New research finds the effects of schizophrenia are widespread with the disease affecting neural wiring in all areas of the brain. The finding overturns the theory that schizophrenia manifests due to communication issues in only the prefrontal and temporal lobes.

Although the first CT scans documented abnormalities in the brains of schizophrenia patients more than 40 years ago, the prevailing theory held that the abnormalities were associated with front-facing areas of the brain responsible for personality, decision-making and hearing perception.

The new study, published in the Nature journal Molecular Psychiatry, sets the stage for future research on the debilitating mental illness that, according to the World Health Organization, affects more than 21 million people worldwide.

Investigators say the current review is the largest analysis of “white matter” (fatty brain tissue enabling neurons to talk to each other) differences in a psychiatric disorder to date.

Investigators discovered frayed “Ethernet cords” are present everywhere, according to Sinead Kelly, co-lead author of the study.

“We can definitively say for the first time that schizophrenia is a disorder where white matter wiring is frayed throughout the brain,” said Kelly, a researcher at the Keck School of Medicine of USC when the study was conducted.

“Our study will help improve the understanding of the mechanisms behind schizophrenia, a mental illness that — left untreated — often leads to unemployment, homelessness, substance abuse, and even suicide,” said Kelly, who is now is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Harvard Medical School.

“These findings could lead to the identification of biomarkers that enable researchers to test patients’ response to schizophrenia treatment.”

An estimated 26 percent of homeless adults staying in shelter homes in America live with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Although the researchers found that frayed communication cords were present throughout the brains of people with schizophrenia, the poorly insulated wiring was most evident in the corpus callosum. This is the area which allows for communication between the brain hemispheres and is located in the frontal portion of the corona radiata, a key structure for information processing.

Current medical treatment for schizophrenia addresses only symptoms because the causes of the disease are still unknown.

Many patients are asked to take antipsychotic drugs for the rest of their lives. Some individuals experience side effects such as significant weight gain, tremors, emotional numbing, or extreme drowsiness.

Previous studies did not always point to the same brain regions. Scientists need to come to a consensus before they can begin looking for answers. To do that, they need to aggregate and analyze global brain scan data, said Neda Jahanshad, co-lead author of the study.

“Without this study, future research could have been misdirected,” Jahanshad said. “Rather than looking for genes that affect a certain ‘stretch of wiring,’ scientists will now look for genes that affect the brain’s entire communication infrastructure.

“We’re showing that just studying a single brain region to try to find out what causes schizophrenia is not a good approach. The effect is global. Focusing on a certain part of the brain where you think that effect will be is not going to give you the whole story.”

The review was the largest big data study on schizophrenia to date. Scientists analyzed the data of 1,963 people with schizophrenia and 2,359 healthy controls from Australia, Asia, Europe, South Africa, and North America. Earlier studies typically included up to a hundred people with schizophrenia, Jahanshad said.

The big data project was integrated from 29 different international studies by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) network, a global consortium headed by Paul Thompson at the Keck School of Medicine.

ENIGMA has published the largest neuroimaging studies of autism, major depression and bipolar disorder using brain scans of more than 20,000 people, said Thompson, associate director of the Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute.

The researchers examined data from diffusion tensor imaging, a form of MRI that measures the movement of water molecules in the white matter of the brain. These scans allow scientists to locate problem areas in the brain’s normally insulated communication system.

Researchers believe the study paves the path for more focused scientific inquiry. A next step could be to seek what causes these abnormalities in white matter. Schizophrenia is partly hereditary, so perhaps specific genes promote the disorder via slight alterations in brain wiring, Kelly said.

Source: USC

Schizophrenia Interferes With All Brain Communication Networks