall numbers of independent-league players who were signed by major league clubs:

INDEPENDENT LEAGUE PLAYERS’ GOING TO AFFILIATED BALL League Players Signed Players/Year Pitchers Hitters Ratio of Pitchers to Hitters Atlantic 93 3.9 54 39 1.4 American 64 1.6 33 31 1.1 Frontier 51 1.4 33 18 1.8 Overall 208 2.1 120 88 1.4

The number that sticks out is about two players per team actually getting picked up during a season. When major league teams go looking for indy ball players, they definitely look to the Atlantic League, with more than twice as many players getting picked up from there as the other leagues. A pitcher is 40 percent more likely to have his rights sold to a major league club than a position player.

Now, here are the indy ball teams with the most players lost:

INDEPENDENT LEAGUE LOSING THE MOST PLAYERS Team Picks League Lancaster 16 Atlantic Somerset 16 Atlantic Sugar Land 16 Atlantic Bridgeport 13 Atlantic Wichita 13 American Long Island 12 Atlantic York 10 Atlantic Windy City 9 Frontier Camden 8 Atlantic Laredo 8 American

It is no surprise to see the Atlantic League teams dominating this list, with just the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs not making this top 10.

Now that we know which independent teams are getting their players taken, here are the teams doing the taking:

INDEPENDENT LEAGUE CONTRACTS BOUGHT (2013-2015) MLB Team Players Diamondbacks 34 Braves 21 Angels 16 Padres 13 Red Sox 9 Mets 8 Nationals 7 Orioles 7 Phillies 7 Twins 7 White Sox 7 Rockies 6 Royals 6 Blue Jays 5 Giants 5 Mariners 5 Pirates 5 Yankees 5 Cubs 4 Rangers 4 Reds 4 Athletics 3 Brewers 3 Dodgers 3 Indians 3 Marlins 3 Rays 3 Cardinals 2 Tigers 2 Astros 0 Average 6.9

Holy Diamondbacks! With 34 players picked up, no wonder they hit on Peralta. It is the same total as the 12 lowest teams combined. But it is just not the Diamondbacks who are picking up lots of the independent league players. The Braves, Angels and Padres have also signed more than 10 players each. The total from these four teams is the same as the 21 lowest. At the other end of the spectrum are the Houston Astros, who haven’t bought the contract of a single independent league player in past three seasons.

Major league teams do have to pay a small amount to the independent league teams. Josh Robertson, Wichita Wingnuts general manager and brother of former major league pitcher Nate Robertson, says the American Association has a set price for all players. In-season acquisitions cost a major league team $4,000, with $3,000 going to the independent league team and $1,000 to the league. For players signed in the offseason, the independent team gets just $1 for the signing and an additional $1,499 if the player is with any of the affiliated levels after spring training. Independent league signings are just a blip on a team’s budget.

Now, let’s move onto the production level for the players involved. This where the math gets a little deep and murky. First, the stats collected by the independent league teams don’t provide the most detailed data. It’s basic box score information. I wanted to keep the transfer of stats easy and useful. I decided to go with only three for now: Basic wOBA, ISO and strikeout percentage for hitters and ERA, strikeout percentage and strikeout-walk ratio for pitchers. It would be great to know pitcher velocity, but it isn’t publicly available except at the MLB level. The stats aren’t perfect, but I didn’t have access to batters faced for pitchers, so I decided to go with those for now.

The Atlantic and Frontier Leagues have generally the same scoring environment, with the American Association being a little more hitter friendly.

Now, here is the overall players’ performance and difference from the independent league average of the players picked up by majorleague teams. For pitchers I have combined and then split them into starters (GS/G >= 0.5) and relievers (GS/G < .5).

SEASONAL LEAGUE-WIDE STATS, 2013-2015 League season wOBA K% ISO wOBA K% ISO American Association 2013 0.393 15.1% 0.161 0.059 -1.3% 0.033 American Association 2014 0.380 11.9% 0.120 0.043 -2.4% -0.002 American Association 2015 0.347 10.1% 0.085 0.021 -6.8% -0.029 Atlantic 2013 0.374 15.4% 0.155 0.052 -1.6% 0.026 Atlantic 2014 0.357 16.3% 0.140 0.040 -0.2% 0.011 Atlantic 2015 0.326 15.6% 0.100 0.015 -3.1% -0.018 Frontier 2013 0.384 17.3% 0.167 0.065 -0.8% 0.045 Frontier 2014 0.366 17.5% 0.149 0.040 -1.4% 0.025 Frontier 2015 0.296 14.5% 0.103 -0.020 -4.7% -0.015 Median 0.040 -1.6% 0.011 Average 0.035 -2.5% 0.008 League Season ERA K/BB K/9 Diff in ERA Diff in K/BB Diff in K/9 American 2013 3.15 2.7 7.9 -1.31 0.8 1.3 American 2014 3.26 2.6 8.7 -1.34 0.7 2.1 American 2015 2.69 3.4 10.0 -1.52 1.4 3.4 Atlantic 2013 2.59 3.0 7.0 -1.55 1.0 0.4 Atlantic 2014 3.20 2.5 7.0 -0.74 0.5 0.7 Atlantic 2015 2.45 3.2 7.0 -1.30 0.9 -0.2 Frontier 2013 3.00 3.8 9.8 -0.98 1.9 2.8 Frontier 2014 3.10 2.7 9.6 -1.18 0.7 2.2 Frontier 2015 3.14 2.8 8.3 -0.86 0.7 0.9 Median -1.30 0.8 1.3 Average -1.20 1.0 1.5 League Season ERA K/BB K/9 Diff in ERA Diff in K/BB Diff in K/9 American 2013 3.07 2.8 7.7 -1.39 0.9 1.1 American 2014 3.30 2.8 8.0 -1.30 0.9 1.4 American 2015 3.24 3.1 9.3 -0.96 1.2 2.7 Atlantic 2013 2.87 2.7 6.4 -1.27 0.7 -0.2 Atlantic 2014 3.29 2.2 6.6 -0.65 0.3 0.3 Atlantic 2015 2.49 3.2 6.8 -1.27 0.8 -0.4 Frontier 2013 2.94 4.0 9.8 -1.04 2.1 2.8 Frontier 2014 3.36 2.9 8.8 -0.92 0.9 1.4 Frontier 2015 3.69 2.4 7.8 -0.31 0.2 0.4 Median -1.04 0.9 1.1 Average -1.01 0.9 1.0 League Season ERA K/BB K/9 Diff in ERA Diff in K/BB Diff in K/9 American 2013 3.36 2.6 8.4 -1.10 0.7 1.8 American 2014 3.22 2.4 9.3 -1.39 0.5 2.7 American 2015 1.83 3.8 11.0 -2.37 1.9 4.4 Atlantic 2013 1.65 4.1 9.2 -2.50 2.1 2.6 Atlantic 2014 2.41 5.6 10.6 -1.53 3.7 4.2 Atlantic 2015 2.17 3.8 8.2 -1.58 1.5 1.1 Frontier 2013 3.33 3.0 9.8 -0.65 1.0 2.8 Frontier 2014 2.77 2.5 10.6 -1.51 0.6 3.2 Frontier 2015 1.80 4.3 9.7 -2.20 2.1 2.3 Median -1.53 1.5 2.7 Average -1.65 1.6 2.8

Besides a few instances, players coming over from the independent leagues are quite a bit better than the league average. Looking for players who meet these criteria may be a good way to find players MLB teams want to target.

The next area examined is performance in the different minor league levels. After matching player IDs, here is how the players performance change after making the move. I would have loved to compare performance from each of the independent leagues, but the sample size was too small. Instead, I kept the players grouped together.

(Note: I compared the data in season weighted by the harmonic mean of the innings pitched. It is the same method I use for aging curves.)

PITCHING STATS FOR PLAYERS BOUGHT BY AFFILIATED TEAMS Actual Change ERA K/BB K/9 Average Age Count AAA 3.51 -1.4 -0.7 29.3 38 AA 1.84 -0.9 -0.1 27.7 38 A+ 1.06 -0.6 -1.1 25.3 30 A and A- 0.05 1.6 -0.5 23.8 22 Rookie 1.92 -0.2 -1.3 24.6 11 % Change AAA 251% 61% 88% AA 140% 75% 96% A+ 147% 71% 86% A and A- 80% 114% 90% Rookie 220% 102% 92% Affiliate Stats AAA 5.49 2.2 6.5 AA 4.48 2.5 7.2 A+ 3.55 4.2 7.7 A and A- 3.36 4.7 8.5 Rookie 3.57 4.4 8.3

On average, a pitcher will see a drop in production when they make the jump to affiliated ball, but the change isn’t unplayable. Most keep 90% of their strikeout ability. Additionally, there is about a 1.5 year decline in age for each level under AAA to A-. Of the players I tracked, John Holdzkom, Rich Hill and Tim Stauffer where able to make it to the majors after playing indy ball the year before.

Now, how many of these pitchers stick around or are they just roster band-aids? Of the 70 pitchers who threw for both an Indy and an affiliated team in 2013 and 2014, 40 (or 57%) were still pitching the next season somewhere in affiliated ball.

Now it is time for the hitters.

HITTING STATS FOR PLAYERS BOUGHT BY AFFILIATED TEAMS Actual Change wOBA K% ISO Average Age Count AAA -0.051 4.0% -0.034 28.7 29 AA -0.051 3.6% -0.049 27.0 44 A+ -0.056 3.2% -0.078 24.9 15 A and A- -0.016 1.3% -0.025 23.9 10 Rookie -0.034 2.3% -0.034 23.4 9 % Change AAA 84.0% 131.6% 75.1% AA 86.0% 129.6% 65.4% A+ 93.0% 125.3% 66.8% A and A- 89.5% 114.2% 82.5% Rookie 74.1% 120.4% 36.5% Affiliate Stats AAA 0.315 22.3% 0.133 AA 0.322 19.4% 0.136 A+ 0.357 18.0% 0.175 A and A- 0.316 15.5% 0.102 Rookie 0.325 17.2% 0.159

Again, the hitters making the jump to affiliated ball will see their production decline compared to independent ball. The hitters see some performance loss — around a 15 percent or 50 point reduction in their wOBA in the highest three levels. The only hitter to make the jump to the majors was Ryan Langerhans in 2013. Looking at 69 hitters who played in 2013 and 2014, 29 (42%) were still playing affiliated ball the next season.

I think I will draw the line in the sand at the last bit of information. At this point, I have shown how many, from what independent leagues, and which teams sign the players. Additionally, the average amount of player production is measured in the independent league and affiliated ball performance. The one issue I will have creating any league equivalency score is the lack of data.

I can think of a few ways to expand the information provided, but every idea basically comes back to needing more and better data. Comparison to average Indy league player, differences in players transferring from different Indy leagues, percentage chance of making it to majors, success depending on age, etc. I am not sure the additional information is needed or even wanted for 99.9 percent or more of baseball fans, including myself. So few of the players make any impact on the MLB level, they can easily be ignored by almost everyone.

But then there are cases like David Peralta and his 3.7 WAR in 2015. The Diamondbacks probably got him for around $4,000. The Tigers just gave Justin Upton $133 million and he produced 3.6 WAR in 2015. Maybe the chances the Diamondbacks are taking with independent ball are cost efficient.

I don’t expect many teams to jump at every player in the independent leagues. Most are there because they couldn’t cut it in the majors. But those exceptions can make all the difference.