Permissions

In this section we’ll learn about how to set Linux permissions on files and directories. Permissions specify what a particular person may or may not do with respect to a file or directory. As such, permissions are important in creating a secure environment. For instance you don’t want other people to be changing your files and you also want system files to be safe from damage.

This lesson will cover the following commands:

chmod – modify file access rights

– modify file access rights su – temporarily become the superuser

– temporarily become the superuser chown – change file ownership

– change file ownership chgrp – change a file’s group ownership

File permissions

Linux uses the same permissions scheme as Unix. Each file and directory on your system is assigned access rights for the owner of the file, the members of a group of related users, and everybody else. Rights can be assigned to read a file, to write a file, and to execute a file (i.e., run the file as a program).

To see the permission settings for a file, we can use the ls command as follows:

[me@linuxbox me]$ ls -l some_file -rw-rw-r-- 1 me me 1097374 Sep 26 18:48 some_file

We can determine a lot from examining the results of this command:

The file “some_file” is owned by user “me”

User “me” has the right to read and write this file

The file is owned by the group “me”

Members of the group “me” can also read and write this file

Everybody else can read this file

Let’s try another example. We will look at the bash program which is located in the /bin directory:

[me@linuxbox me]$ ls -l /bin/bash -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 316848 Feb 27 2000 /bin/bash

Here we can see:

The file “/bin/bash” is owned by user “root”

The superuser has the right to read, write, and execute this file

The file is owned by the group “root”

Members of the group “root” can also read and execute this file

Everybody else can read and execute this file

In the diagram below, we see how the first portion of the listing is interpreted. It consists of a character indicating the file type, followed by three sets of three characters that convey the reading, writing and execution permission for the owner, group, and everybody else.



chmod

The chmod command is used to change the permissions of a file or directory. To use it, you specify the desired permission settings and the file or files that you wish to modify. There are two ways to specify the permissions, but I am only going to teach one way.

It is easy to think of the permission settings as a series of bits (which is how the computer thinks about them). Here’s how it works:

rwx rwx rwx = 111 111 111 rw- rw- rw- = 110 110 110 rwx --- --- = 111 000 000 and so on... rwx = 111 in binary = 7 rw- = 110 in binary = 6 r-x = 101 in binary = 5 r-- = 100 in binary = 4

Now, if you represent each of the three sets of permissions (owner, group, and other) as a single digit, you have a pretty convenient way of expressing the possible permissions settings. For example, if we wanted to set some_file to have read and write permission for the owner, but wanted to keep the file private from others, we would:

[me@linuxbox me]$ chmod 600 some_file

Here is a table of numbers that covers all the common settings. The ones beginning with “7” are used with programs (since they enable execution) and the rest are for other kinds of files.

Value Meaning 777 (rwxrwxrwx) No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may do anything. Generally not a desirable setting. 755 (rwxr-xr-x) The file’s owner may read, write, and execute the file. All others may read and execute the file. This setting is common for programs that are used by all users. 700 (rwx——) The file’s owner may read, write, and execute the file. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for programs that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others. 666 (rw-rw-rw-) All users may read and write the file. 644 (rw-r–r–) The owner may read and write a file, while all others may only read the file. A common setting for data files that everybody may read, but only the owner may change. 600 (rw——-) The owner may read and write a file. All others have no rights. A common setting for data files that the owner wants to keep private.

Directory permissions

The chmod command can also be used to control the access permissions for directories. In most ways, the permissions scheme for directories works the same way as they do with files. However, the execution permission is used in a different way. It provides control for access to file listing and other things. Here are some useful settings for directories:

Value Meaning 777 (rwxrwxrwx) No restrictions on permissions. Anybody may list files, create new files in the directory and delete files in the directory. Generally not a good setting. 755 (rwxr-xr-x) The directory owner has full access. All others may list the directory, but cannot create files nor delete them. This setting is common for directories that you wish to share with other users. 700 (rwx——) The directory owner has full access. Nobody else has any rights. This setting is useful for directories that only the owner may use and must be kept private from others.

Becoming the superuser for a short while

It is often useful to become the superuser to perform important system administration tasks, but as you have been warned (and not just by me!), you should not stay logged on as the superuser. In most distributions, there is a program that can give you temporary access to the superuser’s privileges. This program is called su (short for substitute user) and can be used in those cases when you need to be the superuser for a small number of tasks. To become the superuser, simply type the su command. You will be prompted for the superuser’s password:

[me@linuxbox me]$ su

Password:

[root@linuxbox me]#

After executing the su command, you have a new shell session as the superuser. To exit the superuser session, type exit and you will return to your previous session.

In some distributions, most notably Ubuntu, an alternate method is used. Rather than using su , these systems employ the sudo command instead. With sudo , one or more users are granted superuser privileges on an as needed basis. To execute a command as the superuser, the desired command is simply preceeded with the sudo command. After the command is entered, the user is prompted for the user’s password rather than the superuser’s:

[me@linuxbox me]$ sudo some_command

Password:

[me@linuxbox me]$ Changing file ownership

You can change the owner of a file by using the chown command. Here’s an example: Suppose I wanted to change the owner of some_file from “me” to “you”. I could:

[me@linuxbox me]$ su

Password:

[root@linuxbox me]# chown you some_file

[root@linuxbox me]# exit

[me@linuxbox me]$

Notice that in order to change the owner of a file, you must be the superuser. To do this, our example employed the su command, then we executed chown , and finally we typed exit to return to our previous session.

chown works the same way on directories as it does on files.

Changing group ownership

The group ownership of a file or directory may be changed with chgrp . This command is used like this:

[me@linuxbox me]$ chgrp new_group some_file

In the example above, we changed the group ownership of some_file from its previous group to “new_group”. You must be the owner of the file or directory to perform a chgrp .

Chmod sheet (must have)