<center><big><b>Eastern frontier(s) of the Cape of Good Hope colony, ca 1820 – 1850</b><br>(i.e. period between 5th and 8th Xhosa Wars)</big></center>
<div class="legend" style="direction:ltr;line-height:23px;"><div class="legend-content" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;width:34px;height:23px;overflow:hidden;font-size:15px;border:thin solid #333;background:#008000;color:#202122;text-align:center;"> </div> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_Settlers" class="extiw" title="w:1820 Settlers">1820 British settler</a> farms</b> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_South_Africa" class="extiw" title="w:Albany, South Africa">Albany</a> district, or eastern Zuurveld</div>
<div class="legend" style="direction:ltr;line-height:23px;"><div class="legend-content" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;width:34px;height:23px;overflow:hidden;font-size:15px;border:thin solid #333;background:#A7DEBE;color:#202122;text-align:center;"> </div> <b>Settled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colony" class="extiw" title="w:Cape Colony">colonial area</a></b> (est. 1795), showing Grahamstown (est. 1812), and districts (est. 1820) in shades of pale green</div>
<div class="legend" style="direction:ltr;line-height:23px;"><div class="legend-content" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;width:34px;height:23px;overflow:hidden;font-size:15px;border:thin solid #333;background:white;color:#202122;text-align:center;"> </div> <b>Neutral zone</b> (est. 1820), as agreed between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Charles_Somerset" class="extiw" title="w:Lord Charles Somerset">Lord Charles Somerset</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngqika_people" class="extiw" title="w:Ngqika people">Gaika (Ngqika)</a> faction of the amaXhosa.</div>
<div class="legend" style="direction:ltr;line-height:23px;"><div class="legend-content" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;width:34px;height:23px;overflow:hidden;font-size:15px;border:thin solid #333;background:#FFFFC0;color:#202122;text-align:center;"> </div> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Kaffraria" class="extiw" title="w:British Kaffraria">British Kaffraria</a></b> (est. 1835), incl. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London" class="extiw" title="w:East London">East London</a> (est. 1847): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngqika_people" class="extiw" title="w:Ngqika people">Gaika</a> faction of amaXhosa and amaTembu under British protection.</div>
<div class="legend" style="direction:ltr;line-height:23px;"><div class="legend-content" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;width:34px;height:23px;overflow:hidden;font-size:15px;border:thin solid #333;background:#E0D283;color:#202122;text-align:center;"> </div> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffraria" class="extiw" title="w:Kaffraria">Kaffraria</a></b>, incl. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth,_Eastern_Cape" class="extiw" title="w:Butterworth, Eastern Cape">Butterworth</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="extiw" title="w:Wesleyanism">Wesleyan</a> mission (est. 1827): amaTembu living inland and amaXhosa nearer the coast.</div>
<div class="legend" style="direction:ltr;line-height:23px;"><div class="legend-content" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;width:34px;height:23px;overflow:hidden;font-size:15px;border:thin solid #333;background:#400000;color:#202122;text-align:center;"> </div> Mountains and necks, incl. <b>Gaika's Hill</b> <small><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=32_32_46_S_26_57_07_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Gaika%27s+Hill"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°32′46″S</span> <span class="longitude">26°57′07″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=32_32_46_S_26_57_07_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Gaika%27s+Hill"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.54611°S 26.95194°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">-32.54611; 26.95194</span></span><span style="display:none">﻿ (<span class="fn org">Gaika's Hill</span>)</span></span></span></a></small> in the easternmost <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterberg_(Eastern_Cape)" class="extiw" title="w:Winterberg (Eastern Cape)">Winterberg</a>.</div>
<div class="legend" style="direction:ltr;line-height:23px;"><div class="legend-content" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;box-sizing:border-box;width:34px;height:23px;overflow:hidden;font-size:15px;border:thin solid #333;background:#FF0000;color:#202122;text-align:center;"> </div> <b>Military forts</b>, district boundaries and eastern frontier.</div>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"><small>Notes</small></span></h2>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>Frontiers:</b> Following the 5th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" class="extiw" title="w:Xhosa Wars">Xhosa War</a> (ended 1819), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiskamma_River" class="extiw" title="w:Keiskamma River">Keiskamma River</a> up to Gaika's Hill, and thence westwards along the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterberg_(Eastern_Cape)" class="extiw" title="w:Winterberg (Eastern Cape)">Winterberg</a> (on <span style="background:transparent;color:red;font-weight:400;" title=""><b>red line</b></span>), marked the eastern frontier of the Colony. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith,_1st_Baronet" class="extiw" title="w:Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet">Sir Harry Smith</a> (in 1847) annexed the northern section of Victoria, and extended the frontier from Gaika's Hill northwards along the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klipplaat_River" class="extiw" title="w:Klipplaat River">Klip Plaat River</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormberg_Mountains" class="extiw" title="w:Stormberg Mountains">Stormberg</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Kei_River" class="extiw" title="w:Great Kei River">Great Kei River</a> became the eastern frontier when the <b>British Kaffraria Protectorate</b> was annexed (before 1865).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>Forts:</b> Most forts remain today as ruins in various degrees of restoration. The most northerly, <span style="background:transparent;color:red;font-weight:400;" title=""><b>Post Retief</b></span> (est. 1836) <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=32_30_16_S_26_31_44_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Post+Retief"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°30′16″S</span> <span class="longitude">26°31′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=32_30_16_S_26_31_44_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Post+Retief"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.50444°S 26.52889°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">-32.50444; 26.52889</span></span><span style="display:none">﻿ (<span class="fn org">Post Retief</span>)</span></span></span></a></span>, was designed by major Charles Selwyn of the Royal Engineers, and remains almost intact. This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postretief.co.za/history/">fort</a> was located near the last homestead of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/field_cornet" class="extiw" title="w:field cornet">field cornet</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Retief" class="extiw" title="w:Piet Retief">Piet Retief</a>, a leader of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="extiw" title="w:Voortrekkers">emigrant farmers</a> in 1837. It consists of officers quarters, large stables, stores and additional quarters for soldiers, built around a parade ground of one acre.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.waylandscountryhouse.co.za/about">[1]</a> Sixty farmers sought refuge here for two months during the Eighth Frontier War (1850-1853). Lieutenant-colonel John Fordyce and other casualties of this war were interred in a small military cemetery nearby. <span style="background:transparent;color:red;font-weight:400;" title=""><b>Fort Peddie</b></span> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=33_11_39_S_27_07_27_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Fort+Peddie"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°11′39″S</span> <span class="longitude">27°07′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=33_11_39_S_27_07_27_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Fort+Peddie"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.19417°S 27.12417°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">-33.19417; 27.12417</span></span><span style="display:none">﻿ (<span class="fn org">Fort Peddie</span>)</span></span></span></a> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blockhouse" class="extiw" title="w:blockhouse">blockhouse</a>, built after the 1820 agreement that formed the neutral zone. <span style="background:transparent;color:red;font-weight:400;" title=""><b>Fort Brown</b></span> (est. 1835) <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=33_07_48_S_26_37_03_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Fort+Brown"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°07′48″S</span> <span class="longitude">26°37′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=33_07_48_S_26_37_03_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Fort+Brown"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.13°S 26.6175°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">-33.13; 26.6175</span></span><span style="display:none">﻿ (<span class="fn org">Fort Brown</span>)</span></span></span></a> was at first a post for patrols (est. ca 1812) at Hermanuskraal, named for Khoikhoi chieftain Hermanus Xogomesh, before a fort replaced it during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_Wars#Sixth_war_(1834%E2%80%9336)" class="extiw" title="w:Xhosa Wars">sixth frontier war</a>. It became a police post in 1873, and a police station is still located beside it. The fort was declared a national monument in 1938. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Cox,_Eastern_Cape" class="extiw" title="w:Fort Cox, Eastern Cape"><span style="background:transparent;color:red;font-weight:400;" title=""><b>Fort Cox</b></span></a> (est. 1835, abandoned 1836-1846, but rebuilt) <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=32_43_48_S_27_1_32_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Fort+Cox"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°43′48″S</span> <span class="longitude">27°1′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=32_43_48_S_27_1_32_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Fort+Cox"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.73°S 27.02556°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">-32.73; 27.02556</span></span><span style="display:none">﻿ (<span class="fn org">Fort Cox</span>)</span></span></span></a>, was named after major William Cox, and was a base for patrols into the valleys and ravines of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amathole_Mountains" class="extiw" title="w:Amathole Mountains">Amatole</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiskammahoek" class="extiw" title="w:Keiskammahoek">Keiskamma</a> ranges. The earthen redoubt reinforced with stone protected a quadrangle of strong stone cottages and walls, of which only ruins remain. Sir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Harry_Smith,_1st_Baronet" class="extiw" title="w:Sir Harry Smith, 1st Baronet">Harry Smith</a> was for a time trapped in this fort during the Eighth Frontier War.</li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><b>Settlements:</b> Military villages such as <b>Woburn</b>, <b>Auckland</b>, <b>Ely</b>, <b>Juanasburg</b>, <b>Kempt</b> and <b>Fredericksburg</b> were established in the vicinity of the forts. <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice,_Eastern_Cape" class="extiw" title="w:Alice, Eastern Cape">Alice</a></b> was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism" class="extiw" title="w:Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> missionary centre (est. 1824), and a village formed around <span style="background:transparent;color:red;font-weight:400;" title=""><b>Fort Hare</b></span>'s military encampment (est. 1847) <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=32_47_13_S_26_50_55_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Fort+Hare"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°47′13″S</span> <span class="longitude">26°50′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=32_47_13_S_26_50_55_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Fort+Hare"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.78694°S 26.84861°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">-32.78694; 26.84861</span></span><span style="display:none">﻿ (<span class="fn org">Fort Hare</span>)</span></span></span></a></span>. <b>Adelaide</b>, a Scottish settlement near the current town, became a transit camp for troops during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Xhosa_War" class="extiw" title="w:Eighth Xhosa War">War of Mlanjeni</a>. <b>King Williams Town</b> started as a military camp and mission station and became the base from which Sir Harry Smith controlled the tribal areas. The small village <b>Sidbury</b> <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=33_25_15_S_26_10_06_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Sidbury"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°25′15″S</span> <span class="longitude">26°10′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span></a></span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png&amp;params=33_25_15_S_26_10_06_E_region:ZA&amp;title=Sidbury"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.42083°S 26.16833°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">-33.42083; 26.16833</span></span><span style="display:none">﻿ (<span class="fn org">Sidbury</span>)</span></span></span></a> was est. ca 1832 by settler Richard Daniel. The farming districts of <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_South_Africa" class="extiw" title="w:Albany, South Africa">ALBANY</a></b> and eastern <b>UITENHAGE</b> were also collectively known as the 'Zuurveld'. The <b>Kat River Settlement</b> was a homeland for displaced Khoi-khoi where they occupied land tenures for the mission stations.</li></ul>
I created the map, based partly on the source map: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/hsmith/autobiography/620.gif">Eastern frontier of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope from Algoa Bay to the Great Kei river</a>, which appears opposite page 620 of ‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/hsmith/autobiography/harry.html">The autobiography of Lieutenant-general Sir Harry Smith</a>’ by G.C.B. Bart, Chapter xlviii, published 1903, as part of the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/instructions-2.html">Build a Book initiative</a>. <a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:JMK" title="User:JMK">JMK</a> 11:03, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
CC BY-SA 4.0
Based on the source map below, last published in 1903.