<p>On verso of image: Kodiak, Ak, August 1919
Filed in Alaska--Islands--Kodiak</p>
<p>In 1784 Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov founded a Russian settlement on Kodiak Island at Three Saints Bay, near the present-day village of Old Harbor. As a means of restricting the British fur trade and to continue in the sea otter hunting industry. In 1793, the Russians decided to move the capital of their colony from Three Saints Bay to the northern part of Kodiak. They established a new center of government, which they named Pavlov Harbor ("Paul Harbor"), at the site of today's city of Kodiak. Pavlov Harbor's central position in the colonial empire lasted until 1808. A contingent of Russian Orthodox clergy arrived in Kodiak in 1794 to convert Alaskan Natives to Christianity. The most lasting legacy of the Russian era is the Russian Orthodox religion.

The Russians sold Alaska to the United States in 1867. Soon after the sale, a number of American entrepreneurs arrived to continue sea otter hunting until the near demise of this animal led to a ban on hunting it in 1911. The Americans attempted various other industries, including trapping, whaling, cattle ranching, and gold mining. A number of tiny islands around the Kodiak Archipelago and off the Alaska Peninsula were deemed suitable for fox farming. The farms were largely owned by trading companies which hired Native men to hunt and fish to provide food for the foxes. The salmon fishing industry, which had both high risks and high profits, enjoyed the most dramatic and lasting success of the new commercial efforts. 



The residents of the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak were disrupted by the volcanic eruption of Mount Katmai in June 1912. The volcano covered Kodiak with eighteen inches of ash, clogged salmon streams and killed vegetation. Commercial salmon fishing was halted that year. In subsequent years, however, the ash served as fertilizer for bumper-crop gardens. Halibut fishermen from the Northwest Coast, many of them Norwegian immigrants, began stopping in Kodiak in the early twentieth century. By the 1920s, herring and cod boats also fished in Kodiak waters. In 1938 and 1939, the U. S. Congress allocated funds for the construction of a Navy base at Kodiak. During World War II, the military presence increased dramatically. Kodiak became a base for as many as 15,000 servicemen. After the war, the Navy base remained in Kodiak and later became a Coast Guard base. In the postwar years, salmon continued to be the major fishery. Both Native and white fishermen began to concentrate more on purse seining than other gear types. 



The Great Alaskan Earthquake of March 27, 1964, and the tsunami that followed it, caused great destruction to Kodiak. Three Native villages, Chenega, Kaguyak, and Afognak, were destroyed. Twenty-three people died in Chenega, about a third of the population of the village. There were eleven deaths in the Kodiak Island area. The town of Kodiak was greatly damaged, as was the village of Ouzinkie. Old Harbor was practically demolished and had to be substantially rebuilt. Residents of Afognak were relocated to a new village, Port Lions, and Kaguyak villagers were moved to the existing community of Akhiok. While a considerable portion of Kodiak's fishing fleet was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami, the rebuilding of Kodiak city hastened its emergence as the "king crab capital." The canneries near Old Harbor and Ouzinkie, destroyed in the earthquake, were never rebuilt. As a result, processing was increasingly consolidated in the town of Kodiak. Some fishermen, both in villages and in centers such as Kodiak and Cordova, were able to buy bigger and more modern boats with disaster loans. 

Both commercial and subsistence fishing were strongly affected by the huge Exxon Valdez oil spill which occurred on March 27, 1989. When the Exxon Valdez tanker hit Bligh Reef, it spilled almost 11 million gallons of oil into Prince William Sound. Response teams were unable to contain the oil before it was carried by currents throughout the entire area, ending as far south as Ivanof Bay on the Alaska Peninsula. The oil first hit Kodiak area beaches in mid-April. The salmon season was closed due to the fear of oil contamination of fish. Settlements from the oil spill have helped preserve a variety of Kodiak's public lands, adding acreage to the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, Afognak Island State Park and Shuyak Island State Park. [Source:  History of Kodiak web site, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://kodiakisland.net/history.html">http://kodiakisland.net/history.html</a></p>
<ul><li>Subjects (LCTGM): Islands--Alaska; Aerial photographs</li>
<li>Subjects (LCSH): Kodiak Island (Alaska)--Aerial views</li></ul>
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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/alaskawcanadaweb/index.html">Alaska, Western Canada and United States Collection</a>