ISLAMABAD, Pakistan—An American doctor of Pakistani origin was shot dead in central Pakistan by unidentified gunmen on Monday, police said, in an attack that appears to have targeted him because he was a member of the minority Ahmadiyya religious community.

Mehdi Ali Qamar, 50, from Lancaster, Ohio, was walking with family members at around 5 a.m. in the town of Chenab Nagar in the Punjab province when two gunmen on motorcycles allegedly shot him 11 times, police official Tariq Warraich said. A murder case has been registered...