An English map of South America, based on the earlier French map(s) of J.B. d'Anville
<ul><li>This is probably the most important two panel wall map of South America produced in the 18th century.  Largely based upon the earlier D’Anville map, this map has been enlarged and expanded by the English publishing house of Laurie and Whittle.  Depicts the continent in full with an inset of the Falkland Islands.</li>
<li>This map is unique in that it is a serious attempt to compile all of the accurate scientific knowledge of the South American continent available at the time.  Offers a smorgasbord of factual, speculative, and historical detail.   This extraordinary and highly decorative map bears up to almost endless perusal and volumes could be composed upon its content. The cartographer attempts to depict both known and unknown parts of the continent with actual data reported by both contemporary and historic travelers.  In most cases it is extremely difficult to identify specific sources as much of the data is vague and uncertain.  Our survey of this map beings with the coast which Spanish and Portuguese navigators had mapped with considerable accuracy as early as the late 16th century. This, like most early maps of the area, contrasts a detailed mapping of the coast with a speculative discussion of the interior, particularly Patagonia and the Amazon Basin.</li>
<li>Offers a fairly accurate discussion of both the east and west coasts with exceptional detail in the populated Andean regions of Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador (Labeled Quito), and Peru.  Notes Cuzco, Lima, Quito, Valladolid, Arequipa, Trujillo and other important trading centers of the region. In Portuguese controlled Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, San Salvador and San Sebastian are noted.</li>
<li>It is in the interior that this map becomes exceptionally fascinating. In the northern part of the  continent D'Anville maps a number of confusions associated with the English adventurer Sir Walter Raleigh's search for El Dorado.  Believing El Dorado to lie in the northern part of the Amazon, Raleigh sailed down the Orinoco River just before the onset of the rainy season.  Reaching a remote tribal  village, Raleigh noted canoes arriving bearing gold, silver, and other treasures. Asked where the gold came from, the natives replied, Manoa, the term for the tribe to which the river traders belonged.  Manoa, the natives claimed could be reached following a long river voyage southward to a Great Lake, called Parima.  Raleigh and his associates immediately associated Manoa and Lake Parima with the golden kingdom of El Dorado, though they never visited the city or lake.  Subsequent maps, including this one, mapped El Dorado and Lake Parima in this location for several hundred years.  Both Raleigh and the natives were describing an actual event known to occur annually in the region.  Rains would annually swell the Amazon and Orinoco river systems creating a linkage in the Parima flood plain, which, during heavy rains, can resemble a massive lake.</li>
<li>The Manoa were a large and populous trading nation active pre-colonial days whose vast empire, based in the Amazon Basin, extended form the Andes to the Orinoco.  Curiously, in addition to noting the city of Manoa on Lake Parima, D'Anville also correctly maps the center of the ancient Manoan civilization between the Amazon tributaries Rio Negro and Rio Yapura.  Sadly the Manoa and many of the other populous South American indigenous nations noted by the earliest explorers to the region vanished, brought low by European epidemics.</li>
<li>A similar error appears far to the south where the Paraguay rivers empties into the Laguna de Xarayes. The Xarayes, a corruption of Xaraiés meaning Masters of the River, were an indigenous people occupying what are today parts of Brazil's Matte Grosso and the Pantanal. When Spanish and Portuguese explorers first navigated up the Paraguay River, as always in search of El Dorado, they encountered the vast Pantanal flood plain at the height of its annual inundation.</li>
<li>Includes the legend:</li></ul><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r357009418">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .div-col.grids{grid-template-columns:repeat(1,1fr)!important;width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .div-col.grids{display:grid}</style><div class="div-col grids" style="width:100%; grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr); grid-column-gap:1em;"><div>
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<center><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r369756387">.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}</style><span class="smallcaps">Division of South America</span> with a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r369756387"><span class="smallcaps">Summary Account</span> of its Trade.<br><p><br><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r369756387"><span class="smallcaps">South America</span> is Divided into Nine Principal parts Viz.<br><br></p>
1. Terra Firma to the Spaniards<br>divided into the Governements of<br></center>
<p>Panama, or Terra Firma proper, containing the Isthmus of Darien &amp; the Adjacent Coast; Carthagena, S<sup>ta</sup>. Martha and Rio de la Hacha; Venezuela, Caraceas; Cumana, or new Andalusia; Paria, &amp; part of Guayana, Popayan with Choco; &amp; the New Kingdom of Granada whose Capital Santa Fé is the Metropolis of all Tierra Firma; with Several Islands belonging to the Spaniards, except Curaçao and Bonair which belong to the Dutch. All along the Coast from Carthagena, there are Pearl Fisheries, the Principal of which are at Margarita, Cubagua, Cumanagotto &amp; la Rencheria. The whole Country abounds in Mines of Gold and Precious Stones, Indigo, Cocheneal &amp; The Trees that produce the Balsa generally known under the name of Balsam of Tolu grow in the Governement of Popayan. The City of Panana is the center of Commerce from Peru &amp; Chili. As soon as ever the Galleons enter the Port of Carthagena an express is dispatch'd over land to Panama, from whence he proceeds by Sea to Lima. In the mean time all the necessary preparations are made for Conveying y<sup>e</sup> Treasure as soon as it arrives, either by Sea or Land to Porto-belo. The Viceroi of Peru, on the other hand, makes all imaginable dispatch in Sending the Lima Fleet escort'd by an Armadilla or Small Squadron of Men of War to Panama, where as soon as Arrived they are unladen, &amp; the Goods forwarded to Porto-belo. This may be perform'd two ways by Land, which is a Journey of 50 Miles &amp; a pretty good road in Summer; or by Water, which is y<sup>e</sup> only method in Winter. &amp; then the Plate &amp; Goods are Convey'd to Venta de Cruz, which is 20 Miles, by Mules, &amp; then down y<sup>e</sup> Rio Chagre into the Sea, whence they are transported to Porto-belo, which is about 18 Leagues distant. These different methods of Carriage are of vast utility, for in y<sup>e</sup> Summer Rio Chagre is frequently so low that Boats cannot pass; &amp; in Winter, when y<sup>e</sup> navigation by that River is free, y<sup>e</sup> Road by land is altogether Imapssable. As soon as the Lima Ships are unladen at Panama they Sail to Perico, a little Island at a small distance from Panama, &amp; there wait the return of the European goods from Porto-belo, by the same Carriage their were sent thither, &amp; having taken this on board they imediately Sail away for Lima.<br><br></p>
<center>2. Peru to the Spaniards.<br>Divided into the Audiences of<br></center>
<p>Quito, Lima or Peru Proper, called the Royal Audience and las Chareas or Audience of la Plata.<br>
Peru abounds in Mines of Gold &amp; Silver, the most Famous of which are the Mines of Potosi; in that Neighbourhood is the Town of Porco whose Mines are still richer, but harder to Work by reasons of the Water that is found in them; whereas there is none in the Mines of Potosi, even at a very great depth. Nearer the Coast are the famous Mines of Lipes &amp; towards the North, those of Oruro, whence they draw a Fifth part of Silver from the Ore, besides many others. It may not be amiss to Observe, that when Mines are shut up, &amp; not longer wrought, we must not Suppose that they are totally lost, for after a Considerable Space, they open them, &amp; draw from them fresh Riches, sometimes in greater quantities than at First. The Town of Arica is the proper Port of Potosi &amp; la Plata. In the Month of March they begin to bring y<sup>e</sup> Silver from thence to Arica, &amp; in June the Flota from Lima comes to Fetch it. There is a Constant intercourse between la Plata, Lipes, Oruro, &amp; this Port, by land, for conveniency of which there are Inns at every 4 Leagues insomuch that it is computed there are two Thousand Persons employ'd in the Management of these Inns and as Carriers.<br>
Lima called also the City of the Kings, is the Capital of all South America, as well as of Peru, &amp; the residence of the Viceroy. Its Inhabitants have been so rich that in 1682, on the entry of the Duke de la Plata, their Viceroy, they paved two of the Streets, thro which he passed, with Ingots of Silver, to the amount of Eighty Millions of Pieces of Eight, which is about Eighteen Millions Sterling but they are not conceived to be near so rich at present. Callao is the Port of Lima ; its road is by much the largest &amp; Fairest in the South Seas. There are two Flottas annually Sail from thence, one for Arica, the other for Panama. The former Sails about the end of February, &amp; having receiv'd at Arica the Silver sent from the Mines, returns towards the end of March. In the beginning of May the Flota Sails for Panama, having on board the Wealth from Potosi, the Silver from Chili, which comes in the Valparaiso Fleet, the King's revenue &amp; Merchandises from all parts of Peru and the Audience of las Charcas: and on the return of this Fleet laden with European Commodities they are disposed of from hence, part by Sea &amp; part by Land, to all the different places to which they are destined. Besides these Fleets, there Sail Annually two Ships for Acapulco; &amp; the Indian Commodities which they bring are all deposited in the magazines at Callao and sent from hence to all the Southern Provinces of America.<br><br></p>
<center>3. Amazonia, where the Spaniards and<br>Portuguese have Missions &amp; Settlements, is very little Known;<br></center>
<p>It takes its name from the River Amazon that runs thro that immense Country, from West to East, the Course of that River
was drawn in 1743 &amp; 44 by M<sup>r</sup>. de la Condamine.<br><br></p>
<center>4. Guayana, divided between<br>the Spaniards, Dutch &amp; French.<br></center>
<p>Spanish Guayana, is comprehended in Terra Firma,<br>
Dutch Guayana, contains the Colonies of Essequebe, Berbice and Surinam.<br>
French Guayana, contains the Colony of Cayenne, with Several Forts &amp; Settlements.<br>
The Dutch &amp; French cultivate Coffee, Cotton, Sugar, Rocon, or Annate &amp; Cocoa.<br><br></p>
<center>5. Brasil, to the Portuguese,<br>Divided into 12 Captainships, Viz. of<br></center>
<p>the Bay of all Saints, Seregipe, Olinda Paraiba, Riogrande Seara, Maranham &amp; Para, os Ilheos, Porto Seguro, Spiritu Santo &amp; Riojaneiro, with the Commarcas of S<sup>t</sup>. Paul &amp; of the Mines. The Portuguese in the Northern Captainships, are Masters of all the Coasts and 10 or 12 Leagues up in the Country, but in the Southern Captainships their Settlements extend a Great deal further in the Interior parts of the Land. Brasil, produces Gold, Tobacco &amp; the best Sugar in great Plenty. Some years since the Portugese have Discover'd several Mines of Diamonds which are very Rich, &amp; whose productions are almost as fine as those of the Mines of Asia.<br><br></p>
<center>6. Paraguay, to the Spaniards.<br>Divided into the Great Governments<br></center>
<p>1<sup>st</sup>. of Assomption, whose Eastern part is the Province of Chaco.<br>
2<sup>d</sup>. of Buenos-ayres.<br>
The Spaniards are become the absolute owners of that Country, since the expulsion of the Jesuits who had establish'd there an Independant Government, under the pretext of converting &amp; civilizing the Indians. Paraguay abounds in very rich Mines both of Gold &amp; Silver; there is besides plenty of Valuable Commodities, especially the Herb-Paraguay. The use made of it, is to compose a Certain Draught, Infusion, or Tea which recovers such as Work in the Mines from those grevious Cholicks &amp; intolerable disorders in the Stomach caused by the exhalations in such places. The amount of this Trade is at least a Million &amp; a Half of Pieces of Eight
per Annum. By the Help of Rio Pilcomayo there is a quick &amp; Straight passage from Potosi to Buenos-ayres; and a good Road thither also by Land. The importance of Buenos-ayres consists chiefly in its Convenient Situation for Commerce, indeed for such a Commerce as no Port in the Spanish Indies, can boast of the like. Hither come, even from the most distant Provinces, the most valuable Commodities in order to be Exchang'd for European Goods: such as Vigonia Wool from all parts of Peru, and Chili, Copper from Coquimbo, Gold from Chili, &amp; Silver from Potosi. Tobacco, Sugar, Cotton thread, wax, Cotton Cloth from Paraguay. The Herb of that name is transported from Santafé to Potosi, partly in Waggons &amp; partly on Mules; and tho it be a Journey of five Hundred Leagues, yet they Commonly perform it in a Month. They dispose of the Herb for ready Money, &amp; generally gain upon it Cent per Cent. The Journey to the Mines of Chili is much more troublesome because the passage thro the Mountains which divide that Country from the Inland parts of America, is passable only from December to March. The Commerce between Buenos-ayres, &amp; Peru is Chiefly for the Sale of Cattle, &amp; of Mules for the Mines. The Trade carried on between Buenos-ayres &amp; Europe ought to be only by Register Ships from Spain, but besides these, the Inhabitants carry on a great Contraband Commerce.<br>
On the North Side of Rio de la Plata, in Paraguay, the Portuguese have a colony called Colonia do Sacramento which was granted to them by a Treaty with the Spaniards in 1750.<br><br></p>
<center>7. Tucuman to the Spaniards.<br></center>
<p><br></p>
<center>8. Chili to the Spaniards.<br>Divided into three Districts, Viz. those of<br>Chili-proper, Imperiale &amp; of Chicuyto.<br></center>
<p>This country abounds every where with Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Mercury, Saltpetre &amp; Sulphur, &amp; from such parts of it as the Spaniards have thoroughly Settled, they reap Immense Profits. The Soil is Wonderfully Fertile. Producing not only Indian but European Corn, Wine, Fruits &amp; all the Necessaries of Life in abundance; Whatever Herbs, Fruites or Flowers grow in Spain, are cultivated with Success here: &amp; we learn from the accounts of the latest travellers, that in the Gardens of the Cities near the Coast, Orange-trees are Kept bearing all the Year. The Richest part of Chili is still in the hands of the Natives, &amp; like to remain so, their Mountainous Situations affording the Indians such Advantages, as the Europeans, considering their small Number can hardly ever Surmount. In the mean time, the Governors run away with <sup>the</sup> greatest part of y<sup>e</sup> Wealth accruing from this Impertant Settlement, the King on the one hand being daily cheated of his revenues, and on the other paying prodigious Salaries; so that smaller returns are made to Spain, en the King's Account from hence that can well be Imagined. It must however be owned that within these Twenty Years, some pains have been taken to Remedy this abuse.<br><br></p>
<center>9. Patagonia, or the Country of the Gyants-Patagons,<br>with the Magellanic Islands.<br></center>
<p>Known under the names of Tierra del Fuego, &amp; Falklands-Islands.<br>
Tierra del Fuego, or the Land of Fire, so named from a burning Mountain that is seen at a great distance, is a Desolate &amp; Barren Country.<br>
The Isles of Falkland belong to Great Britain by Right of first Discovery. The English have a Fort &amp; Settlement at Port Egmont, in Saunders Island, on the North of the Western Falkland, &amp; the Spaniards have a Fort in the Eastern Isle. As Port Egmont, is a very safe &amp; capacious Harbour, It will become of great utility to the British Navy &amp; even <sup>to</sup> Privateers, in any future War, to annoy the Spanish Trade in the South Sea.
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<bdi><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Jean-Baptiste_Bourguignon_d%27Anville" class="extiw" title="w:en:Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville"><span title="French cartographer and geographer">Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville</span></a>
</bdi>
1794<div style="display: none;">date QS:P571,+1794-00-00T00:00:00Z/9</div>
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